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ROGiCK  COLLECTIOW 


MORPHOLOGICAL  MD  SYSTEMATIC 

STUDIES 

ON  THE 

CHEILOSTOMATOUS  BKYOZOA 


BY 


G.  M.  R.  LEVINSEN 


WITH  27  LITHOGRAPHIC  PLATES  AND  6  FIGURES 
IN  THE  TEXT 


PUBLISHED  AT  THE  COST  OF  THE 
CARLSBERG  FUND 


V.OC' 


TO  BE  OBTAINED  FROM 

»NATIONALE  FORFATTERES  FORLAG* 

COPENHAGEN 

PRINTED  BY  FR.  BAOOB 
1909 


(Price  45  Kr,  =  50  /-) 


CHEILOSTOMATOUS  BRYOZOA 


MORPHOLOGICAL  AND  SYSTEMATIC 

STUDIES 

ON  THE 

CHEILOSTOMATOUS  BEYOZOA 


BY 


G.  M.  H.  LEYINSEN 


WITH  27  LITHOGRAPHIC  PLATES  AND  6  FIGURES 
IN  THE  TEXT 


PUBLISHED  AT  THE  COST  OF  THE 
CARLSBERG  FUND 


TO  BE  OBTAINED  FROM 

»  NATION ALE  FORFATTERES  FORLAG« 

COPENHAGEN 

PRINTED  BY  FR.  BAGGE 
1909 


bsloJ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Page 

Preface I— III 

Terminology V— VII 

Morphological  Part 1—87 

Calcification 1—7 

Cryptocyst  and  Gyninocyst 7 — 8 

Spines 9—10 

The  Morphology  of  the  Zorecium  . .  10—22 

Rosette-Plates  and  Pores 22—32 

The  Compensation-Sac 32—33 

Vestibulum 33—37 

The  0"perculum 37—46 

Polymorphism  in  the  Bryozoa Ki  — 49 

Ooecia 49—67 

The    systematic    characters    in    the 

Cheilostomatoiis  Bryozoa 67—87 

The  occurrence  of  one  or  several  forms 

of  individuals  in  the  colony 71 — 73 

The  Hcterozotecia 73 — 75 

Anatomical  characters 75 — 76 

Calcification 76—77 

The  frontal  wall 77 

The  pores ^. .  .  77 

The  spines 78—79 

Tlie  primary  aperture 79 — 84 

The  peristome 84 — 85 

The  operculum 85 — 86 

The  rosette-plates 86 — 87 

Synopsis  of  the  Families  and  Genera  88—90 

Systematic  Part 88 

Order  Cheilostomata 88 

Suborder  Anasca 88 

1st  Division:  Malacostega  88 


Page 
Family  Acteidae 92—93 

—  Bicellariidae 93—116 

—  Farciminariidae 116—122 

—  Flustridae 122—130 

—  Scrupocellariidae 130—143 

—  Mem))raniporidae 143—156 

—  Cribrilinidae 156—161 

2nd  Division:  Coilostega 161 

Family  Microporidae 161—166 

Group  Tidiifera 

Family  Steganoporellidae I(i7— 170 

—  Aspidostomidae 171  —  175 

—  Thalamoporellidae 176  —  196 

—  Setosellidae 196 

—  Chlidoniidae 196-201 

—  Alysidiidae 201—207 

3rd  Division:  Pseudostega 206 

Family  Membranicellariidae    207 

—  Cellulariidae 209—213 

Suborder 'Ascophora 213 

Family  Catenariidae 213—259 

—  Onchoporidae 259—264 

—  Euthyroidae 264—266 

—  Crepidacanthidae 266—269 

—  Euthyridae 269-273 

—  Savignyellidae 273-274 

—  nipi)othoidae 274-281 

—  Adeonidae 282-289 

—  Reteporidae 290-296 

—  Myriozoidac 296—301 

—  Sclerodomidae 301—304 


Page 

Family  Tiibiicellnriidnc 304—308 

—  Coneschiin-lliiiidac 308—313 

—  Epicaulidiidac 313 

—  Lekythoporidae 313—314 

—  Eurystoiiiellidae 314 

—  Escharcllidai' 314—335 

—  Sniillinidac 335—345 

—  Celleporidae 345-347 


Page 
Family  Holoporcllidac  347—350 

-  Pctraliidae 350-353 

—  HipiJopodinidae 353 — 355 

Literature 357—364 

Explanation  of  the  Plates 366—418 

Index 419—427 

Errata  and  remarks 429—431 


PREFACE 


THE  studies  embodied  in  this  work  were  begun  by  me  in  the  year  KS96,  after  I 
had  completed  an  essay  on  the  Bripzoa  in  the  Danish  challv-formation, 
which  received  the  palreontological  prize  offered  by  the  Royal  Danish  Society  of 
Sciences.  During  my  investigations  on  the  fossil  species  I  obtained  a  strong  im- 
pression of  the  imperfect  condition  of  the  classification  of  the  Bryozoa,  as  I  was 
frequently  in  doubt  as  to  which  genus  or  family  I  should  refer  a  given  species  to, 
and  I  became  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  making  more  detailed  studies  on  the 
recent  Bryozoa  before  thinking  of  publishing  a  work  on  the  numerous  Bryozoa 
from  the  Danish  Chalk.  I  did  not  imagine,  however,  that  this  work  would  take 
such  a  long  time. 

In  this  work,  which  deals  with  the  most  difficult  ^  and  at  the  present  time 
most  numerous  of  the  three  orders  of  the  Bryozoa,  the  Cheilostomata,  I  have  made 
an  endeavour  to  reform  the  classification,  and  as  basis  for  such  a  reform  I  have 
first  of  all  made  a  comparative  study  of  the  structural  features  of  most  import- 
ance in  systematic  regard.  I  have  included  all  the  families  and  most  of  the  genera 
of  which  I  have  been  able  to  examine  material  and  which  I  might  consider  as 
well-founded.  With  regard  to  the  species  I  have  not  followed  the  same  procedure 
everywhere;  in  the  case  of  some  families  and  genera  I  have  been  content  to  name 
a  number  of  the  s|)ecies  belonging  to  them,  whilst  in  other  cases  I  have  described 
more  or  fewer,  partly  new,  partly  older  but  not  sufficiently  investigated,  inter- 
esting species.  Of  the  interesting  genus  Thalamoporella  I  have  described  all  the 
species  I  have  had  the  opportunity  to  examine.  The  [irocedurc  I  have  followed 
in  the  individual  cases  has  in  part  been  determined  by  my  material;  but  I  may 


'  "Our  real  perplexities  commence  when  we  attempt  to  frame  the  families  and  genera;  for  in  the 
case  of  the  Polyzoa  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  seize  the  significant  characters.  This  remark  applies 
especially  to  the  Cheilostomata. «   Th.  Ilincks:  British  Marine  Polyzoa,  Introduction,  pag.  CX.WII. 


II 

add  Ihal  Ihe  reason  why  there  is  only  a  small  ninnher  of  descriptions  of  species 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  work  is,  that  I  desired  to  come  to  an  end  with  a  work, 
which  has  already  laid  a  heavy  toll  on  too  many  years  of  my  life. 

As  will  be  seen,  I  have  been  obliged  to  make  great  clianges  with  regard  to 
the  delimitation  of  most  families  and  genera,  and  if  I  have  not  been  able  to  refer 
a  larger  nnmber  of  the  earlier  described  species  to  my  genera,  the  reason  is  that 
I  have  only  had  opportunity  to  examine  a  small  number  of  these  species  and 
the  descriptions  and  figures  publislied  in  many  cases  do  not  give  sufficient  infor- 
mation regarding  their  structure.  I  hope,  therefore,  that  this  work  will  lead  to 
renewed  investigation  of  the  numerous  species,  which  are  j)reserved  in  museums 
and  private  collections,  and  which  have  not  been  examined  since  they  were 
described. 

The  first  Plates  to  this  work  were  prepared  in  the  year  1901,  which  will  ex- 
plain why  a  number  of  the  generic  names  used  on  the  Plates  have  later  been 
replaced  by  others  on  the  accompanying  explanations,  hi  some  cases,  namely, 
I  have  often  been  obliged  to  name  the  figures  given  on  a  Plate  at  a  period  when 
I  was  not  yet  certain  to  what  genus  a  given  species  should  be  referred,  and  I  have 
therefore  been  obliged  provisionally  to  use  the  earlier  given  generic  name;  in 
other  cases  I  have  later  been  obliged  to  use  another  generic  name,  because  it  had 
been  shown  in  the  interval  that  an  older  had  the  priority.  In  many  cases  I  have 
followed  the  view  of  the  priority  question  expressed  by  the  Rev.  A.  M.  Norman 
in  his  »Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  East  Finmark  Polyzoa«.  In  some  few 
cases  it  has  also  been  necessary  to  alter  the  specific  name. 

As  the  Danish  coasts  are  extremely  poor  in  Rrijozoa,  I  have  made  several 
endeavours  to  obtain  material  from  foreign  countries  which  had  been  i)reserved 
in  such  a  manner,  that  it  was  suited  to  the  investigation  of  the  nature  of  the 
calcification  process  and  of  the  structure  of  the  oa^cia;  but  as  these  endeavours 
have  led  to  no  result  I  have  been  obliged  to  give  up  my  attempt  at  solving  the 
first  question,  and  with  regard  to  the  structure  of  the  ooecia  I  have  been  unable 
as  a  rule  to  give  information  on  the  internal  membranous  parts.  I  have  used 
the  microtome  for  these  investigations  in  a  number  of  cases;  but  the  spirit  ma- 
terial employed  was  too  old  to  show  what  I  wished  to  see. 

That  I  have  been  able  to  include  so  many  forms  within  the  scope  of  my  in- 
vestigations is  due  for  a  great  part  to  the  help  a  number  of  colleagues  in  foreign 
countries  have  given  me,  and  first  and  foremost  my  work  will  bear  witness  of 
my  great  indebtedness  to  Miss  C.  Jelly,  the  author  of  »A  synonymic  Catalogue  of 
the  Recent  Marine  Bryozoas  to  whom  the  Zoological  Museum  of  Copenhagen  owes 
the  possession    of  so  many    interesting  Australian   and  South  African  species.  Mr. 


Ill 

R.  Kirkpatrick  (British  Museum)  and  Dr.  S.  Harmer  (earlier  Caml)ridge,  now  Keeper 
ol"  British  Museum)  have  with  great  liberality  and  unfailing  willingness  lent  me 
material  from  the  collections  in  their  charge,  and  a  similar  interest  has  been 
shown  in  my  work  by  Canon  A.  M.  Norman,  Mr.  A.  W.  Waters  and  the  late  Mr. 
C.  N.  Peal,  to  whose  private  collections  I  have  very  often  had  recourse.  Mr.  O. 
Nordgaard  (Trondhjem)  has  always  willingly  sent  me  material  of  the  Norwegian 
Bryozoa  and  my  thanks  are  also  due  to  Mr.  F.  Canu,  Versailles,  Mr.  J.  Gabriel, 
Abbotsford,  Victoria,  Prof.  Dr.  H.  Theel,  Stockholm,  Mr.  J.  F.  Whiteaves,  Ottawa, 
Canada  and  Mrs.  H.  Eden  (nee  Gatty)  for  assistance  with  material  or  loan  of  spec- 
imens. 

Lastly,  I  would  express  my  warmest  thanks  to  the  Directors  of  the  Carlsberg 
Fund,  who  have  voted  me  the  means  not  only  for  the  continuation  of  my  many 
years'  studies  but  also  for  the  publication  of  this  work. 


TERMINOLOGY 


Bryozoid.    The  common  name  for  all  the  individuals  of  a  colony. 

Zooecium  (-    autozooeciutn).    A  chamber  in  which  a  polypide   is  or   has  been  lodged. 

Heterozooeclum.  A  chamber  in  which  there  is  no  polypide  or  only  a  vestige  of  one  in 
the  form  of  a  small  cellular  body.  On  the  other  hand  the  chamber  contains  a  powerful 
muscular  apparatus  for  the  movement  of  the  operculum,  which  in  the  avicularium  is  called 
the  ))mandible«  and  in  the  vibraculum  the  wflagelluma. 

Kenozocecium.  A  chamber  in  which  there  is  no  polypide  and  as  a  rule  no  muscles 
and  no  aperture. 

Gonozooecium.    A  modified  zooecium  set  apart  for  reproductive  functions. 

Polypide.    The  alimentary  canal  with  tentacles  etc.,  belonging  to  a  zooecium. 

Gymnocyst.  A  calcified  pari  of  a  Bryozoid  which  arises  by  the  transformation  of  a 
covering  membrane. 

Cryptocyst.  A  calcified  part  of  a  Bryozoid  which  arises  within  a  covering  membrane. 
A  cryptocyst  arising  from  the  vertical  walls  may  be  called  a  »priniary((  cryptocyst  and 
that  arising  from  a  frontal  gymnocyst  a  ))secondary«  cryptocyst. 

Ectocyst.    A  cuticle  secreted  by  a  covering  membrane. 

Epitheca.    A  membrane  covering  a  calcified  surface. 

Rosette-plate  (—  communication-plate).  A  diaphragm,  pierced  by  one  or  more  exceed- 
ingly line  pores,  occurring  in  the  walls  of  adjacent  Bryozoids.  Through  these  pores  pass 
fine  branches  of  a  tissue  (the  endosarc  or  the  mesenchymatous  tissue)  which  maintains 
the  coinnuinication  between  all  the  members  of  the  colony. 

Pore-chamber.  A  small  space  situated  in  the  boundarj*  between  two  walls  of  a  zoa'ciuin, 
the  inner  part  of  which  is  provided  with  one  or  more  rosette-plates. 

Pores.  Most  of  the  so-called  pores  are  not  real  pores,  but  only  uncalcified  (membran- 
ous) spots  in  dilfercnt  calcareous  surfaces.  In  the  present  work  such  uncalcilied  spots 
arc  sometimes  (e.  g.  in  the  Catenariidae)  called  »excisions«,  )>perforations«,  i>lissurcs«  or 
>ifenestrEe«,  and  the  last  signification  is  as  a  rule  used  about  unusually  large  and  regularly 
arranged  pores.  Real  pores  are  found  in  the  rosette-plates,  in  the  frontal  shield  of  the 
Cribrilinidae  and  in  the  peristome  of  Haswcllia,  Adconella  elc.  Uncalcified  spots  in  calci- 
fied surfaces  may  be  called  wpseudoporesw. 

Ascopore.    A  pore  leading  into  the  compensation-sac. 


VI 

Marginal  (or  oral)  spines.  S])iiu's  issiiiiif^  i'roni  llic  iniuT  niarfiin  of  a  f^yiiinocyst.  In 
viTv  rare  cases  fCri'piddcantlia  Poissoni,  Mcudporu  hyulinaj  they  are  found  together  with  a 
strongly  ik-vcloiu'd  frontal  cryptoeysl. 

Acropetalous  spines.    Spines  issuing  from  Ihe  cirtunilVrence  ol  a  pore  (pseucloporu). 

Bilaminate  spines.  Spines  (generally  Hat)  the  inner  layer  of  which  is  formed  by  a 
cryptocyst  while  the  outer  layer  is  formed  l)y  a  gymnocysl.  They  are  only  found  in  the 
family  Cnlcimriidae  and  reach  their  greatest  development  in  the  genus  Coslicclla. 

Lateral  chambers.  Bryozoids  generally  developed  as  kenozooecia,  found  as  a  rule  in 
a  number  of  four  on  each  side  of  an  internode  in  the  family  Calcnariitlae. 

Simple  operculum.  A  wcll-chitinized  or  calcified  separable  operculum  the  hing-line  of 
wMch  stretches  between  the  two  proximal  corners  and  as  a  rule  coincides  with  the 
proximal  edge  of  the  aperture. 

Compound  operculum.  A  well-chitinized  separable  operculum,  the  hinge-line  of  which 
is  placed  distally  to  the  proximal  edge.  Only  the  distal  part  of  it  corresponds  to  an  oper- 
cular valve  or  a  simple  operculum.  In  the  Ascophora  the  proximal  part  of  it,  the  »accesso- 
rial  part«,  serves  as  operculum  to  the  compensation-sac. 

Peristome.  A  calcareous  projection  more  or  less  completely  surrounding  the  aper- 
ture of  the  zooecium.  The  entrance  to  this,  often  tubular,  |)rojeclion  is  the  "secondary 
aperturcK. 

Ooecium  (=  ovicell).  A  more  or  less  calcified  marsupium  placed  near  the  zoa?cial 
aperture,  into  which  the  eggs  pass  from  the  zottcium  in  order  to  be  develo])ed  into 
larva. 

Endozooecial  ooecia.  Internal  ooecia  consisting  of  an  endooa'cium  formed  by  the  distal 
wall  and  of  an  cctoo(ecium  formed  by  the  covering  membrane. 

Hyperstomial  ocecia.  External  two-layered  ooecia,  consisting  of  an  cndoocecium  and  a 
more  or  less  developed  ectoooecium. 

Perlstomial  ooecia.  Single-layered  oa'cia  formed  by  the  peristome.  They  are  found  in 
the  families  Tubucellariidae  and  Lckylhoporidac  and  perhaps  also  the  oojcia  of  the  families 
Conescliarcttinidae  anil  Holoporellidae  may  be  referred  to  this  division. 

Endotoichal  ooecia.  Hollows  formed  by  resorption  in  a  thick  calcareous  frontal  wall 
and  at  last  opening  outwards.  They  are  found  in  the  families  Cellulariidac,  Membranicella- 
riidac  and  Setosellidae. 

Acanthostegous  ooecia.  Marsupial  spaces  lying  between  the  covering  membrane  and 
two  series  of  concurrent  spines.  They  are  found  in  Electro  zostericola  and  El.  (Heterocecium) 
amplectens. 

Double-valved  ooecia.  Oa?cia  consisting  of  two  arched  hollow  valves  (kenozooecia). 
They  are  found  in  Algsidium  parasiticum. 

Basal  mark.  A  curve  seen  on  the  basal  surface  of  a  hy|)erstomial  ofecium,  circum- 
scribing that  part  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zoa'cium,  which  takes  jiart  in  the  formation 
of  the  endoocEcium's  basal  wall. 

Basal.  The  surface  with  which  an  incrusting  colony  is  fixed  and  the  corresponding 
surface  in  a  freely  growing  colony. 

Frontal.  The  surface  opposite  to  the  basal  and  that  in  which  as  a  rule  the  aperture 
is  placed.  Sometimes,  however,  the  aperture  may  be  terminal,  viz.,  ))laced  in  the  ti])  of  Ihe 
zooecium. 


VII 

Distal.  The  part  of  a  zooecium  most  remote  from  the  primary  zocreium  (the  ancestrula) 
of  the  eolony.  When  used  ahout  the  single  parts  of  a  zocreium,  for  instanee  the  s])ines,  it 
signifies  the  part  most  remote  from  tlie  point  or  the  surface  of  fixation.  — 

Proximal.  The  part  of  a  zoceeiuni  nearest  to  the  primary  zoceeiuni  of  the  colony. 
While  in  most  Cheilostomata  tlie  zoa'cia  have  separate  lateral  walls  the  terminal  walls  arc 
as  a  rule  common  to  two  successive  zoa'cia  in  the  same  longitudinal  row  and  there- 
fore the  distal  wall  of  the  proximal  zoax'ium  is  at  the  same  time  the  proximal  wall 
of  the  distal  zoa'cium.  Only  in  very  few  cases  is  there  found  separate  terminal  walls  (see 
pag.  11). 


Morphological  Part. 


Calcification. 

Different  views.     Different  modes  of  calcification. 

IN  his  well-known  paper  on  Meinbranipora  membranacea  H.  Nitsche'  expresses 
the  view  that  calcification  proceeds  in  the  cuticle  given  off  by  the  cells  of 
the  covering  membrane,  which  at  the  places  where  such  deposition  takes  place 
is  divided  into  three  layers  and  it  is  the  middle  layer  characterized  by  its  highly 
refracting  power  which  is  impregnated  by  the  calcium  salts.  Nitsche  arrived  at 
this  result  exclusively  from  an  investigation  of  the  not  yet  calcified  short  spines, 
of  which  in  this  species  one  occurs  at  each  of  the  posterior  corners  of  the  zocecium. 
According  to  Nitsche  these  spines  are  covered  externally  by  a  thick  cuticle  and 
beneath  this  there  is  a  highly  refracting  layer  intended  for  calcification  but  which 
does  not  (juite  reach  out  to  the  tip  of  the  spine.  Internally  the  whole  cavity  of 
the  spine  is  covered  by  an  exceedingly  thin  membrane,  which  according  to 
Nitsche  is  the  innermost  layer  of  the  cuticle,  whilst  he  calls  a  net-work  of 
cellular  strings  in  the  inner  cavity  the  endocyst.  On  this  view  however  there 
would  be  no  continuous  covering  of  endocyst  in  the  interior  of  the  spine,  which 
does  not  seem  very  probable  and  it  would  therefore  be  most  natural  to  call  the 
thin,  innermost  layer  of  the  wall  as  the  endocyst  and  the  cellular  net-work  as  a 
portion  of  this  endocyst,  which  has  been  designated  the  endosarc  or  the  mesen- 
chyme. I  have  not  had  the  opportunity  to  investigate  an  uncalcified  spine  of 
Meinbr.  membranacea,  but  if  Nitsche's  theory  of  the  calcification  is  correct  the 
spines  when  completety  calcified  must  be  covered  with  a  cuticle.  I  have  sought 
for  this  in  vain  however,  both  on  the  spines  mentioned  and  on  all  other  spines 
examined  by  me  and  I  must  therefore  contest  the  correctness  of  Nitsche's  view^ 
that  the  lime  particles  are  deposited  in  a  middle  layer  of  the  cuticle. 


'   80.   pp.   42,   76. 


In  a  preliminary  note'  Ostroumoff  makes  some  remarks  on  the  calcareous 
skeleton  in  the  liriiozoa  and  comes  to  a  totally  dillerent  result  from  N'itsche  with 
regard  to  its  formation.  He  has  hecn  able  to  siiow,  namely,  by  lueans  of  silver 
impregnation,  that  the  covering  membrane  of  the  zoocia  has  a  distiiiclly  cellular 
structure,  over  which  he  found  a  thin  cuticle  and  under  it  the  calcareous 
skeleton.  He  concludes  from  this  that  the  chalk  particles  arc  deposited  within 
the  ectoderm  cells  (»par  consequence  les  particles  calcaires  se  deposent  dans 
I'interieur  de  cellules  ectodermlques«).  At  another  place  he  stales:-  »Le  squeletle 
calcaire  de  nos  Hryozoaires  se  place  parmi  les  cellules  de  I'exoderme.  Le  dernier 
exisle  pendant  toute  la  vie  de  I'animal  on  comme  couche  sous-squeletaire 
(MenibraiiijioraJ  ou  comme  deux  couches  enlre  lesquelles  se  trouve  le  s([uelette 
(LepraliaJ'. 

Later  in  the  main  work'  which  deals  with  the  Brijozou  from  the  Bay  of  Se- 
bastopol,  the  writer  expresses  his  oj)inion  about  the  same  subject  in  this  way: 
>in  the  family  Escharidae  (such  as  for  instance  in  Lepralia)  the  calcareous 
skeleton  during  its  formation  divides  the  ectoderm  into  two  layers,  an  exterior 
lying  over  the  skeleton,  and  which  is  readily  seen  on  the  opercular  wall  on 
living  individuals  as  well  as  on  those  treated  with  silver  nitrate,  and  an 
interior  under  the  skeleton  which  can  only  be  seen  by  means  of  silver  impreg- 
nation. There  is  only  one  layer  of  cells  in  Memhraniporidue,  and  this  is  only 
found  below  the  skeleton «. 

Ostroumoff's  observations  are  based  on  the  small  number  of  species  which 
are  found  in  the  Gulf  of  Sebastopol,  and  Lepralia  PalUisiana  is  the  only  representative 
of  the  sj)ccies  of  Escharidae  which  he  has  been  able  to  examine;  it  belongs  to  the 
forms  which  develop  a  calcareous  layer,  the  Cryptocyst,  under  the  covering 
membrane  of  the  frontal  surface,  but  separated  from  this  by  an  intermediate  space, 
and  having  a  cellular  lining  on  both  its  surfaces.  This  is  however  not  an  absolute 
proof  that  calcification  has  taken  place  within  the  cells,  so  that  Ostroumoff 
has  just  as  little  as  Nitsche  proved  the  correctness  of  his  view.  I'ergens 
expresses  a  view  similar  to  that  of  the  Russian  writer,  partly  in  a  small  prelimi- 
nary paper: ^  (»bei  alien  Arten,  welche  ich  untersuchte,  war  von  aus.sen  immer  die 
Cuticula  und  der  Kalk  innerhalb  der  Zelle  gelagert«).  partly  in  a  paper  concer- 
ning fossil  Brijozoa'',  where  he  says:  »Le  derme  est  essentiellement  constilue 
par  un  nombre  variable  de  cellules  aplalies  a  contour  irregulier^  (Ostroumoff). 
Mes  observations  sur  les  larves  (jui  viennent  de  se  fixer  m'ont  demontre  cpie 
c'est  dans  I'interieur  de  ces  cellules  cjue  se  fait  le  dej)6t  de  calcaire  .    In  contrast 


'   K8,   p.   291;  '  89,   p.   577;   "  90,   pp.  .J8,  J9  ;  *  92,   p.  .'iOG;   '   93,   p.  :t08. 


lo  llu'  two  lasl  iiu'iitioncd  writers,  Calvct  andHaiiner  look  upon  calcificalioii 
as  a  cuticiilai  rormalion,  but  while  Ca  1  v  e  l'  tliinks  that  calcification  at  any  rate 
in  the  CheUostomata  takes  place  through  the  whole  thickness  of  the  cuticle,  the 
following  ohservalioii  of  Harmer-  seems  to  suggest  that  he  is  inclined  to  share 
Nitsche's  view  of  the  calciiication  as  j)roceecling  in  the  central  part  of  the 
cuticle:  in  incinerated  specimens  the  lateral  walls  of  neighbouring  zoa-cia  may 
appear  separated  from  one  another  by  a  narrow  slit  in  jjlace  of  the  laised  linc<'. 
This  is  in  fact  the  edge  of  a  chitinous  layer  separating  contiguous  zoa-cia,  and 
prolonged  into  the  membranous  epitheca.  This  agrees  with  the  account  given 
by  Nitscbe  of  the  calciiication  of  the  zcxj'cia  of  Mcinbrdiiipord  membi<uuict'<t,  in 
which  calcareous  matter  is  said  to  be  formed  in  the  middle  of  the  chitinous 
ectocyst,  part  of  which  is  left  on  each  side  of  it«.  We  shall  return  later  to  this 
statement.  As  I  have  not  been  able  to  examine  living  material  I  do  not  consider 
myself  qualified  definitely  to  decide  which  of  the  views  is  the  right  one,  still  it 
seems  to  me  that  the  »cell-theory«  is  the  one  which  explains  the  different  plie- 
nomenona,  which  the  calcification  presents,  in  the  easiest  and  most  natural  way, 
and  it  seems  to  me  especially  difficult  to  explain  the  presence  of  such  solid 
sjjinous  processes  on  the  outer  surface  in  a  number  of  species  (e.  g.  in  llolo- 
porelld  columnaris)  as  well  as  on  the  inner  (e.  g.  in  Menipea  roborala  Hincks  and 
M.  lifiiilata  Mac  Gill.)  by  the  aid  of  the  cuticular  theory. 

We  may  now  consider  a  number  of  differences  which  the  calcification  pre- 
sents, and  to  begin  with  we  may  distinguish  between  more  or  less  compact  or 
firm  calcifications.  The  very  dilTerent  resistance  which  the  calcified  skeleton  is  able  to 
offer  against  breaking  and  grinding  shows  sulTicienlly  Ihat  the  comj)aclncss  and  firm- 
ness can  be  difierent,  and  the  firmest  skeleton  is  undoubtedly  found  in  the  families 
of  Sclerodomulae  and  Releporidae  just  as  we  find  the  weakest  in  the  families  Bicella- 
riidae,  Flustriilae,  Onchoporidae  and  in  certain  species  of  Membntiiijidrd.  U  we 
regard  parts  of  the  skeleton  of  certain,  very  slightly  calcified  species  (e.  g.  of 
Meinbranipora  membranaced,  Electra  pilosd,  Flustra  Cdrbdsea,  Dendrobeania  miirrdi]- 
ana  and  Oinliopora  Siinldiri)  under  a  raliier  liigh  magnification,  it  shows  a 
grained  or  dotted  appearance,  but  under  a  very  high  power  (immersion)  it  dis- 
solves into  a  dendritic  network,  the  meshes  of  which  enclose  numbers  of  small 
uncalcified  spots,  which  give  a  reddish  light.  Sometimes,  liowever,  the  same  wall  may 
show  more  or  less  calcified  parts.  We  thus  find  in  Dendrobeania  miirruyunu  that 
the  part  of  the  basal  wall,  which  touches  the  distal  wall,  is  much  more  calcified 
than  the  other  part,   ami   in   the   middle  of  the  basal   wall   in  Escharoides  Jacksoni 

'  9,   pp.  29  &   K;.-);  *   17.   p.   227. 

1* 


\V;ilcrs  we  find  :i  Iiir^ir  (jval  wliitc  s|»ol  svliidi  is  jess  calcified  lliaii  the  rest  of 
llie  J)as!il  wall,  luiii^  formed  \)y  a  net-work  ol  iriesiies,  and  the  wiiile  colour  is 
dm-  to  (lie  fact  thai  the  liglit  is  reflected  from  the  numerous  small  surfaces  of 
wliich  this  net-work  is  c-omposr-d.  In  Mi'inlimni/iorin/i  arciicn,  Siiiillinri  Irisfjinosd, 
var.  I'lmclhmn  and  Siii.  iir<if)iii<iiiu  Ihr;  hasal  wall  is  covered  hy  small  snow-while, 
round  spots  of  a  similar  structure.  As  to  the  manner  in  wliich  the  calcilication 
lakes  place,  we  can  distinguish  hetween  coin|)Ound  and  simjile  walls,  as  a  wall 
in  some  cases  calcifies  as  a  whole,  wliile  in  other  cases  it  calcifies  in  more  or 
liiHH  separated  piec^!H,  whicli  at  any  rate  u|)  U>  a  certain  period  are  se|)arated 
from  one  anollier  hy  sutures,  and  these  sutures  are  in  some  cases  very  distinct 
lor  a  \itw^  liini',  wliiUf  in  oilier  casis  Ihc^y  disappear  very  (piickiy.  'I'liis  concerns  very 
ollcii  llic  liiiiilal  sv:ill,  and  is  due  to  (he  circunistance  that  this  is  very  often 
provided  willi  covering  layers  or  sculpture  of  various  kinds.  As  examples  of 
sjiecies  willi  simple  walls  v,v.  may  meiilir)n  Mcmhrtiiiif/oni  iiieiiihrdiiiicen,  Elcclra 
jiilimii,  species  of  I  he  genera  Oiiijiliocelln,  ni/i/iolliati,  riialfiiiioixirellti,  and  Slet/ii- 
iiiifinrclld    and    also  il    sr-ems   —  all    memheis    ol   the    families  liiccllariidiic  and 

Si  rniioiflliii  iiiliif.  'I  lie  p.nls  inio  wliich  a  eoiii|)oiiiid  wall  can  he  divided  vary 
very  greatly  in  size,  and  llir-  smallest  of  them  give  the  imjuessioii,  nol  only  from 
their  exci-edingly  small  size,  hut  also  from  Iheir  shape,  thai  they  are  calci- 
lied  cells,  as  they  have  the  same  ci-eiiiilalerj  contour  whicli  as  a  rule  seems  to 
disliiifMiisli  llie  eelodi  Till  celK  in  llir  Hn/ozoii.  'I'liis  lonii  of  calcilicalion,  which 
we  niiglii  I'.'ill  »eell  mosaic  is  lor  instance  roiiiid  on  llie  hasal  wall  in  Mi'iiihrimi- 
jKini  SiiiKiili,  l-'liislni  (Iniliiiiliild  (\'\.  XIX,  lig.  10  v),  J'otalhi  cunciniui,  ni/iiJOfxidiiKi 
fiu'iicriisis  Musk,  Siiiilliiia  LdiiHhoroui,  as  well  as  on  the  laleial  walls  of  i'luslvd 
si'iriildhi.  (iradiially  s<'veral  of  tlmse  very  sniall  cellular  areas  fuse  logelher  lo 
larg(!r  ones,  and  in  older  zoom- i  a  the  nniik  of  division  may  (piile  ilisap|ieai'.  In  conlrast 
lo  Hie  very  {\in-  mosaic  we  lind  in  Hie  jusl-mentioncd  species,  olhei-  sjx-cies  pre- 
seiil  a  mosaic  c(Misisliiig  of  iiiui-h  largi-r  hut  sliU  comparalively  small  areas, 
which  caniuil  very  well  he  regarded  as  cells.  This  form  of  calcilication,  which 
we  nii;',lil  cill  plale  mosaic  ,  wi'  lind  \eiy  linely  <levelo|)ed  on  Hie  hasal 
wall  of  I'liislid  ^nnrifiDiis  (\'\.  XIX,  lig.  H  a)  :iiid  wc  may  here  give  a  detailed 
desci'i|)liiin  of  ils  .ippeaiance  in  lliis  sjX'cies,  which  lik(;  mosi  Fliislrd  species  has 
a  peiiecHy  nncah-ilied  IVonlal  wall.  The  coni|)osilioii  of  Hie  dillcrenl  walls  can 
hc'.t  he  seen,  as  everywhere  in  Hie  Hni<i:iiii,  allei  lliey  lia\c  been  boiled  for  some 
linie  in  .'ilkali,  oi  li:i\c  hern  lic.'iled  wiHi  f.\ii  ile  .hnclle,  which  cvi'ii  in  a  cohl 
condiHon  has  a  lar  liellei  ellerl  lliaii  hoiling  alkali.  Having  dissolved  all  organic 
pails  willi  such  Irealniiiil,  we  lind  as  a  rule  a  rcnv  of  scpiare  or  li('xagonal  plates 
along   Hie   middle   ol   every   hasal    wall,   while   il    seems  as  if  a    similar  longitudinal 


low  ol'  |)l;ili*s  on  cmcIi  side  of  llic  middle  one  liiis  one  half  williin  llie  same  zoo'cium, 
and  llie  olher  hall'  witiiin  llie  adjoiniiifi;  zocx'cium.  These  apparently  liall"  parts  do 
not  ix'loMf^  lo  each  other  however,  as  each  of  them  j)asscs  over  into  and  joins  at 
a  rif^hl  angle  lo  one  of  the  small  plates  of  which  each  lateral  wall  consists.  That 
two  adjoining  rows  of  half  plates  seen  from  the  surface  of  the  colony  can  look 
like  a  row  of  whole  plates,  is  due  |)arlly  lo  the  fact  that  they  lit  exactly  btleach 
other,  partly  that  from  the  surface  we  cannot  see  the  halves  adjoining  one  another 
in  the  vertical  walls.  Further,  as  the  zod'cia  in  one  layer  of  the  colony  alternate 
willi  those  in  the  second  layer,  a  median  row  of  ])lates  in  one  layei-  will  corre- 
spond lo  a  donlile  I'ow  of  adjoining  half  plates  in  the  olher,  and  Ihe  two  ad- 
joining half  plates  are  in  size  almost  exactly  like  Ihe  opposite  plate.  The  ter- 
minal wall  is  divided  into  two  lateral  halves  hy  a  suture,  running  medially  through 
Ihe  single  rosetle-])lale.  At  the  borders  helween  Ihe  single  longitiulinal  rows  we 
also  lind  small  iincalcilied  inlerspaces,  while  the  plales  in  Ihe  single  rows  are 
separated  by  narrow  sutures.  1  have  in  Iwo  previous  |)apcrs '  designated  this 
manner  of  calcilicalion  as  circular,  because  the  calk  pai'licles  in  Ihe  individual 
small  plales  are  circularly  arranged  round  a  small  condensed  shining  spot,  which 
we  might  call  Ihe  'Centre  of  calcilication«,  and  which  in  Ihe  angularly  bent  plates 
is  placed  in  Ihe  angle  helween  Ihe  Iwo  pieces  of  each  plale.  'l"he  circular  arrange- 
menl  is  most  distinct  close  to  Ihe  centre  and  vanishes  gradually  furlher  out. 
Still,  more  or  fewer  zoa-cia  show  a  less  regular  arrangemenl  of  the  small  plales 
in  the  marginal  pari  of  the  colony,  and  Ihe  same  can  be  seen  in  scattered  zoo'cia 
in  olher  parts  of  Ihe  colony.  The  basal  suil'ace  may  Ihen  either  be  broken  up 
into  an  irregular  mosaic  of  larger  or  smaller  jjlates  of  dilTerenl  sha|)e,  or  llie 
median  row  of  plales  may  be  missing  or  represented  only  by  very  few  ])lates. 
We  can  even  here  and  there  lind  a  cell-mosaic.  I  have  found  a  plate-mosaic 
like  Ibis  on  Ihe  lateral  walls  in  I'liislra  foliiiceii  (I'l.  .\l.\,  lig.  U  b),  on  Ihe  basal 
wall  in  I'orclld  sdccdhi,  I'or.  roiiiiircssd,  Smilliiid  tiisiiiiKisa.  Sni.  pdUiuild  (I'l.  .\IX, 
lig.  5  b),  .S';)(.  liiiedris,  Discopord  pin'oiiclla,  l-liislra  sririilald,  Fl.  piscifoniiis  as  well  as 
on  Ihe  front  wall  of  liii>cisiiild  iiincrsd  and  Anarihropord  nioiiodon.  In  contrasl  lo 
what  occurs  in  /•'/.  scrnrifrons  none  of  these  species  show  a  regular  arrangement 
of  Ihe  small  plales,  and  in  a  nund)er  of  lluin  (he  laller  appear  in  a  very  irreg- 
ular and  variable  way,  as  they  may  appear  logelher  willi  olher  forms  of  calci- 
licalion within  the  same  colony,  even  on  Ihe  same  wall.  Time  does  not  allow 
me  lo  enler  inio  details,  bul  1  will  jusi  meulioii  Sniillimt  Irispinosd.  Iliislrd  scrni- 
Idid    and    /•'/.  piscifiiniiis    as    examples    of   such    si)ecies.     While   Ibe  small   plales   in 

'  Til,  p.  •_'!(;:  .').'..  |>    :t. 


;i  mimlier  of  the  here  mentioned  species  show  plainly  concentric  lines  of  growth, 
they  on  the  other  hand  show  a  distinct  radiate  arrangement  in  Inuerxitila  iiiuersd 
and  AiKirlliropoia  luoiwdnn  (PI.  XXIII,  ligs.  10  a,  11  a).  These  small  plates  which  arc 
only  distinct  in  quite  young  zo(vcia  are  each  i)rovided  in  the  centre  with  a  pore, 
the  edge  of  which  has  radiate  rods,  and  to  judge  from  Hi  neks'  drawing  the  front 
surface  in  the  following  sjiecies  descrihcd  hy  him  is  also  divided  into  a  number 
of  small  plates  each  of  which  has  a  pore  in  its  centre,  namely,  ^Lepruli<i<,  I'alUi- 
si(tna  (from  Madeira),  Sc/)/ro/jorc//o  cinctiporn  Hincks,  ^Scli.*  cnnciiinn  Hincks,  Arlhio- 
pouui  circiniKild  Mac  Gill.,  Lcprnl'ut  siibiiuinrrsd  Hincks  and     Lep."   giyas  Hincks. 

In  numerous  species  which  appear  in  free  colonies  either  the  l)asal  wall  or 
the  frontal  wall  or  both  show  a  mode  of  calcification  which  we  might  call  the 
bilateral,  as  the  wall  in  question  is  calcified  in  two  lateral  halves,  which  meet 
in  a  longitudinal  suture  and  as  a  rule  each  lateral  half  seems  again  composed 
of  a  row  of  pieces  the  dividing  sutures  of  which  meet  the  longitudinal  suture 
oblicjuely.  We  may  cite  the  structure  of  the  liasal  wall  in  Fliislni  foliacen  (PI. 
XIX,  fig.  9a)  as  an  example  of  this  form  of  cakilicalion.  On  this  wall  we  find 
two  systems  of  extremely  fine  stripes,  which  meet  under  |)roximally  directed  angles 
and  divide  the  wall  into  two  lateral  halves,  separated  by  a  longitudinal  suture; 
the  two  halves  are  again  composed  of  a  row  of  pieces,  and  these  arc  .separated 
l)y  distally  directed,  slanting  sutures  wdiich  end  in  the  main  suture.  Each  of 
these  lateral  pieces  is  further  joined  to  one  of  the  pieces  in  which  the  respective 
lateral  walls  are  divided.  We  can  be  sure  that  the  above-mentioned  fine  stripes 
are  lines  of  growth  by  treating  the  growing  end  of  a  branch  with  eau  de  Ja- 
velle;  for  after  this  has  dissolved  the  uncalcified  parts,  the  basal  wall  of  the 
terminal  zon^cium  shows  an  angular  incision  which  corresponds  with  the  angle 
between  the  two  systems  of  stripes.  This  form  of  calcification  which  can  also 
present  a  number  of  modifications  is  for  instance  found  in  Fliislra  Barleei,  Fl.  niem- 
hritiuice<>-lriinc<tta,  Fl.  papyracea,  Discoporii  iwrriicosa,  Dis.  pdonnella,  Dis.  srabra. 
Siiiillii)(i  propinqna  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  3  a),  .S;n.  rcliciihild,  Sm.  palinula  (on  the  fronlai 
wall),  Arthroponid  Cecili,  etc.  and  no  douhl  it  appears  in  most  cases  on  the  frontal 
wall  in  species  furnished  with  marginal  pores,  each  of  which  serves  as  the  starl- 
ing-point for  a  suture  which  in  most  cases  ends  in  the  median  suture.  Still,  a 
median  suture  may  be  absent  in  very  short  zoa^cia  and  we  find  instead  a  nund)er 
of  fan-shaped,  converging  suture  lines,  as  in  Discopord  pdvnneUn  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  2  a). 
With  exception  of  the  walls  which  are  provided  with  si)ecially  small  pores 
{ThaUimoporelld,  Sleganoporella),  all  the  surfaces  (frontal  walls,  o(vcia),  which  are 
furnished  with  scattered  pores,  are  al.so  provided  with  numerous  sutural  lines,  as 
these  start  from  each  pore,  and  except    for    those  which   end   in    the  free  edge  of 


the  surface,  all  (he  otiieis  ciul  eillu'r  in  a  new  pore  or  in  another  siiliirai  line.  In 
Crista  ehmneii  the  calcification  takes  phice  in  narrow  longitudinal  belts,  and  a 
similar  mode  of  calcification  is  seen  in  the  short  and  wide  hollow  protuberances, 
which  are  situated  on  each  side  of  the  aperture  in  several  Thalamoporella  (PI. 
Via,  figs.  4a,  5a).  Besides  the  form  of  striping,  which  is  due  to  lines  of  growth, 
and  which  for  instance  is  often  very  distinct  in  the  Hippothoa  species,  the  basal 
wall  especially  of  the  zorrcia  often  presents  a  distinct,  longitudinal  or  fan-shaped 
striping  which  is  most  probably  due  to  the  arrangement  of  the  separate  lime 
particles.  This  form  of  striping  is  widely  distributed  in  the  species  Bicellariidce 
and  Scrupocellariida: 

Before  leaving  this  subject  I  must  shortly  mention  an  apparent  observation 
made  by  Nitsche',  according  to  which  the  calcified  frame  of  every  zoa'cium  of 
Meinbr.  membranacea  after  boiling  in  alkali  is  divided  into  three  pieces,  namely, 
in  two  double-folded  end  pieces  each  consisting  of  a  terminal  partition  wall 
and  a  piece  of  the  adjoining  side-wall,  as  also  of  two  lateral  pieces.  This  view 
is  nevertheless  not  correct.  After  boiling  like  this  more  or  fewer  zoa-cia  in  a  col- 
ony may  indeed  show  cracks  or  bendings,  but  these  are  quite  accidental,  and 
not  an  expression  for  the  mode  of  calcification  of  the  zocecia. 

Cryptocyst  and  Gymnocyst. 

Under  the  generic  name  Omjchocelld  Jullien"  has  described  several  recent 
species  of  a  type  which  had  a  great  extension  in  the  seas  of  the  chalk  period 
but  which  only  has  a  small  quantity  of  now  living  representatives.  As  is  the 
case  in  a  Flustrd  species,  the  whole  of  the  frontal  wail  is  covered  with  a  mem- 
brane in  which  can  be  seen  an  opercular  valve,  but  when  we  remove  this  mem- 
branous cover  we  find  underneath  it  and  separated  from  it  by  a  distinct  space 
a  more  or  less  concave  calcareous  layer,  which  dislally  has  a  semicircular  aper- 
ture (opesia)  through  which  the  polypide  can  make  its  way  out.  This  aperture 
which  was  formerly  regarded  as  the  orifice  of  the  zon-cium  in  the  fossil  sjjccies  is 
consecjuently  separated  by  a  space  from  the  real  orifice,  which  is  situated  in  the 
covering  membrane,  hi  contrast  to  the  membranous  ectocyst  Jullien  designates 
this  deeper-lying  calcareous  ectocysl  as  a  Cryptocyst,  and  proposes  on  the  basis  of 
this  observation  to  divide  the  cheilostomatous  Rnjozoa  into  two  divisions,  accortling 
to  the  presence  of  a  single  or  double  ectocysl.  To  the  first  division:  Monodernuda, 
be  refers  such  forms  as  Eschani  foliacea,  Lepralia  hijaUiui,  L.  coccinea,  CcUeporn 
piimiaisd   and    Fltistra    folidCfd,    and    to    the   other    division:    Diplodcrnuttd,    besides 

'  80,   p.   42;   -   42. 


the  species  of  the  genus  Onijchocelld,  BijUislra  <lclic(iliil(i,  Viiiciildrid  ulnjssicoUi, 
Steyanoporelld  Smitti,  etc.  In  a  later  paper'  besides  a  number  of  new  genera, 
species  of  the  genera  Acted,  Microporvlld.  Scriii>occlldrid,  iiiccUdrid,  C^hiiliiui.  Ijujeni- 
pord.  Scliizoporella,  Siniitia.  Mncronclld  and  Reicpovd  are  referred  by  liini  to  the 
Monoilernmta,  while  he  classes  species  of  the  genera  Cahered,  Mcnihidnipord  and 
Sclosclld  to  the  Diplodennald.  In  a  third  paper  however  he  has  altered"  his  view 
of  the  extent  of  the  Diplodenuata,  in  that  he  now  classes  some  of  the  forms 
which  in  the  earlier  papers  he  placed  under  the  Munoilenudtd  lo  the  Diploder- 
inata,  namely,  all  the  families  Encntteidde,  Ccllnldriidde  f=  ScnqioceUdiiUtde).  Hi- 
cellariidde,  Noldiiuidae,  Flustridae,  Meiubrdiiiporidde,  GemelUuiidae  and  Fdrciinind- 
riidae.  While  a  systematic  classilication  on  the  basis  of  the  structure  of  the  frontal 
wall  is  still  found  in  a  work  of  Canu'  from  the  year  1900,  on  the  Brijozod  of 
the  Cretaceous  period,  this  classification  seems  cjuite  given  up  in  a  later  coopera- 
tive work  by  Jullien  and  Calvet'*,  which  after  the  death  of  the  first  men- 
tioned writer  has  been  carried  on  and  published  by  the  latter.  Calvcl''  gives 
very  important  information  about  the  structure  of  the  frontal  wall  in  a  large 
work  dealing  with  the  structure  and  development  of  the  ectoproct  Brijozou.  Be- 
sides in  Eucrnted  Lafonti.  Membranipora  Rosseli  and  the  species  of  the  genus, 
Cellaria,  he  has  found  a  double  ectocyst  in  the  species  examined  by  himself  oi' 
the  genera  Tiihucellaria,  Microporello,  Chorizopora,  Schizoporelld,  Lepi(di(i,  rniboiiidd, 
Retepord  and  Cellepord.  consequently  in  forms  which  according  to  .In  Hi  en's 
examination  have  a  single  ectocyst,  while  he  has  found  a  single  ectocyst  in  the 
examined  species  of  the  genera  Aeled,  Scnipocelldria,  Caberea,  Biiyiiki,  Flustra,  and 
in  Meiubraiiipoid  pilosd  and  Membr.  Flemingi.  As  to  those  forms  which  have  a 
double  ectocyst,  he  gives  the  interesting  information  that  the  interspace  between 
the  membranous  exterior  and  the  calcified  interior  layer  (the  Cryptocyst)  is  every- 
where covered  by  epithelium,  and  moreover  contains  leucocytes  and  a  mesen- 
chymalous  tissue.  Except  in  the  Retepord  where  the  basal  wall  of  the  colony  also 
has  a  double  ectocyst,  he  only  finds  such  an  ectocj'st  on  the  frontal  wall. 

The  result  of  the  investigations  above-mentioned  is,  consequently,  that  we  can 
distinguish  between  skeletal  parts  which  come  into  existence  inside  the  covering 
membrane  and  independent  of  this  (the  Cryptocyst),  and  those  which  arise  by 
transformation  of  the  covering  membrane.  We  may  call  these  last-mentioned 
parts  of  the  skeleton  whose  frontal  surface  consecjuently  has  no  membranous 
lining  (an   »epitheca«):  the   »Gymnocyst«. 


'  43;  -  45;  ^  11  ii;  Mli ;  ''  pp.   103—168. 


Spines. 

Under  the  name  of  >spines«  we  undersland  in  this  work  only  a  sorl  of  liollow 
projections  of  the  onter  snrCace  of  the  zoo-cinm,  whereas  we  may  designale  all 
solid  projections,  issuing  either  from  the  outer  or  the  inner  surface,  in  a  diU'erenl 
manner,  for  instance  as  spinous  processes-,  »denticles«  or  in  a  similar  manner, 
according  to  Ihc  form  and  size  of  the  projeclions  in  ([ucslion.  Such  solid  spine-liUe 
projections  are  present  on  the  outer  surface  for  instance  in  HoloporelUi  hastigern^ 
Busk,  Hoi  cohimnaris',  in  the  species  of  Farciminaria  (PI.  1,  figs.  10  a— 10  c)  and 
most  species  of  the  genus  Spiralaria  (PI.  1,  fig.  9  c),  and  on  the  inner  surface  e.  g. 
in  Menipea  roborata  (PI.  II,  figs.  7d — 7  e),  Hincks  and  Men.  lignlala  (P].  II,  fig.  8  c) 
Mac  Gill.  From  the  position,  structure  and  mode  of  growth  we  can  distinguish 
between  three  different  main  forms,  which  we  may  call  marginal  spines  or  folded 
spines,  acropctal  spines  or  annular  spines  and  bilaminale  spines. 

1)  Marginal  spinex  or  folded  spines.  While  these  spines  may  appear  in  larger 
or  smaller  numbers  on  the  frontal  wall  of  species  with  a  membranous  frontal 
area,  in  the  circuit  of  which  they  are  placed,  they  may  also  appear  in  numbers 
of  2 — 10  in  forms  where  the  frontal  area  is  lacking,  outside  the  anter  of  the 
aperture.  All  these  spines  originate,  as  Harmer^  has  already  found  in  Memhrani- 
porella  nitida  and  Crihrilina  annuhtta,  as  crenulalions  or  folds  of  the  gymnocyst 
margin,  which  surrounds  the  membranous  frontal  area  (PI.  IV,  figs.  2  a — 2  c)  or 
the  anter  of  the  aperture,  and  the  two  lateral  halves  of  the  fold  grow  finally  to- 
gether in  a  longitudinal  suture  which  is  turned  towards  the  zoa'cium,  and  which 
can  often  be  seen  for  a  long  lime  even  after  the  spine,  by  continued  growth  at 
the  point,  has  reached  its  full  length.  As  the  fold  is  closed  it  comes  to  enclose 
a  part  of  the  frontal  area,  and  the  growing  spine  will  constantly  be  finished  off 
by  a  membrane,  which  is  the  condition  for  its  further  growth  in  length,  and 
which  only  disappears  when  the  point  of  the  spine  calcifies.  These  niai'ginal 
spines,  which  are  always  foriued  by  a  Gymnocyst,  present  a  certain  likeness  in 
their  mode  of  formation  to,  the  hollow  outgrowths  of  the  rim  which  a])])ear  in 
various  snails,  for  instance  in  Pterocera  chiragra. 

2)  Acropetal  spines  or  annular  spines.  These  spines  which  are  only  found  in  a 
small  number  of  Brgozoa.  begin  as  a  ring-shaped  growlh  on  the  circum- 
ference of  a  rounded  uncalcified  part  of  a  surface,  and  grow  in  other  respects 
in  the  same  way  as  the  marginal  spines  by  means  of  a  membrane  at  their  free 
end.  To  these  belong  the  (as  a  rule)  unpaired  spine  which  is  situated  at  the 
end  of  the  membranous  frontal  area  in  the  genus  Electrn,  the  unpaired   spine   in 


'  8,   p.   192;  -  8.   p.    1!)4;    '   19,   p.   292. 


10 

Escliarina  spiiiifera,  the  two  laii^e  distal  projections  which  a[)peai-  in  a  number 
of  species  of  the  genus  Thalamoporella  (PI.  Via,  ligs.  4  a,  5  a)  and  llie  two  corre- 
sponding projections  in  the  genus  Claviporella  (Pi.  XX,  fig.  10  a).  Undoubtedly  also, 
the  very  long  and  thin  spines  which  appear  at  the  edge  of  the  calcified,  arched  fronlal 
wall  of  ^Lepralici<  Poissoni  in  a  very  unusual  way,  belong  to  this  division,  and  also 
the  likewise  long  and  thin  spines  which  somewhat  scattered  and  in  great  numbers 
surround  the  anter  of  the  ajierture  in  Scliizofxirclla  hiscridlis  Hiucks ',  and 
which  give  the  impression  of  having  been  formed  lound  a  number  of  the  nume- 
rous scattered  pores  which  appear  in  this  species,  in  the  same  way  as  the  very 
short  arched  projections  which  occasionalh'  appear  round  ocrcial  pores,  for  in- 
stance, in  the  species  of  the  genus  VJaviporelln.  The  hue  acrojielal  spines  like  the 
marginal  ones  are  always  formed  by  a  Gymnocyst,  but  in  PordUt  (?)  corniita  (PI. 
XVIII,  fig.  ()  a)  the  endoooecium  in  a  numJ)er  of  zoa^cia  is  furnished  with  one  or 
more  hollow  spine-like  processes  which  in  the  same  manner  as  the  acropetal 
spines  have  a  ring-like  origin  and  are  no  doubt  formed  by  chalk-particles  depos- 
ited under  the  membranous  ectooa>cium.  These  projections,  however,  are  in  no 
inner  connection  with  the  ooecium  and  cannot  therefore  be  looked  ujion  as  true 
spines. 

3)  The  bildininale  spines,  which  have  hitherto  only  been  found  in  the  family 
Catenariidce  and  will  be  more  fully  spoken  of  under  this  family,  spring  from  the 
free  margin  of  a  moie  or  less  developed  sinus  (Ihc  sternal  sinus),  from  the  margin 
of  which  also  an  inner  Cryptocyst  lamina  takes  its  origin.  As  these  spines  issue 
from  a  margin  in  which  a  Gymnocysl  and  a  C-ryjitocyst  meel,  they  must  of 
course  be  two-layered,  their  outer  layer  l)eing  formed  by  the  Gymnocyst  and  the 
inner  by  the  Cryptocyst.  They  attain  their  highest  development  in  the  genus 
Costicella  (PI.  XII,  figs.  1  a— 1  d,  PI.  XX,  figs.  8  a— 8  b,  fig.  9  a). 


The  morphology  of  the  zooecium. 

As  is  known  we  can  in  the  cheilostomatous  Bryozoa  distinguish  between  six, 
as  a  rule  well-separated,  walls,  namely,  the  two  lateral,  the  two  terminal,  the 
basal  and  the  frontal.  It  is  generally  difficult  however  to  distinguish  exnclly 
between  the  lateral  walls  and  the  fionlal  wall  (or  basal  wall)  in  species  which 
appear  in  single  rows,  and  in  those  zoci'cia  which  arise  by  superficial  gemmation 
and  in  most  cases  in  moie  or  less  erect  {josilioii  (I'or  instance  in  the  ('.cltcpord 
and   Iloloporclld  s])ecies)  only    llie  basal   wall    is   sliar|)ly   hounded,   the  other  walls 

'    3U,   p.  250. 


11 

riimiiiig  into  each  other.  It  would  he  most  natural  only  to  count  the  adjacent  jiarts 
of  two  neighhouring  zooecia  as  lateral  walls,  and  to  regard  the  whole  frontal  surface 
of  the  zofX'cium  as  the  frontal  wall,  even  if  the  lateral  parts  of  it  are  sometimes 
almost  vertically  ascending. 

In  contrast  to  what  takes  place  in  the  Cyclostomata,  in  which  all  partition 
walls  are  single  and  common  for  two  adjoining  zoa-cia,  the  lateral  walls  in  most 
of  the  Cheilostomatd  arc  independent,  and  after  treatment  for  some  time  in  eau 
de  Javelle  or  with  hoiling  alkali,  most  of  the  colonies  can  be  broken  up  into  a 
number  of  longitudinal  rows  of  zooecia.  Still  from  this  rule  maj'  be  excepted  a 
number  of  families  and  genera,  as  Cellulariidce,  Cateiuiriidcc.  Myriozoidce,  Sclero- 
domidcv,  Tubucelloriidcv,  Cniiescharelliiiidcv,  SeleiKiria  and  Lunidites,  and  even  within 
genera,  the  species  in  which  have  independent  lateral  walls,  for  instance  Porella, 
we  can  find  species  e.  g.  P.  saccata,  P.  compressa  and  P.  tnbidifera,  in  which  the 
lateral  walls  are  common  to  two  zocrcia.  Such  common  lateral  walls  seem  ex- 
clusively to  appear  in  free  growing  species,  while  on  the  other  hand  several 
species  with  free  growth  have  independent  lateral  walls,  e.  g.  the  members 
of  the  families  Scriipocellariida'  and  Bicellariiila'.  The  same  is  the  case  with 
the  free-growing  species  of  Steganoporella  and  TImlainoporella.  If  we  make  a 
section  through  a  decalcified  colony  of  one  or  other  s|)ecies  which  has  indepen- 
dent lateral  walls,  e.  g.  Steganoporelht  mcKjnilabris,  we  see  plainly  that  there  is 
no  membrane  between  two  adjoining  lateral  walls,  but  that  each  of  these  is  in 
direct  communication  with  and  passes  over  into  the  frontal  membrane  of  the  corre- 
sj)onding  zocpcium.  The  reason  why  the  two  lateral  walls  are  separated  by  the 
above-mentioned  treatment  may  be  that  the  fluid  dissolves  a  part  of  the  organic 
matter  which  the  walls  contain,  and  that  these  then  draw  themselves  together  in 
a  similar  way  as  a  piece  of  wood  does  when  it  dries  up.  With  this  also  agrees 
that  such  a  separation  of  adjoining  walls  takes  place  much  easier  in  younger 
zooecia  than  in  older,  in  which  the  calcification  is  more  advanced. 

As  a  rule  the  terminal  , walls  in  contrast  to  the  lateral  are  common  to  two 
zosecia  lying  behind  each  other  and  there  are  only  a  few  exceptions  from  this  rule. 
One  is  presented  by  the  species  of  the  above-mentioned  genus  OmjchocdUi  (PI. 
XXII,  figs.  3a — 3d,  in  which  this  wall  can  also  be  split  into  two  after  treatment 
with  eau  de  Javelle,  so  that  we  might  here  speak  about  a  separate  distal  and 
proximal  wall.  As  the  genus  Omjchocella  commences  in  the  Jurassic  and  has  its 
widest  extension  in  the  Cretaceous  period,  we  very  likely  have  to  do  with  a 
primitive  condition.  Separate  terminal  walls  "also  exist  in  the  kenozoocia  of  Rete- 
pnra    tcssellala    (PI.   XXIll,    fig.    1  a)   and    lid.    lata    (PI.  XXIII,    figs.   2  a— 2  c),    and 


12 

Memhraniponi  Xornidiu  n.  sp.  (PI.  XXII,  fif^s.  5  a — r>  c)  is  also  a  partial  i-xccplion 
to  the  above  rule,  as  the  ohliqiiely  ascending  frontal  i)art  of  the  terminal  wall 
can  he  s|)lil  into  two,  which  on  the  other  hand  does  not  seem  to  he  the  case 
with   the  horizontal    pari  of  this  wall. 

Of  the  tw-o  other  walls  we  may  first  consider  the  frontal  (or  oral),  which 
presents  the  most  nnmerous  modifications  and  is  therefore  systematically  the  most 
im])()rtant.  In  a  preliminary  paper'  I  have  proposed  to  divide  the  cheilostom- 
alous  linjozod  into  four  groups:  Mithicoxlecja,  Acanlhoslcgit,  (]oU\xlv(jii  and  Cjiumro- 
steya,  which  are  to  a  larger  or  smaller  degree  based  on  the  structure  of  this 
wall.  Of  these  the  first  three  correspond  with  the  division  instituted  in  this  work 
under  the  name  Anasca,  which  covers  all  the  chcilostomatous  linjozoa  with  no 
com|)ensation  sac,  while  the  fourth  corresponds  to  the  Asi-ojtlioni  piovided  with 
such  a  sac.  Though  I  only  intend  to  keej)  two  of  these  names  for  systematic 
divisions,  it  would  be  practical  to  use  adjectives  corresponding  to  all  the  four 
names,  in  order  through  them  to  indicate  essential  dill'erences  in  the  structure  of 
the  frontal  wall.  This  may  namely  be  rej)resenfed  only  by  a  membrane  (mala- 
costegous  Cheilostomat(i)  in  a  largei-  or  smaller  ])art  ol'  its  extent,  or  is  (|uite  cal- 
cified (stereostegous  Ch.).  In  the  latter  case  the  chalk  cover  may  be  arched  (ca- 
marostegous  Ch),  or  it  may  be  depressed  and  encircled  by  projecting  margins  (coilo- 
stegous)  Ch.).  Finally,  above  the  covering  membrane  there  may  be  a  chalk  co\er 
consisting  of  two  rows  of  hollow  spines  connected  with  each  other  in  dill'ercnl 
ways  (acanthostegous  ^.Vi.),  and  lastly,  we  may  just  recall  tliat  the  calcareous  skel- 
eton itself  may  either  be  a  Gymnocyst,  a  Cryi)locyst  or  a  compound  of  both. 

Before  we  try  to  give  a  view  over  the  ap|)earance  and  extension  of  the  Gym- 
nocyst and  the  Cryptocyst  within  the  dilferent  families  of  the  cheilostomatous 
Krijozoa,  we  may  discuss  some  criteria,  which  might  lielj)  to  determine  the  ])res- 
ence  of  these  two  kinds  of  skeleton  in  cases  where  there  is  no  possibility  of 
deciding  the  question  directly,  namely,  by  observation  of  the  membrane  which 
should  always  cover  the  Cryptocyst.  This  ap])lies  not  only  in  most  cases  to  the  dried 
liryozod,  but  the  thin  membrane  is  also  torn  away  from  many  colonies  pre- 
served in  spirit,  and  I  may  mention  as  an  instance,  that  I  have  had  to  examine 
many  spirit  specimens  of  Iisclt(iioi(hs  .hich'soni  before  finding  the  covering  mem- 
brane. The  lateral  and  oral  spines  always,  as  mentioned  before,  spring  from  the 
border  of  a  Gynmocyst,  and  therefore  we  can  with  certainty  take  it  for  granted 
that  every  calcification  which  appears  within  such  a  spine-bearing  border  or 
from  a  corresponding  border  in   a   non-spinous  s])ecies   is  a  (Cryptocyst.    Ilarmer'- 


'  56,   p.   2;   -   lU,  p.   ;i2G. 


13 

concludes  rightly  therefore  in  saying  that  the  calcification,  which  ajjpears  within 
the  marginal  spines  in  the  primary  zoircinm  of  Schizoporella  uuUjarh,  is  a  Cryp- 
tocyst,  and  such  is  found  at  the  same  place  in  many  malacostegous  Cheilostomala. 
A  Cryi)locyst  of  this  sort  is  not  only  very  plainly  hollow  or  depressed,  which  is 
in  contrast  to  the  arched  Gymnocyst,  hut  also  varies  as  a  rule  from  the  latter  by 
having  a  more  or  less  grained  or  rugged  surface. 

We  can  find  all  sorts  of  transitions  hetween  a  completely  membranous  and 
completely  calcified  frontal  wall  among  the  forms  without  a  compensation  sac, 
and  for  which  we  have  suggested  the  name:  Auasca.  The  whole  calcified  part 
is  sometimes  a  Gymnocyst,  sometimes  a  Cryptocyst  and  sometimes,  both  kinds 
of  calcification  may  appear  at  the  same  time,  the  Cryptocyst  s])ringing  from  the 
Gj'ninocyst  where  the  latter  passes  over  into  the  membranous  area.  We  can  dis- 
tinguish between  a  distal  part,  a  [)roximal  part  and  two  lateral  [)arts  for  the 
Gymnocyst  as  well  as  for  the  Cryptocyst.  The  distal  ])art  is  in  most  cases  the 
least  developed  because  of  the  position  of  the  aperture  in  the  distal  part  of  the 
zoo'cium,  and  may  in  the  Cryptocyst  not  seldom  be  (juite  missing,  while  the 
proximal  part  as  a  rule  has  the  largest  extension.  A  peculiar  excejjtion  is  found 
in  the  form  which  Busk  describes  as  Diaclioris  magellanicd,  i>.  (Iistans\  but  which 
must  undoubtedl}'  be  regarded  as  an  independent  species.  The  proximal  part  is 
here  very  feebly  develoi)ed,  whilst  the  two  lateral  regions  are  verj'  broad  and 
only  separated  by  a  split  in  the  middle  line  of  the  zoo'cium.  hi  very  few  cases,  as  in 
Membranipora  delicatiila,  the  proximal  part  may  grow  out  as  a  tree  lamina  which 
is  not  connected  with  the  lateral  regions,  and  when  such  a  lamina  again  meets 
these  (listally  we  have  the  peculiar  condition  known  in  Calesclutra  denlknlala,  in 
which  the  frontal  wall  is  furnished  with  two  long  and  narrow  fissures.  The  distal 
part  may  in  some  avicularia,  for  instance  in  the  lyre-shaped  forms,  exceed  in 
extent  the  proximal  (PI.  Via,  fig.  la,  2a,  3a).  While  a  Gymnocyst  in  the  Flus- 
tridue  is  either  (juitc  lacking  or  only  rej)resented  by  a  faint  marginal  part, 
there  can  in  a  number  of  species,  as  e.  g.  7*7.  denticulatci,  Fl.  ccirbacea,  Fl.  serrii- 
lata,  Fl.  biseriula,  Fl.  cribriformis  and  Fl.  Schenaiii,  n.  sp.,  appear  a  feeble,  more 
or  less  knotted  Cryptocyst,  the  proximal  |)art  of  which  is  most  developed.  While 
the  Cryptocyst  appears  very  late  in  Fl.  dei)liculata  and  therefore  can  only  be 
found  in  older  ])arts  of  the  colony,  we  find  it  very  early  developed  in  Fl.  serru- 
lala  and  Fl.  carhasea,  in  which  species  it  is  only  lacking  in  the  very  youngest 
zooecia.  Longitudinal  and  Iransverse  sections  through  such  a  colony  (PI.  XXI, 
fig.   10  a — 12  a)    show    that    this    Cryptocyst,    which  Waters'-   calls    the   chitino- 


'   8.   p.  .'ji);  ■■'   109,   p.   28(1. 


14 

calcareous  band  in  Fl  hiseriatu.  begins  a  little  l)el()\v  tbe  up])er  edge  ni"  llie  ver- 
tical wall  of  the  zotrcia.  This  Cryptocysl  reaches  a  somewhat  greater  develop- 
ment in  Fl.  cribriformis  and  /•"/.  Schaiund  (PI.  1,  fig.  7  a,  7  c),  in  which  it  shows 
a  varying  number  of  lines  of  growth,  according  lo  the  age  of  tlu'  zoo-ciuin.  W'e 
may  mention  finally,  that  while  the  zotrcia  in  the  free  pari  of  Fl.  [oliacea  have 
no  Cryptocyst,  such  is  rather  highly  developed  in  the  incrusling  part  of  the  coi- 
lony  and  al.so,  that  it  is  well-develoi)ed  in  the  avicularia  of  this  s])ecits. 

Of  the  forms  which  we  have  here  classed  to  the  i'ainily  l-'nrciiiiiiKiriidnc,  the  fiontal 
wall  of  most  of  them  has  neither  a  Gymnocyst  nor  a  Cryptocyst,  or  there  is  only 
a  faint  trace  of  the  last.  On  the  other  hand  both  of  them  appear  rathei'  well-developed 
in  Fdrciininaria  appendicnlala  (PI.  1,  fig.  11)  and  in  Xcllid  Icnella  (Pi.  1,  fig.  1^). 
Within  tlie  family  Bicellariidae  we  find  a  completely  membranous  frontal  wall  in 
most  of  the  species  referred  to  the  genera  Ihiskia,  lieaniu  and  Diachoris.  The 
Gymnocyst  reaches  its  greatest  development  in  Dintclopia  and  Hicellarui,  because 
it  may  here  attain  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  zoct'cium  (PI.  IV,  fig.  5  and  8), 
while  it  only  has  a  small  extension  in  most  of  the  Bugiilu  species.  With  excep- 
tion of  Bicellaria  grandis  (PI.  IV,  fig.  5  a),  in  which  species  we  find  a  large  distally 
freely  projecting  Cryptocyst  lamina,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  trace  of  a 
Cryptocy.st  in  any  other  Bicellaria;  still  it  seems  as  if  a  slightly  developed  Cryp- 
tocyst can  be  found  in  almost  all  other  members  of  the  family,  at  least  in  the 
older  zott'cia,  in  which  it  often  seems  to  be  represented  by  the  proximal  part, 
which  shows  distinct  lines  of  growth.  The  whole  of  the  Cryptocyst  shows  distinct 
lines  of  growth  in  the  figure  of  the  zoa'cium  of  Maplcsloiiia  simiilc.v  shown  in 
PI.  IV,  fig.  9  a,  but  the  proximal  part  is  only  slightly  developed.  With  exception 
of  the  Flustra-Vike  Hoplilella  armata  (PI.  II,  fig.  10  a),  in  which  the  whole  of  the 
frontal  wall  is  membranous,  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  this  wall  is  calcified  in  the 
rest  of  the  members  of  the  family  Scnipocellariidcc,  and  they  have  as  rule  a  Gymnocyst 
as  well  as  a  rugged  or  grained  Cryptocyst,  which  in  Cellularia  ornala  even  seems 
to  form  the  whole  of  the  calcified  i)arl  of  the  frontal  wall.  The  Gymnocyst 
however  forms  most  fre(|uently  the  major  part  of  this  wall,  and  its  proximal  part 
in  Menipea  acideala  and  Men.  clau.sa  attains  nearly  the  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the 
zoa-cium.  The  Cryptocyst  seems  to  he  strongly  developed  in  most  of  the  Caberea 
species.  While  the  whole  calcified  part  of  the  zoa>ciimi  in  the  Aeteidac  is  formed  by 
a  Gymnocj'st,  the  conditions  are  very  variable  within  the  large  family  Mi'inbrani- 
poridae.  While  the  whole  frontal  wall  is  formed  by  membrane  in  Meinbranipora 
nieinbranaceu  and  related  species,  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  it  is  calcified  in 
most  of  the  remaining  forms,  and  this  calcification  is  sometimes  represented 
only   by   a  Gymnocyst,   sometimes   only   by  a  Oyptocyst  and  sometimes  by  both. 


15 

In  tlie  species  belonging  to  (he  genus  Electra  (E.  pHosa,  K.  vcrticHUila,  E.  bellnUi  etc.) 
we  find  a  good-sized  Gymnocyst,  and  the  Cryptocyst  is  either  (}iiite  lacking  or  is 
represented  only  by  a  veiy  slight  margin  within  the  spines.  In  the  genus  Cullo- 
pora  a  cryptocyst  is  developed  in  \ery  varying  degree  and  in  C.  lineuia,  C.  cra- 
ticiild,  C  Diiinerili  and  C  aiirila  it  is  represented  only  by  a  slight  granular 
margin  in  the  circumference  of  the  membranous  area,  while  in  other  species  as 
e.  g.  in  C.  Flemiu(ji  and  C.  trifoliiim  it  has  grown  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
zod'cium  lias  only  a  little  trifoliate  aperture.  Hi  neks  calls  it  in  such  s|)ecies 
»an  inner  lamina«.  Finally,  the  calcified  part  of  the  frontal  wall  in  Mcnib.  (irc- 
tica,  M.  Rosseli,  M.  cornigerd  etc.  is  only  I'oimed  by  a  Cryptocyst,  as  is  also  the 
case  in  the  species  referred  to  the  genera  Oiujchocella  and  Chaperia. 

The  Gymnocyst  may  attain  a  very  different  degree  of  development  in  the 
forms  of  the  family  Cribrilinidae,  and  its  development  is  naturally  in  inverse 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  characteristic  area,  which  consists  of  two  rows  of  mu- 
tually connected  spines.  While  this  area  in  some  forms,  e.  g.  Membraniporella  nitida 
and  Cribriliiia  annuhitn,  constitutes  the  whole  or  almost  the  whole  of  the  frontal  wall, 
a  smaller  or  larger  part  of  the  latter  is  in  other  species  formed  by  the  true  Gym- 
nocyst. Cribrilina  Gattya-  and  Cr.  chlitridiata  among  recent  forms  are  perhaps 
those  in  which  the  Gymnocyst  reaches  its  largest  relative  development,  and  its 
proximal  |)art  may  here  sometimes  reach  the  same  length  as  the  area.  The  area 
is  of  still  smaller  extent,  and  almost  to  be  regarded  as  rudimentaiy  in  some 
species  from  the  Danish  cretaceous  formation.  A  Cryptocyst  seems  to  appear, 
within  this  division,  only  in  species  of  Membrani-porella  as  a  narrow  niarginal 
region   round   the   menil)ranous  area  of  the  aperture. 

In  the  forms  which  we  have  called  >coilostegous«,  namely,  in  the  members  of 
the  families  Chlidoniidae,  Ahjsidiidae,  Cellulariidae,  Microporidae,  SleyanoporeUidae 
and  ThalamoporelUdae,  the  frontal  wall  is  formed  by  a  depressed  Cryptocyst,  but  in 
the  last  of  these  families  the  two  marginal  regions,  which  hound  the  opening 
distally  and  which  often  end  in  arched  protuberances,  are  formed  by  a  Gymnocyst 
and  as  a  rule  sej)arated  from  the  Cryptocyst  by  a  well-marked  boundary  line. 

The  numerous  families  belonging  to  the  division  of  Ascophora  all  have  an 
arched  calcified  frontal  wall,  and  as  previously  noted  JuUien  refers  the  repre- 
sentatives of  this  division,  mentioned  by  him,  to  the  Monndcrimda,  by  which  he 
understands  those  forms  which  have  no  Cryptocyst.  Calvet'  however,  for  a 
number  of  these  forms  has  proved  that  the  arched  calcified  frontal  wall  is  in 
reality   a    Cryptocyst,    and    according    to    my    investigations    this    is    the   case  with 

■  9,  p.   16(i. 


16 

most  ol'  the  families  in  this  division;  still  I  have  not  l)epn  ahle  to  find  a  cover- 
ring  menihrane  in  members  of  the  families  Calenariidde,  Uii)pothoida\  Eunj- 
stoniellidae  and  Eulhyridoe,  nor  in  the  genera  Iiwersinla  and  AiKirlhrojiora,  and  I 
must  tlierefore  ascribe  a  Gyninocyst  to  all  these  forms. 

The  two  divisions  M(d(icnslc(ia  and  Cniloslt'tja  in  reality  evenly  grade  into  one 
another,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  coilostegous  forms  have  arisen  from  the 
malacostegous  by  the  extension  of  the  calcification  all  over  the  frontal  wall.  In 
some  Tluddinoporella  species,  for  instance  in  Th.  e.vpansti  (PI.  VI  b,  fig.  5  a),  the 
operculum  is  surrounded  by  a  completely  calcified  frame-work,  while  in  most  of  the 
species  it  is  connected  \vith  a  small  membranous  area  posteriorly.  We  find  a  sim- 
ilar relation  between  the  species  of  the  extinct  genus  Rli(i<iasostoma  and  the 
species  of  OnychoceUo,  between  CcllnUtria  and  MeinbvankelktiUt  and  between  Micro- 
pora  and  such  Memhranipora  species  as  Memb.  argentea  Mac  Gill.',  in  which  the 
membranous  area  is  only  represented  by  an  exceedingly  small  part  proximally 
to  the  aperture.  The  close  connection  between  the  Membraniporidac  and  the  forms 
now  classed  under  Micropora,  TbalamoporeUa  and  Sleganoporella,  seems  never  to 
have  been  doubted,  and  therefore  older  writers,  such  as  Busk,  simply  refer  such 
sj)ecies  to  the  genus  Membranipoiit.  Hi  neks'"  speaks  about  the  relation  between 
the  Meinbruniporidae  and  Microporidae  in  the  following  way:  »In  the  most  typical 
forms,  such  as  M.  inembraiuicea  and  .1/.  Lacroixi,  the  entire  area  of  the  zore-cium  is 
covered  uniformly  l)y  a  membrane,  which  lies  a  little  below  the  level  of  the 
margin.  In  others  this  membrane  is  calcified  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  a 
solid  lamina  is  thus  formed,  which  protects  a  certain  portion  of  the  cell.  Bui 
even  in  such  species,  in  which  this  process  of  calcification  is  carried  furthest, 
and  almost  the  whole  front  is  hardened  into  a  solid  wall,  its  position  within 
and  below  the  marginal  rim  at  once  indicates  the  mode  of  growth,  and  reveals 
the  true  Membraniijoridan  structure'.  That  Sniitt  has  a  similar  view  apjjears  from 
his  placing  the  family  Cdlaiiidue,  which  has  a  completely  calcified,  depressed 
frontal  wall,  in  his  suborder  Fliistrina.  and  from  the  following  statement  on  the 
family  Microporidae'".  »Thus  in  the  lull  iie\elopnienl  of  the  type,  the  primary 
area,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  Escharina,  disappears,  and  as  this  was  the  most 
pregnant  character  of  the  section  Escharina,  here,  also,  we  perceive  the  close 
proximity  of  that  group,  although  yet  the  plain  front  side  and  the  raised  pri- 
mary margins  of  Ihe  zoa-cia   remind   us  of  the  Flustrine  nature*. 

The  answer  to  the  question:  whence  the  Ascophora  have  originated,  is  not 
quite  so  evident,  as  we  have   here   a   compensation   sac,   of  which   organ  no  trace 


72,  p.    179;   ■'   22,   p.    128;   ''   lO:!.   p     13. 


17 

whatever  has  yet  been  (bund  in  any  member  of  the  division  Aiuisca.  Sniitl 
and  Hiiicks  have  both  given  an  answer  to  tliis  question,  i)ut  as  neither  of  them 
had  any  idea  of  the  existence  of  this  sac,  the  quite  calcified,  arched  surface  and 
the  absence  of  the  elevated  margins  were  for  them  the  most  important  differences 
from  the  other  Cheiloslomata.  At  any  rate  both  Hincks  and  Smitt  declare  that 
these  forms  cannot  be  traced  directly  from  the  Membraniporichte,  l)ut  that  their 
origin  must  be  sought  for  in  the  genus  Meinbraniporella.  Hincks'  states  in  con- 
tinuation of  the  above-given  citation:  The  passage  to  the  old  Lepralian  type 
is  not  through  such  forms  or  through  the  genus  Microporo,  but  through  Mem- 
hraniporella  in  which  the  calcareous  covering  is  an  outgrowth  from  the  margin 
of  the  cell,  overarching  as  it  were  the  original  membranous  covering*;  and  a 
similar  view  of  this  form's  im])ortance  as  connecting  link  between  the  two  men- 
tioned divisions  is  expressed  l)y  Smitt,  both  in  his  work  on  the  Scandinavian 
Brgozoa  and  in  »Floridan  Bryozoa«-.  In  the  last  work  he  says:  »In  the  above 
described  MembraniporelUt  Agdssizii  we  have  seen  one  of  the  most  evident  con- 
necting links  between  the  Flustrine  and  Escharine  types*.  Harmer  has  a  similar 
view  of  the  importance  of  the  acanthostegous  forms  as  connecting  link  between 
the  anascous  and  ascophorous,  and  he  seems  in  a  preliminary  paper ^  inclined 
to  suj)pose  that  the  whole  division  Ascophova  had  an  acanthostegous  origin,  while 
in  his  main  work*,  he  supports  such  an  origin  with  certainty  only  for  Umhoniila 
twrrncosd  and  for  forms  related  to  this  species.  Harmer  in  contrast  to  the  two 
authors  mentioned  has  given  more  detailed  reasons  for  his  view,  which  we  must 
examine  into  here.  Harmer  has  in  fact  observed,  that  the  membrane,  which 
originally  alone  represents  the  frontal  wall  in  Umboniila  verrucosa  and  {/.  pavo- 
nella,  gradually  becomes  covered  by  a  calcareous  layer  arising  from  the  posterior 
and  lateral  margins  of  the  zooecium,  which  itself  is  covered  by  a  mendirane 
(epitheca),  and  he  therefore  compares  this  process  with  that  taking  place  in 
Membianiporella  or  Cribrilina  in  which  the  original  membranous  frontal  wall  is 
covered  by  two  series  of  hollow  spines.  But  while  in  the  family  Cribrilinidce  the 
single  spines  at  the  outside  are  connected  by  lateral  twigs  they  are  in  i'lnhoimld 
according  to  Harmer  fused  together  into  a  two-layered  lamina,  tlie  calcified  layer 
of  which  corresponds  to  the  basal  (or  inner)  iialf  of  the  spines  while  the  mem- 
branous cover  corresponds  to  the  frontal  (or  outer)  half.  The  author  further 
finds  points  of  comparison,  partly  in  the  circle  of  pores,  which  appear  on  the 
margin  of  the  calcified  frontal  wall  in  U.  verrucosa  and  U.  pavonella,  and  partly 
in  the  radial  buttresses  which  separate  every  two  of  such  neighbouring  pores  and 

'    22.    p.    128;   '■'    10;i.    p.    21;   ^    IH,    p.  Ki;   *    Hi,    p.    2;).i,   liUl. 


18 

fui  in  llie  so-called  areolae.  The  first  of  these  is  regarded  as  corresponding  to  the 
pores,  through  which  the  spines  in  a  MembraniporeUa  are  connected  with  the 
cavity  of  the  zocecium,  and  the  latter  is  regarded  as  the  adjoining  edges  of  the 
spines  which  have  formed  the  two-layered  cover.  Contrary  to  Harmer  I  must 
however  regard  the  calcified  frontal  wall  in  C  oernwusa  and  U.  pavonella  as  a 
Cryptocyst.  It  has  in  reality  its  origin  helow  the  primary  covering  membrane 
of  the  frontal  wall,  but  there  is  soon  formed  on  this  a  fold  or  out-i)ushing  and 
the  Cryptocyst  (PI,  XIX,  fig.  2  b,  cr.)  grows  inside  this  one,  though  it  is  only 
towards  the  end  of  the  development  of  the  zocrcinm  that  it  reaches  to  the  distal 
part,  and  thus  the  frontal  wall  in  all  younger  zocecia  shows  two  proximally  directed 
arched  or  angular  lines  not  far  from  each  other  and  springing  from  the  same  ter- 
minal points  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  2  a),  of  which  the  distal  indicates  the  ti])  of  the  just  men- 
tioned fold  and  the  proximal  the  growing  edge  of  the  Cryptocyst.  The  same  is 
tlie  case  in  the  species  of  the  genus  Rhaniphostomella  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  19  a).  Finally 
these  supposed  pores  like  the  other  so-named  ])ores  in  the  Bnjozoa  are  not  at  all 
apertures,  but  are  filled  by  a  membrane,  which  must  be  regarded  as  an  uncalcified 
part  of  the  wall.  This  membrane  in  Umboniiki  as  well  as  in  many  other  cases 
is  provided  with  several  small  perforations  and  we  have  really  to  do  with  super- 
ficial rosette-jjlates  here  (see  rosette-plates  and  pores). 

As  is  well  known  the  first  zooeciiim  in  a  colony,  the  so-called  primary  zofpcium 
or  »ancestrula'  (Jullien),  frequently  shows  characters  dilTerent  from  those  found  in 
the  later  zoa-cia  and  not  seldom  such  which  are  found  in  another  division,  family 
or  genus.  In  the  Cheilostomata  it  appears  typically  in  the  so-called  »'/'((/« "-form 
(Smitt),  the  greatest  peculiarity  of  which  is  the  possession  of  a  membranous 
frontal  area,  which  in  most  cases  is  suri'ounded  by  spines  and  as  this  form  of 
ancestrula  is  found  not  only  in  malacostegous  and  acanthostegous  Cheilostomata 
but  also  in  a  number  of  genera  {Schizoporella,  Escharella,  Escharoides,  Microporella, 
Hippothoa),  within  the  division  Ascophora,  Smitt'  and  later  writers  e.  g.  Harmer", 
who  have  studied  the  question  of  the  genealogy  of  the  Bryozoa,  are  no  doubt 
quite  right  in  regarding  the  Tata  as  an  ancestral  form  of  the  Clieiloslonidla  and 
the  frequency  of  this  Tata-Uke  ancestrula  as  evidence  that  not  only  the  Aiiasi-a 
but  also  the  Ascophora  descend  from  malacostegous  forms. 

While  the  ancestrula  in  some  cases  (Retepora  Beaniana,  ^Lepralia-  Pallasuma, 
^Lepr."  spat hii life  1(1  (?),  Sinittia  reticulata)  has  the  same  structure  as  the  common 
zocecia,  in  others  it  has  such  a  structure  that  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  refiection 
of   a    later    ancestral    form,    and    sometimes    we    can    even    find    in    the  same  or  in 

'    103  a,   p.   235;   99,   p.   306;   '   19,   p.   321. 


19 

nearly  related  species  two  or  three  different  forms  of  aiicestruhe,  which  as  it 
were  represent  different  stages  of  the  development  which  these  forms  have  passed 
through  during  the  lapse  of  time.  The  idea  that  the  ascoporc,  which  appears 
in  a  number  of  genera,  e.  g.  in  Haploponui  and  Microporella,  must  have  arisen 
from  the  closure  of  the  sinus  in  a  schizostomous  orifice,  has  several  times  been 
expressed,  and  with  this  agrees  the  fact,  that  Haplopoma  impressum  (PI.  XXII, 
fig.  9  a)  as  well  as  Hapl.  corniitiim  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  10  a)  have  an  ancestrula  with 
such  an  orifice.  Neviani'  has  found  an  ancestrula  with  a  similar  orifice  in 
Microporella  Maliisii  but  in  another  colony  he  has  found  one  of  Tata-form  and  in 
a  third  the  semicircular  orifice  of  the  ancestrula  was  contained  in  a  calcareous 
region  which  is  surrounded  by  short  spines.  A  similar  variation  in  the  structure 
of  the  ancestrula  has  been  found  by  Jullien-  in  the  genua  Hippothou  (Diazeuxia 
Jullien).  Harmer  has  given  a  list  of  34  difl'erent  ancestrulae  described  or  pic- 
tured in  the  literature,  and  I  may  here  point  out  that  Smitt  has  besides  pic- 
tured the  ancestrula'  of  the  following  species:  ^Lepraliai^  spathiilifera^  Escha- 
roides  coccinea\  Porella  hei>is-\  Escharella  inunersu^,  Esch.  stenostonur  and  Esch. 
enmcronata^. 

In  all  the  hitherto  found  ancestrulse  with  a  modified  Tata,  which  belong  to 
ascophorous  families  with  a  cryptocyst,  there  is  found  a  more  or  less  developed 
depressed  cryptocyst,  at  any  rate  at  the  period  when  they  have  produced  new 
zocecia,  and  the  existence  of  this  cryptocyst  goes  to  prove,  that  these  families 
descend  from  coilostegous  forms.  That  Harmer"  at  any  rate  with  respect  to  a 
part  of  these  forms  is  of  the  same  opinion  is  evident  from  what  he  says  about 
the  cryptocyst  in  the  ancestrula  of  Eschariiui  intlgaris:  It  appears  to  me  to  be 
of  great  importance  to  ascertain  whether  this  calcified  portion  is  of  the  nature 
of  a  cryptocyst  or  not;  in  other  words  whether  the  frontal  membrane  extends  as 
far  as  the  sharp  ridge  on  the  inner  side  of  the  base  of  the  spines.  I  can  hardly 
doubt  that  this  is  the  case;  and  if  so  the  Microporoid  origin  of  Escharine  forms 
in  which  the  compensation  sac  develops  as  an  invagination  at  the  base  of  the 
operculum  would  appear  to  be  indicated-.  I  may  just  remark,  that  Harmer's 
Microporoid  series  in  all  essentials  corresponds  with  my  division  Coilostega  and 
his  Escharine  forms  with  my  Ascophora.  —  Such  a  transformation  from  a  coilosteg- 
ous into  an  ascophorous  form  as  that  which  Harmer  and  the  author  of  the  pre- 
sent work  advocate,  supposes,  that  the  depressed  or  hollow  cryptocyst  of  the  former. 


'   77a:    *  45,    p.   28-34;  '    100,   I>1.  XXVl,    fig.  98;    '    100.   PI.   X.WII.  tig.    162,   163;    '  100,   I'l.  XXVI, 

fig.    109-111;    «    100,  Pi.   XXVll,    (ij;.   167;   101,    PI.  XXI,    fig.  31;  "   101,    PI.  XXI,   Ug.  29;    '  101, 

PI.   XXI,    tig    27;  '•' Alf.  p.   334. 

I?  2* 


20 

has  l)een  in  the  course  of  time  changed  into  an  arclied  one  and  this  change 
was,  I  tiiink,  a  necessary  supposition  for  the  formation  of  a  compensation  sac, 
which  could  not  find  sufficient  room  within  a  depressed  cryj)tocyst,  and  ii  would 
therefore  he  reasonahle  to  su])pose,  that  this  has  only  heeii  formed  after  the 
depressed  cryptocyst's  transformation  into  an  arched  one.  While  we  know  of 
no  example  of  an  ascophorous  form  with  depressed  oral  wall,  we  can  on  the 
other  hand  mention  several  examples  of  forms,  which  though  helonging  to  the 
division  Coilostega  (or  to  the  related  division  Pseudoslega)  have  a  more  or  less 
arched  frontal  wall.  In  such  cases  either  the  whole  frontal  wall  may  he  arched 
within  a  narrow  projecting  rim,  or  such  a  narrow  rim  may  he  wanting,  and 
the  largest  portion  of  the  frontal  wall  is  then  arched,  while  there  is  a  smaller 
depressed  portion  in  its  distal  or  central  part.  We  can  mention  the  recent 
Cellaria  magmfud  Busk',  Macroporct  centralis  (?)  Mac  dill.  (I'l.  VII,  fig.  1  a),  Micropora 
noduliferd  Hincks^  and  Aspidostoma  (jitjanteum  Busk  (PI.  Vic,  fig.  2a),  and  the 
fossil  'Ilomolosteya"  erecta  Marss.',  Aspidostoma  (?)  Atalantha  d'Orh  (PI.  VI  c, 
fig.  5  a,  b),  Aspid  (?)  Aegon  d'Orh  (PI.  VI  c,  fig.  3  a)  and  » A'.sc/ian)  Aegte  d'Orh ^ 
as  examples  of  species  with  such  a  structure.  In  the  last  sjjecies  the  frontal  wall 
is  arched  in  most  of  the  zocrcia,  while  in  a  smaller  numher  it  is  more  or  less 
depressed  or  fiat. 

In  contrast  to  the  modified  7'f//rt-form  found  in  the  genera  Escliaroides,  Escha- 
rella,  Escharina  and  Porella  (P.  l(vi)is),  which  possesses  a  depressed  calcareous  lamina 
within  the  spines,  the  corresponding  lamina  in  the  modified  Tata  of  Hippothoa 
hyalina  found  by  Jullien'  is  not  depressed  but  arched  (bombe)  and  therefore 
does  not  seem  to  be  a  cryptocyst,  but  this  corresponds  very  well  with  my  exa- 
mination, according  to  which  the  frontal  wall  in  that  genus  is  a  Gymnocyst.  Busk" 
figures  some  abnormally  developed  zooecia  of  Electra  pilosa,  which  are  of  no  small 
interest.  The  spines  are  quite  lacking  in  these,  due  to  the  fact  that  the  calci- 
fication of  the  covering  membrane  has  continued  beyond  the  ordinary  limit,  so 
that  the  (lymnocyst  has  spread  in  irregular  tongues  over  a  large  part  of 
the  surface,  otherwise  occupied  by  the  membranous  area  of  the  aperture.  In  the 
frontal  part  of  the  two  zooecia  is  an  open  .space  which  in  shape  and  size  might 
correspond  to  an  operculum,  and  which  is  separated  from  the  other  calcified 
region  by  a  low  calcified  bridge.  It  is  evident  that  there  has  been  an  efTort  here 
to  form  a  zocecium  with  a  perfectlj'  calcified  frontal  wall,  and  by  a  similar  elTort 
the  Membvanipora  species,  which  is  rellected  in  the  7'((/«-form  of  Hippothoa  hya- 
lina must  in  the  course  of  time  have  changed  into  a  Hippothoa,  at  the  same  time  as 

'   8,   p.  93;   '   25.   p.   1 1 ;   '  .^S  a.   PI.  IX.   fig.  12;   *   m.   PI.   (Uii.   fig.   6:    ''  4,'').   p.  30.   PI.   I,   fig.  4 ;   ''   2,    PI. 
LXXI,   figs.   3,   7. 


21 

Ihe  iiol   yel   wliolly  calcified   |)arl  of  the   Irontal    iiiemltrane  has  loiined  a  compen- 
sation sac  by  an  invagination  proximally  to  the  operculum. 

The  basal  wall  like  the  frontal  may  also  be  membranous,  as  in  Membranipora  mein- 
branacea  and  Electru  pilosn,  and  even  in  numerous,  well-calcified,  incrusting  mem- 
bers of  the  division  Ascophora  the  basal  wall  is  slightly  calcified  or  jjarlly  uncalcified, 
sometimes  even  quite  membranous.  I  may  for  instance  mention  the  incrusting 
species  of  the  genera  Eschaielbt.  Escharina,  Micropoielld,  Hippothoa,  etc.  The  ))asal 
wall  in  tlie  calcified  state  seems  as  a  rule  to  be  a  Gymnocyst,  and  it  is  only  in 
very  few  cases  that  it  is  covered  with  a  membrane  in  species  appearing  in  free 
colonies.  Harmer'  has  for  example  shown  that  the  free,  one-layered  colonies 
of  Euthyris  dathratu  and  Eiith.  obtecta  (PI.  XV,  figs.  2c,  2d)  are  provided  over 
the  whole  surface  with  a  covering  membrane  which  is  kept  stretched  by  ])ro- 
jections  from  the  underlying  Cryptocyst.  A  covering  membrane  over  the  whole 
surface  of  the  colony  is  also  j)resent  in  Urceolipora  nana  (PI.  XV,  figs.  1  a — 1  e) 
and  it  seems  also  to  be  found  in  species  of  the  genus  Cupiilaria. 

Under  the  names  of  Sleginoj)ora  and  Uisteginopora  d'Orbigny-  has  described 
a  number  of  fossil  species,  which  have  possessed  a  double  roof,  of  which  the 
lower  except  in  .S7.  irregularis  seems  to  have  quite  the  same  structure  as  the  roof  in 
Cribrilinidae  and  thus  to  be  formed  by  spines  connected  with  one  another.  On 
first  consideration  of  the  drawings  given  we  should  be  inclined  to  supjjose  that 
the  upper  roof  is  formed  by  calcification  of  such  a  projecting  membrane  as  the 
one  we  find  in  Eulhijris  ohtecta;  but  according  to  Jullien's^  investigations  the 
upper  roof  is  formed  by  a  partial  fusion  together  of  very  large  spines,  broadened 
out  and  plate-like  at  the  ends,  and  this  view  is  undoubtedly  right.  That  this  roof 
cannot  be  explained  in  the  above-mentioned  way  appears  clearly  from  the  fact, 
that  the  membrane  which  corresponds  with  the  mentioned  projecting  cover  in 
Euthgris,  has  its  place  below  the  fused  spines  in  Cribrilinidae.  hi  a  number  of 
fossil  (Iribrilina  forms  as  well  as  in  the  one-layered  Steginopora  species  we  find 
a  varying  number  of  robusj  projections  at  the  back  of  the  single  zocecia,  which 
Harmer'  thinks  have  served  as  sup|)orts  for  a  membranous  cover,  similar  to 
the  one  which  is  found  in  Eulhgris.  Against  this  view  speaks  firstly  Ihe  circum- 
stance, that  while  the  mentioned  sui)ports  in  Euthgris  obteclu  are  slender,  cy- 
lindrical rods,  the  projections  in  the  mentioned  Cribrilina  species,  with  which 
Harmer  compares  them,  have  the  form  of  tubercles,  which  are  very  differently 
developed  in  number  and  size  in  Ihe  different  species,  and  their  rounded  end- 
])art   does   not   seem    to   have    been    connected    with    a    membrane.    Further,    these 


•  18,   p.  16  and  19,  pp   267,  p.  277,  278:   «  86,   pp.  235,   498,   499;   '   44.   p.   609;   '    18,   p.  H 


22 

knots  may  sometimes  be  present  and  sometimes  absent,  even  in  closely  related 
species;  thus  while  they  are  found  in  Semiescharipora  ovalis^  they  are  wanting 
in  Reptescharipora  convexa".  Secondly,  we  must  remember  that  while  the  whole 
surface  of  the  colony  is  covered  by  a  continuous  membrane  in  the  Eiithijris  species, 
every  single  zocecium  in  the  mentioned  fossil  species  has  been  furnished  with 
a  separate  frontal  membrane,  which  has  been  situated  below  the  roof  formed  by 
the  spines.  As  shown  before,  the  marginal  spines  always  spring  from  a  Gymnocyst 
and  we  must  therefore  assume  that  the  Gymnocysl,  which  has  formed  the  spines 
of  the  marginal  zocecia,  has  passed  directly  over  into  tlie  basal  wall  of  Ihe  colony 
from  the  free  lateral  edges  of  these  zooccia. 

Rosette-Plates  and  Pores. 

The  adjoining  zooecia  in  a  colony  are,  as  known,  connected  by  chords  of 
mesenchymatous  tissue,  which  extend  from  one  zocecium  into  another  through  pores 
in  the  partition-walk,  but  while  these  pores  appear  in  the  Cyclostomatu  as  simple 
perforations  of  the  wall,  they  are  in  the  Ctenostomata  and  Cheilostomata  very  fine 
piercings  in  watch-glass-shaped,  concave,  thinned  portions  of  these  walls.  These 
peculiar  formations  have  been  noticed  for  the  first  time  by  Smitt,  on  the  lateral 
walls  in  Flustra  foliacea^  and  are  called  bj'  him  commimication-pores.  He  has 
•  not  however  seen  the  real  pores,  and  seems  to  regard  the  whole,  multiporous 
plate  as  an  opening.  Later  Reichert''  in  a  member  of  the  division  Ctenostomata, 
Zoobolhrion  pellucidiim,  has  observed  the  same  formations,  which  he  calls  »Ro- 
settenplatlcns  and  in  which  he  has  seen  the  real  pores.  Among  later  writers 
Waters''  first  drew  attention  to  the  importance  of  these  rosette-plates  for 
the  diagnosis  of  species  and  in  a  series  of  papers  he  gives  information  on  their 
presence  in  several  Cheilostomata,  while  the  writer  of  this  work  has  illustrated 
their  occurrence  in  the  Danish  species,  .^s  this  description''  was  however  written 
in  Danish,  and  for  that  reason  less  available,  I  may  give  here  the  results  of 
those  older  investigations  lo  which  I  have  been  able  to  add  by  later  studies. 
Though  I  do  not  find  Ihe  name  rosette-plate  good,  I  shall  yet  use  it,  jjartly  in 
view  of  its  priority  and  partly  because  Waters  has  used  it  in  his  many  papers. 
The  formations  dealt  with  here  may  appear  under  two  different  forms,  namely 
as  common  rosette-plates  or  as  pore-chambeis,  and  each  of  these  can  again  be 
divided  into  single-pored,  or  single  and   multi[)orous  or  compound. 

Rosette-Plates.  A  single-pored  rosette-plate  is  a  watch-glass-shaped,  concave, 
thin  portion   of  the  wall,   which   as  a   rule  is  surrounded  by  a  more  or  less  devel- 

'   Sfi,   Fl.   719;   »  S6.   PI.   72U;   '   99,   p.  426,   PI.   X.\.   tig.    15;   *   94.   p.   2l>7  ;   '■   109,   p.  286;  •■■  54,  55. 


23 

oped,  more  chitiiiised  projecting  marginal  |)ortion,  »the  pore-rings  the  onter  open- 
ing of  which  in  the  most  developed  rosette-plates  is  smaller  than  the  size  of 
the  plate  a  little  in  from  it.  Within  the  pore-ring  we  can  distinguish  hetween 
two  portions,  differing  in  thickness,  a  thicker  outer  area  and  an  inner  surrounded 
by  the  other,  very  much  thinner  and  very  small  pore-area,  which  is  pierced  by 
an  extremely  fine  pore,  and  distinguished  by  a  strong  bluish  lustre,  which  at 
lirst  glance  makes  it  seem  thickened.  Such  one-pored  rosette-plates  may  appear 
singly  (the  distal  wall  of  Flnstru  seciirifrons,  Fl.  papyred  etc.,  the  distal  wall  of 
most  Reteporid(te),  in  a  more  or  less  numerous  (of  2 — f2  plates)  series  (all  walls 
in  many  species  of  Sniittina,  in  Adeonidae,  in  mosl  Fliistridae),  or  in  groups  some- 
times consisting  of  more  scattered,  sometimes  of  more  closely  placed  plates  (e.  g. 
in  Cotenariidae,  the  distal  wall  in  Scrupocellaviidue  and  Thalamoporellidae).  hi 
cases  where  tiie  single  rosette-plates  are  close  together,  they  have  a  scjuare  or 
hexagonal  shape,  and  meet  in  a  network  of  elevated  ridges,  which  must  be  re- 
garded as  the  ])ore-rings  for  the  single  rosette-plates. 

It  is  (juite  impossible  to  draw  a  sharp  limit  between  a  group  of  one-i)ored 
rosette-plates  and  a  multi])orous  roselte-plafe,  as  the  only  character,  which  can 
be  regarded  as  peculiar  for  the  multiporous  compound  rosette-plate,  namely,  a 
common  pore-ring  which  surrounds  all  the  single  small  plates,  can  be  developed 
to  very  different  degrees,  and  does  not  always  appear  to  be  constant  even  in  the 
same  colony  or  in  the  same  zooecium.  This  is  the  case  with  for  instance  Arthro- 
poma  Cecili,  in  which  species  the  distal  wall  as  well  as  the  distal  half  of  each  side 
wall  is  furnished  with  an  elongated  or  oval  group  of  numerous  iiniporous  rosette- 
plates.  A  pore-ring  may  be  lacking  on  some  walls  and  appear  on  others,  not 
only  in  the  same  colony  but  also  in  the  same  zooecium,  and  wherever  it  appears, 
it  may  either  be  exceedingly  well  developed,  or  only  slightly  indicated.  Within 
the  pore-ring  (PI.  XVII,  tigs.  10  a,  10  b)  which  has  a  similar  structure  as  in  the 
uni[)orous  rosette-plate,  we  have  an  area,  the  large  area,  which  may  be  tilled  l)y 
the  small  plates  to  a  very  different  degree,  and  while  these  for  instance  in  Artliropomn 
Cecili  often  form  only  a  longitudinal  belt  along  the  middle  part,  in  ^Lepraliw 
Pallasiana  (PI.  XVII.  (ig.  10  a)  they  fill  the  whole  or  at  any  rate  the  largest  part 
of  the  plate.  The  rosette-plates  may  show  many  ditTerent  degrees  of  calcification, 
to  some  extent  according  to  the  degree  of  calcification  of  the  sjjecies  concerned. 
In  most  members  of  the  family  Bicellnriidae,  in  species  of  the  genus  Onychocellci 
and  Selenaria  we  thus  lind  rosette-plates,  which  with  exception  of  the  pore-ring 
are  quite  uncalcified;  on  the  other  hand  we  find  e.  g.  in  Fliislra  foliacea  and 
Flnstia  carbacea,  that  the  large  area  is  calcified  and  the  single  small  plates  are 
uncalcified.    The  pore  area  is  always  uncalcified,  while  on  the  contrary  the  outer 


24 

area  in  mosl  cases  consists  of  an  oiiler  calcified,  and  an  inner  uncalcified  part, 
and  in  strongly  calcified  species  (e.  g.  ^Lepralia<  Pallasiana)  the  inner  uncalcified 
portion  of  the  outer  area  is  very  small.  The  single  small  j)lates  in  a  compound 
rosette-plate  often  show  only  a  slight  indication  of  a  pore-ring,  and  when  they 
are  not  much  hollowed  out  the  calcified  portion  of  their  outer  area  is  often  so 
little  distinct  from  the  large  area,  that  it  is  only  jiossihle  lo  find  it  hy  very  favour- 
able light.  Just  as  we  rather  frequently  find  two  rosette-plates  fused  together 
into  a  double  plate  with  an  outer  area  in  common  and  two  pore-areas  in  species, 
the  distal  wall  of  which  is  provided  with  a  number  of  uniporous  rosette-plates 
(e.  g.  in  Fliistra  foliacea,  Fl.  carbacea  and  Membranipora  pilosa),  we  also  find  in 
a  multiporous  rosette-plate  a  fusion  of  two  or  more  small  plates  into  one.  A 
great  deal  of  variation  and  very  dilTerenl  kinds  of  fusion  take  place  in  the  distal 
w-all  in  Membr.  membranacea^.  In  this  appear  as  a  rule  two  pear-shaped  multi- 
porous  rosette-plates,  but  in  many  zooecia  each  of  these  is  replaced  by  a  whole 
series  of  smaller  plates,  of  which  some  are  uniporous,  others  multiporous  with  a 
very  varying  number  of  pores;  the  conditions  may  even  be  (juite  dilTerent  on  the 
two  sides  of  the  distal  wall. 

Pore-CJiambers.  I  have  used  this  name"  for  the  small  spaces  which  are  situated 
in  the  angle  between  the  basal  wall  of  a  zooecium  and  one  of  the  perpendicular 
walls.  In  their  typical  form  they  have  a  triangular  tranverse  section,  and  we 
can  distinguish  between  a  basal  wall,  an  inner  wall  and  an  outer  one.  The  basal 
wall  is  a  portion  of  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  the  small  rosette-plates  are 
situated  on  the  inner  wall,  and  on  the  outer  wall  is  the  entrance  to  the  chamber 
(PI.  XVII,  tig.  10  c).  If  we  examine  their  development  in  the  newly  formed  zooe- 
cia in  the  growing  part  of  the  colonv',  we  see  that  the  inner  wall  is  the  part 
first  formed  and  that  the  basal  wall  and  outer  wall  are  formed  later.  We  can 
best  make  sure  of  their  presence  if  we  loosen  a  colony  from  its  supi)ort  and 
look  at  it  from  the  basal  surface;  for  in  this  position  the  inner  walls  of  the 
elongated  pore-chambers  form  curves  within  the  lateral  margins  of  the  zooecium 
(PI.  IX,  ligs.  11  g,  12  a,  PI.  XV,  figs.  ;5c,  4  c,  PI.  XVIII,  figs.  14  b,  11  a).  There  is  as 
a  rule  only  a  small  number  of  sniall  plates  ])laced  in  a  single  row  and  the  neigh- 
bouring chambers  arc  in  most  cases  moved  up  so  close  together  that  the  curves 
touch  one  another,  oi'  even  so  that  the  chambers  have  a  common  separating  wall. 
While  the  vertical  walls  in  all  zoo'cia,  which  are  furnished  with  ordinary 
rosette-plates,  form  right  angles  with  the  basal  wall,  the  pore  chambers  are 
placed    in    such    a    way    that    their    outer    wall    forms    pointed    angles   with    the 


'   54,  Tab.   II,   fi)5.    17:   .55,   PI.    IV,   fig.   5;   ''  54,   p.   2,50:   55,   p.   7. 


25 

basal  wall  of  the  one  and  obtuse  angles  with  the  other  of  the  two  zooecia, 
between  which  it  serves  as  connection  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  10  c).  The  outer  wall 
of  the  chamber  forms  obtuse  angles  with  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zoa>ciuni  and 
the  pore-bearing,  somewhat  slightly  concave  inner  wall  forms  obtuse  angles  in- 
wardly and  pointed  angles  outwardly  with  the  base.  What  is  said  here  applies 
to  the  pore-chambers  of  both  the  lateral  and  distal  walls.  Though  rosette-i)lates 
and  pore-chambers  seem  at  first  glance  to  be  of  quite  different  structure,  they 
are  connected  by  transitions.  If  we  imagine  a  rosette-plate  placed  in  such  a  way 
thai  its  lower  edge  goes  down  into  the  angle  between  a  lateral  wall  (or  distal  wall) 
and  the  basal  wall,  a  removal  of  this  edge  into  the  basal  wall  would  produce  a 
pore-chamber,  as  what  is  just  characteristic  for  such  a  formation  is,  that  it  belongs 
to  two  adjoining  walls.  I  have  found  such  transitions  between  common  rosetfe-plates 
and  pore-chambers  in  colonies  of  ^Lepraliw^  Pallasiana  from  Sebastopol,  which 
together  with  Electra  Zostericola  forms  incrustations  on  Zostera  marina.  While 
colonies  of  this  species  from  Denmark  and  from  Port  Jackson,  New  S.  Wales, 
have  only  ordinary  multiporous  rosette-plales,  we  find  more  or  fewer  zooecia  in 
the  colonies  mentioned  from  Sebastopol,  in  which  more  or  fewer  rosette-plates 
are  replaced  by  pore-chambers  with  differently  developed  basal  wall.  We  can 
also  find  such  transitions  in  the  very  variable  species  Porella  concinna  between 
rosette-plates  and  pore-chambers,  which  replace  one  another  in  different  colonies. 
In  contrast  to  the  multiporous  chambers  which  can  be  found  in  ^Lepralia<  Palla- 
siana and  Porella  concinna  the  few-pored  chambers  are  usually  constant  within 
the  species,  and  even  sometimes  in  the  genus  or  family.  Besides  in  all  members 
of  the  families  Hippothoidae  and  V.elleporidae  typical  pore-chambers  appear  in  the 
genera  Callopora,  Cribrilina,  Puellina,  Eschar ina  and  in  a  number  of  species  of 
the  genera  Escharoides  and  Microporella.  In  the  members  of  the  family  Celle- 
poridae.  the  colonies  of  which  increase  by  superficial  budding,  the  pore-chambers 
are  only  to  be  found  in  the  zocccia  which  form  the  llrsl  incrusting  layer  of 
the  colony;  in  species  of  Escluirella  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  1  c)  the  originally  long  and 
narrow  pore-chambers,  which  are  provided  with  a  row  of  small  single-pored  ro- 
sette-plates, are  divided  by  partition  walls  into  a  number  of  uniporous  chambers, 
and  the  pore-chambers  may  be  tubularly  lengthened  in  .species  of  the  genus 
Hippothoa. 

Before  discussing  the  relation  of  a  rosette-plate  to  the  two  zooecia  which  it 
connects,  we  may  again  recall  that  on  using  boiling  alkali  or  cold  eau  de  .la- 
velle  we  can  not  only  loosen  a  colony  from  its  support,  but  even  as  a  rule  sepa- 
rate it   info  single  rows  of  zoa-cia,  on  which   wc  can  without    difficulty  study  the 


2f) 

roselle-jilales.  While  Xilsche'  in  his  nl)ove-inenli()iu'(i  work  on  Meinhr.  mein- 
branncca  has  rightly  ohserveii,  that  the  single  zorecia  have  independent  lateral 
walls,  he  gives  a  wrong  view  of  the  relation  of  the  single  zoa^cia  to  the  rosette- 
plates.  He  saj's  namely:  »Die  Rosettenplatten  eines  jeden  Zoociuni  eorrespon- 
diren  nun  mit  den  Rosettenplatten  der  uniliegenden  Zoocien  auf  das  genaueste*, 
and  he  gives  in  detail  an  explicit  account  of  how  the  rosette-plales  of  each 
zoceciuni  are  placed  opposite  to  a  corresj)onding  rosette-plate  in  an  adjoining 
zooecium.  If  for  instance  we  separate  a  row  of  zod-cia  of  a  ScriijxH-clldrid  form 
(PI.  II.  figs.  7  g,  <S  c)  each  lateral  wall  in  its  distal  half  will  show  a  inultijjorous 
rosette-plate,  hut  in  its  proximal  half  an  opening  of  the  same  sliajje  and 
size.  If  we  subject  Flustra  foliacea  (PI.  I,  fig.  81))  to  the  same  treatment,  we  find 
2( — 3)  multiporous  rosette-plates  on  its  distal  half,  and  '2{-  \i)  openings  on  its 
proximal  half.  Because  of  the  arrangement  of  the  zonecia  in  alternating  longitudinal 
rows,  one  or  more  openings  in  the  proximal  half  of  a  lateral  wall  will  always 
correspond  to  and  fit  exactly  o))posite  the  same  number  of  rosette-plales  in  the 
distal  half  of  the  corresj)onding  lateral  wall  of  the  adjoining  zooecium.  In  (ie- 
mellariu  loricata  we  have  an  example  of  a  form,  the  zod'cia  of  which  in  contrast 
to  the  ordinary  conditions  are  arranged  in  pairs.  Each  two  of  these  zoa-cia  are 
as  a  rule  connected  by  a  single  rosette-plate,  which  only  belongs  to  the  one 
zoa'cium,  while  the  opposite  one  has  a  corresponding  opening  in  the  wall.  We 
may  examine  ever  so  many  forms  in  this  regard,  but  we  will  never  find  two 
rosette-plates  opposite  each  other,  but  a  rosette-plate  on  one  wall  always  corre- 
sponds with  an  opening  on  the  ojjposite  wall.  Strictly  speaking  the  rosette-plate, 
as  well  as  the  apparently  single  lateral  wall  between  two  adjoining  zocecia,  is 
also  divided  into  two  halves  (PI.  \\'II,  tig.  10  b),  which  however  in  the  case  of 
the  rosette-plate  are  very  unequal  in  size,  as  the  concave  pore-bearing  portion 
belongs  to  the  one  wall,  while  the  oj)|)osite  wall  includes  Ihe  pore-iing,  which 
can  then  be  seen  on  the  inner  (towards  the  inside  of  the  corresj)onding  zoo-cium) 
surface  of  this  wall  as  a  more  or  less  circular  projection  round  the  above-men- 
tioned opening.  The  rosette-plates  are  arched  inwardly  towards  the  proximal 
zooecium  on  the  terminal  partition-wall,  which  as  already  said  is  common  to 
two  zocecia  situated  behind  each  other.  The  above-discussed  arrangement  of  the 
rosette-plates  can  be  illustrated  in  a  very  clear  way  by  means  of  a  variety  of 
Flustra  seciirifrons"  with  narrow  branches  found  in  the  Kara  Sea,  in  which  the 
rather  numerous  uniporous  rosette-plates  are  unusually  strongly  arched,  so  that 
they    can    be    seen    llnough    the   membranous  oral   wall.    Inwardly  arched  rosette- 


^0    ».i/i, 


53,   I'l.  .\.\V1,   lig    9. 


27 

plates  are  here  only  seen  in  llie  distal  lialf  of  llie  zocecium.  and  the  first,  out- 
wardly arched  plate,  which  can  be  seen  proximally  to  the  margin  of  the  distal 
wall,  only  apparently  forms  an  exception  to  the  rnle,  because,  namely,  the  distal 
wall  ascends  oblitpiely  from  the  basal  towards  the  frontal  wall,  and  this  plate 
belongs  really  to  the  distal  zoo'cium.  We  can  easily  convince  ourselves  that  the 
same  law  apjjlics  to  the  [)ore-chambers  if  we  examine  the  basal  wall  of  a  colony, 
which  has  such,  as  the  lines  in  which  the  pore-chambers  meet  the  basal  wall 
shine  through  on  its  surface  (PI.  IX,  figs.  11  g,  12  a,  PI.  XV,  lig.  ^  c).  If  we  sepa- 
rate a  row  of  zooecia  of  a  species  which  has  well-developed  pore-chambers,  we 
find  that  a  transverse  section  of  the  distal  and  proximal  portions  of  a  zocecium 
has  a  very  varying  form,  because  the  basal  part  of  the  lateral  walls  (or  outer 
walls  of  the  pore-chambers)  in  the  distal  half  of  the  zocecium  meets  the  basal 
wall  at  a  pointed  angle  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  10  c),  while  the  corresponding  poi  tion  of 
the  lateral  walls  in  the  proximal  portion  of  the  zoa'cium,  which  is  jirovided  with 
openings  to  the  pore-chambers,  forms  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  basal  wall.  It  is 
evident  fiom  this  that  the  zorrcia  of  such  a  species,  seen  from  the  basal  wall, 
are  more  or  less  plainly  rhombic,  even  if  when  seen  from  the  frontal  surface 
they  have  an  oval  or  rounded  shape '.  As  the  outer  wall  of  the  pore-chambers, 
as  said  before,  forms  obtuse  angles  with  the  frontal  surface  of  the  zocecium  the 
distal  half  of  such  a  zoiccium  will  be  surrounded  by  a  marginal  expansion  (PI. 
XVII,  ligs.  1  a,  1  c),  formed  by  the  pore-chamber.  This  expansion  which  in  older 
zooecia  is  covered  by  the  surrounding  neighbouring  zooecia  may  be  easily  seen 
in  the  marginal  zowcia  of  a  growing  colony.  Just  as  the  opening  on  the  rosette- 
plate  is  smaller  than  its  extent  a  little  way  inside  this  (fig.  10  ])),  the  same  ap- 
plies to  the  opening  of  the  j)ore-chamber,  which  is  limited  bj'  two,  more  or 
less  developed  plates  belonging  to  the  outer  wall,  which  plates  we  may  call  »lips«. 
They  thus  play  a  similar  part  to  the  projecting  marginal  portion  of  the  rosette- 
plate  which  we  have  called  the  pore-ring,  but  while  the  latter  always  belongs 
to  the  op|)Osite  zocrcium  the  lips  here  are  a  part  of  the  real  pore-chamber,  and 
the  opposite  zoa'cium  has  only  an  opening  corresponding  to  the  opening  between 
the  lips. 

In  expressing  as  above  the  law  with  regard  to  the  relation  between  the  ro- 
sette-plates and  the  single  zocecium,  namely,  that  the  distal  half  of  the  zocKCium 
is  furnished  with  rosette-plates  and  the  proximal  with  corresponding  openings, 
it  should  be  understood  that  the  word  half,  taken  in  a  more  restricted  sense, 
only  applies  to  such  zoa'cia  as  are  arranged  in  regular  quincunx,   i.  e.  so  that  a 


'  54,   PI.   II,   figs.  'J7— 33,  55,   PI.    IV,   fij>s,  22— M. 


2.S 

lerminal  parlition-wall  helvveeii  Iwo  zod'cia  (ils  riglil  ()pj)Osile  to  a  latei'al  wall  in 
an  adjoining  zoa'ciuni.  On  the  other  hand,  if  two  adjoining  zoa'cia  are  placed 
in  a  diflerent  relation  to  one  another,  the  distribution  of  the  rosetle-plates  and 
the  oj)enings  will  also  change.  Even  in  those  colonies  where  the  (piincunx 
arrangement  is  most  regular,  we  will  sometimes  he  ahle  to  find  j)laces  where 
more  or  fewer  zoa'cia  are  arranged  in  a  less  regular  way.  If  now  two  adjoining 
zoa'cia,  for  instance  in  Fhtxlra  foliacea,  are  so  placed  in  relation  to  one  another 
that  the  one  i)rojects  beyond  the  other  by  a  quarter  of  its  length,  this  ([uarter 
will  he  provided  with  a  rosette-plate,  while  the  other  part  of  the  lateral  wall 
has  nothing  hut  0])enings,  which  correspond  \\\[b  the  same  number  of  plates  in 
tlie  adjoining  zocrcium.  The  law  ought  really  to  be  expressed. in  this  way,  that 
the  part  of  the  lateral  wall  of  a  zoo'cium,  which  extends  beyond  the  distal  wall 
of  the  adjoining  zocecium,  is  furnished  with  rosette-plates,  while  the  portion  be- 
hind has  openings.  While  most  Cheilostoumla  are  arranged  in  more  or  less 
regular  quincunx,  there  are  on  the  other  hand  species  in  which  this  arrangement 
can  only  be  seen  here  and  there,  while  the  zoa'cia  are  principally  arranged  in 
more  or  less  regular  transverse  lines.  This  is  for  instance  the  case  in  Sinilliun 
(Schizoporella)  linearis,  and  most  of  the  zooecia  here  will  have  either  only  rosette- 
plates  or  only  openings  on  the  side-walls.  There  is  also  a  strong  inclination  to 
such  an  arrangement  in  Memhranipora  nionostachys,  and  it  is  not  unusual  that  a  whole 
row  of  connected  lateral  walls  have  either  only  rosette-plates  or  only  openings. 
Electra  pilosd  forms  a  peculiar  exception  from  the  common  rule,  and  very  likely  this 
is  also  the  case  with  the  other  Electra  species.  Although  as  a  rule  we  have  the  true 
quincunx  arrangement  in  tliis  species,  yet  in  a  whole  row  of  zoa-cia  on  the  same 
side  we  either  find  only  rosette-plates  or  only  openings.  This  difference  is  how- 
ever accompanied  l)y  another,  as  the  lateral  walls  which  bear  the  rosette-plates 
are  always  much  thicker  and  more  strongly  calcified  than  those  with  openings, 
and  the  last  are  very  thin  and  after  boiling  in  alkali  often  partly  destroyed.  We 
can  now  and  then  find  a  whole  row  of  zocecia,  the  lateral  walls  in  which  are 
thick  and  furnished  with  rosette-plates,  but  then  both  the  corresponding  rows  of 
adjoining  walls  are  thin  and  have  openings. 

We  have  up  to  the  present  only  discussed  the  appearance  of  the  rosette-plates 
on  the  vertical  walls,  but  they  may  appear  on  the  basal  wall  (posterior  wall) 
as  well  as  on  the  frontal  surface,  and  in  tlie  first  case  both  in  two-laj'ered  and 
in  one-layered  colonies.  Thus,  in  two-layered  colonies,  I  have  found  tluni  in 
SiuHtiim  palinaia  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  5  ))),  Porella  saccata  Por.  coinpressa,  I'hdUujtopo- 
rella  lioiichu  (PI.  VI,  fig.  7  i),  Sle(janoporella  magnilabris  (PI.  V,  fig.  5  b),  Diinorplio- 
zoiim  nobile  (PI.  IV,  fig.   1  c,   1  d),  Micrupurella  llabellaris  (PI.  XV,  fig.  4  c)  and  Micr. 


29 

marginata  (PI.  XV,  fig.  'A  c).  On  Ihe  otlier  hand  they  are  lacking  for  instance  in 
Fliistra  foliacea  and  Fl.  seciirijions.  They  appear  in  the  same  way  as  the  rosette- 
plates  on  the  vertical  walls,  a  rosettc-j)lale  on  a  zooeciuni  in  the  one  layer  corre- 
sponding with  an  opening  in  the  opposite  layer,  but  in  none  of  the  mentioned 
species  are  they  found  in  all  zofficia  of  a  colony,  though  for  the  rest  they  ap- 
pear in  very  varying  numbers.  While  they  thus  appear  very  scattered  in  Steg. 
magnilabris,  they  are  found  on  by  far  the  most  zooecia  of  Microporella  flabellaris 
and  Mic.  marginata,  and  in  the  last  species  the  connection  between  the  zooecia  is 
as  a  rule  a  double  one,  every  zocecium  possessing  a  rosette-plate  as  well  as  an 
opening. 

Rosette-plates  or  pore-chambers  may  also  appear  on  the  basal  wall  of  colonies 
with  one  layer.  We  thus  find  a  number  of  uncalcified  uniporous  rosette-plates 
in  liutliyiis  obtecta  (PI.  XV,  fig.  2  b)  and  E.  chhitrata '  where  tiiey  might  be  con- 
sidered as  uniting  the  interior  of  the  zocecium  with  the  space,  which  is  bounded 
by  the  covering  membrane,  while  a  number  of  basal  uniporous  rosette-plates  in 
Hiantopora  radicifera  (PI.  IV,  fig.  6  b)  serve  as  origin  for  the  radical  fibres  which 
fasten  the  colony  to  its  support.  In  the  family  which  I  have  called  Petraliidae, 
the  species  of  which  mostly  appear  in  free  colonies  with  one  layer,  the  free 
basal  wall  is  cither  furnished  with  rosette-plates  or  with  pore-chambers  from 
which  radical  fibres  sometimes  issue  (e.  g.  in  Petralia  tuberosa  Busk^  and  P. 
dorsiporosa  Busk"). 

We  will  now  consider  the  appearance  of  the  rosette-plates  on  the  frontal  sur- 
face. Busk'  has  already  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  species  which  he  de- 
scribes as  Carbasea  Moseleyi,  possesses  a  number  of  formations  in  the  distal  half 
of  the  zocecium,  which  quite  correspond  to  rosette-plates,  and  these  plates  are 
also  found  in  the  distal  part  of  the  frontal  wall  in  Onchoporella  boiDbijcina 
(PI.  XIII,  fig.  9  a,  9  f),  Onchopora  Sinclairi  (PI.  XIII,  fig.  7  a,  7  b),  CalwelUa 
bicornis  (PI.  XIII,  fig.  8  a)  and  Onch.  deirtata  (PI.  XIII,  fig.  6  b),  all  of  which  species 
I  refer  to  the  family  Onchoporidae,  and  to  this  family  ■Carbaxea^  Moseleyi  and 
Iclithyariu  oculata  Busk '  also  jjrobably  belong.  The  rosette-philes  in  those  species 
examined  by  me  are  furnished  with  a  strongly  developed  pore-ring  projecting 
into  the  interior  of  the  zoa'cium  and  are  either  round,  uniporous  or  longitudinal, 
narrow  and  as  if  formed  by  a  fusion  together  of  from  two  to  four  uniporous 
plates  placed  in  one  row.  To  judge  from  figs.  4  a  and  4  b  the  roselte-jjlates  seem 
also  to  be  uniporous  in  -^ (la r based"  Moseleyi,  and  the  8 — 10  small  red  spots,  which 
Busk    has    found    on    the    rosette-plates    of    the  specimen    stained    with  carmine, 

'    19,   I'l.  .\VI,   fig.   22;   -  8,   HI.  .Wll,   fig.   7  d,    PI.   XVIII,   fig    4  b,   '■'   8.   p.   :>1 :  '  8,   p.   48. 


30 

might  be  leucocytes,  which  can  often  be  loimd  fixed  to  the  inner  surfai-e 
of  many  rosette-plates  and  which  can  easily  l)e  taken  for  pore-areas.  Kiithijris 
ohtecta  (P\.  XV,  fig.  2  a)  and  UrceoUpora  nana  Mac  Gill.  (PI.  XV,  fig.  1  a)  are  also 
furnished  with  rosette-plates,  and  the  marginal  |)ores,  which  ap[)ear  in  a  single 
or  ilouble  row  in  numerous  Cheilostomata,  seem  always  to  be  rosette-plates,  which 
are  usually  furnished  with  a  single  pore-area.  We  can  for  instance  mention 
Escharella  immersa,  Escharoides  coccinea,  Porella  strnma  and  Smittina  palmata. 
These  rosette-plates  are  always  without  a  pore-ring  and  are  (|uite  membra- 
nous, for  which  reason  they  quite  disapi)ear  when  boiled  in  alkali.  Some- 
times in  many  species  —  for  instance  in  the  species  of  Celleporn  and  Holo- 
porelhi  —  they  may  come  to  lie  at  the  bottom  of  shorter  or  longer  canals, 
partly  by  the  calcareous  wall's  growing  in  thickness,  partly  i)ecause  the  calci- 
fication takes  place  in  such  a  way  that  the  canals  leading  to  these  rosette-plates 
pierce  the  calcareous  wall  under  very  pointed  angles.  Such  long  canals  can  for 
instance  be  found  in  Tessaradoma  borealis  and  Escharella  spinosissinm^,  and  espec- 
ially in  the  last  species  they  are  remarkable  for  their  considerable  length,  so 
that  even  some  of  them  may  reach  from  the  marginal  portion  almost  right  in  to 
the  middle  line  of  the  frontal  wall.  In  other  species  these  marginal  pores  are 
enclosed  or  overbuilt  by  small  calcareous  spaces  which  are  furnished  with  a 
larger  or  smaller  opening  and  which  we  may  compare  with  the  above-mentioned 
pore-chambers.  We  may  mention  Sniittina  reticulata,  Sm.  palmata  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  5  a), 
Escharella  variolosa,  Discopora  verrucosa  and  Disc,  pavonella  as  examj)les  of  species 
which  possess  such  well-developed  marginal  cavities  or  areola'.  The  three  or  four- 
sided  areolae  are  outwardly  limited  by  a  projecting  line,  which  is  simply  a  contin- 
uation of  the  lateral  wall  of  the  zocecium,  and  are  separated  from  one  another 
by  a  number  of  transverse  buttresses,  which  grow  in  length  with  age  and  in 
older  zoa^cia  even  touch  one  another  in  the  middle  of  the  zoa>ciuni.  Two  ad- 
joining lateral  ridges  will,  as  is  the  case  with  the  lateral  walls  from  which  they 
spring,  after  boiling  in  alkali  solution  separate  from  one  another,  and  if  we  look 
at  such  a  separated  row  of  zoo^cia  from  the  side  we  see  these  lateral  spaces 
through  the  wall  as  light  canals,  which  on  superficial  observation  would  seem 
to  belong  to  the  lateral  walls.  Still  we  must  remember  that  the  rosette-plates 
which  lie  at  the  bottom  of  these  spaces  are  really  placed  on  the  frontal  wall. 
It  is  not  in  all  cases  however  that  the  superficial  pore-chambers  are  externally 
hounded  by  such  a  projecting  ridge;  this  is  not  the  case  e.  g.  in  Escharoides 
Jacksoni,  in  which   species  these  spaces  are  short,  sac-like  with  an  aperture  facing 


'  34.  PI.   III.  fig.  3. 


31 

towards  the  cenlre  of  the  zod'cium.  [ii  JhiswvUin  (iiistraliensis  and  Hasiv.  coronata 
the  frontal  wall  is  furnished  with  muiuMoiis  pore-canals,  each  ending  inwardly 
in  a  uniporous  roselte-plate  and  as  the  rosette-plates  helonging  to  the  marginal 
pore-canals  have  their  place  in  the  outer  pari  of  the  lateral  walls,  these  rosette- 
plates  thus  form  a  connecting  link  hetween  the  common  lateral  rosette-plates  and 
those  belonging  to  the  frontal  wall.  In  species  of  the  genus  Myriozoum  the  whole  of 
the  frontal  wall  is  furnished  with  closely  placed,  posteriorly  directed  sac-like  pore- 
canals,  each  ending  in  a  uniporous  rosetle-plate  (PI.  XIX,  lig.  Hi  a).  In  each  canal  is 
a  chord  of  mesenchymatous  tissue,  which  has  a  club-shaped  widening  towards  the  ro- 
sette-plate. In  Srlerodoinns  denticiilatux  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  18  a,  18  b)  the  frontal  wall  of  the 
zoo'cium  is  furnished  with  minieious  curved,  sac-like  and  widened  pore-canals,  which 
contain  a  similar  chord  of  mesenchymatous  tissue.  Finallj',  I  may  mention  that 
in  all  the  species  which  have  marginal  pores  and  at  the  same  time  a  median 
avicularium  proximally  to  the  aperture,  the  avicularium  stands  in  connection  with 
the  llrst  or  sometimes  also  with  the  second  pair  of  superficial  rosette-plates,  respec- 
tively through  two  or  four  shorter  or  longer  canals,  which  issue  from  the  distal 
part  of  the  avicularian  chambers.  This  is  the  case  for  instance  with  most  species 
of  the  genus  Porella. 

AH  other  so-called  pores  in  the  Cheilostonmta  are,  as  Per  gens  has  already 
remarked,  not  real  pores,  and  when  this  writer'  states  »ces  petits  pores  sont,  en 
realite,  des  cavites  intersqueletliques  occupees  par  du  tissu  epidermiijue,  en  con- 
nection avec  ies  parties  scjuelettiques  et  avec  le  parenchyme«,  this  so  far  agrees 
with  my  observations,  as  I  have  always  found  the  bottom  of  these  pores  closed 
by  a  membrane,  which  adheres  directly  to  the  calcareous  skeleton  and  may  with 
age  be  calcified  to  a  more  or  less  extent.  In  some  of  the  species,  for  instance  in 
'Lepralid'  Pallasiana,  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  these  pores  may  eventually 
become  closed,  and  in  Siniltina  jmrifera  they  may  assume  a  very  dilTerent  appea- 
rance according  to  the  different  manner  in  which  calcification  proceeds.  This 
membranous  area  in  Microporina  horealis  is  divided  into  a  number  of  small  areas 
by  radiating  calcareous  ridges.  The  difference  between  such  a  j)ore  and  a  rosette- 
plate  is  therefore  only,  that  the  latter  is  furnished  with  one  or  more  very  fine 
perforations,  which  are  absent  in  the  former.  The  pores  as  well  as  the  marginal 
rosette-plates  may  as  time  goes  on  become  surrounded  by  small  chambers,  and 
for  instance  in  Sinittiim  povifera  and  ■  Lepralia«  Pullasinna  a  meshwork  of  ridges 
is  formed  over  the  whole  surface.  Regarding  the  pores  of  the  ooecia,  I  need 
only  remark  that  they  are  similar  to  those  of  the  zoo^cia. 

'   93,   p.  308. 


32 

The  Compensation-Sac. 

The  compensation-sac  was  first  noticed  by  Jul  lien',  hut  llie  descrip- 
tion which  tliis  writer  f^ives  of  this  iniporlaul  organ  is  not  very  detailed,  and 
this  might  be  one  of  the  reasons  why  Jul  lien's  discovery  has  either  been  quite 
overlooked  or  received  with  distrust  by  all  later  writers,  until  Harmer-  redis- 
covered this  organ  and  gave  a  fuller  account  of  it.  While  I  do  not  agree  with 
Harmer  in  his  view  of  the  structure  and  development  of  the  compensation-sac 
in  Discopora  verrucosa  and  the  forms  grouped  with  this  species,  my  investigations 
agree  otherwise  with  the  general  view  he  gives  of  this  organ.  It  is  a  large  thin- 
walled  sac,  which  in  the  Cheilostomata  provided  with  an  arched  calcified  frontal 
wall  (Ascophora  mihi)  lies  immediately  under  this  in  the  whole  or  the  largest  part  of 
its  extent  and  oj)ens  outwards  either  immediately  jjroximally  to  the  o])erculum,  or 
occasionally  further  back,  through  an  unpaired  median  opening,  an  ascopore«  (Micro- 
porella,  Inversiiila,  Tiihucellarid,  Onchoporella,  Haplopoma,  Adeona).  Its  inner  wall, 
which  is  attached  distally  to  the  proximal  edge  of  the  operculum,  is  on  each  side 
furnished  with  a  row  of  muscular  bundles,  which  in  arrangement,  grouping  and 
attachment  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  calcified  lateral  walls,  correspond  perfectly 
with  the  parietal  muscles  in  the  Malacostega,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  they  have 
the  same  signification  as  the.se,  because  their  contraction  will  extend  the  sac,  thus 
causing  it  to  be  filled  with  water  through  its  external  opening  with  the  final  result 
that  the  polypide  is  extended.  The  observations  made  with  regard  to  the  first 
l)eginnings  of  this  sac  scarcely  leave  any  doubt,  that  as  a  rule  it  is  formed  as 
an  invagination  of  the  original  membranous  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  whether 
the  wall  later  on  retains  its  membranous  condition  as  in  all  groups  furnished 
with  a  cryptocyst,  or  later  becomes  calcified  as  in  Hippotlioulde  and  Cdleiutriklitc. 
The  first  trace  generally  appears  rather  late,  either  distally  to  the  operculum  or 
to  the  median  pore,  and  from  there  it  gradually  .spreads  over  the  rest  of  the 
frontal  wall.  A  somewhat  ditfex-ent  mode  of  formation  is  found  however  in  Disco- 
pora verrucosa  and  related  forms.  While  Harmer"'  looks  upou  the  compensation- 
sac  as  a  true  sac  provided  both  with  an  inner  and  an  outer  membranous  wall  in 
all  other  forms  examined  by  him,  he  has  quite  a  different  view  of  the  corre- 
sponding formation  in  the  above-mentioned  forms.  He  states  namely,  that  in 
these  the  membranous  frontal  wall  provided  with  parietal  muscles,  which  is 
seen  on  the  (piilc  young  zoo'cia,  later  becomes  covered  by  a  fold,  springing  from 
the  proximal  and  lateral  margins,  the  inner  lamella  of  which  is  calcareous  and 
the    superficial    layer    membranous,    and    the    compensation-sac    formed    by    Ibis 


'   45  a.   p.   67—68;  '   18   and    19:    '   lit,   p.   293—297. 


;53 

process  possesses  only  an  inner,  membranons  wall.  Ihe  outer  being  calcareous. 
According  to  my  investigations  the  fold  wbicb  gradually  covers  the  original 
membranous  frontal  wall  is  an  evagination  of  this  wall  itself  and  therefore  con- 
sists of  two  nienibranous  layers,  an  inner  which  together  with  the  primary 
frontal  membrane  forms  ■  the  compensation-sac  and  an  outer  which  forms  the 
frontal  membrane  of  the  adult  zooecium.  The  calcareous  layer  seen  within  the 
covering  membrane  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  zoai-cium,  is  a  cryptocyst  which 
grows  into  the  cavity  of  the  fold  but  only  reaches  its  tip  in  the  adult  zoa^cia, 
and  therefore  in  all  not  quite  developed  zooecia  we  see  a  curved  or  angularly 
bent  line  marking  the  free  edge  of  this  calcareous  layer  (PI.  XIX,  lig.  2  a)  proxi- 
mally  to  the  growing  edge  of  the  fold. 

To  make  certain  I  have  examined  a  number  of  longitudinal  sections  made  with 
the  aid  of  the  microtome  of  L'nibonuld  pavonella  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  2  b),  in  which 
the  compensation-sac  seems  to  show  the  same  conditions  as  are  found  in 
U.  verrucosa.  The  reason  why  I  preferred  the  former  species  is  only  that  our 
Museum's  spirit-material  of  this  species  is  of  somewhat  more  recent  dale.  Though 
the  sections  examined  are  not  good,  they  are  sufficient  to  establish  the  correctness 
of  my  view.  While  all  the  membranous  or  cellular  portions  are  strongly  stained 
and  easily  recognizable,  which  for  example  ajjplies  to  the  frontal  membrane  and 
the  compensation-sac,  all  the  calcareous  walls  appear  as  faintly  stained,  verj'  fine 
lines.  The  ascending  distal  walls  are  more  or  less  broken  or  folded  in  most  of 
the  sections,  and  this  is  also  the  case  with  the  cryptocyst  (cr)  lying  in  the  interior 
of  the  frontal  evagination.  Sections  of  younger  zooecia  are  only  different  in  that 
the  evagination  is  shorter. 

Harmer  has  already  drawn  attention  to  the  fact,  that  the  above-mentioned 
'Miicronellu<  pavonella  must  be  referred  to  the  same  genus  as  Ihnbomila  verrucosa 
(Discopora),  and  to  the  same  genus  I  must  also  refer  the  species  of  v.  Lorenlz's' 
genus  Ramphostomella.  In  all  the.se  species  the  primary  frontal  membrane  forms 
an  evagination  which  encloses  the  cryptocyst  and  in  young  zocecia  of  a  certain 
development  we  see  the  free  edge  of  this  cryptocyst  proximally  to  the  free  edge 
of  the  evagination  (PI.  XIX,  fig.   19  a). 


Vestibulum. 

Within    the    recent  Bryozoa,    as    is  known,    an   operculum   only    appears   in   the 
Cheilostomata,   which    in    other   respects   are    distiuguislu-d    from    the    Ctenoslomala 

'   58,  p. 


34 

by   being  more   or   less   calcified  as  well  as  by  having  avicularia  and  ooecia.  The 
possession    of   an    operculum    has   been   rightly   regarded    as  the   most   important 
of  the  characters  mentioned  here,  and  it  is  Iherelbre  so  much  tlie  more  of  interest 
that  ^^'aters'  has  shown  that  an  operculum  is  lacking  in  the  nutritive  individuals 
of  the  genus  Buyiila.     Nevertheless,   that   the  species  of  this  genus  must  certainly 
be  regarded  as  Cheilostomota  is  evident,  not  only  from  the  fact  that  they  ])oss('ss 
the  other  Cheilostome  characters  and  are  very  closely  related  to  the  Bkelluria  and 
other  genera  with  an  operculum,  but  also  from  the  fact  that  they  all  have  avicu- 
laria, ■which  always  have  an  operculum.    Nitsche^    has    pointed    out,    and  other 
writers   confirmed,    that    the    tentacular    sheath    from    the    proximal    part    of  the 
zooecium    whence  the  polypide  originates,  grows  forward  as  a  solid  chord,  which 
is  fastened  to  the  inner  frontal  surface  of  the  zooecium  in  its  distal  part.     Later, 
this  chord  obtains  an  inner  cavity,  whicli  opens  outwardly  through  a  slit  in  the 
frontal    wall    of   the   zooecium,  and  it  is  evident  from  this  that  the  difference  be- 
tween  the  structure  and  development  of  the  aperture  in  the  CheilostonuiUt  and  CJeno- 
stomata  is  conditioned  by  the  difi'erent  ways  in  which  this  chord-shaped  formation 
is  fastened  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  zooecium.  In  the  Cheilostomata  this  attach- 
ment   lakes   place   in    a   semi-circular   line   and  this  results  in  the  formation  of  a 
semi-circular  opercular  valve.    As  is  known'',  we  can  distinguish  in  the  tentacular 
sheath   between    two  difi'erent   regions:    the   true   tentacular   sheath,   which    in    the 
retracted    condition    of  the   polypide   encloses   the   tentacles,    and    a   distal  region, 
the  vcslihulum,  which  can  be  shut  off  from  the  true  tentacular  sheath  by  a  mus- 
cular   segment,    the   diaphragm,  and  as  we  shall  see  later  the  vestibulum  may  even 
in   certain  cases  have  another  closing-apparatus  j)laced  distally  to  the  diaphragm. 
As  I    have   nowhere   found    in    the  literature  a  satisfactory  account  of  the  way  in 
which  the  vestibulum  is  connected  with  the  operculum  as  well  as  with  the  aper- 
ture of  the  zooecium,  I  will  try  to  give  such  here.  If  we  imagine  a  zooecium  with 
the   operculum  (|uite  open,  but  with    the  [lolypide  drawn  in,  we  can  distinguish  in 
the   vcstibuliun    between  an  inner  or  zocecial,  and  an  outer  or  opercular  portion, 
of  which  the  lirst  is  fastened  to  the  edge  of  the  aperture,  and  the  latter  to  or  a 
little  within   the  edge  of  the  operculum.     liesides  the  two  portions  mentioned  we 
also  have  on  each  side  a  triangular  lateral  portion  (PI.  XIII,  fig.  7  a)  which  con- 
nects the  zocecial  and  the  opercular  portions  with  each  other,  and  which  is  folded 
into  the  vestibulum  when  the  operculum  is  closed.    The  comparison  between  the 
vestibulum  and  a  valved  purse,  the  two  metal  guards  of  which  might  respectively 
correspond  with   the   rim   of  the  aperture  and   the   rim   of  the  operculum,  which  is 


'111,   p.    12;    '  8U,    p.  JJf— >S;   ^    19,   p.   272. 


35 

used  by  several  writers,  is  therefore  not  quite  correct,  and  it  would  be  far  more 
correct  to  compare  it  with  a  division  in  a  modern  purse,  in  which  the  lateral 
walls  when  the  purse  is  closed  are  folded  into  this.  To  explain  the  formation  of 
such  a  vestibulum  a  simple  horizontal  dividing  of  the  flat  vestibular  rudiment  is 
not  sufficient,  as  this  would  only  lead  to  the  formation  of  the  zocecial  and  the 
opercular  walls.  To  explain  the  formation  of  the  two  free  lateral  walls  it  must, 
I  think,  be  necessary  to  suppose  that  an  invagination  on  each  side  has  taken 
place  togetlier  with  the  division  of  the  chord-shaped  rudiment. 

The  distal  part  of  the  vestibulum  presents  a  number  of  dilferences,  partly  in  the 
way  in  which  it  is  fastened  to  the  operculum,  partly  in  its  structure  and  nature, 
and  we  may  here  shortly  mention  some  of  the  differences,  the  closer  study  of 
which  however  will  recpiire  fresh  investigation-material.  While  its  frontal  wall 
in  a  number  of  forms  is  fixed  directly  to  the  free  edge  of  the  operculum,  as  in 
most  Fliistra  species,  Membrduipora  meinbranacea,  Electra  pilosa,  Geinellaria  loricata, 
Micropoiiim  boredlis,  Sciiticella  platjiosloma,  Retepora  Beaniaiui,  etc.,  in  a  number  of 
other  species  it  is  fixed  at  a  shorter  or  longer  distance  within  the  edge,  in  such 
a  way  that  we  must  conclude  that  the  frontal  and  liasal  walls  have  moved  from 
each  other  after  the  division  of  the  vestibular  rudiment.  For  instance  we  find 
this  the  case  in  Fliistra  abiisskoht,  11.  carbasea,  in  numerous  members  of  the 
family  Membraniporidae  {Callopora  mirita,  Tctjelbt  unicornis,  Memb.  arctica  etc.),  in 
the  family  Scriipuci'lldriidae,  in  the  genera  Stajdnopurella,  BicdUiria  and  Discopora, 
in  'Lepraliu'  Palhisiana,  Tiibiicellaria  opunliuides  etc.  In  most  of  the  Cheilosloinata, 
and  as  it  seems  in  all  Anaska  as  well  as  in  numerous  Ascophorn,  the  part  of  the 
frontal  wall  of  the  vestibulum,  which  adjoins  the  operculum,  is  more  or  less 
chitinized,  whether  this  connection  takes  place  in  or  within  the  edge  of  the  oper- 
culum, and  when  such  an  operculum  is  isolated  the  chitinized  portion  of  the 
vestibulum  adheres  to  it  as  an  arched  chitinous  ridge  (the  -opercular  arch< )  rising 
from  its  inner  surface,  which  is  lowest  at  its  distal,  central  [>art,  but  which  gener- 
rally  on  each  side  ends  in  a  more  or  less  triangular  »flange<=,  which  is  a  part  of 
the  above-mentioned  lateral  wall  of  the  vestibulum  and  which  goes  directly 
over  into  the  membranous  part  of  this.  If  we  compare  opcrcula  of  the  youngest 
and  the  oldest  zooecia  in  a  colony,  we  sometimes  (e.  g.  in  Microporina  borealis)  find 
that  the  opercular  arch  is  higher  on  the  latter,  and  now  and  then  this  opercular 
arch  shows  distinct  lines  of  growth.  There  is  a  cavity  between  the  operculum  and 
the  frontal  part  of  the  veslibulum,  the  opercular  cavity,  and  into  this  extend  the 
occlusor  muscles  of  the  operculum,  which  in  the  forms  with  a  well-developed 
opercular    arch    are    generally    fastened   to  this;    if  not,   the  oi)ercular  muscles  are 

attached   to  the   inner  surface  of  the  operculum    itself. 

3* 


36 

Just  as  the  part  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  vestibiiliim,  which  is  connected 
with  the  operculum,  may  he  chitinized,  this  may  also  he  the  case  with  a  larger 
or  smaller  part  of  the  inner  wall  of  the  vestihulum,  as  e.  g.  in  Euthyris  clathrata 
described  by  Harmer',  in  which  species  this  writer  has  described  a  vestibular 
sphincter  apparatus,  similar  to  that  which  Hi  neks'-  formerly  noticed  in  Eiirysto- 
melhi  hihihiatd.  In  E.  clalhrala^  the  somewhat  chitinized  inner  part  of  the  vesti- 
hulum (irsl  bends  inwards  and  downwards  into  the  zod'cium  and  then  again 
bends  forwards  and  upwards  in  a  semicircular  fold,  the  chitinized  part  of  which 
(labium)  in  the  closed  condition  of  the  vestihulum,  (its  closely  to  the  above- 
mentioned  opercular  arch,  which  in  this  way  forms  an  under  lip,  while  the 
labium  forms  the  upper  lip.  Also  in  Euthyris  ubiecia  according  to  Harmer's 
investigations  there  is  a  delicate  labium.  Hincks  was  the  first  to  find  a 
two-lipped  vestihulum  in  "Lcpraliu"  bilabiala,  and  as  I  have  been  able  by  the 
great  kindness  of  Professor  Whi  leaves  to  examine  Hincks'  original  specimen, 
I  can  confirm  that  the  sphincter-ap[)aratus  like  that  in  E.  clathrata  consists  of 
an  upper  lip  (labium),  formed  by  the  inner  j)ortion  of  the  vestihulum,  and  an 
under  lip,  formed  by  the  opercular  arch,  which  Hincks  calls  »a  semicircular  chili- 
nous  rim,  as  it  were  soldered  to  the  inner  surface  of  the  operculums.  I  have 
found  a  quite  similar  two-lipped  vestihulum  in  the  closely  connected  species 
Li'pralia'  foraminUjerd,  while  I  have  found  a  vestibular  two-lipped  Sphincter- 
apparatus  of  an  essentially  diilerent  structure  in  the  genus  Sleyanoporella.  It  is 
placed  at  the  proximal  part  of  the  operculum,  and  consists  of  two  (juite  similar 
semicircular  lips  slightly  chitinized  at  the  free  margin,  both  of  which  are  folds 
of  the  vestihulum  and  have  no  connection  with  the  opercular  arch.  From  the 
zooecial  aperture's  distal  rim  or  anter  in  quite  a  number  of  forms  there  sj)rings 
a  more  or  less  developed,  calcified  portion  reaching  into  the  zocecium,  in  most 
cases  in  the  form  of  a  low,  arch-shaped  calcareous  ridge,  which  seems  to  have 
originated  from  a  partial  calcification  of  the  inner  or  basal  portion  of  the  ves- 
tihulum. Such  a  structure,  which  we  may  call  a  »\estibular  arch«,  is  found  in  the 
family  Reteporulae  (PI.  XXill,  figs.  4  a — c),  where  it  is  as  a  rule  crenulated,  in  Macro- 
pora  centralis  Mac  Gill.  (PI.  VII,  fig.  1  a),  in  most  species  of  the  genus  Microporella 
(PI.  XV),  and  in  the  genera  Escharina  (PI.  XVIII),  Escharella  (PI.  XVII)  and  Eschuroides 
(PI.  XVII,  figs.  5  b,  c).  It  reaches  its  highest  development  in  the  two  last-menlioned 
genera,  and  it  is  shown  plainly  in  a  number  of  figures  in  Busk's  Crag  Polyzoa '. 
The  species  which  shows  the  highest  degree  of  development  of  this  portion  is 
Escharella  iliaphana  Mac  Gill.  (PI.  XVII,   figs.  1  c,    1  ri),   and    it   is   here   in   llie  same 

'    19,   p.  -HMS:    5  .il    p.  >S^    '    7,   I'l.   VI,   ligs.   4.   8;   I'l.    VII,   litJs.    1,   ;t   etc. 


37 

manner  as  the  above-mentioned  chilinous  region  in  Eiilhyris  cUithiuUd  bent  strongly 
basally  and  afterwards  again  frontally  so  that  it  forms  a  hood-shaped  cavilv  with  a 
frontal  concavity.  This  vestibular  arch,  which  arises  from  Ihe  distal  rim  of  the 
primary  aperture  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  arch-shaped  cryplocyst-ridge, 
which  in  a  number  of  species  of  the  genera  Stetjanoporella  (PI.  V,  ligs.  5  a,  G  a,  3  a) 
and  Thalamoporella  is  placed  between  the  basal  (horizontal),  and  the  frontal 
(obliquely  ascending)  portion  of  the  distal  wall.  Waters'  who  was  the  first  to 
speak  about   it  calls  it  an  oral  shelf.     It  was  later  mentioned  by  Harmer^'. 

The  operculum. 

In  lis  simplest  form  the  operculum  is  a  semicircular  membranous  valve,  which 
passes  evenly  over  into  the  frontal  membrane  and  is  only  cbifinous  where  it 
meets  with  the  opercular  arch.  We  might  give  a  line  running  belween  the  two 
corners  of  the  opercular  valve  as  a  border  towards  the  frontal  membrane,  and 
round  this  line,  the  hinge-line,  the  valve  turns  during  the  folding  in  and  out  of 
the  polypide.  Such  an  opercular  form  can  be  found  in  most  of  the  Malacostega, 
in  a  number  of  Coilostef/a,  as  also  in  not  a  few  members  of  the  division  Ascophora. 

In  contrast  to  the  oj)ercular  form  just  described,  in  other  forms  we  meet  with 
an  opercular  valve  which  is  separated  in  different  ways  from  the  frontal  mem- 
brane, and  in  the  simplest  cases  by  its  proximal  rim  being  furnished  wilh 
a  chitinized  thickening  (basal  sclerite,  Harmer),  which  on  each  side  is  connected 
with  the  chitinous  opercular  arch.  Besides  in  Clilidonia  Cordieri  and  most  Stega- 
noporella  species  (PI.  V,  fig.  3  c)  such  an  operculum  is  found  in  a  number  of 
species  of  the  genus  Thalamoporella,  e.  g.  in  Th.  e.vp(iiis(t  (Pi.  VI  b,  fig  5  b),  Th. 
iimmillaris,  Th.  Jervoisii  (PL  Via,  fig.  4  c),  etc.,  while  in  other  Thalumoporellu  forms 
the  operculum  is  only  partially  separated  from  the  frontal  membrane  by  means 
of  a  shorter  or  longer  basal  sclerite  on  each  side  (see  PI.  VI  b,  lig.  6  a).  The 
opercular  valve  can  also  be  seen  either  entirely  chitinized  or  calcified,  and  I 
have  already  mentioned  earlier  the  few  recent  species  which  possess  a  calcified 
opercular  valve.  Within  the  group  Malacostega  I  have  found  a  completely  chiti- 
nized operculum  both  in  some,  not  yet  described  Oiujchocetla-spcvies  (PI.  XXII,  rig.;U)) 
and  in  some  members  of  the  family  Scrupocellariidae,  namely  in  Caberca  Uoryi 
and  Cab.  Darwini  Busk  and  in  a  new  Scrnpocellaria  species.  In  these  three  species 
the  operculum  is  enclosed  by  a  comi)lelely  calcified  rim,  the  proximal  jiarl  being 
bounded  sometimes  by  two  projections  from  tlie  calcified  lateial  parts  of  the 
zocecium   (C.  Darwini),  sometimes  also   by    the    here   higlily   developed   plate-like 


•   107  a,  p.  .'•.1;    "  17,   p.  227. 


38 

spine,  which  as  is  known  appeal's  in  very  different  degrees  of  development  in  a 
number  of  members  of  this  family.  As  a  similar  enclosure  of  the  operculum  is 
also  found  in  Menipea  liausd  Busk  ',  Men.  Je/freysi  Norman  -  and  Scnipocellaria  mar- 
supiata  Jull.^,  it  seems  i)robable  that  the  operculum  in  these  species  has  a  similar 
structure.  Besides  in  the  species  just  mentioned,  we  find  an  independent  opercular 
valve  in  the  Coilostegous  genera  Micrnpora  and  CeUiilarut,  and  in  the  genera  of  the 
division  Ascophora:  Microporellu,  IiuxTsiiila,  Onchopora,  Vrceoliporu,  Clwrizopora, 
Haplopoma,  Adennellopsis  and  Tubncellarin.  While  we  may  briefly  call  such  an 
operculum  as  appears  in  most  of  the  Malacostei/d  an  opercular  valve,  I  would 
propose  the  designation  »simple  o])erculum«  for  any  opercular  valve,  which  is 
distinctly  marked  off  from  the  frontal,  membrane,  and  can  consecjuently  be  isolated 
as  an  independent  formation.  While  the  proximal  edge  of  such  an  oi)erculum 
forms  as  a  rule  a  straight  line  it  is  more  or  less  concave  in  a  number  of  sj)ecies  of 
the  genera  Celliilaria  and  Tlutldinoporella,  so  that  the  hinge-line  falls  a  little  proxi- 
mally  to  the  edge,  and  in  such  cases  the  sim])le  operculum  does  not  fill  the 
whole  zoa^cial  aperture,  the  proximal  part  of  which  is  filled  by  a  membrane. 
Within  the  division  Ascophora  the  same  thing  appears  in  a  new  form  from  Singa- 
pore belonging  to  the  family  Petraliiilae.  Jul  lien'  has  founded  a  genus:  Clui- 
perio,  the  species  of  which  were  formerly  referred  jiartly  to  Membrnnipora,  and 
partly  to  Monoporelhi,  and  Waters''  says  regarding  this  genus:  This  group  was 
indicated  by  Jullien  under  the  name  of  Chaperia,  but  while  he  based  it  upon 
two  lateral  plates,  which  I  have  shown  are  for  the  attachment  of  the  oj)ercular 
muscles,  and  do  not  occur  in  all  species,  the  important  character  is  the  form  of 
the  operculum,  which  is  separable,  and  which  has  at  each  side  an  elongate  pro- 
tuberance for  the  attachment  of  the  muscles. «  hi  oi)j)Osition  to  Waters  I  would 
maintain  that  the  most  important  generic  character  is  the  two  plates  mentioned, 
which  I  have  found  in  all  sjiecies  I  have  examined,  whereas  the  operculum 
according  to  my  investigations  is  subject  to  a  fairly  considerable  variation.  As 
Waters  refers  both  Meiiib.  (j(ih-ala  and  Menib.  crislata  to  Cli.  <inniiliis  Manz.,  we 
must,  before  speaking  about  the  operculum  in  the  different  forms,  make  the  ad- 
mission that  our  material  is  too  small  to  venture  on  expressing  an  opinion  as  to  the 
identitj'  of  the  two  last-mentioned  forms,  which  in  any  case  are  very  closely  con- 
nected, hi  a  species,  which  under  the  name  of  Memb.  cristata  has  been  sent  me 
by  Miss  Jelly  and  which  came  from  South  Africa,  the  opercular  valve  occupies 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  distal  half  of  the  large  oval  aperture  of  the  zooecium, 
and    is    in    its   proximal    portion    furnished    within    each    lateral    rim  with  a  very 

'  8,  p.  20;    '^,  p.  44(i;    »  43,  p.  507;    *  45,  p.  61;    '  112,  p.  655. 


39 

thin  ami  not  very  long  sclerile  sloping  dislally  and  inwards.  Tiie  opercular  valve 
as  well  as  llie  memljrane  whicli  occupies  tlie  rest  of  llie  aperture  of  the  zocEcium, 
is  thin  and  fine  and  not  more  chilinizcd  than  the  membrane,  which  covers  the 
calcified  frontal  surface  of  llie  zoci-cium.  hi  a  new  species  from  New  Zealand, 
which  is  provided  with  six  l)ranched  spines,  the  opercular  valve  and  the  mem- 
I)rane  which  occupies  the  rest  of  the  oval  zooecial  aperture,  are  not  more  chitinized 
than  the  rest  of  the  covering  membrane,  but  the  opercular  valve  is  at  a  considerable 
distance  from  the  rim  furnished  with  a  continuous  arched  sclerite.  We  will  call 
this  species  Ch.  arcifera.  While  the  operculum  in  Ch.  cervicornis  has  a  similar 
structure  as  in  Cli.  cristata,  it  shows  some  dilTerence  in  a  form  which  under  the 
name  Memb.  (jaleata,  v.  erecta  has  been  sent  me  from  the  British  Museum.  The 
two  sclerites  are  somewhat  shorter  here,  and  the  opercular  valve  as  well  as  the  mem- 
brane which  fills  up  the  rest  of  the  aperture  is  here  somewhat  more  chitinized  and 
somewhat  more  yellow  in  colour  than  the  covering  membrane,  without  however 
the  limit  between  these  portions  being  very  sharp.  The  aperture  of  the  zooecium 
is  shorter  and  wider  in  Ch.  spinosa  than  in  the  above  species,  and  the  largest 
part  (74.or*/,)of  it  is  taken  up  by  the  opercular  valve,  which  is  here  furnished 
with  two  long  and  strong  sclerites.  The  opercular  valve  and  the  membrane  filling 
uj)  the  rest  of  the  aperture  form  here  a  plate  which  in  its  stronger  chitinization 
stands  in  great  contrast  to  the  covering  membrane  connected  with  it.  Finally, 
the  broad  triangularly  rounded  aperture  in  Ch.  Capensis  is  as  in  the  other  species 
filled  by  an  opercular  valve  with  two  strong  and  short  sclerites  and  a  supple- 
mentary membrane,  but  both  are  here  fused  together  into  a  strongly  chitinized 
plate. 

It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  comparison  that  the  portion  which  has  been 
named  by  authors  »the  operculum  ^  in  Ch.  spinosa  and  Ch.  cdpciisis,  not  only 
corresponds  to  the  simple  operculum  in  a  CeUiilaria,  Microporn,  etc.,  but  also  with 
an  adjoining  portion  of  the  original  membranous  cover.  These  two  portions  are 
here  fused  together  to  a  chitinous  plate,  of  which  only  the  distal  portion,  which 
has  a  free  rim  and  is  connected  with  the  vestibulum,  can  emerge  from  the 
zooecium.  Further,  a  consideration  of  the  shape  of  such  an  operculum  will  alone 
be  sufficient  lo  come  to  this  result,  for  since  the  hinge-line  must  be  in  a  straight 
line,  it  is  evident  that  an  operculum  which  has  an  arched  proximal  rim  cannot 
emerge  from  the  zoa>cium  at  its  j)roximal  portion.  An  operculum  like  that  here 
mentioned  we  may  call  a  compound  operculums  understanding  therewith  an  oper- 
cular formation  in  which  the  opercular  valve  is  fused  together  with  an  adjoining 
portion  of  the  original  membranous  cover  to  form  a  single,  more  or  less  strongly 
chitinized    plate,    in   which   we   can  distinguish  between  the  valvidar  portion  and 


40 

the  accessory  portion.  Within  the  division  Anaska  such  a  compound  opercuhim 
appears  not  only  in  the  mentioned  Chaperia  species  hut  also  in  Megapora  ringens 
and  Foveolaria  eUiptica  (PI.  VII}  fig.  7  h),  hut  in  these  two  species  with  the  peculiar 
modification,  that  the  valvular  portion  and  the  accessory  portion  are  here  con- 
nected by  a  low  linear  belt  of  thinner  material  in  their  whole  breadth. 

Besides  in  the  members  mentioned  of  the  division  Anaska  a  compound  operculum 
appears  in  most  members  of  the  division  Ascophora,  and  it  may  here  be  charac- 
terized as  a  double  operculum,  as  it  really  has  a  double  function.  While  the 
accessory  portion  of  the  operculum,  which  is  placed  proximally  to  the  hinge-line 
in  Ihe  Anaska  forms  mentioned,  is  connected  with  the  covering  membrane  of  the 
zoo'cium,  it  is  continuous  with  the  basal  or  inner  wall  of  the  comjjensation-sac  in 
the  Ascophora,  while  the  frontal  wall  of  this  sac  is  connected  with  either  the  distal 
rim  of  the  covering  membrane  (in  the  forms  which  possess  a  Cryptocyst),  or 
(where  such  is  lacking)  with  the  distal  rim  of  the  calcified  frontal  wall  (Hippo- 
thoidae  and  Catenariidae).  This  was  already  shown  by  Jul  lien',  who  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  hinge-line  of  the  operculum  does  not  coincide  with 
the  proximal  rim  of  the  operculum,  but  lies  more  distally,  while  the  opening 
which  leads  into  the  compensation-sac  is  placed  immediately  proximally  to  the 
operculum.  When  the  valvular  portion  of  such  a  compound  operculum  emerges 
from  the  zou'cium,  the  accessory  portion  will  on  the  other  hand  go  down  into 
it  and  thus  open  the  compensation-sac,  to  which  it  serves  as  operculum.  In  all 
such  ca.ses  where  an  operculum  ends  in  a  proximal  convex  rim  or  a  rim  furnished 
with  a  projecting  median  portion,  as  for  instance  in  all  the  species  referred  to  the 
genera  Lepralia  and  Schizoporella,  it  is  evident  that  we  have  to  deal  with  a  compound 
operculum,  as  a  simple  operculum  must  always  end  in  a  proximally  straight  or 
concave  edge.  On  the  other  hand,  the  presence  of  such  an  edge  does  not  exclude 
the  possibility,  that  the  operculum  may  be  compound,  and  the  only  certain  way 
to  settle  the  question  is  to  find  the  hinge-line  of  the  operculum.  An  articulation 
similar  to  that  which  lakes  place  between  the  valvular  portion  of  the  operculum 
and  the  accessory  portion  in  Megapora  ringens  and  Foveolaria  clliplica  occurs 
within  the  division  Ascophora  in  the  genus  Arthropoma,  which  includes  the  two 
species  A.  Cecili  and  A.  circinata,  because  the  small  proximal  process  of  the  oper- 
culum is  connected  in  a  similar  way  with  the  valvular  portion  of  the  operculum. 

We  have  already  under  the  compensation-sac  discussed  the  well-known  fact, 
that  a  series  of  forms  have  a  median  pore,  placed  at  a  greater  or  less  distance 
from    the  zooecial  aperture,   which    leads   into   the   cavity   of  the  zooecium.    II   has 

'  45  a. 


41 

been  proved  for  some  of  these  forms  Ihal  the  compensation-sac  opens  out  through 
this  pore  and  there  is  hardly  any  leason  lo  doul)l,  that  this  applies  to  all.  Most 
of  them  have  a  sini])le  operculum,  and  a  compound  operculum  is  only  found 
in  species  of  tlie  genera  Onchoporclla  and  CalweUia  (PI.  XIII). 

Just  as  a  sim{)le  operculum  may  either  be  quite  chitinized  or  only  separated 
from  the  covering  membrane  by  a  basal  sclerile,  a  compound  operculum  may  also 
be  formed  in  these  two  ways.  While  for  instance  we  have  a  completely  chitinized 
operculum  in  the  genera  Schizoporella,  Eschariiui,  Microporella,  Myriozonni  as  also 
in  certain  Cluiperia  species,  the  compound  operculum  in  other  forms  is  membra- 
nous or  very  slightly  chitinized  and  only  separated  from  the  basal  wall  of  the 
compensation-sac  by  a  basal  sclerite.  This  is  the  case  for  example  with  the  oper- 
culum in  Enriislnnielld  fornminiriera,  Hippopodina  fegeensis,  Cheihpora  sincera, 
Smittina  porifera,  in  numerous  species  of  the  genus  Holoporella  and  in  all  mem- 
bers of  the  family  Onchoporidae.  In  most  species  of  the  genera  Escharella  and 
Ksclmroides,  in  all  species  of  the  genus  Discopora  and  in  a  number  of  species 
within  the  genera  Smittina,  Holoporella  and  Petralia  the  aperture  is  covered  up 
by  a  membranous  operculum,  the  distal  part  of  which  is  formed  by  an  oper- 
cular valve,  while  the  proximal  portion  goes  immediately  over  into  the  compen- 
sation-sac. 

The  connection  between  the  operculum  and  the  zooecial  aperture  in  the 
Cheilostomata  may  take  place  in  two  different  ways,  which  in  a  few  instances 
are  used  at  the  same  time,  namely  partly  by  direct  connection  between  the 
proximal  edges  of  the  aperture  and  of  the  operculum,  and  partly  by  a  connec- 
tion of  very  slight  extent  which  occurs  at  each  end  of  the  hinge-line.  The  first 
mode  of  connection  is  found  in  all  the  Anaska.  and  in  those  Ascophora  in  which 
the  compensation-sac  oj)ens  out  through  a  median  pore  separated  from  the  aper- 
ture of  the  zooecium.  The  simultaneous  occurrence  of  both  modes  of  connection 
is  found  in  a  number  of  acanthostegous  and  coilostegous  forms,  for  instance  in 
Fi<inlina  fupdaris,  as  well  as  in  the  genera  Tlialamoporella  and  Stenanoporella  (PI.  V), 
and  in  the  last  mentioned  genus,  the  species  of  which  have  an  usually  large 
and,  owing  to  its  chitinous  armature,  heavy  operculum,  this  last  connection  is 
very  firm,  the  tip  of  the  strong  and  conical  hinge-teeth  being  connected  by  a 
rather  long  and  cylindrical  chitinous  band  with  the  proximal  corners  of  the 
strong  opercular  arch. 

In  all  Ascophora,  the  compensation-sac  of  which  opens  out  through  a  part  of 
the  aperture  which  can  be  closed  by  the  proximal  or  accessory  portion  of  the 
operculum,  the  operculum  is  only  in  firm  connection  with  the  aperture  on  each 
side  of  the  hinge-line,  and  in  most  forms  which  have  a  well-developed  opercular 


42 

arch,  a  similar  connection  taiies  place  helwcen  thisaiul  llie  ajierlure  as  that  found 
in  the  genus  Stegnnnpnrella- 

We  may  mention  Emlmllothecn  qnailidta  (PI.  XX,  lij^.  11  a),  Euthiiris  cl(itlirala\ 
Calpidium  nrnatiim  (PI.  XVIII,  fig.  13  b),  ^>Lepralia-^  restita  and  Ptcrocella  nlcita 
(PI.  XXI,  fig.  4  a)  as  examples  of  species  with  large  and  strong  hinge-teeth  while 
on  the  other  hand  tlic  hinge-teeth  are  quite  lacking  e.  g.  in  species  of  the  genera 
Discoporci  and  Eschaioiiles.  hi  the  forms  which  have  no  opercular  arch  at  all,  or 
in  those  with  an  imperfectly  developed  one,  the  connection  lakes  place  either  on 
the  very  margin  of  the  operculum  or  within  this,  and  the  first  of  these  cases 
we  find  in  the  genus  Porella.  hi  P.  struma  for  instance  we  find  in  each  of  the 
proximal  corners  an  elongated  thickening,  which  forms  almost  a  right  angle  with 
the  muscular  ridge  and  which  is  in  connection  with  the  aperture.  In  Mijriuzoum 
Inincatiiin  on  the  other  hand  the  proximal  part  of  the  operculum  is  on  the  inner 
surface  surrounded  with  a  strong  marginal  thickening  and  in  the  distal  part  of 
this  on  each  side  is  found  a  rather  large  oval  pit  into  which  a  rounded  hinge- 
tooth  is  immersed. 

The  aperture,  besides  being  furnished  with  hinge-teeth  may  have  other  protub- 
erances or  teeth,  and  of  these  we  may  now  mention  some  which  from  (heir 
position  must  be  supposed  to  support  the  operculum,  or  to  counteract  an  ex- 
ternal pressure  on  the  latter.  Such  formations,  which  have  their  place  either 
within  the  proximal  or  within  the  distal  rim  of  the  operculum,  may  appear 
sometimes  in  pairs,  sometimes  as  a  single,  low  plate,  and  are  found  in  forms 
which  have  a  simple  operculum  (Celhilaria,  Microporella,  Micropora),  partly  in 
forms,  the  aperture  of  which  has  a  small  but  sharply  marked  sinus  (Arthropoma, 
Escharimi.  Schizopordla).  In  the  Celhilaria  species,  where  in  a  smaller  number 
of  cases  they  may  be  found  both  within  the  proximal  and  the  distal  rim,  they 
most  frequently  appear  as  small,  paired,  rounded  or  conical  teeth,  which  may 
occasionally  be  long,  like  canine  teeth,  as  in  C.  rujida  (PI.  VIII,  fig.  1  a),  where 
they  appear  both  proximally  and  distally.  In  a  few  species  such  a  pair  of  teeth 
is  replaced  by  an  unpaired  low  plate,  which  is  proximal  in  C.  aiujiistilolnr ,  distal 
in  C.  CharlesworthiiK  In  the  species  of  the  genus  Microporella  (PI.  XV),  Nve  gene- 
rally find  in  the  whole  breadth  of  the  proximal  margin  a  more  or  less  devel- 
oped supporting  beam,  sometimes  with  two  small  conical  teeth,  and  such 
is  also  found  in  Micropora  centralis  (PI.  VII,  fig.  1  a).  To  the  same  sort  of  foim- 
ations  as  those  just  mentioned  we  must  probably  also  class  the  curved  and 
pointed   tooth,  which   is   placed   on    each    lateral    rim    of   the  aperture  within  the 

'  19,  PI.  XVI,  fig.  20-'21.     '  X  I'l-   III,  fig.   16^^  »  7,  PI.  X,  lig.  4  a. 

7fc 


43 

operculum  in  Pelrnlid  pornsa,  Pel.  /'uZ/ur  and  in  a  new  species  from  Singapore.  These 
teeth,  which  without  closer  examination  would  be  regarded  as  hinge-teeth,  have  really 
nothing  to  do  with  the  suspension  of  the  operculum,  which  takes  place  distally  to  them. 

While  these  teeth  all  have  their  place  on  the  inside  of  the  operculum  we 
also  on  the  outside  find  unpaired  as  well  as  paired  ones.  A  median  tooth  is 
found  as  is  known  in  numerous  species  within  the  genera  Esclmrellu  (PI.  XVII), 
Escharoides  (PI.  XVII),  Exocbella  (PI.  XVII),  Smiltina  (PI.  XVIIl,  fig.  12  a),  Dis- 
copora  etc.  and  its  frequent  presence  in  species  which  have  a  membranous  or 
slightly  chitinized  operculum,  shows  that  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  protective 
formation.  Lateral  teeth  appear  on  the  peristome  in  certain  species  of  the  genus 
Escharoides  (PI.  XVII),  besides  in  the  species  of  the  genus  Exochella  (PI.  XVII), 
and  Jullien'  considers  these  teeth  in  Ex.  Umtjirosiris  (PI.  XVII,  figs.  9a,  9c)  to 
correspond  with  the  hinge-teeth  in  Sinittind,  although  they  can  grow  together 
with  the  median  tooth. 

We  have  already  called  attention  to  the  fact,  that  the  occlusor  muscles  are 
most  often  fastened  to  the  opercular  arch,  where  such  is  in  any  way  well-devel- 
oped, and  they  are  then  as  a  rule  fastened  to  the  apex  of  a  more  or  less  devel- 
oped triangular  lateral  portion,  well-developed  in  Euthyris  clathrata,  but  only 
slightly  indicated  in  the  low,  but  strongly  chitinized  opercular  arch  in  the 
Steyanoporella  species,  which  is  often  placed  a  good  way  within  the  free  margin 
of  the  operculum.  Where  the  opercular  arch  is  wanting,  or  only  slightly  devel- 
oped the  occlusor  musics  are  as  a  rule  fastened  to  the  inner  surface  itself  of 
the  operculum,  and  we  can  here  again  distinguish  between  two  cases,  according 
as  they  are  fastened  to  special  ridge-shaped  protuberances  or  to  a  pair  of  small, 
pit-like  spots,  which  Waters  has  called  >>muscular  dots«.  Such  muscular  dots  can 
for  instance  be  found  in  the  genera  Cellepora,  Lekythopora,  Avthroponvt.  Con- 
escluirelliiui  and  Schizoporella  (PI.  XVIII,  figs.  3  e,  4  c,  d),  while  muscular  ridges 
appear  in   the  genera   Porella,  Eschdiina  (PI.  XVIII,  fig.   2  c)  and    TubrndUirui. 

We  must  finally  remark  -  upon  the  fact  that  the  operculum  in  a  number  of 
Coilostegous  forms  consists  of  two  layers,  namely  an  external  membrane,  which 
forms  a  continuation  of  the  covering  membrane  of  the  frontal  wall,  and  an  inter- 
nal chitinized  or  calcified  layer,  which  we  must  regard  as  the  operculum's  crypto- 
cyst.  Such  an  operculum  with  two  layers  is  found,  besides  in  the  species  of  the 
genus  Celhdaria,  in  Microporina  borecdis,  Micropord  coriacea.  M.  Sormani  n.  sp.  (PI.  VIII, 
figs.  3  a,  3  b),  M.  perfondci,  as  also  in  a  species  described  in  this  work  which  I 
have  identified  with  Macrupora  centralis  Mac  Gill.  (PI.  VII,  figs.  1  a,  1  d).  In  the  last 

'  45,  p.  ,^5. 


44 

as  well  as  in  Micioponi  Xoriwmi  (PI.  VIM,  fig.  3  b)  the  deeper  layer  of  the  oper- 
culum is  calcified  and  has  quite  the  same  appearance  as  the  cryptocyst  of  the 
frontal  wall.  In  a  figure  drawn  by  Calvel',  representing  a  longitudinal  section 
through  Celliilaria  fistnlosa,  it  is  seen  very  plainly,  that  the  two  layers  of  the  oper- 
culum meet  in  the  distal  and  the  proximal  rim,  l)ut  that  they  are  also  separated 
by  a  space. 

Within  the  division  Ascoplwra  an  operculum  with  two  layers  has  hitherto 
only  been  found  in  the  interesting  species  Eiithijris  cldlhrctta  Harmer.  It  consists 
of  two  chitinized  layers  which  are  fused  together  along  the  proximal  rim  of  the 
accessory  portion  of  the  operculum  and  in  a  median  part  connected  with  this, 
but  otherwise  they  are  separated  by  a  distinct  space. 

We  cannot  leave  this  section  without  touching  upon  the  terminology  used  for 
the  description  of  the  opening  in  the  zoa-cium  which  is  covered  by  the  oper- 
culum and  by  the  frontal  membrane.  While  Johnston'-  generally  uses  the  word 
♦aperture*  not  only  for  that  portion  of  the  zoo'cium  which  is  covered  by  the 
frontal  membrane  in  the  Malocnstega,  but  also  for  the  opening  which  is  covered 
by  the  operculum  in  the  Coiloslega  and  Ascopora,  Busk'  in  his  catalogue  only 
uses  this  name  for  the  zocecial  opening  in  the  Malacostega  and  the  word  »mouth« 
for  the  opening  which  is  closed  by  the  operculum  in  the  Coilostega  and  Ascophora. 
Hi  neks*  consistently  maintains  a  similar  distinction,  using  however  the  word 
»orifice«  instead  of  »mouth«,  and  he  also  indicates  by  this  the  opening  covered 
by  the  opercular  valve  in  the  frontal  membrane  of  the  Malacostega.  In  his  general 
review  of  the  genus  Membranipora  he  makes  the  following  statement:  >The 
terminology  employed  in  describing  the  members  of  this  genus  requires  a  word 
of  explanation.  The  area  is  the  portion  of  the  cell  surrounded  by  the  raised 
margins.  The  aperture  is  that  part  of  it  which  is  not  closed  by  a  calcareous 
wall;  and  on  this  is  placed  the  true  orifice  —  a  semicircular  opening,  with  a  valvular 
operculum*.  Apart  from  a  few  inconsistencies  Busk  follows  Hincks'  terminology 
in  his  work  on  the  Bnjozoa  of  the  'Challenger*  Expedition;  while  Waters  in 
his  numerous  works  describes  the  opening  which  is  covered  by  the  operculum 
as  an  »oral  aperture*,  or  simply  as  »aperture«,  and  he  also  uses  the  latter  for 
the  zooecial  opening  in  the  Membranipora.  Finally,  Mac  Gillivray''  in  a  work 
on  the  tertiary  Bryozoa  of  Victoria  has  felt  himself  obliged  to  replace  Hincks' 
term  »orifice«  with  a  new  term  »thyrostome«,  concerning  which  he  writes:  »The 
nomenclature  is  thai  in  general  use.  The  only  innovation  of  any  consequence  I 
have    made    is   the    introduction    of  the    term    »thyrostome«   (Ovga  aiofia)   for   the 


'   9,   PI.  VI,   fig.    11.     ■'  41  a.     '2.     ■•  22.     ^  J<  p.   2. 

