a
.
ve
1
i
i
.
2 ’
’
-
+ et ew
ee me
cay
e
‘
‘
r
-
ne vy
; Pas
4 ; cain
Cal aes ore
’ ¥
" 3 re
‘ ee
a) 1 €%2 #
"eo to 3 ‘Tas
7 ‘Pea the
- : oe
gwd x emt
FF u ’
A ad
7 rc
oe
+ can He we
- ey
.
4
. ee = se be
a
bie apes be hee A Wes Op
werasy
wet
fear ae
ve te Bete =e i oe ae
ORs 4 4pm
——-_,™=
CC
KC
PP)
| 1 WwW Ww
; ia Ba | YY) )\yre2 a es
/ " \| a A | = } lo \ : bal}
y 1 f i. W rN | |
/ \ an Bal PAA. eee * iY RAR AR‘! |
AAA) Ala AAAY PA PARA GA Aie.\ V
~ oN 9 Ca Aah \ \, \ s == \! i
ANS >! AN Viz Ze) NAN PAI AV ae rN " a
\ WN \ Za" f f TES AM (aN pee AENEAN _\
WN TAWA WN {WAAL NIA IR! Vi NANY
i a (FN gan co oo ENS
f fall \ \/ \f \ f \ AN AN
A AN yy V7 \| y AA | \ \
ANA AAA
c™ L y i i rN , } / | \
Valet! _y ¥ il \
i~
A
y a WY
f
~
AY
YY
] A
\
}
Alaa
IAA
ENP \\
\
i
|
|
lf
oN
le
AR
|
A
ia
ARARAAARAR
Allen AN!
\
\/ |
AA TATA al Wi | APA paAARFrARAA &
/ Wey OM Ifo MV / ¥/ | \ i
AAAARIA|
{|
i
[
Vaal)
|
WA
|
W /
Wie
i
WAV AY!
\
\ a ~ j | @ \ ) \I \ \ \ | y | ! a I a
i gaws| lel f=) ; ! ) 7 j | b | [peor { i | , , | | Ala
Aaa el ann AIAN AICO | yaa A ale
I iy ; V : l f | f |, { lf f { | _\ ba) | f j | Y Y. YAWN i! WNW l \) ) \A
NARAAARAAACY A AARC AREER AARAR
A
naa
A \ MN, WAN \\F \ \ \ a
(ANT. I WEV NZS ANAS Va\ ~\ 1 —~\\ y i ‘
S = Hy vi \y Y) WAV, MW I/\\ i a \VV/m\\ \EN uN
H { : 4 4 \ | { - sy N/ \\V i fi 1/—\\ } § \ \ 1 =\\ fm \| | =
7 | Vy wy Y | Y =| \ 4 / Yam, \ ; WN VY | " y a W ae iE
| I ; \ | 4 \ LIZ N IAD Ny if Law| | gm WW Pm f__\| y \ VV \ i \" | \ } \ aN Wy | \" \ Gams Za \ \ WV
r t f - ~ 4 1} / If y i/, i/ ¥ s y | ¥ | l 4 A | y Wt fi \ \ ; \\\
! ’ | i, f SES Y, | i, | ‘i | | | H i / y vy } \ ¥ \ 4) \ an \W/ W-\\
| KE = EN EN A f f } ! i \ y Py / y yy Y VY | fo \|
| TN gal 7 AW If iex\ W/ aN all ‘all ~ | | | ¥ | y \
\i i YNG Ip t = if
Walala
Bala
VAIN
\
AAG
AAA
}
AV OWAN
ap
RIAAAAAA
AVA
pana
aa
WZ
an
Rasa
A
Aan
SN
1a)
\
!)
|
ay
Aralal
i \)
Ni \I
An
A
A
NN:
dadedowesesoe el We
LUANG Ue SIGS
Ue eew | ville ell yy UU eyo MVM eS vs
wy NA KA | ig et hes | J \ DALAM) IN Ny} IDS Ae, S Oe lel hd
ISS fl A~) Y oa; \ Iv) | | hd Ved, Viel hate WISix NESS
vevveecreeueyeeNwe wy eee eee
Joe) aRavee ron SMIOOONN Ning
ebb eee CeeUDOUDDED, MeV IeCCE ECS Te,
inte ee wey ae
i vw coaacaastcati
PIA SAA
Meee we Maine
IN WN ly
f \ YUE GU
MauWviie ¥i. ' Pies: ¢ bh Ay Ras ae < aA 2 ee ne
A Sh 4 ( ¥
” F eee gree
an ot ; me ; ! ioe eS ahs
Education ‘Department Bulletin —
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under the
act of July 16, 1894
FOvO. STO |. ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY I, 1912
New York State Museum
Joun M. CrarKke, Director
EpuHrAIM Porter Fett, State Entomologi
ON
INJURIOUS AND CTHER INSECTS
OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK
IQIT
PAGE PAGE
MUTEROUMERTION ss 5 se e's. 5 ors 5 | Experiments with heat .as an
lannions INSECES~ 2.50886 Sei rg IISECHCIGE | Wes | sate ee ee SOB ited
Code mmotli. tT. ..5 Sete. eke Tou Motes, foruthevyeare. 1s ecto 98.
SSEDSY MASEL! cpio es o's cada 6 os 42 Brut, tree! smsectsss.6sc aeace 98
Green maple worm ....... as Small? frit. inseetsets: .3 oss. 102
JUSS g py} (cc tee te et 52 Shade treeteipestsianac,) - 1. 104
Monee wine! 4 A... vache a - 54 Honest): pests wi tase oe ra aeons IIO
Maple leaf cutter 222.0204. 56 Miscellaneousiel: ans erae 114
Mocust leafminer yy. 6.406 59 ; Publications of the Entomolo-
Bitsy, Hispa | )vins.. eee Ce ee gist’ et hehe MELD Rick vee 124
Rose leaf hopper ......... 65 | Additions to collections..... 130
Pemodical Cicada -...3). 2.) 68 | Explanation of. plates........ 137
A report upon the condition of Pind cece ct oe eae oe Oe
the shade trees of the city of
Mount Vernon, N. Y. ..... 88
ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
IQI2 ae
Mertr-Jar2-1800
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Regents of the University
With years when terms expire
1913 Wuireraw Rew M.A. LL.D.\D.C.L. Chancellor New York
rot7 St CLarrR McKe way M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Brooklyn
Tog WANIED BEACH Ph.D ULDN \= ai) cata Watkins
Tora, Puny 1. Sexton LLB ELD ee aes ae Palmyra
1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph. D. LL.D. Albany
1g22) GHESTER ©. orp’ MAN Li De New York
1918 Wittiam NotrTincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — — Syracuse
1920 EUGENE A. Puitsin LL.B. LL.D. —---—-—— New York
Toro Lacius N: LirrAuBR, Beis ieee ier - Gloversville
r92t Francis M. CARPENTER — — — — - ——- = — — Mount Kiscos@
Tees VABRAN I. HLKUSHLLABS =o) ac ey >= New York
1924 ADELBERT Moor*> —=-— —- -—-—= ----- - Buffalo
Commissioner of Education
ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D.
Assistant Commissioners
Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant
CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant
Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. Third Assistant
Director of State Library __
James I. Wyver, Jr, M.L.S.
Director of Science and State Museum
Joun M. CiarKkE Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D.
Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, GrEorcE M. Witey M.A.
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN
Educational Extension, Wittiam R. Eastman M.A. M.LS.
Examinations, HARLAN H. Horner B.A.
History, James A. HoLpeEn B.A.
Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A.
Law, FRanK B. GILBERT B.A.
Library School, Frank K. WALTER M.A.
Public Records, THomas C. Quinn
School Libraries, SHERMAN Wiutiams Pd.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. Case :
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAms Ph.B.
Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean B.S.
a ed RE oe ae on. ne eee
>
New York State Education Department
Science Division, December 26, 1911
Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education
Sir: I have the honor to communicate herewith the annual report
of the State Entomologist for the fiscal year ending September 30,
IQII, and to recommend the same for publication.
Very respectfully
Joun M. CrarkE
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER’S ROOM
Approved for publication this 26th day of December 1911
Commissioner of Education
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 510 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY I, IgI2
New York State Museum
Joun M. Crarke, Director
EPHRAIM PortTER FELT, State Entomologist
Museum Bulletin 155
27th REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, torr
Dr John M. Clarke, Director of Science Division
I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the
injurious and other insects of the State of New York for the
year ending September 30, IQITI.
The appearance in late May of a large brood of the periodical
Cicada or so-called seventeen-year locust was of great popular
interest and an entomological event of some importance. A
hitherto unknown colony was located near Amsterdam and
through the cooperation of many iocal observers much.was
learned respecting the present distribution and relative abund-
ance of tnis insect in New York State. A fine series of photo-
graphs showing the transformations to the adult was obtained.
Despite the warnings of earlier years, a number of young orchard
trees had been set in the vicinity of populous Cicada colonies
and, as a result, were severely injured. A detailed notice of this
unique form is given on subsequent pages.
During the period covered by this report, Miastor larvae were
discovered, their biology ascertained in large measure, their
amenability to laboratory conditions demonstrated, and owing
to the value of this information to teachers, a discussion of pedo-
genesis in this insect and its allies was included in an appendix
to the Entomologist’s report for 1910. Subsequent studies have
confirmed the observations referred to above and have shown a
wide distribution for Miastor.
Fruit pests. ‘The experiments with the codling moth or apple
worm were continued in the orchard of Mr W.-H. Hart of
Poughkcepsie and in those of Messrs Edward Van Alstyne and
6 ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
William Hotaling at Kinderhook. Special pains were taken to
secure uniform plots of ample size and to see that the treatment
was thorough. Each plot, as last year, except in the case of Mr
Hotaling’s orchard, consisted of forty-two trees, the fruit from
the central six alone being counted. The relative value of one,
two and three sprayings, and also of one application made three
weeks after the blossoms dropped, was ascertained. The results
conipare closcly with those obtained in 1909 and go far to show
that the conditions in 1910 were exceptional. One thorough ap-
plication last season resulted, in the case of trees bearing a fair
crop, in from over 98 to more than 99 per cent of worm-free
fruit. This should prove most encouraging to the fruit grower,
since the work was done under practical conditions which can
be duplicated in almost any section. Assistant State Entomolo-
gist Young assisted in the field work, classified the wormy fruit
and computed the tabulated data.
The work of 1911 with the codling moth has been correlated
with that of the two preceding years and is the most compre-
hensive data yet secured as to the possibilities with one spray-
ing under varied conditions. These results should be of great
practical value in enabling the fruit grower to determine for
himself the advisability of spraying for this pest more than once
in any season. The details are given on subsequent pages.
Observations show that the San José scale, while a serious
fruit tree pest, is being generally controlled, though some fruit
growers are not entirely successful, due in large measure to
difficulties in treatment. Some of these are excessively large or
inaccessible trees, adverse weather conditions at the time the work
should be done or defects in equipment. The concentrated home-
made or commercial lime-sulfur washes were used largely and
mostly with very satisfactory results.
The peculiar linear series of eggs so frequently seen on apple
and pear bark have been identified as those of the notch wing,
a species noticed below. The usually rare Say’s blister beetle
was exceptionally numerous. Two small fruit insects, the rasp-
berry Byturus and the garden flea, were studied at Milton, the
former proving somewhat injurious.
Gipsy moth. The discovery of a gipsy moth colony at Lenox,
Mass., while not entirely unexpected, was something of a
shock to our extensive agricultural interests. A personal ex-
amination satisfied the Entomologist that the insect was:
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 7
brought there with trees and shrubs purchased a few years ago
in eastern Massachusetts. A small colony was discovered later at
Great Barrington, Mass. Nothing but the closest inspection
and the adoption of most rigid precautions will prevent the early
establishment of this pest in New York State. Judged solely
from an economic standpoint, there can be no question as to the
advisability of keeping this insect out of the State as long as
possible. We have assembled during the year a series of prepara-
tions designed to facilitate the recognition of this pest in any stage.
Several of these have been reproduced as photomicrographs and
will be of great service in identifying this species.