7fc 


45 

opening  through  which  the  tentacles  and  oral  extremity  of  the  polypide  are 
protruded.  The  terms  orifice,  oral  aperture  and  mouth  are  inaccurate  and  con- 
fusing and  the  proposed  name  will  I  think  prove  ad\antageous«. 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  morphological  considerations  on  the  operculum, 
that  when  we  exclude  the  small  number  of  species  which  are  furnished  with  a 
simple  operculum,  we  have  in  all  other  Cheilostomatous  Brijozoa,  on  the  frontal 
side  of  the  zocecium,  a  larger  or  smaller  opening  (viz.  an  uncalcified  portion) 
which  is  covered  by  an  operculum  in  connection  with  a  larger  or  smaller  portion 
of  the  original  frontal  membrane.  The  relation  between  this  portion  and  the 
opercular  valve  may  be  very  different  both  in  regard  to  the  mutual  size  of  the 
two  portions  and  to  their  nature.  In  the  Malacostega  both  are  generally  mem- 
branous and  the  opercular  valve  is  as  a  rule  many  times  smaller  than  the  rest 
of  the  cover.  We  lind  a  comj)letely  chitinized  opercular  valve  however  in  a 
number  of  Onijchocelhi  species  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  3  b),  as  well  as  in  a  number  of  species  of 
the  family  Scrupocellariidae,  and  in  quite  a  number  of  Meinbranipora  forms  the 
suplementary  cover  is  greatly  reduced  in  extent.  This  is  for  instance  the  case  in 
Callopoia  luina.v,  C.  trifolium,  certain  varieties  of  C.  Fleniincji,  Kosscliaiui  Rosseli 
and  Membvaniporina  artjentea  Mac  Gill. ',  in  the  last  of  which  it  may  be  smaller  than 
the  opercular  valve.  In  the  Ascophora  the  suplementary  cover,  or  as  we  before 
have  called  it  the  accessory  portion,  is  frequently  fused  together  with  the  oper- 
cular valve  to  a  well  chitinized,  compound  operculum,  but  in  quite  a  number  of 
forms  (e.  g.  in  Discopora  species,  certain  l'^sch<tn>idcs  species,  etc.)  the  structure  of 
the  operculum  is  not  different  from  that  we  find  in  the  Malacosleija,  because  the 
opercular  valve  as  well  as  the  suplementary  cover  is  membranous.  On  the  other 
hand  we  find  in  a  smaller  number  of  Malacoslega  a  well-chitinized,  compound 
operculum,  as  in  Cluiperia  s])in()S(i,  Cli.  aipensis  and  Me<]upor(i  rintjens,  and  1  do 
not  doubt  that  ^LepruUct^  Poissoni  and  Dorij/xtrella  spathiilifera',  both  of  which 
have  a  well-chitinized,  compound  operculum,  must  also  be  classed  with  the  division 
Mdlctcoslec/a. 

For  these  reasons  we  propose  to  keep  the  term  > aperture «.  which  Johnston 
uses,  for  the  frontal  zoreciai  opening  in  all  Cheilostonutta;  for,  even  though  it  might 
be  right  to  use  a  special  term  for  the  o[)ening  covered  by  a  simple  operculum, 
two  separate  terms  would  i)e  unpractical,  as  the  forms  provided  with  a  simple 
operculum  occur  as  a  rule  in  families  together  with  forms  which  have  a  compound 
operculum.  It  can  always  be  settled,  by  examination  of  the  form  of  the  oper- 
culum and   the    aperture,   the   position   of  the  hinge-teeth   ami  ol  the  corresponding 


'  74.  vol.  T,  PI.  SI,  fig.  2      -  84,  p.   lOfi. 


46 

parts  of  the  operculum,  which  part  of  the  aperture  corresponds  to  the  opercular 
valve,  and  if  we  require  a  special  expression  for  this  we  may  call  this  »the 
valvular  aperture-. 

Polymorphism  in  the  Bryozoa. 

As  is  known  polymorphism  also  occurs  in  the  ISriiozoa,  but  in  contrast  to 
the  case  in  the  Hydroid  polyps  it  is  not  present  in  all  species,  even  not  in  all 
genera  or  families.  We  can  distinguish  between  four  main  forms  of  individuals 
(Bryozooids): 

Aiito:oa'cia  (Auiozooids),  which  contain  a  polypidc,  consisting  of  a  tentacular 
apparatus  and  a  well-developed  digestive  canal. 

Heterozowcia  (Heterozooids),  which  have  no  intestinal  canal,  and  at  most  have 
a  trace  of  a  polypide  in  a  small  cell-body,  furnished  with  a  circle  of  fine  bristles. 
The  chamber  contains  a  strong  muscular  apparatus  for  moving  the  operculum, 
which  sometimes  only  covers  the  aperture,  in  which  case  the  Heterozooecium  is 
called  an  Avicularium,  and  sometimes  extends  beyond  this  in  the  form  of  a  whip, 
as  in  the  so  called  vibraculum,  but  otherwise  there  is  no  sharp  limit  between 
these  two  forms  of  heterozooecia. 

Kennzoa'cia  (Kenozooids),  which  not  only  have  no  polypide,  but  as  a  rule  no 
aperture  and  always  no  operculum.  While  the  Autozoo^cia  might  be  regarded  as 
alimentary  individuals,  the  Heterozooecia  as  defence  individuals,  the  Kenozoojcia 
must  be  regarded  as  supporting,  fastening  and  connecting  individuals.  To  this 
class  of  individuals  belong:  the  segments  which  compose  the  thread-like  basal 
parts  in  numerous  CJenostomala,  in  the  Cyclostome  genus  Crisia,  and  a  smaller 
number  of  Cheilosionmtn  (Hiiskia,  Alijsidium  etc.),  the  segments  which  form  the  upright 
stems  in  Slirparia,  Ahjsidiiim  and  CIdidonia,  and  certain  portions  of  the  branches 
of  the  last,  the  radical  fibres  and  the  chambers  for  the  insertion  of  the  radical 
fibres  in  Scnipocellariidae,  Caleiuiriidae  etc.,  the  peculiar  lateral  compartments 
in  the  Catenariidae,  the  modified  marginal  individuals,  which  appear  for  in- 
stance in  Flustra  securifrons  and  Fl.  carbasea,  the  small  chambers  which  form 
the  encrusting  base  and  the  outer  (ba.sal)  layer  of  the  Reteporn  colonies,  the 
peculiar  cavities  which  appear  among  the  zocecia  in  Membranipnra  Lucroi.vi, 
Cribrilina  Udimnryinata  etc.,  the  supporting  tubes  in  the  Cijclostonudd,  as  also  the 
small  chambers  which  surround  the  oa-cia  in  the  family  llippollwldae,  in  nuuiy 
species  of  the  family  Cateiutriitlae  etc.  (see  under  ooecia). 

As  a  fourth  class  of  colonial  individuals  we  may  perhaps  in  many  species 
regard  the  egg-producing  individuals  (Gonozmn-ia).  While  in  numy  cases,  e.  g. 
in  Meiubniniponi  meinbraiiuceu,  all   individuals  in   the  colony  seem  able  lo  produce 


47 

eggs,  this  function  in  otiier  forms  is  in  charge  of  special  individuals,  which  may 
often  differ  greatly  from  the  ordinary  zooecia  (Adeonidae,  Catenariidae,  certain 
Hippothoa  species),  and  which  occasionally  have  no  polypide  (Hippothoa  /iy«/i/ia). 
They  are  in  most  cases  furnished  with  separate  marsupial  clianihers,  the  so- 
called  oci'cia. 

I  may  now  make  some  mainly  comparative  observations  on  the  structure  of 
the  Heterozocrcia.  It  we  look  at  the  frontal  surface  of  an  avicuiarium,  the  oper- 
culum (or  mandible)  of  which  has  been  removed,  we  find  that  a  greater  or  lesser 
part  of  this  surface  is  occupied  by  an  aperture  covered  by  a  membrane,  within 
which  there  is  often  found  a  more  or  less  developed  cryptocyst.  This  part  corre- 
sponds with  the  membranous  area  in  the  zooecia  of  a  Meinhninipora,  but  while 
such  an  area  in  the  zocrcia  is  only  found  in  the  division  Mulacostega,  it  is  found 
in  the  avicularian  chamjjer  in  all  Cbeilostoniatous  Bnjozoa.  We  may  further 
discern  between  two  different  parts  of  this  area,  a  distal,  the  opercular  area, 
which  is  covered  by  the  operculum  and  a  proximal,  the  subopercular  area,  and 
the  border  between  the  two  areas  is  formed  by  the  hinge-line,  which  coincides 
with  the  proximal  edge  of  the  operculum.  This  border  is  in  all  Ascopbora  with 
the  exception  of  the  Adeonidae  and  of  Leicschava  criistacen  also  indicated  by  a 
calcareous  cross-bar,  arising  from  the  prolongation  and  amalgamation  of  the  two 
hinge-teeth,  and  besides  in  the  genera  Nellia,  Finiilina,  Arachnopnsia,  Miciopura, 
Microporina  and  a  few  Meinbraniporina  (e.  g.  in  M.  crassiinaryinfdd)  species,  in 
which  such  a  cross-bar  is  also  present,  the  two  hinge-teeth  are  separated  in 
all  other  Anaska.  Waters  has  already  called  attention  to  this  difference. 

The  cryptocyst,  which  can  be  present  both  in  the  opercular  and  the  sub- 
opercular area  reaches  its  highest  development  in  the  heterozoa>cia  of  the  genera 
Onychocelld '  and  RluKjasostomii,  the  former  of  which  is  mainly  and  the  latter 
exclusively  represented  by  extinct  species.  The  cryptocyst  is  here,  as  in  certain 
fossil  species,  which  for  the  present  I  refer  to  the  genus  Aspidostoma  (PI.  VI  c, 
figs.  3  a,  4  a),  extended  over  tbe  greater  part  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  chamber 
and  is  only  provided  with  a  small  opening  of  varying  shape,  which  is  intersected 
by  the  hinge-line  of  the  operculum  and  through  which  the  muscles  make  their 
way  out  to  the  operculum  or  mandible.  In  the  avicularia  of  Fliistra  foliacea  the 
cryptocyst  extends  over  most  of  the  subopercular  area  and  something  similar  takes 
place  in  the  avicularia  in  several  Thalamoporella  species  (Fl.  VI  a).  A  well- 
developed  cryptocyst  is  also  found  in  the  opercular  area  of  the  large  avicularia 
in    Flustnt    (dujssicola   as    well    as    in    that    of   the    large    lyriform    or    spoon-shaped 


.S(),    PI.   07.'),    ligs.   2,    15. 


48 

avicularia  which  occur  in  ThalamoporelUi  lioticho  (PI.  VI),  Thai,  novae  boUandiae 
(PI.  VI  a),  Cribrilina  fiyiilaris  etc.  On  the  other  hand,  a  cryptocyst  is  quite  lacking 
in  the  heterozooecia  in  the  families  liicellariulae,  Scnipocellariidae,  Catena- 
riidae  etc. 

On  account  of  the  free  movement  recjuired  by  the  operculum  (mandible)  of 
the  heterozod'cia,  this  is  always  simple  (pag.  ;?S),  and  naturally  ends  in  a 
straight  proximal  edge.  While  the  basal  and  frontal  wall  of  the  vestibulum  in 
an  ordinary  zooecium  are  connected  by  two  free  lateral  walls,  which  on  the 
closing  of  the  operculum  are  folded,  the  latter  are  absent  in  a  helerozooecium, 
and  the  vestibulum  is  consequently  here  developed  in  the  shape  of  two 
separate  laminje  of  which  the  basal  takes  up  the  opercular  area,  while  the  frontal, 
which  proximally  is  joined  to  the  basal,  extends  over  the  internal  surface  of  the 
mandible.  We  saw  above  that  in  an  ordinary  zooecium  the  frontal  wall  of  the 
vestibulum  may  sometimes  be  attached  to  the  edge  of  the  operculum,  sometimes 
at  a  greater  or  smaller  distance  within  this.  This  is  also  the  case  with  the 
helerozoa»cium,  only  that  the  variation  is  still  greater  here.  While  for  example 
the  frontal  lamina  of  the  vestibulum  is  attached  to  the  edge  of  the  mandible  itself 
in  the  small  avicularia  with  a  semicircular  mandible,  which  is  found  in  most 
species  of  Fhistra,  Porella,  etc.,  in  the  large  avicularia  of  Flnstra  abi/ssicola  (PI. 
XIX,  fig.  13  a)  it  is  only  attached  to  a  triangular  median  belt,  which  decreases  in 
breadth  distally  and  does  not  reach  right  out  to  the  tip  of  the  mandible  and  the 
latter  is  thus  provided  with  two  wing-shaped  latei-al  parts.  In  the  Onychocella 
species  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  3d)  the  frontal  lamina  is  only  attached  to  the  proximal  part  of  the 
mandible  over  a  small  triangular  area,  and  still  further  proximally  the  attach- 
ment takes  place  in  the  llagelliim  of  the  real  vibraculum.  As  the  vestibulum  in 
the  heterozooecium  as  already  stated  consists  of  two  separate  laminae  and  does  not, 
as  in  the  zooecium,  form  a  funnel-shaped  tube,  the  frontal  lamina^  comes  into 
closer  relation  to  the  mandible,  and  for  that  reason  the  latter  obtains  the  charac- 
ter of  a  two-layered  plate,  which  between  its  two  layers  encloses  a  .space,  the 
mandibular  cavity  (PI.  XIX,  10  b,  13  a,  14  a,  15  a,  15  b),  corresponding  to  the 
opercular  cavity.  While  the  mandible  itself  is  always  more  or  less  strongly 
chitinized  and  as  a  rule  provided  with  a  rounded  spot  of  thinner  nature  (the 
so  called  »lucida«),  near  its  proximal  portion  the  vestibular  covering  of  the  man- 
dible may  sometimes  be  perfectly  membranous,  sometimes  more  or  less  strongly 
chitinized  over  a  larger  or  smaller  portion  of  its  surface.  It  seems  thus  to  be 
completely  membranous  in  the  large  avicularia  found  in  a  number  of  Cellepora 
species,  while  we  very  often  find  in  the  small  avicularia  with  a  semicircular 
mandible,  which   so    frequently    appear    in    b'liislru,    Purella    and   Cellepora,   a  dis- 


49 

tiiicHy  chitinized  marginal  region,  which  consequently  conesponils  to  llie  previously 
mentioned  opercular  arch.  There  is  also  a  distinct  contrast  between  the  marginal 
region  and  the  median  region  of  the  vestibular  layer  in  the  above-mentioned 
avicularian  mandibles  of  Fliistra  (ihiissicohi  and  Onijchocella  sp  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  3  d), 
because  the  marginal  portion,  which  forms  the  lateral  walls  in  the  mandibular 
cavity  is  strongly  chitinized  and  shines  through  the  surface  of  the  mandible  as 
two  brown  ribs  converging  towards  the  apex.  In  the  elongated  pointed  mandibles 
of  Fliislra  denticiilata,  Microporelht  imirtjimita,  Schizoporella  lonyirostris  and  Scnti- 
cella  iilagiostoiua  the  vestibular  layer  is  chitinized  over  the  greater  part  of  the  length 
of  the  mandible,  although  at  the  proximal  part  of  the  mandible  it  changes  to  a 
softer  part,  and  a  longitudinal  section  through  such  a  mandible  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  10  b) 
shows  that  the  inner  cavity  towards  the  apex  of  the  mandible  dwindles  to  a  very 
fine  canal;  this  seems  to  suggest  that  the  narrow  solid  tip  is  formed  l)y  a  fusion 
of  the  two  layers.  It  is  not  always,  however,  that  such  translucent  lines  arise 
from  the  vestibular  layer,  as  many  mandibles  may  be  provided  with  two  distally 
converging  ridge-shaped  thickenings  which,  like  the  ridges  mentioned  under  the 
zocEcial  operculum,  are  projections  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  mandible 
itself.  Such  converging  ridges  are  found  in  the  mandibles  in  most  species  of 
Porella,  in  Discopora,  etc. 

Time  does  not  permit  us  to  enter  into  further  details  liere  regarding  the 
muscles  of  the  avicularia,  and  we  may  just  recall  that  for  the  movement  of  the 
mandible  there  are  abductors  or  openers,  and  adductors  or  closing  muscles. 
While  the  lirst  are  always  double,  Ihe  latter  are  sometimes  single,  sometimes 
double,  and  in  many  cases  two  separated  muscles  are  attached  to  the  mandible 
by  a  single  tendon.  More  rarely  we  also  find  parietal  muscles  (Fliislnt  species, 
Fscluiroiiles  coccinea). 

Waters,  as  is  known,  has  shown  that  the  cavities  provided  with  an  elongated 
triinigular  opening  in  the  extinct  Eleidae,  which  were  formerly  taken  to  be 
oircia,  must  in  reality  have  been  avicularia-like  formations;  they  dill'er  however 
from  the  cheilostomatous  avicularia,  in  always  lacking  a  membranous  suboper- 
cular  area.   In   a   number  of  these  species  I   have   found  a  calcified   mandible. 


Ooecia. 

Before  giving  a  comparative  account  of  the  structure  of  the  oa-cia,  we  may 
summarise  what  the  literature  and  especially  the  older  contains  regarding  these 
formations.  The   first  writer  where  we   have  been  able  to  find  anything  about   the 

4 


50 

ooecia,  is  John  Ellis',  who  in  his  well-known  work  on  the  Corallines  not  only 
treats  of  the  hydroid  polyps,  coral  algae,  varions  Oclacliniae,  sponges  etc.,  hnt  also 
of  a  number  of  Unjozoa.  hi  a  number  of  species  of  the  genera  Buyiila,  liicclUiria 
and  Scriipocellaria  he  has  noticed  and  figured  the  ooecia,  which  he  terms  « Malls, 
testaceous  Spherules',  or  »testaceous  Figures* ';  but  while  he  recognised,  although 
in  an  imperfect  way,  the  importance  of  the  gonothecae  for  the  reproduction  of 
the  hydroids  polyps"  (»I  discovered  that  they  were  Matrices  or  Habitations  of 
young  Polyi)es,  which  are  produced  here  and  there,  on  the  Sides  of  the  Parent, 
as  in  the  Freshwater  Polype*),  he  does  not  seem  to  have  reached  to  a  similar 
comprehension  of  the  ooecia.  He  only  speaks  in  detail  about  the  owcia  of  a  tropi- 
cal Bmjula  species,  R.  neritiiia '  and  expresses  here  the  very  remarkable  view 
that  they  are  a  sort  of  small  snails,  from  the  eggs  of  which  the  colony  originates: 
»I  plainlj'  discovered  it  to  be  the  connected  Niduses  or  Matrices  of  certain  testa- 
ceous Animals,  like  small  snails  or  Neritae*  .  .  .  »()r  let  us  suppose,  that  the 
testaceous  Animal  .  .  .  lays  its  eggs;  these  turn  into  vermicular-shaped  Polypes, 
whicli,  after  they  have  fixed  themselves  to  some  marine  Substance,  rise  up,  and 
push  forth  into  branches  of  small  Polypes  in  their  Cells«.  The  oa'cia  are  thus 
figured  on  the  accompanying  drawings  as  small  .S/j/ror/i/.s-  or  PUiiiorbis,  and  from 
this  description  Linne  gave  to  this  species  the  name  »nerj7i/ia«.  Ellis  expresses 
elsewhere  a  supposition  that  a  similar  relation  obtains  between  certain  Bripzoa 
and  Bivalves:  »The  next  class,  which  is  the  Esclutra  deserves  our  notice»  .  .  . 
»There  appears  a  great  probability  of  some  of  these  being  the  Matrices  or  ovaries 
of  certain  Species  of  Shellfish,  perhaps  of  the  Bivalve  Kind^  On  Flnstra  (Eschara) 
foliacea  he  further  writes"":  »Upon  examining  some  specimens  lately,  I  discovered 
at  the  Entrance  of  many  of  the  Cells  a  small  testaceous  13o(ly,  like  a  bivalve 
Shell «.  As  appears  from  the  figure  to  which  the  writer  refers,  there  is  no  oa'cium 
whatever  but  an  oj)en  zoa-cial  aperture,  in  which  consequently  the  orifice  itself 
represents  the  one,  the  operculum  the  other  sheU. 

Pallas''  suggests  the  view  that  the  ooecia  are  ovaries,  a  view  retained  to  the 
time  of  Huxley.  It  was  however  chiefly  the  oa>cia  in  the  incrusting  forms 
(»£sc/ior««),  which  he  was  disj)osed  to  regard  in  this  way,  whereas  on  the  other 
hand  he  is  more  doubtful  on  the  question,  whether  the  free  plant-like  forms 
('('.ellahirid  )  are  provided  with  such.  In  iilurimarum,  presertim  lapidescenlium 
Eschararnm  anli(iuioribus  cruslis  passim,  ad  singiilarum  cellularum  oscula,  ohser- 
vari  solet  bulla  galeae  instar  cellulae  ostio  imminens,  substantiae  Escharae  homo- 


'    I'J,    p.   ;!:)— .19.      •-    12.    Introtiiu-tidii    p.   IX.      '   12,    p.   35.      '    12,    liitioduclioii   p.   XV       '■'   12,    p.   71. 

pi.  XXIX,  K.    "91,  p.  :»;. 


51 

genea  &  continua.  Vascula  sen  Galericulae  in  Cellulariis  staliin  considerandae, 
subanalogae;  has  in  Eseharis  bullas  ovaria  forte  esse  suspicionem  injiciuiit'.  It 
is  very  intelligible  that  the  free,  prominent,  somewhat  stalked  (xrcia  in  Ihujiila 
and  Bicellarut  would  make  a  dilTerent  impression  on  an  observer  than  the  od'cia 
in  the  incrusting  forms.  Also,  Ihey  appear  sometimes  (in  liiiijiild  nerUind  and 
Bicellaria  ciliata)  not  on  the  top  of  the  zooeciiim  but  fixed  to  (he  one  side.  In 
that  case  they  correspond  in  their  position  as  well  as  in  their  equipment  with  a 
stalk-like  portion  with  the  ^bird's  head«  avicularia  in  Bugiila  and  Bicelliiriu, 
and  Pallas  considers  them  therefore  as  organs  of  related  nature.  His  above-quoted 
view,  in  which  he  terms  these  ditferent  stalked  formations  as  organs  somewhat 
related  (subanalogae)  to  the  otrcia  in  Escluira  is  further  explained  in  another 
place',  where  he  suggests  that  they  are  of  service  in  fertilisation  (seminilicationi). 
On  account  of  the  resemblance  to  the  gonothecae  in  the  hydroid  polyps  he  is 
disposed  to  consider  the  gonozooecia  in  Crisia  as  ovaries'.  Ovariorum  qvae  in 
Sertulariis  videbimus  similes  vesiculas  in  sola  C.  (Crisia)  eburnea  &  falcata  obser- 
vatores  invenerunt.  An  aliis  qvo(}ve  speciebus  contigerint  incertum.  Reperti  vero 
in  C.  neritina  &  avicularia  Galericuli  sen  Calyculi  singulares,  in  recenti  stirpe 
spontaneo  motu  priediti,  singulisque  cellulis  adpositi,  qvorum  certus  usus  hucus- 
qve  nos  latet,  seminilicationi  in  his  speciebus  destinata  organa  fortassis  esse  repe- 
rienlur«.  It  is  evident  from  what  he  says  further:  ^Lateralis  inspectio  ..  .  docet, 
bullulas  istas  esse  galericulis  s.  neclariis  caput  aviculae  referentibus,  in  G.  avi- 
cularia, analoga  organa'"',  that  he  considers  the  ooecia  in  BiujnUt  neritina  as  or- 
gans of  a  similar  nature  as  the  'bird's  head«  avicularia.  This  view,  that  the 
ooecia  and  the  avicularia  are  related  formations  we  tind  again  in  several  later 
writers,  and  with  regard  to  the  designation  »Nectarium  which  Pallas  often  uses 
for  the  .stalked  otecia  and  avicularia,  we  find  an  explanation  in  Ellis  and 
Solander's  work. 

In  this  work,  published  by  Ellis'  daughter  after  the  death  of  the  writers', 
it  is  said  regarding  Flnstra:  The  ovaries  appear  to  be  the  pearl-like  studs, 
which  we  find  at  the  tops  of  the  cellss  and  regarding  >(>//(/;•;>(.:  »lhe  ovaries 
are  uncertain,  but  most  probably  the  little  hemispherical  covers,  thai  appear 
over  the  cells,  do  that  officer.  Ellis  returns  here  again  to  the  od-cia  in  /)'»</. 
neritin<t:  In  my  observations  on  this  genus  I  cannot  pass  over  the  singularity 
of  the  Celiaria  neritina,  or  Snail-bearing  Coralline.  The  likeness  to  Nerits  of  its 
rows  of  little  round  adhering  bodies,  which  are  open  on  one  side,  together  with 
their  shell-like  figure  .  .  .   inclined   me  to  believe  at  first   thai  they  were  the  young 

'  <.ii,  p.  (>().    ■■  ill.  p.  i;s.    •'  i:i,  pp-  11.  10— 20,  •-'ii. 


52 

ones  of  .such  ;i  small  kind  of  slicll-lish.  Hut  l>y  c-ouipaiing  tluMii  willi  liic  figures 
of  others  of  this  genus,  they  appear  rather  to  he  what  we  have  called  Ovaries. 
Or  pcvhaps  they  arc  young  of  the  animal  dclcnded  by  a  testaceous  covering  like 
a    little   shcU-lish,   which  at   tiic  time  of  its  maturity  separates  from   its  umbilical 

cord IVom    whence    it    drops    and    soon    adheres    to  a  pro])er  substance  as  a 

base,  beginning  to  form  a  Coralline  like  the  parent  animal.-  There  is  discussed 
here  also  another  peculiar  view  regarding  the  oa'cia  and  the  avicularia,  both 
having  been  considered  as  nectaries:  »A  later  writer,  who  is  a  strong  advocate 
for  the  vegetation  of  Zoophytes,  supposes  these  little  pearl-like  figures  as  also 
those  like  the  heads  of  birds  in  the  Birds-head  (Coralline  (or  OUaria  avicularis) 
to  be  their  Nectariums,  analogous  to  what  is  so  called  in  the  flowers  of  some 
plants." 

Lamouroux'  also  mentions  the  oa-cia  in  li.  neritiiui,  and  introduces  us  to 
several  hypotheses  regarding  the  functions  of  these  formations.  On  les  a  con- 
siderees  comme  des  opercules  que  le  polype  construit  a  voionte,  soil  pour  se 
metlre  a  I'abri  du  choc  des  corps  exterieurs,  soil  i)our  liiverner,  soit  encore  pour 
fermer  sa  demeure  lorsqu'il  a  cessc  de  vivre.  II  est  probable  qu'aucune  de  ces 
hypotheses  n'approche  de  la  verite,  et  je  pense  que  ce  sent  des  ovaires  renfermant 
les  germes  de  nouveaux  individus;  j'ai  observe  (jue  ces  corps  vesiculaires  sont 
quekjue-fois  tres-entiers,  et  dans  ce  cas  je  les  ai  toujours  vus  remplis  de  petits 
corps  globuleux;  il  parait  que  ces  ovaires  s'ouvrent  par  une  fente  transversale; 
toutes  les  Ibis  i|u'elle  existe,  les  ovaires  sont  vides. 

Milne  Edwards-  considers  tlie  oa'cia  in  F.schdid  as  well  as  the  avicularia 
on  the  zooecia  as  "vesicules  gemnnferes«,  or  »capsules  gemniiferes«.  »Les  obser- 
vations de  Loefling  et  de  i)lusieurs  autres  naluralistes  nous  out  a|)|)ris  cpie  ces 
vesicules  (ofpcia)  sont  des  capsules  gemmiferes,  el  par  eonseepient  nous  sommes 
porte  a  croire  (|uil  doit  en  etre  de  meme  ici,  et  que  le  tubercule  pyrifornie,  dont 
nous  venous  de  decrire  les  divers  etats  (the  avicularia  in  E.  sulcata)  doit  etre 
considere  comme  elant  un  receijlacle  conlenant  les  gemmules  et  servant  a  leui- 
livrer  passage. 

Lamarck'  also  uses  the  name  »vesicula'  gemmilei;e  ,  but  just  as  oflcn  the 
name  ovaria  for  the  oa^cia  as  well  as  for  the  gonothecie  in  the  hydroid  |)olyps. 
The  same  doubt,  which  Pallas  had,  as  to  whether  the  free,  plant-like  forms 
(Cellaria)  possess  such  formations,  is  repeated  here:  '>Vesicula;  gemmiferu'  nulla', 
nisi  bullic  qv;e  in  nonnullis  speciebus  extant. 

lieid'   studied    living   specimens   of   BiujiiUi  (iniciildria  with  eggs  in   the  oti'cia. 

'   .'I'j.   p.   l.-ili— 134;    -■   77,   p.   48:     '   .'.1.   ji.    174:    '   <).->. 


53 

Nevertheless  we  can  only  understand  his  view  of  the  striichne  ol'  the  od-iiiini, 
and  of  the  relation  of  the  eggs  to  it,  after  reading  Nitsehe's  later  but  fuller 
description    of  the   oa'cium   in  BiceUaiia  ciliaUt,  which  is  built  in  a  similar  wav. 

Busk'  introduces  the  name  »ovicells«,  which  is  still  used  by  some  writers, 
for  the  here  discussed  formations,  but  the  older  view  of  Ihem  as  capsules,  con- 
taining the  ovaries,  was  first  altered  by  Huxley's":  Note  on  the  reproductory 
organs  of  the  Cheilostome  Polyzoa.«  He  pro])oses  here  the  now  prevailing  view 
of  the  ocTcium  as  marsupial  chambers,  into  which  the  eggs  arc  brought  from 
the  zon-cium  to  develop  into  larvaj.  He  found  namely  in  Hiignla  aniciihirid,  that 
the  egg  is  formed  in  the  zoa^cium  where  it  is  attached  to  the  funiculus  near  the 
stomach  and  also  that  the  originally  empty  oa'cium  at  a  certain  time  was  seen 
to  contain  an  egg,  which  was  more  developed  than  the  one  observed  on  the  funi- 
culus, and  which  after  cleavage  became  an  embryo  provided  with  cilia. 

Against  Huxley's  view  Hincks'  maintains,  that  the  eggs  from  which  the 
ciliated  embryos  are  developed  according  to  his  investigations  are  formed  in  the 
oa-cia  (ovicells)  of  a  shapeless,  grained  mass.  As  to  the  eggs  which  Huxley  found 
in  the  zooecia  Hi  neks  states  that  they  are  most  common  in  zoo^cia,  the  occcia 
of  which  have  emptied  their  contents,  and  they  can  even  be  found  in  zou'cia, 
the  polypide  of  which  are  dead,  from  which  it  must  be  concluded  that  they  are 
only  set  free  on  the  dissolution  of  the  soft  content  of  the  zooccium.  They  are 
never  ciliated  at  any  stage  of  their  development. 

The  first  detailed  account  of  an  otrcium  is  given  by  Nitsche*,  who  describes 
the  development  and  structure  of  the  ooecia  in  Bicellniia  ciliata.  He  represents  it 
as  formed  of  two  hollow,  two-layered,  bladder-shaped  outgrowths  from  the  margin 
of  the  zoa-cium;  the  smaller,  which  is  membranous,  is  grown  over  by  the  larger, 
the  outer  wall  of  which  is  calcified,  and  which  in  the  full-grown  condition  forms 
a  helmet-shaped  body  connected  by  a  short  stalked  portion  with  the  zooecium. 
The  membranous  bladder  serves  as  an  operculum  for  the  helmet-shaped  portion, 
and  its  interior  is  penetrated  by  a  muscular  chord,  by  the  contraction  of  which 
its  rim  withdraws  from  the  edge  of  the  oa'cium  so  that  the  larvie  can  get  out. 
hi  the  above-meulioned  work  of  Re  id  attention  had  already  been  called  to  the 
fact  that  this  membranous  operculum  of  the  ooecia  in  Biigula  ciniciihtrid.  which 
contains  larva\  undergoes  rhythmical  contractions  (This  membrane  was  observed 
in  a  few  instances  where  the  ova  were  fully  formed  to  contract  and  relax  at 
intervals,  and  in  this  way  it  may  assist  in  the  escape  of  the  ovum«.  Without 
knowing  Huxley's  observations  Nitsche  arrived  at  the  same  result  with  regard 

'3;    ^  S9,    »  37;  '   7i). 


54 

to  the  fuiH'lion  of  the  ocecia.  He  has  seen  the  formation  of  the  egg  in  the 
zocecinm  and  while  the  ooecium  originally  was  empty  he  found  it  at  a  certain 
lime  containing  an  egg,  without  heing  able  to  ascertain  how  it  came  there.  He 
expresses  the  following  supposition:  »wahrscheinlich  zwangt  sich  das  Ei  durch 
den  hohlen  Stiel  der  Ovicelle  und  tritt  durch  eine  OefFnung,  welche  ich  an  der 
Stelle,  wo  die  beiden  Blasen  zusanimenhangen,  gelegcn  vernuillie,  in  den  Raum 
zwischen  den  beiden  Blasen."  Nitsche  tries  to  explain  Hincks'  different  view, 
that  the  eggs  are  formed  by  a  granular  mass  in  the  ooecium  in  the  following  way, 
that  the  egg  after  its  transference  to  the  ooecium  instead  of  developing  further, 
sometimes  dies  away  and  dissolves  into  a  shapeless  mass.  Finally,  he  states  that 
the  supposed  eggs,  wliich  Hincks  has  observed  in  zocccia  without  polypide,  are 
only  peculiar  bodies  which  liave  arisen  from  a  retrogressive  metamorphosis  of 
the  polypide. 

In  ^Contributions  to  the  liistory  of  the  Polyzoa«,  where  Hincks*  introduces 
the  new  name  »o(rcium«,  he  admits  the  correctness  of  Nitsche's  assertion,  fliat 
the  supposed  eggs,  which  he  had  discussed  earlier,  are  really  the  so-called  » brown 
bodies<s  and  he  assents  to  Huxley's  view  of  the  ociccia  as  marsupial  chambers. 
He  adheres  liowever  to  the  idea,  that  eggs  can  now  and  then  be  formed  in  I  he 
ocecia  and  maintains  the  correctness  of  the  observations  which  he  fornierly  made 
on  this  subject  in  a  few  Biigiila  species  and  Bicellaria  ciliata.  In  his  later  published, 
principal  work-  he  definitely  expresses  the  view  that  the  ooecium  has  an  internal 
connection  with  the  zoax'ial  cavity  ('>its  interior  is  in  direct  communication  with 
the  perigastric  cavity«),  but  otherwise  there  is  no  further  information  on  the 
structure  of  the  ooecia.  They  are  indicated  as  prominent*,  "sul)immerse(l  <  and 
»immersed<  {Fliistra,  Cellaria),  according  as  they  are  more  or  less  prominent  on 
the  surface  of  the  colonj'  or  hidden  within  this. 

Vigelius-'  in  his  investigations  on  Fliistra  inembrnnaceo-lnincala  has  given  a 
description  of  the  structure  and  develo]Hncnt  of  the  on>cia  in  this  species.  While 
the  oa'cium  and  its  operculum  in  BicclUirid  ciluita  arise  as  two  outpushings  from 
the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  the  ooecium  in  this  species  arises  as  an  inva- 
gination from  this  wall,  a  short  way  dislally  to  the  operculum  and  it  thus  conies 
to  protrude  into  the  zoa'cium  as  a  hollow  bladder,  the  interior  part  of  which 
enters  into  connection  with  the  distal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  which  is  here  formed 
in  a  peculiar  way.  It  consists  namely  of  a  horizontal,  under  part,  which  oi'igi- 
nally  reaches  right  to  the  frontal  wail  of  the  zoa'cium  and  of  a  distally  and 
slightly    basally    inclined    part,    which    grows    together    with    the   ooecial   bladder. 


»  38;  «  22;  '  105,  p. 


55 

Laler  the  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  and  the  rronlal  wall  of  the  zod'cium 
separate  from  one  another.  While  the  distal  half  of  the  oa^cial  bladder  calcifies, 
the  proximal  half  continues  to  be  membranous,  and  Vigelius  thinks  that  the 
egg  passes  along  from  the  interior  of  the  zoa>cium  upwards  towards  the  otrcium 
between  the  distal  wall  and  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium  by  which  action 
it  i)ushes  the  membranous  part  of  the  ocecial  bladder  in  front  of  it;  he  thinks 
that  this  membranous  part  is  later  reabsorbed,  which  enables  fertilisation  of  the 
egg  to  take  place  through  the  aperture  of  the  oa>ciuni.  The  portion  of  the  frontal 
wall  of  the  zooecium,  which  is  situated  between  the  operculum  and  the  free  edge 
of  the  ooecium,  acts  as  operculum  for  the  ooecium.  This  operculum  is  provided 
with  two  muscular  bundles,  which  reach  from  its  free  edge  to  the  basal  wall  of 
the  zoa^cium  and  which  by  their  contraction  are  able  to  draw  it  inwards. 

The  present  writer"  in  three  papers,  the  last  of  which  is  a  preliminary  note 
has  given  a  series  of  investigations  on  the  oa'cia  and  has  shown  there,  that  with 
the  exception  of  oa-cia,  which  are  covered  by  kenozooecia,  the  oa»cia  have 
no  such  inner  connection  with  the  zooecium  as  Huxley,  Nitsche,  Hincks  and 
other  writers  have  supposed.  In  all  other  cases  therefore  the  egg  must  pass  into 
the  ott'cium  through  the  outer  opening  of  this  marsui)iuni.  In  the  last  paper 
the  author  has  set  up  eight  different  types  of  oa'cia,  two  of  which  (the  epistomial 
and  the  mesotoichal)  in  the  present  work  are  classed  under  the  hyperstomial. 

In  an  important  memoir  chiefly  dealing  with  the  inner  structure  and  with  the 
embryology  of  the  Cheilostomatous  Bryozoa  Calvet"  has  examined  the  ooecia  of 
twenty  one  species  belonging  to  the  genera  Biigula,  Flustra,  Membranipora,  Micro- 
porella.  Chorb.npora,  Schiznporella.  Lepralia,  Uiubonula,  Retepora  and  (k'Hepora.  With 
the  exception  of  ^Lepralid  Pallasiana,  in  which  he  has  found  a  membranous  one- 
layered  marsupium  formed  by  a  basal  evagination  of  the  vestibulum  and  of 
Cellarid  fisliilosa  he  has  found  the  oo-cium  formed  by  two  two-layered  bladders, 
a  superior  more  or  less  calcified  and  an  inferior  membranous  one,  the  last  of 
which  is  ])rovided  with  muscular  strings  destined  for  the  opening  of  the  ocecial 
cavity  during  the  setting  free  of  the  larvae.  He  has  not  been  able  to  find  any 
coninuinication  between  the  ooecium  and  the  zocecial  cavity  and  he  therefore 
thinks  that  the  egg,  to  get  into  the  oa>cium,  must  perforate  the  membranous 
bladder.  As  to  the  ooecium  of  Cell,  fistulosa  he  states  that  an  opening  exists  in 
the  wall  between  the  oa>cium  and  the  zoctcium. 

In  a  very  interesting  paper  Harmer^  has  set  forth  the  supposition,  thai  the 
ooecia  may  be  looked  upon  as  formed  by  hollow  spines  and  he  founds  this  view 


54,  p.  253.   55,   p.   25  and  56,   p.   11  —  18;    '   !l.   p.  ^   19,   p.   -283—284. 


56 

especially  on  the  structure  and  development  of  the  ooecia  in  Aliisuliiiin  jxirasili- 
ciim  and  Euthiiroides  episcopalis. 

Before  trying  to  give  a  division  of  the  dilTerent  forms  of  orrcia,  I  must  ex[)res 
my  regret,  that  the  material  at  my  disposal  has  not  allowed  me  to  give  a  fuller 
account  of  these  formations,  of  which  in  many  cases  I  have  only  been  able  to 
examine  the  calcified  portions.  I  hoj)e,  liowever,  that  my  investigations  will  to  a 
certain  degree  facilitate  the  work  of  the  investigators  who  may  be  able  to  com- 
bine the  desire  to  continue  these  studies  witli  favourable  conditions  of  procuring 
suitable  material. 

Endozooecial  ooecia  (PI.  XXIV,  figs.  6 — 11). 

We  indicate  by  this  name  the  ort'cia  which  are  immersed  in  the  zon^cia,  gene- 
rally, however,  in  such  a  way  that  they  appear  more  or  less  distinctly  on  the 
surface  of  these.  Their  main  portion,  the  endoooecium,  is  formed  by  the  zoffcium's 
distal  wall,  which  in  the  free,  frontal  edge  of  the  ooecium  passes  over  into  the 
much  less  developed  ectooa'cium,  together  with  which  it  forms  a  fold,  the 
od'cial  fold.  In  the  majority  of  cases  the  distal  wall  has  a  short  horizontal 
portion,  provided  with  rosette-plates,  which  bends  over  into  the  helmet-shaped  or 
cup-shaped  ooecium,  and  it  is  only  in  species  of  the  genus  Retiflustra  (PI.  XXII, 
figs.  1),  2  a),  that  the  basal  rim  of  the  distal  wall  lies  higher  than  the  free  frontal 
edge  of  the  ooecium. 

If  we  only  pay  attention  to  the  calcified  portions,  we  should  think  that  these 
ooecia  were  in  internal  connection  willi  the  proximal  zoa'cium,  but  with  the 
exception  of  those  oojcia,  which  are  covered  by  kenozooecia,  there  seems  really 
always  to  be  a  mendiranous  separaling-wall  between  the  zoo'cium  and  the 
ott'cium. 

We  can  divide  these  oa'cia  into  lw(3  groups,  according  as  the  distal  oi'  the 
two  chambers,  which  bound  the  oo'cium,  is  an  ordinary  zocecium  (autozooecium), 
or  a  kenozoa'cium.  Wc  must  also  refer  the  oo'cia,  which  are  enclosed  in  the 
avicularia,  to  this  last-mentioned  group. 

a)  Endozooecial  ooecia,  which  are  enclosed   in  autozooecia. 

In  the  historical  introduction  we  have  referred  to  Vi  gel  ins'  account  of  an 
oa^cium  belonging  to  this  type,  namely,  the  ocrcium  in  Fliistra  membranaceo- 
tnincald,  and  need  only  recall  here  that  Ibis  oo'cium,  according  to  the  description 
of  that  author,  is  formed  by  a  bhulder-sliaped  infolding  of  the  IVontal  membrane 
of  the  zoo'cium  meeting  the  distal  wall.  As  our  Museum  does  not  possess  colonics 
of  Ibis  species  with  developing  ooecia,  but  on  llie  other  hand  those  of  Fliistra 
seciirifrons,  Ihe  oa'cia  of  which  have  essentially  the  same  structure,  we  may  te.st 
the    correctness    of  Vigelius'    investigations    by     means    of    this    species.     The 


57 

ooecium  in  Flustid  seciirijruns  (PI.  1,  figs.  5  ;i,  h,  c,  PI.  XIX,  figs.  8  b  — 8  n)  whose 
inner  pari  may  be  loolved  upon  as  a  transformed  distal  wall,  is  a  helmet-shaped 
calcified  bladder,  the  basal  portion  of  which  issues  from  the  short  and  horizontal 
|)ortion  of  the  distal  wall  at  a  pointed  angle,  while  its  free,  frontal  edge  passes 
immediately  over  into  the  frontal  membrane  of  the  zoa'cium,  together  with  which 
it  forms  a  fold,  the  od'cial  fold.  We  may  indicate  the  calcified  bladder  as  the 
endoott'cium,  while  an  ectooo^cium  is  only  represented  by  the  portion  of  the 
frontal  'membrane,  which  covers  the  distal  pari  of  the  endooo^cium.  Between  the 
operculuiu  of  the  zoa'cium  and  the  free  rim  of  the  ooecium  we  see  a  membranous 
portion  chitinized  at  the  distal  edge  (Pi.  I,  fig.  5  b),  the  ooecial  operculum,  which  is 
connected  with  another  membranous  region,  the  ou'cial  membrane  (PI.  1,  fig.  5  a. 
Pi.  XIX,  fig.  8j),  which  issues  from  the  basal  wall  of  the  endooa-cium  and  forms 
a  complete  separaling-wall  across  the  oa-cium.  While  this  was  originally  situated 
close  to  the  roof  of  the  oa-cium,  in  an  egg-bearing  oa'cium  it  inclines  the  opposite 
way,  so  that  it  forms  the  fioor  of  the  ooecial  chamber  (PI.  1,  fig.  5  a,  fig.  2  a). 
In  the  angle  between  the  owcial  operculum  and  the  ooecial  membrane  is  attached 
a  muscular  chord  which  originates  from  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  and 
when  it  contracts,  the  oa-cial  operculum  is  drawn  inwards  and  thereby  permits 
the  larva  to  escape.  Finally,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  from  the  lateral  walls 
of  the  zoa'cium  issue  two  flat,  sloping  calcareous  ribs  which  as  a  rule  meet  in 
a  suture  distally  to  the  zoa-cial  operculum  (PI.  1,  fig.  5  a,  5  b,  5  c,  dw.). 

The  very  earliest  trace  of  an  ooecium  to  be  seen  in  Flustra  seciirifrons  from 
the  surface  of  the  colony,  is  a  slightly  inclined  curved  line,  which  at  a  distance 
from  the  operculum  nearly  equal  to  its  height  unites  the  two  lateral  borders  of 
the  zocecium  and  rises  from  the  attachment  of  the  distal  wall  to  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zoa'cium.  PI.  XIX,  fig.  8  b  shows  a  longitudinal 
section  through  an  early  stage  of  an  oa-cium,  which  is  a  little  older  than  thai 
just  mentioned  and  shows  a  distal  wall,  Ibe  basal  portion  of  which  is  horizontal, 
while  the  rest  rises  distally  forming  an  angular  arch  and  joins  the  frontal  wall, 
which  slill  forms  a  straight  line  at  this  place.  On  the  other  baud,  lig.  8  c  shows 
a  small  indentation  proximally  to  the  frontal  end  of  the  distal  wall,  and  this 
indentation  increases  in  length  or  depth  in  the  following  figures  8  d,  8  e  and  8  f, 
the  last  of  which  represents  a  longitudinal  section  through  a  completed  ooecium. 
While  it  is  quite  easy  to  understand  that  Vigelius,  who  examined  longitudinal 
sections  of  decalcified  colonies,  considered  the  indentation  mentioned  to  have  risen 
by  an  invagination  of  the  frontal  membrane,  it  is  cjuite  evident  from  the  longi- 
tudinal sections  (8  b — 8  f)  given  here  that  the  endoooecium  is  only  formed  by  a 
continued    growth  of  the  distal   wall,  which   however  at  the  same  time  undergoes 


58 

a  strong  llexioii  and  alleralion  in  shape.  Thus,  wliili'  Ihe  angle  between  llie  liori- 
zontal  and  vertical  portions  of  tlie  distal  wall  in  fig.  8  b  is  right,  and  in  lig.  8  c 
obtuse,  it  gradually  becomes  more  and  more  acute  on  account  oC  the  endooo'cium 
bending  backw^ards  towards  the  basal  wall  of  the  zoa^cium,  without  doubt  be- 
cause of  the  counter  pressure  brought  about  by  the  growth-tension.  While  the 
portion  between  the  horizontal  part  ol'  the  dislal  wall  and  the  jjoinl  of  the 
indentation  has  nearly  the  same  length  in  the  examined  longitudinal  sections, 
the  indentation  on  the  contrary  increases  in  length,  and  lastly  the  oa-cial  fold 
grows  down  over  the  oa-cial  membrane,  which  not  long  before  occupied  most  of 
the  frontal  wall  of  the  deveio|)ing  oojcium.  At  the  same  time  as  the  developing 
orrcium  is  undergoing  these  ailerations  in  shape,  the  whole  zoa'cium  increases 
considerably  in  size,  and  the  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall   in  length. 

As  already  mentioned  in  the  above  reference  to  Vi  gel  ins"  investigations,  he 
believes  that  the  ocrcial  membrane  dissolves  later,  so  that  the  egg  from  Ihe  zon^^ 
cium  can  reach  into  the  oo^cium,  but  this  view  clearly  proves  to  be  wrong  from 
the  fact,  that  I  have  found  eggs  lying  in  the  oa>cia  in  Fl.  secnrilhuis  and  Fl. 
memhranacco-tnincnla  (PI.  I,  fig.  2  a),  the  floor  of  which  is  formed  by  such  an 
ooecial  membrane  on  which  the  egg  rests.  The  egg  must  therefore  have  come 
into  the  ooecium  from  outside  through  the  oax-iai  ai)erture,  and  possibly  Ihe 
altered  position  of  the  ou'cial  membrane  is  due  to  this  transference.  Fig.s.  8  g— 8  n 
show  a  series  of  developmental  stages  of  the  oo'cium  mentioned,  seen  from  the 
surface  of  the  colony.  In  the  earliest  of  these  (8  g)  the  ascending  part  of  the 
distal  wall  has  nol  yet  l)egun  lo  calcify,  and  the  deej)  sinus  between  the  (wo 
rounded  projections  comes  from  the  not  yet  closed  uniporous  rosette-plate.  The 
other  figures  show  the  formation  of  the  owcial  bladder,  its  partial  closure  and 
the  formation  of  the  two  calcareous  ribs. 

While  the  rest  of  the  oa'cinm-bearing  members  of  Ihe  family  have  essenlially 
the  same  structure  of  the  ocrcia  as  Fl.  securifrons,  we  find  a  rather  difierent 
structure  in  Fl.  folincea  (PI.  I,  figs.  8a,  8  b;  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  8),  as  the  oa-cia  here 
have  an  irregular  egg-shape.  Whilst,  as  already  mentioned,  a  pair  of  cryptoeyst- 
ribs  occur  in  /•"/.  securifrons  proximally  lo  the  operculum  of  the  zocecium,  in  a 
number  of  species,  e.  g.  in  Fl.  ineinbranaceo-trimcata  (Pi.  I,  figs.  2  a,  2  b,  PI.  XXIV, 
fig.  6),  7-7.  Barleei  (PI.  I.  fig.  ;5  a),  /•'/.  Schonatii  (PI.  I,  fig.  7  c)  etc.,  a  more  or 
less  developed  cryptocyst-belt  occurs  just  dislally  to  the  free  edge  of  the  oa^cium, 
between  this  and  the  covering  membrane;  the  originally  separated  lateral  halves 
of  this  belt  later  fuse  together.  This  belt  reaches  its  highest  development  in  /•'/. 
fliislruides  (PI.  I,  fig.  4a;  PI.  XXIV,  Lig.  7)  and  it  may  in  lime  quite  cover  the 
ooecia,    which    in    this    species    exceptionally    project    distinctly    on    the    surface 


59 

of  the  colony.  In  some  species,  Fl.  denticiildta  (I'l.  I,  fig.  9  c),  Fl.  florea  and  partly 
in  Fl.  fliistroides  (PI.  I,  lig.  4  b)  tlie  oa'cia  are  situated  inside  (he  avicularia. 
With  exception  of  the  Farcimiiiaria  species  (PI.  I,  figs.  10  a — 10  d),  in  whicli  the 
ocTcium  is  enclosed  in  a  kenozooecium,  tlie  ocecia  in  the  other  members  of  the 
family  Farcimimtiiidae  seem  to  have  essentially  the  same  structure  as  in  the 
Fhistridae,  but  all  of  them  project  more  or  less  on  the  surface  of  the  colony.  In 
the  species  of  the  genus  Columnaria  n.  g.  (PI.  I,  figs.  12  a — 12  d;  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  9), 
a  part  of  the  inner  (basal)  wall  of  the  ocecium  is  on  each  side  covered  by  a 
triangular  cryptocyst-plate,  which  from  each  of  the  lateral  l)orders  of  the  zoa'cium 
pushes  itself  in  between  the  ectoooecium  and  the  endoon^cium  and  in  Nellia 
simplex  var  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  6  a)  the  frontal  wall  of  the  ocrcium  is  provided  with 
a  cryplocystic  belt,  like  that  founil  in  many  Flnstridac.  I  must  also  refer  to  this 
group  the  ooecia  in  Micropora  Nonnani  (PI.  Vlll,  figs.  3  a,  3  b),  Micr.  perforata 
(PI.  VIII,  fig.  4),  liosselia  Rosseli,  Biujidopsis  Peachii,  Buy.  ciispidata,  Menipea  cervi- 
coriiis  (PI.  II,  iig.  4  b),  M.  Bu.ski  (PI.  II,  fig.  3  c),  Urceolipora  nana  (PI.  XV,  figs. 
la — 1  c,  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  11),  Cheilopora  sincera  (PI.  XXIV,  fig.  4a),  Gephyrophora 
polijmorpha,  the  oa'cia  in  the  species  of  the  genus  Oniichocella  (PI.  XXII,  figs.  3  a — 3  b, 
PI.  XXIV,  fig.  10),  in  all  members  of  the  family  Sclerodomidae  (PI.  XIX,  figs. 
18  a,  hS  b),  as  also  in  numerous  members  of  the  family  Catenariidae,  for  in- 
stance in  Hincksiella  pnlchella  (PI.  XII,  fig.  9  a),  the  sj)ecies  of  the  genus  Ptero- 
cella  (PI.  XII,  figs,  oa,  6a),  most  of  the  Catemiria  species,  (PI.  XIII,  figs.  2a,  3a,  3b)  etc. 
In  the  majority  of  the  mentioned  forms  the  ocecium  projects  more  or  less  notice- 
ably on  the  surface  of  the  respective  zocEcium,  and  it  is  only  in  a  small  number 
of  cases,  e.  g.  in  Urceolipora  nana  and  in  the  mentioned  species  of  the  Catenariidae, 
that  it  is  ([uite  hidden  within  this.  While  in  a  number  of  cases  we  only  have  to  do 
with  a  membranous  ectoocecium,  as  in  Micropora  perforata,  Bnyulopsis  Peachi, 
Cheilopora  sincera,  etc.,  the  ectoooecium  in  others  is  wholly  or  jiartially  calcified, 
e.  g.  in  the  mentioned  Calenariidae,  in  Biiguhpsis  cuspidala  and  Menipea  cervi- 
cornis.  Finally,  in  both  cases  there  may  appear  between  the  endoooecium  and 
the  eclooa'cium  a  more  or  less  developed  cryptocyst,  as  in  Bay.  cnspidata. 
Menipea  cerricornis  and  Gephyrophora  polijmorpha^ .  in  the  last  of  which  the  crypto- 
cyst covers  the  whole  frontal  wall  of  the  endoooecium.  The  cryptocyst  in  Urceoli- 
pora nana  on  the  other  hand  has  (juite  a  dilTerent  position,  as  it  here  covers  the 
basal  wall  of  the  owcium  right  down  to  the  place  where  the  oa>cium  issues  from 
the  short  horizontal  portion  of  the  distal  wall. 

b)  Endozooecial  ooecia,  which  are  surrounded  by  kenozooecia  or  heterozooecia. 


'   no,   PI.   11,  fig.   22. 


60 

Tlu'  eiulood'ciiiiii,  as  in  llu'  loii'i^oiiij;  i^roup,  is  I'oniu'd  l)y  llif  dislai  wail  iii'- 
tween  two  chambers  lying  in  llu-  same  longiliulinal  row,  bul  while  the  ecto- 
oa>ciiiin  in  that  groii])  was  only  represenled  by  a  more  or  less  distinctly  limited 
part  of  the  frontal  mcmiirane  of  the  covering  zoo'cinm,  it  is  here  so  lo  speaii 
represented  by  the  whole  covering  chami)c'r,  which  is  a  Ucno/Od'ciuni.  W'c  find 
everywhere  a  common  operculum  for  the  kenozorecium  and  the  owcium.  Such 
oa'cia  are  found  in  Didymia  simplex  (PI.  IV,  fig.  7  d),  Eiwratea  chelata,  likcllarin 
infnndilnildld  (PI.  IV,  figs.  4  a— 4  d),  Menipea  crijstallinu  (PI.  IV,  ligs.  1  a,  1  b), 
Ciiltiilinit  piincldld  (PI.  IX,  iig.  lib),  Cr.  dnnnlatd,  Cr.  (idltijiiv  (PI.  I\,  lig.  12a), 
Escharella  diiiphana  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  1  a),  Ksch.  abyssicoUi  (PL  XVII,  lig.  2  a), 
Enriistonielld  fordimnicierd  (PI.  XVIII,  figs.  14  a — 14  b),  E.  hilahidtd,  besides  in  the 
Farciminarid  species  (PI.  I,  figs.  10  a — 10  c),  most  members  of  the  family  Catena- 
riidae  (Pis.  XI,  XII,  XIII,  XV),  and  the  members  of  the  family  Ilippothoidae 
(Pi.  XXI,  figs.  8e,  8  b,  9  a,  9  c). 

The  fact  that  the  endoooecial  ocecia,  besides  appearing  as  a  rule  in  certain 
families,  appear  sporadically  in  more  or  fewer  forms  in  a  number  of  other 
families  would  seem  to  suggest  Ihal  they  rei)resenl  an  old  oau'ial  type,  which 
perhaps  was  at  some  lime  general,  but  which  later  has  been  replaced  1)\'  others. 
It  deserves  to  be  mentioned  in  this  connection  Ihal  they  apjjcar  together  with 
hyperstomial  (xrcia   in   Cribriliiia  punctdtd  (1^1.  IX). 

2)  The  hyperstomial  ooecia  (PI.  XXIV,  figs.  12 — 18).  These  oa>cia  like  the 
endozocecial  consist  of  an  endoooecium  and  an  ectoooecium,  which  join  at  the 
free  frontal  edge  of  the  o<rcium  and  form  together  a  fold,  the  oa'cial  Ibid:  but 
they  are  always  situated  outside  the  cavity  of  the  zooecium,  and  the  dislai  wall 
does  not  take  part  in  their  formation,  even  though  they  most  frequently  arise 
from  or  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  its  fiontal  edge.  The  two  layers 
of  the  actual  oieciuui  are  formed  by  the  frontal  membrane  of  Ihe  distal  zoo'cium, 
hut  between  these  a  cryplocyst  layer  may  sometimes  appear,  and  in  many  cases 
the  hyperstomial  on-cia  are  pro\ided  with  an  oo^cial  cover.  This  type  of  onH-ium, 
which  aj)pears  in  the  majority  of  Ihe  Cbeilostoiudld,  presents  numerous  modifica- 
tions, of  which  we  may  mention  here  Ihe  mosl  important,  bul  for  the  rest  refer- 
ence  may  be   made  lo   the  dilTereiil    I'amilles. 

We  may  begin  with  the  oo'cia  in  Scriipocellarta  scabra,  of  which  a  series 
of  developmental  stages  have  been  figured  on  PI.  II,  figs,  f)  a— 5  f,  as  they 
appear  when  the  colony  is  viewed  from  the  surface  and  after  treatnieni  with 
boiling  alkali  or  cold  eau  de  Javelle.  At  the  time  when  the  frontal  wall  of  the 
distal  zooecium  is  still  ciuite  membranous,  the  first  trace  of  the  calcium  appears  as 
two  small   dislai    rounded  calcareous  plates,  which   arise  from    the   frontal   edge  of 


(jl 

the  (lislnl  wall  and  soon  join  in  a  median  suture.  This  small,  bilabiate  calca- 
reous plate,  which  has  arisen  IVom  calcilication  of  a  part  of  the  frontal  mem- 
brane of  the  zoo'cium,  increases  gradually  in  size,  grows  semicircular,  and  is 
finally  grown  round  by  a  calcareous  framework  of  the  same  origin.  The  just 
mentioned  calcareous  plate  with  a  longitudinal  suture  in  the  centre,  which  forms 
a  common  wall  for  the  zooccium  and  the  ooicium,  is  the  basal  wall  of  the  oa'cium, 
the  frontal  part  of  which  is  formed  by  the  further  development  of  a  fold,  the 
ou'cial  fold,  arising  in  the  circumference  of  the  plate  named.  The  inner  layer 
of  this  fold  (the  frontal  part  of  the  endoorecium)  is  a  continuation  of  the  plate, 
while  the  outer  layer  (the  ectootrcium)  is  a  continuation  of  the  surrounding 
calcareous  framework. 

The  calcification  of  the  basal  wall  of  the  endoooecium  takes  ])lace  in  CaUo- 
poni  Ihimcrili  (PI.  IX,  fig.  3  a),  C.  aiirita  (PI.  IX,  fig.  4  a,  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  16), 
Teijella  unicornis.  T.  .Srj/j/ifV/e  (PI.  IX,  figs.  6  a— G  c)  and  Crihrilina  punctata  (PI.  IX, 
figs.  11a — lid)  in  the  .same  way  as  m  Scrap,  scabva,  and  the  oo'cium  in  these  is 
at  a  very  early  stage  represented  by  two  small  sejiarated  calcareous  plates,  l)ul 
the  endoofficium  in  Caberea  Ellisi  (PI.  II,  fig.  6  a)  and  Demlrotwmia  Murraijamt 
(PI.  IV,  figs.  2  a — 2e)  on  the  other  hand  calcifies  as  a  continuous  plate,  and 
this  seems  also  to  be  the  rule  within  the  division  Ascophora. 

With  exception  of  the  orecia  in  the  family  Onchoporidae,  in  which  the  endo- 
oo'cium  as  well  as  the  ectoocrciuni  is  membranous,  the  endoocrcium  seems  else- 
where to  be  calcified,  but  in  forms  with  a  calcified  ectoocecium  it  is  very  often 
extremely  thin-walled  and  breakable,  and  often  not  easy  to  discover  on  dried 
material.  The  ectood'cium  may  sometimes  be  membranous,  sometimes  wholly  or 
partly  calcified,  and  in  many  cases  its  structure  appears  to  be  constant  williin 
the  family  or  genus.  We  have  for  instance  a  calcified  ectooci'cium  in  the  families 
lielcporitlae,  Sniitlinidac  and  Di.scoporidae,  in  the  genus  Cellepora,  besides  in  most 
of  the  Porella  species,  l)ut  we  find  a  membranous  one  in  the  genera  Scijizoporelld. 
Hscharella,  E.scliaroide.s  and  Pelralia.  In  the  species  of  the  genus  ('.(diopora  (PI.  XXIV, 
lig.  H))  a  larger  or  smaller  portion  of  the  ectoooecium  is  membranous,  and  the 
rill,  which  Hincks  mentions  for  a  number  of  the  species  of  this  genus,  marks 
just  the  proximal  border  for  the  calcified  i)ortion.  The  eclooo'cium  is  also  in 
numerous  members  of  the  family  Scrupocellariidae  provided  with  a  larger  or  smaller 
uncalcified  portion  (PI.  II,  figs.  7  a — 8  a). 

We  have  already  mentioned  previously,  that  a  more  or  less  develojjed  crypto- 
cy^tic  region  may  appear  in  the  endoorecial  od'cia,  between  the  two  layers  of 
the  Od'cium,  and  the  same  may  be  the  case  in  the  hyperstomial  ones.  Still  I 
have    up    lo    now    only    found    such    a    cryptocyst    in    the   genus   luuballotlivca  (PI. 


62 

XVIII,  figs.  i:ia,  PI.  XXIV,  iig.  1,'i),  besides  in  all  nicinbers  of  the  family  Onclio- 
poridae  (Ft.  XIII,  figs.  6—9,  PI.  XXIV,  iig.  12),  and  in  both  cases  tlie  wliole 
frontal  wall  of  the  oa-ciuni  is  provided  with  such  a  layer,  which  is  placed  be- 
tween the  ecto-  and  endood'ciuni.  There  is  however  this  dillerence  thai  while 
this  layer  in  Emballolhcca  ari.ses  high  up  from  the  cryplocysl  of  Ihe  distal  zocrciuui, 
in   the  family  Onchopoikkw  it  arises  from   the  distal  wall   between   Ihe   two  zocL'cia. 

We  very  often  in  species  of  the  genus  just  mentioned  meet  with  the  very 
peculiar  case,  that  the  ooecium  is  formed  by  three  to  five  adjoining  zoa'cia  and 
conse(iueiilly  consists  of  the  same  number  of  segments  meeting  in  sutures,  of 
which  each  single  one  includes  a  calcified  endooa'cial  layer,  a  cryplocyslic  layer 
and  a  membranous  ectoooecial  layer. 

We  have  seen  that  the  basal  wall  of  the  od'cium  in  ScrupncelUtrui  sc(tbr(i 
arises  by  calcification  of  a  part  of  the  original  frontal  membrane  of  the  zoci-cium, 
and  nearly  one  half  of  the  hyperstomial  ooecia  might  be  in  a  similar  relation 
to  the  zooecium,  even  though  the  size  of  this  common  wall  for  the  zoa-ciuni  and 
ooecium  may  be  very  variable  in  the  diderenl  forms  and  sometimes  present 
considerable  dificrences  in  species  of  the  same  genus.  It  seems  as  a  rule  to  be 
large  in  the  families  Meinbrdiiiporidae,  Scnipocelhiriiddc  and  Petniliidtie,  as  also  in 
the  genera  Eschardla,  Escluiroiiles,  Schizupurella,  Ksclidrina  and  Microporellu,  while 
it  is  for  example  very  small  in  Dendroheaiiia  Miirraiianu  (PI.  IV,  figs.  2  a — 2  e), 
Porella  compressa  and  Smitlind  trispinosd.  In  the  genus  Smiltina  especially  the 
relation  between  the  zo(i3cium  and  the  oa^cium  seems  to  be  subject  to  great 
variations,  and  while  the  common  wall  in  some  species  is  large  or  of  fairly  con- 
siderable   size,    e.  g.  in    S.  boreulis,   S.  Sinilti  (PI.  XIX,   fig.  4  a),    S.   palmala   (PI. 

XIX,  fig.  5  a),  it  is  as  mentioned  very  small  in  .S.  hispinosu,  and  may  again  l)e 
quite  lacking  in  other  species  (S.  reticuUda,  S.  Laiisboroui,  S.  linearis).  In  Ihe 
last  case  these  oa-cia,  which  we  may  call  indej)endeul,  consist  of  Iwo  layers  in 
their  whole  extent,  and  are  formed  by  the  ofrcial  fold  alone,  while  this  fold  in 
the  previously  MHiilioned  cases  arises  in  Ihe  circumference  of  a  semi-circular  area, 
namely,  the  parlition-wall  lielween  Ihe  zod-cium  and  the  ooecium.  Such  inde- 
pendent ocrcia  seem  to  appear  as  a  rule  in  Ihe  families  RicelUiriidde.  Hcteporiddc, 
Celleporidae,  Mijriozoidde  and  Discoporidde,  and  they  may  also  occur  in  llie  genera 
Smittiiid  and  Porella  (c.  g.  in  P.  saccatn);  but  as  already  mentioned  there  is 
no  sharp  distinction  between  independcril  and  dejiendent  ocrcia,  because  the 
parlilion-wall  may  vary  considerably  in  size.  While  the  independent  Od'cia  in  Ihe 
above-mentioned  Smitliiia  species  allach  themselves  so  closely  lo  the  frontal  wall 
of  Ihe  distal  zodcium,  Ihal  it  is  not  jxissible  to  isolate  llieni  as  a  whole,  the 
hyperstomial    (xecia   in   the   laniily   liicelldriidac  on   the  ollu-r  hand   are   freely  pro- 


63 

jectiiig,  so  that  they  can  very  easily  be  separated  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  the 
ooecia  in  the  genus  Thalamoporella  and  in  most  species  of  the  genus  Discopora, 
although  to  a  less  extent.  In  the  family  Reteporitlae  also  the  oa^cia  seem  origi- 
nally always  to  be  free  and  able  to  be  isolated,  even  though  they  later  get  tirmly 
imbedded  in  the  colony  by  covering  layers,  and  they  seem  here,  as  in  the  family 
BicelUiriitldc,  always  to  be  provided  with  a  narrow,  almost  stalked  basal  part,  as 
is  also  the  case  with  the  Od'cia  in  Porclhi  sdccota. 

While  the  frequently  mentioned  wall  between  the  zooecium  and  the  ou'ciuni 
in  Malacoslegous  forms  only  consists  of  a  gymnocystic  layer,  it  is  on  the  other 
hand  as  a  rule  wholly  or  partly  two-layered  in  the  Ascophore  forms  which  have 
a  cryptocyst,  as  within  the  gymnocyst  there  is  a  cryptocystic  layer,  which  some- 
times covers  its  whole  surface,  sometimes  only  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  it. 
This  difference  seems  to  depend  on  how  far  the  ocecium  appears  at  an  earlier 
or  later  stage  of  development  of  the  zoa'cium.  In  species  of  the  genera  Schizoporella, 
Escliarina,  MicroporelUi,  Petralia  and  Emlxillotlieca,  besides  in  certain  species  of 
the  genus  Sinittina  (5.  Lansborouii,  S.  reticiilala  and  .S.  linertris)  the  ooecia  first 
appear  after  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium  is  comjjletely  formed,  so  that  the 
basal  wall  of  the  oa'cium,  which  arises  by  calcification  of  a  portion  of  the  frontal 
membrane,  comes  in  its  whole  extent  to  lie  up  against  the  cryptocyst  of  the 
frontal  wall,  from  which,  however,  as  a  rule,  it  seems  fairly  easily  detachable.  In 
Emballotheca  furcala  at  the  place  where  an  otrcium  is  going  to  be  formed,  we 
find  a  deepened,  semicircular  area,  surrounded  by  a  low  marginal  ridge,  and  a 
similar  deepened  area  might  also  be  found  in  species  of  the  genus  Petralia  (PI.  Will, 
fig.  5  a),   as  the  ooecia  here  are  in  their  basal  half  sunk  into  niche-like  recesses. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  the  genera  Escharella  (PI.  XVII),  Escharoides  (PI.  XVII), 
as  also  in  certain  species  of  the  genera  Porella  (e.  g.  in  P.  slriima  Norman  and 
P.  glaciata  Waters)  and  Sinittina  (S.  Sinitti,  S.  Iwrealis,  S.  palmata  etc.)  the  rudi- 
ment of  the  oa^cium,  as  in  Scriipocellaria  scalna,  is  seen  at  a  very  early  stage  in 
the  development  of  the  zocecium,  and  the  cryptocyst,  which  from  the  beginning 
only  appears  outside  or  in  the  marginal  region  of  the  basal  wall  of  the  ooecium, 
as  a  rule  gradually  grows  more  or  less  far  in  over  the  basal  surface,  which  as 
a  rule  however  has  a  larger  or  smaller  triangular,  semicircular  or  semielliptical, 
proximal  area  which  is  not  covered  by  the  cryptocyst.  In  contrast  to  what  lakes 
place  in  the  genera  Schizoporella,  Escharina  etc.  this  cryptocystic  layer  is  here 
firmly  fused  together  with  the  gymnocyst  wall  of  the  oa-cium,  and  it  is  in  rare 
cases,   as  in  Escharoides  coccinea  and  E.  Jacksoni,  provided  with  wide  pore-canals. 

While  a  calcified  ectoooeciiim  does  not  seem  to  increase  in  thickness,  and  this 
is  also   the  case  with  the  endooa'cium  when  it  is  covered  bv  a  calcified  ectoori'cium, 


64 

an  ciiilooaHMum  as  a  rule  seems  to  increase  in  tliickness  when  the  eclood-eiuni 
is  membranous,  and  this  seems  generally  to  he  (he  case  with  all  calcareous  walls 
covered  l)y  a  membrane.  This  seems  to  suggest  tluit  the  cells  of  this  meml)rane 
deposit  fresh  layers  of  chalk  on  the  outer  side  of  the  older  ones.  Such  calcareous 
walls  have  as  a  rule  a  more  or  less  rough  surface,  and  rib-like  or  ramified 
thickenings  also  very  often  appear  on  them. 

The  hyperstomial  officia  are  in  many  cases  again  covered  by  one  oi-  more 
calcareous  layers,  which  sometimes  arise  from  one  or  more  of  the  adjoining 
zooecia  alone,  sometimes  also  from  the  peristome  of  the  zoa'ciuni  itself,  and  we 
give  here  as  examples  a  number  of  species  in  which  the  oa'cia  have  such  a  cover, 
for  which  may  be  proposed  the  name  »oa'cial  cover*,  hi  the  species  of  the 
genera  Myriozoiim  (PI.  XXIV,  fig.  18)  and  Haswellia  (PI.  XVI,  lig.  2  a)  the  oa^cia, 
which  in  their  whole  extent  consist  of  two  layers,  are  placed  in  niche-like  depres- 
sions on  the  frontal  wall  of  the  distal  zod'cium,  and  when  the  ocrcium  arches 
forward  so  as  to  form  its  frontal  half,  this  is  grown  over  by  a  frontal  continua- 
tion of  the  niche,  which  quite  closes  round  the  oa-cium.  As  soon  as  this  closing 
has  taken  place,  the  o(X'ciuni  can  only  fii'  seen  faintly  as  an  imperfectly  limited  swell- 
ing, which  in  the  course  of  time  becomes  less  and  less  distinct,  because  the  thick 
cryptocyst  forming  the  frontal  wall  of  the  niche  increases  in  thickness  under  the 
covering  membrane,  which  is  probably  continued  over  the  whole  inner  surface 
of  the  niche.  Norman'  would  undoubtedly  call  these  ooecia  »cryptic'.  A  single, 
undivided  o(vcial  cover,  which  arises  from  tlu'  frontal  cryptocyst  of  the  distal 
zoo'cium,  is  also  found  in  Porelld  sirniiui.  Porelht  (jldcidta,  SiniltiiKi  Sniilli.  Sniil- 
liiui  Irispinosct  (PI.  XIX,  lig.  7  a),  Sniillind  iinisj)iiii)s<t:  in  the  last  two  the  oo'cial 
cover  leaves  a  larger  or  smaller  part  uncovered,  and  in  none  of  these  species 
does  it  attain  a  thickness  similar  to  thai  in  the  nu'ntioned  members  of  tlu-  family 
Mijriozoiddc.  In  contrast  to  the  cases  cited  the  od'cial  cover  in  a  number  of 
species  is  formed  of  3 — 5  calcareous  plates  joined  by  sutures,  which  sometimes 
arise  merely  from  the  adjoining  zocrcia,  sometimes  also  from  the  peristome.  In 
Siiiilliiid  foVutccd  (PI.  XXI\',  lig.  o  a)  a  small  proximal  part  of  the  zoo'cium  is 
uncovered,  and  the  ooecial  cover  consists  of  three  portions,  which  meet  together 
in  two  proxinuil  converging  sutures.  Of  these  the  middle  one  comes  from  the 
distal  zoo'cium,  and  the  two  others,  which  come  from  the  two  lateral  zoo'cia, 
each  have  a  large,  free,  triangular  projection,  placed  distally  to  the  ocecium,  and 
covering  over  a  part  of  the  zocjecial  aperture.  On  the  oIIut  baud,  llu'  perislonu' 
in    l)isi(>i)ord    Sarsi    (PI.   XXIV,   fig.   '2  a)    and    I'orclld    cdiujircs.sn    lakes    pari    in    the 

'  SI,   p    II.-). 


65 

formation  of  the  ooecial  cover  nnd  in  Porella  saccata  we  meet  with  an  ooecial 
cover  with  many  laj'ers,  because  thin  calcareous  plates  are  constantly  growing 
over  the  ooecium  from  the  three  surrounding  zooecia.  A  similar,  many-layered 
ooecial  cover  seems  also  to  be  the  rule  in  the  family  Reteporidae. 

An  oa'cial  operculum  (PI.  XXIV,  figs.  6,  7,  9,  10,  13,  14,  16  o.o.)  has  u|)  to  now  only 
been  found  in  Bicellaria  ciliata,  Biigiila  Sahatieri^,  Callopora  (Memhranipora)  Fle- 
ntincii^  and  Microporella  M(tliisi\  and  it  consists  in  these  forms  only  of  an  cvaginafion 
from  the  proximal  zoa-ciiim's  mem])ranous  wall,  as  a  rule  distally  to  its  oper- 
culum. Into  this  evagination  extends  a  muscle,  which  is  able  to  withdraw  it 
and  thus  open  the  oa'cium,  both  for  the  egg  to  enter  the  latter  and  for  the  larva 
to  escape.  The  oa'cial  operculum  seems  to  he  quite  lacking  in  Porella  saccata 
and  in  the  members  of  the  family  Reteporidae,  and  it  is  very  likely  to  counter- 
balance this,  that  the  ooecia  in  this  family  are  furnished  with  a  more  or  less 
developed,  screen-like  continuation,  directed  inwards,  of  the  rim  of  the  opening. 
In  Tlialamoporella  we  find  a  well  chitinized  ocEcial  operculum,  which  at  its  proxi- 
mal part  is  connected  with  the  zocecial  operculum,  and  which  seems  to  be  pro- 
vided with  a  muscle  on  each  side  (PI.  VI,  figs.  7  e,  7  o,  7  n,  7  g,  7  h). 

3)  The  peristomial  ooecia.  These  ooecia,  which  only  consist  of  a  single  cal- 
careous layer  and  have  no  covering  membrane,  are  formed  by  the  peristome, 
and  may  otherwise  be  very  different  in  shape.  In  the  family  Tiihiicellariidae* 
(PI.  XVI,  figs.  3  b,  4  a,  4  b,  5  a,  5  b,  5  d)  they  have  the  form  of  an  irregularly 
pear-shaped  expansion  open  at  the  end,  while  in  the  genus  Lekytliopora  (PI.  XVI, 
figs.  6  a,  ()  b,  7  a)  they  form  a  semi-globular  expansion  on  the  frontal  wall  of  the 
long  tube-like  peristome.  I  must  for  the  present  also  refer  the  helmet-shai)ed  or 
cup-shaped  ooecium  in  the  genera  Holoporella  and  Conescliarellinu  (PI.  XXIII, 
fig.  8  a)  to  this  type. 

4)  The  endotoichal  ooecia.  These  ooicia  which  are  only  found  in  the  genera 
Celliilaria  (PI.  VII,  figs.  4  a— 4  f,  PI.  VIII,  1  a— 1  c,  2  a— 2  c)  and  Membranicellaria 
(PI.  VII,  figs.  2  a— 2  c)  are  cavities  in  the  thick  frontal  wall  of  the  zoii'cium,  and  it 
looks  as  if  they  are  formed  by  a  gradual  resorbtion  of  the  calcareous  material  of 
this  wall.  Thus  by  grinding  longitudinally  the  older  and  younger  parts  of  a  colony 
we  can  find  these  ooecial  cavities  in  all  possible  sizes,  from  quite  small  ones,  situ- 
ated in  the  middle  of  the  thick  wall,  u|)  to  a  size  which  takes  up  the  largest  part 
of  the  thickness,  and  opens  outward.    According  to  the  investigations  ofC^alvet'* 


'  il,  p.  57.  '  9,  p.  262.  ^  9,  p.  1(19.  ^  My  (.'Xiiinination  <if  these  o(ecia  lias  l)eeii  made  on  dried 
malerial,  but  Waters  lias  later  lltii  given  a  lull  aecount  of  them,  based  on  fresh  spirit  material. 
'   9.   p.   2(14,   pi    \'l.   li-.   II 

5 


66 

there  is  an  opening  between  the  zocEcium  and  the  ooeciuni  in  the  separating  wail, 
but  I  must  disjjute  its  presence,  as  I  liave  always  by  transverse  grinding  found 
the  separating  wall  unlirolvcn.  Calvet  has  found  an  ooecial  operculum  with  two 
layers,  which  is  opened  Ijy  a  muscular  apparatus. 

5)  The  double-valved  ooecia  (PI.  VII,  figs.  3  a,  3  h,  3  i,  3  j,  3  k,  3  I)  which 
have  hitherto  only  been  found  in  Aliisidiiim  ixtrasiticnin,  consist  of  two  double 
layered,  arched  valves,  the  edges  of  which  meet  together  and  with  the  zooL-ciuni 
bearing  them  form  a  bean-shaped  body.  They  rise  from  zott'cia,  Ibe  oral  surfaces 
(PI.  VII,  3  c)  of  which  form  nearly  a  right  angle  with  the  longitudinal  axis  of 
the  zoircium,  and  the  two  valves  arise  in  the  lateral  borilers  of  the  said  surface 
on  each  side  of  the  zooccial  aperture,  which  leads  directly  into  the  bottom  of  the 
ooecium.  As  each  of  the  two  hollow  valves  has  an  inner  connection  with  the 
zocecium  through  a  pore-chamber,  we  must  regard  them  as  two  kenozooecia  (see 
under  Ahisidiuiu  pardsiticiiiu). 

())  The  acanthostegous  ooecia.  We  indicate  by  this  name  the  cavities  found 
in  the  two  Elvctia  species,  E.  zostericohi  (PI.  IX,  fig.  2  b)  and  E.  (Hctenvcium) 
amplectens  (PI.  IX,  figs.  1  a,  1  c),  which  externally  are  limited  by  two  lows  of 
hollow  spines  meeting  together  in  the  middle  line  of  the  frontal  surface.  The 
od'cial  cavity  in  E.  zostericola  is  bounded  internally  by  tlie  frontal  membrane  of 
the  zou'cium,  and  externally  by  the  mentioned  spines,  and  according  to  Ostrou- 
moff  this  cavity  contains  developing  larvae.  While  the  zooecial  operculum  in 
the  species  mentioned  is  placed  at  the  distal  end  of  the  ooecium-bearing  zoa^cium, 
in  the  corresponding  zoacia  of  E.  amplectens  it  is  situated  proximally  to  the 
area  formed  by  spines,  and  as  this  species  has  only  been  examined  in  dried 
condition,  nothing  is  known  as  to  how  far  the  ocBcial  cavity  also  here  is  bounded 
in  tlie  same  way  as  in  E.  zostericola. 

Before  leaving  this  subject,  we  may  briefly  touch  upon  the  question  of  the 
egg's  transference  into  the  oircium.  The  older  view  that  the  egg  is  carried  from 
the  zoa-cium  (or  gonozo(i'cium)  into  the  oaxium  througli  an  inner  connection 
seems  according  to  Jullien's  investigations  to  hold  good  for  Hippolhoa  hijalina, 
in  which  sj)ecies  the  gonozooecium  and  the  orecium  form  a  common  cavity, 
closed  by  a  common  operculum.  According  to  Jul  lien-  the  zoa>cium  has  no 
polypide  but  contains  an  ovary,  and  he  supposes  that  the  tentacular  sheath  is  of 
service  to  the  egg  by  carrying  it  over  into  the  ocpcium.  A  similar  direct  trans- 
ference probably  occurs  also  in  all  the  cases  where  endoocecial  ooecia  are  present 
with  an  operculum    in  common  with  the  zoa-cium  (llippotlioidac,  ('.iilrniiriulnc.  etc.). 

'  90,  p.  19.     ''  4,5.  p.  31. 


67 

On  the  other  hami,  we  have  noticed  that  the  endozooeclal  ooecia  in  Fliistra  are 
quite  separated  from  the  cavity  of  the  zocx^ciuni  by  the  ooecial  membrane,  and 
a  transference  of  the  egg  from  the  zoa'cium  into  the  ooecium  can  therefore  only 
take  place  by  tiie  egg  iirst  leaving  the  zoa'cium  through  its  aperture  and  after- 
wards entering  the  oa-cium  on  the  withdrawal  of  the  operculum  of  the  latter. 
As  we  have  nowhere  been  able,  except  in  the  above-mentioned  case,  to  find  an 
inner  connection  between  the  zoo^cinm  and  the  ooecium,  we  cannot  doui)t  but 
that  the  egg  elsewhere  always  leaves  the  zooecium  through  its  aperture.  This  is 
undoubtedly  most  evident  in  the  pcristomial  and  the  doul)le-valved  oa'cia,  be- 
cause the  zod'cial  aperture  leads  directly  into  them,  and  the  same  is  the  case 
with  the  ooecia  in  Tbalamoporellii;  but  neither  can  we  in  any  other /^n/ozoo  find 
in  the  relation  between  the  zooecium  and  the  ooecium  any  difficulty  for  such  a 
transference.  Without  entering  in  particulars  I  shall  here  only  state  that  in  all 
the  species  with  ottcia,  examined  by  me,  the  position  of  the  ooecium  in  relation 
to  the  zoo-cial  aperture  is  a  such  that  when  the  operculum  opens  to  a  certain 
extent  the  egg  will  have  no  difficulty  in  reaching  into  the  od'ciuni,  whetber  the 
transference  be  etTected  by  aid  of  tbe  tentacular  sheath  or  by  an  independent 
movement  of  the  egg.  Especially  in  tbe  Ascophora  this  passage  seems  to  be  secured 
in  the  best  possible  way  as  in  most  members  of  this  division  the  zoa>cial  oper- 
culum in  a  certain  position  closes  a  space  which  can  be  looked  upon  as  a 
common  vestibulum  for  the  zooecium  and  the  ooecium,  and  a  completely  covered 
passage  is  thus  formed  between  them.  Least  safe  the  passage  seems  to  be  in  the 
family  Reteporidae  and  the  genus  Exochelht  as  there  is  a  rather  long  way  be- 
tween the  zooecial  aperture,  and  the  oa-cium  and  the  zorecial  operculum  cannot 
close  the  space  between  the  zooecium  and  the  owcium. 

The  systematic  characters  in  the  Cheilostomatous  Bryozoa. 

While  we  sometimes  find  in  the  literature,  as  in  Hi  neks.  Waters,  JuUien 
and  other  writers,  views  concerning  the  larger  or  smaller  value  of  different  syste- 
matic characters,  the  systematic  importance  of  a  single  character  being  some- 
times dealt  with,  sometimes  the  relative  importance  of  several  characters,  yet  any 
connected  or  more  complete  review  is  lacking  of  those  characters,  which  in  the 
present  state  of  our  knowledge  might  be  used  for  systematic  purposes,  as  also  a 
valuation  of  their  relative  importance  based  upon  a  sufficient  number  of  examples 
for  it  is  only  in  this  way,  that  tbe  reader  becomes  able  to  judge  in  the  matter. 
We  shall  endeavour  here  to  give  such  a  review  and  we  shall  first  distinguish 
between  two  dilVerent  categories  of  characters,  namely  the  »colonial»  and  the  »zooe- 
cials  meaning  i)y  tbe  first  those  which  can  be  referred  to  colonial  forms  and  the 

5* 


68 

colony's   composition   of  one   or    more    difTerent,   individual    forms,  while  the  last 
are  those  which  are  found  in  the  structure  of  liie  single  zoo'cia. 

Colonial  form  and  mode  of  growth.  Throughout  the  organic  world  wherever 
single  individuals  are  uniteil  into  colonies  or  in  florescences  we  lind  a  repetition 
of  the  same  colonial  forms  oi'  forms  of  growth.  The  colonies  may  he  incrusling 
or  free  foliaceous  or  branched  in  various  ways,  the  single  indi\i(hials  arranged 
in  one  layer  or  two,  in  one,  two  or  more  rows  etc.,  and  this  harmony  in  Ilie 
outer  arrangement  may  often  produce  a  surprising  likeness  between  animal  forms 
very  different  in  slructure,  occasionally  even  between  certain  animal  and  plant 
forms.  It  is  therefore  easy  to  understand  that  the  lirsl  investigators  of  the  numer- 
ous aggregate  animals  of  the  sea,  the  single  individuals  of  which  only  reveal 
their  peculiarities  on  very  close  examination,  have  tried  to  arrange  this  varie- 
gated multitude  after  likeness  in  the  colonial  form.  We  may  for  example  refer  to 
Ellis'  celebrated  work  on  the  Corallines',  under  which  common  name  be  not 
only  classes  hyilroid  polyps,  Bvijozoa  and  corals,  but  also  certain  calcareous  algae. 
By  and  by  as  knowledge  of  the  single  individuals  of  the  colonies  advanced,  the 
systematic  importance  of  the  colonial  form  becomes  more  and  more  limited,  as 
it  is  gradually  used  for  less  and  less  extensive  systemalic  units,  and  in  the  pre- 
sent day /Jryoroa  system,  which  is  founded  on  Smitt's  and  Hincks'  well-known 
works,  it  occupies  a  very  subordinate  position.  As  there  is  nevertheless  too  much 
importance  still  attached  to  the  colonial  form  as  systematic  character,  not  only 
within  the  Bryozoa,  but  also  within  other  aggregate  animals,  for  instance  the 
hydroid  polyps,  I  do  not  think  it  unnecessary  to  discuss  this  question  here,  and 
I  may  first  quote  some  observations  concerning  this  made  by  Hincks-.  After 
having  spoken  about  the  slight  hel|),  which  the  j)olypide,  and  the  avicularia 
give  us  in  systematic  regards,  he  says:  »There  remain  the  characters  of  the  cell 
itself  and  the  habit  of  growth.  It  can  hardly  be  deemed  doubtful  which  of  Ihem 
should  have  the  |)recedence  in  a  natural  system;  we  may  go  very  much  furlhei-, 
indeed,  and  say  llial  in  such  a  system  the  latter  must  hold  a  very  secondary 
and  subordinate  place.  The  essential  structure  of  the  cell,  as  one  of  the  primary 
zoa'cial  forms,  must  certainly  be  accounted  the  most  imj)ortant  point,  holh  in  it- 
self and  as  a  clue  to  relationship.  The  mere  habit  is,  so  to  speak,  a  suj)erinduced 
condition,  which  may  be  difTerent  in  the  most  nearly  related  and  similar  in  the 
most  divergent  forms;  and  groups  based  on  it,  instead  of  fitting  in  with  natural 
affinities,  are  found  to  traverse  them  at  all  points*.  A  little  further  on'  he  also 
slates:    »In    the  Escharine    group    it   seems   to   me    that    the   families    and   genera 


r.'       '   •>•>.   Introtiiiclioii.   p    CXXVIII,      '   p    CXXX. 


69 

should  l)e  based  almost  wholly  on  the  zoa'cial  characler;  but  I  am  certainly  not 
prepared  to  hold  that  other  structural  elements  should  never  be  taken  into  ac- 
count. The  Flastridae,  which  seem  to  constitute  a  most  natural  grouj),  have  a 
true  Membraniporidan  cell,  and  hold  their  separate  place  by  virtue  of  their 
corneous  and  foliaceous  zoaria<'.  As  a  consequence  of  the  weight  the  writer 
attaches  to  the  colonial  form  in  the  family  Flastridae,  he  refers  an  incrusting 
species  Fliistra  (Memhranipora)  /liistroides  Hincks,  which  in  its  essential  characters 
is  a  Fliistra,  to  Meinbivtnipora  at  the  same  time  that  he  indicates  in  its  specific 
name  its  likeness  or  relationship  to  other  Fliislra  species.  Gemelhiria  is  also  a 
genus,  which  in  Hincks  is  based  essentially  on  the  colonial    form. 

A.  M.  Norman'  takes  up  a  somewhat  similar  standpoint  to  that  of  Hincks, 
which  he  expresses  as  follows:  »It  has  been  argued  by  recent  writeis  that  the 
form  which  a  colony  of  a  polyzoon  belonging  to  the  Cheilostomala  assumes  is  of 
no  moment  in  generic  character.  Electro  piloxn  lends  strong  support  to  this 
view.  Yet  it  is  a  view  nevertheless  in  which  I  am  not  prepared  in  all  cases  to 
acquiesce.  The  zon?cial  characters  are  unquestionably  all  important,  hut  no  lasting 
classification  can  be  based  on  any  part  of  the  zooecium,  whether  it  be  the  mouth- 
o])ening,  wall,  rosette-plates  or  anything  else.  Why  also  in  all  instances  is  the 
ultimate  growth  and  form  of  the  zoarium  to  be  excluded  from  generic  character 
among  certain  families  of  the  Cheilostomatu,  and  at  the  same  time  to  be  recogni- 
zed among  the  Cyclostomata  and  Ctenostomata,  and  even  other  groups  of  the 
Cheilostomatd'!  This  is  surely  scarcely  consistent.  In  some  instances,  as  for  example 
in  Electra  pilosa,  the  form  of  the  colony  is  of  no  generic  and  specific  value,  but 
in  other  cases  it  may  be  and,  I  believe,  is«.  To  judge  from  this  statement  this 
writer  seems  more  inclined  than  Hincks  to  use  the  colonial  form  as  a  .syste- 
matic character,  and  this  appears  also  in  his  last  paper'  on  the  Brijozoct,  since 
he  here  maintains  the  old  Fliistra  genus  Cnrhasea  rejected  by  Hincks,  which  is 
only  based  on  the  fact  that  the  colony  has  a  single  layer.  There  is  of  course  no 
doubt,  that  any  character  constantly  appearing  in  a  systematic  division  must 
be  regarded  as  being  of  systematic  value,  and  the  same  must  also  be  the  case 
with  the  colonial  form.  Wherever  therefore  this  appears  constantly  within  a  genus 
or  family  it  ought  to  be  emphasized  in  the  diagnosis.  But  the  proof  that  the 
respective  genus  or  family  is  a  natural  one  is  only  given  when  evidence  has  been 
obtained  of  sufficiently  great  agreement  between  the  single  species  in  regard  to 
the  structure  of  the  colonial  individuals,  since  for  instance  the  same  form  of 
colony   may  appear  in  the  Brijozoa  not  only  within  the  three  natural  main  divi- 


82,   p.   122.      '  8,'!,   p.   581. 


70 

sions:  Clieilostoimitd,  Ciicldstoinald  and  (Itenoslomatd,  ))iil  in  the  first  division  also 
within  a  scries  of  widely  dilTerent  families  and  genera.  Thus  the  nel-like  connec- 
tion of  the  hranches  of  the  colony,  so  common  in  the  family  Retci)t>ri(l(ie,  we 
also  find  in  several  Ciiclosloinata  {ReiicuUimni,  livlicrisina,  Retihornerd),  in  several 
species  of  the  family  AdeonUUie  (e.  g.  in  Ailcona  (irisca,  A.  dppemliculitld,  A.WUsnni), 
in  the  species  of  Ri'lijhixlra  as  also  m  Mciiihrdniixira  sigilldtd^  i\nd  Pelrdlia  iiiidata. 
A  colony  consisting  of  cylindrical,  or  })olygonal  internodes  generally  connected 
by  flexible  chitinous  bells  is  found  in  such  widely  difTerent  forms  as  most  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Celhildrid,  species  of  the  genus  Tnhiuelldrid,  the  species  of  the 
genera  Fdrciniiiiaria  and  Nellia,  Microporiiia  borcdlis,  Schizuporella  ininiersd  and 
species  of  the  Ctenoslome  genus  Fliistrella  (Fl.  dichotoma  and  Fl.  Binder!).  We 
have  here  only  mentioned  some  of  the  most  peculiar  forms  of  colony;  for  of  the 
more  common,  e.  g.  free  colonies  with  Ihxt  branches,  we  might  cite  numerous 
examples.  This  colonial  form  is  the  most  prominent  in  the  families  Fliislri<lae 
and  Bicellariidde,  and  the  particular  stress  which  has  been  laid  on  the  colonial 
form,  as  far  as  the  first  family  is  concerned,  has,  as  we  shall  see  later,  resulted 
in  several  members  of  the  family  Bicellariidde  being  described  under  the  name  of 
Flustra.  Just  as  the  same  form  of  colony  may  on  the  one  hand  appear  within 
widely  different  families  and  genera,  it  is  on  the  other  hand  not  always  constant 
even  within  the  species,  and  numerous  sj)ecies  can  appear  in  two  or  three  difTe- 
rent forms  of  growth.  The  colonial  form  can  therefore  not  at  all  he  used  as  a 
specific  character  with  certainty.  One  of  the  species  which  otTers  the  most 
striking  example  of  variation  in  regard  to  form  of  growth  is  Electra  jiilo.sd.  While 
this  sjiecies  is  at  our  coasts  only  known  in  an  incrusting  state,  Norman  has 
found  it  in  the  Throndhjcm  Fjord  growing  in  free  colonies  of  very  difTerent 
shape,  sometimes  with  tiie  zooecia  in  one  row,  sometimes  in  two,  sometimes  with 
F/iis/ra-like  or  (^elliilarid-Vike  branches,  and  this  author  gives  altogether  10  diffe- 
rent forms  of  growth  for  this  species.  Tiie  following  may  be  mentioned  as  ex- 
amples of  species,  which  appear  not  only  incrusting,  but  also  in  free,  foliaceous, 
one-  or  two-layered  colonies:  Membranipora  arcticd,  ThaUimoporeUa  Rozieri.  Th. 
liotichd,  SteijctnofMrella  Biiski,  St.  mafinilahris,  St.  tnincala.  Leprdlid-  I'dlldsiana, 
Smittiiid  folidceu,  C.heilopura  sinceru,  Discupora  pavonellu,  Disc,  scdbrd,  Disc,  plicata, 
Escharella  lubiatu.  Disc.  Sarsii,  /i.sc/i.  rosacea,  Porella  struma,  Porella  compressa, 
Porelld  Skcnei,  Smiltiiia  Irisfiino.sd,  Sin.  Ldnsborovi.  The  question,  how  far  it  would 
be  correct  in  any  case  to  limit  a  species,  genus  or  family  from  one  or  .several 
others   only    on    the    basis   of  difference    in    the  colonial    form,    must  therefore  be 

'  io:i.  p.  s. 


71 

answered  absolutely  i"  Hie  negative,  as  agreement  in  regard  lo  the  I'orm  of  colony, 
according  lo  the  data  given  above  does  not  give  anj'  guarantee  for  real  rela- 
tionship. 

When  Norman  points  out  the  inconsistency  of  rejecting  the  form  of  colony 
as  a  systematie  character  in  the  Cheilnstomata  though  it  is  used  in  the  Cijclo- 
stomata  and  CJenostonuthi,  we  must  remark  that  as  the  zooecia  within  the  division 
of  the  Cyclosloiudld  have  nearly  the  same  structure,  it  has  been  necessary  to 
choose  the  characters  from  the  way  in  which  these  zorecia  are  arranged.  I  do 
not  doubt  however  that  the  classification  of  the  Cijclostoinata  also  requires  reform. 
I  shall  not  in  this  work  enter  further  into  this  question  however,  but  only  men- 
tion as  an  example  that  a  new  species  from  tlie  Danish  cretaceous  formation 
Diastopora  carinata,  may  appear  both  as  round  discs  and  as  free  cylindrical  stems, 
which  sometimes  have  a  wide  inner  cavitj',  sometimes  an  axial  canal,  fine  as 
hair.  This  species  may  thus  be  referred  both  to  Diastopora  and  to  Canaria.  An- 
otiier  species,  Diastopora  conij)ressa,  occurs  both  as  unilamellate  and  as  bilamel- 
lata  expansions,  and  would  consequently  be  referred  to  Diastopora  as  well  as  to 
Mesenteripora,  the  latter  of  which  genera  Pergens  even  refers  to  another  family. 
On  the  whole,  the  classification  seems  to  me  more  natural  within  the  Cteiwsto- 
ludta.  For  the  rest,  in  dealing  with  the  classification  it  is  impossible  to  be  consi- 
stent in  the  sense  that  we  must  everywhere  attach  the  same  value  to  the  same 
structural  feature.  It  proves  on  the  contrary  that  the  same  structural  feature  in 
difTerent  systematic  divisions  can  have  a  very  difTerenl  systematic  importance, 
so  that  characters  which  are  constant  in  one  genus  or  family  in  other  corre- 
sponding divisions  are  not  always  constant  even  within  the  species. 

The  occurrence  of  one  or  several  forms  of  individuals  in  the  colony. 

The  fact,  that  a  colony  can  contain  one  or  more  forms  of  individuals,  which 
are  absent  in  another,  does  not  exclude  the  possibility,  that  the  two  colonies  can 
belong  to  the  same  genus,  or  even  to  the  same  species.  Considering  first  of  all 
the  hetcrozocEcia,  their  occurrence  in  manj'  cases  is,  as  known,  very  inconstant 
within  the  family,  genus  or  species,  because  they  can  be  absent  in  more  or  fewer 
genera  within  the  family,  and  in  more  or  fewer  species  within  the  genus.  Even 
within  the  species  their  appearance  is  often  inconstant,  and  we  may  cite  the 
following  species  as  examples,  in  which  they  can  sometimes  be  absent,  some- 
times present:  Schizoporella  unicornis,  Sch.  sangvinea,  Escharina  s(/)i/)/e.r,  E.  Alderi, 
^Lepralia'^  Pallasiana,  L.  pertusa,  L.  edax  and  Discopora  verrucosa.  We  can  there- 
fore not  base  a  genus,  nor  even  a  species  on  the  presence  or  absence  alone  of 
heterozocecia.    On  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  whole  series  of  families  and  genera. 


72 

in  which  the  helerozooecia  are  either  constantly  occturing  or  always  absent  anil 
in  that  case  their  appearance  or  absence  will  help  to  characterize  the  repective 
families  or  genera.  For  instance  the  absence  of  avicularia  is  to  such  a  degree 
bound  up  with  the  notion  Electra,  that  the  discovery  of  an  avicuhiria-bearing /i/ec/ra 
species  would  rightly  be  looked  upon  as  very  remarkable.  We  may  mention  the 
Adeonidae,  Catenariidae,  Celleporidae,  Holoporellidite  and  Tbalamoporellidac  as  ex- 
amples of  families  with  constantly  occurring  avicularia,  while  these  are  absent 
in  the  Aeleidae  and  Steyanoj)(>rellid(ie.  They  appear  for  instance  constantly  in  the 
genera  Callopord  and  Exuchella,  while  they  are  absent  in  the  genera  Membrani- 
poru  (s.  str.)  and  Electra. 

The  oci'cia  present  a  similar  inconstancy  in  their  occurrence  to  the  hetero- 
zoo'cia,  as  they  are  (juite  absent  in  a  number  of  families  (e.  g.  Adeonidae.  Slegano- 
porellidae  and  Aeteidcie),  genera  (e.  g.  He<ini(t,  Meiubraitiporu  (s.  st.)  Cupid<tri(i  and 
Lunularid)  and  species,  and  in  many  sjiecies  they  ap])ear  very  inconstantly  and 
by  no  means  in  all  the  colonies.  For  instance,  in  Discopora  uerrucosa  we  only 
find  ocecia  in  the  colonics  from  deeper  water,  never  in  coastal  forms.  There- 
fore a  genus  or  species  cannot  be  based  only  on  the  ditlerence,  that  they  have 
or  are  without  ooccia,  whereas  a  constant  occurrence  of  these  formations  can  be 
used  as  an  auxiliary  character.  What  has  been  said  about  the  systematic  value 
of  the  fact,  that  heterozocecia  or  ooecia  occur  in  a  species,  genus  or  family,  does 
not  exclude  the  different  structure  of  the  heterozocecia  and  the  otecia  from  having 
a  great  systematic  importance  and  we  shall  discuss  this  matter  further  in  the 
following  sections. 

With  regard  to  the  kenozooecia,  their  systematic  impDrtance  is  very  diverse, 
and  the  small  triangular  spaces  for  instance,  which  appear  between  the  zou'cia 
in  different  forms,  are  not  always  constant  in  the  species.  This  applies  for  ex- 
ample to  Membranipora  Lacroixi.  That  the  so-called  radical  fibres,  which  serve  to 
fasten  freely  growing  colonies  of  less  solid  materials,  only  have  a  very  slight  system- 
atic importance,  is  evident,  partly  from  Ihe  fact  that  they  are  found  in  so  many 
families  (c.  g.  Flustridae,  Bicellariidae,  Cellidariidae,  Scrnpocellariidde,  Cotenariidae 
etc.),  partly  because  their  occurrence  is  dependent  on  the  free  condition  of  the 
colony,  which  has  no  systematic  importance.  We  may  give  here  a  few  examples 
to  show  that  the  radical  fibres  can  be  present  or  absent  in  forms  of  growth  of 
the  same  species  as  well  as  within  closely  related  species.  Such  radical  fibres 
can  for  example  be  found  in  Stej/anoporella  neozekinica,  which  occurs  in  pillar- 
shaped  trunks,  while  they  are  absent  in  an  incrusting  form,  which  Harmer 
considers  as  a  variety,  var.  magnified,  of  the  same  species.  A  similar  relation  is 
found  between  the  freely  growing  species:   Microporella  fldbellaris  and  Mic.  margi- 


73 

iiula  and  llie  iiicrusting  Micr.  cilidtct  us  well  as  between  a  (Veely  growing,  richly 
branched  Japanese  Micropnrella  wliich  is  closely  related  to  M.  Mdlusi,  and  the 
last-mentioned,  as  a  rule  incrusting  species.  Genera  based  on  the  presence  of 
radical  fibres  (e.  g.  Craspedozoiiin,  Fliislrainorplui)  will  for  these  reasons  be  just 
as  artificial  as  genera  based  on  the  lorni  of  the  colony,  but  this  does  not  ex- 
clude that  differences  in  the  appearance  of  the  radical  fibres  may  sometimes  be 
of  use  as  auxiliary  characters,  e.  g.  in  some  genera  of  the  family  Bicellariidae. 
A  much  greater  systematic  importance  must  be  given  to  the  flat  kenozooecia, 
which  in  all  freely  growing  Releporidac  not  only  form  the  incrusting  part  of  the 
colony  but  also  a  covering  of  its  basal  (as  a  rule  the  outer)  suiface.  Although 
on  account  of  their  position  they  can  only  occur  in  freely  growing  species,  they 
are  namely  characteristic  for  the  family  Heteporidae,  and  are  found  in  all  members 
of  this  family,  occurring  as  free  colonies.  A  still  greater  systematic  importance  is 
held  by  the  lateral  chambers,  so  characteristic  of  the  family  Catenariidae,  which 
may  appear  in  each  zooecium  up  to  four  in  number  on  each  side,  and  which 
besides  the  imj)ortance  they  have  for  the  distinction  of  the  family  also  in  many 
cases  offer  good  generic  and  specific  characters. 

The  Heterozooecia,  as  is  known,  may  sometimes  occur  independent  or  vicarious, 
taking  the  place  of  a  zocrcium  in  the  colony,  sometimes  dependent  and  situated 
on  the  zoa'cia,  and  in  the  last  case  they  may  in  one  way  be  regarded  as  organs 
belonging  to  these.  The  vibracles,  which  appear  on  the  basal  wall  in  Caberea  and 
other  genera  of  the  family  ScnipoceUariidne,  occupy  a  peculiar  intermediate  posi- 
tion between  the  independent  and  dependent  heterozooecia ;  for  while  in  other 
cases  the  latter  are  always  connected  with  the  zocecia  by  a  common  wall,  these 
vibracles  have  an  independent  basal  wall,  and  can  therefore  be  separated  from 
the  zocecia.  The  ditTerence  between  independent  and  dependent  heterozoa^cia  is 
of  systematic  interest,  in  that  certain  systematic  divisions  (families  and  genera) 
only  have  independent  heterozoa'cia,  others  only  dependent,  while  again  others 
present  both  kinds,  not  seldom  in  such  a  way  that  they  occur  together.  The 
independent  Iieterozoojcia  have  their  main  extension  in  the  division  Amiska, 
where  thev'  appear  unmixed  in  the  families:  Flustridae,  Cellidariidae  and  Tlmlamo- 
porellidtw,  l)esides  in  the  genera  Ouijchocella,  Scleuaria,  Cjipiddrin  and  Liuuildria: 
The  majority  of  the  Membraniporinn  and  (jibrilinci  forms  may  have  dependent 
heterozocEcia,  though  independent  ones  do  appear  in  not  a  small  number  of 
species,  e.  g.  in  Membraniporinn  crassimarijinattt,  M.  cnrniyera,  M.  pijruhi,  M.  plana, 
M.  velaUt  and  in  Figulinu  (igidaris.  While  all  the  other  species  of  the  genus 
Callopora  have  dependent  heterozooecia,  we  find  at  the  same  time  independent  in 
C.   craticula.    Independent    heterozooecia    seem    to    occur    in    all    members    of   the 


74 

laiiiily  Adeoniildf  williiii  llic  division  Ascoiiliora,  l)iil  ns  a  rule  together  with  de- 
pendent ones.  Othei'wise  they  :ij)pear  very  seldom  in  this  division,  and  are  for 
instance  found  in  Schizoporclld  sixukjUcs.  Arlhicjioiud  C.ecili,  var.,  Schizothecci  fissn  and 
Chorizoponi  BrniKju uiiii. 

The  most  important  dilTerenee  in  slrueture,  whieh  the  heterozotreia  present 
in  systematic  regard  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  calcareous  transverse  bar 
between  the  o|)ercular  and  the  subopercular  area.  It  is  namely,  except  in  a  lew 
cases,  absent  in  the  division  Aiuiska,  and,  except  in  the  family  Adeonidac  and 
LeieHchura  crnslacea,  it  is  found  everywhere  in  the  division  Ascophoni.  The  ab- 
sence of  such  a  transvei'se  bar  in  '■Lepr(ili<i«  Poissoni  and  in  Doriiporclhi  sjHilhiili- 
fcra  makes  it  j)robal)]e  that  these  forms  belong  to  the  division  Anaska.  On  the 
contrary  the  difference  between  the  avicularium  and  the  vibracnium,  has  gener- 
ally taken  no  real  systematic  importance,  and  the  same  heterozott'ciuni  may 
appear  in  the  same  genus,  even  occasionally  in  the  same  species,  sometimes  as 
an  avicularium,  sometimes  as  a  \ibraculum.  This  is  the  case  e.  g.  in  Microporella 
ciliata,  and  the  genus  Microporella  as  well  as  the  genus  Escluirina  may  serve  as 
examj)les  of  such  a  variable  develo|)ment  of  the  two  heterozoa>cial  forms.  While 
the  hcterozod'cia  within  the  division  Ascophora,  where  Ihej'  are  mostly  developed 
as  avicularia,  only  very  seldom  show  so  great  a  modification  in  their  structure 
that  it  can  be  used  by  the  separation  of  families  and  genera,  there  is  a  much 
larger  diversity  in  the  structure  of  the  heterozorecia  in  the  division  Anaskti,  and 
most  of  the  heterozooecia,  which  by  their  {)eculiarities  help  to  characterize  the 
families  and  genera,  are  vibracles.  While  the  peculiar,  freely  moveable,  bird- 
headed  avicularia  are  characteristic  of  the  family  IVuellnriidac,  we  lind  more  or 
less  peculiar  vibracle  forms  in  the  genera  Caberca,  Scrupocellaria,  Oiujclwcella, 
Selei}(iri<t,  Cupularut  and  Liuiul(iri<i.  The  avicularia  in  the  family  Aileanidae  have 
a  great  systematic  interest,  as  they  not  only  differ  from  the  avicularia  in  all 
other  Ascoj)lior(t  by  lacking  the  above-mentioned  transverse  bar,  but  they  also 
show  a  constant  character  in  the  avicularia  mandible,  which  is  provided  wilh  a 
muscular  process  on  each  side  at  the  proximal  part.  The  occlusor  muscles  may 
also  present  differences,  as  they  are  as  a  rule  double,  more  seldom  single,  and 
this  is  just  the  case  in  the  Adeonidae. 

The  ooecia,  as  we  have  already  noticed,  appear  in  a  series  of  widely  different 
types,  of  which  again  a  single  one  (the  hyperstomial)  shows  fairly  considerable 
modifications.  Although  their  systematic  imj)ortancc  is  rather  diminished  by  their 
inconstant  apj)earance  I  must  yet  look  upon  them  as  some  of  the  most  im{)orlant 
formations  in    systematic    regard,    and    there  is  no  doid)t  that  they  are  far  more  im- 


75 

porliuil  than  the  helerozoa'cia.  While  these  very  seldom  present  family  or  generic 
c-haraclers  and  it  is  for  instance  unusual  to  meet  such  peculiar,  or  in  their 
character  so  constant,  avicularia  as  those  we  find  in  the  families  Bicellariidae 
and  Adeonidae,  the  oa'cia  in  most  families  and  in  a  number  of  genera  present 
systematic  characters  of  greater  or  less  importance.  We  might  here  recall  the 
oci'cial  structure  in  the  families  Fliislridae,  Farciminariidae,  Bicellariidae,  Cellnla- 
riidae,  Thidamopovellidae,  Catenariidae,  Hippothoidae,  TubiicelUiriidae,  Onchoporellidae, 
Alysidiidae,  etc.  The  most  widely  distributed  oa'cial  type  is  the  hyperstomial, 
which  again  may  present  a  series  of  different  modifications.  While  thus  the 
od'cia  in  the  Bicellariidae  and  Releporidae  are  free,  they  are  as  a  rule  connected 
with  the  zofccium  in  the  larger  part  of  their  basal  wall.  Other  dilTerences  are; 
that  the  ectoooecium  may  be  membranous  or  calcareous,  and  that  the  calcareous 
surface  of  the  occcium  may  be  entire  or  provided  with  pores,  though  the  last- 
mentioned  characters  are  not  of  the  same  use  everywhere  and  present  many 
exceptions.  While  the  ectooa-cium  in  the  genus  Scrupocelhiria  may  sometimes  be 
entire  and  sometimes  with  pores,  it  is  generally  provided  with  pores  in  the 
genera  CeUepora,  Discopora,  Hippothoa  and  Siuittina,  and  only  a  very  few  species 
are  exceptions  from  this  rule.  In  the  large  family  Releporidae  the  ooecia  are 
either  entire  or  provided  with  a  linear  or  three-foliate  Fissure,  and  only  one 
single  species  is  further  provided  with  a  few  scattered  pores. 

Anatomical  characters.  These  are  the  characters  derived  from  the  organs 
included  in  the  zocecium,  consequently  from  the  polypide,  the  muscles,  the 
compensation-sac,  etc.  The  structure  of  the  polypide  has  up  to  the  present  hardly 
been  subject  to  any  comparative  study  in  the  Cheilostonutta,  and  it  seems  reaso- 
nable to  suppose  that  .such  an  investigation  of  this  division,  just  as  in  the  Cleiw- 
stoinala,  might  show  differences  which  would  be  of  importance  as  distinguishing 
characters.  Thus  certain  Ctenostome  genera  (Botverbankia,  Vesicularia,  Ainatliia), 
as  we  know,  are  remarkable  in  that  they  possess  a  gizzard  while  the  lophophore 
in  Flnslrella  in  contrast  to  the  condition  in  Alciionidium,  is  furnished  with  a  ciliated 
longitudinal  furrow  and  two  vibratory  threads.  That  there  are  also  differences 
in  the  structure  of  the  alimentary  canal  in  the  Cheiloslomata  appears  from  Busk's 
observation,  that  the  coecum  is  absent  in  Urceolipora  nana  and  Carbasea  Moseleiji, 
the  last  species  of  which  no  doubt  also  belongs  to  the  family  Onchoporidae,  in 
the  other  members  of  which  we  should  therefore  find  possibly  the  same  characters. 
The  parietal  muscles  in  the  Clieilostomata  may,  as  is  known,  appear  in  difTerent 
ways.  Whilst  in  the  Malacnstega  they  are  attached  at  one  end  to  the  calcareous 
lateral  walls,  and  at  the  other  to  the  membranous  frontal  wall,   in  the  Ascophora 


76 

tliev  are  allached  lo  Ihe  conipe'n.salioii-.sac,  which  has  arisen  either  as  an  in- 
vagination or  as  an  oulpusliing  from  thai  cover.  In  SteyannporclUt,  ThdUtmoporelUi 
and  Micropnrti  iincifera  they  are  represented  by  a  single  iiundie  on  eadi  side 
reaching  to  the  covering  membrane  through  the  two  openings  (»opesiulae«  Jull.) 
in  the  cryptocyst,  which  appear  in  tlie  forms  mentioned,  and  still  more  remark- 
able is  their  appearance  in  Microporiiui  horcdlis,  as  they  here  unite  the  crypto- 
cyst with  its  covering  membrane  but  are  otherwise,  as  in  Malacoste(j(i,  placed  in 
two  longitudinal  rows.  Waters'  has  pointed  out  another  structure  which  on 
closer  investigation  might  prove  a  tlistinguishing  character,  namely  the  »suboral 
glands*,  which  are  placed  on  each  side  proximally  to  the  operculum.  They  seem 
to  appear  in  most  Ascopbnra,  although  according  to  Waters  they  may  be  absent 
in  some  few  sj)ecies,  as  in  Cheiloponi  sinceni  and  SiuiUiiid  paliuatd,  whilst  up  to 
the  present  they  have  not  been  found  within  the  Anaska.  While  all  the  organs 
mentioned  only  presumably  present  distinguishing  characters,  the  compensation- 
sac  on  the  other  liand  is  an  organ  of  very  great  systematic  importance,  as  it 
is  the  means  of  separating  the  Cheilnsloiiuihi  into  two  main  divisions:  Ascophora 
and  Anaska.  Against  the  common  rule,  it  opens  in  a  number  of  genera  (Micro- 
poreUd,  Iiwersiiila,  Haplapoiud,  Adeniui,  Adeonellnpsis,  Cdlwellid,  Onchoponi,  Oiuho- 
porelld,  Tuhiicelldria)  not  immediately  ])r()ximally  to  the  operculum,  hut  through 
a  median  pore  (the  Ascopore)  further  back,  and  a  number  of  these  forms  (the 
species  of  Haplopoma,  Adeona  and  Adeoncllopsis)  have  been  wrongly  referred  to 
Micro[)()reII)i. 

Calcification.  Though  the  ditference  in  firmness  or  density  of  the  calcareous 
skeleton  can  not  be  expressed  cjuite  exactly  except  by  the  aid  of  chemical  ana- 
lysis, it  is  in  many  cases  already  so  distinct  from  a  general  zoological  examina- 
tion, that  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  good  auxiliary  character  in  the  distinction 
of  a  number  of  families.  We  find  the  weakest  calcification  in  the  families  liircl- 
Iciriidiic  and  Fliistriiilde  in  which  the  frontal  wall  is  wholly  or  mostly  uncalciticd, 
but  on  the  other  hand  in  the  family  Onchoporidae,  the  members  of  which  have 
a  completely  calcified  frontal  wall,  the  calcification  is  not  mucli  more  solid  than 
in  the  BiceUarildde.  The  families  Adeonidde  and  Miiriozoidde  are  diaracterized  bv 
very  thick-walled  zooecia,  while  the  very  firmest  and  hardest  calcareous  substance 
is  undoubtedly  to  be  found  in  the  lieteporidae  and  Sclerodomidae.  The  dilference 
in  regard  to  the  firmness  of  the  calcareous  skeleton  seems  to  be  very  slight 
within    all    natural   families  and  must  therefore  be  regarded  as  a  good  expression 

'  108/ 1 


77 

for  the  lelationship.  On  the  other  hand,  the  mode  of  calcification  seems  to  have 
only  a  slight  systematic  importance,  hecause  it  often  varies,  not  only  within  the 
genus  Init  also  within  the  species  (see  pai;.  fj). 

The  frontal  wall.  As  we  have  already  fully  discussed  the  ditTerences,  which 
occur  ill  llu'  slrucliire  of  the  fronlal  wall  under  the  morphology  of  the  zoa-cium, 
we  may  content  ourselves  hei'c  with  a  brief  reference  to  this  (piestion.  While 
Jul  lien  and  later  Canu  attach  such  a  great  systematic  importance  to  the  crypto- 
cyst,  that  they  on  the  basis  of  it  divide  the  Cheilostomata  into  two  main  divi- 
sions: Diplodenudta  and  Monothtnuthi,  we  can  only  from  the  investigations  we 
have  made  on  its  extension  in  the  difi'erent  families  (see  pag.  13 — 16)  regard  it 
as  an  auxiliary  character.  It  is  for  the  present  not  easy  to  judge  to  what  extent 
it  can  be  used  as  such,  since  in  many  cases  it  is  difficult  to  decide,  whether 
dried  or  even  spirit  Bnjozini  have  a  cryptocyst  or  not.  We  may  for  instance 
mention,  that  out  of  the  whole  material,  which  the  zoological  Museum  of  Copen- 
hagen jiossesses  of  Esclutroides  coccinca,  only  a  very  few  colonies  of  the  genus 
show  a  distinct  covering  membrane.  \\'hile  the  frontal  wall  in  some  forms,  e.  g. 
in  the  species  of  the  genus  Electra,  the  members  of  the  families  Hippolhoidae 
and  Catenariidae  is  only  formed  of  a  gymnocyst,  and  in  others  e.  g.  the  Onijcho- 
cella  species  only  of  a  cryptocyst,  both  modes  of  calcification  are  represented  on 
this  wall  in  most  of  the  Cheilostomata.  The  cryptocyst  shows  a  veiy  remarkable 
condition  in  Steganoporetla  and  Thalamoporella,  as  it  descends  more  or  less  deeply 
into  the  zofficium  through  two  (more  seldom  one  single)  openings  proximally  to 
the  aperture  and  may  even  reach  the  opposite  wall.  Still  more  peculiar  is  the 
condition  it  shows  in  the  genera  Cellularia  and  Membranicellaria,  because  the 
surface  of  the  colony  is  divided  by  a  network  of  ridges  into  a  number  of  areas, 
which  do  not  correspond  at  all  with  the  real  zott'cia.  We  have  also  seen  that 
the  calcification  of  the  frontal  wall  may  take  place  to  a  very  varying  extent,  so 
that  we  can  find  all  possible  transitions  between  a  cpute  uncalcified  and  a  (|uite 
calcified  fronlal  wall,  and  the  characters  derived  from  the  dillerent  extension  of 
the  calcification  are  therefore  more  or  less  relative. 

The  pores.  I  have  already  called  attention  to  the  fact,  that  a  number  of  the 
so-called  pores  seem  to  have  a  similar  structure  to  that  of  the  rosette-plates;  but 
as  time  and  material  have  not  allowed  me  to  carry  through  such  an  examina- 
tion everywhere,  I  shall  here  under  the  name  of  pores  include  all  [)ore-like 
foruialions,  which  in  contrast  to  the  rosette-plates  are  situated  on  free  surfaces. 
The  pores  are  certainly  amongst  the  formations,  which  have  the  least  systematic 
importance,    because    in    most    families   and    genera  where    they    ajjpear,    they   are 


78 

subject  to  gient  variation  in  occurrence.  This  does  not  exclude  the  possibility 
however  that  in  a  number  of  cases  they  may  be  good  auxiliary  characters.  As 
a  rule  the  pores  are  absent  in  the  division  Maktcoslega.  where  they  no  doubt  are 
replaced  by  the  membranous  frontal  area.  In  most  species  of  the  genus  Electra 
however,  we  find  pore-like  spots  which  in  reality  are  only  thin  places  in  the 
gymnocysl.  On  the  other  hand,  we  find  pores  in  most  other  CheUosloinnla,  but 
they  are  constantly  absent  in  the  zotrcia  of  the  genera  Cellulariu,  Hippothoa,  Chorizo- 
pora  and  Eiithyroicles.  They  appear  generally  only  on  the  frontal  wall,  and  on  the 
basal  wall  only  in  the  families  Eiithi]ridae  and  Petraliidae,  the  latter  family  of 
which  mainly  embraces  free  forms  with  one  layer,  and  the  basal  wall  is  very 
often  furnished  with  one  or  a  few  pore-chambers,  more  rarely  with  scattered  pores. 
The  pores  on  the  frontal  wall  may  appear  as  marginal  pores,  or  as  scattered; 
but  this  separation  is  not  always  sharp,  because  the  marginal  pores  may  appear 
in  several  rows,  and  thus  gradually  extend  over  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the 
surface,  and  cpiite  apart  from  this  transitional  state  the  ])ores  in  several  species 
may  appear  sometimes  as  marginal  sometimes  as  scattered  pores.  Tliis  is  for  in- 
stance the  case  in  Porella  concinnu,  Escharina  Hijudmanm  and  Haplopoma  impressa. 
We  may  cite  the  Steganoporellidae,  Thalamoporellidae,  Petraliidae,  Hippnpodin'uUte 
and  Microporelld  as  examples  of  families  and  genera  in  which  scattered  pores 
appear  constantly,  while  the  pores  are  more  variable  in  their  occurrence  within 
the  genera  Escharello,  Escharoides  and  Smitlina,  as  well  as  in  the  family  Adeoni- 
dae.  In  the  families  Reteporidae,  Celleporidae  and  HoloporeUidae  we  find  as  a  rule 
a  verj'  small  number  of  pores,  which  are  mostly  situated  on  the  marginal  por- 
tion of  the  zooecium,  and  in  the  family  Onchoporidae  we  have  external  rosette- 
plates  appearing  in  small  number  in  the  distal  half  of  the  zoo'cium. 

The  spines  in  regard  to  their  systematic  importance  may  be  compared  with 
the  pores,  and  their  occurrence  shows  a  similar  lack  of  constancy.  From  their 
shape  and  structure  we  can  distinguish  between  jointed  and  nnjointed,  single  and 
branched  spines.  The  joints  seem  only  to  be  a  practical  arrangement,  to  enable 
longer  spines  to  better  resist  pressure  and  blows,  and  as  a  rule  consist  in  the 
spine  at  the  proximal  part  being  I'lirnislied  with  a  chitinized  belt  which  gives  it 
a  certain  flexibility.  In  specially  long  spines  such  joints  may  be  repeated  up  to 
nine  limes,  and  such  articulated  spines  have  thus  a  certain  resemblance  to  the 
antenna'  of  many  insects.  They  occur  rather  seldom  and  are  only  found  in  a 
number  of  Retepora  species,  in  Escharello  diapluina  (Fl.  XVII,  fig.  1  a)  as  also  in 
the  species  of  the  genus  Exochella.  All  short  spines  are  on  llie  oilier  liarxl  nn- 
jointed. More  or  less  strongly  branched  spines  are  also  very  rare  and  can  be 
found   in  single,    double   or  still    larger   numbers   in  various   families  and  genera. 


79 

In  the  genus  Electra  the  median  acropetal  spine  is  much  branched  in  E.  helliila, 
while  the  peculiar  unilateral  covering  spine,  which  appears  in  the  family  Scrupo- 
cellariidae  is  branched  in  a  number  of  species,  as  in  Scriipocellaria  reptans  and 
Menipea  (uulcala.  Further,  branched  oral  and  marginal  spines  appear  in  larger 
or  smaller  nundier  in  Mcnihrdniporina  cornujcra,  M.  protecla,  in  several  varieties 
of  Microporelld  Maliisi,  in  two  species  of  the  genus  Clutpeiid  {(I.  (iiiniiliis  and  C. 
cerincornis),  in  Hiunlupora  radicifcra  and  in  some  Species  of  the  family  Cribrilini- 
dne.  The  differences  mentioned  in  the  shape  of  the  spine  have,  as  will  be  seen 
from  the  given  examples,  generally  a  very  slight  systematic  importance,  and  are 
not  even  always  an  expression  for  a  difference  of  species,  hi  the  same  way  as 
there  is  hardly  any  family  or  genus,  except  those  very  poor  in  species,  in  which 
all  the  members  have  spines,  so  there  are  hardly  many  species,  in  wliich  the 
number  of  spines  is  constant,  and  in  many  cases  the  variation  is  very  consider- 
able. We  may  give  here  a  few  instances  of  the  variation  in  number  of  the  spines 
in  genus  and  species,  hi  Smitlina  the  number  varies  between  0  and  8,  in  Escha- 
rvlUi  between  0  and  10,  in  Chaperia  between  0  and  8  and  in  Callopora  between 
0  and  13.  hi  Electra  inonostacljiis  the  number  varies  between  1  and  18,  and  even 
the  one  is  not  always  present,  in  E.  pilosa  between  4  and  12,  in  Callopora  liiiealu 
between  B  and  12,  and  in  Biujulu  Murraijana  between  3  and  8.  hi  discussing  the 
systematic  importance  of  the  spines,  we  must  still  notice  that  the  family  Cribri- 
linidae  is  based  solely  on  the  mutual  relation  of  the  marginal  spines,  and  that  a 
plate-shaped  or  branched  covering  spine  only  appears  in  the  family  Scrupocellarii- 
dae.  To  this  we  must  still  add  that  this  spine  is  far  from  being  found  in  all  the 
species  of  the  family,  and  that  the  family  Cribrilinidae  is  undoubtedly  not  a 
natural  one.  hi  contrast  to  the  generally  great  inconstancy  and  variation  of  the 
spines,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  marginal  spines  are  always  lacking  in  numer- 
ous families,  which  are  mostly  rich  in  species,  e.  g.  Farciniinariidae,  Cellulariidae, 
Sleiianopori'lUdne,  Thalamoporellidae,  Adeonidni-,  Calcnariidae,  C.clleporidae,  Hippo- 
Ihuidae,  Myiiozoidae  and   Tubucclbiriidae. 

Finally,  we  may  briefly  refer  to  a  new  Callopora  species,  from  the  F'ieroes, 
which  apparently  shows  the  largest  amount  of  variations  in  the  numtjer,  struc- 
ture and  mutual  relation  of  the  spines,  which  have  yet  been  found  in  any  Bripzoa. 
While  some  zoa'cia  only  have  4  short  spines,  others  have  a  veiy  varying  number 
of  longer  ones,  which  sometimes  have  the  same  breadth  in  their  whole  length, 
sometimes  the  tip  expanded  or  bifurcated.  These  longer  spines  in  more  or  fewer 
zooecia  may  be  united  with  one  another  to  form  a  cover,  pierced  by  transver.se 
furrows,  just   as  we   lind   in   the  species  of  the  genus  Membraiiiporelld. 

The  primary  aperture.    In  a  nundier  of  species  we  meet  two  ditferenl  forms 


80 

of  zooecial  apertures,  and  most  of  these  cases  appear  in  ocecium-bearing  species, 
the  ocecium-bearing  zoctcia  liaving  anotlier  form  of  the  aperture  from  the  others. 
rThis  condition  occurs  for  example  in  most  species  of  llie  family  Catendriidae,  the 
species  of  Ihe  genus  Hippolhou,  in  (UihriliiKi  clithridiatd  Waters,  '■Schizoiiorclht' 
filucincta  Rss.,  ^Sch."  siibinimersa  Mac  Gill,  Scli.  spomjitefi  Pall,  » Lepral ia -^  bislaln 
Waters,  etc.  We  also  find  two  different  forms  of  zooecial  aperture  in  a  smaller 
number  of  species  which  have  no  ocrcia,  for  instance  in  a  number  of  Stegano- 
porelUi  species,  in  Eiithyris  obtecta,  Eiith.  cUithritla  and  ■^Lepraluf  depressa.  Apart 
from  these  cases,  the  form  of  the  aperture  is  constant  within  the  same  colony, 
and  in  the  main  constant  within  the  species,  though  now  and  tJien  it  may  show 
distinct  variations  in  colonies  from  different  places.  This  last  condition  is  found 
for  example  in  Scluzojiorelhi  sponyitcs  (PI.  XVIII,  fig.  4  c,  d).  On  the  other  hand, 
the  form  of  the  aperture  may  have  a  rather  different  character  in  species,  be- 
longing to  the  same  natural  genus,  and  we  may  mention  here  some  examples. 
In  species  of  the  genus  Thcdanwporclht  (Pis.  VI,  VI  a,  VI  b,  VI  c)  we  frecjuently  find  a 
more  or  less  sharply  marked,  wider  or  narrower,  roimded  sinus,  but  it  is  at 
times  so  faintly  marked,  that  the  aperture  becomes  irregularly  circular  and  in  a 
few  species  it  is  provided  with  a  straight  or  almost  straight  proximal  edge: 
.  Within  the  genus  Haswellia  an  oral  sinus  is  lacking  in  H.  yracilis  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  1  b), 
while  it  is  distinctly  developed  in  the  other  species  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  2  b),  and  there 
is  a  sinus  in  Exochella  tricmpin  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  9  b),  which  is  wanting  in  E.  longi- 
rostris  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  6  b).  The  form  of  the  aperture  also  undergoes  a  somewhat 
considerable  variation  within  the  genus  Sniittina,  as  it  sometimes  has  a  more  or 
less  distinctly  rounded  sinus,  sometimes  is  irregularly  circular  or  quadrangularly 
rounded. 

While  the  examples  mentioned,  which  might  easily  be  added  to,  make  it  al- 
ready very  doubtful,  if  it  is  right  to  attach  the  great  systematic  importance  to 
the  form  of  the  aperture,  which  SinilL,  Hincks  and  other  authors  do,  this  doubt 
is  further  strengthened  when  we  examine  the  whole  extent  of  the  dilferences, 
which  the  form  of  the  aperture  can  [)resent  within  the  (^heilostome  Bnjozoa,  and 
the  appearence  of  the.se  different  forms  of  the  aperture  within  a  series  of  natural 
families. 

We  can  refer  the  numerous  forms  of  aperture  to  two  diiTerenl  types,  which 
however  in  reality  grade  evenly  into  one  another,  and  which  we  may  call  the 
»holostonie«  and  the  »schizostome«.  The  holostome  aperture  may  have  the  form  of 
one  continuous  line  of  different  shape  (circular,  oval,  transversely  o\al),  in  which 
ca.se  the  boundary  between  the  distal  (the  anter)  and  the  proximal  (the  jjoster) 
part  of  the  edge  of  the  aperture  cannot   be  defined   by   the  aid  of  the  form  of  the 


81 

aperture  itself  but  either  by  the  aid  of  hinge-leelh,  or  where  such  are  missing 
by  the  points  of  suspension  of  tlic  operculum.  Again,  the  edge  of  the  aperture 
is  divided  naturally  into  two  different  portions,  a  distal  and  a  proximal,  which 
meet  at  an  angle  on  each  side.  The  distal  portion  then  generally  forms  a  larger, 
more  convex  curve,  the  lateral  parts  of  which  may  be  parallel,  converging  or 
diverging,  while  in  the  proximal,  smaller  j)ortion  we  find  all  possible  conditions 
between  a  curve  and  a  straight  line.  A  review  of  a  large  series  of  holoslome 
apertures  shows  us  that  forms  of  apertures  such  as  the  circular,  the  elliptic,  the 
semicircular,  etc.  are  mutually  connected  by  such  a  number  of  transitions,  that 
it  is  quite  hopeless  to  base  a  systematic  division  only  on  the  form  of  the  primary 
aperture.  In  his  well-known  Monograph  Hincks'  uses  the  following  designations 
for  the  form  of  the  aperture  in  the  holostome  genera  described  by  him:  "semi- 
circular«  (Chorizopora,  Microporella,  I'oielln),  more  or  less  semicircular*  (Phylactella), 
^semicircular  or  suborbicular<  (Micropora),  »semicircular  or  semielliptical«  (Reteporci), 
»suborbicular  or  semicircular  (Miicionelld),  suborbicular  (Smitli(i),  suborbicular 
or  subquadrangular<^  (Ufuboiu'lhi),  orbicular  or  ranging  from  semicircular  to  semi- 
elliptical«  (PalmiceUaria).  The  designation  >.semicircular«  is  thus  used  to  charac- 
terize the  form  of  the  aperture  in  eight  of  the  ten  genera  here  mentioned,  either 
alone  or  in  connection  with  the  designations:  'suborbiculars  semielliptical  and 
»subquadrangular«,  of  which  the  first  appears  in  the  diagnosis  of  four,  the  second 
of  two  genera.  We  can  easily  see  that  the  differences  in  the  form  of  the  aperture, 
which  Hincks  put  down  for  the  genera  mentioned,  are  loo  vague  and  indefinite 
to  be  of  any  use  in  their  distinction. 

hi  contrast  to  the  holostome  the  schizostome  aperture  has  on  its  proximal 
edge  a  more  or  less  deep  sinus.  If  we  take  our  starting  point  from  a  form  such 
as  Arlbropoma  (Scliizoporella)  Cecili  or  Schizoporclhi  sjionyiles,  in  which  the  sinus 
is  very  narrow,  almost  slit  like,  and  if  we  imagine  this  as  gradually  widening  on 
both  sides,  we  will  have  a  series  of  apertures  with  varying  breadth  of  sinus  until 
at  last  this  disappears,  because  its  sides  run  into  the  lateral  edges  of  the  aperture. 
On  further  extension  the  sinus  becomes  wider  than  the  rest  of  the  ajuMture,  as 
it  is  in  some  of  the  species  referred  to  the  genus  Lepnilui.  Still  this  picture  only 
gives  us  a  fractional  part  of  the  variations,  which  the  schizostome  aperture  in 
reality  presents,  because  a  similar  variation  lakes  place  ])artly  in  the  depth  or 
height  of  the  sinus  partly  in  the  shape  of  its  proximal  rim,  which  uuiy  some- 
times be  straight  and  sometinu-s  uu)re  or  less  curved.  It  is  clear,  IIkiI  the  schizo- 
stome   aperture   otTers    a   far  greater  possibility   for  variations   lii;in   the   holostome, 

')  22. 


82 

because  besides  Ihe  variation  in  the  distal  part  or  the  aperture,  we  also  have  the 
possibility  for  a  so  to  spealv  endless  variation  in  the  extent  and  shaj)e  of  the 
sinus.  That  such  a  variation  is  not  merely  an  abstract  thought  but  really  exists, 
will  be  admitted  by  all  who  on  the  one  hand  have  examined  large  (pianlities  of 
Bryozoa,  and  at  the  same  lime  also  have  studied  the  considerable  literature  on 
this  subject.  The  majority  of  those  species,  which  have  a  schi/oslome  aperture  are 
referred  by  Hi  neks  and  later  writers  to  the  two  genera  SchizoporelUt  and  Lepraliar 
Though  Hincks  considers  them  to  belong  to  two  distinct  families,  it  is  in  many 
cases  a  matter  of  guesswork,  whether  to  class  a  species  to  one  of  Ihe  genera  or 
to  the  other,  because  they  can  only  be  distinguished  by  a  dilVerence  in  the  shape 
of  the  aperture.  Yet  the  diagnoses  of  the  two  genera  seem  to  be  quite  ditTerenl, 
as  a  Schizoporelld  aperture  is  considered  to  have  a  sinus  on  the  proximal  edge, 
but  Lepidlia  a  horseshoe-shaped  aperture,  contracted  at  the  sides.  Since,  however, 
such  a  proximal  part  of  the  aperture,  so  contracted,  can  in  reality  be  regarded 
as  a  sinus  the  difference  between  the  two  kinds  of  apertures  is  reduced  to  a 
difference  in  the  width  of  the  sinus,  and  species  with  a  narrow  sinus  have  thus 
been  referred  to  Scluzoporella,  and  those  with  a  wide  sinus  to  Lepralia.  The 
result  of  Ibis  consideration  is  then  thai  the  shape  of  the  primary  aperture,  on 
account  of  the  practically  endless  variations  to  which  it  is  subject  in  the  Cheilo- 
stome  Bnjozoa,  cannot  have  any  great  systematic  importance,  and  that  it  can  at 
the  very  most  only  be  used  as  a  more  or  less  constant,  auxiliary  character  in 
Ihe  diagnosis  of  the  genera. 

We  arrive  at  the  same  result  on  considering  the  question  from  another  point 
of  view.  If  we  examine  the  aperture  in  a  large  number  of  forms  belonging  to  a 
series  of  families,  we  find  that  cjuite  corresponding  forms  of  aperture,  holoslome 
as  well  as  schizostome,  reappear  in  all  families  which  are  rich  in  species,  and 
we  may  thus  draw  the  conclu.sion,  that  the.se  different  forms  of  aperture  in  each 
of  these  families  have  ari.sen  inde|)en(lently.  To  mention  some  of  the  most  |)romi- 
nent  forms  of  aperture,  we  lind  for  instance  an  aperture  with  a  sinus  in  the 
following  families:  Cribrilinidae  (e.  g.  in  Cribrilinu  clUhridiata  Waters),  Thalamo- 
porelliddc.  Miiriozoiihic,  Eschnrellidde  (in  Scluzoporella  and  Kscluiriiui),  Snnlliitidae 
(Sinitliiia  linearis,  S.  porifera  etc.),  Hippothoidae  (Hippnlhoa,  Triiposleija),  Adeoiiidac 
(.several  Adeonella  species),  Releporidae  (lielcpora  iiiiperati.  Ret.  simiosa,  Rhiincho- 
pora,  »Sc/H'ro/)0/-e//rt«  scintillans,  etc.),  Catenariidac  {Cjdpidiiim,  CAavipurella,  Ilincks- 
iella,  etc.),  Eiitbijridae  (Urceolipora  nana)  and  Celleporidae.  A  .semicircular  a|)ertnrc 
with  a  simple  operculum,  which  is  furnished  with  a  straight  or  slightly  curved 
proximal  edge,  is  found  further  in  the  following  families:  'rhalanioparcllidae  (Tlud. 
expansa,      Tlud.    Jervoisi),     Microporidac.     Cellnlariidai;     Escharelliilae    (Micropordla, 


83 

Inuersiiila),  Hippothoidae  (Haplopoma,  Chorizopora),  Adeonidae  (Adeonellopsis)  and 
Onchoporidae  (Onchopora). 

Besides  the  shape  of  the  aperture  we  must  also  consider  its  teetli-shaped 
projections,  and  I  have  already  called  attention  to  the  fact,  that  we  can  distin- 
guish between  hinge-teeth,  supporting  teeth,  and  such  protecting  teeth  as  are 
placed  outside  the  operculum.  Teeth-like  projections  of  different  kinds  are  occa- 
sionally used  by  different  writers,  e.  g.  Smitt,  Hincks,  Waters,  JuUien,  as 
generic  or  family  characters,  and  JuUien'  has  for  instance  founded  a  family 
Stnittiddc  merely  on  the  presence  of  a  median  tooth  (lyrula)  and  two  side-leeth 
(cardellae).  To  judge  from  the  name  he  gives  the  two  side-teeth  (cardellae,  from 
cardo  a  hinge),  we  would  imagine  (hat  he  regarded  them  as  hinge-teelh,  but  in 
Exochelld  they  belong  to  the  jteristome,  and  may  even  join  togethei-  with  one 
another  or  with  the  median  tooth  (K.v.  lonyirostris).  For  the  rest  the  author 
writes  regarding  all  the  three  teeth:  »c'es(  Ic  (levelloppemenl  du  jeune  peristome 
qui  contribue  a  former  la  lyrula  et  les  cardelles  dans  la  famillc  des  Smittiddei. 
There  is  no  reason  for  attaching  much  systematic  importance  to  these  teeth-like 
projections,  and  they  can  at  most  be  used  as  more  or  less  constant  auxiliary 
characters,  particularly  in  the  diagnosis  of  genera.  Hinge-teeth  seem  to  appear 
constantly,  but  in  somewhat  varying  shape  in  the  genus  Smittina  and  to  be 
wanting  in  the  genus  Discopora.  In  the  genus  Tludamnporellri  tliey  are  very  di- 
stinct and  well  developed  in  a  series  of  species,  whilst  in  other  species  they  are 
very  slightly  develo[)ed  or  absent,  ami  Ihey  seem  to  ajjpear  very  seldom  in  the 
genus  Holopordla.  Supporting  teeth  seem  to  appear  conslanliy  in  the  genus 
Cellularia,  but  as  already  mentioned  they  vary  in  shape  and  number.  The  median 
tooth,  to  which  the  greatest  importance  has  been  attached,  seems  to  appear 
within  most  families  which  are  rich  in  species,  but  in  families  which  are  only 
tolerably  rich  in  s|)ecies,  it  never  seems  to  be  constant,  and  it  is  not  even  always 
constant  within  the  species.  It  is  found  in  the  family  lisclmrclliddr.  in  most 
species  ol  the  genus  Escharella,  in  the  family  Discoporidae  e.  g.  in  Discopora 
pcwonclUt,  I).  sc(d>r(i  and  D.  plicaUi,  in  the  family  Petraliidae  e.  g.  in  Petralin  casla- 
neii  and  /-•.  hisiiuicdd,  in  the  family  UolopovvUiddc  e.  g.  in  Holoporclla  Iridcniiciihda, 
in  the  family  Relefxtridae  e.  g.  in  Retepord  noude  ZeUmdide,  in  the  family  Adeonidae 
e.  g.  in  Brdcchridijid  piirifonnis,  and  in  llie  family  Crihriliniilde  in  a  variety  of 
the  fossil   Mciubrdiiijiorelld  crcjiiduld  Hog. 

As  examples  of  species,  in  which  the  median  tooth  is  sometimes  present, 
sometimes  absent,  we   may   mention   l)esiilcs   the   last-menlioned  :   I'luclla  coiniircssd, 

■1 

'  45,  p.  52. 


84 

P.  coiuinixi,  Smittina  palincila,  Discopora  scabra  and  D.  plicata.  In  llie  two  lasl- 
nienlioned  species  there  may  even  in  lliis  regard  l)e  a  dilTerence  between  the 
single  zoa-cia  in  the  colony. 

In  connection  with  the  aperture,  we  have  still  to  nienlion  as  systematic 
character  the  i)reviously  discussed  vestibular  arch,  which  seems  lo  appear  con- 
stantly in   the  family  Rete})orid(ie  and   in  most  genera  of  the   family  EscIvircUidde. 

The  peristome  or  the  secundary  ai)erture,  which  forms  a  more  or  less  perfect 
vestibulum  lo  the  true  or  primary  aperture,  appears  only  within  the  Ascophora 
and  is  even  within  this  division  represented  in  a  very  irregular  way,  as  it  may 
sometimes  be  absent  in  whole  families  (Catenariiddc,  Pdidliuldc.  Holoporrllidae), 
or  genera  {MicroporclUt),  whilst  in  others  it  appears  to  a  very  variable  extent.  A 
peristome  may  sometimes  be  developed  round  the  whole  circuit  of  the  primary 
aperture  (^Lcpralid"  cfinthdrifonnis,  the  species  of  the  genera  Hnswellia  and  Tuhii- 
cvlliirid.  liclcpora  prctiiuild  KirU,  etc.),  sometimes  over  only  a  larger  or  smaller 
portion  of  this,  being  somelimes  interrupted  distally  (»P/ii//«c/e//a«  hdirosa,  »7-'/i.« 
cnlldris,  "Schizoporelki-  drnudd  Yar.),  or  [)roximally  (many  species  of  Smittiiid  and 
Retepord).  In  some  cases  it  is  formed  by  continued  growth  of  the  edge  of  the 
primary  aperture  ("Leprdlid  P(dl(isidiui  Xiw,  »Lep.<^  cdulhnrijoimis,  Esclvninii  sim- 
plex), whilst  in  other  cases  it  forms  a  wall  outside  this  rim  (  Phi]ldclelld<  lahrosd, 
»Pli.'  colhtris,  "Scl}iz.«  drmdki  Var).  It  may  be  low.  circular  (Escluirinn  siiuple.v). 
funnel-shaped  ('Lep.<  canllidrij'orinis),  or  tube-shajjed  (Retepord  pectinala,  Ret. 
phoeniced,  Eschnreltd  spinosissititd,  Phijlacleltd'  (/eoiuctrica)  and  in  a  number  of 
cases  provided  with  a  pore  on  the  frontal  wall.  It  is  occasionally  furnished  wilh 
teeth-like  projections,  which  in  number  and  position  are  like  those,  which  in 
certain  genera  belong  to  the  primary  aperture.  This  applies  for  example  to  the 
genus  Exochelld  and  certain  species  of  the  genus  Eschdrnides. 

As  the  peristome  is  often  very  obvious  il  is  easily  undersh)od  why  il  has  in 
many  cases  been  used  as  a  systematic  character  at  the  cost  of  others  more  im- 
portant, but  less  prominent,  and  in  Hincks'  great  work  the  following  genera  are 
besides  the  family  Porinidde  entirely  or  chielly  based  on  the  structure  of  the 
peristome,  namely  Poriiui,  Ldijempora,  Schizotheai,  Porelld.  Eschdrnides,  Snullid. 
PluildctcUd,  Mucronelld,  Palinicelldiid  and  RliiinchoptH^.  Of  these  genera  I  am  onlv 
able   to  retain   Porelld,   in   the  limitation  given   by  Hincks. 

In  discussing  the  cpiestion  of  the  systematic  importance  of  the  peristome,  we 
may  first  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  same  peristome  forms  recur  within 
a  series  of  widely  dilferent  families  and  genera.  We  thus  find  a  collar-shaped 
I)eristome.     i'urnishcd    wilh     a     frontal     incision    in    many    members    of    the    familv 


85. 

Ret('lMri(l(te,  in  a  series  ol'  species  of  Ihe  genus  Smitliiiu,  in  PorclUi  coiujiressu  and 
Discopuni  Sarsi.  A  shorter  or  longer  liibe-shapeil  peristome  willi  a  pore  on  tlie 
frontal  wall  is  found  in  the  genera  Adeonclhi,  Hasivcllid  and  Ttihiicellaria,  in  cer- 
tain Retepora  species  (R.  cellnlosa,  R.  Coiichi,  R.  complanata  etc.).  in  Tessaradonui 
bovealis,  'Porinao  tiibiilosa,  Sinittina  Lanshorovi,  var.  persoiiata),  whilst  a  long 
tube-shaped  peristome  without  pores  is  found  in  certain  Retepora  forms  {R.  pecli- 
naUi,  R.  phoenicea),  in  certain  Cellepora  forms  (Cellepora  tiibulosa,  C.  bicornis), 
Lekijthoj)(>r(t  hi/strix,  TPhijladellai^  geometrica  etc.  Next,  I  would  point  out,  as  a 
general  result  of  my  investigations  on  this  point,  that  the  peristome  in  many 
cases  is  very  inconstant  within  the  genus  (e.  g. :  in  the  genera  Escharella,  Sinittina, 
Discopora,  Petralia,  Cellepora,  etc.),  and  Hi  neks  even  mentions  a  series  of  cases 
where  the  peristome  in  the  same  sjiecies  may  sometimes  he  present,  sometimes 
absent,  which  for  example  is  the  case  in  '■Lepralia-  Pallasiana,  Sniiltina  trispino.sa 
and  Escharina  Diitertrei.  Whilst  the  above-mentioned  small  peristomial  teeth  are 
found  constantly  in  the  small  genus  K.vochella,  their  appearance  is  very  incon- 
stant in  the  genus  Escharoides,  and  on  the  whole  like  Waters  I  cannot  attach 
very  great  importance  to  the  peristome,  which  however  does  not  exclude  the 
possibility  that  ils  apperancc  may  be  constant  in  a  series  of  genera,  e.  g.  in 
Adeonella,  Hasuwllia  and    Tiibiicellariu. 

The  operculum.  As  all  that  has  been  said  regarding  the  systematic  impor- 
tance of  the  form  of  the  aperture,  also  holds  good  as  a  rule  for  the  form  of  the 
operculum,  we  may  here  merely  take  note  of  the  other  ditTerences,  which  a])pear 
in  its  structure.  As  already  mentioned,  we  are  able  from  the  difierent  relations 
of  the  operculum  to  the  frontal  cover  and  the  compensation-sac  to  distinguish 
between  an  opercular  valve,  a  simple  and  a  compound  operculum.  These  dille- 
rences  have  however  only  partially  a  systematic  importance.  We  have  a  series 
of  examples  of  the  fact  that  an  opercular  valve  and  a  sim|)le  o[)erculum  may 
appear  within  the  same  genus:  e.  g.  in  Sleganoporelln  and  'I'ludamoporetld,  and 
especially  in  the  last-mentioned  we  find  a  series  of  intermediate  forms  between 
the  two  kinds  of  operculum.  We  have  other  examples  in  the  i)reviously  men- 
tioned species  of  Caberea  and  Scruj)ocell(tria,  in  which  the  |))esence  of  a  simple 
operculum  seems  to  be  dependent  on  the  strong  development  of  the  covering 
spine.  That  an  opercular  valve  and  a  compound  operculum  can  appear  in  the 
same  genus,  we  have  examples  in  the  genera  Adeona,  Porella,  Escharella,  Escha- 
roides,  Snuttina,  Holoporella  and  Chaperia.  Whilst  for  example  we  as  a  rule  find 
a  compound  operculum  in  Porella  and  Adeona,  there  is  an  opercular  valve  in 
Porella    la'vis    and    Adeona   violaceu,    and  while    there    is    generally    an    opercular 


8(> 

valve  in  EscbareUu  unci  Escharoides  we  liiul  a  well-chilinized  compound  oper- 
culum in  Escharella  polita  and  Escharoides  saurocjlossa. 

But  the  contrast  between  a  simple  and  a  compound  operculum  is  of  greater 
systematic  importance,  and  it  seems  as  a  rule  to  be  an  expression  for  a  generic 
difference.  We  find  a  simple  operculum  within  a  series  of  Ascophore  families 
{Escharellidae,  Hippolhoidne,  Onchoporidue,  Adeonidae'),  and  it  is  generally  accom- 
panied by  a  different  mode  of  opening  of  the  compensation-sac,  which  in  these 
forms  with  a  simple  operculum  with  a  single  exception  (Chorizopora),  opens  out 
through  a  median  pore  (see  pag.  32).  In  spite  of  the  above  examples  of  varia- 
tion, llie  structure  of  the  operculum  seems  as  a  rule  to  show  more  constancy 
within  the  genus  than  for  instance  the  shape  of  the  aperture  and  the  peristome 
and  must  he  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  distinguishing  characters.  Referring 
for  the  rest  to  the  separate  families,  we  may  just  mention  as  examples  that 
while  a  well-chitinized,  compound  operculum  is  found  in  Schizoporelln,  Porella, 
Cellepora  and  Adeono,  a  membranous  operculum,  which  is  not  separated  from 
the  compensation-sac,  is  the  rule  in  the  genera  Escliarella,  Escharoides  and 
Discopora.  The  mode  of  attachment  of  the  occlusor  muscles  seems  also  to  be 
rather  constant  within  the  genus,  and  we  niaj'  cite  as  examples  that  there  are 
special  muscular  ridges  or  muscular  processes  in  the  genera  Porella,  Escharina 
and  Microporella,  while  Schizoporella,  Cellepora,  Arthropoma  and  Conescharellina 
have  muscular  dots. 

The  rosette-plates  are  interesting  examples  of  a  structural  feature  which, 
though  subjected  in  a  number  of  cases  to  considerable  variation  within  the  genus, 
and  even  within  the  species,  proves  in  most  cases  to  be  constant,  not  only  within 
the  genus,  but  also  within  the  family.  It  is  specially  the  rosette-plates  of  the 
lateral  walls,  liowever,  which  show  this  constancy,  as  those  which  appear  on  the 
distal  wall  in  many  cases  show  great  variation,  and  we  may  cite  the  rosette- 
plates  on  the  distal  wall  of  Membranipora  membranacea  as  a  very  ])ronounced 
example  of  such  a  variation  ([>.  24).  Referring  for  the  rest  to  the  diagnoses  of 
the  separate  families  and  genera,  we  may  here  cite  the  following  families  and 
h\  genera,    partly   very    rich    in   species,    in    which    the   rosette-plates    of  the    lateral 

walls  especially  show  eitlier  perfect  constancy  in  structure  and  ap])earance,  or 
only  a  small  degree  of  variation,  namely:  Farciminariidae,  Scriipocellariidae,  Bi- 
cellariidae,  Cellulariidav,  Stcfiaiio/iorcllidae,  Thalamoporellidae,  Adconidae,  lieteporidae, 
Catenariidae,    HippaUundae,   (lelleporidae,  Holoporellidae,  Onchoporidae,   Conescharelli- 

'  see  pag.  38. 


87 

nidae,  Mijriozoidde,  Escliarella,  Escharuide.s,  Pori'lla,  Omjchocclhi  and  Calloporti.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  rosette-plates  show  variations  in  the  families  Fhislridae, 
Membraniporidae,  Cribriliiiidae  and  Micioporidae,  l)ut  in  slill  higher  degree  in  the 
genera  Schizoporella  and  Sniittiiia.  hi  these  some  species  have  single-pored,  others 
multiporous,  and  again  others  mixed  rosette-jilates,  and  colonies  from  different 
localities  may  show  a  distinct  difference  in  the  number  of  pores  in  the  rosette- 
plates  e.  g.  in  Schizop.  unicornis,  Sch.  sanguinea  and  Sch.  longirostris. 


Synopsis  of  the  Fa  mil 

of  Cheilostomatous  Biyozoa   licnlcn 


ies  and  Genera 

I   of  in   llu-   present  work. 


Subordo  Anasca. 

1.  Division:  Malacostega.  f  '' ' 
j,  -u  F;im.  Aeteidae:  Gen.  Aelea. 
rf>M^  Fani.  BiceUaiiidae:  Gen.  l)imor))ho- 
zoiim  n.  g.,  Biujiila  Oken,  Stolo- 
nella  Hincks,  lieania  Johnst., 
Hiantopora  Mac  Gill.,  Chaperia 
Jullicii,  Petalosleifux  n.  i^., 
Hdlojiliiht  Busk,  Motdinia  Flcm., 
Gemellaria  Sav.,  Hrctlici  Dyster, 
Cornucopina  n.  g.,  Didijmut 
Busk,  Eiicralea  Lamoiir.,  Dinw- 
topia  Busk,  Kincloskids  Kor- 
Dan.,  liirellfirid  Blainv.,  Btign- 
larid  n.  g.,  Bicclhirina  n.  g., 
Walersiii  n.  g.,  Deiidrobeania 
n.  g. 
Fani.  FarciniiiKiriidac:  Gen.  Farciiui- 
iKirid  Husk,  Columwirin  n.  g., 
Nellia  Busk. 
'  *  Fam.  Flastridae:  Gen.  Fliislrn  L., 
Sdisilhistra  Jullien,  Kenelhi 
n.  g.,  Relifluslra  n.  g.,  Spirahi- 
ria  Busk,  Heterojlnslid  n.  num. 


Subordo  Ascophora.  "^ 

Fam.  Calenariidae:  Scnticella  n.  g., 
Crihricelld  n.  g.,  Costicella 
n.  g.,  Claviporella  Mac  Gill., 
Pterocella  n.  g.,  Calpidium 
Busk,  Hiiicksielld  n.  g.,  6'o/p- 
/mr;V(  Sav.,  Stro])hipora  Mac 
Gill. 

Fam.  Onchoporidde:  Gen.  ddweUid 
Wyv.  Th.,  Onchopord  liusk, 
Onchoporelld  Busk,  Oncho- 
linroides  Ortin. 

Fam.  Eiitliyruiddc:  (Jen.  Knlluiniidcs 
Harmer. 

Fam.  Fiitliyridde:  Gen.  FncoUpord 
Mac  Gill.,  Eulhijris  Hincks, 
PIcnrotoichiis  n.  g. 

Fam.  Sdi'ignfit'llidae  n.  f . :  Gen.  .SV/- 
I'ignijella  n.  g.,  Hcdijsisis  Nor- 
nuin. 

Fam.  Hippothoidac:  Gen.  flippnlluxi 
Lamour.,  Chorizopoin  Hincks, 
Hdplopoma  n.  g.,  Tryposfega 
n.  g. 


l-X"^ 


89 


\ 


(Anasca). 
yO  Fain.  Scriiimcclldriidae:  Gen.  Scriipo- 
celluria  Van  Ben.,  Canda  La- 
niour.,  Bugiilojisis  Verrill,  Ho- 
plilella  n.  g.,  Rhabdozoiim 
Hincks,  Caherea  Lainour.,  C(i- 
bvriellu  n.  g.,  Menipca  La- 
mour. 
,m3  Fain.  Memhraniporidae:  Gen.  Meiu- 
branipora  L.,  Electra  Lamoiir., 
Cidlopora  (Gray)  Norman, 
Metjaporu  Hincks,  Tef/ella  n.  g., 
Caleschara  Mac  Gill.,  Oiiijcho- 
cella  Jullien,  Cnpularia  La- 
moiir., Lunularia  IJusk,  Sele- 
n(tri(t  Busk. 
Fain.  Cribrilinidae :  Gen.  Meiubidiii- 
porella  Hinclvs,  Cribrilina  Gray, 
Piu'lliiKi  .lullien,  Fiipilind  Jul- 
lien, Aspidclecii-d  n.  g.,  Aracli- 
nopiisia  Jullien. 

2.  Division:   Coiloslega.    ^  ic( 

u  J  Fain.  Microporidne:  Gen.  Micropora 
Gray,  Macropora  Mac  Gill., 
Fleniiseptella  n.  g.,  Forainin- 
ella  n.  g.,    Calpcnsia  Jullien. 

f.W"  Group    Tublfera: 

Fain.   Stc(jaiwporellid(ie:    Gen.    Slccjd- 
I  noporella     Smitt.,      Siphonopo- 

rella  Hincks. 
Fain.   Aspidnstontidae     j;^  ^:      Gen. 
Aspidosloma  Hincks,  Labinpora 
n.  g.,  Crateropora  n.  g. 
Fain.    Th(d(imop()renidae.pGen.  Thala- 
vL  moporelln  Hincks. 

,«\)Fani.   Chlidnniidnc :     Gen.     Chlidonia 
f  Sav. 


(Ascophora). 

Fain.  Adeonidac:  Gen.  Adeona  La- 
inour., Adeonellopsis  Mac  Gill., 
Adeonelki  Busk,  Bracebridgia 
Mac  Gill. 

Fain.  Retepovidav :  Gen.  Retepnra 
Lnperato  s.  ext.,  Rluinclw- 
pora  Hincks. 
P''  Fam.  Myriozoidae :  Gen.  Leiescharn 
Sars,  Mijviozonm  Donali,  //o,s- 
wellia  Busk,  Gephijvophora 
Busk. 

I'";un.  Sclciiidoniiditc:  Gen.  Sclero- 
doniiis  n.  g.,  Tessdrddomci 
Norman. 

Fam.  Tubmrlhiriiddc:  Gen.  Tnbu- 
ccllnrid  iVOrh. /rnbij)(>iclla  n.g. 

Fain.  Conescharellinidae  n.  f. :  Gen. 
Conescharellind  d'Orb.,  Bipovd 
Whitel.,    FIdbellipora    d'Orb. 

Fam.  Liriozoidae:  Gen.  Liriozoa 
Ellis-Sol.,  Geinellipord   Smitt. 

Fam.  Lekijthoporidae  n.  f. :  Gen. 
Leki/thopord  Mac  Gill. 

Fam.  Eiirystomellidae  n.  1".:  Gen. 
Eiirystomella  n.  g. 

Fam.  Escharellidae  n.  1'. :  Gen.  Eschn- 
rella  Gray,  Anarthropord 
Smitt,  Invevsiula  Jullien, 
Escharoides  Milne  Edw.,  ZJ.ro- 
chelld  Jullien,  Schizoporella 
Hincks,  Escluirina  Gray,  Mi- 
croporella  Hincks,  Artliro- 
poma  n.  g.,  Eniballotheca 
n.  g.,   Cyclicopord  Hincks. 

Fam.  Smittiniddc:  Gen.  Porella 
(Gray)  Hincks,  Smittina  Nor- 
man (n.  nom.),  Discopora  Lam. 


.^ 


(Anasca). 
Fam.  Aliishliiddc    u. 
(limn  Busk. 


90 


1. ;    (k'li.    Alijsi- 


^,~  - 


3.  Division:  Pseiuhslega. 

Fain.   Mviiihrdnicelldiiitlde  n.  I'.:   Gen. 

Membranicelhiria  n.  g. 
Fam.   Celliihiriiilde:    Gen.    Cellidaria 

Pallas. 


'V 

(Ascophora). 

Fam.   (lellcjMriddc:     Gen.     Cellepoia 

L.,  Siniopdtd  n.  g. 
Fam.  HoloporeUidac      n.     f. :      Gen. 

lloloporeUa  Waters. 
Fam.  Pctraliidae  n.  f. :   Gen.  Petra- 

lia  Mac  Gill. 
Fam.  Hippoporinidae     n.    f. :     Gen. 

Cheilopora  n.  g.,   Hippopodina 


Systematic  Part. 


Order  Cheilostomata. 

The  zoacia,  to  a  larger  or  smaller  extent  calcified,  as  a  rule  furnished  with 
an  operculum  (except  Bugula).  There  can  he  found  four  different  forms  of  indi- 
viduals: uulozoa-cia,  heterozooecia,  gonozoa-cia  and  kenozooccia,  and  in  many  cases 
the  eggs  are  matured  in  special,  outer  or  inner,  calcareous  marsupia,  the  so-called 
ooecia.  The  separating  walls  between  the  individual  zocecia  are  furnished  with 
rosette-plates,  and  in  colonies  consisting  of  more  rows  we  can  as  a  rule  distin- 
guish between  a  horizontal  or  oblique  distal  wall  and  vertical  lateral  walls, 
which  are  most  frequently  independent.  More  rarely  a  lateral  wall  is  common 
to  two  adjoining  zocecia,  which  on  the  other  hand  is  almost  always  the  case  with 
the  distal  wall. 

Suborder  Anasca. 

A  compensation-sac  is  wanting,  and  the  frontal  wall  is  either  wholly  or  in 
part  membranaceous,  or  calcareous,  depressed  and  surrounded  by  raised  margins. 
In  the  heterozoa'cia  the  opercular  and  the  subopercular  areas  are  as  a  rule  not 
separated  by  a  continous  calcareous  bar,  but  only  partially  by  the  hinge-teeth 
of  the  operculum. 

1st  Division:  iVlalacostega. 

The  individual  zoa-cia  are  plainly  marked  olf  on  the  surface  of  the  colony. 
The  frontal  wall  quite  or  partially  uncalcified  and  the  operculum  as  a  rule  a 
membranous  valve,  the  rim  of  which  is  chitinized,  but  which  proximally  passes 
over  into  the  frontal  membrane. 


92 
Family:  Aeteidae. 

(I'l.    VI  c,    liji;S.   li  ;i-(i  (1). 

The  zoa'via,  wliicli  liavc  no  spines  and  the  calcareous  wall  of  wliicli  is  (icnscly 
covered  willi  j)oies  of  dilTerent  form,  consist  of  Iwo  portions  inclined  towards 
one  another  at  an  angle,  the  lower  of  which  is  as  a  rule  decumbent,  adherent, 
while  the  upper,  mostly  tube-shaped  part  is  provided  at  its  expanded  end  with 
a  small  membranous  frontal  area.  No  cryplocyst.  The  diajjhragm  has  a  structure 
similar  lo  thai  in  the  Ctenoslonicita.  The  heterozoivcia  and  (mvcui  wanting.  The 
distal  wall  furnished  with  a  row  of  uniporons  rosette-plates.  The  colony  creeping, 
forming  a  meshwork  of  single  rows  of  zoa-cia,  from  which  free  in-anches  some- 
times issue. 

The  partly  thin,  thread-shaped  adherent  part,  from  which  the  free  upright 
part  of  the  zocecia  arises,  is  by  Flincks  compared  lo  a  stolon  bul  this  name  can 
only  be  used  for  a  basal  portion,  consisting  of  kenozocrcia,  as  found  within  the 
order  Ctenostoniatct  in  the  families  Vesiciihtriklae,  Trilicellidae,  Valkeriidae  and 
Mimosellidae  and  within  the  Cheilostomcitd  in  the  genera  Chlidonia,  Liriozoa  and 
Stirpaiid.  In  .4e/('a  the  whole  colony  is  built  up  by  autozoa'cia,  and  the  fact, 
that  the  proximal  part  of  the  zoa?cium  is  thin  and  uuich  elongated,  does  not 
entitle  us  to  sj)eak  of  a  stolon  in  these  sj)ecies  any  more  than  in  the  species, 
which  Hincks  refers  to  the  genus  Hippolhou.  The  adherent  parts  of  two  successive 
zooecia  are  separated  by  a  wall,  which  in  Aetea  dilatata  is  furnished  with  a  row 
of  7  uniporous  rosette-plates,  and  a  similar  separating  wall  is  found  everywhere, 
where  one  zo(]eciuni  issues  from  another.  In  Aetea  triincnta  according  to  Hincks 
new  free  zooecia  maj'  issue  from  the  basal  side  of  the  ascending  [)arl  of  the 
zooecium.  The  calcareous  wall  of  the  zooccium  is  richly  furnished  with  ])ores, 
which  in  dilferent  species  can  appear  in  diderenl  ways.  Thus,  while  the  whole 
calcareous  surface  in  Aetea  dilatata  is  furnished  with  round  jjores,  the  form  of 
the  pores  varies  in  many  other  species  at  different  places.  For  example,  the  distal 
part  of  the  zoa'cium  in  Aetea  aiuiiiina  and  also  the  broadest  part  of  the  adherent 
portion  are  furnished  with  small  round  or  oval  pores.  In  the  narrower  jiart  of 
the  adherent  portion  they  fuse  together  to  longer,  slit-like  spots  (fig.  (id),  and 
in  the  largest  part  of  the  ascending  portion  (fig.  6  c)  they  become  continuous, 
ring-shaped  interruptions,  and  therefore  the  calcareous  portions  ai)pear  as  a  row 
of  free  rings  situated  above  each  other,  which  can  be  isolated  without  great  diffi- 
culty. Sometimes  however  we  find  a  short  connecting  branch  between  two  succes- 
sive rings,  or  a   bifurcation  of  a  single  ring.   Waters'  has  found   an  egg  enclosed 

'   111,  p.  5,   Fl.   I,  ligs.   1—0. 


93 

ill  a  spherical,  transparent  body  near  llie  lip  of  the  basal  side  of  the  ascending 
part  of  the  zoa-ciuni  in  a  large  numi)er  of  specimens  of  Acted  angiiina,  and  con- 
siders this  to  be  an  ooecium.  The  great  transparency  of  this  little  globe,  which 
has  enal)le(i  Waters  to  count  the  cell-divisions  of  the  egg,  seems  to  indicate, 
tlial  it  is  not  calcareous,  and  this  fact  in  connection  with  its  for  an  oa'cium, 
very  unusual  position  on  the  l)asal  side  of  the  zoa'cium,  speaks  decidedly  against 
the  ocecial  nature  of  these  globes.  I  must  therefore  regard  the  supjiosed  ovicellular 
wall  only  as  a  shell  membrane  surrounding  the  egg. 

Smitt'  has  already  called  attention  to  Ihe  great  agreement  between  the  members 
of  this  family  and  the  Ctenostoiiuitd;  but  when  he  specially  compares  Acted  with 
the  family  Vesiciilariidae,  we  must  remark,  that  this  genus  shows  a  much  greater 
agreement  with  the  families  Ciitindroeciiddc  and  Victoretlidae,  in  which  the  zooecium 
according  to  Hincks  also  consists  of  an  adherent  and  an  ascending  j)orlion,  while 
they  have  no  real  stolon.  In  all  Ctenostome  families,  where  the  zorecia  issue  from 
a  stem  or  stolon  consisting  of  kenozooecia,  the  zooecia  die  away  and  can  be 
renewed,  whilst  such  a  renewal  does  not  take  place  where  there  is  no  stolon, 
as  in  the  two  above-mentioned  families,  and  according  to  this,  the  peduncles  in 
Tvitkelln  must  belong  to  the  stolon  and  not  to  the  individual  zooecia.  Smitt' 
has  also  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  Acted,  in  the  cylindrical  form  of  the 
zooecia  and  the  rich  development  of  pores,  shows  agreement  with  the  Cijclostomatd, 
and  he  imagines  the  possibility  that  the  latter  may  have  had  a  Ctenostome  origin. 
Without  entering  further  into  this  question  I  wish  only  to  point  out  in  this 
connection  that  in  the  Cyclostome  species  Stomatopord  <idltkd  d'Orb.  -  the  zooe- 
cium, as  in  Aetnu  consists  of  a  decumbent  and  an  ascending  part.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  agreement  which  an  Acted  shows  with  such  a  species  as  ■Mncroncl!a< 
cotlmnnca  Kirk,  is  of  (juite  a  superficial  nature,  as  the  ascending  tube-shaped 
portion  in  the  last-mentioned  species  is  only  a  periston!  and  cannot  therefore  be 
compared  with  the  ascending  portion  in  an  Acted,  which  has  an  operculum 
near  the  tip. 

Family  Bicellariidae. 

Kncnitiiddc  Hincks,  Notainiidae  Hincks. 
(Pis.  III-V). 

The  zod'cid  as  a  rule  slightly  calcified  and  in  most  cases  with  a  large  mem- 
branous frontal  area.  Where  a  distal  wall  is  developed  (wanting  in  Hcduia  and 
Stnlonclla)  it   is  nmre  or  less  ascending  and   its  basal   edge   is   then   placed  more  or 


'   99  a,   p.   46U.     "   8(5,   VI.   7.59,   ligs.   1—3. 


94 

less  proximally  on  the  basal  surface  of  Ihc  zooecium.  The  lateral  walls  always 
independent,  and  each  provided  with  1  (rarely  with  2)  multiporous  rosette-plate, 
which  is  often  partially  uncalcified.  The  avictilaria  when  present  dependent,  most 
frequently  capitate,  pedunculate,  freely  movable,  more  rarelj'  sessile  and  in  that 
case  often  extremely  long  and  slender.  The  iMvcia  as  a  rule  hyperstomial,  free, 
more  rarely  endozooecial  and  then  as  a  rule  covered  by  kenozo(i>cia.  The  colonies 
free  or  creeping,  generally  branched  ami  frecjuently  provided  with  radical  fibres. 
•  With  a  few  exceptions  (e.  g.  Hiantopora  and  Cbaperia)  the  calcification  in  this 
famil}'  is  very  feeble,  and  the  least  calcified  Cheilostoniala  known  are  undoulitedly 
the  Beania  species,  of  which  some  contain  so  little  calcareous  material  that  it  is 
only  by  using  hydrochloric  acid  that  we  can  make  sure  that  there  is  any  calci- 
tication  at  all  in  their  walls.  Whilst  the  whole  frontal  wall  in  the  Beania  species, 
in  Dimorphozoiim  nohile  and  Watersia  mililnris.  is  membranous,  in  most  members  of 
the  family  a  larger  or  smaller  portion  of  it  is  calcified  and  forms  a  gymnocyst, 
which  may  sometimes,  for  instance  in  (icmcllaria  loriatta  and  certain  Corniicopinu 
species,  occupy  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zoa'cium. 
From  this  gymnocyst  in  older  zooecia  there  arises  not  so  seldom  a  small  secund- 
ary  cryptocyst  (e.  g.  in  Duhjiiua  simplex,  Geiiiellaria  loricala,  Deiulrobeania  Miirnnj- 
and).  Except  for  the  species  of  the  genus  Beania  in  which  the  individual  zocecia 
are  connected  by  cylindrical  tubes,  two  zoo'cia  in  the  same  longitudinal  row  are  in 
all  other  cases  connected  by  a  distal  wall,  which  is  always  more  or  less  ascending 
from  the  basal  towards  the  front  wall  so  that  the  distal  end  of  the  lower  zocjecium 
projects  more  or  less  over  the  j)roximal  end  of  the  zocecium  above.  It  is  usually 
furnished  with  a  number  of  uniporous,  more  seldom  with  one  or  two  multi- 
porous,  rosette-plates  and  not  rarely  {Bmjula,  Halophila,  Didijmia,  Bicellariu,  Bicel- 
larina,  Bnc/nlaria)  the  basal  edge  shows  a  peculiar  angular  bending  (PI.  Ill,  figs. 
1  c,  2(1,  PI.  V,  ligs.  la,  2  1)).  Each  lateral  wall  is  as  a  rule  provided  with  1  or 
rarely  with  2  multi])oious  rosette-plates.  Except  for  the  pore-ring  they  are  as  a 
rule  membranous,  and  it  is  therefore  difficult  to  decide,  from  spirit-material, 
whether  they  ai'e  uni-  or  mulliporous.  In  all  cases  where  they  are  calcareous, 
e.  g.  in  Dendrobeania  Miirraijana,  l)in}(irj>hi>zount  nohile,  Biujularid  dissiniilis  etc., 
they  are  however  multiporous.  Whilst  the  dependent  avicularia  in  most  Cheilo- 
stonuitd  attain  their  greatest  breadth  where  they  are  fixed  to  the  zoa'cium,  most 
avicularia  in  this  family  are  provided  with  a  shorter  or  longer  movable  peduncle 
or  the  ])roximal  part  of  the  avicularian  chamber  is  slender  pedunculiform.  While 
the  first  have  tlie  j)eculiar  resemblance  to  a  bird's  head  wliicli  has  given  rise  to 
the  name  >  aviculariiim»  the  others  which  increase  gradually  in  breadth  toward  the 
distal    end    have    been    described    as    trumpet-shaped.     (>ommon    sessile    avicularia 


95 

appear  however  in  Hianlopora,  RiujuUirUi  (PI.  V,  fig.  2  a),  Petalosiegiis  (PI-  IX, 
figs.  8  a,  8  b)  and  .sometimes  in  Chai>eri<t.  The  ooecia  are  as  a  rule  hyi)erstomiai, 
and  might  be  considered  as  free,  i)ecause  the  endoorecium  only  has  a  small 
portion  of  its  basal  wall  in  common  with  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium. 
Whilst  the  endoooecium  is  always  calcareous,  the  ectoooecium  may  be  calcified 
completely  (Bicellaria  ciliat(i)  or  almost  completely  (Dimetopia  corniita),  or  some- 
limes  quite  or  partially  uncalcified  (Dcndrobeania  Miirrdijtina.  BiKjnlaria  dissimHis, 
etc.).  In  a  smaller  number  of  cases  Ihc  o(rcia  are  immersed  either  in  kenozoii-cia 
or  in  ordinary  zocecia  (yBugiila^  inirdhilis).  With  the  exception  of  most  Chaperia 
species  and  of  'Membrnniporaf  CarU'ri\  which  on  account  of  its  pedunculate, 
capitate  avicularia  must  certainly  be  referred  to  this  family,  the  colonies  are 
never  incrusting  and  appear  in  a  greater  variety  of  forms  of  growth  than  in  any 
other  family  of  the  CljeilDstonuitd.  Apart  from  such  genera  as  GemelUtria,  Notamia 
and  Siinnotum,  in  which  the  colonies  may  be  considered  as  two-layered,  colonies 
with  two  layers  are  only  found  in  Wdtersia  militaris  and  Bimorphozoiim  nohile. 
Radical  fibres  appear  in  most  genera  and  in  very  different  ways  (see  Ihe  synopsis 
of  the  genera). 

This  family,  like  the  Aeteidae,  presents  a  series  of  points  of  contact  with  the 
Ctenostoimtid,  and  forms  so  to  speak  a  connecting  link  between  these  and  the 
Cheiloslonuttd.  This  is  nowhere  more  prominent  than  in  the  peculiar  dimori)hism 
in  Dimorphozoiim  nobile  (PI.  IV,  ligs.  1  a— 1  e),  as  the  zou>cia  in  the  one  layer  of 
the  colony  are  built  in  quite  the  same  way  as  in  an  Alcynnidiiwi,  whilst  in  the 
opposite  layer  they  possess  an  operculum,  avicularia  and  ocecia.  For  the  rest, 
however,  the  diaphragm  in  these  zotecia  seems  to  be  Ctenostome-like.  We  should 
also  remember  that  an  operculum  is  absent  in  species  of  the  genus  Bmjiiki,  as 
also  that  the  diaphragm  in  Eiicrdled  cheMd  is  said  lo  be  built  in  the  same  way 
as  in  the  Ctenostonuitd.  The  generally  slight  calcification  also  agrees  with  this 
view,  and  finally  a  series  of  forms  in  this  family  shows  quite  similar  modes  of 
connection  between  the  zoa'cia  as  those  we  know  in  the  majority  of  the  Cfeno- 
stomdld.  Thus,  Bednia  corresponds  in  this  regard  with  the  Ctenostome  genera 
Ardchnidium  and  Biiskid,  whilst  the  stolon  or  stem,  which  consists  of  kenozoiecia 
and  which  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Ctenostomatd,  is  again  found  in  ^Bkelldvid' 
(jldbi-d,  Biujidd  (Stirpdrid)  Hdddoni  and  B.  (Stirpdid)  cdrdibicd. 

When  Busk,  Hincks  and  other  writers  refer  a  number  of  genera  of  the 
family  (Eiwrdled,  Ccmelldrid,  Notdinid,  Didijmid,  Dimetnpid  etc.)  lo  other  families, 
I  lie    reason    is,    thai    these  writers    have    laid    greater  stress  on   the   form   of  colony 

'  'r.i.  p.  s'i 


96 

or  on  the  modes  of  connection  of  the  zoa-cia.  In  their  whole  structure  these  forms 
undouhledly  belong  to  the  family  BiceUurwUte.  The  peculiar  contrast  in  Episto- 
mia  and  Sijiiiiotiim^  between  the  proximal  cylindrical  and  the  distal  widened 
portion  of  the  zmecium  as  well  as  the  possession  of  |)e(lunculate  avicularia,  shows 
that  the  position  of  these  genera  is  near  lo  (lormicopiiui.  hi  Gemellarid  the  dislal 
wall  is  as  in  Biu/iilci:  angulale  and  furnished  with  a  series  of  uniporous  roselte- 
plales.  We  also  find  an  angular  distal  wall  in  Didymia,  the  oa-cia  of  wliicli,  like 
those  in  Einrateo  and  Coniiicopiiia,  are  surrounded  by  kenozooecia,  and  Dimetopia 
has  like  most  of  the  Bicellariidae,  free  orocia.  Finally,  I  have  been  obliged  to 
set  up  new  genera  for  the  old  F/«s/r«-species,  Fl.  nohilis,  Fl.  dissiniilis  and  Fl. 
militaris  as  also  for  BiujiiUi  Mnrraijnna,  BicelUiria  Alderi  and  ('.iilewtiia"  hicornis. 
It  is  however  with  some  doubt  that  I  refer  the  last  sjiecies  lo  Ihis  family. 

In  the  following  synopsis  of  the  numerous  genera  of  Ihe  family,  lo  which 
I  have  been  ijnder  the  necessity  of  adding  6  more,  I  have  as  main  characters  in 
the  separation  of  the  genera  mainly  used  diderences  in  the  structure  of  the  zoa'- 
cia  themselves,  as  e.  g.  the  presence  or  absence  of  an  operculum,  the  division  of  the 
zooecium  in  different  segments  by  constrictions,  the  structure  of  the  dislal  wall, 
and  next  the  differences  in  the  character  of  the  occcia.  I  have  used  the  piesence 
or  absence  of  ooecia  and  avicularia,  as  well  as  Ihe  dilVerences  in  the  structure 
of  Ihe  avicularia,  as  auxiliary  characters. 


Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

1)  The  colony  consists  of  two  layers,  the  zowcia  of  which  are  of 
very  different  kinds  (Ihe  zod'cia  in  one  layer  are  quite  uncalcilied, 
without  operculum,  in  the  olher  layer  they  are  of  the  ordinary  type; 
the  distal  wall  consists  of  a  horizonlal.  basal  iiorlion  wilh  a  mulli- 
porous  roselle-[)late,  and  of  ii  fronlal  ascending  portion;  free  oa-cia, 
freely  movable   avicularia) Diiuorpliozoiim  n.  g. 

1)  If  the  colony  consists  of  two  layers,  the  zocecia  of  the  two  layers 
are  of  the  same  kind: 

2)  Zooecia  without  operculum;  (the  edge  of  the  dislal  wall  is  angu- 
lar; within  this  a  row  of  single-pored  roselte-plales;  free  Od'cia,  freely 
movable,  cai)itate  avicularia,   radical   fdnes   issue  both  from   Ihc  fVoiilal, 

basal   and   lateral   aspects  of  Ihe  colony) limjiiln  Okcn   (Lev.   mod). 

2)  zocecia  wilh   an   operculum: 

'  111,  p.  14. 


i)7 

3)  The  colonies,  which  never  Iiave  a  free,  upright  growth,  are  ex- 
clusively attached  l)y  radical  fibres  which  either  issue  from  a  creeping 
stolon  or  from  the  basal  surface  of  the  individual  zoa?cia: 

4)  the  colony  is  attached  by  radical  fibres  which  issue  from  a 
creeping  stolon;  (the  zoa-cia  which  issue  separately  from  the  stolon,  are 
furnished  with  two  rows  of  spines,  joined  together  in  pairs  and  separated 

by  a  single  row  of  transverse  slits;  no  avicularia,  no  ocrcia.  .  .    StoloneUa  Hincks. 

4)  the  colony  is  attached  by  radical  fibres  which  issue  from  the 
basal  surface  of  the  individual  zooecia,  and  these  are  generally  connected 
with  one  another  by  shorter  or  longer,  wider  or  narrower  tubes  to 
form  a  network  with  larger  or  smaller  apertures: 

5)  the  zooecia  very  slightly  calcified;  the  connecting  tubes  between 
the  individual  zooecia   distinct;    ocEcia  wanting;    as  a  rule  pedunculate, 

freely  movable  avicidaria   lieania  Johnston 

(Diachoris). 

5)  The  zoa>cia  strongly  calcified;  the  connecting  tubes  between  the 
single  zooecia  indistinct,  broad  and  short,  and  only  visible  from  the  basal 
surface;  ooecia  may  be  present;  sessile  avicularia;  (from  each  avicularium 
issues  a  spine  which  is  often  much  branched  and  may  conceal  a  larger 

or  smaller  portion  of  the  frontal   membrane) Hiaiilopora  Mac  Gillivray. 

3)  the  colonies  have  a  free  upright  growth  or  are  incrusting. 

6)  The  distal  part  of  the  zooecia  provided  internally  with  two  lateral 
spaces  open  towards  the  frontal  surface  (sometimes  combined  to  one 
single,  horseshoe-shaped  space),  formed  by  two  calcareous  plates  which 
issue  from  the  lateral  walls  and  converge  towards  the  distal  wall; 
avicularia  and  free  ooecia  may  be  present;  the  colony  incrusting  or 
laminate) Cluipcrin  Jul  lien. 

G)  The  distal  part  of  the  zooecia  without  lateral  spaces: 

7)  There  is  a  frontal  shield,  formed  by  five  broad  hollow  spines 
lobed  at  the  edge  and  separated  bj'  rows  of  jiores;  (a  simple  com|)lelely 
chitinized  operculum;  sessile  avicularia) Petalosteyiis  nov.  gen. 

7)  No  frontal  shield: 

8)  No  ocecia : 

9)  The  distal,  broader,  more  or  less  .symmetrical  part  of  the  zoa'cium 
is  separated  from  a  nearly  as  long,  proximal,  narrow,  cylindrical  part 
by  a  constriction: 

10)  The  ba.sal  edge  of  the  distal  wall  is  angular;  no  avicularia;  a  con- 
striction jusl   (listally   to  the  distal  wall Halophila  Husk  (Lev.   mod.). 

7 


98 

10)  The   basal    edge    of   the    distal    wall    not    angular;     long-slalked 

fixed   aviculaiia;   no  constriction   dislally   to  the  distal  wall...    EpisiomUi  Fleming. 

9)  Tlie  zott'ciuni  not  divided  into  a  {)roxinial,  narrow  cylindiical 
and  a  distal  wider  part  (no  avicularia). 

11)  The  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall  angular;    (radical   fibres  issue 

from  the  lateral  margin  in  the  proximal  jiart  of  the  zoa>cium .  .  .    (leiiicllarid  Savigny. 

11)  The  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall   not  angular lirellid  Dyster. 

8)  0(rcia  present: 

12)  The  oa'cia,  which  do  not  issue  from  the  boundary  between  two 
zooecia  placed  in  the  same  longitudinal  row,  are  covered  by  kenozooe- 
cia;  (the  proximal  part  of  the  zorecium  separated  from  the  distal  by 
a    more  or  less  distinct  constriction  a  little  distally  to  the  distal  wall). 

13)  The  ooecia  are  placed  on  zoa'cia  of  ordinary  size;  zoa'cia  very 
asymmetrical,  from  the  narrow  tube-like  proximal  part  widening  into 
an  obliquely  funnel-shaped  extremity,  furnished  with  spines;  as  a  rule 
there  are  found  avicularia,  the  radical  fibres,  which  go  down  along 
the  l)asal  surface  of  the  colonj',   issue  from  a  rosette-plate  a  good  way 

distally  on  the  basal  aspect  of  the  zo(L'cia Conmcopina  n.  g. 

13)  The  ocecia  are  placed  on  zooecia  of  smaller  size;  zoa;cia  sym- 
metrical or  only  a  little  asymmetrical;  no  sj)ines;  no  avicularia. 

14)  The  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall  angular;  the  oa'cia-bearlng 
zooecia  placed  between  two  zoa'cia  in  a  bifurcation;  (the  frontal  wall 
of  the  kenozooecium  membranous,  furnished  proximally  with  two 
calcareous     ]irocesses;     (no     rosette-plate     between     two    neighbouring 

zooecia Didijinia  Husk. 

14)  the  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall  not  angular;  the  oa>cia- 
bearing  zooecia  attached  either  j)roximally  to  the  frontal  area  or  to 
the  basal  surface  of  other  zocecia;  the  frontal  wall  of  the  kenozoa>cium 
calcified Eucralea  Lamouroux. 

12)  Free  oa^cia  issue  from  the  boundary  between  two  zooecia  placed 
in  the  same  longitudinal  row: 

15)  The  distal  wall  furnished  with  four  uniporous  rosette-plates, 
each  of  which  is  jjlaced  at  the  bottom  of  a  se])arate  chamber;  (no 
avicularia) Dimclopia  Busk. 

15)  The  distal  wall   not  formed  in  this  way: 

16)  Each  zoa»cium  has  a  strong  muscle,  which  at  its  distal  end  is 
attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  external  wall  of  the  zoa'cium,  and 
at    the   other    to   a    conical    ])rojecti()n    from    the  distal   wall   of  the  next 


99 

lower  zo(Pciuni;  two  successive  zofccia  separaled  by  a  small  iiiicalci- 
fied  space;  the  distal  wall  has  an  uncalcified  multiporoiis  losette-plale; 
the  radical  fibres  which  arise  from  the  hoiiiidary  between  two  zo(L'cia 
at  their  rim,  run  proximally  and  join,  filling  the  spaces  between  the 
branches  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  funnel-shaped  colony) ..  .    Kineloskids  Koren- 

Danielsen. 

16)  No  such  muscle;  no  uncilcified  space  between  the  zoa3cia: 

17)  Each  zoircium  consists  of  three  sections  separated  by  constric- 
tions, of  which  the  middle  one  is  elongated,  cylindrical,  while  the  distal 
one  is  obliquely  funnel-shaped  (avicularia  freely  movable;  the  basal 
edge  of  the  distal  wall  unequally  asymmetrically   angular;    the   radical 

fibres  issue  from  the  basal  side  of  the  zofrcium BicclUuin  Hlainville  (mod.). 

17)  The  zooecia  not  divided  into  three  segiuents  separated  by  con- 
strictions: 

18)  The  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall   is  angular: 

19)  Distal  wall  with  two  multiporous  rosette-plates;  sessile  avicu- 
laria        Biiyiilaria  n.  g. 

19)  Distal  wall  with  small  uniporous  rosette-plates;  free  avicularia; 
(zooecia  widening  from  a  narrow  cylindrical  [)ro\imal  [)arl  into  an 
obliquely  funnel-shaped  extremity;  radical  fibres  issue  from  the  lateral 
margins  of  the  zoa^cia) Bicellarina  n.  g. 

(B.  Alderi  Busk). 
18)  The  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall  not  angular: 

20)  Distal  wall  very  slightly  ascending,  with  several  uniporous 
rosette-plates;  no  avicularia;  radical  fibres  issue  everywhere  from  the 
covering  membrane  of  the  frontal  surface  in  the  two-layered  colony .  .    Wdlcrsid  n.  g. 

20)  Distal  wall  consisting  of  a  basal,  horizontal  part  with  a  muili- 
porous  rosette-plate,  and  a  frontal  strongly  ascending  part ;  freely  movable 
avicularia ;  radical  fibres  issue  from  the  second  (more  seldom  also  from 
the  first)  rosetle-i)lalc  of  the  marginal  zocecia DendrobcanUt   n.   g. 


In  the  al)ove  synopsis  of  the  genera,  in  which  the  degree  of  relationship  is 
not  expressed  by  their  consecutive  order,  1  have  not  been  able  to  take  account 
of  a  series  of  earlier  described  forms,  which  I  do  not  know  from  |)ersoual  obser- 
vation. So  far  as  Hnxleya  is  concerned,  this  genus  is  said  to  have  a  completely 
calcified,    arclied    frontal    surface,    and    does    no!    seem    to    belong    in    any  way    to 


100 

this  family.  Brcllui  liibcvformis  seems  according  lo  Hi  neks'  figure  lo  liave  an 
angularlj'  bent  dislal  wall  and  would  therefore,  according  lo  the  above  given 
synopsis,  have  to  he  referred  to  Genwllaria.  Regarding  Syniwtiini  aviculure  I  have 
no  information  about  the  structure  of  the  distal  wall,  and  if  this,  as  in  Gemellaria 
loricdta.  is  angular,  there  might  be  some  ground,  in  spite  of  the  presence  of  avi- 
cularia,  to  refer  il  to  the  genus  Gemellaria.  A  closer  examination  of  those  mem- 
bers of  the  family,  which  Busk  has  described  in  the  Challenger  Expedition's 
Bryozoa  will  no  doubt  lead  to  the  setting  up  of  several  new  genera,  and  Busk 
explains  also  that  to  avoid  doing  so  he  made  his  definition  of  the  genus  Biigiila 
very  elastic,  whilst  at  the  same  lime  dividing  the  species  into  four  groups. 

It  will  for  these  species  be  of  j)rincii)al  interest  to  lind  out  whether  they  have 
an  operculum  or  not,  and  also  how  their  distal  wall  and  ooecia  are  constructed, 
hi  Biujiila  iniiabilis  and  '•Biigiila<'  leontodon,  of  which  two  species  I  have  been 
able  to  examine  a  small  fragment  without  ocrcia,  there  is  an  operculum  as  well 
as  an  angular  distal  wall,  and  these  together  with  two  other  species  are  referred 
to  Busk's  first  group,  where  the  ooecia  which  only  a])j)ear  in  the  median  row 
of  the  colony,  are  enclosed  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  higher  placed  zocrcium. 
The  question  is  therefore,  whether  these  si)ecies  form  a  new  genus  or  whether 
they  can  be  included  under  Diclymia,  the  ooecia  of  which  however  are  surrounded 
by  kenozoci'cia.  In  Biigiila  bicornis  the  higher  j)laced  zorrcium  arises  far  back  on 
the  basal  side  of  the  lower  and  meets  with  this  in  a  circular  disk.  The  form, 
which  Busk  mentions  under  the  name  of  Diachoris  nuHjellanica,  v.  distans.  but 
which  he  has  not  made  the  subject  of  any  description,  seems,  to  judge  from  Ihe 
figure  given,  not  only  to  be  a  separate  species,  but  also  to  represent  a  new  genus. 
The  whole  frontal  wall  seems  namely  to  be  calcified  except  for  a  median  longi- 
tudinal slit,  which  proximally  is  much  widened,  and  in  front  is  continued  right 
to  the  aperture,   which   is  provided  with   a  sinus. 


Bugula  Oken,  char,  emend. 

The  zo(vdiiiu  without  an  operculum.  Distal  wail  with  a  basal  angular  edge 
within  which  there  is  row  of  uniporous  rosette-plates.  Freely  movable  capitate 
avicularia;  free  (xvcia.  The  colonies  free,  branched,  the  zooecia  in  two  or  more 
rows. 

Waters  as  is  known  has  shown,  that  an  operculum  is  wanting  in  Biujula, 
and  Calvet  has  confirmed  this  observation  lor  Ihe  French  species.  Whilst  I  am 
certain  that  an  operculum  is  absent  in  Ihe  other  /J(/.(/H/«-species,  which  are  found 
in    our  Zoological   Museum,    I    am    not    (luile  so  sure  of  this   for  B.  calicnlala,    be- 


ini 

cause  llu'  individual  zud'cia  in  Ihe  badly  prt'served  colonies  seem  lo  nie  lo  show 
a  trace  ol'  an  operculum,  and  if  lliere  is  nol  an  even  transition  in  this  regard 
within  the  species  we  must  very  likely  form  a  new  genus  for  the  species  with 
an  operculum.  The  angular  bending  of  the  distal  wall  may  reach  its  maximum 
in  li.  (Ii'uldld  Lamx,  where  the  two  lateral  halves  in  some  zorecia  almost  reach 
the  proximal   end  (IM.  V,  figs.   1  a     b). 

Bugula  caliculata  n.  sp. 
(PI.  Ill,  figs.  1  a-1  q.) 

The  zooecia,  which  from  the  narrow,  proximal  end  increase  in  width 
distally,  have  on  the  outer  distal  angle  a  very  short,  curved  spine,  and  on  the 
inner  a  very  long  thread-like  spine  a  little  lower  in  position.  In  very  j'oung  and 
developing  colonies  however  the  first  3  —  7  zooecia  have  2—3  long  spines,  and  in 
such  colonies  the  ancestrula  is  even  provided  with  6,  of  which  the  third  (the 
lowest)  on  each  side  is  placed  at  double  the  distance  from  the  second  as  the 
latter  from  the  first.  The  membranous  portion  of  the  frontal  wall  which  in  the 
ancestrula  occuj)ies  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  zoa>cium  has  in  the  common 
zooecia  a  much  larger  extent,  hi  the  few  single  zooecia  succeeding  the  ancestrula 
there   is  found  a  constriction    in   the  proximal   part  (figs.    1  d,   1  e). 

The  avicularia  occur  only  in  a  relatively  small  number,  and  are  situated  a 
lillle  within  the  outer  lateral  margin  and  a  little  distally  to  the  proximal  end  of 
the  zooecium.  Each  zooecium  of  a  pair,  where  the  bifurcation  commences,  is  in 
most  cases  furnished  with  an  avicularium,  a  rule,  however  with  not  a  few  excep- 
tions, especially  at  the  last  bifurcations.  Besides  these,  a  number  of  avicularia 
occur  apparently  without  any  very  definite  position. 

Ooecia  small,  globular,  and  their  longitudinal  axis  is  a  continuation  of  that 
of  the  zooecia. 

The  stem  is  jointed  and  consists  of  a  row  of  long,  narrow  segments  (keno- 
zocecia)  widened  a  little  at  both  ends  and  rounded  quadrangular  in  section.  The 
distal  end  of  such  a  kenozoa-cium  is  provided  a  little  proximally  to  the  joint 
constriction  (fig.  1  1),  with  a  distal  wall,  saddle-shaped  from  side  to  side  and 
from  the  front  to  the  base,  which  on  each  side  is  furnished  with  4—5  small, 
uniporous  rosette-plates,  all  of  which  may  sometimes  be  separate,  sometimes  con- 
nected together  in  groups.  This  calcareous  distal  wall  is  continued  internally 
along  each  of  the  two  lateral  surfaces  of  the  kenozocecium  as  a  calcareous  band 
(fig.  1  (j)  which  as  time  goes  on  increases  in  width  and  in  thickness.  The  two 
bands  join  together  to  a  ring-shaped  portion  (ligs.  1  1-1  m)  at  the  proximal  part 
of  the  segment,  and  the  intention  with  the  whole  of  this  arrangement  is  evidently 


102 

to  strengthen  the  resisfiiig  power  of  Ihe  otherwise  slighlly  calcilieii  stem.  Along 
the  middle  of  tlie  frontal  surface  of  each  segment  we  find  an  exceedingly  nar- 
row membranous  frontal  area,  which  even  in  its  distal  part  is  furnished  with 
parietal  muscles  (figs.  Im — In),  which  Kirkpalrick  has  also  found  in  B. 
(Stirparia)  Hnddoni.  New  colonies  arise  from  the  stems  of  the  older,  taking  their 
origin  between  two  contiguous  segments,  and  the  j'oungest,  which  have  a  very 
small  number  of  zoa>cia,  possess  only  a  single  stem-segment,  which  in  time 
increases  in  lenglh  and  seems  to  be  formed  by  a  constriction  of  the  j)roximal 
pari  of  Ihe  anceslrnla  (figs.  1  c,  1  d,  1  f).  After  the  ancestrula  follow  two  still 
solilaiy  zooecia,  after  which  Ihe  first  bifurcation  commences.  The  older  colonies, 
with  from  3 — 17  joints,  have  only  one  solitary  zoa'ciuni,  which  according  to  the 
age  of  the  colony  sometimes  has  altogether  2 — 3  spines,  and  sometimes  none  at 
all,  while  Ihe  distal  wall,  as  in  Ihe  segments  is  connected  with  two  calcified 
bands  whicli  are  fused  together  in  Ihe  jiroximal  part  of  the  zoa^cium  into  a  ring. 
A  larger  or  smaller  number  of  the  older  zoo?cia  according  to  their  age  show 
a  similar  Iransformation,  and  a  comparison  between  the  youngest  and  oldest 
colonies  leaves  no  doubl  about  the  fad,  Ihal  the  solitary  zooecia  in  Ihe  proximal . 
portion  of  the  colony  are  in  time  transformed  to  segments,  while  the  proximal 
segment  arises  from  a  constriction  of  the  proximal  part  of  the  ancestrula.  I  cannot 
determine  with  certainty  how  the  other  segments  are  formed,  but  as  new  colonies 
can  arise  between  two  segments,  it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  new  seg- 
ments can  also  be  formed  between  two  older  ones,  and  the  fad  that  the  seg- 
ments may  have  a  very  dilTerent  length  favours  this  supj)osition.  Neveitheless,  I 
have  nowhere  found   Ihem  so  short  that  I  could  consider  them  as  just  beginning. 

The  radical  fibres,  which  in  the  older  parts  of  the  stems  issue  in  numbers 
from  uniporous  rosette-plales  in  the  areas  between  the  two  strong,  calcified  bands, 
are  simple  calcified  fibres,  which  partly  cover  the  trunks,  partly  project  freely 
from  these,  hi  some  places  they  are  pear-shaped,  swollen  in  a  part  of  their 
course  and  contain  a  strongly  refractive,  shining  mass,  while  such  swellings  at 
other  places  project  freely  and  thereby  assume  a  great  likeness  to  the  gonothecae 
in  Ihe  Hydrozoa.  As  far  as  the  physiological  importance  of  these  swellings  is 
concerned,  I  would  j)ut  forward  the  supposition  that  they  serve  for  the  accumu- 
lation of  reserve  materials.  Waters'  has  found  (juile  similar  formations  in  liu- 
gnla  (Stirpciriri)  glabra  Hincks. 

The  colonies  are  frequently  compound,  and  Ihe  small  colonies  have  the  form 
of    stalked    caliculate    tufts,    the    branches   of  which    show  (5  bifurcations   in    the 


'   111,  p.  20,   fig.    1. 


103 

largest  ones.  In  the  largest  the  stalk  or  stem  has  a  length  of  ill  mm.,  and  tlie 
cup  a   height  of  75   mm. 

It  is  not  quite  clear  to  me  whether  the  above-mentioned,  (juite  young  colonies 
have  arisen  by  budding  from  the  older  colonies,  or  whether  they  originate  from 
larvaj  which  have  attached  themselves.  The  fact  that  they  arise  as  a  rule  be- 
tween two  segments,  whilst  a  single  one  of  them  issues  from  the  frontal  surface 
of  another  zoaxiuni  in  a  somewhat  young  colony,  speaks  in  favour  of  the  lirsl 
view.  While  the  one  stem-segment  in  the  very  young  colonies  is  very  thin  and 
rather  short,  I  have  observed  in  various  colonies,  both  in  young  and  in  somewhat 
older,  a  thick  and  long,  newly  formed  segment  with  a  distinct  terminal  growth, 
arising  sometimes  between  two  stem-segments,  sometimes  between  a  stem-segment 
and  the  ancestrula,  or  between  the  two  oldest  zoa'cia  (fig.  1  g).  In  these  cases  the 
colony  always  seems  to  commence  with  the  formation  of  a  stem. 

A  number  of  colonies  of  this  species  were  collected  at  Hongkong  in  shallow 
water  by  Captain  Suenson. 

I  originally  believed  this  species  to  be  identical  with  Stirjxirict  Huddoni  Kirk- 
patrick\  and  the  figures  of  this  species  are  therefore  indicated  by  the  latter 
name  on  Plate  III.  A  closer  comparison  with  Kirkpatrick's  description  and 
figures  has  however  convinced  me  of  the  independency  of  the  species  here  de- 
scribed. Si.  Haddoni  not  only  lias  no  avicularia  or  spines,  but  differs  further 
from  B.  caliciilota  in  the  strongly  arched  basal  surface  of  the  zocecia.  and  their 
strong  turning  inwards  towards  the  middle-line  of  the  branch.  In  both  these 
features  B.  Haddoni  shows  a  great  resemblance  to  the  new  species  B.  candhica  to 
be  described  later. 

Bugula  glabra  (Hincks). 

Slirparia  glabra  Hincks,    Annals,  nat.  hist.   5.   S.  Vol.  XI,   pag.   196,  PI.  VI, 

fig.  2. 

Bicellaria   glabra  (Bicellaria   stylites   in    tai)ula)  Busk,    Challenger,    Zoology, 

Vol.  X,^*in>g-  •^i'.  !''■  VI,  fig.   1  a. 
Stirparia  glabra  Waters,  Journ.  Linna;an  Soc,  Zoology,  Vol.  XXVI,  pag.   19 

(I'l.  Ill,  lig.  .Sa). 

I  have  examined  a  very  young  colony  of  this  species  with  S  stem-segments 
and  only  3  full-grown  zoircia,  in  which  the  ancestrula  has  only  3  long  spines 
on    each   side,  whilst   a    larger    number  (5—7)  occur    in    the  specimens  examined 

>  49,  p.  603. 


104 

by  Ilincks  and  Busk.  The  dislal  wall  is  anf;ulaily  l)eiil,  and  lo  judgi'  from  the 
slrucliiiT  of  these  zoa'cia  this  species  can  he  rct'erred  neither  lo  Hiccllnria  nor  lo 
Conmcopina.  The  sliiiclure  of  the  oa»cia  is  not  known.  Tlic  stem-segments  have 
a  structure  cjuite  similar  to  tliat  of  llie  last  sptcies,  and  the  above-expressed 
suggestion,  that  new  segments  may  be  inserted  lielween  the  older  ones,  is  streng- 
thened by  the  fad  that  every  second  segment  of  the  specimen  examined  by 
Hi  neks  is  scarcely  half  the  size  of  the  others.  There  is  also  a  very  small  seg- 
ment (the  tifth)  in  the  colony  examined  by  me.  According  to  Waters'  investi- 
gations, the  radical  libres  quite  agree  with  those  in  li.  cdlicuhiht  and  have  especi- 
ally the  same  kind  of  pear-shajjed  ex])ansions. 

The  small  colony  which  I  have  received  through  the  kindness  of  Miss  Jelly, 
comes  from  Port  Phillip,  Australia. 

Bugula  caraibica  n.  s\^. 
(I'l.  Ill,  ligs.  2a-2n). 

The  zotecia,  which  increase  in  width  distally  from  the  nari-ow  ])roximal  end, 
are  turned  inwards  towards  the  middle  of  the  branch,  in  sucli  a  way,  that  the 
frontal  areas  of  two  neighliouring  zoa'cia  form  nearly  a  right  angle  with  one 
another,  and  they  have  thus,  to  judge  from  Kirkpa  trick 's  tigure,  been  subject 
to  a  much  smaller  turning  than  the  zoa'cia  in  B.  Hmliloni.  The  frontal  end  is 
cut  off  straight  and  the  basal  surface  strongly  arched  with  an  almost  semicircu- 
lar transverse  section.  Almost  in  the  middle  of  the  distal  margin  of  the  basal 
wall  there  is  in  numerous  zoo-cia  a  rather  strong  s|)iiie  (fig.  2b),  which  may 
grow  longer  than  the  zoo'ciuni,  but  is  often  very  short.  It  seems  to  be  (juite 
wanting  however  in  other  zooecia.  Theie  is  very  seldom  a  very  short,  external 
corner-spine.  The  distal  wall  is  insymmetrically  angular  (fig.  2  d),  and  somewhat 
distally  from  this  there  is  a  ring-shaped  constriction. 

The  avicularia,  which  occur  in  very  small  number,  are  placed  outside  the 
membranous  frontal  area  in  its  proximal  portion. 

The  ooecia.  the  outer  layer  of  which  is  calcified,  are  nu)ie  than  half  the 
length  of  the  zooecia,  elongated,  strongly  arched  and  marked  with  radiating 
striae.  They  are  placed  obliquely  relatively  to  the  zoa'cia,  and  turned  so  much 
outwards  that  they  can  be  seen  in  the  wdiole  of  their  extent  from  the  basal  as- 
pect of  the  colony. 

The  segments  (Kenozooecia)  of  the  stem  are,  seen  in  transverse  section,  circu- 
lar or  perhai)s  slightly  (juadrangularly  rounded.  Here  also  we  find  two  calcified 
thickenings  internally,  arising  from  the  distal  wail  and  showing  lines  of  growth. 
They    meet    in   a    ring   at   the   j)roximal    end    of  the   segment,   but  otherwise  they 


105 

(iilVer  from  the  coii-es|)onding  thickenings  or  bands  in  ]i.  niliciihild  in  several 
ways.  Tluis,  their  thinner  middle  portion  passes  evenly  over  into  two  thicker, 
rounded  marginal  portions  (fig.  2  k),  and  further  they  are  much  broader,  occu- 
pying more  than  half  the  periphery  of  the  whole  segment.  They  divide  this  into 
lour,  unequally  large  areas,  of  which  the  largest  lies  on  the  basal  surface  of  the 
colony  and  the  narrowest  on  the  frontal  surface.  This  last  area  which  does  not 
seem  to  have  any  membranous  jjortion  at  all  or  to  be  jirovided  with  parietal 
muscles  is  not  rarely  divided  into  two  or  more  areas  behind  one  another,  as  the 
two  calcareous  thickenings  may  be  connected  by  one  or  several  transverse  bridges. 
The  distal  wall  (figs.  2  1 — n,  2 j),  which  is  saddle-shaped  fiom  side  to  side,  is 
over  its  whole  surface  provided  with  extremely  numerous,  small  uniporous  rosette- 
plates,  so  that  the  whole  di.stal  wall  migiit  really  be  regarded  as  a  large  multi- 
porous  rosette-plate.  In  its  whole  extent  it  is  attached  internally  to  the  wall  of 
the  segment  by  ascending,  often  branched  chitinous  rods,  which  are  apparent 
from   the  outside  anil  produce  digitate  and  lobate  figures. 

The  colony  consists  of  a  nunil)er  of  jointed  stems  which  have  two  alternate 
rows  of  llahellate  branches  with  lour  to  five  bifurcations  and  up  to  40  linear 
segments  with  biserial  zooecia.  Each  of  these  branches  is  in  connection  with  the 
stem  through  a  multiporous  rosette-plate,  which  is  placed  a  little  proximally  to 
the  end  of  a  stem-segment  (tigs.  2  n,  2  i,  2  j),  and  such  a  rosette-plate  is  only 
found  on  that  side  of  the  segment  where  a  branch  issues.  I  have  only  in  a  few 
cases  found  two  successive  branches  arising  from  the  same  side  but  never  two 
branches  placed  at  the  same  height.  From  each  stem  again  2 — 5  new  stems 
arise,  in  most  cases  just  opposite  a  branch,  more  rarely  alternately  with  these, 
and  in  a  few  cases  I  have  found  a  new  stem  arising  just  proximally  to  a  branch. 
New  stems  which  are  in  connection  with  the  main-stems  through  multiporous 
rosette-plates  seem  to  arise  in  a  doul)le  way,  partly  by  transformation  of  branches 
and  partly  independently.  While  the  common  branches  are  fixed  by  a  zocecium, 
the  proximal  part  of  which  is  provided  with  two  rings,  I  have  seen  a  number 
of  branches  only  ditferent  from  the  others  therein  that  1 — 2  slender  segments 
are  interposed  between  the  zoo-cium  and  the  stem,  and  most  likely  these  branches 
are  about  to  be  transformed  into  new  stems.  A  great  number,  however,  of  the 
young  stems,  which  issue  fiom  the  main-stems  and  for  instance  those,  which  are 
seen  in  fig.  2  a,  cannot  well  have  arisen  in  this  way,  which  in  the  first  instance 
may  be  inferred  from  their  being  generally  placed  opposite  the  branches,  as  two 
branches  are  never  [)laced  at  the  same  heiglh.  In  the  next  place  these  stems  are 
characterized  by  their  being  provided  with  branches  only  at  a  very  late  period 
though    there    is  a    rather  large  ditlerence  in  that  respect.    Only  in  a  single  stem 


106 

with  two  segmenls  I  ha\e  louinl  ;i  lilllu  leriniiiiil  bianch  showing  a  double  l)i- 
liiicatioii  while  a  eoinmon  hianeli  on  a  niain-sleni  as  already  said  shows  4 — 5 
bifurcations.  In  all  the  other  young  stems  tlie  tip  is  devoid  of  a  branch,  which 
no  doubt  has  fallen  of.  While  a  terminal  branch  is  a  direct  continuation  of  a 
stem  and  does  not  arise  from  a  losetle-plate,  the  formation  of  a  rosette-plate 
always  precedes  the  formation  of  a  branch,  and  even  if  all  the  lateral  branches 
have  dropped  of,  as  is  the  case  in  many  of  the  stems  examined,  their  position 
and  number  is  indicated  by  the  respective  rosette-plates.  The  examination  of  a 
number  of  stems  shows  that  the  first  rosette-plate  appears  proximal ly  to  the 
partition-wall  between  the  end-segment  and  the  one  next  to  it,  and  that  the 
development  of  these  formations  goes  steadily  downwards.  I  shall  here  give  a 
few  instances  showing  the  difference  in  the  appearing  of  the  rosette-plalcs. 


a  stem  witli : 
6  joints 

Tlie  fifth  segment  with  a  beginning  rosette-plate. 

7      — 

Rosette-plates  on  the  six  segments. 

9      — 

A  Rosette-plate  on  the  seventh  segment.  The  partition  wall  between   the  eighth  and 
the  ninth  segments  is  not  wholly  developed. 

11      — 

Rosetplates  on  the  nintli  and  the  tenth  segments. 

13      — 

Rosetplates  on   the  eleventh  and   the   twelfth   segments. 

The  number  of  segments  in  the  trunk  gradually  increases  by  division  of  the 
older  segments,  and  when  two  short  segments  follow  one  another  this  is  a  sign 
that  a  division  has  taken  place  lately.  The  proximal  segment  of  the  two  has 
then  not  yet  got  the  lateral  rosette-plate,  and  the  proximal  end  of  the  distal  seg- 
ment does  not  yet  show  the  rounded  swelling  defined  by  a  more  or  less  distinct 
constriction,  which  is  seen  on  the  completed  segment.  A  division  like  this  is 
always  introduced  by  the  two  strongly  calcified  lateral  belts  on  each  side  sending 
))rolongations  towards  one  another,   which  at  last  join  together  to  form  a  bridge. 

The  radical  fibres,  which  issue  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  stems  serve 
exclusively  to  attach  these  to  the  surroundings.  They  are  much  branched,  furnished 
with  irregular  expansions  and  swellings,  and  like  the  stem  divided  into  sections 
(kenozooecia),  which  inlernally  are  separated  by  multipbrous  rosclte-j)lates, 
l)ut  externally  have  no  distinct  constrictions.  We  further  find  a  muiliporous 
rosette-plate  everywhere  where  a  new  branch  arises  from  an  older  one. 
While  the  radical  fibres  have  in  Ihe  beginning  on  arising  from  the  stem  a  struc- 
ture similar  to  the  latter  their  wall  soon  becomes  evenly  calcified  over  the  whole 
of  its  surface. 


107 

-  The  colony  examined  consists  of  c.  20  zod-c-ia-ljearing  main  Irnnks,  of  which 
the  longest  have  forty  odd  segments  and  a  length  of  l(i.5  etm.  The  segments 
have  a  length  of  3 — 5  mm. 

Christiansted  lagoon,  St.  Croix  (Fishery  hispector  Mag.  Chr.  Lofting). 

Dimorphozoum  nov.  gen. 

The  colony  consists  of  two  layers,  the  zoa-cia  of  which  are  of  exceedingly 
diverse  natnre.  In  the  one  layer  (the  Ctenoslome)  they  are  quite  uncalcitied  and 
have  no  operculum,  whilst  in  the  other  (the  Cheilostome)  they  have  an  oper- 
culum and  the  structure  general  in  the  family.  The  last  layer  has  besides  the 
following  characters:  the  distal  wall  consists  of  a  basal  horizontal  portion  with 
a  multiporous  rosette-plate,  and  of  a  frontal  ascending  portion;  free  oarui;  freely 
movable,  club-shaped  aviciilariu. 

D.  nobile  (Hi  neks). 

Flustra  nobilis,  Hincks,  Annals  nat.  hist,  fi  Ser. 
Vol.   7,   1891,  pag.  288,  PI.  6,  fig.  5. 

Waters  Journ.  R.  micros.  Sj/c.   1896, 

pag.  281,  PI.  7,  fig.   10—11. 
(1^1.  IV,  figs.  1  a^l  f). 

The   Clieilosloinc  latjer: 

The  zooecia  are  elongated  hexagonal,  and  the  frontal  wall  membranous  in  al- 
most its  whole  extent.  The  distal  edge  furnished  with  4  spines,  which  may  vary 
considerably  in  size,  and  of  which  the  middle  ones  are  the  longest.  When  they 
are  not  very  small,  each  one  of  them  sends  out  a  small,  distally  directed  branch 
from  its  proximal  half.  There  are  as  a  rule  4—6  bifurcated  spines  on  the  distal 
half  of  each  lateral  edge,  which  also  vary  considerably  in  size.  The  inner  branch 
is  generally  the  longest,  and  may  occasionally  reach  more  than  half-way  over 
the  frontal  area,  it  may  als,o  however  be  (piite  absent.  The  distal  wall  ends 
basally  in  a  straight  edge,  and  there  is  generally  a  more  strongly  calcified  belt 
(fig.  1  d)  both  proximally  and  distally.  It  is  provided  with  a  very  large,  multi- 
porous  rosette-plate  (fig.  1  c)  and  such  is  also  found  in  Ihe  distal  half  of  each 
lateral  wall  (fig.  1  b)'.  On  the  basal  wall  of  a  great  many  zoa-cia  there  are  1—4 


'  When  I  give  the  number  of  rosette-plates  (109,  j).  281)  in  tlie  distal  lialf  •.)!  the  lateral  walls  it 
is  because  in  species  with  independent  lateral  walls  it  can  easily  be  seen  (p.  27)  that  the  rosette-plates 
(or  at  any  rate  their  main  parl^  as  a  rule  belong  to  the  distal  half  of  the  lateral  walls,  the  proximal 
part  only  possessing  a  corresponding  number  of  openings,  each  surrounded  by  a  pore-ring.  In  species 
with  common  lateral  walls  only  the  rosette-plates  in  the  distal  half  of  a  lateral  wall  have  their  con- 
vexity turned  inwards. 


lO.S 

niultiporous  roselte-plales,  which  serve  as  conneclion  with  the  zou-cia  in  the 
second  hiycr,  and  are  convex  towards  Ihese  (fig.   1  c). 

The  avicularia  wliich  Hi  neks  wrongly  gave  as  niemhranaceous  do  not  seem 
to  occur  on  all  zoa'cia,  hut  are  in  most  cases  represented  l)y  two.  ^^'e  can  occa- 
sionally find  4.  They  are  not,  as  represented  by  Hi  neks,  attached  to  the  basal 
surface  of  the  lower  zocx'cium,  hut  to  the  proximal  end  of  the  liigher.  Each 
lateral  edge  namely  sends  out  a  narrow  prolongation  directed  inwards,  to  which 
the  avicularia  are  attached,  and  at  the  place  of  attachment  of  each  avicularium 
we  find  a  small  uniporous  rosette-plate.  The  avicularia  are  conical  or  club- 
shaped  with  a  straightly  cut  frontal  area,  and  the  operculum,  which  is  broadly 
chitinized  in  the  margin,  has  in  its  proximal  part  a  half-moon-sha|)ed  lucida 
(fig.   le). 

The  ooecia  which  up  to  the  present  have  been  overlooked,  are  free,  without 
slrialion,  provided  with  an  uncalcilied  ectoocecimn  and  very  low.  They  are  how- 
ever somewhat  higher  when  seen  from  the  basal  surface. 

The  Ctenosloiite  luycr  consists  of  quite  uncalcified,  elongated  liexagonal  zotccia 
with  a  two-lipped  aperture,  and  they  are  in  all  respects  much  like  the  zoa-cia  in 
an  Alcijonidiuni.  I  can  give  no  information  about  the  rosette-plates,  as  I  have  only 
examined  dried  colonies,  and  it  was  only  after  moistening  these  that  the  dried-uj) 
zoix'cia  of  this  layer  showed  their  real  nature.  I  have  twice  received  material  of 
this  species  from  Miss  Jelly,  once  a  large  colony  labelled  South  Africa,  and  an- 
other time  a  number  of  fragments  together  with  small  colonies  of  CJutju'rid 
copensis,  labelled  Port  Elisabeth.  All  these  specimens,  of  which  the  last  were 
richly  furnished  with  ooi'cia,  were  quite  covered  with  the  layer  of  uncalcilied 
zoo-cia,  and  as  the  basal  surface  of  the  other  zoa'cial  layer  is  at  the  same  time 
richly  furnished  with  rosette-plates,  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  two  layers  really 
belong  together;  but  it  would  be  very  desirable  to  make  an  examination  of 
fresh  material  in  order  to  determine  this  (juite  unique  dimorphism  with  cer- 
tainty. 

The  colonies  are  foliaceous  with  slightly  lobate  margin,  attached  by  a  dense 
mass  of  radical  fibres,  which  in  the  Cheilostome  layer  arise  from  the  margin  of 
the  zocrcia  in  their  distal  half. 


Bugularia  nov.  gen. 

The    distal   wall    angular  with    two    niultiporous   rosette-plates;    the   oo'cia    free; 
(whuliivia  sessile,  not   peduiu-iilnte. 


109 

B.  dissimilis  (Busk). 

Carbasea  dissimilis  Busk,   Catalogue   of  Mariue  Polyzoa,   Pari   1. 
Clieiioslomata  pag.  51,  PI.  50,  figs.  4 — 7. 

—  —         Busk,    CiuUlenger,   Zoology,    Vol.    X,    Pari    I, 

pag.  -5fT.  S's 

Fluslra  dissimilis  Waters,  Journ.  R.  Micros.  See.  1896,  pag.  282. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  2  a— d). 

The  zooecia  elongated,  quadrangularly  tongue-shaped,  with  as  a  rule  a  niucli 
narrower  proximal  half,  of  which  a  larger  or  smaller  part  is  calcified.  Three 
pairs  of  spines  may  occur,  of  which  fre(iuently  only  a  smaller  number  is  devel- 
oped. In  colonies  without  oa'cia  only  the  first  pair  is  generally  present,  but  even 
tliese  may  be  lacking  or  rudimentary  in  many  zocecia.  In  colonies  with  ocecia, 
it  is  rather  difUcult  to  find  this  pair  of  spines  from  the  surface  of  the  colony, 
as  they  are  placed  in  a  hollow  on  each  side  of  the  oa>cium.  The  marginal 
zorecia  which  are  longer  than  the  others,  are  drawn  out  into  a  plump  corner- 
spine.  The  distal  wall,  which  is  furnished  with  two  multiporous  rosette-plates, 
is  much  bent  angularly,  and  has  besides  a  distinct  saddle-s]iaj)ed  curve  from  the 
front  to  the  basal  side  (fig.  2  b,  2  c).  Each  lateral  wall  is  furnished  in  its  distal 
half  with  two  multiporous,  strongly  projecting  rosette-plates.  The  basal  surface 
of  the  zooecia  is  coarsely  striated  transversely  (fig.  2  b). 

The  avicularia  which  are  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  proximal,  calcified 
portion  of  the  zowcia  are  attached  by  means  of  a  rather  wide  proximal  part 
and   the  tii)s  are  turned  in  diil'erent  directions. 

The  ocecia  are  not  as  fiee  as  they  are  in  Biujula,  rather  a  large  part  of 
their  basal  wall  being  firmly  connected  which  tlie  higher  zoa'cium.  They  are 
very  large,  furnished  with  an  uncalcified  ectooo'cium,  and  the  endoooecium  besides 
a  distinct  double  striation  also  has  a  cliaracteristic  system  of  lines  bounding 
triangular  or  s([uare  api)arently  impressed  meshes. 

Cornucopina  nov.  gen. 
Bicellaria  p.  p. 

(PI.  IV,  fif^s.  4  and  5). 

The  zixrcid  widening  from  a  long,  tube-shaped  proximal  end  obliipiely  up- 
wards, funnel-shaped,  with  a  ring-shaped  constriction  at  a  greater  or  less  distance 
from  the  distal  wall.  The  mrcift,  which  are  not  placed  between  two  zocecia  in 
the  same  longitudinal  row  but  on  the  zoa-cial  distal  margin,  which  is  directed 
outwards  from   the  middle  of  the  colony,  are  surrounded   by  kenozo(x'cia.   In  most 


110 

species  appear  nviciilaria,  which  are  generally  capitate  and  pedunculate  or  trumpet- 
shaped.  The  radical  fibres,  which  run  down  along  the  basal  side  of  the  colony 
issue  far  distally  on  the  individual  zoa'cia.  The  colonies  are  elegant  tufts  with 
biserial  branches. 

This  genus  which  will  most  probably  be  split  up  later  into  several  includes 
the  majority  of  the  species  in  the  old  genus  Bicellaria\  and  the  only  species 
known  to  me  which  remains  in  this  genus  is  B.  ciliata.  One  of  the  characters 
which,  in  a  narrower  sense,  separates  the  genus  Bicellaria  from  Cornncojnna,  is 
the  sharp  constriction  between  the  wider  funnel-shaped  terminal  portion  of  the 
zoa>cium  and  the  proximal  cylindrical  portion,  and  Corniicopina  yrandis  in  this 
structural  feature  approaches  Bicellarid,  as  we  lind  at  the  same  place  internally 
a  narrow,  ring-shaped,  oblique,  chitinous  thickening.  This  species  also  occupies 
a  special  position  within  the  genus  in  having  a  cryptocyst  (fig.  5  a),  already  ob- 
served by  Harmer-,  which  extends  under  the  larger  part  of  the  frontal  mem- 
brane and  reaches  almost  to  the  operculum.  It  is  provided  with  hnely  curved 
and  dentated  edges,  and  it  rises  dislally  from  the  deeper,  proximal  part  to  end 
in  a  free,  shovel-shaped  plate.  Two  successive  zooecia  are  connected  by  a  multi- 
porous  rosette-plate,  which  is  surrounded  l)y  a  calcareous  ring,  and  this  is  again 
connected  with  a  similar  ring  surrounding  the  adjacent  rosette-plale  of  the  lateral 
wall  (fig.  ii  a — 5  b).  Busk  has  overlooked  the  very  large  plump  avicularia,  which 
in  this  species  here  and  there  issue  from  the  basal  surface  of  the  zooecia  a  little 
proximally  to  the  outer  margins  (fig.  5  c). 

Beania  Johnston. 
Diachoris. 

The  very  slightly  calcified  zon-cia  are  mutually  connected  by  cylindrical  lubes 
to  a  more  or  less  open  network,  which  is  attached  to  the  underlayer  by  radical 
fibres  arising  from  the  basal  surface  of  the  individual  zocjecia;  each  lube  is  fiirii- 
ished  with  a  multiporous  rosette-plate;  no  oa-cia;  as  a  rule  freely  movable 
avicalariu. 

While  all  the  species,  which  I  have  been  able  to  examine  of  this  genus,  have 
an  operculum,  such  according  to  Busk's^  account  and  figures,  is  lacking  in 
Diachoris  tmujclUtnicn,  in  which  the  aperture  is  said  to  be  surrounded  by  a  circu- 
lar thickened  rim.  If  this  account  is  correct,  this  sjjecies  must  jjrobably  be  re- 
garded as  the  re[)resentalive  of  a  s])ecial  genus,  and  this  inii;lil  tlu'ii  retain  the 
old    iianie    Diaclwris.    —    In    the    sj)ecies    from    Ita[)allo,    which    Waters    calls    />'. 


'  8,  p.  31.    -  111,  p.  .cjii 


Ill 

nui(jelhuiic(i\    ami    of  which    species    this  wriler    has   been    so    kind   lo  send   nie  a 
fragment,  there  is  an  operculum: 

Hiantopora  Mac  Gill.',  char,  emend. 

The  strongly  calcified  zooccia  are  connected  by  cylindrical  processes,  each  of 
which  is  provided  with  a  multiporous  rosette-plate.  The  oo'cia  tree;  sessile  avi- 
cularia;  the  colony  attached  by  radical  fibres,  which  issue  from  the  basal  wall 
of  the  individual  zorecia.  From  the  proximal  portion  of  the  avicularium  rises  a 
hollow  spine,  which  as  a  rule  is  strongly  branched  and  may  cover  over  a  larger 
or  smaller  part  of  the  frontal  membrane. 

H.  radicifera  (Hincks). 

Membranipora  radicifera,  Hincks,  Annals  nat.  hist.  5  S. 

Vol.  8,   1881,  pag.  5,  PI.  2,  figs.  (J,  6  a,  (i  b. 

(PI.  IV,  figs.  6  a— 6  c). 

The  zooecia  are  broad,  hcxagonally  rounded,  with  two  short,  blunt  spines 
and  a  little  further  proximally  on  one,  generally  the  left,  lateral  margin  with  a 
short  l)ifurcated  spine  with  two  unequally  long  branches.  The  strongly  arched 
basal  surface  runs  out  into  six,  a  little  lower  placed,  but  also  arched,  .somewhat 
broad  and  short  tubes  which  are  separated  by  broad  and  deep  pit-like  depres- 
sions and  meet  with  corresponding  processes  from  the  neighbouring  zooecia.  At 
the  bottom  of  each  pit  is  an  oval  hole,  which  opens  on  the  frontal  surface  of 
the  colony,  but  on  account  of  the  somewhat  imbricate  position  of  the  zo(Bcia, 
these  holes  are  not  very  distinct.  They  open  on  each  side  of  the  distal  end  of  the 
zoiL'ciuni.  Each  tube  is  furnished  with  a  large,  multiporous,  strongly  calcified 
rosette-plate,  occupying  the  whole  of  its  breadth,  and  the  arched  basal  surface 
of  each  zod'cium  is  furnished  with  4  6  uniporoiis  rosetle-])lates,  which  serve 
for  connection  with  the  numerous  radical  fibres,  by  the  aid  of  which  the  colony 
is  attached  to  its  underlayer. 

The  avicularia  are  large,  proximally  furnished  with  a  small,  curved  spine, 
and  provided  with  a  mandible,  which  is  inclined  to  one  side.  Each  zoa'cium 
has  such  an  avicularium  attached  along  the  one  lateral  margin  and  directed 
oblicjuely  inwards,  opposite  the  above-mentioned  bifurcated  spine. 

The  ooecia,  which  Hincks  does  not  mention,  are  free,  widest  at  the  proxi- 
mal   end,    cup-shaped    or    semi-conical,    furnished    with    an    obliquely    ascending 


in.  p.  iCi,    -  7.').  p. .a^  7(i.  pp.  (id— (ii. 
•208 


112 

frontal  surface,  and  with  a  calcified,  rugged  ectoooecium.  On  each  side  of  the 
oa'ciuin   is  a  small  ohli([uely  placed  si)ine. 

1  have  been  able  to  examine  a  colony  ol'  Ibis  species  from  Port  Phillip,  Vic- 
toria (Miss  Jelly). 

To  the  genus  Hinniopora,  which  Mac  Gillivi-ay  lias  founded  on  "CrihrUhui' 
fero.v,  I  must,  besides  Ibis  sj)ccies,  also  refer  Mcnibvdnipord  rddicifent  as  well  as 
the  form  which  Kirk])a  trick  has  described  under  Ibe  name  M.  nuiicifcra,  v. 
intermedia,  and  which  he  considers  as  an  intermediate  form  between  //.  /c/o.r 
and  H.  radicifera.  I  agree  willi  Ibis  writer  as  to  tiie  necessily  of  referring  all  three 
forms  to  the  same  genus;  bul  whilst  he  refers  them  to  Meinbranijmrd,  I  must,  partly 
on  account  of  their  points  of  agreement  with  lieania,  partly  because  of  the  free 
ott'cia,  refer  them  to  the  family  liicellariidae,  and  although  they  must  come  close 
to  Beanid,  they  camiot  for  several  leasons  be  included  under  this  genus.  Some 
of  these  reasons  are:  the  strong  calcification,  llu-  |)resence  of  oa-cia,  wbicb  however 
have  hitherto  only  been  found  in  H.  radicifera,  and  finally  the  ])resence  of  the 
sessile  avicularia  (in  conlrasl  to  the  pedicellate  inovai)le  ones  in  Ileania).  Lastly 
this  avicularium  is  in  all  three  species  furnished  with  a  spine,  wliich  in  each 
attains  an  extremely  variable  development,  and  in  //.  fero.v  coxers  (be  greater 
part  of  the  frontal  surface  with  its  branches,  and  Ibis  is  the  reason  why  this 
species  was  formerly  referred  to  the  genus  Cribrilina.  In  //.  radicifera  it  is  rallier 
small  undivided,  conical,  whilst  it  is  much  larger  and  richly  branched  in  //. 
intermedia,  but  in  contrast  to  the  spine  in  //.  ferax  it  projects  fieely  bere.  Of 
H.  ferox  besides  Kirkpalrick's  original  specimens  I  have  been  able  to  examine 
two  others,  namely  one  from  Port  Phillip  (Miss  Jelly)  and  another  from  Port 
Phillip  Heads  (Mr.  J.  Gabriel);  they  show  all  dilferences  in  tbe  shape  and 
development  of  the  aviculaiian  s])ine,  so  that  the  species  seems  to  undergo  great 
variation.  It  may  be  possible  to  set  up  several  dilferent  species.  All  three  species 
agree  however  in  that  tbis  hollow  aviculaiian  spine  wbicb  may  in  realilv  be 
looked  upon  as  a  hollow,  branched  continuation  of  tbe  avicularian  cband)er,  is 
not,  as  Kirkpatrick  seems  to  believe,  connected  with  the  opposite  margin  of 
the  respective  zocKcinm,  but  nuiinly  witli  parts  of  the  surrounding  zott'cia,  |)ailly 
with  their  distal  spine  or  distal  margin,  |)arlly  with  their  avicularia  or  with  the 
branched  prolongations  of  these.  The  tip  of  the  avicularian  .spine  is  however 
often  fused  togelbei-  witb  a  small  branched  spine,  which  ari.ses  from  the  distal 
half  of  tbe  opposite  margin   of  tbe  zoo'cium. 

Mac   (iillivray',   who    originally   i-el'erred   tbe   genus   liiaiihiiinrii   to   IJic   I'amilv 

'  75,  i).,4«r 

rot 


113 

Cribrilinidae,  has  in  a  later  paper'  made  this  genus  into  a  special  family  Hianlo- 
poridae,  to  which  he  also,  besides  some  fossile  forms,  which  I  Iiave  not  had  the 
opportunity  to  examine,  refers  Cribrilinn  monoceros,  and  Hincks'-'  stated  already 
in  an  earlier  work  that  the  two  species  ought  to  be  united  into  one  genus,  and 
that  this  genus  ought  to  represent  a  new  family.  I  cannot  admit,  however,  that 
there  is  any  relation  between  the  two  species  which  only  show  the  external 
agreement,  that  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  their  frontal  membrane  is  covered 
by  branched  projections;  but  whilst  these  are  hollow  and  originate  from  the 
avicularia  in  //.  ferox,  they  are  solid  and  originate  from  the  lateral  margins  in 
C.  monoceros. 

They  thus  show  a  difference  in  the  only  structural  feature,  which  could  be  in 
favour  of  their  being  united  to  form  one  genus.  As  the  genus  Hiantopora,  accor- 
ding to  the  foregoing  definition  naturally  belongs  to  the  familly  liicelhiriidae,  I 
am  unable  to  adopt  Mac  Gillivray's  family. 

Brettia  Dyster. 

?  Maplestonia,  Mac  Gillivray. 

(PI.  IV,  figs.  9a-01}). 

The  distal  wall  is  not  angular;  o(vcia  and  avicularia  wanting;  the  colony  with 
single-rowed  zoa-cia. 

I  must  for  the  present  refer  Maplestonia  to  this  genus,  as  there  is  nowhere  in 
the  diagnosis  given  by  Mac  Gillivray  a  character  sufficient  to  separate  it  from 
Brettia.  I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  small  fragment  of  a  colony  of  M.  simplex 
with  some  few  zociecia,  the  frontal  membrane  of  which  is  surrounded  by  a  more 
strongly  calcified  cryptocyst  with  fine  lines  of  growth,  which  also  surrounds  the 
distal  wall.  Otherwise  the  two  species  M.  cirrata  and  M.  simplex  seem  to  show 
great  differences,  and  the  first'  resembles  Catenarin   in  its  whole  mode  of  growth. 

The  form,  which  Waters^  has  named  llrellia  friijida  and  of  which  he  has 
been  so  kind  to  spare  me  a  little  branch,  is,  as  he  has  himself  supposed,  identi- 
cal with  Smitt's  liiigula  qvadrideiitata,  wliich  is  only  a  growth-form  or  variety  of 
Dendrobeania  Miirraijnna.  This  species  sometimes  appears  with  mulliserial  (4 — 26 
rows),  sometimes  only  with  uni-  to  fourserial  branches  (H.  qvadridentata)  and  of 
the  last  form  I  have  through  the  kindness  of  Prosessor  Theel,  Stockholm  been 
able  to  examine  colonies  from  Spitzbergcn.  In  contrast  to  the  species  of  the  genus 
Bmjnla  as  defined  here,  the  distal  wall  in  I).  Miirraijana  is  furnished  with  a 
multiporous  rosette-plate,  and   in   the  distal   part  of  each   lateral  wall,  we   find  two 


'   7G,   pp.   GO— Gl       -  :!8a,   p.   479.     =  G7,   p.   92.      *    114,   p.   jl. 


114 

such  plates,  placed  close  together  on  a  more  strongly  calcified  and  proxlnially 
sharply  defined  part  of  the  zoa^ciuni.  The  same  is  the  case  in  Brettia  fri(jida, 
and  I  shall  only  mention  further,  that  whilst  the  zooecia  in  the  uniserial  hranches 
are  as  regards  rosette-plates  provided  in  (juite  the  same  way  as  the  zooecia  in 
the  many-rowed  hranches,  they  lack  the  holes  on  Ihc  other  hand  in  the  proximal 
portion  of  the  lateral  wall,  which  in  the  zoa?cia  with  several  rows,  correspond  with 
the  rosette-plates  on  the  neighbouring  zooecia. 

Petalostegus  nov.  gen. 
Catenaria  p.  p. 

The  membranous  frontal  area  is  covered  by  a  circle  of  mulually  connected 
plate-like  or  leaf-like  hollow  spines;  a  slightly  chitinous,  semicircular,  simple 
operculum;  sessile  avicularia;  free  (?)  ooecia;  zooecia  in  one  row. 

P.  bicornis  Busk. 

Catenaria  bicornis  Husk,  Challenger,  Zoologj',  Vol.  X,  PI.   1,  pag.   14,  PI.  2, 

figs.  2  a,  2  b. 

—  —       Waters,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  XXXI^,  p.  9,  PI.  1,  fig.  1. 

(PI.  IX,  figs.  8  a,  8  b). 

The  zooecia  widened  upwards  from  a  long,  narrow,  tube-shaped  proximal 
part,  oblique  quadrangularly  oval,  strongly  arched  especially  on  the  frontal  sur- 
face, the  largest  part  of  which  is  formed  by  a  membranous  area,  covered  by  five 
mutually  coalesced  hollow  spines.  These,  which  spring  from  the  rim  of  the  frontal 
area  with  a  relatively  narrow  proximal  part,  have  a  broad  rhombic  form  and 
are  therefore  in  the  marginal  part  of  the  frontal  area  separated  by  four  wide, 
but  low  interspaces,  which  are  bounded  externally  by  the  edge  of  the  frontal 
area,  internally  by  the  proximal  edges  of  the  rhombic  spines.  At  the  two  distal 
spines  the  corresponding  space  is  formed  by  the  aperture  itself.  The  distal  much 
longer  portions  of  the  spines  are  each  furnished  with  2 — 3  very  short  projections, 
which  meet  wilh  corresponding  projections  from  the  adjacent  spines,  and  the 
five  radial  sutures  are  thus  j)rovided  with  2 — 3  larger  or  smaller  oval  pores. 
Of  the  five  spines  the  proximal  is  the  largest,  and  meets  with  the  two  distal  in 
a  triradiale  suture,  whilst  the  two  others  which  are  the  smallest  do  not  reach 
in  lo  the  middle  of  the  area.  The  rhombic  form  of  the  three  larger  spines  thus 
becomes  somewhat  modified,  in  such  a  way  that  the  proximal  s])iiie  is  strictly 
irregularly  hexagonal,  and  the  two  u])per  pentagonal.  The  aperture,  which  is 
placed   a    little   proximally    to    the    distal    edge    of   the   zocecium,   is  almost  semi- 


115 

circular,  though  in  such  a  way  that  its  distal  curved  edge  (the  anter)  meets  with 
the  almost  straight  proximal  edge  in  two  almost  parallel  lateral  margins.  The 
aperture  is  occupied  by  a  membranous  opercular  valve  with  a  chitinous  rim.  On 
the  basal  surface  in  the  distal  part  of  the  zooecium  between  the  two  avicularia 
we  find  a  small,  more  calcified,  quadrilateral  area. 

The  avicularia  which  are  placed  on  each  side  of  the  distal  part  of  the  zooe- 
cium, are  somewhat  strongly  compressed  with  an  elongated  oval  frontal  surface 
which  is  tuined  outwards.  Seen  from  the  side  they  are  trapez-shaped  with  a 
small  hook-shaped  curve. 

The  ooecia  are  lacking  on  the  branches  examined  by  me,  but  according  to 
the  description  (»galeriform,  lofty,  terminal*)  Busk  gives,  there  is  hardly  any 
doubt  that  they  are  free. 

The  colonies  have  uniserial  branches,  and  from  each  zocecium  issue  two  new 
ones,  one  from  the  tip,  and  one  from  a  triangular  projection  on  one  (the  right 
and  the  left  in  turns)  of  the  lateral  walls,  a  little  above  the  centre  of  the  wider 
terminal  part  of  the  zoojcium. 

I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  small  branch  of  this  species  from  the  Chal- 
lenger's station  280,  which  has  been  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  by  Mr.  Kirk- 
pa  trick  from  the  British  Museum.  In  favour  of  its  reference  to  this  family 
speak  not  only  the  agreements  in  mode  of  growth  and  zooecial  form  with  Bretlia, 
but  in  still  higher  degree  the  free  ooecia,  since  free  ooecia  do  not  appear  in  any 
other  Malacostege  family. 

Chaperia  Jullien  ^ 

The  distal  part  of  the  zocpciiiiu  is  furnished  internally  with  two  lateral  spaces 
open  towards  the  frontal  surface  (sometimes  coalesced  to  a  single  horse-shoe- 
shaped  one),  formed  by  two  plates  which  project  from  the  side-walls  and  converge 
towards  the  distal  wall.  Each  distal  wall  has  2  multiporous  rosette-plates  and  the 
distal  half  of  each  side-wall  a  single  one.  Hyperstomial  free  oacia  with  a  com- 
pletely calcified  ectooa'cium.  The  zod'cia  which  may  sometimes  have  a  membranous 
opercular  valve,  sometimes  a  chitinous  comj)ound  operculum,  are  generally  strongh' 
provided  with  spines  and  have  often  a  well  developed  cryptocyst.  Avicularia 
sometimes  trumpet-shaped,  not  always  present.    The  colonies  are  incrusting. 

To  this  genus  belong  the  following  species:  Ch.  annulus  Manz  (^  Ch.  (juleata 
Busk),  Ch.  cristatn  Busk,  Ch.  ceruicornis  Busk,  Ch.  cijUndracea  Busk,  Ch.  albispina 
M.  Gill.',  Ch.  capeims  Busk,  Ch.  patiilosa  Waters',   Ch.   tropica  Waters^  etc. 


'   45,  p.   Gl.      '  (14,   p.   116,   pi.   fig    10.     ■'   11,'),   p.   :!3.      *   110  a,   p.    168. 


116 

Family   Farciminariidae  Busk. 

(PL  I,  ligs.  in-in). 

The  zoa'cia  as  a  rule  slightly  calcified,  occasionally  with  a  small  secondary 
cryptocyst,  without  true  spines,  furnished  with  an  ohliipu-ly  asceiuiing  distal  wall, 
and  separated  by  common  lateral  walls  which  are  furnished  with  a  small  number 
(2 — 4)  of  uniporous  rosette-plates.  The  aviciilaria  dei)endent,  sometimes  depressed, 
sometimes  strongly  projecting.  The  o<vcia  are  endozooecial,  generally  more  or  less 
projecting,  occasionally  surrounded  by  kenozoa'cia. 

The  colonies  are,  in  the  hitherto  known  forms,  dichotomously  branched  tufts, 
with  slender,  prismatic,  sometimes  jointed  segments,  on  which  the  zonccia  are 
arranged  in  longitudinal  rows  (generally  4 — 6)  round  an  axis,  formed  by  the 
adjoining  separating-walls. 

This  family  agrees  with  the  Fhistridw  in  the  possession  of  endozooecial  otrcia, 
and  with  most  members  of  that  family  in  its  being  furnished  with  unii)orous  rosette- 
plates.  On  the  other  hand  it  differs  from  the  Fhistridcv  in  possessing  dependent 
avicularia,  in  the  lack  of  hollow  spines,  in  the  absence  of  independent  lateral 
walls  as  also  in  the  form  of  colony. 

Columnaria  nov.  gen. 
Farciminaria,  Busk  p.  p. 

The  zooecia  are  without  spinous  processes;  the  distal  wall  has  a  number  of  scattered 
nniporous  rosette-plates.  The  oo'cia  are  strongly  prominent  and  the  cndoorrciuni 
on  each  side  partially  covered  bj'  a  little  lamina  of  cryptocyst,  which  issues  from 
the  respective  lateral  wall  of  the  zooecium.  Capitate  (wiciilaria,  attached  to  the 
distal  wall  at  their  proximal  part  and  firmly  fixed  wilii  Ihcir  basal  wall  to  the 
frontal  membrane  of  the  distal  zoa'cium;  the  fiontal  wall  of  the  avicularia  without 
a  calcareous  transverse  bar;  the  colony  not  jointed. 

C.  borealis  n.  sp. 

(I'l.   I,  ligs.  12:i-]2c). 

The  zooecia,  the  whole  frontal  surface  of  which  is  membranous  without  a 
cryptocyst,  have  an  elongated  rectangular  shape;  the  length  is  generally  4 — 4.5 
times  the  breadth.  The  strongly  ascending  distal  wall  which  is  only  half  as  broad 
as  the  frontal  area,  is  elongated  pentagonal,  or  rounded  wedge-shaped  and  furnis- 
hed with  5  —  9  rosette-plates  placed  in  2  longitudinal  rows.  The  side-walls,  whose 
distal  half  is  furnished  with  2  uniporous  rosette-plates,  increase  in  height  towards 
the  distal  end  and  terminate  in  a  triangularly  rounded,  projecting  corner. 

The  avicularia,  which  appear  in  all   zocecia  are  attached  to  the  distal  end  of 


117 

Ihe  distal  wall  by  their  proximal,  sometimes  almost  tap-like,  proximal  end,  and 
hy  means  of  a  unij)orons  rosette-plate  are  connected  with  the  proximal  zod'cium, 
whilst  their  more  arched  basal  surface  is  grown  together  with  the  frontal  mem- 
brane of  the  distal  zowcium.  Seen  from  the  frontal  surface  the\'  are  egg-shaped, 
seen  from  the  side  triangularly  rounded,  and  their  subopercuiar  portion,  which 
is  turned  in  towards  the  distal  zoa-cium,  forms  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  semi- 
circular, outwards  facing  mandible  which  has  a  chitinous  margin,  but  no  >  lucida' . 

The  ooecia  are  large,  broad,  flatly  arched,  rugged,  and  furnished  with  a  pro- 
truding proximal  rim,  which  is  separated  from  the  other  part  by  a  ring-shaped 
impression.  From  each  of  the  distal  zowcium's  calcified  lateral  margins  issues  a 
narrow,  obliquely  triangular  calcareous  plate,  which  pushes  in  between  the  endo- 
oa'cium  and  the  ectooa-cium,  and  comes  to  lie  over  the  former  with  its 
concave  lower  surface.  It  is  furnished  w'ith  a  shorter  inner,  and  a  longer  outer, 
free  marginal  edge. 

The  colony  is  bifurcated  u]i  to  three  times  and  the  zofx-cia  arranged  in  four 
longitudinal   rows. 

A  single  colony  of  this  species  was  taken  by  the  Ingolf  Expedition  at  hit. 
600  17/  N    jQ„g^  540  05/  y^r     at  a  depth  of  1715  fathoms. 

All  the  Farciminaria  species  which  Busk  has  described  in  the  Challenger 
Report  except  F.  atlantiai  undoubtedly  belong  to  this  genus. 

Farciminaria  Busk  p.  p. 

The  zou'cid  have  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  small,  spine-like  processes, 
which  are  placed  either  on  the  frontal  membrane  or  on  the  lateral  margins;  the 
(Hx'cid  are  surrounded  by  kenozoa'cia;  an  (tinciilariiiin  similar  to  that  found  in 
Coliimnaria  occurs  in  a  few  cases;  the  colony  not  jointed. 

F.  uncinata  Hincks. 
Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5,  Vol.  XIV,   1884,  pag.  277,  PI.  VIII,  Og.  2. 

(I'l.  I,  lij<s.  10 a— 10(1). 
The  zooecia,  the  whole  frontal  surface  of  which  is  membranous,  evenly  in- 
crease in  breadth  towards  the  broadedly  rounded  distal  end,  which  is  sometimes 
furnished  with  two  short  spine-like  processes.  The.  frontal  surface  a  little  proxi- 
mally  to  the  operculum  has  on  either  side  a  denticle  similar  to  these,  and  a 
similar  denticle,  which  varies  somewhat  in  size  and  is  sometimes  double,  arises 
from  each  lateral  margin  a  little  distally  to  the  proximal  end  of  the  zooecium. 
It  points  in  towards  the  middle  line  of  the  zocvcium,  and  seems  to  be  placed 
under  the  frontal  membrane.  The  triangular  distal  wall  has  within  its  basal  rim 


118 

a  small  number  (about  6)  of  uniporous  rosette-plates,  and  the  distal  half  of  each 
side-wall  is  furnished  with  a  single  one. 

No  avicularia. 

The  ooecia  are  large,  strongly  prominent,  flatly  arched,  roughly  radiately 
striated  on  the  frontal  surface,  with  a  varying  number  of  large,  cylindrical,  club- 
shaped,  knotformed  or  pointed  processes.  Hi  neks'  statement  on  the  oa-cia: 
^surface  smooth,  divided  into  distinct  areas  by  raised  partitions<,  must  refer  to 
these  projections,  which  reach  right  out  to  the  covering  membrane  of  the  ooecium. 
The  ooecia  are  borne  by  zooecia,  which  are  furnished  with  a  large  operculum  and 
with  two  proximal  spinous  processes  facing  inwards,  but  they  lack  the  denticles,  which 
otherwise  occur  on  the  frontal  membrane.  They  are  covered  by  kenozooccia,  which 
have  no  denticles,  but  are  furnished  with  a  narrow  calcareous  border  just  like  the 
ordinary  zooecia,  although  this  here  does  not  reach  right  back  proximally  (fig. 
10  b).  The  boundary  between  the  kenozooecium  and  the  ooecium-bearing  zooecium, 
is  formed  by  a  distal  wall,  strongly  bent  at  an  angle,  which  has  a  transverse  belt 
of  scattered  uniporous  rosette-plates  (10  d  dw.),  and  which  is  furnished  with  a 
thickened,  strongly  calcified  distal  margin.  If  we  cut  away  the  frontal  wall  of  an 
ooecium  (fig.  10  e)  we  find  outermost  the  narrow  cavity  of  the  kenozooecium, 
within  this  the  ooecium,  and  proximally  to  this  the  thickened  margin  of  the 
distal  wall,  behind  which  we  can  detect  a  number  of  rosette-plates.  The  keno- 
zooecium is  separated  from  the  higher  zooecium  by  a  distal  wall  of  the  ordinary 
structure  (fig.  10  d). 

The  colonies  form  dense,  very  often  bifurcated  tufts,  the  branches  of  which 
have  four  rows  of  zowcia. 

Some  colonies  of  this  species  from  Port  Phillip  Heads,  Victoria  have  been 
kindly  sent  me  by  Miss  Jelly. 

F.  aculeata  Busk. 

Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata, 

pag.  33,    PI.  44,    figs.  4,    5,    PI.  45  (bis.)  fig.  6. 

The  zooecia  hexagonally  rectangular,  a  little  within  each  lateral  edge  furnished 
with  a  longitudinal  row  of  4 — 5,  very  often  bifurcated,  upwards  bent,  chitinous 
denticles,  and  the  distal  margin  of  the  zooecium  is  as  a  rule  furnished  with 
2 — 4  similar,  but  smaller  spine-like  processes.  The  separating  wails  are  as  in  the 
prece^ding  species. 

No  avicularia. 

The  ocecia  have  a  similar  shape  and  structure  as  in  F.  nnciiuitd,  but  lack 
the    numerous   and   strong   processes,    found    in    that  species.    On  the  other  hand, 


119 

the  covering  membrane,  which  belongs  to  the  kenozooecium,  is  fnrnished  with 
numerous,  pointed,  scattered  chitinous  denticles,  which  thus  corresjjond  with  those, 
found  on  the  other  zoa>cia.  The  distal  wall  between  the  ooecium-hearing  zooe- 
cium  and  the  kenozooecium  is,  as  in  F.  unciiuita,  much  bent  at  an  angle  and 
I'urnished  with  a  thickened  margin.  The  kenozooecium  has  no  operculum  as  it 
has  been  figured  by  Busk. 

The  colony  has  a  similar  structure  as  in  the  foregoing  species,  but  the  zooe- 
cia  are  arranged  in  6  longitudinal  rows.  A  colony  from  Port  Phillip  Heads,  Victoria 
(Miss  Jelly). 

According  to  information  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr.  K.  Kirk])atrick  I  must  also 
refer  F.  atlaiilica  Busk'  to  this  genus. 

Nellia  Busk. 
Farcimia,  Pourtales. 

The  zod'cUi  without  spinous  processes;  the  distal  wall  has  at  its  inner  corner  a 
single  rosette-plate;  the  ooecla  are  in  almost  their  whole  extent  immersed  into 
the  proximal  i)arl  of  the  ordinary  zoa'cium,  and  project  only  very  little  on  the 
surface  of  this;  the  avicularia  are  attached  by  a  wide  base  or  partially  immer- 
sed, with  calcareous  transverse  bar;  the  colony  jointed. 

N.  appendiculata  Hincks. 

Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5,  vol.  XI,   1883,  pag.   199,  PI.  VII,   fig.  4. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  11  a- 111)). 

The  zocecia  wide,  rounded  rhombic,  with  a  memlManous  frontal  area  which 
occupies  almost  the  three-fourths  of  their  length,  and  which,  except  for  the  pro- 
jecting distal  edge,  is  furnished  with  an  immersed  cryplocyst  in  the  remaining 
marginal  part.  Each  distal  wall  is  furnished  with  one,  and  the  distal  half  of  each 
lateral  wall  with  a  single  uniporous  rosette-plate. 

The  avicularia  which  occur  in  pairs  for  each  zooecium  are  elongated,  some- 
what curved,  tapering  towards  the  proximal  end  and  furnished  with  an  arched 
outer  surface.  They  are  placed  in  such  a  way  that  with  their  inner  lateral  edge 
they  border  on  the  distal  half  of  a  lower  zooecium  and  with  their  outer  lateral 
edge  on  the  proximal  half  of  a  higher  zorecium  in  a  neighboining  row.  At  the 
distal  end  there  is  an  elongated  frontal  area  perpendicular  to  the  longitudinal 
axis  of  the  avicularian  chamber.  The  triangular  mandible,  which  is  directed  obli- 
quely outwards   and   proximally   and  which    is  furnished  with  a  Uuida,   has  like 

'  8,  p.  49. 


120 

the  corresponding  part  of  the  avicularium  a  little  hook.  In  a  large  number  of 
avicularia  the  membranous  covering  of  the  frontal  area  is  transformed  into  an 
acuminated  tenfaculiforni  process  and  in  such  avicularia  there  is  no  trans- 
verse bar. 

The  ooecia  are  almost  semiglobular,  but  in  the  greater  part  of  their  extent 
immersed  and  only  projecting  externally  as  a  slightly  i)rominent  pent-roof-shaped 
portion  distally  to  the  zoa^cium,  which  portion  is  at  the  sides  bordered  by  the 
avicularia.  This  projecting  portion  consists  of  two  calcareous  layers,  the  ectozooe- 
cium  being  also  calcareous. 

The  colony  consists  of  somewhat  short,  cylindrical  club-shaped  segments  with 
four  rows  of  zocecia  and  3 — 4  zod'cia  in  each  low. 

Port  Phillip  (British  Museum). 

N.  tenella  Lanik. 

Nellia  oculata  Busk,  Catalogue  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  pag.   18, 
PI.  LXIV,  tig.  (5,  PI.  LXV  (bis),  fig.  4. 

(I'l.  I,  figs.  13  a— 13  c). 

The  zooecia  elongated,  quadrangularly  rounded,  with  a  proximal,  calcareous 
portion,  which  may  occasionally  reach  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  whole  length  of 
the  zoa^cium.  The  elongated,  oval  frontal  area  is  surrounded  by  a  thin  projecting 
rim,  and  at  its  posterior  marginal  portion  there  is  a  small  .secondary  cryptocyst. 
The  distal  part  of  the  frontal  area,  which  includes  the  operculum,  is  on  each 
side  separated  from  the  remaining  part  by  a  small  tooth-shaped  projection  of 
the  lateral  margin  (fig.  13  c).  The  distal  wall  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral 
wall  is  furnished  with  a  single  uniporous  rosette-plate. 

The  avicularia  which  appear  in  pairs  on  the  proximal,  calcareous  part  of 
the  zooecium,  are  rather  small,  and  have  a  large  part  of  their  chamber  immersed 
in  the  colony,  which  part  is  apparent,  funnel-like,  through  the  lateral  walls  of 
the  zooecium  (fig.  13  b).  At  their  proximal  part  Ihey  are  provided  with  a  small 
pit  for  the  insertion  of  the  radical  fibre  (lig.  13  e),  and  al  their  distal  part  some- 
times with  an  oval,  .sometimes  a  pear-shaped  frontal  area.  The  mandible  which 
has  a  similar,  variable  form  and  is  furnished  with  a  small,  beak-like  hook  is 
turned  away  from  the  zoo'cium. 

The  ooecia  are  immersed  for  the  larger  part  of  their  extent  and  can  only  be  seen 
from  the  outside  as  short,  pent-roof-shaped  projections  (fig.  13d),  which  on  each  side 
are  separated  from  the  lateral  walls  of  the  lower  zooecia  by  a  curved  suture  (fig.  13  c). 
This   projecting  portion   consists   of   two   calcareous  layers,   as  the  ectooceciuin  is 


121 

also  calcareous;  but  it  often  however  shows  a  narrow,  uncalcified  transversely 
placed  area  (fig.   13  c). 

The  colonies  consist  of  four-rowed  segments,  and  the  individual  rows  may 
contain  4 — 12  zooecia. 

The  species  is  represented  in  our  Zoological  Museum  from  the  Bass'  Straits, 
Port  Denison,  Queensland,  Texas,  ^^'est-hulies  (St.  Thomas),  Ceylon  and  Siani,  and 
colonies  from  dilTerent  places  show  differences,  partly  in  the  size,  position  and 
shape  of  the  avicuiaria,  partly  in  the  more  or  less  strongly  ascending  distal  wall, 
and  in  the  nuni])er  of  zoa>cia  in  the  individual  rows. 


N.  (?)  simplex  Busk. 

Catalogue  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  p.   19,  PI.  LXV,  fig.   1; 

PI.  LXV  (bis),  fig.  3. 

(PI.  XXII,  fig.  6  a). 

The  zooecia  are  elongated,  narrow,  tongue-shaped  or  roundedly  rectangular, 
surrounded  by  projecting  edges,  wliich  in  their  proximal  half  are  sometimes 
slightly  sinuated.  Within  each  lateral  wall  in  the  whole  of  its  length  there  is  a 
low  longitudinal  ridge,  and  from  this  issues  a  cryptocyst,  whicli  especially  distally 
is  rather  deeply  immersed  and  attains  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  zocrcium. 
The  aperture  of  the  latter  is  almost  half  the  breadth  of  the  zoa^cium.  The  distal 
wall  is  in  its  innermost  corner  furnished  with  a  multiporous  rosette-plate,  while 
the  distal  half  of  each  side-wall  has  a  single  uniporous  plate. 

No  avicuiaria  or  ooecia. 

The    colonies   have   ipiadrilateral  branches  with  7  to   16  zoa^cia  in  each  row. 

The  Formosa-Channel,  35  fathoms,  Suensson,  lat.  32"  22'  N.,  long.  128"  42' E., 
170  fathoms  (Suensson). 

Kirlipatrick  has  referred  fragments  of  a  colony  from  Mauritius  to  this 
species,  and  the  British  Museum  through  that  author  has  kindly  permitted  me 
to  examine  tlie  preserved  and  mounted  small  branches,  on  wiiich  the  account  of 
Kirkpa trick  is  based.  As  I  have  not  been  able  to  examine  this  form  completely, 
however,  I  can  only  say  here,  that  the  outer  resemblance  is  suflicienlly  great  to 
justify  considering  this  form  as  a  variety  of  N.  simplex.  The  cryptocyst  however 
is  far  less  develoi)ed.  The  proximally  slightly  projecting  ooecia  are  in  the  largest 
l)art  of  their  surface  only  covered  by  the  frontal  membrane  of  the  distal  zooecium 
(the  ectoooecium),  but  a  little  proximally  to  their  distal  end  also  by  a  crypto- 
cyst-bridge,  which  connects  the  two  lateral  margins  of  the  zooecium  and  is  lowest 
in   the    middle,    and  which    in  K  irkpat  rick's    figure    is   seen  as  a  low,    and  not 


122 

very  distinctly  marked  transverse  Ix-ll  almost  midway  across  the  frontal  surface 
of  the  oa>cium.  The  jiart  of  the  ooecium  lying  proximally  to  this  is  furnished 
along  the  middle  with  a  narrow  ridge.  This  cryptocyst-hridge  must  undoul)tedly 
have  arisen  from  a  fusion  of  two  triangular  lamina>  like  those  we  have  described 
in  Coluinnaria  borealis. 

Family  Flustridae. 

The  zoa'cia  slightly  calcified,  with  an  aperture  whicii  occupies  Ihe  whole 
frontal  surface,  or  at  any  rate  its  largest  pari.  Occasionally  there  is  found  a 
secondary  cryptocj'st.  The  distal  wall  is  always  provided  with  a  varying  number 
(1  — 13)  of  small,  uniporous  rosette-plales,  and  such  also  appear  as  a  rule  on  the 
side  walls,  which  only  in  a  few  cases  are  furnished  with  mulliporous  rosette- 
plates.  Vicarious  or  independent  avicularia.  The  owcia  are  endozocccial  and  immer- 
sed, generally  in  ordinary  zooecia,  occasionally  in  avicularia  or  kenozooecia.  The 
colonies  are  in  a  few  cases  incrusting,  in  most  cases  free  frondose,  more  or  less 
richly  branched,  and  with  the  fiee  margin  consisting  of  kenozoa^cia. 

As  the  family  is  defined  here,  the  main  weight  is  laid  on  the  possession  of 
immersed  orecia  and  vicarious  avicularia,  as  well  as  on  the  slight  calcification 
and  the  large  frontal  aperture,  and  I  have  therefore  also  referred  ^Meinbranipora' 
fltistroides  Hincks  and  M.  serrata  M.  Gill,  to  this  family:  the  latter  species  has 
been  considered  by  Waters  also  as  a  Fliislnt.  In  conformily  lo  the  above  defini- 
tion of  this  family,  I  have  been  obliged  to  separate  out  a  number  of  species, 
which  partly  have  external  ooecia,  partly  dependent  avicularia.  »F/Hs/r««  militaris, 
^Fl."  irassd,  F/.o  dissimilis  and  »F/.  <  nobilis  are  Ihus  referred  to  the /JiVe//ar/iV/oc  and 
^Fl.'^  armata  lo  the  Scnipocellariidae.  Since  however  the  ooecia  and  avicularia  are 
lacking  in  a  number  of  species  of  this  family  as  in  most  other  families,  and  as 
a  number  of  Memhranipora  species  can  have  vicarious  avicularia  as  well  as  a 
quite  uncalcified  frontal  wall,  it  is  difficult  to  draw  a  sharp  line  between  this 
and  the  family  Menihraniporidae.  Memhranipora  serrulata  Busk  is  a  species  which 
has  been  regarded  both  as  belonging  to  Memhranipora  and  to  Fhistra.  According 
loBusk"s  original  description  it  possesses  immersed  oct'cia,  and  if  this  were  cor- 
rect, il  would  have  to  be  regarded  as  a  Fhistra.  but  I  have  not  succeeded  in 
finding  ooecia  in  any  of  the  specimens  of  this  species,  which  our  Museum  has 
from  the  Fvara  Sea  or  from  Greenland,  nor  are  they  found  on  Husk's  original 
specimens  in  the  Brilish  Museum.  The  species  appears  incrusting  as  well  as  in 
free,  bilaniinate  growths,  but  it  differs  from  the  Fhistra  species,  known  to  meg'in 
having  mulliporous  rosette-plates  on  the  distal  wall,  as  well  as  fully  developed 
marginal  zooecia,  and  I  therefore  find  it  more  natural  lo  look  upon  it  as  a  Mem- 


123 

branipora.  Whilst  the  side-walls  in  the  majority  of  the  Fliislridae  have  uniporous 
rosette-plates,  we  find  multiporous  ones  in  the  three  species  Fl.  foliacea,  Fl.  car- 
basea  and  Fl.  abijssicola,  and  it  might  be  considered  as  part  of  the  evidence  for 
the  systematic  importance  of  the  rosette-plates,  that  none  of  these  three  species 
have  the  cap-  or  cup-shaped  ooecia,  which  are  common  in  the  family.  Only  in 
Fl.  foliacea  (PI.  I,  figs.  8  a— 8  b)  we  can  find  ooecia  of  a  very  peculiar  egg-shape, 
which  must  have  arisen  in  this  way,  that  the  distal  wall  has  simultaneously 
formed  an  upper  as  well  as  a  lower  cap-  or  cup-shaped  expansion.  The  peculiar 
apparatus  for  the  ejection  of  the  larvae,  which  Jul  lien  has  shown  in  Fl.  abyssi- 
cola,  also  seems  to  suggest  a  very  distant  relationship  to  the  other  Fliiatridae,  but 
for  the  rest,  we  shall  not  here  enter  further  into  these  questions.  In  many  cases 
the  proximal  portion  of  the  ooecia  is  covered  by  a  low  cryptocyst-belt  (PI.  I, 
figs.  2  b,  3  a,  6  a,  7  c),  which  originally  arises  out  of  two  lateral  halves  which 
finally  fuse  together.  It  increases  in  height  with  age  and  may  in  time  in  Fl. 
fliistroides  (PI.  I,  fig.  4  a)  completely  cover  the  oa?cium.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  in  Fl.  seciirifroiis  a  pair  of  fiat,  oblicpiely  placed  cryptocyst-processes  distally 
to  the  zooecial  operculum  (PI.  I,  figs.  5  a— 5  b,  d.  w.).  In  all  the  species,  which 
occur  in  free  colonies,  their  margin  is  formed  by  kenozooecia  ,which  for  the  rest 
can  appear  in  very  difi'erent  ways;  sometimes  (Fl.  foliacea,  Fl.  membranaceo- 
triincata,  Fl.  securifrons)  as  chambers  of  a  similar  form  and  structure  as  the  other 
zocecia,  but  without  an  operculum,  sometimes  (Fl.  biseriata,  Fl.  cribriformis)  as 
narrow,  tube-shaped  marginal  ridges,  which  here  and  there  show  internal  sepa- 
rating walls.  While  such  modified  marginal  individuals  appear  at  several  places 
within  the  division  Ascopiiora,  for  instance  in  Onchoporella  bombycina  and  Micro- 
porella  flabellaris,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  them  in  any  members  of  the 
families  Bicellariidae  or  Scriipocellariidae,  and  their  presence  or  absence  seems  thus 
in  doubtful  cases  to  be  available  as  a  distinguishing  character  for  these  families. 
I  must  thus  emphasize  the  fact,  thai  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  such  marginal 
zoa'cia  in  any  of  the  above-mentioned  species  which  up  to  the  present  have  been 
incorrectly  referred  to  the  Fliislridae,  and  that  their  appearance  has  nothing  to 
do  with  the  number  of  rows  of  zoa^cia  in  the  colony,  is  evident  from  the  fact, 
that  on  the  one  hand  they  are  lacking  in  the  species  mentioned,  but  on  the  other 
hand  appear  in  Fl.  bi.seriata,  the  true  zocecia  of  which  are  two-rowed. 

Jullien  has  made  a  beginning  with  the  splitting  up  of  the  old  Fhistra  genus 
by  founding  the  genus  Sarsifhistra,  and  I  will  here  propose  the  setting  up  of  4 
other  genera  (or  subgenera?),  of  which  one  must  keep  the  name  Fltistra,  as  it 
will  contain  the  species  Fl.  foliacea,  on  which  the  genus  was  originally  based. 
As  we   thus   have   no   name   for  the  rest  of  the  species,  which  not  yet  have  been 


124 

separated  into  genera  and  which  accordingly  must  provisionally  be  characterized 
mainly  in  a  negative  way,  I  shall  pro[)ose  for  these  the  name  Heterofluslva,  and 
the  introduction  of  such  a  provisional  name  seems  to  me  necessary  in  ail  simi- 
lar cases. 


Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  The  side-walls  with  multiporous  rosette-plates;  if  orecia  are  pre- 
sent, they  are  egg-shaped,  the  distal  wall  forming  at  the  same  time  a 
distal  and  a  proximal  cup-shaped  arch; 

2)  the  larv?e  are  ejected  through  a  chitinous  tube,  which  opens 
distally  to  the  zooccial  operculum,  and  may  be  covered  by  a  movable, 
calcareous  valve;    avicularia   of   the  same  size  as  the  zorecia,    lyriform; 

the  operculum  with  two  large  wing-shaped  lateral  expansions.  .  .    Sarsifliisird  .lull.' 
'^^'"^''''^  (S.  abyssicola  Sars). 

2)  No  such  apparatus  for  the  ejection  of  the  larvae;  egg-sha])ed 
ocEcia  may  occur  and  smaller  avicularia,  the  operculum  of  which  has 

no  lateral  expansions Fhistra  (L.)  Lev. 

(Fl.  foliacea,  L. 
-    carbasea,  Ellis  and  Sol.) 
1)  The    side-walls   have    uni[)orous    rosette-plates;    if  ocrcia  are  pre- 
sent, they  are  cup-  or  cap-shaped,  the  distal-wall  only  forming  a  single 
arch : 

3)  The  oojcia  immersed  into  the  bottom  of  kenozooecia  (no  avicularia, 

colony  with  two-rowed  branches) Kenella  n.  g. 

(K.  biseriala  Husk.) 

3)  The  oa?cia  immersed  in  ordinary  zooecia  or  in  avicularia  (the 
colonies  with  several  rows). 

4)  The  distal  wall,  at  any  rate  in  the  onecia-bearing  zoa'cia,  very 
often  also  in  the  ordinary  zocecia,  meets  with  the  basal  wall  in  an 
angularly  bent  or  curved  line;  the  free  edge  of  the  onecia  on  the  frontal 
side  of  the  colony  lies  much  lower  than  the  basal  edge;  the  avicularia 
have  the  same  size  as  the  zooecia,  (the  colonies  much  branched  dichoto- 
mously,  with  frequcntlj'  the  branches  meeting  and  thus  forming  an  open 
network;  radical  fibres  occur  in  the  angles  of  the  branches)....    Relifliistra  n.  g. 

4)  The    distal    wall    horizontal    or    very    slightly    curved;     the    free, 

'  4(i,  p.  4;i 


125 

frontal    edge   of  the   onccia   is  almost  at  the  same  height  as  the  basal; 
the  avicularia  smaller  than  the  zooecia: 

5)  The  lateral  walls  within  the  covering  membrane  generally  with 
numerous  spine-like  processes;  the  margins  of  the  zooecium  have  as  a 
rule  more  or  fewer  (occasionally  numerous)  spines;  the  avicularia 
generally  with    a  pointed  mandible;    the  oircia  not  rarely  immersed  in 

the  avicularia Spiralaria  Busk. 

(Hincksina  Norm.) 

5)  The  lateral  walls  never  have  spine-like  processes,  at  most  a  single 
pair  of  spines:  the  mandible  of  the  avicularia  rounded,  ooecia  never 
immersed  in  avicularia Heterofhistra  nov.  nom. 

Spiralaria  Busk,  char,  emend. 

?  Hincksina  Norman  \ 

(I'l.  I,  fig.  9  a). 

The  lateral  walls  with  as  a  rule  a  row  of  spine-like  processes  (or  denticles) 
a  short  distance  within  the  covering  membrane;  the  edges  of  the  aperture  as  a 
rule  furnished  with  spines,  sometimes  over  their  whole  length;  the  avicularia 
generally  with  beak-shaped,  pointed  mandible;  the  owcia  most  often  immersed  in 
avicularia;  the  side-walls  have  numerous  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  diagnosis,  the  characters  on  which  the  genus 
is  l)ased  are  not  constant;  but  as  these  characters  in  the  species  which  I  refer 
to  this  genus  supplement  one  another  in  such  a  way,  that  there  can  be  little 
doubt  that  these  species  are  closely  connected,  I  must  consider  this  genus  as 
well-established,  though  its  limits  are  not  sharp.  Besides  in  the  species,  which 
Busk  originally  described  as  Spiralaria  florea-,  the  above-mentioned,  spine-like 
processes  on  the  side-walls  are  also  found  in  Fl.  denti(jera^,  Fl.  Hpii}iili[icra^,  Fl. 
dentictilata^,  to  the  last  of  which  Busk  has  referred  two  fairly  distinct  forms, 
and  it  seems  on  the  whole  to, be  subject  to  considerable  variation.  I  may  men- 
tion here  the  most  important  characters  for  the  three  forms  in  our  Zoological 
Museum,  which  can  be  referred  to  .S.   deiiticnlala. 

A  form  from  the  Challenger  St.  163  (var.  inermis).  There  are  no  spine-like 
processes  in  a  larger  or  smaller  distal  portion  of  the  zoa'ciiiin,  whilst  in  the 
proximal  portion  1  — 11  appear  on  each  side;  no  spines;  typical  (ivicularia,  no 
(Hvcia. 

A  form  from  Bass'  Straits.    Strong,  spine-like  processes  in  almost  the  whole 

'   S.'i,   p.    .^S.').      '   (i,    p.    If)!!.      ■'    lOi). 


126 

length  of  the  zoa'ciiim  (up  to  18  on  each  side),  one  or  two  pairs  of  spines  on 
the  distal  part  of  the  zooecium,  typical  ainciikiria,  the  oa'cia  immersed  in  the 
avicularia. 

A  form  from  Victoria.  The  spine-like  processes  are  much  reduced  and  cannot 
be  seen  from  the  surface  of  the  colony,  appearing  merely  as  small  knobs.  They 
seem  also  sometimes  to  be  in  very  small  numbers.  Broad,  flat,  pointed  spines 
appear  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zowcitiin.  Typical  avicularia,  the  0(ecia 
immersed  in  the  avicularia.  The  form  which  Busk'  described  in  1852  differs 
from  the  last  mentioned  in  that  the  teeth  are  well-developed  and  the  spines 
partially  widened  at  the  tip,  with  two  or  three  branches. 

Very  close  to  .S.  denticiilata  is  S.  florea,  which  has  well-developed,  hook-shaped, 
denticles,  1 — 2  spines,  typical  avicularia  and  the  oa'cia  immersed  in  the  avi- 
cularia, whilst  the  ocecia  are  immersed  in  the  ordinary  zooecia  in  S.  dentigera,  S. 
spinuligera  and  S.  serrata^,  the  last  of  which  lacks  the  denticles,  unless,  as  in 
the  above-mentioned  species  from  Victoria,  they  are  here  also  so  small  that  they 
cannot  be  seen  from  the  surface  of  the  colony.  This  last  species,  in  which  the  aui- 
cularian  mandible  is  much  more  beak-like  than  usual  and  elongated,  is  very  variable 
in  regard  to  its  armature,  as  within  the  same  colony  we  can  find  zooecia  with  1 — 2 
or  with   numerous  spines,  widened  at  the  end  and  branched  two  or   three  times. 

The  above  diagnosis  has  been  designed  so  as  also  to  include  ^Membramporu< 
flustroides  and  Fl.  octodon^,  but  the  connection  of  these  two  species,  and  especi- 
ally the  last,  with  the  others  is  not  without  some  doubt.  Instead  of  the  typical, 
beak-shaped,  elongated  avicularian  mandible  they  have  rounded  ones,  and  in  the 
case  of  Fl.  oclodon  it  is  really  only  the  elongated  form  of  the  zoa'cia  and  the 
possession  of,  for  a  Fluslra,  an  unusually  large  number  of  spines,  which  can  be 
taken  as  in  favour  of  its  relegation  to  the  genus.  Besides  the  presence  of  nume- 
rous rosette-plates  and  spines,  the  fact  that  some  of  the  owcia  are  enclosed  in 
avicularia,  a  character  not  found  outside  the  genus  Spiralaria,  is  in  favour  of 
the  relegation  of  M.  flustroides  to  the  genus. 

Retiflustra  n.  g. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  6  and  7,  I'l.  XXI,  ligs.  1  and  2). 

The  distal  wall,  at  any  rate  in  the  ooecia-bearing  zoa-cia  and  in  most  cases 
also  in  the  others,  meets  with  the  basal  wall  of  the  colony  in  an  angularly  bent 
or  curved  line;  the  free  edge  of  the  owcia,  which  are  placed  on  the  frontal  side 
of  the  colony,   is  much   lower  than  their  basal  edge;    the  zooecia  have  no  spines; 


'  2,   p.   49.     '   GI,   p.    1.31    .iiul   04.   p.   ;i      "   2,   p.   49. 


127 

the  colony  is  strongly  dichotomously  branched  with  generally  the  branches  con- 
nected so  as  to  form  an  open  network.  Radical  fibres  arise  from  the  marginal 
belt  consisting  of  kenozooecia  in  the  approximal  corners  of  the  angles  of  the 
branches. 

It  is  possible  that  we  may  be  able  to  add  to  this  diagnosis  still  one  or  more 
characters,  taken  from  the  structure  of  the  auicularia ;  but  for  the  present  I  only 
know  the  structure  of  the  avicularia  in  the  new  species  R.  Schonaui. 

R.  Schonaui  n.  sp. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  7  a-7  d). 

The  zooecia  are  of  somewhat  variable  form,  in  most  cases  elongated,  rect- 
angularly oval,  with  a  distal  curved  margin,  often  a  little  irregular,  especially  in 
the  marginal  portion  of  the  branches.  There  is  a  more  strongly  developed  crypto- 
cyst  than  in  any  other  member  of  tlie  family.  It  appears  as  a  marginal  region 
along  the  whole  extent  of  the  zooecium  and  shows  distinct  belts  of  growth;  these 
are  specially  obvious  in  the  strongly  developed  proximal  region.  The  larger  part 
of  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium  is  uncalcified  and  has  an  oval  form  (fig.  7  d), 
only  a  belt  along  each  side  and  a  larger  or  smaller  (Vsth  —  ^Ui'd)  proximal  por- 
tion being  calcified.  Owing  to  the  slight  strength  of  the  calcification  this  oval 
only  becomes  distinct  after  it  has  been  boiled  in  potash  and  only  with  reduced 
light.  The  calcareous  part  of  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  and  especially  its 
proximal  part,  shows  occasionally  a  number  of  transversely  or  obliquely  placed 
coarse  strije. 

The  distal  wall,  which  is  angularly  bent  and  saddle-shaped  in  the  direction 
from  front  to  back,  is  furnished,  with  a  transverse  row  of  6 — <S  uniporous  rosette- 
j)lates,  while  the  distal  half  of  each  side-wall  has  2 — 4.  Partly  owing  to  the 
saddle-shaped  curvature  of  the  distal  wall,  partly  because  the  basal  edge  is  placed 
higher  than  the  frontal,  we  can  see  a  large  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  distal 
wall  from  the  basal  aspect  of  the  colony.  The  branches  are  everywhere  bordered 
by  a  narrow  marginal  region,  which  here  and  there  shows  an  inner  separating 
wall,  and  must  be  regarded  as  formed  by  kenozooecia.  It  is  only  at  the  point 
where  the  branches  bifurcate,  consequently  at  the  two  ends  of  the  oval  perfora- 
tions, that  this  region  has  a  larger  extent  and  shows  basally  a  gymnocyst  and 
on  the  frontal  side  a  cryptocyst  with  belts  of  growth.  Here  and  there  a  radical 
fibre  issues  from  the  approximal  corner  of  such  a  perforation. 

The  avicularia  (iig.  7  a)  are  very  rare,  and  I  have  altogether  only  seen  two. 
They  are  of  the  same  size  as  the  zooecia,  pointed  proximally  and  almost  pear- 
shaped.    Contrary   to   the    rule    in  Malacostega,   they   are   far  proximally   provided 


128 

with  a  calcareous  transverse  bar  and  with  a  small  cryptocyst.  Only  a  short  proxi- 
mal portion  of  the  mandible  was  preserved. 

The  ooecia  are  low,  bowl-shaped,  and  except  in  the  (piite  young  are  covered 
by  a  cryptocyst-belt  in  the  proximal  portion.  The  basal  edge  of  the  distal  wall, 
from  which  the  ooecium  issues,  is  placed  higher  than  the  top  of  this,  and  can 
therefore  by  a  deep  focussing  from  the  frontal  surface  be  seen  distally  to  the 
ooecium.  Such  distal  walls  have  the  same  saddle-shape  as  the  others,  and  are 
like  these  furnished  with  a  row  of  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  colonies  are  composed  of  circular  fenestrate  lamin.T?,  superimposed  one 
upon  the  other,  and  growing  spirally  from  a  common  centre,  one  from  the  other. 
The  fenestra;  are  oval,  somewhat  pointed  and  generally  much  broader  than  the 
segment  between  them. 

The  larger  part  of  my  material  however  consists  of  isolated  fragments,  and 
only  a  single  fragment  shows  three  connected  laminae. 

The  species  comes  from  the  China  Sea,  lat.  26"  30'  N.  long.,  121"  10'  E., 
42  fathoms,  and  has  been  taken  by  Telegra[)h-Engineer  Schonau. 

R.  cribriformis  Busk. 
Carbasea  cribriformis  Busk, 
Challenger  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part.  I,  pag.  58,  PI.  XXXIX,  lig.  8. 
(1^1.  I,  CiHs.  (i:i-61),  1>1.  XXII,  li^.  2  a). 
The  zooecia  have  a  very  variable  form,  most  often  elongated  hexagonal,  oflen 
rather  irregular,  wilh  a  straight  distal  margin.  There  is  a  faintly  developed  cryp- 
tocyst in  the  form  of  a  narrow  marginal  expansion,  the  proximal  i)art  of  which 
is  a  little  more  developed.  The  basal  side  of  the  zooecia,  which  is  more  calcified 
than  in  the  foregoing  species,  has  a  narrow,  median  uncalcified,  longitudinal 
belt,  which  begins  at  the  angle  of  the  distal  wall  and  as  a  rule  reaches  almost 
to  the  middle  of  the  zotrcium.  It  is  generally  narrowest  at  the  middle  and  widest 
proximally.  On  both  sides  of  this  we  generally  find  a  nundjer  of  transversely  or 
oblicjuely  placed,  coarse  stri;c,  which  in  difl'erent  zooecia  may  have  a  very  dilTe- 
rent  strength  and  occupy  a  very  different  part  of  the  basal  side,  and  which  aiT 
in  reality  more  calcified  and  thickened  regions  of  this.  In  a  fragment  from  Port 
Darwin  this  system  of  stripes  is  so  strongly  developed  wilh  such  a  pronounced 
whitish  colour,  that  the  whole  of  the  basal  side  of  the  colonv'  seems  even  with 
naked  eye  to  be  spotted  with  white.  Besides  the  longitudinal  belt  mentioned  this 
fragment  by  reduced  light  under  the  microscope  shows  a  large,  pear-shai)ed, 
dark  spot,  the  proximal  border  of  which  meets  with  that  of  the  longitudinal  belt, 
but   is   broader   than    this.     It   arises   from    the   contrast  between  a  more  strongly 


129 

calcified  outer  and  a  more  slightly  calcilied  inner  (median)  part.  The  distal  wall 
is  acute-angled  and  the  two  arms  are  a  little  concave.  As  in  the  loregoing  species, 
it  is  at  the  same  time  saddle-shaped,  and  furnished  with  a  transverse  row  of 
(up  to  12)  uniporous  rosette-plates.  The  distal  half  of  each  side-wall  has  ca.  6 
rosette-plates.  The  marginal  region,  which  consists  of  kenozoo'cia,  only  differs  from 
the  marginal  region  in  the  preceding  species  by  the  part,  which  ap])ears  on  the 
basal  side  of  the  colony,  being  much  calcified  and  furnished  with  similar  stripes 
to  the  zowcia.  On  the  other  hand,  it  has  no  distinct  cryptocyst.  The  radical 
fibres  issue  from  the  proximal  corners  of  a  number  of  fenestrse. 

Avicularia  have  not  been  found  hitherto. 

The  ooecia  are  high,  dome-shaped,  with  indistinct  radiating  stria?  and  gener- 
ally in  the  middle  provided  with  a  shorter  or  longer,  sometimes  rather  irregular 
ridge.  A  low  cryptocyst  belt  covers  their  |)roximal  part.  Also  here  the  basal  part 
of  the  distal  wall  lies  higher  than  the  top  of  the  ocecium  and  is  thus  seen  dis- 
tally  to  the  latter  at  a  deeper  level  (PI.  I,  fig.  6  b,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  2  a).  The  distal 
wall  belonging  to  the  oa>cium  forms  an  angular  .or  sometimes  almost  arched 
mark  on  the  basal  side  of  the  colony,  and  the  two  arms  are  not  concave  but 
convex.  The  ocecia-bearing  zoo'cia  are,  when  looked  at  from  the  basal  side,  larger 
than  the  others,  and  the  distal  half  of  the  above-mentioned  uncalcitied  longi- 
tudinal belt  is  generally  very  broad. 

The  colonies  have  the  same  slruclure  as  in  R.  Sclwiuun,  l)ut  the  fenestrje 
are  very  much  smaller  and  generally  much  narrower  than  the  segments  between 
them. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  a  fragment  from  Torres  Straits  (Cambridge) 
and  one  from   Port  Darwin  (Ihitish   Museum). 

R.  reticulum  Hincks. 

Flustra  reticulum  Hincks, 

Annals  Nat.  Hist.  .ser.  o,  Vol.  X,   1882,  p.   163,  PI.  YII,  fig.  4. 

(I'l.  XXII,  lij^s.  la-lc). 

The  zooecia  of  rather  varying  form,  most  often  irregularly  pentagonal  or 
hexagonal  with  an  evenly  rounded  frontal  edge.  A  cryptocyst  appears  as  an 
extremely  slight  marginal  expansion.  The  basal  wall  is  uniformly,  but  not 
strongly  calcified  with  the  exception  of  a  rather  small,  round  (circular,  oval  or 
pear-shaped)  uncalcified  spot  almost  proximally  to  the  distal  wall.  Very  rarely 
a  few  short,  coarse  stripes  appear  here  and  there.  Contrary  to  the  case  in  the 
two  other  species  the  distal  wall  is  generally  straight  in  the  ordinary  zocrcia, 
and    it  has  about  10  uniporous  rosette-plates,   some  of  which  are  placed  opposite 

9 


130 

each  lateral  margin.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  has  5 — 6  rosette- 
plates. 

Avicularia  wanting  on  the  fragment  examined.  They  have  been  described  and 
figured  by  Hincks,  but  require  a  closer  examination. 

The  ooecia  are  rather  large  and  not  rarely  of  an  outline  describal)le  as 
quadrangularly  rounded.  Along  their  proximal  margin  two  indistinct  cryptocyst 
processes  are  seen,  which  are  rather  large  at  their  starting-point  but  quickly 
become  very  low.  A  little  distally  to  the  proximal  margin  of  the  oo-cium  an 
extremely  small  pore  is  generally  seen  in  the  central  line  surrounded  by  a 
thickened  portion,  and  from  Ibis  a  number  of  partially  coarse  striae  radiate.  In 
contrast  to  the  distal  wall  in  the  ordinarj'  zooecia  the  ooecia-forming  distal  wall 
meets  the  basal  wall  of  the  zocrcium  in  a  curved  line,  which  is  sometimes  on  a 
level  with  the  top  of  the  ocecium,  sometimes  somewhat  lower  than  the  latter, 
but  at  all  events  considerably  higher  than  the  proximal  margin  of  the  ocecium. 
Contrary  to  the  case  in  the  two  foregoing  species  the  whole  of  the  distal  wall  is 
transformed  to  an  oaH'ium.  It  is  accordingly  convex  in  its  entire  extent  and  has 
no  saddle-shaped  basal  part  with  rosette-plates. 

The  colonies,  which  are  branched  dichotomously,  differ  from  those  in  the 
two  preceding  species  therein,  that  the  separate  branches  do  not  meet.  The 
marginal  portion,  which  consists  of  kenozoa'cia,  is  wholh'  calcified  on  the  basal 
side  and  most  thickened  in  its  outer  half,  for  which  reason  the  colony  is  seen 
surrounded  by  a  white  margin. 

I  have  examined  a  fragment  of  this  species  from  Victoria  (The  Zoological  Mu- 
seum of  Cambridge,  Dr.  S.  Harmer). 

Family  Scrupocellariidae. 

Cellulariidae  Hincks. 
(Pis.  II  iirid  XXII). 

The  zooEcia  are  as  a  rule  strongly  calcified,  with  a  membranous  frontal  area 
occupying  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the  surface.  An  arched  gymnocysl  of  larger 
or  smaller  extent  is  found  in  most  species  proximally  to  the  frontal  area,  and 
there  is  usually  a  more  or  less  well-developed,  most  often  finely  granular  second- 
ary cryptocyst.  The  margin  of  the  aperture  has  as  a  rule  1 — 2  pair  of  spines 
distally,  while  from  the  approximate  centre  of  the  inner  margin  a  spine,  plate- 
like widened  oi-  branched  at  the  end,  very  often  arises  and  may  cover  a  larger 
or  smaller  part  of  the  frontal  area.  The  distal  wall,  consisting  of  a  horizontal 
basal  and  an  obliquely  ascending  frontal  part,  has  usually  numerous,  small, 
scattered,    uniporous    rosette-plates   basally,  while    the    distal    lialf  of  each   lateral 


131 

wall  has  one  multiporous  plate.  Besides  dependent  auiciiliirid,  found  in  most 
species,  vibraciila  may  also  occur  on  the  hasal  surface  of  the  colonj%  and  these 
are  connected  with  the  colony  by  an  independent  wall.  The  oa'cia  are  generally 
hyperstomial  with  a  wholly  or  partly  calcified  ectoooecium,  more  seldom  endo- 
zod'cial.  In  the  latter  case  they  are  sometimes  enclosed  in  kenozooecia.  As  a  rule 
radical  fibres  occur,  sometimes  springing  from  a  rosette-plate  (or  a  pore-chamber), 
sometimes  from  a  separate  chamber  connected  with  a  vibraculum.  The  colonies 
are  always  free,  very  branched,  most  frequently  with  uni-  or  few-seried  zocecia, 
generally  consisting  of  a  single  layer  and  in  most  cases  jointed  by  means  of 
chitinized  transverse  belts. 

While  a  smaller  number  of  species  (e.  g.  Hoplitella  arniala,  Menipea  flabellum, 
Men.  spicata'^  and  the  Canda  species),  have  a  membranous  frontal  area,  occupying  the 
whole  or  almost  the  whole  of  the  frontal  surface,  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the 
latter  is  in  the  other  species  occupied  by  an  arched  gymnocysl  which  in  some 
species  (e.  g.  in  Menipea  aculeittd  Busk  and  Men  clausa  Busk)  may  be  up  to  two- 
thirds  of  the  length  of  the  zooecium.  While  the  cryptocyst  in  many  species  (e.  g. 
in  the  Scruiwcellaria  species,  in  Caberea  Ellisi,  Menipea  acnleata,  M.  cirrata,  M. 
palagonica)  forms  only  a  small  depression  in  the  margin  of  the  aperture,  it  may 
in  other  species  fill  a  larger  part  of  the  aperture  inside  the  membranous  fronlal 
area  in  the  form  of  a  somewhat  depressed,  generally  finely  granular  lamina.  This 
cryptocyst  attains  its  largest  extent  in  Menipea  spicata,  Caberea  Darwini  and  in 
the  Canda  s|)ecies,  but  also  in  Men.  flabellnm,  Men.  rohorata  (figs.  7  b,  7  c),  M. 
crystallina,  M.  liuski  and  several  other  Menipea  si)ecies  it  may  attain  a  consider- 
able development.  We  have  already  mentioned  that  a  number  of  species  possess 
a  wholly  chitinized,  simple  o[)erculum.  As  in  Dimorpbozoum  nobile  and  Dendro- 
beania  Murraijana  the  distal  wall  consists  of  a  basal,  horizontal  or  slightly  obli- 
(pie  and  a  frontal,  strongly  ascending  i)art  (PI.  II,  figs.  7  g,  7  h,  8  c),  but  while 
in  these  two  species  the  former  portion  is  furnished  with  a  single,  large,  multi- 
porous  rosette-plate,  it  has  generally  in  this  family  a  great  number,  of  single- 
[)ored  plates  which  are  variously  grouped.  On  examining  a  zocrcium  from  the 
frontal  surface  (PI.  II,  fig.  7  a),  the  horizontal  pore-bearing  i)art  of  the  distal  wall 
is  seen  at  a  deep  level  at  some  distance  proxinially  to  the  distal  end  of  the  zool;- 
cium,  and  this  is  seen  most  clearly  after  a  previous  boiling  in  caustic  potash. 
The  avicularia  always  have  their  inner  wall  in  common  with  Ihe  zooecium  on 
which  they  are  placed;  but  as  I  have  succeeded  in  isolating  Ihe  vibracula  in 
some    species    {Caberea    Ellisi,    Canda    arachnoidea,   (kiberiella   benemnnila,    Scrupo- 

'   69,   p     132. 

9* 


132 

cellaria  scahrd)  it  seems  natural  to  suppose  that  these  hefeiozoa^cia  in  this  family 
always  have  an  inner  wall  of  their  own.  In  Caherea  and  CaberielUt  I  have  found 
a  septum  dividing  the  vibracular  chamber  into  two,  of  which  only  the  distal 
may  contain  the  muscles.  While  the  od'cia  in  the  majority  of  this  family  are 
hyperstomial,  they  are  endozooecial  and  more  or  less  deeply  immersed  in  Biujii- 
lopsis  Peachi,  Ihigulopsis  cuspidala,  Menipea  criistdllina,  M.  cernicornis,  M.  Biiski. 
M.  triseriata  and  M.  spicata.  In  M.  crystallina  they  are  enclosed  in  kenozoa'cia 
with  a  large  membranous  frontal  area,  while  in  the  others  they  are  immersed 
in  ordinary  zoa'cia,  in  such  a  way,  however,  as  to  appear  more  or  les  promi- 
nent on  the  zooecial  surface.  In  M.  Hiiski  and  M.  cervicornis  the  distal  part  of 
the  ocHcium  is  covered  by  a  granular  cryptocyst.  In  a  smaller  number  of  species 
the  ectood'cium  is  wholly  calcified,  e.  g.  in  Scriipocellaria  levnatu^,  Scrupocellaria 
reptans  and  Scnip.  scruposa,  but  in  most  cases  a  larger  or  smaller  [iroximal  part 
is  membranous  and  accordingly  appears  as  a  rounded  or  triangular  area,  clearly 
distinguishable  from  the  calcified  distal  part.  This  is  seen  e.  g.  in  Caheriella 
benemiinita  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  8  a),  Menipea  roboratu  (PI.  II,  fig.  7  a)  and  M.  ligulata 
(Pi.  II,  fig.  8  a). 

This  famih'  is  one  of  the  most  natural  and  most  sharplj'  delimited,  and  the 
differences  shown  by  the  zooecia  in  respect  to  the  armature  of  spines,  develoj)- 
ment  of  gymnocyst  and  cryptocj'st  etc.,  are  all  subject  to  such  great  variation 
from  species  to  species  that  no  generic  importance  ought  to  be  attached  to  them. 
The  division  of  the  genus  has  therefore  hitherto  been  based  chietlj'  on  the  struc- 
ture and  appearance  of  the  heterozooecia,  and  for  the  present  I  am  unable  to 
delimit  them  in  a  more  natural  way.  In  earlier  as  well  as  in  more  recent  times 
attempts  have  been  made  to  divide  the  large  genus  Menipea,  e.  g.  by  Gray,  Mc 
Gillivray  and  Waters.  But  as  I  consider  it  superfluous  to  enter  into  a  critical 
examination  of  the  genera  Emma'  and  Craspedozoum^,  proposed  by  the  two 
former  authors,  I  shall  limit  myself  to  a  closer  examination  of  the  divisions  made 
bj'  Waters^.  This  author  discusses  the  subject  as  follows:  »In  the  descri[)tion  of 
the  species,  it  is  now  shown  that  in  the  Celhilariidae  there  are  two  distinct  kinds 
of  articulation.  In  the  larger  number  the  new  branch  is  given  olf  from  a  small 
chamber  formed  for  the  purpose.  As  the  type  of  this  section  Menipea  Baski  is 
figured  (PI.  I,  fig.  10);  aiul  I  propose  to  restrict  Menipea  to  those  forms  having 
this  kind  of  articulation;  and  it  will  then  include  ^1/.  Buski,  Mac  (1.,  ^1/.  crystal- 
lina. Gray,  M.  njatluis,  Thompson,  M.  ceri>icornis,  Mac.  G.,  M.  conipacta,  Mac.  G.  — 


'    In    tilis    species  which    has    hitherto    Ijccmi    referred    to  the  genus   Meiiijwa,    I   liave  found   a  viliia- 
cuhiiii,   but   without   nagcllum.      -  2,   p.   27.      "   G9,   p.    131.      '   111,   p.   2. 


133 

On  the  other  hand,  probably  M.  cirrntd,  Lamx.,  M.  gracilis,  Busk,  M.  patagonica, 
Busk,  M.  fimiciilata,  Mac.  G.,  M.  triseriatd,  Busk,  M.  flabellnm,  L.,  M.  ternata. 
Ell.  &  Sol.,  must,  on  this  account,  he  elsewhere  located;  and  in  fact,  before 
noting  this  distinction,  it  had  been  felt,  that  several  species  should  be  removed 
from  the  genus«.  In  another  section,  including  ScT((/)oce//f/r/«,  the  jointing  consists 
of  nothing  more  than  a  partial  breaking  through  or  thinning  of  the  walls  of  the 
zocecia  near  the  commencement  of  the  branch.  In  the  zocecia  in  which  this 
breaking  through  of  the  wall  of  the  zoa^cial  chamber  has  commenced,  the  polyp- 
ide  is  seen  unalVected,  parth'  above  and  partly  below  this  incipient  division  (see 
PI.  I,  figs.  11,  12).  <  In  a  subsequent  work'  he  calls  the  group  of  species  to  which 
M.  flabellum  belongs  by  the  temporary  name  Flabellaris. 

In  all  Bryozoa  that  occur  in  jointed  colonies,  the  jointing  takes  place  in  the 
same  way,  viz.  the  following.  The  zoa'cia,  which  are  situated  on  the  boundarj' 
between  the  two  joints  and  which  we  may  call  'joint-zooecia< ,  have  a  shorter  or 
longer,  wider  or  narrower,  uncalcified,  chitinized  and  accordingly  flexible  trans- 
verse belt,  which  may  sometimes  be  situated  more  distally,  sometimes  more 
proximally,  but  which  alwavs  divides  a  joint  zon?cium  into  a  distal  and  a  proxi- 
mal  part,  each  belonging  to  its  own  4«i»4-.  Thus,  what  Waters  in  Menipea  Bnski 
and  other  species  calls  a  small  chamber,-  is  in  reality  only  the  proximal  part  of 
a  joint-zoa'cium,  and  its  proximal  boundary  is  just  the  distal  wall  between  the 
joint-zoa>cium  and  the  zooecium  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  latter.  This  arti- 
culation may  show  an  apparent,  but  in  fact  very  insignificant  dilTerence,  when  the 
colony  is  regarded  from  the  frontal  side,  as  the  outer  joint-zowcium  in  such 
species  as  M.  jhihcUum,  M.  cirrata,  M.  jxilagonicd  etc.  commences  with  a  chitinized 
belt,  while  in  such  species  as  M.  Biiski,  M.  ceruicornis  and  M.  criisttilliiKi  it  begins 
with  a  small  calcified  portion,  the  '>chamber«  mentioned  by  Waters.  In  this 
however  M.  cyalhits  agrees  with  the  species  of  the  latter  group,  though  as  regards 
structure  and  form  of  colony  it  is  more  closely  allied  to  the  former.  As  mentioned 
before,  the  ooecia  in  a  series  of  Menipea  species  are  more  or  less  deeply  immersed 
but  as  a  rule  distinctly  prominent  on  the  surface  of  the  zocecia.  Even  apart 
from  the  fact,  that,  by  a  division  of  the  genus  Menipea  on  the  basis  of  this  fea- 
ture, we  should  be  at  a  loss  what  to  do  with  the  species  lacking  ooecia,  it  is 
evident,  that  such  a  division  must  seem  rather  unnatural,  as  M.  cijathns,  which 
has  hyperstomial  ooecia  by  this  proceeding  would  be  separated  from  such  species 
as  M.  cerricornis,  M.  Buski  and  M.  crgstallina,  to  which  it  is  undeniably  closely 
related. 

'    112,   p,   (;72. 


134 


Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  On  the  basal  surface  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  zocrcia  with 
a  vihraculum  connected  with  a  chamber,  from  wliich  a  radical  fibre 
may  issue  (avicularia  always  present): 

2)  The  true  vibraculum  (the  chamber  for  the  radical  fibres  not  in- 
cluded) divided  by  a  septum  into  a  distal  and  a  proximal  space,  the 
former  containing  the  muscles: 

'A)  The  very  large,  claw-shaped  vibracula,  present  on  all  zoa'cia, 
are  directed  obliquely  inwards  and  basally,  and  meet  from  both  sides 
at  acute  angles  in  the  middle  of  the  basal  side  of  the  colony,  which 
they  almost  cover;  the  flagellum  on  one  margin  generally  with  pointed 
teeth;  the  radical  fibres,  which  spring  only  from  the  chamber  con- 
nected with  the  vibraculum,  run  down  along  tiie  middle  of  the  basal 
side  of  the  colony  as  a  continuous,  raised  bundle;  (the  colony  not 
jointed) Caberea  Lamouroux. 

3)  The  small,  curved  or  angularly  bent  vibracula,  not  present  on 
all  zoa'cia,  are  far  from  reaching  the  centre  of  the  colony;  the  fiagel- 
lum  without  teeth;  the  radical  fibres,  of  whicii  some  spring  from  the 
chamber  connected  witli  the  vibraculum,  others  from  a  rosette-plate 
on    the   marginal    zoa-cia,    form  a  bundle  along  each  lateral  margin  of 

the  colony Cnberiella  n.   g. 

2)  The  true  vibraculum  not  divided  into  two  spaces  (the  llagelhim 
without  teeth;  the  colony  generally  jointed;  the  vibracula  covering 
only  a  smaller  part  of  the  basal  surface  of  the  colony): 

4)  The  od'cium  enclosed  in  tlie  widened  proximal  half  of  a  large 
avicularium,  the  distal,  cap-like  part  of  which  bears  the  mandible  and 
encloses  the  muscular  apparatus.  The  frontal  areas  of  the  two  rows  of 
zooecia  meet  at  obtuse  angles;  the  radical  fibres,  given  off  from  and 
ending  in  a  chamber  connected  with  the  vibraculum,  form  jjarallel 
connecting  threads  between  the  neighbouring  l)ranches (Ainda  Lamouroux. 

4)  The  oo-cium  not  enclosed  in  an  avicularium;  the  frontal  areas 
of  the  two  rows  of  zotrcia  on  the  same  level;  the  radical  fibres  form 
no  parallel  connecting  threads  between  the  neighbouring  branches.  .  .   ScrupocclUiria 

van  Beneden. 

1)  No  vibracula: 


135 

5)  No   avicularia;    (the  ocecia  more  or  less  deeply  immersed  in   the 

zooecia) Bugulopsis  Verrill. 

(Cellularia  Hincks). 

5)  Avicularia  occur: 

6)  Each  marginal  zooecium  with  a  large  marginal  avicularium,  the 
greater  part  of  which  is  immersed  in  the  zooecium  and  shows  a  strongly 
arched  wall  inside  the  latter;  (the  other  zooecia  with  a  completelj' 
membranous  frontal  area  and  no  avicularia;  no  spines;  no  ocecia;   tlie 

colony  with  multiserial  branches) Hoplitella  n.  g. 

6)  Where  marginal  avicularia  are  found  they  are  never  partially 
immersed : 

7)  A  number  of  zooecia  on  one  margin  of  the  branches  have  two 
huge,    hollow  spines   on    the  proximal  side  of  the  frontal  area;    (a  free 

stem  formed  by   numerous  radical  fibres,  etc.) Rhabdozoum  Hinclcs. 

7)  No  hollow  spines  proximally  to  the  frontal  area Menipea  Lamouroux. 

Caberiella  n.  g. 

Small,  narrow,  curved  or  angularly  bent  inbracula  appear  on  the  basal  side 
of  a  number  of  zowcia.  They  are  divided  into  a  distal  and  a  proximal  cavity  by 
a  septum  and  occupy  only  a  small  part  of  the  basal  surface  of  the  colony.  Avi- 
cularia occur.  The  radical  fibres  are  given  off  partly  from  a  chaml)er  connected 
with  the  vibraculum,  partly  from  a  pore-chamber.  They  form  a  bundle  along 
each  lateral  margin  of  the  colony. 

C.  benemunita  Busk. 

Menipea  benemunita  Busk, 

Challenger  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  1,  pag.  19,  PI.  IV,  fig.  4. 

(PI.  XXII,  fig.s.  8  a-8  h). 

The  zooecia  are  long  and-  narrow  with  a  gymnocyst  occupying  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  length  of  the  zocL'cium.  There  is  a  well-developed,  deeply 
immersed,  secondary  cryptocyst,  which  is  densely  and  finely  granular  especially 
in  its  distal  half,  and  provided  with  a  finely  dentate  inner  margin.  Right  at  the 
distal  end  it  appears  as  a  more  deei)ly-placed,  curtain-like  lamina,  the  free 
margins  of  which  end  in  6 — 8  teeth.  Besides  the  large,  long,  scutiform  opercular 
spine,  furnished  with  a  bifurcate  hollow  and  covering  the  greater  part  of  the 
frontal  area,  the  zooecia  have  3 — 4  spines  distal ly,  one  on  the  same  side  as  the 
opercular  si)ine  and  2 — 3  on  the  opposite  (i.  e.  outer)  side.  Three  spines  only  on 
the  nuirginal  zoo'cia. 


136 

The  avicularia,  of  which  there  are  two  i)roxinialIy  to  the  frontal  area,  are 
in  the  oa'cia-hearing  zoa-cia  situated  on  the  distal  part  of  the  ocrcium. 

The  vibracula  are  not  found  on  all  zoa-cia,  hut  seem  to  ai)i)ear  rather  fre- 
(juently  and  may  be  seen  sometimes  on  2 — 3  successive  zooecia.  They  are  narrow, 
most  often  angularly  bent  and  situated  in  such  a  way  that  their  inner  part  is 
turned  obliquely  inwards  and  towards  the  proximal  end.  A  radical  libre  takes 
its  origin  from  their  outer  part,  while  other  radical  fibres  spring  from  a  pore- 
chamber  in  the  zooecia,  that  have  no  vibraculum. 

The  ooecia  are  provided  with  fine  radiating  striae,  and  the  largest  part  of 
the  ectooa-cium  is  uncalcified.  The  calcified  jjart  terminates  in  a  somewhat 
projecting,  angularly  bent  or  arched,  often  somewhat  sinuated  margin. 

The  colony  is  not  jointed.  Its  branches  may  have  up  to  7  rows  of  zooecia. 

By  way  of  exchange  I  have  acquired  a  small  fragment  of  this  species  (from 
Challenger,  St.  313)  from  the  Zoological  Museum  at  Dundee. 

Hoplitella  n.  g. 

Avicularia  appear  only  on  marginal  zoaxia  which  all  have  a  large  avicularium, 
the  inner  half  of  which  is  immersed;  the  distal  wall  has  on  each  side  a  long, 
narrow  continuation  running  along  the  corresponding  lateral  wall;  the  entire 
frontal  surface  membranous;  no  oa'cia;  the  colony  not  jointed. 

H.  armata  (Busk). 

Carbasea  armata  Busk, 

Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  p.  50,  PI.  L,  figs.   1,  2. 

Flustra  armata  Waters, 
Jom-n.  R.  Micros.  Soc,   1899,  p.  279— 2Sfi. 
(I'l.  II,  figs.  l();i  — lOo). 
The  zooecia,  the  entire  frontal  surface  of  which  is  membranous,  are  rhombic- 
like  oval,  each  of  their  lateral  margins,  when  seen  from  the  frontal  side,   ending 
in  an  almost  rectangular  edge,  bounded  l)y  two  curved  lines.  While  this  edge  in 
the  zooecia  in  the  median  part  of  the  branch  is  generally  situated  a  little  distally 
to    the   centre   on   the   inner   and    a    little    proximally    to    the  centre  on   the  outer 
lateral    margin,    it    is,    on   approaching  the  margin  of  the  colony,   situated  higher 
up    on    the    former   and    further   down    on    the  latter,    and  this  contrast  is  always 
greatest    in    the    parts   of  the    colony,  which    have   the  largest  number  of  rows  of 
zocecia.    The   marginal  zoa^cia  are  much  broader  than   the  others,    as  they  partly 
enclose  the  large  avicularia,  and  as  they  stand  in  close  relation  to  the  avicularia, 
it  will  be  more  natural   to  treat  them  together  with  these.  Immediately  proximally 


137 

to  the  distal  edge  of  the  zooecium  a  large,  semi-circular  opercular  valve  is  found. 
The  basal  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  has  a  large,  somewhat  curved  trans- 
verse group  of  up  to  70  uniporous  rosette-plates.  On  the  boundary  between 
the  horizontal  and  the  obliquely  ascending  part  of  the  distal  wall  two  narrow, 
tubular  cavities  issue  (figs.  10  b,  10  d),  which  from  each  zooecium  sink  down  into 
the  subjacent  one.  They  are  bounded  outwardly  by  the  lateral  wall  of  the  zooe- 
cium and  inwardly  by  a  continuation  of  the  distal  wall,  and  in  a  transverse 
section  proximally  to  the  latter  they  are  seen  as  two  small,  round  holes  (fig.  10  c). 
They  touch  the  basal  edge  of  the  rosette-plate  of  the  lateral  wall  and  generally 
end  just  proximally  to  it  (fig.  10  d).  On  the  basal  side  of  the  colony  the  edge 
of  the  distal  wall  shows  a  number  (6 — 10)  of  small,  distally  pointing,  short, 
broader  or  narrower,  sometimes  bifurcate  crenulations  (figs.  10  b,  10  c),  which 
are  really  outpushings  from  the  lower  into  the  higher  placed  zooecium,  and 
alternating  with  them  is  seen  a  number  of  much  more  faint  ones  pointing 
proximally. 

The  avicularia,  only  occurring  on  the  outer  lateral  margin  of  the  marginal 
zoa'cia,  are  very  large,  turned  towards  the  frontal  surface  of  the  colony  and 
furnished  with  a  well-developed  beak  and  mandible  hook.  A  great  part  of  the 
avicularian  cliamber  is  enclosed  in  the  zooecium,  and  its  strongly  arched  endozocecial 
surface  lias  about  10  scattered,  uniporous  rosette-plates  (fig.  10  e).  The  marginal 
zooecia  have  an  obliquely  triangular  transverse  section,  ending  outwards  in  a 
rounded  edge,  and  (he  outer  of  the  two  above-mentioned,  narrow  lateral  cavities 
passes  obliquely  across  the  basal  side  of  the  avicularium,  being  only  visible 
from  the  basal  surface  of  the  colony.  On  the  basal  side  the  zooecium  is  separated 
from  (he  free  part  of  the  avicularium  by  the  just  mentioned  cavity,  and  on  the 
frontal  side  by  its  upper  lateral  margin,  which  runs  obliquely  outwards  to  a 
small  indentation  in  the  approximate  centre  of  the  lateral  margin  of  the  avicu- 
larium. A  corner  is  formed  here  corresponding  with  that  of  the  other  zoa'cia. 
In  the  outer  half  of  a  marginal  zocrcium  we  may  distinguish  between  a  frontal 
and  a  basal,  distal  lateral  margin,  which  together  enclose  the  avicularium  and 
mark  the  boundary  between  the  free  part  of  the  latter  and  the  part  immersed 
in  the  zoa'cium.  On  Ihe  other  hand  there  is  but  a  single  proximal  lateral  margin, 
as  the  frontal  and  the  basal  lateral  margins  are  here  run  together  in  an  edge. 
Instead  of  the  calcified  lateral  wall  in  the  other  zoa-cia  we  thus  find  here  but  a 
strongly  calcified  rib,  which  however  generally  shows  a  distinct  separation  into 
two  lateral  halves,  enclosing  between  them  a  rosette-plate  (fig.   10  e). 

No  ooecia. 

The    colonies    are    unjointed,    single-layered,    dicholomously    branched    with 


138 

5 — 14  rows  of  zooecia  in  the  separate  segments.  The  radical  fibres  spring  from  a 
pore-chamber  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  marginal  zocecia.  In  the  older  part  of 
the  colony  they  form  a  Hat  bundle  on  the  basal  surface,  immediately  within 
each  lateral  margin,  with  oblique  transverse  connections  at  the  base  of  the  sep- 
arate segments. 

The  colonies  examined  originate  from  ('ape  Town. 

Menipea  Laniouroux. 

It  will  be  evident  from  the  above  summary  of  the  genera  that  the  genus 
Menipea  like  the  genus  Heteroflustni  is  only  negatively  characterized,  as  it  com- 
prises all  the  species  that  cannot  be  referred  to  any  of  the  other  genera. 

M.  roborata  Hi  neks, 
Membranipora  roborata  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5.  Vol.  VIIl,   1881, 

pag.   128,  PI.  2,  fig.  3. 
Flustra  membraniporides  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  pars  1,  pag.  54, 

PI.  XXXII,  fig.  7. 
Flabellaris  roborata  Waters,  Journ.  Linnean  Soc,  Zoology,  Vol.  XXVI,  1898, 
pag.  672,  PI.  48,  figs.  10—11;  PI.  49,  figs.  7  —  11. 
(PL  II,  figs.  7  a-7  k.) 
The  zooecia  long,  hexagonal  or  hexagonally  vase-shaped,  often  with  an  acutely 
projecting  corner  between  the  distal  and  the  proximal  part.  The  gymnocyst  is 
very  slightly  developed  on  the  zocrcia  with  no  avicularia  (e.  g.  some  marginal 
zott'cia)  and  may  on  those  with  avicularia  occupy  about  one-fourth  of  the  whole 
length  of  the  zooecium.  In  the  entire  periphery  of  the  frontal  area  a  distinct, 
granular  cryptocyst  is  seen,  deeply  immersed  and  strongly  developed  especially 
at  the  proximal  end,  and  attaining  its  highest  development  in  the  marginal  zoav 
cia.  There  may  be  four  spines  distally.  The  two  central  ones  are  very  small  and 
bud-shaped,  but  often  wanting,  while  the  other  two  are  rather  short,  as  a  rule 
present,  but  often  wanting  in  the  marginal  zocrcia.  The  marginal  zocrcia,  which 
are  larger  but  rarely  longer  than  the  other  zoa'cia,  are  very  asymmetrical  and 
their  obliquely  oulbending  lateral  wall  has  a  straight  or  slightly  convex  frontal 
margin.  On  isolating  a  row  of  zoa?cia  after  boiling  in  caustic  potash  it  will 
easily  be  seen  thai  the  inner  surface  of  the  zooecia  (figs.  7  d — 7  h)  has  a  some- 
what varying  number  of  solid  calcareous  processes  of  dilTerent  length  and  thick- 
ness, of  which  generally  1 — 4  may  be  seen  through  each  lateral  surface.  In  many 
zooecia   a    larger   or   smaller   part    of  such  a  calcareous  process  may  protrude  on 


139 

each  side  of  the  proximal  pari  of  the  aperture  distally  to  the  cryptocyst  (figs. 
7  b — 7  c).  The  basal,  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  has  a  transversely  oval  or 
triangularly  rounded,  multiporous  rosette-plate,  generally  with  a  frontal  concavity 
(figs.  7  f,  7  h).  In  most  zooecia  the  distal  wall  between  the  rosette-plate  and  the 
basal  wall  is  provided  with  a  little  rounded  (sometimes  two)  pore-chamber  de- 
scending into  the  lower  zocecium  (figs.  7  d — 7  e)  and  in  its  bottom  furnished 
with  one  or  more  small  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  avicularia  occur  in  two  different  forms  of  which  one  is  found  in  the 
cavity  of  the  zorecium,  while  the  other  in  zooecia  without  oa?cium  is  found  on  the 
proximal  side  of  the  membranous  area,  and  in  ooecia-bearing  zooecia  on  each 
side  of  the  distal  part  of  the  ocecium.  The  external  avicularium,  which  has  a 
well-developed  hook  as  well  on  the  mandible  as  on  the  corresponding  part  of 
the  chamber,  is  placed  so,  that  the  mandible  is  turned  obliquely  outwards  and 
distally  on  the  ofrcia  and  obliquely  inwards  and  proximally  on  the  zooecia.  The 
boundary  between  the  opercular  and  the  subopercular  area  is  formed  by  two 
nearly  always  concurrent,  narrow,  cylindrical,  generally  bent  and  often  very  ir- 
regular processes,  of  which  one  is  usually  longer  than  the  other  (figs.  7  c,  7  i). 
On  the  proximal  side  of  the  frontal  area  we  find  very  seldom  two,  generally  but 
a  single  avicularium  which  is  then  most  often  situated  on  the  outer  side  (the 
one  nearest  the  margin  of  the  colony)  and  occupying  more  than  half  the  space. 
If  found  on  the  marginal  zooecia  it  is  however  placed  On  the  inner  side,  the 
reason  of  which  may  l)e,  that  there  is  a  large  pore-chamber  on  the  outer  side, 
from  which  a  radical  fibre  takes  its  origin.  In  the  ordinary  zooecia,  at  the  proxi- 
mal end  of  which  there  is  but  a  single  external  avicularium,  and  in  the  marginal 
zooecia  with  no  external  avicularium,  an  internal  one  is  always  found,  arising 
from  the  internal  side  of  the  surface  which  from  its  position  seems  intended  to 
have  an  external  avicularium.  The  latter,  which  has  both  a  mandibular  and  an 
avicularian  hook,  is  oval,  with  the  mandible  pointing  obliquely  distally  and  in- 
wards, and  with  but  two  short  teeth  on  the  boundary  between  the  opercular  and 
the  subopercular  area  (figs.  7  d,  7  e,  7  g,  7  k). 

The  ooecia  are  rather  high,  rounded  and  the  ectoooccium  has  a  proximal, 
rounded  triangular,  membranous  area,  while  its  calcified  part  terminates  in  a 
somewhat  projecting,  angularly  bent  margin. 

The  colonies  are  bilaminate,  dichotomously  branched  and  their  branches 
have  up  to  Hi  rows  of  zooecia.  A  bundle  of  radical  fibres  springing  from  the 
pore-chambers  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  marginal  zooecia  runs  along  each 
lateral  margin. 


140 

I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  colony  IVom  Napier,  New  Zealand  (Miss  Jelly) 
and  another  from  Port  Jackson,  New  South  Wales  (Mr.  Waters). 


M.  ligulata  M.  Gill., 

Craspedozoum  ligulatum  M.  Gill.,  Transact,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc.  of  Victoria, 

Vol.  XXII,   1886,  pag.   132,  PI.  I,  fig.  3. 

(I'l.  II,  li^s.  8a-8c). 

In  respect  to  form  and  development  of  spines,  gymnocyst  and  cryptocyst  the 
zooecia  essentially  agree  with  the  foregoing  species.  The  marginal  zoo^cia  are 
however  generally  furnished  with  all  four  spines,  the  two  on  the  outer  margin 
attaining  the  greatest  development.  A  rather  long,  calcareous  process,  pointing 
basallj'  and  obliqueh'  proximallv,  springs  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  frontal 
wall  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  zooecial  npening  It  consists  of  a  long,  narrow, 
compressed  rod,  terminating  in  a  quadrangular  expansion  with  a  finely  dentate 
and  striated  margin  (figs.  8  c,  8  e).  This  expansion  again  is  composed  of  two 
unequal  lateral  halves,  bent  against  each  other  in  the  shape  of  a  roof,  with  the 
hollow  downwards.  These  processes,  which  can  easily  be  seen  through  the  wall 
when  an  isolated  row  of  zooecia  is  viewed  from  the  side,  are  subject  to  some 
variation,  both  as  regards  the  absolute  length  and  the  proportional  size  of  rod 
and  terminal  expansion.  The  lateral  walls  on  the  other  hand  have  no  processes. 
The  distal  wall  has  a  large,  broad,  multiporous  rosette-plate  (fig.  8  d)  deeply 
sinuated  frontally,  and  as  in  the  foregoing  species  we  find  one  or  more  pore- 
chambers  (fig.  8  d)  between  the  rosette-plate  and  the  distal  wall.  These  are 
however  generally  larger  and  often  of  a  peculiarly  sinuated  or  twisted  form 
(figs.  8  b,  8d). 

The  avicularia,  of  which  only  a  single  form  is  found,  have  a  long,  narrow, 
triangular,  j)ointpd  mandible  and  two  small  hinge-teeth  on  the  boundary  between 
the  opercular  and  the  subo])ercular  area.  In  the  zoa'cia  without  ocrcia  there  is 
generally  only  a  single,  rather  large  avicularium  |)roximally  to  the  membranous 
frontal  area.  It  occupies  the  whole  space  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  zowcium, 
and  has  not  as  in  M.  roborala  a  distinctly  delimited,  but  em|)ty  area  at  the  side. 
The  mandible  is  most  frequently  turned  to  one  of  the  sides.  There  is  no  internal 
avicularium,  but  in  some  few  cases  a  small  avicularium  occurs  in  the  distal  part 
of  the  outer  margin  of  the  marginal  zoa'cia.  Above  each  od'cium  generally  two 
small  avicularia  with  the  mandible  turned  obliciuely  distaily  and  outwards. 

The  ooecia  have  as  in  the  preceding  species  a  proximal,  membranous  area 
which  is  here  rounded  and  not  bounded  by  an  angularly  bent  distal  margin. 


141 

The  colonies  are  imilaininate,  dichotomously  branched  and  their  branches 
have  up  to  8  rows  of  zooecia.  They  are  as  in  the  foregoing  species  bordered  by 
a  belt  of  radical  fibres. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  some  colonies  from  Napier,  N.  Zealand,  for 
which  I  am  indebted  to  Miss  Jelly. 


Canda  Lamouroux. 
(PI.  II,  fig.  9  a). 

The  zoa'cia  are  on  the  basal  surface  furnished  with  a  inbraciiliiiu  which 
(apart  from  the  adjacent  chamber  of  radical  fibres)  only  contains  a  single  cavity; 
the  flagellum  is  not  dentate.  The  frontal  areas  of  the  two  rows  of  zoa^cia  form 
obtuse  angles  with  each  other,  and  the  neighbouring  branches  of  the  fan-shaped 
colony  are  connected  by  parallel  radical  fibres,  which  are  always  given  off  from 
or  terminate  in  the  chambers  connected  with  the  vibracuhi;  no  marginal  uui- 
ciiUiria. 

The  zoa>cia  have  at  the  distal  end  a  shorter  or  longer  spine  on  each  side. 
They  have  no  frontal  gymnocyst,  the  calcification  of  the  frontal  surface  being 
exclusively  formed  by  a  more  or  less  granular,  asymmetrical,  deepened  crypto-, 
cyst,  the  extent  of  which  is  ditTerent  in  the  various  forms.  The  on>cia  are  endo- 
zocjecial,  being  enclosed  in  avicularia,  and  in  the  latter  we  may  thus  tlistinguish 
between  a  proximal,  wider  j)art,  the  ectoooecium,  whose  frontal  wall  is  furnished 
with  a  rounded,  uncalcified  portion,  and  a  distal,  cap-shaped  part,  the  real  avi- 
cularium.  The  boundary  between  the  two  parts  is  formed  by  an  angularly  bent 
transverse  belt  in  which  the  ectooa'cium  and  the  endoooecium  have  coalesced. 
To  communicate  with  tlie  avicularium  the  zoo^cium  has  a  small  rosette-plate. 

Of  this  genus  four  species  have  hitherto  been  described,  chiefly  on  very  rela- 
tive characters  and  without  any  large  material,  and  it  may  accordingly  be  diffi- 
cult to  decide  for  certain,  how  many  of  these  species  are  maintainable.  Our  Mu- 
seum is  only  in  possession  of  a  plentiful  material  of  a  West  hidian  species, 
besides  a  colony  from  Bass  Straits  of  C.  arachnoides  and  a  small  fragment  of  C. 
retiformis,  sent  from  the  British  Museum.  From  the  same  Museum  I  have  bor- 
rowed a  preparation  of  (lundu  siiuphw  Busk,  for  examination,  but  it  was  covered 
with  heterogeneous  bodies  to  such  an  extent,  that  it  was  imjiossible  for  me  to 
decide  whether  this  form,  as  I  think  probable,  is  identical  with  the  above-men- 
tioned West  Indian,  which  accordingly  I  must  give  a  special  name. 

On  the  basis  of  this  material  I  may  now  give  the  following  synopsis  of  the 
Canda  species. 


142 

1)  The  colony  jointed,  the  two  inner  zooecia  in  each  bifurcation 
being  divided  into  a  distal  and  a  proximal  calcified  portion,  connected 
by  a  chitinous  tube;  the  vibracula  far  from  reaching  the  central  suture 
of  the  branch.  (The  cryptocyst  occupying  about  one-fourth  of  the  whole 
length  of  the  zoa^cium.  The  proximal  margin  of  the  vibraculum  sei)a- 
rated  from  the  distal  wall  on  the  jjroximal  side  of  it  by  a  distance 
which  is  at  least  half  as  large  as  the  breadth  of  this  wall;  not  in- 
frequently avicularia  along  the  middle  of  the  branch;  no  opercular 
spine) C.   arachnoUes  Lam. 

1)  The  colony  not  jointed;  the  vibracula  almost  reaching  or  sur- 
passing the  central  suture  of  the  branch ; 

2)  The  zooecia  with  a  hammer-shaped  ojjercular  spine;  the  proximal 
margin  of  the  vibraculum  is  separated  from  the  distal  wall  by  a  dis- 
tance which  is  about  half  as  large  as  half  the  breadth  of  the  latter; 
the  vibraculum  almost  reaching  the  central  suture  of  the  branch; 
the    cryptocyst    is    a    little    shorter   than    half  tlie    lengtli    of   the   zo(r- 

cium C.  retiforinis  Smitt '. 

2)  No  opercular  spine;  the  proximal  margin  of  the  vibraculum 
almost  reaching  the  distal  wall;  the  vibraculum  reaching  or  surpassing 
tiie  central  suture  of  the  branch;  the  cryptocyst  occupying  about  one- 
third  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zouicium C.  caraihica  n.  sp. 

?  C.  simplex  Busk'-. 

V  C.  tenuis  M.  Gill.l 

On  account  of  the  remark  made  l)y  Husk",  that  the  avicularia  in  the  sutural 
line  of  the  branch  in  C.  arachnoides  do  not  seem  Id  be  developed  in  connection 
with  the  separate  zocrcia,  I  may  here  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  Husk  is 
wrong  in  his  supposition.  On  splitting  a  branch  into  its  two  lateral  halves  it  will 
easily  be  seen  that  lliese  strongly  compressed  avicularia  are  given  off  from  the 
free  continuation  of  the  inner  lateral  nuugin  of  the  zoa^cia. 

Rhabdozoum  Wilsoni  Hincks, 
Annals  Nat.  Hist.  V  Ser.,  Vol.  X,  pag.   160,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  4. 

This  peculiar  form,  of  which  I  have  been  able  lo  examine  specinuMis  from 
Western  Port  and  Port  Phillip,  Victoria,  which  I  owe  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  J. 
Gabriel    and    Miss    Jelly,    is    by    Hincks   wrongly    referred    to   the    Eiicniliidac,   a 


'   102,  p.  16.     -  8,  p.  -JG.     '  (i8,  p.   107. 


143 

family  including  some  of  the  genera  which  have  been  referred  by  me  to  the 
family  Bicellariidae.  That  it  must  be  referred  to  the  Scrupocellariidae  and  not  to 
the  Bicellariidae  is  sufficiently  evident  from  the  stronger  calcification  and  the 
structure  of  the  distal  walls,  the  auicularia  and  the  owcia.  The  last  mentioned, 
which  are  hyperstomial  and  the  basal  wall  of  which  is  a  part  of  the  frontal  wall 
of  the  zoa-cium,  have  a  mostly  membranous  ectoooecium,  which  has  only  a 
calcified  marginal  portion.  The  frontal  gymnocyst  is  unusually  large,  whereas 
there  is  but  a  very  slightly  developed  secondary  cryptocyst,  which  in  the 
oldest  zocecia  terminates  in  a  number  of  tooth-like  processes.  The  basal  wall  of 
the  zooecia  is  acutely  arched,  transversely  striated  and  each  radical  fibre  takes 
its  origin  from  a  [)roximal  pore-chamber. 

Family  Membraniporidae. 

This  family  comprises  all  the  Malacoslegous  forms  which  can  neither  be  refer- 
red to  the  Cribrilinidae  nor  to  any  of  the  above-mentioned  iiimilies,  and  which  in 
contrast  to  these  can  only  be  characterized  negatively,  viz.  l)y  their  not  possess- 
ing the  combination  of  characters  peculiar  to  any  of  the  above  families.  It 
shows  greater  variation  and  wider  contrasts  than  any  of  the  other  Malacostegous 
families. 

The  frontal  wall  of  the  zoacia  is  sometimes  quite  membranous,  sometimes 
to  a  greater  or  smaller  extent  provided  with  a  calcareous  layer,  which  may  be 
sometimes  a  gymnocyst  (Electra),  sometimes  a  cryptocyst  (e.  g.  Omjchocella)  and 
most  often  a  combination  of  both.  Spines  are  sometimes  wanting,  sometimes  found 
in  great  numbers  in  the  whole  periphery  of  the  frontal  area.  The  separate  zooe- 
cia communicate  sometimes  by  uniporous  or  multiporous  rosette-plates,  some- 
times by  pore-chambers.  The  heterozocecia  have  in  some  cases  a  calcified  trans- 
verse bar  and  may  appear  both  as  avicularia  and  as  vibracula.  They  are 
sometimes  independent  (vicarious),  sometimes  dependent,  and  sometimes  both 
forms  are  found  together  (Callopora  craticula).  The  ocEcia  are  usually  hyper- 
stomial, in  a  single  genus  acanthostegous  and  in  some  cases  endozoa-cial  {Cale- 
schara  Rosseliana),  sometimes  (Oochiliiui)  surrounded  by  kenozoa>cia.  The  colonies 
are  most  frequently  incrusting,  but  in  many  cases  free  and  then  either  laminate 
or  forming  richly  branched  tufts.  Within  this  seclion  so  rich  in  species  no  small 
number  of  genera  and  a  few  families  have  subsequently  been  set  up  or  proposed, 
e.  g.  by  Busk,  Waters,  JuUien,  Norman  and  others.  Neither  time  nor  my 
material  permit  me  to  give  a  criticism  of  all  the  genera  proposed,  but  I  must 
confine  myself  to  set  up  a  few  new  ones  and  to  give  new  diagnoses  of  some 
older   ones.    A    grouping   of  the    numerous   species    described,    according   to    their 


144 

relationship,  will  require  a  considerable  amount  of  work  and  much  critical  sense 
on  account  of  the  great  variation  within  a  series  of  structures. 

Membranipora  L. 

Billuslra  d'OrJj  (p.  p.),  Busk,  Smitt. 
Nichtina  Canu.' 

The  zuwcku  the  aperture  of  which  is  to  a  greater  or  smaller  extent  surrounded 
by  a  granular  or  denticulate,  cryptocyst  margin,  have  2  spines  at  most,  which 
are  situated  in  the  two  jjroximal  corners.  On  each  side  of  the  distal  wall  one 
niultiporous  rosette-plate  or  a  series  of  uniporous  or  partly  multiporous;  each 
lateral  wall  with  2 — 4  multiporous  plates.  No  aincnUtria;  no  owcia. 

In  M.  nicmhrdnacea  the  cryptocyst  appears  only  as  an  extremely  narrow  mar- 
ginal portion,  while  in  other  si)ecies  it  attains  not  only  a  greater  breadth,  but 
also  forms  a  large,  proximal  expansion,  often  terminating  in  a  larger  or  smaller 
process.  This  is  most  strongly  developed  in  M.  ilenticulald  (ilanica)  v.  sciiliitd'-,  in 
which  it  almost  reaches  the  operculum  as  a  free,  quadrangular  lamina.  It  is  less 
developed  in  M.  delicatiila  Busk.  The  cryptocyst  attains  its  highest  develop- 
ment in  M.  ohionya  Busk',  which  represents  a  Micro/;or(/-like  development  of 
the  genus.  The  two  spines,  which  constantly  appear  in  M.  membranacrd  and  in 
M.  tuberciilala  and  which  in  a  number  of  species  are  more  or  less  tuberculiform, 
attain  their  highest  development  in  the  latter  species,  in  which  they  often  coal- 
esce into  a  single  very  large  tubercle,  and  a  similar  coalescence  takes  jjlace  in 
a  number  of  zocecia  of  ^1/.  Lacroixi  Aud^  (non  Busk,  nee  Hincks),  ligured  by 
Savigny,  the  spines  of  which  generally  seem  to  have  a  triangular  transverse 
section.  In  M.  Savarti  and  M.  denticiihita  these  spines  are  not  constant,  and  in  a 
series  of  undescribed  forms,  which  must  be  referred  to  other  species,  they  are 
altogether  absent.  In  my  description  of  M.  membranacea  in  »Zoologia  Danica*  I 
have  already  called  attention  to  the  great  variation  in  the  rosette-plates  of  the 
distal  wall  in  this  species.  On  either  side  there  may  be  sometimes  a  large  multi- 
porous rosette-plate,  .sometimes  a  series  of  smaller,  uniporous  or  partly  multi- 
porous ones.  In  all  the  forms  examined  by  me  multii)orous  rosette-plates  are 
constantly  found  on  the  lateral  walls. 

As  in  all  the  numerous  forms,  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining,  no 
ooecia  were   found,  which    however   are   said    to    be    present    in    the   species    from 


'  11  a,  p.  380.  '■'  55,  p.  54.  '  7,  p.  34.  ^  While  the  .species  of  Savigny  is  furnlslicd  with  two  spines 
which  in  some  zocecia  are  coalesced  into  a  semiglobo.se  tubercle  the  species,  wliiih  lliiicks  calls 
Memb.  iMcroixii,  lias  a  greater  or  lessci'  luinihei'  of  small  triangular  hollows  Uc'nozo<t'eia  between 
the  zoa'cia. 


145 

Florida,   determined  liy  Smitt   as  ,1/.  Lacroi.vi,    I    must  dispute  the  correctness  of 

S mitt's  determination.  The  unpaired  swelling  mentioned  before,  which  is  found 

in    the   proximal    end    of  some   zocecia    In   M.   Lacroi.vi    Aud.  \    Smitt"    explains 

as   ooccia,  which    have    been    placed  in  an  inverted  jjosition  by  Savigny's  artist 

(>drawer<);    but    there    is,    I    think,    no    reason    to   doubt    the   correctness   of   the 

figure. 

Membranipora  limosa  Wafers. 

Journ.  Linnean  Soc,  Zoology,  Vol.  XXXI,   1909,  p.   140,  PI.   12,  figs.   1—5. 

(PI.  XXII,  figs.  5  a-5  c). 

The  zooecia,  which  are  separated  by  distinct  (in  fresh  colonies  brown)  sutures, 
are  rather  long,  generally  hexagonally  rectangular  with  a  curved  distal  edge.  The 
narrow  aperture,  which  is  half  as  broad  and  a  little  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  frontal  wall,  is  provided  with  a  semicircular  oral  valve.  The  whole  of  the 
calcified  part  of  the  frontal  wall  is  formed  by  a  cryptocyst,  in  which  we  can 
distinguish  between  a  broad  raised  marginal  portion  furnished  with  parallel  series 
of  more  or  less  coalesced  tubercles,  and  of  a  depressed  median  pari,  the  distal 
margin  of  which  is  armed  with  a  little  process  of  varying  shape,  most  often 
bifurcate,  sometimes  almost  fan-shaped  with  a  number  of  small  projecting  teeth. 
The  obliquely  ascending  distal  wall,  the  triangular  basal  part  of  which  may  be 
split  into  a  distal  and  a  proximal  half  after  treatment  with  Eau  de  Javelle,  has 
in  its  inner  part  two  (more  seldom  three),  fine,  slender,  erect,  somewhat  curved 
calcareous  rods,  bent  at  the  end  like  hooks,  which  project  inlo  the  proximal  i)art 
of  the  distal  zooecium  and  have  the  hooks  directed  away  from  the  frontal  wall. 
Each  distal  wall  has  in  its  inner,  more  horizontal  part  inside  the  posterior  margin 
6 — 7  uniporous  rosette-plates  or  a  smaller  number  of  plates,  of  which  some  are 
multiporous.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  has  generally  2  (rarely  a  single) 
rosette-plates  with  2  (1)  — 6  pores. 

The  colonies  unjointed,  slender,  richly  branched,  with  bifurcate  branches 
which  bear  from  4 — 5  rows  of  zocecia.  The  number  of  zocecia  in  the  separate 
rows  is  from  4 — 14. 

The  Formosa-channel,  30  fath.  (Suensson),  Nagasaki  (Suensson). 

As  M.  meiubranacea  L.  must  be  regarded  as  the  type  of  the  above  characterized 
genus,  and  the  name  Membranipora  ought  therefore  in  future  to  be  used  only  in 
this  more  restricted  sense,  we  shall  want  a  name  to  designate  all  such  species 
as  cannot  be  referred  to  particular  genera.  As  such  a  temporary  name  I  propose 
» Membraniporina « . 


'  98,  PI.  10,  fig.  9.2.     ''  103,  p.   18. 

10 


146 


Electra  Lamour. 

Tendra  Nordin.  p.  p.,    Pyripora  Mc  (^oy  p.  j)., 

Heteroceciuni  Hincks. 

The  frontal  calcification  of  the  zoa-cia  is  essentially  or  exclusively  a  gynino- 
cyst.  There  may  be  a  circle  of  spines  round  the  frontal  area,  of  which  an  un- 
paired proximal  one  is  generallj'  the  most  constant  and  often  the  only  one  pre- 
sent. The  distal  wall  is  furnished  within  its  proximal  margin  with  a  transverse 
row  or  a  transverse  belt  of  uniporous  rosette-plates;  the  lateral  walls  have  2 — 15 
multiporous  plates.    No  anicularia.    (hecia  absent  or  acanthostegous. 

To  this  genus  I  refer  E.  iwrticillala,  E.  pilosa,  E.  bellnUt,  E.  tiiacdiillui,  E. 
lUstorla,  E.  zostericola,  E.  (imj)lectens,  E.  njonostachys,  E.  fossttrUi  and  E.  catenu- 
luriii  which  like  E.  fossaria  has  a  calcified  operculum  and  can  only  be  regarded 
as  a  form  of  the  latter.  I  have  .some  doubt  whether  the  species,  which  has 
hitherto  wrongly  been  called  M.  Lacroixi,  and  for  which  I  projiose  the  name  of 
M.  bippopiis,  can  be  referred  to  this  genus. 

E.  zostericola  Nordmann. 
Tendra  zostericola  Repiacholf,  Zeitschrift  fiir  wissensch.  Zoologie,  25.  B.,  1875, 

pag.   129,  Tab.  7—9. 

Membranipora  (Tendra)  zostericola  Oslroumoff,   Die  Bryozoen   der  Bucht  von 

Sebastopol,  pag.  18,  Tab.  1,  Fig.  13—14. 

(PI.  IX,  figs.  2  a-2  b). 

As  shown  by  the  above-mentioned  authors  there  is  among  the  ordinary  zooecia, 
which  have  generally  only  two  distal  and  sometimes  one  proximal,  unpaired 
spine,  a  smaller  number,  in  which  as  in  the  Mcinbraniporella  species  the  mem- 
branous frontal  area  is  covered  by  two  rows  (10 — 17  pair)  of  hollow,  very  thin- 
walled  s|)ines,  which  meet  in  the  central  line  of  the  zocecium.  Their  form  is 
extremely'  variable  in  the  same  zorecium,  as  they  are  sometimes  broad,  some- 
times narrow,  sometimes  single,  sometimes  bifurcate  in  a  larger  or  smaller  part 
of  their  length.  Two  opposite  spines  most  often  meet  in  a  truncated  terminal 
part,  but  it  is  not  infrequent,  that  a  greater  or  smaller  number  of  them  stretch 
a  thin  point  across  the  end  of  an  opposite  spine.  The  bright  spots  seen  at  the 
outer  part  of  each  row  are  the  translucent  cavities  of  the  separate  spines.  Of 
these  the  distal  ones  are  the  shortest,  and  the  gymnocyst  projecting  here  into  a 
triangular  portion,  which  has  a  curved  margin  distally,  leaves  a  small  trans- 
versely oval  area  for  the  opercular  valve.  The  two  rows  of  spines  form  a  some- 
what arched  roof  across  the  frontal  membrane,  and  thus  a  space  is  formed  which 


147 

opens  outwards  immediately  on  tlie  distal  side  of  the  operciiluni  of  the  proximal 
zocEcium.  These  zooecia.  of  which  several  may  sometimes  occur  in  succession,  are 
supposed  by  Repiachoff  to  be  equivalents  of  o(rcia.  But  while  according  to 
the  description  of  this  author  we  should  think  that  the  cavity  of  the  zooecium 
itself  acts  as  oojcial  cavity,  Ostroumoff  informs  us  of  the  fact,  that  the  em- 
bryos and  larva;  are  situated  in  the  space  between  the  spines  and  the  frontal 
membrane.  He  speaks  on  this  as  follows':  »The  lattice-like  zooecium  (cellule 
treillissee  Nordm.)  serves  as  ovicell  for  the  zooecium  on  its  proximal  side.  The 
cavity  of  the  ovicell  is  formed  on  one  side  by  the  surface  of  the  mantle  (i.  e. :  fron- 
tal membrane),  on  the  other  by  the  concurrent  spines.  The  egg,  which  is  ex- 
truded from  the  lower  zooecium  by  the  tentacles,  comes  into  this  cavity,  and 
this  may  be  easily  seen  by  a  transverse  section  through  a  lattice-like  zooecium 
containing  embryos.  Some  embryos  are  usually  found  in  this  cavity. «  On  my 
enquiry  Ostroumoff  has  however  informed  me,  that  he  has  not  observed  such 
a  transference  of  the  egg.  Besides  the  ordinary  zooecia  with  2 — 3  free  spines  a 
smaller  number  may  be  found,  in  which  the  frontal  area  is  surrounded  or  par- 
tially covered  by  1 — 9  pairs  of  spines  of  varying  length,  which  however  meet 
neither  the  spines  springing  from  the  same  nor  those  from  the  opposite  side. 

A  number  of  colonies  of  this  species  from  Sebaslopol  were  kindly  sent  to  me 
by  Dr.  OstroumotT. 

E.  (Heterooecium)  amplectens  Hincks. 
Membranipora  amplectens  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  5,  Vol.  VIII,   1881, 

pag.   129,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  7. 
Heterooecium   amplectens  Hincks,    Annals   Nat.  Hist.,    ser.  6,  Vol.  IX,    1892, 

pag.  195. 
(PI.  IX,  figs.  1  a-1  c). 
The  ordinary  zooecia  are  pear-shaped  oval  and  provided  with  a  membranous 
frontal  area  occujjying  half  the  breadth  of  the  zooecium  and  between  half  and 
one  third  of  its  length.  It  is  surrounded  by  seven  spines,  of  which  six  are  short 
and  a  proximal  one  long  and  strong.  From  the  inner  surface  of  the  frontal  area 
more  than  30  small  dentiform  processes  issue,  of  which  the  two  distal  ones  are 
the  longest.  They  are  arranged  in  an  oval  which  is  not  entirely  closed  proxi- 
mally,  and  the  distal  half  of  which  is  immediately  within  the  margin  of  the 
frontal  area. 

The    ooecium-bearing    zooecia   are    broadly   oval    and    have   somewhat    proxi- 

'  90,  p.   19. 

10* 


148 

mally  to  the  centre  an  opercular  valve,  on  the  proximal  side  of  which  there 
is  a  long,  strong  spine.  The  two  rows  of  flat  spines,  which  cover  the  area  on 
the  distal  side  of  the  valve,  generally  meet  in  truncated  ends.  We  may  how- 
ever sometimes,  as  in  the  corresponding  formation  in  E.  zostericola,  see  a  spine 
stretching  its  terminal  part  across  an  opposite  s\nne.  The  basal  wall  is  only 
calcified  in  the  distal,  ribbed  half  of  the  zoa'cium.  A  small  piece  of  this  species 
was  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  by  the  late  Mr.  Peal. 

Var.  brevispina  n.  (fig.  1  c). 

The  ordinary  zooecia  are  larger,  narrower  at  the  base,  the  frontal  area  sur- 
rounded by  8 — 9  short  spines,  the  proximal  one  but  slightly  stronger  than  the 
others.  The  dentiform  ]n-ocesses  are  represented  by  about  10  extremely  small 
tubercles,  situated  within  the  margin  of  the  frontal  area  in  the  distal  half  of 
the  latter. 

The  orecium-bearing  zooecia  are  larger  than  in  the  principal  form,  have 
fewer  spines  and  a  semi-circle  of  o  short  spines  proximally  to  the  aperture. 

A  few  colonies  of  this  form  have  been  found  on  Honnophora  Anstralasiae  in 
the  herbarium  of  alga;  in  the  Botanical  Museum.  Although  we  do  not  under- 
stand the  significance  of  the  situation  of  the  aperture  behind  the  area  formed 
by  the  spines,  we  must  still  group  this  form  of  oojcium  with  the  one  found  in 
E.  zostericola. 

Electra  bicolor  Hincks. 

Membranipora  bicolor  Hincks, 

Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  5,  Vol.  VII,   1881,  pag.   US. 

(PI.  IX,  figs.  7a-7c). 

The  zooecia  very  long,  narrow  (the  length  larger  than  the  breadlli  by  about 
3^2  times),  somewhat  lyre-shaped,  with  a  longitudinally  oval,  membranous  frontal 
area,  occupying  about  three-fourths  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zooecium  and 
bounded  by  somewhat  convex  lateral  walls.  The  smooth,  arched  gymnocyst 
passes  into  a  cryptocyst,  which  first  sinks  obliquely  distally  and  inwards  and 
finally  gives  off  towards  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium  a  horizontal  lamina 
ending  in  a  denticulated  margin  (fig.  7  c).  On  the  boundary  between  the  oblique 
semi-elliptical  and  the  horizontal  denticulate  part  of  the  cryptocyst  a  triang- 
ular calcareous  lamina  takes  its  origin.  It  consists  of  two  lateral  halves,  bent 
against  each  other  at  an  angle  open  outwardly,  and  which  meet  in  a 
thickened  central  ridge  (figs.  7  a,  7  b).  In  rare  cases  the  gymnocyst  has  a  small 
tubercle-like  expansion  distally.  The  frontal  margin  of  the  distal  wall  is  strongly 
thickened    and  crenulated,   and  on  the  proximal  side  of  it  the  operculum  is  seen 


149 

with  a  strongly  chitinized  margin.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  operculum  form 
right  angles  with  the  distal  margin.  The  distal  wall  has  within  its  basal  edge  a 
transverse  row  of  3 — 5  small  uniporous  rosette-plates,  while  the  distal  half  of 
each  lateral  wall  has  2  multiporous  ones. 

The  colonies  examined  form  incrustings  on  Amansici  pinnalifida  from  Austra- 
lia. (The  herbarium  of  algaj  in  the  Botanical  Museum).  This  species  is  most 
closely  allied  to  Membranipora  nitens  Hincks,  which  must  also  be  referred  to  the 
genus  Electra  and  shows  more  distinct  signs  of  the  relationship  than  E.  hicolor. 
It  has  as  in  E.  pilosa  an  obliquely  ascending  distal  wall,  and  the  three  promi- 
nent spines,  so  often  occurring  within  the  genus,  viz.  the  unpaired  proximal  and 
the  two  distal,  are  here  represented,  the  former  by  the  large  conical  expansion 
and  the  latter  by  two  somewhat  compressed  tubercles,  which  are  connected  by 
an    arch-like  ridge.    The  rosette-plates  are  of  the  same  structure  as  in  E.  bicolor. 

E.  angulata  n.  sp. 
(PI.  XXII,  fig.  4  a). 

The  zooecia  of  varying  form  and  dimensions,  with  a  distal  arch-like  or 
angulate  margin  and  with  a  large,  most  often  oval,  membranous  frontal  area, 
occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  frontal  surface.  There  is  a  slightly  developed, 
granular,  dentate,  secondary  cryptocyst.  In  respect  to  development  of  si)ines  the 
zooecia  show  great  ditTerences.  The  best  provided  ones,  which  in  the  colonies 
examined  arc  in  a  great  minority,  have  on  the  margin  12  not  very  thick  spines, 
which  reach  the  middle  of  the  area  or  even  surpass  it.  A  larger  or  smaller 
number  of  them  is  however  often  wanting,  and  many  zoa-cia  are  altogether 
without  spines.  On  the  proximal  gymnocyst  we  find  in  most  zoa?cia  2  (more 
rarely  a  single  median  and  still  more  seldom  3)  short,  thick,  conical  spines, 
generally  open  at  the  end,  which  are  situated  half-way  between  the  central  line 
and  the  lateral  margins.  These  spines  may  sometimes  be  rudimentary,  and  in 
many  zoa>cia  (with  or  without  marginal  spines)  they  are  absent.  The  distal  wall, 
which  is  generally  ascending  towards  the  frontal  surface  and  angularly  bent 
from  side  to  side  or  arch-like,  has  on  either  side  a  rather  large,  multiporous 
rosette-plate  situated  in  one  of  the  basal  corners  of  the  distal  wall.  The  distal 
half  of  each  lateral  wall  has  a  single  multiporous  rosette-plate. 

On  a  ligneous  core  taken  on  the  surface  of  the  water  near  Koh  Samit,  Siam 
(Dr.  Th.  Mortensen). 

In  a  variety  of  this  species  from  lat.  22°  10'  V.  long.,  114"  30'  E.  (Captain 
Suensson)  the  separate  zooecia  attain  considerably  larger  dimensions  and  are  in 
the   examined  colony   all   provided  with   20 — 24  marginal  spines  and  with   1 — 3 


150 

short  and  thick  proximal  ones.  The  distal  wall  is  more  bent  (at  a  right  or  an 
acute  angle),  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  may  have  1 — 2  rosette- 
plates. 

In  referring  the  species,  described  above,  to  Electrn,  although  the  distal  wall 
has  two  niultiporous  rosette-plates  instead  of  a  row  of  uniporous  ones,  the  reason 
is  that  the  rosette-plates  of  the  distal  wall  in  many  species  show  rather  great 
variation  even  in  the  same  colony.  Otherwise  this  species  is  most  closely  allied 
to  E.  monostacliiis.  The  peculiar  doubling  of  the  j)roximal  spine  may  possibly 
explain  the  origin  of  the  two  proximal  corner-spines  in  Mcnihranipora  lueiiihrdiui- 
cea  and  may  then  be  considered  as  evidence  of  the  development  of  Memhidiiipord 
(sensu  stricto)  from  Electro.  Both  genera  agree  in  jjossessing  few  multiporous 
rosette,-plates  on  the  lateral  walls  and  in  their  constant  lack  of  avicularia  and 
hyperstomial  ooecia. 

Callopora  (Gray)  Norman  ',  char,  emend. 
Alderina  Norman",  Amphiblestrum  Gray  p.  p.,  Ramphonotus  Norman', 

Doryj)orella  Norman*. 
(1^1.  IX,  figs.  :i^i). 

The  zocecia,  which  may  have  a  varying  number  (0 — 1(5)  of  spines  and  a 
cryptocyst  developed  to  a  varying  extent,  are  provided  with  a  small  number 
(5 — 6)  of  large  few-pored  pore-chambers.  The  owcia  are  hyperstomial.  The  ccto- 
ooecium,  the  calcified  part  of  which  often  ends  in  a  projecting  margin,  has  a 
larger  or  smaller  uncalcilied  frontal  portion.  Dependent  (wicnUiria  generally 
appear,  more  seldom  independent  ones  as  well.  The  former  may  appear  distally 
to  the  ooecium  in  an  oblique  position  ami  singly  or  in  pairs,  while  in  zocecia 
without  ooecia  they  may  appear  singlj-  and  in  different  positions  on  Ihe  proximal 
part  of  the  zooecium. 

Of  species  known  to  me  1  must  to  this  genus  refer  Callopora  lineata,  (',.  crali- 
cida,  C.  Diimerili,  C.  aiirita,  Amphiblestrum  Fleiniiuji,  A.  Irifoliitm.  lidiiiphonoliis 
mina.v,  Alderina  imhellis  and  Doryporelhi  spathnlifera.  Despite  the  great  variation 
in  a  series  of  structures  all  the  above-mentioned  species  are  so  closely  con- 
nected that  it  apj)ears  to  me  to  be  necessary  to  refer  them  to  the  same  genus. 
In  all  of  them  there  is  a  small  number  of  few-pored  pore-chambers,  and  they 
all  have  hyperstomial  ooecia  \vith  a  partly  uncalcified  ectoooeciuni,  which  how- 
ever may  be  of  very  varying  extent.  The  calcification  of  the  ectoofrcium  is  least 
developed    in  C.  Diimerili,   in   which   species    it    appears   only   as   a    narrow   mar- 


83,  p.  588.     '  83,  J).  596.     '■'  83,  p.  597.     *  84,  p.   106 


151 


.^ 


f 

ginal  portion,  and  most  developed  in  C.  aurila  (fig.  4  a).  In  C.  ininax  its  extent 
is  similar  to  that  in  (J.  inibellis  but  is  often  indistinct,  as  it  is  not  always 
sharply  defined.  In  all  of  them  there  is  a  cryplocyst,  the  development  of  which 
is  however  not  only  different  within  the  different  species,  but  also  varying  ac- 
cording to  locality  and  age  of  zooecia.  Its  development  is  slightest  in  C.  craticnia 
and  (L  lineata,  in  which  it  is  only  a  narrow  marginal  portion  inside  the  spines, 
greater  in  C.  Diinierili  and  C.  aiiritd,  and  still  greater  in  C.  Flemingi,  C.  trifolium, 
C.  imhellis  and  C.  iniiKi.v.  The  last  four  species  are  evidently  most  closely  allied. 
In  the  last-named  species  we  find  a  strongly  developed  avicuhuiiim  with  an 
unusually  high  chamber  (mounted  on  a  pedicel-^  Norman');  but  in  this  dille- 
rence  I  cannot  find  sufficient  reason  for  setting  up  a  new  genus. 

A  later  examination  of  some  good  colonies  of  Doryporella  spnthiilifera  has  corro- 
borated my  view  as  to  the  systematic  position  of  this  species  which  I  must  refer 
to  the  present  genus.  As  I  am  later  to  give  a  full  descrii)tion  of  this  species  in  a 
work  on  the  Ingolf  Hiyozoa  I  may  here  just  mention  a  few  points  of  its  structure. 
The  so-called  median  pore  is  the  aperture  of  an  avicularium  of  the  same  form 
as  those  found  in  the  distal  part  of  the  zooecium  and  corresponding  to  that  found 
proximally  to  the  aperture  in  C.  Fleniinrii,  C.  minax  and  C.  lineata,  and  in  the 
last  species  there  may  also  as  in  C.  sjiathulifera  be  found  a  spine  distally  to  the 
avicularium.  There  are  6  rosette-plates  in  the  proximal  half  of  the  zooecium. 

In  old  colonies  of  C.  Flcminyi,  C.  minax  and  C.  spathulifcra  there  may  be 
found  a  compound  operculum,  the  opercular  valve  and  the  membrane  filling 
the   rest  of  the   aperture   being    fused  together  into  a  separable  chitinous  lamina. 


Megapora  Hincks. 

The  zooecia  have  a  strongly  developed,  partially  depressed  cryptocyst  and 
an  aperture  surrounded  by  spines  and  with  a  well-developed  vestibular  arch. 
A  compound  operculum  in  which  the  valvular  part  and  the  accessory  part  are 
connected  by  a  joint.  A  few  few-pored  porC'Chambers.  No  auicularia.  Hyper- 
stomial  o<vvia  whose  ectooa'cium  is  calcified  with  the  exception  of  a  frontal 
triangular  membranous  part  covering  a  corresponding  very  prominent  granular 
part  of  the  endoocEcium.  The  only  species  hitherto  known  are  M.  ringens,  and 
M.  hijalina  Waters^.  They  are  undoubtedly  closely  related  to  the  Fleniiiigi-group 
within  the  genus  Callopora. 


'  83,  p.  597.     -  lis,  p.  39. 


152 


Tegella  n.  g. 

Callopora  Norman  p.  p. 

(PI.  IX.,  figs.  5-6). 

The  zocpcia,  which  have  spines  and  a  slightly  developed  cryplocyst,  are  pro- 
vided with  multiporous  rosette  plates.  Hyperstoniial  mvcia  with  an  infoinplelely 
calcified  ectoooecium,  which  are  again  surrounded  by  m'inihiriit. 

Of  species  known  to  me  Callopora  unicornis  and  C.  Sophiae  belong  to  this  genus. 


Foveolaria  Busk,  char,  emend. 

The  entire  surface  of  the  zorrciuni  is  formed  by  a  very  thick,  solid,  much 
furrowed  cryplocyst,  which  is  deeply  depressed  in  the  whole  periphery  of  the 
aperture.  A  very  large,  oval,  compound  operculum  with  a  joint  connecting  the  val- 
vular part  and  the  accessory  part.  Multiporous  rosette-plates.  Hyperstoniial  o(xria 
which  are  provided  with  a  membranous  ectoooecium  and  are  finally  hidden  by 
covering  calcareous  layers.  In  most  zocccia  a  large  ai'icuhn'iiim  proximally  to  the 
opening. 

To  this  genus  I  can  only  refer  F.  elliptica  Busk. 


Caleschara  Mac  Gillivray',  char,  emend. 
Rosseliana  Jullien. 

There  is  no  gymnocyst,  but  on  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zo(vcium  a  strongly 
developed,  depressed  cryptocyst,  which  is  sometimes  (C.  denticulata)  only  perforated 
by  a  semi-circular  opesia  and  two  slit-like  opesiula\  No  spines.  No  avicularia. 
Endozooecial,  but  more  or  less  distinctly  prominent  oivcia.  All  rosette-plates  uni- 
porous. 