The Entomologist visited the territory in eastern Massachu-
setts infested.by this insect and found the residential area, as a
whole, in excellent condition though there were extensive tracts
of forest land badly infested. The ultimate spread of this
pest is inevitable. The Federal authorities have accomplished
much in retarding its dissemination by keeping the roadside
trees of the principal thoroughfares free of caterpillars. Marked
progress is being made in the work of introducing parasites and
natural enemies which it is expected will shortly prove of mate-
rial service in checking this destructive insect. The latter is no
justification for not adopting every reasonable measure for pre-
venting the spread of this dangerous enemy. The state of
Connecticut has made excellent progress in handling its gipsy
moth problem. This insect is more fully considered below.
Brown-tail moth. This species, while not so destructive as the
gipsy moth, has become established in North Adams, Mass.
and smaller infestations occur at Adams and Williamstown, Mass.
Since both sexes of the moth fly readily, it will probably not be
long before this pest appears somewhere in New York State.
The winter nests are so characteristic that there should be little
difficulty in identifying the insect and at the outset preventing
excessive multiplication. Careful inspection of nursery stock
should prove a most effective barrier to its being introduced-with
trees and shrubs. The observations above relating to the para-
sites of the gipsy moth apply equally to the natural enemies of
the brown-tail moth.
Shade tree pests. The Entomologist investigated conditions
in a number of communities and found exceptionally severe
and widespread injury by the elm leaf beetle. The defoliation
was so general, in connection with the work of previous years
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and the severe droughts of earlier seasons, that many trees have
succumbed or are likely to perish in the next few years unless
radical measures are adopted for their better protection.
There seems to be great difficulty in securing efficient treat-
ment, even if the equipment be adequate. This defect has been
pointed out and, with a fuller understanding on the part of
those compelled to solve the problem, we look for materially
better results another season. The elm leaf beetle is not such a
serious pest in Europe, and it would seem, in view of the prob-
able continuance of the severe injury of the last few years, due
in part at least to changed conditions, as though a serious effort
might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they appear
to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European
countries. 5
The cottony maple scale and the false maple scale occasioned
repeated complaints, because of serious injury to hard and soft
maples, especially in the vicinity of New York City. An un-
fortunate condition developed in the city of Mount Vernon.
Several hundred hard or sugar maples were seriously injured or
killed, following the application of one of the commercial mis-
cible oils in early spring. An investigation convinced the Ento-
mologist that the trouble was due to the material applied, the in-
jury being greatly aggravated by subsequent cold weather re-
tarding growth and producing conditions favorable for penetra-
tion by the oil. We must therefore classify early applications
of oily preparations as dangerous to hard maples. Our findings
are given in detail below.
The extended outbreak by the green maple worm was in-
vestigated and must be partly charged to the general destruction
of birds and a consequent scarcity of the insectivorous species.
Investigations by Zoologist W. G. Van Name showed that nine
species were feeding upon the caterpillars, while nine others
were in the vicinity, probably for the same purpose. A relatively
slight increase in the number of birds would doubtless have
prevented the defoliation of the trees. A detailed account of this
insect is given in subsequent pages. The spiny elm caterpillar
and the white-marked tussock moth are two other shade tree
pests which were excessively abundant and the subjects of much
correspondence. The ornamental birches are being rapidly
destroyed by the pernicious bronze birch borer, the depredations
of which were detected the past season in the eastern part of the
State.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 9
Forest pests. Injuries by insects to forests have greatly in-
creased during recent years. The hickory bark borer has de-
stroyed thousands of magnificent trees in the vicinity of New
York. The investigations of the Entomologist showed that this
nefarious pest had destroyed many hickories at Tivoli. A warn-
ing circular was issued and widely copied by the local press.
The two-lined chestnut borer, probably breeding first in fun-
gous-affected chestnut, invaded nearby oaks at Old Westbury.
This outbreak was studied and appropriate repressive measures
advocated. Damage by this species was also reported from
Garden City. The severe though local injury by the locust leaf
beetles at Syosset and Jericho received personal attention and is
fully discussed on subsequent pages. The exceptional abundance
of the maple leaf cutter at Lake George was also investigated, and
an account is given below.
Flies and mosquitos. General interest has been maintained in
the house fly campaign. The Entomologist prepared several
popular notices and experimented in a limited way with a fly
trap. The results with the latter, while beneficial, were not en-
tirely convincing. We investigated a local mosquito problem
at South Salem and had the satisfaction of learning that the exe-
cution of our recommendations resulted in the speedy disappear-
ance of the pests. Many localities in the State are suffering
needless annoyance and, in some cases, illness because mosquito
breeding pools are ignored. One case came to our notice where
malaria developed following the employment of Italians in a
locality previously free from this disease.
Gall midges. Our studies in this interesting and important
group have been continued as opportunity offered. A number of
new species have been reared and described, and a table of food
habits of the reared species and a generic synopsis of the entire
group published. This family, composed entirely of small to
minute fliés and including a number of destructive forms, is an
immense complex which could be grouped satisfactorily only
after prolonged and careful microscopic studies. This has been
accomplished and a monographic account of the family is now
in manuscript.
Publications. A number of brief popular accounts of the more
injurious species of the year were prepared and widely circu-
Jated through the agricultural and local press. The extended
contributions, aside from the report for last year, are: Summary
Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the Food Habits of American Gall Midges; A Generic Synop-
sis of the Itonidae; Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges;
and New Species of Itonidae. A list of the more important pub-
lications of the Entomologist, forty-four in number, is given
below.
Collections. There has been a continued increase in the State
collections. Most of the additions the past year have resulted
from collections by the office staff, some of the most desirable
having been reared. Extremely large series of Miastor and Oli-
garces were obtained in this manner and will later be available
for exchange. Specimens illustrating the habits and work of
insects are being collected at every opportunity, since they are
particularly valuable for economic and exhibition purposes.
There have been substantial additions to the gall midges or
Itonidae and they are now in very satisfactory condition. The
pinned specimens were rearranged by Miss Hartman and this, in
connections with the numerous microscopic slides, and the large
assemblage of galls and other biological material, will prove in-
valuable to:subsequent workers, especially as the collection in-
cludes a very large number of types.
The classification of the diversified material in the Museum
and that daily coming to hand is necessarily slow and is a work
which must extend over years. There is need of more assistance
in carrying on the large amount of labor involved in the amass-
ing of a thoroughly representative collection necessary for the
maintenance of an adequate exhibit in the enlarged quarters
afforded by the new Education Building.
Three additions have been made to the series of plant groups
designed for the exhibition of insects in their natural environ-
ment. These will add greatly to the attractiveness and pedagogical
value of the enlarged exhibit collections now in preparation.
Assistant State Entomologist Young has rearranged and
identified the Muscidae, the species belonging to the Coleopter-
ous genera Telephorus and Podabrus, and has done considerable
on the snapping beetles or Elateridae, the parasitic flies, the
Tachinidae, and a group of parasitic wasps, the Braconidae.
Miss Hartman made nearly five hundred microscopical prepa-
rations of various species, mostly gall midges and scale insects,
rearranged the pinned collection of scale insects and prepared a
special Cicada exhibit. She also gave much time to mounting,
spreading and labeling of specimens.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII Il
Nursery inspection. The nursery inspection work conducted
by the State Department of Agriculture has resulted in the office
being requested to make numerous identifications and also recom-
mendations in regard to the policy which should be pursued by the
State. Most of the material submitted for name is in poor condi-
tion, may represent any stage in insect developnent, and is often
fron a foreign country. This work, though time-consuming and
laborious, is very important, since the disposition of large ship
ments of nursery stock must depend in great measure upon
our findings. The possibility of introducing the gipsy and
brown-tail moths with stock originating in territory in-
fested by these pests, justifies a most careful examination of all
such material and the adoption of every reasonable precaution.
Miscellaneous. <A series of experiments, conducted to test
the value of heat as an insecticide, showed that the relatively
moderate temperature of 120° F. is soon fatal to the common
black cockroach so frequently seen in warmer parts of dwellings.
Buildings equipped with ample heating facilities are adapted to
this method of checking household and storeroom pests. A
series of observations were made upon the hibernation and de-
velopment of the rose leaf hopper. An interesting outbreak by
an Iris borer was also investigated. These two insects are dis-
cussed more fully on subsequent pages. Assistant State Ento-
mologist Young had charge of the heat experiments, being
assisted in this by Miss Hartman.
The Entomologist, as in previous years, has been called upon
to lecture upon injurious insects at farmers institutes, horticul-
tural and other gatherings. Information respecting shade tree
pests, owing to their serious injuries this year, was most fre:
quently desired.
Office matters. The general work of the office has progressed
in a satisfactory manner. The Assistant State Entomologist
was in charge of the office and responsible for the correspond-
ence and other matters during the absence of the Entomologist.
Miss Hartman, in addition to matters noted above, made a
large colored chart of the elm leaf beetle, rendered material
assistance in various aspects of the experimental work, cared
for breeding jars, compiled bibliographies and translated a num-
ber of excerpts from scientific articles. Numerous specimens
have been received for identification during the year and many
inquiries made concerning injurious forms. The correspondence
I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
shows a marked increase over that of last year; 2219 letters,
23 postals, 1014 circulars, 1623 packages were sent through the
mails and 42 packages were shipped by express.
General. The work of the office has been greatly facilitated,
as in past years, by the identification of certain species through
the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Ento-
mology, United States Department of Agriculture, and his asso-
ciates. Several correspondents have aided materially in secur-
ing valuable specimens and many rendered efficient service by
transmitting local data respecting various insects. As hereto-
fore, there has been a most helpful cooperation on the part of all
interested in the work of this office.
Respectfully submitted
EPHRAIM PoRTER FELT
State Entomologist
October I4, TOIT
PJ URIOUS INSECTS
CODLING MOTH
Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.
Plates 1-7
The work of the last two years with this important pest of
the fruit grower has been continued and some extremely inter-
esting data secured. Even one spraying resulted in obtaining
98 to 99 per cent of sound fruit, while the check trees yielded
only 67 and 85 per cent of worm-free apples. The second and
third poison applications increased the percentage of sound fruit
comparatively little. These results confirm those secured in
1909 and go far toward showing the possibility of a thorough,
timely spraying. The low efficiency of the one application made
three weeks after the falling of the blossoms, determined last
year as approximately one-half that of a timely application, was
confirmed this season by experiments in two orchards under
diverse conditions.
Life history and habits. The discussion of the experimental
data may well be preceded by a brief summary of the life his-
tory of this species. The codling moth or apple worm, as 1s
well known, winters in a tough, silken cocoon usually found
under the rough bark of trees. The appearance of warm
weather in the spring, which in New York means late April and
early May, is followed by the caterpillars transforming within
their silken retreats to the brown, apparently lifeless pupae, and
a week or ten days after the blossoms drop, the moths com-
mence to emerge and continue to appear throughout the greater
part of June. The minute, whitish eggs are deposited largely
upon the leaves though a number may be found on the young
fruit. These hatch in about a week and as a consequence the
-young apple worms of the first brood may be entering the small
fruit from early in June, approximately three weeks after the
blossoms fall, to’ nearly the end of the month or even later.
The caterpillars require about four weeks to complete their
growth, at which time they desert the fruit, wander to a shel-
tered place, spin a cocoon, transform once more to pupae and
in about two weeks, namely, the last of July or in August,
[13]
I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
another brood of moths may appear. These in turn deposit
eggs which hatch in due time and the young larvae usually
enter the side of the fruit. Two broods appear to be the rule
in the northern fruit-growing sections of the United States
though some investigators claim a third in the southwest.
Experimental work. The work of the last two years with
the codling moth was continued the present season with ex-
tremely gratifying results. Comparative tests were made to
ascertain the value of but one spraying just after the blossoms
fall, with a similar treatment supplemented by a second appli-
cation about three weeks later, namely, about the time when
the young codling moth larvae enter the fruit. The third plot
received, in addition to the two sprayings described above, a
thorough application the latter part of July, designed especially
to control the second brood. One plot, in continuance of the
work of last year, was given only one application about three
weeks after the blossoms dropped simply to test the relative
value of this treatment. Check or unsprayed trees were left
for comparison in each of the series.