This  genus  agrees  with  the  majority  of  the  Flnslriilae  both  in  its  possession 
of  endozoa-cial  oa^cia  and  uniporous  rosette-plates.  Of  species  described  only  C. 
denticulata  M.  Gill,  and  C.  Rosseli  And.  belong  to  it.  An  undescribed  s])ecies  from 
Siam  makes  an  intermediate  form  between  the  two  just  mentioned  species,  its 
cryptocyst  terminating  in  a  free,  dentate  lamina,  and  if  we  imagine  this  lamina 
coalesced  distally  with  the  dentate  lateral  parts  of  the  cryptocyst,  we  should  have 
two  slits  similar  to  those  found  in  the  former  species.  — 


'   74,   Vol.   2,   Dec.   V.,  p.   45,   PI    48,   ni<.   8. 


153 


Onychocella  .luUien'. 

Onychocellidae  Jul  lien. 

(PI.  XXII,  figs.  3a-3(l,  pi.  XXIV,  lig.  10). 

The  frontal  calcification  of  the  :oa>cia  exclusively  consists  of  a  more  or  less 
developed,  depressed  cryptocyst.  No  spines.  The  operculum  is  sometimes  a  wholly 
chitinized  simple  operculuiji,  sometimes  a  membranous  opercular  valve,  and  it  is 
generally  surrounded  by  an  arch-like,  chitinized  thickening  of  the  frontal  mem- 
brane. The  oblique,  frontally  ascending  terminal  walls  are  like  the  lateral  walls 
two-layered,  and  both  kinds  of  walls  are  provided  with  a  lew  mulliporous  rosette- 
plates.  The  auicidaria  are  independent  (vicarious),  with  a  strongly  developed 
cryptocyst  and  a  flagellum-like,  lengthened  mandible  which  has  a  single  or 
double,  thin,  wing-like  expansion.  The  oa-cia,  which  may,  I  think,  be  considered 
endozooecial,  appear  as  low,  not  strongly  prominent,  swellings  from  the  proximal 
end  of  the  distal  zooecium,  and  they  are  separated  on  either  side  from  the  raised 
margin  of  the  proximal  zorecium  by  a  suture. 

This  genus  is  plentifully  represented  in  the  chalk-period,  while  only  a  small 
number  of  recent  species  are  known. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  above  diagnosis  corresponds  not  only  with  the 
genus  Onychocella  Jullien,  but  with  the  bulk  of  his  family  Omjchocellidae,  the 
latter  comprising  also  a  number  of  species,  which  must  be  referred  to  the  new 
family  Membranicelhiriidae  set  up  by  me.  Although  I  have  no  doubt,  that  in  time 
it  will  be  necessary  to  acknowledge  JuUien's  family  Onychocellidae,  I  shall  at 
l)resent  refer  these  forms  to  a  single  genus,  as  they  are  not  yet  so  well  known, 
that  the  genus  can  be  divided  in  a  natural  way.  Jullien  has  set  up  no  less 
than  eight  genera,  all  of  which  however  seem  to  me  to  be  based  on  rather  un- 
important differences. 

Of  this  genus  I  have  examined  six  recent  species,  among  which  one  from 
Denmark  Strait,  O  solida  Nordg  I.  The  latter  possesses  a  simple,  membranous  oper- 
cular valve,  while  the  others  have  a  wholly  chitinized,  simple  operculum,  and 
this  dillerence  is  in  the  examined  species  connected  with  another.  The  fact  is 
that  the  free  margin  of  the  operculum  is  in  all  of  them  surrounded  by  an  arched 
chitinous  sclerite,  but  while  in  the  five  species  this  chitinous  arch  only  reaches 
as  far  as  the  proximal  corner  of  the  operculum,  it  is  in  0  solida  Nordg.  contin- 
ued a  long  way  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  latter  and  here  serves  as  base  of 
attachment  for  a  parietal  muscle-  With  the  exception  of  Onychocella  Liiciae  Jullien 


'  42,  p.   7.     -  84  b,   p.   8. 


154 

ooecia  have  hitherto  not  been  made  out  with  certainty,  neither  in  fossil  nor  in 
recent  species  of  this  genus;  but  the  reference  of  the  above  mentioned  species  to 
the  genus  Omjchocella  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  unquestionable.  The  presence 
of  avicularia  with  wing-shaped  lateral  expansions  is  not  conclusive.  I  have  found 
quite  similar  avicularia  in  a  tropical  Microporella  s])ecies.  With  regard  to  the 
zon?cia  themselves  they  seem  to  be  more  like  tliose  found  in  (killopora  Flemingi 
and  cognate  species,  as  there  seems  to  be  a  distinction  between  a  strongly  de- 
pressed cryptocysl  surrounded  by  a  projecting  margin  and  an  arched,  jiroximal 
gymnocyst.  The  rather  large  ooecium  issues  from  I  he  la  Her  and  is  in  size,  form 
and  position  unliUc  the  ooecia,  which  I  have  found  in  a  series  of  recent  and 
fossil  species  of  the  genus,  and  which  are  very  little  conspicuous,  so  little  in  fact, 
that  they  have  hitherto  been  overlooked. 

While  all  the  other  zoa?cia  have  a  sharp  and  deep  sutural  funow  in  the 
whole  of  their  periphery,  which  forms  the  l)oun(Jary  between  the  projecting  mar- 
gins of  their  own  and  those  of  the  surrountling  zorecia,  such  a  sutural  furrow  is 
wanting  in  the  distal  end  of  the  ooecium-bearing  zoa'cia,  and  the  proximal  end 
of  the  distal  zoa^cium  does  not  as  in  the  other  zocrcia  end  in  a  low,  rounded, 
projecting  margin,  but  in  a  somewhat  higher,  more  or  less  distinctly  prominent 
swelling  (the  frontal  wall  of  the  oa'cium)  which  is  but  indistinctly  marked  ofT 
from  the  zoci'cium,  and  wliich  seems  to  be  covered  by  its  frontal  membrane. 
This  slightly  prominent,  rounded  pent-roof  is  on  either  side  separated  from  the 
marginal  cryptocyst  of  the  proximal  zoa-cium  by  a  sutural  furrow,  hi  the  interior 
the  frontally  ascending  distal  wall  touches  the  distal  end  of  this  swelling,  and 
between  the  zocecial  operculum  and  the  margin  of  the  occcium  we  find  a  slightly 
chitinized  ocecial  operculujn.  Reference  may  be  made  to  the  schematic  figure 
(PI.  XXIV,  fig.  10.),  the  dotted  lines  in  which  show  how  I  picture  the  inner 
parts  of  this  oa^ciuni. 

Cupularia  Lamouroux. 

The  zowcia  broadU'  rhombic,  without  frontal  gymnocyst,  but  with  a  depressed 
cryptocyst  perforated  by  a  larger  or  smaller  ajierlure.  No  spines.  Each  distal  wall 
with  one,  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  several  (u])  to  (i),  scatte- 
red, uniporous  rosette-plates.  The  lateral  walls  are  common  to  the  contiguous 
neighbouring  zooecia.  On  the  distal  side  of  each  zonecium  we  find  an  asymme- 
trical, independent  vibraculnm  with  a  long  tlagelhim  and  an  angularly  bent,  kid- 
ney- or  bean-shaped  opening.  No  owcia.  The  species  hitherto  described  occur  in 
free,  discoidal  colonies  witli  a  thick  basal  surface  covered  by  a  membrane,  the 
radiating  furrows  of  which  correspond  with  radiately  arranged  zocecial  rows. 


155 

While  all  the  other  species  have  only  an  opercular  valve,  we  find  in  C.  Loivei 
Busk  a  wholly  chitinized  simple  operculum,  enclosed  by  a  complete  calcareous 
frame,  the  cryplocyst  being  raised  proximally  to  the  operculum  to  the  level  of 
the  latter  and  forming  its  proximal  boundary.  This  species  might  thus  justly  be 
referred   to  the  family  Microporidce.  — 

Lunularia  Husk  '. 
Lunulites  Lamouroux,  p.  p. 

The  zntvcia  (juadrangularly  rounded,  without  frontal  gymnocyst,  but  with  a 
depressed  cryplocyst  perforated  by  a  larger  or  smaller  aperture.  No  spines.  Each 
distal  and  each  lateral  wall  with  a  number  of  scattered,  uniporous  rosette-plates. 
The  lateral  walls  are  common  to  the  contiguous  neighbouring  zocrcia.  The  sym- 
metrical vibracula  with  a  long  flagellum  and  a  deeply  depressed,  strongly  develo- 
ped cryptocysl  occur  in  shorter  or  longer  rows  or  scattered  among  the  zocrcia. 
No  oivcia.  The  species  hitherto  described  appear  in  free,  discoid  colonies  with  a 
thick  basal  wall  covered  by  a  membrane,  the  radiating  furrows  of  which  corre- 
spond with  the  more  or  less  radiately  arranged  zocrcia.  — 

This  genus,  which  is  plentifully  represented  in  the  chalk-period,  has  only  a 
few  recent  species.  Of  these  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  a  fragment 
of  /..  capiilm,  kindly  placed  at  my  di.sposal  by  the  British  Museum. 

II  will  perhaps  be  justifiable  to  combine  the  two  genera  defined  above  into 
one   family  Liimilariidae. 

Selenaria  Busk,  char,  emend. 
The  zoa-zia  rhombic  or  rhombicly  hexagonal,  without  a  frontal  gymnocyst, 
but  with  a  depressed  cryptocyst  perforated  by  a  larger  or  smaller  aperture.  No 
spines.  Scattered  among  the  zooecia  are  a  number  of  independent  vibracula  with  an 
arched  frontal  surface  perforated  by  numerous  pores  or  by  slits.  A  high  ribbon- 
shaped  lamina,  issuing  from  the  one  lateral  margin  in  the  distal  part  of  the  vi- 
bracularian  chamber  stretches  over  towards  the  opposite  margin  and  not  far  from 
this  bends  inwards  towards  the  basal  surface.  It  serves  no  doubt  for  the  attachment 
of  the  flabellum.  Distal  wall  with  2  multiporous  rosette-plates,  and  the  distal  half 
of  each  lateral  wall  with  a  single  one.  Lateral  walls  are  common  to  the  contiguous 
neighbouring  zoo'cia.  The  ocrcia,  which  seem  to  be  endozooccial,  appear  on  the 
surface  of  the  colony  as  low,  rounded,  pent-roof-shaped  swellings.  The  colonies 
are    free,    discoid,    with    a    deepened    basal    surface    perforated  by  numerous  pores 

'   8,   p.   208, 


156 

and  provided  with  radiating  furrows,  which  correspond  with  llie  radiafely  arranged 
zott'cia. 

Similar  vibracula  are  found  in  the  cretaceous  species  Rhagasostoma  elegans 
V.  Hag. 

Family  Cribrilinidae. 

(I'l.  IX,  ligs.  9-11). 

The  zoa'cia  with  a  larger  or  smaller,  membranous  i'ronlal  area,  covered  by 
two  rows  of  mutually  coalesced,  hollow,  marginal  spines,  which  form  a  frontal 
shield  perforated  by  slits  or  pores. 

The  unnaluralness  of  this  family  may  he  sufficiently  evident  from  the  fact, 
that  it  is  only  based  on  a  single  character,  which  has  moreover  been  taken  from 
formations  as  variable  and  as  inconstant  in  appearance  as  the  spines.  It  is  true 
that  all  such  forms,  in  which  the  spines  by  their  mutual  connection  form  a  shield 
broken  through  by  slits  or  pores,  have  a  certain  outward  similaritj',  whicli  without 
a  close  examination  may  easily  be  considered  a  proof  of  real  relationship.  The 
fact  is  however  that  we  might  be  equally  justitied  in  forming  a  family  for  all 
such  Menibraniporidae,  in  which  spines  are  absent  or  for  such  as  possess  two  rows 
of  well-developed,  unconnected  spines.  In  reality  we  do  not  in  the  other  structural 
features  find  such  a  degree  of  conformity  as  might  justly  be  expected  in  a  natural 
family.  A  careful  examination  leaves  no  doubt  of  the  independent  origin  of  such 
a  frontal  shield  in  many  difi'erent  forms.  That  Ilarmer  has  a  similar  conception 
of  these  forms,  is  evident  from  the  following  statement  of  his:  >The  existence  of 
great  differences  between  the  opercula  of  dilferent  species  at  present  referred  to 
Cribrilina  suggests  that  the  genus  is  an  unnatural  one,  representing  a  stage  of 
evolution  of  the  Lepralioid  zooecium,  which  has  been  arrived  at  independently 
in  several  cases.-  ' 

Electro  monostachys  (PI.  IX,  figs.  2  a — 2  b)  and  K.  anyiilutu  n.  sj).  (PI.  XXII, 
fig.  4  a)  constitute  two  of  the  best  examples  of  the  inconstancy  of  the  spines. 
Here  we  may  find  in  the  same  colony  some  zocrcia,  which  are  entirely  without 
spines,  and  others  provided  with  a  larger  number  of  these  structures.  In  the  face 
of  this  fact  it  would  surely  be  impossible  to  nuike  the  i)resence  or  absence  of 
spines  the  only  dislinction  between  two  systematic  sections.  We  are  however  able 
to  mention  two  quite  corresponding  examples  of  the  inconstancy  of  the  frontal 
shield,  viz,  besides  the  above-mentioned  Electra  zostericola  a  new  species  from  the 
Foeroes  which  is  related  both  to  Callopora  Diimerili  and  to  Menibrdiiiiiorella  nilidu. 

'  19,  p.  329. 


157 

In  this  species  we  find  within  the  same  colony  some  zocecia,  wliich  are  provided 
with  a  frontal  shield  similar  to  that  in  Membraniporella  nitida,  and  some  which 
have  either  only  2 — 4  short  distal  spines  or  besides  these  a  varying  number  of 
longer,  unconnected  ones.  A  partial  coalescence  of  s|)ines  may  also  occur  in  several 
species.  Thus,  I  find  the  first  pair  of  spines  coalesced  in  no  small  number  of 
zod'cia  on  a  colony  of  Membraniporiiui  pijrula,  Hincks  from  Victoria,  and  in  the 
Meinbr.  defensa  described  by  Kirkpatrick  a  number  of  opposite  spines  (in  the 
figured  specimen  4  pair)  may  sometimes  be  connected.  Such  a  coalescence  of 
o[)posite  spines  also  takes  place  in  the  whole  length  of  the  frontal  area  in  Sto- 
lonella  clausa  Hincks,  which  belongs  to  the  Bicellariidae,  and  a  frontal  shield  formed 
by  5  coalescent  broad  spines  occurs  in  Petalostegus  hu-oriiis,  which  I  have  thought 
it  most  correct  to  refer  to  the  same  family. 

The  natural  consequence  of  the  view  expressed  above  would  then  be  the 
splitting  up  of  the  family  Cribrilinidae  and  the  grouping  of  its  forms  with  such 
forms  of  the  Membr(tniporidae.  to  which  they  are  most  closely  allied.  As  however 
the  latter  family  cannot  be  regarded  as  natural  either,  it  must  perhaps  be  broken 
up  into  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  smaller  families,  and  the  forms,  which 
have  a  frontal  shield,  must  be  divided  among  them.  My  material  of  both  these 
families  is  however  too  small  for  me  to  venture  upon  making  definite  proposals 
for  a  final  arrangement  of  all  these  forms,  and  therefore  for  the  present  I  prefer 
to  keep  the  two  families  unaltered.  As  the  members  of  this  family  have  their 
nearest  relations  in  the  family  Membraniporidae.  it  is  quite  natural,  that  we  should 
find'  a  similar  extent  of  variation  in  most  structures.  The  cryptocyst  forms  however 
an  exception  in  this  respect,  as  it  is  either  completely  wanting  or  appears  only 
as  an  extremely  faint  margin  within  the  spines  (MembraniporelUt).  This  is  a  natu- 
ral consequence  of  the  presence  of  the  frontal  shield,  the  latter  making  such  pro- 
tection unnecessary  as  in  uncovered  Membraniporidae  may  be  rendered  by  the 
cryptocyst.  The  frontal  shield  may  be  of  very  difVcrent  extent,  occupying  at  times 
the  entire  frontal  surface  and  in  other  cases  but  a  smaller  part  of  the  latter.  It 
is  much  reduced  in  certain  forms  occurring  in  the  Danish  chalk-formation.  While 
in  some  cases  we  find  an  opercular  valve  only,  a  wholly  chitinized  (simple  or 
complex)  operculum  is  often  present  as  in  the  members  of  the  family  Scriipii- 
cellariidae,  in  which  the  opercular  si)ine  is  so  strongly  develo|)ed  that  it  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  of  the  operculum.  As  in  Membraniporidae,  the  rosette-plates 
may  be  multiporous,  uniporous  (e.  g.  Membraniporella  dislansj  or  there  may  be 
pore-chambers.  The  heterozooecia  may  appear  both  as  independent  and  dependent 
ones,  as  avicularia  and  as  vibracula,  and  rather  frequently  we  find  a  calcified 
transverse  bar  between  the  opercular  and  the  subopercular  area.     The  ooecia  are 


158 

hypersloiiiial  or  eiulozocrcial,  and  in  the  latter  case  they  are  surrounded  hy  keno- 
zoa'cia  in  the  hitherto  examined  species. 

Tlie  authors,  who  have  liitherto  set  up  genera  witliin  this  section,  liave  chiefly 
attached  importance  to  the  structure  of  the  Iroutal  shield,  i.  e.  to  the  structure 
of  and  the  connection  between  the  spines,  of  which  it  is  composed.  Here  again 
we  must  maintain,  that  on  account  of  the  vaiiable  nature  of  the  spines  they  are 
but  badly  suited  to  alVord  generic  characters,  and  we  must  call  attention  to  the 
fact,  that  the  difl'erent  varieties,  which  Hincks  lefers  to  (Irihriliiui  iiunclaki,  show 
such  great  dillerences  in  the  structure  of  the  frontal  shield,  that  some  of  them 
cannot  even  be  entered  under  his  diagnosis  of  the  genus  Crihriliirci.  I  attach  the 
greatest  importance  to  the  same  structures  that  I  have  made  use  of  in  dividing 
the  genera  under  Memhraniporidae.  For  want  of  material  I  must  however  here 
confine  myself  to  give  diagnoses  of  the  following  5  genera. 

Metnbraniporella  Hincks,  Char,  emend. 
Lepralia  (Johnston)  Norman  '. 

The  aperture  in  the  frontal  shield  has  an  o[)ercular  valve,  and  the  shield  is 
perforated  by  slits.  There  are  pore-chambers  with  few  pores,  and  the  hyperstom- 
ial  oa'cia  are  provided  with  an  ectooti'cium  but  partially  calcitied.  Dependent 
ouiciilaria  may  occur. 

This  genus  is  here  taken  in  a  much  more  limited  sense  than  by  Hincks,  and 
with  the  exception  of  the  presence  of  the  frontal  shield  the  two  species,  that  we 
have  referred  to  it,  correspond  in  ail  characters  with  the  genus  Callopora  and 
show  signs  of  being  specially  closely  allied  to  C.  Uiiinerili.  Tliis  appears  for  one 
thing  in  the  structure  of  the  ooecia,  the  ectoooecium  being  in  botli  species  only 
calcified  in  its  marginal  portion.  A  frontal  shield  appears  constantly  in  M.  nilitla, 
while  tliis  is  not  tlie  case  in  an  undescribed  species  from  the  Fa-roes.  In  the 
latter  we  find  in  tlie  same  colony,  besides  a  smaller  number  of  zoa>cia  with  a 
frontal  shield,  also  some  that  are  provided  with  but  2 — 4  distal,  unconnected 
spines.    This  species  thus  forms  a  link  between  Callopora  and  Memhraniporella. 

Cribrilina  Gray. 
Cribrilina  Jull.  p.  p.,  Gephyrotes  Norman  84,  p.   100. 

(I'l.  IX). 

The  aperture  in  the  frontal  shield,  which  encloses  an  opercular  valve,  is  usu- 
ally provided  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  proximal  mucro.  Pore-chambers  with 
few  pores.    The  owcia  are  hyperstomial  or  enclosed  by  kenozoa'cia,  and  the  wholly 

'  84,  p.  100. 


159 

calcified  ectoooeciuni  is  generally  provided  with  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of 
perforations.  Dependent  avicularia  may  appear,  and  the  shield  is  perforated  by 
pores. 

Cr.   pimcliUa,    Cr.    cryptoecium    Norman ',     Cr.    aiinulatu    and    Geplnjroles    nitido- 

pnnctata  (Smitl)  belong  to  this  genus. 

In  Cr.  piinclata  (fig.  11)  we  find  in  the  same  colony  both  hyperstomial  ooecia 
and  ocecia  enclosed  by  kenozocrcia.  On  examining  a  longitudinal  .section  af  Cr. 
annulata  (fig.  10)  we  might  be  inclined  to  regard  the  ooecia  as  formed  by  a 
large  distal  spine.  A  closer  examination  will  show  distinctly,  however,  that  the 
endoooecium  is  formed  by  the  distal  wall,  which  has  4  —  5  uniporous  rosette- 
plates.  Moreover  the  surrounding  kenozou^cium  (10  a)  is  provided  with  pore- 
chambers.  As  in  the  species  of  Retiflustra  the  basal  i)art  of  the  oa'cium  lies 
higher  (more  distally)  than  its  free,  frontal  margin  (10  b). 

Puellina  Jullien",  Char,  emend. 

Cribrilina  JuU.  p.  p. 

(PI.  IX,  fig.  12a). 

The  semi-circular  aperture  in  the  frontal  shield  is  filled  by  a  wholly  chitini- 
zed,  simple  operculum.  The  shield  is  perforated  by  pores,  of  which  those  in  its 
periphery  serve  as  passage  for  short,  tentaculiform  evaginations  from  the  frontal 
membrane,  of  which  the  first  pair  is  considerably  longer  than  the  others.  The 
ocecia,  which  are  hyperstomial  or  enclosed  by  kenozonecia,  have  a  wholly  calcified 
ectoocecium.  Few-pored  pore-chambers.  Independent  but  not  dependent  auiciilarid 
may  appear. 

Cribrilina  radiatu,  Cr.  iimominata  and  Puellina  Gattija'  belong  to  this  genus. 
The  first-named  species,  which  seems  to  have  a  wide  distribution,  will  probably 
prove  collective. 

With  regard  to  Harmer's  contrary  opinion^  of  the  structure  of  the  frontal 
shield  in  P.  radiala  I  can  only  say,  that  in  this  matter  I  share  the  opinion  of 
Norman.* 

Figulina  Jullien  ^,  Char,  emend. 
The   aperture   in   the   frontal   shield,   which    has  a  more  or  less  distinct  sinus, 
is    covered    by   a    wholly  chilinized    compound  operculum.     Each   distal   wall  with 
a  row  of  uniporous,  and  each  lateral  wall  with  a  number  of  mulliporous  rosette- 
plates.    Hyperstomial   owcia  whose  ectoocecium  is  provided  with  a  median  suture 


'   84,   p.    102.      -'   44,   p.   (i(>7.     ■'   1!),   p.   li'ili.      *  84,   p.   l)(i.      ''  44,   p.   G08. 


160 

and  with  at  least  two  pear-shaped  perforations.  Independent  hut  no  dependent 
(wicnhiria  may  appeal'.    The   frontal   shield   with   [)ores. 

dr.  figtilaris.   Cr.  pliiloinela  i>.  uniuda  and  Cr.  clilhridiaUt '  belong  to  this  genus. 

M.  pijriila  is  a  Membraniporinu  species  which  bears  a  close  resemblance  to 
Cribrilinu  jigiilaris.  I  shall  just  mention  thai  the  od'cia  have  also  in  this  .species 
a  median  suture,  and  that  the  eclooo'cium  appears  to  have  a  large,  uncalcified 
region  on  eather  side.  It  is  however  not  so  well  delined  as  in  Cr.  /Kjiihiris. 


Aspidelectra  n.  g. 

Membranij)orella  Hi  neks. 

The  proximal  part  of  the  zoircium  with  1 — 2,  thick,  projecting,  hollow  spines; 
the  frontal  shield  perforated  by  slits;  each  distal  wall  with  2  multiporous  rosette- 
plates,  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  a  single  one;  the  aperture  in 
the  frontal  shield  with  an  opercular  valve;  no  ai'icuhiria;  no  o(vci(t. 

A.  melolontha,  the  only  species  hitherto  known,  must  certainly  be  traced  to 
Electra  and  appears  to  show  specially  close  relationship  to  E.  (tngiilata.  with 
which  species  it  agrees  not  only  in  possessing  1 — 2  jjrojecting  spines,  but  also  in 
having  an  angularly  bent  distal  wall  with  a  mulliporous  rosetlc-[)late  in  each  of 
the  two  basal  corners. 

Arachnopusia  .luUien'-,  char,  emend. 

The  frontal  shield,  which  has  a  small  number  of  large  holes  and  avicularia 
of  varying  size,  is  formed  by  the  coalescence  of  a  number  of  branched,  originally 
hollow,  later  partially  solid  spines,  which  spring  from  the  lateral  walls.  A  mem- 
branous opercular  valve.  The  angular  distal  wall  has  a  number  of  uniporous 
rosette-plates  while  the  rosette-plates  of  the  lateral  walls  have  1—3  pores. 
Hyperstomial  owcici  with  a  wholly  calcified  ectoooeciuni  and  an  ooecial  cover 
formed  by  the  adjoining  frontal  shields.  The  distal  wall  is  in  the  ooecia-bearing 
zooecia  continued  frontally  beyond  the  proximal  part  of  the  otrcium  into  a  lamina 
terminating  in  a  rounded,  sometimes  crenulated  margin,  from  which  a  membranous 
ocecial  operculum  takes  its  origin. 

To  this  genus  belongs  Crihrilina  inonoceros  M.  Gill,  which  however  comprises 
several  rather  different  forms,  that  may  possibly  be  considered  independent  s])e- 
cies.  Cr.  lerniinnhi  M.  Gill. ''  may  probably  also  be  referred  to  Ibis  genus.  It  has 
at    anj'    rate  a  prolongation  ending  in  a  crenulated  margin  similar  to  that  found 


'   108,  p.  5.      -  45,   p.   62.     '   76,   p.   5U. 


161 

in  A.  monoceros.  It  is  in  lliis  s[)ecies  seen  al  the  bottom  of  tlie  nperlure  nearly 
on  a  level  with  the  spines  and  separating  the  ooeciuni  from  the  proximal  zoce- 
ciiim. 

As  I  cannot  discover  any  relationship  between  Hianlopora  ferox  and  Cribrilina 
monoceros,  but  find  the  peculiarities  of  the  latter  species  sufficiently  well-marked 
to  make  it  represent  a  genus  of  its  own,  I  shall  keep  Jullien's  genus  Aracli- 
iiopnsia,  but  on  a  new  basis,  and  I  think  it  may  for  the  present  l)e  ranked  under 
the  above  mentioned   artificial   family   ('.lihriliiiidae. 

2nd  Division:  Coilostega. 

The  frontal  wall  has  within  the  covering-membrane  a  generally  depressed, 
calcareous  cover  (the  cryptocyst)  surrounded  by  projecting  margins,  which  either 
reaches  the  proximal  margin  of  the  operculum  or  is  only  separated  from  the 
latter  by  a  small  membranous  portion.  Spines  of  the  usual  form  are  usualh' 
wanting.  The  cryptocyst  is  as  a  rule  provided  with  pores  and  most  frequently 
with  a  foramen,  the  »opesiula«  (sometimes  confluent  with  the  aperture)  on  each 
side,  through  wdiich  a  parietal  muscle  passes  out  to  the  covering  membrane. 
These  foramina  may  be  either  simple  perforations  of  Ihc  cryptocyst,  or  out- 
growths from  their  proximal  and  inner  margin  may  sink  into  the  zotrcium  to 
join  the  basal  (sometimes  a  lateral  or  the  distal)  wall  in  dilTerenl  exlcntion.  In 
most  cases  these  »opesiular  outgrowths*,  as  we  may  call  them,  form  in  connec- 
tion with  the  interjacent  frontal  wall  and  generally  also  with  the  basal  wall  a 
more  or  less  complete  tube,  the  »polypide  tubes  enclosing  a  part  of  the  polypide. 
There  is  either  a  wholly  chitinized,  simple  operculum  or  a  partially  strongly 
chitinized  opercular  valve.  The  avicuhiria  or  vibrncula  are  always  independent. 
There  may  be  hyperstomial,  endozocrcial  endofoichal  or  bivalvular  oarin. 

The  families  Microporidae,  SteijanoporcUidae,  Aspidostomidae,  Tlialaiiioporellidae, 
Selosellidae,  Chlidoniidae  and  Alijsidiidae  belong  to  this  division. 

Family  Microporidae. 

The  semi-circular  aperture,  which  is  bounded  proximally  by  the  distal, 
ascending  margin  of  the  cryptocyst,  has  generally  a  more  or  less  strongly 
cliilinized  (or  calcareous),  simple  operculum,  more  seldom  an  opercular  valve. 
Opesiulse,  when  present,  are  always  distinct  from  the  aperture.  Pores  may  be 
|>rcsent  or  wanting  and  spines  may  appear.  There  may  be  (ivicnhiria,  and  the 
o(vcia,  when  present,  are  endozoa^cial  or  hyperstomial. 

The  family  Microporidae  is,  in  contrast  to  the  following  families,  not  quite 
natural,    comprising    as    it    does    a    series   of    genera    which    have    independently 

n 


162 

attained    the    correspondence    in    form    of  aperture   and   structure    of    ojierculum 
that  we  have  just  pointed  out. 


Micropora  Gray. 
(PI.  VIII). 

The  two  opesiulse,  which  are  more  or  less  constant,  have  the  form  of  simple 
perforations.  Spines  may  appear.  The  oa'cia,  which  have  a  membranous  ecto- 
ooecium,  are  endozoa^cial  but  very  jjrominent,  and  the  small  aincuhiria,  which 
are  situated  proximalh'  to  tlie  aperture,  are  furnished  with  a  complete  cross- 
bar.   Pore-chambers  with  few'  pores. 

To  this  genus  belong  M.  voriacea  Esper,  M.  perforata  Mac  Gill.  (PI.  VIII,  fig.  4  a) 
and  a  species  which  has  hitherto  been  confounded  with  M.  coriacea,  and  for  which 
I  will  propose  the  name  M.  Nonnani^  (PI.  VIII,  figs.  3  a  — 3  b).  Of  this  species  I 
have  only  seen  a  little  fragment  from  Hastings,  sent  me  by  the  late  Mr.  Peal,  and 
having  lost  it  1  shall  only  mention,  that  the  operculum  is  calcareous  and  that 
the  distal  half  of  the  endoooecium  lacks  that  cryptocyst  cover,  ending  in  an 
angular  margin,  which  is  found  in  M.  coriacea. 


Microporina  n.  g. 

The  two  opesiulse,  which  however  are  sometimes  filled  up,  appear  as  simple 
perforations.  Numerous  pores.  No  oaxia,  but  avicularia  with  cross-bar  occur. 
Each  distal  wall  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  a  row  (6 — 8)  of 
one-  or  two-pored  rosette-plates.  A  longitudinal  series  of  parietal  muscles  is  placed 
on  each  side  between  the  cryptocyst  and  the  covering  membrane.  Cellaria  borenlis 
Busk  and  Micropora  clomjala  Hincks  belong  to  this  genus. 


Macropora  M.  Gilliv.,  char,  emend. 

The  zooecia  verj'  thick-walled,  provided  with  pores  but  without  spines  and 
without  opesiulse.  The  zooecial  aperture  is  provided  with  a  well-developed  vesti- 
bular arch.  Oo'cia  and  ordinary  auiciilaria  wanting,  but  among  the  zooecia  we 
find  some  wliich  have  an  aperture  of  a  very  different  form  and  whose  distal 
margin  is  furnished  with  three  membranous,  feeler-like  filaments.  Pore-chambers. 

'  56,  p.  7,  note. 


163 


M.  centralis  Mac  Gillivr. 

A  monograph  of  the  tertiary  Polyzoa  of  Victoria'  Transact.  Royal  Soc.  of  Victoria, 

Vol.  IV,   1895,  pag.  55,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  3. 

(1^1.  VII,  fif(s.  1  a— 1  (I). 

The  zooecia  which  are  bounded  by  a  rounded  granular  marginal  ridge  are  large 
(length  1.3  mm.),  broad,  hexagonal,  thick-walled,  very  strongly  arched  and  within 
the  brown  covering  membrane  finely  tuberculated  and  provided  with  small, 
scattered  pores.  The  aperture,  which  is  situated  at  a  shorter  or  longer  distance  from 
the  distal  margin  of  the  zod'cium,  is  surrounded  by  a  thick,  wall-like  peristoni. 
It  is  large,  almost  semi-elliptical,  but  with  the  lateral  margins  somewhat  con- 
verging proximally,  where  it  is  cut  olT  straight.  Within  this  proximal  margin  we 
find  in  the  whole  breadth  of  the  aperture  a  ridge-like,  raised  part  supporting 
the  operculum,  and  within  the  distal  margin  of  the  aperture  there  is  a  strong 
vestibular  arch  which  is  somewhat  angularly  bent  from  side  to  side.  The  two 
proximal  corners  of  the  extremely  thick,  calcified,  tuberculated  operculum,  covered 
like  the  rest  of  the  frontal  surface  by  the  covering-membrane  (fig.  1  c),  are  se- 
parated by  an  extremely  small  sinuation  from  the  remaining  part  of  the  proximal 
margin,  and  accordingly  a  very  small  slit  appears  on  each  side.  In  each  of  the 
proximal  corners  is  seen  a  small  triangular-rounded  hinge-tooth.  Each  distal 
wall  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  is  provided  with  a  long  pore-chamber 
(fig.   1  d),  with  a  row  of  uniporous  rosette  plates. 

Avicularia  of  general  structure  are  wanting  on  the  fragment  examined,  on 
which  however  was  found  a  zooecium  with  an  aperture  of  peculiar  structure 
fig.  1  b).  It  is  more  oblong  than  the  others,  and  the  two  distally  somewhat  con- 
verging lateral  margins  meet  in  a  distal  margin,  which  has  a  median  sinus.  In 
this  an  almost  black,  short,  feeler-like  filament  takes  its  origin  from  the  covering 
membrane,  and  some  way  further  down  there  is  a  similar^one  issuing  on  each 
side.  These  filaments  quite  correspond  with  those  discovered  by  Harnier  in  Piiel- 
lina  radiata.  The  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  is  furnished  with  a  low,  broad 
denticle. 

Of  this  species  I  have  had  the  oi)portunity  of  examining  a  small  fragment 
from  Wanganui,  which  inerusts  a  shell-fragment,  and  which  was  sent  to  me  by 
Miss  Jelly  labelled  »Mo;io/Jore/Za  crassatiiui' ,  under  which  name  I  have  mentioned 
it  in  ^Studies  on  Bryozoa«  ').  M.  Claikei  Tenison-Woods  belongs  to  this  genus, 
and  in    the   figure  Mac  Gillivray"  gives  of  this  species  we  also  see  a  zooecium 

'   5G,  p.   7.     '  7G,  p.   55. 

11* 


1(U 

with  a  peculiarly  formed  ai)crlurc,  whereas  neither  the  description  nor  the  figures 
of  M.  centralis  give  any  indication  of  the  presence  of  such  zooecia  in  that  species. 

Hemiseptella  n.  g. 

From  the  proximal  margin  of  the  primary  aperture  a  horizontal  lamina 
taking  up  the  whole  hreadlh  of  the  frontal  wall,  descends  some  way  into  the 
zod'cinm.  The  j)rimary  aperture  is  more  or  less  completely  divided  into  a  distal 
portion,  containing  an  opercular  valve  with  a  strongly  chitinized  opercular  arch 
and  a  proximal  portion,  represented  by  the  two  oi)esiuhe,  the  division  being 
efl'ected  either  by  the  concrescense  of  two  or  three  laminate  processes  or  in  a 
very  incomplete  way  by  three  (two  lateral  and  a  median)  group  of  s])inous  pro- 
cesses. Small  (iviculdi'ut.  No  i)ores  and  no  spines.  No  (xrcia.  The  lateral  walls 
are  common  to  the  contigimus  zoo'cia.  Large  generally  uncalcilied  rosette-plates 
with  several  ('?)  j)ores.  Free  branched  colonies  with  pillar-like  branches  and  strongly 
calcified  zocecia. 

To  this  genus  belong  Viiicnl(iri(i  gntliica  Busk*  (=  V.  ste<i<in(tpiir<ndes  Goldsl.), 
Vine,  hibiata  Busk  and  "Thalamoporelhi'^  Michaelseni  Ca\\e[",  in  which  last  species 
the  division  between  the  opercular  aperture  and  the  two  opcsiuhe  is  very  in- 
complete, being  only  formed  by  three  separate  groups  of  spinous  processes. 

To  judge  from  the  figures,  a  number  of  the  species,  referred  by  d'Orbigny-', 
lo  the  genera  Cellitvui.  Quadricelhtria,  Vincnlaria  and  Vincnlarind  are  no  doubt 
related  to  this  genus,  and  Vincnlnrid  yotliicd"^  is  at  all  events  nearly  related  lo 
Hem.  sleganoporoidcs  Goldst.  A  similar  form  of  aperture  is  found  in  Semicscliara 
himarfiinatd  d'Orb.',  and  in  Vincnlarind  ohliqna^  d'Orb.  the  little  avicularium  has 
the  same  position  as  the  avicularium  in  Hem.  steganoporoides. 

Having  examined  a  piece  of  Heiii.  steganoporoides  and  several  pieces  of  Hem. 
labiatd,  all  from  the  Challenger  Expedition  I  have  come  to  the  result,  that  the 
two  forms  are  only  local  varieties,  not  distinct  species,  and  firstly  Hem.  stegano- 
poroides in  opposition  to  the  contrary  statement  of  Busk  is  furnished  with  a  quite 
similar  avicularium  as  is  found  in  Hem.  l(dnat<i.  The  chief  difference  however 
between  the  two  forms  is  according  to  Busk  to  be  found  in  the  different  origin 
of  the  central  pier  which  separates  the  two  opesiuhe,  this  j)ier  being  in  Hem. 
steganoporoides  formed  as  an  ascending  process  from  the  proximal  margin  of  the 
primary  aperture,  while  in  Hem.  lahiahi  it  is  formed  as  a  descending  process 
from  the  bridge,  which  is  itself  formed  by  a  concrescense  of  two  lateral  pro- 
cesses.   In  a  number  of  zoa'cia  of  Hem.  l(dnata  I  have  however  found  a  more  or 


8,  p.   72—73;   110,   p.    13.      ■'   11.   p.   18.     "   SB.     *  86,   PI.   6o4.     ■"'  80,    I'l.   6(>0 


165 

less  developed  median  laminate  process  springing  from  the  proximal  margin, 
while  in  others  it  is  as  in  Hem.  Micluielseni  only  represented  by  a  group  of 
spinous  jirocesses.  Also  the  form  of  the  proximal  margin  of  the  definite  aperture, 
which  according  to  Busk  in  Hem.  labiata  is  always  strongly  projecting  (»the 
strong  projection  forwards  of  the  oral  bridge  )  is  subject  to  great  variation,  being 
sometimes  straight,  sometimes  more  or  less  deeply  sinuated  and  sometimes  pro- 
jecting. While  the  rosette-plates  are  as  a  rule  membranaceous  I  have  in  the 
form  .sleyanoporoides  found  a  number  of  plates  showing  a  greater  or  lesser  degree 
of  calcification. 

Foraminella  n.  g. 

The  somewhat  arched  frontal  wall  lias  no  pores,  but  on  each  side  a  longi- 
tudinal series  of  (1 — 5)  foramina  (opesiulse).  A  membranous  opercular  valve. 
Independent  aviciilarid  without  cross-bar,  with  an  elongate  mandible,  on  the  one 
side  furnished  with  a  wing-like  expansion.  Hyperstomial  oa'cia  with  a  membran- 
ous ectoooecium.    Pore-chambers. 

The  only  representative  of  this  genus  is  Monoporelht  lepidn  Hincks.  As  the 
name  MonoporelUi  must  be  kept  for  the  first  species,  referred  to  this  genus,  M. 
noduUfera  Hincks,  which  seems  to  be  very  diflerent  from  F.  lepida,  I  have  been 
obliged  to  set  up  a  new  genus  for  this  species. 


Calpensia  JullienS  char,  emend. 

The  opesiular  outgrowths  join  the  lateral  walls,  forming  a  closed  hollow  on 
each  side.  A  simple,  feebly  chitinized  operculum.  Numerous  pores,  but  no  spines. 
No  occcia.  No  (ivicularia.  The  distal  wall  consist  of  a  basal  horizontal  and  a 
frontal  ascending  part,  the  former  being  furnished  with  a  narrow  transverse 
group  of  small  uniporous  rosette-plates.  The  distal  half  of  each  distal  wall  with 
a  single  multiporous  plate. 

This  genus  to  which  only  a  single  species,  viz.  Micropora  imprcfsa  Moll  can 
be  referred,  and  which  makes  a  transition  to  the  following  group  Tuhifera,  is 
nearly  related  to  the  genus  Thalamoporella,  from  which  however,  it  dilTers  in  the 
lack  of  spicules,  oa^cia  and  avicularia.  Besides,  in  no  TImUimoporclUt,  l)oth  the 
opesiular  outgrowths  reach  the  lateral  walls,  and  only  in  one  or  two  species  is 
found  a  simi)lc  operculum  with  a  straight  proximal  margin. 

'  45,   p.   78. 


166 


Group  Tubifera. 

Undt'i-  the  nbove  name  we  may  unite  the  three  lollowing  families,  in  wiiieli 
tlie  deseendiiig  ciyptocyst  forms  or  lalves  part  in  forming  a  shorter  or  longer, 
more  or  less  complete,  more  or  less  insymmetrical  tube,  llie  pnli/pidc  lube, 
the  frontal  wall  of  which  from  a  deeper  level  ascends  towards  the  aperture. 
In  all  the  members  of  this  group  a  part  of  the  cryptocyst  descends  more 
or  less  deeply  into  the  zoceciiint,  generally  in  such  a  way  as  lo  join  the  basal 
wall  with  a  shorter  or  longer  basal  edge  on  each  side,  i)ui  in  a  few  cases  these 
oulgrowtlis  from  the  cryptocyst  only  reach  the  basal  wall  {SIctjdnojKirclUi  lladiloni, 
SI.  liiislci)  or  the  outgrowth  on  tlie  one  side  only  reaches  the  lateral  wall  (some 
Thalainoporella-species).  While  tiie  frontal  wall  and  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
polypide  tube  are  always  formed  by  the  cryptocyst,  the  liasal  wall  is  in  most 
cases  formed  by  the  basal  wall  of  the  zoo'cium,  and  in  such  cases  the  outgrowths 
join  this  wall  with  a  curved  or  angular  edge  on  each  side,  the  distally  ascending 
parts  of  which  indicate  the  form  and  direction  of  the  tube  (PI.  V,  fig.  5  b,  PI.  YI, 
fig.  5  d,  PI.  Via,  figs,  lb,  3e,  4  b  etc.).  More  rarely  the  polypide  tube  has  a 
basal  wall  of  its  own,  the  two  outgrowths  from  the  cryptocyst  bending  round 
and  uniting  within  the  basal  wall  of  the  zoa'cium,  such  forming  a  basal  wall 
for  the  polypide  tube.  In  that  case  tlie  two  outgrowths  join  the  basal  wall  of  the 
zoaxium  in  a  continuous,  curved  or  angular  line  and  distally  to  this  is  seen  the 
tube  shining  through  the  wall  (PI.  VI,  figs.  3d,  7  i,  PI.  Vic,  fig.  If). 

While  in  the  Thalamoporellidae  and  in  a  few  Steganoporella-specles  (PI.  V, 
fig.  3  a)  the  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide  tube  is  distally  on  each  side  in  con- 
nection with  the  lateral  parts  of  the  cryptocyst,  this  is  not  the  case  in  the  other 
members  of  the  group,  in  which  this  frontal  wall  (the  »median  process^  Harmer 
in  the  Slcganoporellidae)  is  quite  free.  Thence  follow^s,  that  in  the  TIkiIiuiio- 
j)orellidae  the  >opesiul3e«  are  completely  separated  from  the  aperture  while  in 
the  other  Tubifera  they  are  fused  together  with  it,  bul  this  fusion  can  take  place 
in  difTercnt  degrees,  and  while  in  most  species  of  the  genus  Sle<i(moporclla  and  in 
the  genus  Aspidostoma  the  two  opesialse  are  seen  as  two  rounded  sinuations  from 
the  aperture,  they  are  completely  melted  together  with  it  in  .S7.  bilcr<dis  and  in 
the  genera  Siphonoporelln,  Labiopora  and   Cratcropom. 

In  all  such  forms,  in  which  the  basal  wall  of  the  polypide  tube  is  formed  by 
the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  the  opesiulse  or  the  corresponding  parts  of  the 
aperture  leads  into  two  cavities  (the  » lateral  recesses*  Harmer),  more  or  le.ss 
completely   sej)arated    from    the    iioly])ide    tube    and    from    the    remaining   zocecial 


167 

cavity,    but    these   two  cavities    are    melted    together   in    a    single   one   in  all  these 
forms,  in  which  the  polypide  tube  has  a  basal  wall  of  its  own. 

Synopsis  of  the  families: 

1)  Zocecia  with  calcareous  spicula  in  the  shape  of  compasses  and 
bows;  ocecia  with  two  calcareous  layers,  springing  from  the  whole 
anter  of  the  aperture;  the  opesiulaj  are  always  completely  separated 
from  the  aperture Thalamoporellidae  n.  f. 

1)  Zooecia  without  spicula;  if  ooecia  are  present  they  have  only  a 
single  calcaieous  layer  (the  endoocvclum)  and  are  placed  distally  to  the 
aperture  of  the  zott'cium,  which  is  distinctly  visible: 

2)  No  avicularia,  no  oo-cia,  generally  two  forms  of  zoa>cia ..  .    Steganoporellidae. 
2)  Avicularia   always    and    ooecia    sometimes   present;    only  a    single 

form  of  zooecia Aspidostomidae. ' 

Family  Steganoporellidae. 

The  zooecia,  which  in  most  cases  occur  in  double  form,  are  always  without 
spines,  but  generally  provided  with  pores.  The  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube 
is  usually  free,  as  the  two  opesiula;  are  generally  not  separated  from  the  aperture 
of  the  zott'cium.  The  operculum,  which  is  sometimes  bounded  by  a  chitinous 
sclerite  proximallj',  sometimes  continued  immediately  into  the  frontal  membrane, 
is  as  a  rule  very  large  and  then  suspended  by  strong  hinge-teeth.  Each  distal 
wall  with  2  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  1 — 3  multiporous  ro- 
sette-plates.   No  avicularia.    No  owcia. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

The  whole  of  the  calcified  part  of  tlie  frontal  area  lying  proximally 
to  the  aperture  is  a  depressed  cryptocyst;  the  aperture  of  the  zowcium 
is  surrounded  distally  and  laterally  by  a  projecting  margin;  the  zoa-cia 
frequently  occurring  in  two  forms  and  provided  with  a  large  oi)er- 
culum  armed  with  teeth,  which  is  suspended  bj'  strong  hinge-teeth; 
the  polyjiide-tube  is  never  continued  proximally  beneath  the  cryptocyst 
cover Steganoporella  Smilt. 

The  proximal  calcified  part  of  the  frontal  wall  is  formed  by  a 
larger  or  smaller,  arched  gymnocyst;  the  aperture  is  not  surrounded 
by    a    projecting    margin;    the   zooecia    occuiring   only    in    single    form 


'  This  family  has  been  put  up  by  F.  Canu  (1 1  b,  p.  276). 


168 

and  provided  wilh  a  small,  always  unariucd  opercular  valve;  the 
polypide-tube  is  continued  jjroximally  beneath  the  cryptocyst 
cover   Siphonopnrrllii  Hincks. 

Steganoporella  Sniill. 

I  had  already  studied  a  series  of  StcudiioiKirclhi  s|)ecies  and  prepared  the 
figures  given  on  PI.  V,  when  I  received  Harmer's  excellent  monography  of  this 
genus.  Accordingly  1  shall  here  only  make  a  number  of  observations  on  the 
structure  of  this  genus,  especially  with  regard  to  llie  species  examined  by   nie. 

While    the   operculum  is  in  most  species  surrounded  distally  and  laterally  by 
a  projecting  margin   formed  by  the  gymnocyst,  the  whole  of  the  remaining  calci- 
fied frontal  wall  is  a  cryptocyst,  as  the  covering-meml)rane  starts  from  the  narrow 
frontal  edges  of  the  lateral  walls.   Besides  the  polypide-lubc  the  cryptocyst  shows 
a   distinction   between  a  depressed  central  portion  wilh  pores  and  a  raised,   more 
or    less  strongly    tuberculous    nuuginal  portion  without  pores,  which  may  l)e  less 
distinct  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  zooecium.  In  some  species,  e.  g.  in  S.  laleralis 
(PI.  V,  figs.  7  a— 7  d)  we  also  find  such  a  raised,  non-porous,  tuberculous  portion 
immediately    on    the    proximal    side    of    the    aperture    of    the    zocrcium    and    the 
polypide-tube.   In  most  species  the  lateral,  raised  marginal  portion  of  the  crypto- 
cyst   is  continued   distally   between   the    hinge-teeth    and    forms   an   arched    trans- 
verse ridge,  the   »oral  shell's  across  the  distal  wall  proximally  to  the  distal  margin 
of  the  opening.  This  distal  cryptocyst,  which  springs  from  the  angle  between  the 
basal,   more   horizontal   and    the    frontal,  more   ascending  part   of  the  distal  wall, 
is  slightly  developed  in  S.  neozdanica  (fig.  .3  a)  and  quite  absent  in  >S.  neozelaiuai, 
V.  magmficn  (fig.  4  a)  and    in   .S.  lateralis  (figs.  7  a,   7  b).   While   in    all    the   other 
species   the    »opesiular   outgrowths*    terminate   on   the    basal  wall,   they  end    in  5. 
haddoni   Harmer   and   .S.  Buski   Harmer  (figs.  6  a— 6  c)   on    the  distal  wall,  which 
accordingly  in  both  these  species  forms  the  basal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube.  The 
way   in  which    these   outgrowths   join    the  l)asal  wall   in  the  species  examined  by 
me   or,  what  comes    to   the   same  thing,  the  way  in  which  the  basal  wall  of  the 
polypide-tube   is   formed,   seems   however    lo   be   subject   to    rather  great  variation 
within    the   same   species   or   even  within    the   same   colony.     This  is   easily  seen 
through    the   basal  surface  of  the  colony,   the  lines  in  which  the  outgrowths  join 
the    latter  being  visible.    In  St.  magnilabris  as  well  as  in  St.  lateralis  Harmer  the 
basal  wall    of   the    polypide-tube   may  sometimes  be  formed  by  the  basal  surface 
of  the  zocrcium,  which  is  the  case   in  the  two  upper  zoa-cia  in  fig.  7  d,  but  some- 
times  the  polypide-tube  has  a   basal  wall  of  its  own,  which   is  seen   in  the  1  lower 
zooecia  in  the  same  figure.    In  the  piece  of  St.  macjnilabris  represented  in   fig.  5  b 


160 

the  [)olypide-tube  is  in  most  zooecia  formed  by  tlie  basal  surface  of  the  latter: 
but  in  this  species  it  is  as  common  to  fin<l  poly[)ide-tubes  with  an  independent 
basal  wall.  P^xcept  in  S.  lateralis,  the  cylindrical  polypide-tui)e  of  which  has  only 
a  more  or  less  strongly  outwards  bent  distal  margin  (figs.  7  a — 7  c),  the  qua- 
drangular or  trapeziform  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  is  in  the  other  species 
provided  with  more  or  less  protruding,  frontal ly  directed  marginal  flanges.  In 
,S.  neozekinica  (ligs.  3  a,  3  d)  and  S.  neozelaiuca,  var.  nmiimfwa  (figs.  4  a,  4  c) 
these  form  a  long  and,  especially  in  the  former  very  narrow  tube,  which  is  closed 
internally  by  the  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube.  The  bottom  of  this  tube  is 
provided  with  pores  which  may  also  appear  on  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  opes- 
iular  ingrowths. 

Siphonoporella  delicatissima  Husk. 
Membranipora  delicatissima   BusU,   Quart.   Journal    micr.  Sci.,    n.  ser..   Vol.  I, 

ISfil,   pag.    153,   PI.   XXXIV,   fig.    1. 

Siphonoporella  delicatissima  Harmer,  (juart.  .lourn.  luicr.  Sci.,  n.  ser.,  Vol.  43, 

1900,  pag.  231,  PI.   13,  figs.  42,  43. 

(PI.  VI,  fif^s.  3a-3il). 

The  zoa'cin  narrow,  rectangular  or  longitudinally  hexagonal.  Willi  the  excep- 
tion of  the  arched,  sometimes  coarsely  transversely  striated  gymnocyst  developed 
in  the  proximal  part  of  the  zooecium,  which  in  its  middle  measures  one-fifth  at 
most  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zooecium,  the  frontal  surface  is  otherwise  mem- 
i)ranous.  The  finely  granular  concave  cryptocyst,  which  joins  the  gymnocyst  in 
a  semi-elliptical  boundary  line,  sinks  distally  in  the  shape  of  a  pent-roof  towards 
the  basal  surface,  which  it  reaches  in  a  continuous  line  formed  by  two  une- 
(jually  large  curves,  which  meet  at  an  acute  angle  (fig.  3  d).  The  polypide-tube 
is  situated  closer  to  one  lateral  wall,  while  at  the  same  time  it  inclines  towards 
the  ojjposite  one.  It  is  a  rather  long,  cylindrical  tube  which  generally  increases 
in  width  distally  and  terminates  in  a  somewhat  expanded  margin  provided  with 
a  number  of  finer  and  coarser  teeth,  of  which  some  may  be  rather  long  and 
pointed,  sometimes  branched.  The  surface  of  the  polypide-tube  may  also  be  more 
or  less  nodulous,  and  these  nodules  may  soiuetimes  be  annularly  disposed.  We 
may  designate  the  side  of  the  polypide-tube  nearest  the  one  lateral  margin  of 
the  zooecium  as  the  inner  and  the  other  as  the  outer  side.  The  freely  projecting 
part  of  the  polypide-tube  just  described  is  continued  proximally  under  the  pent- 
roof-shaped  cryptocy.st  cover,  and  this  proximal  part,  which  is  oblicjuely  truncated 
at  the  end  (fig.  3  c),  is  clearly  visible  through  the  cryptocyst.  The  boundary  be- 
tween  the    distally   and   proximally  directed   part   of  the   polypide-tube   is  formed 


170 

by  a  line,  which  passes  ohli(|ueiy  proxiinally  from  the  outer  corner  lo  Ihe  oppo- 
site lateral  margin  almost  parallel  with  the  proximal  truncated  part  of  the  poly- 
pide-tiibe.  The  part  of  the  basal  surface  of  the  polypide-lube,  which  lies  distally 
to  the  just  mentioned  angularly  bent  line,  has  an  independent  wall,  while  the 
basal  wall  in  the  proximally  directed  part  is  exclusively  or  mostly  formed  by 
the  basal  wall  of  Ihe  zocrcium.  The  obliquely  ascending  distal  wall  has  within 
its  basal  margin  a  multiporous  rosette-plate  on  each  side,  and  a  similar  plate  is 
found  in  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall.  In  Ihe  apjiroximate  centre  of  the 
distal  margin  of  the  cryptocyst  a  larger  or  smaller  tubercle  rises,  from  which  five 
yellow,  proximally  connected  bands  take  their  origin.  They  appear  to  be  fastened 
to  the  covering-membrane,  and  the  same  thing  seems  lo  be  the  case  with  a 
similar  number  of  bands,  which  spring  from  the  outer  lateral  wall.  These  bands 
are  undoubtedly  parietal  muscles.  Each  of  the  margins  of  the  colony  shows  a 
series  of  narrow  kenozooecia  which  have  a  wholly  membranous  frontal  cover 
and  no  cryptocyst. 

Besides  a  small  fragment  liom  King  George's  Sound,  West  Australia,  for  which 
my  thanks  are  due  to  the  late  Mr.  Feal,  I  have  examined  a  number  of  colonies 
from  Australia,  found  in  the  herbarium  of  alga^  in  the  Hotanical  Museum.  The 
species  has  hitherto  lieen  found  only  on  Anuinsid  pinnaiifuln. 

Siphonoporella  nodosa  Hincks. 
Annals  Nat.  Hisl.  ser.  5,  Vol.  6,  pag.  90,  PI.  XI.  fig.  10. 
(in.  VI,  fif^s.  2  a,  21)). 
As   I   have  only  been    able   to  examine  a  small  fragment  of  this  s|)ecies  (from 
Australia),  which    I    lost   before    I    had    completed    my    examination,    I   shall    here 
only  make    some   comparative   and   supplementary   observations.     As   in    Ihe    |)re- 
ceding  species  we  find  here  a  proximal,  but  much  stronger  developed  gymnocyst, 
a    pent-roof-shaped    cryptocyst    and    a    |)olypidc-tube,  which    is   continued    proxi- 
mally under  the  cryptocyst   roof.  The  dislnl    part   of  the   |)olypide-tul)e  is  however 
very   short,    and    the  whole    of  its  basal  wall    is   formed  exclusively  or  nioslly  by 
the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium.   The  distal  wall   is  niso  here  somewhat  ascending 
and  provided  with   two  multiporous  rosette-plates.   The  dist;d   half  of  each   lateral 
wall  with   1  —2  similar  plates. 

Family  Aspidostomidae. 

The  zocvcia,  in  which  a  raised  margin  is  often  indistinctly  or  incompletely 
developed,  are  always  without  spines  and  have  generally  a  strongly  developed 
distal   end,   sometimes   projecting  in  the  shape  of  a  pent-roof.    The  two  opesiulaj 


171 

appear  as  narrow  incisions,  which  join  the  zocecial  aperture,  and  the  short  po- 
lypide-tube,  which  is  not  continued  under  the  cryptocyst  cover,  is  in  most  cases 
[)rovided  with  marginal  ilanges.  Aoiculaiia  are  always  present  and  sometimes 
hyi)ersloniiai  ocrcia,  on  each  side  of  which  we  generally  see  a  compressed,  higher 
or  lower  process.  The  distal  wail  as  well  as  the  lateral  walls  may  have  some- 
limes  uniporous,  sometimes  multiporous  rosette  plates. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  0(L'cia  occur,  on  each  side  of  which  a  compressed  process  is 
generally  seen;  no  distinct  raised  margins;  frontal  wall  of  polypide- 
tube  quadrangular  or  trapeziform,  surrounded  by  more  or  less  strongly 
projecting  Ilanges Aspidostoma  Hincks. 

1)  No  oo'cia;  distinct  raised  margins;  frontal  wall  of  polypide- 
tuhe  not  quadrangular  and   not  surrounded  by  projecting  flanges: 

2)  Polypide-tube  bilabiate,  on  either  side  connected  with  the 
lateral  wall  by  a  vertical  calcareous  lamina;  multiporous  rosette- 
plates Ldbiopora  n.  g. 

2)  I'olypide-tube  not  bilabiate,  with  an  expanded  distal  margin, 
not  connected  with  the  lateral  walls  by  vertical  calcareous  laminae; 
uniporous  rosette-plates ■  ■  ■    CrateropoVa  n.  g. 

Aspidostoma  giganteum  Busk.  —  f^/ft     Vf_C  .  A?J    $A-2f 
Eschara    giganlea   Husk,   Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,    Part  I,    Cheilostomata, 

pag.  91,  PI.  CXIX,  fig.  3. 
Aspidostoma  crassum  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5,  Vol.  7,  pag.  160,  PI.  X, 

figs.  6,  6  a. 
Aspidostoma    giganteum    Busk,   Challenger  Zoology,  Vol.  V,   Part  I,    pag.   161, 

PI.  XXXIII,  fig.  3. 
—  —  Jullien,   Bryozoaires,   Mission  du  Cap  Horn,   pag.  77, 

PI.  6,  figs.  5—6. 
Aspidostoma  gigantea  Waters,   Challenger  Zoology,  Vol.  XXXI,   pag.  28,  PI.  1, 

figs.   16—18,  PI.  Ill,  figs.  20,  21. 
Micropora   cavata  Waters,    Quart.   Journ.    Geol.   Soc,  Vol.   XXXIX,    pag.   435. 

(PI.  VI  c,  figs.  2  a-2  d). 
The    zooecia,  which    may   attain    a    length   of  up    to    1.5   mm.,    are    typically 
hexagonally  lyre-shai)ed,  but  often  of  a  rather  irregular  form.  They  are  very  thick- 
walled,    almost  without    pores    and    provided  with    a    close   reticulation   of  small 
tuberculated    ridges.    They  attain    their  greatest  height  in  the  strongly  projecting 


172 

and  boldly  arched  distal  cnil,  Uk'  free  margin  of  which  gencralh'  tcrminales  in 
two  broad  processes  separated  by  a  narrow  incision  and  forming  with  eaeh  other 
an  angle  of  W  (figs.  2  a,  2  c).  On  the  proximal  side  of  the  aperture  and  of  the 
polypide-tube  we  find  the  central  [lorlion  of  the  frontal  surface  provided  with  a 
more  or  less  deep  depression  of  somewhat  dilTeienl  extent;  l)nt  the  greater  part 
of  the  frontal  surface  of  the  zoo'cium  is  always  arched.  \n  the  middle  of  the 
depression  there  is  generally  an  oblong  thickening  which  reaches  the  polypide- 
tube  with  its  distal  end.  The  polypide-tube  may  sometimes  be  so  completely 
covered  by  the  arched  distal  end  of  the  zonecium  that  it  is  difficult  to  discern 
its  frontal  part,  which  is  surrounded  by  strongly  projecting,  frontally  directed 
tlanges  and  has  the  form  of  a  rectangle,  the  two  sides  of  which  are  carved  in- 
wards a  little.  It  is  separated  on  either  side  l)y  a  long,  oval  incision  —  the  two 
opesiulae  —  from  the  lateral  margins  of  the  zooecial  aperture,  and  its  lateral  walls 
seem  to  reach  the  basal  wall  (fig.  2  d).  Tlae  well  chitinized  and  very  low  oper- 
culum ')  has  a  somewhat  convex  proximal  margin  corresponding  (as  in  the  genus 
Steganoporella)  to  the  distal  margin  of  the  polypide-tube  and  besides,  it  is  furn- 
ished at  each  proximal  corner  with  a  prolongation  fitting  into  the  o])csiular 
sinus.  The  distal  wall  as  well  as  the  lateral  walls  are  provided  with  a  row  of 
6 — 8  small,  uncalcified,  most  probably  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  ooecia  (fig.  2  a),  of  which  a  few  specimens  were  found  on  the  examined 
fragment,  are  strongly  arched,  longer  than  broad,  and  they  have  a  honeycombed 
surface.  They  are  enclosed  between  two  long  vertical  swellings,  which  are  con- 
tinued proximally  to  the  ocrcium  into  two  parallel  [)rocesses  that  grade  into  the 
arched  lateral  i)arts  of  the  frontal  wall.  Between  these  processes  and  the  free 
margin  of  the  ooecium  we  find  a  ([uadrangular  opening  forming  something  like 
a  vestibule  to  the  zoo-cial  aperture.  The  oo'cia  spring  from  the  surface  of  a 
similar,  distal  prominent  [)art  as  is  found  in  tlie  other  zooccia,  but  it  is  flatter, 
and  the  two  swellings,  which  enclose  the  ooecium  between  them,  might  corre- 
spond with  the  two  processes  from  the  free  margin  of  the  distal  end,  occurring 
in  the  greater  part  of  the  other  zooecia.  The  ocecia  have  but  a  rather  small 
opening. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  scattered  among  the  zonecia  but  in  much  smaller 
numbers  than  the  latter,  are  small,  of  a  triangular  outline  and  provided  with  an 
opening,  which  has  almost  the  form  of  the  figure  eight. 

The  colonies  form  free,  two-layered  expansions. 

Of  this   species  1  have  examined   a  dry  coloni  from  the  Antarctic  Ocean.    To 


'   no.   |).   29,   |)l.   Ill,   fig.  21. 


173 

judge  from  the  various  quoted  descriptions  and  figures  the  species  seems  to  be 
subject  to  considerable  variation,  or  it  may  possibly  be  divided  into  several.  In 
the  form  figured  by  Waters  the  ooecia  are  very  low,  and  the  processes  issuing 
from  the  free  margin  of  the  distal  end  arc  sometimes  digitately  lobcd.  This  may 
also  be  the  case  with  the  i)ostooecial  processes,  which  may  appear  as  very  pro- 
jecting, Hal  spines. 

To  the  genus  Aspidostoina  I  may  provisionally  refer  the  following  three  species 
from  the  French  cretaceous  formation:  Kschara  Aegon  d'Orb.  (PI.  VI,  fig.  3  a), 
E.  Anliopa  d'Orb.  (Pi.  Vic,  fig.  4a)  and  E.  AInlnntha  d'Orb.  (PI.  Vic,  fig.  5a). 
In  all  three  of  them  we  find  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  ai)erture  a  region  sur- 
rounded by  protruding  margins,  similar  to  that  found  in  A.  giganteiim,  and  which 
may  be  the  frontal  wall  of  a  similar  polypide-tube.  I  have  however  not  yet  been 
able  to  satisfy  myself  as  to  whether  it  sends  prolongations  to  the  basal  wall. 
There  are  other  points  of  similarity,  as  the  partially  arched  surface  of  the  zooecia, 
the  more  or  less,  projecting  distal  end,  and  in  E.  Aegon  and  E.  Antinpa  the  pre- 
.sence  of  postoo^cial  processes.  While  these  in  E.  Antiopa  only  lake  j)art  in  the 
delimitation  of  the  large  vestibule,  they  arc  in  E.  Aegon  as  well  as  in  the  just- 
mentioned  form  of  A.  giganteiim  freely  projecting  in  the  shape  of  fiat,  almost 
rib-like  processes,  which  however  have  here  coalesced  into  a  flat,  arched  band, 
separated  from  the  free  margin  of  the  ocecium  by  a  transverse  slit.  In  the  above- 
mentioned  three  species  there  seems  to  have  been  no  great  number  of  small 
rosette-plates,  as  each  distal  wall  shows  one  and  each  lateral  wall  two  trans- 
versely oval  openings,  which  may  originate  from  as  many  nuiltiporous  rosette- 
plates. 

I  may  here  add  that  Canu  in  two  valuable  works'  on  tertiary  Brijozod  has 
referred  4  new  species  to  the  genus  Aspidostoina. 

Crateropora  falcata  n  sp. 

(PI.  VI,  lii^.  1  a). 
The  zooecia,  which  may  attain  a  length  af  1  mm,  are  generally  hexagonally 
rounded  or  ligulale,  but  have  sometimes  a  rather  irregular  form.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  proximal  margin  and  a  shorter  or  longer  part  of  the  adjoining  lateral 
margins  Ihey  are  surrounded  by  a  raised  granular  border,  which  increases  in 
height  dislally  and  ends  in  i  curved,  strongly  protruding  distal  portion,  within 
the  proximal  margin  of  which  is  seen  a  low  ridge  parallel  to  its  free  edge  of 
the  zoa-cium.    The  depressed,  very  tuberculous  cryptocyst  is  provided  with  small. 


'   11  a,   p,   13—14.      lib.   p.   278—279. 


174 

scaltered  pores.  It  sinks  f^nuUially  towards  the  distal  end  and  rises  on  either  side 
of  the  poiypide-tube  under  an  obtuse  angle  into  a  steeply  ascending,  narrow 
portion,  which  forms  the  lateral  margins  of  the  aperture  and  lades  away  at  the 
distal  end. 

The  polypide-lube  tills  the  entire  width  of  the  large,  almost  semi-circular 
aperture.  It  is  short,  of  semicircular  transverse  section  and  provided  with  a 
collar-shaped  outwards  curved  margin.  As  the  opesiular  outgrowths  reach  but 
half-way  down  on  each  lateral  wall,  the  basal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  is  formed 
only  by  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium. 

Each  distal  wall  which  is  strongly  curved  from  side  to  side,  and  the  distal 
half  of  each  lateral  wall  have  a  row  of  small,  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

Ooecia  are  not  found. 

Avicularia.  On  the  small  fragment  only  a  single,  small,  Irapeziform,  falcate 
avicularium  was  found,  the  large,  depressed  cryptocyst  of  which  is  |)erl'oratcd 
by  a  small,  oval  opening.  In  the  proximal  end  of  this  we  see  a  small,  triangu- 
lar process,  which  shows  traces  of  having  originated  by  a  concrescence  of  two 
lateral  halves.  On  the  whole  this  avicularium  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  that 
found  in   »Eschara«   Antiopa,  d'Orb.  (PI.  Vic,  fig.  4a). 

A  small  piece  of  this  species  was  found  on  a  dry  TiuUtcmi,  locality  not 
noted.  In  the  structure  of  the  zoa?cia  this  species  shows  some  resemblance  to 
Steganoporella  patiila  Mac  Gillivr.  S  at  any  rate  as  they  are  represented  in  fig.  20. 
The  avicularia  have  however  another  form,  and  this  species  is  moreover  said  to 
be  provided  with  oa>cia  occupying  the  place  of  a  zocccium.  What  the  author 
calls  an  ooecium  might,  I  think,  more  correctly  be  called  a  deformed  zocEciuni 
without  aperture. 

Labiopora  crenulata  n.  sp. 

(in.  YI,  fig.  4:.). 

The  zooecia  rectangular  or  longitudinally  hexagonal,  surrounded  by  a  rather 
wide,  but  not  strongly  projecting,  crenulated  and  transversely  striated  cryptocyst 
margin.  The  depressed  part  of  the  cryptocyst,  which  is  somewhat  luberculaled 
and  with  the  exception  of  the  part  near  the  i)oIypide-tube  provided  with  nume- 
rous, rather  large  pores,  reaches  with  its  opesiular  outgrowths  the  basal  wall, 
which  it  meets  in  a  continuous,  straight,  transverse  line  on  the  boundary  of  the 
distal  fourth  of  the  latter.  The  polypi<ie  tube,  whose  transverse  section  is  roun- 
ded,  has  an  independent  basal  wall  and  is  distinctly  bilabiate  with  a  more  pro- 

'   76,  p.  .54. 


175 

jecting  basal  lip,  the  free  margin  of  which  is  strongly  rounded,  very  often  angu- 
larly curved,  the  frontal  margin  being  more  or  less  distinctly  concave  or  sinuated. 
It  is  on  either  side  connected  with  the  lateral  wall  of  the  zooecium  by  a  vertical 
calcareous  lamina.  The  distal  wall,  which  is  composed  of  a  basal,  horizontal  and 
a  frontal,  obliquely  ascending  part,  is  on  either  side  provided  with  a  multiporous 
rosetle-plate,  and  a  similar  plate  is  also  found  in  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral 
wall. 

Ooecia  wanting. 

The  avicularia,  scattered  in  rather  large  numbers  among  the  zooecia,  are  a 
little  larger  than  tJie  latter  but  otherwise  of  similar  form.  The  strongly  developed 
cryptocyst  has  in  its  centre  a  quadrangularly  oval  opening  with  crenulated  mar- 
gins, and  in  the  frontal  third  of  this  there  is  on  either  side  a  hinge-tooth.  The 
cryptocyst  is  most  depressed  in  the  distal  half  of  the  broad,  distally  rounded, 
opercular  area,  which  no  doubt  corresponds  to  the  mandible.  On  the  proximal 
side  of  the  opening  the  cryptocyst  is  less  depressed  and  surrounded  by  an  indi- 
stinctly bounded,  crenulated,  marginal  portion.  There  are  a  few  pores  in  the 
proximal  part. 

Some  colonies  of  this  species  occurred  on  the  same  specimen  of  Tridacna  sp., 
on  which  I  found   Crateropora  falcata. 

.   Family  Thalamoporellidae  n.  f. 
(I^ls.  VI,  Via,  VIb,  YIt). 

The  zoivcia,  which  always  occur  in  single  form,  have  pores,  free  calcareous 
spicules  in  the  shape  of  compasses  or  curves  and  very  often  two  adoral,  acropeta- 
lous  spines,  as  a  rule  very  short  and  wide.  The  membranous  or  very  feebly  chi- 
tinized  operculum  (or  opercular  valve)  is  more  or  less  completely  separated  from 
the  covering  membrane  by  a  single  (PI.  VI,  fig.  6  h,  pi.  VI  a,  figs.  3  a,  3  b,  4  c, 
pi.  VI  b,  fig.  5  b)  or  double  (Pi.  VI,  fig.  5  a,  pi.  VI  b,  fig.  3  a,  6  a)  chitinous  scle- 
rite,  on  each  side  in  connection  with  the  opercular  arch.  The  proximal  border 
of  the  operculum  is  generally  concave,  more  rarely  straight,  and  in  the  first  case 
does  not  fill  up  the  entire  aperture,  which  in  most  species  is  provided  with  a 
broad  sinus.  The  two  opesiulae  are  separated  from  the  aperture  of  the  zooecium, 
and  consequently  the  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  is  not  free.  The  distal 
wall,  consisting  of  a  basal,  more  horizontal  and  a  frontal,  more  ascending  part, 
has  within  its  basal  margin  a  crescentic  collection  of  small,  uniporous  rosette- 
plates  (rarely  replaced  by  one  or  two  multiporous),  while  the  distal  half  of  each 
lateral  wall  has  a  single  (rarely  two)  multiporous  plate.  Avicularia  occur  and 
large  very  prominent   hyperstomial  ocvcia,  which  arise  from  the  whole  periphery 


176 

of  the  anler.  Their  calcified  ectooau-ium  is  generally  devoid  of  pores,  and  their 
aperture  is  closed  by  a  horizontal  ciij)-sha])ed  chitini/ed  operciiluni  which  is 
connected  at  its  base  with  the  opercuhiin   of  the  gonozooecium. 

The  zooecia  are  usually  rectangular,  and  the  aperture  has  a  somewhat  raised 
anter  and  generally  a  more  or  less  broadly  rounded  sinus  between  the  two  more 
or  less  distinct  hinge-tcclh.  Immediately  on  the  distal  side  of  these  is  a  more  or 
less  distinct  line,  (most  clearly  visible  on  PI.  VI  b,  figs.  2  a,  8  a  i.<:  6  a)  which 
curves  outwards  and  is  continued  into  the  line  forming  the  boundary  between 
the  narrow  marginal  edge  and  the  cryplocyst.  In  77i.  expansd  (PI.  VI  b  figs,  f)  a 
— 5  e)  and  VVi.  mdinilluris  (PI.  Via,  figs.  5  a — 5  e)  the  aperture  has  contrary  to 
the  rule  a  proximal  margin  which  is  straight  or  almost  straight,  and  in  VVi.  Rozieri, 
var.  Idhidld  (PI.  VI,  figs.  6  a — Oj)  the  sinus  is  filled  more  or  less  completely  by 
a  lip-shaped  process,  (figs.  6  f ,  (>  g).  The  line  mentioned  above,  which  curves 
outwards  on  the  distal  side  of  the  binge-tooth,  forms  the  boundary  between  the 
cryptocyst  and  the  gymnocyst,  the  latter  occupying  the  region  on  the  distal  side 
of  this  line.  While  the  aperture  in  some  cases  e.  g.  in  77i.  luuHte  liollandiae  (PI. 
VI  a,  figs.  3  a — 3  f)  takes  up  the  whole  or  almost  the  whole  of  the  breadth  of 
the  zoa'cium  distally,  so  that  the  gymnocyst  is  exclusively  or  mostly  represented 
by  the  anter  of  the  aperture,  it  is  in  most  cases  j)re.sent  on  either  side  af  the 
aperture  as  an  area  developed  to  a  varying  extent  and  in  diflerent  ways,  which 
we  may  term  the  adoral  area-.  This  is  sometimes  developed  in  the  form  of  a 
level  or  slightly  arched  surface,  obliquely  ascending  towards  the  distal  margin, 
or  sometimes  the  whole  or  part  of  its  surface  is  taken  up  by  an  acropetalous 
spine,  most  often  short  and  wide  with  a  broadly  rounded  terminal  part,  (PI. 
Via,  figs.  4  a,  5  a)  seldom  more  like  an  ordinary  spine  (PI.  VI  b,  figs,  lb,  1  c, 
2  a).  The  calcification  of  these  spines  takes  place  in  a  number  of  narrow  longi- 
tudinal belts,  and  accordingly  their  surface  is  radially  striated  more  or  less  sharply, 
and  the  growing  spine  also  ends  in  a  crenulated  margin.  The  development  of 
the  adoral  area  is  however  subject  to  great  variation  within  the  species,  and  it 
may  even  l)e  different  on  the  two  sides  of  the  same  zooecium. 

The  cryptocyst,  which  forms  the  whole  of  the  remaining  calcified  part  of  the 
frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium  within  the  raised  margins  of  the  lateral  walls  has 
as  in  the  species  of  Ste(janoporeUd  a  more  or  less  developed  crenulated  marginal 
part,  and  apart  from  the  outgrowths  from  the  two  opesiuhe  it  has  its  greatest 
depth  at  the  proximal  end  of  the  polypide-tube,  that  is  to  .say,  in  a  line  carried 
through  the  |)roximal  margin  of  the  two  opesiula;.  This  Wuv,  which  lies  some- 
what proximally  to  the  centre  of  the  zocrcium,  forms  the  approximate  distal 
limit    for    the   appearance   of  pores.     The    two    opesiuhe,    which    enclose   between 


Ihem  the  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  ascending  towards  the  aperline  and 
which,  contrary  to  the  case  in  the  Axjniloslomidae  and  the  majority  of  the  Ste- 
ganoporellidae,  are  always  separated  from  tlie  a])erture,  never  seem  to  be  developed 
([uite  alike,  although  the  difference  Ijetween  them  may  be  greater  or  smaller  in 
the  different  species.  To  begin  with,  there  is  always  a  difference  in  size,  and 
further  the  smaller  of  them  generally  sinks  more  or  less  obliquely  towards  the 
corresponding  lateral  wall,  so  that  it  either  does  not  reach  the  basal  wall  at  all, 
or  only  touches  the  latter  to  a  smaller  extent  than  the  larger,  the  direction  of 
which  is  more  vertical  to  the  base,  hi  Th.  inainilhtris  (PI.  VI  a,  figs.  5  a — 5  e) 
only  one  opesiula  appears  to  be  present.  The  two  lateral  recesses,  formed  by  the 
opesiular  outgrowths,  may  in  the  different  species  be  more  or  less  completely 
separated  from  the  polypide-tube  and  the  zoa'cial  cavity,  and  in  the  case  of 
Til.  Kozieri,  var.  labutta  (PI.  VI,  figs.  6  a  — 6  j)  as  well  as  in  Tli.  novae  holUmdiae 
(PI.  VI  a,  figs.  3  a — 3  f)  they  form  two  almost  completely  closed  spaces,  which 
however  have  a  small  foramen  in  their  distal  wall  just  within  the  distal  margin 
of  the  opesiula.  While  in  these  two  forms  the  outgrowths  join  the  basal  wall  in 
a  closed  curved  line  springing  from  the  lateral  margin,  the  corresponding  curved 
lines  in  the  other  forms  lack  a  greater  or  smaller  part  of  the  distal  boundary, 
as  not  only  the  distal  wall  of  these  lateral  recesses,  but  also  a  greater  or  smaller 
part  of  the  lateral  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  is  absent  (PI.  Via,  fig.  4  b,  PI.  VI  b, 
figs.  1  e,  5  e,  6  b).  These  lateral  recesses  are  most  reduced  in  77).  Rozieri  var. 
(•(difornica  (PI.  VI  b,  fig.  2  d).  A  rare  case  in  the  genus  TludamoporeUa  is  found 
in  Th.  lioticha  (PI.  VI,  fig.  7  i)  and  in  some  zoa'cia  of  Th.  Harmeri  (PI.  Vic,  fig. 
1  f),  the  outgrowths  in  which,  in  the  same  way  as  in  certain  forms  of  Stegano- 
porella,  meet  the  basal  wall  in  a  continuous  line,  which  takes  up  the  entire  bre- 
adth of  the  wall,  while  the  polypide-tube  has  at  the  same  time  a  basal  wall 
of  its  own,  and  on  the  whole  these  opesiulie,  in  spite  of  the  great  variation  they 
show,  may  atlord  good  specific  characters. 

The  structure  of  the  distal  wall  is  similar  to  that  in  Stegaimporella,  being 
composed  of  a  horizontal  or  slightly  ascending  basal  part  and  a  steeply  ascending 
short  frontal  part.  As  in  the  species  Sleinmoporella  a  more  or  less  well  developed 
oral  shelf  springs  from  their  junction. 

The  very  peculiar  calcareous  spicules  occurring  in  all  the  species  of  this  genus 
are  situated  partly  in  the  cavity  itself  of  the  zooecium,  where  the  largest  are 
always  found,  partly  in  the  space  between  the  cryptocyst  and  the  covering  mem- 
brane. They  are  found  both  in  the  avicularia  and  in  the  ooecia,  and  despite  the 
great  variation  they  are  subject  to,  they  generally  afford  good  specific  characters. 
The   avicularia,    which   are   as   a  rule  smallei-  than  the  zooecia,  though  they  may 

12 


178 

attain  the  size  of  the  laller,  have  most  often  a  strongly  developed  distal  ciypto- 
cj'st,  and  outside  the  opercular  arch  the  mandible  has  in  most  cases  wider  or 
narrower,  marginal  expansions.  The  avicularia  also  generally  olTer  good  specific 
characters.  With  regard  to  the  structure  of  the  gonozooecia  and  the  ocrcia  re- 
ference may  be  made  to  the  separate  species. 

A  single  genus  Thalamoporella. 
Synopsis  of  the  species. 

1)  Spicules  Ijoth  in  the  form  of  curves  and  compasses. 

2)  The  opesiular  outgrowths  generally  meet  the  basal  wall  in  a 
continuous,  transverse  line,  which  lakes  up  the  entire  breadth  of  the 
wall;  (the  operculum  without  continuous  proximal  chitinous  sclerite; 
the   avicularian  mandible  vase-shaped;  curves  very  slender;  the  largest 

not  much  shorter  than  the  longest  comjiasses) T.  lioliclui  Orlmann. 

2)  The  ojjesiular  outgrowths  never  meet  the  basal  wall  in  a  conti- 
nuous line,  which  takes  up  the  whole  of  its  breadth;  (the  basal  wall 
of  the  polj'pide-tube  formed  by  the  basal   wall  of  the  zocecium): 

3)  The  two  legs  of  the  compasses  are  different,  one  being  curved 
inwards  and  iiooked  at  the  end;  (the  operculum  with  continuous  proxi- 
mal  chitinous   sclerite;    the   surface   of  the   zoa'cia    divided    into   3 — 4 

areas,  separated  by  sutures) T.  Jerooisi  Hincks. 

3)  The  legs  of  the  compasses  are  not  different. 

4)  The  avicularian  mandible  has  the  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle 
with  somewhat  convex  sides.  Of  the  two  opesiular  outgrowths  generally 
only  one  reaches  the  basal  wall;  (the  operculum  of  older  zooecia  with 
continuous  proximal  chitinous  sclerite,  or  the  latter  is  only  broken  for 

a  short  distance) T.  Rozieri  Aud. 

4)  The  avicularian  mandible  is  never  triangular,  but  more  or  less  re- 
gularly tongue-shaped  or  vase-like;  the  two  opesiular  outgrowths  both 
reach  to  the  basal  wall,  which  they  never  meet  in  closed  curved  lines; 
(the  proximal  margin  of  the  operculum  on  each  side  with  a  short 
chitinous  sclerite) T.  (iniunlalit  n.  sp. 

1)  Only  compass-like  spicules  occur; 

5)  The  proximal  margin  of  the  zorecial  aperture  is  straight  or 
almost  straight; 

6)  Only  a  single  opesiular  outgrowth  reaching  to  the  basal  wall; 
the  proximal  margin  of  the  opesiula  is  generally  furnished  with  a  row 
of  partially  furcate  spine-like  processes,  and  similar  processes  may  ap- 


179 

pear  on  the  other  lateral  half;  the  proximal  margin  of  the  operculum 
somewhat  concave;  the  avicularian  mandible  triangular  with  linear 
terminal  [)art '/'•  niamillaris  Lamx. 

6)  Two  opesiulffi  of  about  the  same  size,  both  reaching  the  basal 
wall;  no  spine-like  processes;  the  zocecial  aperture  with  a  large  discoi- 
dal  expansion  distallj',  and  the  operculum,  furnished  with  a  correspon- 
ding expansion,  has  a  proximal  straight  margin;  the  avicularian  man- 
dible semielliptical  with  triangular  opercular  arch T.  expansa  n.  sp. 

5)  The  proximal  margin  of  the  zocecial  with  a  broad  and  deep  sinus: 

7)  Proximally  to  the  opesiulse  each  lateral  margin  is  prolonged  into 
a  sharply  projecting,  thick-walled,  semicircular  or  rounded  triangular 
process,  inclining  towards  the  cryptocysl;  (the  proximal  margin  of 
the  operculum  with  a  continuous  chitinous  sclerite;  the  avicularian 
mandible   triangular,    only    one   opesiular   outgrowth   reaches   the  basal 

wall) T.  cincta  Hutton. 

7)  No  such  processes: 

8)  The  opesiular  outgrowths,  of  which  in  most  (or  all)  zocecia  only 
one  reaches  the  basal  wall,  meet  the  named  wall  in  closed  curved 
lines;  (the  avicularian  mandible  broad,  quadrangularly  rounded,  in  the 
proximal  part  narrowed;  the  smallest  compasses  with  almost  rectangular 
opening) T.  novae  hollandiae  Hasw. 

8)  Both  opesiular  outgrowths  reach  the  basal  wall,  on  which  they 
form  no  closed  curved  lines: 

9)  A  short  chitinous  sclerite  on  either  side  of  the  proximal  margin 
of  the  operculum,  the  lateral  margins  of  which  are  parallel;  the  avi- 
cularian mandible  narrow,  claw-shaped,  bent  to  one  side  .    .    7'.  falcifera  Hincks. 

9)  The  proximal  margin  of  the  operculum  with  a  continuous  chiti- 
nous sclerite  and  with  lateral  margins  convergent  distally;  the  avicu- 
larian mandible  has  the  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle;  (on  the  basal 
surface  the  two  opesiular  outgrowths  may  form  sometimes  two  separate 
lines,  of  which  one  is  hook-shaped,  sometimes  a  single  continuous, 
often  trapeze-shaped,  transverse  line;  ooccia  with  pores) T.  Uarmeri  n.  sp. 

Thalamoporella  lioticha  (Ortmann). 
Micropora  lioticha  Ortmann  Archiv  f.  Naturgesch.  56  Jahrg,   1,   1890,  pag.  30, 

Taf.  II,  Fig.   11a— b. 
(V\.  VI,  figs.  7a-7p,  PI.  VI  b,  fig.  4  a). 
The    ztHL-cia,    the    length    of    which    is    between   0,79    and    0,99'""',    have    only 
slightly  developed,  indistinctly  marked  and  sometimes  quite  reduced  adoral  areas, 

VI* 


180 

always  without  acropetal  spines.  A  well  —  developed  oral  shell'.  The  aperture, 
measuring  ahout  one-fourth  of  the  entire  length  of  the  zocecium  has  a  hroad  and 
deep,  rounded  sinus,  the  cui\e(l  line  of  wliicli  would  sometimes  meet  the  rest  of 
the  margin  in  a  circle,  if  it  was  not  separated  from  the  latter  hy  the  well-deve- 
loped hinge-teeth.  The  proximal  part  of  the  operculum  is  on  either  side  furn- 
ished with  a  short  chitinous  sclerite.  The  cryplocyst,  which  has  rather  small, 
widely  scattered  pores  and  small  dispersed  tubercles,  has  a  distinctly  projecting 
marginal  i)orlion,  without  distinct  crenulation.  Of  the  two  o[)esiul£e  the  larger 
is  at  least  twice  the  breadth  of  the  other  and  formed  like  a  long  rounded  trape- 
zium. The  opesiuiar  outgrowths  both  reach  the  basal  wall,  which  they  gene- 
rally meet  in  a  continuous  transverse  line,  occupying  the  entire  bieadth  of  the 
wall  (tig.  7  i).  The  unusually  narrow  poIy|)ide-tuI)e  has  an  almost  smooth  and 
[)roximally  much  depressed  frontal  wall,  and  contrary  to  the  common  rule  in 
this  genus  it  has  a  basal  wall  of  its  own,  which  is  liowever  in  the  majority 
of  the  zoa^cia  very  short,  sometimes  almost  imperceptible,  and  at  most  attains 
half  the  length  of  the  entire  polypide-tube.  Otherwise  tiie  poly[)ide-tube  is  only 
re[)resented  by  its  frontal  wall. 

The  spicules  (fig.  7  c),  which  only  seem  to  be  present  in  the  zocrcial  cavity, 
occur  both  in  the  shape  of  curves  and  of  comi)asses.  The  length  of  the  latter 
may  vary  between  0,099  and  0,305'""'  and  the  curves,  which  are  unusually 
thin  with  sharply  bent  ends,  measure  from  0,039  to  0,179™™-  The  dimensions 
of  both   forms  are  a  little  different  in  the  variety  with   |)rismatic  branches. 

The  ooecia  have,  when  seen  from  the  front,  a  broad,  obcordate  outline,  and 
a  horizontal,  rounded  triangular,  aperture  whose  somewhat  protruding  lateral 
margins  meet  into  a  roof-sha|)ed  ridge  continued  some  way  along  the  uuddle  of 
the  ooecium,  thus  giving  the  whole  of  this  portion  a  sagittal  outline.  The  short 
gonozooecia  have  two  opesiulse  of  about  the  same  size  and  a  semi-oviform  ope- 
ning with  a  comparatively  narrow  sinus.  Their  membranous  operculum  has  a 
little  within  the  margin  a  narrow  continuous  chitinous  arch.  The  gonozooecia 
occur  in  continuous  rows,  separated  by  twos  by  a  row  of  ordinary  zooecia. 

The  avicularia,  which  may  attain  a  length  similar  to  that  of  the  zoa>cia, 
while  their  breadth  is  considerably  smaller,  have  a  vase-shaped  mandible,  the 
opercular  arch  of  which  has  the  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle  with  the  legs 
meeting  a  little  inside  the  point.  The  shape  of  the  posl-opercular  opening  of 
the  cryptocyst  may  vary  a  good  deal,  being  sometimes  rounded  ([uadrangular 
and  sometimes  forming  part  of  an  oval.  On  the  other  hand  the  proxinud  margin 
of  the  well-develoi)ed  distal  cryptocyst  always  forms  part  of  an  oval. 

The   colonies   may   occur  both    incrusting   and  free,  in  the  latter  stale  some- 


181 

limes  as  broader  or  narrower  two-layered  laminae,  sometimes  branched  with 
prismatic  branches. 

Besides  some  fragments  of  broader  and  narrower,  two-layered  colonies  from 
Wladivostock-Nagasaki  (lat.  33"  5'  N.,  long.  128"  22'  E.;  lat.  33"  35'  N.,  long.  128" 
22'  E.;  lat.  33"  5'  N.,  long.  129"  24'  E.),  (Telegraph-engineer  Schonau),  I  have 
examined  some  small  fragments  of  prismatic  branches  from  Japan,  found  in  the 
root-tuft  of  an  Eupleciella  sp.,  (lat.  32"  12'  N.,  long.  128"  15'  E.  Captain  Suensson). 

I  have  earlier  although  with  some  doubt  identified  this  species  with  T.  Sinitti 
Hincks,  and  therefore  the  figures  are  designated  with  that  name.  I  am,  however, 
at  present,  inclined  to  think  that  T.  Smitli  is  distinct  from  all  the  other  species 
here  described. 

Thalamoporella  Rozieri  Aud. 
Flustra  Rozieri  Audouin  Descript.  de  I'fc^gypte,    Hist.   Natur.,   Tome    1,   explic. 

sommaire  d.  Planches,  pag.  239.  Polypes  PL  8,  figs.  9*  9'*. 
Steganoporella   Rozieri    Hincks,    Form.   1,    2    &   3   (non.  4)   Annals   Nat.  Hist., 

ser.  5,  Vol.  VI,   1880,  pag.  28,  PI.  XVI,  figs.   1,  3. 
Membranipora    Rozieri    Husk,    Catalogue    of  Marine   Polyzoa,    Part  I,    pag.  59, 

PI.  LXV,  fig.  (). 
Membranipora  gothica  Busk,   Quarterly  Journal    micr.  Science,  Vol.  IV,    1856, 

pag.  176,  PI.  VII.  figs.  5,  6,  7. 
(1^1.  VI.  figs.  6a-6k;  PI.  VI  b,  figs.  la-3b). 
The  length  of  the  zocEcia  is  between  0,48  and  0,79'""',  and  the  distinctly  marked 
adoral  areas  may  be  developed,  sometimes  even  in  the  same  colony  or  in  the 
same  zoa^cium,  to  a  varying  extent  and  in  different  ways.  The  aperture,  the  size 
of  which  may  be  contained  from  'l^j.,  to  4  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zooe- 
cium,  has  at  least  in  the  youngest  zooecia  a  broad  and  deep  sinus,  which  how- 
ever in  a  certain  variety  is  wholly  or  partly  Tdled  by  a  somewhat  projecting  lip. 
The  anier  of  the  aperture  is  as  a  rule  semi-elliptic  or  semi-oviform,  but  some- 
limes  the  lateral  margins  may  be  more  or  less  approximately  parallel.  The 
proximal  margin  of  the  operculum  is  generally  provided  with  a  continuous  chitin- 
ous  sclerite,  which  is  but  rarely  broken  in  the  centre.  Of  the  two  opesiulai  the 
one  as  a  rule  only  reaches  the  corresponding  lateral  wall  and  but  seldom  touches 
the  basal  wall  in  a  small  curved  line.  The  other  always  reaches  the  basal  wall, 
most  frecpiently  touching  it  in  a  closed  (i.  e.  meeting  the  margin  of  the  zooecium 
with  both  ends),  irregularly  tongue-shaped,  curved  line,  more  seldom  in  an  open, 
longer  or  shorter  line,  corresponding  with  a  larger  or  smaller  proximal  jjart  of 
Ihe  closed,  curved  line.  The  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  is  generally  deeply 
depressed  proximally. 


182 

The  spicules  ajjpear  both  in  the  shape  of  curves  and  of  compasses,  hut  both 
these  forms  show  a  considerable  range  of  variation  not  only  as  to  dimensions 
but  also  in  shape. 

The  ooecia,  which  need  a  closer  examination,  are  very  broad. 

The  avicularia.  generally  consideral)ly  smaller  than  the  zocecia,  have  a  man- 
dible in  the  shape  of  an  isosceles  triangle  with  lateral  margins  curving  outwards 
a  little.  The  opercular  arch  has  also  the  shape  of  an  isosceles  triangle,  and  its 
two  curved  sides,  situated  a  little  inside  the  lateral  margins,  meet  at  the  point 
of  the  mandible. 

The  description  of  this  ai)])arently  widely  spread  and  freipiently  occurring 
species  is  based  on  material  from  many  dilTerent  localities.  The  species  is  ex- 
ceedingly variable,  and  as  a  necessary  supplcmeni  to  the  account  above  1  shall 
here  give  short  descriptions  of  a  number  of  varieties,  which  no  doubt  may  be 
largely  increased. 

Var.  A.  (labiata). 

(I^I.  VI,  figs.  6  a— Oj). 

Length  of  zooecia  0,45 — 0,57"""  The  aperture  measures,  the  sinus  included,  about 
one  fourth  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zoa^cium.  It  has  in  a  greater  or  smaller 
number  of  zooecia  a  more  or  less  developed,  often  dentate  and  longitudinally 
furrowed,  somewhat  projecting  lip,  which  entirely  or  partly  fills  the  original 
sinus.  The  two  adoral  areas  are  well  developed,  frequently  with  acropetal  spines, 
seldom  without.  The  margins  of  the  two  opesiuhc  are  often  spinous,  and  only 
the  one  opesiular  outgrowth  reaches  the  basal  wall,  which  it  meets  in  a  closed, 
narrow,  tongue-shaped,  curved  line,  pointing  inwards  and  a  little  proximally.  The 
distal  wall  of  the  two  lateral  recesses  is  only  provided  with  a  small,  sometimes 
extremely  small  foramen. 

Spicules.  Length  of  curves  varying  between  0,026  and  0,186"'"'  and  that  of  the 
compasses  between  0,039  and  0,093'""'-;  but  besides  the  variation  found  within  the 
same  zooecium  both  with  regard  to  dimensions  and  form,  some  variation  in  both 
respects  is  also  found  in  colonies  from  different  localities.  The  variation  is  great- 
est in  the  curves,  and  they  reach  their  maximum  in  the  colony  from  the  Formosa 
Channel,  in  which  they  also  have  a  more  even  and  less  sharp  curvature. 

Localities:  Paumben,  India  (Fristedt),  covering  algae  from  a  deplli  of  1—2 
fathoms;  Singapore,  India  (Consul  S.  Gad),  covering  algae  from  low  water;  the 
Formosa  Channel,  lat.  23"  20'  N.,  long.  18"  30'  E.,  depth  17  fathoms,  (Andrea). 
This  last  form,  which  is  without  spines  and  in  which  the  above-mentioned  lij) 
attains  its  highest  development  and  occurs  at  the  earliest  stage,  is  found  in  two- 


183 

layered,    free,    maze-like,    branching   colonies  with    broad    and    flat,    partly  curved 
and  twisted  branches. 

Closest  to  this  variety  some  small  colonies  must  be  classed,  which  form  cov- 
erings on  algae  from  Geograph  Bay,  W.-Australia  (on  Vidalis  spiralis,  Botanical 
Museum),  from  Jamaica  (on  Boihnjolhnmninn  Seaforthi,  the  herbarium  of  Prof. 
Lange)  and  from  Wyecombe  Bay  (on  Saryassiim  scabripes,  Bot.  Mus.).  In  all  of 
these,  well-developed  acropetal  spines  are  found,  but  the  lip  is  slightly  developed 
or  absent,  and  in  a  greater  or  smaller  number  of  zooecia  a  division  of  the  cryp- 
tocyst  into  several  areas,  separated  by  sutures,  is  found,  similar  to  what  is  known 
in  Th.  Jeri'oisi  and  Th.  mamillaris.  In  the  colony  from  Geograph  Bay  the  lateral 
margins  of  the  aperture  are  almost  parallel. 

Var.  B.  (sparsipunctata). 

(PL  VI  Ij,  figs.  3  a— 3  b). 

Length  of  zocecia  0,66 — 0,73"""-  The  aperture,  the  size  of  which  is  a  little  more 
than  one-third  of  the  entire  length  of  the  zooecium,  has  a  broad  and  deep  sinus. 
The  more  or  less  developed  adoral  areas  have  no  spines,  and  tlie  smooth  cryp- 
toc3^st  has  generally  only  a  few  scattered  pores.  In  most  cases,  I  think,  both  the 
ojjesiular  outgrowths  reach  the  basal  surface.  The  larger  meets  the  latter  in  a 
closed  curved  line,  generally  very  large,  angularly  arch-shaped  and  pointing  obli- 
quely towards  the  proximal  end.  The  other  opesiular  outgrowth  also  touches  the 
basal  wall  in  a  closed  curved  line,  which  however  is  very  small,  and  both  curved 
lines  have  frequently  one  leg  springing  from  the  margin  of  the  distal  wall. 

Spicules:  Length  of  curves  between  0,026  and  0,079'"'",  of  compasses  be- 
tween 0,073  and  0,33"""- 

Of  this  form  I  have  examined  some  fragments  of  free,  partly  hollow,  partly 
solid,  vincularian  colonies  from  Port  Denison,  Queensland  (The  Museum  of  Zoo- 
logy at  Cambridge,  England). 

Var,  C.  (prominens). 

(PI.  VI  b,  tigs.  1  a-1  f). 

Length  of  zooecia  0,53 — 0,66™"^-  The  aperture,  the  length  of  which  may  be 
contained  2'/^ — 3  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zocrcium,  is  furnished  with  a 
broad  and  deep  sinus,  and  its  lateral  margins  are  parallel  proxinially.  The  two 
adoral  areas  may  sometimes  be  flat,  sometimes  furnished  with  acropetal  spines  of 
extremely  ditTerent  width  and  length,  but  generally  circular  in  transverse  section. 
Of  the  two  opesiular  outgrowths  only  one  reaches  the  basal  wall,  touching  it  in 
a  rather  long,  open,  generally  hook-shaped  or  angularly  bent  line. 


184 

The  avicularia,  which  vary  considerably  in  size,  may  sometimes  attain  the 
size  of  the  zocecia,  and  their  distal  opercular  part  protrudes  often  sharply,  some- 
times almost  vertically  from  the  surface  of  the  colony. 

Spicules:  The  length  of  the  rather  slender  curves  varies  between  0,026  and 
0,1  IS""""-,  of  the  compasses  between  0,06(5  and  0,3;5""" 

Of  this  form  I  have  examined  a  number  of  colonies  from  Torres  Straits 
(Haddon),  i)elonging  to  the  Museum  of  Zoology  al  Cambridge.  Some  of  these  are 
incrusting,  others  make  free,  partly  hollow  expansions  of  one  layer,  and  still 
others  consist  of  a  number  of  very  differently  shaped,  partly  two-layered  and  flat, 
partly  cylindrical  segments,  which  are  movably  joined  by  chitinized  belts  of  a 
dark  colour  (fig.   1  a). 

Var.  D.  (gothica). 

Membranipora  gothica  Busk. 

The  zooecia  arc  of  an  elongated,  hexagonal,  rounded  form,  and  their  length 
is  from  0,59 — 0,70'"™  The  aperture,  the  length  of  which  may  be  contained 
2^1.,- — 'S  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zooecium,  has  a  broad  and  deep,  some- 
times trapeziformly  rounded  sinus  and  lakes  up  so  great  a  pari  of  the  breadth 
of  the  zooecium,  that  the  adoral  areas  are  much  reduced  or  completely  wanting. 
No  spines.  The  two  opesiulae  are  only  separated  from  the  ajierture  by  a  narrow 
bridge,  and  but  the  one  opesiular  outgrowth  reaches  the  basal  wall,  which  it 
meets  in  a  generally  rather  short  line,  bent  like  a  hook.  Numerous  and  partly 
rather  large  pores. 

Spicules.  The  length  of  the  curves  is  between  0,039  and  0,079"'"-  and  of 
the  compasses  between  0,093  and  0,305™"'-;  as  however  most  of  the  zoa-cia 
were  without  operculum,  and  a  great  deal  of  the  .spicules  apjjeared  to  be  absent, 
the  limits  of  the  dimensions  may  prove  to  be  somewhat  wider. 

Of  this  form  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  a  piece  of  Busk's  ori- 
ginal specimen  from  Mazatlan,  for  which  my  best  thanks  are  due  to  the  Director 
of  the  British  Museum. 

Var.  E.  (californica). 

(1^1.  VI  b,  ilgs.  2n— 2cl). 
The  length  of  the  zooecia  is  between  0,59  and  0,80"'"'  and  that  of  the 
aperture  may  be  contained  3— 3V2  times  in  the  entire  length  of  the  zooecium. 
The  two  adoral  areas  may  be  level  or  provided  with  acropetal  spines  which  are 
sometimes  very  small.  But  one  of  the  two  opesiular  outgrowths  and  only  in  about 
half  of  the  zoaxia,  reaches  the  basal  wall,  which  it  joins  in  a  very  short,  ascen- 


l.So 

ding,  open,  cnrved  line.  Nothing  can  l)e  said  witli  regard  to  the  dimensions  of 
Hie  spicules.  Hie  small  fragments  examined  having  no  doubt  lost  most  of  these 
structures,  of  which  only  a  few  curves  were  left. 

A  few,  very  broad  ooecia  were  found,  showing  a  slriation  starting  from  the 
central  suture.  The  operculum  of  the  gonozocecium  has  two  frontally  convergent 
but  not  concurrent  chitinous  sclerites. 

Of  this  form  I  have  been  able  to  examine  some  laminate  fragments  from 
California  (Hindi's  Collection),  belonging  to  the  Museum  of  Zoology  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

Thalamoporella  novae  hollandiae  Haswell. 

Vincularia  novae   hollandiae  Haswell,   Proceed.  Linnsean  Soc.  of  New  South  Wales, 

Vol.  V,  Part  I,  1880,  p.  41,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  3. 

(1^1,  Via,  ligs.  3a-3t). 

The  zooecia,  whose  lateral  margins  are  often  more  or  less  sharply  angularly 
bent,  are  0,066 — 0,079"™  long.  The  length  of  the  large  wide  aperture,  which 
has  a  broad  and  deep  sinus,  may  be  contained  2'/2 — 3  times  in  the  whole  length 
of  the  zocecium,  and  the  adoral  areas,  always  without  spines,  are  much  reduced 
or  quite  absent.  The  operculum  has  only  in  the  older  zooecia  a  continuous,  but 
extremely  narrow  proximal  sclerile.  As  a  rule  only  one  of  the  two  opesiular  out- 
growths reaches  the  basal  wall,  which  it  meets  in  a  somewhat  variable,  but  most 
often  irregularly  tongue-shaped,  closed  curved  line,  pointing  obli(piely  towards 
the  proximal  end;  one  leg  of  the  line  may  sometimes  join  the  distal  wall.  The 
other  may  however  also  —  in  some  cases  in  about  half  of  the  zoa'cia  —  reach 
the  latter  in  a  much  smaller,  but  also  closed  curved  line.  The  cryptocyst  is  very 
tuberculous,  surrounded  by  strongly  developed,  irregularly  crenulated  prominent 
margins  and  furnished  with  numerous,  rather  large  pores.  The  polyj)ide-lube  is 
short  and  its  frontal  wall  not  much  depressed. 

Spicules.  Only  compasses  occur,  varying  in  length,  between  0,066  and  0,505"""-, 
as  also  in  respect  to  the  angular  bending  of  the  legs.  In  the  smaller  of  llieni, 
which  are  also  found  between  the  cryptocyst  and  the  covering  membrane,  the 
angle  varies  between  98"  and  110";  but  there  is  no  definite  limit  between  these 
and  the  longest,  which  are  very  slightly  curved,  and  the  size  of  the  angle  seems 
to  increase  according  to  the  length. 

Ooecia  are  not  found. 

The  avicularia.  which  may  attain  about  the  size  of  the  smaller  zooecia,  are 
furnished  with  a  strongly  developed  and  deeply  depressed  crj'ptocysl.  The  man- 
dible,   the    proximal    part   of  which   is   contracted,    has   otherwise    the    form  of  a 


186 

broad,  oblique,  rounded  (luiidrangle,  iiiid  only  about  Ibe  middle  third  is  occupied 
by  the  mandibular  cavity,  which  is  irregularly  vase-shaped  and  surrounded  by 
a  thin,  wide  marginal  expansion. 

The  colonies  are  partly  incrusting,  partly  free,  with  slender,  hollow  branches. 
I  have  examined  a  number  of  colonies  of  this  species  from  Torres  Straits  and 
from  Port  Denison,  Queensland,  belonging  to  the  Museum  of  Zoology  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

Thalamoporella  falcifera  Hincks. 

Steganoporella  Rozieri,  Form  falcifera  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  5, 

Vol.  VI,   1880,  pag.  28—29,  PI.  XVI,  fig.  2. 

(PI.  VI  b,  figs.  6  a-C  e). 

Length  of  zooecia  0,53 — O.Gfi'"""  The  aperture,  the  size  of  which  may  be 
contained  3 — 4  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zorecium,  has  a  broad  and  deep 
sinus  and  parallel  or  almost  parallel  lateral  margins.  The  operculum  has  only 
a  short  chitinous  scleritc  on  either  side  proximally.  The  clearly  defined  adoral 
areas  are  well  developed  and  have  generally  small  and  low  acrojjctal  spines,  which 
only  take  up  a  small  part  of  their  surface.  The  two  opesiular  outgrowths  gener- 
ally reach  the  basal  wall,  one  of  them  only  touching  it  in  an  extremely  small, 
closed  or  open,  curved  line,  while  the  other  meets  it  in  a  considerably  larger, 
open,  recurved  line.  The  finely  tuberculous  cryptocyst  has  widely  scattered  pores. 

Ooecia  are  not  found. 

The  avicularia  are  rather  small  with  a  very  well  developed,  distal  cryptocyst 
and  a  very  narrow,  pointed,  sabre-like,  curved  mandible  without  a  marginal  ex- 
pansion, the  entire  breadth  being  occupied  by  the  mandibular  cavity. 

Of  this  species,  which  incrusts  alg;v,  I  have  examined  colonies  from  the  Java 
Sea  (Andrea),  on  Sargassiim  biixifoliiini  from  (]ampechc  Bank,  Yucatan  on  Sar- 
yassiim  hijstrix  (the  herbarium  of  algae  in  Botanical  Museum),  on  Sargassnm  sp. 
from  lat.  23"  30'  N.,  long.  40"  W.  (Andrea)  and  on  Vidalis  spiralis  from  Geo- 
graph  Bay,  Australia. 

Thalamoporella  Harmeri  n.  sp. 

(PI.  Vic,  lif^s.  la- 111). 
Length  of  zooecia  0,53—0,57'"'"  The  aperture,  the  length  of  which  may  be 
contained  a  little  more  than  2'/3  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zou-cium,  has 
a  broad  and  deep,  often  trapeziformly  rounded  sinus.  The  oi)erculum  is  attached 
by  two  unusually  strong  hinge-teeth,  and  the  whole  of  its  marginal  portion  is 
unusually  strongly  cbilinized,  so  that  its  surface  shows  a  marked  contrast  between 


187 

this  yellow  marginal  part  and  a  lighter,  rounded  triangular  central  part.  The 
lateral  margins  of  the  operculum  are  more  than  usually  convergent  frontally, 
and,  aj)art  from  its  proximal  concave  margin,  its  form  may  he  described  as 
rounded  triangular.  The  two  distinctly  marked,  well  developed  adoral  areas  are 
furnished  with  two  large  acropetal  spines,  oval  or  circular  in  transverse  section, 
which  never  show  any  distinct,  radiate,  but  often  an  annular  striation.  Of  the 
two  opcsiulre  the  larger  is  of  a  rather  long  triangular  shape  and  directed  towards 
the  proximal  opjiosite  corner.  As  a  rule  both  oi)esiular  outgrowths  reach  the  basal 
wall,  but  with  regard  to  the  way  in  which  they  meet  the  latter  we  may  dis- 
tinguisli  between  two  different  cases,  which  judging  from  the  samples  examined 
seem  to  be  about  C(|ually  fre([uent,  occurring  in  detached  patches  at  small  inter- 
vals, hi  one  case  they  meet  the  basal  wall  in  two  separate,  open  lines,  of  which 
one  is  extremely  short,  straight  or  curved,  while  the  other  is  considerably  longer 
and  very  hooked.  In  the  other  case  we  have,  as  in  Tit.  lioliclm,  a  single  continu- 
ous transverse  line,  but  often  with  an  irregular  angular  bending,  in  which  case 
the  polypide-tube  has  a  low  basal  wall  of  its  own  (tig.  1  f).  Transitional  stages 
are  however  also  found  between  the  two  cases.  The  polypide-tube  is  very  asym- 
metrical and  its  frontal  wall,  the  [jroximal  part  of  which  is  much  depressed,  is 
smooth  on  the  greater  j)art  of  its  surface  while  on  the  other  hand  its  distal 
margin  is  abundantly  furnished  with  tubercles.  The  cryj)tocyst  is  otherwise  smooth 
but  has  rather  large,  closely  situated  pores,  which  however  often  do  not  reach 
very  far. 

Spicules.  Only  compasses  occur,  the  length  of  which  may  vary  between 
(),0.'59  and  0,345'"'"  In  the  smaller  of  them,  found  both  in  the  zo(pcial  cavity  and 
between  the  cryptocyst  and  the  covering  membrane,  the  angle  generally  varies 
between  115"  and  123",  while  the  largest,  found  only  in  the  zoa'cial  cavity,  are 
only  slightly  curved. 

Ooecia  occur  in  several  places  of  the  examined  colony  in  more  or  less  close 
groups,  partly  composed  of  more  or  less  regular  transverse  series.  Their  surface, 
which  shows  a  more  or  less  distinct  concentric  striation,  is  furnished  with  a 
greater  or  smaller  number  (not  exceeding  about  twenty)  of  rather  large,  pyriform 
pores.  The  gonozooecia,  which  may  become  longer  by  a  half  than  the  ordinary 
zoa-cia,  have  a  very  large  aperture  which  aj)art  from  the  sinus  makes  four-fifths 
of  an  ellipse.  The  operculum  of  the  gonozoax'ium  has  a  closed,  chitinous  curved 
sclerite  reaching  the  distal  third  of  the  operculum  (fig.   1  e). 

The  avicularia,  occurring  in  large  numbers  and  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
zoa'cia,  have  a  slightly  developed  distal,  and  a  more  strongly  developed  proximal 
cryptocyst.    The  uuuidible  has  as  in   77i.  Rozieri  the  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle 


ISS 

Nvitli  lateral  margins  curving  outwards,  and  has  likewise  two  lateral  expansions, 
which  are  separated  from  the  niandihular  cavity  hy  the  triangular  opercular 
arch.  The  marginal  portion  of  the  mandihle  is  chitinized  to  an  unusual  degree. 
This  species,  which  incrusts  a  red  alga  from  Madagascar,  belongs  to  the  Mu- 
seum of  Zoology  at  Cambridge,  and  has  been  kiTidly  lent  me  for  exaiuinaliou  of 
Dr.  S.  Harmer. 

Thalamoporella  granulata  n.  s|). 

(I'l.   VI  :i,   lit^s.   1,  2;   I'l.  VI,   11}^.  .')). 

The  length  of  the  zooecia  may  vary  between  (),')',V2  and  (),9;{"""  The  aperture, 
the  size  of  which  may  be  contained  S'/a — 4  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the 
zooecium,  has  a  broad  and  deep  sinus,  which  is  generally  separated  from  (be 
remaining  semi-circular  or  semi-oval  part  by  strongly  developed  hinge-teeth.  The 
proximal  margin  of  the  opercidum  has  on  either  side  an  extremely  short  chilinous 
sclerite.  The  two  indistinctly  marked  adoi^d  areas  are  usually  slightly  ileveloped, 
but  may  be  furnished  with  small,  round  acropetal  sj)ines.  The  two  opesiula* 
show  as  a  rule  no  great  difTerence  in  size,  and  llie  oj)esiular  outgrowths  both 
reach  the  i)asal  wall,  meeting  it  in  two  open  hooked  lines,  which  may  l)e  ecju- 
ally  large.  The  frontal  wall  of  the  polypide-tube  is  not  very  deeply  de|)ressed, 
and  the  cryptocyst,  which  has  a  strongly  developed,  crenulated  or  tuberculated 
marginal  part,  is  on  the  whole  of  its  frontal  surface  more  or  less  strongly  tuber- 
culous.   Numerous,  rather  large  pores. 

Spicules  occur  both  in  the  shape  of  compasses  and  curves,  and  particularly 
the  latter  show  rather  a  wide  range  of  variation.  The  smaller  spicules  are  also 
found  between  the  cryptocyst  and  the  covering  membrane. 

The  ooecia,  which  are  without  pores,  have  a  rounded  triangular  outline  and 
a  somewhat  projecting  aperture.  The  gonozooecia  are  of  about  the  same  size  as 
the  ordinary  zoo^cia,  and  the  chitinous  arch  of  the  operculum  is  not  far  from 
the  margin. 

The  avicularia.  which  may  reach  and  even  exceed  the  length  of  the  zoircia, 
have  a  strongly  developed  distal  cryptocyst.  The  mandible  is  sometimes  narrow 
and  tongue-shaped,  sometimes  i)road  and  more  or  less  regularly  lyriform  or 
vase-shaped. 

Var.  A.  (stapifera). 

(I'l.  VI,   li^s.  5a— 5  e). 
The  zo<Ecia,  whose  length  generally  varies  from  0,798  to  0,9;5'""' ,  are  most  often 
of  a    rounded    hexagonal    form,    frequently  unusually  l)road  and  Hal.    'i'he  adoral 


189 

areas  have  often  small,  round  acropelal  spines.  The  cryptocysl  very  tuberculous 
and   furnished  with   closely  situated  i)ores. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  extremely  rare,  have  a  long,  narrow,  tongue-shaped 
mandii)lc. 

Spicules.  The  length  of  compasses  found  varies  between  0,053  and  0,186™™, 
and  the  length  (iieight)  of  the  curves  between  0,033  and  0,039™™  The 
latter,  which  are  much  higher  than  broad,  have  a  peculiar  stirrup-like  shape, 
and  Ihe  legs  are  rectangularly  bent  at  the  end,  while  at  the  same  lime  the 
median  knot  is  unusually  strongly  develo|)e(l  and  conically  pointed.  Il  must 
however  be  remarked  that  the  zoa'cia  in  I  In-  colonies  examined  have  lost  most 
of  their  spicules. 

This  form  has  partly  been  found  on  a  Trulaciui,  the  locality  of  which  is 
unknown,  partly  on  a  Haliotis  from  the  Andaman  or  Nicobar  Islands  (de  Roep- 
storfT). 

Var.  B. 

(PI.  Via,  lifJis.  1  :i-l  f). 

The  zooecia,  Ihe  length  of  which  varies  from  0,598  to  0,731""»,  are  usually 
rectangular,  rarely  furnished  with  somewhat  angularly  bent  or  curved  lateral 
margins.  The  adoral  areas  have  no  spines,  and  the  cryplocysf  is  less  tuberculous 
and  has  fewer  pores. 

The  avicularia  are  rather  numerous  and  have  a  broad  irregularly  vasiform 
or  lyriform  mandible,  the  mandibular  Cavity  of  which  hardly  occupies  one-third 
of  the  entire  breadth  and  is  bounded  by  two  subparallel  chitinous  margins  at 
the  point  concurrent. 

Spicules.  Length  of  compasses  varying  from  0,046  to  0,292™'" ,  and  Ihat  of  the 
unusually  smal  curves  from  0,013  to  0,033™™-  They  differ  from  Ihe  curves  iii  Var.  A. 
in  being  less  high,  in  having  a  less  developed  median  process  and  a  more  curved 
bending  of  the  point  of  the  legs. 

Of  this  form  I  have  examined  some  fragments  of  hollow  colonies  and  some 
small  one-layered  lamina>  from  Torres  Straits  (Haddon),  belonging  to  the  Museum 
of  Zoology  at  Cambridge. 

Var.  C.  (tubifera). 

(PI.  via,  (igs.  2a-2c). 
The    zooecia,   the  length  of  which  may  vary  from  0,532  to  0,731™'",    are  fre- 
quently rectangular,  sometimes  however  furnished  with  somewhat  angularly  bent 
or  curved    lateral    margins.    The  adoral  areas  have  no  spines,    and  the  cryptocysl 


190 

is  strongly  tuberculous  and  lias  numerous  poies.  The  polypifle-tuhe  lias  in  hy 
far  the  greater  part  of  the  zocecia  a  distal  continuation  in  the  shape  of  a  thin- 
walled  calcareous  tube  whose  basal  wall  as  that  of  the  i)rQximal  part  of  the 
tube  is  formed  by  the  basal  wall  of  the  zoo'cium.  With  its  closed  distal  ])art  it 
touches  the  distal  wall  at  the  basal  part  of  the  latter,  so  that  the  rosette-plates 
lie  within  its  region,  and  its  frontal  wall  springs  from  the  inner  surface  of  the 
bridge  between  the  two  opesiuke,  nearly  at  the  distal  third  of  the  latter.  This 
tube,  also  found  in  the  avicularia  and  in  the  gonozoa'cia,  in  the  latter  of  which 
it  has  the  form  of  a  trapezoid  ((ig.  2  b),  each  obtuse  corner  of  which  ends  op- 
posite a  rosette-plate,  generally  grows  narrower  upwards  and  is  not  infre(|uently 
furnished  with  a  lateral  branch,  leading  to  one  of  the  rosette-plates  of  the  lateral 
walls.  A  little  proximally  to  the  closed  end  it  has  —  probably  for  the  extrusion 
of  the  polypide  —  an  oval  or  round  0])ening.  In  the  avicularia  this  opening  is 
situated,  far  back. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  not  uncommon,  have  judging  from  the  form  of 
the  aperture,  a  regularly  vase-  or  lyre-shaped  mandible. 

Spicules.  Length  of  compasses  varying  from  O.OHG  to  (1,399™'"-  and  that  of 
the  curves  from  0,039  to  0,066"""- 

Of  this  form  I  have  been  able  to  examine  some  fragments  of  uni-layered  laminae 
from  Deboine  Lagoon,  Louisiades  at  New  Guinea,  belonging  to  the  Museum  of 
Zoology  at  Cambridge. 

Thalamoporella  expansa  n.  sp. 

(PL  VI  b,  ligs.  5a-5e). 

Length  of  zooecia  varying  between  1,06  and  1,33"""  The  aperture,  measuring 
about  one-third  of  the  entire  length  of  the  zotecium,  has  a  most  singular  appear- 
ance on  account  of  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  distal  wall.  The  frontal  part  of 
the  latter  namely  ascends  so  sharply  as  to  make  the  angle,  that  it  forms  with 
the  cryptocyst  of  the  higher  zooeciuni,  approximately  180°,  its  form  being  that 
of  a  large,  flat,  slightly  deepened,  semi-circular,  aureola-like  extension  distally  to 
the  other  part  of  the  a])erture,  which  we  may  call  the  real  aperture.  This  is  of 
a  semi-elliptical  form  with  a  proximal,  slightly  concave  margin,  which  is  some- 
times completely  filled  by  a  low,  slightly  projecting  dentate  furrowed  lip  with  a 
straight  margin.  The  oral  shelf,  as  usual  springing  from  the  boundary  between 
the  more  horizontal  part  and  the  ascending  part  of  the  distal  wall,  is  unusually 
well  developed  and  in  the  shape  of  an  arched  lamina  directed  obli(juely  towards 
the  zocecial  cavity.  The  operculum,  which  is  more  strongly  chitinized  than  in 
the  other  species   of  this    genus,    has  a  straight    proximal    margin  and  is  in  con- 


191 

formily  to  the  aperture,  composed  of  two  difTerent  portions,  one  corresponding 
with  the  aureola-like  expansion,  and  one  answering  to  the  real  aperture.  While 
the  former  occurs  as  a  uniform  chitinous  expansion,  the  latter  is  provided 
with  a  strongly  chitinized  proximal  margin,  and  with  a  most  chitinized  opercular 
arch,  the  two  arms  of  which  have  in  their  distal  half  a  small  rounded  process 
for  muscular  attachment.  The  two  adoral  areas  are  furnished  with  two  sometimes 
small  and  sometimes  medium-sized,  not  very  projecting  spines  of  a  round  or  oval 
section,  and  they  are  connected  with  each  other  by  a  very  narrow  and  low, 
raised  margin.  The  cryptocyst  is  extremely  fuberculated,  encircled  by  a  well- 
developed,  crenulated,  tuberculous  marginal  ridge  and  furnished  with  closely 
situated,  rather  large  pores.  The  two  small  opesiulai,  which  are  widely  separated 
from  the  aperture,  most  frequently  circular,  more  rarely  oval,  and  in  which  the 
margin  is  usually  more  or  less  sinuated  owing  to  the  very  tuberculous  condition 
of  the  cryptocyst,  generally  show  only  a  slight  difference  in  size.  The  opesiular 
outgrowths  both  reach  the  basal  wall,  which  they  meet  in  two  closed,  ([uadrang- 
ularly  rounded,  somewhat  distally  bent  curved  lines,  which  show  less  difference 
in  size  than  is  usually  the  case  in  the  species  of  this  genus.  The  bridge  between 
the  two  opesiulse  is  short  and  broad,  very  slightly  depressed  and  has  con- 
trary to  the  rule  not  infrequently  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  pores  in  its 
j)roximal   half. 

Spicules    occur   only   in    the   shape   of  compasses,    of  which    the   smaller   are 
rather   strongly   l)ent  at  an  angle  and  also  found  between  the  cryptocyst  and  the 
covering  membrane.    Length  varying  from  0,039  mm.  to  0,718™"' 
Ooecia  are  not  found. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  rare  and  much  smaller  than  the  zoa^cia,  have  a 
very  well-developed  proximal  cryptocyst,  surrounded  by  a  thick,  marginal  ridge. 
The  mandible  is  semi-elliptical  and  has  a  mandibular  cavity  in  the  form  of  an 
isosceles  triangle. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  firstly  some  colonies,  incrusting  Tridacna  sp. 
without  locality,  and  secondly^  some  one-layered  laminae  from  Torres  Straits,  be- 
longing to  the  Museum  of  Zoology  at  Cambridge. 

In  some  of  the  polypide-less  zoacia  I  found  a  narrow,  thin-walled,  somewhat 
curved  calcareous  tube,  passing  through  the  whole  length  of  the  zou'cium  and 
including  the  roselle-plales  of  the  two  opposite  distal  walls.  It  had  several  lateral 
branches,  which  reach  the  rosette-plates  on  the  lateral  walls,  and  in  some  cases 
at  least  I  have  found  a  round  or  oval  opening  in  the  frontal  wall  of  the  distal 
end    of  the    tube.    This    lube   is   apparently  of  the  same  nature  as  the  one,    men- 


192 

tioned    in    Tli.  (jrimnhila,  Var.   C,    in  which    form    il  was   only    a   conlinuation   of 
the  polypide-lube.  Most  likely  we  have  here  a  peculiar  form  of  regeneration. 

Thalamoporella  cincta  Ihitlon. 

Membranipora    cincta,    HiiUon,    l^rocccd.    R.    Soc.    of  Tasmania    (1877), 

1878. 

Memhrani])ora    transversa,    Hincks,    Annals   Nat.   Hist.,    ser.  5,    Vol.   VI, 

1880,  p.  21,  PI.  XI,  fig.  9. 

Diploi)ora  cincta  Mac  Gillivray,  Trans,  and  Proceed.  H.  Soc.  of  Victoria 
(1880),  1881,  Vol.  XVII,  p.  15,  lig.  1  —  1  c. 
(PI.  XXII,  lif^s.  7  a— 7  (I). 
The  zocecia,  which  are  rather  long  and  rectangular,  have  a  length  of  0,598— 0,6'"'"- 
The  large  aperture,  the  size  of  which  may  be  contained  ;J7s — 4  times  in  the 
whole  length  of  the  zoa-cium,  has  a  broad  and  deep  sinus,  and  the  more  or 
less  developed  adoral  areas  have  always  acropetal  spines,  most  frecjuently  of  a 
somewhat  compressed  conical  shape.  The  operculum,  the  concave  proximal  margin 
of  which  is  in  the  whole  of  its  length  furnished  with  a  well  developed  chitinous 
sclerite,  has  within  each  lateral  margin  a  somewhat  curved,  chitinous  ridge,  which 
on  its  internal  side  is  proximally  connected  with  a  much  shorter  chitinous  part, 
distally  ending  in  a  small  rounded  expansion.  Of  the  two  opesiular  outgrowths 
only  one  reaches  the  partly  or  wholly  uncalcified  basal  wall  willi  a  shorter  or 
longer  part  of  its  proximal  margin,  while  the  other,  which  is  very  small  and 
sometimes  difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  frontal  surface,  only  reaches  the  apper- 
taining lateral  wall.  A  little  distally  to  the  centre  a  short,  but  broad  deepening 
occupies  the  whole  breadth  of  the  frontal  surface,  and  at  the  bottom  of  this 
deepening  the  larger  of  the  two  opesiuhe  is  found  on  one  .side  and  on  the  other 
a  deeply  dej)resscd  part  of  the  polypidc-tube.  The  smaller  of  the  two  opesiulae  is 
generally  situated  immediately  on  the  distal  side  of  this  deepening  and  in  some 
cases  at  its  distal  end.  While  the  region  between  the  aperture  and  the  deepening 
may  be  .sometimes  quite  smooth,  sometimes  with  rather  numerous  tubercles,  but 
never  with  pores,  the  remaining  part  of  the  cryplocysl,  which  is  extraordinarily, 
sometimes  almost  rectangularly  arched,  is  furnished  with  numerous  tubercles  and 
small  denticles  in  its  distal  i)arl  and  numerous  pores  in  its  proximal  part.  Also 
the  inner  .surface  of  the  lateral  walls  is  very  tuberculous  and  spinous.  In  the 
proximal  half  of  the  zocrciuni  each  lateral  margin  expands  into  a  strong,  some- 
what compressed  but  thick  process  with  two  arched  lateral  surfaces  and  of  a 
semi-circular  or  triangularly  rounded  outline.  These  processes,  the  outer  surface 
of  which   is   distinctly   transversely   striated,    are    more   or    less    inclined    towards 


19H 

the  cryptocyst,  and  the  two  belonging  to  the  same  zooecinm  may  sometimes 
nearly  reach  each  other.  Contrary  to  the  rnle  each  distal  wall  is  furnished  with 
two  multiporous  rosette-plates. 

Spicules.  Only  compasses  are  found,  measuring  from  0,053  to  0,265'"'"-  and 
varying  greatly  with  respect  to  the  angle  made  bj'  the  legs.  While  the  angle  in 
the  smaller  ones  is  about  113",  it  approaches  180"  in  the  longest,  which  are  only 
i'oiuid   in  the  zoo'cial  cavity. 

Ooecia  are  not  found. 

The  avicularia,  occurring  less  numerously  among  the  zooecia  and  only  about 
half  as  large  as  the  latter,  are  quadrangular  or  ])entagonal,  and  the  triangular 
mandible  has  rather  curved  lateral  margins. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  two  dry  colonies  from  Port  Phillip,  found 
in  the  collections  of  Algic  at  the  Botanical  Museum.  The  zooecia  of  the  two  colo- 
nies, which  form  a  covering  on  cylindrical  algal  stems,  are  arranged  in  an- 
nular belts. 

Thalamoporella  Jervoisi  Hincks. 
Steganoporella  Jervoisi  HincUs,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  .5,  Vol.  VI, 
1880,  pag.  30,  PI.  X,  fig.  9. 
(PI.  Via,  figs.  4a-4c). 
The  length  of  the  zocecla  varies  between  0,532  and  0,798"'™-  The  aperture,  the 
length  of  which  may  be  contained  3 — 4  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zoo?- 
cium,  is  unusually  long  and  has  a  very  slightly  developed,  sometimes  almost 
imperceptible  sinus  small  both  in  depth  and  breadth.  The  operculum,  the  chilinous 
arch  of  which  is  strongly  developed,  has  a  continuous,  distally  curved  proximal 
sclerite  and  a  greater  or  lesser  part  of  the  membrane  filling  the  proximal  part 
of  the  aperture  is  chitinized  together  with  the  operculum  (not  to  be  seen  in  the 
figure  4  c,  which  does  not  show  either  the  thin  marginal  portion  outside  the 
opercular  arch),  the  proximal  margin  being  in  this  way  either  straight  or  a  little 
convex.  Each  of  the  lateral  margins  has  a  slight  incurvation  and  within  this  the 
opercular  arch  is  provided  with  a  small  |)rocess  for  muscular  attachment.  The 
sharply  defined  adoral  areas  are  well  developed  with  large,  cone-shaped-cylindrical, 
somewhat  compres.sed  acropetal  spines.  Of  the  two  opesiula;  the  larger  is  gener- 
ally very  narrow,  almost  slit-like  and  pointing  obliquely  and  inwardly  towards 
the  proximal  end.  The  other  is  very  small.  The  opesiular  outgrowths  both  reach 
the  basal  wall,  the  larger  touching  it  in  an  open,  hook-shaped  curved  line,  while 
the  other  meets  it  in  a  very  short,  ascending  line.  The  cryptocyst  the  central 
part   of  which   is    much    depressed   lacks   a    raised   marginal   portion  and  is  most 

13 


194 

often  divided  by  sutures  into  four  segments,  ascending  towards  the  margins  of  llie 
zocecium,  namely,  a  distal,  a  j)roximal  and  hvo  lateral,  joining  each  other  in  a 
short  sutiiral  line.  It  is  however  not  uncommon  that  an  area  fuses  with  a  con- 
tiguous one,  as  e.  g.  the  proximal  area  and  a  lateral  one  in  fig.  4  a.  While  the 
proximal  area  and  the  two  lateral  are  more  or  less  closely  set  with  small  scat- 
tered i)ores,  the  distal  one  is  only  furnished  with  small  tubercles,  which  are  most 
numerous  just  proximally  to  the  aperture. 

Spicules.  Besides  curves,  the  length  of  which  is  between  0,026  and  0,113'""', 
a  peculiar  intermediate  form  occurs,  with  two  unequally  long  arms,  of  which 
the  longer  is  formed  as  an  arm  of  a  curve  while  the  shorter  is  like  that  of  a 
compass.    Their  length  varies  from  0,1  OG  to  0,46™"' 

Ooecia  are  not  found. 

The  avicularia,  of  which  none  were  found  on  the  i)iece  examined,  are  accor- 
ding to  Hincks  rather  uncommon,  very  small  and  with  a  triangular  mandible. 
.Judging  from  the  figure  there  is  a  calcified  transverse  bar  between  the  opercular 
and   the   subopercular   areas,    a   character   not    found  in  any  of  the  other  sj)ecies. 

Besides  a  fragment  of  the  original  specimen,  which  I  owe  to  the  kindness  of 
Mrs.  H.  Eden  (nee  Gatty),  I  have  examined  a  small  colony  from  Port  Phillip 
Heads,  Victoria,  sent  me  by  Mr.  J.  Gabriel. 

Thalamoporella  mamillaris  Lamx. 

Membranipora  mamillaris  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  .'S,  Vol.  VI, 

1880,  pag.  88,  PI.  X,  fig.  9. 

(PI.  Via,  figs.  Sa-.'ic). 

The  length  of  zooecia  varying  between  0,532  and  0,665'""'  The  aperture, 
the  length  of  which  may  be  contained  3 — 4  times  in  the  whole  length  of  the 
zocecium,  is  bounded  by  two,  more  or  less  convergent  lateral  margins  and  by 
an  almost  straight  proximal  margin.  The  horizontal  basal  part  and  the  ascending 
frontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  are  not  sharply  delimited,  and  an  oral  shelf  is 
wanting.  But  some  way  within  the  free  margin  of  the  aperture  and  ])arallel  with 
it  is  a  very  narrow,  low,  glistening,  usually  beaded  arch.  The  operculum,  the 
arch  of  which  appears  to  be  situated  immediately  within  the  free  margin,  has  a 
proximally  incurved,  extremely  narrow  chitinous  .sclerite,  but  the  part  of  the 
covering  membrane  between  the  operculum  and  the  distal  margin  of  the  cryplo- 
cyst  is  more  chitinized  than  the  rest  of  this  membrane  and  is  (bus  connected  with 
the  real  oijitcuIuui  to  a  continuous  whole.  The  two  distinctly  marked  adoral 
areas  are  well-developed  and  have  large,  compressed,  conical  acropetal  spines. 
Only    one    tongue-shaped    opesiula    is    ibuiui,    the    direction    of  which    is  obliquely 


195 

proximal  and  inward,  and  the  opesiular  outgrowth  touches  the  basal  surface  in 
an  open,  hooked,  curved  line.  The  proximal  margin  of  this  opesiula  has  a  series 
of  from  3  to  7  distally-pointing  spines,  partly  more  or  less  branched,  partly 
single,  and  both  its  margins  are  moreover  furnished  with  larger  or  smaller 
laminate  processes  of  varying  shape,  which  generally  point  more  or  less  obliquely 
towards  the  opesial  cavity  and  are  more  rarely  on  a  level  with  the  opening  of 
the  latter.  They  maj'  be  curved,  lobed,  sinuous  or  even  furnished  with  branched 
processes  (fig.  5  b).  On  account  of  these  marginal  expansions  the  entrance  to  the 
opesial  cavity  is  often  made  very  narrow  and  in  some  cases  by  partial  fusion  of 
two  such  opposite  portions  reduced  to  a  small  hole.  The  cryptocyst,  which  in 
older  zooecia  may  have  a  raised  margin  which  is  rather  broad  especially  in  the 
proximal  part  of  the  zooecium,  is,  as  in  Th.  Jervoisi,  divided  into  four,  sometimes 
three  segments,  as  the  distal  or  the  proximal  one  may  have  fused  with  one  of 
the  lateral  parts.  The  ojjesiular  opening  cjuite  separates  the  distal  area  from  one 
of  the  lateral  ones,  and  the  area  opposite  that  of  the  opesiula  is  in  most  cases 
furnished  with  from  2  to  5  partly  single,  partly  branched  spines.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  a  very  tuberculous  belt  immediately  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  aperture, 
tubercles  only  occur  in  very  small  numbers,  the  greatest  number  being  found  in 
the  proximal  area,  which  is  also  the  only  one  to  show  a  few  small  pores. 

Spicules.  Only  compasses  occur,  the  length  of  which  varies  from  0,033  to 
0,133™™-,  and  of  which  a  great  many  are  more  or  less  strongly  curved. 

Ooecia  are  not  found. 

The  avicularia  are  rather  uncommon  and  much  smaller  than  the  zooecia. 
They  have  a  small  triangular  mandible  with  a  rather  long,  linear  terminal  part. 
A  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the  subopercular  area  is  furnished  with  a  very  thin, 
not  deeply  depressed  crj'ptocyst  lamina  ending  in  a  dentate  margin. 

In  one  place  a  smaller  number  of  narrow,  abnormal  zoa'cia  were  found,  the 
cryptocyst  of  which  consisted  partly  of  a  generally  very  broad,  and  sometimes 
strongly  prominent  marginal  portion,  the  inner  edge  of  which  is  broadly  crenu- 
lated,  and  partly  of  a  depressed,  more  or  less  tuberculated  median  portion.  The 
marginal  portion,  divided  by  sutural  lines  into  numerous  small  areas  corresponding 
to  the  crenulations  may  attain  so  great  a  breadth  that  its  two  lateial  halves  may 
coalesce  sometimes  in  the  distal  and  sometimes  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  zoa*- 
cium.  In  the  distal  half  of  the  zocrcium  there  is  frequently  a  somewhat  vary- 
ingly  shaped,  round  or  oval  aperture  without  operculum. 

A  small  colony  of  this  Australian  species  was  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal 
by  the  late  Mr.  Peal. 

13» 


196 

Family  Setosellidae '  n.  1'. 
Setosella  Hincks. 

The  zoii'cia  the  frontal  wall  of  which  is  perforated  by  two  slit-shaped  opes- 
iulae  have  a  well  chitinized  simple  oporculuiii  with  a  well  developed  opercular 
arch.  No  spines.  The  lateral  walls  which  are  comnion  to  the  contiguous  zoci'cia 
are  in  their  distal  jjart  provided  with  a  large  membranous,  uniporousC?)  rosette- 
plate.  Obliquely,  distally  to  each  zooecium  is  found  an  independent  i>il>r(iciiliim 
without  a  cross-bar,  with  a  long,  strong,  dentate  flabelluni.  The  ocrcia  are  small 
rounded  cavities  in  the  frontal  wall  of  the  arched  distal  part  of  the  gonozoa'cium, 
the  'ooccial  areas  which  is  distinctly  separated  from  the  lateral  jiarts  by  an 
impressed  line.  The  ooecial  cavity  which  is  distinctly  apparent  on  the  outer  sur- 
face opens  out  through  a  hole  gradually  increasing  in  size. 

The  Goecia  of  the  present  genus,  which  have  hitherto  been  overlooked,  belong 
to  the  same  division  of  ooecia  (p.  65),  the  endotnichal,  found  in  the  genera  Cellii- 
laria  and  Membranicellaria,  but  while  in  these  they  are  placed  in  the  proximal 
pari  of  the  frontal  wall,  they  are  in  Setosella  placed  in  the  distal  part  of  this 
wall. 

While  the  aperture  of  the  common  zoa-cia  is  about  as  high  as  broad  the 
aperture  of  the  gonozoa'cia  is  broader  than  high,  with  a  somewhat  convex  proxi- 
mal margin  and  with  two  acuminated  corners. 

On  account  of  the  ooecial  form  I  have  thought  il  necessary  to  set  up  a  new 
family  for  this  genus  which  is  represented  by  a  single  s[)ecies  i".  viilnerala  IJusk. 
Of  this  species  colonies  have  been  taken  by  the  Ingolf  Expedition  at  Lat.  25"  21'  N., 
Long.  63"  21'  W.,  at  a  depth  of  170  fathoms. 

Family  Chlidoniidae. 

The  jointed  colonies,  springing  from  a  stolonate  network,  consist  of  a  stem, 
two  main  branches  and  a  number  of  zocccia-bearing  secondary  branches,  and 
besides  the  zocecia  we  may  distinguish  between  three  different  forms  of  kenozooecia, 
namely  the  partitions  of  the  stolon,  the  stem-internodes  and  the  bifurcate  inter- 
nodes  of  the  main  branches.  Moreover,  the  main  branches  and  the  secondary 
branches  end  in  a  number  of  small  cylindrical  internodes,  of  which  those  in  the 
•secondary  branches  may  be  transformed  into  zooecia.  The  zooecia,  which  lack 
pores   and   spines,    have  a  deejjly  depressed  cryptocyst,   pierced  by  a  small  trans- 


'   Neither    this   family    nor  tlie  family  Crepidacantbidae  arc  naimd   in  the  synopsis  on  p.  88,    both 
families  having  been   founded   later. 


197 

verse  slit,  and  have  a  simple,  semi-elliptical  operculum,  ending  in  a  straight 
proximal  margin.  The  stem-internodes  have  a  small  depressed  cryptocyst  with 
one  pore  at  the  bottom;  and  excepting  the  partitions  of  the  stolon  the  other  in- 
dividual forms  have  their  inner  cavity  divided  into  a  series  of  segments  (gener- 
ally four),  separated  by  more  or  less  sharp  constrictions.  The  distal  walls  have 
a  single-pored  rosette-plate.    Ooecm  and  avkularia  wanting. 

Chlidonia  Cordieri  Aud. 
Eucratea    Cordieri   Audouin,    Descript   de  I'Egypte,    Hist.  Natur.,  Tome  1, 

explic.  sommaire  d.  Planches  pag.  242,  Polypes  PI.  XIII,  fig.  Sj— 83. 
Eucratea  Cordieri  Waters,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  5,  Vol.  Ill,  1879,  pag.  116, 

PI.  XV,  figs.  9,  10,   11. 
Chlidonia  Cordieri   d'Orbigny,   Paleontologie  Francaise,    Terrain   cretaces, 

Bryozoaires,   1850 — 52,  pag.  40. 
Cothurnicella  dsedala,  Wyw.  Thomson,  Nat.  Hist.  Rev.,  Vol.  V,  pag.   146. 
—  —        Wyw.  Thomson,   Dublin    Univ.,    Zool.   Bot.    Assoc, 

1859,  pag.  85. 
Chlidonia    Cordieri    Busk,    Challenger,    Zoology,    Vol.    X,    1884,    pag.    8, 

PI.  XXVIII,  fig.  11. 

—  —        Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  5,  Vol.  XVII,  pag.  258. 

—  daedala    Mc  Coy,     Zoologie     of    Victoria,     dec.    XI,     pag.    35, 

PI.  CVIII,  fig.  2. 

—  —         Mc  Gillivray,  Catalogue  of  the  Marine  Polyzoa  of  Vic- 

toria, pag.  10. 
Chlidonia    Cordieri  Waters,    Journal    Linnean   Soc,    Zoology,  Vol.  XXVI, 
1896,  pag.   18,  PI.  1,  fig.  8—9. 

—  —        Calvet,    Bryozoaires    Marins    de    la    Region    de   Cette, 

pag.  13,  PI.  I,  fig.  1  et  2. 
(Pl.  VIII,  fig.  Oa-Gy). 
As  our  knowledge  of  this  often  examined  species  still  leaves  a  great  deal  to 
be  desired,  I  may  here  give  a  connected  description  of  it.  It  occurs  as  compound 
colonies,  a  number  of  small  colonies  springing  from  a  reticularly  branched,  fili- 
form stolon  (fig.  6  i),  which  may  cover  various  substances.  This  stolonale  net- 
work is  compo.sed  of  rather  long  partitions,  separated  two  and  two  by  a  single- 
pored  rosette-plate  (fig.  6  e),  which  is  surrounded  by  a  thickened,  diaphragmatic, 
projecting  part  of  the  inner  wall.  Each  small  colony  (6  a,  6  b)  is  furnished  with 
a  jointed  stem,  bearing  two  main  branches  likewise  jointed,  each  of  which  termin- 
ates  in   from    4    lu    (3    long   cylindrical    internodes,     F'rom    each    internode   of   the 


198 

proximal  (inner)  half  of  such  a  main  i)ianch  a  secondary  branch  is  given  off, 
and  excepting  the  extreme,  or  more  rarely  the  two  extreme  secondary  branches 
on  each  side,  which  bear  a  row  (4 — 5)  of  cylindrical  internodes  like  those  of  the 
terminal  parts  of  the  main  branches,  all  the  other  secondary  branches  consist 
in  the  complete  state  of  a  row  of  zocecia,  of  which  each  again  ends  in  a  row 
(3 — 4)  of  the  cylindrical  internodes.  In  such  a  small  colony  we  may  thus  distin- 
guish between  four  different  forms  of  internodes,  namely  (1)  stem-internodes,  (2) 
bifurcate  internodes  of  the  main  branches,  (3)  the  zocecia,  and  (4)  the  narrow 
cylindrical  internodes.  While  the  colony,  when  placed  on  a  level,  has  the  form 
of  a  stalked  fan,  the  rays  of  which  decrease  in  length  from  within  outwards,  it 
has  in  its  natural  position  almost  the  shape  of  a  ball  with  a  pear-shaped  incis- 
ion on  one  side  bounded  by  the  two  main  branches  (lig.  6  a). 

The  zocecia  (6  d,  6  c,  6  f),  the  two  lateral  surfaces  of  which  meet  in  a  poin- 
ted basal  edge  (6  s),  have,  when  looked  at  sideways,  an  almost  semi-circular  out- 
line, though  the  proximal  half  of  the  dorsal  surface  is  a  little  incurved.  The 
semi-elliptical  aperture,  situated  in  the  distal  i)art  of  the  zooecium,  has  an  almost 
straight  proximal  margin  and  is  covered  by  a  slightly  chitinized,  simple  oper- 
culum, the  proximal  margin  of  which  is  more  chitinized,  and  the  opercular  arch 
of  which  is  situated  in  the  margin  itself.  Proximally  to  the  aperture  we  find  a 
rather  deep  cryptocyst  depression,  occupying  almost  half  the  length  of  the  zoa?- 
ciuni  and  only  separated  from  the  aperture  and  the  lateral  surfaces  by  a  narrow 
marginal  portion.  The  proximal  part  of  the  zooecium  is  arched,  sometimes  almost 
stalk-like  narrowed  and  furnished  with  a  very  thick  frontal  wall  (fig.  6  d).  The 
cryptocyst  is  also  very  thick-walled,  particularly  the  distal  part,  which  projects 
into  the  zooecium  with  a  very  rounded  thickening  (fig.  6  d),  and  in  the  frontal 
wall  of  this  portion,  proximally  to  the  aperture,  a  small  transversely  oval  hollow 
is  seen.  Further  back,  in  the  approximate  centre  of  the  length  of  the  zooecium 
and  immediately  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  above  mentioned,  very  arched  por- 
tion, is  a  somewhat  larger,  transversely  oval  area,  which  is  removed  a  little  from 
the  central  line,  and  which  has  a  transverse  slit  in  the  whole  of  its  breadth.  In 
each  zooecium  the  inner  cavity  shows  four  distinctly  separate  segments,  which 
we  may  indicate  by  the  letters  u,  ^,  y,  6  (6  c),  and  the  obliquely  ascending  distal 
wall,  furnished  basally  with  one  single-pored  rosette-plate,  is  situated  between 
the  segments  fi  &  y. 

The  stem-internodes  (figs.  6  t,  6  u,  (i  v,  6  x),  of  which  the  lowest  (6  i)  has  a 
long,  narrow,  chitinized  proximal  part,  are  long,  spindle-shaped-cylindrical  and 
when  fully  developed,  very  thick-walled.  The  inner  lumen  is  as  in  the  zocecia 
divided  into  four  segments  of  dilTerent  width  and  shajjc,  a,  fi,  y,  d,  corresponding 


199 

with  those  in  the  zooecia  mentioned  above.  Here  also  an  oblique  distal  wall  is 
found  between  /S  and  y,  which  in  the  fully  developed  internodc  is  only  repre- 
sented by  a  round,  single-pored  rosette-plate,  and  in  the  distal  half  of  the  seg- 
ment ^  is  a  narrow,  oval  cryptocyst  depression,  the  bottom  of  which  is  perforated 
by  a  round  pore,  equivalent  to  the  transverse  slit  in  the  zocecium.  In  a  very 
young  internode  (6  v,  6  x)  the  calcareous  wall  is  still  very  thin,  and  the  inner 
segments  accordingly  of  quite  a  different  shape.  The  distal  wall  (dw)  has  here 
a  considerable  extent,  and  the  cryptocyst  not  yet  being  formed  an  oval  opening 
is  seen  in  its  place  in  the  calcareous  wall,  covered  by  a  membrane.  The  distal 
stem-internode  (fig.  6  h),  which  bears  the  two  main  branches,  is  a  transitional 
form  between  the  stem-internodes  and  the  bifurcate  inlernodes  of  the  main 
J)ranches,  and  like  these  it  is  divided  into  two  branches,  of  which  however  one 
is  very  short.  The  long  branch  has  on  its  inner  side  a  cryptocyst  depression, 
perforated  by  a  pore  like  that  of  the  stem-internodes,  and  the  short  branch  is 
formed  by  an  u  and  a  /S  springing  from  d.  Each  branch  has  a  single-pored  ro- 
sette-plate, one  situated  between  /?  and  d,  and  the  other  between  /S  and  ;'.  The 
long  branch  of  the  distal  stem-internode  may  in  different  colonies  be  directed 
now  to  the  right  side  now  to  the  left. 

The  bifurcate  branch-internodes  (fig.  6  g),  which  form  the  proximal  half  of 
the  two  main  branches,  have  each  a  d  and  a  y  in  common;  but  while  the  branch 
of  the  internodes,  which  is  connected  with  the  next  branch-internode,  has  an 
u  and  a  /J,  which  latter  issues  from  the  proximal  part  of  y,  the  branch  connected 
with  the  zocecium  has  only  a  single  segment,  springing  from  the  end  of  y.  The 
whole  internode  has  onlj'  one  rosette-plate,  situated  between  /S  and  y.  The  bi- 
furcate internodes,  which  bear  the  secondary  branches  consisting  of  cylindrical 
internodes  of  which  generally  only  one,  more  seldom  two  occur  on  each  side,  are 
much  more  slender  than  the  others  and  thus  approach  to  the  form  of  the  suc- 
ceeding internodes.  In  these  also  a  single-pored  rosette-plate  is  found  between /J  and  ;'. 

The  cylindrical  internodes,  which  as  mentioned  not  only  form  the  terminal 
part  of  the  two  main  branches  and  of  the  zocecia-bearing  secondary  branches, 
but  also  form  one  or  two  secondary  branches  on  each  side,  are  very  slender 
and  thin,  and  their  inner  cavity  has  a  contracted  part  at  both  ends.  No  rosette- 
plates  are  found  between  the  single  joints,  and  they  might  therefore  hardly  be 
regarded  as  individuals  (Bryozoids). 

The  number  of  stem-internodes  in  the  colonies  examined  is  between  two  and 
fifteen,  and  the  number  of  secondary  branches  ending  in  cylindrical  internodes 
between  nine  and  fifteen.  The  number  of  zooecia  in  the  secondary  branches  in- 
creases  from  without   towards   the   centre  and  varies  in    the  outermost    between 


200 

one  and  four,  in  the  most  central  ones  between  three  and  nine.  The  number  of 
stem-internodes  bears  no  particular  relation  to  either  the  number  of  secondary 
branches  or  to  the  number  of  zooccia  in  the  latter.  The  number  of  stem-internodes 
very  rarely  exceeds  twelve,  fifteen  having  been  found  only  once  in  a  very  small 
colony,  the  eight  secondary  branches  of  which  had  not  yel  any  cylindrical  inter- 
nodes  at  the  end. 

Growth.  The  youngest  colonies  I  have  seen  consist  only  of  a  few  stem-inter- 
nodes, and  that  they  have  not  been  fragments  is  sufficiently  evident  from  the 
fact,  that  the  apical  internode  had  still  but  a  very  thin  calcareous  wall  and  ends 
in  a  membrane.  The  examination  of  numerous  young  colonies  in  dilTcrent  stages 
shows  that  such  a  colony  is  constantly  increasing  Ijy  direct  growth,  until  the 
separate  zocecia-bearing  secondary  branches  have  attained  to  temporary  comple- 
tion by  the  formation  of  the  apical  cylindrical  internodes;  however,  in  the  ditTer- 
ent  colonies  the  secondary  branches  that  have  attained  this  temporary  comple- 
tion may  contain  rather  a  varying  number  of  zocecia,  and  there  may  also  be 
found  a  rather  great  difference  in  the  number  of  zocecia  between  the  outer  and 
the  inner  secondary  branches.  In  colonies  with  IJJ — 15  secondary  branches,  the 
number  of  zocecia  of  which  varies  between  2  and  9,  this  completion  is  probably 
always  attained,  and  often  it  may  even  be  attained  by  colonies  with  10 — 12 
secondary  branches,  the  number  of  zoo'cia  of  which  is  between  1  and  7.  In  all 
younger  colonies,  however,  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  secondary  branches  is 
found,  which  end  in  a  funnel-shaped  rudiment  of  a  zoa^cium  closed  at  the  end 
by  a  membrane,  which  is  very  rarely  met  with  in  secondary  branches  with  more 
than  5  zocecia. 

After  the  formation  of  the  cylindrical  terminal  internodes  a  further  increase 
in  the  number  of  zofficia  in  the  separate  secondary  branches  may  take  place  by 
the  transformation  of  these  into  zocecia,  and  this  transformation  may  lake  place 
in  two  different  ways.  In  most  cases  a  compressed,  funnel-shaped  body  grows 
from  the  basal  part  of  the  internode  (figs.  6j,  6  m,  (i  r)  and  surrounds  the  latter, 
which  increases  in  extent  and  graduallj'  obtains  a  wider  lumen.  Time  has  not 
permitted  me  to  examine  this  development  from  stage  to  stage;  but  the  various 
stages  I  have  seen  leave  no  doubt  of  the  fact,  that  this  funnel-shaped  rudiment 
is  the  beginning  of  a  zooecium,  as,  aj)arl  from  the  cylinder  arising  from  its  centre, 
it  (piile  agrees  with  the  zoo'cial  rudiments  which  arise  by  direct  growth.  In  the 
other,  less  frccjuent  case  the  transformation  takes  place  by  a  gradual  swelling  of 
such  an  internode  (figs,  fin — 6  q),  which  is  by  and  by  furnished  with  an  oval 
depression,  presumably  corresponding  with  the  cry|)tocyst  depression  of  the  zoce- 
ciura,   and   further  forward  with  a   distal  wall.    Hutli   these  forms  may  be  found 


201 

in  the  same  colony.  Such  a  Iransformation  of  the  cyUndrical  iiileiiiodes  is  found 
in  most  of  the  more  developed  colonies  in  one  or  several  secondary  hranches, 
and  a  growth  in  length  and  a  division  of  the  younger  inlernodcs  take  place  at 
the  same  time. 

We  have  already  mentioned  that  in  a  colony  at  a  certain  stage  of  develop- 
ment the  outenno.st  or  sometimes  the  two  outermost  secondary  hranches  on  each 
side  are  only  composed  of  cylindrical  internodes,  and  if  we  were  to  examine  a 
numher  of  colonies  at  dilTerent  stages  of  development  we  should  lind  that  these 
whip-lilie  secondary  branches  i.ssue  nearer  the  top  stem-internode  in  the  younger 
colonies  tlian  in  the  older  ones.  Thus,  if  we  were  to  designate  the  internode  of 
a  main  l)ranch,  issuing  directly  from  the  hifurcate,  distal  stem-internode,  no.  1, 
tlie  next  no.  2  and  so  on,  we  should  lind  that  in  colonies  with  6 — 8  secondary 
branches  the  whip-like  secondary  branches  issue  from  internode  3  —  4,  in  colonies 
with  9  —  12  from  internode  4-6  and  in  colonies  with  13 — 16  from  internode  5 — 7. 
This  fact  can  only  mean  that  all  the  zocecia  in  a  number  of  outer  secondary 
branches  arise  by  a  transformation  of  cylindrical  internodes.  There  is  however 
no  certain  rule  for  the  time  of  the  appearance  of  the  fust  whip-like  secondary 
branch,  as  in  some  colonies  it  may  appear  later  than  in  others.  The  outermost 
secondary  branch  on  each  side  generally  remains  untransformed,  and  I  have  only 
in  very  few  cases  found  1 — 3j^of  the  proximal  internodes  transformed  into  zoa-cia 
on  one  side  of  an  older  colony.  A  consequence  of  the  conception  that  a  number 
of  the  older  whip-like  secondary  branches  are  transformed  into  zooecia-bearing 
ones  and  that  new  ones  are  formed  outside  these  is,  that  the  inner  cylindrical 
internodes  of  the  main  hranches  must  at  the  same  time  be  transformed  into 
bifurcate  internodes. 

Whilst  all  the  colonies  of  this  species  examined  by  me  have  arisen  by  gem- 
mation from  a  branched  stolon  connected  with  other  colonies.a  fact  explaining 
the  possibility  that  the  development  of  a  colony  may  begin  with  the  formation 
of  a  numher  of  individuals  (.slem-internodes  and  branch-internodes)  without  or- 
gans of  nutrition,  1  have  no  doubt  that  a  colony,  proceeding  directly  from  a 
larva,  must  begin  with  the  formation  of  a  zocecium.  Of  this  species  I  have  been 
able  to  examine  numerous  colonies  obtained  from  a  jointed  calcareous  alga 
taken  at  Ajaccio  by  Dr.  Borgesen. 

Family  Alysidn'dae. 

The  jointed  colonies,  springing  from  a  stolonate  network,  consist  of  zo(Ecia 
and  gonozott'cia,  the  latter  borne  by  stem-like  kenozooecia.  The  zoivcia,  the  distal 
half  of  which  has  a  dei)ressed  cryptocyst,    are  furnished  with  a  simple  opercular 


202 

valve  and  willi  Iwo  opesiula*,  while  the  kenozoa>cia,  spiingiiii;  from  the  axial 
zott'cia,  have  a  small  dejuesscd  c'ryi)locy-sl  perfoialcd  i)y  a  pore.  All  septa  have 
a  series  of  single-pored  rosclte-plales.  Hivalve  (xrcia,  in  which  each  valve  must 
be  considered  a  kenozoceciuni.    No  aviciilarid. 

Alysidium  parasiticum  Rusk. 
Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Part  I,  Cheiloslomata,  pag.   14,  PI.  XIV', 

figs.  6—9. 
(PI.  VII,  figs.  ;j  a-3  o). 

The  zooecia.  which  are  rather  elongated  and  trai)eziformly  rounded,  steadily 
increase  in  hreadth  towards  the  arched,  distal  margin.  The  aperture,  the  slightly 
curved  proximal  margin  of  which  is  situated  in  the  distal  third  of  the  zoa'cium, 
is  broader  than  long  and  has  a  glistening  ridged  distal  margin,  often  with  a 
series  of  small  tubercles.  There  is  a  membranous  opercular  valve  and  the  <)|)er- 
cular  arch  is  situated  in  the  free  margin  itself.  Almost  the  distal  half  of  the 
frontal  surface  is  furnished  with  a  depressed  cryptocyst,  which  also  occupies  the 
region  between  the  aperture  and  the  distal  margin  of  the  zoreciuni.  The  post- 
oral  cryptocyst,  which  stretches  more  than  half-way  back  between  the  aperture 
and  the  proximal  margin  of  the  zooecium  and  which  has  generally  a  number 
(most  often  10 — 15)  of  glistening  tubercles,  is  separated  from  the  remaining  arched 
part  of  the  frontal  surface  by  a  semi-elliptical  boundary  ridge,  which  is  very  low 
in  the  middle  but  increasing  in  height  distally  and  ending  on  each  side  at 
one  of  the  horn-like  spines,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  small  notch.  The.se 
two  spines,  situated  at  the  margin  of  the  zoa'cium  oj)posite  the  aperture  and 
standing  out  almost  vertically  from  the  surface  of  the  zoa-cium,  have  generally 
a  form  resembling  that  of  short  cow's  horns  but  are  a  little  more  compressed. 
In  their  proximal  inner  i)art  each  of  them  has  a  small  hole,  apparently  leading 
into  the  inner  cavity.  On  the  proximal  side  of  the  aperture  on  each  side  is  a 
rather  small,  irregularly  rounded  opesiula,  the  inner  margin  of  which  nearly 
always  terminates  in  a  short,  most  often  rod-like  jjrocess,  seldom  with  two  or 
several  points.  The  two  opesiulae  are  always  of  dilTerent  size,  but  while  in  the 
axial  zocecia  this  difference  is  slight,  it  is  large  in  the  others  where  the  opesiula 
facing  the  axis  of  the  colony  is  twice  the  size  of  the  other.  Immediately  on  the 
proximal  side  of  the  two  opesiulie  is  an  oblique,  glistening  stria,  which  is  how- 
ever rather  indistinct  in  the  axial  zooecia,  passing  right  across  the  zooecium  to 
the  lateral  margins.  This  stria,  which  in  zooecia  of  the  second  and  third  order 
is  inclined  towards  the  central  line  of  the  colony,  originates  from  a  low  ridge 
on  the  inner  surface  of  the  cryptocyst,  and  immediately  distally  to  it  is  the  limit 


203 

between  the  two  parts  of  Ihe  cryplocysl  ot  which  one  is  ascending  lowanls  Ihe 
apertnre  the  other  descending  towards  the  above-mentioned  senii-ellii)lical  bound- 
ary ridge,  the  two  parts  forming  an  oljluse  angle.  The  portion  on  the  proximal 
side  of  the  opening  is  also  somewhat  thickened.  The  contracted,  proximal  part 
of  the  zocrcium  consists  of  a  flexible  chitinoiis  mass  decreasing  in  thickness  as 
it  continues  through  the  thick-walled  calcareous  bottom,  distally  to  which  the 
narrow  lumen  suddenly  expands  into  a  spacious,  asymmetrical  cavity,  furnished 
on  one  side  with  a  blind  sac-like  continuation  directed  proximally,  which  we 
may  term  the  proximal  recess.  All  the  zott'cia  are  on  the  whole  very  asymmetri- 
cal, which  may  be  seen  more  or  less  distinctly  in  all  the  different  structural 
features.  Thus  the  basal  recess  and  the  larger  of  the  two  opesiulai  are  situated 
on  the  same  side  of  the  zoa>cium,  towards  which  the  above-mentioned  inner 
ridge  inclines  and  the  semi-elliptical  boundary  ridge  has  also  a  more  or  less 
distinct  inclination  towards  that  side.  While  this  side  in  the  axial  zoa^cia  is  the 
right  or  the  left  alternately,  it  is  in  all  other  zoa^cia  the  one  facing  the  central 
line  of  the  colony. 

The  obli(iuely  ascending  distal  wall  (figs.  3  d,  3  c),  situated  rather  far  back 
and  bent  in  an  arch  from  side  to  side,  has  within  its  basal  nuirgin  a  series  of 
small  single-pored  rosette-plates,  and  according  as  the  zoa^cium  is  ilistally  con- 
nected with  one  or  three  others  its  distal  end  is  undivided  or  divided  into  three 
smaller  pore-chambers.  In  an  undivided  pore-chamber  I  have  found  <S—  9  rosette- 
plates. 

On  the  dry  colonies  examined  I  found  some  branches  ending  in  one  or  two 
long,  narrow,  somewhat  bent,  almost  cylindrical  internodes,  which  on  the  frontal 
side  a  little  above  the  proximal  end  had  a  pear-shaped  hole.  It  seems  natural 
to  suppose  that  all  the  terminal  zooecia  end  in  this  way,  and  it  is  possible  that 
their  function  is  similar  to  that  of  the  cylindrical   internodes  in   Chlidonia. 

The  ocEcia  are  borne  by  separate,  small  branches  (fig.  3  a),  which  may  spring 
partly  from  most  of  the  axiai  zooecia  and  partly  from  a  smaller  number  of  the 
lowest  zoa'cia  of  the  second  order.  They  are  situated  a  little  proximally  to  or 
on  a  level  with  the  semi-elliptical  ridge  half-way  towards  the  margin  of  the  zooc- 
cium,  and  in  the  successive  zooecia  alternately  on  the  right  and  the  left  side.  In 
each  of  these  branches,  which  have  an  arch-like  bending  and  stand  out  almost 
vertically  from  the  surface  of  the  colony,  we  may  besides  the  two  ocrcial  valves 
also  distinguish  between  a  gonozoa'cium  and  a  kenozoa^cium,  which  unites  the 
former  with  the  zoa^cium.  In  the  stalk-like  kenozooecium  (figs.  3  m,  3  n,  3  o), 
we  may  distinguish  between  a  longer  and  thicker,  calcified,  ovally  club-shaped 
central  part  and  two  shorter,  cylindrical,  somewhat  bent  terminal  parts  consisting 


204 

of  a  yellow  chilinoiis  mass,  of  which  the  proximal  one  serves  as  a  connection 
with  the  respective  zoa'cium  and  the  other  as  a  connection  with  the  gonozoa'ciiim. 
The  central  part  has  in  the  distal  half  of  its  less  strongly  arched  frontal  surface, 
which  is  turned  towards  the  colony,  rather  a  deep,  oval  cryptocyst  depression, 
which  is  in  its  proximal  part  perforated  by  a  round  hole,  and  in  its  inner  lumen 
we  may  distinguish  between  two  narrower  terminal  portions,  which  are  continued 
through  the  two  chitinized  terminal  pieces,  and  a  broader  central  portion,  divided 
into  two  spaces  by  the  somewhat  obli(iue  distal  wall,  the  basal  part  of  which 
has  three  single-pored  rosette-plates  (3o),  and  which  meets  the  gymnocyst  im- 
mediately on  the  distal  side  of  the  above-mentioned  pore.  In  the  possession  of 
an  oval  cryptocyst  depression,  perforated  by  a  pore,  the  kenozooecium  answers 
to  the  stem-joints  in  Clilulonia. 

Together  with  the  appertaining  oa'cium  the  gonozooecium  (3  a,  ;{  h,  3  c) 
forms  an  elongated,  rounded,  somewhat  compressed  body,  which  is  to  a  certain 
extent  like  a  bean  and  the  most  arched  part  of  which  is  turned  away  from  the 
colony.  The  larger  distal  and  more  rounded  half  of  this  body  is  represented  by 
the  oa^cium,  formed  by  two  arciied,  bilaniinar  valves  (3  h,  3  1),  the  free  margins 
of  which  meet  and  enclose  a  wide,  hollow  space.  If  these  two  valves  are  opened 
out  from  each  other  (3  h)  it  will  be  seen  that  they  cover  the  whole  of  the  distal 
cryptocyst-bearing  part  of  the  gonozoa-cium,  which  latter  dilTers  from  an  ordinary 
zoa'cium  in  several  respects.  While  the  zoa-cium  may  most  properly  be  called 
rather  flattened,  the  gonozooecium  is  despite  its  strongly  arched  gymnocyst  some- 
what compressed  and  seen  from  the  side  of  a  rounded,  triangular  outline  (3  a,  3  k), 
with  the  two,  somewhat  outcurved  sides  of  the  triangle  meeting  in  an  acute  angle 
pointing  towards  the  kenozorecium.  While  in  an  ordinary  zoa'cium  the  crypto- 
cyst-bearing part  forms  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  proximal  part  consisting  of  the 
gymnocyst,  this  angle  is  almost  a  right  angle  in  the  gonozooecium  (fig.  3  k).  The 
aperture  is  a  little  larger  than  in  an  ordinary  zocecium,  and  as  the  gonozocrcium 
seems  to  be  quite  symmetrical  the  two  opesiula^  (fig.  3  e)  are  almost  of  the  same 
size,  and  the  above  mentioned  glistening  stria  on  the  proximal  side  of  them  is 
not  inclined  towards  one  side.  The  principal  difference  is  however  the  ab.sence 
of  the  two  horns,  the  space  for  which  is  occupied  by  the  two  ocecial  valves.  If 
these  be  removed  a  lengthy,  oval  opening  is  found  on  either  side  in  the  margin 
of  the  gonozo<rcium,  and  the  margins  of  this  opening  are  continued  proximally 
and  distally  into  the  raised  line  surrounding  the  depressed  frontal  area.  The 
distal  pore-chamber  ends  in  a  small,  round  opening  surrounded  by  a  chitinized 
margin,  and  one  of  the  cylindrical  internodes  mentioned  on  an  earlier  occasion 
may  have  had  its  place  here. 


205 

An  ooecial  valve  (figs.  3  n,  3  h,  3  i,  3  k)  is  a  strongly  arched,  rather  Ihin- 
walled,  hilaminar  structure,  the  two  layers  of  which  are  joined  in  Ihe  entire  free 
margin  of  the  valve.  Its  outline  is  like  the  one  half  of  a  transversely  cut  hean, 
and  its  straightly  cut-off,  proximal  margin,  which  is  in  contact  with  the  corre- 
sponding margin  of  the  cryptocyst-bearing  surface  of  the  gonozooecium,  forms  on 
one  side  a  right  angle  (towards  the  colony)  and  on  the  other  side  an  obtuse 
angle  with  the  curved  line,  that  forms  the  further  delimitation  of  the  valve.  The 
two  valves  are  only  connected  with  the  gonozocecium  in  the  periphery  of  the 
two  elongated  openings  at  its  margin,  and  corresponding  with  the.se  is  a  .similar 
opening  in  Ihe  proximal  margin  of  each  valve.  This  connection  is  l)rought  about 
by  means  of  a  slightly  chitinized  portion,  which  permits  the  valves  to  bend  out- 
wards when  the  larvae  are  to  be  set  free  and  appears  on  either  side  as  a  trans- 
versely oval,  translucent  spot,  bounded  proximally  (towards  the  gonozooecium)  by 
a  slightly  curved  part  of  the  separating  ridge  of  the  cryptocyst  distally  lo  the 
lateral  pore-chamber  (fig.  3  k)  and  distally  by  a  curved  thickened  part  of  the 
ooecial  valve  (the  proximal  arch <),  which  sends  upwards  two  narrow,  curved 
bells,  originating  from  a  partial  fusion  of  the  two  layers  of  the  valve.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  valve  also  presents  a  chitinized  portion  proximally,  which  is 
bounded  distally  by  a  calcareous  thickening  connected  with  the  just  mentioned 
proximal  arch.  This  thickening  is  placed  lower,  so  that  on  examining  the  inner 
surface  of  the  valve  the  basal  arch  will  be  seen  projecting  above  it.  The  few 
younger  stages  (3  b,  3  k)  I  have  found  of  such  an  ocecium  show,  thai  the  two 
ooecial  valves  begin  as  two  small,  rounded,  widely  separated  plates,  situated  im- 
mediately above  the  elongated  openings  in  the  margin  of  the  gonozoa^cium,  and 
that  it  is  only  later  that  they  meet  at  their  margins  and  expand  over  the  entire 
periphery  of  the  cryptocyst-bearing  surface.  Such  a  very  young  stage  of  ooecium 
has  also  been  figured  by  Busk. 

It  still  remains  to  give  a  morphological  explanation  of  this  singular  form  of 
oeccium.  As  the  gonozooecium  has  no  horn-like  spines,  which  appear  in  all  the 
other  zorecia,  it  is  an  obvious  conclusion  that  the  two  hollow  oa-cial  valves  may 
have  arisen  by  a  transformation  of  these  spines,  and  in  my  preliminary  state- 
ment '  I  have  taken  this  view  of  the  matter.  However  the  conclusion  cannot  stand 
a  closer  examination.  Besides  the  distal  pore-chamber,  situated  in  the  side  of  the 
gonozoa'cium  turned  away  from  the  colony,  the  gonozoa-cium  has  further  two 
elongated  lateral  pore-chambers  (figs.  3  a,  3  k),  situated  immediately  on  the  proxi- 
mal   side    of  the    place  where    the  valves    are    attached,    and    the   two   elongated 

'  56,  p.   Ui. 


206 

oponings  in  the  margin  of  the  gonozoo'ciuni  lead  directly  into  the  two  pore- 
chanihers,  the  inner  wail  of  which  has  fi— 8  small,  single-pored  roselte-piales. 
As  a  spine  is  never  separated  from  the  appertaining  zooeciuni  hy  any  sophim 
furnished  with  rosette-plates,  such  heing  only  found  on  the  houndary  hetween 
two  bryozoids  (or  in  a  terminal  zoa-cium),  we  must  set  down  llie  two  on'cial  valves 
as  kenozo(rcia,  and  the  absence  of  the  two  spines  is  sufhciently  explained  by  the 
fact,  that  the  two  valves  leave  absolutely  no  room  for  them.  We  have  already 
on  a  former  occasion  called  atlcnlion  lo  the  fad  thai  a  zoa-cium  which  is  only 
connected  with  a  single  daughter-zoa-cium  has  only  a  single  pore-cliami)er  (3  c), 
and  that  the  number  of  pore-chambers  answers  to  the  num})er  of  daughler-zooe- 
cia.  The  gonozott'cium  with  its  oa'cium  will  accordingly  correspond  with  a  motlier- 
zooecium  bearing  two  daughter-zoa'cia  and  otherwise  as  we  shall  see  later  on, 
three  daughter-zooecia  only  occur  on  the  lowest  or  the  two  lowest  axial  zocecia 
of  the  colony  (3  a).  The  chitinous  connection  between  the  gonozo(i>cium  and 
its  two  valves  is  also  in  accordance  with  what  we  know  from  the  other  indi- 
viduals of  the  colony. 

The  colonies  form  fine  feathery  tufts  and  take  their  origin  from  a  system  of 
branched,  chitinous  tubes  covering  various  algse.  Besides  the  oo-cia-bearing 
branches  we  may  in  a  colony  distinguish  between  zooecia  of  first,  second  and 
third  order.  The  zoa?cia  of  the  first  order  or  the  axial  zooecia  form  a  slightly 
bent  zigzag  row,  and  in  every  zooecium  llie  broad,  cliitinizcd  piece  connecting  it 
with  the  distally  situated  zooecium  is  alternately  on  the  right  or  the  left  side  of 
the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  zoa'cium,  on  the  same  side  as  the  larger  opesiular 
opening.  On  the  other  side  is  the  much  narrower  connecting  belt  with  the  obli- 
quely, distally  directed  zooecia  of  the  second  order,  and  from  each  of  these  two 
rows  of  zooecia  of  the  third  order  may  issue.  In  each  row  there  may  be  from 
two  to  four  zocjecia.  The  axial  zoa-cia  are  longer  than  the  others,  tbc  semi-ellipti- 
cal ridge  more  angular,  the  two  opesiulae  of  less  unequal  size  and  the  two  horns 
less  i)ointed  and  bent  inwards  a  little.  The  principal  difference  in  the  zooecia  of 
the  second  order  and  those  of  the  third  order  is  that  the  two  horns  of  the  former 
are  bent  inwards  as  in  the  axial  zooecia.  The  lowest  axial  zodcium  has  most 
fre(piently  a  branch  on  either  side,  as  is  also  the  case  now  and  then  in  the  low- 
est but  one.  In  a  number  of  the  lower  axial  zofpcia  radical  fibres  proceed  from 
the  proximal   half  of  the  frontal  surface. 

Of  this  species  I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  large  number  of  dry  colonies 
from  South  Africa  (Miss  Jelly). 


207 


3rd  Subdivision:  Pseudostega. 

The  boundaries  of  the  separate  zowcia  are  not  shown  on  the  surface  of  the 
colony,  which  on  the  other  hand  is  divided  into  a  number  of  deepened  areas, 
the  number  but  not  the  extent  of  wliicii  corresponds  with  (he  separate  zoa>cia. 
No  pores  or  spines,  hidependent  aviciilaria  without  calcified  transverse  bar  be- 
tween the  opercular  and  the  subopercular  area.  The  ocrcia,  situated  in  the  distal 
part  of  each  zotrcium,  are  inner  spaces  in  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecia  and 
open  outwards  through  a  variously  shaped  opening. 

Family  Membranicellariidae  n.  f. 

The  zoa'cia  have  an  oval  aperture  surrounded  by  a  raised  rim  with  onlv  the 
distal  part  filled  by  a  membranous  opercular  valve. 

Membranicellaria  (n.  g.)  dubia  Busk. 

?  Melicerita  dubia  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,  1884, 

pag.  97,  PI.  XXXIII,  fig.   1(). 

(PI.  VII,  figs.  2  a— 2  e). 

The  surface  of  the  colony  is  divided  by  distinct  suture-like  separating  lines 
into  broad  depressed  areas  of  a  rhombic  or  hexagonally  rhombic  form  (the  two 
neighbouring  areas  sometimes  only  meeting  in  a  lateral  corner,  sometimes  in  a 
shorter  or  longer  edge)  and  in  the  greater  part  of  their  circumference  they  have 
a  more  or  less  distinctly  bounded,  rather  narrow,  thickened,  prominent  marginal 
part,  which  however  most  often  disappears  be^'ond  the  centre  of  the  two  proxi- 
mal separating  lines.  Each  area  has  a  large,  oval  aperture  in  the  centre,  the  dis- 
tal margin  of  which  is  very  slightly  curved,  and  with  the  exception  of  this  it  is 
encircled  by  a  pretty  broad,  projecting  marginal  portion.  The  entire  surface  of 
the  cryptocyst  is  closely  set  with  small  round  tubercles,  which  are  most  plentiful 
in  the  boundary  ridges  of  the  areas  and  in  the  marginal  portion  surrounding  the 
aperture,  and  are  arranged  in  more  or  less  regular  transverse  rows.  In  the  middle 
of  the  basal  part  of  the  distal  wall  a  large,  single-pored  rosette-plate  is  seen,  half 
surrounded  by  an  arch-shaped  collection  of  small,  single-pored  plates,  and  the 
distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  has  a  similar  group.  The  membrane  covering  the 
colony  presents  a  system  of  linear,  chitinous  thickenings  corresponding  with  the 
furrows  between  the  separate  areas,  and  a  similar  curved  chitinous  thickening 
separates  the  covering-membrane  from  the  free  margin  of  the  opercular  valve. 
The  largei'  opercular  valve  has  a  membranous  frontal  surface,  but  a  well  chiti- 
nized    and    strongly    developed   opercular   arch    and    lastly,    it  may   be   mentioned 


208 

that  the  membrane  covering  the  aperture  has  on  either  side  towards  the  centre 
a  parietal  muscle  attached  to  a  very  fine  sclerite.  Thai  llie  areas  mentioned, 
which  as  it  were  imitate  zod-cial  surfaces,  in  reality  are  hounded  by  quite  a 
superficial  system  of  furrows  and  ridges  is  easily  discovered  when  a  layer  of 
zooecia  is  isolated  and  the  zotvcial  basal  walls  are  removed  by  grinding.  Il  will 
then  a])pear  (2 1))  Ihat  the  elongated,  hexagonal  zoa-cia  are  considerably  longer 
and  in  the  greater  i)art  of  their  length  only  about  half  as  broad  as  the  areas. 
The  oval  opening  is  situated  in  the  distal  part  of  each  zo(i>cium  and  in  the  proxi- 
mal part  of  the  frontal  surface  of  each  zotrcium   three  or  four  areas  meet. 