Location and treatment of plots. Series 1 The experiments
in this series were conducted in the young orchard belonging
to Mr W. H. Hart of Arlington, N. Y., near Poughkeepsie and
located close to Briggs Station on the Hopewell branch of the
Central New England Railroad. The orchard is on a moderately
high hill, the trees being thrifty, about 17 years old, 18 to 20
feet high and 30 feet apart. The experimental trees were in
all cases Baldwins. Each plot consisted of approximately 42
trees, 6 trees in a row one way and 7 in a row the other way,
the central 6 being the actual experimental trees. These latter
were carefully selected for uniformity in size, fruitage and
infestation. The one exception to the arrangement outlined
above occurred in plot 4 and the check trees. These latter
were the central 2 of the usual 6 experimental trees, while the
other 4 in the center of a plot containing 42 trees received only
the one late application. All of the barrier trees were sprayed
at the usual time. This modification was made because the
owner did not wish to have too many trees unprotected or only
partially protected from codling moth work. The systematic
and thorough commercial spraying of the two preceding years
had served to keep this orchard in excellent condition and, as
a consequence, there was not an excessive infestation by the
ee
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 15
codling moth. The conditions we consider typical of a well-
kept commercial orchard. Plots 1, 2 and 3 were located in the
northern end of the orchard on a gently sloping side hill, the
actual experimental. trees being separated from adjacent. wood-
land by at least three barrier trees. The conditions were fairly
uniform, the plots producing respectively 16,638, 19,994 and
20,926 apples. It will thus be seen that the largest yield was
on plots 2 and 3 and, as a consequence, the test for the single
spraying was fully as severe as in the case of the trees receiving
two and three applications. Plot 4 and the check trees were
located near the southern end of the orchard and bore relatively
less fruit.
The trees were sprayed for the first time May 18th. The
day opened with rain about 7 o’clock, continuing to nearly 9,
and then breaking with showers till about 11 o’clock, sprinkling
again at 1.45 and with a few showers till about 4.20 p. m., at
which time it poured. Spraying began at about 1.25 p.m. on
plot 2 at which time there was a slight breeze. The treatment
of the actual experimental trees was completed by 1.35 and then
working southward those of plot 1 were finished by 1.46. A
sprinkling of rain began at 1.45 and was rather lively at 1.46,
stopping at 2 p.m. The leaves at this time were partly flooded
with rain but there was no marked dripping. An examination
of the experimental trees in plots 2 and 1 showed that in the
former, sprayed some ten minutes before the rain began to fall,
there was very little or no washing, while in plot 1 those trees
which had been completed just a few minutes before the rain
came, showed some washing though this was limited largely
to the carrying of the poison to the lower edge of the leaf where
it settled in large drops. There was very little dripping and
probably nothing was washed from the blossom ends of the
young fruit. Spraying on the barrier trees was started at 2.10
p.m., at which time the trees were wet but not dripping. The
experimental trees on plot 3 were sprayed at 3.15 p.m., the
foliage being dry. The work in this entire plot was completed
about 3.45, though some of the barrier trees on plot 2 were not
finished till nearly 4 p.m., at which time there was a sprinkling
of rain, it pouring by 4.20. Only 150 gallons were necessary
to cover most of four rows in plots 1 and 2, or 509 trees.
The spray applied consisted of 71% pounds of Grasselli’s
arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) and 41% gallons of
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
“©
PO0e@ He!
aoyeiee @eeese
{ orth
Me
ee
®@
@eeeoeesveg eg @ go @
o:2
*
a
b0 88:
©eeeeoeeeoeeeeeseseeeee @
CORE ODE CIEIOOO
eOCHCFCHEOFPORB SC HHCHGHLE LEH S HS O © SO & @ GfPElSe
©0820900 8008986988826 6H GF FO OS OO O OO16+0:
o0@o0 @
eevee eo0geaeeve7e260297082098F0888088080 8 © &
“4
M12 02060900280208260662 288 ® &@ @ @ ®
or
200c¢@e Cr-On8- 0: ©
© @ © @ ® &Aen
e©oe27e7e20e0080880896 G0 @
eee PF OseseeoesvoesteaeesseeeereoeGsKeeoese@seseFeoeeqoaeoedtseHoe®th8SoBdSBwBS S BD @
@e@eegeonoeeegeevs0a2ead0 82 8Peeeeseseseeoeeeoeddede@eseesee 6 @ @
@eeeevne20n0dgeaevseoeeseaeveoaonvneve 8202938868 82F OG @ CO @
Conogvnevo0eceoeaPe8o0e2 Geevuee2e20602 80060898 68 @
©eeeegeesesoeeeveeoeoeeeseeoeekeoes ee © @
®eeeseseeoeoeoeeseereeeaeeaoeeseoeeoaosvsseeoeseeseseseseeseseseeaosvsaensnaseseegegeeszresvseeeseOGekee
exten esde00080
7 ®@
fo}
=
@ 0
ET H.del.
Fig. 1 Plan of Part of the Orchard Belonging to W. H. Hart, Pough-
keepsie, Showing the Location of the Plots in Series 1
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 17
a concentrated lime-sulfur wash (31° Baumé) to each 150 gal-
lons. The pressure was maintained at from 150 to 160 pounds.
The spraying was from the ground, the hose being tied to long
bamboo rods and the nozzles were of the later Friend type with
apertures which had been worn somewhat by earlier work with
a lime-sulfur wash and the spray was therefore rather coarse.
Plots 1, 2 and 3 and the barrier trees on plot 4, in which latter
were located the check trees, were thoroughly sprayed at this
time.
Plots 2 and 3 were sprayed a second time June 8th and the
four trees comprising plot 4 for the first and only time on the
same day. The weather conditions were perfect, there being
a light northwest wind. The material was the same as em-
ployed in the earlier application. The entire orchard was then
in fine condition. There had been a little burning by the spray
on some of the northern spy trees but nothing of the kind was
observed on the Baldwins in the experimental plots. Many of
the branches showed six or more inches of new growth. Aphids
were more or less abundant but not present in sufficiently large
numbers to cause serious damage, though a few injured apples
were noted in plot 2. Some of the fruit was more or less in-
jured by a green fruit worm or Cacoecia larva. Seven injured
apples were picked from tree 2B and as many from one of the
barrier trees in the plot.
The third application to plot 3 was made July 26th, three
gallons of spray being used for each tree and an average of a
minute being required for the treatment of each tree. An ex-
amination at this time showed almost no wormy apples on plot
I, even in the case of trees sprayed just before the rain. Prac-
tically the same conditions obtained in plots 2 and 3.
September 28th the spray material was very perceptible and
in some instances rather abundant upon the foliage. There was
much more russeting or burning of the fruit on plot 3 and the
injured areas (plate 6) were checking considerably.
A tabulation of the data is given below.
18
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 1, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
TREE
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
cae ae? P per | Rnd ’| cat || sees lees
er er n an ide xit xit
Total cent Total cent j|wormy! side |wormy] hole | hole
‘wormy
| I 2
Augs/22% ota T3G|enens | tess Qiilis's see alle Secaeae lecoreee fe} a NNNE arege
Sentences 21 TSS lqaseteens Yall (epee orcas eh ean sy cual liasn Groleiis 3 20ers
Aa 57 aw seater AU isrets Paes Sh Lee ais T Ghar Awe
Sept. 26-28... (eee AMG loaccsos Sal eee Bil eet er 4 | Sree | eee
3841] 3818 | 99.40 23 .60 5 | it 17 Sil stones
AICS 208 race ce 31 20h || tasers Deine auvercts | teveeveuere [tomer ats 2 Pe eas
Sepus U5senn se I4 Tay ict nae Sil andectacell Misra cal lace are 3 Twila aaa
id 17 TA) | Sebel CD) Irene mara Inet ten esl ake este Ea ace logs a
Sept 26-28 (esd My PAL | |slotos bo 5 SH Aree Altai 7 i|tena ee eee
I794| 1778 | 99.11 16 .890 Uo Gdiocn 15 3 Nee
IAW OIA BS Jere WY} “TEN ||saooasc Cm le eehcroreds) (ai ceniseees| eat c. ncc 6 OTP Haste
Septvitseecmnetes 48 Ash ht desea Bilinveteus aes 2 I D Ais) cael, an
oe 45 Sy7j lISis coxa ball lee Osetia 2 I 5 Ty eye
Sept. 26-28 e850) s8He iter cae Dal renters 4 jseee 13 (aya SS 5s
4071} 4035 | 99.12 36 88 8 2 26 D7) | eiccyanees
AUIS 2c) kine 58 5 ah laereno ack Teal] ace topsese sl | Marcie rea eter I bh eer ke
Sept >ntcheete 19 TSH ieee Pal eee git Pata Nal eons oat 4 7 Rey oe
hy 14 T?) | Stews Rep || eoaearese alle eonets T | escdedcoca ceased eee
Sept. 26-28... x7 SSiiar7eanlleeeeene oe) POs I I 3 Tit (ey see
1879 I868 | 90.41 ni | .59 r | 2 8 Aull iceetn te
Aug. 22. MO!) ROD |Loosance idl ia toc laecrene [Esse 3 2 || eee
Sept, WSisccces 2Oih he2de | Come eee 2B lasssess)ooa00" licites ens 2 Bulb aha
nee 24) Oye Wetas oko (ae Pariene acl eters ae gre less eras cs fo) OC nome
Sept. 26-28... \E28oo0le2Sehnlhereenen TGs cl er eee I r | 13 Aces
3053, 3033 | 90.34 | 20 | 66 I | x] 38 il (sees
Aug. 22.. 68 6x [eae OR aS a ots eseemenere 2 eee eS
Septe DSics seer ; It Sale ecsuee Sie tren ab St bea Nes eases 3 Qraliceacens
4 ay 15 Giliscranouees Oe |e ee I | 6 2 2 ii Sears
Sept. 26-28 \ 1906} Toor |. .....: ‘Seales Dra gee see Sole aoe
2000| 1983 | 99.15 | 17] .85 3 6 | 8 AO |Site
Grand total. | 16638 16515 90.26 123 74 ae 19 | I2 Q2 AOI pss
!
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
Series 1, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
TREE
CLEAN FRUIT |
|
WORMY FRUIT
rg
TOTAL |
ie 5 oeae Bee | Bee Ib eeals| ead (| sides neste ae
er | er n an ide xit xit
Total cent | Weken cent |wormy}| side |wormy| hole | hole
wormy
I 2
iene Pernt
| }
Aug. 22 PEO ti} Noooocon Hel Aeaanciay eet Sa eosbante:ltererares 7 Aw [ees teks
SIs aOoocae 38 en Slaveatys (ave | 3 ees aveh Cxall be tepaitas ots I 2 Nat | as rte
Ale eS Sik cen siea.se We SntGvil} copes Tiles 8 5 Tiilphcsee
Sept. 26-28 eee ABR Naaasenc less FST all a araee 2 | I sigrt [eens pea] Nas eae
4307| 4274 | 99.23 | 33 77 3 2 28 Ca
INGE BPs oonuss ara HGS llanoanec | TA Gey ete la es Peal ene 4 Au eee
Sept L5ecwee ss ae DEN voices 5 Onilicivacr eect nae rel to) CO ieee tt corenes
a 4 Aull oraecehesee Te ee ay eo a Tt ee ere | es oeare
Sept. 26-28 (gece Racie Ilsoeedce | Aaa ie tcd gee iam |e I 3 rode
3630| 3621 | 99.75 | 9 AG \lniaasacl I 8 Be eee eee
/ Nites 2 ep cre iewoy) - Te loca son Ty seat vehi | cheery Metis essere iF De eee
SEP Usd 5piccce.s ea 2° effete stars | Bt Pca tareyats al fm istieveke culis icuatakers 3 b ie Ee. Banta
0 Baler geese | Zyl le aie Bl epepie oral Een de 2 ii | eee
Sept. 26-28 leseee BIAS |lnooooac Ob eee iey es nee Sac a 0 Onl me.
3354| 3348 | 99.82 | 6 Uren (ian 6. tease
INGE OD Seabee 227/|| BAS Nooooaes Pia | EOE Thy one ast I CT Mena
SHHis UHosooc 06 ae A) losason- | B looscods Ho jocoopo I Tell eras
me 3 Fish nao | | BO. |ovbooSctbousnellossaan Io I I
Sept. 26-28 fone fae"7 llooaooac | Aa eons abe ie eee | Rey a2 4 Tole ae
4269| 4251 | 99.58 | 18 42 | ils aenee 16 5 I
ING eee Gia WAS) “TeX lag anooe | Dialleper erate iaalerae ean 2 BUI
Septe Ls ewes. 18 TB liax sven enalle | en evese rere tore | eta es 5 Dal sya
cs 43 BOM Shysunte Abd ltt nayireboeay taper mel cheer 4 CN Sorea ie
Sept. 26-28.... eee imine Nemo BW eeoa ae ae oes is ee Beets al een
1383] 1369 | 98.98 I4 Tar O Zale increas | 14 Chul Ousoye
IME BES opaeee git) — se, Weooauot Ab l\stecs, coxpensteve cae anilgedoed 4 rAA) lotsa
Sieiolts Wists oe soc | 28 Di Noaopnec I Sac oooene Reroceetera I OAS oe
45 AB Noma ao | lf lloneinoiao cosour | Beart eyens I Tau |tepmenere
Sept. 26-28. = { AYNg|| GE "aac sdac | Filles tert eal 3 lees sett 5 Teh aye
3051) 3040 | 99.64 | 11 o3 OGM tees lannnas | It ON sano
Grand total..| 19994/19903 | 99.54 | oI 46 5 | 3 Ba || 3 I
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 1, plot 3 (Sprayed thrice)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TREE DATE | Sees | Bud |
| Per Per | End | and | Side | Exit | Exit
| Total | cent | Total cent |wormy| side |wormy, hole | hole
wormy
I 2
ANN ONCE eee gots || ADA) ~ AON) oss cv LP Al Re ava otaa ce beneen atoll eee ner Ded Wer yeti ee
SENS Eooacoas 26 ABO Noida dots O |idaamosallon oolos||Sino aos Olea See
| TOS | LO eerie D4] )s eee re lege ol fete we arate ewer aera Zi stuotealhecnete
Sept. 26-28 ‘| tone ANG) sod sins o Bull ba exsspecescd| ue eN eae | eae res 2 Tee eee
4222| 4218 | 99.90 4 TOW Al Ee Rersgensas) | herecsnee 4 i Nees,
| ==
Bin) Atos ai soles | TSS||o ers a le reese EB DIP far etane l(t ot earl as hana 3 oe eee
SEMIS Uaodoccc | 22 BANS da0906 @ llecocsse OM liners em E lle.
m 73 Ce Vodsion so ARG epee eae aaa se 2 Lalla lee
Sept. 26-28 eee Bil |loodacee Cit PRES are A 6 Gal ee
2473| 2460 | 99.47 13 a3 elle See of 03 Sone
G || Ue 2O. sooden | | HOS) FOL |occooos Belle Bevo egal eae cisyelteveue eves 3 Paine je
Sept U5 kes sak I4 Th eee Tl eases cas ray | ete eee rel ree I pee ee
oe | 34 Bepulcsa ale Tea Se cece ete eal le enact ee I Tis) eon
Sept. 26-28 (eae Die olson o or Oude eae etal eat Olas lercrias
| — SS)
| 2714] 2709 | 99.81 5 sioha eh ew | eed Sie ay eee
ID) ) UN He Scodoc BON SIU oteroa ae. i fa Nene B leoooee 15 I2 ee
Sept. I15....... 52 ALTE MS ieee 1a Ne Aa a Tape cneaee 4 She Ee ae
S | 75 riisaltalota Gee Aah oe Rape Billie eeeate 2 Eyer ee
Sept. 26-28 B820|b382 mn aoeee Sul ae ee I 2 5 Bri poet
4347| 4313 | 99.22 34 78 6 | 2 26)4|\aoom| aa
1B) | WING wa. Goose 89 Sale Talla Mess Org Sacre I Toil et oee
Sieile jc aaga co IQUE sattiey tA sing oe @lounigace 0) Ie BANS eaisietoral ln. dic Gallo conc
My 82 Heya WeRalotaren, TOM ays ey eraes BYE ayetk cake 7 Sia eeeee
Sept. 26-28....| { 2901| 2001 |....... ON yee dated SG eure ac, 2 keene ee rr
3185| 3174 | 90.65 II 25 Byles ee S|\- aia eee
IPAS GID og oo6 6c Teel Nae || oal5'S gc hal attrac Cal iors re 9 Stl nee
SEDtsmSte ae it 29| 26) i\heteees tess Balle ete an BUM ieteueschees (0) Or tAe se
hey Taye Hk NSLS erailene oie TSE Hos ON myers Saline Melee I2 Ballin nee
Sept. 26-28 eae BOSo ee nene Bh ANE a nell Wel sae hey ce 2+ || eee Nertewts
3085| 3956 | 99.27 20 23 Gil eee 23) | 70 eee
Grand total.. 20926, 208.0 | 99.54 96 46 17 2 Hel AGM |e
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII ZAG
Series 1, plot 4 (Sprayed once, late)
CLEAN FRUIT | WORMY FRUIT
|
TOTAL |
Ts i a3 P | P End nd Side | E E
er | er | En an ide | Exit xit
| Total cent | Total | cent \wormy| side |wormy, hole | hole
| wormy
| I 2
PAG EA Tipe 2 tis. As EKSIH| Unie leo eee | i lea seiaree ai ol Peat be 2 TAMA aye
Sept. To vets ceeac 42 CE a ee | DO | ers eee 7 3 Io Alaltace cress
= 102 GSileesceesel SOU leet 10 2 27 Pill eect caters
Sept. 26-28 ae 2658) |e oocsn- Bea ahed eile ns 8 6 Bar eis eens
| |
3030) 2021 | 96.40 | 109 3.60 | 26 TEE 2h LGiAl taskarets
HS) A Slee a occ ore 73 GO actacsvsear aie a (eee | 4 2) 6 cof efits aca
Sept. T5.c6- 655 53 11) Alp Besere 43 oh tee oS 5 I3 DOW | eer ee
35 On| ecree ee 2OW Woes tee 7 13 Quien.
Sept. 26-28 { SA8)) 767 Ne ase Sig eee Alon 21 245) |} BO laoooe
| 1009} 846 | 83.84 | 163 | 16.16 59 36 68 Gy. conic
| | |
Gi PAme oe Ste TSS (ee 75 ale eae oi TOS sete 2 I 7 Orlin
Septeds.e.0.55/5 30 ue Leto toe DS iy | seoeee recs 5 3 7 Able eereee
y 51 2155 "| |oakerenvane Tig Mba teres 3 3 9 Isat era nee
Sept. 26-28...) {22 DUS | \non wees SOM eee: 15 4 20 7a eee
2720| 2641 | 97.09 | 79 2.91 25 Ir 43 BIDEN nee
D | Aug. 22....... eo eke vl ee rout oe Tol|tee rap |) it Ineo ce
| SESS 1Gyecetercero 78 (om acento OZR aro 29 I5 18 20F ones
76 Dian tere cot cove SS Sein accents 13 Gi 35 T29h| reteete
Sept. 26-28... { F885) w800 |... ---| HON Deak 19 15 AN GEO NS 20 Sk
|
2210| 1985 | 89.82 225 | 10.18 76 37 112 BOs | Reve.
Grand total..| 8969) 8393 | 93.57 570 6.43 | 186 95 205 WEES: | SEs
I |
Series 1, check trees (Unsprayed)
e CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
ri a poten P 2 End ae Side | Exit | Exi
er er n an ide xit xit
Total cent Total cent jwormy) side |wormy| hole | hole
|wormy
I 2
oe MA up 225. .i83 is ROOW TOS! see. ask OE? |\ieseha ors 51 Io 30 CY ie eee
DEP be Sis aicis <a. | 152| BA Wastes ais. 28 ae soe. | as 17 20 Yaa beret
92| By OM Sone bine b Bish Ile ao cmee 16 | 12 30 24 2
Sept. 26-28 ‘| { Proxy noes. Tse |e 49 24 7 \\ Bi llnewelae
2067) 2580 | 86.95 387 | 13.05 204 | 63 120 | 132 2
VijlWAug:: 2a. o). 2 | 2 ay a Ree Ee Faia esneta tere 32 18 23 BW |loadatc
| Sept. 15. Sih e pmmiecre 1G) bear eee ri meet eds ey 20 ZS it AO! eet
II3 SPF. Wel agsevay ha ON omaha aye 18 | 20 38 BMS Ae
Sept. 26-28 {set TES2) Ve dite y CAG ho kee: 58) 2 2aS 46 | 46 I
| 2370 2370 1960 | 82.70 410 | 17.30 175 | 103 732) |) 53 I
Grand total.. | 5337] 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 252 | 285 3
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
A study of the above data reveals several very interesting
facts. The 16,638 apples of plot 1 are fairly evenly distributed
between the 6 trees, the numbers ranging from 1794 to 4071.
The average percentage of worm-free fruit is 99.26, the indi-
vidual trees varying from 99.11 to 99.41. The total wormy fruit
is only 123, one tree having but 11, while the maximum is 36.
The number of end wormy per tree varies from 1 to 10, while
the side wormy range from 10 to 28, a total of 31 end wormy
and 104 side wormy. Assuming that the percentage of infested
fruit on the check trees in this series is typical for the plot, we
find that one application has reduced the infestation by 14 per
cent, or resulted in removing from the wormy column some
2329 apples, about 4% barrels. The cost of spraying the 6 trees
was 48 cents, or less than 12 cents for each barrel of fruit kept
from being thrown into second-class or cider apples as an out-
come of injury by codling moth. The financial returns from
this transaction are apparent.
The 19,994 apples of plot 2 range in number per individual
tree from 1383 to 4307. The percentage of sound fruit is 99.54,
a variation for individual trees of from 98.98 to 99.82. The
total wormy is only 91, there being only 8 of these end wormy
and 86 side wormy. The end wormy per tree vary from nothing
to 5, while the side warmy range from 6 to 30. The second
treatment resulted in an additional gain of slightly over 4% of
I per cent (.28 per cent) over the single treatment for plot I.
Obviously, the returns from this second spraying are relatively
less than in the case of the first.
The total fruit in plot 3 amounts to 20,926, individual trees
producing from 2473 to 4347. The percentage of worm-free
fruit was exactly the same as in plot 2, 99.54, the variations
ranging from 99.22 to 99.90. There were a few more wormy
apples than in plot 2, namely, 96, 19 of these being end wormy
and 79 side wormy. There appears to have been no material
benefit in the case of this plot, resulting from the third spraying.
This is more probably chargeable to the extreme thoroughness
of the first two applications rather than being attributable to
any defect in method. The margin of less than % per cent
(.46 per cent) is so small that at best only a very slight differ-
ence could be expected.
Plot 4 comprises only 4 trees producing 8969 apples, indi-
vidual trees yielding from 1009 to 3030. The percentage of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 23
worm-free fruit was 93.57, individual trees varying from 83.84
to 97.09. There were 576 wormy apples, 281 being end wormy
and 390 side wormy. The great relative increase in end wormy
apples is apparent at once and is easily explained by the one
application being so late that it was impossible thoroughly to
poison the floral organs and the calyx cavity. Even this treat-
ment was worth while if compared with the results on unsprayed
trees, since in this plot we have an average of over 931% per cent
of sound fruit as compared with a trifle over 85 per cent on the
check trees, a gain of 8% per cent or of over 760 sound apples,
approximately a barrel and a half at a cost for spraying of
about 32 cents. The treatment paid for itself, though the profit
was not nearly so great as in the case of the first application.
The two check trees produced 5337 apples, one yielding 2370,
the other 2967. The average percentage of sound fruit was
85.06, while the number of wormy apples was 797, 545 of these
being end wormy and 418 side wormy. A comparison of these
figures with those of plots 1, 2 and 3 show at once that the
major portion of the benefit from the early applications at least
is in the destruction of the codling moth caterpillars as they
attempt to enter the calyx end of the young fruit. These data
simply confirm the importance of making the first spraying at
the proper time and doing it most thoroughly, since it is the
early application which gives the most benefit.
Series 2. The experiments in this series were conducted in
the orchard of Mr Edward VanAlstyne at Kinderhook, N. Y.
Plot I, comprising greenings, was located on the southwestern
side of the road next the shed. Plot 2 was some rows farther
north and west on the same side of the road, plot 3 several
rows still farther north on the east side of the road, and plot
4, comprising only two trees, on the west side of the road and
near two check trees. The relative location of the trees in plot
4 and the checks was nearly the same as in Mr Hart’s orchard,
though owing to the uneven setting of fruit a symmetrical dis-
tribution was impossible. All of the trees except in plot 1 were
Baldwins. The conditions in plots 1 to 3 were fairly uniform,
these plots producing respectively, 20,802, 34,019, and 31,119
apples. The largest yields were therefore limited to the plots
receiving the most sprayings and, as a consequence, the test
for the single application was rather more severe.