The  ooecia,  which  have  been  overlooked  by  Busk,  have  been  found  in  a 
number  of  zoo'cia  in  the  fragment  examined.  Each  ooecium  is  situated  in  the 
proximal  part  of  a  zoa*ciuin  and  may  be  considered  as  a  part  of  its  cavity, 
which  has  obtained  a  distal  and  an  inner  wall  of  its  own.  Its  frontal  wall  is  a 
part  of  that  of  the  zooecium  and  this  is  also  the  case  with  (he  proximal  wall. 
The  frontal  wall  is  somewhat  arched  and  marked  by  three,  confluent  boundary 
lines  between  three  areas,  the  marginal  ridges  of  which  are  a  little  thickened  at 
this  place  and  have  large,  closely  placed  tubercles.  Immediately  on  the  distal  side 
of  the  opercular  valve  the  three-lobed  opening  of  the  oa?cium  appears.  My  mater- 
ial has  not  permitted  me  to  investigate  the  development  of  these  ooecia. 

Avicularia  were  not  found  in  the  fragment  examined;  but  according  to  the 
statement  of  Husk  they  occur  in  small  numlier  in  the  margin  of  the  colony, 
and  as  far  as  we  can  judge  from  his  figure  the  greater  part  of  the  subopercular 
area  is  uncalcified. 

Of  this  species  I  have  by  the  kindness  of  the  Director  of  the  British  Museum 
been  able  to  examine  a  small  fragment  of  the  original  specimen  of  Busk. 

To  this  family  I  must  refer  the  following  species  described  by  d'Orbigny' 
from  the  French  cretaceous  formation,  namely  £^sc/iara  Aces/e  (PI.  662),  E.  Achates 
(PI.  662),  E.  Acts  (PI.  662  &  676),  E.  Aega  (PI.  66;^,  E.  Amatct  (PI.  665),  E.  Ca- 
hipso  (PI.  669),  E.  Cijmodoce  (PI.  674),  E.  Dana-  (PI.  675),  Hiflustra  rhnmbnidalis 
(PI.  ()91),  B.  mccandrina  (PI.  (H)5),  B.  Elea  (PI.  678)  &  B.  echinata  (PI.  69.")).  In 
all  these  species  occurring  in  free  two-layered  colonies,  quadrangular  or  hexa- 
gonal rhombic  areas  are  found  arranged  in  transverse  rows,  with  a  larger  or 
smaller,  round  or  oval,  generally  central  aperture,  and  the  avicularia  are  as  in 
Menibranicellaria  dubid  usually  placed  in  the  margins  of  the  colony.  Of  the  just 
mentioned   species  I  have  myself  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  E.  Acis  &  E. 

'  86. 


209 

Danw,  in  which  there  is  a  similar  relation  hctween  areas  and  zocecia  as  in  M. 
(labia.  Ooecia  appear  to  he  found  only  in  B.  Elea  &  B.  eclunala,  and  they  are 
here  more  consjiicuous  on  the  surface  of  the  colony  than  in  M.  diibia.  In  the 
former  they  appear  to  have  a  trilohed  opening  like  the  one  found  in  Busk's 
species.  A  fossil  species,  which  may  also  with  certainty  be  referred  to  this  familj', 
is  Bifliistra  Prazaki  Novak'.  As  the  author  gives  not  only  a  transverse  section  of 
a  colony  hut  also  figures  the  basal  aspect  of  an  isolated  zoa'cial  layer  we  here 
see  a  distinct  contrast  between  the  broad,  rhombic  areas  and  the  long,  narrow, 
hexagonal  zocecia.  Until  a  closer  examination  has  settled  the  question  whetlier 
these  species  sliould  he  referred  to  one  or  to  several  genera  we  suggest  that  they 
be  all  referred  to  the  genus  MetubranicclUui<i. 

Family  Cellulariidae'  (non  Hincks). 
Cellariidae  Hincks. 
Salicornariadae  Busk. 
(I'ls.  VII  .>;:  VIII). 

The  whole  frontal  wall  of  the  zocecia  is  a  cryptocyst  and  they  have  a  well 
chitinized,  hilaminar,  simple  operculum  with  a  straiglit  or  concave  proximal 
margin.  Within  the  jjroximal  and  sometimes  also  within  the  distal  margin  of  the 
aperture  is  placed  a  pair  of  (or  sometimes  a  single  broad)  supj)orting  teeth. 

The  ou'cia  are  iiollow  spaces  in  the  thick  frontal  wall  and  arise  by  a  resorp- 
tion of  the  latter,  which  they  finally  break  through.  The  suhopercular  area  of 
the  avicularia  has  an  unusually  strongly  developed,  sometimes  almost  complete 
cryptocyst.  Tlie  colonies  are  most  frequently  jointed  with  cylindrical  internodes, 
more  seldom  two-layered  lamina'. 

The  depressed,  rhombic  or  hexagonal  areas  are  not  only  separated  by  the 
raised  borders,  in  which  the  more  or  less  sharply  ascending  lateral  parts  meet, 
but  also  by  the  distinct  furrows  which  run  along  the  middle  of  these  borders. 
The  aperture  sunounded  by  a  somewhat  projecting  margin  is  most  fretpiently 
situated  in  or  proximally  to  the  distal  third  of  the  area,  more  seldom  in  its 
centre,  and  it  is  most  often  furnished  with  a  more  or  less  convex,  more  rarely 
straiglit  j)roxinial  margin,  which  has  generally  sliort,  rounded,  conical,  more 
seldom  long  and  pointed  teeth  supporting  the  operculum.  In  a  few  cases  a  couple 
of  similar  teeth  are  also  found  in  the  distal  margin  of  the  aperture.  The  crypto- 
cyst is  more  or  less  tui)erculous  and  in  a  number  of  species  (for  instance  in 
Cell,  divaricala.    Cell,  diihid)  it    has  within    each    area    two    long,    curved,    elevated 


*  85,   p.   94,    T:if.   Ill,    fins.   '20—25.      '   As    to    tlic    use  of  the-   iuiiir-  C.cllulniiidae  sec-  83,    p.   577—78. 

U 


210 

ridges,  which  may  sometimes  meet  in  the  dislal  and  proximal  pari  of  Iho  area. 
The  operculum,  which  has  usually  a  jji-oximaj,  concave,  more  seldom  straight 
margin,  consists  of  an  outer  memhranous  pari,  continuous  with  the  covering- 
membrane,  and  an  inner  chitinized  part,  which  is  connected  with  the  cryptocyst 
and  must  be  regarded  as  an  uncalcilied  part  of  the  latter.  This  internal  layer, 
Avhich  may  have  a  variable  sculpture  and  to  the  free  margin  of  which  the  oper- 
cular arch  is  attached,  shows  in  the  species  with  the  short,  rounded  supporting- 
teeth  a  light,  rounded  spot  on  the  inner  surface  towards  each  corner,  which  is 
the  mark  left  by  one  of  the  teetli.  Wliile  the  operculum  is  thus  connected  proxi- 
mally  with  the  cryptocyst  and  covering-membrane  of  the  frontal  wall,  it  has 
moreover  a  peculiar,  suspensory  a|)paratus  on  each  side.  On  either  side  of  11 
namely  the  inner  surface  of  the  covering-membrane  is  furnished  with  a  curved, 
linear,  cliitinous  thickening,  a  short  lateral  branch  of  which  reaches  as  far  as  to 
the  con-esponding  corner  of  the  operculum,  joining  the  chitinous  layer  of  the 
latter.  The  two  distally  as  well  as  proximally  convergent  chitinous  thickenings 
are  separated  in  most  species,  but  in  Cell,  magnified  they  meet  distally  as  well 
as  proximally,  while  in  Cell,  allanlica  they  meet  only  proximally.  Lastly  by  a 
sj'slem  of  filiform  chitinous  thickenings  the  covering-membrane  is  divided  into 
a  number  of  areas  corresponding  to  those  of  the  cryptocyst,  and  Ihese  lliieken- 
ings  are  situated  in  the  separating  furrows  between  the  separate  areas,  l)eing  here 
firmly  connected  with  the  cryptocyst  below.  Husk  wrongly  supposes  this  fila- 
mentary net  to  be  hollow. 

The  ooecia  are  as  in  the  preceding  family  hollow  spaces  hidden  within  the 
surface  of  the  zooecia  and  opening  outwards  distally  to  the  zoircial  a|)erlure  at 
the  distal  end  of  an  area  but  in  the  proximal  end  of  the  zoa-cium.  Their  frontal 
wall  is  sometimes  a  little  projecting  sometimes  a  little  depressed,  and  the  outer 
opening  may  also  be  of  a  varying  form,  hi  most  cases  it  is  however  (ransver.sely 
oval  with  a  low  but  broad,  rounded  or  quadrangularly  rounded  j)rocess  in  the 
proximal  margin  (PI.  VII,  fig.  5  a,  PI.  VIII,  figs.  2  a,  1  a).  In  Cell,  /istiilosa  the 
openings  are  however  round  at  the  distal  end  of  a  joint.  The  opening  has  a 
bilaminar  operculum,  which  may  be  drawn  into  Ihe  ocecium  by  means  of  muscles. 
These  peculiar  ooecia  seem  to  arise  by  a  resorption  of  the  thick  fronlal  wall  of 
the  zooecia,  and  they  begin  with  the  formation  of  an  extremely  small  cavity 
(PI.  VII,  fig.  4  f,  PI.  VIII,  figs.  1  c,  2  b),  gradually  increasing  in  extent  and  ulti- 
mately opening  outwards  through  the  above-mentioned  opening  (PI.  VII,  fig.  4  a, 
PI.  VIII,  fig.  1  b),  which  is  also  formed  gradually,  Hie  initial  stage  of  it  being  a 
sma41  slit  or  pore.  By  means  of  a  number  of  longitudinal  grindings  we  maj'  find 
these   ooecial    spaces   in  dilTerent  degrees  of  development  and  when  they  have  at- 


211 

laiiied  a  certain  size  their  presence  is  already  sliowii  on  leganliiig  liie  IVoiital 
surface  of  tlie  respective  zooecia,  the  latter  then  lieing  half  transparent.  Pis.  VII 
and  VIII  show  dilTerent  stages  in  development  of  such  ooecla  in  Cell,  aiistralis. 
Cell.  ri<jiila  and   Cell,  atlantica. 

The  avicularia,  only  occurring  in  small  numbers,  vary  much  botli  in  size 
and  form,  and  the  largest  of  them,  the  dimensions  of  which  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  zocccia,  reach  right  to  the  axis  of  the  colonj',  while  this  is  not  the  case 
with  the  smaller  of  them,  the  latter  being  only  wedged  in  between  the  zooecia. 
Judging  from  the  figures  given  by  Busk  in  his  account  of  the  Bnjozon  of  the 
Challenger  Expedition  we  should  imagine  that  these  avicularia  had  constantly  a 
complete  subopercular  cryptocyst.  But  although  the  latter  may  be  unusually 
strongly  developed,  it  is  only  in  exce[)tional  cases  and  in  older  zooecia,  e.  g.  in 
Cell,  fistiilosa,  that  it  reaches  right  up  to  the  operculum.  As  a  rule  it  has  either 
one  median  or  two  symmetrical  incisions  dislally,  and  in  Cell.  iiKilviiiensi.s,  which 
is  in  fact  one  of  the  species  figured  by  Busk,  the  median  incision  is  separated 
from  the  opercular  area  by  a  tiny  cryplocj'st  arch,  which  unites  the  two  inner 
ends  of  the  suspensory  facets  of  the  mandible. 

The  very  peculiar  fact,  that  the  areas  perceptible  on  the  surface  of  the  colony 
are  by  no  means  ecpud  in  size  and  extent  to  the  zooecia,  has  hitherto  escajied 
notice,  and  Busk's  description  of  the  separate  superficial  divisions  as  »areas  is 
in  accordance  with  his  incorrect  conce[)tion  of  the  above  mentioned  liliform  chi- 
tinous  thickenings  as  a  system  of  hollow  lilamenls  shared  in  common  by  the 
whole  colony,  imbedded  in  and  effecting  the  growth  and  the  calcification  of  the 
separating  walls,  which  he  imagines  to  exist  between  the  separate  areas.  There 
can  however  be  no  doubt  that  Busk  thinks  every  area  to  correspond  with  a 
zoa'cium  (»Zoa^cia  completely  immersed,  each  corresponding  to  an  area  ').  That 
the  areas  and  the  zooecia  do  not  correspond  in  this  family  is  most  easily  seen 
on  isolating  a  single  zoo3cial  layer  of  Cell.  (ilUuitiai  and  grinding  away  the  basal 
wall  (fig.  2  c),  as  the  narrow  eloiigated  zocrcia  and  the  much  shorter  and  broader 
rhombic  areas  may  then  be  seen  at  the  same  time.  In  regarding  a  longitudinal 
grinding  it  will  also  be  very  obvious  that  the  orecia,  the  bottom  of  which  is  a 
part  of  the  separating  wall  between  two  zoircia  lying  in  the  same  longitudinal 
row,  open  in  the  distal  part  of  an  area  but  in  the  proximal  part  of  a  zocxcium 
(PI.  VIII,  figs.   1  a,   1  I),  PI.  VII,  fig.  4  f). 

We  may  now  by  means  of  longitudinal  and  transverse  sections  make  a  closer 
inspection    of  the  way    in  which    the   separate   zotrcia  are  mutually  connected  in 

'    8,   p.    83. 

14* 


212 

a  cylindrical  segment.  In  Iho  cavity  of  every  zooecium  we  may  distinguish  be- 
tween a  narrower  proximal  and  a  much  wider  distal  part,  curving  outwards  to 
the  surface  under  a  right  or  an  obtuse  angle  (Fl.  VII,  figs.  4  a,  4  f ,  PI.  VIII,  ligs. 
1  b,  1  c,  2  b).  While  the  distal  broader  part,  wliich  bears  the  aperture,  readies 
the  axis  of  the  colony,  the  case  is  dillerenl  with  Ihe  narrower  pari  whieli  only 
reaches  the  frontal  end  of  a  separating  wall,  that  separates  the  broad  ends  of 
two  zocpcia  for  a  short  distance,  but  these  two  zoo'cia  are  not  situated  in 
two  adjoining  longitudinal  rows,  but  in  two  longitudinal  rows  separated  by  a 
third.  The  narrow  proximal  part  of  a  zoacium,  which  has  a  triangular  trans- 
verse section  (PI.  VII,  figs.  4  b,  4  c)  and  is  closed  proximally  by  the  pari 
of  the  distal  wall,  which  is  furnished  with  rosette  plates,  does  not  join  the 
corresponding  part  of  another  zoa^cium  but  the  broad  part  of  the  zotrcia  in  the 
two  neighbouring  rows,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  multiporous,  in  these 
zocecia  inwardly  arched  rosette-plate.  Each  zorecium  has  thus  on  either  side 
two  multiporous  rosette-[)lates,  one  arching  inwards  in  the  broad  i)ait,  and  one 
arching  outwards  in  the  narrow  part.  As  a  transverse  section  shows,  the  broad 
part  of  a  zooecium  is  nearest  the  axis  separated  by  a  separating  wall  from  the 
broad  part  of  another  zooecium,  further  outwards  from  the  narrow  part  of  a 
neighbouring  zooecium,  and  nearest  the  frontal  side  from  the  ooecium  of  the  same 
zooecium.  A  longitudinal  section  of  a  joint  has  a  dilTerent  ai)pearance  according  to 
whether  it  is  cut  right  through  the  axis  or  beside  it,  as  in  the  latter  case  we 
may  see  not  only  the  cavities  of  the  two  zooecia,  which  have  been  mostly  aflected 
by  the  sections,  but  also  a  number  of  smaller  cavities  which  have  ari.sen  by  the 
intersection  of  the  stellate,  adjoining  separating  walls  and  lead  into  a  number  of 
intermediate  zo(ccia.  This  may  easily  be  seen  on  imagining  a  section  carried 
through  fig.  4  c  on  PI.  VII.  Time  has  not  permitted  me  to  enter  thoroughly  into 
the  classification  of  this  family.  It  may  however  be  reasonable  to  suppose  llial 
the  large  genus  Celliilaria  may  naturally  be  divided  into  several,  possibly  accord- 
ing to  ditTerences  partly  in  the  chitinous  ridges  surrounding  the  aperture  partly 
in  the  tooth-like  processes  of  the  latter.  A  generic  division  based  only  on  the 
difference  in  form  of  colony,  on  the  other  hand,  I  cannot  acknowledge  as  natural. 
Of  the  .species  described  in  the  work  of  d'Orbigny  mentioned  above  the 
following  may,  I  lliiuk,  be  referred  to  this  family:  Ksclutid  Biva  (PI.  (Jti.S),  E. 
Artemis  (PI.  667),  Escharinella  elcijdns  (PI.  ()8I5),  Esclutrella  Anjus  (PI.  666),  Escluiri- 
fora  rhomhoidalis  (PI.  684)  and  E.  crassu  (PI.  ()(S4),  of  which  the  three  last  named 
in  contrast  to  the  other  members  of  this  family  have  a  smaller  iunni)er  of  large 
pores  surrounded  by  a  raised  margin.  While  none  of  these  figures  show  any 
teeth   in   the  aperture,  the  latter  according  to  Waters  is  in  E.  Argus  furnished  with 


213 

two  distal  and  two  proximal  teeth  as  in  Cellnlarki  rigida  and  several  other  spe- 
cies. In  E.  rhomboidalis  and  E.  eletjans  the  structure  of  the  ooecia  seems  to  be 
similar  to  that  in  Celliilaria. 

Suborder  Ascophora. 

A  compensation-sac  occurs,  which  most  often  opens  out  immediately  on  the 
proximal  side  of  the  operculum,  more  rarely  further  hack  through  a  median  pore 
(an  ascopore).  The  operculum  is  generally  a  compound  one  more  or  less  strongly 
chitinized,  consisting  of  a  distal  valvular  part  bounded  by  the  hinge-line  and 
opening  outwards,  and  of  a  proximal  part  opening  inwards,  which  may  be  looked 
upon  as  the  operculum  of  the  compensation-sac.  More  rarely  a  simple  operculum 
is  found  the  proximal  margin  of  which  coincides  with  the  hinge-line,  and  in 
that  case  the  compensation-sac  opens  out  through  a  median  pore.  The  hetero- 
zooecia  have  as  a  rule  a  calcified  transverse  bar  between  the  opercular  area  and 
the  subopercular  area. 

Family  Catenariidae '  nov.  nomen. 

Catenicellidae  auct. 

(Pis.  X-XIII,  IMs.  XX,  XXI,  XXIII). 

The  frontal  surface  consisting  of  a  gymnocyst  has  either  a  semi-circle  of 
larger  or  smaller   fenestra;  (most  often  5 — 7)  or  a  number  of  scattered,   larger  or 


'  111  our  of  Ihu  platos  (Pulypes,  PI.  l.'i)  ;icci)m|);iii\  iiif^  tliL'  fireat  work  on  Egypt  S  ;i  v  i  g  n  y  wlio  did 
not  siicct'cil  ill  describing  the  Brijozoa,  of  which  lie  lias  given  so  excellent  figures,  has  at  the  hottoin  of 
tlie  plate  designated  two  species  in  the  plate  luimbered  as  1  and  2,  as  »Catenaires"  and  as  lie  always 
ill  his  plates  designates  the  genera  with  a  Kiench  name  in  the  plural  form  very  similar  to  the 
Latin  generic  name  (,e.  g.  Kuphrosynes  :=  Euphrosi/nc,  I'olynocs  =  Polynoe,  Terehelles  =  Terehella. 
Gemellaries  =  Gemellaria,  Chlidonies  =  Chlidonia)  there  cannot  be  the  least  doubt  that  the  French 
name  »Catenaires'i  corresponds  to  a  Latin  generic  name  Catenaria.  Audouin,  who  has  given  iiaincs 
to  Savigny's  species,  without  regard  to  the  generic  name  given  bySavigny,  refers  the  two  spe- 
cies to  the  genus  Eiuralca  and  names  tlrc-m  E.  Conlci  and  E.  Lafontii.  To  this  genus  however,  they 
do  not  belong.  In  Manuel  d'Actinologie  p.  4(!'2  li  1  a  i  n  v  i  1 1  e  admits  that  Savigny  has  established 
a  genus  Ciilriuiriii,  but  without  justification  iinidilies  the  name  to  Catenicella,  and  to  this  genus  he 
refers  (kilciuiriK  Conlci,  the  name  of  which  he  changes  to  ('.,  Saingni/i.  The  definition  Blainville 
gives  of  the  genus  Catenicella  is  partly  made  from  Savigny's  figures  of  C.  Contei  partly  fnnii 
Ilipjiollioii  ilii'diirdfa  which  lie  thinks  is  jierhaps  identical  with  C.  Contei,  and  Blainville  ha,s  thus 
cuinpktely  misumlerstood  the  genus  to  which  bis  name  has  ever  since  been  associated.  D'Orbigny 
has  laUr  iiislitiiled  a  genus  Catenaria  in  which  he  placed  C.  Lufonli.  I  propose  to  keep  the  genus 
Cdlrniiriii  Sa\igiiy  with  the  type-species  f.'.  Contei,  but  whether  .Savigny's  name  is  acknowledged 
or  not,  H  1  a  i  11  V  i  I  1  e'  s  name  cannot  in  any  case  be  maintained.  If  Savigny  is  acknowledged  as  author 
of  the  genus  Ciiteniiria  then  the  name  Catenicella  is  only  a  synonym  and  if  not,  it  is  in  my  opinion 
absolutely  contrary  to  good  sense  that  iJ  I  a  i  n  v  i  1 1  e  '  s  name  should  be  associated  with  a  genus  which 
lie  lias  not  only  completely  misunderstood  but  of  which  be  has  not  seen  any  species.  In  that  case 
the  genus  must  be  named  Vittaticella  Maplestoue, 


214 

smaller,  sonielimes  extremely  smiill  nores.  A  ervptocvst  may  be  I'oimil  pailly  in 
the  shape  of  a  senii-cireiilai-  or  semi-elliptical  calcareous  lamina,  which  from  the 
proximal  margin  of  the  primary  aperture  extends  some  way  down  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  frontal  area,  partly  within  the  above  mentioned  fenestra'.  No  mar- 
i;inal  spines  but  sdmelinu-s  sluul.  aeropelalous,  adoral  spines  and  more  or  less 
developed  bilaminale  spines.  The  aperture  has  a  more  or  less  strongly  ehilinized 
comiiound  operculum,  and  the  distal  wall,  consisting  of  a  horizontal  basal  and 
an  obli(piely  asciMiding  frontal  part,  as  well  as  the  lateral  walls,  have  a  larger  or 
smaller  luimber  o!  small,  scattered,  single-pored  rosette-plates.  Tlie  znaria  are 
conneeled  with  a  nundier  of  lalcial  cliaiiihcrs.  uh)sI  often  keno/oo'cia,  fretpuMitly 
to  a  certain  extent  uncalcilied,  Ihe  ty])ical  nund)ei'  of  which  is  four  on  each  side. 
The  second  chand)er  (reckoned  from  the  distal  end  of  the  zo(vcium)  is  however 
in  a  greater  or  snuiUer  luuuber  of  /.oo>cia  develoited  into  an  aviciilnriniii.  The 
o<vci(t,  usually  situated  on  gonozocccia  of  nuire  or  less  ])ei'uliar  structure,  are 
endozo(vcial  and  nuiy  be  covered  either  by  ordinary  zoiecia  or  by  kenozoircia. 

The  free,  highly  branched  colonies  fui-nished  with  radical  libies,  the  zoiecia 
of  which  are  all  turned  in  the  same  direction,  are  jointed,  consisting  of  internodes 
which  may  contain  1 — ',\  zoa'cia.  Most  freijucnlly  internodes  with  one  and  inter- 
nodes with    two  zo(\'cia   appear   in   the  same  colony,    alternating   in   dilVerenl   ways. 

The  nmsl  peculiar  charactei-  in  this  very  natural  and  very  distinctly  delined 
family  is  the  presence  of  the  above  mentioned  lateral  chambers.  Waters' 
has  I'alK'd  the  one,  which  in  a  greatei-  or  smaller  number  of  zoo'cia  is  devel- 
oped into  an  axicularium,  the  avicularian  chamber*  and  the  two  contiguous 
ones  the  »supra-aYicularian«  and  the  inlVn-avieularian  chamber  .  while  he  calls 
the  proximal  one,  which  is  independent  of  Ihe  aviculariuiu,  the  jietlal  ehamher<^. 
However  the  name  of  avicularian  chamber  cannot  very  well  be  applied  as  a  spe- 
cial denomination  of  the  above  mentioned  chamber,  as  it  must  he  used  in  Ihe 
ordinary  sense  of  Ihe  word.  i.  e.  as  the  name  of  the  chandier  in  all  avicularia, 
nor  can  it  properly  be  applied  with  respect  to  the  zo(vcia  in  which  this  cluuuber 
is  not  develo])ed  into  an  avicularium.  For  this  reason  I  propose  to  call  these 
three  chambers  the  ^-scapular',  the  supra-scapular-  and  the  "infra-scapular* 
chambers.  Each  lateral  wall  of  a  zoo'cium  in  eonneclion  with  the  lateral  chambers 
mentioned  has  generally  two  separate  groups  of  roselte-jtlates,  a  distal  and  a 
proximal,  the  number  of  jilates  in  which  most  frequently  varies  between  10  and  4 
but  sometimes  may  be  only  one.  hi  the  genus  Hiiuhsivlld  the  proxinud  group  is 
wanting   and    the  distal  one  represented  by  1 — 2  rosette-plates,     hi  the  species  of 

'  107.  p    HX 


215 

tlie  genus  Clauijxnclld  the  inoxiinal  one  is  also  icprcsenk'd  by  a  single  rosette- 
plalc.  While  the  proximal  group  serves  as  a  conimunicalion  with  the  pedal 
chanihcr  llic  distal  group  serves  either  as  conimunicalion  with  the  sca[)ular 
chamber  only  as  in  Sciilirclla  plfifiioslonid,  Sr.  inlcrinedid,  Sr.  venlricosa,  Cal. 
niiir(/(iriltii('ii,  or  as  conimunicaliDn  with  Ihe  inlVa-scaiiular  ciiambei'  as  well,  e.  g. 
Sc.  (implwra,  Sc.  laiira,  Sc.  Wilsoiii  and  the  species  ol'  the  genus  (Idli-narid.  If  the 
scapular  chamber  is  developed  into  ;in  avicularium,  its  rool' or  distal  wall  (Pi.  XI. 
figs.  1  c,  3  b,  ;j  e,  4  b)  is  luiiiished  with  a  number  ol'  rosette-plates  forming  a 
communication  with  the  supra-scapular  chamber,  while  the  proximal  wall  fur- 
nished in  the  same  way  (IM.  XI,  figs.  1  e,  2  b,  .'{  a,  7  b)  makes  a  se|)tum  for  the 
infra-scapular  cluMuber,  which,  as  slated  above,  in  a  series  of  species  may  also 
be  in  direct  communication  with  the  zoo'cium.  If  on  the  other  hand  the  scapular 
chamber  has  not  attained  this  degree  of  (levelo|)inenl  it  will  coalesce  with  or  be 
only  incompletely  separated  from  the  adjacent  chambers.  While  as  a  rule  there 
will  be  no  difficulty  in  distinguishing  the  various  lateral  chambers  belonging  to 
the  solilaiy  zoci'cia  oi'  those  belonging  to  the  outer  (abzocccial)  sides  of  the  bi- 
zoo'cial  ailiculale  parts,  il  may  be  more  diflicult  to  identify  several  of  the  lateral 
chambers  belonging  to  the  inner  (adzocecial)  sides  of  the  two  zoo'cia  in  a  bi- 
zooecial  segment.  Moreover  these  two  zoa-cia  are  not  of  etpial  value,  as  we  must 
distinguish  between  a  motlier-zoo'cium  springing  fiom  the  pioxiinaily  situated 
segment,  and  a  daughter-zou-cium  without  communication  w'ith  the  segment  but 
issuing  from  the  mother-zod-cium. 

If  Ihe  adzoa'cial  side  of  the  daughter-zooecium  is  furnished  with  an  avicula- 
rium, its  three  distal  lateral  spaces  will  always  be  clearly  developed,  e.  g.  in 
Costicella  Imstata  (IM.  XX,  fig.  Mb),  Ptcmcella  alula  (PI.  XXI,  fig.  4a;,  Calenaria 
elefjans  (PI.  XXI,  fig.  2  a)  and  (>//.  j'oriiiosa  (PI.  XXI,  fig.  3  a),  whereas  its  j)edal 
lateral  chamber  (d.  IV;  is  usually  wanting.  It  is  however  pre.seiil  in  all  the  spec- 
ies of  the  genera  Coslicrlhi  and  (Mlenaria,  in  Slrojihijiord  lldivnji  as  well  as  in 
Sciilicelld  sdcciildld,  Husk  and  .Sc.  /'/•(V/iV/ri,  Waters'  which  two  species  may  be 
regarded  as  transitional  forms  between  the  genera  Sculicella  and  (jiteiidria.  Al- 
though the  daughter-zooecium  itself  has  lateral  chambers  it  still  takes  the 
same  place  in  relalion  to  the  mollur-zoo'cium  as  the  scapular  eliambcr  in  a 
solitary  zoa-cium,  being  in  communication  with  the  mother-zoo'cium  through  the 
group  of  rosette-plates  described  above  as  the  distal,  and  the  adzoiecial,  distal 
lateral  chamber  of  the  mother- zotrcium  which  communicates  with  the  daughter- 
zooecium   through  a  group  of  rosette-plates,  must  accordingly  be  explained  as  the 


'  115,  pi    1,  fig   1  a. 


216 

adzofrcial,  supra-scnpiilar  (m.  I)  laU-ral  clianiber  of  the  molher-zoa>ciiini.  This  is 
clearly  seen  e.  g.  in  Scnticclla  iiidciiUild  (PI.  XX,  fig.  5  b),  in  which  species  Ihis 
chamber  lies  opposite  the  corresponding  abzoa-cial,  supra-scapnlar  lateral  chamber, 
from  which  il  is  only  sej)arated  by  a  short  raised  line.  Although  the  daughter- 
zo(rcium,  as  said  before,  may  be  considered  the  adzooecial,  scapnlar  chamber  of 
the  mother-zod'cium,  and  we  cannot  for  this  reason  expect  to  find  an  avicularium 
on  the  adzon^cial  side  of  the  mother-zooecium,  the  species  of  the  genus  Pterovdla 
(PI.  XXI,  fig.  4  a)  make  an  exception  lo  the  rule,  a  small  adzooecial  avicularium 
being  always  jiresent.  The  adzooecial,  pedal  chamber  of  Ihe  mother-zoo-ciuni 
(m.  IV),  whicii  is  always  developed,  is  not  difficult  to  find,  and  il  then  only 
remains  to  determine  the  adzotrcial,  infra-scapular  chamber  of  tiie  molher-zofi'- 
cium  (m.  III).  We  have  seen  that  an  infra-scapular  chamber  is  only  independently 
developed  in  such  zoo-cia  as  are  furnished  with  an  avicularium  wilh  which  they 
communicate  through  the  proximal  wall  of  the  latter,  but  that  in  a  series  of  s[)e- 
cies  it  also  communicates  wilh  the  zoo-cium  itself  through  some  of  the  rosette- 
plates  in  the  distal  grouj).  In  accordance  wilh  our  conception  of  the  daughter- 
zooecium  as  being  the  scapular  chamber  of  Ihe  molher-zoa-cium,  we  must  consider 
the  only  lateral  chamber  that  we  have  not  yet  explained  as  the  adzoa^cial,  infra- 
scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zotrcium.  It  is  in  most  cases  a  very  small,  oval 
or  pear-shaped,  sometimes  almost  slit-like  space,  situated  almost  in  the  middle 
of  the  boundary  line  between  Ihe  two  zoo'cia  of  the  segment,  and  rarely  allain- 
ing  any  considerable  size.  Its  extent  is  largest  in  Strophiiuini  lldrrfiji  (PI.  XXI, 
fig.  (i  a),  in  which  besides  extending  a  little  into  the  dnugbler-zott'cium  il  also 
occuj)ies  half  Ihe  frontal  surface  of  the  molher-zoa-cium.  In  Sciilicclla  Wilsoni  it 
also  attains  a  considerable  size,  filling  as  il  does  the  greater  part  of  the  deep 
dej)ression  between  the  sternal  areas  of  the  molher-zocEcium  and  the  daughler- 
zooecium.  In  the  species  of  the  genus  CdleiKtria  this  boundary  chamber  has  like 
the  ordinary  infrascapular  chamber  a  doui)le  inner  communication  (through  ro- 
sette-plates), viz.  both  with  the  daughter-zou'cium  and  with  the  molher-zoa>cium, 
while  the  corresponding  chamber  in  Sciiticella  species  only  communicates  with 
Ihe  mother-zoopcium.  A  similar  dilTerence,  as  already  mentioned,  is  found  within 
the  genus  Scdticella,  all  Ihe  roselle-plates  of  the  distal  group  serving  in  .some 
species  as  a  communication  wilh  the  scapular  chamber,  while  in  others  some  of 
them  form  a  communication  wilh  Ihe  infrascapular  one.  ^^'itll  respect  lo  Ihe 
above  chamber  we  must  still  notice  that  il  generally  occurs  somewhat  incon- 
stantly within  the  genus,  in  Scuticelht  mdrtjdrildcea  for  instance  it  is  absent,  while 
it  is  present  in  the  form  described  in  Ihis  work  under  the  name  of  <SV.  mar- 
(jaritaced,  var.  connedens  (PI.  XX,    fig.  3  b),   but  which   perhaps  ought  to  be  con- 


217 

sidered  a  separate,  though  very  closely  allied  species,  hi  the  genus  Catenaria  it 
seems  to  be  constant. 

We  have  already  observed  (pag.  215),  that  a  more  or  less  complete  coales- 
cence of  the  three  distal  lateral  chambers  into  a  single,  wholly  or  partly  mem- 
branous chamber  takes  place  in  all  the  cases  in  which  an  avicularium  has  not 
been  developed.  Hut  in  addition,  the  adzooecial,  pedal  chamber  of  the  daughter- 
zoa'cium  may  fuse  with  the  adzoa'cial,  infra-scapular  chamber  of  the  mother- 
zoa'cium  in  the  bizoa'cial  segment  in  several  Catenaria  species,  e.  g.  in  Cat.  Biiski 
and  Cat.  fii.sca. 

As  Mac  Ciillivray  in  the  genus  Sciilicclld  speaks  of  an  cpithecas  which  is 
generally  understood  to  be  a  membranous  covering  over  a  cryptocyst,  I  must  ex- 
pressly emphasize,  that  in  this  family  a  cryptocyst  only  occurs  in  the  form  either 
of  the  above  mentioned,  inner  calcareous  lamina  or  as  an  incomplete  fdling  of 
the  fenestrse  of  the  sternal  area.  In  a  series  of  forms  a  large  part  of  the  surface 
of  the  zooccium  is  indeed  covered  by  a  membrane;  but  in  these  cases  it  is  the 
uncalcified  external  wall  of  the  peculiar  lateral  chambers,  which  may  in  some 
cases  cover  the  whole  of  the  zocrcial  surface,  and  it  might  be  as  justifiable  to 
call  the  membranous  frontal  wall  in  a  Fliistra  an  epitheca  in  relation  to  the 
calcified  basal  surface.  In  ail  other  cases  a  membrane  is  completely  absent  on 
the  calcified  surface  of  the  zod'cium.  These  lateral  chambers  attain  their  greatest 
extent  in  Struj)hiiiura  Ihuvciji  (PI.  XXI,  ligs.  (5  a — 6  f),  in  which  they  cover  nearly 
the  entire  surface  of  the  zoa'cium  and  are  only  separated  by  narrow  calcareous 
ridges.  They  also  reach  a  considerable  development  in  Sciiticella  Wilsoni  (PI.  XI, 
figs.  2  a— 2  c,  PI.  XX,  ligs.  2  a— 2  b)  in  Sc.  amphora  (PI.  XI,  figs.  3  a— 3  c),  Sc. 
iirniila  (PI.  XX,  figs.  1  a — 1  c,  PI.  XI,  figs.  4  a  — 4  b),  Calpidiiiin  ornalam  (PI.  XX, 
figs.  11  a — 11  f)  and  Cat.  ponderosiim  (PI.  XXI,  figs.  5  a — 5  f),  in  which  species 
they  chiefly  cover  the  greater  part  or  the  whole  of  the  basal  surface.  In  Sc. 
Wilsoni  (PI.  XI,  figs.  2  a— 2  c,  PI.  XX,  figs.  2  a  2  b)  the  greater  part  of  the  frontal 
surface  is  formed  by  the  infr^-scapular  lateral  chambers  and  the  entire  basal 
surface  by  the  supra-scapular  and  the  pedal,  while  the  greater  part  of  the  basal 
surface  in  Sc.  amphora  (PI.  XI,  figs.  3  a  — .'5  b)  is  formed  by  the  supra-scapular  and 
the  pedal  and  in  .Sc.  urniila  (PI.  XI,  figs.  4  a — 4  b)  by  the  supra-scapular,  the 
infra-scapular  and  the  pedal  chambers. 

Finally,  it  must  still  be  remarked  that  the  gonozooecia  as  well  as  the  keno- 
zooecia  covering  the  oa'cia  may  have  lateral  chambers  in  varying  number  and 
developed  to  a  varying  extent,  and  on  the  whole  these  chambers  must  be  said 
to  be  of  great  systematic  importance. 

While    in    a    smaller    number  of  the   species  of   this    family  a  distinct  sinus  is 


'218 

found  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  aperture,  e.  g.  in  Hincksielhi  pnlchella  (PI.  XII, 
fig.  9  a),  Sculicellu  maryarildced  (PI.  XX,  iigs.  3  a  — ;}1),  Sc.  nentricasa,  var.,  Crihri- 
celln  riifd  (PI.  XII,  figs.  7  e,  7  f),  the  species  of  the  genus  Calj)idiiim  (PI.  XX,  fig. 
11a)  etc.,  a  much  larger  lunnher  show  more  or  less  distinclly,  llial  such  a  sinus, 
which  I  propose  to  call  the  ^sternal  sinus<,  must  have  heen  present  al  an  earlici- 
stage  hut  has  later  on  become  wholly  or  partly  filled  by  outgrowths  from  llie 
margins  of  this  sinus.  It  seems  in  fact  that  the  species  of  the  genus  Calciutriii 
and  Slrophipora  Hnrveiii  are  the  only  ones  that  show  no  traces  of  such  a  sternal 
sinus,  while  the  most  indislincl  traces  arc  found  in  the  genus  Sculicellu,  most 
species  of  which  show  a  short  sutural  line  in  the  middle  of  the  proximal  margin 
of  the  aperture  (PI.  XX,  figs.  4  a,  5  a,  5  b),  arisen  by  a  concrescence  of  two  short 
ribs  which  have  filled  the  sinus,  a  very  small  remnant  of  the  latter  being  gener- 
ally seen  in  the  form  of  a  little  perforation  behind  the  suture.  If  Ibe  two  ribs 
are  somewhat  projecting,  the  original  extent  of  the  sternal  sinus  is  clearly  seen, 
as  e.  g.  in  Scnlicella  Wilsoni  (PI.  XX,  fig.  2  a).  The  vestige  of  this  sinus  is  much 
more  distinct  in  Sc.  iinuila  (PI.  XX,  fig.  1  a)  and  Pterocclla  alaUi  (PI.  XX,  fig.  4  a), 
in  whicli  it  is  filled  by  two  larger  distal  and  two  or  three  smaller,  almost  tu- 
bercle-like proximal  ribs.  While  the  sinus  in  the  Cdlpitliiiiu  species  (PI.  XX,  fig. 
11a)  is  filled  by  the  proximal  part  of  the  compound  oi)erculum,  so  also  in  Clavi- 
porclla  (PI.  XII,  figs.  3  a— ;ib,  PI.  XX,  figs.  10  a— 10  b)  the  proximal  part  of  the 
operculum  takes  pari  in  Idling  it,  but  at  the  same  time  the  proximal  part  of  the 
very  deep,  j)rimary  sternal  sinus  is  cut  olT,  in  the  shape  of  an  oval  or  slit-like 
opening,  from  the  part  filled  by  the  opercular  tongue  by  two  ribs  meeting  in  a 
sutural  line,  which  in  CI.  aiirila  show  a  distinct  internal  hollow.  In  the  genus 
Cuslicdla  the  sternal  sinus  not  only  attains  its  maximum  size,  but  the  ribs  filling 
it  appear  in  larger  numlicr,  separated  by  transverse  fissures  and  showing  a  dis- 
tincl  internal  hollow,  which  is  but  rarely  seen  in  the  short  rudimentary  ribs, 
found  in  the  majority  of  the  species  of  this  family.  Thus  in  Scnlicella  Sdcciilala 
(PI.  XII,  fig.  2  a)  a  distinct  internal  hollow  is  found  in  the  two  lateral  ribs. 

To  understand  the  structure  of  the  ribs  or  spines,  which  wholly  or  partly 
fill  the  sternal  sinus,  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  above  mentioned,  inteinal, 
rounded  calcareous  lamina,  which  may  I  think  justifiably  be  defined  as  a  cry|)to- 
cyst  lamina  although  it  is  covered  by  a  gymnocyst,  starts  from  the  proxinuil 
margin  of  the  primary  aperture  at  a  time  when  this  has  not  yet  become  calci- 
fied, and  as  the  sternal  sinus  forms  indeed  a  larger  or  smaller  pail  of  this  margin, 
this  cryptocyst  lamina  must  consequently  in  a  greater  or  smaller  extent  be  said 
lo  sj)ring  from  the  margin  of  the  sinus.  In  this  way  it  sj)rings  wholly  or  partly 
from    the   sternal    sinus   in    the   species   of  the   genus   Coslicella,  while    this   sinus 


219 

only  to  a  slight  extent  takes  part  in  its  I'oiniation  in  most  species  of  the  genus 
Sciiticell<i.  When  the  cryptocyst  lamina  expands  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  frontal 
wall  the  rihs  grow  at  the  same  time  from  the  hilaminar,  uncalcified  marginal 
portion,  in  which  the  cryptocyst  and  the  gynuiocyst  meet,  and  they  must  there- 
fore themselves  be  considered  ])ilaminar,  although  the  two  layers  in  most  cases 
will  he  coalesced  into  one  solid  rib.  In  some  cases  e.  g.  in  Scuticelln  maryaritacea, 
var.  conneclens  (PI.  XX,  figs.  3  b,  3  c)  these  spines,  between  which  there  is  left  a 
part  of  the  original  sinus,  remain  uncalcified  at  the  end,  and  this  may  be  seen 
most  plainly  in  the  gonozooeciuni. 

While  the  a})ove  mentioned  cryptocyst  lamina  is  originally  only  continuous 
with  the  margin  of  the  primary  aperture  and  is  otherwise  free  (PI.  XI,  fig.  1  n  cpl.), 
it  gradually  with  growth  coalesces  with  the  inner  surface  of  the  frontal  wall  to 
a  varying  extent  and  in  diiTerent  ways;  it  is  for  instance  distinctly  seen  in  Costi- 
celld  lidsldla  (PI.  XII,  figs.  1  a--l  d.  see  explanation  of  plates)  that  the  hollow  in 
the  quadrangular,  plate-like  spines  rising  from  the  sternal  sinus,  is  continued 
bej'ond  their  starling  point  uj)  to  the  round  fenestrsc  in  the  .sternal  area.  The 
fact  is  that  the  regions,  separating  these  hollow  spaces  from  each  other,  are 
formed  by  a  fusion  or  soldering  of  the  cryptocyst  lamina  with  the  inner  surface 
of  the  gymnocyst. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  species  (Cnlindiiim  ornatiim,  Piemcella  (jemelki) 
in  which  every  internode  consists  of  two  or  three  zooecia,  we  find  in  the  others 
internodes  with  one  and  internodes  with  two  zorecia  alternating  more  or  less 
regularly  with  each  other,  but  we  may  in  this  respect  distinguish  between  two 
cases,  which  do  not  however  show  any  important  differences,  as  both  may  appear 
within  the  same  genus.  In  one  case  a  bizocrcial  internode  always  takes  its  origin 
from  a  unizoa^cial  one,  while  here  and  there  a  series  of  successive  single  zonccia 
may  spring  from  the  daughter-zoa^cium  of  a  bizooecial  joint.  This  is  the  case 
e.  g.  in  SciiticcUa  j)hi(jlstnnut,  Sc.  intermedin,  Sc.  loiica,  Sc.  Wilsani,  Sc.  amphora, 
Sc.  iiKiciildla,  Cribricclla  riifa,Crib.  crihraria,  Cateiuiria  pcrj'ornla.  Cat.  elegans  and 
Cat.  formosa.  In  the  other  case  one  bizooecial  segment  may  on  the  contrary  often 
follow  another,  which  may  be  repeated  at  least  three  times,  while  at  the  same 
time  an  alternation  of  uni-  and  bizooecial  internodes  may  be  seen  in  the  neighbour- 
ing branches.  This  may  be  seen  in  Scnticella  ventricosa,  Sc.  margaritacca,  Ptero- 
cella  alata,  CUwiporelln  gemiimta,  Catenaria  Buski,  Cat.  fiisca.  Cat.  taiiriiia  and 
Stropliipora  Harueyi. 


2 'in 


Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  The  inner  surface  of  the  frontal  wall  with  a  rounded  cryplocyst 
lamina  (issuing  from  the  proximal  margin  of  the  primary  aperture), 
the  free  margin  of  which  is  most  often  dislinctly  visihle  through  the 
frontal  surface,  esjjecially  through  its  fenestrie: 

2)  The  hinge-teeth  slightly  developed  and  indistinct: 

3)  The  frontal  surface  with  numerous,  scattered  pores;  llu'  inner 
calcareous    lamina    short    and   broad  and  only  seen  distinctly  from   the 

inner  surface  of  the  frontal  wall Cribricella  n.  g. 

3)  The  frontal  surface  with  from  three  to  twenty  odd  (more  rarely 
only  a  single)  larger  or  smaller  fenestra'  or  pores  disposed  in  a  con- 
tinuous curve  or  in  an  angle;  sometimes  within  the  area  bounded  bj' 
the  fenestrje  transverse  fissures  more  or  less  regularly  arranged  in  j)airs; 
the  free  margin  of  the  internal  calcareous  lamina  generallj'  clearly  vis- 
ible through  the  fenestrse. 

4)  Within  tlie  area  bounded  by  the  fenestrse  a  larger  or  smaller 
number  of  transverse  fissures  separating  more  or  less  developed,  gener- 
ally hollow  spines. 

The  lateral  chambers  wholly  or  almost  wholly  calcified;  the  ad- 
zooecial,  scapular  chanii)er  of  the  daughter-zooeciuni  developed  into  an 
avicularium Costicella  n.  g. 

4)  No  transverse  fissures  found  within  the  fenestrse;  at  most  2 — 5 
rudimentary  spines  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  aperture;  lateral  cham- 
bers mostly  membranous:  the  scapular  chamber  on  the  adzoa'cial  side  of 

the  daughter-zocecium  not  developed   into  an  avicularium Scuticellu  n.  g. 

2)  Strongly  developed  hinge-teeth  in  the  shajjc  of  robust,  conical 
or  cylindrical  processes,  generally  freely  projecting  within  the  aperture: 

5)  The  zooecia  with  2 — 4  cylindrical,  acropclal  sj)ines  distally,  and 
a  rudimentary  circular  pedal  chaml)er  proximally;  the  aperture  with  a 

deep,  rounded  sinus Claviporella  Mac  Gillivray. 

5)  No  cylindrical  acropetal  spines: 

6)  The  aperture,  not  surrounded  by  a  protruding  margin;  the  four 
lateral  chambers  forming  on  each  side  a  continuous,  wing-like  mar- 
ginal portion  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zoaxium;    the  adzcxrcial  side 

of  the  mother-zooecium  with  an   avicularium Ptcrncellii  n.  g. 

6)  The  aperture  surrounded  by  an  acutely  protruding  sometimes 
bilobate    margin;    the    lateral  chambers  forming  no  wing-like  marginal 


221 

portion   (the    adzooecial    si(U'   of    Hie    mother-zooecium  witliout    an    avi- 

cularium) Calpidiiim  Busk. 

1)  No  inner  calcareous  lamina  within  the  frontal  wall: 

7)  The  lateral  chambers  occupying  only  a  small  part  of  the  surface 
of  the  zooecium;  no  longitudinal  ridges  dividing  the  frontal  surface  of 
the  zott'cium  into  two  lateral  halves: 

8)  The  frontal  surface  with  a  circle  of  small  round  fenestra,  and 
the  zou'cium  with  a  wing-like,  protruding  marginal  portion  on  each  side 
in  the  whole  of  its  length;  this  marginal  portion  formed  only  by  the 
supra-scapular  and  the  scapular  chambers,  the  latter  of  which  is  devel- 
oped into  an  avicularium;  hinge-teeth  slightly  developed  and  not 
protruding  into  the  aperture;  the  latter  furnished  with  a  well  devel- 
oped sinus Hincksiella  n.  g. 

8)  The  frontal  surface  furnished  at  most  with  extremely  fine,  scat- 
tered pores;  no  wing-like  marginal  expansions;  the  pedal  lateral  cham- 
ber very  oblong,  narrow,  sometimes  linear;  hinge-teeth  strongly  devel- 
oped, freely  protruding  into  the  opening;  the  latter  has  a  concave 
proximal  somewhat  protruding  margin;  the  aperture  is  ultimately 
closed    by    three   calcareous    processes    issuing    from    the    inner   margin 

and  meeting  in  the  centre   Catenaria  Savigny. 

(Vittaticella  Maplest.). 

7)  The  lateral  chambers  occupying  nearly  the  entire  surface  of  the 
zooecium  and  on  the  frontal  surface  only  separated  by  a  narrow, 
longitudinal  ridge,  divided  into  two  by  a  furrow;  this  ridge  has  an 
annular  expansion,  perforated  by  a  pore,  on  the  proximal  side  of  the 
aperture Strophipora  Mac  Gillivraj'. 

Scuticella  n.  g 
,     ((^alenicella  auct.) 

The  sternal  area  has  3 — 14  (in  a  single  species  only  one)  fencstroe  or  pores, 
disposed  in  a  curve  or  an  angle,  and  on  its  inner  surface  a  rounded  calcareous 
lamina  springing  from  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  The  hinge-teeth  are 
rudimentary  or  indistinct  and  never  freely  protruding  into  the  aperture,  the 
proximal  margin  of  which  may  be  straight,  concave  or  convex,  sometimes  with 
a  small  sinus  or  indentation,  to  which  however  the  operculum  never  corresponds. 
The  lateral  chambers  are  wholly  or  mostly  membranous,  and  the  adzoo'cial,  sca- 
l)ular  chamber  of  the  daughter-zocEcium  is  never  developed  into  an  aiucalariurn. 
In   the  old  zoa-cia  the  aperture  is  not  only  closed  by  a  calcareous  lamina  spring- 


222 

ing    from  ils  inner  margin,    l)ul  a  calcareous  expansion  is  also  formed  under  the 
sternal  area,  which  joins  the  calcareous  lamina  that  closes  the  aperture. 

Of  the  numerous  species  of  this  genus  we  shall  here  only  descrihe  a  few, 
making  one  of  them,  Sciilicella  phiyioslonui,  the  ohject  of  a  more  detailed  de- 
scription. 

Scuticella  plagiostoma  Busk. 

Catenicella  plagiostoma    Busk,   Voyage   of   Rattlesnake,   pag.  358,    Catalogue 

of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  pag.  8,  PI.  V,  figs.   1,  2. 

(PI.  \I,  rigs.  1  :i-l  I)). 

The  asymmetrical,  angularly  oval  zooecia  have  an  ohlicpie  aperture,  the  length 
of  which  is  ahout  one-third  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zoa'cium  and  its  anter 
is  almost  semi-elliptical.  From  the  two  indistinct  hinge-teeth  the  lateral  margins 
hend  outwards,  converging  again  proximally,  and  the  aperture  is  hy  this  means 
provided  with  a  short  proximal  expansion,  which  has  a  slightly  convex  margin 
forming  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  one  and  an  acute  angle  with  the  other  lateral 
margin  of  the  aperture.  The  slightly  chitinized  operculum,  surrounded  by  a 
more  chitinized  marginal  portion,  does  not  fill  the  lateral  parts  of  the  proximal 
expansion  of  the  aperture  and  somewhat  decreases  in  breadth  from  the  hinge-line 
towards  the  j)roximal  end. 

The  sternal  area,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  frontal  surface,  has  5 
large,  generally  pear-shaped  fenestra-  covered  by  a  membrane.  They  are  separated 
by  narrow  ribs,  which  meet  in  the  centre  of  the  zocecium  in  an  oblong  sternal 
portion.  This  often  shows  more  or  less  distinct  sulural  lines  as  sign  of  the  fusion 
and  such  a  faint  sulural  line,  ending  in  a  fine  pore,  is  seen  almost  vertically  on 
the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  and  a  little  closer  to  the  acute-angled  corner. 
It  is  due  to  the  fusion  of  the  two  extremely  small  ribs,  that  fill  the  extremely 
small  sternal  sinus.  Inside  the  inner  half  of  the  fenestra;  we  find  the  marginal 
portion  of  the  oblique,  semi-elliptical,  cryplocyst  lamina,  which  springs  from  the 
proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  and  originally  hangs  freely  down  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  sternal  area  (fig.  1  n,  c.  pi.).  In  lime  however  it  coalesces  partly 
with  the  sternal  jibs  and  partly  with  that  cryptocyst,  which  gradually  closes  the 
outer  part  of  the  fenestra-.  The  distal  wall  (fig.  1  n,  dw.)  is  composed  of  a  basal, 
horizontal  and  a  frontal,  obliquely  ascending  part,  of  which  the  former  is  pro- 
vided with  numerous  (up  to  60)  small,  uniporous  rosetle-plales,  disposed  in  a 
horseshoe-shaped  group  with  the  opening  towards  the  frontal  side  of  the  zocrcium. 
The  ascending  part  is  distinctly  visible  through  the  operculum  at  the  distal  end 
of  the  aperture. 


223 

Each  lateral  wall  is  divided  into  two  planes,  bent  towards  each  other  at  an 
angle  (figs.,  1  f,  1  g),  and,  excepting  the  one  that  separates  the  niother-zooecium 
from  the  daughter-zocccinm  in  the  bizooccial  segment  and  which  has  in  its  proxi- 
mal part  more  than  30  uniporous  rosette-plates,  each  of  these  planes  has  to- 
wards its  centre  a  small  group  of  4 — 10  rosette-plates.  Through  the  proximal  of 
these  groups  the  zooecium  directly  communicates  with  the  pedal  chamber,  and 
through  the  distal  one  either  with  the  scapular  chamber  only  or  with  the  infra- 
scapular  one  as  well,  which  is  in  many  cases  either  not  at  all  or  only  incom- 
pletely separated  from  the  former.  The  scapular  chamber  is  generally  developed 
as  an  aviculaiium  on  both  sides  of  the  zoceciuni  succeeding  the  mother-zoojcium 
of  the  bizod'cial  segment  (fig.  1  a),  and  on  the  external  side  of  the  solitary  zooe- 
cium or  zo(x;cia  springing  from  the  daughter-zooecium  of  the  same  .segment.  If  a 
series  of  (up  to  4)  zoa^cia  starts  from  the  latter,  one  or  several  of  them  is  often 
provided  with  avicularia  on  either  side;  but  only  in  very  rare  cases  do  we  find 
an  avicularium  on  a  bizooecial  segment.  The  two  avicularia  occurring  on  the 
same  zoa'cium  are  generally  of  different  size.  This  difference  is  however  largest 
in  the  zocrciimi  springing  from  the  mother-zod'cium  of  the  bizoa'cial  segment, 
as  the  avicularium  situated  on  the  same  side  as  the  acute-angled  corner  of  the 
opening  may  be  three  times  the  length  of  the  other.  The  avicularia,  the  ojier- 
cular  area  of  which  has  a  strongly  developed  cryptocyst,  have  an  angularly 
rounded  roof,  rising  outwards  into  a  more  or  less  steeply  ascending,  rounded  and 
pointed  terminal  part  which  in  the  large  avicularium  is  very  long  and  proxi- 
mally  to  the  distal  point  is  furnished  with  a  short  hook.  The  roof  of  each  avi- 
cularian  chamber  is  provided  with  4 — 10  rosette-plates,  which  serve  for  commun- 
ication between  the  avicularium  and  the  supra-scapular  chamber.  The  latter 
has  only  meml)ranous  outer  walls,  formed  bj'  two  outwardly  ascending  mem- 
branes, which  meet  at  an  acute  angle  and  are  separated  from  the  avicularium 
only  by  a  low,  arch-shaped  calcareous  ridge  on  each  side.  The  large  avicularium, 
of  the  length  of  the  zoa^ciuni,  has  its  aperture  turned  obliiiuely  towards  the 
frontal  surface  of  the  colony,  while  the  aperture  of  the  small  avicularium  is 
turned  in  the  opposite  direction.  While  the  large  avicularium  takes  up  the  entire 
distal  plane  the  snuill  one  occupies  only  the  distal  half  of  the  latter,  but  in  such 
a  way  thai  all  the  rosette-plates  are  situated  within  its  margin,  whereas  the 
proximal  wall  of  the  avicularium  forming  the  boundary  towards  the  infra-scapular 
chamber  has  4 — (5  rosette-plates  (fig.  1  d).  Ajjart  from  the  low,  ridge-like  calcareous 
walls,  which  partly  surround  and  i)artly  separate  them  from  each  other,  the 
infra-scapular  as  well  as  the  pedal  chamber  are  only  covered  by  a  membrane. 
But   while    the    infra-scapular   chamber   corresponding   to    the   small    avicularium 


224 

is  situated  immediately  on  Ihe  proximal  side  of  tlie  latter,  the  one  corresponding 
to  the  large  avicularium  is  placed  basally  to  its  proximal  part  (fig.  J  h),  and  a 
similar  tiiougli  not  always  as  obvious  a  displacement  ol'  liiis  lateral  chamber  may 
also  be  seen  in  a  greater  or  smaller  number  of  the  single  zooecia,  which  may 
follow  the  daughter-zocvcium  of  the  bizoa'cial  segment.  With  exception  of  the 
above  mentioned  case  the  scapular  clramber  of  the  other  zoa-cia  is  generally 
more  or  less  incompletely  calcified,  and  the  calcareous  walls,  separating  the  com- 
l)lete  avicularium  from  the  supra-scapular  and  tlie  infra-scapular  chambers,  are 
either  altogether  wanting  or  but  incompletely  developed.  This  cliamber  is  gener- 
ally least  developed  on  the  inner  side  of  the  zoa'cium  (fig.  1  g)  immediately  suc- 
ceeding the  often  mentioned  daughter-zowcium.  It  is  here  mostly  membranous 
and  ditfers  from  the  pedal  chamber  in  one  thing  only,  viz.  that  the  surrounding 
marginal  ridge  in  its  frontal  part  terminates  generally  in  a  more  or  less  devel- 
oped spear-shaped  process.  In  all  the  otlier  cases  (figs.  1  f,  1  e,  1  i),  where  this 
lateral  chamber  is  not  developed  as  an  avicularium,  its  distal  and  frontal  walls 
are  membranous  and  only  the  lateral  walls  are  calcified  to  a  greater  or  lesser 
extent  in  dilTerent  zoa^cia,  forming  thus  two,  as  a  rule  triangular  calcareous  la- 
minae connected  with  each  other  under  an  outwardly  directed  angle. 

While,  in  this  species,  it  is  not  difficult  to  decide  the  position  of  the  various 
lateral  chambers  in  the  solitary  zocrcia,  the  case  is  a  little  more  complicated  with 
respect  to  the  bizooecial  segment,  as  the  daughter-zoa-cium,  which  has  lateral 
cliambers  of  its  own,  must  according  to  its  position  be  regarded  as  the  adzooecial, 
scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zoa^cium.  As  regards  the  two  abzoa-cial  lateral 
walls,  of  which  one  belongs  to  the  mother-zocrcium  the  other  to  the  daughter- 
zocccium,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  that  the  distal  cavity  corresponds  to  the  three 
first,  here  unseparated  lateral  chambers,  while  the  proximal  one  is  the  pedal. 
There  then  remain  two  lateral  chambers,  which  are  at  the  same  time  bounded 
by  the  mother-  and  the  daughter-zocccium  (fig.  1  b),  a  distal  one,  mostly  bounded 
by  the  distal  part  of  the  adzo(Ccial  lateral  wall  of  the  daughler-zotrcium,  which 
has  about  8  rosette-plates,  and  a  proximal  one,  mostly  bounded  by  the  proximal 
part  of  the  adzocecial  lateral  wall  of  the  mother-zocecium,  which  is  provided 
with  G— 7  rosette-plates,  and  only  to  some  extent  by  the  proximal,  truncated  end 
of  the  daughter-zoa^cium.  The  distal  chamber,  the  frontal  wall  of  which  is  parti- 
ally calcified  and  thus  forms  a  triangular  or  rounded  triangular  calcareous  lamina 
beside  the  aperture  of  the  daughter-zoa>cium,  is  in  exactly  the  same  relation  to 
the  daughter-zocccium  as  the  supra-scapular  chamber  is  to  the  avicularium  and 
must  accordingly  be  regarded  as  the  supra-scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zoa'- 
cium.    The    jiroximal    of  the    two   cavities    may  with    as   much   certainty  be  con- 


sklered  the  pedal,  adzocvcial  chamber  ol'  the  iiiolher-zooeciuiii,  being  situaled  on 
[he  proximal  surface  of  Ihe  respective  lateral  wall,  through  the  rosette-plates  of 
which  it  is  in  direct  comnuinication  with  the  zod'cium.  The  infra-scapular  cham- 
ber of  the  mother-zooecium  is  wanting. 

At  a  certain  age  an  occlusion  of  the  aperture  gradually  takes  place  (PI.  XI, 
ligs.  1  o,  1  p),  and  the  calcareous  lamina  which  fills  it,  the  oral  cryptocyst,  joins 
a  cry[)tocyst  expansion  developing  on  the  inner  side  of  the  slernal  area  and 
taking  its  origin  from  the  outer  part  of  the  single  feneslrte.  In  contrast  to  the 
several  times  mentioned,  rounded  cryptocyst  lamina,  the  sternal  cryptocyst,  we 
may  call  this  the  marginal  cryptocyst.  After  having  reached  a  certain  size  the 
cryptocyst  lamina;  of  the  single  fenestrje  unite  together  and  with  the  oral  crypto- 
cyst by  means  of  a  connective  ridge  formed  across  the  inner  surface  of  each 
sternal  rib,  and  henceforth  the  marginal  and  the  oral  cryptocyst  form  a  continu- 
ous ring-shaped  expansion,  gradually  increasing  in  breadth.  The  oral  cryptocyst 
i.ssuing  from  the  junction  of  the  horizontal  and  the  obliquely  ascending  parts  of 
the  distal  wall  is  directed  proximally  and  frontally  and  increases  in  extent  simul- 
taneously with  a  considerable  increase  in  thickness  on  account  of  new  calcareous 
layers  being  formed  on  its  frontal  surface.  The  sternal  cry|)tocyst  gradual!}'  coa- 
lesces not  only  with  the  ribs  but  on  both  sides  of  these  also  with  the  outer 
(fenestral)  jjarl  of  the  marginal  cryptocyst  and  this  may  lead  to  a  complete  oc- 
clusion of  the  fenestrse. 

Setting  aside  the  fact  that  from  the  daughter-zooecium  of  the  bizocecial  inter- 
node  a  number  (up  to  4)  of  successive,  single  zooecia  may  sometimes  arise,  the  last 
of  which  completes  the  branch,  the  uni-  and  bizocecial  segments  otherwise  alter- 
nate regularly  in  this  species.  With  regard  to  the  position  of  the  separate  zoa>cia 
we  must  notice,  that  the  mother-  and  daughter-zoa^cium  of  the  same  segment 
have  the  acute-angled  corners  of  their  respective  apertures  directed  towards  each 
other,  and  the  position  of  thg  apertures  of  the  succeeding  single  zocecia  is  the 
same.  The  above-mentioned,  successive  single  zooL'cia  all  have  the  apertures  situ- 
ated in  the  same  way,  whereas  the  aperture  of  the  mother-zoa'cium  in  the  bi- 
zoaH"ial  segment  has  an  inverted  position  in  relation  to  the  lower  zoa'cium.  The 
lateral  branches,  which  always  arise  from  the  daughter-zoo'cia,  spring  alternately 
from  the  right   and  the  left  side. 

For  the  sake  of  completeness  I  must  further  add  that  the  colony  is  provided 
with  radical  fibres,  which  form  close  bundles  along  the  basal  side  of  the  separate 
branches  and  spring  from  the  basal  side  of  the  zorecium  with  which  they 
communicate  through  a  collection  of  numerous  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

OcEcia  are  wanting  in   the  colonies  from   the  Bass'  Strait,   to  which  the  above 

15 


226 

description  refers,  hiil  Ihcy  are  foiiiul  in  some  eolonies  of  Ihe  variety  setigera 
originating  from  the  same  |)laee,  wliieli  among  other  things  dillVr  IVom  Ihe  main 
form  in  having  the  lateral  chamhers  extended  over  more  than  two-lhirds  of  the 
basal  side  of  the  zocecium  and  their  membranous  walls  ending  in  a  number  of 
scattered  chitinous  denticles. 

A  gonozofficium  with  its  covering  kenozooecium  bears  a  certain  resemblance 
to  a  helmeted  head  and  springs  from  a  single  zon-cium,  which  again  springs 
from  the  mother-zooecium  of  a  bizotecial  segment.  The  gonozocecium  and  the 
covering  kenozocecinm  are  of  al)()ul  the  same  size,  and  a  transverse  section 
through  the  centre  of  the  entire  complex  has  the  form  of  a  I'onndcd  trapezium 
with  a  larger  frontal  and  a  smaller  basal  side  and  with  two  sides  converging 
basally.  The  wide  aperture,  the  operculum  of  which  has  a  more  strongly  chitin- 
ized  marginal  portion,  is  shared  in  common  by  the  gonozooecium  and  the  keno- 
zooecium. It  is  bounded  by  a  nujre  strongly  arched  distal  and  a  less  strongly 
arched  proximal  margin,  in  the  centre  of  which  there  is  a  short  sulural  line 
passing  on  to  a  small,  transversely  oval  pore.  The  sternal  area  has  6 — 7  pear- 
shajjcd  fenestra;  disposed  in  an  angle,  of  which  the  two  distal  are  situated  on  a 
level  with  Ihe  median  pore.  The  lirsl  j)air  of  ribs,  which  limit  the  aperture 
proximally,  pass  without  any  distinct  boundary  into  the  broadly  rounded  inner 
cryptocyst  lamina,  while  Ihe  second  pair  of  libs,  which  are  provided  with  an 
acutely  projecting  terminal  part,  meet  in  the  above-mentioned  suture  on  the 
proximal  side  of  the  aperture.  Finally,  the  gonozooecium  is  on  each  .side  provided 
with  two  large,  flat,  generally  lra|)eziform  lateral  chambers  (fig.  1  1),  of  which 
the  dislal,  which  has  10 — I'l  rosetle-|)lales,  coiresponds  to  Ihe  three  distal  lateral 
chambers  and  the  proximal,  with  about  10  rosette-plales,  to  the  pedal  chamber. 
The  real  oo'cium  is  the  helmet-shaped,  arched  distal  wall  of  the  gonozo(L'cium, 
the  jjroximal,  oblicpiely  ascending  part  of  which  is  provided  wilh  a  very  large 
number  of  uni|)orous  rosette-plates.  This  oa'cium  is  again  covered  l)y  a  keno- 
zoo'cium,  in  which  we  may  distinguish  between  a  large,  uncalcificd,  saddle-shaped 
or  liorse-shoe-shaped  central  i)ortion  and  two  ])roximally  continuous,  but  distally 
widely  separated,  calcified  portions,  a  frontal  and  a  basal  one.  The  IVonlal  sur- 
rounds the  aperture  dislally  and  is  composed  of  two  strongly  arched  lateral  halves, 
which  from  their  proximal  part,  situated  dislally  lo  the  Iwo  lateral  chambers, 
decrease  in  breadth  towards  the  frontal  end  and  are  connected  only  by  a  very 
low  portion  on  the  distal  side  of  the  aperture.  The  basal  part,  which  is  bent 
towards  the  frontal  side  and  which  seen  from  the  side  is  like  the  crest  of  a 
helmet,  is  rather  narrow,  frontally  pointed  and  bounded  by  two  curved,  lateral 
margins  (fig.  1  in).  On  either  side  between  the  two  calcified  jjortions  the  o(iH-iuni 


227 

itself  is  provided  with  two  long  but  also  broad  and  close  bells  of  ])oies,  while 
the  calcified  portions  are  connected  willi  tlie  ocrciuni  by  a  great  many  strong, 
cylindrical  or  conical  spinous  processes  springing  from  the  latter.  A  number  of 
these  [)rocesses  outside  tlie  calcified  portions  serve  to  support  the  membranous 
part  of  the  covering  kenozooecium.  In  the  approximate  centre  of  the  basal  region 
we  find  the  starting  point  of  a  small,  meml)ranous,  triangular  chamber,  which  is 
])rovided  with  a  series  of  chitinous  denticles  along  each  lateral  margin,  and  which 
communicates  with  the  oa^cium  through  a  triangular  basal  surface  with  two 
symmetrically  arranged  groups  of  o — 7  uniporous  rosette-plates.  A  shoil,  low, 
median,  calcareous  ridge  springs  from  the  |)roximal  side  of  the  basal  surface  and 
possibly  originates  from  a  median  separating  wall. 

Scuticella  ventricosa  lUisk. 
Catenicella  ventricosa  Busk,  Voyage  of  Rattlesnake,  I,  pag.  357,  t.  1,  fig.  1, 

Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  pag.  7,  PI.  II,  figs.  1,  2. 
(PI.  XX,  figs.  5  a-.-)  c  (;i),  PI.  XI,  tigs.  6a-61j). 

The  zocEcia  hexagonally  oval  with  an  aperture  bounded  by  a  slighlly  concave, 
proximal  margin,  which  has  an  extremely  short  sutural  line  centrally.  The 
slernal  area  is  provided  with  5—7  fenestra;  converging  at  an  acute  angle,  and 
the  inner  ciyplocyst  lamina  is  of  a  triangularly  pointed  form  and  may  allaiii 
about  half  the  length  of  the  sternal  area. 

The  lateral  chambers.  Except  on  the  adzoa-cial  side  of  the  daughter-zon'cium 
in  a  bizoo'cial  segmeni,  the  scapular  clunnbcr  is  everywhere  developed  as  an 
avicularium  with  a  small,  oval  mandible,  and  the  supra-scapular  chamber,  the 
wall  of  which  is  only  calcified  in  its  outermost  part  distally  to  the  avicularium, 
may  end  in  a  shorter  or  larger,  ascending,  pointed  i)ortion.  Proximally  to  the 
avicularium  we  find  an  oval  infra-scapular  and  a  very  long,  somewhat  broader, 
pedally  and  more  frontally  directed  cluunber,  which  occupies  about  fwo-lhirds 
of  the  whole  lenglh  of  the  zoa'cium.  It  is  separated  from  the  infra-scapular 
chamber  by  a  horizontal  or  somewhat  obli(|ue  wall,  and  along  its  centre  provided 
with  a  longitudinal  row  of  5 — 10  rosette-plates.  Finally  we  find  in  the  bizocrcial 
segment  on  the  boundary  between  the  mollu'r-  and  the  daughter-zoa'ciuni  n  long, 
narrow,  distally  directed  cavity  (PI.  XX,  fig.  5  b,  m.  Ill),  which  almost  reaches 
the  i)edal  chamber  of  the  mother-zorecium  proximally,  and  which  communicates 
with  the  mother-zoo'cium  through  a  row  of  4  rosette-plates.  It  must  be  regarded 
as  the  adzoa'cial,  inlVa-scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zoa-cium. 

The  ooecium  (PI.  XI,  figs.  Ba — 6  b).  The  gonozooecium,  which  is  about  twice 
the    length    of   the    covering   kenozoa-cium,    is  most  often  situated  on   the   molher- 

1.-.* 


228 

zotrciiiin  of  a  hizoa'cial  segment,  hut  is  not  iiifretjuently  i'oiind  on  a  single  zore- 
cium.  The  aperture  has  a  small  iiidenlation  in  the  middle  ol'  its  proximal  margin, 
while  the  structure  of  the  sternal  area  and  its  cryptocyst  lamina  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  zou'cia.  Each  of  the  lateral  surfaces  of  the  gonozod-cium  communi- 
cates in  the  whole  of  its  length  with  a  large,  long,  lateral  chamher  provided  with 
numerous  rosette-plates,  and  this  chamber,  I  believe,  c()iresj)onds  lo  the  long  pedal 
chamber  in  the  zoa-cium.  The  covering  kenozoa'cium  a  little  dislally  lo  the  aper- 
ture has  a  transversely  oval  fenestra  on  each  side  through  which  the  real  on-cium 
can  be  seen,  and  above  each  fenestra  a  small  avicularium,  which  on  the  inner 
side  is  in  communication  with  a  supra-scapular  and  on  the  outer  and  basal  side 
with  an   infra-scapular  chamber. 

Form  of  colony.  The  regular  alternation  of  the  uni-  and  bi-zoo'cial  inter- 
nodes  is  often  interruj)led  so  that  we  may  (ind  several  bizocrcial  internodes  suc- 
ceeding each  other. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  colonies  from  the  Bass'  Strait. 

Scuticella  maculata  Busk. 
Catenicella  ventricosa  (var.  maculata)  Busk,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa, 

Cheilostomata,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  4. 
(PI.  XX,  figs.  4a-Jl),  I>1.  XI,  ligs.  7a-7c). 

The  zooecia  large,  broad,  angularly  o\al  with  a  triangularly  rounded  aper- 
ture, which  has  an  almost  straight  margin.  The  sternal  area  is  of  a  structure 
similar  to  that  in  C.  ucnlricosa,  but  it  is  provided  with  a  broailer  and  more 
rounded  cryptocyst  lamina,  and  immediately  on  the  |)roximal  side  of  the  aper- 
ture we  find  a  transversely  j)laced,  inner  cavity  opening  out  into  the  aperture  on 
either  side  of  the  short  sutural  line. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  generally  developed  as  an 
avicularium  only  on  the  outer  side  of  the  single  zoa'cia,  and  the  snjjra-scapular 
chamber  has  a  steeply  ascending,  pointed,  calcified  outer  wall.  The  form  and 
the  ])osition  of  the  infra-scapular  and  the  pedal  chambers  are  similar  lo  those  in 
(J.  I'ciitricosd,  but  the  two  chambers  are  sci)araled  by  an  obli([ue  or  nearly  verti- 
cal wall.  Here  loo  we  find  a  long,  narrow  boundary  chamber  between  the  mother- 
and  the  daughler-zocrcium. 

The  ooecium  (PI.  XI,  figs.  7  a — 7  c).  The  gonozoo'cium,  the  length  of  which 
may  be  contained  about  2^/^  limes  in  the  entire  length  of  Ihe  covering  kenozooe- 
cium,  is  generally  situated  at  the  end  of  a  branch  formed  by  1—4  zooecia  spring- 
ing from  a  mother-zou-cium,  and  more  seldom  takes  its  origin  directly  from  a 
molher-zoacium.    The   aperture    has  a  small  sinus  in  Ihe  middle  of  its  proximal 


229 

margin  and  on  either  side  of  this  a  robust,  conical,  obliquely  ascending  spine. 
The  sternal  area  is  i)rovided  with  a  small  fenestrse,  and  each  of  the  lateral  sur- 
faces of  the  gonozoa^cium  with  a  pear-shaped  oval,  most  probably  pedal,  lateral 
chamber.  The  frontal  surface  of  the  covering  kenozowcium  has  4 — 10  larger  or 
smaller  fenestrse  of  very  variable  form.  When  occurring  in  small  numbers  several 
of  these  fenestras  are  very  large  and  show  by  their  lobate  form,  that  they  have 
arisen  by  coalescence  of  several  smaller  ones.  We  may  distinguish  between  an 
outer,  arch-shaped  group  and  a  group  on  the  distal  side  of  the  ajjerture.  All 
four  lateral  chambers  are  developed,  and  the  scapular  one  ai)j)ears  as  a  small 
avicularium,  while  the  two  su])ra-scapular  chand)ers  have  coalesced  into  one, 
which  lakes  up  the  entire  breadth  of  the  kenozott'cium  (lig.  7  a),  and  which  has 
on  either  side  a  vertical,  pointed,  calcified  outer  wall.  This  chamiier  has  besides 
a  group  of  rosette-plates  in  the  roof  of  each  avicularium,  a  greal  many  scattered 
plates  in  the  median  part,  which  is  separated  by  a  low  ridge  from  the  frontal 
as  well  as  from  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  kenozonecivim.  On  the  outer  and  the 
basal  side  of  the  avicularium  there  is  a  small,  oval,  infra-scapular  chandjer  and 
separated  from  it  a  large,  trapeziform  pedal  chamber. 

Form  of  colony.  Apart  from  the  fact  that  rows  of  1 — 5  single  zooecia,  (which 
may  arise  from  both  a  mother-  and  a  daughter-zocecium),  may  appear  as  ter- 
minal branches,  the  allernalion  of  uni-  and  bi-zocecial  internodes  is  otherwise 
regular,  and  two  bizooecial  internodes  nowhere  succeed  each  other. 

Of  this  species  I  have  been  able  to  examine  some  fragments  from  Port  Wes- 
tern, Victoria  (Miss  Jellj). 

Scuticella  margaritacea  Busk. 
Catenicella  margaritacea  Busk,  Voyage  of  Rattlesnake,  I,  pag.  356,  Catalogue  of 
Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheiloslomata,  pag.  9,  PI.  VI,  tigs.  1,  2,  3. 
(PI.  XX,  fig.  3  a,  1^1.  XI,  figs.  5a-5  c). 
The  zooecia  rhombic-oval  \Vith  an  aperture,   the  pi-oximal,    more  or  less  con- 
cave margin  of  which  is  provided  centrally  with  a  small,  well  defined,  sometimes 
however   quite    rudimentary  sinus,    the  entrance  of  which  is  bounded  by  two  ex- 
tremely short   spines   directed   somewhat   distally  and   pointed   at  the  end.    These 
spines  are  sometimes  widely  separated,   and  the  sinus  then  reaches  its  maximum 
(colonies   from   the  Bass'  Strait),   sometimes    almost   concurrent   at    the    ends  and 
the    sinus    is    then    rudimentary  or   reduced    to    a  pore  (Port  Phillip  Heads).    The 
operculum,  which   does   not   entirely    till    the   aperture,    has   a   proximal,    concave 
margin,    and    the  sternal  area  is  provided  with  five  fenestra;  disposed  in  an  arch 
or  angularly.  The  cryptocyst  lamina  is  of  a  broad,  rounded  triangular  form,  and 


230 

the  strongly  arched  basal  surface  is  divided  into  dendritically  hianchcd  longi- 
tudinal bells. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  as  well  as  the  inlVa-scaiJular  cluunber 
is  Uirned  sliglilly  frontally.  It  is  in  most  cases  develojjed  as  an  aviculariuni  of 
very  variable  size,  wliicli  may  allain  a  considerable,  sometimes  enormous  size 
especially  in  the  branches  consisting  of  single  zooecia  only.  The  infra-scapular 
chamber,  which  has  generally  a  long  oval  opening,  terminates  in  a  ])rojecling, 
conical,  membranous  portion,  which  forms  an  angle  with  llie  aviculariuni.  Tlie 
pedal  clKunbei-,  wliicli  in  tbe  zoo'cia  with  a  large  avicularium  almost  reaches 
righl  up  to  Hie  infra-scapular  chamber,  is  usually  separated  from  Ihe  laller  by 
a  rather  short  intermediate  space.  It  is  provided  with  a  wholly  frontal  and  at 
least  in  the  single  zoa>cia  longitudinally  oval  or  pear-shaped  opening.  The  infra- 
scapular,  adzocccial  chamber  of  the  mother-zocecium  is  wanting  in  Ihe  bizoa-cial 
segment. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozoa^cium,  which  is  of  about  the  same  length  as  the 
covering  kenozoci'cium,  takes  its  origin  either  directly  from  a  molber-zocrcium  or 
from  an  inserted  single  zoa-cinni.  The  aperture  is  provided  willi  a  broad,  more 
or  less  regular,  sometimes  extremely  indistinct  sinus,  in  which  the  narrow  distal 
ends  of  the  two  outermost  of  the  ;5-  o  fenestra-  of  the  sternal  area  often  termin- 
ate. No  sjjines.  On  either  side  1 — 2  small,  oval  chandlers,  Ihe  distal  of  which  is 
often  very  small  or  absent,  sometimes  on  one  sometimes  on  both  sides. 

The  covering  kenozoa'cium  has  on  either  side  a  large,  long,  frontally  poiiiUil, 
basally  broadl}'  rounded,  uncalcified  portion,  through  which  the  oo'cium  can  be 
seen.  The  latter  is  here  jjrovided  with  a  longiludiually  clid)-shaped,  very  dense 
collection  of  pores,  the  intermediate  spaces  of  which  partly  project  as  tubercles. 
In  the  frontal  portion  between  the  tw'o  areas  as  well  as  along  the  distal  and 
proximal  margins  of  the  latter  the  oo'ciuui  and  the  covering  kenozooecium  are 
connected  with  each  other  by  a  great  many  robust  spinous  processes,  and  the 
kenozon-ciuni  has  in  the  centre  of  its  frontal  surface  a  chamber  develo])ed  lo  a 
varying  extent,  which  is  sometimes  mostly  mend)ranous  and  somelinies  devel()|)ed 
as  a  rather  high  aviculariuni.  In  the  latter  case  it  is  connected  on  eilhei'  side 
wilh  a  [)artially  mendiranous  chamber,  of  which  Ibe  one  si(k'  joining  the  oj)er- 
cular  end  of  the  avicularium  is  somewhat  higher  than  the  otlu  r.  In  sjiilc  of  the 
median  position  of  these  chandjers  they  may  be  regarded  as  corresponding  lo 
the  three  lateral  chambers  on  one  side  in  an  ordinary  zon-cium. 

Form  of  colony.  In  Ihe  ])rincipal  axis  and  Ihe  iirincipal  branches  springing 
from  it  two  bizoa-cial  segments  succeed  each  other  with  a  single  zou'cium  be- 
tween {'2,  2,   1,  2,  2,  1 ). 


231 


Scuticella  margaritacea,  var.  fissurata  ii. 

(I'l.  XX,  ligs.  3  b,  3  e). 

This  form,  which  may  for  the  present  be  regarded  as  a  variety,  differs  from 
the  main  form  in  the  following  characters.  The  relatively  large  sinus  is  bounded 
by  two  short,  broad,  hollow  spines,  which  are  open  at  the  end  and  which  form 
the  greater  part  of  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  The  mother-zo(i>cium 
of  the  bizoo^cial  segment  has  a  slit-like,  adzod'cial,  infra-scapular  chamber.  The 
frontal  surface  of  the  gonozocrcium  is  on  either  side  provided  with  two  rounded 
lateral  chambers,  and  its  aperture  has  a  well  develoi)ed,  rather  deep  sinus,  which 
like  the  zou'cial  a|)erture  is  bounded  by  two  short,  broad,  hollow  spines  open  at 
the  end.  The  oa-cium  lacks  the  two  groups  of  closely  situated  pores,  and  the 
kenozod-cium  has  at  its  top  a  high  aviculariuni,  which  communicates  with  two 
une(iually  large,  partially  mem!)ranous  lateral  chambers. 

Of  this  form  I  have  examined  colonies  from  Port  Phillip,  Australia. 

Scuticella  urnula  Mac  Gilliv. 
Catenicella  urnula  Mac  Gillivray,   Transactions  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 

Soc.  of  Victoria  for  l.S.SIJ,  Vol.  XXIII,  pag.  34,  PI.  I,  figs.  2,  2  a,  1887. 
(PL  XX,  figs.  1  a— 1  e,  PI.  XI,  ligs.  4  a,  4  b). 

The  zocecia  large,  rhombic-oval  with  a  longitudinally  rounded  aperture, 
bounded  by  a  concave  proximal  margin.  The  long,  oval  sternal  area  is  provided 
with  .1  —  7  pear-shaped  fenestrse  and  with  a  long,  tongue-shaped  cryptocyst  lamina, 
which  often  reaches  the  starting  point  of  the  proximal  fenestra.  The  compara- 
tively large,  deep,  sternal  sinus  is  occupied  by  2 — 5  ribs  or  spines,  of  which  the 
two  distal  are  very  high  and  the  proximal,  when  occurring,  are  very  small  and 
tubercle-shaped. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  in  most  zooecia  developed 
as  a  good-sized,  more  or  les§  complete  avicularium  with  the  aperture  frontally 
directed  and  in  the  complete  state  with  a  short  and  broadly  triangular  mandible. 
It  is,  chiefly  on  account  of  its  arched  outer  wall,  well  separated  from  the  zocr- 
cium,  and  the  pointed  lamina  springing  from  its  top,  which  forms  the  outer  wall 
of  the  supra-scapular,  for  the  rest  membranous  chamber,  gives  it  a  certain  likeness 
to  the  lobe  of  an  ear  in  a  mammal.  On  the  adzorecial  surface  of  the  daughter- 
zoo^cium  it  is  a  low  mend^ranous  cavity,  which,  apart  from  a  separating  line 
but  partly  developed,  has  fused  with  the  corresponding  chamber  of  the  mother- 
zocccium.  The  scapular  chamber  is  often  more  or  less  incompletely  developed  on 
one   or  on    both    sides   of  a    greater  or  smaller  number  of  the  zoo'cia  succeeding 


232 

the  daughter-zocecium.  This  inconiplcleness  mosi  often  means  the  ahsence  of  the 
mandible  and  transverse  bar  in  the  apertnre,  and  as  a  rule  also  a  more  or  less 
incomplete  calcifieation  of  the  wall  sejiaraling  the  scapular  from  the  infra-scapular 
chamber.  The  infra-scapular  and  the  jiedal  chambers,  whose  boundary  ridges 
towards  the  frontal  surface  of  the  zooccium  give  the  latter  a  rhombic  form,  are 
separated  by  a  ridge  running  obliquely  basally  and  ])roximally.  These  chanibcrs 
take  up  not  only  the  lateral  surfaces  but  also  the  greater  pail  of  llic  basal  sur- 
face, along  the  midiile  of  which  they  are  separated  by  a  rathei'  narrow  longi- 
tudinal bell  (IM.  XI,  ligs.  4  a,  4  ])).  The  infra-scapular  chandler  communicates 
with  the  zoo'cium  by  uj)  to  l(t  rosette-plates  and  with  the  avicularium  by  only 
1 — 2.  The  molher-zoa'cium  is  provided  with  a  long,  narrow,  adzotrcial,  infra- 
scapular  chamber. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozoa'cium,  which  is  considerably  smaller  than  the 
covering  kenozoax'ium,  is  situated  sometimes  on  a  molher-zo(rcium,  sometimes 
on  an  inserted  single  zoo'cium.  The  aperture  has  a  very  broad  and  deep  sinus, 
consisting  of  a  wider  outer  part,  which  is  bounded  bj'  two  arch-shaped,  in- 
wardly converging  margins,  and  of  a  narrower  inner  part,  which  has  a  small, 
rounded  process  on  either  side.  The  sternal  area  is  provided  with  7 — 9  very 
narrow  fenestra;  and  with  a  broad  cryptocyst  lamina,  while  each  lateral  surface 
is  occupied  bj'  two  large  lateral  chambers  separated  by  an  angulated  ridge.  The 
covering  kenozooecium  distally  to  the  aperture  on  either  side  has  a  very  irregular, 
transversely  oval  or  bean-shaped,  often  more  or  less  sharply  sinuated  or  lobed 
uncalcified  portion  with  a  cryptocyst  dei)ression  in  its  marginal  portion.  On  its 
surface  we  find  (j — 10  chambers  of  most  variable  form,  which  are  covered  by  a 
membranous  roof  and  bounded  only  by  low  ridges.  Distally  to  and  outside  the  two 
uncalcified  areas  there  is  on  both  sides  either  one  very  long  and  rounded  or  two 
adjacent  chambers,  a  larger  and  a  smaller  one.  On  the  basal  side  of  the  o(i!cium 
we  find  three,  a  smaller  unpaired  one  proximally  and  two  adjacent  ones  distally, 
the  proximal  half  of  which  may  somelinies  l)e  provided  with  a  sepaialiug  ridge. 
On  the  frontal  side  of  this  group  we  find  again  a  sejiarale  one  ending  in  a  very 
thin  point  (figs.  1  b,  1  e),  while  its  basal  part  lias  two  bulgings  which  may  be 
separated  as  indejicndent  chambers. 

Form  of  colony.  We  may  find  rows  of  up  to  f)  single  zotrcia  s|)ringing  from 
a  daughter-zoo'cium,  but  otherwise  the  alternation  of  uni-  and  bi-zocecial  inter- 
nodes  is  regular. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  a  colony  from  Port  Philli])  Heads  (Miss 
Jelly). 


2:?3 


Scuticella  sacculata  l^usk. 
Catenicella  sacculata  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,  pag.  12,  PI.  1,  (ig.  7. 

(PI.  XII,  ng.  2  a). 

The  zooecia,  the  surface  ol'  which  is  provided  with  a  number  of  very  small, 
widely  scattered  pores,  are  long,  slender  and  constantly  increasing  in  breadth 
Irom  the  very  narrow  proximal  end  towards  the  aperture,  from  which  the  lateral 
margins  again  converge  distally.  The  aperture  has  a  slightly  concave  proximal 
margin,  and  Ihe  extremely  small  sternal  area  has  ])ut  a  single,  small,  round 
fenestra  proximally.  The  sternal  sinus  is  occuj)ied  by  three  spines,  of  which  the 
proximal,  rudimentary  one  is  solid,  while  the  two  others,  which  meet  in  a  sutural 
line,  have  an  inner  cavity  opening  outwards  through  a  small  pore  near  the  di.s- 
lal  margin.  The  sternal  cryptocysl  lamina  has  an  arch-shaped  proximal  margin, 
which  is  clearly  visible  on  Ihe  frontal  surface  through  Ihe  only  opening  of  the 
htller. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  everywhere  except  on  the 
adzoa^cial  side  of  the  daughter-zocrcium  developed  as  a  medium-sized,  rather 
strongly  projecting  and  somewhat  ascending  avicularium,  which  is  direcled  out- 
wards and  slightly  basally.  The  other  chambers  are  wholly  membranous  and 
bounded  only  by  low  calcareous  ridges.  The  supra-scapular  one,  of  which  but 
an  extremely  small  part  is  seen  on  the  basal  surface,  on  the  frontal  surface 
almost  reaches  the  distal  margin  of  the  ajjcrture  and  Ihe  outer  end  of  Ihe  roof 
of  the  avicularium.  The  infra-scapular  one,  which  is  direcled  laterally,  is  ralher 
large  and  of  an  oblong,  (juadrangular  or  pentagonal  form.  It  is  separated  by  a 
small  intermediate  space  from  the  very  long  and  rather  broad  pedal  chamber, 
which  is  situated  a  little  more  frontally  and  occupies  about  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  length  of  the  zoa-cium.  Along  its  middle  we  lind  a  row  of  6 — 7  rosette- 
plates.  The  mother-zoa'cium  is  provided  with  a  long,  narrow,  infra-scapular  ad- 
zon'cial  chamber. 

Ooecia  have  hitherto  not  been  found. 

This  species  may  l)e  regarded  as  a  transitional  lorui  between  Scuticelld  and 
Cdleiutriii.  I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  small  fragment  of  il,  for  which  I  owe 
IhanUs   to  the  direction  of  the  British  Museum. 

Costiceila  n.  g. 

The  sternal  area,  which  is  provided  with  4 — 14  fenesfrse,  disposed  in  a  curved 
line,  and  with  a  cryptocysl  lamina  of  a  similar  outline,  is  to  a  greater  or  smaller 
extent  formed  by  a  number  of  generally  hollow  spines,  springing  from  the  sternal 


234 

sinus  and  separaled  l)y  fissures.  Hinge-teelh  riidinienlary  or  indislinci,  ni'vcr  pro- 
jecting I'leely  in  the  aperture.  The  supra-scapular  chanil)er  with  a  calcilied  roof. 
The  occlusion  takes  place  in  a  similar  way  to  that  in  Sciiticella. 

Besides  in  the  ahove  nienlioned  characters  the  four  species  heie  described 
correspond  in  the  folioNving.  The  scapular  chamber  is  generally  developed  as  a 
small  avicuhniuni  also  on  the  adzod'cial  side  of  Ihe  daughter-zon'ciiiiu,  and  Ihe 
first  three  lateral  chambers  form  a  more  or  less  compressed,  piolruding  and 
somewhat  frontally  directed,  wholly  or  mostly  calcified  portion,  which  is  separated 
from  the  frontally  directed  pedal  chamber  by  a  rather  large  intermediate  space. 
There  is  a  very  small  supra-scapular  clKunber  on  the  adzod'cial  side  of  Ihe 
mother-zott'cium  and  a  [)edal  chamber  on  Ihe  adzooecial  side  ol"  the  daughler- 
zoo'cium.  The  l)asal  wall  of  the  zoircia  has  a  more  or  less  distinct,  longitudinal 
strialion.  The  gonozo(ecia,  situated  either  on  a  mother-zocx'cium  or  on  an  inserted 
zooeciuni,  are  always  provided  with  at  least  two  frontally  directed  lateral  cham- 
bers, which  must  be  regarded  as  the  scapular  and  the  pedal.  The  frontal  surface 
of  the  covering  kenozott-cium  has  two  large,  transversely  oval  fenestras,  and  within 
each  of  these  we  find  on  the  ooeciuni  a  long,  dense  collection  of  spinous  pro- 
cesses and  tubercles,  among  which  numerous  pores  are  generally  discovered. 
Further  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the  frontal  surface  of  the  true  oa'cium  is 
provided  with  robust  spinous  processes,  which  have  coalesced  with  the  inner 
surface  of  the  kenozoa^cium.  On  the  top  of  the  latter  we  sometimes  find  a  small 
kenozoa'cium,  sometimes  a  small  avicularium  communicating  on  either  side  with 
a  small  calcified  lateral  chamber. 

Costicella  solida  n.  sp. 

(1^1.  XX,  fi«.  7  a,  l>\.  XII,  tigs.  1  k,  1  li). 

The  sternal  area,  which  is  not  much  longer  than  the  aperture,  has  5 — 6 
fenestrse  situated  in  a  broad  curve,  within  which  a  ([uadrangularly  rounded  cryp- 
tocyst  lamina  is  seen.  In  the  inner  part  of  the  area  there  are  5 — 7  very  short 
spines  separated  by  distinct  fissures,  which  show  great  variation  in  respect  to 
their  mutual  connection.  The  two  distal  ones  are  generally  very  high  and  plate- 
shaped,  and  each  of  them  has  most  fie(juently  a  larger  or  smaller,  often  bifur- 
cate, inner  cavity,  which  is  connected  with  a  pore  in  the  middle  of  the  oral 
margin.  In  Ihe  others  Ihe  inner  cavity  is  usually  wanting  or  if  i)resent  extremely 
narrow. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  supia-scapular  chamber  has  a  triangular  excision 
on  its  frontal  surface  near  the  ajierture  and  a  smaller  one  in  the  outernu)st, 
proximal  part  of  Ihe  basal  surface,  .while  the  infra-scapular  and   Ihe  [)edal  cliam- 


235 

hers  liave  a  rather  large,  oblong,  frontal  opening.  On  the  adzooecial  side  of  the 
daughter-zoa-ciiim  the  three  distal  chanihers  have  coalesced  into  a  single  cavity, 
and  an  aviculariuni  is  accordingly  wanting.  The  niolher-zoa'ciuni  has  a  very 
small,  slit-like,  infra-scapular  adzorecial  chamber. 

The  ooecium  (PI.  XII,  (ig.  1  k).  The  gonozooecium,  which  sometimes  springs 
from  a  mother-zo<L'cium,  sometimes  from  an  inserted  single  zoa-cium,  is  approxi- 
mately of  the  same  size  as  the  covering  kenozooecium,  and  together  they  are  of  a 
broad,  hexagonal ly  rounded  form  with  two  parallel  lateral  margins  curving  in- 
wards a  little.  The  sternal  area  has  .'5  small  fenestra-  and  3 — 5  spines  separated 
by  short  fissures.  The  two  distal  spines,  which  meet  in  the  oral  suture,  have  a 
large  inner  cavity  connected  with  a  large  oval  pore  in  the  oral  margin.  The 
others  are  very  short  and  generally  have  no  inner  cavity.  Within  the  very  broad 
fenestra;  of  the  kenozocecium  pores  as  well  as  numerous  spinous  processes  are 
seen,  while  the  supporting  |)rocesses,  which  reach  the  calcareous  roof  of  the  keno- 
zoa^cium,  are  most  numerous  in  the  portion  between  the  two  fenestra.*.  On  the 
side  of  these  fenestras  we  find  a  continuation  of  this  median  portion,  which  goes 
as  far  as  the  aperture  and  is  bounded  by  two  lateral  margins  converging  towards 
the  latter.  A  small  median  chamber  may  appear  on  the  top  of  the  kenozooecium. 
It  is  always  found  in  specimens  from  the  Bass'  Strait,  in  which  it  is  very  oblong 
and  provided  with  one  or  several  slit-like  openings  in  the  roof.  On  the  other 
hand  its  appearance  is  very  inconstant  in  colonies  from  Port  Phillip,  in  which 
il   is  very  small,  oval   and  only  calcified  at   its  base. 

Form  of  colony.  In  all  the  principal  branches  and  sometimes  also  in  some 
of  the  secondary  branches  two  bizoa'cial  internodes  succeed  each  other  (2,  2,  1, 
2    2    1  ) 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  colonies  from  Port  Phillip  and  the  Bass' 
Strait. 

Costicella  cuspidata  n.  sp. 

!  1>1.  XX,  ligs.  f)  a-(i  c). 
The  sternal  area,  which  may  be  longer  Iban  the  aperture  by  a  half,  is  j)rovided 
with  7 — 10  small  feneslraj  disposed  in  a  broad  curve,  and  within  these  there  are. 
6 — 8  smaller  ones,  of  which  one  is  generally  situated  in  the  central  line  far  back. 
In  the  central  portion  of  the  area  we  see  three,  more  seldom  four  s]iines,  of 
which  the  Iwo  large,  plate-shaped  distal  ones  have  an  inner,  most  IVeipieiiliy 
three-  or  four-branched  cavity  connected  with  as  many  pores,  of  which  we  usu- 
ally find  one  on  each  side  of  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  Very  often, 
perhaps  in  most  cases,  the  cavities  of  the  two  large  spines  communicate  through 


2:56 

a  broader  or  narrower  Iransverse  l)rancli.  In  a  small,  niosl  ol'k'n  Irianf^nlar  open- 
ing, situated  proxinially  to  llie  Iwo  large  spines,  we  lind  generally  hnl  a  single, 
very  sliorl,   rndinienlary,   solid  spine,   more   rarely  two. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  sii])ra-seapular  chamber  has  a  number  of  scat- 
tered pores,  and  in  the  proximal  pari  of  the  basal  surface  a  rounded  excision, 
which  is  somewhat  larger  liiaii  these.  The  infra-scapular  chamber  has  a  small, 
round  or  oval  opening  proximally,  and  the  small  ])edal  chamber  an  oval  or  long 
frontal  opening,  which  is  niiicii  larger.  The  mother-zoa'cium  has  no  adzoo'cial, 
infra-scaindar  chandjcr.  It  is  characteristic  of  this  species  Ihal  the  last  of  (he 
zoa^cia  completing  a  row  sj)ringing  from  a  daughlcr-zoo-cium  has  a  lerminal, 
coini)resse(l,   narrow,   rhond)ically   rounded  chaini)tT  (I'l.   XX,   lig.   (>  !)). 

The  ooecium.  'I'he  gonozocrcium,  which  is  but  half  as  high  as  the  covering 
kenozoa'cinm,  is  sometimes  Ijorne  by  a  mother-zoa'cium,  sometimes  by  an  in- 
serted single  zoo;ciuni.  It  is  provided  with  a  rather  broad  but  low  frontal  sinus, 
which  is  bounded  on  either  side  by  a  very  short  somewhat  bent  spine,  and  lliiis 
the  single  pair  of  spines  do  nol  meet  as  in  the  other  sj)ecies.  The  sternal  area 
is  much  reduced  and  has  5  very  small  fenestras  situated  immedialely  on  the 
proximal  side  of  the  aperture.  Along  its  frontal,  central  line  the  covering  keno- 
zooecium  is  provided  with  two  rather  large  ])ores,  which  may  be  somelimes  single, 
sometimes  more  or  less  deeply  divided  by  a  tongue  springing  from  I  heir  dislal 
margin.  The  two  groujis  of  jiores  and  spinous  processes  within  the  long,  hderal 
fenestra^  meet  in  a  median,  generally  angularly  bent  j)ortion,  which  reaches  the 
proximal  of  the  two  median  pores.  The  small,  terminal  kenozocccium  is  s(jme- 
times  developed  as  an  aviculaiium  and  then  communicates  wilh  two  small 
cavities. 

Form  of  colony.  In  the  principal  branches  two  l)izo(ecial  inlernodi's  succeed 
each  other  (2,  2,  1,  2,  2,   1   ....). 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  colonies  from  I'orl  Phillip. 

Costicella  hastata  Jkisk. 

Calenicella   liaslala  Husk,  Voyage  of  Rattlesnake,  I,  pag.  .'{.');),  Catalogue  of  Marine 

Polyzoa,  Pari   I,  p.  7,  PI.  11,  ligs.  ;{,  4. 

(I'l.  XII,  (l-s.   I  e,   1  (I,  1  f,   I  n,   1  J,  1'].   X\,  li.i^s.  Sa,  SI)). 

The  sternal  area,  which  may  be  about  twice  the  length  of  the  ai)erture,  lias 

7 — 1)    fenestra',    disposed    in    a    long  curve,    and  as  many   hollow  spines,    of  which 

each    is    provided  wilh  a   |)ore  in   or  towards  the  end.     I-^acb   of  the  spines  in   the 

lirsl   pair  has  however  olliii    two,   which   llien   corres])ond   with   a   bifuri'ale  cavity. 

The   lateral    chambers.    The  supra-scapular  clKuuber,  which  may  somelimes 


237 

(e.  g.  in  a  form  iVoin  Twofold  Bay)  l)e  very  long  and  poinlcd,  is,  apart  from  a 
number  of  scattered  pores,  wholly  calcified.  The  infra-scapular  has  a  small,  ob- 
long opening  on  the  ])asal  side  and  a  smaller  one  on  the  fronlal  side,  and  the 
pedal  chamber  has  most  often  a  long,  narrow  frontal  opening.  The  mother- 
zott'cium  has  an  extremely  small,  slit-like,  adzou?cial,  infra-scapular  chamber 
(ni.  III). 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozooeciuni,  which  is  but  half  as  long  as  the  covering 
kenozooecium,  is  situated  on  a  mother-zooecium.  Its  sternal  area  is  as  long  as  the 
aperture  and  provided  with  4 — 5  small  fenestrse  and  as  many  spines,  of  which 
the  two  distal  are  much  higher  than  the  others.  Each  of  these  has  a  large,  inner 
cavity  with  generally  three  pores,  of  which  two  are  seen  just  inside  the  oral 
margin.  The  other  spines  are  short  and  narrow,  and  the  inner  cavity  may  often 
be  wanting.  The  high  kenozoa>cium  has  dislally  to  the  aperture  a  longitudinal 
belt  bounded  by  two  parallel  lateral  margins.  This  bell  reaches  the  two  lateral 
fenestra;  and  has  a  small,  oval  pore  proximally.  Within  each  of  (he  two  long 
lateral  fenestrse  we  see  an  oblong  group  of  pores,  the  projecting  reticulation  of 
which  does  not,  or  but  to  a  small  extent,  end  in  spinous  processes.  The  support- 
ing processes  springing  from  the  owcium  apjiear  in  great  numbers  over  the  larger 
part  of  the  frontal  surface.  On  the  top  of  the  kenozoa>cium  there  is  sometimes 
a  small,  rounded,  compressed,  wholly  calcified  cavity,  sometimes  an  avicularium, 
which  again  communicates  with  two  lateral  cavities. 

Form  of  colony.  In  the  principal  branches  the  uni-  and  bi-zocrcial  inter- 
nodes  alternate  according  to  the  formula  2,  2,  1,  2,  2,  1   ...  . 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  colonies  from  Port  Phillip  and  from  Two- 
fold Bay. 

Costicella  benecostata  n.  sp. 

(I'l.  XII,  ligs.  1  ;i,  1  I),  IM.  \X,  lit^s.  9  a). 

The  sternal  area,  which  is  about  twice  the  length  of  the  aperture,  is  [)ro\  ided 
with  8 — 14  small,  round  fenestrse,  and  with  as  many  hollow  spines  separated  by 
distinct  fissures.  Most  of  these  s[)ines  are  rather  high,  (piadrangular  and  only  the 
two  or  three  proximal  ones  are  conical.  The  first  two  spines  are  much  higher 
than  the  others,  but  the  inner  cavity  is  often  comparatively  small.  Further,  the 
relative  position  of  the  two  rows  of  spines  may  vary  considerably,  as  they  may 
sometimes  be  wholly  or  partly  opposite,  sometimes  wholl)'  or  ])arlly  alternate. 

The  lateral  chambers  are  much  more  calcified  than  in  tlie  other  species, 
and  with  exception  of  the  supra-scapular  one,  which  has  on  its  basal  surface 
I  wo    small    excisions,    they  have    but   a   few  pores.    The  scapular  clKunber,  which 


238 

is  also  developed  as  an  aviciilariiiiii  on  llie  adzorrcial  side  of  the  daugliter-zooe- 
c'iuni,  is  very  small,  arched  and  ralher  slronglj'  |)rojecting.  The  adzo(t'rial,  inlVa- 
scapular  chamber  of  the  molher-zoa'cium  is  not  developed. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozocrcium  springs  from  a  molhcr-zotrciiini  and  is  of 
about  the  length  of  an  ordinary  zoo'cium,  but  much  broader  and  3  —  4  times  as 
long  as  the  small,  cap-shaj)cd,  covering  kenozooecium.  The  slruclure  of  the  sternal 
area  is  similar  to  Ihat  of  the  ordinary  zoa'cia,  and  Ibis  may  also  be  said  of  the 
lateral  chambers  on  the  adzorrcial  side  with  exception  of  the  first  one,  which  is 
smaller  and  more  steeply  ascending.  On  the  adzooecial  side  of  Ihe  gonozoo'cium 
the  lateral  chambers  are  much  more  faintly  developed,  silualcd  almost  vertically 
on  the  frontal  wall,  and  the  scapular  chand)er  is  not  developed  as  an  avicu- 
larium.  No  unpaired,  median  pores  are  found,  and  within  the  two  Iransver.sely 
oval  fenestra",  which  are  heie  <piilc  frontal,  we  find  but  one  group  of  spinous 
processes  and  no  pores.  On  the  lo|)  of  liie  kenozoojciiim  Ihere  is  a  rather  large, 
quadrangular  or  triangular  chamber,  compressed  from  front  to  base,  which  is 
sometimes  undivided,  sometimes  disided  bj' two  septa  into  three  cavities,  of  which 
the  central  one  was  not  developed  as  an  avicularium  on  anj'  specimen  I  have 
examined. 

Form  of  colony.  The  regular  alternation  of  uni-  and  bi-zou'cial  inleinodes  is 
broken  in  the  terminal  part  of  the  princi[)al  branches  by  two  or  three  bizoo'cial 
inlernodes  succeeding  each  other  (2,  2,   1,  2,  2,   1   ...  .  or  2,  2,  2,   1   ...  .). 

Of  tills  species  I  have  examined  some  fragments  from  Port  Western. 

Besides  the  four,  above-descril)('d  species  whicli  show  a  uundier  of  agreeuienls 
with  Scnlicella  manjarilacea,  it  seems,  that  the  following  tertiary  species  described 
by  Mac  Gillivray'  must  be  referred  to  this  genus,  viz.  Cdlenicelln  lincata.  (jtl. 
latijioiis  and  Ckiinporella  lomjicollis. 


Cribricella  n.  g. 

The  slenial  area  has  numerous,  scattered  ])ores,  of  which  the  outermost  are 
disposed  in  a  distinct  curved  line,  and  a  small,  transversely  oval  cryptocysl 
lamina  on  its  inner  surface.  The  hinge-teeth  are  rudimentary  or  indistinct  and 
never  jirojecting  freely  in  Ihe  a])erlnre.  The  occlusion  lakes  ])lace  in  a  way  similar 
to  that  in  Scnlicella. 

'   76,   p.    14,   1,'),   2\. 


239 


Cribricella  rufa  Mac  Gillivray. 
Catenicella  rufa  M.  Gillivr.,  Transact.  Royal  Soc.  of  Victoria   1868, 

Vol.  IX,  pag.  126. 
(PI.  XII,  figs.  7  a-7  f). 

The  zooecia  are  elongated,  ciuadrangularly  oval,  and  the  sternal  area  is  pro- 
vided with  numerous  scattered  pores,  of  which  the  outermost  are  not  much  larger 
than  those  situated  further  in.  The  aperture  has  a  proximal  concave  margin  with 
a  small,  rounded  sinus  centrally. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  in  most  zorrcia  developed 
as  a  generally  rather  small,  frontally  directed  avicularium,  which  never  appears 
on  the  adzocecial  side  of  the  daughter-zooecium.  It  is  usually  wanting  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  single  zoa-cia,  which  occur  in  rows  and  may  spring  both  from 
a  mother-  and  from  a  daughler-zofrcium,  but  in  the  latter  case  the  opposite  avi- 
cularium is  often  large.  Of  the  other  lateral  chambers  we  see  from  the  frontal 
surface  only  a  part  of  the  supra-sca[)ular  one,  which  has  a  membranous  roof 
but  a  jjrojecting  calcified  outer  wall.  The  long,  narrow  infra-scapular  chamber 
passing  from  the  outer  side  of  the  avicularium  obliquely  towards  the  basal  surface 
bends  again  more  or  less  far  down  the  latter  surface  and  is  at  its  terminal 
part  almost  i)arallcl  with  the  likewise  long,  narrow  pedal  chamber,  which 
runs  along  the  lateral  margin  of  the  zoa'cium.  The  mother-zooecium  has  a  long, 
infra-scapular,  adzocecial  chamber. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozocrcium,  which  is  somewhat  shorter  than  the  cover- 
ing kenozoa'cium  and  situated  on  a  mother-zoa'cium,  is  of  the  same  length  but 
twice  the  breadth  of  the  zoa^cia,  and  the  structure  of  the  sternal  area  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  latter.  Its  wide  aperture  has  a  broad,  but  indistinctly  marked  sinus, 
on  the  proximal  side  of  which  a  short,  broadly  rounded,  inner  cryi)tocyst  plate 
is  seen.  Along  each  lateral  margin  we  find  a  long,  narrow,  pedal  chamber,  bas- 
ally  to  which  there  is  a  shorter,  somewhat  curved  one,  and  the  chanil)ers  corre- 
spond to  those  of  the  distal  group.  The  large  covering  kenozooecium  is  on  its 
frontal  surface  provided  with  numerous,  scattered,  rather  large  jiores,  and  the 
distal  group  of  lateral  chambers  is  generally  represented  on  either  side  by  an 
oblong,  mostly  membranous  cavity,  in  which  we  maj'  distinguish  between  a 
shorter  and  wider  distal  part,  which  can  be  seen  from  the  frontal  surface,  and 
a  longer,  more  narrow,  somewhat  curved  part,  which  reaches  halfway  down  llie 
basal  surface.  The  projecting  wider  part,  which  is  often  conical,  may  have  more 
or  less  strongly  calcified  walls  and  often  be  provided  with  but  a  narrow,  slit-like 
opening.     In    a    single   case    it  was   only  present   on  one  side  and  then  communi- 


240 

cated  willi  :i  \eiv  smnll  ;i\  iciilnriiiin.  The  [icdnl  Inlciiil  cliamlxT  is  icpii^scnUHl 
by  Iwo  (nicnc  seldom  by  tliici')  mcinhriinous  cavilics  of  soiiu'wlial  vaiiahlc  Ibriii 
and   size. 

Form  of  colony,  ^\'llile  uni-  and  i)i-zooecial  inlciiiodes  seem  to  alternate 
regularly  everywiuTi'  in  the  ])rincipal  branches,  we  may  lind  two  hizod'cial  inler- 
nodes   succeeding   each   other   immediately  on    the    proximal  side  of  the  ooicium. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  colonies  from  Port  Phillip  and  from  Port 
Phillip  Heads,  Victoria  (iMiss  .lelly). 

Cribricella  cribraria  Busk. 

Catenicella  cribraria  Husk,  ^'()yage  of  Rattlesnake,   I,   i)ag.  ^51),  (catalogue  of  Marine 

Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  i)ag.  9,  PI.  V,  fig.  3 — 4,  Challenger,  Zoology, 

Vol.  X,  Part   1,   pag.    11,   lig.  (5. 

(I'l.  Xll,  lif>s.  8  a— Sc). 

The  zooecia  broadly  oval.  The  sternal  area  with  numerous  pores,  of  which 
those  situated  in  the  margin  are  much  larger  than  those  scattered  inside.  The 
aperture  with  a  proximal  concave  margin,  from  the  centre  of  which  issues  a 
sutural  line.  This  line  separates  two  short,  plale-shaj)e(l,  hollow  spines,  which 
are  provided  with  snmll  pores  and  may  be  strongly  arched.  There  is  a  narrow, 
curved   transverse  slit  on    the   proximal  side  of  the  aperture. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  everywhere,  also  on  the  ad- 
zoa'cial  side  of  the  daughter-zocecium,  developed  as  a  large,  compressed  avicu- 
larium,  the  strongly  concave  frontal  surface  of  which  is  bounded  at  both  ends 
by  a  process.  The  supra-scapular  chamber,  which  is  almost  wholly  calcified,  is 
long,  narrow  and  provided  with  a  curved  terminal  part.  A  very  short  lateral 
branch  ending  in  a  pore  starts  from  the  proximal  half  of  its  frontal  side  and  its 
bent  i)roximal  end,  which  can  be  seen  from  the  basal  surface,  likewise  termin- 
ates in  an  uncalcified  portion.  The  infra-scaj)ular  and  the  |)edal  chambers  are 
well  separated,  long,  narrow  and  provided  with  a  longitudinal  slit.  An  infra- 
scapular,  adzod'cial   chamber  is  wanting  in   the  mother-zoo'cium. 

The  ocEcium.  The  gonozou>cium,  which  is  twice  as  high  as  the  covering 
kenozoceciuni,  is  situated  sometimes  on  a  motber-zou'cium,  sometimes  on  an  in- 
serted zod'cium.  The  sternal  area  is  somewhat  depressed  and  provided  with 
numerous  scattered  pores,  of  which  the  inner  ones  are  in  part  larger  than  on  the 
zotrcium.  The  aperture  has  an  almost  straight  jjroximal  margin,  and  there  are  no 
hollow  spines.  Two  very  narrow  lateral  chambers  with  a  slil-likt'  opening  are 
found  along  each  lateral  margin.  The  covering  kenozod-cium  has  a  distal,  more 
strongly  arched,   indistinctly  marked   portion   and  on  each  side  a  large,  pear-shaped 


241 

or  triangular  fenestra.  Within  tlie  latter  the  on'cinm  shows  an  irregular  collect- 
ion of  very  small  pores.  Numerous  spinous  jjiocesses  are  found  outside  the  two 
feneslrse  and  in  the  region  hetween  them. 

Form  of  colony,  hi  the  principal  hranches  we  find  everywhere  a  regular 
alternation  of  uni-  and  hi-zoa'cial  internodes,  and  hranches  of  u|)  to  <S  single 
zod'cia  may  spring  from   Ihc  daughler-zoa^cium. 

Of  this  s[)ecies  I  have  examinetl  colonies  from  l\n[  Weslern,  liass'  Strait  and 
from  New  Zealand  (Akaroa).    I  only  found  a  few  ocrcia  on  the  latter. 

Hincksiella  n.  g. 

The  stenuil  aica  has  a  nund^er  of  feneslraj  disposed  in  a  curve,  but  no  cryp- 
tocyst  lamina.  Hinge-teeth  rudimentary  or  indistinct  not  projecting  in  the  aper- 
ture. Of  lateral  chambers  only  the  supra-scapular  and  the  scaj)ular  occur,  and 
the.se  form  together  a  wing-like  llange  on  either  side  of  the  /od'cium.  The  occlu- 
sion takes  place  in  a  way  similar  to  that  in  Scuticella. 

Hincksiella  pulchella  Maplcslone. 
Catenicella  i)ulchella  Mai)leslone,  Journal  Micr.  Soc.  Vicloria,  Vol.   1,   1880, 

pag.  64,  PI.  V,  fig.  4. 
—  —        Busk,    (Challenger,    Zoology,  Vol.   X,    Part   I,    pag.    13, 

I'l.  I,  (ig.  4. 
(PI.  XII,  figs.  9n-0c). 
The  zooecia  oval,  with  a  longitudinally  striated  basal  surface  and  with 
a  slightly  arched  sternal  area,  which  has  6—^7  oval  fenestrae  on  either  side. 
The  aperture  has  a  proximal  concave  margin  with  a  small  sinus  centrally,  the 
entrance  of  which  is  narrowed  by  two  short,  somewhat  bent,  dentiform  pro- 
cesses. The  zoa'cium  is  separated  from  the  lateral  chambers  by  very  tliick  walls 
(fig.  9  c)  and  the  zoa^cial  margins  between  the  fenestrae  and  the  lateral  chambers 
are  therefore  very  dark. 

The  lateral  chambers  form  a  wing-like  flange  in  (he  entire  length  of 
the  zooecium.  They  are  wholly  calcified  and  apart  from  a  pore  at  the  end 
of  the  triangular,  steeply  ascending,  supra-scapular  chamber,  they  are  other- 
wise without  pores.  The  scapular  chamber,  which  communicates  distally  with 
the  zooecium  through  1  —  2  uniporous  rosette-plales,  is  everywhere,  also  on 
the  adzocecial  side  of  the  daughter-zocecium,  developed  as  an  avicularium  and 
provided  with  a  very  small,  proximally  directed  mandible.  A  pedal  chamber  is 
not  developed  and  the  adzoa'cial,  infra-scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zoa-cium 


IS  wanting. 


16 


242 

The  ooecium.  In  the  two  cases  hitherto  round  the  gonozooecium  is  a  inother- 
zott'ciuin  situated  on  a  single  zooeciiini.  It  is  covered  l)y  a  zoa?cium  of  ordinary 
structure,  which  only  shows  any  difference  in  having  a  nund)er  of  scalteretl  pores 
in  its  frontal  wall  which  does  not  seem  to  he  specially  strongly  arched.  Nor 
does  this  covering-zoa'ciuni  coniplele  the  branch,  hut  may  he  succeeded  hy  at 
least  one  single  zoojciuin.  Tlie  aperture  of  the  gonozoa'ciuni  has  a  ])r()xiniai 
concave   margin   with  acute  corners. 

Form  of  colony.  The  alternation  of  uni-  and  hi-zod'cial  internodes  is  regular. 

Ol   this  species  I  have  examined  some  small  colonies  from  Port  Phillip  Heads. 

Claviporella  M.  Gillivray,  char,  emend. 

The  aperture  is  provided  with  a  more  or  less  deep  sinus  and  with  two  robust, 
strongly  projecting  hinge-teeth.  Behind  the  aperture  there  is  an  inner  cryptocyst 
lamina  and  most  often  an  oval,  median  pore,  a  remnant  from  the  primary  frontal 
sinus.  On  either  side  of  the  aperture  is  a  cylindrical  acropetal  spine,  and  the 
pedal  chamber,  situated  far  ])roximalIy,  is  rudimentary  and  only  commimicales 
with  Ibe  zoa'ciuni  through  a  single  rosette-plate.  The  occlusion  takes  place  in  a 
way  similar  to  that  in  Scuticella. 

Claviporella  geminata  W.  Thomps. 
Catenicella  geminata  ^^^  Thompson,  Nat.  Hist.  Review,  V,   18r)8. 

Proceed.  Dublin  Univ.  Zool.  and  Botan.  Associat.  I,  i)ag.  S  J, 
PI.  VII,  figs.  3,  4. 

(I'l.  XII.  li^s.  3a,  .■?])). 

The  zooecia,  which  excluding  the  lateral  chambers  are  rounded  trapezi- 
form,  have  a  number  of  very  small  scattered  pores,  and  the  sternal  area  gener- 
ally shows  2-  '),  most  often  very  small  fenestra\  The  aperture,  the  sinus  of 
which  is  twice  as  long  as  broad,  is  surrounded  by  '2 — 4  acropetalous  spines  of 
very  varying  size,  2  distal,  frontally  directed  ones  and  two  lateral,  the  two  former 
of  which  diverge  very  little  and  may  attain  the  length  of  the  aperture  on  the 
single  zofpcia.  On  the  mother-zoctcium  they  are  but  small,  and  this  is  always 
true  of  the  lateral  ones,  wliicii  are  most  often  rudimentary  or  absent  on  the 
single  zod'cia.  On  the  proximal  side  of  the  sinus  a  moic  or  less  distinct  sulural 
line  leads  down  to  a  small,  very  narrow  pore,  the  margins  of  which  are  gener- 
ally provided  with  small,  dentiform  |)rocesses.  The  two  short,  broad  spines, 
which   meet    in    the  sutural    line,   do   not  show  any   vestige  of  an   inner  cavity. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chandler  is  everywhere,  also  on  the  ad- 
zoa-cia!   side  of  the  daughter-zo(rcium,    developed  as  a   somewhat   compressed  avi- 


2415 

cularium  of  very  variable  size,  the  distal  wall  of  which  terminates  in  a  beaked 
hook.  This  aviculariuni  may  sometimes  attain  the  size  of  the  zod^ciuni.  The 
supra-scapular  chamber  is  separated  frem  the  aviculariuni  by  a  straight  wall.  It 
is  a  compressed,  roundedly  triangular  cavity,  increasing  outwards  in  height,  which 
is  wholly  calcified  with  exception  of  a  narrow,  oval  fissure  in  the  inner  part  of 
its  roof.  The  infra-scapular  chamber  is  furnished  with  a  righl-angled  or  acute- 
angled  corner,  which  forms  almo.st  a  right  angle  with  the  frontal  surface  of  the 
aviculariuni.  It  is  compressed,  trapeziform  and  calcified  wilh  exceplion  of  the 
surface  forming  an  angle  with  the  aviculariuni.  On  the  adzoo'cial  side  of  the 
mother-zoa^cium  proxinially  lo  Hie  aviculariuni  of  the  daughlcr-zod'cium  (here  is 
a  small  supra-scapular  chamber  and  on  the  proximal  side  of  llu-  lateral  spine 
we  find  an  extremely  small,  rounded  chamber,  which  must  be  regarded  as  Hie 
adzooecial,  infra-scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zocecium.  A  pedal  chamber 
is  wanting  on  (he  daughter-zocecium,  but  found  on  both  sides  of  Hie  mother- 
zott'cium. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozooeciuni  is  a  mother-zocecium  and  differs  from  the 
ordinary  zoa-cia  in  wauling  the  two  distal  sjiincs  and  in  liaving  a  broader  sinus 
in  the  aperture.  The  ooecium  is  covered  by  the  distal  zooecium,  which  is  accord- 
ingly provided  on  one  side  with  a  strongly  arched  expansion,  the  surface  of  which 
has  a   number  of  scattered,  wart-like  i)i-ojecling  pores. 

Form  of  colony,  'fhe  principal  branches  are  composed  solely  of  bizooecial 
internodes,  in  which  the  mother-zod'ciuni  bears  a  considerably  larger  aviculariuni 
than  the  daiigbter-zoa'cium  and  appears  alternately  to  the  right  and  to  the  left. 
A  single  zod'cium  may  spring  only  from  the  daugliter-zo(i>cium. 

Of  this  .species  I  have  seen  a  few  fragments  from  Port  Phillip. 


Claviporella  aurita  Busk. 

Catenicella  aurita  Busk,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,   Cheilostomata, 

pag.  8,  PI.  IV,  figs.   1,  2,  3. 

(PI.  XX,  fii^s.   10:1,   10  1)). 

The  zooecia  oval  or  angularly  oval  with  very  few,  scattered,  fine  i)ores,  and 
wilh  a  sternal  area  provided  with  3 — .')  rather  small  fenestra'.  The  aperture,  the 
sinus  of  which  is  not  longer  than  broad,  is  surrounded  by  4  acropctalous  spines 
of  very  variable  size,  two  distal  and  two  lateral  ones,  of  which  the  two  former, 
which  diverge  at  a  right  or  obtuse  angle,  are  of  a  robust  cylindrical  form  and 
may  become  a  little  longer  than  the  aperture.  The  two  lateral  ones  are  consider- 
ablj'  smaller  and  never  seem  to  be  wanting.   A  sulural  line  leads  from   the  sinus 

Ui* 


244 

down    lo   an   oval    pore,    and    on    L-itlier   side   of  llie   suliire  we   generally    lind    an 
inner  cavity   belonging  lo  the  two  short  s])ines,  which   meet   in   the  latter. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chaniher,  which  in  contrast  to  that  in  the 
])rcceding  species,  has  no  beaked  hook,  is  not  everywhere  developed  as  an  avicu- 
hirinni  and  is  often  absent  on  the  one  side  of  a  single  zoirciuni  as  well  as  of  a 
bizofficial  internode.  While  the  three  distal  lateral  chambers  together  form  a  body 
of  a  shape  somewhat  similar  to  that  in  the  foregoing  species,  the  extent  of  the 
three  chambers  separately  is  diilVrenl,  the  scapular  cliainl)er  being  dilated  both 
distally  and  jjroximally  al  the  expense  of  the  two  other  clianihers,  and  the  sinus, 
which  in  CI.  (jcinindta  is  formed  between  Die  scapular  and  the  infra-scapular 
chamber,  is  here  formed  by  the  former  only,  the  septum  between  the  two  cliani- 
hers having  retreated  much  farther  pro\inially.  The  supra-scapular  chamber  is 
separated  from  the  scapular  by  an  angulated  septum  and  has  a  lissure  in  its  roof. 
II  is  an  extremely  small,  triangular  or  (piadrangular  cavity,  which  together  with 
the  distal  part  of  the  scapular  chamber  forms  a  rounded  jirocess,  the  form  and 
position  of  which  reminds  one  of  the  distal  sjiines.  The  infra-scajjular  chamber 
is  generally  triangular  and  wholly  calcified  with  exception  of  a  small  frontal 
pore.  The  pedal  chamber  appears  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  foregoing  species. 
This  may  also  be  said  of  the  above-mentioned  chamber  on  the  bizooecial 
internode. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozoceciuni  is  a  single  zocrcium,  and  the  covering  keno- 
zoircium  is  of  the  length  of  the  gonozocrcium  and  has  a  depression  along  the 
centre  of  the  frontal  surface,  which  is  provided  with  a  numlier  of  widely  scat- 
tered pores.  The  aperture,  which  is  provided  with  two  distally  converging,  arch- 
shaped  lateral  margins,  has  a  broad,  Irapeziformly  rounded  sinus,  the  proximal 
part  of  which  is  covered  by  the  spines  which  meet  in  the  sutural  line.  On  either 
side  of  the  ai)erture  we  find  a  distally  directed,  strong,  conical,  lateral  spine  of 
the  length  of  the  aperture,  and  outside  this  on  either  side  a  single,  rounded  (piad- 
rangular, lateral  chamber  with  a  small  rounded  pore. 

Form  of  colony.  Uni-  and  bi-zocecial  internodes  alternate,  i)iit  in  such  a  way 
that  two  bizod'cial  internodes  succeed  each  other  rather  frequently.  The  single 
zooecia  may  spring  from  the  <laughler-zooccia  in  rows  of  up  to  5.  They  are 
sometimes  on  the  outer  side  provided  with  an  avicularium,  which  may  exceed 
the  zoa'cium  in  size,  and  such  an  enormous  avicularium  is  found  especially  in 
a  form  from  Akaroa  (New  Zealand). 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  colonics  from  Port  Phillii),  Auckland,  Cape 
Wilson  and  New  Zealand. 


245 


Claviporella  pusilla  Wilson. 
Catenicellopsis  pusilla  Wilson,  Quart.  Journal  Micr.  Soc.  Victoria,   1880,  pag.  64. 
—  —      Mac.    Gillivray,    Mc.    Coy,    Prodromus   ol'  the   Zoology   of 

Victoria,  decade  XI,  pag.  29,  PI.   107.  figs.   1  — 1  c. 
(I'l.  XII,  lij^s.  4a-ll). 

The  zooecia  are  [)ear-shaped,  very  strongly  arched  and  piovided  with  small, 
scattered  pores.  The  small  sternal  area  has  hut  a  single,  very  small  fenestra  he- 
sides  the  larger  median  one,  situated  j)roximally  to  the  sutural  line,  and  the  two 
spines,  meeting  in  the  latter,  have  often  an  inner  cavity.  The  a|)erture  has  a 
rather  hroad,  rounded  sinus,  on  the  distal  side  of  which  we  find  two  widely 
separated,  slightly  diverging,  generally  slender,  cylindrical  spines.  Special  lateral 
spines  are  wanting,  the  rohust,  spine-like  process  on  either  side  of  the  aperture 
heing   the  scajjular  chandler. 

The  lateral  chambers.  As  far  as  1  can  see  on  the  examined  I'ragments  the 
scapular  chand)er  is  everywhere  developed  into  an  avicularium  with  a  small, 
triangular  mandihle  (fig.  4  g).  The  chamher  itself  is  of  a  shorl,  thick,  robust, 
cylindrical  or  conical  form  and  is  wholly  calcified.  A  supra-scapular  chamber 
seems  to  he  wanting,  and  in  the  proximal  part  of  the  avicularian  chamber  is 
found  a  small,  rudimentary,  infra-scapular  chamher.  As  in  the  other  two  species 
a  rudimentary,  pedal  chamber  is  present,  whereas  there  is  no  small  chamber  on 
the  boundary  between   the  mother-  and   the  daughter-zooecium. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozocvcium  is  a  mother-zoa'cium.  The  form  of  its  aj)er- 
lure  is  similar  to  that  of  the  gonozorecium  in  CI.  aiirihi,  and  here  too  a  smaller 
or  larger  part  of  the  sinus  may  be  covered  by  the  two  spines.  The  scapular 
chamber  on  the  adzoa-cial  side  is  not  developed  as  an  avicularium  and  is  shaped 
like  a  strong,  somewhat  bent  spine  of  the  length  of  Ihe  aperture.  At  its  proximal 
part  there  is  a  rudimentary,  infra-scapular  chamber.  The  covering  zoa?cium,  the 
arched,  covering  part  of  whiclr  is  provided  with  a  number  of  scattered  pores, 
lacks  the  small  i)ore  of  the  sternal  area  as  well  as  the  rudimentary  i)edal  cham- 
her. The  internode  is  not  completed  by  Ihe  covering  zoa'cium  any  more  than  in 
(II.  <n'min<tUi. 

Form  of  colony.  In  the  principal  branches  uni-  and  i)i-zo(rcial  internodes 
alternate  regularly  and   rows  of  single  zoo'cia   ap|)(ar. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  some  dead  colonies  from  Victoiia,  most  zooe- 
cia of  which  had  been  attacked  by  alga-  and  Foraminifera. 


24(5 


Pterocella  n.  g. 


The  steriKil  area  has  ;{ — 7  fenestra!  disposeti  in  a  curve  and  a  rouiuled  ervplo- 
cysl  lamina  on  its  inner  surface.  The  ajierture,  tlie  |)()sterior  part  of  which  is 
Irapeziforni  or  arch-shajied,  is  provided  willi  Iwo  slroni;ly  developed,  IVeely  jiro- 
jecting  hinge-teeth.  The  lateral  chainhers  form  a  wing-like  marginal  portion  on 
either  side  in  the  whole  length  of  the  zo(L'cium.  The  molher-zoo'cium  has  a  small 
(ii)icnl(triniii  on  its  adzod'cial  side.  The  occlusion  lakes  place  in  a  way  similar 
to   that   in   Sciilicclld. 

Pterocella  alata  Wyv.  Thompson. 
Catenicella  alata  \\'yv.  Thompson,  Nat.  Hist.   He\ie\v,   ISfjiS. 

Proceed.  Dublin  Univ.  Zool.  and  IJolan.  Associat.  I,  pag.  80, 
PI.  VI.  fig.  4. 
(PI.  XII,  (ii^s.  fia,  01),  pi.  XXI,  Ri;.    1:0. 

The  zocecia  oval  with  a  nund)er  of  very  small  seatlered  ])ores  and  a  very 
strongly  arched  basal  surface  with  undulating,  longitudinal  stria-.  The  sternal 
area,  which  is  of  about  Ihe  same  size  as  the  ajjcrture,  is  provided  willi  1— (> 
round  or  oval  fenestra;,  Ihrough  which  the  margin  of  Ihe  inner  calcareous  lamina 
can  be  clearly  seen.  The  plainly  visible  frontal  sinus  is  <)ccu])ied  by  1  'A  jiroxi- 
mal,  rudimentary  or  veiy  slightly  develojied  spines  and  further  by  the  two  large, 
distal  ones  which  meet  in  a  sulin-al  line.  The  two  latter  sometimes  show  a  small 
inner  ca\ity.  The  anter  of  the  aperture  is  semi-eliiplicaj,  and  its  |)osler  has  a 
straight  median  j)ortion  and  two  lateral  parts  oblicjnely  ascending  towards  the 
hinge-teeth. 

The  lateral  chambers  form  on  eilher  side  a  dislally  directed,  rounded,  tri- 
angular expansion,  the  lop  or  the  j)oint  of  which  lies  at  the  end  of  the  su])ra- 
scapular  chamber.  The  distance  between  the  ends  of  llie  two  scapular  chambers 
is  in  a  unizocecial  internode  about  the  length  of  the  inlernode,  and  the  two 
lateral  expansions  form  a  distal  angle  of  120" — 140"  with  each  other.  The 
scapular  chamber,  which  is  everywhere  developed  as  an  avicularium  with  an 
extremely  small  mandible,  has  the  form  of  a  long,  compressed  lube,  and  con- 
trary to  the  case  in  all  the  above-described  species  an  avicularium  api)ears  also 
on  the  adzoa'cial  side  of  the  mother-zoa'cium,  where  it  is  situated  oj)j)osite  the 
distal  part  of  the  aperture.  It  is  here  however  considerably  shorter  and  stands 
out  almost  vertically  from  the  surface  of  Ihe  zoociuin.  The  wing-like  expansions 
formed  by  the  lateral  chambers  are  widest  in  the  supra-scapular  chand)er,  from 
which  they  decrease  in  breadth  proximally.    The  su|)ra  scapular  chand)er,  which 


247 

has  an  ascending  distal  margin,  is  liigii,  Irapezifornily  pointed  and  provided  with 
a  rounded  triangular  opening  on  the  Ironlal  suil'ace  in  its  proximal  part.  A 
similar,  though  somewhat  smaller  opening  is  found  on  the  inlra-scapular  cham- 
ber while  the  pedal  chamber  has  a  large,  oval  opening.  Immediately  to  the 
proximal  side  of  the  above  mentioned,  vertically  protruding  aviculariuni  there 
is  a  narrow,  almost  slit-like  cavity,  the  adzoa'cial,  infra-sca|)ular  chamber  of  the 
mother-zocEcium,  and  in  the  bizod'cial  internode  only  the  pedal  chamber  on  the 
adzoCEcial  side  of  the  daughter-zooecium   is  on   the   whole  wanting. 

The  ocecium.  The  gonozo(rcium  is  a  mother-zo<rcium,  and  its  sternal  area 
has  3  fenestra'  aiul  3  spines,  which  iill  the  broad  but  low  frontal  sinus.  The 
two  larger  distal  spines,  which  have  an  inner  cavity  and  a  mostly  uncalcified 
JVonlal  wall,  are  proxidcd  with  a  head-shaped,  inwards  and  proximally  bent 
terminal  part,  which  is  generally  separated  from  the  frontal  sinus  by  a  narrow 
fissure.  The  extremely  small,  unpaired  spine  is  situated  between  the  terminal 
parts  of  the  two  larger  ones  and  separate  these  wholly  or  only  i)artially.  An  avi- 
culariuni is  wanting  on  the  abzooecial  as  well  as  on  the  adzoa-cial  side  of  the 
gonozoa^cium.  On  the  latter  side  we  find  two  widely  separated  lateral  chambers, 
a  rudimentary  scaj)ular  one  and  a  larger  pedal,  while  the  scapular  and  the  pedal 
chambers  on  the  former  side  are  represented  by  an  auriculate  process  with  one 
or  two  narrow  pores. 

The  broad  oa'cium  is  covered  by  the  distal  zocecium,  the  snuiU  sternal  area 
of  which  is  provided  with  two  extremely  small  fenestrse  and  two  ribs  or  spines 
which  meet  in  a  suture,  while  the  covering  part  of  its  frontal  surface  has  a  large, 
broad,  l)i[)artite  fenestra,  which  is  bounded  proximally  by  the  distal,  curved 
margin  of  the  aperture  and  dislally  by  two  curved  lines  that  join  centrally  in  a 
point  directed  towards  the  aperture.  All  the  part  of  the  ocecium  to  be  seen  through 
this  perforation  is  [irovided  with  numerous,  closely  situated  pores,  the  separat- 
ing, raised  reticulation  of  whii'li  ends  in  a  number  of  tubercles  and  spinous  pro- 
cesses. With  exception  of  the  proximal  margin  the  part  of  the  frontal  surface  of 
the  ocEcium  covered  by  the  zoo'cium  is  provided  with  numerous,  scattered,  cyl- 
indrical spinous  [irocesses. 

Form  of  colony,  ha  this  species  two  bizocx'cial  internodes  generally  succeed 
each  other,  the  latter  springing  from  a  daughter-zooecium. 

I  have  examined  a  number  of  colonies  from  Port  Phillip. 


248 


Pterocella  carinata  Busk. 

{'nlenicella  carinnta  Busk,  Voyage  of  Ballk'siiake,  I,  pag.  363,  Catalogue  of  Marine 

Polyzoa,  (^heilosloniala,  pag.   12,  I'l.  VI,  figs.  4,   ">,  (j. 

(I'l.  MI,  li'<.  r>:\). 

The  zooecia  iiuadiaiigularly  oval,  of  a  loundi'd  li-iangular  Iraiisvorsc  set'tiou, 
lilt'  basal  surface  consisting  of  two  lateral  halves  meeting  at  an  acute  angle. 
This  surface  has  slightly  undulating,  longitudinal  striie  and  is  pro\ided  with  a 
low  median  ridge,  which  in  its  centie  rises  inio  a  triangnlai-,  s{)ine-like  |)i'()cess. 
The  sternal  area  is  generally  smaller  than  the  aperture  and  |)r()vi(led  with  3 
fenestra-,  and  the  extremely  small  frontal  sinus  is  occu|)ied  by  two  rudimentary 
spines.  The  anier  of  the  aperture   is  semi-elli]ilic;d   and   its  poster  concave. 

The  lateral  chambers  form  on  either  side  a  triangular,  acute-angled  e.xjian- 
sion,  which  is  directeil  sometimes  straight  outwards,  sometimes  a  little  distally 
and  the  vertex  or  point  lies  at  the  end  of  the  scapular  chamhei-.  'i'he  distance 
between  the  ends  of  the  two  scapular  chambers  is  in  an  unizoo'cial  inlernode 
larger  nearly  by  a  half  than  the  length  of  the  internode,  and  the  two  lateral 
expansions  form  a  distal  angle  of  180" — 270"  with  each  other.  The  scapular 
chamber  has  an  extremely  small  mandible  and  is  shaped  like  a  long,  narrow, 
compres.sed  tube,  and  the  two  adjoining,  triangidar  chambers  have  each  a  large, 
pear-shaped  opening,  which  is  larger  in  Ihe  su))ra-scapular  chamber,  the  frontal 
and  distal  walls  of  which  are  uncalcilied  in  their  inner  half.  The  i)edal  clunnber 
has  a  long,  oval  opening.  The  mother-zoo'cium  in  the  bizoo-cial  internode  is  |)ro- 
vided  with  a  small  avicidarium,  and  proximally  to  the  latter  we  lind  as  in  P.  ulnla 
a   narrow  boundary  chamber. 

The  ooecium.  The  oa'cium  as  well  as  the  gonozoo'ciuni  and  Ihe  co\ering 
zo<rciuin  bear  a  close  resendjlance  to  the  corresponding  parts  in  P.  (lUita  and  I 
shall  accordingly  limit  myself  to  j)ointing  out  the  most  important  diirercnces.  On 
the  gonozooecium  the  sternal  sinus  is  much  less  developed  and  occupied  by  two 
likewise  slightly  developed  spines,  which,  however,  also  have  a  teiuiinal  i)arl  bent 
inwards  and  proximallj'.  The  most  conspicuous  dilTerence  is  however  found  in 
the  covering  zoa^cium,  which  is  jirovided  with  two  lai-ge  fenestra'  separated  by 
a  rather  broad  longitudinal  belt. 

Form  of  colony.  In  Ihe  small  fragment  IVom  Napier,  New  Zealand,  lliat  I 
have  examined,   two  bizoo'cial   internodes  nowhere  succeed  each  other. 


249 


Calpidium   Busk,  char,  emend. 

The  steiiuil  (irca  has  5  fenestrte  disposed  in  a  curve  and  an  inner  cryptocvsl 
lamina.  The  aperture,  the  anter  of  which  is  surrounded  hy  a  strongly  projecting 
margin,  has  a  trilohed  or  triangular  sinus  ending  in  a  [)oint,  and  is  provided 
with  two  very  strong  hinge-teeth,  projecting  within  the  aperture.  The  rosette 
plates  of  the  lateral  chambers  are  placed  in  small  rounded  depressions  and 
may  therefore  he  looked  u[)on  as  multiporous.  The  occlusion  lakes  place  in  a 
way  similar  to  that  in  Sciiticella. 

In  the  two  species  of  this  genus  the  lateral  chambers  occupy  much  more 
than  one  half  of  the  surface  of  the  single  zoa'cia  as  well  as  of  the  bi-  and  tri- 
zod'cial  inlernodes.  They  occupy  especially  the  greater  \y,\r[  of  the  distal  as  well 
as  of  the  basal  surface,  l)eing  separated  here  only  by  a  number  of  elevated  ridges, 
each  furnished  with  a   longitudinal  furrow. 

Calpidium   ponderosum  Goldstein. 

Catenicella   ponderosa  Goldsl.,  Journal   Micr.  Soc.  Victoria,    1880,  pag.   63. 

(t'l.  X\I,  figs.  '):!— 5  0,  t'l.  Xtll,  llgs.  1  n-1  d). 

The  zocecia  are  o\al  and  the  sternal  area,  which  is  longer  by  at  least  a  half 
than  the  aperture,  is  |)rovidcd  with  live  large,  ])ear-shaped  fenestra  separated  by 
narrow  ribs,  in  the  marginal  portions  of  which  a  generally  strongly  developed 
cryptocyst  appears.  Inside  the  sternal  area  is  a  large,  obliquely  oval  cryptocyst 
lamina.  The  aperture  is  oblong  and  .separated  by  a  constriction  into  an  anter, 
the  two  lateral  margins  of  which  converge  towards  the  constriction,  and  a  tri- 
angularly trilohed  poster.  The  sternal  sinus  is  mainly  preserved  in  the  form  (jf 
the  small,  triangular  sinus  of  the  aperture,  but  immediately  on  the  proximal  side 
of  it  an  extremely  short  sutural  line  is  seen,  in  which  two  very  slightly  devel- 
oped and  somewhat  [)rotruding  ribs  meet,  ^^'ithin  each  of  the  two  pi'occsses 
bounding  the  constriction  we  see  a  robust,  cylindrically  conical  hinge-tooth,  which 
however  does  not  project  freely  into  the  aj)erture  itself,  when  the  latter  is  seen 
from  the  frontal  surface.  The  anter  of  the  aperture  is  surrounded  by  a  large, 
obliquel}'  protruding,  bilobed,  umbellate  expansion,  the  two  triangularly  rounded 
lateral  halves  of  which  are  separated  by  a  broad,  but  low,  obtuse-angled 
incision. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  not  everywhere  developed 
as  an  avicularium,  and  the  latter  is  not  infrcciuenlly  wanting  on  one  side  in  the 
single  zooccia  as  well  as  in  the  bi-zocecial  internodes.  The  three  other  lateral 
chambers   have   a   membranous  roof  and  occupy  a  very  large  part  of  the  surface 


2o0 

of  the  zocrciiim.  They  altaiii  Ihi'ir  i^rcalcsl  extent  on  the  basal  siirfacc,  on  which 
they  are  .se])araled  partly  by  a  ralher  liroad  longitudinal  hell,  which  is  some- 
what concave  towards  the  centre  and  hirnrcatetl  in  Ihe  Ijizooecial  joint,  j)artly 
by  the  l)elt-shaped  or  ridge-liUe  hileral  branches,  likewise  concave  and  springing 
from  the  just-menlioned  belt.  The  supra-scapular  chamber  reaches  some  way 
down  the  basal  surface,  luit  a  still  larger  part  of  it  can  be  seen  on  the  frontal 
surface,  where  the  two  chambers  are  separated  by  a  narrow  ridge  passing  tlown 
to  the  incision  between  the  two  umbellate  processes  of  the  aperture,  the  free 
edges  of  which  form  ])art  of  the  boundary  of  the  two  chambers.  From  the  proxi- 
mal end  of  each  undiel  the  boundary  ridge  runs  in  a  straight  line  towards  the 
avicularium  and  then  bends  in  an  arch-shaped  ridge,  the  distal  ])art  of  whicli  is 
parallel  with  the  margin  of  Ihe  frontal  area  of  the  avicularium.  The  infra- 
scapular  chambers,  which  are  the  largest,  form  the  greater  \)m[  of  the  basal 
surface  of  the  zott'cium  and  a  large  part  of  its  lateral  surfaces,  and  each  cham- 
l)er  is  separated  from  the  large,  rounded  quadrangular  pedal  chamber  (fig.  a  b) 
by  a  ridge  springing  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  basal  wall,  which  first  passes 
obliquely  distally  and  after  another  bending  joins  the  sternal  area.  In  the  l)i- 
zoa?cial  internode  the  greater  part  of  the  distal  surface  is  occujjied  by  a  large 
mendiranous  chamber,  whicli  sends  a  triangular  jiortion  down  the  frontal  as  well 
as  the  Jiasal  surface.  This  chamber  is  bounded  on  either  side  liy  a  low  ridge, 
which  runs  from  the  ring  of  the  joint  lo  Ihe  incision  in  the  biloliate  marginal 
expansion  of  the  aperture  (hg.  ae).  A  thick  but  rather  short  horizontal  ridge, 
situated  immediately  on  the  distal  side  of  the  intermediate  space  between  the  two 
apertures  (fig.  5  e),  incompletely  divides  the  cliamber  into  two  parts,  viz.  a  smaller 
frontal  one  and  a  larger  distal  and  basal.  Each  of  these  communicates  with  the 
daughter-zoo'cium  through  a  small  rosette-plate  with  2 — 3  pores,  and  Ihe  entire 
chamber  must  be  regarded  as  Ihe  adzooecial,  supra-scapular  chamber  of  the 
molher-zoa'cium.  The  adzoo-cial  infra-scapular  chamber  of  the  mother-zoo'ciuni 
is  wanting,  and  with  regard  lo  Ihe  other  chambers  in  the  bizod'cial  joint  refer- 
ence may  be  made  to  the  explanation  of  the  plates. 

The  ocecium.  The  gonozooecium,  which  is  only  about  half  as  high  as  the 
covering  kenozoo'cium,  is  situated  sometimes  on  a  mothcr-zoo'ciiini,  sonietinies 
on  an  inserted  single  zooecium.  The  sternal  area,  which  is  a  little  smaller  than 
the  aperture,  is  provided  with  5  elongated  feheslrae  somewhat  pointed  at  the  di.s- 
lal  end,  which  increase  in  length  towards  the  centre  but  all  reach  nearly  right 
up  to  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  Inside  this  row  of  openings,  which 
reminds  one  of  a  visor,  a  very  broad,  rounded  cryptocyst  lamina  is  seen.  On  the 
other    hand    a    frontal    sinus   and   ribs   or   spines   are    complelelv   wanting.     The 


251 

greater  part  of  the  basal  surface  and  of  the  lateral  surfaces  of  the  gonozonecium 
is  occupied  by  two  lateral  chaml)ers,  the  proximal  of  which  is  the  jjcdal,  while 
the  distal  no  doubt  corresponds  to  the  three  distal  chambers  in  an  ordinary  zooe- 
ciuni.  Of  these  the  former  is  of  a  (piadrangularly  rounded  form  and  enclosed  on 
its  distal  as  well  as  on  its  basal  margin  by  the  latter,  which  is  triangularly 
kidney-shaped.  On  the  basal  surface  both  chambers  of  the  lateral  surfaces  are 
separated  by  a  central  belt,  which  increases  in  breadth  frontally  and  passes  into 
a  still  broader  bell  separating  the  two  large,  long,  bean-shaped  fenestric  of  the 
kenozoa^cium,  which  may  sometimes  meet  on  the  frontal  surface,  sometimes  be 
separated  by  a  narrow  central  belt.  Inside  each  of  the  two  fenestraj  the  ocecium 
is  provided  with  a  broad  belt  of  closely  situated  pores,  the  separating  reticulation 
of  which  terminates  in  a  number  of  luliercles  and  spinous  processes  and  these 
structures  may  also  be  present  partly  in  the  marginal  portion  of  the  two  fenestrse 
partly  along  the  distal  margin  of  the  aperture.  On  the  top  of  the  kenozocvcium 
we  find  an  arrow-shaped,  mend)ranous  chamber,  which  is  sharply  pointed  fron- 
tally and  deeply  indented  l)asally  and  the  basal  half  of  which  is  incompletely 
divided  into  two  i)y  a  longitudinal  ridge  springing  from  the  indentation.  The 
frontal  end  of  the  ridge  often  terminates  in  a  strong  process,  and  on  either  side 
of  it  we  find  a  group  of  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

Form  of  colony.  The  alternation  of  uni-  and  bi-zoci'cial  internodes  is  regular 
except  in  the  lateral  branches,  which  often  spring  from  a  daughter-zoo'cium  and 
which  in  every  other  bizoiecial  inlernode  bear  only  bi-zoa'cial  joints  (uj)  to  ')). 
I    have   liowever  sometimes   seen    such  a  l)ranch  completed  by  a  single  zoii-cium. 

Of  this  species  a  colony  from  Tasmania  has  kindly  been  placed  at  my  dis- 
posal by  Dr.  Harmer. 

Calpidium  ornatum  Busk. 
Voyage  of  Rattlesnake,  pag.  364,  (Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata, 

pag.  15,  PI.  XII,  XIII. 
(PI.  XX,  figs.  11  a-11  f). 
The  zocecia  are  oval.  The  sternal  area,  which  is  longer  than  the  aperture 
by  about  a  half,  is  provided  with  5  fenestra?  of  very  different  size,  viz.  two  small 
distal  ones,  two  larger  median  and  one  the  largest  proximal.  Inside  the  sternal 
area  we  find  an  oval  cryptocyst  lamina,  and  further  each  perforation  is  provided 
with  a  well-developed  cryptocyst,  which  in  older  zoa>cia  may  hide  the  inner 
lamina  entirely.  The  elongated  aperture  has  a  constriction  somewhat  |)roximally 
to  the  centre,  and  here  we  find  two  robu.st,  conical,  cylindrical  hinge-teeth  con- 
verging  proximally,   of  which  the  terminal  part  only  projects  freely  in  the  aper- 


252 

ture.  The  poster  of  Ihc  aperture  is  Irilohcd,  while  its  anter,  which  is  surrounded 
])y  a  strongly  protruding,  not  bilohate  margin,  has  two  proximally  converging 
lateral  margins. 

The    lateral    chambers,     hi    every  internode    llie   scapular   eliamher   generally 
seems    to   he   developed    as   a   small    triangular  avicularium  on  the  outside  of  the 
two  daughter-zod'cia,  whereas  no  other  avicularia  occur.  The  correspoudiug  sujjra- 
scapular    chamber    appears    on    the    distal    surface    as   a    small,    triangular    cavity, 
which    is    hut    incompletely   seiiaraled    from    the   cavity   occujiying    the    remaining 
part   of  the  distal  surface.    It  is  moreover  continued  into  a  long,    narrow  depres- 
sion on  the  outside  of  each  daughter-zocrcium.    To  understand  the  form  and  ex- 
tension of  the  other  chambers  we   must   lirst  study  the  system  of  jirojecting  ridges, 
which  separates  them.  On  regarding  a  tri-zofrcial  internode  from  the  distal  surface 
(lig.    lie)  we    see,    thai    the    latter    is    divided   into   two  lateral   halves  by  a    longi- 
tudinal  ridge,  which  passes  from   the  distal  margin  of  the  aperture  of  the  central 
zoa'cium   to  the  annular  facette  of  the  joint  and  is  continued  from  the  basal  side 
of  the    latter   along   the  centre  of  the  basal  surface.    xMoug  the  frontal  margin  of 
the    distal    surface    a    continuous    transverse  ridge   may  ap[)ear,    situated  vertically 
on  the  just-mentioned  longitudinal   ridge.     The   transverse  ridge  may  pass  beyond 
the  centre  of  the  apertures  of  the  two  lateral  zou'cia,  but  in  many  cases  we  tind 
in  its  place  two  shorter  or  longer  .separate  transverse  ridges,  which  are  not  joined 
on    to    the    longitudinal    ridge.     The  greater  part  of  llie  distal  surface  is  occupied 
by    two    large    lateral    chambers    covered    by  a    membranous   roof,  which   we   uuiy 
for    the   present    term    the    distal    chambers  ami  which  are  each  provided  with  a 
transversely  situated,  deep  pit  with  (5—8  pores.    On  the  frontal  side  of  these,  two 
long,    |)ointed    cavities    are   seen    between    the    three   zoojcial    apertures  (fig.   11a), 
each  commuuicating  through  a   [\\[  with    1— ;$  pores  sometimes  with  the  daughter- 
zoG'cium,    sometimes    through    a    corresponding   pit  with    the    mother-zoa'cium    as 
well.     Considering    the    two    daugbter-zoa-cia    as    the    scajiular    chambers    of   the 
mother-zooecium   we    must    regard    not  only   the  two  distal   chambers  but  also   the 
triangular   ones   on    the    frontal    side   of   them    as    re])re.senling    the    supra-scapular 
chambers  of  the  mother-zoa-cium.    From   Ihe  |)ro\iuud  half  of  the  basal,  median, 
longitudinal    ridge    two   curved,    more   or    less   strongly    ascending    ridges   start    on 
either   side,    of  which    the    proximal    one    forms  the  boundary  of  the  sternal   area 
for  some  distance  (lig.  lid),  namely,  opposite  the  nu'dian  fenestra,  and  terminates 
in    a    small    process  just    proximally    to    Ihe    avicularium.     The    cavity,    bounded 
partly   by    this    ridge,    partly    by    the    median    ridge    and    by    Ibe    nuugin    of   the 
sternal  area,  is  the  pedal  chamber  and  on  the  frontal  surface  it  has  a  very  deej) 
nniltij)orous   rosette-plate  (tig.   lid,    d.  1\').     The    distal   of  the  two  lateral  ridges. 


253 

which  does  not  reach  the  ninrgin,  gives  off  from  its  proximal  i)art  a  l)rancli  di- 
rected distally  and  then  hending  almost  reclangiilarly  outwards  lo  join  the  supra- 
scapular chamher.  The  two  large  lateral  chamhers,  occupying  the  greater  part 
of  the  I)asal  surface  of  the  zo(rcium  and  incompletely  divided  into  two,  are  the 
two  infra-sca[)ular  chamhers  (fig.  11  d,  d.  Ill),  and  each  of  their  two  parts  has 
a  separate  pit  with  pores,  of  which  a  very  small  one  is  situated  near  the  avi- 
cularium  and  a  large,  deep,  ohlong,  multiporous  one  distally  to  the  proximal 
lateral  ridge,  hi  the  hi-zo(i'cial  joints  digs.  11  e,  1 1  f )  the  hasal  surface  of  the 
zoa?cium  has  a  similar  structure  on  the  lateral  half  corresponding  with  the 
daughter-zon'cium,  whereas  on  the  lateral  half  corresponding  with  the  mother- 
zocecium  we  find  instead  of  the  hranched  distal  ridge  an  unhranched  one  situated 
much  higher  uj),  which  together  with  the  median  ridge  forms  the  houndary 
of  the  undivided  supra-scapular  chamber.  We  find  a  similar  contrast  with 
regard  lo  the  infra-scajjular  chamher,  which  is  also  undivided  in  the  half  hclong- 
ing  to  the  mother-zoa'cium.  A  longitudinal  section  tlirough  a  Iri-zocecial  joint 
dividing  it  into  a  frontal  and  a  hasal  half  shows  that  the  two  lateral  surfaces  of 
the  mother-zod'cium  join  the  daughter-zod-cia  in  the  whole  of  their  length  and 
communicate  with  them  through  two  groups  of  uniporous  rosette-plates,  a  distal 
and  a  proximal  group.  Thus  a  daughter-zou'cium  occupies  the  space  which  is 
otherwise  occupied  J)y  the  scapular  and  the  pedal  chamher,  and  we  cannot 
therefore  expect  to  find  oilier  chambers  than  llic  supra-sca|)idar  ones  on  the 
mother-zooccium  or  on  the  adzooecial  side  of  llie  daughter-zod'cium.  Accordingly 
the  two  large  cavities,  which  we  called  the  distal  chamhers,  together  with  the 
two  small  triangular  cavities  distallj'  lo  the  avicularia,  must  be  regarded  as  llie 
supra-scapular  chamhers. 

OcEcia  have  not  been  found. 

Form  of  colony.  The  colony  is  composed  principally  of  tri-zocecial  internodes, 
and  a  bi-zocecial  internode  is  found  only  at  the  base  of  each  fresh  branch.  It  is 
less  branched  than  in  the  other  species  of  this  family  and  we  may  find  up  lo  lli 
separate  internodes  in  one  bifurcation. 

I  am   indebted  to  Miss  Jelly  for  a  fragment  of  lliis  rare  species  from  Victoria. 

Catenaria  Savigny. 
Catenicella  Blainville,  Vittaticella  Maplesf. 
Calloporella  Mac  Gillivr. ' 

A  sternal  area  and  an  inner  cryptocysl  lamina  wanting  and  the  frontal  surface 
only  provided  with    extremely  fine,    scattered   pores.    The   aperture,  which    has   a 

'  7i;,  p.  s. 


254 

concave,  thickened,  prolnuling,  proximal  rim,  has  two  well-developed,  conspicuous 
hinge-teetli  and  is  closed  finally  hj'  tlirce  (one  distal  and  two  proximal)  calcareous 
processes,  springing  from  its  inner  margin  and  meeting  in  the  centre.  The  pedal 
chambers,  at  any  rale  those  of  the  single  zooecia  and  the  molher-/o(iL'cia,  are  very 
long,  narrow  and  their  frontal  wall   is  cpiite  uncalcified. 

The  peculiar  occlusion  we  lind  in  this  genus  is  similar  to  that  in  Mclicertites 
Roiiana  pointed  oul  by  \\'alers'.  Here  also  il  is  brought  about  by  means  of 
3 — 4  calcareous  processes,  which  meet  in  the  cenlie  of  the  aperture.  If  there  are 
three,  which  is  usually  the  case,  they  are  however  di.sposed  in  a  dill'crent  way 
from  in  the  species  of  the  genus  Calenaria,  as  in  the  above  species  theie  are  two 
distal  and  one  proximal.  The  type-species  of  this  genus  is  C<d.  Conlci  And.,  of 
which  Mr.  Waters-  has  recently  given  a  description. 


Catenaria  formosa  Husk. 

Catenicella  formosa  Busk,  Voyage  of  Rattlesnake,  I,  pag.  ;(()(),  Catalogue  of  Marine 

Polyzoa,  Cheilo.stomata,  pag.  9,  PI.  VII,   ligs.   1,  2. 

(IM.  XXI,  li{^.  3  a,  I'l.  XIIl,  lig.  2  a). 

The  zooecia,  the  breadth  of  which  may  be  contained  l'/2  times  in  the  length, 
are  of  a  robust,  angularly  oval  form,  and  the  boundary  between  the  flat  frontal 
wall  and  the  arched  basal  wall  is  formed  on  either  side  by  a  distinct  marginal 
ridge.  The  aperture  is  provided  with  a  proximal,  strongly  concave  margin. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber,  which  in  most  zooecia  seems 
to  be  developed  as  an  avicularium  with  a  small  mandible,  is  large,  compressed, 
somewhat  ascending  and  protruding  almost  straight  outwards,  being  only  slightly 
inclined  frontally.  The  supra-scapular  chamber  is  a  low,  narrow  cavity,  provided 
with  a  membranous  roof  in  the  whole  of  its  length.  The  infra-scapular  chamber 
is  a  small,  wholly  frontal  cavity  with  a  circular  opening,  through  the  centre  of 
which  the  septum  between  the  zocrcium  and  the  avicularium  can  be  seen;  and 
the  pedal  chamber,  which  attains  an  unusually  large  breadth,  though  but  seldom 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  zocrcium,  is  likewise  frontal  and  has  its  start- 
ing point  somewhat  i)roximally  to  the  opening  of  the  infra-scapular  chamber.  It 
is  considerably  smaller  on  the  daughter-zooccium  than  on  the  other  zoo'cia  and 
especially  very  small  and  oval  on  its  adzonecial  side.  In  the  bizotrcial  joint  we 
find  a  pear-shaped  or  oval  boundary  chamber  (m.  III).  The  adzoircial  side  of 
the    daughter-zoa'cium    is    generally    i)rovide(l    with    an    avicularium    and    the    ad- 

'    108  ;i,  p.   .52.     ■-'   ll(!,i,   p.    130. 


255 

zooecial  side  of  the  mother-zooeciuin  with  a  membranous,  supra-scapular  chamber 
(m.  I). 

The  ocecium.  The  gonozooecium,  the  aperture  of  which  is  provided  with  a 
more  strongly  projecting  but  less  strongly  thickened  under-lip  than  the  ordinary 
zorecia,  is  a  single  zocecium,  which  may  spring  from  a  mother-zooecium  as  well 
as  from  a  daughter-zoa>ciuin.  In  a  colony  from  Victoria  three  gonozoa'cia  may 
appear  immediately  succeeding  each  other.  The  scapular  chamber  is  developed 
as  an  avicularium  with  a  small  mandible,  which  is  only  visible  from  the  side. 
It  is  very  long,  narrow  and  may  sometimes  almost  reach  the  top  of  the  oa'cium, 
with  the  covering  zod'cium  of  which  it  has  coalesced.  When  seen  from  the 
frontal  surface  the  two  almost  i)arallel  avicularia  have  a  (juadrangularly  colum- 
nar appearance,  and  each  has  a  supra-scapular  chamber  with  a  membranous 
roof  on  the  top  and  on  the  basal  surface.  The  covering  zocrcium,  which  is  other- 
wise of  the  ordinary  structure,  has  a  large,  quadrangularly  or  pentagonally 
rounded  fenestra  distally  to  the  aperture  of  the  gonozod'cium,  and  the  on'cium 
shows  on  either  side  a  broader  or  narrower,  arch-shaped  Jjelt,  which  is  quite 
white  by  reduced  light  and  reddish  by  strong  reflected  light,  originating  from  an 
incomplete  calcification.  Around  it  a  rather  large  area  is  seen  showing  the 
boundaries  for  the  coalescence  of  the  oa»cium  with  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
covering  zod'cium. 

Form  of  colony.  The  alternation  of  uni-  and  bi-zoa-cial  inlernodes  is  regular, 
but  rows  of  single  zoa-cia  may  also  appear. 

Colonies  from  Victoria  (Miss  Jelly). 

Catenaria  elegans  (Busk). 
Catenicella  elegans  Busk,  Voyage  of  Battlesnake,  I,  pag.  361; 

Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,   (Iheilostomata,  pag.  10,  PI.  IX, 

Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,  pag.  12,  PI.  I,  figs.  2,  3,  5. 

(PI.  XXI,  Tig.  2  a,  PI.  XIII,  figs.  3  a,  3  b). 

The  zooecia,   the  breadth  of  which  may  be  contained  2",  times  in  the  length, 

are    elongated,    slender,    with    evenly    arched   sides   without   marginal    ridges   and 

with   a   frontal  surface  less  arched  than  the  basal  surface.    The  proximal  nuugin 

of  the  aperture  is  not  verj'  concave  and  forms  almost  right  angles  with  the  lateral 

margins. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  everywhere,  also  on  the  ad- 
zoppcial  side  of  the  daughter-zoa'cium,  developed  as  an  avicularium,  which  is 
directed  almost  straight  outwards,  but  with  a  slight  basal  turning.  The  straight 
or  slightly  uiched  roof  forms  an  approximately  right  angle  with   the  longitudinal 


25(5 

iixis  of  llu'  zodriimi.  The  supra-scapiilni-  clKimlxT  is  a  very  small,  low  cavity 
willi  a  lriani;ularly  rounded  o|n'iiing  situated  distally  to  tlio  inner  part  of  tlic 
aviculariuni.  The  inlVa-seapular  chaniher  lias  an  oval  oj)enini^  and  is  situated 
proxinially  to  the  I'ronlal  wall  of  the  aviculariuni.  It  is  principally  in  coninuini- 
calion  with  the  zotrciuni,  IVoni  wliicii  it  is  only  se|)araled  by  the  small  proximal 
wall  of  the  aviculariuni.  'I'lie  narrow,  likewise  rrontal,  pedal  chamlier.  which  in 
the  single  zod'cia  may  attain  hall'  the  length  of  the  latter,  is  situated  proxinially 
and  a  little  Irontally  to  the  infra-scapular  chamber.  There  is  a  small,  oval  bound- 
ary chamber  (m.  HI)  on  the  bi-zoo-cial  inlernode,  and  the  pedal  chamber  on  the 
adzo(rcial  side  of  the  daughter-zoa'cium  is  very  short,  sometimes  merely  oval. 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozonecium  is  as  in  the  preceding  species  a  single  zoa*- 
cium.  The  proximal  part  of  its  operculum  is  covered  by  a  thin,  labiate  process 
with  a  straight  margin,  and  its  avicularia  differ  from  the  ordinary  zon'cia  in 
having  the  mandible  situated  in  their  roof,  so  that  it  forms  a  right  angle  with 
the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  gonozocecium,  while  in  the  ordinary  zo(t>cia  it  is 
parallel  with  this  axis.  The  covering  zocrcium  has  distally  to  the  aperture  of 
the  gonozooeciuni  a  rather  large,  irregularly  rounded  fenestra,  on  either  side  of 
which  we  find  a  long  curve  of  u|)  to  20  small,  round  spots,  which  corresiiond 
to  the  continuous  belt  in  the  i)receding  species. 

Form  of  colony.  Uni-  and  bi-zoo'cial  intcrnodes  alternate  in  such  a  way, 
that  two  bi-zo(ecial  internodes  are  often  separated  by  two  or  several  single 
zooccia. 

Colonies  from  Twofold  Hay,  St.  16:5  A,  Challenger.  The  form  described  essen- 
tially corresponds  with  Ikisk's  typical  specimen  from  Bass  Straits,  which  how- 
ever differs  in  having  larger,  somewhat  ascending  and  somewhal  Irontally  turned 
avicularia. 

Catenaria  cornuta  (Husk). 

Catenicella  cornuta  Husk,  Voyage  of  Hattlesnake,  I,  pag.  'MM,  Catalogue  of 

Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  pag.   11,  HI.  X,  figs.    1,  2.  ."i. 

(V\.  Xm,  figs.  5a,  .■)!),  1^1.  XXI,  Hi;.  1  a). 

The    zooecia,    the    breadth    of  which    may    be    contained    about    twice    in    the 

length,  have  a  frontal  surface  almost  as  strongly  arched  as  the  basal  surface  and 

on  either  side  a  narrow  marginal   ridge,  which   bounds  the  pedal  chamber  basally. 

The    lateral    chambers.     In    the   examined   colonies   it    is    only   in    a    smaller 

number   of  zoiecia    that    the    scajiular   chamber    is   on    one   side   developed   as  an 

aviculariuni,  directed  outwards  and  somewhat  basally.     Such  a  chaml)er  may  be 

found  not  infrequently  on  :,  daughter-zoacium,  the  corresponding  mother-zouicium 


257 

of  which  bears  an  onecium,  but  otherwise  it  does  not  seem  to  appear  in  bi-zooe- 
cial  internodes.  The  aviciilaiium  has  a  somewhat  ascending  roof  and  a  robust 
beaked  hook.  It  communicates  on  its  basal  side  with  an  extremely  small  snpra- 
scapular  chamber  with  an  oval  o])ening,  and  forms  a  deep  sinus  together  with 
the  trapeziform  infra-scapular  chamber,  which  has  a  truncated  conical  process 
and  a  rounded  frontal  opening.  When  not  developed  as  an  avicularium  the 
scapular  chamber  appears  as  a  generally  long,  compressed,  conical,  spine-like 
process,  which  ascends  obliquely  and  is  directed  basally  and  on  which  the  supra- 
scapular and  the  infra-scapular  chambers  are  indicated  by  a  perforation  on  each 
of  its  two  surfaces.  The  proximal  part  of  this  process,  which  corresponds  to  the 
infra-scapular  chamber,  is  however  not  infrequently  conically  projecting  and 
separated  from  the  other  part  of  the  spine  by  a  deep  sinus.  The  pedal  chamber 
is  of  moderate  breadth  and  its  ojjening  can  only  be  seen  when  the  zoa-cium  is 
regarded  from  the  side.  It  reaches  right  up  to  the  infra-scapular  chamber  and 
its  length  is  two-thirds  of  the  zoacium.  On  the  bi-zooecial  internode  there  is  a 
small,  oval  boundary  chamber  (m.  III). 

The  ooecium.  The  gonozorecium  is  always  a  mother-zonecium,  and  the  ooecium 
is  covered  by  a  kenozoa'cium.  The  latter  generally  ends  in  a  shorter  or  longer 
conical  spine,  which  must  be  regarded  as  an  unpaired  scapular  chamber.  More 
rarely  we  find  a  small  cavity  with  a  membranous  roof.  The  kenozoo'cium,  the 
frontal  wall  of  which  is  sometimes  whole,  sometimes  provided  with  a  median 
pore,  has  on  either  side  a  pedal  chamber,  which  is  placed  on  the  basal  surface 
and  is  pi-ovided  with  3  — (i  iincalcificd  rosette-j)lates,  disposed  in  a  single  or  a 
double  row.  The  proximal  part  of  the  operculum  of  the  gonozooecium  is  covered 
by  a  thin,  erect  under-lip,  and  on  the  abzooecial  side  we  find  a  spine-like  scap- 
ular chamber  opposite  to  the  aperture,  whereas  the  abzoa?cial  scapular  chamber 
on  the  corresponding  daughter-zod'cium  is  most  often  developed  as  an  avicul- 
arium. In  the  examined  colony  the  mother-zoa'cium  may  be  developed  as  a  gono- 
zoo'cium  in  up  to  three  succeeding  bi-zotiecial  internodes. 

Form  of  colony.  In  this  species  uj)  to  four  bi-zoa-cial  internodes  often  succeed 
each  other,  and  rows  of  single  zoa?cia  only  are  never  seen. 

Colonies  from  Port  Phillip  (Miss  Jelly). 

Strophipora  Mac  Gillivray. 

A  slernal  area  as  well  as  an  inner  cryptocyst  lamina  are  wanting  in  the  zo(i'- 
cia,  and  the  whole  of  the  frontal  surface  is  covered  by  the  two  infra-scapular 
chambers,  which  are  separated  by  a  narrow  longitudinal  ridge  in  the  central 
line  of  the  frontal  surface.    A  little  proximally  to  the  aperture  we  find  a  median 

17 


258 

pore  surrounded  by  a  ring  Nvliich  is  continuous  with  the  longitudinal  ridge.  The 
aperture  is  provided  with  well-developed,  distinct  hinge-teeth  and  has  a  proximal 
concave  margin. 

Strophipora  Harveyi  Wyv.  Thompson. 
Catenicella  Harveyi  Wyv.  Thompson,  Natural  History  Review,  V,   1858,  p.  i;57. 
—  —       Wyv.  Thompson,    Proced.    Dublin    Univ.  Zool.  and   Botan. 

Associat.  I,  p.  81,  PI.  VII,  figs.   1,  2. 
Strophipora    Harveyi    Mac   Gillivray,    Transact.    R.    Society    of  Victoria,    1895, 

Vol.  IV,  p.   17,  PI.  II,  ligs.  9—12. 
(PI.  XXI,  figs,  fi  —6  f). 
The  zooecia  are  of  an  oi)long,  (juadrangularly  oval  form,  nnd   Ihe  frontal  sur- 
face, which  is  less  strongly  arched  than  the  basal  surface,  is  most  strongly  arched 
immediately  on    the   proximal    side    of  the   aperture,    from   which    it  descends  to- 
wards the  ])roximal  end. 

The  lateral  chambers.  The  scapular  chamber  is  everywhere,  except  on  the 
adzooecial  side  of  the  mother-zoo'cium,  developed  as  an  avicularium  of  medium 
size  at  least,  which  is  always  directed  so  much  towards  tlie  frontal  surface  that 
the  surface  of  the  mandible  can  l)e  seen,  when  the  zoircium  is  regarded  from 
this  side,  and  it  may  sometimes  be  altogether  frontal.  It  has  generally  a  some- 
what ascending  roof  and  may  vary  considerably  in  size,  and  in  the  single  zoo'cia 
at  least  a  somewhat  curved,  rib-like  thickening  springs  from  its  proximal  end. 
The  supra-scapular  chamber  is  a  large,  more  or  less  ascending,  membranous, 
pointed  cavity,  while  each  half  of  Ihe  frontal  surface  is  occupied  by  a  large 
infra-scapular  chamber,  which  communicates  with  Ihe  zoo'cium  through  a  longi- 
tudinal row  of  4 — 5  very  scattered  rosette-plates.  The  Iwo  chambers  are  .sei)araled 
by  a  longiludinally  furrowed,  narrow  median  ridge,  and  eacJi  of  them  is  se|)a- 
rated  from  Ihe  adjoining  pedal  chamber  ])y  a  similar  lateral  ridge.  Each  of  Ihem 
is  generally  separated  from  Ihe  sujjra-scapular  chamber  by  Iwo  low  ridges,  Ihe 
starling  point  of  wliich  is  on  a  level  with  Ihe  Iransveise  ridge  of  Ihe  avicuiariuni 
and  which  pass,  one  to  Ihe  margin  of  the  aperture,  the  other  to  Ihe  lateral  ridge. 
The  membranous  wall  of  the  infra-scapular  chamber  runs  out  on  each  side  into 
two  conical  expansions,  which  are  situated  clo.se  to  the  ai)erture,  and  a  couple 
of  similar  expansions  may  also  ;ippear  in  Ihe  distal  |)arl  of  Ihe  basal  surface. 
The  two  pedal  chambers  occupy  the  entire  basal  surface  of  the  zoa'cium  and  are 
likewi.se  separated  by  a  longitudinally  furrowed  median  ridge,  while  again  each 
chamber  is  divided  into  Iwo  unecpially  large  parts  by  an  exlremely  narrow,  low, 
compressed,    longitudinal    ridge,   which    appears    in    its   outer    half    and    serves    to 


259 

support  the  nieinhranous  \v;ill.  Tlic  losette-plalos  are  disposed  in  a  very  scattered 
row  near  tlie  lateral  ridge. 

With  regard  to  the  appearance  of  the  various  lateral  chaud)ers  on  the  hi- 
zocecial  internode  reference  may  be  made  to  the  figures  and  the  accompanying  ex- 
l)lauation  of  the  plates. 

Ooecia  were  not  found  in  liie  fragment  examined. 

Form  of  colony.  In  the  examined  fragment  two  bi-zooccial  inlernodcs  often 
succeed  each  other  and  also  rows  of  up  to  four  single  zoa?cia. 

Of  this  species  I  have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  a  dry  fragment  of 
Wyv.  Thompson's  original  s]iecimcn  from  Bass  Straits  (British  Museum). 

The  genera  Stenostomaria  and  Ditaxipora  set  np  by  Mac  Gillivray'  arc 
closely  related  to  Strophipora,  and  in  both  of  them  the  whole  or  almost  the  whole 
of  the  surface  of  the  zooecium  is  occupied  by  the  lateral  chambers.  Both  genera 
contain  only  a  single  species,  and  in  Ditaxipora  internodia  Waters,  the  internodes 
of  which  consist  of  7 — 8  zooecia  disposed  in  two  alternate  rows,  the  greater  part 
of  the  basal  surface,  judging  from  the  figures,  is  formed  by  a  single  (outer)  pedal 
chamber.  The  same  author  has  founded  the  genus  Microstomaria  -  on  a  single 
bi-zo(Kcial  internode,  and  the  longitudinal  ridge  represented  in  tig.  29  seems  to 
show  that  this  genus  must  also  be  related  to  Strophipora. 

Family  Onchoporidae. 

The  slightly  calcified  zoa'cia,  the  frontal  surface  of  which  is  covered  by  a 
closely  adhering  (chitinous?)  membrane,  are  generally  provided  with  a  number 
of  superficial,  uni-  or  multiporous  rosette-plates,  which  are  most  often  situated 
in  the  distal  part  of  the  zooecium.  The  distal  wall,  which  is  bent  from  side  to 
side,  has  a  number  of  uniporous  or  one  multiporous  rosette-plate,  while  the  dis- 
tal half  of  each  lateral  wall  has  a  single  multiporous  plate.  No  aviciilaria.  The 
strongly  projecting  hyperstomial  oa'cia,  the  aperture  of  which  may  be  closed  by 
the  zooecial  operculum,  consist  of  two  membranous  (chitinous?)  layers,  between 
which    there    is   a   cryptocyst   layer,   which    springs    from    the    distal   wail.     Free, 

branched  colonies. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  The  compensation-sac  opens  outwards  through  a  crescentic  ascopore. 

2)  The  zooecium  consists  of  three  dilTerent  segments:  a  short  proxi- 
mal, a  long  stem-like  middle  and  a  widened  distal  one;  (the  operculum 
compound  or  simple) Calwellia  W.  Thomps. 


'  76,  pp.  16  and  22.     '  76,  p.   18. 

17* 


260 

2)  The  zooeciuni  not  consisting  of  tlirce  different  segments: 

3)  A  simple  operculum;   the  ocrcia  with  a  couple  of  proximal,  free, 
rib-like^processes Onchopora  Busk. 

3)  A   compound    operculum;    the    ocrcia  without    free,    rib-like   pro- 
cesses      Onchoporellu  Busk. 

(Ichthyaria?) 

1)  The   compensation-sac    does    not    o\)en   outwards  through  a  pore, 
hut  immediately  on  the  proximal  side  of  the  operculum      .  Onclioporoides  Ortmann  \ 

Onchopora  Sinclairi  Busk. 
Onchopora  Sinclairi  Busk,  Quart.  Journ.  Micr.  Sci.,  Vol.  5,   1857,  pag.   192, 

PI.  XV,   figs.  1—3. 
—  --        Busk,    Challenger,   Zoology,    Vol.    X,    pari    I,    pag.    103, 

PI.  X,  fig.  4. 
Calwellia  Sinclairi  Harmer,  Quart.  Journ.  Micr.  Sci.,  n.  s.  Vol.  4(5,  pag.  312, 

PI.  18,  fig.  60. 
(PI.  XIII,  figs.  7  a-7  h). 
The  zocecia,  which  only  slightly  increa.se  in  lireadth  from  their  proximal, 
somewhat  narrowed  end  towards  the  aperture,  have  a  little  proximally  to  the 
latter  a  linearly  crescentic  ascopore  with  frontally  directed  concavity  and  a  crenu- 
lated  proximal  margin.  A  sulural  line  connects  this  ascopore  with  the  aperture, 
Ihe  two  curved  lateral  margins  of  which  converge  a  little  proximally.  The 
aperture  is  surrounded  by  6  ro.sette-plates.  Of  these  the  two  smallest  have  1—2 
pores  each  and  are  situated  between  the  aperture  and  the  crescentic  ascopore. 
The  other  four,  which  are  very  elongated  and  each  provided  with  3,  more  seldom 
with  2—4  pores,  surround  the  remaining  part  of  the  aperture.  There  are  more- 
over 5  round  pores,  ot  which  three  are  situated  among  tJie  four  elongated  rosette- 
plates  and  each  of  the  other  two  between  an  oblong  and  a  round  roselle-plate. 
The  distal  wall  is  provided  with  numerous  uniporous  rosette-plates,  and  the  dis- 
tal half  of  each  hileral  wall  with  one  extremely  oblong  multiporous  plate. 