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The treatment was substantially the same as in series I, ex-
cept that lead arsenate (15% per cent arsenic oxid), manufac-
tured by the Interstate Chemical Co., was used at the rate of
I5 pounds to 250 gallons of water, and a concentrated home-
made lime-sulfur wash, 40-80 formula (27° Baumé) was used
at the rate of 1 gallon to 25 of the spray. ‘The spraying began
May 23d. The trees were 18 to 25 feet high and the work
slower and if anything more careful than in series 1. The
tower was used, one man being located on this and the other
with an extension nozzle operating from the ground. There
was probably considerably more liquid applied per tree than in
the preceding series. The blossom ends were well sprinkled
but there was practically no penetration of the poison to the
inner calyx cavity. The leaves were well covered with the
poison and rarely flooded. There were still a few blossoms on
the ends of the limbs. The eastern barrier rows of plot I were
completely sprayed on the first day, and the three rows next the
driveway and west were sprayed from the east side beginning
with the experimental trees in plot 1. The next day, the 24th,
a few of the remaining trees were sprayed with the wind in the
opposite direction, though nearly constant showers seriously
hindered operations. The remainder of the plots, including the
barrier trees, were finished May 25th. Trees A and B on plot
2 were sprayed on the morning of the 24th, the application being
followed shortly by heavy showers. The spray, however, could
be seen upon the foliage the following day. The weather dur-
ing both the 24th and 25th was rather showery and spraying
was frequently interrupted. ‘
Plots 2, 3 and 4 were sprayed June 19th. The weather was
bright and clear with a light southeast wind. The work began
at 9.30 a.m. and was (completedvat. 2:5 pm. Wie) Bitreemuan
plot 2 contained a nest of fall webworms; this was also true of
one of the barrier trees. There was throughout the orchard
considerable crinkling and yellowing of leaves, which might be
attributed to former applications were it not that the unsprayed
trees on plot 4 as well as the check trees exhibited the same
conditions. There had been an excellent growth and the foliage
had a good color. The fruit presented a fine appearance and
there was an excellent setting with but few exceptions.
Plot 3 was sprayed for the third and last time July 29th, using
only arsenate of lead in the proportions previously employed.
:
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
t
I
'
|
eo oOo;
|
!
|
i
|
| 2 JOO ©
peg eee e f 4
Om Chte OO Or -O- -O- ©. X= KX © 0-8 02) © © - O80
| | 2 KY
,P O28 90K0E0 80 ae Oe ee © KE 090
e C
‘0800 XxX is OCG lo © Xe K0000 so Ke ovo
: | pee
MO) = IS OI SO) GO) GOW) © 0® 000 ee o Geo |
| Cc d | |
/
'
O60 xox O®0408@08008 08 oO 0 180 0 @0@0 |
~_— -
(QO) — (©)
XS X20: - 20
el @
Oe) Cle (Seam ©)
+ €
O-. 10;=._-O' 0
Expt. wil
: oe Ap
© Che ek trees
) Pluva trees
@ Peach trees
O Che rrytrees
Location of the Plats in Series 2
-_—~
Fig. 2 Plan of Orchard Belonging to Edward Van Alstyne, Kinderhook, Showing the
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The application was thorough and was confined to the six ex-
perimental trees. There was a slight breeze though not suffi-
cient to interfere with operations. The trees on. plot I were
well laden, healthy, and the fruit was developing very nicely.
Very few or no wormy apples were seen and there were very
few on the ground. A rather large number of small apples
were on the ground in plot 2, the drop probably being
the result of drought. There were a number with brown,
scabby areas on the side exposed to the sun, probably due to
sun scald. There were very few or no wormy apples. There
was abundant fruit on plot 3 except on small portions of one or
two trees. There was rather more injury to the fruit possibly
than on plot 2 and certainly more than on plot 4. The spray
was evident on the foliage and very few or no wormy apples
were to be seen. Some wormy fruit was seen on plot 4 but not
so much as on the checks. Some of the apples were injured
by sun scald though not so much as on plot 2. Some were badly
checked later (plate 7). There were only two trees on plot 4
with a good setting of fruit. The checks bore markedly more
wormy apples than the other trees and had practically no fruit
injured by sun scald.
A tabulation of the data follows:
TREE
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
DATE
eae e ween
cee ee ae
sete
swe eee
Grand total..
Series 2, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT
WORMY FRUIT
|TOTAL | eet
FRUIT n 2 :
: Exit | Exit
Per Per End | and | Side
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy Hole Bole
wormy
GYM TARRY Ne 6.6.0 a6 Olpilicserenvctenelberercl stenet[atanenataces 6 AN oano6
(OH | Oe Web abaan Te Neat greta Sid (tee ea ees aie lskenchen
igsyal HOY8) WG Baa oos Tie | Sectanecsee I I 16 Cll Es siate
2B8O5i\ 2808" lenicisre oie D7 lene TH | UH hae 26 caters Silhshelieve ss
3952| 3804 | 98.53 58 1.47 3 I 54 4 |e----
Bus IG) lla ooooca IV7ial|oreperencrets Dil ay ateerees I5 DAM |feteretens
BISON) (BAe ernie TOUS egies Thiieresrarete TAL? Ileeenores vilveseteens
2B Ail RLG OM leecrerereres PASS all perrcheneteus es 3 I 4I Bit everctene
2129] 2090 |....... Ol iliassnnts 2 2 35 Be ileatoieye
2935| 2822 | 96.15 II3 3.83 8 3 102 BA Vo cane
DOVE ey2 77, Sel | etatersrate: c Bilikepcrens siete ltsvevatshean llojaveteners 3 EA Wanareyers
SO Si Nooencce Opi ltevsrekedensus BAEV A Wweteretene 5 Sallhe tatoos
{ AR Bat Weosoooe TD pate ecto seat | eee 12 Ballers
BAH SSS su ileevsae = TiDiaylheuarohencieie Die fenevesters DE 4licteronats ootoe
4262| 4229 | 99.22 2333 -78 2 Po heuer 31 Conn ae een
BA) BYE Nae o ae 2 \\isveversvalsts Tia levenstehers I TN evehaas
GOO] OA Sita: UA Wncoweas A Ne cooos Io Ou evens
{ 13 1|| eee | eee TOM |epetoraareei ncaa I 9 Paley ees
ABI) Bil |esoocac TPH ever awevelioves [telsveres ate I 16 On| a3 ea
3258) 3217 | 98.74 AI 20 3 2 36 nals A phe
Dail Seca le Geir 7 Na otaaton Tal | eeseoes 6 alone
ASS\e eA OOM ener tere OFAN ence spate it I I5 Oislteroevee
iki] atstoy |eiacoods Fis i\anatiers evens Tigh |\ersvsiecsas Gira eeiaiverescts
2260) 22530 |eietetelarets Ow lelerevorels 2 I 13 Ql Recess
3178| 3131 | 98.52 1 47 r.48 5 2 40 TONS cretite
TOS) 5s | areeree s | 110) s|lninibio ooo AL |leueverecnae 9 linainoe
SH) |e Avil |stteh at alcatel 2 Olen tevaenenetees 2 5 21 9 2
AON uy Na Sanco PS MNieioo a0 3 I 24 Gist Never
DAIS TDA Ata ee cvene tetas AR) \eo0o60s aso goo MA Non Aaalld aloe
3217) 3108 | 96.61 109 3.39 7 6 96 20 2
20802|20401 | 98.07 401 I.93 28 14 359 83 2
28
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 2, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
TREE
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL |
a DIAONE Pp Pp E d Bag Sid Exit Exit
er er n ani ide
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy hole hole
wormy 2
INE Al olery 40.0.0 AOR) ZS |idacddes cal EPBDRHGRT Oca aloo aia wie 8 OF he eernte
Set U)ooggase ARO 2S Woo 6 US) |losobo0€ CJ lepers tere Il Sy I GaielS
Oct. 5 (lies Gi7) ens 2) eerie Se alcnerchs aaalltes ee ena he eeeeete 5 Dn lleaepneite
CEE AO aS VEO2A) MORO loeboste Ao Weihes ots Selle aaah Gal teehee ANS sac ere
5264| 5234 | 99.43 30 57 Dil ieee 28 TS: lieve
INS ibs ono 066 420\5 420 een Ohi eats ye hay eral Riven cvseeted| tere eeaeces 9 yal arvstes
Sept LQees yaa AAG) CARON eres ae Sena harem ere 6 4 23 18 3
Oct. 5 OHS VCO) Ibadan coe AGullts aejnien 4 Io 32 | 18 I
ng EN atta BASS SULA Nee opoae BIG eee I 3 27 DY |v
7286| 7167 | 98.37 I1Q 1.63 weal Woogie QI 52) 4
el | aw lee
reNibhets Ale 6 ogee Busia SOC laos gone b fie] Neneh Rar PES ite 6 an heared oie
Septe LOr eee OO)! WAR Noasacco BSH ileeaneeereis I 3 21 7 2
O50 O28 mleemactat 2A los eo000 3 I 1K) Wn codiloanca
Oct. 5....-.--- { 3522/3507 Venn TiS a oe an 3 2 10 anlar 2.
5785| 5716 | 908.81 69 I.19 8 6 55 16 2
NUE Bais nano oe SOO SOO lladadace Colm panes Stone Dill ie eee 7 nee ae
NED UMLON natn RO)) oye Nodes ba 28 ins wl 3 al 18 14 gy
AAW wee XS ib EE Bol 6 AAS sic aseer ies 5 9 30 THT op cauewene
Oct. 5......... TOA) Bor loo dea- Beulah 2 2 70h econ eee
4155| 4053 | 97.54 102 2.46 I2 18 72 AI 33
INDY Bila oba008 DSW OVO Ne ba 5 aloo 1 Chr EPI Teil ais chock 10 Coe aks aac
Septetoneenar TENG lle Nama chee Poa tna tare ee 2 2 17 : 7, [al Be ee
ASO 45 2 | eee ee Gy la eee oleitces I 4 20 To hale
Oishi Seana edo ( adso AAGOM| eee ae DAY A yetieneeie Bil s crassettha T2) le sus beh anemones
5370| 5290 | 98.51 80 I.49 | 6 6 68 37) NS
ING? Eto a poo te ASS iL | e443 meee oes eaters cd Teall seer 7 5 Sige
Sis T@)scocosn LWP SIO Ws blo ecio AO |e cyeriee Sei lhevarneaawe 35 21 I
Oct. 5 O35) 5G) ooo scao BOW | ae ene 8 7 24 Tis! |iceeeaterrs
BOS ieee Vee | AGO! AOR) Nee scace Deas keto aerate ooeooallaveoac 22 I cuneye
6159 6050 | 98.23 109 aaa) 14 7 88 42 I
Grand total.. 34019 33510 98.50 509 1.5 53 54 402 | 203 bdo)
TREE
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
DATE
Sept. I
see eee ee
Sept. I
Sept. I
Septrtiseicgism.
Sept. 1
Sept. I
Grand total..
Series 2, plot 3 (Sprayed thrice)
a)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL \ |
FRUIT End : :
: Exit Exit
Per Per End | and | Side
Total cent Total cent |lwormy] side |wormy hole pole
wormy |
|
S03} ZO do doa AVES Bevery 8 I 35 On| ener
BESO OSG Sr llevan «ie BO i cvacty oe P| Sena ete 15 HA euerscens
{ S| “Oi, iodisode TA evseacasnecs 3 2 9 se Uni ay ee
207A ZOSO) oe ete ve TECH kote Eat 2 3 10 ya eae
3390| 3205 | 97.20 95 2.80 20 6 €9 VRE ie
O25 Ecos leet tar: Aa he ee leas tr 2 3 22 LOW eee
TTS All RECS lense ayeue Oy aerate’ 3 3 3 Bolle g lcs
(eee Ths er ieee Bile eib a Sea itteteye Wil eto eae hr
NESS es SOG a lerekeeters Sty Vovenes oscar I I I Lives eaves
6982) 6938 | 99.37 44 -63 8 7 29 20) qe re
He eee So oes TS etapa tens Nie rctiad See II ae eateust
ASZ I) PAA OM |e reye ile (ere WANS Ao Bias Ey Micices tose 7 ial tanetakete
{ TOOT COA lsssccec Opilicaaach net larenat eee 3 6 All| Sap an
SIO!) Sst |/aos cone Pe ae gmt Tad | epeaateuetic Tan iltcharcp ast eee ve
5447| 5411 | 99.34 36 .66 8 3 25 ede |e pated
Sh /isil| besorewal ecko acto Ile eg eto 3 3 Il DOW [eras
Foyt = Aisi7fall areas O cao GM lieriocioncso CO in Bit og 3 Bis stays
{ WILSIO)| WAY Vang poo TOG ieenactatall teusenceys 2 8 TD esetnes
2930)" 20377 sheen 7 Were inital co Saereleren [area 2 aa eee
5047| 50II | 99.28 36 -72 7 5 24 ZOMG as weve
BYAON “ARXO). | ero 0.0 6 MOM tere yedarettee Pll Seaipiets © 9 OPH eaynis
BOP SSA vctisetarers 10) Nsoonane 8 2 6 OW eres
{ O77 OOOM arse Swileeemenss Te (| race 7 Te eee
SOGiRReAN |e eee Tellevethecs PHN | itn 5 eo at
4744| 4703 | 99.14 4I .83 12 2 27 PN lee tant
Givi Osi lsogeoce i2 lsosaace A Noone d 8 9 ener
T3SS el ssie ee wees. Q) ||| Reena ste Ta || eters Te liste yell este
{ ADS WIAD Wel PaeNP core vSeal teu svatsre Ollhs uletelleee ll toc way oc Gus | eliose svete Paces sven eral] Pare oe en ope ere
2050205 See er TMil Peckencyeereslteoay cceuaneeltatcmel ances Di Naniseanstl eearercws
55090] 5494 | 99.73 15 27 yes us tear ro COA ae
Z3IIIQ 30852 | 99.14 267 . 86 60 23 184 TAD ee
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 2, plot 4 (Sprayed once, late)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TREE DATE ee End Soe | Bees
Per Per End | and | Side Es zt
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy bale Bole
wormy
INOW URE OS Sonos o 757| 433 |--.-.=- SB QAE Satie ae I71 32 F2T%|\erow | eens
SepupzOenceere TAAO| MOST jeer A890) | snes 245 96 I48 | 339 14
Oct. 6 (aoe GAGM erate AIO Wn aooase 86 92 IOI | 107 6
pee Seite 3975 eS OTe ieee ROD lloocoaae 64 68 170 | 70 |-----
7188) 5704 | 79.35 | 1484 | 20.65 566 288 630 | 735 20
By pAuce2seememen Tel. AES Nacooo ac RE Ila asiouas T16 Io Te |) SG) lac acd
Sept. 20....... TAAG| | ISSBu ieee (SHEA) Uhl Hee coe 279 04 239 | 311 9
Oct. 6 { TEM AN ACU laaecoo XA) oatoos 67 28 165 74 I
SiS k he SHs7/| SOO Mlochocen 22OU | yeaenezere 67 24 129 39 I
6796] 5392 | 79.34 | 1404 | 20.66 529 | , 156 719 | 680 II
Cy AGNES Oitcoaanc 68 AAs || ecratyers DA Ve sestaete 9 4 Ir TG! mere
Sept. 2Oe 10 eine TOW TAP Hoooeoun 25cm ese II 2 I2 1 faa
52 EM Pliaowa anc 5H iessuareceres 4 3 S ||... 2G) lasses
Oct. 6.......-- Bi] BGS) |loanoocc Mean eee 15 7 AG |) TO |looace
617| 5Ir | 82.80 106 | 17.20 39 16 51 SO) Rete
IDV ANGERS Bono ao 286 Pasllangioign 6 ZOSi Nisei ers II5 I2 SE | toOsmlhaece
SeptareOneneien SSS TaN scree 25 Oils Sacicyees 120 46 90 | 130 2
Oct. 6 { S22 LO Teen cer TOG erat ocs 18 29 78 AT 2
te Pa Sale UAIKS|| WOE) || 565400 TERO) TG aig diguae 35 31 53 7 fe ere oo
2214} 1506 | 68.02 708 | 31.98 288 118 302 | 317 4
Grand total..| 16815|/13113 | 77.98 | 3702 | 22.02 | 1422 578 | 1702 |1782 35
Series 2, check trees (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL \
TREE DATE aeUrE s i beh En 4 ie Heneee
er er ml an ide x
Total cent | Total cent jwormy| side |wormy Hole hole
wormy
EG IMOEDLS Titsteryaicers TAT 1660) learns FAD NWteeeccisvere 447 AI 254 | 427 Ir
Sept 22 cece 2885 EES O30 lmeeieis TABI accesses 585 249 488 | 770 21
Get AeA { CVI! “EOF llocooowe ASO” |Saccone 131 T13 192 | 126 5
yep LOO XO) laacoacal! OOO Voaceccall Ie 137 205 | 153 5
9518] 6418 | 67.43 | 3100 | 32.57 | I331 540 | 1229 |1476 | 42
Ye | AE Ma cbsoco BRO) 2@R |ocaocne ARG |loonssoc 116 25 112 | 160 | 4
Seisty Ooaucace E2AG WAS salience 7ZOOUlieeiersicict 431 I49 216 | 364 5
Onin, G { FOH|) ZEB jocooss: 266) lla che. 65 90) |||) Zen 70 I
Sinn Sieh oe AVN) Gain lo oacooe SO Sialioecterss I05 I45 I45 | 103 2
5152| 3442 | 66.81 | 1710 | 33.19 717 409 584 | 703 12
Grand total..| 14670] 9860 | 67.21 | 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 949 | 1813 |2179 54
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 31
Series 2 largely confirms the results obtained in series 1
though the crop was somewhat larger, the trees older and con-
sequently more difficult to spray thoroughly. On the other
hand the nearly level ground facilitated the use of a tower,
while the greater abundance of the codling moth afforded a
more severe test of the efficacy of spraying.
Plot 1 produced 20,802 apples, the individual trees yielding
from 2935 to 4262. The average percentage of sound fruit was
98.07, the trees varying from 96.15 to 99.22. There were 401
wormy apples, the number per tree ranging from 33 to 109.
There were only 42 end wormy, while the great majority, 373,
were side wormy. This one treatment resulted in saving nearly
21 per cent of what otherwise would have been wormy fruit or
about 4000 apples, approximately 8 barrels. This was effected
at a cost of about 60 cents or less than Io cents per barrel.
Plot 2 produced a total of 34,019 apples, the individual trees
yielding from 4155 to 7286. The average percentage of worm-
free fruit was 98.50, the trees varying from 98.23 to 99.43.
There were 509 wormy apples, 107 being end wormy and 456
side wormy. It will be noted that this second treatment re-
sulted in securing nearly % of I per cent (.43 per cent) more
sound apples than in the case of plot I.
Plot 3 produced 31,119 apples, the individual trees yielding
from 3390 to 6982. The average percentage of sound fruit was
99.14, varying from 97.20 to 99.73. There were only 267
wormy apples, 83 being end wormy and 107 side wormy. Tree
A for some reason or other gave distinctly less satisfactory re-
sults than the others. It produced over one-third of the wormy
apples and had a percentage of only 97.20, otherwise the average
percentage would have been perceptibly higher for this plot. As
it is, there were about I per cent more worm-free apples on
plot 3 than on plot I, and it is possible that there should have
been 1% per cent additional sound fruit.
The four trees of plot 4 produced 16,815 apples, the indi-
vidual trees varying from 617 to 7188. The percentage of sound
fruit was 77.98, it varying from 68.02 to 82.80. There were 3702
wormy apples, 2000 of these being end wormy and 2280 side
wormy. Over one-quarter of this latter number included in
the totals of end wormy and of side wormy were end and side
wormy. Accepting the check trees as standard, this one late
application resulted in nearly 10 per cent additional sound fruit
or about 1600 apples, over three barrels, the one treatment cost-
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing approximately 4o cents. It paid for itself though the work
would have been much more profitable had it been done three
weeks earlier.
The check trees yielded 14,670 apples, the individual trees
5152 and 9518. The average percentage of sound fruit was
67.21, there being very little variation in this respect. These
two trees produced 4810 wormy apples, 2997 being end wormy
and 2762 side wormy. Here we have again most conclusive
evidence showing that the major portion of the protection ac-
crues from the first spraying as a result of its destroying young
codling moth caterpillars entering at the blossom end of the
fruit.
Series 3. Certain corroborative experiments were conducted
in the young orchard of Mr William Hotaling of Kinderhook,
N. Y. The trees are exceptionally fine, being only six or seven
years old, dwarf in habit and, as a rule, well laden for such
young trees. They are set in four rows, running approximately
north, with rows of peach trees between, and in the case of the
experimental areas the Wealthy apples alternate with Mackin-
tosh. Three plots were laid out, the trees invariably being on
the two middle rows. Plot 1 was limited to transverse rows
35, 36, 37 and 38, and plot 2 to transverse rows 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44 and 45, numbering from the house toward the railroad.
The check trees were in transverse rows 23, 24 and 25. The
trees were small and the spraying was very thorough, being
made by Mr Hotaling personally. He took special pains to
cover the under as well as the upper surface of the leaves, apply-
ing so much that there was considerable dripping. There was
relatively more spray material used for each tree than in any
other experiments during the season. Arsenate of lead (15 per
cent arsenic oxid) was used at the rate of 4 pounds to 44
gallons of mixture, and a home-made lime-sulfur wash (33°
Baumé) at a rate of 1 gallon to 30 gallons of spray. The
first treatment was given May 23d to plots 1 and 2. Plot 2 was
sprayed a second time June roth, the treatment being limited
to the experimental trees and the barrier trees in the longitu-
dinal rows. At that time much of the fruit in this orchard
had dropped, though it was not attributed to the spraying.
There was some burning from the earlier application to the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 33
barrier trees though there seemed to be no injury to the experi-
mental trees. The orchard presented a fine appearance, many
twigs showing a growth of 8 ot to inches. There was remark-
able freedom from insect injury though near the house one tree
had practically every apple injured by the codling moth.
The results secured in this series are tabulated below.