The  ooecia  are  large,  strongly  arched  and  in  part  strongly  luberculated.  They 
are  provided  with  rounded  ridges,  arranged  in  the  shape  of  a  fan  and  separated 
by  impressed  lines.  On  the  basal  surface  a  more  thickened,  triangularly  oval  por- 
tion is  .seen  (fig.  7  f),  on  either  side  of  which  we  find  a  few  larger  hollows 
separated  by  rib-like  Ihickenings,  which  spring  from  Ihe  frontal  wall  of  the  just 
mentioned  more  thickened  portion.    From   the  proxinud  part  of  the  latter  a  free, 

'    87,   p.    V>. 


261 

rib-like  process  starts  on  either  side.  These  processes  are  situated  immediately 
within  the  jiroximal  margin  of  the  eclooa'cium  and  they  have  a  terminal  por- 
tion, whicli  is  bent  upwards  a  little. 

The  colonies  form  richly  branched  tufts,  and  the  narrow  columnar  bifurcate 
branches  have  four  longitudinal  rows  of  zod'cia. 

Judging  from  descii[)tions  and  figures  the  forms  hitlierto  described  under  the 
name  o(  Sinchiiri  present  several  dilferences  from  the  form  here  described  as  well 
as  from  one  another,  and  only  a  comparative  examination  will  show  how  great 
an  importance  we  ought  to  attach  to  these  dilferences.  For  this  reason  I  have 
retained  Husk's  name  for  the  form  examined  by  me,  which  originates  from 
Akaroa  Harbour,  New  Zealand  (Suter). 

Under  the  names  of  0.  picoensis  and  <).  diiiiuildi  Jul  lien'  has  described  two 
species,  which  seem  to  me  to  i)e  very  little  different.  In  these  the  two  small  ro- 
sette-plates between  the  aperture  and  the  crescentic  ascopore  are  said  to  be  re- 
placed by  two  small,  round  avicularia.  As,  however,  avicularia  have  not  hitherto 
been  made  out  with  certainty  in  this  family,  this  information  needs  further  con- 
firmation, as  Jul  lien's  figures  are  not  convincing. 

Onehopora  dentata  Mac  Gillivr. 
Urceolipora  dentata  Mac  Gillivray,  Transact.  Royal  Soc,  Victoria, 
Vol.  21,  1884  (1885),  pag.   109,  P\.  I,  fig.  1. 
(PI.  XIII,  figs,  (ia,  6  b). 
The    zocecia,  which    increase   greatly    in    extent    from    their    narrow  proximal 
part  towards  the  distal  end,  are  somewhat  compressed,  strongly  archeil  and  when 
seen  from  the  side  of  a  triangular  outline.  Along  the  distal  margin  they  are  pro- 
vided with    r^   short,  widely  separated    spines,  which  are  rounded  at  the  end  and 
surround    the   aperture.    There   are   6    transversely   oval    uniporous    rosette-plates, 
of  which    two   are    found    between    the    aperture  and  the  ascopore,  while  each  of 
the    four   others    is    situated  between  two  spines.    The  operculum  is  almost  semi- 
circular with    nearly    parallel    lateral    margins,    and    the    ascopore,  which    is   con- 
nected   by   a   sutural    line  with    the    aiierlure,    is   but  slightly   curved  with    proxi- 
mally  directed   concavity.    The    distal  wall,  which    is   bent    from    side    to  side,    is 
provided    with    a    number    of  uniporous    ro.sette-plates   and    terminates    on    either 
side    in   3 — ii    digitiform    prolongations,    of  which    the  frontal   is  the  longest.    The 
distal    half    of    each    basal  wall    has    a    large,    pear-shaped,    multiporous    rosette- 
plate. 


'   48,   p.   52—53,   m.   IV. 


202 

The  ooecia  are  in  nil  essentials  of  a  similar  I'urin  ami  slriictiire  as  in  the 
preceding   species;    hul    llie  Iwo  lice,    rih-like  i)rocesses  are  not  bent  like  a  hook. 

The  colonies  are  richly  branched,  bilurcated  and  wilh  Ihe  zorecia  arranged 
in  two  rows,  which  have  Ihcir  apertures  turned  in  an  opposite  direction. 

Colonies  from  Victoria. 

Calwellia  bicornis  W.  Thonips. ' 

(I'l.  XIII,  ligs.  8  a— 8  c). 

The  zooecia  are  opposite,  disposed  in  pairs  and  in  such  a  way  that  Ihe  di- 
rection of  each  pair  is  vertical  to  that  ol'  the  preceding  or  succeeding  pair. 
While  the  distal  terminal  parts  of  a  pair  of  zotrcia  meet  wilh  Iheir  basal  sur- 
faces, the  two  corresponding  proximal  stem-like  parts,  which  are  of  a  triangular 
transverse  section,  are  on  the  contrary  separated  in  the  whole  of  Iheir  length  by 
the  terminal  parts  of  the  proximally  situated  pair  of  zott'cia  (fig.  8  c),  each  of 
them  touching  with  its  inner  edge  one  end  of  the  separating  wall,  which  the  two 
just-mentioned  basal  surfaces  share  in  common.  No  rosette-plates  are  found  in 
this  wall,  but  there  is  a  multiporous  rosette-plate  (fig.  8  a)  in  the  distal  end  of 
each  stem-like  part  on  each  of  the  two  surfaces  which  are  bent  towards  each 
other  at  an  angle,  and  an  inner  communication  is  thus  brought  about  between 
the  stem-like  part  of  the  distally  situated  pair  of  zooecia  and  the  distal  end  of 
Ihe  proximally  situated  pair.  Each  stem-like  part  ends  proximally  in  a  small, 
sharply  defined,  rounded  portion,  and  proximally  to  it  is  seen  the  narrow,  angul- 
arly bent  distal  wall  (figs.  8  a,  8  b)  which  is  furnished  with  a  multiporous  ro- 
sette-plate centrally.  The  strongly  arched  distal  portion  of  the  zoa>cia,  which 
greatly  increases  in  breadth  from  its  very  narrow  proximal  part  lowards  the  dis- 
tal end,  is  on  either  side  of  the  aperture  provided  with  a  short,  robust  spine, 
which  is  rounded  at  the  end.  The  transversely  oval  aperture  has  a  compound 
operculum.  A  sutural  line  connects  it  wilh  the  transversely  oval  crescenlic  asco- 
pore,  which  has  a  slight  distal  concavity.  On  Ihe  proximal  as  well  as  on  the 
distal  side  of  the  aperture  we  find  two  widely  separated,  transversely  oval,  uni- 
porous  rosette-plates. 

Ooecia  are  wanting  in  the  examined  colonies;  butWyv.  Thompson's  figure 
shows  that  they  are  provided  with  finely,  transversely  striated  ridges  disposed  in 
the  shape  of  a  fan.  They  arc  present  in  some  colonies  of  C.  (jracilis  Maples,  ori- 
ginating from  Bass'  Strait,  which  species  differs  from  C.  bicornis  for  one  thing  in 
having  a  simple  o])crculum  with  a  straight  proximal   margin.  In   this  species  also 


101.   p.   <J2.   in.    I.\,   liys.   2,  2i\ 


263 

the  ooccia  have  a  similar  structure  and  laciv  the  two  free,  ril)-like  processes  found 
in  the  two  above-described  Onchopora  species. 
Colonies  from  Hawlvcs  Hay  (Miss  Jelly). 

Onchoporella  bombycina  (L.)  Busk. 
Carbacea  bombycina  Busk,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa, 

Cheiloslomata,  pag.  52,  PI.  48,  figs.  4—7. 
Onchoporella  bombycina  Husk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,  p.  104. 

(t'l.  Mil,  ligs.  9a-9j). 

The  zooecia  are  elongated,  generally  liexagonally  rounded,  and  the  large  aper- 
lure  has  a  semi-elliptical  anter  and  a  broadly  rounded,  ol)ii(]uely  (nilwards  turned 
[)osler,  which  latter  is  sejjarated  on  either  side  from  the  former  hy  a  distinct 
hinge-tooth.  Outside  each  hinge-tooth  we  lind  a  ralher  shorl,  cyiindrically  coni- 
cal .spine,  and  a  very  small  spine  is  situated  at  the  distal  end  of  the  zoa'cium. 
The  large,  widely  open  ascopore  is  made  semilunar  by  a  triangularly  rounded 
tongue  projecting  into  it  dislally,  and  the  two  lateral  margins  of  this  tongue  are 
continued  into  two  sutural  lines,  which  diverge  toward  the  ai)erture  and  sometimes 
can  be  traced  to  the  corners  of  the  poster.  The  ascopore  seems  therefore  to  be 
the  remains  of  a  triangular  primary  sinus,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  later  filled 
up.  In  the  narrow  marginal  portion  between  the  aperture  and  the  distal  end  of 
the  zocecium  we  find  2 — 4  rosette-plates,  which  have  altogether  up  to  6  pore- 
areas.  If  there  are  only  two  plates,  they  are  very  elongated  and  provided  each 
with  2 — 3  areas.  On  the  proximal  side  of  the  aperture  1  —  6  pore-areas  are  found 
along  each  lateral  margin.  They  are  situated  in  a  longitudinal  row  and  may  be 
distributed  on  f— 4  rosette-plates,  of  which  the  longest  hitherto  found  contain  4 
areas.  Most  often  an  uneven  number  of  pore-areas  are  found  on  the  two  sides  of 
the  same  zoojcium  and  the  larger  number  is  generallj'  present  on  the  side,  which 
is  turned  away  from  the  central  line  of  the  branch.  The  largest  number  of  pore- 
areas  is  generallj'  found  on  the"  outer  side  of  the  marginal  zooecia. 

The  distal  wall  is  bent  from  side  to  side  and  on  either  side  terminates  in  a 
pointed  portion.  Along  its  basal  margin  we  find  a  rather  dense  transverse  belt  of 
uniporous  rosette-plates  (tig.  9  g),  while  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  is  pro- 
vided with  an  oval,  multiporous  plate. 

The  ooecia  are  large,  strongly  arched,  with  low,  transversely  striated,  radiating 
ribs.  The  basal  surface  is  provided  with  a  more  thickened  central  portion  with 
rib-like  processes,  and  the  proximal  part  of  the  eclooa>cium  is  calcified  for  a 
short  distance  on  either  side  of  the  aperture. 

The  colonies  arc  Flustra-like,  one-layered,  richly  branched,  with  rather  short 


264 

segments  and  the  margin  ol"  the  colony  is  lormed  by  a  row  of  kenozocecia.  In 
Ihe  hitter  a  deposition  of  calcareous  matter  takes  place,  which  starts  from  the 
inner  wall  and  finally  fills  the  whole  of  the  kenozod'cinm  with  a  strongly  tuhcr- 
culated,  lobed,  marginal  thickening  divided  as  if  in  transverse  bells  (figs.  9  e,  9  g). 
Radical  fibres  may  issue  from  mulliporous  rosette-plates  on  the  basal  surface  of 
the  colony  (figs.  9  c,  9  d). 

Colonies  from  South  Africa. 

'Carbaseci'i  Mose I eiji  Busk \  which  undoubtedly  belongs  to  this  family  but  seems 
to  have  no  ascopore,  is  by  Ortman'-  referred  to  a  new'  genus  Onchoiioroides; 
it  seems  to  have  no  median  pore.  Tlie  horseshoe-shaped  marks,  wiiich  can  be  seen 
in  most  zoa-cia  in  Busk's  drawing,  unquestionably  originate  from  the  basal 
walls  of  the  beginning  ooccia. 

Family  Euthyroidae  n.   1. 

The  slightly  calcified  zocrcia  have  no  pores  and  no  covering-membrane.  On 
the  proximal  side  of  the  operculum  they  are  provided  with  1 — 3  pairs  of  fiat, 
hollow  spines,  which  meet  in  the  central  line  and  cover  the  entrance  to  the 
compensation-sac.  A  compound  operculum.  Lateral  walls  with  multiporous  ro- 
sette-plates. Independent  aviciilaria  may  occur.  The  ectoooecium  of  the  hyper- 
stomial  oa'ciiiin  is  provided  with  a  pair  of  large  fenestrse.  Colonies  free,  branched, 
Fluslra-like. 

A  single  genus:  Euthyroides  Harmer^ 

Euthyroides  Jellyae  n.  sp. 

(PI.  XVI,  ligs.  ,Sa-8e). 

The  zocBcia  are  elongated,  rectangular,  slightly  arched,  with  a  slightly  curved 
distal  wall,  which  has  witliin  its  basal  margin  a  zigzag  belt  of  (12  —  14)  snuill, 
uniporous  rosette-plates.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  2  —  3  multi- 
porous  rosette-plates.  The  aperture,  which  in  the  non-oa>cia-bcaring  zoo'cia  is 
provided  with  two  distinct,  rounded  hinge-teeth,  has  a  quadrangularly  rounded 
form,  its  anter  being  composed  of  three  curved  lines  meeting  at  right  angles,  while 
its  poster  forms  a  more  strongly  curved  line  which  is  generally  bent  in  the  form 
of  a  saddle  (fig.  8  d).  The  operculum  is  of  a  corresponding  form  and  provided 
with  a  chitinous  thickening  along  its  proximal  margin.  Immedialelj'  on  the 
proximal  side  of  the  operculum  we  find  between  the  two  hinge-teeth  a  very  small 


8,   p.   r>().     -  87,   p.    12.     '   111,   p.   -.'SO. 


265 

membranous  porlion,  which  is  covered  by  two  pentagonal,  hollow  spines,  that 
meet  in  a  suture.  Hetween  their  opercular  margin  and  the  hinge-teeth  there  is  a 
small  sinus,  and  their  I'orm  is  subject  to  some  variation  so  that  the  suture  be- 
tween Ihem  may  be  sometimes  shorter,  sometimes  longer.  At  an  earlier  stage 
these  sjjines  are  not  yet  present,  and  the  operculum  (hg.  .S  b)  at  this  lime 
is  proximally  surrounded  by  a  calcareous  belt,  se|)arated  by  a  yellowish,  glisten- 
ing margin  from  the  rest  of  the  calcareous  wall.  A  resorption  of  the  calcareous 
mass  proximally  to  the  operculum  soon  commences  however,  and  the  two  sjjines 
gradually  dcvelo[)  and  cover  the  decalcified  porlion.  Such  a  [)rocess  does  not 
seem  to  take  place  in  E.  episcopalis. 

The  ooecia  are  high,  strongly  arched,  almost  ovil'orm,  and  the  ectoon'cium 
has  on  either  side  of  the  central  line  a  large,  triangularly  rounded  fenestra,  hi- 
side  the  narrow  central  belt  there  is  a  longitudinal  ridge  joining  the  endooo'cinni. 
The  ooecia-bearing  zocecia  have  no  distinct  hinge-teeth  and  contrary  to  the  case 
in   E.  episcoj)(ilis  there   is  but  one  pair  of  spines  proximally   to   the  operculum. 

Avicularia.  On  the  examined  fragment  a  single,  independent,  elongated  and 
lyre-shaped  avicularium  was  found,  the  wholly  calcified  subopercular  area  of 
which  showed  a  distinct  sutural  line  along  the  centre,  while  its  opercular  area 
was  provided  with  a  strongly  developed  cryptocyst  perforated  by  an  oblong  open- 
ing.   The  mandil)le  has  at  its  proximal  part  two  small,    pointed  lateral  processes. 

The  form  of  colony  seems  to  have  been  free,  laminate  or  broad  and  Flustra- 
like.  Tiie  small,  dried  fragment  that  I  have  examined  of  this  form  shows  ai)out 
50  rows  of  zooecia.  It  originates  from  North  Australia  and  was  given  me  by 
the  late  Mr.  C.  N.  Peal. 

The  two  species  of  the  genus  Eiilhijroides  dilfer  so  much  from  all  other  asco- 
phorous  forms,  that  it  has  been  necessary  to  refer  this  genus  to  a  new  family, 
the  nearest  relatives  of  which  must  undoul)tedly  t)e  sought  in  the  family  Cribri- 
liiiiilac  and  especially  in  the  genus  Eigulina.  The  two  species  agree  with  this 
genus  in  regard  to  the  structure  of  the  rosette-plates  and  the  presence  of  two 
large  fenestra'  in  the  oa'cia.  The  avicularium  found  in  E.  Jcllijde  quite  corre- 
sponds with  that  found  in  the  Fiyiilina  species,  and  in  most  of  the  latter  the 
form  of  the  aperture  is  similar  to  that  in  the  two  just-mentioned  species.  There 
are  other  points  of  similarity,  such  as  tlie  well-developed  hinge-teeth  and  the 
spines  which  are  provided  with  a  pore.  In  /•'.  chlilhrididta  Waters  the  number  of 
spines  may  sometimes  be  reduced  to  3  on  each  side.  —  With  regard  to  the  struc- 
ture of  the  ooecia  the  tertiary  Membraniporellti  leiuiicosla  described  by  Mac  Gillivray  ', 


'   70,  p.   56. 


266 

which  I  must  also  refer  lo  I'i<iiilin<i,  hems  a  closei-  resemblance  to  the  Eiilliij- 
roides  species  than  any  of  llie  oilier  Figiiliiid  species.  —  Tlie  author  does  not 
mention  avicularia,  hut  at  tlie  top  of  his  hgure  he  has  drawn  something  which 
is  undoubtedly  an  independent  avicularium,  the  opercular  area  of  which  is  pro- 
vided with  a  strongly  developed  cryptocyst. 

Family  Crepidacanthidae  n.  f. 
Crepidacantha  nov.  gen. 

The  zod'cid,  whose  aperture  has  strong  liinge-teeth  and  a  compound  well-chi- 
tinized  operculum,  are  in  the  proximal  half  provided  with  i)-  12  very  long  mar- 
ginal spines  and  with  8 — 11  small  iiniporous  pore-chambers  alternating  as  a  rule 
with  small  intermediate  chaniber.s,  each  of  which  has  an  uncalcified  spot  (a  mar- 
ginal pore)  in  its  roof.  Two  frontal  vibraciiUi  without  a  cross-J)ar.  The  hyper- 
stomial,  almost  free  oaria  consist  of  two  calcified  layers,  of  which  the  ectooa'ciiim 
is  provided  with  a  number  of  pores. 

C.  Poissoni  Anil.,  \ar    crinispina  n., 

Flustra  I^oissonii  Audouiu,  Description  de  I'Kgypte, 

Hisloire    natnrelle,    Tome    I,    explication    sommaire 
des  Planches,  pag.  240;  Polypes,  PI.  10,  figs.  5i — 52. 
Lepralia  Poissoni  Jelly,  A  synonymic  catalogue  of  the  recent 
marine  Bryozoa,   1889,  pag.   liil. 
(Figs.  1-6). 
The  zocEcia,  which  have  a  broad,  roundedly  rhombic  outline  and  are  j)i()vided 
with  narrow,  transversely  ovate,  marginal  pores  (fig.  1),  are  very  convex,  and  the 
frontal  wall  shows  a  number  of  finely  undulating,  dendrilical,  sutural  lines.   The 
aperture,  whose  distance  from  the  distal  end  of  the  zoircium  is  about  as  large  as 
its  own  length,  is  longer  than  broad,   provided  with  a  prominent  anter  and  con- 
stricted in  the  proximal  third  by  two  triangular,  proximally  converging  processes 
within  each  of  which  is  seen  a  strong  conical  hinge-tooth.  The  proximal  margin 
of  the  aperture  is  provided  with  a  broad,  roundeiily  trai)eziform   [)rocess  on  each 
side   of  which    there    is  a  small  rounded  sinus.    The  o|)ercuhim  (fig.  .'))  which  is 
well-chitinized,    punctate,    of  a    yellow  colour   and    disfincliy    sei)arated    i'loiii    the 
compensation-sac,    is   provided  with  a  partly  developed  oi)erciilar  arch  consisting 
of  two  lateral   ridges,  hi  the  distal  half  of  the  zoax-iuin   there  is  found  9  —  12  very 
long  and   thin,   marginal  spines  and  a  similar  number  of  small  (piadrangular  uni- 
porous  pore-chambers  (figs.  2 — :{)    alternating   as   a   rule   willi    a   similar  number 
of    small    inleriiiediale     cliaml)ers   (ligs.    2—3),    each    of   which    is    in    connection 


2(57 


with   one   of  Ihe    al)ove-incnlionc'(l  iiiai 


pores.    Each  spine  is  placed  tlistally 


to  the  opening  of  a  pore-chamber.  The  small  intermediate  spaces  which  are 
generally  (piadrangiilar  or  triangular  may  sometimes  be  almost  slit-shaped,  and 
not  rarely  they  are  lacking  between  the  2  —  4  distal  pore-chambers.  This  seems 
lo  be  the  rule  in  the  ocrcia-bearing  zoa^cia,  and  sometimes  the  two  outermost  of 
the  4  distal  pore-chambers  are  separateil  from  the  innermost  only  by  a  slit- 
shaped  sinus  (fig.  3). 

The    vibracula  which    are    [)laced    on    either   side   of   the   operculum    and    are 
pailly  immersed,    have    an    ovale   outline,    and   their    frontal    area  shows  a  distal. 


?^^t^ 


V\i<.    1.  Two  zotrcin  of  Crcp.   Poissoni   Aiul.,   var.   crinispiiia.    X  .'>5. 

2.  A   zoccciuin  of  the  same  form  seen   fi'om   the  basal   wall,     .-is  in   lig.   3   pore-chambers  alternate 
with  intermediate  spaces.   X  r)5." 

3.  The  distal   part   of  a  zocvcinm  with   ocecinm   seen   from   the  basal  wall.    X  55. 

4.  An  ancestrula  of  another  variety  of  the  same  s])ecie.s.    X   175. 

5.  Operculum  of  Crep.  Poissoni,  var.  erinispina.   X  140. 

(i.  The  pro.ximal  part  of  the  flagellum  of  the  same  form.   X  200. 


shorter,  rounded  subopercular  area  and  a  proximal,  longer  and  narrower  oper- 
cular area.  The  flagellum  (tig.  (>)  which  is  of  about  half  the  length  of  the  zo(k- 
ciuni  is  very  thin,  without  teeth  and  in  its  proximal  end  provided  with  a  biitlon- 
.shaped  expansion  and  a  short  conical  cavity.  Each  vibraculum  is  in  connection 
with  a  marginal  pore. 


268 

The  ooecia  (ligs.  1,  .'{),  wliich  arc  only  I'orinccl  hy  a  siiigk'  zod'ciuni,  are  free 
with  llie  exception  of  a  small  |)roxinial  ])orlion  of  the  endooa^cium  formed  by  a 
part  of  the  zod'finm's  fronlal  wall  dislal  lo  the  aperUire.  They  are  strongly  arched, 
not  far  from  being  globular  and  consist  of  two  calcirietl  layers  of  wliich  the  thick 
ectooo'cium  about  the  middle  is  provided  with  a  low,  girdle-shaped,  proximally 
convex  impression  covered  by  a  chilinous  jilale  of  the  same  form.  \\'ilhin  the 
impression  is  seen  an  irregular  series  of  mostly  elongate  pores  separated  by  thick 
cylindrical  j)ilhirs.  In  the  oa'cia-bearing  zod-cia  Ihc  aperture  is  on  each  side  pro- 
vided with  a  small  lounded  protuberance  (lig.  li)  dislally  to  the  opercular  ridge, 
and   the  aperture  of  the  od'cium  can  l)e  closed   i)y   the  operculum. 

Some  colonies  of  this  interesting  species  have  been  found  incrusling  shells  at 
Koh  Kram,  Siam,  al  a  depth  of  iiO  falh.  I)y  Dr.  Th.  Morlensen. 

Our  Zoological  Museum  j)ossesses  a  small  colony  of  another  variety  from  Port 
Phillip  Heads,  which  has  a  nearly  circular  Tata-sha|)ed  ancestrula,  surrounded 
by  12  marginal  spines  (tig.  4).  The  spines  are  not  only  much  longer  and  stronger 
than  those  in  the  variety  from  Siam  but  are  divided  into  ca.  S  inlernodes.  The 
pore-bearing  impression  of  the  oa'ciuin  is  almost  circular  and  within  il  is  seen 
a  number  of  scattered  pores. 

hi  the  form  ligured  bySavigny  the  Od'cium  seems  to  be  provided  with  scat- 
tered pores,  separated  by  a  number  of  parallel   longitudinal  ridges. 

Before  being  able  lo  make  a  thorough  examination  of  the  present  sj)ecies,  I 
have  set  forth  the  supposition  in  tlie  niorpliological  jiart  that  it  might  belong  to 
the  Suborder  Anaska  and  the  reason  for  this  supposition  was  cliiefly  the  lack  of 
the  cross-bar  in  the  vibracula  together  with  a  certain  likeness  to  Mecjapora  riinjens. 
Later  I  have  been  able  to  examine  some  good  colonies  from  Siam,  and  having 
seen  that  the  operculum  is  in  connection  with  a  compensation-sac  I  cannot  longer 
maintain  this  view,  holding  however  at  the  same  time  that  this  genus  has  its 
nearest  relatives  in  the  division  Malacoxlcga.  This  appears  not  only  from  the  lack 
of  the  cross-bar,  but  also  from  the  |)rescnce  of  marginal  spines  surrounding  a 
great  deal  of  the  calcilied  frontal  wall.  \\'liile  a  great  number  of  the  Ascoplwnt 
are  provided  with  marginal  sjjines  surrounding  the  aiiter  of  the  aperture  (»oral 
spines  ),  with  the  exception  of  Crepklacanihu  we  find  marginal  spines  i)laced  in 
the  circumference  of  the  frontal  wall  only  in  the  division  Malacostega  and  only  in  a 
few  ancestruhv  for  instance  in  those  of  C.haperia  spinosa^  and  Microporclla  riliala'- 
do  we  find  such  spines  together  with  a  well-developed  cry|)tocyst.  Though  llie  sjie- 
cies   of  the  genus  Meejapora  are  provided  with  a  completely  calcified  frontal  wall 


4,'),   PI.   5,   lig.   :i.      -    111,   p.   :VM,   IM.    l.'>,   lig.   (i. 


269 

and  with  a  well-chitinized  compound  operculiiin  they  must,  I  think,  he  referred 
to  tlie  Mdlacoslecja,  heing  most  nearly  related  to  the  genus  Callopora.  The  species 
luialina  which  Waters'  with  some  doubt  refers  to  the  genus  Megapora  has  be- 
sides 6  larger,  distal,  marginal  spines  1 — 3  very  small,  seated  outside  the  frontal 
area  about  half-way  down,  and  as  the  second  species  M.  ringens  has  an  aperture 
of  (|uite  the  same  form  as  that  found  in  C.  Poissoni,  I  think  that  these  two  spe- 
cies are  more  nearly  related  to  this  interesting  form  than  any  other  species  hitherto 
described. 

Having  only  examined  dry  colonies  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  a  covering 
membrane,  but  as  the  very  low  side-walls  of  the  zooecia,  when  isolated,  are  sep- 
arated from  the  arched  frontal  wall  by  an  impressed  line,  I  cannot  doubt,  that 
lliis  line  indicates  the  distinction  between  a  marginal  gymnocyst  and  a  frontal 
cryptocyst,  and  as  the  spines  arise  just  proximally  to  this  line  they  are  not,  as  I 
originally  thought,  acropetal  but  marginal  which  can  also  be  se6n  by  a  com- 
parison with  the  ancestrula. 

Family  Euthyridae. 

The  zooecia  are  provided  with  a  slightly  calcified  cryptocyst,  and  in  a  larger 
or  smaller  part  of  their  surface  the  surrounding  covering  membrane  is  kept 
distended  by  ridge-like  or  rod-shaped  processes  from  the  cryptocyst,  which  has 
a  number  of  superficial  rosette-plates.  The  interzoa^cial  \valls  have  scattered, 
uniporous  rosette-plates.  A  compound  operculum.  No  spines  and  no  heterozooecia. 
There  may  be  endozooecial  o<i\'in  with  a  projecting,  membranous  ecloofrcium. 
Free,  branched  colonies. 

Summary  of  the  genera. 

1)  Ocrcia  occur:  the  aperture  provided  with  a  narrow  sinus;  (the 
covering-membrane    is    everywhere    kept    distended    by    narrow    ridges 

from  the  cryptocyst) - Urceolipora  Mac  ("lillivr. 

(Calymmophura   Husk ). 

1)  No  ooecia,  but  two  dill'erent  forms  of  zooecia;  the  aperture  with- 
out sinus,  hut  with  an  almost  straight  proximal   margin: 

2)  The  IVontal  cryptocyst  forms  a  continuous  calcareous  surface; 
llic  covering-membrane  is  on  the  frontal  as  well  as  on  the  basal 
surface  distended  by  means  ol'  rod-shaped  processes  from  Ihe  crypto- 
cyst      Eiithyris  Hincks". 


'    U.'.,   p.   :ii),    lO'i.     '-'  27,   p.   I(i4. 


270 

2)  The  frontal  cryplocyst  is  formed  hy  a  iiuml)er  of  narrow,  only 
partially  meeting  ribs;  the  covering  membrane  is  kept  distended  only 
on   the  basal  surface  of  the  colony  by  means  of  the  wedge-shaped,  [)ro- 

jecting,  central  portion  of  the  sei)arale  zoo'cia Plciivoloichus  n.  g. 

(s|)ccies  P.  chillirdtiis  Harmer'). 

Urceolipora  nana  Mac  Gillivr. 
Urceolipora  nana  Mac  Gillivray,  Transacl.  and  Proceed.  Royal  Soc.  of  Victoria, 

Vol.  XIII,    1881   (for  1880),  pag.  85,  PI.  (with- 
out number,  pag.  88),  figs.  3  a — 3  c. 
Calymmophora  lucida  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  ^'ol.  X,  Pari  I,  18S4,  pag.  82, 

PI.  XXX,  fig.  3. 
(PI.  XV,  figs.  1  a— 1  f). 

The  zocecia,  which  increase  greatly  in  extent  from  (he  narrow  proximal  to- 
wards the  distal  end,  have  in  the  greater  part  of  their  length  an  oblong,  oval 
transverse  section  (tig.  1  c)  and  when  seen  from  the  frontal  or  basal  surface  Ibeir 
form  is  somewhat  vase-like  (figs.  1  b,  1  d).  The  distal  end  of  each  zooecium  projects 
a  great  deal  over  the  i)roximal  |)arl  of  the  higher  j)laced  zocrcium  with  which  it 
forms  an  acute  angle.  The  covering  membrane  is  kept  distended  from  the  cryplocyst 
by  a  number  of  narrow  longitudinal  ridges,  which  spring  from  the  latter,  but 
which  arc  dilTerenl  on  the  two  surfaces  of  the  branch.  To  begin  with,  there  is  on 
both  surfaces  of  the  branch  a  zigzag  longitudinal  ridge,  which  runs  in  immediate 
proximity  to  the  suture  between  the  two  rows  of  zocecia  (fig.  1  e)  and  is  situated 
in  each  zoa^cium  on  the  part  which  lies  between  its  own  distal  wall  and  thai  of 
the  lower  placed,  opposite  zoo'cium.  This  zigzag  ridge,  which  is  most  strongly 
developed  on  Ihe  side  of  the  branch  turned  away  from  the  twin-branch  (the 
abramal  side  of  the  branch),  is  in  each  of  the  oa'cia-bearing  zocEcia  continued 
into  a  collar-shaped,  vertical  part  (figs.  1  a,  1  d)  situated  at  the  base  of  the  o(r- 
cium,  while  in  the  ordinary  zott'cia  it  is  continued  into  the  angle  belween  two 
succeeding  zocecia  of  the  same  longitudinal  row.  The  two  ridges  from  the  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  zooecium  are  liere  joined  into  a  single  one,  which  ends  in  the 
distal  margin  of  the  aperture  some  way  from  the  central  line  on  the  abramal 
side  of  the  aperture.  On  the  adramal  side  of  the  branch  each  zooecium  is  more- 
over in  the  greater  part  or  in  the  whole  of  its  length  provided  with  a  strong, 
somewhat  curved  longitudinal  ridge  (fig.  1  a),  which  is  somewhat  different  in  the 
zocEcia  arising  from  oa>cia-bearing  zoo-cia  and  in  those  springing  from  non-o(ccia- 

'   19,  p.   -Jdf). 


271 

hearing  zociecia.  In  the  former  it  springs  from  the  lateral  surface  of  the  zoa'cinm 
close  to  tlie  zigzag  ridge  and  at  a  fairly  great  distance  from  the  distal  wall,  and 
in  the  latter  it  starts  from  the  approximate  centre  of  the  proximal  part  of  the 
frontal  surface.  In  both  cases  it  ends  in  the  above-mentioned,  collar-shaped  i)art 
at  the  base  of  the  oa^cium.  To  keep  the  covering-membrane  extended  there  is 
further  a  very  small,  flat,  most  often  trapeziform  process  situated  on  each  side 
of  the  aperture.  This  process  Busk  wrongly  takes  to  be  an  avicularium  (hgs. 
1  a,   1  f). 

Along  the  frontal  margin  of  the  abramal  zigzag  ridge  we  find  on  each  zooe- 
cium  a  longitudinal  row  of  5 — 7  small,  widely  separated,  uni[)orous  rosette-plates, 
and  similar  rosefle-plates  appear  on  both  sides  of  the  adramal  arch-shaped  ridges. 
Along  the  frontal  margin  of  the  ridge  there  are  6  —  8,  while  those  on  the  other 
side  of  the  ridge  are  more  varying  in  number  (^ — 7),  and  may  sometimes  be 
rather  irregularly  scattered.  Finally  each  of  the  two  frontal  rows  of  rosette-plates 
is  continued  into  a  row  or  grou[)  of  4 — 8  plates  situated  on  each  side  of  the 
aperture. 

The  obliquely  a.scending  distal  wall  has  a  basal  trilobed  margin  and  is  pro- 
vided with  numerous,  uniporous  rosette-plates,  which  are  scattered  over  its  entire 
surface,  and  such  plates  appear  also  in  a  longitudinal  belt  or  row,  which  passes 
Ihrough   the  whole  centre  of  the  basal  surface  (fig.   1  d). 

The  obliquely  truncated  aperture,  which  forms  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  fron- 
tal surface,  has  a  semi-circular  anter,  while  its  poster  is  provided  with  a  well- 
developed  rounded  sinus.  The  slightly  chitinizcd  operculum,  which  is  of  a 
corresponding  forLu,  has  a  somewhat  curved,  transverse  row  of  round,  bright 
spots. 

The  ooecia  are  of  a  most  |)eculiar  structure,  being  endozoa^cial  and  al  the 
same  time  having  their  endoocrcium  situated  frontallj'  to  the  cry[)tocj'st  of  the 
zod'cium,  whicJi  is  much  excavated  to  receive  its  strongly  arched  basal  surface. 
There  is  a  transparent  ectooa'cium,  formed  by  the  covering  membrane,  and  a 
calcilied,  radiately  striated  endoooecium,  which  is  somewhat  nan-owed  at  the  base 
in  the  shape  of  a  neck,  and  the  form  of  which  is  that  of  a  Phrygian  cap  rounded 
at  the  end.  A  large  |iart  of  the  frontal  surface  of  the  endoocrcium  is  provided 
with  numerous,  round,  attenuated  spots.  The  distal  wall  belonging  to  the  ocecium 
has  rosette-plates  not  only  in  its  basal  trilobed  pari  but  also  in  the  narrow  part 
bounding  the  on'cium  on  either  side.  Finally,  il  may  also  be  i-enuirked  llial  llie 
oo'cium   can   be  closed   by   the  operculum   of  the  zoo'cium. 

The    colonies  arc  richly  branched,  bifurcated   tufts  with  compressed  branches 


272 

each     hearing    two     rows    of    zo<»'i'ia,    with     Ihoir    hasal     siirlaccs    towards    each 
other. 

Stat.   1G3  A,  Challenger  (British  Musenm). 

Euthyris  obtecta  Hi  neks. 
Annals    Nat.    Hist.,    Ser.   fi,  Vol.   X,    IS.S'i,    pag.  !)6,    IM.    1(1,    iigs.  ;!2— ;57. 
Harnier,  Qnarl.  Jonrn.  Micr.  Science,  n.  s.  Vol.  4(5,  \W,\,  i)ag.  277,  PI.  1"), 

tigs.  13—14. 
(PI.  \V,  fig.  2a-2l). 

The  zooecia  are  slighlly  calcilied,  arched,  I'roni  a  narrow  proximal  end  ex- 
panding dislally,  with  a  distal  end  ohliquely  a.scending  towards  the  frontal  cover- 
ing menihrane.  When  seen  from  the  frontal  surface  they  seem  to  he  cylindrically 
oval,  while  from  the  hasal  surface  of  the  colony  they  are  of  a  lyre-shaped  out- 
line. The  strongly  projecting  covering  memhrane  is  directly  connected  with 
the  separate  zowcia  only  in  the  periphery  of  the  aperture  of  the  latter,  and  he- 
sides  only  in  contact  with  them  through  rod-shaped  or  ridge-like  processes 
from  their  surface.  The  aperture  is  provided  with  two  well-developed,  rounded 
hinge-teeth.  Its  anter  is  semi-circular  and  rather  high  and  its  j)oster  ahont  half 
as  high,  hi  the  latter  we  may  more  or  less  dislinclly  distinguish  hctween  two 
proximall}'  converging  lateral  portions  and  a  central  j)ortion.  The  accessory  part 
of  the  operculum  has  a  wcll-chilini/.cd  margin,  on  either  side  of  which  Iherc  is 
a  small,  tubercle-shaped  process  corresponding  to  a  small,  rounded  indentation 
on  the  proximal  side  of  each  hinge-tooth,  hi  the  somewhat  neck-shaped  i)art  of 
the  zofficiuni  proximally  to  the  aperture  we  find  a  circle  of  8 — 10  superficial, 
uniporous  rosette-plates  and  a  larger  number  (15—2(1)  are  scattered  over  the 
entire  basal  surface.  There  are  further  numerous,  uniporous  rosette-plates  in  the 
basal  pari  of  the  distal  wall,  and  a  zig/ag  row  of  about  S  such  plales  in  the  dis- 
tal half  of  each  lateral  wall. 

The  connection  between  Ihe  projecting  covering  nuMubrane  and  llie  cryptocyst 
is  brought  about,  as  far  as  the  frontal  and  basal  surfaces  are  concerned,  by 
means  of  a  numlier  of  thin,  compressed,  almost  filiform  calcareous  prolongations, 
which  join  the  covering  membrane  with  a  T-shaped  terminal  part.  The.se  struc- 
tures appear  on  the  frontal  surface  only  on  the  two  outer  series  of  marginal  zoa-cia 
on  either  side,  and  on  the  series  next  to  the  outermosi  one  they  only  appear  in  a 
number  of  2 — 3  a  little  proximally  to  the  aperture  and  near  the  outer  margin. 
In  the  distal  half  of  the  marginal  zoeecia  they  are  present  in  a  larger  number 
of  about  4  —  7.  On  the  i)asal  surface  they  are  found  in  all  zod'cia  in  a  number 
of  4  — 12.  On   the  middle  row  of  zoiecia   we  find   the  distal   half  of  each  zod-cinm 


278 

])rovided  with  4  such  spines,  which  I'onn  a  pretty  regular  tpiadrangle,  heing 
situated  2  hy  2  a  little  inside  each  lateral  margin.  There  is  a  larger  number  on 
the  3  lateral  rows  on  either  side.  The  inneruiosl  of  them  has  generally  one  in 
the  outer  half  besides  the  4.  The  next  row  has  usually  one  more,  but  in  the 
outermost  row  the  numlier  is  increased  to  10  — 12,  of  which  5 — 6  are  situated 
along  the  outer  margin,  2 — 3  along  the  outer  half  of  the  distal  luargin,  and  the 
rest  scattered  over  the  distal  half.  In  the  older  parts  of  the  colony  the  projecting 
covering  membrane  of  the  marginal  zoa'cia  is  connected  with  the  cryptocyst  of 
Ihe  lateral  walls  by  3 — 5  compressed  calcareous  plates,  which  sjiring  from  each 
zou'cium  and  are  separated  by  rounded  openings.  Each  of  these  plates  again  joins 
the  covering  membrane  with  a  thick,  (juadrangular  expansion,  which  is  situated 
vertically  on  the  compressed  part  and  is  slightly  bent  from  side  to  side  in  the 
shape  of  a  roof.  This  quadrangular  expansion  has  a  densely  tuberculated  outer 
surface. 

The  colony  is  free,  branched,  with  narrow  branches,  the  zocrcia  of  which 
are  only  completely  symmetrical  in  the  central  portion  of  the  branch  and  be- 
come more  and  more  asymmetrical  towards  the  lateral  margins. 

Of  this  form  I  have  examined  only  a  small  dry  fragment  fioin  North  Au- 
stralia, which  was  kindly  placed  al  my  disposal  by  the  late  Mr.  C.  N.  Peal. 
It  dilTers  in  several  respects,  for  one  thing  in  possessing  only  a  single  form  of 
operculum,  from  the  form  described  by  Hincks  and  Harmer,  and  perhaps  it 
may  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 


Family  Savignyellidae  n.  f. 

The  narrow,  elongated,  rather  slightly  calcified  zmvcia  have  a  frontal  surface, 
provided  with  scattered  pores,  which  is  separated  from  the  basal  surface  by  a 
more  or  less  sharp  boundary  line.  The  distal  wall  has  a  number  of  uni[)()rous 
or  multiporous  rosette-plates  in  its  periphery.  Spines  may  appear  round  the 
ajjerture,  proximally  to  which  there  may  be  a  freely  projecting  avicularium.  We 
may  (ind  free  ooecia,  two-layered  from  the  proximal  part,  the  ecloooecium  of 
which  has  a  membranous  frontal  side.  The  colonies  are  richly  branched,  jointed, 
and  each  inlernode  consists  of  a  single  zooecium. 


18 


274 


Genera: 

The    aperture    surrounded    by   spines,   with    a    concave    poster    and 
with  no  sinus;  an  avicularium  proxiniallj'  to  tlie  aperture;   distal  wall 

willi   uniporous  rosette-plates;  ooccia  jiresent Scwiynijella  n.  g. 

Catenaria  d'Orbigny. 
(S.  Lafonti  Audouin^) 
The    projecting    aperture    not    surrounded    by    spines,     Init    with    a 
rounded  sinus;  distal  wall  with  niultiporous  rosette-plates;  avicularium 

and  oa>ciutn  wanting H(tlysisis  Norman  -. 

(//.  diapbana  Busk^.) 

Time  has  not  allowed  of  my  entering  into  a  close  examination  of  the  two 
species,  which  I  think  show  sufficiently  great  conformity  to  belong  to  the  new 
family  that  I  have  been  obliged  to  found  for  them.  It  is  possible  that  C(iteiuiri(t<^ 
uttemiata  Busk^  may  also  be  entered  in  this  family.  With  regard  to  the  cpiestion 
of  their  descent,  they  seem  to  me  lo  show  relationship  particularly  to  liicellariidae, 
and  of  characters  that  favour  this  opinion  I  may  mention  the  slight  calcification, 
the  long  slender  form  of  the  zomcia,  the  form  of  colony  and  the  structure  of  the 
oo'cia.  Also  the  freely  projecting  avicularium  in  S.  Lafonti  may  be  taken  as  evi- 
dence of  such  a  relationship.  While  I  have  found  a  covering  membrane  on  the 
frontal  surface  in  C.  diuplmna,  I  have  not  succeeded  in  finding  one  in  S.  Lafonti, 
in  which  however  according  to  the  examination  made  by  Calvet  it  must  be 
supposed  to  be  present.  —  The  two  just-mentioned  sj)ccies  have  by  Busk*  and 
later  authors  been  called  Alijsidiuni  Lafonti  And.  and  Catenaria  diaphana  Busk. 
But  it  has  been  necessary  to  make  two  new  generic  names,  as  tlie  name  Ali/si- 
dium  must  be  kept  for  A.  j)arasiticnm  Busk,  and  Catenaria  Contei  And.  is  the  ty|)e 
of  a  genus  belonging  to  the  family  Catenariidae  (see  pug.  2i;{,  note). 

Family  Hippothoidae. 
Diazeuxidae  JuUien. 

The  zoo'cia,  which  have  no  covering  membrane,  are  generally  thin-walled, 
glistening,  more  or  less  distinctly  longitudinally  or  transversely  striated,  and  the 
calcification,  which  constantly  increases  simultaneously  with  the  growth,  lakes 
place  in  transverse  belts,  of  which  a  greater  or  smaller  number  often  terminate 
in    thin    protruding    margins,  which    .surround    the    frontal    surface    like    a    belt. 

'   ns,  pi.    l.t,   ngs.   2,.— 2,7.     -'  84  a,  p.   29r>.     '  8,   p.   14.      '   2,   pp.    l.'l  — J4. 


275 

Ordinary  spines  are  usually  wanting,  whereas  short  wide  acropelal  spines  not 
seldom  appear,  partly  on  each  side  of  the  aperture,  partly  singly  on  its  proxi- 
mal side.  Aviciilaria  are  very  seldom  present,  but  we  frecjuently  Mnd  very 
small,  sometimes  rudimentary  zoa-cia,  which  are  however  provided  with  an 
ajjcrture.  The  zon'cia  in  the  whole  of  their  periphery  have  small  uniporous  or 
few-pored  pore-chambers,  and  the  pore-chambers  of  one  zoo?cium  not  rarely  join 
short  prolongations  of  the  other,  by  which  means  two  neighbouring  zorecia  be- 
come separated  by  a  row  of  small  openings.  The  owcia  are  sometimes  situated 
on  zooecia  of  ordinary  structure,  sometimes  on  gonozocecia  of  a  peculiar  form. 
They  are  covered  either  by  kenozoa>cia,  dwarf  zoa^cia  or  by  avicularia.  The 
colonies  are  incrusting. 

The  zooecia  have  no  covering-membrane,  and  when  Calvel'  talks  of  a  cryp- 
tocyst  in  Chorizopora  Brongiarti,  the  reason  may  be  that  he  confuses  it  with  the 
compensation-sac,  the  opening  of  which  in  this  form  needs  however  a  closer  ex- 
amination. The  fact  is  that  Chorizopora  possesses  a  simple  operculum,  but  con- 
trary to  all  the  other  genera  of  the  section  Ascophora  in  which  this  is  the  case 
(Microporella,  Iiwersiiila,  Adeona,  Haplopoina,  Tiibucellaria,  Caliuellia  and  Onvho- 
pora),  it  wants  an  ascopore,  and  as  the  proximal  margin  of  the  operculum 
seems  to  go  close  up  to  the  corresponding  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture,  there 
seems  to  be  no  room  for  any  opening  ])elween  them.  Excepting  that  Jullien^ 
has  found  marginal  spines  in  some  ancestrulae  of  HippoUioa-co\onie>i,  and  lliat 
Kirkpatrick''  has  described  a  Chorizopora-torm  with  two  pair  of  spines  in  the 
distal  end  of  the  zofrcium,  ordinary  spines  are  otherwise  wanting  in  this  family, 
whereas  in  all  the  four  genera,  though  not  in  all  species  and  varieties,  the  hollow 
expansions  occur  which  I  have  mentioned  in  the  diagnosis  of  the  family.  Hi  neks' 
calls  the  small  cliambers,  wliich  in  Trijpostegd  neimsta  are  found  partly  scattered 
among  the  zott'cia,  partly  surrounding  the  oa>cia,  avicularia;  but  as  their  aper- 
ture wants  the  transverse  bar  found  in  the  avicularia  in  Chorizopora  between  the 
opercular  and  the  subopercular  area,  I  prefer  to  call  them  dwarfed  or  rudiment- 
ary zooecia,  especially  as  except  in  the  genus  Haplopoma  we  lind  wilhin  the  three 
other  genera  of  the  family  individuals  of  different  size,  form  or  structure  scat- 
tered among  the  ordinary  zorrcia.  Thus,  in  Chorizopora  we  may  find  large  num- 
bers of  very  small  chambers  mixed  with  some  avicularia,  and  the  round  aperture 
of  these  chambers  seems  to  be  covered  only  by  a  membrane,  while  the  corre- 
sponding chambers  in  Trypostega  Deiuisht  have  a  small  chitinized  operculum, 
which    is   different    from    that    of   the  ordinary  zotrcia,    but  which  does  not  how- 

'   9,   p.    KiG.      -   45,   p.    30.      ^   4<),   p.    01.').      '   2'i,    p.   •J/d  — 1277. 

.  18* 


270 

ever  cover  the  whole  of  the  aperture.  Finally  we  find  in  a  niiiiiher  of  species  of 
the  genus  Hipjjotlioct  partly  unusually  small  or  unusually  narrow  zod-cia  with 
aperture  and  operculum  of  the  ordinary  structure,  partly  dwarf  zoa-cia  with  a 
dilTerent  form  of  operculum,  which  does  not  cover  the  whole  of  llic  ajx-rture, 
and  last  of  all  kcnozocrcia.  hi  conclusion  I  luay  just  mention  that  while  the 
separate  chamhers  of  the  colony  are  connected  by  small  pore-chamheis,  the 
septum  between  the  gonozoa'cium  and  the  kenozocecium  covering  the  od'cium  is 
provided  with  a  row  (in  H.  luidliiid  with  4 — 6)  of  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  The  aperture  with  a  simple  operculum: 

2)  A    median    ascopore   proximally  to    the    aperture;    oa'cia    covered 

by  kenozocecia;  zocEcia  with  scattered  pores Haplopoma  n.  g. 

2)  No    median   ascopore;    ooecia   covered    by   avicularia:    the   zocrcia 

with  at  most  a  row  of  pores  on  each  side Chorizojioni  llincks. 

1)  The   aperture  with    a    compound   operculum,  which    is    generally 
provided  with  a  sinus: 

;{)  Oa>cia  covered  by  kenozoa^cia;  zoeecia  without  pores.  .  .    flippolhon  I^amour. 

3)  Oa^cia    covered    by    dwarf   zocecia    with    ojjcrcula;    zoacia    with 
scattered  pores Triiposte</a  n.  g. 

Hippothoa  I^amour. 
Hippothoa  Hincks,  Schizoj)()rella   llincks,   Diazeuxia  Jull. 

The  zoa'cia  have  no  pores,  and  the  aperture  is  provided  with  well-developed 
hinge-teeth  and  has  .generally  a  sinus,  more  seldom  a  convex  proximal  margin. 
A  compound  operculum  with  a  broader  or  narrower  accessory  [)art.  The  gono- 
zoo'cia  bearing  the  0(ecia  have  an  operculum  with  a  very  small  accessory  part, 
and  the  o(rcia  are  surrounded  by  kenozoa-cia  without  aperture '. 

Of  the  numerous  species  belonging  to  this  genus  only  a  smaller  numhui-  have 
been  described.  They  differ  in  form  of  aperture  and  hinge  teeth,  in  the  absence 
or  presence  of  acropetal  spines,  in  position  and  structure  of  the  gonozoo'cia,  in 
structure  of  the  kenozocecia,  in  mutual  connection  of  the  zocecia,  etc.  The  difler- 
ence  in  position  and  structure  of  the  gonozocrcia  a])pears  from  the  fact,  that 
these  individuals  in  some  species  (e.  g.  in  H.  corniilit)  are  situated  on  a  level 
with  the  other  zooecia  and  are  of  similar  size  and  form,  while  in  other  species 
(e.  g.  H.  hijalina   and  //.   (iimiihiris)  they  are    situated    on    the    frontal   wall   of  the 


PI.   XVIII,   fi".   9  a. 


277 

ordinary  zoopcia,  from  which  thev  dilTer  in  form  and  size.  In  the  majority  of 
species  the  kenozoa>cia  are  provided  with  scattered  pores,  while  in  a  smaller 
number  of  species  and  as  it  seems  in  all  the  species  that  may  be  referred  to 
Hippoihoa  Hincks,  they  are  entirely  without  jiores  but  possess  a  median,  projec- 
tiufi;  portion.  In  most  species  as  in  Chorizopord  Broni/niarli  the  zoci'cia  are  separ- 
ated by  a  number  of  small  openings,  which  however  are  wanting  in  a  series  of 
species,  e.  g.  in  //.  aniuilaris  and  H.  corniita. 

H.  annularis  Moll. 
Lepralia  annularis  Busk,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Folyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  pag.  85, 

PI.  XCV,  figs.   1,  2. 
(fls.  XXI,  figs.  7a-7f). 

The  zooecia  are  elongated,  triangular,  trapeziform  or  rectangular,  from  the 
proximal  end  strongly  ascending  and  leiininaling  in  a  j)orlion,  which  is  strongly 
arched  from  side  to  side  as  well  as  distally  proximally  and  almost  hunched  or 
expanded.  The  maximum  height  of  this  portion  is  attained  approximately  in  the 
distal  third  of  the  body.  On  either  side  of  the  ajjerture  and  bent  a  iiltle  towards 
it  there  is  a  short,  stout,  wide  expansion  or  acropetal  spine,  which  is  rounded  at 
the  end  and  looks  like  a  horn.  The  anter  of  the  oblong  aperture  (fig.  7  1))  is 
provided  with  two  lateral  margins,  which  only  converge  slightly  distally  and 
meet  in  a  curve.  Its  poster  has  in  the  centre  a  very  small,  transversely  oval 
sinus  bounded  on  each  side  by  a  trapeziform  process,  which  is  again  separated 
from  a  small  hinge-tooth  by  a  very  small  indentation.  The  well-chitinized  oper- 
culum (fig.  7  e),  which  has  an  accessory  part  corresponding  to  the  sinus,  is  within 
each  lateral  margin  provided  with  a  long,  almost  cucumber-shaped  groove,  which 
is  surrounded  by  a  chitinized  margin  and  probably  serves  as  attachment  for  the 
o|)ercular  muscles.  The  distal  wall  (lig.  7  d)  is  angularly  bent  from  side  to  side, 
and  besides  the  two  large  distal  pore-chambers,  through  which  each  zoo'cium 
communicates  with  one  or  t\^o  others,  we  find  in  each  lateral  wall  either  ',i — 4 
small  pore-chambers  or  3  openings,  which  correspond  to  as  many  [)ore-chambers  in 
the  neighbouring  zoo^cium.  1 — 4  small,  superficial  pore-chambers  (lig.  7  c)  are 
found  on  most  zoa-cia,  most  often  on  one  side,  but  sometimes  also  on  the  other. 
They'  appear  near  the  suture  towards  the  neigbouring  zoa-cium  and  decrease  in 
size  distally.  Of  these  pore-chambers  the  proximal  one  is  situated  near  the  dis- 
tal wall. 

The  ooecia,  which  occur  in  shorter  or  longer,  continuous,  curved  transverse 
rows  (lig.  1  a),  are  borne  by  short,  broad,  conically  cup-shaped  gonozoa^cia,  which 
are  situated  on  the  frontal  surface  of  the  zooecia  and  communicate  with  the  latter 


278 

tlirough  Ihe  jiist-mentioncd  superficial  poie-cliambers.  They  arc  covered  by 
strongly  arched,  peiitagonally  rounded  kenozocrcia,  which  are  twice  the  length 
of  the  gonozorecia,  terminate  at  the  lop  in  a  \unni  and  meet  in  i)arallel  sutural 
lines.  Besides  a  circle  of  marginal  jiores,  which  are  j)arlially  covered  by  neigh- 
bouring /oa-cia,  there  are  slill  a  few  scattered  pores  in  their  distal  part.  The  well- 
chitinized  operculum  (fig.  7  f),  which  has  the  form  of  a  segment  of  a  circle,  has  in 
its  proximal  margin  two  small,  rounded  sinuses  corresponding  to  two  rounded  pro- 
jections on  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  A  little  inside  each  lateral  margin 
we  find  a  rounded  process  for  muscular  attachment. 

The  colonies  occur  as  circular  or  fan-shaped  discs  on  alg:v,  and,  contrary'  to 
all  the  other  species  of  this  genus  that  I  liave  examined,  tlie  zotrcia  are  arranged 
in  continuous,  arch-shaped  transverse  rows. 

Two  colonies  of  this  species,  without  statement  of  locality,  are  found  in  the 
lierbaiium  of  alga-  in   the  Botanical  Museum. 

H.  cornuta  Busli',  var.  holostoma  n. 
(PI.  XXI,  figs.  8a-8g). 

The  zooecia  are  elongated,  generally  pear-shaped,  evenly  ascending  towards 
the  distal  end  and  provided  proximally  to  the  aperture  with  a  large  strongly  pro- 
jecting, hollow  expansion  (fig.  <S  g)  bent  more  or  less  distinctly  in  the  shape  of 
a  knee,  in  which  we  may  distinguish  Ix'twcen  a  broader  proximal  j)art  and  a 
narrower,  at  the  end  broadlj'  rounded  distal  part.  The  aperture  is  wholly  or 
partly  hidden  by  the  latter  part,  when  the  colony  is  regarded  from  the  frontal 
surface.  On  the  boundary  between  the  two  above  parts  the  expansion  mentioned 
has  an  internal,  transverse  septum,  which  is  perforated  by  a  transversely  oval 
pore.  As  in  the  foregoing  species  we  find  on  either  side  of  the  aperture  a  horn- 
like expansion  rounded  at  the  end,  which  is  however  longer  and  more  slender, 
less  bent  towards  the  aj)erture,  but  directed  more  distally.  A  smaller  expansion 
is  not  infrequently  found  in  the  middle  of  the  frontal  surface,  sometimes  in  the 
central  line,  sometimes  towards  one  lateral  margin.  The  ba.sal  surface  of  the 
zoa-cium,  which  has  a  small  uncalcified  portion  centrally,  is  on  its  inner  surface, 
especially  in  its  proximal  hall",  provided  with  numerous,  narrow,  scattered,  papilla- 
shaped  processes,  which  have  the  free  em\  turned  towards  the  distal  end.  Con- 
trary to  the  other  species  examined  by  me  the  aperture  (fig.  <S  c)  has  no  sinus, 
and  the  bicusped  binge-teeth  separate  an  almost  semi-elliptic  anter  from  a  poster, 
the    height    of  which    is    only    about    one-third    of    the    former    and    its    slightly 

'  2,  p.  84. 


279 

converging  lateral  margins  meet  in  an  almost  straight  or  slightly  curved 
margin.  The  well-chitinized  operculum  has  on  the  other  hand  a  broadly  quad- 
rangular, accessorial  (tig.  <S  d)  and  within  each  lateral  margin  a  short,  slightly 
curved  muscular  ridge.  As  in  the  j)receding  species  we  find  two  large  distal  pore- 
chambers  bounded  by  the  angularly  beni  distal  wall,  while  each  lateral  wall  has 
3 — i  communications  with  the  neighbouring  zou'cia. 

The  ooecia  (figs.  8  b,  8  c)  occur  in  small  numbers  scattered  among  the  zone- 
cia,  and  the  gonozocecia  are  provided  with  a  large,  broad,  somewhat  flat,  lip- 
shaped,  obli([uely  ascending  expansion  which  is  situated  proximally  to  the  aper- 
ture. The  latter  is  wholly  or  partly  hidden  by  the  expansion  and  its  proximal 
margin  is  slightly  angularly  bent.  The  operculum  (fig.  8  f)  has  a  small,  com- 
j)resscd  process  on  either  side.  The  strongly  arched  kenozooecia  have  a  number 
of  scattered  pores,  which  are  however  wanting  in  the  steeply  ascending  portion 
distally  to  the  aperture  and  the  projecting  central  portion  of  the  frontal  surface 
is  generally  developed  as  an  expansion,  more  or  less  sharj)ly  delimited. 

As  the  form  just-described  dilfers  in  the  want  of  a  sinus  in  the  poster  of  the 
aperture  from  Lepralia  hiidliiui,  var.  coniiita  described  and  figured  ))y  Busk ' 
1  originally  felt  inclined  to  consider  them  specifically  dilTerenl  in  s|)ile  of 
llie  corresponding  development  of  expansions.  But  as  I  have  had  a  later  op- 
portunity of  examining  an  aj)parently  closelj'  related  form  from  Victoria,  the 
aperture  of  which  is  provided  with  a  well-developed  sinus  (fig.  9  b),  I  must 
supi)ose  all  three  forms  to  be  varieties  of  one  species,  Hippothoa  corniila  Busk, 
which  is  very  variable,  not  least  in  the  form  of  aperture.  This  variety  may 
be  termed  uporosa.  The  three  expansions  are  of  a  similar  form  and  structure 
as  in  var.  holostoiua,  and  the  median  expansion  especially  is  provided  (lig.  0  a) 
with  a  similar  septum  perforated  by  a  pore.  The  gonozoa>cium  (fig.  9  c)  has  a 
similar  lii)-shaped  expansion,  but  its  aperture,  like  the  zoa^cial  aperture,  is  pro- 
vided with  a  narrow,  deep  sinus,  lo  which  a  process  on  the  oi)erculuni  (fig.  9  e) 
corresponds.  The  kenozooecium,  which  to  judge  from  the  figure  only  possesses  a 
circle  of  marginal  pores  in  Busk's  form,  is  here  at  the  outside  furnished  with  a 
few  median  pores  and  is  even  more  strongly  arched  than  in  var.  luilostoina,  its 
surface  being  very  hunched.  A  small  colony  from  Victoria  has  Ijcen  found  on 
Plerocladia  Incida  in  the  herbarium  of  algtc  in  the  Botanical  Museum. 


2,  p.   84,   PI.   \C\\  figs.   3—5. 


•im 


Haplopoma  n.  g. 

The  zod'cia  with  scattered  pores,  a  simple  operculum  and  a  median  ascopore 
as  an  orilice  lor  the  compensation-sac.  The  oa'cia  covered  by  kenozoa'cia  with 
scattered  pores.    No  avicularia. 

H.  impressum  Audouin. 
Microporella  impressa  Hincks,  Hrilish  Marine  Polyzoa,  pag.  214, 

PI.  XXVI,  (igs.  y— 11,  PI.  XXIX,  iigs.  10,  11. 
(PI.  XXII,  ng.  9a-<)b,  lOa-lOe,  I'l.  XVIII,  lij^.  ll  a). 

While  Hincks  and  all  later  systematic  authors  have  referred  this  species  to 
the  genus  Microporella,  wilh  the  species  of  which  it  agrees  in  the  possession  of  a 
median  ascopore,  a  simple  operculum  and  pore-chambers,  Barrois'  in  his  greal 
woik  on  the  larvae  has  rightly  recognised  its  relationship  to  Hippothoa  hijitliim 
and  called  attention  especially  to  the  great  similarity  of  their  larva',  which  be- 
long to  rather  a  peculiar  type.  He  is  however  wrong  in  referring  both  these 
species  to  the  same  genus  {Mollia). 

The  supposition,  expressed  on  several  former  occasions,  that  the  median  asco- 
pore has  arisen  by  a  conslriclion  from  an  original  sinus  is  also  conlirmed  in  Ihis 
species,  and  Waters^  has  already  called  attention  to  the  fact,  that  the  primary 
zoo'ciuni  in  //.  iinprcssiim  (PI.  XXII,  figs,  i)  a — 9h)  as  well  as  in  H.  biiniicrnnatitm, 
Moll  (PI.  XXII,  iigs.  10  a — 10  c)  is  provided  wilh  a  sinus,  which  is  however  both 
narrower  and  deeper  in  the  latter  than  in  the  former.  The  primary  zoa^ciuni  in 
the  laller  species  is  moreover  distinguished  not  only  by  possessing  a  curve  of  9 
l)()res,  but  also  by  having  an  oi)erculum  (fig.  10  e)  similar  to  that  found  in  the 
genus  Arthropoina,  the  accessory  part  of  the  operculum,  corresponding  to  the 
sinus,  being  separated  from  the  principal  part  by  a  less  strongly  chitinized  por- 
tion. This  dilferencc  in  the  primary  zocrcia  also  speaks  in  favour  of  the  opinion 
maintained  by  Waters,  that  H.  biimnronatiim,  which  was  formerly  considered  but 
a  variety  of  H.  impressum,  is  a  dislinci  species. 

Genus  Trypostega  n.  g. 
The    zon-cia  with    scattered    jxjres    and    a    compound    opercidum.     The    oo'cia 
covered  by  dwarf  zoa>cia  with  scattered  pores.    No  avicularia. 

'   1,  p.   171,  I>l.  '.),  fii^s.   1  —  3,  IM.    Hi,  lit;.  2.     -   ll.V  p     U. 


281 


T.  venusta  Norman. 
Schizoporella  venusia  Hincks  (incl.  syn.),  British  Marine  Polyzoa,  pag.  27B, 

PI.  XXX,  figs.  6,  7. 
Lepralia  inornataGai)!)  el  Horn,  Sniilt,  Kgl,  SvenskaVetensk.  Akad.  Handlingar, 

Bd.  11,  No.  4,  1873,  pag.  61,  PI.  XI,  figs.  215— 216. 
(PI.  XIX,  ligs.  la-Id,  PI.  XXII,  figs.  13a-13d). 

The  zooecia  are  generally  rounded  rhoniliic,  provided  with  numerous  scallered 
pores,  strongly  arched  and  ascending  towards  the  portion  immediately  on  the  proxi- 
mal side  of  the  aperture,  which  terminates  in  a  strong,  hollow,  often  irregularly 
luherculated,  conical,  umhonate  expansion  (fig.  13  a).  The  ohlong  aperture  nearly  on 
Ihe  boundary  of  the  proximal  third  has  a  pair  of  strong  hinge-teeth,  each  of  which 
is  situated  within  a  triangular,  inwards  projecting  part  of  the  lateral  margin.  Its 
antcr  has  two  proximally  converging,  lateral  margins,  and  its  triangular  poster  is 
hounded  by  a  somewhat  prolriuling,  almost  rectangularly  curved  margin.  The 
well-chitinized  operculum  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  13  e)  is  in  its  principal  part  provided 
with  small,  scattered  tubercles  and  a  litlle  inside  the  margin  with  a  well-devel- 
oped opercular  arch.  The  numerous  small  dwarf  zoa^cia,  which  are  scattered 
among  the  zoa-cia  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  1  a,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  13  d)  are  on  the  examined 
colony  of  a  rounded  quadrangular  form.  The  very  small,  quadrangularly  oval 
aperture  is  bounded  proximally  by  a  somewhat  protruding  margin  and  not  wholly 
covered  by  the  well-chitinized,  finely  dotted  operculum  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  13  d),  which 
has  an  almost  straight  or  slightly  concave  proximal  margin.  The  distal  half  of 
eacii  zofrcium  has  a  continuous  curve  of  5 — 6  large  pore-chambers  (PI.  XIX, 
fig.    1  b)  and  such  are  also  found   in   the  dwarf  zoa^cia. 

The  ooeria  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  lb,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  13a)  are  surrounded  by  dwarf 
zod'cia,  which  only  dilTer  from  those  appearing  among  the  zoo'cia  by  being  larger 
and  of  a  rounded  j)entagonal  form. 

Of  this  species  I  have  been  able  to  examine  a  small  colony  from  Guernsey, 
which  was  sent  me  by  the  Rev.  Norman,  and  another  colony  from  Port  Phillip 
(Miss  Jelly),  which  in  all  essentials  agrees  with  the  British  form,  the  only  dill'er- 
ence  being  its  want  of  an  expansion  proximally  to  the  aperture. 

I.vprulia  claviciilata  Hincks '  must  certainly  also  be  referred  to  this  genus,  imt 
as  the  offcia  here  seem  to  be  enclosed  by  kenozooecia  without  aperture,  the  dia- 
gnosis of  the  genus  would  have  to  undergo  a  small  alteration  to  be  made  appli- 
cable also  to  this  form. 


34,   p.   .'.tl, 


282 


Family  Adeonidae  Busk'. 

The  zixvcia,  llie  entire  frontal  suirace  of  which  is  provided  with  a  Frequently 
slrongly  eolourod  covering  inemhrane,  are  always  without  spines,  exlreniely  Ihick- 
walled  and  slrongly  calcified.  There  are  generally  pores,  and  (he  partition  walls 
are  provided  with  numerous  (in  the  distal  half  of  the  zou'cium  usually  14 — 16), 
small,  uni])()rous  roselte-plates  disposed  in  a  single  row,  which  on  account  of  the 
thickness  of  the  walls  appear  at  the  end  of  long  canals,  and  the  pores  ap])ear  in 
a  similar  way.  Owing  to  the  continued  deposition  of  calcareous  matter  a  second- 
ary, .sometimes  even  a  tertiary,  aperture  is  always  present.  This  is  more  or  less 
dilTerent  from  the  primary  one,  which  has  most  often  a  sinus  or  a  concave  proxi- 
mal margin.  The  operculum  is  generally  well  marked  oil"  from  the  covering  mem- 
brane. Aviciildiiit  are  hardly  wanting  in  any  species  and  occur  in  most  species 
both  as  dependent  and  independent.  They  are  always  without  a  calcified  trans- 
verse bar  between  the  opercular  and  the  subopercular  area,  and  at  lis  base  the 
mandible  has  on  either  side  a  strongly  protruding  muscular  process,  (hrcia  are 
wanting,  but  gonozoircia  appear  in  most  species.  The  latter  are  somewhat  larger 
than  the  ordinary  zoa^cia,  from  which  they  further  dilTer  by  possessing  a  broader 
aperture  and  l)y  being  generally  better  provided  with  pores.  The  colonies  are 
usually  free,  two-layered,  sometimes  laminate,  sometimes  branched,  more  rarely 
incrusting. 

This  extremely  natural  and  sharply  delimited  family  was  founded  by  Husk 
in  his  report  on  the  Unjozoa  of  the  (Challenger  Expedition.  Hut  just  as  the  author 
did  not  succeed  in  comprehending  this  family  in  all  its  extent,  overlooking  as 
he  did,  that  his  ^MiicroneUu'  puriformis,  set  up  in  the  same  work,  also  belongs 
to  it,  so  also  is  his  diagnosis  of  the  family  very  incomplete,  as  of  real,  general, 
positive  characters  he  mentions  only  one,  viz.  the  above-mentioned  peculiarity 
in  the  avicularian  mandible,  which  however  according  to  Waters'^  may  also  be 
found  in  members  of  other  families.  On  the  other  hand,  Waters^  has  pointed 
out  that  the  median  pore  which  according  to  Busk  is  found  in  all  nnMnhers  of 
tliis  family  can  not  be  regarded  as  a  family  character,  as  this  pore  in  some  spe- 
cies leads  into  the  zoaH'ial  cavity  itself  (Adeoiut,  Adconellopsis),  while  in  others  it 
leads   into   the  space  between   the  primary  and   the  secondary  aperture  {AdconeUa). 

This  incomplete  diagnosis  of  the  family  may  be  one  of  the  reasons  for  tlie 
fact,  that  in  .spite  of  its  naturalness  this  family  has  not  been  adopted  by  a  single 


•  8,  p.   177.      -   lUOa,   p.   777.     "   UKI,  p.  283. 


283 

author,  at  Icasl  not  for  any  length  of  time',  or  in  the  extent  in  which  it  was 
set  up  by  Husk.  With  regard  to  the  dilTerent  opinions  concerning  this  question, 
I  may  refer  to  the  discussion  of  it  l)y  Gregory^  under  the  title  of:  "The  system- 
atic position  of  the  Adeonellidae « ,  and  I  may  here  confine  myself  to  the  remark, 
that  the  sjjccies  of  Adeona  and  Adcoiiellopsis  have  hy  all  authors  been  leferrcd  to 
the  family  Micruporellidae,  the  two  genera  being  sometimes  retained,  sometimes 
merged  in  Microporella. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  The  zocrcia  provideil  in  the  central  line  with  a  single  or  a  group 
of  connected  ascopores: 

2)  With  one  or  two  simple  ascopores Adcoiiit  (Lamour.). 

2)  With  one  or  several  stellate  ascopores Adeonellopsis  (Mac  Gill.)  Lev. 

1)  The  zooccia  without  such  median  ascopores: 

U)  The  proximal  part  of  the  secondary  aperture,  which  appears 
sooner  or  later,  is  transformed  by  a  coalescence  of  two  calcareous  pro- 
cesses into  a  pore,  which  leads  into  the  space  between  the  primary 
and   the  secondary  aperture Adeonelhi  (Husk)  Waters. 

'6)  Tlie  proximal  part  of  the  secondary  aperture  is  not  transformed 
into  a  pore Bracebridgia  Mac  Gill. 

In  the  above  synopsis  no  regard  has  been  paid  to  the  form  of  the  primary 
aperture  or  the  structure  of  the  operculum,  for  the  reason,  that  the  form  of  the 
primary  aperture,  to  judge  from  the  relatively  small  number  of  species  examined 
in  this  respect,  is  subject  to  rather  great  variation  within  the  separate  genera. 

Adeona  violacea  Johnston. 

Microporella  violacea  Hincks,  Hritish  Marine  Polyzoa,  pag.  216,  PI.  XXX,  ligs.  1—4. 

Adeonella    insidiosa   Jullien,    Resultats   des  Campagnes  scientifiques   du  Prince    de 

Monaco,  fascicule  XXIII,  Hryozoaires,  1903,  pag.  54,  PI.  VI,  fig.  4. 

(PI.  XIV,  ligs.  1  a-1  g). 

The  zooecia,    the  finely   tuberculated  surface  of  which  is  covered  by  a  black, 

strongly  iridescent  membrane,  are  elongated,  hexagonal  and  provided  with  rather 

numerous   pores,  which    are    most    closely  situated   in  the  marginal  portion.    The 


'  Mac  G illivi-ay  (69,  p.  133)  originally  adopted  Husk's  family  in  all  its  extent,  while  in  the  follow- 
ing year  (75,  p.  20!)— 13)  he  referred  Adeona  and  Adeonellopsis  to  the  family  Microporellidae  and 
Adeonella  to  Escharidac.   In  his  last  work  (76,  p.  DO)  he  refers  Adeonella  to  Schizoporellidae.  *  16  a,  p.  241. 


284 

ascopore  is  silunled  proximally  lo  Ihc  cenlre  of  the  Ixxly  in  a  more  or  less  devel- 
o])C{i  depression.  The  jiriniary  a])erliire,  which  has  no  dislincl  hinge-teelh,  is 
ahnosl  semi-eircular  and  honnded  l)y  a  proximal,  nearly  slraij<hl  or  slighlly  eon- 
vex  margin.  The  operculnni  (fig.  1  1)  is  not  sejjaraled  I'rom  Ihe  covering  mem- 
brane, and  with  the  exception  of  a  narrow  marginal  i)ortion  it  is  meml)ranoiis; 
only  in  old  zoo-cia  the  part  corresi)onding  to  the  secondary  aperUire  may  be 
slightly  chitinized.  The  secondary  apertnre  is  of  a  somewhat  variable,  ronndish 
form,  most  often  somewhat  broader  than  high,  and  with  less  concave,  sometimes 
almost  straight  proximal  margin.  Each  zoa'cinm  has  in  its  distal  half  14  — 10 
uniporous  rosette-plates  and  in  its  proximal  half  as  many  o[)enings.  hi  most  corners 
between  tlie  zoa>cia  we  find  very  small  rounded  cavities  covered  by  a  membrane, 
which  seem   lo  be  kenozocecia. 

Avicularia.  A  long,  narrow,  pointed  avicularium  is  fonnd  in  most  zo(i>cia  a 
little  distally  to  the  median  pore.  It  is  directed  towards  (he  aperture  and  may 
reach  some  way  past  the  proximal  margin  of  the  latter,  histead  of  the  avicularium 
we  find  in  a  smaller  number  of  zoa'cia  (fig.  1  b)  an  annular  ()i)ening,  which 
leads  into  an  elongated,  sometimes  .somewhat  swollen  cavity. 

The  gonozooecia,  which  are  scattered  singly  or  in  groujis  among  the  zocrcia, 
are  considerably  larger  than  the  latter  and  of  an  angularly  oval  form,  ^hireover 
they  differ  from  the  ordinary  zon-cia  by  having  a  greater  number  of  pores,  a 
broader,  transversely  oval  aperture  and  two  coalesced  ascopores.  The  aviculariimi 
is  never  developed,  but  is  replaced  by  a  cavity  similar  to  Ihal  found  in  a  smaller 
numlier  of  zoa'cia. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  a  numl)er  of  colonics  from  Syracuse  (rockj' 
and  shelly  bottom,  12— 25  fm.,  Dr.  H.  J.  Hansen),  which  occur  partly  incrusting 
on  calcareous  alga;,  partly  in  free,  one-layered  expansions.  They  agree  with  a 
small  colony  from  Guernsey  (Norman)  also  in  the  possession  of  a  single  ascojiore 
and  of  the  small  round  kenozoo'cia,  and  as  the  latter  thus  contrary  lo  the  de- 
scriptions of  Hincks  and. lul  lien,  are  not  necessarily  dcpcndenl  on  the  |)resence 
of  a  double  pore,  I  find  no  reason  for  regarding  Hincks's  var.  a  as  an  inde- 
pendent species,  as  Jul  lien  does. 

Adeonella  serrata  n.  sp. 
(I'l.  XIV,  lijis.  2a-2j.). 
The    zooecia,    the    finely  tuberculated    surface  of  which   is  covered  by  a  light- 
brown    nu'mbrane,    are    generally   rhomboidally  vase-shaped,    strongly  arched    and 
provided   with    scattered    i)orcs.     Tlie    primary    aperluie,    which    is    provided    vvilli 
well-developed  hinge-teeth,    has  a  large,  well-defiiu'd,    broadly  rounded    sinus  imd 


285 

a  separable,  chitinized  operculum,  while  the  somewhat  projecting  secondary  apei'- 
ture  is  irregularly  circular,  sometimes  short,  transversely  oval.  Each  zoa»cium 
has  about   12  rosetle-plates  in  its  distal  hall'. 

The  gonozooecia.  whicii  are  considerably  larger  than  the  ordinary  zoa-cia, 
are  provided  with  numerous  pores,  and  the  primary  as  well  as  the  secondary 
aperture  is  much  broader  than  in  the  zoa-cia.  The  proximal  margin  of  the  sec- 
ondary ajjcrture  is  sometimes  almost  straight,  sometimes  rather  j)rojecting  cen- 
trally, and  it  is  separated  from  the  large,  peristomial  pore  by  a  high  bridge. 
They  appear  everywhere  along  the  margin  of  the  colony  on  both  surfaces  and 
form   a  belt  of  up   to  three   longitudinal   rows. 

The  avicularia  occur  both  as  dependent  and  as  independent,  of  which  the 
latler  may  be  larger  than  the  gonozooecia  and  especially  attain  a  more  consider- 
able length.  They  have  a  well-developed  cryptocyst  and  a  long  mandible,  the 
two  sides  of  which  are  sometimes  almost  parallel  and  meet  in  a  curve  at  the 
end.  They  api)ear  in  larger  or  smaller  numbers  in  the  marginal  j)ortion  of  the 
colony,  scattered  sometimes  singly,  sometimes  in  smaller  groups.  Within  each 
bifurcation  1  —  5  are  always  seen,  of  which  the  inner  one  or  inner  ones  always 
go  further  inwards  on  the  branch  than  in  the  other  parts  of  the  colony.  The 
dependent  avicularia  which  are  found  on  the  separate  zooecia  in  a  number  of 
2 — 3,  very  seldom  4,  are  of  a  rather  long,  triangular  form,  and  they  have  the 
point  turned  in  every  possible  direction.  If  3  are  present  the  two  are  most  often 
situated  on  either  side  of  the  peristomial  pore  at  the  same  or  nearly  the  same 
level,  and  if  there  are  only  2,  the  one  wanting  is  most  often  one  of  the  distals. 
On  the  gonozo<jecia  the  two  distal  ones  are  generally  situated  on  either  side 
of  the  peristomial  pore  anil  have  the  points  turned  obliquely  inwards  and  dis- 
lally. 

The  colonies  are  two-laj'ered,  richly  branched,  bifurcated,  with  compressed 
branches,  which  may  attain  a  breadth  of  about  4'""'  As  the  daughter-branches 
behjnging  to  the  same  mother-branch  never  lie  at  the  same  level,  but  are  bent 
more  or  less  strongly  in  dilVerent  dirciiions,  the  neighbouring  branches  coalesce 
in  numerous  irregular  ways.  The  zod'cia  on  the  separate  branches  are  disposed 
in  oblique,  somewhat  curved  rows  and  each  row  terminates  in  two  or  sometimes 
three  gonozocL'cia.  hi  the  margin  of  the  colony  we  find  a  more  or  less  sliaiply 
broken  row  of  single  individuals,  partly  kenozooecia  of  very  dilTerent  size,  whicli 
may  bear  a  small  avicularium,  partly  independent  avicularia,  the  terminal  part 
of  which  is  strongly  projecting,  thus  giving  the  branches  an  irregular,  serrated 
appearance. 


286 

This  species  is  present  in  great  numbers  from  the  Formosa  Cliannel,  Lat. 
23"  20'  N.,  Long.  US"  30'  E.,  17  fath.  (Andrea). 

Adeonella  Jellyae  n.  sp. 

(IMs.  XIY,  lij^s.   la-ig,  Ih,  4  i). 

The  zooecia,  tlie  finely  tuberculated  surface  of  which  is  covered  by  a  brown- 
ish violet  membrane,  are  rhomboidally  hexagonal  or  vase-shaped  and  provided 
with  scattered  pores,  which  arc  most  numerous  in  Ihc  marginal  portion.  The 
l)rimary  aperture,  which  only  in  the  very  youngest  zoa-cia  lies  immediately  on 
the  surface  of  the  colony,  has  an  almost  quadrangularly  rounded  anter,  the  two 
almost  parallel  lateral  margins  of  which  meet  in  a  curve.  The  more  or  less  con- 
vex poster  is  provided  with  a  sharply  bounded,  quadrangularly  rounded  sinus, 
the  breadth  of  which  is  about  one-third  of  the  aperture  and  is  almost  as  long 
as  it  is  broad.  There  are  well-developed  hinge-teeth  and  a  well-chilinized 
operculum.  The  secondary  aperture,  the  development  of  which  passes  through 
many  stages,  attains  the  structure  peculiar  to  the  genus  only  in  very  old  zooecia. 
II  is  thus  at  a  certain  point  of  time  provided  with  a  large  rounded  sinus,  the 
proximal  part  of  which  finally  becomes  a  pore.  The  form  of  the  real  secondary 
aperture  varies  between  round  and  semi-elliptical,  often  with  an  almost  straight 
proximal  margin,  hi  the  distal  half  of  the  zooecium  there  are  14—16  uniporous 
rosette-plates. 

The  gonozooecia  are  scattered  in  smaller  numbers  among  the  ordinarj'  zooe- 
cia. They  are  only  a  little  larger  than  the  latter  and  have  an  ajjcrture  of  a  some- 
what different  form.  Us  anter  is  almost  semi-elliptical,  and  its  slightly  convex 
poster  is  provided  with  a  rounded  sinus,  which  is  at  its  starling  point  about 
half  as  broad  as  the  aperture. 

The  avicularia  have  a  rather  long,  triangular  mandible  and  appear  both  as 
indei)cndenl  and  as  dependent.  The  former,  which  may  attain  a  size  similar  to 
that  of  the  zooecia  and  which  have  a  rhomboidally  vase-like  form,  are  scattered 
over  the  surface  of  the  colony,  singly  or  in  groups  of  up  to  4.  The  dependent 
avicularia,  which  are  not  only  found  on  the  zocrcia  and  the  gonozoa'cia,  but  in 
rare  cases  also  on  the  independent  avicularia  in  a  number  of  1 — 2,  are  subject 
to  some  variation  both  with  regard  to  number  and  position.  There  are  generally 
two  ])roximally  to  the  aperture,  which  have  the  points  turned  obliquely  jiroxi- 
mally  and  towards  the  centre,  but  one  of  them  may  be  directed  distally  in  a 
smaller  number  of  zooecia.  Very  often  we  find  proximally  to  these  two  still  a 
third,  the  position  of  which  may  be  very  variable. 

The    colonies   appear  as  bilaminate,    foliaceous,  folded   and  lobed  expansions, 


287 

which  form  labyrinthic  and  cellular  masses  by  concrescense  of  the  single  lobes 
and  laminate  folds. 

Port  Elizabeth,  South  Africa  (Miss  Jelly). 

This  species  is  certainly  closely  related  lo  ^Schizoporella-^  biimin'dii  Hincks', 
which  undoubtedly  must  also  be  referred  to  the  genus  Adeonelhi. 

Adeonella  pygmaea  n.  sp. 
(PI.  XIV,  li-s.   Ij,  4  k). 

The  zooecia  very  small,  finely  tuberculated,  as  a  rule  rounded  hexagonally 
or  vase-shaped,  with  scattered  pores.  The  primary  aperture,  which,  in  contrast  to 
what  is  found  in  the  foregoing  species,  is  only  seen  on  quite  a  few  zoojcia  at  the 
end  of  the  branches,  has  an  approximately  semicircular  anter  and  its  poster  has 
a  broad,  rounded  sinus,  which  at  its  beginning  is  as  much  as  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  breadth  of  the  aperture.  The  operculum  is  wcll-chitinized.  The  secondary 
aperture  is  semicircular  in  its  final  form,  with  a  sometimes  almost  straight,  some- 
times somewhat  convex  proximal  margin,  and  the  small  median  ascopore,  which 
is  placed  in  a  depression,  lies  just  as  far  from  the  aperture  as  the  height  of  the 
latter. 

Gonozooecia  were  not  observed. 

The  avicularia  seem  only  to  occur  independently  and  each  zocecium  is 
only  j)rovided  with  a  single,  fairly  elongated,  pointed  avicularium  situated  on  the 
outer  (directed  towards  the  corresponding  lateral  margin  of  the  branch)  side  of 
the  zooecium,  with  as  a  rule  its  point  directed  obliquely  inwards  and  towards 
the  aperture. 

The  colonies  are  two-layered,  free,  branched,  with  narrow,  compressed  branches, 
but  the  colonies  examined,  which  are  situated  in  large  quantity  and  in  very  differ- 
ent stages  of  development  on  a  large  colony  of  Ad.  Jellyae,  arc  undoiditedly  very 
young,  as  the  largest  of  them  only  has  a  length  of  g"""-  and  consists  only  of 
four  branches.  Whilst  the  younger  colonies  are  quite  light  in  colour,  the  older 
have  a  somewhat  similar  colour  to  that  of  the  species  on  which  they  grow.  Pos- 
sibly they  may  be  j'oung  colonies  of  Ad.  Jellyae. 

Adeonellopsis  foliacea  Mac  Gill. 
Trans,  and  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Victoria,  Vol.  XXII,   188(i  (for  1885),  p.   134,  PI.  II,  fig.  1. 

(VI.  XIV,  rif>s.  r)a-.5(l). 

The  zooecia  finely  tuberculated,  covered  by  a  grayish-black  membrane,  as  a 
rule  rhombic,  provided  with  scattered  pores,  which  occur  chielly  on  the  marginal 

'  ai,  p.  2iio. 


288 

region  and  usnally  in  very  small  number  on  the  median  region  The  primary 
aperlurc,  whicli  is  provided  in  each  corner  with  a  strong,  rounded  liinge-tooth 
(fig.  5  b),  is  more  than  twice  i.s  broad  as  it  is  high,  with  an  angularly  arch- 
shaped  anter  and  a  faintly  concave  poster.  The  operculum  well-chitinizcd  with 
a  short  muscular  ridge  in  each  corner  (lig.  5  c).  The  secondary  aperture  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  prominent  rim  and  lies  at  some  distance  from  the  distal  margin 
of  the  zooecium,  often  immediately  proximally  to  the  distal  two-thirds  of  the 
zoa>cium;  it  is  broad,  transversely  oval.  The  area  of  ascopores  is  situated  in  a 
depression  and  lies  more  or  less  far  back  in  the  proximal  half  of  the  zoa-- 
cium;  it  is  usually  small  being  contained  as  a  rule  two  or  three  times  in  the 
secondary  aperture.  It  is  divided  by  a  separating  ridge  into  8—6  partitions  and 
the  margin  of  each  of  the.se  is  provided  with  a  number  of  extremely  thin  denticles, 
which   usually  reach  in  to  the  middle  of  the  .section  without  however  meeting. 

The  gonozooecia,  which  are  scattered  sparingly  over  the  surface  of  the  colony, 
partly  singly,  partly  in  groups  of  2  —  8,  are  more  than  twice  as  large  as  the  zooe- 
cia,  from  which  they  also  differ,  in  addition  to  a  richer  development  of  pores  and 
avicularia  and  a  much  more  arched  surface,  by  the  possession  of  a  much  larger 
ascopore-area,  which  shows  16—20  small  partitions,  and  by  having  a  much  broader 
and  relatively  lower  aperture,  the  proximal  rim  of  which  is  very  convex. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  provided  with  a  fairly  elongated,  triangular  man- 
dible, occur  both  independently  and  dependently,  the  former  of  which  have  a  similar 
form  and  size  as  most  of  the  zomcia,  being  very  sparingly  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  colony.  On  the  ordinary  zoa-cia  there  are  as  a  rule  three,  very  often 
four  and  sometimes  five  avicularia.  The  most  constant  of  these  is  situated  dis- 
tally  to  the  ascopore-area  and  its  point  is  directed  towards  the  aperture.  One  is 
usually  placed  on  each  side  proximally  to  or  at  the  side  of  the  aperture  and 
its  point  is  usually  directed  in  towards  the  middle  line  of  the  zooecium,  but  its 
direction  varies.  One  may  occur  in  the  distal  part  of  the  zocrcium  and  its  point 
is  usually  directed  towards  the  aperture  and  it  seldom  appears  on  the  |)roxi- 
mal  part  of  the  zooecium.  In  addition  to  the  avicularia  corresponding  to  the 
above,  12  may  al.so  appear  on  each  side  of  the  gonozocccium  opposite  the 
ascopore-area. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  a  fragment  from  Fort  Western,  Victoria  (Miss 
Jelly),  consisting  of  a  two-layered  folded  plate. 


289 


Bracebridgia  pyriformis  Busk. 
Mucronella  pyriformis  Busi<,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,  p.  155, 

PI.  XX,  figs.  5  a,  5  b. 
Bracebridgia  pyriformis  Mac  Gillivray,  Trans,  and  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Victoria, 

Vol.  XXII,  1880  (for  1885),  p.  135,  PI.  II,  figs.  (J,  7. 
(PI.  XIV,  fi-^s.  ,3a-3e). 

The  zooecia,  which  are  as  a  rule  pear-shaped  or  vase-like  and  have  a  circle 
of  widely  separated  pores  somewhat  distant  from  the  margin,  show  over  almost 
the  whole  of  the  frontal  surface  a  sharp,  wavy,  transverse  striation  appearing  in 
a  number  of  broad,  rounded  ridges,  somewhat  curved  and  running  mainly  in  the 
longitudinal  direction  of  the  zooecium.  One  of  these  runs  round  the  whole  of  the 
zocecium,  whilst  another,  which  encircles  the  aperture,  continues  proximally  to 
this  as  two  keels  running  side  by  side,  which  finally  run  together  into  one.  Be- 
tween the  marginal  and  the  median  ridges  there  are  also  one  or  several  on  each 
side,  and  sometimes  we  can  distinguish  a  number  which  run  obli(iuely  inwards 
and  are  partially  separated  by  the  pores  mentioned.  The  only  part  of  the  frontal 
wall  of  the  zofecium  which  does  not  show  this  characteristic  striation  is  a  small, 
depressed,  semicircular  or  triangular  region  just  i)roximally  to  the  aperture. 
Mac  (lillivray  has  once  found  an  avicularium  on  this  spot.  The  primary  aper- 
ture, which  has  two  small  hinge-teeth,  has  a  rounded,  quadrangular  form,  and 
the  two  lateral  margins  slightly  converging  distally  meet  in  an  arch,  whilst  the 
proximal  rim  is  slightly  concave.  The  well-chitinized  operculum  is  provided  on 
each  side  of  the  proximal  part  with  a  short  muscular  ridge.  Outside  the  primary 
aperture  there  is  a  low,  but  broad,  somewhat  trapeziform  tooth,  and  between  it 
and  the  secondary  aperture  a  small,  stout,  conical  projection.  The  secondary  aper- 
ture is  of  an  elongated,  oval  form  and  surrounded  by  a  collar-like  rim. 

Gonozooecia  have  not  been  found. 

The  avicularia  (fig.  3  c)  appear  on  the  margins  of  the  colony  in  a  more  or 
less  interrupted  row.  They  are  stout,  strongly  arched,  with  a  rounded,  trapezium- 
shai)ed  circumference  and  provided  with  a  fairly  short,  rounded  triangular 
mandible  (fig.  3  d),  which  has  its  point  directed  towards  the  distal  part  of  the 
branch. 

The  colonies  are  two-layered,  branched  with  compressed  branches. 

A  fragment  from  Victoria. 


10 


290 


Family  Reteporidae  Smitl,  char,  t-mend. 
(PI.  X,  lij<s.  1-5;  I'l.  XXIII,  figs.  1-.')). 

The  zowcia,  which  are  foni])oso(l  of  a  very  hard  and  tliick  calcareous  nias.s, 
are  as  a  rule  only  sparingly  piovided  with  pores  and  may  have  2 — 8  spines, 
which  are  not  rarely  composed  of  a  row  of  inlernodes.  There  is  a  more  or  less 
well-developed  vestibular  arch,  which  is  usually  headed,  and  the  separating  walls 
between  the  single  zocpcia  are  provided  with  uniporous,  more  rarely  with  few-pored 
rosette-])lales,  which  may  sometimes  be  placed  in  the  inner  wall  of  small  pore- 
chambers.  Each  distal  wall  is  usually  provided  with  one  and  the  distal  half  of 
each  lalcral  wall  with  one  unijiorous  rosette-plale.  Dependcnl  (ivhiiUirin  of  varying 
form  and  size  occur  as  a  rule.  The  hyperslomial  ixvcin,  which  spring  from  a 
narrow,  sometimes  almost  stalk-like  proximal  ])art  and  consist  in  their  whole  ex- 
tent of  two  calcareous  layers,  are  originally  free,  though  as  a  rule  more  or  less 
deeply  immersed  in  niche-like  depressions;  but  in  older  |)ar(s  of  the  colony  they 
may  often  be  ijuile  hidden  under  the  covering  layer  which  grows  over  them 
from  (he  margins  of  the  niche-like  depression.  Their  frontal  surface  may  .some- 
times be  complete,  sometimes  provided  witli  a  slit-like  or  trilobed  uncalcilied 
j)art,  almost  never  with  scattered  pores.  An  od'cial  o])erculum  seems  to  be  always 
absent,  but  on  the  other  hand  the  free  margin  of  the  oa-cium  is  not  rarely  pro- 
vided with  a  larger  or  smaller,  obliquely  inwards  directed,  median  projection,  which 
serves  to  reduce  Ihe  size  of  the  aperture.  The  colonies  are  not  rarely  incrusting,  but 
usually  free  and  in  most  cases  occur  in  the  form  of  a  |)erforated  network  of  sinuous 
or  folded  laminte,  which  only  consist  as  a  rule  of  a  single  layer  of  true  zoo'cia 
(almost  always  directed  towards  the  inner  side  of  the  colony).  Tlie  opposite  surface 
of  the  colony  is  however  covered  by  one  or  several  layers  of  kenozoorid,  the  inner 
cavities  of  which  are  greatly  reduced  or  quite  absent  and  which  agree  with  the 
zooecia  neither  in  form  nor  in  size.  A  larger  or  smaller  number  of  these  keno- 
zooecia  are  provided  with  avicidaria  and  the  colony  is  fastened  according  to  its 
age  and  size  by  means  of  a  larger  or  smaller  expansion  formed  by  similar  keno- 
zofccia. 

This  diagnosis  of  the  family  is  based  on  the  investigation  of  a  large  nund)er 
of  species,  and  the  family  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  TiaUiral  and  most 
sharply  defined.  Whilst  the  aperture,  operculum  and  Ihe  peristome  are  subject 
to  large  dilTerences,  we  (ind  as  a  rule  distinct  hinge-lecth  and  a  more  oi'  less 
well-developed  vestibular  arch,  which  is  usually  |)rovide(l  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the   margin  with   snudl,    rounded  projections.    Such  a  crenulated  arch  can  be 


291 

seen  on  figures  of  Ret.  siiniosa  Kirkp. ',  Rel.  novae  zelandiae  Waters-  and  Rhyn- 
chozoon  profundiim  Mac  Gill.'',  as  well  as  on  the  accompanying  figures  of  Rhijnc.  nnyii- 
latam  n.  sp.  (PI.  XXIII,  fig.  4  a).  In  those  forms  which  have  a  strongly  developed 
peristome,  the  arch  named  is  difficult  to  see  from  the  frontal  surface  and  to 
examine  it  we  must  grind  down  the  basal  wall  of  the  colony.  This  also  applies 
to  the  hinge-teeth.  The  rosette-plates  seem  to  show  great  constancy,  and  in  the 
numerous  species  I  have  examined  in  this  regard  I  have  only  found  two  in  which 
the  rosette-plates  had  several  pores.  Thus,  the  distal  wall  in  R.  lata  is  provided 
with  a  narrow,  transversely  oval  rosetle-plale  with  a  row  of  3 — 5  pores  and  in 
Rliijnc.  an(jnlatum  some  of  the  rosette-plates  may  have  two  pores.  The  rosette-plates 
in  this  species  are  exceptionally  situated  at  the  bottom  of  pore-chambers.  The 
ooecia  also  in  spite  of  smaller  differences  show  great  agreement  in  their  structure. 
The  peculiar  layer  of  kenozocrcia,  which  covers  the  basal  surface  of  the 
free-growing  colonies  and  is  of  the  same  nature  as  the  expansion  attaching 
them  to  their  under-layer,  deserves  closer  description.  With  regard  to  this  expan- 
sion Smitt'  has  correctly  recognised  in  Ret.  elongata  (Ret.  Wallichidnd  Busk), 
that  it  consists  of  imperfectly  developed  individuals,  and  he  has  even  found  some 
of  them  with  an  aperture.  Hincks''  describes  these  individuals  as  ^aborted  cells«, 
but  as  I  have  already  shown  in  my  -Studies  on  Bryozoa<  he"  has  in  so  far  mis- 
understood this  expansion,  that  he  regards  it  as  the  first  formed  i)ail  of  the 
colony,  whereas  in  reality  it  only  arises  after  a  number  of  ordinary  zoa-cia  have 
been  formed.  It  then  gradually  increases  in  extent  with  the  further  growth  of  the 
colony.  PI.  X,  fig.  1  c  shows  a  beginning  colony  of  R.  Reaniana,  which  shows  in 
addition  to  a  primary  zooecium  in  the  Memliranipora  stage  two  fully  developed 
zooecia  and  the  basal  surfaces  of  two  just  beginning.  Fig.  1  d  on  the  other  hand 
shows  a  slightly  older  colony  with  a  small  radical  expansion  and  in  figs.  1  g  and 
1  h  parts  of  this  are  magnified  to  a  greater  extent.  Both  show  beginning  keno- 
zooecia  on  the  growing  margin  the  membranous  roof  of  which  has  disappeared 
in  the  previous  boiling  in  caustic  potash;  their  distal  wall  is  provided  with  1 — 2 
small  rosette-plates.  If  we  examine  the  outer  surface  of  a  Retepora  colonj'  attached 
to  its  under-layer,  e.  g.  the  colony  of  Retepora  Reaniana  figured  on  PI.  X,  1  a, 
which  is  attached  by  its  radical  expansion  to  a  tube  of  Hijdroides  norvetjica,  we 
see  that  the  division  into  irregular,  mostly  avicularium-bearing  areas  shown  by 
this  expansion  is  continued  without  inlerrui)tion  or  boundary  on  to  the  outer 
side  of  the  free  part  of  the  colony,  with   Ibis  dilTerence,  however,  that  these  areas 


'   49a,  p.   26i).      -    KlSi-,    I'l,   VII,   fifrs.   1— 3.      ■'   KKS,    I'l.    II,  lif^.  1.").     '    100,    p.  200— 201,     IM.  .X.WIII, 
lifj.  2:!2.      ^  22,   p.   .'ISS.     '•  22,   p.  394,  fig.    18. 

19* 


292 

are  here  somewhal  larger  and  that  only  a  small  number  of  lliem  hear  avieularia. 
It   seems   reasonable    lo    conehide    therefore,    that    this   division   into  areas  is  here 
also   a    sign,    that    this   covering   is   composed    ol'  kenozooecia.    Waters,  who  has 
extended    our   knowledge   of  the  Rrijozon  on  so  many  points  by  bringing  forward 
new  or   insuflicienlly  known   structural    features,    has  also  at  several  places  made 
investigations  on   this  characteristic  division  of  the  covering  into  areas.    Tims,  in 
his  paper'  on  a  ])arl  of  the  Brijozoa  material  of  the  Challenger  Expedition  he  has 
called    attention    lo  the  fact,  not  only  that  it  shows  stratification  but  also  that  it 
contains   numerous  cavities.    \n  a  later  ])aper'-  he  has  further  remarked,  that  by 
incineration    it    can    be   loosened  from   the  true  zoa-cia,    and   that  the  lines  which 
divide    it    into   areas  are  not  merely  superficial   marks  but   lliat   tliey  extend  right 
through  it.  As  the  incineration  bowever  makes  this  covering  unsuitable  for  closer 
investigation,  and  boiling  in  caustic  potash,  by  which  means  two-layered  colonies 
can  usually  be  divided  into  their  two  layers,  here  leads  to  no  result,  there  seems 
no   other  way  of   isolating    this    kenozocecial    layer    than    to  grind  down  the  zoo-- 
cial    layer,    and    tbis  I    bave    done  with    good    results  in  the   case  of  Ret.  tessehda. 
A  fragment  of  Ret.  lain,  which  was  sent  me  by  the  British  Museum,  shows  quite 
exceptionally  here   and    there   a    tendency  of   this    layer    to   scale   in  small  plates, 
and   these  thus  oiTer  favourable  conditions  for  a  closer  investigation.     After  such 
a    plate   has  been  boiled  for  some  lime  in  caustic  potash,  we  can  by  means  of  a 
needle    isolate    the   single    kenozoa-cia,  which    thus    possess    not   only   independent 
lateral  walls,  but  also,  what  is  never  found  in  the  ordinary  zocrcia  in  any  Rrijo- 
zoci  with   exception    of  the  Omjctiocella   species,    independent    distal    and  proximal 
walls.  I  have   found   the  same  thing  in   the  kenozotrcia  of  Ret.  lesseldla  and  it  will 
probably  prove    to   be   the  rule  in  this  family.    The  above-mentioned  kenozooecia 
of  Ret.  lata   also   appear  to   contain  an  inner  cavity,  which  however  is  of  an  ex- 
tremely variable  and  irregular  form  and  consists,  e.  g.  in  the  two  connected  keno- 
zooecia figured  on  PI.  XXIII,  tig.  2  a,  of  a  number  of  small,  more  or  less  elongate 
cavities  connected  by  narrow,  canal-like  i)arts.  The  cavities  in  adjacent  kenozooecia 
are  also  connected  in  tbe  same  way,  and  the  separating  walls  lluis  sbow  a  corre- 
sponding  number   of  round    openings   or   rosette-plates.    PI.  XXIII,  (tigs.  2  b,  2  c) 
shows   the   same    kenozoa'cium    seen    from   the   basal  (zooecial)  surface   and   from 
the    one  side.     In  the  lirst  case  it  shows  a  large,    inner  cavity,  which  however  is 
in  parts  interrujjled  by  calcified  portions  and  is  not  seen  with    the  same  distinct- 
ness everywhere,    as  it  lies  at  a  somewhat  difTerent  height  at  difierent  places.     It 
is   in    connection    both    on   the  distal  wall  and  on  the  two  lateral  walls  with  the 


'   no,   pp.   l'J—2\,   ligs.   7,9.     -   115,  pp.   II—IS. 


293 

adjoining  kenozooecia  by  means  of  canal-like  perforations.  On  the  second  figure, 
showing  the  lateral  wall  which  has  most  connections,  we  find  corresponding  to 
these  7  small  rosette-plates,  the  situation  of  which  near  to  the  basal  surface 
shows,  that  the  inner  cavity  belongs  to  the  oldest  ])art  of  the  kenozott'cium,  whilst 
the  remaining  part  of  the  thickness  of  the  wall  has  arisen  from  the  later  deposited 
calcareous  layers.  As  Waters'  has  already  remarked,  every  second  layer  extends 
further  out  than  the  foregoing  and  therefore  the  walls  of  the  adjoining  kenozoa-- 
cia  dovetail  into  each  other.  The  avicularia  of  the  kenozooecia,  which  are  con- 
nected with  the  cavities  mentioned,  send  out  canals,  wliicli  partly  and  often 
through  separating  walls  stand  in  connection  with  corresjionding  canals  from 
other  avicularia  (PI.  XXIII,  fig.  1  a),  and  partly  open  out  through  |)ores  on  the 
outer  surface.  At  the  same  time  as  the  originally  formed  avicularia  are  overgrown 
by  the  gradually  deposited  calcareous  layers,  new  ones  are  constantly  formed,  and 
we  therefore  find  on  the  frontal  wall  partly  quite  superficial,  partly  more  immersed 
and  finally  overgrown,  though  still  distinct  avicularia  (PI.  X,  fig.  a c).  As  the  keno- 
zooecia are  dependent  for  their  nourishment  on  the  zooecia,  they  must  have  an 
internal  connection  with  these,  and  we  therefore  find  on  the  basal  wall  of  more 
or  fewer  zooecia  a  small,  round  opening,  which  must  correspond  to  just  as  many 
rosette-plates  on  the  zoa'cial  surface  of  the  kenozoa'cia.  In  Ret.  tesselata,  which 
sometimes  consists  of  two  layers  of  ordinary  zooecia  (PI.  X,  fig.  4  c),  the  quite 
young  kenozooecia  contain  a  large  cavity  (PI.  X,  fig.  4  b),  but  it  seems  to  dis- 
aj)pear  fairlj'  quickly  or  to  become  reduced  (fig.  4  a)  and  in  older  zoa?cia  to  ex- 
ist only  in  connection  with  an  avicularium.  If  we  grind  down  the  frontal  wall 
of  the  zoa'cia  in  this  species,  we  find  on  the  basal  wall  a  number  of  pores,  which 
undoubtedly  serve  for  connection  with  the  kenozooecia.  Whilst  PI.  X,  fig.  4  b 
shows  the  growing  edge  of  a  colony  ground  down  transversely,  fig.  4  a  shows  a 
much  older  part  of  the  colony  similarly  treated,  and  the  three  rows  of  cavities 
seem  to  indicate  that  we  have  here  three  layers  of  kenozooecia.  That  the  keno- 
zotpcia  may  occur  in  several  laj'^rs,  the  one  outside  the  other,  apjiears  even  more 
distinctly  from  PI.  X,  fig.  2  b,  which  represents  the  proximal  part  of  a  colony  of 
Ret.  mediterranea  ground  down  transversely.  This  part,  which  is  seen  from  the 
side  in  fig.  2  a,  shows  in  transverse  section  three  originally  separated  branches, 
a  narrower  and  two  broader,  which  have  become  connected  to  one  mass  by 
means  of  numerous  kenozooecia,  which  at  this  place  have  not  only  overgrown 
both  surfaces  of  the  colony  by  several  layers,  but  have  also  filled  up  the  space 
between  the  single  branches.    On  the  transsected  surface  we  see  a  transverse  row 

'   115,  p.  78,  I'l.  VI,  figs.  Ga-Gb. 


294 

of  the  mostly  quadiangularly  rounded  sections  of  tlie  zoa^cial  cavities.  Just  as 
the  kenozoo^cia  mentioned  seen  from  the  surface  (fig.  2  a)  are  of  very  different 
form  and  size,  the  same  is  the  case  with  their  transverse  sections,  and  the  inner 
cavity  in  some  of  considerable  size  is  in  others  almost  slit-like,  hi  two  of  them 
(one  on  the  left  and  one  on  the  right  side)  there  is  only  a  distinct  cavity  in  the 
one  half,  whilst  in  the  other  the  two  walls  lie  close  up  against  one  anollier,  and 
this  enables  us  to  readily  understand  why  these  kenozoa'cia  in  many  species,  e.  g. 
in  Ret.  Beanianu  and  Ret.  phoenicea,  have  no  inner  cavity  even  in  the  youngest 
|)arts  of  the  colony.  On  the  kenozocx-cia  arranged  in  layers  we  can  distinguish 
between  three  kinds  of  walls,  terminal  separating  walls  which  separate  the  keno- 
zoa'cia at  different  heights,  lateral  walls  which  separate  the  kenozoci-cia  at  the 
same  height  and  interjacent  walls  which  separate  the  kenozocccia  in  different 
layers.  Whilst  the  last  are  provided  with  pore-canals,  the  two  others  are  |)rovided 
with  uniporous  rosette  plates  (figs.  2  d  and  2  e),  which  according  to  the  extent  of 
the  chambers  may  sometimes  be  placed  in  a  zigzag  row,  sometimes  in  a  single  row. 

That  we  have  here  actually  to  do  with  layers  which  arise  the  one  outside 
of  the  other,  is  specially  distinct  in  those  cases  where  for  example  a  Spirorhis 
is  fixed  on  a  Retepnru  colony,  as  the  tube  of  the  worm  then  becomes  covered  by 
layers  which  grow  up  over  it  from  the  surface  of  the  colony.  This  is  seen  for 
example  on  PI.  XXIII,  fig.  3  a,  which  represents  a  section,  obtained  by  grinding, 
through  a  colony  of  Ret.  celliilosa  from  Oran.  We  see  here  a  Spirorbis  tube  cov- 
ered by  an  expansion,  which  on  the  one  side  is  two-layered  and  on  the  other 
single,  whilst  on  each  side  of  the  tube  there  is  an  elongated,  triangular  cavity, 
which  separates  the  covering  layer  from  that  on  which  the  tube  rests.  On  PI.  X, 
fig.  2  c  is  shown  a  part  of  a  colony  of  Ret.  medilerranca,  which  is  much  younger 
than  the  fragment  represented  in  fig.  2  b,  but  here  also  the  frontal  surface  of  Ibe 
zott'cia  is  covered  by  kenozocecia.  Fig.  3  b  shows  a  section,  obtained  by  grinding, 
through  the  terminal  j)art  of  a  branch  of  Ret.  Wdllichidiui  and  (he  kenozotrcia 
here  also  are  provided  with  a  distinct  cavity. 

Time  has  not  permitted  me  to  enter  further  into  the  classification  of  this 
family,  and  I  have  been  obliged  to  restrict  myself  partly  to  describe  a  single 
incrusting  sjiecies,  partly  to  mention  a  number  of  earlier  described  incrusling  s[)e- 
cies,  which  must  be  referred  to  this  family.  These  are  for  example,  Schizotlicca 
fissa  Busk,  Schiz.  dii'i.sd  Norman,  Rhijnchozoon^  bi.ipinosiini  Johnsf.,  Rluinch.  lonijiro- 
stre  Hincks,  Rhi/in-li.  pro  fund  urn  Mac  (lill.,  Rliiincli.  rrrniildliim  Waters,  'Miicronclld 
tubiilosa  Hincks,  'Schizoporellu'  arnmld  Hincks,  Schiz. <^  lucidd  Hincks,  'Scliiz.^ 
scintillans  Hincks  etc. 


'  .\s  to  the  name  lilujnchozoon  see  2.'>,  p.   125  and  38  b,  Index. 


295 


Rhynchozoon  angulatum  n.  sp. 
(PI.  XXIII,  figs.  4  a— 4  h). 

The  zooecia,  which  consisl  of  a  hard  and  thick  calcareous  mass  and  have  as 
a  rule  a  rhombic  hexagonal  outline,  have  a  strongly  arched  frontal  wall,  which 
rises  strongly  i'rom  the  proximal  end  and  from  the  lateral  margins  up  towards 
the  oral  rostrum  or  the  oral  avicularium.  The  margin  of  the  zocrcium  is  provided 
with  a  number  of  fairly  large  scattered  pores  and  marks  of  two  spines  are  some- 
times seen  distally  to  the  aperture,  which  is  approximately  terminal.  The  aper- 
ture, which  is  provided  on  each  side  with  a  more  or  less  developed,  as  a  rule 
stout,  conical  projection,  is  almost  circular  in  the  greater  part  of  its  circum- 
ference, but  provided  on  its  proximal  margin  with  a  slightly  developed,  low^ 
rounded  sinus.  This  on  each  side  is  bounded  by  a  large,  compressed  cjuadrang- 
ular  hinge-tooth,  the  distal  edge  of  which  is  provided  as  a  rule  with  a  small  in- 
cision dividing  it  into  two  lobes,  only  one  of  which  can  be  seen  from  the  frontal 
aspect.  From  the  distal  rim  of  the  aperture  and  a  part  of  the  lateral  margins 
arises  a  well-developed  vestibular  arch  hanging  down  into  the  zoQ?cium,  which 
is  provided  on  its  oral  surface  near  to  the  free  margin  with  a  row  of  small, 
pearl-like  nodules.  The  strongly  chitinized,  yellow  operculum  has  two,  small, 
muscular  pits  on  its  distal  half  and  is  provided  on  each  side  of  the  slightly 
marked  sinus  at  the  margin  with  an  obliquely  semicircular,  thin  region,  arising 
from  the  fact  that  this  part  has  l)een  in  connection  with  the  hinge-tooth.  Each 
distal  wall  is  provided  with  2 — 4  and  each  lateral  wall  in  its  distal  half  with 
3  (2 — 4)  uniporous  or  partly  biporous  rosette-plates,  each  of  which  is  situated  in 
a  small  pore-chamber. 

The  ooecia,  the  proximal  part  of  which  is  very  narrow,  almost  stalk-like  and 
gradually  increases  in  width  distally,  have  their  basal  part  immersed  in  niche- 
like hollows,  the  distal  and  marginal  parts  of  their  unperforated  frontal  surface 
being  furnished  with  an  oa?cial  cover  arising  from  the  distal  zorecium  and  end- 
ing in  a  curved  or  angularly  bent  proximal  margin.  The  uncovered  portion,  the 
greater  part  of  which  is  of  a  yellowish  colour,  ends  in  an  obliquely  inwards  di- 
rected (fig.  4  f)  trapeziform  part  with  a  straight  proximal  and  incurved  lateral 
margins. 

Avicularia.  A  somewhat  compressed  avicularium,  which  is  large,  arched  and 
almost  triangular  in  section,  is  found  on  one  or  other  side  of  most  zooecia  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  proximal  rim  of  the  aperture;  its  fairly  long,  triang- 
ular mandil)le  is  directed  oblicjuely  outwards.  In  a  smaller  number  of  zoo-cia  an 
avicularium  is  either  wanting  or  is  placed  on  the  proximal  half  of  the  zoa-cium. 


296 

and    in    both    cases    the    proximal    rim  of  the  ajjerture  runs  out  into  a  sloul  ros- 
trum directed  somewhat  distally. 

This  species  which  occurs  along  with  'Schizoporella'  scintillans  incrusts  like 
that  species  oyster  shells,  from  Stewart  Island  (Miss  Jelly).  It  is  nearly  related 
to  Rhymhozoon  bispinosiim  and  Schiz."  scinlillaihs,  which  must  likewise  be  referred 
to  the  genus  Rlnjnchozoon,  and  to  judge  from  the  species  mentioned  this  genus 
seems  to  be  characterized  by  the  possession  of  a  more  or  less  well-developed 
sinus  on  the  aperture,  by  its  oa'cia  which  have  an  entire  frontal  surface  and 
are  provided  with  an  incomplete  on^cial  cover  and  by  the  possession  of  pore- 
chambers.  In  Rhync.  scintillans  however  the  operculum  is  provided  with  a  strongly 
developed  accessory  part,  the  hinge-teeth  not  being  in  connection  with  the  inner 
surface  of  the  operculum  but  wilh  its  free  margin. 

Family  Myriozoidae  Smilt.,  char,  emend. 

The  zoa-cia,  provided  with  a  covering-membrane  and  more  or  less  thicU-wnlled, 
always  lack  spines  and  are  furnished  with  numerous,  sometimes  more  scattered, 
sometimes  more  closely  placed  pores, ,  which  in  the  very  thick-walled  forms 
appear  as  long  canals.  Both  the  distal  wall  and  the  lateral  walls  which  are  com- 
mon to  the  adjoining  zocEcia  are  provided  with  uniporous  rosette-plates,  which 
usually  occur  scattered,  more  rarely  in  uniporous  pore-chambers.  Dependent  ani- 
cularia  seem  always  to  be  present.  The  o(vci(i  are  as  a  rule  hyperstomial  and  con- 
sist of  two  calcified  layers  free  in  their  whole  extent.  They  arise  from  a  broad 
proximal  part,  are  immersed  in  niche-like  depressions  and  their  frontal  wall  is 
covered  and  as  a  rule  quite  concealed  by  an  oa?cial  cover  originating  from  the 
cryptocyst  of  the  higher  situated  zoa>cium.  More  rarely  they  are  endozoa?cial.  The 
colonies  are  seldom  incrusting,  as  a  rule  free,  usually  branched  with  cylindrical 
branches,  sometimes  laminate. 

Busk  has  instituted  a  genus  (iejiluir<>j)h()r(i,  iiud  the  most  significant  part  of 
the  generic  definition  is  the  following:  »A  prominent  avicularian  process  on  each 
side  of  the  orifice,  the  two  eventually  inarching  and  forming  a  bridge  in  fionl 
of  il«.  This  character,  however,  is  not  sufficient  for  the  establishing  of  a  new 
genus,  as  the  bridge  named  is  identical  with  that  found  iu  the  species  of  the 
genus  Hasivellia.  In  the  genus  Adeonella  as  well  as  in  the  genus  Haswellia  the 
peristomial  pore  is  formed  in  such  a  way  that  two  jieristomial  processes  unite  to 
form  an  arch  in  front  of  the  aperture.  In  Hasiv.  auslraliensis,  Hasw.  auriculata 
and  Gephyrophora  polymorpha  each  of  these  processes  is  provided  with  an  avicu- 
larium,  but  while  this  in  the  two  former  species  is  very  small  in  proportion  to 
the  process  on  which  it  is  sealed,  it  is  in  the  latter  so  large  that  the  process  may 


297 

seem  to  be  only  a  part  of  the  aviciilarium.  The  case  is  however  quite  the  same. 
Nevertheless  the  genus  Gephijrophora  may  perhaps  be  preserved  on  account  of  its 
possessing  endozooecial  ooecia. 

This  family  is  nearly  related  to  the  Reteporidae,  from  which  they  dilTer  by  the 
absence  of  spines,  by  a  richer  development  of  pores,  by  only  possessing  a  weakly 
developed  vestibular  arch  as  also  by  difTerences  in  the  structure  of  the  ooecia.  It 
is  possible,  however,  that  closer  study  of  a  larger  number  of  forms  of  both  fa- 
milies will  prove  it  ditTicuH  to  define  them  sharply  from  one  another. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera.  \ 

1)  A   tubular  peristome   provided  with  two  or   moi-e  avicularia   and 
with  a  suboral  pore  leading  into  the  periston! ial  cavity: 

2)  Hyperstomial  otx'cia Haswellia  Husk. 

2)  Endozod'cial  oa'cia Gephijrophora  Busk. 

1)  No  peristome  (hyperstomial  ocrcia): 

;5)  Avicularia  without  transverse  bar;  pore-chambers Mijriozoflla  n.  g. 

(Mijr.  criislaceiim  Smill.) 

3)  Avicularia  with   transverse  bar;   no  i)ore-chambers Mijriozoum  Donati. 

Haswellia  australiensis  Hasw. 

Haswellia  australiensis  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,  |).   172, 

Fl.  XXIV,  fig.  9. 
Porina    coronata    var.    iabrosa  Waters,    Challenger,    Zoology,  Vol.    XXXI, 

Part  III,  p.  \V1,  PI.  II,  fig.  8. 
(IM.  XVI,  ligs.  2  u-2  b). 
The  zooecia  elongated,  narrow,  without  separating  furrows,  provided  with  nu- 
merous pore-canals,  the  outer,  oval  openings  of  which  are  separated  by  arched 
ridges  and  show  a  more  or  less  distinct  tendency  to  be  arranged  in  longitudinal 
rows.  Whilst  these  openings  in  the  younger  parts  of  the  colony  are  l)roader  than 
or  as  broad  as  the  ridges,  they  decrease  in  extent  as  time  goes  on  and  finally 
become  quite  closed.  Each  pore-canal  ends  inwardly  in  a  uniporous  rosette-plate 
with  a  calcified  outer  area.  The  operculum  is  well-chitinized  and  its  anler  makes 
the  two-thirds  of  a  circle.  The  accessorial  part  which  is  only  separated  from  the 
anter  by  a  very  small  rounded  sinus  on  each  side  is  rather  large,  rounded  trian- 
gular and  the  lateral  margins  are  a  little  concave.  A  very  little  indistinct  muscu- 
lar dot  is  placed  on  each  side  in  the  distal  part  of  the  operculum.  The  hinge-teeth 
are  well-developed.  The  fairly  short,  obliquely  projecting  oral  tube,  which  posses- 
ses only  a  small  number  of  scattered  pores,  has  an  opening  medially  on  its  proxi- 


298 

mal  wall,  which  is  soniewhal  smaller  in  the  on^cia-bearing  zorrcia  than  in  the 
others,  and  the  bridge  se[)arating  this  From  the  secondary  ajjcrturc  is  provided  at 
its  distal  part  with  two  small,  triangular  avicularia.  Each  distal  wall  is  provided 
over  its  whole  surface  with  uniporous  rosette-plates,  which  are  silualed  at  the 
end  of  long  canals  owing  to  the  thickness  of  tiiis  wall.  Each  lateral  wall  and 
each  inner  wall  is  provided  with  a  smaller  number  of  similar  jjlates.  on  the 
lateral  walls  as  a  rule  2 — 3,  whilst  there  may  be  up  to  6  irregularly  scattered  i)lates 
on  the  basal  wall.  The  outermosi  part  of  each  lateral  wall  is  further  perforated 
by  the  inner  terminal  parts  of  a  number  of  pore-canals,  some  of  which  end  on 
the  surface  of  the  zoo'cium,  others  on  the  distal  wall.  These  inner  terminal  ])arls 
are  sometimes  l)ifurcated,  sometimes  sac-like  widened,  but  always  have  two  separate, 
uniporous  roselle-[)lates,  which  belong  each  to  its  own  side  of  the  separating  wall 
and  these  marginal  rosette-j)lates  thus  form  a  connecting  link  between  the  com- 
mon lateral  rosette-jjlates  and   those  belonging  to  the  frontal  wall. 

The  ocecia  in  conjunction  with  the  peristome  form  large,  mamma-like  ])n)tu- 
berances  which  are  not  sharply  marked  off  from  the  zon?cia  and  they  seem  usually 
to  occur  on  all  zoo'cia  in  one  or  in  several  (up  to  (>)  successive  circles,  more 
rarely  only  on  one  or  several  zocrcia  in  one  circle.  Whilst  the  single  ocrcia  are 
originally  separated  from  their  neighbours  by  fairly  distinct  depressions,  they  gra- 
dually fuse  together  almost  entirely  to  form  ring-shaped  swellings,  which  make 
the  oo-cia-bearing  branches  easily  recognizable.  The  oo'cial  cover,  which  like  the 
rest  of  the  zoa'cium  is  provided  with  pore-canals,  is  connected  with  the  distal  wall 
of  the  oral  tube,  and  through  the  secondary  aperture  can  be  seen  the  frontal  wall 
of  the  actual  ocecium  formed  by  two  calcareous  layers,  which  can  only  be  seen 
distinctly  in  longitudinal  sections  obtained  by  grinding. 

The  avicularia  are  fairly  small,  of  a  pyriform  outline  and  provided  with  a 
triangular  mandible.  A  somewhat  larger  avicularium,  the  ascending,  freely  pro- 
jecting point  of  which  is  directed  proximally,  is  situated  as  a  rule  on  the  boun- 
dary between  everj'  two  zoci'cia  a  little  proximally  to  the  peristomial  pore,  whilst 
a  smaller  immersed  avicularium  is  situated  on  each  half  of  the  bridge  which 
separates  this  pore  from  the  secondary  aperture.  The  two  avicularia,  the  points 
of  which  are  directed  towards  each  other,  are  separated  medially  on  the  bridge 
by  a  faint  depression  and  not  by  a  tooth-like  projection  as  in  the  colony  exam- 
ined by  Busk. 

The  colonies  are  richly  branched  with  irregular,  bifiircaled,  cylindrical  bran- 
ches, on  which  the  zod^cia  aic  arranged  in  whorls  round  a  small,  cyliiulrical 
cavity,  thus  giving  rise  to  inner  walls.  The  colonies  are  from  the  Formosa  Chan- 
nel, Lai.  2'6'>  20'  N.,  Long.  18"  30'  E.,  17  fathoms  depth  (Andrea). 


299 


Haswellia  coronata  Reuss 
Cellaria  coronata  Rcuss,  Fossile  I'olyparien  d.  Wiener  'rerliiir 
beckens,  Haidinger  Naturwiss.  Abhandl. 
2ter  Band,   1848,  p.  62,  T.  VIII,  fig.  3. 
Eschara  gracilis  Lanix.  Encyc.  mclli.   p.  375. 

(PI.  XYt,  iii;.  I  I)). 

The  zocecia  elongated,  without  distinct  separating  furrows,  wilii  numerous 
.scattered  pore-canals,  which  have  an  inner  wholly  uncalcified  rosette-plalc.  The 
well-chilinized  oi)erculuin,  Ihe  j)0ster  of  which  is  not  distinctly  separated  from 
the  antcr,  may  he  called  broadly  egg-shaped,  as  it  decreases  evenly  in  breadth  in 
its  i)roximal  hall".  It  is  provided  within  Ihe  margin  on  each  side  with  a  ridge- 
shaped  thickening,  which  disappears  both  dislally  and  proximaily.  There  is  a 
hinge-tooth  on  each  side.  The  secondary  aperlure  is  i)road,  transversely  oval,  but 
has  a  bean-shaped  appearance,  because  the  inner  surface  of  the  perislome-tube  is 
provided  a  little  within  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  with  a  low,  but 
broad,  triangularly  rounded  projection.  The  peristomial  pore  is  elongated  in  the 
ordinary  zocEcia  and  round  in  the  ooecia-bearing  ones.  Each  distal  wall  has  nu- 
merous, uniporous  rosette-plates,  which  owing  to  the  thickness  of  this  wall  are 
situated  at  the  end  of  long  pore-canals.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  is 
provided  with  2 — 3  scattered  uniporous  rosette-plates  situated  at  the  end  of  short 
pore-canals,  which  perforate  the  wall  iii  an  oblitiue  direction,  so  that  the  rosette- 
plate  lies  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  wall  and  the  entrance  to  the  canal  on 
the  external.  As  in  the  preceding  species  the  outer  part  of  the  lateral  wall  is 
perforated  by  the  inner  end  of  a  number  of  pore-canals. 

The  ooecia  as  in  the  foregoing  species  are  large  swellings  not  sharply  marked 
off  from  the  distal  zocrcium.  The  peristomial  pore  is  round  and  the  projection 
appearing  within  the  secondary  aperlure  in  the  ordinary  zoircia  is  wanting  or 
weakly  developed. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  very  small  as  a  rule,  generally  seem  to  have  a 
rounded  form.  On  the  circumference  of  the  secondary  aperture  there  are  as  a  rule 
1 — 3  more  or  less  projecting  on  the  distal  margin  and  1 — 2  on  the  proximal.  One 
is  also  present  as  a  rule  on  each  side  or  only  on  the  one  side  a  little  more  prox- 
imaily, almost  halfway  between  the  aperture  and  the  peristomial  pore.  The  last 
may  sometimes  reach  a  fairly  considerable  size  and  then  have  a  broadly  rounded, 
somewhat  lyre-shaped  0])ening.  Further,  there  may  also  be  1 — 2  in  the  proximal 
part  of  each  zooeciuni.  Round  the  aperlure  of  the  oa'ciuni-bearing  zocecia  the 
avicularia   are  always   in  smaller  number  and  may  sometimes  be  quite  wanting. 


300 

The  colonies  hifurcakMl,  with  lairiy  broad,  compressed,  Iwo-layered  branches. 
Two  colonies  lioni  \'ictoria. 

Hasiv.  nuriciihtta  Bnsk '  which  lliis  anlhor  willi  some  iiesifation  lel'eis  to  the 
genus  Hasiiicllia,  doubtless  belongs  to  tiiis  genus  and  is  most  nearly  rehilcd  to  lUisiv. 
(lustraliensis.  As  in  this  species  the  bridge  dividing  the  suboral  ojjening  from  the 
secondary  aperture  is  provided  with  two  small  avicularia  (PI.  XIX,  (ig.  17  a).  I 
have  examined  a  fragment  from  the  Challenger  station  13')  c. 

Gephyrophora  polymorpha  Busk. 
Gephyrophora  polyniorj)ha  Husk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,   Part  I,  p.    1(57, 

PI.  XXXIV,  fig.  2. 
Schizoporella   polymorpha  Waters,   Challenger,   Zoology,  Vol.  XXXI,  Pari  III, 

p.  29,  PI.  II,  figs.  21—24. 

The  zocecia,  usually  tongue-  or  lyre-shaj)ed,  are  fairly  strongly  arched,  sepa- 
rated by  distinct  sutural  furrows  and  provided  with  fairly  densely  placed,  short 
pore-canals  with  a  large  inner  opening.  The  well-chitinized  operculum  which  is 
provided  with  two  muscular  dots  is  of  an  oval  outline  and  the  small  accessorial 
part  has  a  rounded  poster,  which  is  separated  from  the  anter  by  a  not  very  sharp 
bend  on  each  side.  The  hinge-teeth  are  well-developed.  The  two  lateral  halves  of 
the  low,  ring-  or  wall-shaped  peristome  are  connected  with  each  other  by  a  strongly 
projecting,  compressed  arch,  formed  by  the  coalescence  of  two  originally  distinct 
processes,  each  bearing  a  large  avicularium.  Its  central  pari  which  separates  the 
j)oints  of  the  two  avicularia  has  in  most  zod'cia  the  form  of  a  large,  projecting, 
cjuadrangular  plate.  The  perforation  lying  between  the  bridge  and  the  proximal 
part  of  the  aperture  corresponds  to  the  peristomial  pore  in  Hasivellia  and  as  in 
the  sjjecies  of  that  genus  is  much  larger  in  the  ordinary  zoa>cia  than  in  those 
bearing  oa'cia.  The  distal  wall  and  the  lateral  walls,  which  are  thin,  are  provided 
with  a  large  number  of  scattered,  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  ooecia,  which  are  present  in  very  large  number,  have  when  seen  from 
the  surface  of  the  colony  a  similar  appearance  as  in  tlu'  two  species  described 
above,  appearing  as  large,  indistinctly  marked  olT  swellings  which  are  either  pro- 
vided with  pores  over  their  whole  surface  or  do  not  have  these  on  a  median  part. 
They  are  however  considerably  more  elongated  than  in  the  species  of  the  genus 
Hasivellia  and  in  fact  have  quite  a  different  structure.  Thus,  as  Waters  has 
shown,  their  zoa>cial  half  is  immersed  into  the  cavity  of  the  zocecium  itself.  They 
have    an    unusually   elongated    form    for   otvcia    and    a    thick    cryptocyst    layer    is 

'  8,  p.  173. 


301 

inserted  between  the  membranous  eclooa^cium  and  the  calcified  endoooecium. 
From  Waters'  statement^  regarding  tliis  ort'cium :  »I  propose  to  call  this  a  con- 
cealed ovicell,  retaining  the  expression  immersed  for  those  which  give  an  external 
indication  of  their  presences  one  would  conclude  that  the  oa'cia  in  the  specimen 
examined  by  Waters  were  not  distinctly  seen  on  the  surface  of  the  colony. 

Avicularia.  The  peristomial  arch  is  on  each  side  provided  with  a  large,  robust, 
triangular,  obliquely  ascending  avicularium,  and  the  broad,  trapeziform  proximal 
part  of  the  mandible  grades  over  into  an  elongated  part,  the  two,  almost  parallel 
lateral  edges  of  which  finally  run  together  in  a  stout  terminal  hook. 

Of  Ibis  species  I  have  examined  several  colonies  with  labyrinthine-like  branch- 
ings and  round  or  compressed,  two-layered  branches  from  the  Cape  and  Port 
Elizabeth. 

To  the  genus  Mijriozoiim  belong  the  species  M.  tniiiccitiini,  M.  coarcliiliini,  M.  siib- 
gracile  and  probably  also  the  species  described  by  Busk,"  M.  hoiioliilense,  M. 
simplex  and  M.  marionense,  in  the  last  of  which  the  oa'cial  cover  only  reaches 
halfway  down  over  the  frontal  surface  of  the  oa'ciuni.  To  this  genus  I  must  also 
refer  the  two-layered,  laminate  'Esclutroides-^  occliisa  Busk^  and  the  one-layered 
ySchizoporeUn«  hitiirrita  Hincks,^  which  shows  several  points  of  agreement  with 
Geplujrojihont  pohjmorpha.  The  genus  Mijriozoella  is  only  represented  by  a  single 
species,  the  incrusting  M.  cnislcicea  Smitl. 

Family  Sclerodomidae  n.  f 

The  zou'cid,  which  have  a  covering  membrane  but  no  spines,  are  very  thick- 
walled  and  consist  of  a  very  solid  and  hard,  finely  striated  calcareous  mass,  which 
is  perforated  by  pore-canals,  sometimes  scattered,  sometimes  arranged  within  the 
lateral  margins.  The  very  small  distal  wall  is  provided  with  a  number  of  uni- 
porous  rosette  plates  and  the  lateral  walls  with  a  varying  number  of  rosette-plates 
with  few  (2 — 3)  pores.  There  is  a  membranous  or  weakly  chitinized  operculum 
and  a  more  or  less  well-developed  peristome.  Dependent  (uncubtriii  are  present  and 
are  frecpiently  situated  within  or  outside  the  peristome.  The  hyperstomial  o<vcia, 
which  have  a  membranous  ectooa>cium,  are  only  distinct  on  the  surface  of  the 
colony  in  quite  the  youngest  zowcla,  as  they  are  quickly  covered  over  by  a 
thickened  layer  or  by  the  peristome.  The  colonies  are  free,  branched. 

Genera. 

The  peristome  is  funnel-shaped,  immersed,  not  projecting,  provided 
with   avicularia;   no   peristomial    pore;    in    the   oo3cium-bearing  zooccia 


•   110,   p.   29  — .•!0,   in.   II,   figs.  21—24.      -  8.   p.    1711.      '   110,   p.   26.      ^  29,   p.   280. 


302 

the    distal  wall    is    provided  with   an   cxj)aiision  ending  in  a  thickened, 
crenulated    margin,  which    partly   separates    the   oa'ciiun    IVom    the   zo- 

cecium Scierodomus  n.  g. 

(Bil'axaria  Busk,  p.  p.) 
The   peristome    is    tube-sliaped,  projecting,  without    avicularia,    pro- 
vided with  a  median  opening;    in    the  orecium-bearing  zoo'eia  there  is 

no  expansion  oi'  the  distal  wall Tessarudoma  Norman 

(Porina  d'Orb.,  p.  p.) 

S.  denticulatus  Busk. 
Bifaxaria  denticulata  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I,   1884, 

p.  82,  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  3. 
Bifaxaria  denticulata  Waters,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  XXXI,  Part  III, 

1888,  p.   15,  PI.   II,   fig.  31. 
—  —  Waters,   Exped.  Antarctic   Beige,  Bryozoa,  1904, 

p.  59,  PI.  VIII,  figs.  14  a,  h. 
(PI.  XIX,  figs.  18a-18c,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  14  a). 
The  zooecia  indistinctly  separated,  elongated,  thick-walled,  strongly  arched, 
increasing  evenly  in  width  irom  the  narrower,  proximal  end  and  oblicjuely  ascend- 
ing towards  the  secondary,  terminal  aperture,  which  at  a  certain  age  forms  almost 
a  right  angle  with  the  proximal  part  of  the  distal  zoan'ium.  They  consist  of  an 
extremely  hard  and  solid,  finely  striated  calcareous  mass,  which  is  provided  with 
as  a  rule  fairly  densely  placed,  round  or  oval,  scattered  pores  leading  into  long, 
more  or  less  curved  canals.  As  the  colony  gradually  increases  in  thickness  these 
pores  come  to  he  situated  at  the  bottom  of  narrow,  channel-like  concavities,  which 
increase  considerably  in  length  with  age  and  give  the  surface  of  the  colony  a 
characteristic,  grooved  or  longitudinally  furrowed  appearance.  In  (juite  young  zon'- 
cia  the  pores  may  even  sometimes  be  extremely  rare  in  a  median  belt  along  the 
frontal  wall. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  determine  the  form  of  the  primary  aperture,  nor  liave 
I  been  al)le  to  find  any  operculum.  In  the  youngest,  undamaged  zoa-cia  I  have 
been  alilc  to  find,  there  is  a  secondary,  more  or  less  regular,  broad  but  low, 
semicircular  aperture,  within  the  proximal  margin  of  which  there  is  a  low,  but 
broad,  oblicpie  tooth-like  projection  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  14  a),  which  on  the  one  side 
grades  into  the  lateral  margin  of  the  aperture  and  becomes  gradually  higher 
towards  the  other  side,  where  it  ends  in  a  rounded,  rectangular  or  obtuse-angled 
edge  not  far  from  llie  lateral  margin.  With  the  exception  of  cpiile  few  zoa>cia,  in 
which   an  outer,  perislomial   avicularium    is  wanting,  the  peristome   in    the  younger 


303 

zocecia  is  swollen  proximally  and  divided  by  an  almost  rectangular  incision  (fig. 
14  a)  into  two,  unequally  large  halves,  the  larger  of  which  bears  a  fairly  large 
avicularium,  whilst  the  smaller  is  as  a  rule  provided  with  a  rounded  swelling 
provided  with  some  pores.  As  calcification  increases,  the  incision  mentioned  en- 
tirely disappears,  the  aperture  becomes  circular  and  the  avicularium  comes  to  be 
placed  deep  within  this.  The  very  snuill  distal  wall,  which  is  provided  with  ca. 
7  scattered,  uniporous  rosette-plates,  is  in  the  oa>cium-bearing  zocecia  continued 
into  a  plate-like  expansion  ending  in  a  thickened,  crcnulaled  margin  (PI.  XIX, 
figs.  IS  b,  18  c),  and  a  partial  separating  wall  is  thus  formed  between  the  ooecium 
and  the  zooecium. 

Avicularia.  As  a])ove  mentioned,  an  avicularium  is  placed  in  the  incision  on 
the  peristome.  It  springs  from  the  neighbourhood  of  the  free  corner  of  the  tooth- 
like projection  and  its  triangular,  rounded  mandil)le  takes  an  obliquely  distal 
direction.  There  is  also  a  second  avicularium,  which  is  only  seen  on  grinding 
down  Ihe  one  half  of  the  zowcium,  as  it  is  situated  deep  down  on  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  peristome,  almost  at  a  level  with  the  proximal  part  of  the  oa^cium. 
The  mandible,  as  also  in  the  second  avicularium,  is  fairly  short,  triangular  and 
as  a  rule  situated  transversely  to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  zocecium. 

The  ooecia,  whicli  had  already  been  found  by  Waters  and  which  occur  on 
numerous  zoa?cia,  arc  for  the  most  part  hidden,  partly  by  covering  layers  and 
partly  by  the  peristome,  and  only  the  proximal  part  of  their  frontal  wall  can  be 
seen  more  or  less  deeply  within  the  secondary  aperture  as  a  dependent  fiat  part 
from  the  distal  portion  of  the  latter.  This  flat  dependent  part  ends  in  a  straight 
or  weakly  curved  edge  and  is  divided  into  two  lateral  areas  by  a  narrow,  median 
belt,  which  is  possibly  a  calcified  portion  of  the  ectoorecium.  In  sagittal  sections 
they  show  an  elongated,  helmet-shaped  form  (PI.  XIX,  fig.   18  b). 

The  colonies,  of  which  I  have  examined  a  number  of  fragments  sent  from 
the  British  Museum,  are  free,  branched,  with  the  zorecia  arranged  in  -t  alternating 
rows.  The  separate  branches  show  as  a  rule  a  distinct  contrast  between  a  more 
strongly  arched  frontal  side  and  a  somewhat  flatter  basal  side.  Of  the  4  zoo'cial 
rows  two  open  on  the  frontal  side,  whilst  the  two  others  have  their  openings  on 
the  margin  of  the  branch,  and  from  the  frontal  aspect  of  the  branch  we  can  at 
the  same  time  see  three  rows  of  apertures,  whilst  from  the  basal  aspect  we  can 
only  see  two. 

Challenger  St.  320. 

Waters'   places  Piistiilipont    ruslica  d'Orb.   and   Releporellti  nujriozoiiles'  in   the 


'    115,   p.   ()0  — Bl. 


304 

neiglihoiirliQod  of  this  species,  and  lo  judge  I'lom  lius  author's  description  of 
Sijsteiiopora  contractu ',  I  must  also  refer  this  form  to  the  family  Sclerodomidde.  It 
agrees  with  Sclerodomus  denliciihilns  in  the  numerous,  scattered  pore-canals,  the  cov- 
ered-over ooecia  and  in  the  possession  of  an  avicularium  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
peristome.  The  species  descrihed  hy  Waters  under  the  generic  name  of  Cellcirin- 
e//a '  should  also  he  referred  to  this  family,  and  the  author  himself  is  also  almost 
inclined  to  place  them  in  the  neighbourhood  of  .Sys/e/jopora.  To  this  familv,  lastly, 
I  must  also  refer  Tessaradomci  tn>rc(dis,  which  consists  of  a  (juite  similar,  hard  and 
solid,  finely  striated  calcareous  mass  as  is  found  in  Scterodomns  denlicid(dus,  with 
which  species  it  further  agrees  in  the  covered-over  oa-cia  and  in  the  structure  of 
the  rosette-plates.  Another  species  of  this  genus  is  described  by  Waters-  under 
the  name  of  Porina  prolwscided. 

Of  the  remaining  species  which  Busk  refers  to  the  genus  Bifaxaria  I  have 
only  been  able  to  examine  an  extremely  small  fragment  of  Bif.  cornujata,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  species  belongs  not  only  lo  another  genus 
but  even  to  another  family  than  Sclcrodamm  dentictdaliis.  The  thick -walled 
calcareous  mass,  which  is  only  perforated  by  some  extremely  fine,  slit-like  pores, 
seems  to  be  somewhat  brittle.  The  separating  wall  between  the  two  zoa-cial  rows 
has  a  row  of  small,  uniporous  rosette-plates  within  each  lateral  margin,  the  avi- 
cularia  seem  to  have  no  transverse  bar  etc.  The  slight  information  given  by 
Waters^  concerning  the  ocecia  seems  lo  indicate,  that  these  are  transformed  zod-- 
cia.  All  seems  to  show,  that  these  forms  take  up  a  special  position  and  a  new 
description  of  them  is  very  necessary. 


Family  Tubucellariidae  Busk. 
The  zonrcia,  which  are  covered  by  a  membrane  and  have  no  spines,  are  more 
or  less  thick-walled  and  provided  with  densely  placed  pits  or  areas  .separated  by 
ridges,  each  surrounding  a  pore.  The  lateral  walls  which  are  common  to  the 
adjoining  zoo^cia  are  provided  with  a  number  of,  as  a  rule  scattered,  multiporous 
rosette-plates.  AvicLdariu  may  be  present.  The  ocvcia*  are  at  the  end  open  spaces, 
formed  by  a  strong  expansion  of  the  i)eristome  (perislomial  oa-cia),  and  in  the 
hitherto  known  members  of  this  small  family  an  ascoi)ore  is  found.  The  col- 
onies form  either  richly  branched,  jointed  tufts  or  free,  Ibliaceous  one-layered 
expansions. 


'   115,  p.  56—57.     -   115,  p.  3i).     ^   110,  p.   15.     '   IIG. 


305 


Genera. 

A  more  or  less  prominent  tube-sha])ed  peristome,  proximally  to 
which  is  found  an  ascopore: 

A   simple    separable   operculum,    no    vestibular    arch,    no    avicularia 

TubiicelUtria  d'Orbigny. 

A  membranous  opercular  valve  (?),  a  vestibular  arch,  each  zoa-cium 
with  one  or  two  avicularia  at   the   height  of  the  ascopore Tubipordlu  n.  g. 

Tubucellaria  opuntioides  Pallas. 

Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  part  1,  1884,  p.   100, 

PI.  XXIV,  fig.  7,  PI.  XXXVI,  fig.  19,  pars. 

(PI.  XVI,  figs.  4  a— 4  d). 

The  zooecia  elongated  rhombic,  arched,  surrounded  by  weakly  projecting 
edges.  The  pore-pits,  which  have  a  very  small  pore,  are  round  or  oval,  and  their 
network  of  separating  ridges  is  beset  with  fairly  large,  scattered  tubercles,  of 
which  3—6  may  surround  each  single  pit.  The  obliquely  ascending,  tube-shaped 
peristome,  which  as  a  rule  has  a  circular  aperture  and  the  distal  wall  of  which 
is  only  to  a  small  extent  freely  projecting,  is  contained  5  —  6  times  in  the  length 
of  the  actual  zoavial  tube.  It  shows  a  number  of  more  or  less  sharp  longitudinal 
ribs,  the  furrows  separating  which  contain  2 — 4  larger  or  smaller  pits.  Proximally 
to  the  peristomial  tube  there  is  a  more  or  less  distinct,  narrow,  curved  ridge 
(fig.  4(1),  which  connects  the  two  marginal  ridges.  A  little  proximally  to  this  lies 
the  ascopore,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  more  or  less  prominent,  wall-like  margin, 
often  beset  with  tubercles.  Its  opening  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  zooecium  is 
provided  with  a  distal,  arched,  half-roof.  The  somewhat  ascending  distal  wall  is 
provided  with  a  large,  triangular,  oval  or  trapeziform,  multiporous  rosette-plate, 
which  is  divided  by  a  network^  of  ridges  into  a  number  of  larger  and  smaller 
areas.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  bolh  on  its  abaxial  and  on  its  adaxial 
part  is  provided  with  2 — 4  scattered  rosette-plates  with  2  (1)— 6  pores,  so  that 
not  only  two  neighbouring  zocccia,  but  also  two  zooccia  placed  at  the  same  level 
and  separated  by  a  neighbouring  zocrcium  are  thus  connected  with  one  another 
by  means  of  rosette-plates.  The  operculum  which  is  not  strongly  chitinized 
makes  a  segment  a  Utile  larger  than  a  semicircle  and  the  two  lateral  margins 
are  feebly  convergent  towards  the  proximal  margin.  A  very  low,  almost  rudiment- 
ary opercular  arch  is  placed  a  little  distally  to  the  median  part  of  the  operculum 
and  a  muscular  process  is  found  on  each  side  within  the  lateral  margin. 

•20 


306 

The  ocecia,  which  may  almost  reach  the  same  size  as  the  zooccia,  have  the 
I'oim  of  rohiist  cones  inclined  distaliy  and  somewhat  inwards  and  enclose  an 
almost  elliptical  cavity.  Their  surface  is  provided  wilh  numerous,  more  or  less 
sharp  and  regular  longitudinal  ridges,  the  furrows  hetween  which  contain  pore- 
pits. 

The  colonies  jointed,  richly  hranched,  with  cylindrical  inlernodes  the  length  of 
which  is  15 — 18"^™.  They  have  8 — 10  longitudinal  rows  of  zooecia,  with  ca.  13  in 
each  longitudinal  row. 

Port  Elizabeth  (Miss  Jelly). 

Like  Busk'  I  regard  the  Mediterranean  species  '/'((/'.  ccrenidcs  as  a  distinct 
species. 

Tubucellari'a  hirsuta  Lamour. 
Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  part  1,   1884,  ]).   lUO,  I'l.  XXXVI,  fig.   18. 

(I'l.  XVI.,  fig.s.  3a-3e). 

The  zocecia  rhombic-oval,  strongly  arched,  not  surrounded  by  marginal  rid- 
ges. The  pore-pits  (fig.  '^  e),  which  are  elongated,  drop-like,  are  provided  at  their 
proximal  ends  with  a  very  small  pore  and  the  walls  surrounding  the  pits  are 
beset  with  numerous  small,  but  fairly  high  tubercles,  8 — 10  of  which  surround 
each  pit.  The  ohlicpiely  ascending  peristome,  the  aperture  of  which  is  transversely 
oval  and  its  length  contained  3 — S'/s  times  in  that  of  the  zoa-cial  tube,  may  he  more 
or  less  distinctly  striated  by  faint  longitudinal  ribs  beset  with  tubercles,  and  except 
in  the  two  distal  zooecia  in  each  internode  its  distal  wall  is  only  to  a  small  extent 
freely  projecting.  The  ascopore,  which  is  situated  somewhat  proximally  to  the 
peristome,  is  surrounded  by  a  horse-shoe-shaped  wall  beset  with  tubercles  with 
the  incision  directed  towards  the  peristome,  and  it  is  continued  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  zoffcium  as  a  short,  free  tube  increasing  in  width  inwardly.  Im- 
mediately proximally  to  the  peristome  there  is  on  each  side  a  low,  but  fairly 
broad,  arched,  conical  chamber,  separated  from  the  cavity  of  the  zoa-cium  by  a 
multiporous  rosette-plate  which  is  divided  into  a  number  of  unipoions  areas 
(fig.  3  d)  by  a  circle  of  calcareous  ridges  (fig.  3  d).  This  chamber  medially  on  the 
frontal  plate  is  ])rovided  with  an  opening  and  from  it  rises  a  distaliy  directed, 
hollow,  slightly  calcified  tube  which  may  be  called  a  radical  tube.  In  a  number 
of  the  proximal  internodes  of  the  colony  other  tubes  appear  on  some  few  (2 — 3) 
of  the  proximal  zoa>cia   in  addition   to  those  mentioned;    these   tubes  are  widened 

'  8,  p.  100. 


307 

at  the  ends  and  bent  like  a  liook.  On  a  single  inlernode  there  niaj'  be  up  to  6 
and  they  arise  from  (juite  similar  small  chambers,  which  may  sometimes  be 
situated  alongside  the  otliers,  sometimes  further  down  on  the  zooecium.  Each 
distal  wall  is  provided  with  an  oval,  multiporous  rosette-plate  and  the  dislal  half 
of  each  lateral  wall  with  2 — 3  plates  witli  2 -G  pores.  In  contrast  to  T.  opuntioides 
these  rosette-plates  appear  only  on  the  abaxial  part  of  the  wall.  Tlie  operculum 
(fig.  3  c),  which  is  shorter  than  that  of  T.  opuntioides  is  not  strongly  ehitinized 
and  has  no  chitinous  arch.  The  two  rounded  lateral  margins  converge  distinctly 
towards  the  proximal  margin  and  a  strong  muscular  process  is  placed  within 
each  of  them. 

The  ooecia,  which  resemble  the  front  part  of  an  antique  lamp,  project  more 
prominently  but  are  less  bent  upwards  and  inwards  than  in  the  preceding  species. 
They  enclose  a  triangular,  rounded  cavity  and  their  outer  surface  is  distinctly 
striated  by  longitudinal  ridges,  the  separating  furrows  of  which  especially  in  the 
proximal  part  contain  numerous  pore-pits. 

hi  the  colony  each  internode  has  a  length  of  4—5™™-,  and  in  each  of  the  4 
longitudinal  rows  there  are  3  —  5  zooecia. 

Port  Phillip,  Victoria  (Miss  Jelly). 

In  the  species  of  this  genus  the  colony  is  formed  on  quite  the  same  lines  as 
in  the  si)ecies  of  the  genus  Cellalaria,  and  we  may  refer  therefore  to  what  has 
been  said  on  p.  212,  as  also  to  the  figs.  4  a,  4  c  of  Pi.  VII,  which  give  longitudinal 
and  transverse  sections  of  such  colonies. 

Tubiporella  magnirostris  Mac  Gillivr. 
Porina  magnirostris  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  5  ser.  XIV,  1884  p.  279,  PI.  IX,  fig.  6. 

(PL  XVI,  figs.  5a-5(l). 
The  zocEcia,  which  have  a  rhombic  outline  and  a  very  uneven,  but  not  strongly 
arched  surface,  are  often  partially  separated  from  each  other  by  very  large  and 
deep,  irregular  depressions,  but  not  by  distinct,  regular  sutural  furrows.  The  pore- 
pits  (fig.  5  c)  at  their  bottom  each  have  a  large  pore  and  their  separating,  arched 
network  of  ridges  is  beset  with  large,  scattered  tubercles;  they  soon  change  to 
deep  pore-canals.  The  distinctly  protruding,  obliquely  ascending,  distally  directed, 
cylindric-conical  peristome,  which  has  a  somewhat  concave  frontal  wall,  is  not 
much  shorter  than  the  actual  zooecium,  and  its  aperture  has  a  triangular,  rounded 
form,  as  we  can  distinguish  between  a  more  strongly  arched  anter  and  a  more 
slightly  arched  poster.  It  is  provided  to  a  varying  extent  with  scattered  tubercles, 
which  appear  most  numerously  and  may  often  be  greatly  lengthened  on  the  distal 

20* 


308 

part.  On  the  other  hand,  it  may  quite  lack  pore-pits,  or  these  may  apj)ear  to  a 
number  ot  one  or  two.  Immediately  proximal  to  it  is  seen  the  more  or  less  protruding, 
cylindric-conical  ascopore.  I  have  not  succeeded  in  finding  an  operculum  in  the 
dry  colony  examined,  and  it  niaj'  be  concluded  therefore  that  the  operculum 
has  been  membranous.  When  the  basal  wall  of  the  colony  is  ground  down,  there 
is  seen  a  wcll-develoj)ed  vestibular  arch  (fig.  5  b,  5  d).  The  very  thick  basal  wall 
of  the  colony,  which  does  not  show  zo(tcial  boundaries,  is  covered  with  numerous 
larger  and  smaller  tubercles  and  perforated  by  i)ore-canals,  which  may  have  a 
larger  or  smaller  opening.  From  the  cavity  of  the  zoa'cium  they  arc  separated  by 
multiporous  rosette-plates,  of  which  5 — 8  maj'  appear  irregularly  scattered.  Each 
distal  wall  is  further  provided  with  3—4  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall 
with  2  —  3.  The  number  of  pores  in  each  plate  lies  between  4  and   12. 

The  ooecia  (figs.  5  b,  5  d),  which  appear  in  fairly  large  nundjer,  are  easily 
recognised  from  the  peristomial  tubes  of  the  ordinary  zocecia  by  projecting  straight 
outwards  (not  obliquely  ascending)  and  by  being  arched,  crater-shaped,  with  as 
a  rule  a  transversely  oval  aperture;  they  are  richly  provided  with  pore-pits.  It 
must  also  be  remarked,  that  the  appertaining  gonozoa^cia  have  a  very  narrow 
distal  wall  and  often  have  no  avicularia.  The  ooecium-bcaring  zoa-cia  ai)pear  very 
distinctly  amongst  the  others  on  grinding  down  the  basal  half  of  the  colony,  as 
it  is  only  possible  to  see  the  outer  aperture  in  them  from  the  basal  side;  this 
aperture  in  the  ordinary  zoa-cia  being  hidden  by  the  obliquely  ascending  peris- 
tome (fig.  5  b).  The  ocrcia  rarely  occur  singly,  but  as  a  rule  in  shorter  or  longer 
transverse  rows  scattered  at  greater  or  lesser  distances  over  the  surface  of  the 
colony. 

The  avicularia,  which  vary  very  considerably  in  size,  appear  as  a  rule  either 
singly  or  doubly  on  each  zoa'cium,  in  the  latter  case  one  on  each  side.  They  are 
situated  at  a  level  with  the  peristomial  pore,  and  the  chami)er  which  is  freely 
projecting  at  least  in  the  younger  zoa-cia  has  its  point  directed  obliquelj-  outwards 
and  upwards.  The  mandible,  which  is  broadly  triangular  at  the  proximal  part, 
runs  out  in  a   long,  bent  point. 

The  colony  occurs  as  a  free,  foliaceous  expansion  with  a  single  layer  of 
zocecia. 

Port  Phillip  (Miss  Jelly). 

Family  Conescharellinidae  n.  f. 

Sclenariidae  Busk  p.  p.  Schizoi)orcllidac  Mac  Gilliv.  p.  p. 
The  zocecia,  which  are  provided  with  a  covering  membrane  and  always  lack 
spines,  are  in  contrast   to  the  general    rule   so   placed    that    the   proximal   part   of 


309 

the  operculum  conuected  with  the  hiuge-teeth  is  directed  towards  the  growing 
margin  of  the  colon}'.  The  separating  walls,  which  are  all  single,  are  provided 
with  small,  uniporous  rosette-plates,  and  the  length  of  the  frontal  surfaces,  which 
are  not  distinctly  marked  olT  from  the  surface  of  the  colony,  is  considerable  less 
than  the  depth  of  the  zoa'cia.  Immediately  distally  to  each  zoa-cial  aperture  there 
is  a  pore  which  leads  into  a  cavity  in  tlic  frontal  wall.  Dependent  auiciilaria 
appear  in  all  the  species  and  in  most  of  them  peculiar,  likewise  dependent  keno- 
zod'cia  of  unknown  significance,  liuui'dd,  the  frontal  wall  of  which  is  [)rovided 
with  a  crescent-shaped  slit.  Freely  projecting,  helmet-shaped  oa'cia  may  appear, 
which  seemed  to  be  formed  by  a  single  calcareous  laj'er  and  to  ha\c  no  covering 
memlirane.  They  arise  from  the  distal  part  of  the  peristome  and  may  provision- 
ally be  called  peristomial. 

The  colonies  in  the  hitherto  found  species  are  free,  either  laminate,  with  the 
zooecia  arranged  in  two  layers  or  they  have  the  form  of  a  low  cone  or  arched 
disc,  the  arched  surface  of  which  is  formed  by  a  layer  of  zooecia,  whilst  the  inner 
and  basal  surfaces  are  formed  by  avicularia  arranged  in  layers. 

Whitelegge'  who  has  given  a  synopsis  of  the  hitherto  known  species  ex- 
presses the  supposition  in  his  short  paper,  that  a  closer  examination  of  these 
forms  will  lead  to  a  new  family  being  formed  for  them,  and  although  one  of  the 
main  reasons  of  the  author  for  this  supposition  is  liased  upon  inaccurate  examin- 
ation, his  conclusion  is  cjuite  correct.  Among  the  characters  given  in  the  above 
diagnosis  he  lays  stress  on  the  presence  of  the  peculiar  pore  and  the  cpiite  ex- 
ceptional orientation  of  the  zooecia. 

The  characteristic  kenozocrcia,  for  which  we  propose  here  the  name  lun(rcia< 
(PI.  XXIII,  figs.  7  a,  7  b,  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  1  a),  are  like  the  frontal  avicularia  small, 
dependent  chambers,  each  of  which  is  connected  with  a  zooecium  by  means  of  a 
uniporous  rosette-plate.  Their  frontal  surface  is  provided  with  a  crescent-shaped 
slit  with  the  convexity  turned  inwards  towards  the  centre  of  the  colony.  Further, 
these  lunoecia,  concerning  the  significance  of  which  I  can  ofTer  no  definite  opinion, 
occur  in  somewhat  small  numbers  and  are  found  both  in  the  oldest  and  the 
youngest  parts  of  the  colony.  Their  position  with  regard  to  and  connection  with 
the  zooecia  are  most  readily  understood  when  we  grind  down  the  flat  basal  part 
of  the  colony  in  one  of  the  more  flatly  arched  species,  e.  g.  Conescharellina  phil- 
ippensis  (PI.  XXIV,  fig.  1  a).  We  then  readily  see  that  both  the  luna-cia  as  well 
as  the  avicularia  are  separated  by  a  wall  from  the  zooecia  and  that  this  wall  is 
provided  with   a   uniporous  rosette-plate.    Further,  all    these   superficial   chambers 

'  J17. 


3in 

seen  in  the  wliole  colony  seem  to  be  in  nuilual  connection  witli  each  other,  often 
l)y  means  of  a  narrow,  tube-shaped  prolongation,  and  through  one  or  several  of 
these  they  seem  as  a  rule  to  open  out  on  the  surface  of  the  zocccia. 

hi  the  above-cited  work  Whitelegge  puts  forward  the  extremely  peculiar 
view,  that  in  these  forms  in  contrast  to  what  is  known  in  all  other  calcilicd 
Brijozod  the  new  zooccia  arise  scattered  amongst  the  fully  developed  and  that  the 
chambers  which  are  here  called  lunoecia  are  just  such  rudiments  of  new  zoax'ia, 
which  according  to  the  author  may  arise  both  in  the  oldest  and  youngest  [)ails 
of  the  colony.  This  view  is  however  quite  incorrect  and  is  in  complete  conllict 
with  my  investigations  on  these  chambers.  Further,  it  is  readily  seen  that  the 
new  zonecia  in  all  members  of  this  family  are  formed  at  the  free  margin,  and 
even  the  idea  that  new  zooecia  can  be  intercalated  between  the  older  in  a  well- 
calcified  Bryozoa  colony  is  so  improbable  that  I  have  no  hesitation  in  declaring 
such  a  process  impossible.  The  improbability  is  further  increased  in  that  a  nnmbei- 
of  these  species  have  a  very  regular  form,  which  is  conditioned  just  by  a  regular 
mode  of  growth.  Mac  Gillivray'  does  not  hesitate  to  accept  ^\'h  i  telegge's  sup- 
position, but  with  the  modification  that  new  zoo'cia  according  to  him  arise  also 
between  the  marginal  zoo-cia.  In  the  species  of  the  genus  Coneschdrelliiut  at  the  same 
time  as  new  zoa'cia  arise  on  the  margin  of  the  colony,  the  inner  cavity  gradually  be- 
comes filled  with  small  avicularia,  which  stand  in  connection  with  the  zocrcia  and 
with  each  other  by  means  of  small  uniporous  rosette-plates,  and  a  longitudinal  section 
through  such  a  colony  shows  them  to  be  arranged  in  horizontal  layers.  The  small 
pore  situated  immediately  distally  to  the  aperture  and  which  according  to  White- 
legge is  covered  externally  by  a  membrane,  leads  into  a  small  cavity  in  the  wall 
of  the  zocrcium,  which  sometimes  projects  on  the  inner  surface.  The  ooecia,  which 
have  hitherto  only  been  found  in  ConeschurcUinii  phUippensis  and  C.  cancellata 
(PI.  XXIII,  figs.  .S  a,  S  b),  occur  in  the  latter  species  in  very  small  numbers  and 
usually  in  the  neighl)ourhood  of  the  free  margin  of  the  colony.  Their  outer  aper- 
ture leads  into  a  space  formed  by  the  peristome,  at  the  bottom  of  which  is  the 
zooecial  operculum. 

The  rule  in  this  familj^  that  all  the  other  separating  walls  are  single  holds 
true  also  for  those  sejjarating  the  zoci'cia  in  the  two  ojjjiosite  layers  in  two-layered 
colonies.  In  these  further  the  zoa-cia  of  the  one  layer  extend  in  between  those  of 
the  opposite  layer  in  such  a  manner,  that  a  section  through  the  thickness  of  the 
colony  shows  the  zoa>cia  in  the  two  layers  to  be  separated  by  a  zigzag  line. 

How  far  the  division  of  the  genera  |)roj)ose<l  here  is  natural  must  be  deter- 
mined by  investigation  of  a  larger  material. 

'   76,  p.  88. 


311 


Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

1)  The  colony  with  hinnecia: 

2)  The  colonies  which  have  the  form  of  a  hjw  cone  or  an  arched 
disc  only  show  a  single  layer  of  zofpcia,  whilst  their  inner  cavity  is 
occupied  by   numerous   avicularia    placed   in    horizontal    layers;   (ocecia 

may  occur) Cnnescharelliiui  d'Orh. 

2)  The  colonies  are  plate-like  or  fan-shaped,  with  two  layers  of 
zooecia;  (ooecia  are  not  found) liipora  Whilelegge. 

1)  The  colonies,  which  have  no  luna'cia,  are  plate-like,  two-layered; 
(no  O(rcia) FlahelUpora  d'Orh. 

Conescharellina  angulopora  Tenison -Woods. 

Bipora  angulopora  Whilelegge,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  (5  Sen,  Vol  I,  1888,  p.   18. 

(PI.  XXIII,  figs.  7  a-7  f). 

The  primary  aperture  is  elongated  oval,  distnlly  rounded,  proximally  pointed 
and  here  provided  with  two  elongated,  rounded,  triangular  hinge-teeth,  which 
bound  a  narrow,  elongated  sinus.  The  peristome  is  formed  by  two  thick  cal- 
careous plates,  distally  separated  and  projecting  straight  outwards,  which  have  a 
fairly  strongly  arched  outer  surface  and  reach  almost  to  the  proximal  third  of 
the  ajierture. 

The  operculum,  which  is  extremely  thick  and  of  a  brownish  yellow  colour, 
is  strongly  arched  in  the  greater  part  of  its  inner  surface  while  the  outer  surface 
has  a  corresponding  concavity.  The  inner  arched  part  which  shows  two  small 
muscular  dots  and  evenly  grades  into  a  lower  marginal  portion  ends  proximally 
in  a  narrow,  tongue-shaped  part,  inserted  in  between  the  two  hinge-teeth.  Each 
zocrcium  is  separated  from  the  adjacent  zoa'cia  by  four  long,  narrow  separating 
walls  and  from  one  of  the  ahove-mentioned„small,  enclosed  avicularian  chambers 
by  a  small,  innermost  wall.  Each  of  the  four  separating  walls  is  provided  within 
each  lateral  margin  with  a  row  of  up  to  8  small,  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  avicularia,  appear  in  two  ditl'erent  forms,  those  placed  on  the  zoa^cia  and 
those  occupying  partly  the  flat  base  and  partly  a  great  inner  portion  of  the 
conical  colony.  The  latter  we  may  call  the  basal  avicularia.  The  former  which 
occur  in  similar  numl)ers  to  the  zoa>cia  and  the  frontal  area  of  which  has  a 
similar  length  as  the  zooecial  aperture,  are  provided  with  a  broad,  triangular 
mandible  with  its  point  directed  as  a  rule  obliquely  distally  towards  the  higher- 
placed  zooecial  aperture  in  a  neighbouring  row  and  obliquely  out  from  the  surface 
of  the  colony.  The  strong  transverse  bar  between  the  opercular  and  the  suboper- 


312 

cular  areas  is  provided  as  a  rule  with  three  rods  directed  towards  the  apex  of 
tlie  aviculariuni,  of  which  the  middlemost  is  Ihc  longest.  Some  few  j)ores  are 
seen  on  the  surface  of  the  aviculariuni.  The  hasal  avicularia  which  as  growth 
proceeds  are  inclosed  in  the  interior  of  the  colony  have  a  very  small,  sometimes 
almost  circular,  sometimes  short  egg-shaped  frontal  area  the  cross-bar  of  which  is 
jirovided  with  a  single  rod.  The  mandible  is  almost  semicircular.  The  avicularian 
chambers,  the  length  of  which  is  not  very  different  from  the  height  of  the  zotccia, 
are  elongated  vertically  and  the  single  chambers  are  in  inner  connection  by  means 
of  a  few  single-pored  rosette-plates.  Each  free  wall  is  furnished  with  5 — 8  pores 
surrounding  the  avicularian  area. 

The  lunoecia  occur  in  very  small  number  and  for  each  zod'cial  row  (here  is 
scarcely  a  single  luncecium.  They  may  occur  both  in  the  zoo'cial  and  in  the 
avicularian  rows,  and  there  are  usually  proxinially  to  each  of  them  two,  as  a 
rule  very  small  avicularia,  the  mandible  of  which  is  diiectod  oblicjuely  proxinially 
(towards  the  broad  end  of  the  colony)  and  outwards.  More  rarely  there  is  only  a 
single  one  which  has  the  mandible  directed  proxinially. 

The  colonies  are  top-sliaped  and  both  the  zocrcia  and  the  avicularia  are  ar- 
ranged in  radiating,  more  or  less  regular  rows.  Further,  there  is  an  arrangement 
into  one  or  partly  two  systems  of  obli(|ue  rows  rising  obli(juely  towards  the  tip, 
and  the  single  rows  are  here  accentuated  by  step-liUe  depressions. 

Colonies  from  Port  Jackson  and  Port  Stephens,  Australia. 

To  the  genus  Flahellipora  lielong  several  species  in  the  (>openliageii  Zoological 
Museum  and  one  of  them  is  [)robably  identical  with  d'Orbigny's  Fl.  elccjans,  but 
not  with  Waters'  species  of  the  same  name.  A  colony  from  Port  Jackson,  which 
has  quite  the  same  fan-shaped  appearance  as  Waters'  species,  probably  belongs 
to  this,  for  which  I  would  propose  the  specific  name  ftabellaris.  Like  the  species 
of  the  genus  ConescbaveUimt  it  is  provided  with  luncccia,  but  the  zooecia  are  as 
in  Flahellipora  arranged  in  two  layers.  For  this  form  the  \acanl  generic  name 
Blpova  might  be  employed,  but  this  can  only  be  retained  willi  the  reservation, 
that  the  main  dilTerence  between  Conescharellina  and  Bipora,  as  this  genus  is 
understood  here,  appears  to  be  constant;  it  is  just  the  presence  in  the  former 
genus  of  the  al)ove-mentioned,  enclosed,  small  avicularia.  The  following  statement 
of  Waters'  would  indicate  however  thai  such  avicularia  may  occur  in  the  spe- 
cies mentioned;  >others  have  between  the  layers  a  cancellous  structure  with  num- 
erous   large   openings,  between  which    are   small    round    avicularia*.    In    this   case 

'   107,  p.  200. 


313 

the   present   s[)ecies   and    others    nearly  related    must   then  be  included  under  the 

genus  Conescharellina. 

Family  Liriozoidae. 

Epicaiilidiidae  Hincks*. 

The  slender,  elongated  zowcia,  which  may  have  a  single  spine  at  the  distal 
end,  are  provided  as  a  rule  with  scattered  pores  and  the  lateral  walls  with  one 
or  several  uniporous  roselte-plates.  The  apertui'e  has  a  broad  and  low  sinus  and 
a  weakly  chitinized  operculum.  Avicularia  and  oa'cia  are  wanting.  Free,  jointed 
colonies,  with  the  zocrcia  arranged  in  pairs  or  in  triads;  in  (he  latter  case  they 
arise  from  an  axis  consisting  of  kenoooecia. 

Genera. 

The  colony  consists  of  an  axis  ol'  kenozooecia,  each  of  which  bears 
two  opposite  triads  of  zoa-cia.  Of  the  3  zooecia,  the  longest,  central 
one  has  the  aperture  directed  outwards,  whilst  the  two  outer,  which 
have  a  distal  spine,  have  theirs  directed  obliquely  inwards.  .  .  .    Liriozoa  Lamarck. 

'  (Epicanlidium  Hincks.) 

The  colony  consists  of  paired  zoa>cia,  and  in  each  pair  the  slightly 
spirally  turned  zoa^cia  have  their  basal  sides  directed  towards  each 
other;  no  spines   Gemellipora  Smitt  -,  char,  emend. 

To  the  first  genus  belongs  L.  tiilipifera  P^llis  &  Sol  (=  E.  piilchruin  Hincks),  and 
to  the  latter,  which  we  here  take  in  a  more  restricted  sense  than  Smitt,  belongs 
G.  elniriiea  Smitl. 

Family   Lekythoporidae  n.  f. 

(PI.  XVI,  figs.    6:1— Gc,  fig.  7n). 

The  zowcia,  which  have  no  sjjines,  are  solidly  calcified,  thick-walled  and 
provided  with  a  wcU-chitinized  operculum.  A  strongly  develoj)ed,  sometimes  im- 
mersed, sometimes  freely  i)rojecting,  tube-shaped  peristome,  the  aperture  of  which 
is  armed  with  one  or  usually  with  several  (2 — 5)  small  avicularia.  Scattered 
small  or  large  avicularia  may  also  occur.  Both  the  distal  wall  and  the  lateral 
walls  are  provided  with  numerous  small,  scattered,  uniporous  rosette-j)lates,  which 
are  situated  at  the  bottom  of  shorter  or  longer  canals.  The  owcia  have  the  form 
of  a  hemispherical  expansion  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  peristomial  tube  and  be- 
come later  hidden  by  covering  calcareous  layers.  The  colonies  are  free,  more  or 
less  strongly  branched. 

To  this  famih',  which  no  doubt  is  most  nearly  related  to  the  Celleporidae,  I 
must  refer  Le/v-;///ioy)ora /i(/.s7r(x  Mac  Gill.  ^  Tiirritigera  stellata  Busk^,    >Sc/i(:o/3ore//rt« 


'  24,  p.   156;   2,-),   p.    135.     ^   103,  p.   35.     '  66,  p.   194;  68,   p.   113.     *  8,  p.   130. 


314 

r/ia//c/iyer/«  Waters'  (==  Miiriozoiiin  imniersnm  Busk)  and  Oiihojwra  cnmpdcfn'Wuiprs''. 
To  the  last  author  is  due  the  demonstration  of  the  peculiar  oa^cia  in  T.  stellata 
and  »S.  chdllengeria.  I  have  been  able  to  examine  small  fragments  of  the  first 
three  species,  but  my  material  has  not  been  sufficient  to  settle  the  (jueslion, 
whether  they  should  be  referred  to  one  or  to  several  genera. 

Family  Eurystomellidae  n.  f. 

No  s[)ines.  The  thick-walled  and  strongly  calcified  zooccia  lack  a  covering 
membrane  and  have  either  no  pores  at  all  or  2 — 5  extremely  large  fenestrse. 
The  broad  aperture,  which  has  a  concave  proximal  rim,  is  |)rovided  with  a  more 
or  less  strongly  chitinized  operculum  surrounded  by  a  continuous  marginal  thick- 
ening. No  aviciilaria.  The  ofvcium  is  enclosed  in  a  kenozooecium,  the  frontal  wall 
of  which  is  provided  with  a  very  large  uncalcified  |)art.  Pore-chambers  or  groups 
of  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

To  this  family  I  refer  Lepralict'  foramin'mera  Hincks'  (PI.  XVIII,  figs.  14  a— 14  c) 
and  "Lepralia'  bilabiatu  Hincks  ',  and  I  regard  them  provisionally  as  belonging  to 
the  same  genus  Kunjstouwlla.  There  may  possibly  be  reason  however  to  form  a 
special  genus  for  L.  bilabiata.  In  this  species  the  distal  wall  and  the  distal  half 
of  each  lateral  wall  are  provided  with  a  group  of  numerous  small,  uniporous 
rosette-plates,  whereas  multiporous  pore-chambers  occur  in  L.  foraiiiininera. 

Family  Escharellidae  n.  f. 

The  zowcia,  which  are  often  armed  with  (2—8)  spines,  have  as  a  rule  a  dis- 
tinct vestibular  arch,  in  many  cases  even  strongly  developed.  If  (wiciilaria  occur, 
they  are  as  a  rule  lateral  and  there  is  never  a  median,  symmetrically  placed 
avicularium.  Pore-chambers  usually  present,  more  rarely  uni-  or  multiporous  ro- 
sette-plates. The  o(vcia  which  are  as  a  rule  hyperstomial,  very  seldom  endoooccial 
consist  of  a  membranous,  more  rarely  partially  calcified  ectooa-cium  and  of  a 
calcified  endoocecium,  which  usually  shows  no  pores  and  more  rarely  has  small 
scattered  pores. 

Whilst  I  have  found  a  covering  membrane  in  the  genera  Escharella,  Escharo- 
ides,  Schizoporella,  Escharina  and  Cijclicupora,  I  have  been  unable  to  find  this  in 
Anarthropora,  Exochclla  and  Arthropoma,  of  which  genera  I  have  examined  colonies 
preserved  in  spirit.  Though  I  am  inclined  to  attach  no  little  weight  to  this  character, 
I  have  for  several  reasons  not  ventured  lo  make  this  negative  result  decisive  as 
to  whether  I  should  refer  the  genera  mentioned  lo  this  family.  In  the  first   i)lace, 


'   no,  p.  .so.     ^  115,  p.  75.     '  28,  p.   1U9.     *  U,  p.  49. 


315 

the  covering  membrane  in  many  forms  is  extremely  thin  and  very  readily  torn, 
and  the  absence  of  il  in  one  or  two  colonies  is  no  sure  evidence,  that  it  is 
lacking  in  the  species  examined.  Secondly  I  have  become  somewhat  doubtfull  as 
to  the  systematic  significance  of  this  character,  as  in  the  genus  Microporella  some 
species,  for  instance  M.  ciliala,  possess  a  covering  membrane  while  it  seems  to  be 
lacking  in  others.  Thus  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  it  in  a  fresh  colony  from 
Norway  in  which  the  young  zooecia  in  the  growing  margin  show  the  membranous 
frontal  wall  well-preserved,  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  a  nearly  related  species 
from  Japan,  appearing  in  two-layered,  /''/(/.s/m-like,  richly  branched  tufts. 

Escharella'  Gray,  char,  emend. 
Mucronella  Hincks  |).  \^. 
Lepralia  Hincks  p.  p. 

The  zod'cia,  which  usually  have  2 — 8  spines,  are  provided  with  a  well-devel- 
ojjed,  .sometimes  even  strongly  developed  vestibular  arch  and  usually  with  a  more 
or  less  developed  often  mucronale  peristome,  which  rarely  embraces  the  distal 
margin  of  the  aperture.  The  operculum  is  mostly  thin,  almost  membranous,  some- 
times more  or  less  strongly  chitinized  and  in  the  first  case  the  proximal  margin 
of  the  aperture  is  generally  protected  by  a  median  tooth.  No  (wicalaria.  The 
oaria,  which  in  some  species  are  endozorecial  and  covered  by  kcnozoa?cia,  have 
no  pores.  Marginal  [)ores  appear  as  a  rule,  rarely  scattered  pores.  In  the  distal 
half  of  the  zoa'cium  there  are  numerous  small  (12—18),  uniporous,  contiguous 
pore-chambers,  which  have  arisen  by  division  of  three  elongated,  multiporous 
chambers  (a  distal  and  two  lateral). 

To  this  genus  belong  the  following  species:  E.  iinmersa,  Flem.  (^  Miicroiiclld 
Peachii,  Johnst.  +  '^^-  ventricosa,  Ha.ssall),  E.  (Miic)  variolosa,  Johnst.,  E.  abiissi- 
cola,  Norman  (=  E.  laqiieata,  Norm.),  E.  (Mm:)  microstoma,  Norman,  E.  emmro- 
mita,  Smitt-,  E.stemisloma,  Smitt-,  E.  (Mm:)  spimisissima^,  Hincks,  E.  (Lepralia)  polila, 
Norman,  E.   (Lepralia)  multispimita,   Busk^  and  E.  (Mm:)  dia})liami,  Mac  Gillivr. 

The  vestibular  arch,  which  in  this  genus  varies  greatly  in  form  and  extent, 
reaches  its  greatest  development  in  E.  diaphana  and  E.  microstoma,  in  which  two 
species  it  reaches  far  into  the  zoa-cium  in  the  form  of  a  pent-roof.  A  median 
tooth  is  lacking  in  E.  microstoma  and  E.  polita,  and  the  two  last  possess  a  strongly 
chitinized  operculum  with  a  convex,  proximal  margin.  The  oa'cia  are  surrounded 
by  kenozooecia  in  li.  diaphana,  E.  (dnjssicola,  E.  polita  and  also,  so  far  as  I  can 
determine  on  a  small  colony  with  a  single,  broken  ooccium,  in  E.  microstoma. 