Series 3, Mackintosh, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
uate BROI “: z eC UcUlh ites ee | Bo
er er n an ide
Total cent Total cent |wormy] side |wormy Bele hole
wormy
1 RAC AIRO TET: 39 36 92.30 3 7.70 Tih | easraoyees Di Ns erat ales abaeieel aie
PB reteteicrare telescopes 3 2 66.66 I S31) [Mirae | oie ate Ts |) Seva epeve rere
SBE. costa wiaronetecatecs II9 109 91.60 Io 8.40 Jin eA Ae 8 Dialer ens oe
pean ree et reac tea lua orsvacei[ lank -chatestilksr erst auate Senora ERIS CAN Iota froma mas erccll iy Cot eel O.o.0 ceo
Pye Siar necetae so oka: 34 29 85.30 5 14.70 I I Ril esekee a fo ceciices
BPpievs te axs-stapoesh oe si apes 77 64 83.11 13 16.89 3} 2 8 AMilevavensvere
MOvalis ctpoiste.o eres 272 240 88.23 32 | Te 7e7 7 3 22 (Oye asec
Series 3, Mackintosh, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
ae POUL Pp Pp E d Bag Sid Exit Exit
er er n an ide z
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy moe hele
wormy
2 5.40 Teeter I Televi sare
2 Fe tc a aed ell ionehnts chs 2 Bi jie sistioneye
i vara rad Sou lin i ee ae Ta TW eye as
7 3.30 Dy) laa cancehe 5 PYM Cte at
I TASK lip ceck eo cts4 Te || espe tacate keeeeel ened
3 18.75 Tratlfeee cate Nem sacoltcocia cnt
ars 4.24 5 I 21 6 | Eytan
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Series 3, Wealthy, plot 1 (Sprayed once)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
Se aie SOIT Pp Pp E d Hae Sid Exit Exit
er er pal an 1de
Total} cent | Total! cent |wormy| side wormy| hole | hole
wormy a a
(See andceudo cel od 604 592 98 Te 2 Tee TT | 2. ssn stalltereteraete
ID ae Bena easorerenee ar o.o 273 262 96 II 4 Diilgceniets a0) sti eres ss
Gaara er leans 69 65 | 94.20 O80 |Joocssslloscces Bs leie maral Reece
1g See Abide OD OmitEaO 225 213 94.66 I2 5.34 De dere Ir pela peat
ARP hie ee eva en 202 192 95.05 Io AO NAG ora,o||adia oc Io 23 | evans
es a anette erate 57 50 87.72 7 I2.28 Tew elah ane (oWe PRP nal dy ores c
MRO talapreray-wercter-ts 1430 | 1374 96.08 56 | 3.92 4 | satel Os 52 IS icine eben
Series 3, Wealthy, plot 2 (Sprayed twice)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
as EC Pp P E d Hod Sid Exit Exit
er er n an 1dae
Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy hole | hole
wormy Z 2
(Casa deaao eee 398 395 99.24 3 OMe taratesstieratelees Bipemss ons oan.m0 016
Tee yr venedoemsnane I79 I75 907.76 4 Piwey Nl Fearne tal Bat ee es A: | deste heel | eee
Gee URN sctateisuescie 407 403 99.01 4 99 Bl eee 3. ||ispeysterarellmosterciee
Van A Ey aigieceno b eota I4 I4 | r00 (0) Oe | reseveisiana!l ciisie -evevel) euererahetel | Cabarete | emer
TG MAS ate cherveusters 83 82 98.79 I Ta QI ilrareieuerscel| aslo vont T | zjeconsosielleeeoiens
TP ates Secu atene 87 87 | 100 CH Roe neater Etna ecao es Gai oolla aca ac
wRotaleasciets acs I168 | r156 98.97 I2 I.03 Til Acboeseys nie a Pears Wt och
Series 3, Wealthy, checks (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
aa nS a 5 sas lees | Bede |) Bete
er ery n an 1de
Total cent Total cent wormy| side |wormy Hole hole
wormy sit
Gaerne stances ene 38 107 44.73 21 55.27 13 3 5 Syillooeccc
10 eumaleenta ore ratio 2a \Ntaesceieretor|teweeueree eats DN ATOONN i || eeeececy alle nstareeete 2. [ cia ne eenenele
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 35
Series 3, Mackintosh, checks (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL |
TREE FRUIT End Z 3
Per Per End | and | Side Exit | Exit
Total cent Total cent j|wormy| side |wormy hele hole
wormy 2
Bee de bic co sob ead OR SOc! Tero tS) GOITER ae sty [Efe nS! | ienras wre! Fee wer ol eee rina ome AST ar tal in alae at
erie clara sete cis Suis 20 17 58.62 1S are hcints 3 6 3 Bi eae ee
Series 3, Winesap, checks (Unsprayed)
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
TOTAL
i FRUIT + = SPM alee ioe (| mE
er er n an ide zi
Total cent Total cent wormy| side |wormy pole news
wormy
NE Mes si aisistenxarsiae oS 20 Io 50 Bo) 50 4. 4 2 2 Wissen axe
Ea ive cal cretacve Gia ate ake ss 20 I4 48.27 I5 51.73 TiSta|evcuehevave oats meatal [octsa6
MObAl eee eta a sis II8 | 58 49.15 60 50.85 35 13 I2 Coat Is eet
Series 3 is interesting largely because it shows the results
which may be expected on small trees producing comparatively
few apples. It also illustrates a marked difference in the liability
of different varieties to injury by this pest.
The six Mackintosh trees in plot 1 produced a total of only
272 apples, the average percentage of sound fruit being 88.23, in-
dividual fruiting trees ranging from 66.66 to 92.30, though the
maximum and minimum number of wormy apples were only I
and 13.
Plot 2. The six Mackintosh trees produced 638 apples, giving
an average percentage of 95.76 of sound fruit. There were only
27 wormy apples in the plot, the number per tree ranging from
nothing to 12, yet the percentage variations ran from 81.25
to I00.
The six Wealthy trees in plot 1 produced 1430 apples, giving
an average of 96.08 per cent of sound fruit. There were 56
wormy apples, individual trees producing from 4 to 12 and giving
a percentage variation from 87.72 to 98. |
2
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The six Wealthy trees in plot 2 produced 1168 apples, an
average of 98.97 per cent of sound fruit. Individual trees bore
from none to 4 wormy apples, yet the percentage variation
ranged from 98.79 to 100.
The above data should be compared with the 58.62 per cent of
sound fruit produced by one check Mackintosh tree, and the
44.73 per cent of worm-free fruit on a check Wealthy tree. Whe
comparisons show a decided advantage accruing from spraying
though there is a wide variation in the percentage of sound fruit.
A summarized tabulation of the results secured from all the
plots emphasizes certain important points and is therefore given
below.
Summary of plots
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
sertes| PLOT | FRurr End
Per Per End | and | Side | Exit | Exit
Total | cent | Total) cent |wormy| side |wormy hole | hole
wormy s 2
Taping Roeser 16638 | 16515 | 99.26 I23 oF I9 I2 92 AO’ Sl eapeeeee
Dee SAE 19994 | 19903 | 99.54 OI -40 5 3 83 33 I
BW ieee 20926 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 17 2 77 AGrlL. Mevanve
Asc ren hoes 8069 8393 | 93.57 576 6.43 186 95 205 TOS Ruseae rer
Check....| 5337 | 4540 | 85.06 | 797 | 14.94 | 379 | 166 | 252 285 3
ED Nea ioieeo ercRerG 20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 I.93 28 I4 359. 83 2
D eyaie Sines 34019 | 33510 | 98.50 509 I.5 53 54 402 203 Io
Bystseymerecensite 31119 | 30852 | 99.14 207 .86 60 23 184 E2D |hete eee.
Abs ao 83-000 I68r5 | 13113 | 77-98 | 3702 | 22.02 | 1422 578 | 1702 | 1782 35
Check... .] 14670 9860 | 67.21 | 4810 | 32.79 | 2048 949 | 1813 | 2179 54
Mackin-
tosh
Bie batsmen 272 240 | 88.23 i) |) anita 7/5 ma 22 6) ee
Dis eneseaeee 638 61r | 95.76 27 4.24 5 I Die OF tines
Check.... 20 I7 | 58.62 TO? We opens, ey ecs 3 3 5 ie ee Bae
Wealthy:
TD eet aia I430 I374 | 96.08 56 3.92 AWA lioi voto.o 52 Si Reeaemes
ES er eion 1168 II56 | 98.97 I2 I.03 palit Oa oic TL) \eycceee atl beeen
Checkaee 38 D7 AAS ant || 35527 13 5 5 CH eo nis
Summary of plots. A study of the entire data shows that con-
ditions were fairly comparable in series 1 and 2, though the yield
from the latter was somewhat greater. This larger yield in
series 2 is in some measure offset by the trees being larger and
more difficult to spray, not only on account of their size but also
because of interplanted plum and peach trees. The percentages
of sound fruit from the plots in these two series show a fairly uni-
form increase with additional sprayings, though in the case of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQItI 7
series 1 there is no difference between the percentage of sound
fruit produced by plots 2 and 3, each giving an average of 99.54.
In series 2, however, there is a nearly uniform gain of % of 1
per cent from each spraying after the first. There is a marked
contrast between the amount of sound fruit produced on the plots
receiving one treatment just after the blossoms dropped and on
similar plots sprayed once three weeks later, the benefit result-
ing from this treatment ranging from one-third to two-thirds
that of the early spray. An examination of the data relating to
end wormy apples shows a very interesting condition. In series
I, plot 1 there were 31; plot 2, 8; plot 3, 190; plot 4, 281 and in
the check trees, 545. It will be observed that the decrease in
wormy apples resulting from the various sprayings is very
largely in the end wormy, while the poor results following the
one late spray must be attributed in considerable measure to
failure in destroying the young caterpillars entering the blossom
end of the apple. The data relating to the check trees give an
idea of the number normally attacking the apple at this point.
The same thing is even better illustrated in the figures for series
2. Plot 1 has 42 end wormy; plot 2, 107; plot 3, 83; plot 4, 2000,
while the check trees produced 2997 end wormy apples.
A careful comparison of these figures supports the well-
established belief that the first spraying within a week or ten
days after the blossoms fall is by all odds the most important so
far as preventing wormy apples or controlling the codling moth
is concerned. Under the conditions obtaining in series 1 and 2,
the benefits resulting from the second and third application are
comparatively slight and of themselves would hardly justify
additional treatment. Should it be advisable to spray for fun-
gous diseases of one kind or another, we would not hesitate to
recommend the addition of poison, since even the small benefit
recorded above would more than repay the cost of the poison, not
to mention the protective or insurance value of these later treat-
mcnts in case there was an exceptionally large second brood as
in I910.
Summary of three years’ work. Conclusions based upon the
results of one season are of comparatively slight value. We have
therefore brought together in one table the data relating to the
experiments of three seasons, 1909-11.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Summary of three years’ work with the codling moth
The above data! summarize the work
p
To give a fairer comparison between the results obtained in different
years, the figures for plot 4, series I, and plots 4 and 7, series 2, 1909
were omitted in the above tabulation, thus avoiding the undue pre-
so far as feasible, of the results of any one season.
onderance,
for the past three years,
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
& TOTAL
4| PLOT | SERIES | YEAR | FRUIT End Per
s Per Per End | and | Side | cent
3) Total cent Total cent |wormy| side |wormy| end
a wormy wormy
H
a I I | 1909 | 30177 | 29818 | 98.81 359 I.19 33 18 208) |e
= I 2 | 1909 | 21264 | 21042 | 98.96 222 I.04 23 18 Ist Ws ooo 6
a I I | 1910 1839 1664 | 90.48 175 9.52 16 21 ES Sh ilar
o I 2 | I910 8135 6677 | 82.08 1458 | 17.92 160 7) | aie? PRT | eee
> it I IQII 16638 | 16515 | 99.26 123 74 19 I2 O2 Hive te
6. I 2 | 191r | 20802 | 20401 | 98.07 401 1.93 28 14 250) | eee
n pe ee
Grand total and per
Centinee sciemenete retest 98855 | 96117 | 97.23 2738 Fs 7/7) 279 IIO | 2349 -394
oO
a 2 I | 1909 | 10316 | 10206 | 98.93 nme do) THO 4 7. QO" eee
ie 5 i | 1909 | 19275 | 19084 | 99.01 IQI -99 10 9 P72 | pe crete
= || I | Ir910 2846 2756 | 96.84 90 io 116) 6 I SB iscerctsuers
z 2 | 2 | 1910 7316 6105 | 83.45 I21r | 16.55 127 TO" ||) LOAN terse
3 2 I IQII | 19994 | 19903 | 99.54 OL -46 5 3 SZ he, cuss
& 2 2 | r91r | 34019 | 33510 | 98.50 509 I.5 53 54 AG2 Tl) sabe ci
Grand total and per | |
Bt GET bs ctedclennecst shay 03766 | 91564 | 97.65 2202 BESS 205 84 ! 1913 -308
(3) = =
e
~ 3 I | I909 9680 9582 | 98.99 98 I.OI 8 nKe) 80), ae
Z 6 I | 1909 7710 7633 | 99 77 I 6 3 68: 4\..oeae
> 3 I | r91I1 | 20926 | 20830 | 99.54 96 -46 wy) 2 i fa Nees
5 3 2 | IQII | 31119 | 30852 | 99.14 267 . 86 60 23 || ) rS4) |e eee
“| Grand total and per
Ganley siomeceaviauoe 60435 | 688907 | 99.22 538 78 one 38 409 .185
§ ——
o
g
8 3 2 | 1910 7594 4355 | 57-35 3239 | 42.65 | 1485 326 | 1428 |......