'    84,   p.   116.     ^   101,   p.    1129—30.     '  28,  p.   53.     '   8,   p.   160. 


316 


Escharella  diaphana  Mac  Gillivr. 

Leprnlia  diaphana  Mac  Gillivr.,  Mac  Coy,  Prodroinus  of  tlic  Zoology  of  Victoria, 

Vol.  I,  Decade  IV,  p.  22,  PI.  35,  Tig.  3. 

(PI.  XVII,  lifi.s.  l:i-i  ti). 

The  zooecia,  which  usually  have  a  rounded  rhombic  form,  arc  rather  strongly 
arched,  Ihin-walled,  smooth  and  surrounded  by  raised  lines,  which  end  on  each 
side  at  the  inner  part  of  the  frontal  spine.  M'hile  these  raised  lines  (formed  by 
the  free  continuation  of  the  lateral  walls)  in  the  proximal  half  of  the  zoa^cium 
are  very  low  and  separated  from  the  arched  frontal  wall  by  a  groove,  in  which 
a  number  of  marginal  pores  can  be  more  or  less  distinctly  seen,  they  are  very  high 
in  the  distal  half  (provided  with  the  pore-chambers),  and  here  they  lie  close  up 
to  the  lateral  pari  of  the  frontal  wall  wilh  which  they  partly  coalesce,  in  such 
a  manner  that  each  marginal  pore  opens  out  on  the  frontal  wall  through  a  canal, 
which  can  only  be  seen  in  side  view.  The  almost  circular  aperture  is  sur- 
rounded by  (5  articulated  spines  and  provided  with  a  small  median  tooth,  broader 
towards  the  tip  and  twice  or  sometimes  three  times  cleft.  The  well-developed 
ascending  and  generally  mucronate  peristome  is  in  most  cases  marked  olT  from 
the  rest  of  the  frontal  wall  by  a  distinct  line  which  meets  the  niarginal  furrow, 
and  the  vestibular  arch  (figs.  1  c,  1  d)  is  continued  deep  into  the  zooccium  as  a 
strongly  arched  lamina,  wilh  the  convexity  towards  the  basal  wall  of  the  zoce- 
cium  and  its  concavity  towards  the  aperture,  through  which  it  can  readily  be 
seen  in  zooecia  boiled  in  caustic  potash  solution.  Each  of  the  lateral  parts  of  this 
lamina  is  connected  with  the  corresjjonding  lateral  wall  of  the  zoa'cium  by  a 
calcareous,  cylindrical  rod  growing  out  from  the  latter.  Each  zocecium  is  in  its 
distal  half  provided  with  16  —  20  closely-placed,  uniporous  pore-chambers  forming 
a  strongly  projecting  basal  pari,  and  similar  pore-chambers  occur  in  the  circum- 
ference of  the  kenozocccia  covering  the  ooecia. 

The  ooecia  are  endozoa-cial  and  the  strongly  arched,  smooth  frontal  wall  of 
the  covering  kenozoircia  sometimes  shows  faint,  radiating  stria'. 

The  colonies  form  crusts  on  alga',  and  on  one  of  Iheni  was  found  a  primary 
zocecium  (tig.  1  a),  the  aperture  of  which  was  surrounded  by  12  spines.  The 
vestibular  arch  was  in  this  less  developed  and  seemed  to  lack  the  two  cal- 
careous rods. 

Australia  (The  Botanical  Museum  of  Copenhagen). 


317 


Anarthropora  (part)  Smitt. 
The  zoa'cia,  which  have  no  spines  and  are  provided  with  scattered  stellate 
pores,  have  a  well-developed  vestihular  arch.  The  primary  aperture  has  a'straight 
proximal  margin  and  a  meml)ranous  or  very  slightly  chitinized  operculum,  which 
is  not  separated  from  the  compensalion-sac.  A  short  tuhe-shaped  peristome,  which 
nniy  have  a  small  distal  and  a  small  proximal  auiculariiim.  No  on-cia.  Closely- 
placed  uniporous  pore-chamhers.  In  this  genus  there  is  only  a  single  species, 
A.  monodon  Busk. 

Inversiula  Jullien'. 
Microporella  Hincks. 

The  zoa'cid,  which  have  no  spines  and  are  provided  with  scattered  stellate 
[)ores,  have  a  distinct  vestibular  arch.  A  simple,  strongly  chitinized  operculum 
occurs,  attached  at  its  distal,  straight  margin.  No  peristome.  A  round  ascopore. 
Two  small,  lateral  ainciilaria  proximally  to  the  aperture.  No  oacia.  Densely-placed 
uniporous  pore-chamhers. 

To  this  genus  belong  /.  iiwersa  Waters  and  /.  niitrix  Jullien. 

The  last  two  genera  stand  very  close  to  each  other  and  in  addition  to  the 
common  characters  mentioned  in  the  diagnoses,  some  agreements  in  the  structure 
of  the  frontal  wall  may  also  be  pointed  out.  We  thus  find  a  system  of  winding 
canals,  which  open  outwards  through  a  circle  of  marginal  pores,  and  in  younger 
zooecia  the  wall  is  distinctly  composed  of  a  mosaic  of  radiate,  striated  small 
plates,  each  of  which  has  a  stellate  pore  in  the  centre. 

Escharoides'  Milne  Edw. 
Peristomella  Lev.  ^;  Mucronella  Hincks  p.  p. 
Romancheina  Jullien^  p.  p. 

The  primary  aperture,  which  may  have  up  to  6  spines,  is  provided  with  a 
strongly  developed  vestibular  arch,  which  has  as  a  rule  a  thickened  free  margin. 
There  is  a  strongly  developed,  often  mucronate  peristome,  which  may  sometimes 
have  an  inner  median  tooth  and  is  not  separated  from  the  primary  aperture  by 
any  distinct  boundary.  The  operculum  is  as  a  rule  membranous,  very  rarely 
strongly  chitinized  and  then  forked  at  the  tip.  An  aviciihiriiim  may  appear  on 
each  side,  but  is  often  wanting  on  one  or  the  other  side  or  even  both  on  more 
or  fewer  zoiL-cia.  The  oacia,  which  are  not  found  in  all  species  however,   have  a 


'   4.5,   p.   44.     -  84,   p.   lUi.     '  .-)(!,   p.   2(1.      '   45,   p.   (SO. 


318 

membranous  ectooa'cium,  and  the  endoooecium  may  be  provided  with  a  number 
of  very  small  scattered  pores.  Multiporous  rosette-plates  or  nuiltiporous  pore- 
chambers  occur  as  a  rule,  very  seldom   uniporous  pore-chambers. 

To  this  genus  I  must  refer  the  following  species:  E.  (Romancheina)  Martiali, 
Jull.',  £.  (Mucronella)  cocc/nea,  Abildg.,  E.  (?Sniittia)  ./ficAso/n',  Waters^,  E.  (Mucr.) 
praestaiis,  Hincks,  E.  (Mucr.)  contovla.  Busk,  E.  sduroylossa  n.  sp.,  E.  (Porina) 
larvalis,  Mac  Gill.'  and  E.  (Mucronella)  labiata,  Boeck*,  the  last  species  having 
no  avicularia.  Of  the  species  mentioned  E.  Martiali  is  provided  with  uniporous 
pore-chambers. 

Escharoides  praestans  Hincks. 

Mucronella  praestans  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  5,  Vol.  X,   1882,  p.   1(J8, 

PI.  VII,  fig.   1. 
(PL  XVII,  figs.  4  a-b). 

The  zooecia  hexagonal,  ascending  strongly  both  from  the  proximal  end  and 
from  the  sides  towards  the  strongly  projecting,  spout-shaped  peristome,  which 
has  no  median  tooth  and  often  projects  so  freely,  that  regarding  the  zooecia 
from  the  frontal  aspect  we  can  only  see  the  distal  half  of  the  four  spines.  The 
zooecia,  the  slightly  luberculated  surface  of  which  is  marked  with  fine,  radiating 
stria;,  are  provided  at  the  margin  with  one  or  more  circles  of  round  pores 
separated  by  rib-shaped  projections.  Each  lateral  wall  has  3 — 6  connections  with 
neighbouring  zooecia,  and  these  are  represented  sometimes  by  multiporous  pore- 
chambers,  sometimes  by  multiporous  rosette-plates.  On  each  distal  wall  there  are 
either  three  pore-cbambers  or  two  with  an  intermediate  rosette-plate,  and  one  of 
the  two  adjacent  half  lateral  walls  is  likewise  provided  with  2 — 3  pore-chambers, 
one  of  which  however  is  also  connected  with  the  distal  wall. 

Goecia  are  wanting  on  the  colony  investigated,  but  are  described  and  figured 
by  Hincks,  from  whose  account  it  appears,  that  they  must  be  i)rovidcd  wilh  an 
ocecial  cover,  as  otherwise  they  would  not  have  pore-canals. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  lacking  on  numerous  zocecia,  appear  only  singly 
towards  the  one  lateral  margin  and  are  of  a  considerable  size.  The  strongly 
prominent  chamber  provided  with  some  scattered  pores  has  a  well-developed 
cryptocyst  and  the  lyre-shaped  mandible  tends  obliquely  outwards  and  proxi- 
mal ly. 

Found  on  a  Mollusc  shell  from  Stewart  Island,  New  Zealand  (Zoological  Mu- 
seum, Cambridge,  Engl.). 


»  45,  p.   60.     =   114,   p.   87.     '    107,   p.    18<l.      *    lOll,   p.   21. 


319 


Escharoides  sauroglossa  n.  sp. 
?  Smittia  praestans  Waters,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  6,  Vol.  IV,   1889,  p.   17, 

PI.  Ill,   figs.  9-11. 
(PI.  XVII,  figs.  6a-0. 

Seen  from  the  basal  aspect  the  contour  of  the  zooecia  is  more  or  less  regul- 
arly hexangular,  and  the  evenly  arched  frontal  surface,  somewhat  ascending  to- 
wards the  distal  end,  is  provided  with  numerous,  large,  scattered  pores,  which 
are  in  part  the  outer  openings  of  pore-canals,  The  peristome  is  medially  provided 
with  a  fairly  broad  and  deep,  rounded  sinus,  and  just  behind  or  within  the  centre 
of  this  projects  an  elongated  but  strong  tooth,  which  narrows  from  a  broad  base 
outwards.  There  is  internally  on  each  side  of  the  sinus  a  strong,  triangular,  lateral 
tooth.  The  well-developed  distal  arch,  the  central  part  of  which  is  somewhat 
prominent,  has,  a  finely  tuberculated,  somewhat  thickened  margin.  The  strongly 
chitinized  operculum  has  a  very  characteristic  form.  It  is  longer  than  broad,  and 
its  broader  proximal  part,  which  is  provided  with  a  concave  margin,  runs  out 
on  each  side  into  a  short,  hook-like  projection.  The  two  somewhat  bent  and  dis- 
tally  converging  lateral  walls  pass  over  in  the  distal  half  of  the  operculum  into 
a  narrow,  recurved  marginal  part.  The  operculum  is  provided  at  the  tip  with  a 
deep,  rounded  incision,  and  it  thus  comes  to  end  in  two,  sometimes  equally  large, 
sometimes  unequally  large  points.  This  operculum  takes  up  such  a  position,  that 
its  forked  end  reaches  over  to  the  distal  margin  of  the  aperture,  whilst  the  proxi- 
mal part,  which  is  connected  with  the  compensation-sac,  arises  at  a  fairly  long 
distance  proximally  to  the  median  tooth.  Each  half  of  the  distal  lateral  walls  is 
provided  with  2  — ;5  multiporous  rosette-plates  and  each  distal  wall  with  2  multi- 
porous  pore-chambers  and  1 — 2  interjacent  rosette-plates. 

Ooecia  are  wanting  on  the  colonies  investigated. 

The  avicularia,  which  vary  greatly  in  size,  occur  in  pairs,  and  the  two  be- 
longing to  the  same  zooecium  may  sometimes  be  of  the  same,  sometimes  of  very 
dilferent  size.  The  freely  prominent  avicularian  chamber,  which  is  provided  with 
scattered  pores,  has  a  strongly  developed  cryptocyst  and  the  mandible  is  obliquely 
lyre-shaped  in  the  larger,  obliquely  oval  in  the   smaller  avicularia. 

Two  small,  free,  one-layered  colonies  are  to  hand  from  33"?'  N.,  129"  20' E. 
and  33"  8'  N.,  129"  20'  E.;  depth  36—40  fm.  (Schonau). 

In  a  small  colony  from  Port  Phillip,  Victoria  (Miss  Jelly),  the  aperture  has 
no  sinus  nor  lateral  teeth,  and  there  is  usually  only  a  single  avicularium.  The 
operculum  has  almost  even  lateral  margins  and  is  only  slightly  indented  at  the 
point. 


320 


Exochella  Jullicn',  char,  emend. 
The  primary  aperture,  which  is  provided  with  2—5  jointed  spines,  is  separ- 
ated by  a  distinct  boundary  from  the  peristome  and  furnished  with  a  distinct, 
but  not  strongly  developed  vestibular  arch.  The  operculum  is  slightly  chitinized 
and  not  distinctly  marked  off  from  the  compensation-sac.  The  peristome  has 
three,  sometimes  coalesced  teeth,  a  median  and  two  lateral,  which  may  appear 
again  with  greater  or  less  distinctness  in  a  secondary  peristome.  Normally  there 
is  an  (wiculariiim  on  each  side,  but  in  more  or  fewer  zod'cia  the  one  or  both 
may  be  absent.  There  is  apparently  a  membranous  ectooa?cium  and  in  the  distal 
half  of  the  zoa-cium  there  are  3  large,  multiporous  pore-chaml)ers. 

Exochella  triccuspis  Hincks. 
Mucronella  tricuspis  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5,  Vol.  VIII, 
1881,  p.  125,  PI.  Ill,  fig.   1. 
(PI.  XVII,  figs.  9  a— d). 

The  zooecia,  broadly  rhomlnc,  evenly  arched,  often  with  more  or  fewer,  larger 
or  smaller  tubercles  of  varying  form.  A  raised  marginal  line  is  as  a  rule  indis- 
tinct and  the  marginal  pores  in  part  difficult  to  observe.  The  primary  aperture, 
which  has  three  spines,  has  a  broad  and  low  sinus  (fig.  9  b)  more  or  less  sharply 
marked  off  from  the  lateral  margins;  in  the  full-grown  zoa^cia  it  can  be  distinctly 
seen  through  the  frontal  wall  (fig.  9  a).  The  operculum  (lig.  9  d)  does  not  have 
distinct  muscular  ridges.  There  is  a  well-developed,  tube-shaped  peristome,  which 
conceals  the  spines  and  the  distal  half  springs  from  the  frontal  wall  of  the  dis- 
tal zooccium  or  in  the  ooccium-bearing  zooecia  from  the  proximal  part  of  the 
ocEcium. 

The  peristome  is  provided  with  three  coalesced  teeth,  the  central  one  widened 
at  the  end,  hammer-shaped,  and  connected  at  the  widened  end  with  the  two  short, 
finger-shaped  lateral  teeth.  Outside  there  is  a  new  set  of  uncoalesced  teeth,  the 
central  one  not  widened  whilst  the  two  lateral  are  strongly  truncate,  rounded 
projections. 

The    ooecia   are  furnished  with  finely,    radiating  striae  and  enclose  the  s])ines. 

The  avicularia,  the  narrow  elongated  mandible  of  which  points  outwards, 
appear  as  a  rule  in  pairs,  sometimes  almost  at  the  same,  sometimes  at  somewhat 
different  levels. 

Two  small  fragments  from  Victoria  are  to  hand  (iMiss  .Jelly). 

'   45,   p.   5o. 


321 


Exochella  longirostris  Jullien. 

Mission  scientifique  du  Cap  Horn,   1882 — 83,  VI,  Zoologie,   1888,  Bryozoaires, 

p.  55,  PI.  3.  figs.   1—4,  PI.  9,  fig.  2. 

(PL  XVII,  figs.  6a-b). 

The  zocecia  elongated  rhombic,  evenly  arched,  provided  with  radiating  striae  and 
rather  densely  covered  with  finer  or  larger  tubercles.  There  is  a  distinct  raised  mar- 
ginal line,  and  the  very  distinct  marginal  pores,  of  which  there  may  be  up  to  10 
on  each  side,  lie  in  older  zooecia  in  deep  pits  separated  by  projecting  ribs.  The 
primary  aperture,  from  the  distal  margin  of  which  project  up  to  5  spines,  has 
no  sinus,  but  runs  out  into  a  low,  quadrangular  median  tooth,  which  in  younger 
zooecia  can  be  seen  distinctly  through  the  frontal  surface. 

The  well-develoi)ed,  tube-shaped  peristome,  the  distal  part  of  which  has  a 
similar  origin  as  in  E.  trisciispis,  is  provided  with  a  median  tooth,  frequently 
somewhat  widened  at  the  end  and  often  with  two  or  three  cusps,  and  two  finger- 
shaped  lateral  teeth,  wiiich  as  a  rule  do  not  reach  the  median  tooth  and  at  most 
touch  this.  Outside  there  is  a  new  set,  consisting  of  an  unwidened  median  tooth 
and  two  bluntly  rounded  lateral  teeth.  The  operculum  has  a  faint  muscular  ridge 
at  each  of  the  proximal  corners. 

The  ooecia  are  furnished  with  fine  radiating  striae  and  enclose  the  spines. 

The  avicularia  which  sometimes  are  single,  sometimes  double,  have  a  similar 
position  and  structure  as  in  the  previous  species, 

A  small  colony  from  the  Challenger  St.  315. 

Exochella  lobata  n.  sp. 
(PI.  XVII,  tigs.  7  a— c). 

The  zooecia  hexagonal  in  circumference,  strongly  arched,  often  provided  with 
a  number  of  large,  scattered  tubercles  and  in  the  younger  zoa'cia  with  ca.  5 
large  marginal  pores.  The  raised  marginal  lines  are  only  feebly  developed.  There 
are  four  spines,  the  two  central  being  much  thinner  than  the  two  outer  thick 
ones,  which  are  not  covered  by  the  oo-cium.  Within  each  lateral  margin  the 
faintly  chitinized  operculum  is  provided  with  a  muscular  ridge  (fig.  7  c). 

The  peristome,  which  is  only  developed  proximally,  runs  out  into  a  large, 
Ihick,  Inoad,  triangularly  rounded  rostrum,  within  which  there  are  two  sets  of 
teeth.  Of  the  teeth  in  the  inner  set,  which  are  placed  rather  closely  together  and 
divided  by  two  rounded  gaps,  the  central  are  as  a  rule  hatchet-like,  whilst  each 
of  the  lateral  teeth  have  the  form  almost  ot  half  the  blade  of  an  axe.  The  teeth 
outside    these    have  a  somewhat  similar  form,    but  are  much  more  elongated  and 

21 


322 

in  most  zoa'cia  they  are  further  more  or  less  nodulous  or  lobate  or  even  more 
or  less  deeply  divided. 

The  ooecia,  which  are  strongly  arched  and  not  rarely  provided  with  one  or 
several  tubercle-like  projections,  show  as  a  rule  a  narrow  depressed  margin  im- 
mediately distally  to  tlie  aperture,  caused  apparently  by  the  thickening  layers 
not  reaching  quite  so  far  down. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  placed  nearer  to  the  aperture  than  in  the  two 
species  above  described  and  in  which  the  mandible  points  obliquely  distally  and 
outwards,  appear  sometimes  double  sometimes  singly. 

A  small  colony  from  Port  Western,  Victoria  (Dr.  Harmer). 

Exochella  Zelanica  n.  sp. 

Mucronella  diaphana,  forma  armala  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5, 
Vol.  X,  p.   167,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  3. 
(PI.  XVII,  figs.  8a-e). 

The  zooecia  hexagonal,  rhombic,  thick,  rather  strongly  arched,  provided  with 
small  scattered  pores  and  with  3 — 4  oral  spines.  They  are  surrounded  by  a 
strongly  developed  raised  line  which  in  the  same  manner  as  in  EschareUa  dia- 
phana may  be  partly  coalesced  with  the  lateral  parts  of  the  frontal  wall  and  often 
has  a  freely  projecting  undulating  edge  (fig.  8  c).  There  are  6—7  marginal  pores. 

The  peristome  is  only  developed  proximally  and  of  the  two  sets  of  teeth 
the  inner  has  a  somewhat  similar  form  as  in  the  foregoing  species,  whilst  the 
strongly  projecting  and  prominent,  central  tooth  of  the  outer  set  is  large  and 
broad,  quadrangular  or  trapeziform,  coalesced  along  its  frontal  surface  with  a 
somewhat  narrower  thickening  of  similar  form. 

The  ooecia,  which  were  not  found  on  the  colony  examined,  are  according  to 
Hincks  provided  with  a  thickened  middle  part. 

The  avicularia  may  occur  both  in  pairs  and  singly,  but  their  position  and 
direction  seem  to  undergo  more  variation  than  in  the  previous  species. 

I  have  seen  a  very  small  colony  of  this  species,  found  on  an  Alga  from  the 
Akaroa  Harbour,  New  Zealand;  depth  6  fathoms. 

Genus  Schizoporella  Hincks,  char,  emend. 

Spines  may  appear.  The  aperture  with  a  faintly  developed  vestibular  arch  and 
with  a  well-developed  sinus,  which  may  vary  greatly  both  in  depth  and  breadth. 
The  operculum  well-chitinized,  with  muscular  dots.  The  zoa'cia  with  scattered 
pores  and  as  a  rule  with  a  small  projection  proximally  to  the  aperture.  An  ai>i- 
culariiim    may  occur   on  each  side,  but  in  more  or  fewer  zoa»cia  the  one  or  both 


323 

may  be  absent.  The  oaria  consist  of  a  calcified  endoooecium  and  a  membranous 
ectooa'ciuni.  Uni-  or  multiporous  rosette-plates,  which  may  sometimes  be  placed 
in  pore-chambers. 

Both  the  form  of  the  sinus  of  the  aperture  and  the  rosette-plates  undergo 
consideral)le  variation  in  the  species  I  have  hitherto  been  able  to  refer  to  the 
genus  Schizoporella  as  defined  here.  Thus,  whilst  the  sinus  is  extremely  narrow 
in  S.  spongites  and  S.  Ion()irostris,  that  in  .S.  unicornis  is  broadly  rounded  and  has 
more  than  a  third  of  the  whole  breadth  of  the  aperture.  We  have  an  inter- 
mediate form  in  regard  to  the  development  of  this  sinus  in  S.  xanguinea,  and  for 
the  rest  local  forms  e.  g.  of  S.  spongites  show  how  much  this  sinus  varies.  Simil- 
arly the  rosette-plates  undergo  a  considerable  variation,  as  they  are  sometimes 
uniporous,  sometimes  multiporous  or  the  two  together  and  at  the  same  time  as 
the  number  of  pores  in  the  single  rosette-plates  increases,  the  number  of  the 
rosette-plates  themselves  decreases.  In  S.  unicornis  2 — 3  rosette-plates  with  up  to 
ca.   19  pores  in  each  occur  on  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall. 

In  addition  to  two  new  forms  not  described  in  this  work  I  refer  to  this  genus 
the  following  species:  >S".  unicornis  Johnst.,  S.  longirostris  Hincks,  .S.  spongites 
(Pallas)  Smitt,    S.  sanguined   Norman,    .S.  errata  Waters   and    S.  luaperta  Michelin. 

Schizoporella  longirostris  Hincks. 

Schizoporella  unicornis,  form  longirostris  Hincks,  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5, 

Vol.  XVII,   1886,  p.  266,  PI.  X,  fig.  2. 
(PI.  XVIII,  ligs.  3  a— g). 

The  zocecia  rhombic  or  trapeziform,  strongly  arched,  with  fairly  small,  densely 
placed  pores,  each  situated  in  a  deep  pit.  Proximally  to  the  aperture  (here  is 
usually  a  larger  or  smaller,  often  strongly  projecting  tubercle.  The  aperture, 
which  apart  from  the  sinus  is  almost  ([uadrangularly  oval,  is  provided  with  a 
very  faint  distal  arch,  which  on  each  side  passes  over  into  a  long,  high,  curved 
hinge-tooth.  The  deep  and  narrow  sinus  decreases  evenly  in  breadth  towards  the 
end.  The  peristome  is  represented  [)arlly  by  a  low  wall,  which  may  surround  a 
larger  or  smaller  part  of  the  aperture  and  sometimes  bears  indistinct  marks  of 
3 — 4  spines,  partly  by  two  small  prominent,  triangularly  rounded  projections, 
which  partially  cover. the  primary  sinus  and  form  a  secondary  sinus;  sometimes 
they  almost  meet.  The  strongly  chitinized,  thick,  yellow  operculum,  which  on 
each  side  of  the  accessory  portion  shows  a  mark  from  a  hinge-tooth,  is  proxi- 
mally provided  with  a  small,  rounded,  thin  expansion.  The  distal  half  of  the 
zo(rcium  is  provided  with  numerous  small  rosette-plates,  which  are  placed  very 
close  together  and  each  of  them  is  enclosed  in  a  small  pore-chamber  with   thick 

21* 


324 

walls.  Each  rosette-plate  has  1 — 5  pores  and  the  largest  number  of  rosette-plates, 
ca.  13,  are  found  on  the  long  wall  (see  fig.  3  a),  along  which  the  avicuiarium  is 
situated.    The   pore-chambers   here  are  also  provided  with  the  the  thickest  walls. 

The  ooecia  are  very  strongly  arched  and  provided  with  a  strongly  projecting 
central  part.  The  numerous  pores  are  immersed  in  pits,  which  are  separated  by 
a  net-work  of  ridges  and  ribs. 

The  avicularia  occur  on  most  of  the  zod'cia  in  the  colony  examined,  in  which 
the  primary  zooecium  and  a  number  of  the  oldest  zott>cia  are  distinct.  On  some 
of  them  a  very  small  avicuiarium  with  triangular  mandible  is  found  on  the  one 
side  of  the  aperture,  but  however  thej'  seem  to  increase  gradually  in  size  in  the 
zofficia  which  appear  later,  at  least  to  a  certain  extent,  and  they  are  in  general 
provided  with  a  long,  narrow,  pointed  mandible.  The  more  or  less  strongly 
arched  chamber,  which  is  provided  with  scattered  pores,  shows  a  somewhat 
different  appearance  in  the  basal  j)art  of  the  colony  from  in  the  part  produced 
by  superficial  budding.  Whilst  namely  the  avicularia  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
colony  are  very  prominent  and  show  the  mandible  pointing  in  all  possible  di- 
rections, thej'  are  in  the  former  part  partially  immersed  in  the  zoo'cia  and  situ- 
ated along  the  one  lateral  wall  of  these  with  the  mandible  pointing  outwards 
and  obliquely  distally. 

A  single  small  colony  of  this  species  was  found  on  a  Mollusc  shell  at  Syra- 
cuse by  Dr.  H.  J.  Hansen;  de]ith  12  —  25  I'm.  I  have  later  obtained  colonies  of 
this  species  from  Oran  (Algiers),  which  in  addition  to  small  difTerences  in  the 
form  of  the  aperture  and  operculum  also  show  a  slight  dilTerence  in  the  structure 
of  the  rosette-plates,  the  number  of  pores  lying  between  3  and  S. 

Schizoporella  spongites  (Pallas)  Smitt. 

Hippothoa  spongites  Smitt,  Kgl.  Svenska  Vetensk.  Akad.  Handl.   11   B.,  No.  4, 

1873,  p.  42,  PI.  VIII,  figs.   161  —  163. 

(PL  XVIII,  figs.  4a-d). 

The   zooecia  are  rectangular,  weakly  arched,  with  numerous,    scattered,  fairly 

large   pores,    between  which    there   are    larger    or    smaller    tubercles.     Frequently 

there  is   a   tubercle-shaped    projection   proximally  to    the    aperture.    The    anter  of 

the   aperture   is  broad,    almost  semicircular  or  semielliptical  with  lateral  margins 

converging  somewhat  proximallj',  and  its  poster  is  on  each  side  provided  wilh  a 

long,    low  hinge-tooth.    The    narrow  sinus,    somewhat   contracted  at  its  origin,    is 

rounded  at  the  end,  and  at  its  beginning  there  is  as  a  rule  a  small,  conical  j)ro- 

jection    on    each    side,  which   is   directed  inwards.    The  operculum,    the  accessory 

part   of  which   gradually  becomes  very  narrow  from    the   broad  distal  part,  ends 


325 

in  a  less  strongly  chilinized,  disc-like  part,  which  fits  into  the  bottom  of  the 
sinus.  Distally  to  this  the  accessory  part  is  on  each  side  provided  with  a  longi- 
tudinal thickening.  Each  distal  wall  is  provided  within  its  basal  margin  with 
ca.  10  and  each  lateral  wall  in  its  distal  hall'  with  ca.  5  uniporous  rosette- 
plates. 

The  ooecia  are  of  enormous  size,  equalling  the  smaller  zooecia  in  length  with 
at  the  same  time  a  breadth  up  to  one  and  a  half  times  that  of  the  zooecia.  They 
are  almost  spherical  and  their  very  thick  wall  is  mainly  composed  of  a  tuber- 
culated  net-work  of  ribs,  with  numerous  scattered  pores  at  the  bottom  of  the 
meshes.  They  quite  cover  the  distal  half  of  the  zooecium  to  which  they  belong 
(as  well  as  the  proximal  half  of  the  distal  zooecium),  and  this  is  only  seen  on 
removal  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  ooecium.  Such  an  ooecium  must  therefore 
during  its  formation  send  down  a  part  on  each  side  outside  the  respective  avi- 
cularium,  and  these  two  parts  meet  proximal ly  to  the  zooecial  aperture.  The 
semicircular  ocecial  opening  which  cannot  be  seen  from  the  frontal  surface,  is 
partially  closed  by  two  finger-shaped  prolongations  almost  meeting  at  the  tips, 
which  spring  from  the  two  corners  of  the  opening.  There  can  here  be  no  doubt 
that  the  eggs  must  pass  directly  from  the  zooecial  aperture  into  the  ooecium 
(see  pag.  67). 

The  avicularia  appear  in  two  different  forms,  the  one  of  which  has  an  elong- 
ated triangular,  the  other  a  lyre-shaped  mandible.  The  former,  which  are  of  some- 
what small  size,  appear  on  the  single  zooecia  to  a  number  of  1 — 5  and  usually 
on  each  side  of  the  aperture,  with  the  mandible  directed  obliquely  outwards  and 
distally.  On  the  others  the  mandible  may  point  in  different  directions.  The  avi- 
cularia with  lyre-shaped  mandible,  which  occur  in  much  smaller  numbers,  are 
considerably  larger,  but  vary  however  a  good  deal  in  size,  hi  the  basal  part  of 
the  colony,  where  they  are  equal  in  size  to  the  zooecia,  they  always  take  the 
place  of  the  zoa'cia. 

The  species  occurs  as  incrusting  colonies,  which  have  superficial  budding. 

West  hidies,  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John,  l.*! — 20  fathoms. 

A  colony  from  Aor,  Malacca,  shows  several  differences  from  that  just  described. 
Thus,  the  zooecia  have  as  a  rule  only  a  single  avicularium  on  the  one  side  of 
the  aperture  and  the  accessory  part  of  the  operculum  has  a  similar  form  to  that 
in  S.  longirostris,  but  lacks  the  small  border  at  the  tip. 


;{26 


Escharina '  Gray,  char,  emend. 
Sfhizoporella  Hincks  p.  p.,  Masligophora  Hincks  p.  p. 

The  zoivcia,  the  aperture  of  which  is  as  a  rule  provided  with  3 — 8  spines, 
have  a  more  or  less  well-developed  vestibular  arch,  and  the  primary  aperture  has 
a  sharply  marked  olT,  fairly  deej)  sinus,  (he  breadth  of  which  is  at  least  one- 
third  of  the  breadth  of  the  whole  aperture.  On  each  side  of  this  the  i)ro.\imal 
rim  of  the  aperture  is  j)rovided  with  a  long,  narrow,  often  crenulated  or  finely 
denticulate  hinge-tooth  and  the  somewhat  slightly  chitinized  operculum  is  pro- 
vided with  a  muscular  ridge  within  each  lateral  margin.  Proximally  to  the  aper- 
ture there  is  as  a  rule  a  small,  tubercle-like  projection.  A  helerozoa'cium,  which 
is  sometimes  developed  as  a  inhraciihiin  and  sometimes  as  an  ainctilariiiin,  may 
occur  on  one  or  both  sides,  but  is  not  rarely  lacking  on  more  or  fewer  of  the 
zooecia.  The  oa-cia,  which  in  rare  cases  seem  to  be  endoooecial,  consist  of  a  cal- 
cified endoooecium  without  pores  and  of  a  membranous  ectoooecium.  The  distal 
half  of  the  zooecium  is  piovided  either  with  three  long,  multiporous  pore-cham- 
bers or  with  a  larger  number  of  single-  or  few-pored  chambers  placed  close 
together. 

To  this  genus  belong  the  following  species:  S.  (Schizoporella)  spinifera  Johnst., 

■S.  (Schiz.)  inih/aris   Moll.,    E.  (Schiz.)  Alderi  Busk.    E.  (Schiz.)  simplex   Johnst.,    E. 

(Masti(jophor(i)    Diitertrei   Aud.,    E.    (Mast.)    Hiindmanni   Johnst.    and    E.  (Mast.)  i>es 

anseris  Smitl.    Possibly  Schiz.  loiKji.spiiiala  Busk  and  Schiz.  dncdala  Mac  Gill,  should 

also  be  referred  here. 

Escharina  pes  anseris  Smitl. 

Hippothoa  pes  anseris  Smitt,  Kgl.  Svenska  Vetensk.  Akad.  Handl.,   1873,  \^^\.  11, 

No.  4,  p.  43,  PI.  VII,  figs.   159—160. 

(1^1.  XVIII,  figs.  1  a-c). 

The  zooecia  broad,  pentagonal  or  hexagonal,  evenly  arched,  with  numerous, 
small,  densely  placed  pores,  from  the  margin  of  which  a  nund)er  of  fine  points 
or  rods  radiate  and  these  sometimes  seem  to  form  a  connected  network  in  I  he 
lumen  of  the  pore.  The  pores  may  presumably  become  closed  in  lime  by  this 
network,  and  according  to  Smitt's  description  the  wall  is  without  pores.  The 
aperture  is  provided  with  a  somewhat  slightly  arched  distal  margin,  and  the 
lateral  margins  which  converge  somewhat  proximally  form  on  each  side  a  small, 
angularly   pointed   corner  with    the   corresponding   convex    half  of    the    proximal 

'   84,  p.  109. 


327 

margin,  so  that  the  sinus  which  is  rounded  at  its  bottom  and  narrowed  at  its  be- 
ginning is  bounded  by  a  rounded  trapeziform  j)rojection,  which  along  its  distal 
margin  has  a  finely  serrated  hinge-tooth.  The  operculum,  which  is  well-chitinized 
and  provided  with  an  extremely  short  and  weak  muscular  ridge  within  each 
lateral  margin,  has  two  proximal,  angularly  pointed  corners  and  a  proximal,  rod- 
shaped  prolongation,  which  however  is  somewhat  narrower  than  the  sinus.  The 
aperture  is  surrounded  by  a  low,  wall-like  peristome,  the  proximal  half  of  which 
is  very  flat.  In  the  ooecium-bearing  zocecia  the  peristome  is  continued  as  a  fairly 
high  and  as  a  rule  Hat  belt  down  over  the  proximal  part  of  the  ooecium.  There 
is  a  well-developed  vestibular  arch  and  6 — 7  spines,  which  on  the  ordinary  zoce- 
cia  form  a  connected  arch,  whilst  on  the  ooecium-bearing  zooecia  three  are  placed 
on  each  side  proximally  to  the  ooecium.  On  an  extremely  small  colony,  the  place 
of  origin  of  which  is  unknown,  a  somewhat  large,  projecting  tubercle  with  a  (lat 
surface  towards  the  aperture  is  found  immediately  proximally  to  the  sinus  of  the 
aperture  in  most  of  the  ooecium-bearing  zooecia,  but  in  the  single  zooecium  of 
the  colony  without  an  ooecium  there  is  instead  a  broad,  arched  ridge-like  pro- 
jection. This  zott'cium  is  possibly  not  quite  normal,  as  the  form  of  the  aperture 
seems  also  somewhat  different.  In  the  distal  half  of  the  zooecium  there  are  ca. 
10  small  pore-chambers. 

The  ooecia  seem  to  be  endozooecial,  the  basal  half  arising  within  the  distal, 
frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium,  whereas  their  frontal  half  appears  distinctly  on  the 
surface  of  the  zooecium.  They  are  fairly  small  and  low,  without  pores  and  are 
present  on  most  of  the  zooecia  of  the  colony. 

Heterozooecia.  On  each  side  of  the  aperture  there  is  a  large,  somewhat  pro- 
jecting, oval  heterozooccium,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  vibraculum ;  but  the 
flagellum  has  an  unusual  form  as  it  consists  of  a  short,  thick,  rod  part  and  a 
lamina  running  out  into  three  pointed  lobes.  For  the  reception  of  the  thick  rod 
part  the  distal  part  of  the  chamber  has  a  broad  and  deep  incision,  and  the  cal- 
cified transverse  bar  is  plate-like,  compressed  and  widened  in  a  greater  or  smaller 
part  of  the  length.  It  may  also  be  noted  that  the  basal  surface  of  the  chamber 
is  continuous  with  that  of  the  zooecium,  for  which  reason  the  vibraculum  like 
the  pore-chamber  can  be  seen  through  the  basal  surface  of  the  zooecium,  and  the 
same  applies  to  the  vibracula  in  E.  vulgaris,  and  partly  also  to  those  in  E.  Hijnd- 
manni.  Of  this  species  our  Museum  originally  possessed  only  a  small  colony  with- 
out indication  of  locality  and  the  figures  on  PI.  XVIII  were  drawn  from  this. 
Later  I  have  been  able  to  supplement  my  description  from  the  examination  of 
several  small  colonies  from  Siam  (Koh  Kram;  30  fathoms)  taken  by  Dr.  Th. 
Mortensen. 


328 


Microporella  Hincks,  char,  emend. 
Diporula  Hiiicks,  Fcnestriilina  JuUien. 

The  zou'cia,  which  may  have  up  to  7  spines,  possess  a  vestibular  arch,  devel- 
oped to  a  varying  extent,  and  a  semicircular  aperture  provided  with  a  straight  or 
very  slightly  concave  proximal  rim.  In  most  species  there  is  within  this  and  in 
the  whole  of  its  breadth  a  higher  or  lower  supporting  beam  as  support  and 
attachment  for  the  operculum.  The  latter  is  simple,  more  or  less  chitinized 
and  provided  with  a  muscular  process  within  each  lateral  margin.  A  peristome 
is  wanting  or  only  weakly  developed.  One  or  two  lateral  heterozooecia  are  present 
and  a  median  ascopore,  proximally  to  which  there  may  often  appear  a  tubercular 
projection.  Multiporous  pore-chambers  occur  as  a  rule  and  the  ocecia  consist  of  a 
calcified  endoorecium,  which  as  a  rule  has  no  pores,  and  a  membranous  or 
partially  calcified  ectoooecium. 

The  two  genera  Escharina  and  Microporella  show  such  great  agreement  in 
their  structure,  that  there  can  scarcely  be  any  doubt  that  the  former  must  be 
regarded  as  the  mother-genus  to  the  latter,  and  the  greater  or  smaller  resemblance 
which  various  Escharina  species  show  to  corresponding  Microporella  species,  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  transformation  of  an  Escharina  species  to  a  Microporella 
species  has  occurred  several  times.  Apart  from  the  variation  occurring  in  both 
species,  the  resemblance  between  Escharina  spinifera  and  Microporella  ciliata  is  so 
great,  that  we  might  well  consider  that  the  latter  has  descended  directly  from  the 
former.  The  two  species  thus  agree  in  the  number  of  oral  spines,  in  the  i)osses- 
sion  of  scattered  pores,  an  avicularium  and  of  three  elongated  pore-chambers.  In 
both  species  there  may  be  a  tubercle-like  projection  proximally  respectively  to 
the  ascopore  and  the  sinus,  and  the  former  quite  agrees  in  form  with  the  prox- 
imal part  of  the  sinus.  Further,  the  ocEcia  agree,  and  the  supporting  beam  in 
Mic.  ciliata  might  be  considered  as  having  arisen  by  a  fusion  of  the  two  long 
hinge-teeth  in  E.  spinifera.  The  supporting  beam  mentioned  is  for  the  rest  weakly 
developed  in  Mic.  ciliata  (PI.  XV,  fig.  5  b),  whilst  it  reaches  its  greatest  develop- 
ment in  Mic.  marfjinata  (PI.  XV,  fig.  3  b).  It  seems  to  be  quite  wanting  in  Mic. 
Malusi  (Pi.  XV,  fig.  7  a).  Two  other  species  which  also  show  essential  agreement 
are  Escharina  pes  anseris  and  Microporella  /lahellidera  n.  sp.,  but  the  difierences 
between  them  are  too  great  to  permit  us  to  conclude  that  the  latter  has  come 
directly  from  the  former.  They  agree  amongst  other  characters  in  possessing  vibra- 
cula  and  endozooccial  ocecia,  and  in  both  there  may  be  a  tubercle-like  project- 
ion, which  has  its  flat  surface  directed  towards  the  aperture.  Whilst  in  this  genus 
there  is  as  a  rule  a  membranous   ectoooecium,  the    arched   calcified    ridge  which 


329 

surrounds  the  oa?cium  in  Mic.  Malusi  arises  from  a  calcification  ol'  the  marginal 
part  of  the  ectoooecium  and  in  Mic.  decorata  the  distal  half  of  the  ectoooecium 
is  calcified.  The  distal  half  of  the  endoooecium  is  provided  with  scattered  pores 
in  Mic.  decorata  (PI.  XV,  figs.  6  a— -6  c)  and  sometimes  also  in  Mic.  ciliata.  If  the 
lack  of  a  covering  membrane  in  Mic.  Malusi  and  allied  species  is  corroborated  by 
later  examination,  these  species  which  also  lack  avicularia  ought  to  be  referred 
to  a  special  genus  for  which  the  name  Fenestruliiia  JuUien  must  be  employed. 

Microporella  marginata  Krauss. 
Flustramorpha  marginata  Busk,  Challenger  Zoology,  Vol.  X,  Part  I, 

1884,  p.   135,  PI.  XX,  fig.  8. 
(PI.  XV,  figs.  3a-f). 

The  zooecia  rounded  hexagonal,  rather  strongly  arched,  strongly  tuberculated 
and  provided  with  numerous  scattered  pores.  The  aperture  is  broader  than  long, 
and  the  somewhat  projecting  anter  consists  of  a  crenulated,  arched  distal  margin 
and  two  lateral  margins,  somewhat  convex  inwards,  which  converge  proximally. 
The  supporting  beam  is  well-developed,  without  lateral  teeth.  The  operculum, 
which  is  strongly  chitinized,  is  provided  distally  with  a  much  crenulated  mar- 
ginal part  and  the  muscles  are  attached  to  a  small  depression  on  each  side  within 
its  proximal  end.  The  ascopore  which  has  dentated  margins  is  half-elliptical  and 
provided  with  an  internal,  narrow,  elongated  projection.  Each  zooecium  is  pro- 
vided in  its  distal  half  with  9 — 10  pore-chambers  with  4—6  pores  in  each;  2 — 3 
are  destined  for  the  distal  connection.  Further,  the  basal  part  of  each  zooecium 
is  provided  in  its  distal  half  with  a  small,  few-pored  rosette-plate  and  in  its 
proximal  half  with  an  opening  corresponding  to  an  opposite  rosette-plate. 

The  ooecia,  which  seem  to  have  no  pores,  are  exceedingly  prominent  and  the 
strongly  arched  middle  part  may  be  so  strongly  marked,  that  it  sometimes  has 
a  hunched  appearance. 

The  heterozooecium  is  formed  as  a  vibraculum  and  seems  to  be  present  on 
all  the  zo(L'cia  in  the  colony.  The  large,  strongly  arched,  oval  chamber,  the  longi- 
tudinal axis  of  which  is  almost  parallel  with  that  of  the  zooecium,  is  situated  on 
one  side  of  the  zooecium  and  does  not  reach  over  to  the  basal  surface  of  the 
zooecium.  It  is  connected  with  the  latter  by  means  of  10 — 12  uniporous  rosette- 
plates.  Us  frontal  surface  is  directed  distally  and  the  sword-like  flagellum,  which 
is  provided   with  an  oblitpie,    triangular   proximal  part,  points  outwards  (fig.  3  f). 

The  colony  is  free,  two-layered,  dichotomously  branched  and  the  single 
branches,  which  only  slightly  increase  in  breadth  distally,  have  8—16  rows  of 
zooecia.    The    free    margins   of  the   colony  are  provided  with  a  bundle  of  radical 


330 

fibres,  which  arise  From  the  pore-chambers  in  the  outer  walls  of  the  marginal 
zooecla,  some  of  which  have  no  aperture.  At  the  beginning  of  the  older  bifurca- 
tions a  bundle  of  radical  fibres  stretches  obliquely  across  over  the  surface  of  a 
bifurcation  to  attach  itself  to  the  opposite  margin  of  this,  and  this  may  some- 
times occur  on  both  surfaces  at  the  same  time.  Each  of  these  radical  fibres 
(fig.  3  e)  is  provided  with  two  longitudinal  rows  of  large,  multiporous  rosette- 
plates,  each  of  which  is  surrounded  by  a  calcified  ring  formed  originally  by  a 
number  of  small  pieces  separated  by  sutures.  Sooner  or  later,  however,  all  these 
calcareous  rings  become  connected  with  each  other.  P'urther,  other  radical  fibies 
also  occur  in  a  very  peculiar  manner,  as  they  everywhere  surround  the  single 
zooecia  and  cover  the  sutural  lines  between  these.  The  two  layers  of  zocecia,  of 
which  the  colony  consists,  are  connected  with  one  another  in  such  a  way,  that 
a  longitudinal  row  of  zoa'cia  in  the  one  layer  corresponds  to  a  longiludinal  row 
in  the  opposite  layer;  but  the  zoa?cia  in  two  such  opposite  longitudinal  rows 
alternate  and  each  zooecium  is  connected  with  two  zocecia  in  the  opposite  row. 
This  is  seen  amongst  other  things  from  the  manner  in  which  the  rosette-plates 
and  openings  of  the  basal  walls  are  arranged. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  two  colonies  from  South  Australia  (Miss 
Jelly.  Dr.  Holub). 

Microporella  flabellaris  Busk. 

Eschara  flabellaris  Busk,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata, 

p.  91,  PI.  CVII,  figs.  7—10. 

(PI.  XV,  figs.  4  a-f). 

The  zocecia  rounded  hexagonal,  fairly  strongly  arched,  tuherculated  and  pro- 
vided witli  numerous  scattered  pores.  The  aperture  is  broader  than  long  and 
provided  with  a  somewhat  projecting  anter,  the  proximally  converging,  generally 
concave  lateral  margins  of  which  sometimes  grade  directly  over  into  the  distal 
margin  and  are  sometimes  marked  otT  from  this  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  angle. 
The  supporting  beam  is  well-developed  with  a  more  or  less  distinct,  dcnlated 
edge,  but  without  special  lateral  teeth.  The  operculum,  which  is  well-chitinized 
with  a  marginal  thickening  on  the  antcr,  is  provided  with  a  faintly  convex  proxi- 
mal margin,  which  on  each  side  has  a  small,  rounded  thickening  for  a  muscular 
attachment.  The  narrow  ascoporc,  which  has  toothed  margins,  is  broader  than 
long  and  there  is  sometimes  a  tuherculated  projection  proximally  to  it.  Each 
distal  wall  is  provided  with  2 — 3  multiporous  pore-chambers.  Whilst  the  distal 
lateral  wall,  which  is  ojjposite  the  vibraculum,  is  provided  with  a  multiporous 
rosette-plate,  the  other  distal  lateral  wall   has  a  pore-chamber  and  this  abuts  upon 


331 

the  larger  or  smaller  (in  the  figure  fairly  small)  basal  wall  of  the  vibracular 
chamber.  Through  the  basal  surface  of  the  distal  half  of  each  zooecium  (fig.  4  c), 
therefore,  we  can  see  4 — 5  chambers  and  in  rare  cases  only  3,  in  which  case  the 
vibraculuni  is  wanting  or  does  not  reach  to  the  basal  surface.  The  basal  surface 
in  the  majority  of  the  zooecia  shows  in  its  proximal  half  either  a  multiporous 
rosette-plate  or  an  opening. 

The  ooecia,  which  have  no  pores,  are  sti'ongly  arched  and  luberculated. 

The  heterozooecia  are  developed  as  vibracula  and  occur  singly  on  almost  all 
the  zooecia  in  the  colony.  The  large,  projecting  chamber,  irregularly  circular  in 
circumference,  which  is  situated  on  one  side  of  Ihe  zooecium  at  a  level  with  the 
ascopore  and  with  its  longitudinal  axis  perpendicular  to  that  of  the  zooecium,  is 
provided  with  a  short  mandible  pointing  outwards,  which  consists  of  a  large, 
oblique,  triangular  proximal  part  and  a  not  much  longer,  dagger-shaped  terminal 
part  (fig.  4  f). 

The  colonies  are  free,  two-layered,  dichotomously  branched  and  the  single 
branches,  which  are  greatly  widened  at  the  end,  have  on  each  surface  8  —  45  rows 
of  zooecia.  Similar  bundles  of  radical  fibres  appear  along  the  margins  of  the 
colony  as  in  the  previous  species;  but  on  the  other  hand,  radical  fibres  are  want- 
ing round  the  single  zooecia.  The  basal  wall  of  most  zooecia  is  in  the  proximal 
half  provided  either  with  a  multiporous  rosette-plate  or  with  a  corresponding 
opening  and  in  opposition  to  what  is  found  in  Mic.  marginatu  the  zooecia  in  the 
two  layers  of  the  colony  correspond  to  each  other. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  a  colony  from  South  Africa  (Miss  Jelly). 

Microporella  flabelligera  n.  sp. 
(PI.  XXIII,  figs.  6a-6c). 
The  zooecia  edged  oval,  evenly  arched,  luberculated  and  provided  with  scat- 
tered pores,  which  decrease  in  number  outwards  and  which  owing  to  the  thick- 
ness of  the  wall  appear  as  canals  in  older  zocrcia.  The  aperture  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  5,  more  rarely  6  spines  dark  at  the  base,  the  two  outermost  of  which 
are  bifurcated,  has  a  half-elliptical  form,  and  its  proximal,  somewhat  concave 
margin  grades  over  into  the  lateral  margins  on  each  side  round  a  right-angled, 
rounded  corner.  There  is  a  distinct  vestibular  arch  and  a  faintly  developed 
supporting  beam.  The  operculum  is  strongly  chitinized,  dark-brown  and  pro- 
vided on  each  side  with  a  short  muscular  ridge,  which  runs  out  into  a  freely 
projecting  terminal  part.  The  ascopore,  which  is  of  a  considerable  size  and  cir- 
cular, has  no  inner  protuberance  and  its  margin  may  to  a  larger  or  smaller  ex- 
tent  be   provided  with    teeth-like    projections.    Immediately  on   the  proximal  side 


332 

of  lliis  there  is  a  large,  obliquely  ascending  projection,  with  its  level  surface 
turned  towards  the  ascopore.  The  distal  half  of  each  zooecium  is  provided  with 
3 — 4  elongated,  multiporous  pore-chambers. 

The  ocecia,  which  are  cndooa'cial,  but  nevertheless  prominent  on  the  surface 
of  the  zooecium,  are  broader  than  high  and  provided  within  the  membranous 
ectoooecium  with  a  cryptocyst  layer,  which  proximally  to  the  aperture  may  run 
out    into   an    irregular  projection.    There  is  a  spine  on  each  side  of  the  aperture. 

The  heterozooecia,  which  occur  in  pairs  on  each  zoa'cium,  are  in  the  form 
of  vibracula  and  are  situated  one  on  each  side  of  and  a  little  proximally  to  the 
aperture.  The  oval  or  pyriformly  oval  frontal  area  is  as  in  E.  vulgaris  and  E.  pes 
anseris  provided  with  a  distal  concavity  for  the  reception  of  the  long,  narrow, 
dark-coloured  flagellum,  which  from  a  triangular  proximal  part  terminates  in  a 
point. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  a  single,  extremely  small,  incrusting  colony, 
which  shows  superficial  budding;    Syracuse,  rocky  bottom,   15—25  fm.  (Dr.  H.  J. 

Hansen). 

Arthropoma  n.  g. 

Schizoporella  Hincks  p.  p. 

The  zooecia  lack  a  covering-membrane  and  are  provided  with  scattered  pores. 
The  aperture,  which  has  a  distinct  but  low  vestibular  arch,  is  provided  with  a 
narrow,  deep  sinus,  and  the  well-chitinized  operculum  consists  of  two  parts  con- 
nected by  an  articulation  (i.  e.  a  more  weakly  chitinized  connecting  part),  a 
principal  part,  which  is  provided  with  two  muscular  dots  and  an  accessory 
part,  which  occupies  the  sinus.  Avicularia  may  be  present.  The  ocecia  consist  of 
a  calcified  endoooccium  without  pores  and  a  membranous  ectooa^cium.  The  dis- 
tal half  of  each  zooecium  with  three  multiporous  rosette-plates  (often  only  groups 
of  small,  uniporous  rosette  plates)  or  three  pore-chambers. 

To  this  genus  belong  A.  (Schiz.)  Cecili  And.  and  A.  (Schiz.)  circinata  Mac  Gill. 
Whilst  the  rosette-plates  in  the  former  may  undergo  a  fairly  considerable  varia- 
tion, even  in  zooecia  of  the  same  colony,  the  elongated  groups  of  small,  uniporous 
rosette-plates  being  sometimes  quite  open,  sometimes  surrounded  by  a  more  or 
less  projecting  edge,  we  find  in  the  latter  species  small  pore-chambers  with  a 
single  row  of  pores  in  each.  Whilst  .4.  Cecili  in  contrast  to  A  circinata  as  a  rule 
has  neither  spines  nor  avicularia,  a  remarkable,  spine-bearing,  independent  avi- 
cularium,  the  mandible  of  which  is  provided  with  a  similar  accessory  part  as 
the   zocEcial    operculum,    has    been    found    by  Kirkpatrick'    in    a  variety  of  the 

'  48,  p.  21. 


333 

former  from  the  China  Sea.  In  his  description  of  ,4.  circinata  Busk  mentions  a 
supposed  bundle  of  muscles,  which  is  attached  to  the  accessor}'  part  of  the 
operculum,  ])ul  in  reality  it  is  only  a  connected  part  of  the  compensation-sac, 
which  by  foldings  has  assumed  a  longitudinally  striated  appearance. 

Emballotheca  n.  g. 
Schizoporella  p.  p.,  Lepralia  p.  p. 

No  spines.  The  zoa'cia  with  numerous  scattered  pores.  The  aperture  has  a 
weakly  developed  vestibular  arch  and  its  poster  is  usually  convex  or  provided 
with  a  low  sinus,  more  rarely  with  a  broad,  tooth-like  projection.  The  operculum, 
the  muscles  of  which  are  attached  near  the  lateral  margins,  is  chitinized  to  a 
very  varying  extent  and  not  always  distinctly  marked  off  from  the  compensation- 
sac.  Well-developed  hingc-tceth.  Small  (wkiiUiria  with  rounded  mandible  at  the 
tip  may  occur  in  various  positions,  but  are  most  frequently  lateral  with  the 
mandible  directed  obliquely  proximally  or  inwards.  The  hyperstomial  oa'cium 
consists  of  a  membranous  ectoocecium  and  a  calcified  endoooecium  with  or  without 
pores,  but  between  the  two  layers  there  is  inserted  a  more  strongly  calcified 
cryptocyst  layer,  provided  with  pores,  which  is  often  formed  by  three  or  four 
zocecia  in  common;  in  such  a  case  it  consists  of  just  as  many  pieces  separated 
by  distinct  sutures.  The  uniporous  rosette-plates  are  fairly  numerous. 

To  this  genus  belong  E.  (Schizoporella)  fiircata  Busk,  E.  (Lepralia)  ([iKidrata 
Mac  Gill,  and  E.  (Schiz.)  siibiminersa  Mac  Gill. 

The  most  striking  character  of  this  genus,  which  for  the  rest  comes  nearest 
to  Schizoporella,  is  the  presence  of  a  cryptocyst  layer  between  the  two  layers  of 
the  ooecium,  which  may  sometimes  be  formed  by  the  distal  zooecium  alone, 
sometimes  also  by  two  or  several  adjacent  zooecia,  and  in  the  last  case  this  layer 
consists  of  three  or  several  pieces  meeting  in  distinct  sutures.  The  reason  for 
this  difference  is  simply,  that  the  basal  wall  of  the  ooecium  only  extends  in  the 
first  case  over  a  part  of  the  distal  zooecium,  whilst  in  the  last  it  also  extends 
in  over  an  adjacent  part  of  the  neighbouring  zooecia,  each  of  which  then  takes 
part  in  the  formation  of  its  frontal  wall.  The  earliest  sign  of  such  an  ocrcium 
is  in  E.  [areata  shown  in  zocrcia  with  frontal  wall  completely  calcified,  and  it 
appears  here  as  a  hollowed-out  area  the  boundaries  of  which  are  formed,  some- 
times merely  by  a  low,  arch-shaped  cryptocyst  ridge,  sometimes  also  by  the 
lateral  margins  of  the  zoircium.  The  area  mentioned  like  the  rest  of  the  surface 
of  the  zooecium  is  covered  by  a  membrane,  and  the  part  of  this  which  covers 
over  the  area  is  destined  to  become  the  basal  wall  of  the  ooecium,  whilst  the 
low  ridge    is    the    first    .sign    of  the  cryptocyst   layer  which   grows  into  the  oa^cial 


334 

fold.  In  those  cases  where  the  ooecial  rover  consists  of  several  adjoining  pieces, 
it  is  however  only  the  distal  piece  which  is  early  laid  down  as  a  low  ridge, 
whilst  there  is  yet  no  trace  of  the  other  i)arts  which  only  appear  later.  Whilst 
I  have  not  seen  simple  and  conij)ound  octcia  on  the  same  colony,  colonies  of  the 
same  species  from  different  localities  on  the  other  hand  present  a  difference  in 
this  regard.  Thus,  the  0(rciuni  is  simple  in  an  incrusting  colony  of  H.  furaitd 
from  Siam,  which  agrees  in  all  essentials  with  a  form  from  Singapore  which 
appears  in  free,  two-layered  laminate  colonies  and  in  which  Ihe  ocrcium  is  com- 
pound. Whilst  the  form  of  E.  suhiminersa  figured  hy  Hi  neks  has  a  com[)ound 
ocecium,  the  ooecium  in  one  of  the  colonies  examined  hy  me  frona  Victoria  is 
simple.  The  same  difference  is  also  seen  in  E.  qimdrata,  and  Mac  Gillivray  for 
example  figures  a  Tertiary  form  of  this  species  with  a  simple  ooecium. 


Emballotheca  quadrata  Mac  Gill. 
Lepralia  quadrata  Mac  Gill.,    Mc  Coy  Prodromus   of   the  Zoology  of  Victoria, 

Vol.  I,  Dec.  V,  pag.  42,  PI.  48,  fig.  5. 
Eschara    elegans  Mac  Gill,  (non  Milne  Edwards)  Transact,  and  Proceed  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  Part  II,  Vol.  IX,   1869,  p.  138. 
(PI.  XVIII,  figs.  13a-13e). 
The    zooecia    rectangular,    slightly    arched,    tnberculated    and    provided    with 
scattered,  fairly  large  pores.    The  aperture,  which  is  placed  immediately  proxim- 
ally  to    the   curved    or   angularly  bent  distal  margin  of  the  zoa'cium,    is  rounded 
quadrangular,    somewhat    broader    than    long,    and    provided    with    two   concave, 
proximally  converging  lateral  margins,  whilst  the  proximal  margin  runs  out   into 
a  broad,  but  low,  rounded  or  trapeziformly  rounded,  tooth-like  projection.    Each 
lateral    margin    is   provided  with  a  long  and  strong  hinge-tooth,    bent  proximally 
and  inwards,  which  seen  from  the  aperture  appears  as  a  rule  pointed,  but  which 
in    reality  ends    in    a    fan-shaped,  dentated,    nodulous  exjjansion.    The  operculum, 
which    is    but    incompletely  delimited    from    the    compensation-sac,    is  surrounded 
by  a  more  strongly  chitinized  marginal  part,  which  is  continued  proximally  into 
a    recurved   part  on    each    side.    Each  distal  wall  is  provided  with  ca.  8  and  the 
distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  3 — 5  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  ooecia,  which  are  provided  with  a  Ihin-walled  endooa'cium  perforated 
by  pores,  are  circular  in  outline,  evenly  arched  and  very  large,  as  they  spread 
over  a  great  part  of  the  place  occupied  by  the  adjacent  4 — 6  zooecia.  The  cryp- 
tocyst  layer  lying  under  the  ectoofi'cium  is,  like  the  rest  of  the  cryptocyst,  pro- 
vided with   scattered  pores   and    is   thus  composed   of  4 — 6   sections    meeting    in 


335 

sutures.  The  aperture  of  the  gonozooecia  is  considerably  larger  and  broader  than 
that  of  the  ordinary  zooecia. 

The  avicularia  occur  extremely  rarely  and  most  frequently  singly  in  the  dis- 
tal corners  of  the  zooecia,  but  on  the  gonozorecia  there  is  not  rarely  one  on  each 
side.  They  are  concave,  of  a  more  or  less  regular,  elongated  oval  form,  and  the 
opercular  area,  which  is  separated  from  the  subopercular  by  an  arched  trans- 
verse ridge,  is  provided  with  a  well-developed  cryptocyst.  The  mandible  points 
directly  or  obliquely  proximally. 

Of  this  species,  which  appears  in  free,  two-layered  plates,  I  have  examined  a 
dry  fragment  from  Victoria  (Miss  Jellj'). 

Cyclicopora  Hincks. 

No  spines  and  no  distal  arch.  The  zooecia  have  scattered  pores  and  the  cir- 
cular aperture,  which  has  no  hinge-teeth,  is  provided  with  a  slightly  chitinized 
operculum.  No  avicularia.  The  oa>cia  consist  of  a  membranous  ectoooecium  and 
a  calcified  endoooecium  provided  with  scattered  pores.    Multiporous  rosette-plates. 

The  genus,  which  only  comprises  a  single  species  C.  praelonga  Mac  Gill. 
(C.  lon(jipora  Hincks),  is  referred  by  Hincks  to  a  separate  family  Cijclicoporidae, 
which  is  based  in  general  on  the  simple  structure  of  this  form  and  not  on  def- 
inite positive  characters.  The  most  important,  systematic  character  is  shown  in 
the  ooecia,  which  agree  essentially  with  the  corresponding  structures  in  the  family 
Escharellidae,  consisting  of  a  membranous  ectoott'cium  and  a  calcified  endooa-cium. 
They  differ  however  from  all  other  ooecia  in  this  family,  in  that  their  basal 
wall  is  formed  in  the  whole  of  its  extent  by  a  portion  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the 
distal  zooecium,  whilst  this  only  partially  occurs  in  such  genera  as  Escharella 
and  Escharoides.  This  genus  is  therefore  provisionally  and  with  great  doubt 
referred  to  the  Escharellidae. 

Family  Smittinidae. 

The  zooecia  are  seldom  provided  with  1 — 8  spines.  A  vestibular  arch  is  wanting 
or  weakly  developed.  The  avicularia  are  rarely  lateral  and  a  median,  symmetric- 
ally or  asymmetrically  placed  avicularium  appears  most  frequently.  The  owcia 
have  as  a  rule  a  calcified,  very  rarely  a  membranous  ectoooecium  which  is  usu- 
ally provided  with  pores.  Rosette-plates  with  one  or  several  pores,  more  rarely 
pore-chambers. 

The  two  families  Smittinidae  and  Escluirellidae  are  not  sharply  distinguished, 
and  a  comparison  of  the  characteristics  of  the  two  families  shows  that  the  char- 
acters taken  singly  may  appear    in    both    families,    though  to  a  very  different  ex- 


336 

tent  and  in  different  combinations.  The  most  constant  difference  is  seen  in  tlie 
structure  of  the  ooecia,  but  in  this  regard  the  genus  Porella  forms  a  connecting- 
link  between  the  two  families,  as  a  number  of  species  of  this  genus  have  a  mem- 
branous ectoooecium  and  pore-chambers. 

Porella  (Gray)  Hincks. 

Spines  are  wanting  or  appear  at  most  to  the  number  of  two.  The  primary 
aperture  has  a  straight,  slightly  convex  or  somewhat  concave  proximal  rim,  which 
is  often  provided  with  a  broad  or  low  median  tooth.  Distinct  hinge-teeth  are  as 
a  rule  present.  A  distinct  peristome.  The  operculum,  which  in  the  rarest  cases 
is  somewhat  strongly  chitinized  and  sometimes  not  separated  from  the  compensa- 
tion-sac, is  as  a  rule  provided  within  each  lateral  margin  with  a  more  or  less 
strongly  developed  muscular  ridge.  Immediately  proximallj'  to  the  aperture  there 
is  in  most  species  a  large  ouicularinni,  the  chamber  of  which  often  takes  uji  al- 
most the  whole  of  the  breadth  of  the  zooecium,  and  its  distally  directed  frontal 
area  is  in  time  enclosed  within  the  peristome.  The  ooecia,  which  have  no  pores 
or  at  most  a  single  one  in  the  oa>cial  cover,  have  sometimes  a  membranous  and 
sometimes  a  calcified  ectoocrcium.  In  the  latter  case  there  is  in  addition  an  oce- 
cial  cover  formed  in  various  ways.  Multiporous  rosette-i)lates,  niore  rarely  multi- 
porous  pore-chambers. 

Numerous  species  belong  to  this  genus,  amongst  which  are  P.  concinna  Busk, 
P.  marsiipiiun  Mac  Gill.,  P.  margaritifera  Quoy  &  Gaim.,  P.  aciilimstris  Smilt, 
P.  miniita  Norm.,  P.  comprcssn  Sow.,  P.  glaciata  Waters,  P.  plana  Hincks,  P.  Skciiei 
Ellis  &  Sol.,  P.  saccata  Busk,  P.  injUita  Waters  (=  P.  laeuis  Sniitt,  pars),  P.  prin- 
ceps  Norman,  P.  tiibulifera  Heller. 

The  species  may  be  divided  into  two  groups  (or  perhaps  genera)  according 
to  the  structure  of  the  ocrcia,  these  in  some  species  e.  g.  P.  aciitiroslris,  P.  mar- 
9  — -  supiiim  and  P.  margaritifera  having  a  membranous  ectooa'cium,  whilst  the  ecto- 
ooecium most  probably  in  most  species  is  calcified.  Whilst  in  the  former  group 
the  calcified  endoooeciuni  gradually  increases  in  thickness  under  the  covering 
membrane,  an  ooecial  cover  foimed  in  different  ways  may  appear  in  the  second 
group.  In  P.  struma  and  P.  glaciata  it  is  a  single  cryptocyst  layer,  which  again 
is  covered  by  the  covering  membrane,  whereas  in  P.  saccata  it  is  many-layered, 
as  thin  calcareous  layers,  presumably  gymnocyst  layers,  continually  grow  over 
the  ooecium,  not  only  from  the  distal  zooecium  but  also  from  the  two  neigh- 
bouring zooecia,  and  we  can  see  as  a  rule  three,  distinctly  separated,  thin  cover- 
ing plates  on  their  surface.  P.  saccata  ought  perhaps  to  be  referred  to  a  distinct 
genus. 


337 


Porella  margaritifera  Quoy  &  Gaim. 
Flustra  margaritifera  Quoy  &  Gaimard,  Voyage  de  TUranie,  Zoologie,  p.  606, 

PI.  92,  figs.  7,  8. 
Lepralia  margaritifera  Busk,  Catalogue  of  Marine  Polyzoa,  Cheilostomata,  p.  72, 

PI.  CI,  figs.  5,  6. 
Flustra  margaritifera  Jullien,  Mission  du  Cap  Horn,  Bryozoaires,   1888,  p.  58, 

PI.  9,  fig.   1. 
Lepralia  margaritifera  Waters,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  XXXI,  III,  1889,  p.  26, 

PI.  Ill,  figs.  15,  16. 
(PI.  XVIII,  fig.  8  a). 
The  zocecia  elongated,  hexagonally  lyre-shaped,  strongly  arched  and  provided 
with  a  circle  of  marginal  pores.  These  soon  come  to  lie  in  areas,  hounded  by 
ribs,  which  radiate  in  from  the  margin  to  the  suboral  avicularium;  and  with 
the  continued  deposition  of  the  calcareous  substance  these  areas  are  at  length 
transformed  to  pear-shaped  pits.  The  ajierture  has  a  semicircular  anter,  and  we 
can  distinguish  in  this  between  a  straight  or  slightly  convex,  median  part  and 
two  short,  curved,  distally  diverging  lateral  parts.  Small  distinct  hinge-leeth. 
The  operculum,  which  is  not  separated  from  the  compensation-sac,  is  weakly 
chitinized  and  provided  on  each  side  with  a  chitinous  ridge,  which  is  slightly 
angularly  bent  and  its  proximal  portion  is  in  the  greater  part  of  its  length  far 
removed  from  the  margin.  The  strongly  curved  or  angularly  bent  distal  wall  is 
provided  on  each  side  with  a  row  or  zigzag  belt  of  small,  uniporous  rosette-plates, 
and  the  distal  i)art  of  each  lateral  wall   has  one  multiporous  rosette-plate. 

The  ooecia,  which  on  the  colonies  examined  occur  on  the  majority  of  the 
zod'cia,  seem  only  to  consist  of  a  single,  independent  calcareous  layer  and  have 
therefore  probabh'  been  covered  by  a  membranous  ectoooecium.  They  are  ori- 
ginally furnished  with  fine  radiating  striae,  but  in  older  zooecia  they  show  con- 
centric thickenings  arising  from  the  covering  calcareous  layer. 

Avicularia.  The  suboral  avicularium,  which  has  a  broad,  triangularly  rounded 
mandible  and  a  broad,  .sac-like  chamber,  does  not  attain  quite  a  third  of  the 
whole  length  of  the  zooecium.  In  the  older  zooecia  it  shows  like  the  ooecium  con- 
centric thickenings.  In  one  of  the  small  colonies  examined  a  number  of  zooecia 
are  provided  immediately  distally  to  the  ocBcium  on  the  one  side  with  an  avi- 
cularium somewhat  variable  in  size,  which  is  of  an  irregular  elliptic  form,  as  it 
increases  in  breadth  towards  the  distal  part  of  the  opercular  area,  and  this  espec- 
ially in  the  larger  avicularia  is  provided  with  a  well-developed  cryptocyst.  In 
the  younger  zooecia  these  avicularia,  the  mandible  of  which  is  as  a  rule  directed 

22 


338 

obliquely  distally  and  outwards,  project  freely  from  the  surface  of  the  zoocciuni, 
but  in  the  older  zooccia  they  become  more  or  less  deeply  sunken  owing  to  the 
above-mentioned  deposition  of  calcareous  layers.  At  their  base  we  find  as  a  rule 
two  of  the  above-mentioned,  original  calcareous  ribs,  which  from  their  position 
have  not  been  able  to  share  in  the  increase  in  thickness  like  the  others. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  some  small,  dry  colonies  from  Foveaux 
Straits,  N.  Zealand  (Dr.  Harmer). 

Porella  (?)  cornuta  n.  sp. 

(1^1.  XYIII,  figs.  6a-b,  PI.  XXII,  fig.  11  a). 

The  zocecia  elongated,  quadrangular  or  hexagonal,  fairly  strongly  arched, 
with  closely  placed,  scattered,  large,  round  or  oval  pores,  between  which  are 
numerous  small  tubercles.  The  half-elliptic  aperture  is  provided  with  a  very  broad 
but  extremely  low  sinus,  which  has  a  straight  or  slightly  convex,  proximal  margin 
and  is  marked  olT  on  each  side  from  the  lateral  margins  by  a  small,  rounded, 
tooth-like  projection  Immediately  distally  to  and  inside  this  projection,  there  is 
on  each  side  a  rounded,  triangular  hinge-tooth,  which  is  continued  into  a  weakly 
developed  vestibular  arch.  In  the  distal  part  of  the  aperture  the  peristome  is 
only  weakly  developed,  but  in  its  proximal  half  there  is  on  each  side  a  collar- 
shaped,  prominent,  fairlj'  thick  projection,  which  on  each  side  grades  into  the 
avicularium  and  in  the  ocecium-bearing  zocEcia  meets  the  proximal  part  of  the 
ocEcium,  whilst  in  the  other  zooecia  it  is  sharply  marked  off  from  the  low  distal 
part  of  the  peristome.  The  operculum  (PI.  XXII,  fig.  11  a),  which  has  a  similar 
form  as  the  aperture,  is  only  slightly  chitinized  but  distinctly  separated  from  the 
compensation-sac.  On  each  side  within  the  margin  it  has  an  elongated,  strong 
ridge  and  the  two  ridges  pass  over  both  distally  and  proximally  into  a  somewhat 
strongly  chitinized,  but  not  very  distinct,  connecting  part.  Each  distal  wall  is 
provided  with  two  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  one  multiporous 
rosette-plate. 

The  Goecia  are  as  a  rule  elongated,  more  or  less  distinctly  tapering  upwards, 
strongly  arched  and  with  their  frontal  wall  inclined  down  towards  the  aperture. 
They  are  in  the  beginning  furnished  with  fine  radiating  striae,  but  owing  to  later 
calcification  this  slriation  becomes  more  and  more  indistinct,  and  the  older  ooe- 
cia  are  not  only  provided  with  smaller  and  larger  tubercles  and  with  rib-like 
prominences  of  varying  form,  but  most  of  them  have  even  one  or  several,  shorter 
or  longer,  sometimes  very  long,  hollow  spine-like  processes  of  more  or  less  reg- 
ular form.  There  is  often  such  a  process  standing  out  almost  perpendicularly 
from    the   surface   of   the   ooecium.in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  aperture  on  both 


339 

sides  or  only  on  the  one  side,  and  a  third  frequently  projects  at  the  same  time 
from  the  middle  of  the  ooecium.  The  processes  mentioned  arise  in  this  way,  that 
some  of  the  above-mentioned  rib-like  prominences  are  ring-shaped  and  continue 
to  increase  in  height.  The  ooecium  in  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  its  circum- 
ference is  connected  with   the  zod'cium  by  means  of  rib-like  prominences. 

As  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  more  than  a  single  independent  calcareous 
layer,  I  conclude  that  there  has  been  a  membranous  ectoocccium,  by  means  of 
which  the  thickening  layer  has  been  formed.  The  oa>cium  lacks  a  basal  mark 
and  has  presumably  been  formed  later  than  the  cryptocyst  of  the  zooecium. 

Avicularia.  Immediately  proximally  to  the  aperture  of  the  zooecium  there  is 
a  strongly  projecting  avicularium,  standing  out  at  right  angles,  the  chamber  of 
which  is  almost  of  the  same  breadth  as  the  aperture.  Seen  from  the  side  it  is 
pointed,  triangular,  and  seen  from  its  mandibular  surface  it  has  a  rounded,  tri- 
angular form.  It  is  provided  with  an  oval  aperture  but  I  have  been  able  to  find 
neither  a  mandible  nor  trace  of  transverse  bar. 

In  the  conchological  collection  of  the  Zoological  Museum  a  single  dry  colony 
was  found  incrusting  Saxidonnis  piirpiinttiis  from  Yokohama. 

The  above-described  species  is  only  referred  with  some  doubt  to  the  genus 
Porella. 

Stnittina  Norman'  (nov.  nom.)  char,  emend. 

Escharella  (with  subgenera  Escharella  s.  str.  and  Hserentia)  Smitt, 

Smittia  Hincks,  p.  p.,  Schizoporella  Hincks,  p.  p.,  Pseudofiustra  Bidenkap. 

Spines  may  be  present  to  a  number  of  1 — 8.  The  aperture  is  provided  with 
a  more  or  less  distinctly  marked  off,  as  a  rule  broad,  rounded  sinus,  which 
sometimes  takes  up  the  whole  of  the  proximal  margin  and  the  middle  part  of 
which  is  often  occupied  by  a  tooth  of  varying  shape.  There  are  well-developed 
hinge-teeth  as  a  rule.  The  operculum  is  in  most  species  membranous  or  weakly 
chitinized,  often  not  marked  off  from  the  compensation-sac.  A  peristome  may  be 
absent  or  jjresent  in  very  different  degrees  of  development.  Avicularia  may  appear 
in  verj'  varying  positions,  but  one  is  usually  present  proximally  to  the  aperture. 
The  ooccia,  which  in  most  cases  are  either  independent  or  have  only  a  small  part 
of  their  endooa?cial  basal  wall  common  with  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium, 
consist  of  two  calcareous  layers,  of  which  the  ectoooecium  is  with  few  exceptions 
provided  with  pores.  As  a  rule  there  is  a  more  or  less  developed  ocecial  cover. 
The  rosette-plates  are  sometimes  uniporous,  sometimes  with  a  few  or  many  pores. 

'  84,   p.   120. 

22* 


340 

Of  Ihe  species  which  I  have  been  able  to  examine  I  must  refer  the  following 
to  this  genus:  S.  Lansborovi  Johnst.,  S.  reticulata  Mac  Gilliv.,  S.  trispinosa  Johnst., 
S.  JefJ'reysi  Norman,  S.  iinispinosa  Waters,  S.  cheilosloma  Manz.,  S.  jacobensis  Busk, 
S.  (Porella)  malleolus  Hincks,  S.  arctica  Norman,  S.  inajiiscula  Smitt,  .S.  porifera 
Smitt,  S.  reticulato-piinctata  Hincks,  S.  Smitti  Kirch.,  S.  {Pseiidoflustra)  solida  Stimps., 
S.  {Eschara)  prnpinqua  Smitt,  .S.  (Lepralia)  borealis  Waters,  S.  (Schizoporella)  linearis 
Hassall,  S.  (Schiz.)  aiiriciilata  Hassall,  S.  (Schiz.)  triangula  Hincks,  S.  (Lepralia) 
foliacea  Ellis  &  Sol.,  S.  (Lepralia)  Otto-Muelleriana  (=  S.  Pallasiana,  var.  projecta 
Waters),  S.  (Lepr.)  coUaris  JuUien  (=  Lepr.  Pallasiana,  var.  striinmta  Waters) 
and  vS.  (Lepralia)  Pallasiana  Moll. 

While  originally  I  only  referred  to  this  genus  species  with  uniporous  rosette- 
plates,  the  aperture  of  which  besides  two  well-developed  hinge-teeth  is  provided 
with  a  median  tooth  and  the  ectoooecium  of  which  is  provided  with  pores,  for 
instance  S.  Lansborovi,  S.  reticulata  and  S.  trispinosa,  I  have  been  obliged  gradu- 
ally to  extend  the  limits  of  the  genus  in  the  manner  expressed  in  the  above  dia- 
gnosis, seeing  that  the  species  in  which  the  three  characters  named  are  constant 
through  transitions  are  connected  with  species  which  I  was  earlier  inclined  to 
refer  to  one  or  more  other  genera.  As  to  the  rosette-plates  a  number  of  species 
(e.  g.  S.  linearis,  S.  auriculata,  S.  malleolus  etc.)  have  on  each  lateral  wall  3 — 5 
uniporous  plates  while  others  (e.  g.  S.  porifera,  S.  reticulato-punctata,  S.  solida, 
S.  Smitti)  have  2 — 3  with  1  —5  pores  and  a  third  group  (e.  g.  .S.  propinqua,  S. 
foliacea,  S.  collaris  and  S.  Pallasiana)  have  1 — 3  with  6 — 30  pores,  the  number  of 
rosette-plates  decreasing  in  inverse  proportion  to  the  number  of  pores  in  each 
plate.  A  distinction  between  uniporous  and  multiporous  rcsette-plates  cannot 
therefore  in  these  species  be  used  as  a  generic  character.  A  median  tooth 
which  as  systematic  character  is  always  more  or  less  inconstant  cannot  be  used 
here  either  as  a  decisive  generic  character,  as  it  is  not  always  constant  even 
within  the  species.  This  applies  for  instance  to  S.  solida  and  »S.  Smitti,  in  which 
two  species  a  median  tooth  may  sometimes  be  present  and  sometimes  absent. 

Quite  apart  from  the  fact  that  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  in  a 
number  of  species  is  provided  with  a  median  tooth,  it  also  shows  considerable 
differences  in  the  form  as  well  as  in  the  breadth  and  the  depth  of  its  poster, 
which  is  very  often  furnished  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  sinus.  The  sinus  is 
narrowest  in  5.  linearis  and  shows  here  considerable  variation  in  forms  from 
different  localities  Whilst  in  a  form  from  Bergen,  for  example,  it  is  half  as  broad 
as  the  aperture,  in  a  form  from  Syracuse  it  attains  only  a  fourth  of  the  breadth. 
To  exclude  all  doubt  as  to  these  forms  being  connected,  I  may  remark,  that  in 
addition    to   both    having   the    two    lateral  aviculaiia  they  are  also  provided  with 


341 

the  peculiar  large  avicularia,  which  Hincks  took  to  be  occcia.  The  broadest 
sinus  is  found  in  S.  collaris  and  .S.  Pallasiana,  in  which  two  species  it  is  the 
broadest  part  of  the  aperture.  The  operculum,  which  is  never  provided  with  mus- 
cular ridges,  is  in  most  species  membranous  or  feebly  chitinized  and  very  often 
not  or  only  indistinctly  separated  from  the  compensation-sac  (e.  g.  in  S.  Smitti, 
S.  Lansboroui,  S.  reticulata,  S.  trispinosa),  while  in  other  species  such  a  separation 
is  brought  about  either  by  its  stronger  chitinization  (e.  g.  in  S.  propinqiia  et  S. 
Im-ealis)  or  by  the  development  af  a  chitinous  sclerite  along  its  proximal  margin 
in  continuation  of  the  opercular  arch  (e.  g.  in  S.  solida,  S.  reticulato-punctata, 
S.  collaris,  S-  Otto-Muelleriana,  S.  foliacea  and  S.  Pallasiana). 

The  avicularia  may  occur  in  very  different  positions  and  we  can  sometimes 
hnd  both  two  lateral  as  well  as  a  single  median  avicularium  in  the  same  species 
(e.  g.  S.  trispinosa  and  S.  linearis).  This  occurs  for  example  in  the  same  colony 
of  the  above-mentioned  S.  linearis  from  Syracuse.  In  this  genus  however  there  is 
usually  a  sometimes  symmetrically,  sometimes  asymmetrically  placed,  median 
avicularium  proximaily  to  the  aperture,  and  it  may  be  noted  as  a  contrast  to 
the  corresponding  avicularium  in  the  genus  Porella,  that  the  median  avicularium 
in  Sniittina  has  its  frontal  area  as  a  rule  parallel  to  the  surface  of  the  zoa>cium. 

Whilst  the  ectoooecium  is  as  a  rule  provided  with  numerous  pores,  the  number 
of  these  may  fall  to  3  or  2  in  vS.  trispinosa  and  the  same  number  is  also  found 
in  S.  foliacea.  In  .S.  arctica  there  is  only  a  single  pore,  and  finally  pores  are  quite 
wanting  in  S.  Smitti  and  S.  majnscula.  An  ooecial  cover  is  present  in  most  species 
but  in  very  different  development,  sometimes  only  forming  a  marginal  belt  (e.  g. 
in  S.  Lansboroui,  S.  borealis,  S.  collaris),  sometimes  concealing  the  whole  frontal 
wall  of  the  ooecium  and  developing  together  with  it  (e.  g.  in  S.  Smitti,  S.  arctica, 
S.  majnscula).  Its  appearance  in  .S.  trispinosa  var.  cncuUana  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  7  a)  is 
characteristic,  as  it  is  provided  there  with  a  freely  projecting,  prominent  margin, 
as  also  in  N.  foliacea  (Fl.  XXIV,  fig.  5  a)  where  it  consists  of  three  parts,  which 
are  separated  by  two  sutural  lines  converging  towards  the  aperture.  The  middle 
part  belongs  to  the  distal  zocecium,  whilst  the  two  lateral  parts  belong  to  the 
two  neighbouring  zoa>cia,  and  the  two  characteristic,  large,  flatly  triangular  pro- 
jections, which  partially  cover  the  aperture  of  the  ooecium-bearing  zocecia,  are 
directly  connected  with  the  lateral  parts  of  the  ooecial  cover.  Only  the  proximal 
part  of  the  ooecium  is  covered  in  S.  solida. 

Though  calcareous  ooecia  have  not  been  found  in  >Lepralia^  Pallasiana  I  must 
refer  this  species  to  the  present  genus  on  account  of  the  likeness  it  shows  to 
S.  Otto-Muelleriana   in    the   structure   of  the   aperture    and   the  operculum,    in  the 


342 

possession    of  scattered   pores  and  of  an  occasionally  present  median  avicularium 
proximally  to  the  aperture. 


Smittina  acaroensis  n.  sp. 
(IM.  XVIIl,  figs.  12a-l)). 

The  zooecia  are  usually  elongated,  with  an  arched  or  angularly  bent  distal 
wall  and  as  a  rule  with  parallel  lateral  walls.  They  are  provided  with  a  single 
or  double  circle  of  marginal  pores,  soon  separated  from  one  another  by  ribs 
which  after  a  time  increase  in  height  and  length,  and  in  the  oldest  zoo'cia  the 
whole  surface  is  divided  into  a  number  of  depressed  areas;  the  latter  may  even 
conceal  the  chamber  of  the  avicularium.  The  aperture,  the  distal  margin  of  which 
is  finely  dentated  and  in  the  younger  zooecia  bears  the  marks  of  4  spines,  is  pro- 
vided with  a  somewhat  distinctly  marked  off,  broad  and  deep  sinus,  the  middle 
part  of  which  is  occupied  by  a  fairly  broad  tooth,  a.\e-like  in  shape  and  running 
out  into  two  pointed  corners.  The  two  hinge-teeth  are  strong,  triangular,  some- 
what pointed,  more  or  less  strongly  striated  and  curved  somewhat  j)roximally. 
The  operculum  is  membranous,  not  distinctly  separated  from  the  compensation- 
sac  and  provided  on  each  side  with  a  very  faint  chitinous  ridge.  The  peristome 
is  collar-shaped,  prominent,  and  provided  with  an  excision  corresponding  to  the 
frontal  area  of  the  avicularium.  Each  distal  wall  is  provided  with  8  and  the  dis- 
tal half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  3 — 5  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  ooecia,  which  are  present  in  great  number,  are  large,  as  a  rule  some- 
what elongated,  fairly  strongly  arched  and  provided  midway  with  numerous, 
larger  and  smaller  pores.  An  orecial  cover  appears  after  some  time  and  in  older 
ooecia  only  leaves  a  narrow,  central  part  free. 

Avicularia.  An  avicularium  is  present  proximally  to  the  aperture,  the  length 
of  which  is  almost  a  fourth  of  that  of  the  zoa'cium  and  which  takes  up  the 
greater  part  of  the  breadth  of  the  zooccium.  Its  chamber,  which  is  separated  from 
the  zocecium  by  a  broad,  arched  line,  is  provided  at  the  margin  with  3 — 5  pores, 
and  the  transverse  bar  which  divides  the  oval  frontal  area  into  two  parts,  is 
provided  with  a  short,  proximally  directed  process.  The  subopercular  area,  which 
is  turned  towards  the  aperture,  has  a  transversely  oval  opening. 

The  colonies  occur  as  free,  two-layered  laminne,  and  the  species  was  found 
in  mud  from  Akaroa  Harbour,  New  Zealand  (Suter);  depth  6  fathoms. 


343 


Discopora '  Lamarck. 
Escharoides  Smitt,  part.,  Umbonula  Hincks, 
Mucronella  Hincks,  part.,  Raniphostomella'-  v.  Lorenz. 
(PI.  XIX,  figs.  2  a— b,  fig.  19  a). 

Two  to  four  spines  occur  very  rarely.  The  primarj'  aperture  always  lacks 
hinge-teeth,  but  is  often  provided  with  a  fairly  narrow,  median  tooth.  The  oper- 
culum is  membranous  and  not  separated  from  the  compensation-sac.  Symmetric- 
ally placed  aviciilaria  very  seldom  occur;  but  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the 
aperture  is  as  a  rule  on  its  proximal  margin  occupied  by  a  larger  or  smaller, 
usually  strongly  projecting  avicularium,  which  may  be  lateral  or  median,  but 
frequently  has  an  asymmetrical  position.  The  oa'cia,  which  have  a  small  basal 
mark,  consist  of  two  calcified  layers,  of  which  the  ectoocecium  is  provided  as  a 
rule  with  pores.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  is  provided  with  1 — 2  multi- 
porous  rosette-plates. 

To  this  genus  belong  of  the  northern  species:  ^ Escharoides^  Sarsi,  ^Umhonula< 
verrucosa,  "Miicronelhix  pavonella  (which  Harmer  has  already  referred  to  the 
genus  Umbonula),  as  also  the  species  of  the  genus  Ramphostomella,  v.  Lorenz.  To 
the  latter  genus  v.  Lorenz^  refers  6  species,  but  the  material  investigated  by 
me  seems  to  show,  that  R.  costala  v.  Lor.  is  not  sufficiently  distinct  from  R. 
scabra.  To  these  has  to  be  added  R.  ovata  Smitt.  The  genus  Discopora  stands  near 
to  Siniltina,  from  which  it  differs  by  the  lack  of  hinge-teeth,  by  never  po.ssessing 
a  symmetrical  sinus,  by  always  having  some  few  multiporous  rosette-plates,  as 
also  generally  in  the  position  of  the  avicularium.  The  limits  between  the  two 
genera  are  however  not  so  clearly  marked  but  that  we  could  imagine  them  dis- 
appearing on  investigating  a  larger  material. 

The  primary  aperture,  which  may  be  more  or  less  regularly  circular  or  semi- 
circular, has  sometimes  a  concave,  sometimes  straight  or  somewhat  convex  proxi- 
mal margin,  and  in  the  first  case  it  may  be  provided  with  a  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct, narrower  or  broader  sinus  (D.  Sarsi,  D.  spinigera,  D.  bilaminata).  Whilst 
the  hinge-teeth  are  always  lacking,  a  very  inconstant  median  tooth  may  however 
appear  in  most  species  (lacking  in  D.  Sarsi  and  I),  verrucosa),  and  there  are  also 
in  several  species  one,  two  or  several,  conical  or  trapeziform  teeth,  as  a  rule  ex- 
tremely small  on  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture.  Thus,  such  a  tooth  oc- 
curs as  a  rule  on  the  one  or  both  sides  of  the  above-mentioned,  asymmetrical 
sinus,   and    in   D.  Sarsi   the   number  of  these   small   teeth   may  sometimes   mount 


'   84,  p.   112.     ■  58,  p.  93. 


344 

up  to  4.  There  is  only  a  single  one  however  as  a  rule  at  the  subopercular  end 
of  the  avicularium,  but  not  rarely  there  is  a  still  smaller  one  centrally  in  the 
sinus.  There  is  also  sometimes  such  a  small  toolh  in  D.  plicnta  on  the  oral 
margin  of  the  avicularium,  hut  so  jilaced  that  it  cannot  be  seen  from  the  frontal 
surface  of  the  zoa'cium.  Whilst  a  peristome  is  either  quite  wanting  or  weakly 
developed  in  those  species,  which  either  lack  an  oral  avicularium  {!).  pavonelki) 
or  in  which  it  has  a  more  or  less  distinctly  median  position  (I),  verrucosa,  D. 
scabra),  it  is  on  the  other  hand  more  strongly  developed  in  the  other  species  in 
which  the  oral  avicularium  is  lateral.  Here,  namely,  the  peristome  appears  in 
the  form  of  two  projections  from  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  separated 
by  a  triangular  incision,  and  the  one  of  these  projections  along  with  an  adjacent 
part  of  the  frontal  wall  of  the  zooecium  serves  as  the  basal  wall  of  the  avicul- 
arium. What  Hincks  and  v.  Lorenz  call  an  avicularium  in  their  diagnoses  of 
the  genera  Umboniila,  Escharoides  and  Ramphostoinella  is  in  reality  only  the  frontal 
part  of  the  avicularium  with  the  mandible,  whilst  the  avicularian  chamber,  which 
contains  the  muscles,  seems  to  have  been  either  overlooked  or  regarded  as  some- 
thing supporting  the  avicularium.  In  Hincks'  diagnosis  of  the  genus  Escluiroides 
it  is  said,  namely,  that  the  avicularium  is  enclosed  within  a  sinus,  formed  by 
the  peristome,  while  this  in  reality  only  applies  to  the  frontal  area  of  the  avi- 
cularium, and  in  the  diagnoses  of  Umbomila  and  Hcimpliostoinella  the  avicularian 
chamber  is  described  respectively  as  »a  prominent  umbo  (?  avicularian  cell)  .  .  . 
supporting  an  avicularium*   and  as  »ascending  rostra  .  .  .  bearing  avicularia«. 

The  ocecia,  which  only  have  a  small  basal  mark,  show  a  similar  variation  in 
their  structure  as  in  the  species  of  the  genus  Smittina.  As  a  rule  the  pores  are 
fairly  numerous,  though  their  number  may  sometimes  vary  considerably  in  a 
single  species.  Thus,  in  a  colony  of  D.  bilamimild  1  have  found  the  number  of 
pores  varying  between  7  and  2.  hi  D.  Sarsi  there  is  only  1  or  2,  and  they  are 
quite  wanting  in  D.  ovaia  which  also  differs  from  the  other  species  in  that  the 
zoojcial  wall  is  provided  with  scattered  pores.  An  ooecial  cover  is  present  in  most 
species  and  appears  as  a  rule  in  sufficiently  old  oa-cia  as  a  covering  lamina  in 
the  marginal  region  of  the  ooecium.  It  is  well-developed  in  D.  verrucosa  and  D. 
scabra,  which  resemble  one  another  in  most  respects  and  differ  chielly  in  that 
the  avicularian  area  in  the  latter  is  placed  asymmetrically.  An  oa>cial  cover  is 
most  strongly  developed  in  D.  Sarsi  (PI.  XXIV,  lig.  2  a)  and  the  ocecia  are  here 
rather  quickly  covered  by  3—5  ditt'erent  calcareous  laminae  meeting  in  a  suture, 
the  two  proximal  of  which  come  from  the  peristome,  the  unpaired  from  the  dis- 
tal zocecium  and  the  remainder  from  two  neighbouring  zocecia. 


345 

For  the  rest,  all  the  species  mentioned  here  will  be  made  the  object  of  more 
detailed  investigation  in  a  later  work  on  the  Bnjozoa  material  of  the  Ingolf  Ex- 
I)edition. 

Family  Celleporidae,  char,  emend. 
Celleporidae  liusk,  Hincks,  part. 

No  spines.  The  aperture  as  a  rule  circular  with  a  broader  or  narrower,  more 
or  less  sharply  marked  off  sinus,  more  rarely  with  a  simple,  concave,  proximal 
margin.  Hinge-teeth  may  be  absent  or  present.  The  operculum  is  always  dis- 
tinctly marked  off  from  the  compensation-.sac,  weil-chitinized  as  a  rule  and  pro- 
vided with  two  muscular  dots.  A  peristome  more  or  less  developed  present  as  a 
rule.  Avicidaria  seem  to  be  always  present,  and  in  most  species  a  more  or  less 
strongly  projecting,  almost  always  asymmetrically  placed  avicularium  is  present 
proximally  to  the  aperture.  Further,  large  scattered  avicularia  often  occur.  The 
hyperstomial  ooecia  are  free  and  the  ectoocecium  is  wholly  or  partially  calcified. 
The  basal  zooecia  have  a  rhombic  circumference  and  their  distal  half  is  as  a 
rule  provided  with  a  number  (ca.  8)  of  adjoining,  uniporous  or  few-pored  pore- 
chambers,  more  rarely  with  few,  widely  separated  pore-canals.  The  colonies, 
which  are  encrusting  or  freely  branched,  as  a  rule  show  superficial  budding,  and 
the  zooecia  are  often  more  or  less  erect. 

The  aperture  is  provided  as  a  rule  with  a  sinus,  the  dimensions  of  which  are 
subject  to  very  considerable  variation,  as  can  be  seen,  for  example,  from  the 
figures  of  the  aperture  and  operculum  given  by  Busk'.  Whilst  the  opercular 
tongue  and  the  sinus  are  in  some  species  very  narrow  and  sharply  marked,  in 
others  the  latter  is  broadly  rounded  and  so  faintly  marked,  that  there  is  a  plain 
transition  to  the  almost  quite  circular  aperture  which  is  found  in  a  smaller 
number  of  species,  e.  g.  in  Cellepora  pumicosa  and  Cell.  (Lagenipora)  socialis.  The 
form  of  the  aperture  seems  therefore  not  available  as  a  generic  character  and  the 
same  is  also  the  case  apparently  with  the  peristome,  which  is  sometimes  devel- 
oped to  a  very  varying  extent  in  the  same  species,  e.  g.  in  C.  Costazzi.  As  the 
majority  of  the  members  of  this  family  show  superficial  budding,  the  rosette- 
plates  only  appear  on  the  zooecia  in  the  basal  layer  of  the  colony,  and  in  the 
large  majority  of  the  species  I  have  been  able  to  examine,  each  zocrcium  in  its 
distal  half  shows  a  number  of  juxtaposed  uniporous  or  few-pored  pore-chambers, 
which  are  apparent  through  the  basal  wall  when  the  colony  is  loosened  from 
its   under-layer.     In   two  species,  which  occur  in  very  small  colonies,  namely,    in 


'  8,  PI.  XXX  and  XXXVI. 


346 

Cell.  (Lagenipora)  socialis  and  Cell.  (Celleporella)  pijijmaeu,  on  the  other  hand,  there 
is  on  the  circumference  of  each  zooeciuni  a  small  number  (6—8)  of  widely  sep- 
arated, thin  canals  by  means  of  which  each  zooecium  is  connected  with  its  neigh- 
bours. At  the  bottom  of  each  canal  there  is  a  rosette-plate  with  one  pore.  This 
agreement  in  regard  to  the  interzocecial  connection  cannot  however  be  considered 
as  an  index  of  a  close  relationship  between  the  two  species  mentioned,  as  we 
must  refer  them  to  two  diJTerent  genera  owing  to  a  presumably  more  important 
difference  in  the  structure  of  the  oa'cia. 

hi  the  majority  of  the  species  belonging  to  this  family  the  ooccium  consists 
of  two  calcareous  layers,  of  which  the  ectoooecium  is  as  a  rule  provided  with 
[)ores.  These  may  however  be  lacking  in  a  few  species,  for  instance  in  Cell,  soci- 
alis and  in  C.  ramiilosa  the  ooecia  are  only  rarely  provided  with  pores,  hi  a  small 
group  of  species,  concerning  which  Waters'  has  already  expressed  the  ojjinion 
that  they  should  form  a  special  genus  owing  to  the  structure  of  the  ooccium,  the 
ectoooecium  is  only  partially  calcified,  and  the  frontal  wall  of  the  endoooecium 
has  a  flat,  semilunar,  semicircular  or  circular  area  which  is  covered  by  a  mem- 
branous part  of  the  ectoocucium,  whilst  the  part  of  the  endooa'cium  correspond- 
ing to  the  area  is  provided,  sometimes  with  radiating  grooves  or  fissures, 
sometimes  with  scattered  pores.  For  this  group  we  would  propose  the  name 
Siniopelta.  An  ocrcial  cover  may  sometimes  appear,  for  instance  in  Cell.  ai)iciil(tris- 
and   Cell,  socialis. 

Cellepora  Linne. 
Cellepora  Busk,  Hincks  part.;  Olleporella  Hincks  part.; 
Lagenipora  Hincks,  Scliismojiora  Mac  Gillivray  part.; 
Osthimosia  Jullien. 

The  ectoooecium  is  wholly  calcified  and  generally  furnished  with  pores,  in 
lare  cases  without  such.  With  exception  of  Cellepora  Costazzi  all  the  species  of 
Cellepora  described  by  Hincks  in  British  Marine  Polyzoa  belong  to  this  genus, 
and  with  exception  of  C.  riidis  all  those  which  Busk  refers  to  the  group  S  2  in 
his  Challenger  Brtjozoa.  Other  species  have  been  described  by  Mac  Gillivray, 
Waters,  Jullien  and  others.  To  this  genus  I  must  also  refer  Lagenipora  socialis 
Hincks,  of  which  1  have  examined  a  number  of  colonies  lent  me  by  the  British 
Museum  and  by  Mr.  Waters.  The  ectoooecium  is  without  pores  but  wholly 
calcified  and  furnished  with  an  ooecial  cover  which  hides  its  basal  half.  Among 
the   ordinary  zooecia    there    is  a  number  of  flat  kenozooecia  wliich  Hincks  men- 


'   113,  p.   13;   108,  p.  20.     «  103,  PI.   IX,  figs.   194—96, 


347 

tions  as  a  »common  calcareous  crust*  and  possibly  tlie  genus  might  be  preserved 
on  account  of  this  character. 

In  his  work  on  the  British  Zoophytes  Johnston  gives  Fabricius  as  the 
author  of  the  genus  Cellepora,  but  the  first  author  who  used  this  name  was  in 
reality  Linne  in  tlie  Xllth  edition  of  his  Systema  Naturae,  and  tlie  first  species 
he  refers  to  this  genus  is  C.  ramulosa. 


Genus  Siniopelta  n.  g. 
Cellepora  Busk,  Hincks,  part.;  Celleporella  Hincks,  part.; 
Schismopora  Mac  Gillivray'  part.;  Osthimosia  Jullien^  part. 

The  endoooecium  has  a  flat  frontal  area  furnished  either  with  radiating  fis- 
sures or  with  pores  and  covered  by  a  membranous  part  of  tlie  ectoooecium. 

To  this  genus  belong  C.  Costazzi  Aud.,  Celleporella  pygmaea  Norman  (Cel.  lepra- 
lioides  Norman),  Cellepora  Boriji  Aud.'  (Lekythopora  Wafersi  Calvet*),  Lagenipora 
lucida  Hincks,  Cel.  graniim  Hincks,  Cel.  costaia  Mac  Gill.'',  Cel.  platalea  Mac  Gill.^ 
Cel.  rota  Mac  Gill.  \   Cel.  riidis  Busk  etc. 

The  ooecia  of  Cell.  Boryi  are  not  as  Gal  vet  states  frontal  but  spring  from 
the  distal  rim  of  the  aperture.  Tlie  form  of  the  peristome  seems  to  be  somewhat 
variable. 

Family  Holoporellidae  n.  f. 

Spines  may  appear  in  a  number  of  2  —  5.  The  aperture,  which  only  rarely 
lias  hinge-teeth,  has  a  concave  or  almost  straight  proximal  margin,  which  may 
sometimes  be  provided  with  2 — 6  extraopercular  teeth  of  dilTerent  form.  The 
operculum,  which  as  a  rule  is  weakly  chitinized  and  often  grades  without  bound- 
ary into  the  compensation-sac,  is  frequently  provided  with  a  ridge-like  projection 
within  each  margin.  A  peristome  may  be  absent  or  present,  but  is  never  strongly 
developed.  A  more  or  less  strongly  projecting,  obliquely  placed  avicnlarium  occurs 
as  a  rule  proximally  to  the  aperture,  and  large,  scattered  avicularia  further  often 
appear.  The  oaxia,  which  only  occur  in  a  small  number  of  species,  are  widely 
open,  consisting  of  a  single  calcareous  layer,  and  in  shape  like  a  cap  or  bowl 
without  pores;  they  seem  to  have  no  covering  membrane.  The  zoa^cia  in  the 
basal  layer  of  the  colony,  wliich  have  a  rectangular  circumference,  aie  provided 
both   on   the   distal  wall   and   on   the  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  with  a  row 


'  76,  p.   109.     '  45,  p.  64.     '  98,  PI.  7,  figs.  3,1—3,6.     ^  10.  p.   68,  PI.  2,  figs.  10—13.     '  61,  p.  136. 
'  68,   p.   114.      '   68,   p.   116. 


348 

of  (respectively  ca.  i — 6  and  3^4)  small,  uniporous  rosette-plates.  The  colonies 
are  incrusting  and  superficial  budding  occurs  in  most. 

Whilst  s])incs  never  occur  in  any  member  of  the  family  Celleporklac,  such  are 
found  on  the  other  hand  in  a  number  of  species  of  this  family  to  a  number  of 
2 — 6,  e.  g.  in  » Cellepora<<  apiculata  Busk,  C.  trulenticiilatu  Busk,  Cellepora  brimnea 
Hincks,  C.  verrucosa  Mac  Gill.,  C.  hicirrhata  Ortni.,  C.  triacantha  Ortm."  and  Dis- 
coporai  aduena  Smitt.  The  aperture  has  a  concave  or  straight  proximal  margin, 
and  though  this  in  very  rare  cases  may  have  a  slight,  rounded  incision  centrally, 
it  cannot  be  compared  with  the  sinus  in  Cellepora.  This  sinus  is  in  reality  the 
interspace  between  the  two  hinge-teeth  or  the  two  corresponding  places  of  sus- 
pension for  the  operculum,  whereas  in  the  species  mentioned  as  in  all  the  other 
species  of  the  family  Holoporellklae,  the  hinge-teeth  or  the  corresponding  places 
of  suspension  for  the  operculum  are  situated  on  the  lateral  margins,  which  are 
well-separated  from  the  proximal  margin.  Another  difference  lies  in  this,  that  this 
excision  is  not  as  the  sinus  in  Celleporulae  occupied  by  an  opercular  tongue.  Such 
a  small,  rounded  incision  is  found  for  instance  in  'Schiznpnrelld'  aperta  Hincks, 
which  belongs  in  reality  to  this  family.  In  not  a  lew  species  the  proximal  maigin 
of  the  aperture  is  provided  with  a  row  of  3 — 6  teeth  of  varying  form  but  usu- 
ally high  or  narrow,  all  of  which  are  situated  outside  the  operculum,  so  that 
none  of  them  can  be  compared  with  hinge-teeth.  Such  teeth,  which  presumably 
serve  to  protect  the  operculum,  are  found  in  C.  liiherciilata  Busk,  C.  honoliilensis 
Busk,  C.  Jachsoniensis  Busk,  C.  tridenticiilata  Busk,  C.  pohjmorpha  Busk,  C.  serrati- 
rostris  Mac  Gill.',  C.  hicirrhata  Ortm.-,  C.  transversa  Orlm.'~  and  'Discopora^  ad- 
vena  Smitt. 

The  oa^cia,  which  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the  margin  of  the  aperture,  are 
widely  open,  have  no  pores  and  consist  only  of  a  single  calcareous  layer,  which 
seems  to  lack  a  covering  membrane;  but  as  the  ooecia-bearing  species  I  have 
been  able  to  examine  were  almost  all  dry  specimens,  I  cannot  determine  this 
question  with  certainty.  If  a  covering  membrane  is  really  lacking,  they  must  i)ro- 
bably  be  regarded  as  peristomial,  but  in  any  case  they  are  veiy  dillerent  from 
the  ooecia  in  the  Celleporidae.  Good  drawings  of  such  ooecia  are  seen  in  Hincks' 
figures  of  ySchizoporella<!^  aperta-'  and  ^Monoporella<^  albicans^  and  in  Waters^ 
figure  of  Holop.  Descostilsi  And.  Superficial  budding  occurs  in  this  family  just  as 
in  the  family  Celleporidae,  and  the  rosette-plates  therefore  only  occur  in  the 
basal  zooecial  layer.  The  zooecia  in  this  family  in  contrast  to  the  foregoing  have 
a  rectangular  circumference,  and  both  the  distal  wall  and  the  distal  half  of  each 


'  68,   p.   114.     '  87,   p.   55.      '  26,   p.    126.     *  26,   p.   123.      ^   116  a,   p.   162. 


349 

lateral  wall  are  provided  with  a  row  of  small  uniporous  rosette-plates,  of  which 
those  of  the  distal  wall  are  often  separated  by  small  calcareous  thickenings,  which 
can  be  seen  through  the  basal  wall  of  the  colony. 

This  family  is  very  rich  in  species  and  the  majority  of  the  species  have  been 
described  by  Busk,  Mac  Gillivray,  Ortmann  and  others  under  the  name 
Cellepora,  which  generic  name  however  with  them  also  embraces  the  species  of 
the  family  Celleporiclae.  In  his  work  on  the  Brj'ozoa  of  the  Challenger  Busk 
divides  the  genus  Cellepora  sens.  ext.  into  two  groups,  mainly  after  the  form  of 
the  aperture  and  the  structure  of  the  operculum,  and  with  exception  of  Cellepora 
rudis  which  belongs  to  our  new  genus  Siniopelta  all  the  species  which  he  refers 
to  the  group  §  I  belong  to  the  family  Holoporellidae.  From  1895  Mac  Gillivray 
uses  the  name  Cellepora  exclusively  for  the  species  we  have  referred  to  this  new 
family  and  forms  a  new  name  Schismopora  for  the  species  of  the  family  Celle- 
poridae.  Since  however  Cellepora  ranudosa  L.  is  the  typical  species  for  the  genus 
Cellepora,  Mac  Gilliv ray's  use  of  this  generic  name  is  quite  incorrect.  As  ex- 
plained above,  some  few  species  are  described  under  the  generic  names  Scliizo- 
porella,  Monoporella  and  Discopora. 

A  detailed,  comparative  investigation  of  the  separate  species  will  possibly  make 
it  necessary  to  set  up  several  genera,  but  provisionally  we  must  refer  them  all 
to  a  single  genus. 

Holoporella  Waters'. 

Cellepora  Busk,  Hincks  pari.;  Cellepora  Mac  Gilliv.  (after  1895). 

Monoporella  Hincks  part.;  Schizoporella  Hincks  part.; 

Discopora  Sniitl  part. 

The  two  families  Celleporiclae  and  Holoporellidae,  the  species  of  which  compose 
the  main  part  of  the  old  family,  Celleporidae,  seem  in  all  essential  characters  to 
be  well-separated  in  spite  of  their  great  resemblance  in  appearance,  due  in  part 
to  the  superficial  budding  aiul  the  more  or  less  erect  zoa'cia,  in  part  to  the 
strong  armature  which  in  both  families  has  a  very  similar  character.  This 
armature  appears  in  fact  in  a  double  form;  we  have  in  the  first  place  a 
great  development  of  avicularia,  which  occur  not  only  on  the  single  zooecia  but 
as  a  rule  also  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the  colony  as  independent  avicularia. 
In  the  second  place  we  find  in  a  great  number  of  species  the  colony  bristling 
with  rostra  or  pointed  projections,  which  sometimes  belong  to  the  zooccia,  some- 
times to  the  avicularia.  The  strong  armature  shown  by  these  two  families  might 

'   IK)  a,   p.   159. 


350 

possibly  be  regarded  as  the  result  of  the  superficial  budding  and  be  intended  to 
protect  the  numerous  new  zooecial  rudiments,  which  arise  everywhere  on  the 
surface  of  the  colony  between  and  outside  of  the  older  zooecia.  This  form  of 
budding  may  also  be  rendered  easier  by  the  more  or  less  erect  position  of  the 
zoa>cia,  as  the  new  zoa?cia  are  in  fact  laid  down  in  the  hollows  between  the 
older,  so  that  a  larger  or  smaller  part  of  the  walls  of  the  latter  come  to  take 
j)arl  in  the  boundaries  of  the  new  zooecia. 

Family  Petraliidae  n.  f. 

The  zoa'cia  which  are  only  rarely  provided  with  spines  have  scattered  pores 
and  an  aperture  somewhat  variable  in  form,  the  proximal  margin  of  which  is 
in  most  cases  provided  with  1 — 3  extraopercular  teeth.  Hinge-leelh  may  be  want- 
ing or  present.  The  operculum,  which  may  be  more  or  less  chilinized,  is  often 
almost  membranous  and  not  distinctly  separated  from  the  compensation-sac.  A 
peristome  is  wanting  or  only  weakly  developed.  Aviciilaria  occur  in  all  the  spe- 
cies in  varying  positions,  but  one  or  several,  obliquely  placed  avicularia  usually 
occur  just  proximally  to  the  aperture,  and  these  may  be  situated  on  a  rostrum- 
like projection  of  varj'ing  form,  which  in  rare  cases  may  appear  without  being 
accomjianied  by  avicularia.  The  ooecia,  which  are  first  laid  down  after  the  cryp- 
tocyst  of  the  distal  zooecium  is  completed,  consist  of  a  membranous  ectoooecium 
and  a  calcified  endooo'cium  [)rovided  with  very  small,  closely  placed  pores.  An 
ooccial  cover  seems  to  be  wanting.  The  distal  half  of  each  lateral  wall  is  pro- 
vided with  3 — 8,  as  a  rule  few-pored,  very  rarely  uniporous  rosette-plates.  With 
few  exceptions  the  colonies  are  free,  one-layered,  laminate,  and  in  such  cases  the 
basal  wall  of  the  colony  is  provided  either  with  rmmerous  pores  or  more  fre- 
quently with  one  or  a  few  pore-chambers  placed  at  the  distal  end,  from  which 
radical  fibres  sometimes  issue. 

To  lliis  family  I  must  refer  the  following  species,  of  which  I  only  know  the 
first  6  from  personal  observation:  Petralia  iindata  Mac  Gill'wr.^,  ^Lepralio"  japonica 
Busk,  L.  redilineatd  Hincks,  »MiicroneIla-^  caslanea  Busk,  .1/.  bicaspis  Hincks,  M. 
porosa  Hincks,  M.  i>nltiir  Hincks,  ^1/.  lilleri  Mac  Gillivr. ',  .1/.  aincnlifera  Hincks, 
.1/.  imuinifwa  Busk,  M.  bisinmita  Smitt,  M.  Thenardi  Kirkp.,  ^Leprnlia-  dorsiporosa 
Busk  and  L.  tuberosa  Busk.  To  these  must  be  added  two  undescribed  species  from 
Singapore,  of  which  the  one,  belonging  to  the  same  group  of  species  as  A/. /Joro.90, 
is  remarkable  for  possessing  two  lateral  jjlates  for  the  attachment  of  the  occlusor 
muscles   of  the  operculum,  similar  to  those  known  from  the  genus  Chaperia.    As 


'   01.  p.   141.      '   01,   p.   135. 


351 

I  only  know  so  few  of  the  above-mentioned  species  from  personal  observation, 
I  must  provisionally  refer  them  all  to  a  single  genus  Petralia  Mac  Gillivray;  but 
I  do  not  doubt  that  this  will  in  time  be  divided  into  several. 

In  spite  of  the  great  variation  shown  by  most  of  the  characters  the  separate 
species  in  this  family  are  so  closely  connected  by  many  agreements  that  there 
can  be  no  doubt  about  their  near  relationship.  Spines  which  may  appear  in  a 
number  of  2 — 6  are  only  found  in  6  species,  namely,  P.  magnifica,  P.  biciispis, 
P.  tiiberosa,  P.  rectilineata,  P.  viiltur  and  P.  Elleri.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are 
lacking  in  P.  porosa,  which  is  very  nearly  related  to  the  two  last-mentioned  spe- 
cies. The  aperture  is  provided  as  a  rule  with  a  more  or  less  concave,  more  rarely 
straight  or  slightly  convex,  proximal  margin  and  its  form  may  be  circular  (P. 
iindata,  P.  magnifica),  quadrangularly  rounded  (P.  bisinnata)  or  more  or  less 
elongated  semicircular  (P.  tiiberosa,  P.  ilorsiporosa  etc.).  Each  lateral  margin  is 
sometimes  more  or  less  distinctly  incurved  (P.  japonica,  P.  castanea).  Whilst 
teeth  are  quite  wanting  in  P.  japonica,  P.  tiiberosa,  P.  rectilineata  and  P.  clorsi- 
porosa,  there  is  a  single  median  tooth  in  P.  castanea,  two  very  small  teeth  medi- 
ally on  the  proximal  margin  in  P.  iindata  and  in  all  the  other  species  a  median 
tooth  and  two  lateral  teeth,  the  latter  of  which  may  also  be  of  somewhat  differ- 
ent form.  In  P.  porosa  and  nearly  related  species,  where  they  are  situated  far 
out  to  the  sides,  they  resemble  in  form  and  position  the  hinge-teeth  in  many 
Smittina  species,  but  they  cannot  be  compared  with  these  as  they  are  placed 
outside  the  operculum.  In  P.  bisinnata  the  three  teeth  have  obviously  only  arisen 
by  the  formation  of  two  incisions  in  the  proximal  margin  of  the  aperture,  and 
in  this  regard  an  undescribed  form  from  Singapore  is  of  interest,  as  the  concave 
proximal  margin  of  the  aperture  is  in  some  zooecia  quite  entire,  whilst  others 
are  provided  with  one  or  two  incisions  similar  to  those  found  in  P.  bisinnata. 

The  rosette-plates,  which  are  present  in  fairly  large  to  large  numbers,  are 
uniporous  only  in  P.  hiciispis,  whilst  in  the  other  species  examined  by  me  they 
are  provided  with  li  — 10  pores. 

Of  the  hitherto  known  species  of  this  family  only  four  are  incrnsting  (P.  /)/- 
ciispis,  P.  Tlienardi,  P.  rectilineata,  P.  aincalifera),  whilst  the  others  occur  in 
free,  one-layered,  laminate  expansions,  and  it  may  be  considered  as  a  good  fam- 
ily character  that  the  basal  wall  in  all  these  species  is  provided  with  pores, 
which  otherwise  appear  only  very  exceptionally  on  the  basal  wall  of  free,  one- 
layered  colonies  within  the  division  Ascophora.  Whilst  these  pores  occur  scat- 
tered over  the  whole  of  the  basal  wall  in  P.  nnilata  and  P.  japonica,  in  all  the 
other  species  they  appear  in  one  or  more,  rarely  (P.  dorsiporosa)  several  pore- 
chambers,  which    are    situated   at  the  distal  end  of  the  basal  wall.    In  the  unde- 


352 


scribed  form  from  Singapore  just  mentioned,  which  for  the  rest  is  most  closely 
related  to  P.  japonica,  we  find  instead  of  the  scattered  pores  in  P.  japonica  such 
a  distal  pore-chamber  in  most  of  the  zooecia,  and  this  may  sometimes  attain  a 
third  of  the  whole  length  of  the  zoa>cium. 


Petralia  japonica  Busk. 

Lepralia  japonica  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,   1884,  Part  I, 

Cheilostomata,  p.   143,  PI.  XVII,  fig.  5. 

(PI.  XVIll,  figs.  5  a-b). 

The  zooecia  quadrangularly  or  hexagonally  tongue-shaped,  covered  by  a 
yellowish  brown  membrane  and  provided  both  on  the  frontal  and  on  the  basal 
wall  with  numerous,  scattered  pores,  between  which  there  are  larger  and  smaller 
tubercles.  The  pores  of  the  frontal  wall  are  however  considerably  larger  and  as 
a  rule  somewhat  more  numerous  than  those  of  the  basal  wall.  The  large,  some- 
what elongated  aperture,  which  is  provided  with  a  thick,  but  not  very  promin- 
ent peristome,  has  a  slightly  concave  proximal  margin,  and  each  lateral  margin 
is  provided  in  its  proximal  half  with  a  part  projecting  inwards,  within  which 
there  is  a  stout  hinge-tooth.  The  operculum,  which  is  well-chitinized  and  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  the  compensation-sac,  has  a  stronger  chitinized  marginal 
ridge,  which  joins  on  to  a  muscular  process  almost  medially  on  each  lateral 
margin.  The  proximal  margin  however  has  only  a  continuation  of  this  on  each 
side.  Each  distal  wall  is  provided  with  up  to  16  and  the  distal  half  of  each  lateral 
wall  with  up  to  8  multiporous,  scattered  rosette-plates  with  4—7  pores. 

The  ocecia,  which  appear  very  seldom,  have  their  basal  half  sunk  into  fairly 
deep  pits,  the  base  of  which  is  formed  by  the  cryi)tocyst,  which  is  provided  with 
pores,  of  the  distal  zooecium.  Their  frontal  surface,  which  may  be  more  or  less 
strongly  arched,  is  provided  with  numerous,  densely  placed,  small  pores. 

Avicularia.  On  the  one  lateral  margin  of  the  aperture,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  inwardly  projecting  part,  we  somewhat  rarely  find  a  small,  circular  or 
oval  avicularium,  almost  entirely  immensed  but  with  the  point  somewhat  project- 
ing; its  broadly  rounded  mandible  is  as  a  rule  directed  obliquely  outwards  and 
proximally,  more  rarely  quite  proximally. 

Of  this  species  I  have  examined  some  few  colonies  which  occur  in  the  form 
of  one-layered,  hollow  expansions. 

Formosa  Channel,  Lat.  23"  20'  N.,  Long.  118"  30'  E.,  17  fathoms  depth  (Andrea). 


353 


Family  Hippopodinidae  n.  f. 

The  somewhat  thin-walled  zocecia  have  no  spines  and  are  provided  with  scat- 
tered pores.  The  primary  aperture  has  a  concave  proximal  margin  and  the  slightly 
chitinized  operculum  is  surrounded  by  a  more  strongly  chitinized  marginal  part. 
Hinge-teeth  and  a  peristome  may  be  present  or  absent.  Uniporous  or  multiporous 
rosette-plates.  An  avicitlariiim  may  appear  on  the  one  or  on  both  sides  near  the 
aperture.  The  nwcia,  which  are  endoocecial  yet  project  distinctly  on  the  surface 
of  the  zooecia,  consist  of  a  membranous  ectoocrcium  and  a  calcareous  endoooe- 
cium  provided  with  scattered  pores. 

To  this  family  belong  the  two  genera  Cheilopora  and  Hippopodina. 


Cheilopora  n.  g. 
Lepralia  Hincks,  part.;  Mucronella  Hincks,  part.; 
Hippoporina  Nev.,  part. 
(PI.  XXIV,  fig.  4  a). 
The  distal  wall  has  no  expansion  partly  separating  the  oa'cium  from  the  zooe- 
cium ;  multiporous  rosette-plates;  peristome  present  in  the  form  of  a  lip-like  pro- 
jection. 

To  this  genus  belong  "Lepralia"  sinccra  Smitt,  Hippoporina  circuincincta  Nev., 
^Mucronella<^  praelucida  Hincks,  M.  praelonga  Hincks  and   'Lep.'   Griinaldi  Jul. 

Hippopodina  n.  g. 
Lepralia  part. 

The  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  is  continued  into  an  expansion  which 
forms  a  partial  partition  between  the  occcium  and  the  zooecium;  uniporous  ro- 
sette-plates; no  peristome. 

Hippopodina  feegeensis  Busk. 
Lepralia  feegeensis  Busk,  Challenger,  Zoology,  Vol.  X,   1884,  Polyzoa, 

part  I,  p.  144,  PI.  XX,  fig.  9. 
Lepralia  feegeensis  Mac   Gillivray,    Proceed.  R.  Soc.  Victoria    (n.  s.), 
Vol.  in,  (1890)  1891,  p.  81,  PI.  X,  figs.   1—3. 
(PI.  XXIV,  figs.  3  a-3  f). 

The  zocecia,  which  have  a  very  small  depth  (distance  between  frontal  and 
basal  wall)  are  usually  more  or  less  regularly  rectangular,    fairly  broad  and  thin- 

23 


354 

walled,  and  the  weakly  arched  IVontal  wall  is  provided  with  small,  round  ]iores, 
as  a  rule  densely  placed,  which  may  however  be  wanting  on  the  part  round  the 
aperture.  Each  of  them  is  more  or  less  surrounded  by  a  raised  wall,  which  is 
always  highest  and  most  strongly  developed  about  the  proximal  half  of  the  pore 
and  sometimes  only  distinctly  developed  round  this.  The  aperture,  the  anter  of 
which  is  surrounded  by  a  slight,  collar-shaped  peristome,  varies  somewhat  in 
form,  as  its  poster  may  sometimes  be  considerably  narrower  than  its  anter  and 
sometimes  almost  reach  this  in  breadth.  Opposite  its  proximal  fifth  to  third  it 
is  provided  on  each  side  with  a  triangular  projection,  within  which  there  is  a 
stout  conical  hinge-tootii,  and  whilst  the  anter  of  the  aperture  approximates  to 
the  two-thirds  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  its  poster  is  only  strongly  arched 
at  the  sides  and  almost  straight  or  slightly  convex  in  the  middle.  The  weakl}' 
cliitinized  operculum  is  provided  with  a  continuous  marginal  ridge.  Each  distal 
wall  is  provided  inside  its  basal  edge  with  ca.  10  and  the  distal  half  of  each 
lateral  wall  with  5  —  8  uniporous  rosette-plates. 

The  ooecia,  which  occupy  the  whole  breadth  of  the  zooecium,  are  as  a  rule 
longer  than  broad  and  their  somewhat  strongly  arched  frontal  wall  is  provided 
with  numerous,  densely  placed,  larger  and  smaller,  round  or  oval  pores.  The 
raised  network  surrounding  the  pores  shows  a  more  or  less  distinct,  concentric 
striation,  and  along  the  middle  of  each  ridge  especially  there  is  a  narrow,  raised 
line,  so  that  each  pore  comes  to  lie  at  the  bottom  of  a  4 — 6  sided,  deepened 
area.  The  membranous  ectoooecium  shows  a  corresponding  division  into  areas, 
separated  from  each  other  by  yellowish,  presumably  cliitinized  lines.  The  basal 
wall  of  the  ooccium,  which  arises  a  little  frontally  to  the  basal  wall  of  the  zooecium, 
rises  obliquely  up  towards  the  frontal  wall  and  is  provided  with  ca.  10  scattered, 
round  pores.  The  frontal  wall  of  the  onccium  projects  a  little  beyond  the  frontal 
edge  of  the  prolongation  of  the  distal  w-all,  so  that  the  egg  coming  from  the 
zocrcial  aperture  will  be  easily  led  over  into  the  ooecium. 

Avicularia  appear  on  a  larger  or  smaller  number  of  zod'cia  to  the  number 
of  one  or  two,  which  are  usually  placed  distally  to  the  ajjerlure,  more  rarely 
on  the  sides  of  this.  They  are  triangular,  but  of  very  different  length  from  differ- 
ent localities,  and  the  longest  of  them  have  the  mandible  drawn  out  into  a  long, 
thin,  terminal  j)art.  In  them  all  the  central  third  of  the  subo[)ercular  area  is 
covered  by  a  dark,  cliitinized,  longitudinal  belt,  which  is  presumably  a  part  of 
the  covering  membrane.  These  avicularia  are  fairly  short  on  colonies  from  St. 
Thomas  (from  Pndodesiniis  falcatiis)  and  the  mandible  is  directed  ol)li(|uelj'  dis- 
tally and    inwards.    They  are    long    and    narrow  on    colonies   from  Singapore  and 


355 

Ihey  have  here  a  similar  position  as  on  the  specimen  figured  l)y  Husk.  On 
a  colony  taken  from  Manicina  an-olata  (without  locality)  the  aviculai-ia  have  a 
similar  form  but  are  directed  obliquely  proximally  and  inwards. 

The  colonies  form   crusts  on  corals,  on    Tridacna  sp.  and   on   a  sponge. 

St.  Thomas,  Singapore  (Schytt,  S.  Gad). 


2;i* 


LITERATURE 


1.  Barrois,  Jules.  Recherches  sur  I'embryo- 

logie  lies  Bryozoaires.  (Travaux  de 
rinslitut  do  Zoologie,  Lille,  Fasc.  I, 
1877,  305  pp.,  16  pis.).  Also  separate, 
Paris  and  Lille,  1877,  4to. 

2.  Busk,  George.    Catalogue  of  the  Marine 

Polj'zoa  in  the  collection  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.  Cheilostomata,  Part  I, 
VIII 4- VI  -f  54  pp.,  68  pis.  London  1852. 
,  (Review  of  Part  I  in  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Microscopical  Science,  I, 
1853,  pp.  136-137.)  Part  H,  VIII  +  55- 
120  pp.,  pis.  69—124.    London,  1854. 

3.  —  An  account  of  the  Polyzoa  and  Sertu- 

tarian  Zoophytes  collected  in  the  voy- 
age of  the  Rattlesnake  on  the  coasts 
of  Australia  and  the  Louisiade  Archi- 
pelago (John  Mac  Gillivray's  Narrative 
of  the  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Rattlesnake, 
commanded  by  the  late  Captain  Owen 
Stanley,  during  the  years  1846—1850, 
Vol.  I,  1852,  pp.  343-402,  pi.  I). 

4.  —  Zoophytology    (Quarterly    Journal    of 

Microscopical  Science  IV,  1856,  p|).  176 — 
179,  pis.  VII,  VIII). 

5.  —  Zoophytology    (Quarterly    Journal    of 

Microscopical  Science,  V,  1857,  pp.  172— 
174,  pis.  XV-XVI. 

6.  —  Zoophytology   (Quarterly    Journal    of 

Microscopical  Science  (n.  s.),  I,  1861, 
pp.  153-156,  pis.  XXXIV,  XXXV. 


7.  Busk,   George.     A     Monograph    of    the 

Fossil  Polyzoa  of  the  Crag.  (Publica- 
tions of  the  Palpeontograjihical  Society, 
London,  1859.  XIV,  136  pp.,  22  pis.). 

8.  —  Report   on   the   Polyzoa   collected   by 

H.  M.  S.  Challenger,  during  the  years 
1873—1876  (Report  on  the  Scientific 
Results  of  the  Voyage  of  H.  M.  S.  Chal- 
lenger —  Zoology.)  Part  I,  The  Cheil- 
ostomata, Vol.  X,  part  XXX,  1884,  pp. 
I-XXIV,  1-216,  pis.  I-XXXVI. 

9.  Calvet,  Louis.  Contributions  a  I'Histoire 

Naturelle  des  Bryozoaires  Ectojjroctes 
Marins,  pp.  488,  XIII  pis.  et  55  figures 
dans  le  texte.  Montpellier  et  Paris, 
1900. 

10.  —  Bryozoaires   Marins   de   la  Region    de 

Cette,  pp.  103,  III  pis.  Montpellier  1902. 

11.  —  Bryozoen(HamburgerMagalhaensische 

Samnielreisc),  pp.  45,  III  Tafel,  Ham- 
burg 1904. 

11a.  Canu,  M.  F.  Revision  des  Bryozoaires 
du  Cretace  figures  par  d'Orbigny. 
Deuxieme  Partie.  —  Cheilostomata. 
(Bulletin  Soc.  G6ol.  de  France  [3.  s]. 
XXVIII.  1900  pp.,  334-403,  pis.  IV-VII). 

lib.  —  Les  Bryozoaires  du  Patagonien.  Kchelle 
des  Bryozoaires  pour  les  Terrains  ter- 
tiaires  (Memoires  de  la  Society  Oeo- 
logique     de     France.      Paleontologie, 


358 


'lome  XII.  Fuse.  III.  Mciiioirc  No.  33. 
1904,  pp.  5-30,  pis.  IV-VIII. 
11  c.  —  Iconofiraphie  des  Bryozoiiires  fossiles 
(ic  r.\rj<enliiu'  (.Vnalcs  del  Miiseo  Na- 
cional  de  Buenos  Aires,  Tonio  XVII, 
[StT.  [i«,  t.  \|,  |).  24.-)  a  311,  pi.  I-XIII, 
1908). 

12.  Ellis,  John.  Essay  towards  a  naliiia!  his- 

tory of  the  corallines  and  other  marine 
productions  of  the  like  kind  commonly 
found  on  the  coasts  of  (ireat  Britain 
and  Ireland.  Lonilon,  I".'),'),  120  pp., 
39  pis. 

13.  Ellis,  John,   and  Solander,  Daniel.    The 

natural  history  of  many  curious  and 
uncommon  Zoophytes,  collected  etc., 
by  the  late  .lohn  Ellis,  systematically 
arranj^ed  and  described  by  Daniel 
Solander.  London,  1780.  4to,  206  pp., 
G3  pis. 

11.  Fabricius,  Otho.  Fauna  groenhmdica. 
llafniae  et  Lipsiae,  1780. 

13.  Goldstein,  J.  R.  Y.  .\  new  species  of 
I'olyzoa  [(".atenicella  i)onderosa]  (Quar- 
terly Journal  of  the  Microscopical 
Society  of  Victoria,  1,  1880,  p.  63,  pl.V. 
1-3). 

16.  —  Some    new  S|)ecies    of    Hryo/.oa    from 

the  Marion  I.slands,  with  notes  on  Bi- 
cellaria  grandis.  (Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Victoria,  XVIII,  1882, 
pp.,  30—16,  i)ls.  I,  II). 
16  a.  Gregory,  J.  W.  On  the  British  I'ake- 
ogene  Bryozoa.  (Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  of 
London,  1893,  vol.  XIIL  part  VI,  No.  1, 
pp.  219-279,  |.ls.  XXIX-XXXII). 

17.  Harmer,    Sidney.    F.     \    revision    of  the 

genus  Stegano|)orella  (Quarterly  Jour- 
nal of  Microscopical  Science  |n.  s.|, 
13,  ft.  2,  19(10,  pp.  225-297,  pis.  12,  13). 

18.  —  On    the   Structure    and    Classification 

of  the  {^hcilostomatous  Polyzoa  (Pro- 
ceedings of  the  C.andjridge  Philoso- 
phical Society,  Vol.  XI.  Pt.  1,  pp.  11—17, 
1900). 


19.  Harmer,  Sidney.  F.  On  the  Morphology 

of  the  (".heilostomata  (Quarterly  Jour- 
nal of  Microscopical  Science,  |n.  s.|, 
46,  Pt.  2,  1903,  pi).  2()3-3.'')0,  pis.  15-18). 

20.  Haswell,  William    A.    On    sonic  Polyzoa 

from  the  (jiu'cnsland  coast.  (Proceed- 
ings of  the  Linnean  .Society  of  New 
South  Wales,  V,  1880,  |)p.  .33-40,  pis. 
I-Ill). 

21.  Heller,  Camil.   Die  Biyozoen  des  Adria- 

tischen  Meeres  (Verhandlungen  der 
k.  k.  zoologisch.  botanischcn  Gcsell- 
schaft  in  Wien,  XVII,  1867,  pp.  77—136, 
pis,  1-Vl). 

22.  Hincks,  Thomas.  A  History  of  the  Brit- 

ish Marine  Polyzoa.  2  vols.  London. 
1880.  Vol.  I,  Text  CXLI  +  (iOl  j)])..  Vol. 
II,  Plates  I-LXXXIII. 

23.  —  Contributions   towards   a  general  his- 

tory of  the  marine  Polyzoa.  I  Madeiran 
Polyzoa.  II  Foreign  Mcmbraniporina. 
(Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1880,  [5  s.].  Vol.  VI, 
pp.  69—92,  pis.  IX— XI).  Contributions 
etc.  (continued).  II  Foreign  Mcmbrani- 
porina (coutimicd).  Ill  Foreign  Chcilo- 
stomata  (Miscellaneous)  (.\nnals  Nat. 
Hist.,  1880,  (o  S.J,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  376-384, 
])ls.  XVI,  XVII). 

24.  —  Contributions  ...(continued).  IV  For- 

eign Memi)raniporina  (second  series).  V 
Foreign  ("^heilostomata  (Miscellaneous ). 
(Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1881,  [5  .s.|.  Vol.  VII, 
1)1).  147-161,  pis.  VIII-X). 

25.  —  Contributions  . . .  (continued)  VI.  Poly- 

zoa from  Bass'sStraits.  VII  Foreign  Mcm- 
braniporina (third  series).  VIII  Foreign 
('.heilostomata  (Miscellaneous)  (.\nnals 
Nat.  Hist.,  1881,  |.')  s.|.  Vol.  VIII,  pp. 
1-14,  122-136,  pis.  I-V). 

26.  —  Contributions  ...  (continued).  IX.  For- 

eign Cheilostoniata  (Miscellaneous). 
Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1882,  |5  s.|.  Vol.  IX, 
pp.  116—127,  pi.  V). 

27.  —  Contributions  ...  (continued).   X.   For- 

eign    (^heilostomata     (Miscellaneous). 


359 


28.   - 


29. 


30. 


31. 


32. 


33. 


34. 


35. 


36. 


37.    - 


38. 


(Annals  Nat.  Hist.,   1882,   (5  s.].  Vol.  X, 
1)]).  160-170,  pis.  VII,  VIII. 
Contributions  . . .  (continued).  XI.  For- 
eign Cheilostoniata  (Australia  and  New 
Zealand).  Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  188.3,  (5  s.], 
Vol.  XI,  pp.  193-202.  pis.  VI,  VII). 
Contributions   .  .  .   (continued).     XIII. 
Polyzoa    from    Victoria     (continued). 
Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1884,  [5  s.],  Vol.  XIV, 
pp.  276-285,  pis.  VIII,  IX). 
Contribution.s    .  .  .    (continued).    XIV. 
Polyzoa   from   New   Zealand   and  Au- 
stralia. XV.  Cheilostoniata— Miscellane- 
ous.    (Annals  Nat.    Hist.,    1885,    |5   s.]. 
Vol.  XV,  pp.  244—257,  pis.  VII— IX). 
Contributions   .  .  .    (continued).      XV. 
South  .\frican  and  other  Polyzoa.  (An- 
nals   Nat.    Hist.,    1891,    |6    s.],  Vol.  VII, 
p|).  285-298,  ])ls.  VI,  VIl). 
Heport   on   the  Polyzoa  of  the  QHieen 
Charlotte   Islands.    (Annals  Nat.  Hist., 
1882,    [5  s.].  Vol.  X,    |)p.  459—471,    pis. 
XIX,  XX). 

Report  on  the  Polyzoa  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands  (continued).  (Annals 
Nat.  Hist.,  1883,  [5  s.].  Vol.  XI,  pp. 
442-551,  pis.  XVII,  XVIII). 
Report  on  the  Polyzoa  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands  (continued).  (Annals 
Nat.  Hist.,  1884,  |5  s.],  Vol.  XIII,  pp. 
49-58,  pis.  Ill,  IV,  pp.  203-215,  pi.  IX. 
The  Polyzoa  of  the  Adriatic:  A  sup- 
plement to  Professor  Heller's  wDie 
Bryozoen  des  Adriatischen  Meeres, 
1867  (Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1886,  [5  s.], 
Vol.  XVII,  pp.  254-271,  pis.  IX,  X). 
The  Polyzoa  of  the  Adriatic  (contin- 
ued). (Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1887,  |5  s.|, 
Vol.  XIX,  pp.  302-316,  pi.  IX). 
Note  on  the  ovicells  of  the  Cheilos- 
tomatous  Polyzoa.  (Quart.  Journ.  Micr. 
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Contributions  to  the  history  of  the 
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38b. 


39 


38  a.  Hincks,  Thomas.  Contributions  .  .  . 
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176,  473-480,  327—334. 

Marine  Polyzoa:  Contributions  to- 
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41.  Joliet,  Lucien.    (Contributions  a  I'histoire 

naturelle  des  Bryozoaires  des  cotes 
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42.  Jullien,  Jules.  Note  sur  une  nouvelle  di- 

vision des  Bryzoaires  (Cheilostomiens. 
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43.  —  Dragages  du  Travailleur.  Bryozoaires ; 

especes  draguees  dans  I'ocean  Atlan- 
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France,  VII,  1882,  pp.  497-.529,  pis. 
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44.  —  Les   Costulidees,    nouvelle    famille   de 

Bryozoaires.  (Bull.  Soc.  Zoolog.  de 
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Mission  scientilit|ue  du  Cap  llorn, 
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45. 


45  a. 


360 


46.  Julllen,  Jules  ct  Calvet,   Louis.    Hisul- 

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47.  Kirkpatrick,  R.  On  the  Poly/.oa  of  Mau- 

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48.  —  Report  upon  the  Hydrozoa  and  Poly- 

zoa  collected  by  P.  W.  Bassctt-Smith, 
Esg.,  surgeon  R.  N.,  during  the  survey 
of  the  Tizard  and  Macclesfield  banks, 
in  the  China  Sea,  by  H.  M.  S.  Ramb- 
ler, Commander  W.  U.  Moore  (Annals 
Nat.  Hist.   (6J.  V.   1890  pp.  11-24.   pis. 

m-v). 

49.  —  Report   on  the   zoological   collections 

made  in  Torres  Strait  by  Prof.  A.  C. 
Haddon,  1888,  1889.  Hydroida  and 
Polyzoa.  (Scientific  Proceedings  of  the 
Royal  Dublin  Society  [n.  s.],  VI,  1888— 
90,  pp.  603—626,  pis.  XIV— XVII). 

49.  a  —  Description     of    a    new    Species    of 

Retepora  from  Port  Western.  Victoria 
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p.  269). 

50.  Koren  F.,  and  Danielsen,  D.  C.  Beskri- 

velse  over  Kinetoskias  smittii  og 
arborescens.  (Fauna  littoralis  Nor- 
vegiac.  III.  1877). 

51.  Lamarck  Jean,  Baptiste  de.  Histoire  na- 

turelle  des  animaux  sans  vertebres. 
Paris  1836,  Ed.  2,  by  G.  P.  Deshayes 
et  H.  Milne-Edwards.  T.  II. 

52.  Lamouroux,  J.  V.  F.    Histoire  des  Poly- 

piers  Coralligenes  flexibles,  vulgaire- 
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.53.  Levinsen,  G.  M.  R.  Bryozocr  fra  Kara- 
llavct  (Dijmphna-Togtels  zoologisk- 
botaniske  Udbyttc,  Kjobenhavn,  1886, 
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54.    —  Polvzoa.    Del    vidcnskabelige    I'dbvtte 


56. 


.58. 


,58. 


59. 


60. 


61. 


62. 


63. 


af    Kanonbaailcn 


nllauchus    Togter, 


1883—86,    Kjobenhavn,    1891,     llo,    pp. 
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Danica.  Ilclte  9,   1894,  pp.  1—105,  pis. 
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—  Studies  on  Bryozoa  (Vidcnskabelige 
Meddelelser  fra  den  natin-historiske 
Forening  i  Kjobenhavn,  1892,  pp.  1— 
31. 

Linnaeus,  Carolus.  Systema  Naturae.  Ed. 
12,  Holmiae.  1767.  Tome  1,  pars  II. 
Z(.oi)liyta,  pp.  1287-1.301. 

Lorenz,  Ludwig  von.  Bryozoen  von  Jan 
Mayen.  (Die  Internationale  Polarfor- 
schung  1SS2-  83.  Die  Oestcrreicliische 
Polarstation  Jan  Mayen,  Band  111,  1886, 
pp.  83-100,  pi.  VII). 
a  Marsson,  Th.  Die  Bryozoen  dcr  wcissen 
Schrcibkreide  der  Inscl  Riigen.  (I'alsc- 
ontologische  Abhandlungcn,  heraus- 
gegeben  von  W.  Dames  und  E.  Kayser, 
Viertcr  Band,  Heft  1,  Berlin  1887,  112 
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Mac  GilHvray,  P.  H.  On  some- new  Aus- 
tralian Polyzoa  (Trans.  Pliilos.  In- 
stitute of  Victoria,  IV,  18,59,  part  1, 
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—  Notes  on  the  Cheilostomatous  Polyzoa 
of  Victoria  .  .  .  (Trans.  Philo.s.  Insti- 
tute of  Victoria,  IV,  (1859),  1860,  part  1, 
pp.  159-168,  pi.  2,3). 

—  Descriptions  of  some  new  genera  and 
species  of  Australian  Polyzoa;  to  which 
is  added  a  list  of  species  found  in 
Victoria  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  Part  II,  IX  (1868),  1869, 
pp.  126-148). 

—  On  two  new  genera  of  Polyzoa  (Trans, 
and  Proceed.  H.  Soc.  of  Victoria,  XVII, 
(1880),  1881,  pp.  15-18,  1  p!.). 

On  some  new  sjiecies  of  (;atenicel]a  and 
Diclyopora;  and  on  Urccolipora,  a  new 
genus  of  Polyzoa  (Trans,  and  Proceed. 
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361 


64.  Mac    GilUvray,   P.    H.     Descriptions    of 

new,  or  little  known  Polyzoa.  Part  I, 
{Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc.  ol  Victoria, 
XVIII  (1881),  1882  [n.  s.J,  pp.  115-121, 
1  pi.). 

65.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  II.  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XIX,  (1882),  1883,  pp. 
130-138,  pis.  I-III). 

66.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  III.  Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XIX  (1882),  1883,  pp. 
191—195,  pis.  I,  II). 

67.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  VII,  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XXI  (1884),  1885,  pp. 
92-99,  pis.  I-III). 

68.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  VIII.  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XXI,  (1884),  1885,  pp. 
106-119,  pis.  I— V). 

69.  —  Descriptions    of  new  .  .  .   (continued). 

Part  IX.  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XXII,  (1885),  1886,  pp. 
128-139,  pis.  I-III). 

70.  —  Descriptions  of    new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  X.  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XXIII,  (1886),  1887,  pp. 
34-38,  pis.  I-II). 

71.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  XI.  Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XXIII,  (1886),  1887,  |)p. 
64-72,  pis.  I-III). 

72.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  XII.  (Trans,  and  Proceed.  R.  Soc. 
of  Victoria,  XXIII,  (1886),  1887,  pp. 
179-186,  pis.  I-III). 

73.  —  Descriptions  of  new  .  .  .  (continued). 

Part  XIV,  (Proceed.  R.  Soc.  of  Victoria, 
|n.  s.].  Vol.  Ill  (1890),  1891,  pp.  77-83, 
pis.  IX.  X). 

74.  —  Polyozoa    in   Mc   Coy's   Prodomus    of 

the  Zoology  of  Victoria.  2  vols.  Mel- 
bourne. Vol  1,    Decades  I-X,    1879— 


1885.  Vol  II,  Decades  XI-XX  1885— 
1890. 

75.  Mac  Cillivray,  P.  H.   A  catalogue  of  the 

marine  Polyzoa  of  Victoria.  (Trans. 
and  Proceed.  R.  Soc.  of  Victoria,  XXIII 
(1886),  1887,  pp.  187-224). 

76.  —  A  Monograph  of  the  Tertiary  Polyzoa 

of  Victoria  [completed  by  T.  S.  Hall 
and  W.  Baldwin  Spencer]  (Transact. 
R.  Soc.  of  Victoria,  IV,  1895,  pp.  1— 
166,  pis.  I-XXII). 

77.  Milne-Edwards,  Henri.  Recherches  ana- 

tomiqucs,  physiologiques  et  zoologi- 
ques  sur  les  Eschares.  (Annates  d. 
Sciences  Naturelles,  Zoologie,  [2|.  VI 
1836.  pp.  5-53,  pis.  I-V). 

77.  a  Neviani,   Antonio,    .\ppunti  sui  Briozoi 

(lei  Mediterraneo.  Nota  Prima.  (Bollet- 
tino  della  Societa  Romana  per  gli  Studi 
Zoologici,  VII  1898,  pp.  1C3-](;,S,  (!  figs). 

78.  Nickles  John    M.    and    Bassler,   Ray  S. 

A  Synopsis  ot  American  fossil  Rryo- 
zoa,  Washington  1900.  (Contains  a  most 
complete  list  of  papers  treating  of 
Bryozoa;  pp.  469—663). 

79.  Nitsche,  Hinrich.  Beitnige  zur  Kenntniss 

(lei-  Bryozoen.  1  Beobachtungen  iiber 
die  Kntwickelungsgeschichte  einiger 
chilostonien  Bryozoen  (Zeitschrift  f. 
wissensch.  Zoologie,  XX,  1869,  pp.  1— 
13,  pi.  1). 

80.  —  Beitriige  zur  Kenntniss  der  Bryozoen. 

III.  Ueber  die  .\natomie  und  Kntwicke- 
lungsgeschichte  von  Flustra  membra- 
nacea  (Zeitschrift  fiir  wissenschaft- 
liche  Zoologie,  XXI,  1871,  pp.  416— 
470.  pis.  XXV-XXVII). 

80.  a  Norman,  Alfred  Merle.  Notes  on  some 

rare  British  Polyzoa,  with  descriptions 
of  new  species.  (Quarterly  Journal  of 
Micros.  Science  |n.  s.]  VIII  1808,  pp. 
212-222,  pis.  V-VII). 

81.  —  x\   Month   on    the    Trondhjem    Fjord. 

Polyzoa  (Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1893  [6.  s.]. 
Vol.  XII,  pp.  446-452,  pi.  XIX). 


362 


82.  Norman,  Alfred  Merle.    A  Month  on  the 

Trondhjeni  Fjord.  Polyzoa  (continued). 
(Annals  Nat.  Hist.,  1894,  (0.  s.],  Vol.  XIII, 
pp.  112-i;i;i,  pl.s.  V,  VII). 

<S;5.  —  Notes  on  the  Natural  Ili.story  of  cast 
Finmark,  Polyzoa.  (Annals  Nat.  Hist. 
l!)0;i,  |7.  .s.|,  Vol.  XI,  pp.  r)r)7— 508,  pi. 
XIII). 

84.  —  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  east 
Finmark,  Polyzoa  (continued).  (Annals 
Nat.  Hist.  l<)0;i,  |7.  s.|,  Nol.  Xll,  pp. 
87-128,  pis.  Vlll,  IX). 

84.  a  —  The  Polyzoa  of  Madeira  and  neigh- 
bouring Islands  (Journ.  Linnean  See, 
Zoology,  XXX,  1909,  pp.  273—314,  pis. 
33—42). 

84. 1)  Nordgaard,  O.  Systcmatisk  Fortcgnclse 
over  de  i  Norge  hidtil  observcredc 
arter  af  marine  polyzoa.  I.  Cheilosto- 
mata.  (Bergens  Museums  Aarbog  1894 — 
95,  Nr.  II.,  189();  pag.  3-34,  PI.  I-II). 

84.  c  —  Bryozoen  von  dem  norvegischen  Fi- 
schereidampfcr  uMichacl  Sars<i  in  den 
Jahrcn  1900—1904  gesaninielt  (Bergens 
Museums  Aarbog  1907,  Nr.  2,  pag.  3— 
20,  1  pi.). 

83.  Novak,  Ottamar.    Beitrag   zur  Kenntniss 

der  Bryozoen  der  bohmischen  Kreide- 
bildung.  (Denkschriften  d.  math.-nat. 
Classe  der  k.  Akademie  d.  Wissen- 
schaften,  Wien,  XXXVII,  1877,  p]).  79— 
I2(i,  ])ls.  1— X). 
<).  Orbigny,  Alcide  de.  Paleonlologie  Iran- 
caise.  Dcscrii)tions  des  animaux  in- 
vertebrcs.  Terrain  Crctac(^.  Tome  cin- 
t|uiemc.  Bryozoalres.  Paris,  1850—1852. 
Text,  1192  i)p..  Atlas,  pis.  COO— 800. 

7.  Ortmann,    Arnold     E.     Die    japanische 

Hryozoen-Fnuna.  (Archiv  f  Naturge- 
schichte,  1890,  5().  .lahrg.,  1.  Band;  pp. 
1-74. 

8.  Ostroumoif,  Alexis.  Bcniar(|ues  relatives 

aux  recherches  de  Mr.  Vigelius  sur 
les  Bryozoalres.  (Zoologischer  \n- 
zeiger,  VIII,  1885,  pp.  290—291;. 


89.  Ostroumoff,  Alexis,    llxtrait  de  Tocuvre 

sur  la  morphologic  des  Bryozoalres 
marines  (Zoologischer  Anzcigcr,  VIII, 
1885,  pp.  .577— .579). 

90.  —  Die  Bryozoen  der  Buclil   \on  .Sebasto- 

pol.  Vollslandigcre  Ausgabe  mil  cincni 
ganr  neuen  'I'lu'ile  idjcr  die  Morpho- 
logie  der  Bryozoen.  (Proceedings  of 
the  Society  of  Naturalists  in  Ka.san, 
XVI,  Part  II,  188(),  124  pp.,  5  i)ls.  (Bus- 
sian  Text). 

91.  Pallas,  Pierre  Simon.  l\lcnchus  Zoophj'- 

loriuii.  La  llaye,  1701). 

92.  Pergens,    Ed.    I'ntcrsuchungcn    an    Sce- 

bryozocn.  (Zoologischer  Anzcigcr,  XII 
1889.  pp.  .504-510,  52r)-,533). 

93.  —  B6vision  des  Bryozoalres   du   Cretaee 

figures  par  d'Orblgny.  (Memolres  de 
la  Societe  Beige,  dc  Geologic,  de  Pale- 
onlologie ct  d'llydrologie,  Bruxcllcs, 
111,  1889.  pp.  305-400,  pis.  X-XIII). 

94.  Reichert,    K.    B.     Vcrgleichcnde    anato- 

mlsche  Untersuchungcn  iiber  Zoobo- 
tryon  pellucidus  (Fhrenbcrg).  (Ab- 
handhmgen  der  koniglichcn  Akademie 
der  Wissenschalfen  zu  Berlin,  II,  1870, 
pp.  2.33-338.  pis.  I— VI). 

95.  Reid,  John.    Anatomical    and    physiolo- 

gical observations  on  some  Zoophytes. 
(Annals  Nat.  Hist,  [l],  XVI,  1845,  pp. 
385-400,  pl.  XII). 
9().  RepiachofF,  Wassilij.  Zui-  f'ntwicke- 
lungsgcschichte  dcrl'cndi'a  zostcricola. 
(Zeitschr.  1'.  wissensch.  Zoologic,  XXV, 
1875,  pp.  129-112,  pis.  VII— IX). 

97.  Sars,  George  Ossian.  On  some  remark- 

able forms  of  animal  life  from  the 
great  deeps  of  the  Noi-\vcgi;m  coast. 
(Fniversity  ])rogram  for  the  (irsl  IimII' 
year  1869,  Christianla,  1872,  Ito,  82  pp., 
6  pis. 

98.  Savigny,   Jules    Cesar.    I)i'scri|)ti<)n    dc 

rivgypte.  Hisloire  nalurcllc,  Phmchcs. 
Tome  deuxicme.  Polypes,  ([jlates  only]. 


363 


Explication  sommairc  par  V.  Andouin 
in  Tome  premier,  ])p.  225—244.  1826. 

99.  Smitt,  Fritz  Adam.  F\ritisk  fortcckninj^ 
ofvtT  Skandinaviens  Hal'.sbryozoer. 
(Ofversigtat'Kongl.Vetenskaps-Akade- 
miens  Forhandlingar,  XXIV,  1807,  Nr. 
5,  pp.  279—429,  pis.  XVI— XX). 

99.  a  —  Bryozoa  marina  in  regionibusarcticis 
et  borealibus  vivcntia  (Otversigt  af 
Kongl.  Svcnska  Vetenskaps  -  Akade- 
niiens  Forhandlingar,  1867,  No.  6,  pp. 
443-487). 

100.  —  Kritisk    forteckning    ot'vcr   Skandina- 

viens   Hafsbryozoer.     (Ol'vcrsigt     af 
■   Kongl.    Vetenskaps-Akademiens    For- 
handlingar,  XXIV,  1876,   Bihang,   pp. 
.3-230,  pis.  XXIV-XXVII). 

101.  —  Kritisk    iorteckning    ofver   Skandina- 

viens Hafsbryozoer  (Ofversigt  af 
Kongl.  Vetenskaps-Akademiens  For- 
handlingar, XXVIlI,  1871,  No.  9,  pp. 
1115—1134,  pis.  XX,  XXI). 

102.  —  Floridan  Bryozoa,  collected  by  Count 

L.  F.  de  Pourlales,  Part  1  (Kongl. 
SvenskaVetenskaps-AkademiensHand- 
lingar,  X,  1872,  No.  11,  pp.  1-20,  pis. 
1-V). 

103.  —  Floridan  Bryozoa  .  .  .,  Part  II  (Kongl. 

SvenskaVelenskaps-.\kademiensHand- 
lingar,  XI,  1873,  No.  4,  pp.  1—83,  pis. 
I-XIII). 

103.  a  —  La  Filiation  des  Especes  dWnimaux. 

(("ompte-rendu  3nie  Congres  Intern. 
Zool.).  Leydcn  (1895),  1896,  p.  235. 

104.  Thompson,  Wyville  T.  C.   On  new  ge- 

nera and  sjjecies  of  Polyzoa  in  the 
collection  of  W.  H.  Harvey.  (Natural 
History  Review,  V,  1858,  pp.  134— 
147,  pis.  X— XIll).  (Proceeding  of  the 
Dublin  University  Zoological  and 
Botanical  Association,  Vol.  I,  Part  1, 
1858,  pp.  77-93,  pis.  V— IX). 

105.  Vigelius,  W.J.  Die  Bryozoen  gesammclt 

widirend  der  dritten  und  vierten 
Polarfahrt    des    Willeiii    Barents,    in 


den  Jahren  1880  ii.  1881  (Bijdragen 
tot  de  Dierkunde,  Amsterdam,  XI, 
1881.  104  pp.,  8  pis.). 
106.  Waters,  Arthur  William.  Chiloslomatous 
Bryozoa  from  Aldinga  and  the  River- 
Murray  Cliffs,  South  Australia  (Quar- 
terly Journal  Geol.  Soc.  of  London, 
XLI,  1885,  pp.  279-310,  pi.  VII). 

106.  a  —  On  the  use  of  the  Avicularian  Mand- 

ible in  the  determination  of  the 
Chiloslomatous  Bryozoa  (Journ.  B. 
Micr.  Soc,  1885,  Ser.  II,  vol.  V,  pp. 
774-779.  pi.  XIV). 

107.  —  Bryozoa     from    New    South    Wales, 

North  Australia,  etc.  (Annals  Nat. 
Hist.  [5],  XX,  1887,  pp.  81—95,  pi.  IV; 
pp.  181-203.  Ills.  V,  VI,  pp.  253-265, 
pi.  VII). 

107.  a  —  On  Tertiary  Chiloslomatous  Bryozoa 

from  New  Zealand  (Quarterly  .lourn. 
C.eolog.   Soc,    1887,    XLIII,   p.   40—72, 
1)1.  VI-VIII). 
—  Bryozoa     from    New    South    Wales. 
Annals  Nat.  IIi.st.  [6],  IV  1889.  pp.  1  — 
24.  pis.  I-III. 
a  -    On    Chiloslomatous    Characters    in 
Melicertilidae  and  other  F'ossil  Bryo- 
zoa  (Annals  Nat.  Hist.  [6],  VIII,   1891, 
pp.  48—51,  pi.  VI). 
108.1)  —  Observations  on  the  Cland-like  Bo- 
dies in  the  Bryozoa  (Journ.  Linnean 
Soc.  XXIV  1892,  pp.  272-278,  pi.  XIX. 

108.  c  —  On  Meditenanean  and  New-Zealand 

Reteporiv  and  a  fenestrate  Bryozoa 
(Journ.  Linnean  Soc,  Zoology,  Vol. 
XXV,  1894,  pp.  255-271,  pis.  VI— 
VII. 

109.  —  Interzoa'cial    conmiunication    in  Flu- 

stridae  and  notes  on  Fluslra.  (.lourn. 
R.  Micros.  Soc.  1896,  pp.  279-292, 
pis.  VII,  VIII). 

110.  —  Supplementary  re])orl  on  the  Polyzoa, 

collected  by  II.  M.  S.  Challenger  during 
the  years  1873—1876.  (Report  on  the 
scientific   results    of    the    voyage    of 


108. 


108. 


364 


H.  M.  S.  Chullemjcr,  Zoology,  XXXI, 
Pari  LXXIX,  London,  1889,  pp.  1—41, 
pis.  I-III). 

111.  Waters,  Arthur  William.  Notes  on  the 

Bryozoa  IVoiii  Hapallo  and  other 
Mediterranean  localities,  chiefly  Cel- 
lulariidae.  (Joiirn.  Linn.  Soc,  Zoology 
XXVI,  1890,  pp.  1-21,  pis.  I,  II). 

112.  —  Observations    on     Membraniporidae. 

(Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Zoology,  XXVI, 
1898,  pp.  654—693,  pis.  XLVII— 
XLIX). 

113.  —  Bryozoa    from    Madeira.    (Journ.    R. 

Micr.  Soc,  1899,  pp.  6—16,  pi.  III). 

114.  —  Bryozoa     from     Franz -Josef    Land, 

collected  by  the  Jackson-Harmsworth 
Expedition  1890—97.  (Journ.  Linn. 
Soc,  Zoology,  XXVIII,  1900,  pp.  43— 
105,  pis.  V— XII). 


115.  Waters,  Arthur  William.  Bryozoa.  (Ex- 

pedition Antarctique  Beige,  Anvers 
1904,  lO,'^  pp.,  pis.  I-IX). 

116.  —  Tubucellaria:  its  Species  and  Ovicells. 

(Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Zoology,  XXX, 
1907,  pp.  126-133,  pis.  XV,  XVI). 
lie.  a  —  Reports  on  the  Marine  Biology  of 
the  Sudanese  Red  Sea,  from  Collec- 
tions made  by  Cyril  Crossland,  M.  A., 
B.  Sc,  F.  Z.  S.;  together  with  Collec- 
tions made  in  the  Red  Sea  by  Dr. 
R.  Martmeyer  —  XII.  The  Bryozoa. 
(Journ.  Linnean  Soc,  Zoology,  vol. 
XXXI,    1909,    pp.    123—181,    pis.   X— 

xvni). 

117.  Whitlegge,  T.  Notes  on  some  Australian 

Polyzoa  (Proceed.  Linnean  Soc.  ot 
New  South  Wales  [2],  II,  1887,  pj). 
337—347).  Annals  Nat.  Hist.  [6J  1,  1888, 
pp.  13-22). 


Plate  I. 


Plate  I. 


Ki};.  1  :i.  Two  ooecia  of  Flustra  papi/racea  Ellis  ami 
Sol.  The  proximal  ciul  of  the  opercular 
muscle  of  the  (xicium  is  seen  between  the 
zod'cial  o])erculum  and  the  otceium.     X  23. 

—  2  a.   A    loiifiitiidinal    section    throiif(h  an   oieeium 

of /'/iis/ra  nwrnhraitacco-truncald  Smitt.  A  low 
cry])t()cyst  belt  is  seen  between  the  o(ecium 
and  the  coverin)^  membrane  (the  ectoo(icium). 
The  membranous  wall  separating  the  ziKccium 
from  the  ixvcium  is  incorrectly  indicated  as 
the  muscle  of  the  oa-cial  operculum.  I'his 
muscle  is  not  seen  in  the  figure.     X  40. 

—  2  b.  An    ocecium    of  the    same    species  fmm  the 

frontal  aspect.  The  pro.ximal  part  of  the 
od'cium  is  covered  with  a  cryptocyst  belt, 
and  the  pro.ximal  ends  of  the  muscles  of 
the  ooecial  operculum  are  .seen  between  this 
belt  and  the  zooecial  operculum.     X  40. 

—  3  a.  An    oiucium    of   Flustra    Barlcei    Busk.    The 

same  parts  as  in  I-"ig.  2  b  arc  seen  here.  X  40. 

—  4  a.   Flustra  (Spirataria   flnslroides  vHincks  ,  with 

od'cia.  The  two  pro.ximal  oacia  arc  com- 
pletely covered  by  the  cryptocyst  belt,  whilst 
the  four  distal  show  the  latter  in  difl'erent 
degrees  of  development.     X   40. 

—  4  b.  An  ocecium  of  tlie  same  species,  enclosed  in 

an  avicularium.     X  40. 

—  4  c.  Two  od'cia  of  the  same  species;  lateral  view. 

X  40. 

—  5  a.   Longitudinal    section    through   two  oa'cia  of 

Flustra  securifrnns  (Pallas\  X  40.  The 
muscle  of  the  0(ccial  operculum  (m.  ov.)  is 
seen  in  the  angle  between  the  oa'cial  oper- 
culum and  its  inner  membranous  continua- 
tion,  d.  w.   cryptocyst  process. 

—  a  b.  An    od'cium    of   the    same    species    from  the 

frontal  surface.  The  ocecial  operculum,  the 
pro.ximal  end  of  its  muscle  and  the  two 
cryptocyst  processes  id.  w.)  are  seen  between 
the  oa'cium  and  the  zooecial  operculum.   X  40. 

—  5  c.   The  distal  wall   —  from   the  distal   end  —  of 

a  zod'cium  with  oa'cium.  The  oiecial  muscle 
and  the  two  crvptocvst  processes  are  seen. 
X  40. 

—  ()  a.  A    zooecium  with   (xecium    of  Flustra   {Kcli- 

Pustra)  cribrifonnis  i  Husk  .    X  40. 

—  ()  b.  The    same    species,    from    the   basal  surface. 

The  uncalcified  longitudinal  belt  is  more 
dilated  at  the  distal  end  of  the  three  zooc- 
cia  with  oreeia.     X  23. 

—  7  a.  Flustra     Retiflustra;    Schonaui    n     sj)..    with 

a  pear-shaped  avicularium.  The  cryptocyst 
of  the  zoa'cia  shows  lines  of  growth.    X  40. 

—  7  b.  A  young  zooecium  with  ouccium.  of  the  same 

species.    X  40. 

—  7  c.  An  older  zotrcium  with  oncium,  of  the  same 

species.  The  proximal  part  of  the  ofccium 
is  covered  by  a  cryptocyst   belt.     X  40. 

—  7  d.  Tlie    same    species    from    the    basal    surface. 

X  23. 

—  8  a.  Two   egg-shaped  ooecia    of   Flustra   (Flustra) 

foliacea  L.     X  40. 

—  8  b.  Two  oiL-cia  of  the  same  species,  lateral  view, 

d.  w.   the  distal   wall.     X   40. 


I'ig.  0  a  \  zoirciuni  with  orecium  of  Flustra  (Spiral- 
<iri(i  denliculatii  Busk.  The  oiecium  is  en- 
closed  in   an   avicularium.     X  40. 

—  10  a.  F'arciniinaria    uncinata    Hincks,    wirli    od'- 

cium.    X  23. 

—  10b.    The    .same    species.    The   ooeciuni    and    the 

surrounding  kenozonccium.  lateial  \  iew 
X  23. 

—  10  c.  The  same  species.   The  0(eciuni  partly  from 

the   basal   surface.     X  23. 

—  10  d.   The    same    species.     A    longitudinal   section 

through  the  gouozoiecium,  the  ocrcium  and 
the  surrounding  keuozoa?cium.  The  distal 
wall  d.  w.)  between  the  gonozooccium  and 
the  kenozotecium  is  seen.  m.  ov.  the  meiu- 
branous  wall  separating  the  zo(ecium  from 
the  oiecium.     X  23. 

—  10  e.  A    longitudinal    section    through    the    same 

parts  but  parallel  to  the  frontal  wall  of 
the  gonozocecium.  The  angular  distal  wall 
between  the  gouozoa-cium  and  the  keno- 
zocecium   is  seen.     X  40. 

—  11a.    Nellia    ajipcndiculata    (Hincks!.       The     two 

proximal  zoa'cia  with  ocecia.     X  40. 

—  lib.  The    same    .species.     A    longitudinal   section 

through  two  zocccia  with  ocecia;  only  the 
endi)o(xcium  is  seen  whilst  the  likewi.se 
calcilied  ectooiecium  has  been  overlooked, 
m.  ov.  the  membranous  wall  between  the 
zo<ecium   and   the  oiecium.     X  40. 

—  12  a.   Two     zo(ccia     with     oiecia    of    Columnaria 

borealis  n.  sp.  On  each  side  of  the  ooccium 
In  its  distal  half  is  seen  a  cryptocyst  olate. 
X  17. 

—  121).  The    same  species.    The  membranous  ecto- 

oa'cium  and  the  triangular  cryptocyst  plate 
(ekto)  of  the  oiecium   are  seen.     X   17. 

—  12  c.   Some  zotveia  of  the  same  species,   the  mem- 

branous parts  of  which  have  been  removed. 
The  lateral  walls  and  the  distal  wall  {d.  w.) 
with  rosette-plates  in  addition  to  the  cryp- 
tocvst  plate  of  the  ooecium  (ekto)  are  seen. 
X  '23. 

—  12  d.  A    longitudinal    section   through   a  zo(ecium 

with  (xecium.  The  membranous  ectoocecium, 
the  cryptocyst  plate  eklo'  of  the  od'cium 
and  the  membranous  wall  between  the 
zoa'cium  and  the  oiecium  (m.  ov.)  are  seen. 
X  23. 

—  13  a.   Xellia    tenella  (Lam.).    All  the  zocccia  with 

o(ecia.     X  100. 

—  13  b.  The  same  species.    The  two  proximal  zooe- 

eia  to  the  left  without  ofccia.  An  avicul- 
arium chambci'  is  seen  through  one  of  the 
lateral  walls  of  the  middlemost  zocccium. 
X  40. 

—  13  c.  A  zoci'cium  with  occcium.  The  ectoocecium 

shows  an   uncalcified  transverse  belt.    X  75. 

—  13d.   A   longitudinal   section   through   an  ocecium 

of  the  same  species.  The  membranous  parts 
are  not  seen  and  the  calcified  ectooiecium 
is  by  a  mistake  not  separated  from  the 
endocxrcium.     X  40. 

—  13  e.   An    avicularium    of   the    same  species   with 

pit  for  the  insertion  of  the  radical  fibre. 
X  200. 


a.  M./t  /.  cr'irixc  ii .  liriyo  ;or/  . 


PI./ 


nA 


/   /-Ou/n,  /i.ifiyr-arrt,   JW     .'  /?./«^////./vw«r,v/  /r„»r„/»  S,„,// jFI  /irir/,et  /J,u/.-     ',.f7  n„.s/r«l,U.^  //,,>c/.:k    .i./y.ifnirrrrofls/W/. 

fi.ncr,/>r,fnr,„t.K  /iiiH-     7F/Sr/,oruliii    //.>//     S /■'//},/,, ir,;i    /■.    .9.  /'/.rUyi/frllf^i/n ./JusA'.    /OJnrririll rutrla    „/ir,n„/n    //inrAx. 

//  Firrr  iififirndiiit/ri/ti  //uiAs    /,''  /'rrrc.  /imed/ix  n  xfi    >■'!  /-hrr  Uri<//n  /.rrrii 


Plate  II, 


368 


Plate  II. 


Fig.  1  a. 

—  1  b. 

—  2  a. 

—  21). 

—  .■)  a. 

—  .il). 

—  3  c. 

—  4  a. 

—  4  1) 


—  6  a. 

—  7  a. 

—  71). 


—    7cl. 


—    7e. 


Mcnipea  cnjslallina  (Gray).    Two  occcia  sur- 
rounded    by    kciiozooscia    are    seen    in    the 
pro.ximal  intcrnodc.     X  40. 
The   same   species.     A    longitudinal    section 
through    a    gonozocecium,    an    oa'cium    and 
a  surrounding  kenozoojciuni.     X  .')5. 
A    portion    of    Menipea    cyallms   Wyv.  Th., 
from   the  basal  surface.     X  40. 
.•\    longitudinal    section    through    a  zo(Tcium 
of   the    same    species.     The   distal   wall   with 
rosette-plates   is  .seen.     X  40. 
A    portion    of  Menipea  Biiski  Wyv.  Tli     The 
distal    zod'cium    covers    an   endozoiecial  oie- 
cium,    the    distal    part   of  which    is   covered 
by  a  granular  cryptocyst.     X  40. 
A    portion    of   the    same    species    from    the 
basal  surface.     X  40. 

A    longitudinal    section    through    a   zotEcium 
of  the  same  species  with   oo-cium.     X  5.'). 
.\  jjortion  of  Menipea  cervieornis    Mac  (lill.). 
The    distal    zoa'cium    covers  an  endozooecial 
oa'cium,   the  distal   part  of  which   is  covered 
by  a  granular  cryptocyst.    X  40. 
.\    longitudinal    section    through   a  zocecium 
of  the  same  species  with  oa'cium.     X  55. 
-f.    A    series    of  dcvclo])mental    stages  of  the 
occcium  o(  Scnpocellaria  scabra  y.  lien.).  The 
oblique     frontal     part    of     the    distal    wall 
is    seen     proximally  to    the    developing    ott- 
cium.     X    .'i.'i. 

C.aberea  F.llisi  (Flem.).  The  proximal  zo(K- 
cium  with  rudiment  of  oa'cium.  X  40. 
Menipea  rohorala  (Hincks),  with  oa-cia.  The 
proximal  jjart  of  the  ectooa'cium  is  uncalci- 
iied  whereby  a  triangular  area  is  formed. 
The  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  (d.  w.) 
is  visible.     X  40. 

The  same  species  without  ooecia.  Three  of 
the  zoa'cia  which  show  only  a  single  avi- 
cularium  have  an  internal  avicularium  (plac- 
ed in  the  cavity  of  the  zoteciumi;  this  avi- 
cularium is  attached  just  inside  the  small 
area  beside  the  external  avicularium.  X  40. 
The  same  species.  The  proximal  end  of  a 
zocEcium  with  a  single  external  avicularium. 
The  ends  of  two  interior  robust  spinous 
processes  arc  seen  in  the  pro.ximal  portion 
of  the  frontal  area.  X  75. 
The  proximal  half  of  a  zoa;cium  from  the 
basal  surface  after  the  removal  of  the 
latter.  An  internal  avicularium.  four  spin- 
ous processes  and  the  horizontal  part  of 
the  distal  wall  with  its  pore-chamber  are 
seen.    X  75. 

The  proximal  half  of  another  zoa'cium  trea- 
ted in  the  same  way.  The  mandible  of  the 
avicularium   has  been   removed.     X  75. 


Fig  7  f.  .Some  zooecia  of  the  same  species  from  the 
basal  surface.  The  internal  spinous  pro- 
ce.s.ses,  the  pore-chamber  of  the  distal  wall 
and  the  heart-shaped  rosettc-plale  arc  seen. 
X  40. 

—  7  g.  Some    zoa-cia    of   the   .same  species,    lateral 

view.  The  bent  distal  wall,  the  internal 
avicularium  (a.  v.)  and  a  robust  forked  i)ro- 
cess  are  visible.     X  55. 

—  7  b.   Some   marginal  zoa-cia  of  the  same  species, 

lateral  view.  Two  radical  libres  are  seen 
to  originate  from  their  chambers  &e.    X  40. 

—  7  i.   An    external    avicularium    of  the  same  spe- 

cies.    X  55. 

—  7  j.  An    internal    avicularium    of  the  same  spe- 

cies,  lateral   view.     X   75. 

—  7  k.   The    same    avicularium    without    mandible, 

from  the  frontal   surface.     X  75. 

—  8a.  Menipea  ligulata    Mac  dill..     X  40. 

—  8  b.  The    same    species   from    the  basal  surface. 

The  pore-chamber  and  the  rosette-plate  of 
the  distal  wall  are  seen.     X  40. 

—  8  c.   Some    zooecia    of    the    same  species,    lateral 

view.  The  distal  wall  with  its  pore-cham- 
ber is  seen  and  the  peculiar  internal  pro- 
cesses, which  are  j)ointed  in  the  zoa'cium 
with  ooecium  and  furnished  with  an  ex- 
panded, dentated  terminal  part  in  the 
others.     X  40. 

—  8  (I.  A    distal  wall    of   the    same  snecics  with  a 

heart-shaped  rosette-plate  and  two  pore- 
chambers.     X  200. 

—  8  e.  Some  of  the  internal  processes,  more  highly 

magnified.     X  75. 

—  9  a.   Canda  araehnoides  (I.amx.).   The  oa'cia  are 

inclosed  in  avieularia.    X  40. 

—  10  a    Hoplitella  armata  (Busk).     X  2."?. 

—  101).  The    same   species,    from  the  basal  surface. 

The  proximal  part  of  the  zoa'cia  is  fur- 
nished with  two  long  lateral  expansions, 
but  only  with  a  single  one  in  the  mar- 
ginal  zocecia.     X  23. 

—  10  c.   The    distal   wall    of  the  same  species,    fi'om 

the  proximal  end.  On  each  side  is  seen 
the  transverse  section  of  an  expansion. 
The  occlu.sor  muscles  of  the  operculum 
are  al.so  seen.     X  55. 

—  10  d.   A    longitudinal   section   through   a   zocecium 

of  the  same  s])ecies.  The  bent  distal  wall 
(d.  w.)  and  one  of  the  expansions  are  seen. 
X  40. 

—  10  e.   .\    longitudinal    section   through  a   marginal 

zo(eciu])i  of  the  same  species.  The  internal 
aspect  of  the  avicularium  a.  v.)  and  the 
strong  marginal  thickening,  which  sur- 
rounds  the   ro.sctte-i)lates,  are  seen.     X  40. 


(j-.  UJ'.  /,c/uri.\-<'/t ,  /Jfi/o  i  {jff . 


/7// 


miJ^ 


m 


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^i^ 


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I.Mrrli/K-fi    rrij.s/<(//,,iK     (.'rru/        ir    .\lrii     i(/fl//iii.i    /////a    VYio,,,/!  ^       ./J/cti  .  /lii.siil    ll'i/i,   7'/n.iii/l        ', .  .\  f,/i  crMiwil  is  Mar  („N 
S..yr/-,ir,<,r)'t/rrilri     .■,rri/ii<(    I'fir/    //irt  GCii/ji/rd     /:7/i.sii   /■'Inn .       7  F/,l/>i'// 1  lUI   ro/>nr<l/,i     //i,ir/,s       ,S' F/.i/j  /  njii /,i/<i  Mii<  O'l// 

.9.    f'rrrlr/'l    i/rrlf/l/lol t/rx    /.illilJ       /O  //o/l/l/r//tl    llirilii/tl     Hll.s/c 


Plate  III. 


24 


370 


Plate  III. 


Fig.  1  a.  A     composite    colony    of   Kugiila    caliculala 
n.   sp.     X    A. 

—  lb.  The  same  species  witli  oii-cia.     X  40. 

—  1  c.  Zooecia    of    the    same    species    with    oiecia, 

from  the  basal  surface.     X  40. 

—  Id.  An   incipient    colony    of    the    same    species. 

X  23. 

—  1  e.  Another    incipient   colony  of   the    same   spe- 

cies.    X  '2'.i. 

—  If.  An   incipient  colony  from  the  basal  surface. 

X  23. 

—  1  t;.   An   old   zod'cium   and   the  adjacent  internode 

of  the  stem,  seen  half  from  the  ))asal  sur- 
face. The  calcitied  lateral  border,  \yhich  is 
a  continuation  of  the  distal  wall,  is  seen. 
Between  the  zocecium  and  the  internode 
an  internode  of  a  new  stem  is  beginning. 
X  40. 

—  1  h.  The  proximal  end  of  a  young  colony.    X  40. 

—  1   i.   .A    part    of    a    young    colony,    on    which    an 

internode  of  a  new  stem  begins  between 
the  pro.vimal  zocecium  and  the  adjacent 
internode.    X  40. 

—  1  j.  A    part   of   a   young   eolon>'  from    the  basal 

surface.     X  40. 

—  Ik.  Two  stem-internodes.    X  40. 

—  11.  The  adjacent  ends  of  two  internodes  of  the 

stem.  On  the  lower  the  distal  wall  and  one 
of  the  lateral  thickenings  are  seen,  on  the 
upper  the  two  lateral  thickenings  annularly 
connected  in  the  pro.ximal  end  of  the  inter- 
node.    X   100. 

—  1  ni.  Two    adjacent    internodes    of   the    stem,   be- 

tween which  a  new  one  is  beginning.  The 
lateral  thickenings  and  the  parietal  mu.scles. 
X  100. 

—  In.  The    distal    end    of   a  new-formed  internode 

of  the  stem  (in  an  inyerted  position)  with 
parietal   muscles.     X   100. 

—  1  o.  A  new-formed  stem-internode  beginning  be- 

tween  two  older  ones.     X  40. 
—     1  p.   An   ayicularium   of  the  same  species.    X  100. 


—  2( 

—  2( 


-    2g 


—    2h. 


Fig.  1  q,  A  transyerse  section  through  a  steni-inter- 
node  to  show  the  two  lateral  thickenings. 
X   100. 

—  2  a.   Riigiila  caraibica  n    sp.     X  1. 

—  2  b.  The  same  species.  A  part  of  a  branch,  from 

the  frontal  surface.  An  ayicularium  is  .seen. 
X  40. 

The  same  species.    Ooecia.     X  40. 
Id.   The    same    species,    from    the    basal   surface. 

Distal  walls  and  oiecia  are  seen.     X  40. 
e.   A  young  colony  of  the  same  species.    X  17. 
f   A   somewhat   older  colony  with   a  single  long 
stem-internode.     X  17. 

.\    stem-internode    of   the    same    species.     At 
the    ujjper   end    the  original   place  of  one  of 
the  fan-shaped   branches  is  seen.     X   17. 
Another    internode  of  the  stem  of  the  same 
species.     X   17. 

The  distal  end  of  a  stem-internode.  more 
highly  magnified.  The  internal  supporting 
ribs  of  the  distal  wall  are  seen  and  the 
rosette-plates  of  the  fan-shaped  lateral 
branch.     X  40. 

The  distal  end  of  a  stem-internode  in  an- 
other position.  The  hent  distal  wall  with 
its  rosette-plates  and  supporting-ribs  is  seen. 
X  40. 

A    transverse    section    tliiough   a  stem-inter- 
node.   The  two  lateral  thickenings  are  seen. 
X  5.'-.. 
2  1.   The  distal  wall   of  an   internode  of  the  stem, 
yiewed   from  above.     X   7.'j. 

2  m.  .A  longitudinal  section  through  the  upper- 
most end  of  a  stem-internode.  The  distal 
wall  with  its  rosette-plates  and  one  of  the 
lateral   thickenings  are  seen.     X  7.). 

2n.  Another  longitudinal  section  through  the 
upi)ermost  end  of  a  stem-internode.  The 
distal  wall's  supporting-ribs  are  seen  and 
the  distal   wall   of  the   lateral   branch.    X  75. 

3  a.  Two  stem-internodes  of  Bugiila  glabra 
(Hincks).    X  40. 


-   •'2.i- 


—    2  k. 


Ci'.  f/./i'  /.coiiisfii .  /t'/i/o '.  tia  . 


f'l  m. 


/  /'irrjii/ri  r S/iryiriri<i  I  //f/i/tloiii    //>/•/■  2  /liiff.  ^X/irf/J  >  ti//ii/>irti .    f/ .\yi 


Plate  IV. 


24* 


372 


Plate  IV. 


i-'if!.  1  ;i.  Dinwrphozoon  iiohilc  (Hincks).  The  four 
lowermost  zcHucia  have  low  cup-shaped 
oaH'ia.     X  23. 

—  1  b.  Zod'cia    of   the    same    species,    lateral  view. 

As  the  lateral  walls  in  the  ligure  are  not 
split,  only   rosette-plates  are  seen.     X   23. 

—  1  e.   A   transverse  section  tliroUf,'li  a  colony  show- 

ing its  two  layers  with  e.\trcmcly  dllTcrent 
forms  of  zoiecia.  In  two  zoieeia  the  vertical 
part  of  the  distal  wall  is  seen  with  a  multi- 
porous  ro.selteplate.  Three  small  vaulted 
rosette-plates  are  seen  between  the  two 
layers.     X  40. 

—  Id.  The   basal    surface   of  some  calcilied  zocecia 

after  the  removal  of  the  membranous  zoce- 
cia. The  rosette-plate  of  the  lateral  wall  is 
seen  and  on  one  of  the  zocjecia  two  uni- 
porous  rosette-plates.     X  40. 

—  1  c.  The    distal    end    of   an    avicularium   of   the 

same  species.     X  75. 

—  If.  Zocecia  of  the  Alcyonidium-layer  of  the  same 

species.     X  23. 

—  2  a — 2  e.  A  series  of  developmental  stages  of  the 

ooecium  of  Dendroheaniu  Murrdiiana  i.Iohnst.); 
endo-  the  endood-cium:  ecto-  the  ectooce- 
cium.  The  first  four  figures  show  the  ascend- 
ing part  of  the  distal  wall,  the  two  lateral 
halves  of  which  meet  at  an  angle.  The  first 
three  also  show  that  the  spines  arise  as 
folds  in  the  lateral  margins  of  the  zooecium. 
X  40. 

—  3  a.   Bicellaria   ciliata  iL.).    The  uppermost    zooe- 

cium shows  a  rudiment  of  an  ocecium,  and 
the  lowermost  the  mark  left  by  a  detached 
OfEcium  (ov.).  Proximally  to  this  the  forked 
distal  wall  is  seen.     X  40. 

—  4a— e.  A  zonccium  with  ooecium  of  C.oriiiicopina 

infunclihulala  Busk)  in  three  different  posi- 
tions. The  distal  wall  is  .seen  in  4  b  and 
4  c.     X  23. 

—  4d.   A  sagittal  section  through  the  saine  o(Ecium- 

bearing  zocrcium;  it  shows  that  the  ooecium 
is  surrounded   by  a   kenozo(ecium.     X  23. 

—  5  a.  Two   zo<ccia  of  Cornncojiina  grandis  'Busk), 

showing  a   finely  dcntated  cry|)tocyst.    X  40. 


l'"ig.  5  b.   The    same    zonecia,    from    the    basal    siii-facc. 
X  40. 

—  5  c.  A  zooecium  of  the  same  s])ecies  with  a  large 

avicularium.     X  40. 

—  5d.   The   frontal  surface  of  the  avicularium.  X  40. 

—  5  e.   The  avicularian   mandible.     X  55. 

—  6  a.   Hiaritopora  raJicifera    Hincksi.     X  23. 

—  6  b.   The    same    sjjccics,    from    the    basal   surface. 

X  23. 

—  6  c.   An  avicularian   mandible  of  the  same  species. 

X  55. 

—  7  a.  Didymia   simplex.    Busk.    The   central   zo(e- 

cium  with  an  oa'ciura  enclosed  by  a  keno- 
zo(Ccium.     X  40. 

—  7  b.  A    zofEcium    of   the    same   species  with   o<i'- 

cium,   from   the  frontal   surface.     X  40. 

—  7  c.   A    zod'cium    of   the    same    species  with    o(i'- 

eium,  from  the  basal  surface.  The  arched 
distal  wall  is  seen  between  the  zocveium 
and   the  kenozo(Ecium.     X  40. 

—  7  d.   A   sagittal  section   through   a  zooecium  of  the 

same  species  with   oircium.     X  40. 

—  8  a.   Dimelopia  corniita  Busk.     X  40. 

—  8  b.   A    zo(Ccium    of   the    same    species  with    ooe- 

cium, from  the  basal  surface.  The  pore- 
chambers  and  the  oval  uncalcified  part  of 
the  ectooa-cium  are  seen.    X  40. 

—  8  c.  A   zoa'cium    of   the    same   species    from    the 

basal  surface.  The  pore-chambers  and  their 
rosette-jjlatcs  are  seen.     X  55. 

—  8  d.  The  distal  wall  of  the  .same  species,  viewed 

from  above.     X  55. 

—  8  e.  A    sagittal    section    through    an    oa-cium    of 

the  same  species.  The  outermost  line 
seen  at  a  part  of  the  basal  surface  of  the 
figure  ought  not  to  have  been  seen  outside 
the  cctoocecium  as  it  gives  the  incorrect 
idea  that  a  covering  membrane  is  found 
here.     X  75. 

—  9  a.  Brettia    simplex    (Mac    Gilliv.).     A    zoiecium 

from  the  frontal  surface.     X  40. 

—  9  b.  A  zooecium  of  the  same  species,  lateral  view. 

X  40. 


//  /'  /,  cl'nisrN    /j/[f/o  :  o n  . 


pi.n^. 


/.  /irruiiii   /i/iAitix  //r,i>/.x      ^.Muf/ti//i  A/itrrriijiina  Jii/uisf      .1.  liirfZ/firiii    ii/ia/a   /.       '/    /I'lr///  iri/iiiiih/,ii/<i/ii    /.'iis/. 

"i. /Iirr//  yiriiir/is    A'tis/r      (i /irtirlitl   r<u/iii/'orn    //iiirAs       7//ir/i/tiiiri    si iiifi/fj-  ftii.tA  . 

il'./Ji//if/i///rti    rorriii/it   6'iisA-  .\//>fi/rs/o/ii(f    xiriifi/rj'  A/iir  O'i// 


Plate  V. 


374 


Plate  V. 


Fig.  1  a.  Biigula  dentata  (Lanix.),  from  the  basal  sur- 
face. The  di.stal  wall  is  furnished  with  two 
very  long  desceiiding  lateral   parts      X  40. 

—  1  b.   Zod'cia    of   the    same    species,    lateral    view. 

One  of  the  distal  wall's  lateral  parts  with 
its  rosette-plates  (d.  w.)  is  seen.     X  40. 

—  2  a.  Butitila  dissimilis  (Busk).    X  23. 

—  2  b.  The    same    species,    from    the    basal   surface. 

The  strongly  angularly  bent  distal  wall  is 
seen.    X  17. 

—  2c.  A    zod'cium    of   the    same    species  with   oce- 

cium,  lateral  view.    X  23. 

—  2d.    I'he  distal  wall  of  the  same  species,  viewed 

friini   above.     X  40. 

—  3  a.  Stef/anoiiorella  neozelanica  i  Busk\     X  23. 

—  3  b.   The    same  species,    lateral  view.    Two  distal 

walls  are  seen  (proximally  to  the  first  and 
third  rosette-))late);  in  a  line  with  the  se- 
cond and  the  fourth  rosette-plate  the  polyp- 
ide  tube  and  an  opesiular  outgrowth  are 
visible.     X  23. 

—  3  c.  Four  opercula  of  the  same  species.     X  40. 

—  3d.  Transverse    section    through    four   zotrcia  of 

the  same  species.  In  two  of  these  the  dis- 
tal wall  with  two  multiporous  rosette-plates 
are  .seen  and  in  the  two  others  a  trans- 
verse .section  of  the  polypide  tube  and  of 
the  long  canal  which  meets  its  frontal  wall. 
X  23. 


Fig 


4  a. 
4  b. 


4  c. 


5  a. 
.5  b. 


,5  0. 

6  a. 
6  b. 

6  c. 

7  a. 
7  b. 
7e. 

7d. 


Steganoporclhi  neozelanica  Busk),  var.  mag- 
nifica.     X  23. 

.The  same  form,  from  the  basal  surface.  The 
polypide  tube  and  the  lines  in  which  the 
two  opercular  outgrowths  meet  the  basal 
surface  are  seen.     X  17 

The    same    form,    lateral    view.     The    same 
parts  as  in  Fig.   3  b  are  seen.     X  23. 
Steganoporella  maijnilabris  (Buskl    X  23. 
The     same     species,     from    the    basal     sur- 
face.   Two    rosette-i)lates    and  a  correspond- 
ing opening  are  seen.     X  17. 
The  same  species,  lateral  view.     X  23. 
Steganoporella  Biiski  Harmer.    X  23. 
The  same  species,  lateral  view.  The  crypto- 
cyst  joins  the  basal  wall.    X  23. 
A  distal  wall  of  the  same  species.  The  lines 
in  which    the    cryptocyst    meets    the    distal 
wall  are  seen. 

Steganoporella  lateralis  (Mac  Gilliv.)    X  23. 
The  same  species.     X  23. 
A  zorccium  of  the  same  species  with  cover- 
ing membrane  and  operculum.     X  23. 
The   same    species,    from    the    basal  surface. 
In    the    two   distal   zo<rcia   the  basal   wall   of 
the   polypide    tube    is    formed    by  the  basal 
wall  of  the  zooecium.     X  23. 


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/  //„y„/,,   <l,',>l.,h,   Uu„..-.     2  H,.,j.  ,/,...„>,,/,.■.■  Bus/.-      .lSh;,a„of,orr//„„<'o;rl,nn,;i  liusk    't.Shf,.,,,.  n-o;,llnni^<i 
',„„■  ,„„<,„,/■„<,    li„s/c^     i.Sh:,,u,   „„.,/,„/.,6r,-s-  Ji„.:/.-.   fi  Shyur  n„.,lu  /f,n„,rr    7 Sle,/an .  l„/.;;.t,.  .\t,rr  f,',// . 


L 


7 


Plate  VL 


;J76 


Plate  VI. 


Fig.  1  a. 

—  2  a. 

—  2  b. 

—  3  a. 

—  3  b. 

—  3  c 

—  3d. 


—    5  b. 


—    6  a. 


—  6h 

—  6  i 


Crnleroporn  falcala  n.  ,sp.     X  23. 
Sipl}nnoi>orella  noilosii   llincks.     X  40. 
The    same   speeics    from    the    basal    surface. 
X  40. 

Siphonopnrclla     delicalissima     (Busk).      The 
covei'iiij;   nuinbrane   is  removed.     X  40. 
A   zod'chim   of  the  same  species,   more  highly 
magnified.     X  ".">. 

A   ziKvcium  of  the  same  species.    As   a   great 
pari    of   the  frmilal  cryptocyst   has  been   re- 
moved,   the    proxinially  directed   ])art   of  the 
polyjiide  tube  can  be  seen.     X  75. 
The    same    species    from    the    basal    surface. 
Tile  polypidc   lul)e  is  visible. 
Labioponi  creniilata  n.  sp.     X  23. 
Thalamoporellii   iirdntilala.  var.  stapifcra    n. 
X  40. 

A    gonozod'cium    of    the    .same    s])ecies,    the 
oiccium  of  wliich  has  been  removed.    X  40. 
Spicula  of  the  .same  form.     X  200. 
Two   zooccia    of   the   same    form,    seen  from 
the  basal  surface. 
A  <listal   wall  of  the  same  form. 
Thalamoporella  Hozieri  (Aud.),  var  labiata  n. 
X  55. 

The  same  form,  from  the  basal  surface.  X  40. 
A   zoceeiuni   of   the    same  species,    from   that 
lateral   surface  which   is  nearest   to  the  deep- 
est opesiular  outgrowth.     X  40. 
A    zocecium    of  the  -same  species,   from    the 
other  lateral  surface.     X  40. 
The    distal    end   of  a  young  zocecium  of  the 
same  form.  The  lip  is  not  developed.   X  55. 
The  distal  end  of  an  older  zocecium  with  a 
fully  developed  lip.     X  55. 
The    distal    end    of  an    older  zocecium  with 
operculum.     X  55. 

The  operculum  of  the  same  form.    X  100. 
A    distal   wall    of   the    same    form,   which   is 
exceptionally    furnished    with     two     multi- 
porous  rosette-plates.     X  40. 


Fig  6  j.   A  distal  wall  of  the  same  form  with  a  single 
multiporous  rosette-plate.     X  40. 

—  6  k.  Spicula  of  the  same  form.     X  200. 

—  7  a.    ThitUimoporcUa  lioticha  (Ortm.).     X  23. 

—  7  b.  The    distal    end    of  a    zocecium  of  the  same 

species.     X  40. 

—  7  c.  Spicula  of  the  same  species.     X  200. 

—  7  d.   A  series  of  zocecia  of  the  same  species  with 

o(ecia,   lateral  view.     X  23. 

—  7  e.  A  Scries  of  zocecia  of  the  same  species  with 

(xecia,   fnun   the  frontal  surface.     X  23. 

—  7  f.  A    gouozoa-cium    of  the    same   species,  with 

developing  ocrcium.     X  40. 

—  7  g.  A    schematic     longitudinal    section    through 

the  distal  end  of  a  gonozo<ecium  with  ote- 
cium   of  the  same  species. 

—  7  h.   .-Vn  (xeciuni  of  the  same  species;  as  its  frontal 

half  is  cut  away,  the  operculum  of  the  gono- 
zod'cium  can  be  seen.  I.owcrniost  the  pro- 
truding od'cial  ojierculum.     X  40. 

—  7  i.   The    same    species    from    the    basal    surface 

The  descending  cryptocyst  divides  the  zo<e- 
cium  into  a  smaller  distal  chamber  and  a 
larger  proximal.  The  basal  wall  shows  in 
every  zocecium  a  uniporous  losette-plate  or 
a  corresponding  opening.    X  23. 

—  7  j.   A    zoiecium    of    the   same  species,    from   one 

of  the   lateral  surfaces.     X  23. 

—  7  k.   A    zocecium    of    the    same  species,    from   the 

other  lateral  surface.     X  23. 

—  7  I.  An  avicularium  of  the  same  species-     X  40. 

—  7  m.  A  distal  wall  of  the  .same  species.     X  40. 

—  7  n.  A    gonozo<Ecial    operculum    connected    with 

the  appertaining  (xecial  operculum.     X  40. 

—  7  o.  The  same  two  opercula  in  another  position. 

X  40. 

—  7  p.  The    distal    end    of   a  zocecium  of  the  same 

species  after  the  removal  of  the  basal  sur- 
face. The  independent  basal  wall  of  the 
polypide  tube  is  seen.     X  40. 


(i M /f  /.efHnsffi    /J/i/(f 


f/o  ifjf/ 


Plate  VI  a. 


378 


Plate  VI  a. 


Fig.  1  a.   Tluiltimoporella  graiuilala  n.  sp.     X  40. 

—  1  b.  The    s;iiiu-    species,    from    the    basal  surface. 

X  23. 

—  1  e    A  gmio/.iKL'eiuiii    nf  the  same  species   with  a 

ileveliipiiiH  ooccium.  The  gonozoCEcial  oper- 
culum is  seen.     X  40. 

—  Id.   An    avicularian    nianiliblc  of  the    same    spc- 

X  :>:>) 

—  1  f.   Spicula  of  the  same  species.     X  200. 

—  2  a.    Th(iltimoi>ortlla    iininiiliita,    var.    tiihifeni    n. 

Within  the  aperture  both  of  the  zocecia  anil 
of  the  avicularia,  the  remarkable  continua- 
tion of  the  polypide  tube  (t)  with  its  frontal 
aperture  can  be  seen  meetinj;  the  distal 
wall.     X  40. 

—  2  b.    The  same   form   from   the  basal  surface.  The 

continuation  of  the  polypide  tube  (,t  ,  which 
sends  a  lateral  branch  to  a  rosette-plate  in 
two  of  the  zooccia,  is  visible  inside.  This 
continuation  has  a  peculiar  trapeziform  shape 
in   the  (<onozo<i'cium.     X  23. 

—  2  c.   A    zocfcium    of  the  same  form,   lateral  view. 

It  is  seen,  that  the  continuation  of  the  poly- 
pide tube  meets  the  basal  jnirt  of  the  distal 
wall.     X  40 

—  2d.  Two    gonozocrcia     of    the     same     form   with 

ooceia.    X  40. 


Fig.  2  e.   Spicula   of  the  same   form.     X  200. 

—  3  a.    TlmUimojmrdla     novae    hollandiav    (Hasw.). 

X  40. 

—  3  b.   The   same  species  with  a  somewhat   smaller 

avicularium.     X  40, 

—  3  c.   Two  avicularian   mandibles  of  the  sajne  spe- 

cies.    X  40. 

—  3  d.  The    same    species,    from    the   basal    surface. 

X  23. 

—  3  e.   Another    colony    of   the    same  species,    from 

the  ba.snl   surface.     X  23. 
-    3  f .   ,Si)icula   of  the  same   species.     X  200. 

—  4  a.    Tlmlamoi>orclht  Jervoisi  (Hincks).     X  40. 

—  4  b.  The    same    species    from    the    basal    surface. 

X  23. 

—  4  c.   Operculum   of  the  same  species.     X  40. 

—  4d.   Spicula  of  the  same  species.     X  200. 

—  .'i  a.   Thalamoporella  mamillaris  (Lamx.l.     X  40. 

—  .">b,   Five    opesiuUe    of   different  zon?cia,    to  show 

the  variation  in  shape  of  the  opesiular  out- 
growths and  in  the  number  and  structure 
of  the  protecting  spinous  processes.     X  75. 

—  .1  c.  An  avicularium  of  the   same   species.    X  40. 
,')  d.  An    avicularian    mandible    of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  75. 

—  5  e.  Spicula  of  the  same  species.     X  200. 


0. .  ////^  /.ff/f  //  .\f//     /h'YOXO^ty. 


PlWrt 


/.  Tkalririto/torf//rt      r/rtiiiti/tt  fa    /t.wt.         -.    '/7t  ft/am.    yrtiftiiiftht .  uar-  /uii/tr/i .      .'S- T/utiafft . 
nooae     fto//aiiefiaf    //nsrv      i  7'/in/nm    ■/rrvoixii    //inr^s      -J.  T/inJM»L    rnami/JtirU  /.orn-r. 


Plate  VI  b. 


380 


Plate  VI  b. 


Vifi.  1  a.    ThalanioporeUd  liozieri  (Xud.^,  vav.  proininens 
n      An   irrc'milarly  jointed   colony.     X   12. 
The  same   form.     X  40. 

Zoa-cia    and    an    avicularium     of    the     same 
form,  lateral  view.     X  40. 
An  operculum   of  the  .same  form.     X  75. 
The  .same  form  from  tlie  basal  surface.    X  40. 
Spieula  of  the  same   form.     X  200. 
Thalanioporellii     liozieri     iAud\     var.     cali- 
fornica  n.     X  40. 

Ofccia  of  the  same  form,  of  which  tlie  dis- 
tal only  appears  as  a  rudiment.  The  distal 
gonozotrcium  is  furnished  with  an  oper- 
culum.    X  40. 

Chitinous  thickenings  on  the  gonozooecial 
operculum.     X  100. 

The    same    form    from    the    basal    surface. 
X  40. 
—    3  a.   Thalamoporella    liozieri   lAud.),   var.   sparsi- 
piinctala  n.     X  40. 


1  1). 
1  c. 

Id. 
1  ' 

1  f. 
2: 

2  b. 


2e. 


2d. 


1-ig  3 

—  4 

—  5 

—  5 

—  5 


1).  The     .same    form    from    the    basal     .surface. 

X  40. 
a.   ThalamoporcUn    lioticha    (Ortm  i.     A    row  of 

zoiveia,   from   the   ba.sal   surface.     X  2;{. 

a.  Thalaiiii>i>i>rclla  I'.rixmsii  n    sp.     X   17. 

b.  Opereuluni   of  the   same  species.     X  40. 

c.  The    same    species    from    the    basal    surface. 

X   17. 

d.  An    avicularian    mandible    of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  40. 

e.  Spieula  of  the  same  species.    X  200. 

a.  Thalamoi>orclla  falcifera  (Hiuck.s).     X  40. 

b.  The   same    species    from    the    basal    surface. 
X  40. 

c.  An    avicularian    chamber  of   the    .same   spe- 
cies.    X  55. 

d.  An    avicularian    niaudible    of    the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  75. 

c.  Spieula  of  the  same  species.     X  200. 


M.n  h 


if/r  .s/i<tf\\rftnnr//f/fi.      ^  Tfifilarn     S/n///ii     //rnrAs  rrrr,       .7  77t  rf  f ft  m .  e  .»yt  ri  ti  .vet    n.x/i.     (i  77tf//rt/fi . /fi/rirera    77/nrA:v. 


Plate  VI  c. 


382 


Plate  VI  c. 


Kig.  1  a.   Thalamoporellu  Harmeri  n.  sp.     X  2;!. 

—  1  b    The    same    si)ccies  witli  aviciilarium.     X  40. 

—  1  e.  Tlic   distal   end    of  a   zooccium   of  the  same 

species.     X  55. 

—  1  (1.   An    operculum    of  the  same  species.    X   100. 

—  1  e.  The   same   species.    .A    gonozoircium  with   a 

devclopinn  ooecium.  The  gonozorecial  oper- 
culum  is  seen.     X  40. 

—  If.  Zoa'cia  of  the  same  species,    from  the  basal 

surface.     X  40. 

—  1  g.   Zooecia  from  another  part  of  the  same  colony, 

from   the  basal  surface.     X  40. 

—  1  h.   Spicula   of  the  same  species.     X  290. 

—  2  a.  Aspidostoiua    giganteuni  (15iisU\    Two    ooeeia 

are  seen.     X  23. 

—  2  b.   A    longitudinal    section    through   two  zooecia 

of  the  same  species.     X  23. 

—  2  c.  A   transver.se  section   through   two  zoiccia  of 

the  same  species.  Uppermost  a  distal  wall 
is  seen  and  to  the  left  of  this  the  arched 
distal  end  of  the  zoircium.  Further  down 
an  intersected  polypide  tube  is  seen  and 
on  eacli  side  of  tliis  a  recess  whicli  extends 
to  the  basal  wall.     X  23. 

—  2  d.  A   transverse  section  through  a  zoa'cium  of 

the  same  species.   The  median  projection  of 


seen    beneath   tlie   polypide 


the    zooecium 
tube.     X  23. 

Fig.  3  a.  Aspidostoma  ''!'<  Aef/on  (d'Orb.).  The  two 
projections  at  the  ])roximal  part  of  the  oce- 
cium  are  united  so  as  to  form  an  arch- 
shaped  belt  which  covers  the  aperture  of  the 
gonozo(Eciuni.  To  the  left  a  gonozo(eciuni  is 
seen,    im   which    this    belt  is  broken.     X  40. 

—  4  a.  Asi)iilostonia    (?)   Antiopa  (d'Orb.).     The    two 

])rojections  at  the  proximal  j)arl  of  the 
0(eeium   have  not   united.     X  40. 

—  5  a.  Aspidostoma  l?    Atahiniha  id'Orb.^  with  ooe- 

eia.    X  4(1. 

—  5b.   The  same  species  withovit  oiecia.     X  40. 

—  6  a.   Aetea    dilaiatti  Husk.   The   incrusting  portion 

of  four  zoircia.  The  opening  near  the  distal 
wall  is  from  the  broken  perpendicular  part 
of  the  zooecium.     X  40. 

—  6  b.   A   distal  wall   with   rosette-plates.     X  200. 

—  6  e.  A    part    of   the  surface  of  the  perpendicular 

part  of  a  zotecium  on  the  border  of  the 
dilated  distal  end.  The  dark  lines  and  spots 
are   uncalcitied   areas.     Immers. 

—  6(1.   A  part  of  the  surface  of  the  incrusting  part 

of  a  zooecium.    Immers. 


6'.  \J  /I'/.roi/isrn ,  Briyo :  on 


/'/  IV, 


1 


r^'-'(4\ 


A/ 


//j 


I    'r/iii//iriitifii>ri'//ii  llrirriirfi   rt.sp..  2./l.-ifi.Ldos/orrui  gi'aanicutn  A'i/aA-.    .3.  A.i/ii<l."".lft/uri   </'Oi/t.    'i  .ls/ii<l' ".tidm/Ki  </  Ort, 

5.  A.ipirl'"Ala/ari/Aa,  d'Orh.     fi.Aelea.  dUtUala.  JJusk . 


Plate  VII. 


384 


Plate  VII. 


rig. 


Id. 
•2  a 


2  b. 


1  a.  Macropora  centralis  Mac  Gilliv.     X  23. 
1  b.  Tbe  apeiture  of  a   special   form   of  /.occcium 
(avicuiariiiin '?    of  the  same  .species.     X  4(1. 

1  c.  Au   operculum  with  its  surrouiuliiit;s  of  the 

same  species.     X  40. 

\  pore-chamber  of  tlie  same  species.  X  40. 
Miiiihranicellnrid  diibki  lUusk),  with  cxecia. 
the  clongatcil  he.vafjoiial  zocrcia  are  partly 
visible  throuj^li  tlie  frontal  surface,  wliich 
is  divided  into  hexagonal,  rliombic  areas. 
X  17. 

The  same  species  from  the  basal  aspect 
after  removal  of  the  basal  surface.  The 
cavity  of  the  eloufjated  zoa'cia  is  visible  and 
the  hexagonal,  rhombic  areas  of  the  frontal 
surface  are  seen  at  the  same  time.  On  the 
distal  portion  of  each  zoa-cium  an  oceciuni 
(,0V.)  with  its  oblique,  basal  surface  is  seen. 
X  17. 

2  c.  Zooecia  of  the  same  species  with  o<rcia.  The 

covering  membrane  is  removed.     X  17. 
2  d     Hosctte-plates  of  the  same  sjjecies.     X  7.'). 

2  e.   Zod'cia  of  the  .same  species.    The  separating 

walls  of  the  elongated  zo(Ccia  arc  visible 
through  the  frontal  surface,  divided  into 
broad  areas.     X  17. 

3  a.  Alysidium  parasiticum  Bunk.  A  gonozocecium 

with    a    double-valved    oa'cium    is    seen    on 
the  lowermost  zocrcium.     X  40. 
3b.  A  zocccium  of  the  same  species.     X  75. 

A  zotccium  of  the  same  species  from  the 
basal  surface.  The  bent  distal  wall  is  seen. 
X  75. 

A  longitudinal  .section  through  a  zooecium 
of  the  same  species.  X  75. 
A  gonozocecium  of  the  same  species  from 
the  frontal  oceciabcaring  surface,  after  the 
removal  of  the  oa-cium.  The  two  elongated 
openings  are  seen,  through  which  the  nn;- 
cial  valves  have  been  in  communication  with 
the  pore-chambers  of  the  gonozodcium.  X  75. 
A  transverse  section  through  the  distal  end 
of  a  zod'cium.  A  row  of  uniporous  rosette- 
plates  is  (very  indistinclj'  seen.  X  75. 
The  end  of  a  branch  of  the  same  species 
with  a  cylindrical  internode.    X  40. 


—  3c 

—  3d. 

—  3e. 


3  f. 


3g. 


Fig.  3h.  A  gonozocecium  with  the  o(Ccial  valves  open. 
X  55. 

—  3  i.  An    oo-'cial    \al\c    tVoni   the   internal   surface. 

X  55. 

—  3  j.    A  gonozocecium  with   ocecium,  seen  from  the 

basal  edge.     X  40. 

—  3  k.   A     gonozocecium     with     developing     ocucial 

valves,  lateral  view.  A  lateral  pore-clianiber 
and  a   part   of  the  basal  one  are  seen.     X  75. 

—  3  1.  The     same     gonozocecium,    from     the    basal 

edge.     X  75. 

—  3  m.  The    stem    of  the  gonozocecium.    The  distal 

wall  (,cl.  w.j  and  a  uniporous  rosette-plate 
are  seen.     X  75. 

—  3n.  The  stem  of  the  gonozocecium,  lateral  view. 

Opposite  the  pro.ximal  part  of  the  oval  de- 
pression the  oblique  distal  wall  is  seen.  X  75. 

—  3  o.   An  oblique  section   through   the   middle  part 

of  the  stalU-like  kenozocccium,  seen  from 
the  basal  surface.  The  three  rosette-plates 
of  the  distal  wall  are  seen.     X  75. 

—  4  a.  A     longitudinal    section    through    Celliilariii 

oustralis  Hincks.  Above  the  majority  of  the 
zocccial  chambers  an  ooecium  (ov.)  is  seen. 
X  23. 

—  4b.  A   transverse    section    thiough    a    portion  of 

the  same  species.  The  ocecial  cavity  (ov.) 
and  the  arched  rosette-plates  of  the  lateral 
walls  are  seen.     X  40 

—  4  c.  A    transverse    section    through    a  portion  of 

the  same  species.  The  ocEcial  cavity  (ov.) 
and  the  rosette-plates  of  the  distal  wall  are 
seen.     X  40. 

—  4d.  A    portion    of   a    longitudinal   section  of  the 

same  species,  more  highly  magnilied.  A 
zocecium  with  two  rosette-plates  and  an 
ocecium  (ov.)  are  seen.     X  40. 

—  4  c.   A   longitudinal   section   through  the  proximal 

part    of  an    internode    of  the  same  species. 

—  4  f   A   longitudinal  section   through  an  internode 

of  the  same  species,  showing  developing 
oircia  (ov.).     X  23. 

—  5  a.  A    row  of   zocecia    of  Celliilariu    /istiilosa  (?) 

(L.)  with  ooecial  fissures.     X  40. 


a.A/ /f  /,rr/i/isr/i  /i'ri/ozruc 


/'/  17/ . 


/  .l/,.,„f,or<i   r<;i/r,i/,.i':''Mij,-  fnl/.     1'.  J/cin/irruiuel/firta    t/u/iiti  Busk.      -3.  Ali^i-i</iiir/i    /in/ftsi/icurn  j7us/c. 

i.  CeUaria    ait.?frn/is    Hi/icA\s     Of/  /is/iilosa  '■"  /. 


Plate  VIII. 


25 


386 


Plate  VIII. 


Fig.  1  a.  Cellularia  rigida,  Mac  Gilliv.  'I'hc  tlirce  zouecia 
with  oiccia.    X   40. 

1  b.  A   longitudinal   section    through    two  zorecia 

with  oa'cia  (ov\  At  the  centre  of  the  broad 
di.stal  part  of  each  zooccium  the  narrow 
proximal  part  of  a  neighbouring  zoa-cium  is 
visible.    X   40. 

—  1  c.  A  longitudinal  section  through  a  part  of  an 

intcrnode,  wliich  shows  developing  ocecia  (ov). 
X    40. 

—  Id.  The   same   species.     A  section    parallel  with 

the  frontal  surface  to  show  the  elongated, 
narrow  shape  of  the  zofccia.     X  40. 

—  2  a.  Cellularia  allanlica   Husk).  Four  od'cial  aper- 

tures arc  seen.    X  17. 

—  2  b.    A  longitudinal   section  through  a  colony  of 

the  same  species.  Developing  ooecia  are  seen. 
X  17. 

—  2  c.  The    same    species,    from    the    basal    aspect 

after  the  removal  of  the  basal  surface.  The 
cavities  of  the  zoiecia  and  the  occcia  arc  vi- 
sible, and  here  and  there  external  ridges 
which  divide  the  frontal  surface  into  areas. 
X  17. 

—  3  a.  Micropora    Nonitaiii    n.    sp.    witli    calcified 

opercula.    X  40. 

—  3  b.  A  longitudinal    section    through    a   zon?cium 

of  tlie  same  s))ecies  with    oa-cium.     X  40. 

—  4  a.  A    longitudinal    section    through   a  zoctcium 

of  Micropora  /lerforata  (Mac  Gilliv.),  with 
onccium.     X   40. 

—  5  a.  Foraniinella  lepida  (Hincks).    A  rudiment  of 

an  on?cium   is  seen   uppermost.     X  40. 

—  6  a.  A  colony  of  Chliilonia  Cortlieri  Aud.    X  12. 

—  6  b.  A  colony  of  the  same  species  with   the  bran- 

ches in  one   plane.     X   12. 

—  6  c.  An    intcrnode    (kenozoa'cium)    of    a     main- 

branch  with  a  zod'cium  rising  from  it.  The 
segments  indicated  by  «,  /?,  >'  and  d  corre- 
sjjond  with  similar  segments  in  the  inter- 
nodes  of  the  trunk  and  the  main-branches. 
X  55. 

—  fid.  A  zoncciura,    lateral  view.    The  concavity  of 

the  frontal  surface  is  seen  greatly  thickened 
in  its  distal  half;  in  the  distal  part  of  this 
concavity  a  smaller  one  is  .seen,  correspond- 
ing with  the  small  distal  pore  in  fig.  6  f . 
Farther  backwards  is  a  connection  between 
the  frontal  concavity  and  the  cavity  of  the 
zooccium  corresponding  to  the  second  pore 
in  fig.  6  f.  d.  w.  —  the  distal  wall.     X  55. 


Fig.  6  e.  Separating    wall    with     rosette-plate    in    the 
stolonate  net-work.     X  200. 

—  (i  f.  A  zoa-cium,  from  the  frontal  surface.   X  55. 
— -    6  g.  Two  internodes  (kenozoa'cia)  of  a  main-branch 

with  some  of  the  adjacent  zooccia.     X  75. 

—  (1  h.  The  forked  distal  intcrnode  of  the  stem.   X  75. 

—  ()  i.  A  |)ortion  of  tlie  stolonate  network  with  the 

proximal   part   of  a  stem.     X  75. 

—  ''>,i-ni.    Cylindrical    internodes  being  transformed 

into  zo(ccia  bj'  the  development  of  a  cup-shaped 
expansion  (the  zoiccinm  in  an  embryo  state) 
from  the  proximal  part  of  the  intcrnode. 
X  55. 

—  6  n-q.  Cylindrical    internodes    which    apparently 

are  changing  into  zo(Pcia  by  a  gradual  swell- 
ing of  the  intcrnode.     X  55. 

—  6  r.  A  cylindrical  intcrnode  with  its  cup-shaped 

proximal  expansion,  from  the  frontal  aspect. 
X  55. 

—  6  s.  A    transverse    section    through    a    zocccium. 

Tlie  thick  frontal  wall,  the  small  concavity 
(corresponding  with  the  distal  jiorc  in  lig. 
6  f.)  and  the  ro.selte-pIate  of  the  distal  wall 
arc  seen.     X  55. 

—  G   t.   An   intcrnode  of  the  stem,   lateral   view.   Hc- 

tween  /J  and  y  a  distal  wall  with  a  unipo- 
rous  rosette-plate  is  seen.  The  funnel-shaped 
concavity  is  in  communication  through  a 
pore  with  the  interior  of  the  zocecium.    X  75. 

—  (in.   An   intcrnode  of  the  stem,    from   the  frontal 

surface.  The  oval  funnel-shaped  concavity  with 
its   pore  is  .seen.     X  74. 

—  (i  v.   A   quite    young    intcrnode    of    the  stem,    the 

walls  of  which  are  still  very  thin.  On  ac- 
count of  this  the  extent  of  the  distal  wall 
(d.  w.)  is  considerable,  and  the  funnel-shaped 
concavity  is  not  yet  developed.  In  its  place 
is  found   an   oval   opening.     X  71). 

—  6  X.  A  young    intcrnode   of   the    stem,    from  the 

basal  aspect.  The  uniporous  rosette-plate  is 
seen   as  also  the  oval   opening.    X  75. 

—  lly.  A     forked    cylindrical     intcrnode    connected 

with  two  single  ones.  Between  /i  and  y  the 
distal  wall  is  seen  with  a  uniporous  rosette- 
plate.    X  100. 

—  7  a.   A    longitudinal    .section    through    Foiwolnria 

rlliplica  Busk.  An  avicularian  chamber  and 
an  otccium  are  seen.     X  23. 

—  7  I).  An   articulated    operculum  of  the  same  spe- 

cies.   X  40. 


(i.U /t./.iDi  ri  St/I ,  /if//o  :ofi . 


PI  V III 


/.    f'rl/firi(/  //ryii/fl  ,llnr  /','///       y  <",//.  ti//t/////rr/   A'u.v/,:        .'/.  .If/mj/to/'ft     corlctrer/    /-.'.sf/rr        0   .Ifirr  /if/'/'oia/tl 
.IJrlr    fi'i//         ,'j.  J//,/-    ////,, /fl   //i/u/,.\-        0  ('/i/lr/orlltl      Cn/f/icri    .1////.        7  /'oiii'ti/iiiKl    r//iyi/ir,l   A'l/s/,- 


/irtnt*ti  bu  . 


r'C^rii^.,    l,-/A. 


Plate  IX. 


25* 


388 


Plate  IX. 


Fig.  1  a.  Electro  {Ilcleroofciiim)  nmiileclens  llincks. 
with  ocrcium.  The  small  denticles  are  not 
only  seen  at  the  margin  of  the  membranous 
area,  but  arc  also  visible  through  the  ealei- 
licd  wall  of  the  frontal  surface.    X  55. 

—  lb.  The  frontal  wall  of  the  same  species,  from 

the  internal  surface.     X  75. 

—  1  c.  A  variety  of  the  same   species.    The  lower- 

most  zocvcium   has  been  regenerated.    X  T.'i. 

—  2  a.   Electni  zoslrricold  (Nordm.).    The  uppermost 

zooccium  with  odciuni.     X  40. 

—  '2  b.  Two  zoiecia  of  the  same  species.     The  up- 

per with  ocecium.     X  55. 

—  3  a.  Calhiporn  Dnmcrili  (Aud.)    Two  developing 

occcia  in  difl'erent  developmental  stages. 
X  55. 

—  4  a.  Callopora    attrila     (Hincks).    Uppermost    a 

developing  oiecium  is  seen,  lowermost  an 
oci-cium  in  which  the  proximal  part  of  the 
ectooucium   is  not   lakified.     X  40. 

—  5  a-h.     DilTcrcnt     developmental    stages    of    the 

ooecium  and  the  covering  avicularium  of 
TegclUi  iiriicnrnis  (Fh-m.).  endo  —  the  endo- 
(xicium,  ecto  —  the  ectootecium.  In  fig.  5  d 
the  uniporous  rosette-plates,  destined  to 
connect  the  avicularium  with  the  zoa'cium, 
arc  seen  distally  to  the  oiccium.  In  fig.  5  e 
the  first  sign  of  the  avicularium  is  seen  as 
a  transverse  ridge  pro.vimally  to  the  mem- 
branous frontal  area.  In  5f — 5h  the  avicu- 
larium.    X  40. 

—  6  a-c.    DilTcrcnt    developmental    stages     of    the 

Ott'cium  and  the  covering  avicularium  in 
Tegella  SophUic  [Uu&k).  In  Ob  which  is 
younger  than  0  a)  distally  to  the  developing 
orccium  arc  seen  two  oval  incisions  which 
in  fig.  ()  a  have  closed  themselves.  It  is  the 
beginning  of  the  two  rosette-  plates  which 
should  connect  the  avicularium  with  the 
zoa'cium.  Kig.  (i  c  corresponds  in  the  degree 
of  development   of  the    avicularium    with 


fig.  5  f.     The    two    rosettc-platcs    are   seen. 
X  40. 
Fig.    7  a.  Klectra  bicolor  l^llincks).    X  55. 

7  b.  The  same  species.    Heproduction  of  a  zoie- 
cium.    X  75. 

—  7  c.  A  transverse  section  through  a  colony.     In 

two  of  the  zoctcia  the  distal  wall  with 
rosette-plates  is  seen,  in  two  the  immersed 
cryptocyst.     X  75. 

—  8  a.  I'elalosiefiiis  bicornis  (Busk).     X  55. 

—  8  b.  A    zoa'cium    of   the    same    species,    seen   a 

little   more  from   the  side      X  55. 

—  9  a.   Memhranii>orcll<i  disUins  Mac  Gilliv.     X  55. 

—  10  a.  Two  zo(ccia  with  oiccia  of  Cribrilinii  annu- 

/((/<(  iFabr*.  The  oiccia  are  covered  by  keno- 
zorecia  and  on  these  some  pore-chambers 
are  seen.    X  40. 

—  10  b.  A  longitudinal   section   of  the  same  species 

through   a  zoacium    with    o<i'cium.      X  55. 

—  11  a-c.   Three    dilTerenl    developmental    stages    ot 

the  oa'cium  of  Crihrilina  punctata  Gray. 
X  40. 

—  lid.  An  oiccium  of  the  same  species.  The  endo- 

0(ccium  is  visible  through  the  broken 
ectooa'cium.     X  40. 

—  lie.   The    distal    end   of  a   zoacium    of  the  same 

species  with  occcium.  from  the  basal  sur- 
face. The  porc-chambcrs  of  the  zoa'cium 
and   kenozoacium   are  seen.     X  40. 

—  11    f.   rr/Vin/i/K/ /)(;/»■/(//((.  I'ore-chambcrs  are  seen 

on  the  three  marginal  zocccia.  of  which  the 
central  abnormal  one  has  no  aperture.    X  55. 

—  1 1  g.   The  same  species,    from    the  basal   surface. 

I'orechanibers  (p.   ch).     X   40. 

—  11  h.   .Sagittal    section   through   a   zoojcium   of  the 

same  species  with  o<ccium.  The  oa'cium  is 
enclosed    in   a   kcnozotccium.     X  55 

—  12  a.   I'licllina   Cattijac  (Husk),  with  oa-cia,    from 

the  basal  surface.  Uoth  the  zoacia  and  the 
kcnozoa-cia  enclosing  the  oa'cia  are  fur- 
nished with   pore-chambers.    X  40. 


O.Jf.  /^./.r/j///.vr// .  /i'rj/o :  or/ 


Pl/X. 


/.  /:/<•<•/ /•<{   (Ufi/Ucrivus  //i/n/.s.     ^. /'.'// Mfs/frtro///  Aoffh/i.     3.  Afrfnhrttrnfioro  Dii rrierilil  j-iuff    ^f  Air r/t6r.  fl unfa  f/irtr/cx 

.^.  Jfrr/t/>f:  tfffir/if/n's    /•'/t'/n.     fi.Aff/uhr:  So/f/z/tw  /^ush'.    T-Aictfiht-   fftroiof //i  nrk^.   S.  Peialosft'tfu^'i    hicoritis   Hn.sM. 

SJ.MfnihrtifUffi'rcf/t/     r/fs/ar/s  Jfftrd'il/.    HK  ('fi/in/4ii<i    mi/i  u  f<il<i     Ffiiir:     ff.C/thr  fittficfd/ti  (rrrn^  ■  Cri  hn  f/ff/Zf/f/r  />f/s/,\ 


Plate  X. 


390 


Plate  X. 


i-i«.  1 


1  d 

1 
1 


1  h 


a.  Kelepora  lieiini<iiui  King.  i>ii  Ihidrtiiilcs  noirc- 
gicti.  Tlu'  colony,  of  wliicli  the  uppermosl 
part  is  removed,  i.s  attached  l)y  a  hirge  phite- 
like  expansion,  formed  b_v  kenoziKVoia,  and 
the  external  snrface  of  the  eolony  is  HUe- 
wisc  formed  by  a  kenozooeeial  layer.     X  I'i. 

b.  The  same  species.  ()(i-cia  in  different  devel- 
opmental  stages.     X  40. 

e.  A  developing  colony  of  the  .same  species, 
consisting  of  one  ancestrula,  two  fully  devel- 
oped zocveia  and  two  developing  zoieeia. 
X  40. 

A  somewhat  older  colony  of  the  same  spe- 
cies, in  which  a  root-e.xpansion  of  kenozote- 
cia  is  already  formed.     X  17. 

f.  A  young  colony  of  the  same  species,  viewed 
from  above.     X  12. 

g.  A  portion  of  a  root-expansion  from  the 
colony  in  1  d)  more  higlily  enlarged.  The 
distal  walls  furnished  with  a  uniporous 
rosette-plate  are  seen  between  the  youngest 
developing  kenozooccia  and  the  kenozoa'cia 
on  the  inner  side.  X  40. 
A  portion  of  the  same  expansion.  A  finished 
kenozocrcium  with  avicularium  is  seen,  and 
besides,  four  developing  kenozoacia,  which, 
like  those  shown  in  fig.  1  a,  have  had  a 
membranous  cover,  which  has  disappeared 
after  boiling  in  potash.  X  40. 
Reicpont  cellnlosa  Smitt.  The  proximal  |)art 
of  an  old  colony  cut  acrcss  transversally. 
The  superficial  kenozooeeial  layer  is  seen. 
X  12. 

The  same  piece  as  shown  in  fig.  2  a,  but  the 
transversally  cut  surface  is  seen.  Tlic  three 
groups  (2,  4,  6)  of  small  round  apertures, 
almost  in  the  centre  of  the  section,  are 
intersected  zod'cial  chambers,  which  on  both 
sides  are  covered  bv  kenozocecia  (see  page 
293).   X  12. 


I'-ig.  2 


2  b 


2d 


—    a  a 


3  b 


4a 


4b 


4  c. 


4d 


A  tiansverse  scclicm  thruugh  a  nnuii  young- 
ger  portion  of  the  same  colony.  The  zoivcia 
are  also  here  on  both  sides  covered  by  keno- 
zocecia.    X  12. 

A  part  of  the  transverse  section  in  fig.  2  b, 
more  highly  magnified.  The  separating  walls 
furnished  with  uniporous  ro.sette-plates  are 
seen  betwen  the  kenozotecia  placed  above 
each  other.   X  40. 

Another  part  of  the  same  transverse  section, 
in  which  the  cavity  of  the  kcnozooecia  is 
much  narrower.   X  40. 

Retcpora  WallicliktiKi,  Busk.  Stalked  oneeia. 
X  40. 

A  transverse  section  through  a  branch  of 
the  same.  Three  zoa?cia  and  two  kcnozorrcia 
are  cut  through.    X  40. 

A  transverse  section  through  a  branch  of 
Rctepora  tesselala  Hincks.  The  small  holes 
are  transverse  sections  of  kenozocecia.  X  2.'i. 
A  transverse  section  through  a  younger  por- 
tion of  a  colony  of  the  same  species.  A  layer 
of  zooecia  and  a  layer  of  kenozocecia  are 
seen;  in  .some  of  the  former  the  unijjorous 
rosette-plate  of  the  distal  wall  is  seen.  X  23. 
A  transver.se  section  through  a  colony  of 
the  same  species  with  two  lavers  of  zocveia. 
X  23. 

The  same  species.  A  portion  of  the  keno- 
zocreial  layer.    X  17. 

a.  A  transverse  section  through  a  colony  of 
Releponi  lata  Hincks.  The  small  holes  are 
from  kenozocecia.     X  23. 

b.  The  same  species.  The  zoa-eial  layei',  fron) 
the  basal  surface,  after  detachment  of  the 
kenozocecial  layer.    —  23. 

e.  The  same  species.  A  part  of  a  keiiozocveium 
with  avicularia  from  which  poreeanals  issue 
to  the  surface.  A  covered  avicularium  is 
visible  in  the  distal  part.    X  o.'i. 


(/..  l/./i'./.r/'///.vr//,  ///■//(/  \Off 


H.X 


/.   /fe/e^l  {>/■//      /Jr,//ilrr/irl    A'l/iry  :^  /f,/,yi    i<//ll/o.y,/     .V/ili//  .J  A'r/,//    It  „ //tc/llM//a   /^n.sA- 


Plate  XI. 


392 


Plate  XI. 


Fifj.  1  a.  Sriilicella  /ilnqinslDiua  (Husk).  The  lateral 
chambers  arc  funiislied  with  their  niembra- 
MDUs  walls.  X  23. 
1  h.  .\  hi-zou'cial  internode  of  the  same  species, 
from  the  ba.sal  surface.  15etween  the  two 
zoieeia  uppermost  the  adzo<ecial  supra- 
scapular chamber  of  the  mothcr-zodcium 
and  lowei-most  its  adzodcial  pedal  chamber. 
The  scapular  and  the  infra-scapular  cham- 
bers are  united  or  incompletely  separated. 
X  40, 

—  1  c.  The  zod'cium  which  arises  from  the  mother- 

zo(ecium  of  the  bi-zoiccial  internode,  from 
the  basal  surface.  The  floor  of  the  two 
supra-scapular  chambers  is  seen  uppermost, 
whilst  the  membranous  cover  is  removed. 
The  latter  is  seen  in  li^  1  a.  The  two  infra- 
scapulai'  chambers  are  also  shown.  X  40. 
1  d.  .V  part  of  the  same  zo(eeinm,  from  the  sur- 
face furnished  with  the  small  avicularium. 
The  infrascapular  and  the  pedal  chambers 
are  seen.     X  40. 

—  1  h.   A   part  of  the  same  zoiecium,   from   the  sur- 

face furnished  with  the  large  avicularium. 
The  infrascajjidar  chamber  (on  the  basal 
surface)  is  seen  and  also  the  pedal;  to  the 
lell  of  the  tip  of  the  avicularium  the  floor 
of  the  supra-seapular  chamber.     X  40. 

—  1  e.  The  dau(;hler-zo(eeium   of  a  bi-zocecial   inter- 

node, from  the  e.\ternal  surface.  Uppermost 
the  unseparated  distal  chambers  tlic  scapu- 
lar and  the  infrascapular),  and  under  them 
the  pedal  chamber  of  the  dauf«htcr-zoiecium 
and  the  adzoiecial  pedal  chamber  of  the 
niotherzoiecium.  (sec   fig.    1  b.).     X  40. 

—  1    f.  The   mother-zo(ecinm    of  a   bi-zo(vcial  inter- 

node. I'ppcrmost  the  two  unseparated  cham- 
bers and  under  these  the  pedal  chamber. 
X  40. 

—  1  g.  The   zoirciuni  which  arises  from   a  daughter- 

zoiecium,  from  the  internal  surface  (i.  c. 
opposite  an  avicularium)  (see  fig.  1  a.)  Up- 
permost the  distal  unseparated  chambers 
and  below^  the  pedal.  X  40. 
The  same  zoiecium,  fiom  the  other  surface. 
The  corresponding  chambers  are  seen.  X  40. 
A  sagittal  section  through  a  zocecium  of 
Siiiticrllii  i>l(iijiosloni(i  (Busk,!.  The  angularly 
bent  distal  wall  d.  w.)  and  the  cryptocyst 
plate  ic.   pi.)  are  seen.     X  40. 

1  k.  A  gonozocecium  of  Cat.  playioslonia.  var. 
sclifera.     X  2.3. 

1  1.  A  gonozoeccium  of  the  same  form,  lateral 
view.     X  2.3. 

1  m.  .\  gonozocecium  of  the  .same  form,  from  the 
basal  surface.    X  23. 

1  j.  The  separating  wall  between  the  covering 
kenozoa-eium  and  the  small  spinous  ba.sal 
chamber.    X  40. 


—    1 


—    1 


1-ig.  1 


—    2  b. 


2d. 


—     2   f 


3  a. 


—    3  b. 


4  a. 


4  b. 


—    () 


An  old  bi-zo<ecial  interiu)de  of  Sriilirella 
plnrjioslonid,  v.  sclifera.  The  aperture  is  clos- 
ed by  a  calcified  plate,  and  this  is  further 
connected  with  a  cryptocvst  which  is  placed 
inside  the  sternal  area  and  may  finally  form 
a  continuous  cover  inside  the  last.  X  40 
Another  old  bi-zo(ccial  internode  of  the 
same  form.     X  40. 

A  zo(ecium  of  Sciilicclht  Wilsoiii  (Mac  Gil- 
liv.l  On  each  side  of  the  sternal  area  a  large 
infra-scapular  chamber  is  seen.  c.  pi.  crypto- 
cyst plate.     X  40. 

A  zo<eciuni  of  the  same  species,  lateral  view. 
To  the  left  the  infrascapular  chamber  and 
to  the  right  the  supra-scapular  and  the 
pedal.     X  55. 

A  zod'cium  of  the  same  s|)ecies,  from  the 
basal  surface.  The  whole  basal  surface  is 
occupied  by  the  supra-scapular  and  the 
pedal  chambers.     X  55. 

The   proximal  end  of  the  sternal  area  of  the 
same  species.     The  bridge  between  the  two 
central    fenestra;  is    not  yet    completed    and 
its  end  is  uncalcificd.     X  75. 
The    same    part    of  a  third    zo<ecium.      I'lie 
bridge  between    the  two  fenestra-   is  for  the 
most   part  uncalcificd.     X  75. 
A    zo(ecium    of    Scaticclla    amphora    (Busk), 
lateral   view.     To   the   left   the   infra  scapular 
chamber,    to    the    right    the    supra-scapular 
and   the  large   pedal   chamber.     X  55. 
A   zoiecium    of   the    same  species,    from   the 
basal    surface.     The   supra-scapular  aiid   the 
pedal  chambers  are  seen.    X  55. 
A   zo(eeium   of  the  same  species  with   a  very 
large    avicularium.     To    the    left  the  supra- 
scapular   and     the    Infrascapular    chambers. 
X  55. 

A  zoiecium  of  Srtit.  urniiln  iMac  (iilliv ). 
lateral  view.  The  supra-scapular,  the  infia- 
scapnlar  and  the  pedal  clianibers  arc  seen. 
X  55. 

.\  zixccium  of  the  same  species,  from  the 
basal  surface.  The  same  three  chambers  are 
seen.     X  55. 

A  gonozo(rcium  of  .Sciil.  maniarilacea  (Busk). 
X  40. 

The  same  gonozott-cium,  lateral  view.  X  40. 
The  same  gonozo(rcium,  from  the  basal  sur- 
face.    X  40. 

A  gonozocecium  of  Seal,  ivnlrirosa  (Busk). 
X  40. 

The  .same  gonozoieeium,  lateral  view.  X  40. 
A  gouozoa-cium  of  Scut,  maculata  (Busk). 
X  23. 

The  same  gonozoa'cium,  lateral  view.  X  23. 
The  sternal  area  of  the  gonozoivcium  and 
the  two  spines,  more  highly  magnified.  The 
small  cryptocyst  plate  is  .seen.     X  40. 


('.. U.fiJ.ef///f.s-cf/ .  Br/yo :/, 


y/jy 


'  ('ii/fiiiri//ti  /i/iifjioxforna  Busk.    2.  Cat.  H'i/sorti   Merc  GM    J  Calarn./i/tora     jSus/c     i .  Cal.  arnala  Mac  O'i'/J . 
•  >    <'ir/  r/inrynrifarea    Siisk       (J  f'a/.rnn/riri>.-!n   /iti.si-     7.   Cn/.  /nnrii/tt/a    /ius/c 


Plate  XII, 


394 


Plate  XH. 


FiR.  1  a. 

—  1  1). 

—  1  c 


1  d. 

1   f, 
1 
1 
1 


—    Ih. 


3  a. 


3  b. 


—  4b 

—  4  c 


Sternal  area  and  aperture  of  Cnaliiilhi  bcne- 
costatn  n.  sp.  (On  the  plate  designated  as 
Cat.  haslala).    X   100. 

Sternal  area  and  aperture  of  anotlier  zoa'cium 
of  the  same  speiies.  X  100. 
Sternal  area  and  aperture  of  <'.osliceU<t  ha- 
slala (Busk)  (from  Twofold  Bav).  The  long 
fi'ontal  sinus,  wliitli  is  not  seen  in  tiic  two 
preceding  figures,  is  licre  distinctly  visible. 
X  100. 

A  part  of  the  sternal  area  of  tlic  same  spe- 
cies, from  the  internal  surface.  Outermost 
the  margin  of  the  crvptocvst  plate,  further 
in  the  frontal  sinus.  X  100. 
,A  gono/.oocium  of  the  same  species,  lateral 
view.     X  40. 

A  gonozo(ecium    of   tlie    same  species,    from 
tlie  frontal  surface.     X  40. 
The   distal   end  of  another    gonozooecium  of 
the  same  species.     X  55. 

A  gonozo(Ecium  of  Costicella  soIiUa  n.  sj). 
(The  figure  does  not  give  a  good  representa- 
tion of  the  structure  of  the  sternal  area). 
X  40. 

A  sagittal  section  through  a  gonozoiecium  of 
the  same  species.  The  endozoiecial  ofecium, 
formed  from  the  distal  wall  and  covered  by 
a  keno/.oiecium  is  seen.  X  40. 
The  distal  end  of  a  zoieeium  of  Scuticella 
sacciiUila  (Busk)  (wrongly  indicated  on  the 
plate  as  C.  saccala).  X  100. 
A  trizocvcial  internodc  with  occcium  of  Cla- 
viporella  (on  the  plate,  Calpidium]  geminata 
Wyv.  Thorn.     X  40. 

A  similar  internodc,  on  which  the  frontal 
wall  of  the  od'cium  and  of  the  covering 
kenozocEcium  has  been  removed.  The  basal 
wall  of  the  endozoiecial  oa-cium  is  seen. 
X  40. 

A  sagittal  section  through  the  gonozo(ecium 
and  the  occcium  of  the  same  s])ecies.  X  40. 
A  small  avicularium  of  the  same  species. 
X  00. 

Claviporella  (on  the  plate  Cal]>i(iiiiin)  imsilla 
Wils.  Two  zocecia,  lateral  view.  In  the  proxi- 
mal part  of  each  zooecium  the  extremely 
small  pedal  chamber.  X  26. 
An  internode  of  the  same  species  with  occ- 
cium.    X  40. 

The  distal  end  of  a  zooecium  of  the  same 
species,  from  the  basal  surface  after  the 
removal  of  the  basal  wall.  The  suture  in 
which  the  two  spines  meet  is  not  .seen  in 
this  figure,  but  on  the  uppermost  zooecium 
in  fig.  4  b.     X  75. 


Fig.  4d.  The  proximal  end  of  a  zorccium  of  flic  same 
species.  The  rudimentary  pedal  chambers 
are  seen.    X  75. 

—  4  e.  The  inner  wall  of  the  pedal  chamber,  form- 

ing a  uniporous  rosette-plate.     X  200. 

—  4  f.  The  operculum  of  the  same  species.   X  100. 

—  4  g.  The  scapular  and  the  infrascapular  chambers 

of  the  same  species.     X  200. 

—  5a.  An  internode  with  o(ccium  of  I'lcrorclla  (on 

the  plate  (.alpicliiim)  rarinala  (Busk).  Neither 
this  nor  the  following  figure  give  a  satis- 
factory representation  of  tlie  structure  of  the 
sternal  area.     X  40. 

—  6  a.  An  internode  with  occcium  of  Plerocclla  (on 

the  plate  Calpidiutu  alata  (Wvv.  Thorn.) 
X  40. 

—  6  b.  Sagittal    section    through    the   gonozoivciuin, 

the  oiecium  and  the  covering  kenozocecium 
of  the  same  species.     X  40. 

—  7  a.   A    zod'cium  of  C.rihricella  rufa  (.Mac  Gilliv.), 

lateral  view.  The  small  supra-.scapular  cham- 
ber, the  greatly  bent  infra-scapular  and  the 
slightly  bent  pedal  chamber  arc  seen.  X  55. 
A  zoieeium  of  the  same  sjiecies,  from  the 
basal  surface.  The  supra-scapular  and  the 
infra-sca])ular  chambers  are  seen  and  less 
distinctly  the  pedal.  X  55. 
A  gonozotecium  of  the  same  species.  X  40. 
A  gonozooecium  of  the  .same  species,  lateral 
view.    X  40. 

7  e.  A  sagittal  section  through  a  gonozo(ccium  of 
the  same  species.     X  23. 

7  f.  A  portion    of   the    sternal    area  of  the  same 
species,     from     the     internal     surface.     The 
crvptocvst  plate  is  seen.     X  100. 
A  zoiccinm    of    Cribricella   crihraria    i  Busk), 
lateral  view.    X  55. 

A  zocccium  of  the  same  species,  from  the 
basal  surface.     X  55. 

A  portion    of  the    sternal   area  of  the  same 
species,  from  the  internal  surface.  The  crypto- 
cyst  plate  is  seen.    X   100. 
HincksielUi  piilrhrlld   Ma])les.,  with    iKccium. 
X  40. 

A  longitudinal  section  through  a  lateral  mar- 
gin of  a  zoircium  of  the  same  sjiecics.  Up- 
permost the  small  supra-scapular  chamber 
and  lowermost  the  inner  wall  of  the  long 
scapular  chamber,  which  is  connected  witli 
the  zoieeium  through  two  uni])orous  rosette- 
plates.     X  75. 

9  c.  A  transverse  section  through  a  zooecium  of 
the  same  species.  The  extremely  thick  walls, 
which  separate  the  lateral  chambers  from 
the  zoojcium,  are  seen.    X  75. 


b. 


I  c. 
'd. 


(/..  UJi'  /.r/ft //sr/i    //ffJO^  o 


PL\'/7. 


!^.. 


'ir 


ill.    \ 


',,1 


'ih 


V 


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^f        "^ 


S  n 


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o     O    > 


.u 


y 


^•".Xc5 


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;/, 


fei..      1" 


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9c 


J^*^^'- 


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,1V 

«   @ 


6-^ 


'/</iiie//ti  /iff.i/ii/ii  Jj'iisA.     2.('ril<'n  .s<ir<(il)i  /hi.ik.  .1  C'nlfi  i  diiirii   <j<'t/i  iriat  ii  ni  Hyii-'/'/i     i(h/fi  ftiisilhim  Ulh  ■^.Ch//t,.rrirr/iir/iim 
/tux/,-,     fi  (h/fi  (i/'i/iirn  llyir.r/i    7.  CrihriceJifi  rii/'a  Afar  Or//   d'.Cri/i  rri/>r,iriaBii.iA-  .'////iitA-M <■///!   fiii/r/ie/Jei .Utifi/e.r 


Plate  XIII. 


396 


Plate  XIII. 


Fig.  1 


—    3  a. 


—    :tl). 


—   ;i  c. 


4  a. 


—    ib. 


Oa. 


(ib. 


7  b. 


A  goiiozon'ciuin  of  ('.dlpi-liuni  poiulcrosiim 
((ioldsl!.     X  2:t. 

Tlic  same  gonozoocciuni.  IVoni  the  basal  sur- 
face.    X  23. 

Tbe  same  (•onozoa'cium,  lateral  view.  X  23. 
A  sagittal  section  thiougli  a  gonozodcium 
of  the  same  species.  The  covering  kcnozod-- 
ciiim  and  the  distal  wall  transformed  into 
an  oieciuni  arc  seen  d.  w.).  X  23. 
A  gonozo(vcium  and  a  corresponding  covering 
zocrcium  of  (Uilcnaria  (on  the  i)late  Viltali- 
cclla)  I'ormosd  (Husk),  The  internal  oceciuni 
is  seen,  and  in  both  the  zocecia  the  small, 
oval,  infra-scapular  chamber  and  the  long, 
narrow,  pedal  chamber  are  seen.  X  55. 
A  gonozixccium  and  a  corresi)onding  cover- 
ing ziKccium  of  Cdtcndria  fVilliilicelld)  clc- 
Hiins    liusU).     X  .').'■>. 

A  gonozo<ecium  and  a  covering  zofccium  of 
the  same  species,  lateral  view.   X   55. 
Three    old    zotccia    of  the  same  si)ecies,    the 
aperture  of  which  is  on   the   point  of  closing. 
X  40. 

A  bi-zoiecial  internode  of  Calcniirid  i  Villat.) 
fusai  (Mac  (lilliv. '.  The  aperture  is  partly 
closed.    X  40. 

A  gonozoicciuni  with  appertaining  daughter- 
zoncciuni  of  Ctilenaria  fVittat.)  cornttlit  liuskX 
X  55, 

A  gonozooecium  with  appertaining  daughter- 
zo(ecium  of  Calciuiriu  (Vitlal.)  coniiiln  (Busk  , 
from  the  basal  surface.  X  55. 
A  gonozoircium  of  the  same  species,  lateral 
view.  The  internal  oiccium  and  the  covering 
kenozocecium  are  seen.  X  55. 
Onchopora  on  the  plate  CalweUki]  ilcnkita 
.Mac  (iilliv.),  from  tiie  basal  surface.  The 
linger-shaped  expansions  of  the  distal  wall 
are  .seen,     X   40. 

T!\e  pro.ximal  end  of  a  zo(ecium  of  the  same 
species.     X  75. 

Oncbopora  SincUiiri  (Busk.  In  two  of  the 
zocvcia  the  operculum  is  open  and  the  in- 
wardii^directed,  angularly  bent  lateral  parts 
of  the  vcstibuhim  are  seen.  X  40. 
A  zoa'cium  with  ooecium  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.   X  40. 

A  sagittal  section  through  an  unlinished  oa- 
cium.  The  cryptoc\st,  which  rises  from  the 
distal  wall,  is  incorrectly  drawn  as  connected 
with  the  membranous  endooiueium,  (see  pi 
X.\IV,   lig,   IL').     X  40. 


I-ig.  7  d. 

—  7  e. 

—  7   f. 

—  ■?«• 

—  7h. 

—  8  a. 


8  b. 


8  c. 


9  a. 
9  b, 


9  c 


—  9d, 

—  9  c. 

—  !)   f. 

—  9H- 

—  Oh, 

—  9   i, 

—  9j- 


.\  sagittal  section  liirongh  an  oieciiim  of  the 
same  species.  Here  also  the  cryptocyst  is 
drawn  as  connected  with  the  cndooiecium, 
ekto  —  the  ectocxecinm;  endo — cryplocysl 
together  with  the  cndooa-ciuni,  X  40. 
An  o(i"ciuni  of  the  same  species,  lateral  \iew. 
X  40, 

An   undeveloped  oceciuni  of  the  same  species, 
from  the  frontal  surface.    X  40. 
An    ofcciuni  of  the   same    species,    from  the 
basal  surface.    X  40. 

A  transverse  section  ■  through  a  branch  of 
the  same  species.  Two  distal  walls  with  ro- 
sette-plates and  two  compensation-.sacs  are 
seen.    X  40. 

Calwellia  (on  the  plate  OnchopnrclUi)  hicor- 
nisWyv.  Th.  The  one  half  of  the  distal  wall 
of  the  lowermost  pair  of  zocccia  is  seen  and 
also  two  of  the  internal  o\al  rosette-plates, 
through  which  the  stalk-like  proximal  end 
of  a  pair  of  zoiecia  is  in  coniinuuication 
with  the  wider  distal  part  of  another  pair. 
X  40. 

A  transverse  section  through  a  branch  of 
the  same  species,  between  the  stalk-like 
proximal  part  and  the  wider  distal  part.  A 
pair  of  zo(Pcia  is  seen  from  the  distal  end, 
and  also  the  forked  distal  walls  and  four 
intersected  stalk-like  proximal  ])arts.  X  55. 
A  transverse  section  through  a  branch  of 
the  same  species,  approximately  tlirongh  the 
middle  of  the  wider  distal  part  of  a  pair 
of  zoiecia.     X  55. 

Oncboporella  bomhyciiui    liusk).   X  40. 
A   sagittal   section   throngii   two  zocecia  of  the 
same  species  with  oci'cia,    ekto   —   the  ecto- 
0(ccium,  The  cryptocyst   removed,     X  40, 
A  sagittal   section   thrmigh   two  zoa'cia,    fur- 
nished with  radical   librcs.    The  one  descend- 
ing   part   of    tlie  distal   wall   is  seen,      X  40, 
Two  zofecia  of  the  same  species  with  radical 
fibres,  from   the  basal   surface,     X  40 
A   part   of  the   margin  of  a  colony,     X  40, 
Zofccia  of  the  same  .species  with  developing 
occcia.     X  40. 

Transverse  sections  of  two  zocecia  and  of  a 
kenozofecium.     X  40. 

The   first  beginning  of  an  ocecium.    X  40. 
Developing  oiccium,  a   little  older. 
Developing  oiecium,   in  which  the  basal  sur- 
face   of    the    crvplocyst    is    almost    formed. 
X  00. 


^'.  U./lt/.rfjf/f.Y('/f,Jjrf/o  I  Of/. 


p/.xm 


/  ft//fi/t//ii/u  fiurii/crosi/rn  Oa/r^/.    2. 1'MafifclIa  /'or///os(i  /Ju.tfc.  .3.1'iU^Uic-.  efeyft/ls Bu.s/,\     ^/. /}7/f///r   /i/.irft  Jliir  0/// 
■  J  iy//i-y//r  ro/v/t/Ja  //i/.rA     (i  CWlH-ellia' deri-f-a/nMac  Gill .  7.(''fi/H:Stnr/fi/rii  fitrsk.  <^ O/ir/ityiorclln  l/iroffi/x  ll}/ir'/7/ 

■9.  O/rr/to/i .  l/Offf /f/frt//(f    />*tf,vA: . 


Plate   XIV 


398 


Plate  XIV. 


l-iK  I  ■■'- 

—  lb. 

—  1  C-. 

—  Id. 


—  1 

—  1 


—    2  b. 


—  2d 

—  2e 
2 
2( 


-    2  f. 


Adeorrn  tnotacfii  .loliiist  .  Numerous  marginal 
zoa'fia  are  seen,  the  frontal  wall  of  which 
is  still   uncakified.    X  28. 

Four  zoiecia  of  the  same  species.  On  two  of 
the  zod-cia  the  aviculariuui  is  re|)laced  by 
an  elongated  cavity  which  opens  by  means 
of  a  round  pore.    X  40. 

Three  zoiccia  of  the  same  species,  from  the 
basal  aspect,  after  removal  of  the  basal  sur- 
face. The  primary  aperture  and  the  pro.ximal 
margin  of  the  secondary  are  seen.  X  40. 
Two  gonozocccia  of  the  same  species.  They 
are  furnished  with  a  similar  cavity  instead 
of  avicularium,  like  the  two  zocecia  in  fig. 
1  b.     X  40. 

An  avieularian  mandible  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.   X  100. 

An  operculum  of  the  .same  species.  The 
somewhat  more  chiliuized  transverse  oval 
part  is  the  portioEi  of  the  operculum,  which 
corresponds  with  the'  secondarv  aperture. 
X  T.-i. 

Adconella  scrrata  n.  sp.  In  a  single  zotecium 
the  aperture  is  covered  by  a  calcareous 
plate.     X  .')5. 

Two  gonozoa'cia  and  an   independent   avicu- 
larium  of  the  same  species.     X  .'>.'>. 
Three  zoa'cia  of  the  same  species,   from   the 
basal  aspect,  after  removal   of  the  basal  .sur- 
face.    X  .'i.T. 

A   mandible    of   an   iudepcndcjit   avicularium 
of  the  same  species.     X  40. 
The    mandible   of  a  dependent    avicularium, 
more  highly  enlarged.     X  140. 
The    operculum    of  a    gonozonecium    of    the 
same  species.     X  140. 

The   operculum    of  an    ordinary  zocecium   of 
the  .same  species.     X  140. 
Bracebridgia  pi/riformis  (Mac  Gilliv:    X  40. 
Foul-  zoiecia   of  the    same  species,    from   the 


after  removal   of  llie   basal   sur- 


basal  aspect, 
face.     X   ").'). 
Fig   .'t  c.   A   portion  of  the   margin  of  a   colony  of  the 
same  species  with   two  avicularia.     X  5.'). 

—  ;i  d.   An  avieularian  mandible  of  the  same  species. 

X   140. 

—  3  e.  The   operculum  of  the  .same  species.     X  140 

—  4  a.  Adconella  JelUjac  n.  sp.   In  two  ot   the  zoce- 

cla  the  pore  of  the  secondary  aperture  is 
not  yet  constricted.     X  40. 

—  4  b.   Two   opposite    rows  of  zocecia.   lateral    view. 

In  the  two  adjacent  median,  longitudinal 
belts  numerous  less  distinctly  drawn)  uni- 
jjorous   rosette-plates  are  .seen.     X  40. 

—  4  c.  A  zo(ecium  and  a  gonozorecium  of  the  same 

species,  showing  the  primary  aperture.  X  40. 

—  4  d.  An    iudei)endent    avicularium    of    the    same 

species.     X  40. 

—  4  e.  The   mandible  of  the    ludepciidcnt   avlculail- 

um.     X   /.'>. 

—  4   f.  The    mandible 

um.    X  ion. 

—  4  g.  The   primarv    aperture  of  llie 

X  7,'). 

—  4  h.    The    operculum    of    a    gonozocecium    of    the 

.same  species.     X   100. 

—  4   1.   The  operculum    of   an   ordinary   zo(Cclum   of 

the  same  species.     X   100. 

—  4  J.  Aflconclld    piicima-a.    n.  s]).    (not    A.  Jcllyae). 

I'ppermost  a  single  zo(Ccium  with  the  pri- 
mary aperture.     X  40. 

—  4  k.    I'he    operculum   of  a  zoa?clum    of  .same  spe- 

cies.    X  200. 

—  5  a.   Adeoncllopsis  roscinoplwra  (Ueuss).    X  55. 

—  5  b.  The    same    species,    from    the    basal    aspect. 

after  removal   of  the   basal   surface.    X  40. 

—  5  c.  The  operculum  of  the  same  species.    X   140. 

—  5d.   An  avieularian   mandible  of  the  same  species. 

X   100, 


if  a[i   independent   avkulari- 


saTue  species. 


(t  .  1/  U  /.f  t/ 1 //.■:<■  ff.  /hf/a  :  Otl 


/VA'/l' 


Q 


///. 


^^  <j-Sr 


,..M^»n»    ,ns/r/,os,i   ./„//.      -.'.U/eone/ia  s,'rra/<r    ,>..y/'.     .J. /Jr»ce6r,/{y,a    f„yrifor„„s     J/arO./l. 
^,  .l,/eutir//ri   Jr//iy<e  n.sp .      .i  Jf/>-o,/r//r>/,.ifS    rosc/rKYr/iora    fieriss . 


Plate  X\. 


4on 


Plate  XV. 


KiR.  1  a 

—  11) 

—  1  f 


—    Id 


Vrceolipora  nana  Mac  Gilliv.  ,  witli  open 
operculum.  The  li^uie  only  shows  the  strong- 
est of  the  longitudinal  ridges,  which  keep 
the  covering  membrane  stretched.  Three 
Od'cia  are  seen.    X  40. 

Two  zo(ecia  of  the  same  species  with  ocrcia, 
from  the  frontal  surface.  X  40. 
\  sagittal  section  through  three  zoa'cia  of 
the  same  species  with  o(ecia.  The  covering 
membrane,  the  lowermost  part  of  which 
represents  the  ectood-ciuni,  is  too  thick,  as  it 
has  been  drawn  with  a  double  outline  to 
make  it  distinct,  (look  V\.  XXIV.,  Ilg.  11.). 
X  40. 

A  zoiecium  of  the  same  species  with  oeecia, 
from  the  basal  surface.  The  uniporous  ro- 
sette-plates of  the  basal  surface  and  of  the 
distal  wall  are  seen.  X  40. 
1  e.  A  trausvcr.se  section  through  a  branch.  Two 
zoa'cia  and  three  of  the  ridges,  which  kee]) 
the  covering  membrane  stretched,  are  seen. 
X  40. 

1  f.  .\  transverse    section    through  the  pro.vimal 

part  of  an  oiecium  and  through  a  portion 
of  the  adjacent  zoa'cium.  The  endoo(ecium 
is  seen  innermost  and  on  each  side  of  its 
aperture  one  of  the  trapeziform  i)rojections 
which  contribute  to  keep  the  covering  mem- 
brane stretched.  On  each  side  of  the  cover- 
ing membrane  intcrnallj'  is  seen  the  collar- 
shaped  ridge  which  surrounds  the  proximal 
part  of  the  occcium,  and  lowest  <lown  the 
separating  wall  towards  the  adjacent  zooe- 
cium.  Outside  the  eudoo(ccium  the  distal  wall 
with  its  roscttc-plates  is  seen.  (On  account 
of  incorrect  shading  it  seems  to  be  arched). 
X  S."). 

2  a.  Eulhyris  obtecia  (Hincks).     On  tlic  marginal 

zoa'cia  the  peculiar  processes  are  seen,  by 
which  the  covering  membrane  is  kept  out- 
stretched.    X  40. 

2  b.  Four  zo(ecia  of  the  same  species,  from  the 
basal  surface.  Besides  the  rosette-plates  a 
number  of  filiform,  calcified  elongations  are 
seen.     X  40. 

2  c.  .\  sagittal  section  through  two  marginal  zo(C- 
cia.  The  internal  lateral  processes  arc  visible 
and  also  the  connections  between  the  cryp- 
tocyst  and  the  covering  membrane.   X  40. 

2d.  Sagittal  section  through  ordinary  zocccia. 
X  40. 

2  e.  The  processes  of  the  lateral  wall,  from  the 
uter  surface.    X  40. 


l-ig.  2 

—  ;i: 

—  31 

—  3  ( 


.■jb. 


—     (i  a 


Oh, 

fi  c 
7  a, 


Operculum   of  the  same  species.     X   10(1. 
MUroiiorclla  niari/inalu  (Kraussi.     X  40. 
The    distal    end    of  a  zoan'ium    of   the  same 
species.     X  100. 

Four  zorecia  of  the  same  s|)ecies,  from  the 
basal  surface.  In  addition  to  the  marginal 
pore-chambers  each  basal,  zixccial  surface 
shows  a  rosette-plate  and  an  opening  for 
communication  with  zodcia  in  the  opposite 
layer.     X  40. 

The  operculum   of  the  same  species.    X   140. 
Hadical   fibres  of  the  same  species.    X   40. 
A   vibracular    llagellum   of   the  same  species. 
X  7.-.. 

Microporella  flabellaris  (Husk).     X  40. 
The    distal    end    of  a  zixecinm    of   the  same 
species.     X  40. 

The  same  s])ccies  from  the  basal  surface. 
Besides  the  basal  wall  of  the  porc-cliambers 
the  small  triangular  basal  surface  of  the 
vibracular  chamber  is  .seen  lowest  down  to 
the  right  on  the  four  zon?cia.  On  some  zoce- 
cia  the  basal  surface  shows  a  rosette-plate, 
and  on  others  an  opening  corresponding  with 
a  roscttc-platc  in  an  opposite  zoiecinm. 
X  40. 

Hadical   lihres  of  tlic  same  s])ecies.    X  40. 
The  operculum  of  the  same  species.    X  140. 
The    aviculai'ian    maudihlc  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  5,5. 

The  fii'st  three  zoiecia  of  a  colony  of  Micrn- 
jiorella  ciliala  (Palla.s).  The  original  aperture 
of  the  primary  zoiccium,  which  is  surround- 
ed by  spines,  is  almost  closed  to  a  pore. 
X  .'iS. 

The  aperture  of  Microporella  ciliala.  A  well- 
dcvcloped  vestibular  arch  is  seen  and  the 
supporting  beam  is  furnished  with  a  pair  of 
lateral   teeth.     X  200, 

Microi>orell<i  ilecorala  (Heuss).  The  zod'cium 
is  furnished  with  three  distal  pore-chambers, 
and  the  curved  belts  on  the  (xecium,  at  the 
base  iif  which  arc  seen  the  line  pores  of  the 
cudoocccinm,  arc  canal-like  cavities  between 
the  cndooiecium  and  the  distal  calcified  part 
iif  the  ectooiecimn.  Between  these  canals, 
which  open  through  a  circle  of  ])ores,  the 
two  layers  of  the  ocecium  have  united.  X  40. 
A  portion  of  the  occcium  more  highly  mag- 
nified.    X  75. 

An  opercnlum  of  the  same  species.  X  100. 
The  aperture  of  Mirropiirrlla  Maliisii  (And.). 
X   100. 


(f:  U./^./,i'oi  ii.ienjirijo ;  c 


PUT. 


/.  i'rcfo/i/iora.    nana    ALdilL      .'.  Fat/it/r,s    ohiecia  Hincks.      J.Micro/ioreUa    nuirfftruUa    A'rauss. 
'i    .tticrop     riahi'lhiris    Busk.     5.  Microji-    cilutlt,  Poll.      G.  Microp .  drcorulu  Hcuss      7  Aficrop.  MahisU  /lud. 


Plate  XVI. 


26 


402 


Plate  XVI. 


—  1 

—    2 


—    3  b. 


I"i(!.  1  :i  A  s:i);ittal  section  tbioiigh  a  colony  of  llas- 
ii'vUiii  coronala  (lieussi.  Three  on?cia  are 
seen     X  17. 

All  operculum  of  the  same  species.  X  140. 
A  sai^ittal  section  Ihroufjh  Uasivellia  aiis- 
Iriiliensis  (Busk.  Tlie  four  lowermost  zore- 
eia  with  od'cia.  X  17. 
All  opereuluni  of  the  same  .species.  X  75. 
Tiibuccllaria  hirstiUi  (l.amx.).  The  four 
lateral  zoiecia  with  |)eristoniial  oiecia.  X  17. 
A  saj^ittal  section  tlirough  the  same  species. 
The  two  lowermost  zoa-eia  with  ooecia.  X  23. 
Oiiereulum  of  the  .same  species.  X  75. 
A  separatin;;  wall  with  rosette-plates,  the 
position  of  which  is  at  the  proximal  end  of 
each  of  the  thrcad-sliai)ed  apjicndages.  X  200. 
A  part  of  the  surface  of  a  zoiecium  of  the 
same  species.  The  ascojiore  is  .seen  distallv. 
X  75. 

Tubiicellaria    opuntioiiles  (I'all.).     Five  occeia 
are  seen.     X   12. 

A  sagittal  section  through  the  same  species. 
Two  od'cia  arc  cut  through.     X  23. 
An  operculum  of  the  same  species.     X  75. 
The   same  species.    A  ))art  of  the  surface  of 
a    zooecium.    The    aseojiore   is   seen  distally. 
X  55. 

Tithiporclla    imifinirostris  (Mae  Gilliv.).    Two 
peristomial  ooecia  arc  seen.    X  23. 


—    3  I 


4  a 
—    4h 


—  4  c. 

—  4d 


I'ig  .')  1).  The  same  species  from  the  basal  aspect 
after  removal  of  the  ha.sal  surface.  Two 
oceeia  (which  are  however  not  correctly 
shaded)  arc  seen,  and  the  three  zotreia  show 
a  distinct  vestibular  arch.    X  23. 

—  5  e.   The    same  species.     A  part   of  tlie  surface  of 

a  zooecium.     X  55. 

—  5d.  A  sagittal  section  through  the  same  species. 

.\n  occcium   is  seen  pro.ximally,  and  the  two 
zoiecia    show  a    vestibular    arch    at    the    be- 
ginning of  the  peristomial  tube.    X  17. 
LeUythopora  hystri.r  Mae   (iilliv.    Three    ooe- 
cia are  seen.     X  ()5. 

A    sagittal    section    through    an    otccium    of 
the  same  species.     X  23. 
An  operculum  of  the  same  s|)ecies.     X  55. 

—  7  a.   A   sagittal   section   Ihrougli   LeUijtbopora   stel- 

lata    Pusk'.    Two  ooecia  are  seen.     X   17. 

—  iS  a    Eulhijroides  Jellijac  n.  sp.     X  40. 

—  X 1).   The    distal    end   of  a  young  zooecium  of  the 

same  species.  The  frontal  surface  is  caleilied 
right   up   to  the  operculum.     X   75 

—  cS  c.   The  distal   end  of  an  older  zocccium  in  which 

a  resorption  of  the  chalk  has  taken  iilaee 
jM'o.ximally  to  the  operculum.  The  two  hol- 
low s))ines  are  formed,  which  cover  the 
entrance  to  the  comi)cnsation-sac.     X  75. 

—  8d.   An    o])erculum   of  the  same  species.     X   100. 

—  8  e.   An    avicularian    mandible    of   the   same  spe- 

cies.    X  40. 


'/  ff./,//j//isi'ii,  /^n/o\o(i 


/VJT/. 


r  //ri.-,rjic//i<i  f/rarifts  f.n/tij-      L'.//iisoj.  eiits/rrt/fcf?-iis  /jii-s/r     .'i.7'ti/>uce//aria  hir.yutuJ.orrix    'f  '/iilmc  apjtrUioifles  /'a/l. 
6.  'f'uhiic  nixit^ruro.Hris  Mac  Gill.     &■  f.eJcyUiOfmra  Ju/slrij-  Mar  Cn//   7.  /.fir.  slr/la/<i  ^iislr    S.  ^i/l/i-i/ryicryi-.t  efiisriyialis  Miislr 


Plate  XVI 1. 


26* 


404 


Plate  XVII. 


V'tfi.  1  :).  Eschitrella  <li(iphaiia  (Mac  Gilliv.).  A  young 
colony  with  tlie  primary  zoa'ciuni.  Pore- 
ilianibcrs    are   seen  on   tlirec  zotpcia.     X  40. 

—  1  I)     Two  zod'cia  of  tlic  same  species.     Pores  are 

seen   inside  the   marginal   ridge.     X  40. 

—  1  c.   Tlie  same  species.  Tlie  distal   liall'  of  a   zoie- 

eiuin,  the  frontal  wall  of  whieh  has  been 
removed,  so  that  the  highly  developed  vesti- 
bular arch  may  be  seen  and  the  rods  by 
which  it  is  connected  with  the  lateral  walls. 
X  55. 

—  1  d.  The    distal    half   of   a   zoiecluni  of  the  same 

species,  seen  from  the  basal  snrface  after 
removal  of  the  basal  wall.  The  basal  wall 
of  the  vestibnlar  arch   is  seen.     X  55. 

—  2  a.  Escharclla    iilnissicola   (Norman).    A    sagittal 

section  through  a  zocrcium  with  oa'cium. 
The  oopcium  is  surrounded  by  a  kenozoce- 
eium,  the  frontal  wall  of  whieh  seems  to 
be    united  with   that  of  the  ocL'cium.     X   40. 

—  '1  b.  The   .same   species,    from    the    basal  surface. 

Three  occeia  are  present,  the  surrounding 
licDozoopcia  of  which  are  furnished  —  like 
the  zooccia  —   with   pore-chambers.    X  17. 

—  .la.   EschiircIId    imniersu    I'lem.i  var.    The    basal 

portion    of   the    endoo<ecium    is    surrounded 

by    the    crvptocvst    of  the    distal    zocccium. 

X  40. 

Escharoides  ])rucslans  (Hincks).    X  40. 

The   same   species    from    the   basal    surface. 

I'ore-chambers.    X  'i.'i. 

Escharoides  saiiroiiloss<i  n.  sp.     X  40. 

The    same   species,    from    the    basal  surface. 

The     vestibular     arch    with     its     thickened 

margin   is  seen.     X  40. 

—  5  c.  The   distal    end   of  a   zocccium    of  the  .same 

species.  Pro.ximally  to  the  sjjines  the  vesti- 
bular arch  is  seen.     X  55. 

—  5d.   An    avicularian    mandible    of    the  same  spe- 

cies.    X  75. 

—  5  e.   A  distal  wall  of  the  same  species,  with  pore- 

chambers.     X  40. 

—  5  f.  Three    opercula    of   the   same   species.     The 

smallest  is  not  from  the  same  colony  as 
the  two  large  ones.    X  75. 


Fig.     0 
—      0 


7  b. 


—  8 

—  8 


8  c. 


—      i)b 


—       !)  c. 


10 


1 0  1). 


10  I 


Exochella  loncjiroslris  .Jullien.     X  55. 
A    zod'cium  of  the  same  species,    from  the 
basal    aspect,    after    removal    of   the    basal 
surface.   The   primary  aperture   is  seen   and 
also    the    secondary    and    tertiary;    further 
the  vestibular  arch      X  75. 
Exochella  lohata  n.   sp.     X  75. 
The    distal    end   of  a   zixccium   of  the  same 
species,  from  the  basal  aspect,  after  removal 
of   the    basal    surface.    The   vestibular  arch 
is    seen    in    addition    to    the    primary    and 
secondary  apertures.     X  75. 
An  operculum  of  the  same  species.    X  140. 
Exochella  zelanica  n.  sp.     X  76. 
A    zocccium    of   the    same    species.      Three 
pore-chambers  are  seen.     X  75. 
.\    zooecium    of    the    same    species,    lateral 
view.    The    strong    rostrum    proxinially    lo 
the  aperture  is  seen  and   also  the  maigiiuil 
ridge    which    is    very    prominent,    running 
out   into   lobes.    Inside   the  ridge  porc-cauals 
are  seen.     X  75. 

Exochella  triciispis  (llincksi.  X  75. 
The  distal  end  of  a  young  zocccium  of  the 
same  species,  whieh  shows  the  primary 
aperture  Three  pore-chambers.  X  75. 
The  distal  end  of  a  zonecium  of  the  same 
species,  from  the  basal  aspect,  after  re- 
moval of  the  basal  surface.  The  vestibular 
arch,  the  primary  aperture  and  the  thiee 
coalesced  teeth  of  tlie  secondary  apeiture 
are  seen.     X  75. 

An  operculum  of  the  same  species.  ,X  140. 
.\  multiporous  rosette-plate  of  Sniilliiui 
I'allasiana  (Moll.).  X  350. 
■A  schematic  longitudinal  secticm  through 
a  multiporous  rosette-plate.  To  the  right 
is  seen  the  pore-ring. 

A  schematic  longitudinal  section  through 
a  |)orc-cluimber  To  the  right  the  ol>lic|ue 
wall  on  which  the  rosette-plates  are  situ- 
ated 


b 


(^ 


(i  A/M/.i'Diii.irri,  /j'r/yoiOf/ 


/.  /:Wr//,/n'//ci     (hafihtititt  Jfac  (Jill.     2.Escfi.  nhu-;sivoUi  Sorifian.  3.Bsrh.irnrti.crsa  /-'/t'/n.t/nr.    ft.PcrLKtorrwfht  rirn'sta/us  Ifinch:^ 
.>./'*'/:  xanrofjlti.Ksu    n  Sft .   (J.  Kj'ocJwHa-  /onc/iro.ifn.s  JuUi<'fi     7./\j'4>ch  luhat^i-  n.s/t,.    S.  StrocJixr  tum  tut-  /{..syr.  S.  Kcoch.  /.ririis/ttW  //t/u-Ai\. 

fO  fi'o.svffihulf  Oft  PifrrJk'fttn mer' . 


? 


Plate  XVIII. 


406 


Plate  XVIII. 


Kin 


1  a.  ICscharinii    pes    an.tcris    (Siiiitt\     The    distal 
end  i)f  a  zdcvcium   with   (icpcium.     X  75. 
The    distal    iiid     of   an     ordinary    zoceciiim 
X  75. 

An  opcrenUnn   of  llic  same  speeies.     X  75. 
KsclKiriiKi    Diitcrtrfi   (And.).    The    vestibular 
areli    is   seen    and    also   tiic  distal   inarj^in  of 
the    hinge    teeth,   wliieli    for    the    most    part 
part   are   internal.     X   75. 

The  same  speeies.  The  distal  end  of  a  zoo.-- 
einm.  from  the  basal  aspcet,  after  the  basal 
surfaee  has  been  partly  removed.  The  liif^h 
hinge  teeth  are  seen  and  also  the  vestibular 
areh  and  the  proeesses  springing  from  the 
latter.  X  55. 
An    opereulum  of  the  same  species.    X  100. 

3  a.  Schizoimrella  {Sti/lopomoj  longirostris  Hi  neks. 
X  23. 

The    same    speeies.     A    portion  of   a    colony 
with   superficial   budding.     X  23. 
A    zod'cial     aperture    of    the    same    species 
X  75. 

A  zooeciuni  of  the  same  species  from  the 
basal  surface.    X  40. 

.\n  operculum  of  the  same  species.  X  100. 
An  aviculai'ium  of  the  same  species.  X  75? 
An  avieularian  uKuulible  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  75. 

Schizoporclla  (St.)  sjionyiles  IPallas'.  An  oce- 
eium  is  seen,  the  frontal  half  of  which  is 
cut  away.     X  40. 

The  same  species.  .\n  od'ciuni  from  the 
pro.\imal  enci  and  distal  walls  with  rosette- 
plates.     X  40. 

Operculum   of  the  same  species.     X   UK). 
The    same    species.    ()i)ereulum    of   a    colonv 
from  Java.     X  100. 

5  a.  I'clniliii  jiipoitiai  \  Husk).  The  lowermost 
zoreeium  to  the  left  shows  a  hollow,  from 
which  the  whole  (Kcciuni  has  been  removed; 
the  uppermost  to  the  right  shows  on  the 
other  hand  an  od'cium  with  the  frontal  wall 
removed.    X  40. 

5b.  An  operculum  of  the  same  species.    X  75. 


1  b. 


2  b. 


2  c. 


—  3  b. 

—  3  c. 

—  3d. 

—  3  c. 

—  3  f. 

—  H'- 

—  4a. 

—  4  b. 


4  c. 
4d. 


I'ig  (i  a.  I'orclla  (?)  corniita  n  sp.  The  ocecia  are 
furnished  with  acro])etal  hollow  spine-like 
proeesses,     X  40. 

—  Ob.   An    o|)erculuni  of  llie  same  species.     X  75. 

A  more  correct  figure  is  seen  on  Plate 
XXII,   fig.    11  a). 

—  7  a.  Arthropomti     Cecili       And.)       A    developing 

ooccium.     X  40. 

—  8  a.  I'orclla    margnritiferii     Ouoy  &  (iaim.'.     In 

the  bottom  of  the  avieularia  the  primai-y 
ribs  of  the  frontal  wall  are  seen,  lioth  the 
0(ccia  and  the  avieularian  chambers  show 
concentric  deposits  of  chalk.  X  55, 
!)  a.  A  sagittal  section  through  a  gonozoieeium 
of  llippolhoa  liijalina  L.  The  oa'cium  is 
surrounded   by  a  kenozoircium. 

—  10  a.   A    sagittal    section   through   a  gonozoiecium 

of  Chorhoponi  Uronf/niarti  Aud.  The  ote- 
cium  is  surrounded  bv  an  avieularium. 
X  55. 

—  1 1  a.   Haploponid     imprcssiuii      And.)     from      the 

basal  surface.  The  zo(Ccia  and  the  keiui- 
ziMccia  surrounding  the  ocrcia  arc  furnished 
with   pore-chambers.     X  40. 

—  12  a    Smiltina    akaroensis   n.  sp.    The  margin  of 

the  ooeeia  is  furnished  with  an  oiecial 
cover.     X   55. 

An  operculum  of  the  same  species.  X  100. 
FntI'dllolhecd  tivailnitu  (Mac  (iiUiv..  .Si.\ 
dilTerent  zoiecia  take  part  in  the  formation 
of  the  o(vcium  figured.  X  23. 
The  aperture  of  a  zoa-cium  of  the  same 
species.     X  75. 

An  operculum  of  a  gonozo(ecium  of  the 
same  species.    X  55. 

An    operculum    of  an  ordinary  zoircium  of 
the  .same  species.     X  55. 
.\n    avieularian    mandible  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  75. 

EurijslomelUi  foniminiiient  IliucUs  Two 
gonozo(ecia  and  an  or<linary  zo(ecium.  X  40. 
The  same  three  zoiecia,  from  the  basal 
surface,  which  has  a  large  uncalcilied  cen- 
tral part.  X  40. 
14  c.  A  sagittal  section  through  a  zocecium  with 
(MEcium.  The  ocrcinm  and  the  covering 
kenozoa;cium  are  seen.    X  40. 


12  b 

13  a 

13  b 

13  c. 

13d. 

13  e 

14  a 

14  b 

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Ih.si/iiinna  fif.l  rtll.siTls  Siilill       2.Ji.s<ll   /^illi-ilrri  .liiil.       "i.  Sll/lo/lorini    laiii/iliixlris    Jlinc/,:s-        '/S/i/io/li/l/r.t     /'nil      'i./.r/iliil in . 
/"/'""Iff  liiist,-    (>  ./.rfi'  rorriiilii   n.s/i     7 .Irlliro/ioiii'i  (Willi .liiil   Jl/'orrllii  iiKii'tinnlirriri  Oiini/  ,i'  Iwim.    .')  Iliiifiolliaii    /ii/iiliiin  /.. 

lO  C/iori-.ofiorn   /iioiii/iiiirlii    .linl    II   //n/ilnfioiri<i    iiiifiri'.'iXii     hiil    l2Slnillinii    niiirnriisi.\   ri  i/i     11  .Sin    illirKlnilii  .llm- f/ill 

I'/. /utrN.\'linii rl/fi    /firiitflrfiifffiul     //ttif7.\ 


Plate  XIX. 


Plate  XIX. 


I"if(.  \  .\     rniiKislaja    ivniislit   iNi)iman\     A    zocvcium        Fi^.     >S  li- 
mikI   two  (Iwaif-zod'cia.     X  75. 

—  1  li    Till'    samo    species,    from    the    basal    siirl'ace.    , 

Two   oii-eia    are  seen  siirniuntlcd  l)y  dwarf-        —      i)  a. 
zocrcia,    which,     Hke    the    ordinary    zorecia, 
are  fnrnished   willi   pore-chambers.     X  40. 
1  c    .\n    opcrcnium  of  the  same  species.     X  149. 

—  1  (I.  .\m  operculnm  of  a  dwarf-zocccium.    X  200. 

—  2  a.   Disco/iora   piironclla  (Alder.  .     \    portion    of 

tlie  marf^in  of  a  colony  witli  all  the  zooccia 
undeveloped.   On  the  oldest  zodceia  the  dcvel-        —      i)  b. 
opmeiit    of    the    a\  icnlaria    lias   just    bcgnii, 
lint    the    frontal    surface    of    these    is    still  a 
cimtiiuious    membrane,  and    on   four  zod'cia    I  ID  a 

the  frontal  surface  still  consists  of  a  row 
of  independent  calcareous  jilates  separated 
by  sutures.  Distally  to  these  plates  is  seen  --  1(1  b. 
a  dark  curved  line,  the  j^rowiujj  end  of  the 
fold  which  encloses  the  cryptocyst,  and  the 
internal  layer  of  which  becomes  the  exter- 
nal  wall  of  the  compensation-sac.     X  2,3.  —     10c. 

—  2  b.   .\   sagittal  .section   Ihrongli  a   zo(Cciuni  of  the 

same    species   to  show   the  compcnsation-sae 
(es\    The    above-mentioned     fold    surrounds        —     11a. 
parts    of   the   decalcilied.    broken   cryptocyst    i     —     12  a 
(cr.).     X  75. 

—  li  a.  The    zocteia   of   Smillina   jiroiiiiiqiia  (Smitt),    I 

from    the  basal  surface,   which   consists  of  a    I     —     13  a. 
number  of  striated  plates  meeting  in  sutures. 
X  4(1. 

—  4  a.   Snullina    Sinitli     Kirchenp.       A    developing   i     —    liib. 

o(ecium.     The    ectooiecium    still    consists    of 

two  separate  halves.    X  40.  —    14  a. 

—  5  a    Smillina  palnxtla  (Sars),  var.     A    developing 

od'ciuni.     X  40. 

—  5  b.  The  basal  surface  of  a   zocccium  of  the  same        —     15  a 

species.    Plate-mosaic   with    centres  of   calci- 
fication.   A  multiporous  rosette-plate.     X  40.         —     15  1) 

—  (i  a.   X  zoiecium    of  Sniillinii  Lanshoroi'i  (.lolinst.) 

with  oa-cium.   An  occcial  cover  is  seen,  which        —     16  a 
paitly    appears    in    the    margin    of  the  zore- 
ciiini    partly    forms    two  projections  distally 
to   the  aperture.     X  40. 
r>  b    .\n    od'cium    of    the    .same    species,    through         —     17  a 
the    broken    ectocicium    of  which   the  ciido- 
ou'cinm   is  seen.     X  100. 


7  a.    Two  (Hccia  of  Smittinn  Irispinusa,  var.  nicul- 

Ictna  n.  with  a  hood-shaped  oiecial  cover.  X  40 

8  a.  Some    zcxucia    of   I'liisira    seciirij'rons   (Pall.) 

after  boiling  in  potash,  to  show  the  process 
of  calcitication  of  the  basal  wall  I'see  pages 
4-5).     X  33. 

«li— f.  Sagittal  sections  through  a  series  of  devel- 
oping oa-cia  of  the  same  species  (see  page 
57).     X  40. 

Kg.  A  very  early  rudiment  of  an  otecinm  of  the 
•same  species  seen  partly  from  the  proxi- 
mal end.  The  distal  curved  line  is  the  line 
in  which  the  distal  wall  joins  the  frontal 
membrane  (fig.  8  b\  and  the  bilobatc  part 
.seen  within  the  operculum  belongs  to  the 
horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall.  The 
rounded  sinus  is  the  beginning  of  the  ro- 
sette-plate.   X  40. 


—  18  a. 

—  18  b 

—  18  e. 

—  19  a 


-II.  .\  series  of  (kvclopmcnlal  stages  of  the 
endoocrcium  of  the  same  species,  seen  from 
the  surface.     X  40. 

Some  zocecia  of  h'liislrii  (Flustra  fnliiiceti  L., 
from  the  basal  surface,  after  boiling  in  po- 
tash. The  distal  wall  with  its  rosette-plates 
is  seen  and  the  composition  of  the  basal 
wall  in  small  plates  see  page  (i).  .A  very 
tine  striation  parallel  to  the  distal  lines 
cannot  be  seen  in  this  figure.  X  40. 
Two  zotrcia  of  the  same  species  after  boil- 
ing in  potash.  The  lateral  wall's  composi- 
tion of  small  plates  is  seen.  X  40. 
.\  transverse  section  through  a  branch  of 
Flustra  (Spiralis)  ilvnticnUdu  Husk,  cr. : 
cryptocyst.     X  55. 

.\   sagittal    section    tlirongli    an    avicularian 
mandible  of  the  same  species,   to  show  the 
internal  cavity  which  corresponds  with   the 
vestibular  cavity   in   the  o])ei'ciilum. 
A   portion   of  the  basal   surface  of  the  same 
s|)eeies,  to  show  its  composition  of  cell-like 
small  plates  icell-mosaic \    Inimers. 
Operculum  of  l-'liistra  pisciforniis.     X  23. 
.\    transverse    section    through   a   branch   of 
I'liistra    Flustra)  carhacea  Sol.    cr. :    crypto- 
cyst.    X   40. 

An  avicularian  mandible  of  Sarsipaslra 
ahyssicola  (Sars.  ,  to  sliow  Ihc  internal 
cavity.     X  23. 

A     transver.se     seeliiin     through     the     same 
mandible  in   its   middle  part.     X  23. 
.\  trans\er.se  section  through  an  avicularian 
mandible  of  an  Onijchocella  species,  to  show 
the  mandibular  cavity.     X  40. 
The      avicularian     mandible     of     Snilin'lla 
plaijiostoma   lUisk.     X  75. 
.\    transverse    section    through    the    end    of 
the  same   mandible.     X  75. 
Pore-canals  of  .1/yr/oroiim  suhnracile  d'Orb. 
Kacli   of  them   contains  an   eiidosarcal   cord 
and      is,    at     its    |)roxinial    part,    furuished 
with  a  unii)orous  ro.sette-plate.     Immers. 
llasau'llia    aiiriciilala  (Busk).      Kach   of   the 
two-layered    stalked,    developing    otrcia     is 
placed   in  a  hollow.     X  40. 
A    sagittal    section    through    .some   o(eciiim- 
bcaring  zoacia  of  Sclerodomiis  dcnliciilnlus 
(Husk\     The    avicularium     is    seen    on     the 
internal    surface    of   the   peristome  and   the 
plate  originating  from  the  distal  wall.    X  23. 
.\   sagittal   section   through  a  zo(ecium  with 
od'cium,   more  highly   magnilied      X   4(1. 
The    same    species.      As    a    portion    of    the 
frontal  surface   has   been  ground   away,   the 
Hat    proximal    part    of    the    (Kccial    frontal 
surface  is    seen   and   the  broadened   crenul- 
ated    margin    of  the    plate  originating  from 
the  distal   wall.     X  40. 

Discopora  plicaki  (Smitt.).  The  distal  of  the 
two  angular  lines  is  the  growing  cud  of 
the  fold  or  outpushiug  formed  by  the 
frontal  membrane  and  enclosing  the  cryp- 
tocyst whose  growing  end  forms  anotlier 
angular  line.     X   40, 


(i M R.!.*'iHii.-:cti .  Ihftox 


PIX/X 


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f<>./'*lenii'4ii/,tf,i     /ins/.-.       //./•'.  /I  i.uiforrrii.v    /his/,-.  f'J   F.tfirhttrvti     Sol .     /J.  /•'  (i6t/sstro/ri     Sftfs         /^.  On  ifr/itnt/Zti      s/i .     /J    f'atr/t/r,//ft 

fi/itfftosloi/tfi    /iiisi-       /(>'.  A/tfifo  1  ontti     sn/>f//rtri/c    tl' Of/y    /7 „//itstrf//t/i    "  fttit'tctt/tilu     //lis/,-       tX.  .Sc/er-it,litrttns       Jcn/triil (titi.v    AV/.v/ 

///   !i/uiinn/iif.stontr//a       fi/irtt/ii      Sr/ii// 


Plate  XX. 


410 


Plate  XX. 


1  b. 


—  1 

—  1 


Fig  1  a.  A  zoccciuin  of  Siiilicelhi  iirnuld  (M;ic  Gilliv.). 
The  IViK'stiii-  of  the  sternal  area  show  a  dis- 
liiut  ervptdcvst.     X   ">,">. 

A  gonozoceeiiini  frciTii  the  hcmlal  surl'aee. 
X   17. 

The  same  Kono/ocLcium,  lateral  view.  X  23. 
The  .same  Honozixeeium,  from  the  ha-sal  sur- 
faee.    X  TA. 

The  median  ehambers  from  the  distal  part 
of  another  Koiiozoceeium.  The  downwards 
direeted  point  eorresponds  with  that  seen 
in   fin.   1  1).     X    10. 

.A  lii-zod'cial  internode  of  Sciilicclhi  Wilsoni 
(Mae  (iilliv.i.  m:  mother-zoteciuni.  d:daugh- 
ter-zo(i'einm,  1:  the  siipra-seapidar  eliamber, 
11:  the  seapnlar  eliamber,  111:  the  infra- 
scapular  chamber,  1\':  the  pedal  chamber 
(fig.  2b\     X  40. 

A  bi-zo(eeial  internode  of  the  same  species, 
from  the  basal  surface,  less  highly  enlarged 
(see  2a\    X  23. 

A  bi-/.o(ccial  internode  of  Scuticella  marga- 
riiacea  (Husk).  (Compare  with  tig.  3  b\  X  55. 
A  l)i-/,o(ccial  internode  of  Scuticella  marga- 
rilncea  lUisk  ,  var.  li.ssurata,  n.  For  the 
letters  and  luiinbers  see  e.\i)lanation  to  fig. 
2  a.     X  55. 

A  gonozoa-cium   of  the  same   form.     X  40. 
\    zoieciuni    of    Sciilicclla    maciiUila    (lUisk) 
wrongly  indicated   on   the  I'late  as  Cnt.  ven- 
Iricosci).     X  40. 

A  zod-cium  of  the  same  species,  lateral  view. 
Besides  the  scapular  chamber  the  iufra- 
scapular  and  the  pedal  arc  also  seen,  (on 
the  Plate  indicated  as  Cttl.  venlricosa).  X  40. 
A  zod'cium  of  Sciilicella  iwntricosa  (Busk), 
(wrongly  indicated  on  the  Plate).     X  40. 


3  a. 

3  b. 

3( 

4: 

4  b. 


Fig.     5  b 


IJa. 


lib. 


lie. 
7  a. 


8  b. 


9  a. 

10  a. 

10  b. 

11  a. 

lib. 

11  e. 

lid. 

11  c. 

11  f. 

.\  bi-zorecial  internode  of  the  same  species 
(see  the  cxphmation  to  fig.  2  a).  X  40. 
(wrongly  indicated  as  5  a).  A  zotrcium  of 
the  same  species,  lateral  view.  The  scapular, 
the  infra-scapular  and  the  pedal  ehambers 
are  seen.     X  40. 

The  sternal  area  and   the  aperture  of  f.'os/i- 
celhi  cnspklata  n.  sp.    X  75. 
The  same  species.  A  zoa'cium  which  term- 
inates a  branch  originating  from  a  daughter- 
zo(ecium.     X  40. 

A  gonozocecium  of  the  same  species.  X  40. 
The  sternal  ;irea  and  the  aperture  of  Co.'s/l- 
cclla  solitid  n.  sp.  X  75. 
A  zotecium  of  Coslicella  bnxldlti  (liusk\ 
(from  Port  Phillip).  X  75. 
A  bi-zotecial  iiitci'Mode  of  the  same  species 
(from  Twofold  Bay).  See  the  explanation 
to  fig.  2  a).  The  long  internal,  sternal  sinus 
can  be  seen.     X  75. 

A  gonozocecium  of  (losliccUa  benccoslala 
n.  sp.     X  55. 

A  zocecium  of  C.kwiporelUi  aiirila  i  Busk). 
X  75. 

A  gonozocecium  of  the  same  species.  X  55. 
A  tri-zonccial  internode  of  Cnlpidium  or- 
naliini   Busk.     X  23. 

A  tri-zotecial  inteinode  of  the  same  spe- 
cies, from  the  basal  surface.  X  23. 
A  tri-zooecial  internode  of  the  same  spe- 
cies, from  the  distal  end.  X  23. 
A  tri-zo(ecial  internode  of  the  same  spe- 
cies, lateral  view.  (.See  the  explanation  to 
fig.   2a\     X  23. 

A    l)i-zo(ecial    internode    of   the    .same    spe- 
cies,  from   the   basal   surface.     X  23. 
A    bi-zooceial    internode    of   the   same    spe- 
cies, from  the  distal  end.    X  23. 


II  M  R  Itcvinsen  ,  linjoxx<a 


I.  CaUruc&LLa.    umula    Mac  COL.     2.  CcUen.^  mCsorU   Mac  Gill.    3  CaUiv.  mar^aritacea    Busk 
A.CcUen   fenincosct  Husk..   5  Ccdart.  maailaia    rvs/t.     &■  CasttceUa  cus/ticUita    n-Sfi-    7.  Costic 

voUda    /ix/i.      SCostlc    kasUUa,   Busk.    9.  CosUc.  benecosUrIa  n.s/t .    lOCLaoLficreUa    auHla 

Mac  CM      41  (hljiidiuin    r>r/ui.tn>n.    Busk. 


LcCi.^.u-z  aci 


firUmd.  ij)  Dst  ircHnshiyslct  UtaiL 


C  Corpus   IUa  . 


Plate  XXI. 


412 


Plate  XXI. 


clKimber    is 
ci\  iiulMi'iiim. 


li  I". 
7:i. 


7  1). 


l-'ig.  1  a.    Catenariti    mi   I  lie   l'l:ite    VillittitclUi    corniila        Fi^ 
(Bu,sk\    III  till'  l)i/(i(i'cial  intt'iiKide  the  niotli- 
cr-zoa?cial,  small,  oval,    iiifVasiapuhir   i-liani- 
ber  is  seen    (in    Hie    houiitlan     lietwceii    the 
mother-  ami   the  (laufihtei-zocveium.     X    5."). 

—  '2  a.    Catenaria     Villalicclhi)  I'leyans  (Husk).     The 

siipra-sea|nilar,  the  inlVa-.sea pillar  and  the 
pedal  ehamhers  arc  .seen.  A  honndary  cham- 
ber (m.  III.)  between  the  mother-  and  the 
daughter-zod'eiiim.  X  55. 
-  .'i  a.  Calvnoria  formosa  (Busk).  The  same  eham- 
bers  as  in   lij>.   2  a.     X  40. 

—  4  a,   I'terocella  aliiUt  (Wyv.  Th.     The  iiKilher-zou;- 

cial,     lissure-like     iiil'raseapular 
seen    proNiiiKillv    to    the    small 

X  40.  "  —    7  d. 

.">  a.  A  /oreeium  of  f.'(///)ir/ii/;;i /)o;i(/(r«si(Hi  (ioldst. 
The  internal  eiyptoeyst  plate  is  seen  and  a 
strong  crvploevst  formation  in  the  live  fene- 
str:e.    X    55.      "  —     7  e, 

—  5  b,   A  zoa'cium   of  the  same  species,   lateral  view.         —    7  f 

The  supra-scapular  ehamber  is  seen  and  also 

the  infra-seapular  and   the   pedal.    X   10.  —    8  a 

—  5  c.   .\   bizoiecial    Internodc    of   the  same  species, 

from   the  basal   surface.    The   upi)ermost   tri-         —    «b. 
angular  cavity   is    the  aclzoceeial    supra-.scap- 
ular  chamber  of  the  mothcr-zuiecium.   To  the         —    .S 
left  is  seen   a  supra-scapular,  an    infra-scap- 
ular and  a  pedal   chamber;    to   the  right   the         —    <Sd, 
pedal  chamber  is  on   the  other   band   not   vi- 
sible; the  infra-scapular  is  on  this  side  divided 
into  two.     X  40,  —    8   f. 

—  5  d.  A  zoa-eium  of  the   same  species,    from    the 

basal    surface.     The    sufra-scapular   and    the        —    8  g. 
infra-scapular  chambers  are  seen.     X  40. 

—  5  e.  A  bizooecial  internode,    from  the  distal  end, 

X  23.  —    9  a. 

—  6  a.  Strophipora  Ilarveiji  iWyv,  Th,).    The  supra- 

scapular   and    the    infra  scapular    chambers 
are  seen.    X  40. 

—  6  b.  A  bizooecial    internodc  of  the  same    species,        —    9  b. 

from  the  basal  surface.  The  four  pedal  cham- 
bers arc  seen,    X  40,  —    9  e. 

—  6  c.  A  zooecium    of  the   same   species,   from    the 

frontal  surface.     X  40. 

—  6d.  A  zocEcium    of   the    same   species,    from  the 

basal  surface.     X  40.  —    9d. 

—  G  e.  A  zotcciuni  of  the  same  .species,  lateral  view,        —    9  e. 

X  40. 


.\  bizcxccial  internodc,  IVcim  the  disUil  end. 
X  55. 

llippoiboa  iinntilaris  (.Moll),  with  oiecia.  On 
the  boundary  between  the  zoa'cia  in  the 
pro.vimal  row  porc-cbamhers  are  seen  for 
communication  with  eventual  gonozod'cia. 
X  23. 

The  distal  end  of  a  zocvcium  of  (lie  same 
species,     X  75. 

A  zoiecium  of  the  same  species,  lateral  view. 
Three  boles  are  seen  for  conimnnication 
with  tiie  pore-cbanibers  in  a  neighbouring 
zod'cinm  and  two  pore-chambers  for  the 
communication  with  eventual  gonozocccia. 
X  55. 

A  zotreiiim  of  Hie  same  species,  from  the 
basal  surface.  On  each  side  of  the  angularly 
bent  distal  wall  the  entrance  to  a  large 
pore-cbambcr  is  seen,  X  55. 
The  operculum  of  the  same  species.  X  75. 
Opercnlum  common  to  the  gonozod'cium 
and   oo-cium      >;   'JOO. 

Ilippolhoti  lorntilii  Husk;,  var.  holnxtoiiKt  n. 
X   40. 

A  zoicciiim  of  the  same  form  with  oiceium. 
lateral   view.     X  40. 

A  zoiL'cium  of  the  same  form,  from  the 
distal  end.     X  75, 

.\n  operculum  of  the  same   Ibrm.     X  200. 
Four  zoircia  of  the  same  form,  of  which  two 
with  orecia.    X  40. 

Operculum  common  to  the  gonozoireium  and 
otecium.     X   75. 

A  zotecium  of  the  same  form,  lateral  view. 
The  acropctalous  spine  has  an  internal  sep- 
tum.   X  55. 

An  ooecium-bearing  zooQcium  of  Ilippothoa 
cornuta  (Husk),  var,  aporosa  n.  lateral  view. 
The  acropctalous  spine  has  two  cavities  divi- 
ded by  an  internal  se))tum.  X  40. 
.\  zou'cium  of  the  same  form,  from  the  dis- 
tal end.     X  75. 

Three  zooccia  of  the  same  form,  of  which 
two  with  Odcia.  The  latter  are  distinctly 
visible  through  the  surrounding  kcnozocccia. 
X  40. 

An  operculum  of  the  same  species,  X  200. 
Operculum  common  to  the  gonozoircium 
and  ooccium.     X  200. 


G.M.  R.Levuisen,  Sryozoa 


FLJM. 


\ 


'i.Viitaticclla    cor/ucta.  Jiusk.   2.V"o1y.  elcc/ans  Bitsk..     3.Vvi>.  fornvosco   Bit^k. 
4  F/^croceUa^  cdata  Wji/v.TIv.  3.  Calp,idlurrh  pondcrosu-irv    Golds t.  &.  Sbroj-ifvLpor-a. 
Uarueyv  Wt/v.Th.    7-JRjvp,othoa    anjtuictrU  Moll.  8.Jfi/v.  cornu-tci-  Biisk.-var 
ho  I  OS  to  ma    /z .    .9.  Hin.  corrLUta.   BiL,?ki  i?nr.  apoi-oscx     n. 


\foinsen.  det- 


nrvitad'  iy  Det  Jfo^nsbe/yjiKe   jEtait. 


C.Corcits  Htfi. 


Plate  XXII. 


414 


Plate  XXII. 


Fig.    1  a.  FUisIra  (Rctipiislra'  reticulum  Hincks.  X  23. 

—  1  b.   A  zod'ciiiin   of  Uio  .same  specks  with  ofrei- 

um,  lateral  view.    X  40. 

—  1  c.  The   same   species    from    the  basal  surface. 

The  uppermost  /.(Hreium  in  the  central  row 
is  lurnishetl   with  an   (Hceium.     X  '2-i- 

—  2  a.   Flustra   Helipusira   eriliriformis   Husk),  fvom 

the  ba.sal  surface.  The  two  uppermost  zou;- 
eia  with  o(ecia.     X  40. 

—  3  a.  Otniclwrclhi  sp.  The  two  uppermost  zofccia 

with  od'cia.    X  40. 

—  3  b.  A  zod'cium   of   the   same   species  with  ooe- 

cium.  In  the  covering  membrane  of  the 
aperture  is  seen  a  simple  chitinized  oper- 
euhun,  and  in  each  of  the  two  sinuses  of 
the  aperture  the  end  of  a  parietal  muscle. 
X  55. 

—  3  c.  The    same    species.     A  zoa-cial    operculum, 

above  which  an  o(ccial  operculum.      X   7o. 

—  3d.  An  aviculariau    mandible  of  the    same  spe- 

cies.   X  40. 

—  4  a.  F.leclni  angulalii  n.  sp.    X  40. 

—  5  a.  Mcnthranipora  liiuosa  Waters.     X  55. 

—  5b.  The   distal  wall    of   the    same   species  with 

the  peculiar  spine-like  processes.     X  55. 

—  5  c.  A  spinc-likc  process  more  highly  magnified. 

X  200. 

—  G  a.  iVc///(i    simplex    r?;    Busk,    from    Mauritius. 

The  distal  part  of  the  ocecium  is  furnished 
with   a  cryptocvst   belt.     X  40. 

—  7  a.   Thtiltimoiiorcllti  cinclii    Hincks'.    X  40. 

—  7  b.  The  saiue  species,  lateral  view.     The  distal 

wall  and  the  one  opesiular  outgrowth  are 
seen.     X  40. 

—  7  c.  A  transverse    section    through    a    zoa'cium, 

distally  to  the  two  large  swellings  and  view- 
ed from  the  distal  end.  The  two  swellings 
and    one  of  the   opesiula-  are  seen.     X  40. 


Fig.    7d.  The  operculum  of  the  same  species.    X  100. 

—  8  a.   (Aihcriella  licnemunilo  (Uusk).     X  55. 

—  8 1).  The    same    species    from    the  basal   surface. 

A  transvcrselv  placed  vibraculum  is  .seen. 
X  55. 

—  9  a.   lUiplopoma  imprexsum  (Moll),  with  primary 

zod'cium.  In  the  margin  of  the  zooecia  in- 
ternal pore-chambers  are   visible.     X  55. 

—  Ob.  The    opercuUini  of   the    primary    zonccium. 

X  140. 

—  10  a.   Haplopouut  bimucronalum  (^MoUi,  with  pri- 

mary  zo(ccium.     X  55. 

—  10  b.   Operculum  of  the  same  species      X   14(1 

—  10  c.  Operculum   of  the   primary  zoicciuni   of  the 

same  species.     X   140. 

—  11a.   Operculum     of    I'orelhi    (?)    cornutd    u     sp. 

X  75. 

—  12  a.   A   developing    odciuin    of    Smilliim    Smilli 

(Kirchcnp).  The  development  of  the  crypto- 
cvst of  the  distal  zou'cium  has  begun. 
X  40. 

—  13  a.   Tnjposlega   vcnuslii  (Norman).    Three  small 

dwarf-zoa^cia  are  seen  and  a  larger  wliioli 
surrounds  an    (xecium.     X  40. 

—  13  b.   The    distal    end    of  a  zocecium   of  the  same 

species.    X  75. 

—  13  c.  .\n    operculum  of  the  same  species.      X  75. 

—  13(1.  The     aperture    of   a    dwarf- zoiccium     with 

operculum.     X  200. 

—  14  a.   An     o(fcium     of    Sclenulomus    (Icniicnhilux 

(IJusk;,  and  its  surroundings,  seen  from  the 
frontal  surface.     X  40. 

—  15  a.   A  zodcium    of    Fsrluirella    imuicma    Flcm. 

var.  with  developing  o(ccium  The  part  com- 
mon to  the  zooeciuni  and  the  endooivcium 
(the   1  basal  mark«)  is  seen.    X  40. 


C.  M.H.Le.mnsen  :Brt/oxor:i- 


n.XKLI. 


/.    fie>1o/'/u.ytrii      retzcuhiiii-     llinckx.        2.    Hei .    i-ri  Uri (urn Us    Biuvk.      3.    Oiuuohocella    Sfi- 
't.  h'leott-a    an-^iLla.rcbTv.sp.S.    /i.  JVurnicini     i^.s/i .     6\  JVe.'tlCa.    SL^nftloK^iBiisJc..    7.  Tllalcc- 
ino/iorella     c-in-cta^  HiiAlon-.    S .  Caheriella.    hcneimin-itth  BiisTc.    S).  HajiZopmtiA^t 
/ii-frssa    MolL.    /(>.    ff.  corrvwta  Bush.     ll.Pore/lcL     coiviuUi     n.-s/t.      /2.  SmU^A^jia 


Icc- 


Sinit/i 


KircJi  cit/i         /y.   Tryjiosfii^a      vein^sia     A'orman  ■        14.  Srlrt'OrloTtiitS       rLs/i  - 
Ucuiatii  s-     Brisk.    JiWaharel/n        i  m^rn  Ar.ra      FI  ( 


•  -rsen  d«t. 


I  fin.  ,     L>  n  r. 


0.  Cordis  luK 


Plate  XXIII. 


416 


Plate  XXIII. 


Fig.  1  a.  A  part  nf  the  Uciinzocccial  la^'cr  of  Kclcpoiti 
lessclhilii  lliiirUs.  Tlirec  i)f  the  kcnoZDfrcMa 
are  rmnislud  witli  avirularia,  IVoiii  whici'. 
poivi-liaiiiuls  pass  i)Ut  to  tlic  surface  of  tlic 
Ucno/ou'i-ia.  Four  of  tliesc  pore-cliaiiuols  arc 
seen  to  perforate  the  lateral  walls  of  the 
adjacent  Ucnozoceeia.  The  opercular  area  of 
the  avicularia  is  furnished  with  a  well-de- 
veloped crypfocvst.     X  56. 

—  2  a.  Two  kcnozoa-cia    from  Reiepora  lata  UusU, 

seen  from  the  inner  concave  surface.  The 
inner,  in  size  strongly  reduced,  very  irre- 
gular cavities  of  the  keiiozoa'cia  arc  con- 
nected through  pore  channels  perforating 
the  lateral  walls.     X  40. 

—  2  b.   .\  third    kenozoiceium   of  the  same  species, 

seen  from  the  inner  surface  and  in  such  a 
position  that  the  stratification  of  the  basal 
wall  can  be  seen.  The  inner  cavity,  whicli 
is  nuieli  larger  than  that  in  the  two  other 
kenozocccia,  is  |)laccd  near  to  the  inner 
suil'ace  and  there  is  seen  a  numbei'  of  pore- 
channels  and  I'osette-plates  corresponding 
to  the  ea\ities  in  tlu"  adjoining  kenozoo-cia. 

X  -lu. 

—  2  c.    The  same   kenozoceeiujn   seen   from    the   left 

side-walL  Seven  single  pored  rosette-plates 
are  .seen,  the  five  hindcrmost  of  which  cor- 
respond with  the  pore-cliamiels  seen  in  the 
left  side  of  the   fignie  2  b.     X  40. 

—  3  a.   A   longitudinal   section   through   a   bi'anch  of 

Hctipiira  celliilnsa  Smilt.  On  the  right  side 
are  seen  the  zocecia,  while  the  rest  of  the 
branch  is  formed  by  the  kenozocecial  layers, 
the  youngest  of  which  have  covered  a  S/ti- 
rorbis.    X  12. 

—  4  a.  Rliynchopora  aiujiilala  n.  sp.    X   5.'). 

—  4  b.   A   ziKcciuni   of  the  same  species,  seen   from 

the  left  side-wall.  On  the  left  side  is  seen 
an   avicularium.     X  S.'i. 

—  4  c.   Zocecia  of  the   same  species,  seen   from   the 

basal  side  after  removal  of  the  basal  wall. 
X  .■).'). 


l-ig.     4d. 

—  4  e. 

—  4  f. 


—  7  b. 

—  7  c. 

—  7d. 


—  /  t 

—  8  a 

—  Hb 

—  9  a 

—  10  a 

—  11a 


Zonecia    of   the    same    species    with    ixrcia. 

X  :>.■). 

The  same  species  The  aperluic  with  Ihc 
opei'culum  in  siln.  The  beaded  \eslibnlar 
ai'ch  is  seen  shining  thi'ough  the  n|)ercuhnn. 
X   100. 

The  same  s])ccies.  Onecium,  seen  a  little 
from  the  proximal  part  to  make  the  screen- 
like  frontal  lobe  more  distinct.  This  lobe 
cannot  be  seen  in  fig.  4  d.  X  55. 
Operculum  of  the  same  species.  X  100. 
Avieularian  mandible  of  the  same  species. 
X  100. 

Operculum  of  Rht/ncliojiora  scinlillans 
(Hincks).    X  140. 

Two  zocccia  of  Microiiorrlla  Ihihclliin'nt  n. 
sp.     X  40. 

The  same  species.  .A  zocecium  with  iKcciiim. 
X  40. 

Oi)ei'culum   of  the  same  s])ecies.     X  75. 
Concscliarellina      antfulopora     (Ten-Woods). 
Between    the  two  avicularia   is  seen  one  of 
the  peculiar  crescentic  apertures,   belonging 
to  certain  kcnozooecia.    X  75. 
The    same    species.     A  crescentic    aperture 
and  two  avicularia.    X  75. 
Opercidum   of  the  .same  species.     X   100. 
A  transverse  section  of  the  same  operenlnm. 
X  200. 

The  aperture  of  the  same  species.   X  75. 
An    avieularian  mandible  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    X  200. 

Conescliarellina  ciiiuclliila  (linsk).  Occeium. 
X  55. 

An  on'cium  of  the  same  spe«ies,  from  the 
.side.    X  55. 

Adeonello])sis  foliacea  Mae  dill.    Four  zoie- 
cia   and   a   gonozoircium,     X  40. 
A   part  of   the    frontal  surface  of  AiKirllira- 
pora  inoiwdon    IJusk  .     X  200. 
A   part   of  the   frontal    surface  of  Invcrsiuhi 
iniHTsii  iWalers  .     X  200. 


(/ .//  /iZermseii ,  Bri^ozoa  . 


nsxm. 


-/.  Rftc./mrd-    fj'ssellatf/-    liuKfA-s.    2.  Re/     (ul<i    Biusk-.    3    fiei-    cellu,U)s<i     Smi-tt.. 
i-  Nfiyiuv/it/ra    an^iZai<i-    n.  sp  ■    J>.    /iJujn.c      scintillati^v     Hineks.     ff  jWicmpoTcf/a 
/'/alicKu/eru    rt^  s/l      7.  Chneschareliina      an^iciopoj-a-     Ten  M^oooLs .        S.  Bipora, 
cnn^liiia   Bii.s-k     .9  yldeoneUopsts     foHa.cea.      Mac     Oill .     /O.  Anartkropor(v  tnc- 
iu>(ii'n,   Husk.      II.   In^ersiula.     inve^sa       IVaJers. 


■^'eoinscn  dcC. 


yiHntrii  f>rf  De6  flbf^t^f^s^eiysk*-  Utabl 


C.CcnUs   ittii: 


Plate  XXIV 


27 


418 


Plate  XXIV. 


TiK.  1  a 


Concscharellina  philippensis  (Busk).  Kive 
zod'c-ia  are  seen  from  the  basal  side  (after 
the  removal  of  the  frontal  wall)  showing  a 
number  of  avicularian  ehambers,  wliieh 
arc  connected  partly  with  the  zo(Ccial  sur- 
face and  partly  with  each  other  through 
rosette-plates  and  pore-channels.  There  is 
also  seen  one  of  the  peculiar  kenozotecia, 
which  are  provided  with  a  narrow  semilu- 
nate  apci-turc.     X  75. 

Discopora     Sarsi     (Sinitt)     from     Tassiusak, 
Kast-Greenland.     The  ocecia  show  a  more  or 
less  developed  txecial   cover.     X  40. 
Hippojiodina  fieijceitfis  (Busk).     X  40. 

3  b.  The  same    species  with  avicularia   but  with- 
out ooEcia.    X  40. 

3  c.  The    same    species    with     another     form    of 
avicularia.    X  40. 

3d.  The    same    species    with     tlie    avicularia    in 
another  position.     X  40. 

3  c.  A  mandible  of  the  same  species.    X  75. 

3  f.  A  zooecium  with    o(ecium  of  the  same    spe- 

cies, seen   from   the  left   side-wall.    X  40. 

4  a.  Cheilopora  simcra  (Smitt).     Two  zocecia  with 

oceeia    seen   from    the    left    side-wall.     X  23. 

5  a.  Smiltina  foliacea  (Ellis   &  Sol.),  with  ooecia. 


2  a 


3a 


Only  a  very  small  proximal  part  of  the 
ectiHKVcium  can  be  .seen,  and  the  rest  is 
concealed  by  a  tiipartite  ocecial  cover  (sec 
pag.  04).  X"40. 
Fig.  0—18.  In  the  following  diagrainmatie  represen- 
tations of  difl'erent  hyperstomial  odcia  the 
black  colour  designates  the  calcareous  parts, 
the  red  the  membranaceous  and  the  non- 
coloured  |)ortion  the  muscular.  The  dotted 
lines  arc  only  hypothetical.  Meference  letters: 
av.  avieularium.  ccto.  Ectoo<L'cium.  cndo.  Kn- 
oiceium.  Cr.  Cryptoeyst.  c.  m.  Coveiiug  mem- 
brane o[).  Ojierenlum.  o.  o.  Oa'cial  opercu- 
lum, o.  c.    Oiecial   cover,  v.   \'estil)uluni. 

—  0.  Flustra  nieiiibninaceo-lruncata  (Smitt). 

—  7.   FItisIra  /hislroides  (Hinck.sl 
8.   Fliistra  foliacea  L. 

—  9.   Cohimnarid  borealis  n.  sp. 

—  111.    Onjichocclla  sp. 

—  11.    I'rceolipora  nana   Mac  Ciill. 

—  la.   Onchopora  Sinclairi  (Busk). 

—  13.  Biujiila  sp. 

—  14.    ThnlamoporeUa  sp. 

—  15.  EmlHillothcca  (iiimlrata  (Mac  fiill.). 
16.   Cdllo/jora  iiurila  (Hincks). 

—  17.   Scliizoporella   unicornis    Johnst). 

—  18.  Myriozoian  coarctalum    Sars). 


G.  M  R.Lvinn.Vfn  ,  Btyozoa 
-■-cni 


PLXK'IV^ 


-/.  ConesrJuiTcUi7ia,  ;i/ulfi/i/iensts  Busk  2.  Discnporn  SursC  Smttt  J.  //i/i/m/ioiiinn.  fec/jteiL- 
Sis  Bttg/r  .  4.  Chfrilo/iorci  smccra  Siii Ht  S.  Sinittin/i,  yhlinoea^  I^JU.is  <^  Sol.  S.  Plustra.  inetn.- 
br<tn(tri;0'trun rata- Snii.it     7  M./lu.vtroidis  J^incks.  S.  FL  Joliucetx.  X  .    J>.    Coliuit.naruL    borc- 

nlis    fus/L.  /O.  Oni^choceUa.  sp..    //   L/rc^nii/iora      na-iua    Max>    G^i-W.  12.  CalwalUa.   Sin.cLa.iri. 
Busk,  't.^  Butjulxi.  U/.    T/uuLamojix>re:lUt-    15.  Jiinbcdlotke.ca.    ^vcuJjcvta,  Alfic.  a,LL.  16  Callojivrn, 
aiirCUt.    ffinrks    -//  Srhizo/iorelia,    uni.coniA.s    Juhnsl.     18.  Myriuzowni,   cocurctafunx.    Sars 


IjCt'inseti  dal.. 


„^;.t.%j    h,.  n«t.   ACiea».^j-«^l^    z^a^a/ 


INDEX. 


abyssicola  (Escharella),  315. 

abyssicola  (Sarsiilustra),  p.  124. 

Acanthostcga,  p.  12. 

acarocnsis  (Smittina),  p.  342. 

aculeata  (Farciniinaria),  p.  118. 

acutirostris  (Porclla),  p.  336. 

Adcona,  p.  283. 

Adconella,  p.  283. 

Adeonellopsis,  p.  283. 

Adconidac,  p.  282. 

advena  {Discoponi),  p.  348. 

Aegon  (Aspidostoma),  ]).  173. 

Aetea,  p.  92. 

Aeteidae,  p.  92. 

Agassizi  (Membraniporella),  |).  17. 

akarocnsis  (Smittina),  p.  342. 

alata  (I'tcrocclla),  p.  246. 

albispina  (Chaperia),  p.  115. 

albicans  (nol()|)orclla),  ]).  348. 

Alderi  (Escharina),  p.  32G. 

Alderi  (Bicellarina),  p.  99. 

Alderina,  p.  150. 

Alysidiidac,  p.  201. 

Alysidiuni,  p.  202. 

Amphibleslrum,  p.  150. 

amplcctcns  (Klcctra),  p.  66,  146,  147. 

Anarthr()]){)ra,  p.  5,  314,  317. 

Anasca,  p.  12,  91. 

anguina  (Aetea),  ]).  92,  93. 

angulata  (KIcctra),  p.  149,  156,  160. 

angulatuiii  (Hiiynchozoon),  ]).  291,  294. 


angulopora  (Concscharellina),  311. 
annulata  (Cribrilina),  p.  159. 
annularis  (Hijjpothoa),  p.  277. 
annulus  (Chaperia),  p.  115. 
Antiopa  (Aspidostoma),  p.  173. 
aperta  (Holo])orella),  p.  .348. 
apiculata  (Holoporella),  p.  348. 
aporosa  (Hippothoa  cornuta,  van),  p.  279. 
appendiculata  (Nellia),  p.  119. 
arac'linoides  (Canda),  p.  131,  142. 
Arachnopusia,  p.  160. 
arctica  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
armata  (Hoplitella),  p.  122,  136. 
armata  (Cribril.  philomela,  var.),  p.  160. 
armata  (Schizoporclhi).  |).  294. 
Arthro])oma,  p.  314,  332  . 
A.sc-ophora,  p.  12,  213. 
Aspidelectra,  p.  160. 
Aspidostoma,  ]).  170. 
Aspidostomidae,  p.  170. 
Atalantlia  (Aspidostoma),  p.  170. 
atlantica  (Farciniinaria),  p.  119. 
auriculata  (MaNwellia),  p.  296,  300,  340. 
aiirita  (Callopora),  p.  150,  151. 
aurita  (Claviporella),  p.  243. 
australiensis  (Haswellia),  p.  296,  297,  300. 
avicularis  (Cellcpora),  p.  346. 
aviculifera  (Petralia),  .350,  351. 

Beania,  p.  97,  110. 

Beaniana  (Retepora),  p.  291. 

27* 


420 


bcllula  (Elcctra),  p.  146. 

bcncc-oslala  (Costicella),  ]).  237. 

l)oiuMminita  (Calu'riclla),  p.  135. 

liiapi'iln  (Schizoporella),  p.  323. 

Bicellaria,  p.  99. 

Biccllariidac,  p.  93. 

l)ii-irrhala  (lioloporella),  p.  348. 

bicolor  (Klcctra),  p.  147. 

bii'ornis  (Calwollia),  p.  ICrl. 

bicornis  (PctalosU-gus),  p.  114,  157. 

bicuspis  (Petralia),  350,  351. 

Bifaxaria,  ]).  302,  304. 

Bif lustra,  p.  144. 

bilabiata  (Eurystomclla),  p.  36,  314. 

bilaniinala  (Disco])ora),  p.  313,  344. 

l)iimiir()naUini  (Ha])l(ip<)iiia),  p.  280. 

biiminita  (Schizojiort'lla),  j).  287. 

Bipora,  p.  311,  312. 

biseriata  (Kcnclla),  p.  123,  121. 

biscrialis  {nSchizoporcllm),  p.  10. 

bisiniiala  (Petralia),  350,  351. 

bispinosuni  (Rhynchozoon),  |).  201. 

biturrila  (Scliizoponila),  |i.  301. 

bombycina  (Oiu-lioporella),  p.  26,'i. 

borcalis  (Coliiinnaria),  p.  116. 

borealis  (Siiiitlina),  p.  340. 

borcalis  (Tessaradoma),  p.  304. 

Boryi  (Sinio])C'lta),  p.  347. 

Braccliridgia,  p.  283,  289. 

Bretlia,  p.  98,  113. 

brevispina  (Electra  aniplccli'iis,  var.),  p.  147. 

I?ronnniarti  (Cliori/opora),  p.  275. 

tiruniica  (Hoioporclla),  ]).  348. 

Bugula,  p.  96,  100. 

Bii->iilaria,  p.  99,  108. 

ButJulDjjsis,  p.  135. 

Buski  (Steganoporclla),  ]).  168. 

Buski  (Menipca),  p.  132. 

Caberea,  p.  134. 

Cabcriclla,  p.  134,  135. 

(>alcscliara,  ]).  152. 

caliciita  (Bugula),  p.  100,  101. 

californica  (Thalatnop.  Hozicri,  var.),   p.  184. 

Callopora,  p.  79,   1 50. 


C.aUyinmophora,  p.  269. 
Caloporclla,  p.  251. 
Cal|)('iisia,  p.  165. 
Calpidiuui,  ]).  221,  249. 
Calwellia,  ]).  259. 
Cainarrtstega,  ]>.  12. 
cancellala  ((^oncscharcllina),  j).  310. 
Canda,  p.  134,  141. 
capcnsis  (Cliaperia),  p.  39,  115. 
capulus  (Lunularia),  j).  155. 
caraibica  (Bugula),  p.  101. 
caraibica  (Canda),  p.  1 12. 
Carhasea,  p.  69,  128. 
carbasea  (Flustra),  p.  124. 
carinata  (Ptcrocclla),  p.  248. 
caslanea  (Petralia),  p.  350,  351. 
Catenaria,  p.  221,  253. 
Catcnariidac,  p.  213. 
Calenicella,  p.  213,  221. 
(Mtcniccllidac,  p.  213. 
Catcnicellopsis,  p.  245. 
catenularia  (Electra),  |).  116. 
C.ecili  (Arthropoiiia),  p.  332. 
Cellaria,  p.  209. 
Cellariidae,  p.  209. 
Collarinella,  p.  304. 
Ccllcporclla,  p.  346,  347. 
Cellepora,  345,  346,  347,  348,  349. 
Cclleporidae,  p.  345. 
CcUularia,  p.  209. 
Ccllulariidae,  p.  209. 
eellulosa  (Helepora),  ]).  294. 
centralis  (Macropora),  p.  163. 
cereoides  (Tubucellaria),  p.  306. 
cervicornis  (Cha])cria),  j).  115. 
cervicornis  (Menipea),  ]>.  132. 
Challengeria  (Schizoporella),  p.  314. 
r.baperia,  p.  38,  .39,  97,   115,  .3.50. 
(Hieilopora,  p.  353. 
cheilostoma  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
Cheilostomata,  p.  88,  91. 
Clilidonia,  |).  197. 
Clilidoniidae,  p.  196. 
c-litliridiata  (Figulina),  p.   160.  26.5. 
(".liori/opora,  p.  275,  276. 


421 


ciliata  (Bicellaria),  p.  53. 
ciliata  (Microporella),  p.  328,  329. 
cincta  (Tlialamoporell;i),  p.  179,  192. 
cinctipora  (Schizoporelhi),  p.  (i. 
circinata  (Arthropoma),  p.  332. 
circumcincla  (Hippoporina),  p.  353. 
cirrata  (Maplestoiiia),  p.  113. 
Clarkei  (Macropora),  p.  162. 
clathratiis  (Pleurotoicluis),  36,  270. 
claviciilata  (Lepralia),  p.  281. 
Claviporclla,  p.  10,  220,  242. 
clausa  (Mcnipea),  p.  38. 
coarctatum  (Myrlozoum),  p.  301. 
coccinea  (Escharoides),  p.  318. 
Coilostega,  p.  12,  16,  161. 
collaris  (Sinittina),  p.  340. 
Columnaria,  p.  116. 
compacla  (Mcnipea),  p.  132. 
compacta  (Orthopora),  p.  311. 
compres.sa  (Porella),  p.  2,  336. 
concinna  (Porella),  p.  1,  336. 
concinna  ())Schizoporella«),  p.  6. 
Conescharellina,  p.  ,309,  310,  311. 
Conescharellinidae,  p.  308. 
contorta  (Escharoides),  p.  318. 
contracta  (Systenopora),  p.  304. 
C.ordicri  (Chlidonia),  p.  197. 
coriacea  (Micropora),  p.  162. 
Cornucopina,  p.  98,  109. 
cornuta  (Catenaria),  p.  256. 
cornuta  (Hippothoa),  p.  278. 
cornuta  (Porella?),  p.  10,  338. 
coronata  (llaswellia),  p.  299. 
corrugata  (Bifaxaria),  p.  304. 
costata  (Disiopora),  p.  343. 
costata  (Siniopelta),  p.  347. 
Costazzi  (Siniopelta),  p.  347. 
Costicella,  p.  10,  220,  233. 
Cothurnicella,  p.  197. 
(Uaspedozoum,  p.  73. 
crassa  (Fliistra),  p.  122. 
crassatina  (Monoporella),  p.  16.3. 
Crateropora,  p.  170. 
eraticula  (Callopora),  p.  l.")0,  151. 
crenulata  (Labiopora),  p.  174. 


creniilatum  (Rliyncliozoon),  p.  294. 

Crepidacantha,  p.  266. 

Crepidacanthidae,  p.  266. 

cribraria  (Cribricella),  p.  240. 

Cribricella,  p.  220,  238. 

cribriformis  (Relillustra),  12,3,  128. 

(]ribrilina,  p.  158. 

Cribrilinidae,  p.  1,56,  157. 

crinispina  (Crepidacantha   Poissoni,  van),   p. 

266. 
cristata  (Chaperia),  p.  38,  39,  1 1 5. 
cnistaceum  (Myriozoiim),  p.  297. 
crystallina  (Menipea),  p.  132. 
cryi)toeciuni  (Cribrilina),  p.  159. 
ciicullana  (Smittina  trispinosa,  van),  p.  341. 
Cupularia,  p.  154. 
cuspidata  (Biigulopsis),  p.  132. 
cuspidata  (Costicella),  p.  235. 
cyathus  (Menipea),  p.  133. 
Cyclicopora,  p.  314.  335. 
Cyclicoporidae,  p.  335. 
cylindracea  (Chaperia),  p.  115. 

danica  (Menibranipora),  p.  144. 
Darwini  (Caberea),  p.  37. 
dacdala  (Cothurnicella),  p.  197. 
daedala  {nScIiizoporellau),  p.  326. 
decorata  (Microporella),  p.  329. 
delicatissima  (Siijhonoporella),  p.  169. 
delicatula  (Menibranipora),  p.  144. 
Dendrobeania,  p.  99,  113. 
dentata  (Bugula),  ]>.  100. 
dentata  (Onchopora),  p.  261. 
denticulata  (Caleschara),  p.  152. 
denticulata  (Membranipora),  p.  144. 
denticulata  (Spiralaria),  p.  1,  125,  126. 
denticulatus  (Sclerodomu.s),  p.  302. 
dentigera  (Spiralaria),  p.  125,  126. 
Descostilsi  (Holoporella),  p.  348. 
Diachoris,  97,  110. 
diaphana  (Escharella),  p.  315,  316. 
diaphana  (Halysisi.s),  p.  274. 
Diazeuxia,  p.  276. 
Diazeiixidae,  p.  274. 
Didymia,  p.  98. 


422 


ililatata  (Aetea),  p.  92. 

Dinictopia,  p.  98. 

I)iiiiorpliozi)oimi,  p.  90,  107, 

l)i|)l()(k'rniala,  p.  7,  8. 

Diploponi  (cincta),  p.  122. 

Diporiita,  p.  328. 

Discopora,  p.  343. 

dissimilis  (Buf,'ularia),  p.  199,  122. 

lii.slans  (Diathoris  niat^ellanica,  var.),  p.  13. 

Disleginopora,  p.  21. 

dislorta  (Elcctra),  p.  14(1. 

Dilaxipora,  p.  259. 

(livisa  (Sfhizothcca),  p.  294. 

(iorsiporosa  (Pctralia),  p.  350,  351. 

Doryporclla,  p.  150. 

(lul)ia  (Mcmbranicellaria),  |).  207. 

Dumcrili  ((;all()|)ora),  p.  150,  151,  158. 

Diitertrci  (Escliarina),  p.  326. 

eburnca  (Geiiiollipora),  p.  313. 
Electra,  p.  140. 
elc^ans  (Catcnaria),  p.  2.55. 
elegans  (I'labellipora),  p.  312. 
elegans  (Rhagaso.stonia),  p.  150. 
Rlc'idac,  |).  140. 
EUeri  (I'etralia),  p.  350,  351. 
elliptica  (Eoveolaria),  p.  152. 
Elli.si  (Caberca),  ]).  131. 
clongata  (Helepora),  p.  291. 
Emballotheca,  p.  01,  333. 
cnuKTonala  (I'lscliai-olla),  p.  .315. 
EpUuulidiidw,  p.  313. 
episcopalis  (Euthyroides),  p.  205. 
Epistomia,  p.  98. 
errata  (Schiz()])orilhi),  p.  323. 
Escbarella,  p.  315. 
Escharellidae,  p.  314,  335. 
Escbarina,  p.  314,  326,  328. 
Escharoides,  p.  314,  317, 
Eucralca,  p.  98. 
Eucratiidae,  p.  93. 
Eurystonu'lla,  p.  314. 
Eiiry.slonicllidae,  p.  314. 
Eulhyris,  p.  269. 
Eulbyridac,  p.  269. 


Euthyroides,  p.  264. 

Euthyididau,  p.  204. 

Exoi-hi'lla,  ]).  67,  314,  320. 

expansa  (Tbalainoporclla),  j).   179,  190. 

I'alcata  (Crateropora),  |).  173. 

falcifera  (Thalamoporolla),  p.  179,  186. 

Farcimia,  p.  119. 

Farciminaria,  p.  117. 

Farciniinariidac,  p.  116. 

fccgccnsis  (Ilippopodina),  1,  353. 

ferox  (Hianlopora),  p.  112. 

Fmcslrulina,  p.  328,  329. 

Iigiilari-s  (Figulina),  p.  100. 

Figulina,  p.  159,  265. 

lissa  (Scbizotbeca),  p.  294. 

fissurata  (Sciititolla  iiiargaritacca,  var.),  p.  231. 

Flabellaris,  p.  133. 

llabc'llaris  (MicTojjorclla),  ]).  330. 

Ilabcllaris  (Flabcllipora),  p.  312. 

flabclligera  (Microporclla),  p.  328,  331. 

Flabcllipora,  p.  312. 

llabellum  (Mcnipca),  p.  135. 

Flemingi  (Callopora),  p.  150,  151,  151, 

riorea  (Spiralaria),  ]).  125. 

Flustra,  p.  124. 

Flustramorpha,  p.  73,  329. 

Fluslridac,  p.  122. 

Ihislroidcs  (Spiralaria),  p.  120. 

foliacca  (Flustra),  ]).  5,  6,  2('),  58,  123,  124. 

foliacea  (.Vdi'oncllopsis),  |).  287. 

foliacca  (Sniittina),  p.  .340. 

Foraniinclla,  p.  105. 

I'oraiiiinigcra  (Eurystomclia),  ]>.  31  1. 

ronnosa  (Catcnaria),  |).  254. 

fossaria  (Electra),  |).  1  KJ. 

Eoveolaria,  p.  152. 

frigida  (Jirettia),  p.  113. 

i'rigida  (Scuticclla),  p.  215. 

furcata  (Hnd)allothcca),  ]).  333. 

galeata  (Chaperia),  p.  38,  115. 
gallica  (Stoniat()])ora),  p.  93. 
Gattyac  (Pucllina),  p.  159. 
Gemcllaria,  p.  98. 


423 


(icnu'lli|)(>r;i,  p.  ;il3. 

gt'iiiin;it;i  (Chiviiiori'llii),  |).  242. 

Gephyrophora,  p.  29(i,  297,  300. 

Gephy rotes,  p.  158. 

gigas  (nLepraUiui),  p.  6. 

gigantcum  (Aspidostoiiia),  p.  171. 

glabra  (Bugula),  p.  103. 

glaciata  (Forclla),  p.  3.30. 

gothica  (Homiscptc'lla),  p.  1(54. 

gothica  (Thalamoporella  Rozieri,  var),  p.  ISl. 

gracilis  (HaswcUia),  p.  299. 

graniilata  (Thalamoporella),  p.  179,  188. 

granimi  (Siniopclta),  p.  347. 

Grimakli  (Chciloijoraj,  p.  353. 

Grimakli  (Onchopora),  p.  261. 

Haddoni  (Steganoporella),  p.  168. 

Haddoni  (Slirparia),  p.  103. 

Halophila,  p.  97. 

Haplopoma,  p.  276,  279. 

Harmeri  (Thalamoporella),  p.  179,  186. 

Harveyi  (Strophipora),  p.  258. 

hastata  (Costicclla),  p.  236. 

Haswellia,  p.  296,  297. 

Hemiseptclla,  p.  164. 

Hetcroa'ciiim,  p.  146. 

Heteroflustra,  p.  125. 

Hiantopora,  p.  97,  110. 

Hiantoporidae,  p.  113. 

Hincksina,  p.  125. 

Hincksiella,  p.  221,  241. 

Hippopoilina,  p.  353. 

Hippo|)odinidae,  p.  353. 

Ilipimpoiina,  p.  353. 

Ilippothoa,,  p.  2,  276. 

Hippothoidae,  p.  274. 

hirsuta  (Tubucellaria),  p.  .306. 

holostoma  (llippolhoa  cornuta,  var.),    |).  278. 

Holoporclla,  p.  349. 

Holoporellidac,  p.  347,  348,  349. 

honolulcnsis  flloloporella),  p.  318. 

honolulense  (Myriozoum),  p.  301. 

Iloplitella,  p.  1.35,  136. 

hyalina  (Hippolhoa),  p.  66. 

hyalina  (Megapora),  ]).   151,  269. 


Hyndmanni  (Kscharina),  p.  32(),  .327. 
hystrix  (Lekythopora),  p.  313. 

Ichthyaria,  p.  260. 
imbellis  (Callopora),  p.  1.50,  151. 
immersa  (Escharellaj,  p.  315. 
immersum  (Myriozoum),  p.  31 1. 
impressum  (Haplopoma),  |).  280. 
impressa  (Galpensia),  p.  1()5. 
inllata  (Porella),  p.  336. 
innominata  (Piiellina),  p.  159. 
inornata  (Lepralia),  p.  281. 
inskliosa  (Adeonella),  |).  283. 
invcrsa  (Inversiula),  p.  317. 
Inversiula,  p.  26,  316. 

Jacksoni  (Escharoldcs),  p.  318. 
Jacksoniensis  (lloloporellai,  |).  348. 
Jacobensis  (Smitlina),  p.  340. 
japonica  (Petralia),  p.  350,  351,  352. 
.leflreysi  (Menipea) ,  p.  ,38. 
Jeffreysi  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
Jellyae  (Adeonella),  p.  286. 
Jellyae  (Euthyroides),  p.  264. 
Jervoisi  (Thalamoporella),  p.  179,  193. 

Kenella,  p.  124. 
Kinetoskias,  p.  99. 

labiata  (Escharoides),  p.  318. 

labiata  (Hemiseptella),  p.  164,  1(55. 

labiata  (Porina  corona  la,  var.),  p.  297. 

labiata  (Thalamoporella  Rozieri,  var.),  [).  182. 

Labiopora,  p.  170. 

labrosa  (Porina  coronata,  var.),  p.  297. 

Lacroixi  (Membranipora),  p.  1  1 1. 

Lafonti  (Savignyella),  p.  274. 

Lagenipora,  p.  347. 

Lansborovi  (Smittina),  p.  1,  340. 

laqucata  (Escharella),  p.  315. 

larvalis  (Escharoides),  p.  318. 

lata  (Retepora),  p.  11,  292. 

lateralis  (Steganoporella),  p.  168,  KiO. 

Lekythopora,  p.  313. 

Lekythoporidae,  p.  313. 


424 


Icpida  (ForamincUa),  p.  165. 
lepralioidcs  (CcUvporella),  \^.  347. 
liyulata  (MenipiM),  p.  140. 
limosa  (Membranipora),  p.  145. 
linearis  (Sinittiiia),  p.  2,  28,  340. 
lincata  (Oaliojjora),  p.  150,  151. 
Liriozoa,  p.  313. 
I.iriozoidae,  p.  313. 

lioticlia  (Tlialamoporella),  j).  178,  179. 
lobata  (Exochclla),  p.  321. 
longipora  (Cyiiicopora),  p.  3,35. 
loiif^irostrc  (Rhynchozoon),  p.  294. 
longirostris  (Exochclla),  p.  321. 
longirostris  (Schizoporella),  p.  323. 
l<)ngis|)inata  (Escliarina),  p.  326. 
Lowei  (Cupularia),  p.  155. 
Liiciac  (Onychocella),  p.  153. 
lucida  {»Schizoporella((),  p.  294. 
lucida  (Siniopclta),  p.  347. 
Lunularia,  p.  155. 
Lunulariidae,  p.  155. 
Lumililes,  p.  1.55. 
laevis  (Porclla),  p.  336. 

Macropora,  p.  162. 

niacnlala  (Sculicclla),  p.  228. 

magellanica  (Diachoris),  p.  13. 

magnifica  (Pctralia),  p.  ,350.  .331. 

magnilica  (Steganoporclla,  neozclanica,  var.), 

p.  1()8,  169. 
inagnilabris  (Slcganoporella),  p.  168. 
iiiagnirostris  (Tiibiporella),  p.  307. 
niajiisfula  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
Malacostcga,  p.  12,  16.  91. 
malleolus  (Siuillina),  p.  340. 
Malusi  (Microporella),  p.  328,  320. 
mamillaris  (Thalamoporclla),  p.  179,  194. 
Mapleslonia,  p.  113. 
margaritacca  (Seutieella),  p.  228. 
margarilifera  (Porella),  p.  336,  337. 
marginala  (Miero|)orclla),  p.  .328,  329. 
marionense  (Myriozoiim),  p.  301. 
marsui)iiiiii  (Porella),  p.  336. 
marsupiala  (Scrupocellaria),  p.  38. 
Martiali  (Escharoidcs),  p.  318. 


Masligophora,  p.  .326. 
Megapora,  p.  151,  208. 
nicditcrranca  (Retepora),  p.  293. 
nielolontha  (Aspidclectra),  p.  160. 
niembranacca  (Membranipora),  p.  17,  144. 
mciiibranaceo-lruiu-ata    (Flu.stra),    p.    54,   58, 

123. 
Mcmbranicellaria,  |).  207. 
Mcmbraniccllariidac,  p.  158,  207. 
Membranipora,  p.  144. 
Membraniporella,  p.  79,  158. 
Mcmbrani])oridae,  p.  143. 
membranipoiides  {Ftiistra),  p.  1,38. 
Membraniporina,  p.  145. 
Menipea,  p.  135. 

Michaelseni  (Hemiseptclla),  p.  104,  165. 
Micropora,  p.  162. 
Microporella,  p.  280,  283,  315,  328. 
Microporellidac,  p.  283. 
Microporidae,  p.  162. 
microstoma  (Escharella),  p.  315. 
Microstomaria,  p.  2.59. 
minax  (Callopora),  p.  150,  151. 
miniita  (Porella),  p.  336. 
monoceros  (Arachnopusi.a),  p.  113,  160. 
Monodermata,  p.  7,  8. 
monodon  (Anarthropora),  p.  2,  6,  317. 
Monoporella,  p.  165,  349. 
nionostachys  (Electra),  p.  28,  146,  1,56. 
Moseleyi  (Carbasea),  p.  75. 
Mucronella,  p.  315. 
mullispinata  (Escharella),  p.  315. 
Murrayana  (Dendrobeania),  p.  113. 
Myriozoella,  p.  297. 
Myriozoidae,  p.  296. 
myriozoides  (Reteporella),  |).  303. 
Myriozoum,  p.  297. 

nana  (Urceolipora),  p.  75,  270. 

Nellia,  p.  119. 

neozclanica  (.Slcganoporella),  p.  168,  169. 

neritina  (Biigula),  j).  50. 

Nichtina,  p.  144. 

nitida  (Membraniporella),  p.  158. 

nitido-punctata  (Cribrilina),  p.  1,59. 


425 


nobile  (Dimorphozoiim),  p.  107. 

nobllis  (Flustra),  p.  107. 

nodosa  (Siphonoporella),  p.  170. 

nocUilifera  (Monoporella),  p.  165. 

Normani  (Micropora),  p.  162. 

Notamiidae,  p.  93. 

novae  hollandiae  (Thalamoporellal,  p.  179,  186. 

novae  zelandiae  (Rotepora),  p.  291. 

nutrix  (Inversiula),  p.  317. 

oblonga  (Membranipora),  p.  144. 
obtecta  (Euthyris),  p.  272. 
occlusa  {»Escharoides<(),  p.  301. 
octodon  (Flustra),  p.  126. 
oculata  (Ncllial,  p.  129. 
Onchopora,  p.  260. 
Onchoporella,  p.  260. 
Onchoporidac,  p.  259.  • 

Onchoporoides,  p.  260. 
Onychocella,  p.  1,  11,  153. 
Onychocellidae,  p.  153. 
Oochilina,  p.  143. 

opuntioides  (Tiibiicellaria),  305,  307. 
ornatum  (Calpidium),  p.  251. 
Orlhopora,  p.  314. 
Oslliimosia,  p.  347. 
Otto-Muelleriana  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
ovata  (Discopora),  p.  343,  344. 

Pallasiana  (Smittina),  p.  6,  340. 

palmata  (Smittina,  =  solida),  p.  2,  340. 

parasiticum  (Alysidium),  p.  202. 

patagonica  (Menipca),  p.  133. 

patula  (Steganoporella),  p.  174. 

l)atiilosa  (Chaperia),  p.  115. 

pavonella  (Discopora),  p.  2,  17,  18,  32,  33,  343, 

344. 
Peachi  (Bugulopsis),  p.  132. 
Peaclii  {MiicronelUi),  p.  315. 
Perislomclla,  p.  317. 
perforata  (Micropora),  p.  162. 
pes  anseris  (Escharina),  p.  326. 
Petalostegus,  p.  97. 
Petralia,  p.  350. 


Petraliidae,  p.  350. 

pliilomela  (Figulina),  p.  159. 

phillipensis  (Concscharellina),  p.  .309,  310. 

picoensis  (Onchopora),  p.  261. 

pilosa  (Electra),  p.  28,  70,  146. 

pisciformis  (Flustra),  p.  25. 

plagiostoma  (Scuticella),  p.  222. 

plana  (Porella),  p.  ;5.'56. 

platalea  (Siniopelta),  p.  347. 

Pleurotoichus,  p.  270. 

plicata  (Discopora),  p.  344. 

Porella,  p.  336. 

Poissoni  (Crepidacantha),  p.  10,  71,  266. 

polita  (Escharclla),  p.  315. 

polymorpha  (Gephyrophora),  p.  29(),  300,301. 

polymorpha  (Holoporella),  p.  348. 

ponderosum  (Calpidium),  p.  249. 

porifera  (Smittina),  p.  340. 

Porina,  p.  297,  304. 

porosa  (Petralia),  p.  .3,50,  351. 

praelonga  (Cyclicopora),  p.  ,335. 

praelonga  (Cheilopora),  p.  353. 

praelucida  (Cheilopora),  o.  353. 

pracstans  (Escharoides),  p.  318. 

princeps  (Porella),  p.  336. 

proboscidea  (Porina),  p.  304. 

profundum  (Rhynchozoon),  p.  291,  294. 

projecia  (Lepralia  Pallassiana,  var.),  j).  340. 

prominens  (Thalamoporella  Rozieri,  var.),   p. 

188. 
propinqua  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
Pseudoflustra,  p.  339. 
Pseudostega,  p.  207. 
Pterocella,  p.  220,  242. 
Pucllina,  p.  159. 
pulchella  (Hincksiclla),  p.  241. 
pumicosa  (Cellepora),  p.  345. 
punctata  (Cribrilina),  p.  159. 
pusilla  (Claviporclla),  p.  245. 
Pustulipora,  p.  .303. 
pj'gmaea  (Adeonella),  p.  287. 
pygmaea  (Celleporella),  p.  34{i. 
pyriformis  (Bracebridgia),  p.  289. 
Pyripora,  p.  146. 
pyrula  (Membranlporina),  p.  157,  160. 


426 


(|u:ulr:ita  (Rniballolhcca),  p.  333,  334. 

(liuiilridrnlaUi  (liwiiild),  p.  113. 

r:uii:it;i  (PuclliiKi),  p.  LW. 
radiriiVra  (Ilianlopora),  p.  HI. 
rannilosa  (Cellopora).   i).  ;U('),  :U9. 
roi-lilincata  ll'elralia),  p.  3.')(),  3,31. 
lU'lcpora,  p.  291. 
Holcpdridae,  p.  290. 
reliciiliiiii  (Hi'tilUisIra),  p.  12(). 
rc'licuhita  (Smillina),  p.  3 JO. 
R'tic'iilalti-punctala  (Siiiitlina),  p.  340. 
relironuis  (Cauda),  p.  142. 
Rhabdo/.Dum,  p.  133. 
Rluimiilutnotiis,  p.  I.'jO. 
niuimphoslomclla,  p.  IS.  .33,  343,  344. 
Hhynchozoon,  p.  294,  29."). 
rinjiiMis  (Mef-apora),  p.  151,  209. 
lobiirala  {Mciiipca  ,  p.  138. 
Romancheina,  p.  317. 
Rosscli  (Calcschara),  p.  l.">2. 
liosscUaiia,  p.  l.')2. 
rota  (Siniopclta),  p.  .347. 
Rozicri  (Thalamoporclla),  p.  178,  181. 
rudis  (Siniopclta),  p.  347,  349. 
nila  (Cribricella),  p.  239. 
nislit-a  (Pustulipora),  p.  303. 

saccata  (Forclla),  |).  336. 

sacfulata  (ScuticolhO,  j).  233. 

Salicornaria,  p.  209. 

Salicornariadde,  p.  209. 

sangiiinca  (Schizoporclla),  [).  323. 

.Sarsi  (Discopora),  p.  343,  314. 

.Sarsinustra,  p.  124. 

saiirof^lossa  il-'scliaroidcs  ,  ]>.  :U8,  319. 

Savarti  (Mc'mi)rani])ora),  p.  1,  144. 

Savignyella,  p.  274. 

Savif^nyellidac,  p.  273. 

scabra  (Discopora),  p.  343,  344. 

scabra  (Scrupoccllaria),  p.  (iO,  347. 

Schismopora,  p.  347. 

Scbizoporclla,  p.  315,  322,  333. 

Schizothcca,  294. 


Schonaui  (Hclillustra),  p.  127. 

scinlillans  (l{h>  ncbozooii),  p.  294,  29(>. 

Sclcrodoiiiidae,  p.  301. 

Sclerodomus,  p.  302. 

Scrupoccllaria,  |).  134. 

Scrupoccllaridac,  p.  130. 

Scuticella,  p.  215,  220,  221. 

sccurifrons  (Fhislra),  p.  1,  5,  (i,  ,")7,  58,  123. 

Sclenaria,  p.  155. 

scrrata  (.\deoiiclIa),  p.  284. 

scrrata  (Spiralaria),  p.  12fi. 

sorraliroslris  (Holoporclla),  p.  318. 

scrrulata  (Flustra),  ]).  1,  2,  5,  122. 

Scto.sella,  p.  190. 

Setosellidae,  p.  196. 

simplex  (Canda),  p.  142. 

simplex  (Escharina),  p.  326. 

simplex  {Maplcstoiiia\  p.  113. 

simplex  (Myriozoum),  |).  3(il. 

simplex  (Nellia),  p.  121. 

sincera  (Chcilopora),  p.  353. 

Sinclair!  (Onchopora),  p.  260. 

Siniopclta,  p.  347. 

sinuosa  (Retepora),  p.  291. 

Siphonoporella,  p.  108. 

Skenei  (PorelhV,  p.  336. 

Smittina,  p.  339,  343,  344. 

Sniittinidac,  p.  335. 

Smitti  (Smittina),  p.  340. 

socialis  (Layenipora),  345,  346. 

solida  (Costicella),  p.  235. 

solida  (Onycbocclla),  g.  1.53. 

solida  (Pseudoflustra),  p.  340. 

Sophiac  (Tegclla),  p.  1.52. 

sparsipunctata(Thalamop.  Rozicri, var.),  p.  183. 

spathulifcra  (Callopora),  p.  45,  71,  150,  151. 

spicala  (Mcnipca),  ]).  132. 

spinifcra  (Escliarina),  p.  32(),  328. 

spinigera  (Discopora),  p.  343. 

spinosa  (Chapcria),  p.  39. 

spinosissima  (l-:scharclla),  p.  315. 

spinuligcra  (Spiralaria),  p.  125,  126. 

Si)iralaria,  p.  125. 

spongites  (Scbizoporclla),  ]).  323,  324. 

stapifera  (Thalamop.  graniilata,  var.),   p.  188. 


Stl]  /i)/i<rvr  ty-    ^' 


427 


Steganoporella,  p.  37. 

Stcganoporellidae,  p.  167. 

steganoporoitics  (Hemiscptclla),  ]>.  164,  165. 

Steginopora,  p.  21. 

stellata  (Turriligcra),  p.  313. 

stenostoma  (Est4iarclla),  p.  315. 

Stenostomaria,  p.  259. 

Stirparia,  p.  103. 

Stolonella,  p.  97. 

Strophipora,  p.  257. 

striunata  (Lepralia  Pallasiana,  var.),  p.  340. 

struma  (Porella),  p.  336. 

subgracile  (Myriozouni),  p.  .301. 

subimmersa  (nLc/jniliad),  p.  6. 

Systcnopora,  p.  ,304. 

Tata,  p.  18.  .  ^0 
Tegella,  p.  152. 
Tendra,  p.  146. 
tenella  (Xellia),  p.  120. 
tenuicosta  (Menibraniporella),  p.  265. 
tenuis  (Canda),  p.  142. 
terminata  (Cribrilina),  p.  160. 
Tessaradoma,  p.  304. 
tesselata  (Retepora),  p.  292,  293. 
Thalamoporella,  p.  178. 
Thalamoporellidac,  p.  175. 
Thenardi  (Petralia),  p.  350,  351. 
transversa  (Holoporclla),  p.  348. 
transversa  (Membranipora),  p.  192. 
triacantha  (Electra),  p.  146. 
triacantha  (Holoporclla),  p.  348. 
triangula  (Smittina),  p.  340. 
tricuspis  (Exochella),  p.  320. 
tridcnticulata  (Holoporclla),  p.  348. 
trifolium  (Callopora),  p.  150,  151. 
triseriata  (Mcnipea),  p.  1.32. 
trispinosa  (Smittina',  p.  1,  2,  5,  340. 
tropica  (Chaperia),  p.  115. 
truncata  (Aetca),  p.  92. 
truncatum  (Myriozoum),  p.  301. 


Trypostega,  p.  280. 
tubcrculata  (Membranipora),  p.  144. 
tuberculata  (Holoporclla),  p.  348. 
tuberosa  (Petralia),  p.  350,  351. 
tubifcra  (Thalaniop.  graniilata,  var.), 
Tubifera,  p.  166. 
Tubiporella,  p.  305. 
Tubucellaria,  p.  305. 
Tubuccllariidae,  p.  304. 
tubulifera  (Porella),  [).  336. 
tiibulosa  {»Miicronetla«),  p.  291. 

Umhomila,  p.  343,  .341. 
iincinata  (Farciminaria),  p.  117. 
undata  (Petralia),  p.  350,  351. 
unicornis  (Schizoporella),  p.  323. 
unicornis  (Tegella),  p.  1.52. 
unispinosa  (Smittina),  p.  310. 
Urceolipora,  p.  269. 
urnula  (Scuticella),  p.  231. 


variolosa  (Escharella),  p.  315. 
vcntricosa  (Escharella),  p.  315. 
vcnlricosa  (Scuticella),  p.  227. 
venusta  (Trypostega),  p.  281. 
verrucosa  (Holoporclla),  p.  348. 
verrucosa  (Discopora),  p.  343. 
verticillata  (Electra),  p.  146. 
Vincularia,  p.  164. 
violacea  (Adeona),  p.  283. 
Viltaticella,  p.  221,  2.53. 
vulgaris  (Escharina),  p.  ,326,  327. 
vultur  (Petralia),  p.  350,  351. 


p.  187. 


/eji/ztfL'^c  f.-'cA,  !>!  Si 


Wallichiana  (Retepora),  p.  291. 
Watersi  (Lekythopora),  p.  347. 
Watersia,  p.  91,  95,  99. 
Wilsoni  (Rhabdozoum\  p.  142. 

zdanica  i Exochella',  p.  .322. 
zostcricola  ^Electra),  p.  (Hi,  146. 


ERRATA  AND  REMARKS. 


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— 

- 

chalk. 

6    - 

8 

— 

— 

^Scliizopnrclla"- 

— 

- 

nSchizoporellau. 

8    - 

3 

— 

— 

»Cihriliiui« 

— 

- 

Cribrilina. 

12    - 

8 

— 

— 

nCoilcslec/ciK 

— 

- 

Coilostega. 

18    - 

3 

— 

below 

»Smilliau 

— 

- 

Smiltina. 

19  foot-note  No 

.  9 

18 

— 

- 

19. 

26 

— 

- 

1 

79,  p.  42 

— 

- 

80,  p.  421. 

34 

- 

- 

2 

81—83 

— 

- 

460,  462. 

36 

— 

- 

2 

23 

— 

- 

49. 

38 

- 

- 

2 

80 

— 

- 

81. 

42 

- 

- 

2 

75,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  16 

— 

- 

76,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  16  a 

44 

- 

- 

5 

72 

— 

- 

76. 

48  line 

12 

I'roni 

Ijclow 

»laminae« 

— 

- 

lamina. 

76  fool 

-not 

e  No 

.  1 

108  a 

— 

- 

108  b. 

82  line 

7 

from 

al)ove 

Lepralia : 

— 

Lepralia. 

84 

6 

- 

below 

nRhynchoporm 

- 

Rhynchozoon. 

89     - 

7 

— 

— 

nAspidaslomidac  n. 

f<(     - 

- 

AspidosloniUiac. 

103    - 

7 

— 

— 

))V()1.  X(( 

Vol.  X,  Part.  1. 

107    - 

16 

— 

above 

-  ))Sec.<( 

— 

- 

Soc. 

109    - 

5 

— 

— 

56 

— 

- 

55. 

HI  foot-note  No, 

.  2 

22 

— 

- 

208. 

112 

— 

- 

1 

22 

— 

- 

208. 

114  line 

16 

from 

above 

XXXI,  I 

— 

- 

XXXI,  III. 

118    - 

4 

— 

below 

"preceedin^H 

- 

preceding. 

122    - 

3 

— 

— 

))mee« 

— 

me. 

124     - 

12 

— 

above 

»operciiliim<( 

— 

- 

mandible. 

129    ~ 

6 

— 

below 

»no« 

- 

- 

not. 

133 

18 

— 

above 

))joint« 

— 

- 

internode. 

140    - 

12 

— 

— 

))opening« 

— 

- 

aperture. 

430 


117 

line 

11 

from 

below 

195 

should  be  332. 

152 

fool 

-note  No. 

1 

))Vol.  2  .  .  .  lig. 

8« 

— 

- 

Vol.  1  ..  .  figs.  8a-8d. 

153 

- 

- 

- 

2 

84  1) 

— 

- 

84  e. 

153 

- 

1 

7 

— 

- 

271. 

168  line 

7 

from 

nbovc 

)iol)servations« 

— 

- 

remarks. 

171 

— 

16 

— 

below 

»Part  I,  Cheilostomalaa 

— 

- 

Cheilostomala. 

171 

— 

12 

— 

— 

))Vol.  V<i 

— 

- 

Vol.  X. 

173  fool-note  No. 

1 

11  a 

— 

- 

lie. 

179  line 

9 

from 

nhove 

Mzooccialw 

— 

- 

zooecial  aperture. 

180 

— 

1 

— 

))\vell— devclo]) 

eild 

- 

- 

well-developed. 

181 

— 

16 

— 

— 

28 

— 

- 

379. 

181 

— 

17 

— 

»l';irl  Ic< 

— 

- 

(Ihciloslonuitii. 

185 

— 

11 

-- 

11 

— 

- 

40. 

186 

10 

28    29 

— 

- 

380. 

192 

- 

7 

- 

21 

— 

- 

89. 

193 

— 

IS 

30 

— 

- 

381. 

194 

- 

IS 

)inee« 

— 

- 

nee. 

197 

— 

s 

— 

»Egypte« 

— 

- 

Kgypte. 

197 

- 

10 

- 

— 

1859 

— 

- 

1858. 

207 

— 

1 

^- 

— 

».Subclivision<( 

— 

- 

Division. 

212 

— 

19 

— 

below 

BJoint" 

- 

- 

internode. 

215 

- 

17 

— 

above 

»articulale  par 

ts« 

— 

internodes  or  segments. 

221 

— 

17 

— 

— 

))opening« 

— 

- 

aperture. 

241 

— 

16 

— 

— 

»Journal« 

- 

Quart.  .Journal. 

242 

-- 

10 

— 

»M.  Gillivra}'" 

- 

Mac  Gillivray. 

253 

- 

8 

— 

— 

»joints« 

— 

- 

internodes. 

253 

— 

15 

— 

— 

»joint« 

— 

- 

internode. 

253 

— 

9 

— 

— 

»base« 

— 

- 

beginning. 

253 

— 

3 

below 

)>(killoporelkiu 

- 

Caloporella. 

253 

fool-nole  No 

.  1 

8 

- 

18. 

254 

line 

3 

from 

below 

»joint« 

- 

internode. 

258 

— 

6 

— 

above 

))l*roce(l.« 

-- 

- 

Proceed. 

259 

— 

10 

- 

— 

))Ba.ss  Straits* 

— 

- 

Bass'  Strait. 

260 

— 

6 

— 

— 

»a  pore« 

— 

- 

an  ascopore. 

200 

— 

9 

— 

— 

192 

— 

- 

172. 

261 

fool 

:-n() 

le  No 

.  1 

48 

— 

- 

46. 

264  line 

10 

from 

above 

)>pore« 

— 

- 

ascopore. 

266. 

To  the   svn 

onvmv  ' 

of  Crepidacantha 

Poissot 

ii,  \ 

,'ar.  crinisnina  mav  be  added: 

Lepralia  Poissoni  Norman,   .Tourn.  Linncan  Soc.,   Zoology  XXX,    1909,   p.  307, 
PI.  41,  figs.  7,  8. 

Xlll  should 

))Part  t«  — 

9()  — 

»P1.  15,  figs.  13-14« 

))oceria« 


-   270 

line    8  from  above 

-   270 

-      9     -         - 

-   272 

5     -         - 

-   272 

6&7  ^ 

-   281 

11              below 

XVII. 
Part  I. 
165. 

PI.  16,  figs.  32    37. 
ooecia. 


431 

p.  282  line  14  from  above       »basc«  should  be  proxim:il  part. 

-  297    —    16     —         —  ncrustaceumu         —        -    Crustacea. 

-  309    —      6     —     below      »conncction((         —        -    in  connection. 

-  313    —    10     —     above       kenoo(ecia<(  —        -    kenozo(L'cia. 

-  317.    Figures  showing  the  structure  of  tlie  frontal  wall  in  Anarthropora  nioiiodoii 

and  Inversiula  inversa  are  seen  in  PI.  XXIII,  figs.  10  a,  11  a. 

-  320  line  11  from  above       i)triccuspisK  should  be  triciispis. 

-  321     —    16     —     below      ))specics,«  —        -    species. 

-  324    —      3     —     above       ))the  the«  —        -    the 

-  353    —     7     —        —          ))endoocecial«  —        -    endozocecial. 

Mr.  W.  Lundbeck,  the  author  of  wDiptera  Danicaw,  has  made  me  acquainted  with  the 
fact  that  the  name  »BicellariaK  has  been  used  already  in  1823  for  a  genus  of  Hies  bj' Mac- 
quart  (Soc.  Sci.,  Lille,  1823,  155),  and  I  ])ropose  therefore  to  change  the  Bryozoan  name 
oBicrllariao   into  nBiccllariclkm  and  lo  name  the  corresponding  family  nBicellarictlidaeu. 


^B8^I^ 


1