Ms) 4 iy |) 3K) Tt 8969 8303 | 93-57 570 6.43 186 95 205 {| cee
S 4 2 IQII T6815 13113 77.98 3702 | 22.02 1422 yisy || a7? ko aas
feu] —_
& Grand total and per
@Gisite's vacuo Seloce 33378 | 25861 | 77.47 e517 | 22.53 | 2093 9co | 3725 | 12.26
|Check I | 1909 3251 2366 | 72.73 885 | 27.27 312 302 27T |e2-cee
& 2 | 1909 7015 5127 | 73.08 1888 | 26.92 674 630 BOAN |" toees
ue) e I | 1910 711 202 | 28.41 509 | 71.59 186 .240 RE Neon alain: -
me € 2 | I910 2000 503 | 20.65 1407 | 70.35 700 324 383), |\cxecsceae
S « I | IO1IL 5337 4540 | 85.06 797 | 14.94 379 166 ESC Pee.
eS 2 | I91r | 14670 9860 | 67.21 A810 | 32.79 | 2048 GVO) ansiesy|lscoos
S|
| Grand total and per
Goi myuteteo ool 4 32084 | 22688 | 68.78 | 10296 | 31.22 | 4299 2611 | 3385 | 20.95
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 39
the figures being grouped so as to show the results from various
applications. The single spray applied to the different plots dur-
ing this period gave from 82.08 to 99.26 per cent of sound fruit
or an average of 97.23 per cent for the three years, when com-
parisons are made between an equal number of plots in each
year. It should be noted that the low percentages occurred in
IgI0, a Season remarkable for the unusual destructiveness of the
second brood and one presenting infrequent conditions which
were accentuated by the small yield of the experimental trees.
Excluding the data for this year, the lowest percentage of sound
fruit obtained from one spraying was 97.52. Incidentally we
would call attention to the fact that less than % of I per cent
(.394 per cent) of the wormy fruit from the trees receiving but
one spray were end wormy.
The six plots receiving two sprayings during this period pro-
duced from 83.45 to 99.54 per cent of sound fruit or an average
of 97.65 per cent, the end wormy fruit constituting about % of
I per cent (.308 per cent). It will be observed that the average
gain in sound fruit resulting from this second application was
.42 per cent and that there was a slight reduction in the per-
centage of end wormy.
It was unfortunate that in 1910 no plot received three applica-
tions and, as a consequence, the average percentage for this
eroup is 99.22 of sound fruit, a yield undoubtedly relatively
higher than would have been the case if two plots for 1910
could have been included. Even with this omission which, in a
measure at least, is favorable to the three applications, the
average percentage gain between two and three treatments is
only 1.57 per cent, while the average percentage of end wormy
is even smaller than in the preceding plots, namely, .185 per cent.
The three plots receiving one late application during 1910 and
IQII gave an average percentage of sound fruit of only 77.47,
there being a range for individual plots from 57.35 to 93.57.
This average percentage of sound fruit is approximately midway.
between that obtained from one spraying and the yield on the
check trees. The percentage of end wormy, 12.26, is a great
increase over that in the preceding plots and shows in a con-
vincing manner where the late spray lacks efficiency.
The check trees during this period gave an average percentage
of sound fruit of 68.78, the yield varying in individual plots
from 28.41 to 85.06. This small yield of good fruit, it should be
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
noted, occurred on trees producing relatively few apples. The aver-
age percentage of end wormy fruit for these plots is 20.95, a great
increase in the average for the plots receiving one late spraying
. and very different from the data for the sprayed plots where the
greater number of wormy apples have been injured by the second
brood and are therefore side wormy.
A study of the wormy fruit on the check trees during the three-
year period shows that nearly one-third (31.22 per cent) of the
entire yield was affected and that over two-thirds (20.95 per cent)
of this was end wormy. A comparison of the end wormy fruit
produced on the sprayed trees shows at once that by far the great-
est benefit accrues from the first spraying, since this reduced the
percentage of end wormy to .394, a second bringing it down to
.308, and a third to .185 per cent. The one late spray (three weeks
after blossoming) reduced the end wormy, taking the check trees
as a standard, by less than one-half, that is, to 12.26 per cent. The
great value of the first application made within a week or ten days
after the blossoms fall and preferably early in this period, is at once
evident from these data.
Comparative yields. The following tabulation of comparative
yields from the experimental plots will prove instructive, since
those from the plots sprayed three times, sprayed late and checks
have been raised pro rata to make up for a deficiency in the num-
ber of plots or a reduced number of trees in the plots and the fig-
ures thus indicate a fair comparative value. Those for the plots
sprayed three times are undoubtedly somewhat higher than they
should be, because there were no plots sprayed thrice in 1910, a
year when the second brood of the codling moth was extremely
abundant. and as a consequence there was excessive injury.
Comparative summary of yields from experimental plots 1909-11
CLEAN FRUIT WORMY FRUIT
NUMBER OF SPRAYS TOTAL Total
FRUIT Total Total end
Num- | Per Total end side and
ber cent wormy | wormy side
wormy
SARL OSCHE ©. SOR Eee PGE oe 08 855 | 96 II7 OF7E23 2 738 | 3890 2 459 IIo
DN oie ty Sve Ce Re 93 766 | 91 564 07.05 2 202 280 I 907 84
5B a TE See PME ep ane ae ae I04 I5I | 91 863 99.22 807 | 272 596 50
latent. emer ete andy alee argh 66 756 | 5I 722 77.47 | I5 034 8 184 8 848 I 998
Cheels Sy Bie k ae ae ae 98 952 | 68 064 68.78 | 30 888 | 20 730 | 17 988 7 833
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI AI
It will be noted on referring to the above table, that the reduc-
tion in wormy apples is constant, whether we take the total, the
total end wormy, the total side wormy or the total end and side
wormy, with the increase in the number of sprayings, while the
plots sprayed but once and late show a large increase in the wormy
apples and the unsprayed or check plots approximately twice as
many. The evidence is so plain that further comment as to the
relative value of the different sprays seems unnecessary.
Conclusions. A study of these data as a whole justifies the
conclusion for the Hudson valley at least that in normal years
when the crop is abundant or fairly abundant, one thorough
early spraying, within a week or ten days after the blossoms fall,
should result in the production of 95 to 98 per cent of sound
fruit. A slight gain will accrue from a second treatment about
three weeks later, and an additional gain from the third treatment
given the latter part of July. The benefit from the latter two
sprayings is comparatively small so far as the codling moth is
concerned, though ample to meet the cost of the poison and, in
many instances, probably the expense of treatment. Should
there be sufficient fungous disease to warrant applications for
this purpose, there should be no question as to the advisability
of adding poison in the later sprayings.
A small crop almost invariably means a larger percentage of
wormy fruit and if the prospects are even fair for good prices,
the third spraying (the latter part of July) would at least justify
itself because of the additional protection from possible severe
injury by the second brood. The second spraying, three weeks
after the blossoms fall, might be advisable especially if the first
application is not thorough for some reason or other.
Fungous affections are of comparatively little importance in
the Hudson valley. Many of our fruit growers have been ob-
taining fair resu'ts with the single treatment, and the above data,
we believe, show the reason why such is the case. Compara-
tively few have appreciated the importance of one thorough
treatment at the proper time. With the information given above
we believe that our Hudson valley fruit growers can ascertain
for themselves whether more than one treatment is advisable.
There is no reason why the progressive fruit grower should not
watch developments and if wormy apples seem to be somewhat
common in early July, protect himself against possible further
injury by spraying thoroughly the latter part of that month
and thus destroy many of the second brood larvae before they
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
can enter the fruit. This second treatment would hardly be
necessary more than once in three or four years, unless the light
crop and high prices justified efforts to produce the largest pos-
sible quantity of sound fruit.
GEES MOm Er
Porthetria dispar Linn.
Plates 9-12
The discovery in August last of a gipsy moth infestation at
Lenox, Mass., renders most timely anything relating to this ex-
ceedingly destructive pest. A personal examination of the con-
ditions compels us to hold that in all probability the insect was
brought to Lenox with some recently set nursery stock. There
was nothing in the local situation, so far as we could see, to
justify the belief that the pest had been carried by automobiles.
A similar infestation might easily occur west of the New York
State line. This insect may be found elsewhere in the Berk-
shire region, or in fact in almost any place where nursery stock
has been planted in recent years, provided it was grown in a
locality where there was an opportunity for infestation. We
hope that a careful examination of all such localities, wherever
they may be, will show practical immunity from this pest. It
must be recognized that this appearance of the gipsy moth in a
section widely separated from the previously known infested
district was to be expected and that similar infestations may
develop in the future, even though there be the most careful and
rigid examination of all trees and shrubs shipped out of the in-
fested territory. There have already been, aside from the case
mentioned above, several such instances. A small colony of
brown-tail moth caterpillars was found in Westchester county
in 1909, brought there with ornamentals grown in the vicinity
of Boston, Mass. A similar condition (gipsy moth caterpillars
being also present) obtained the following year in New Jersey
just across the New York State line. Fortunately, exterminative
measures were promptly adopted. These cases illustrate the
danger of spreading both gipsy and brown-tail moths with nur-
sery stock. It is our opinion that under present conditions we
have in nursery stock a most important carrier of these insect
pests to sections remote from the infested territory. A careful
ailalysis of the situation would, in our estimation, justify the
conclusion that this danger was much greater in the case of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 43
nursery stock grown upon American soil than with that shipped
from Europe, since the latter is mostly imported as seedlings,
while the larger shrubs and trees receive more personal attention
abroad than in this country.
(Since the above was written, a small gipsy moth infestation has
been found at Great Barrington, Mass., possibly carried on a
freight car, since the center of the colony appears to be close to
the railroad station.)
Description. There is great danger of the gipsy moth being
brought into New York State and on this account we have pre-
pared rather careful descriptions of the various stages including
also certain microscopic features of service in recognizing the
insect from remains of exuviae (larval or pupal) or even broken
egg masses. This latter is of considerable importance in connec-
tion with shipment of nursery stock from infested regions, since
even lifeless and therefore intrinsically harmless exuviae indi-
cate the previous occurrence of the insect upon the stock in ques-
tion and compel its classification as at least suspicious.
The egg masses of this insect, occurring from midsummer till
the following spring, appear very much like a small section of fine
sponge. They are round or oval, buff colored and each contains
usually from four hundred to five hundred eggs. The eggs may
be found on stones, in tin cans and in fact on almost any station-
ary object near at hand, not excluding plantain leaves and other
vegetation. They are especially likely to be deposited on the
under surface of limbs, fence rails, moldings, etc., on or in the
vicinity of infested trees. The nearly globular, pale yellowish or
salmon colored eggs are about one-twentieth of an inch in diam-
eter and are well concealed in the mass by the buff colored
scales from the under side of the female’s abdomen. The micro-
pyle of this ege (plate 9, figure 2) comprises about eleven
slender, irregularly pyriform plates surrounded by approximately
three rows of small, polygonal plates, these in turn merging into
larger, thinner, irregular, hexagonal plates. This character is of
great value in establishing the identity of individual eggs or a
small portion of an egg cluster. It can be demonstrated best
by thoroughly cleaning individual eggs by rubbing them with
the fingers in alcohol, then sectioning the egg, drying the shell
and mounting it in an air cell.
The egg mass of the definite marked tussock moth,
Hemerocampa definita Pack. approaches in appearance
that of the gipsy moth. The approximately oval egg mass of this
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
insect is thinly covered with short, light buff or yellowish brown
hairs and has a length of a little over half an inch. This egg mass
is almost invariably deposited upon a filmy cocoon nearly one and
one-quarter inches long and one-half inch in diameter and with
moderately long, yellowish gray, barbed hairs entangled in the
open web. The individual eggs oi the definite marked tussock
moth have a diameter of about one-sixteenth of an inch, are sub-
globular, the darker micropyle being in a marked depression and
surrounded by a light yellowish brown, elevated ring, this in
turn variably bordered by dark brown shading into pearly white.
The micropyle of this species differs from that of the gipsy moth
egg, in that there are usually but seven or eight rather stout,
pyriform plates surrounded by a granutar area (plate 9, figure 1).
The young gipsy moth caterpillar is slightly over one-tenth of
an inch long just after it emerges from the egg. It has a black
head and the brownish yellow body is well clothed with long
hairs.. There is a prominent hairy tubercle on either side of
the segment next the head, which gives the caterpillar a peculiar,
broad-headed appearance in its early stages. At this stage we
find the peculiar aerostatic hairs, easily recognized by the bulb-
like enlargement near the middle (plate 9, figure 6). The other
hairs are distinctly barbed (plate 9, figure 5). The markings
become plainer as the caterpillar increases in size.
The full-grown caterpillar is from two to two and one-half
inches long and has a double row of conspicuous warts or tuber-
cles down its back, The eight anterior, not counting the four
blue ones just behind the head, blue; the twelve remaining, red.
Similar tubercles occur on the side. The caterpillar of this
species has large, coarse, yellowish and brown or black hairs,
both minutely serrate (plate 9, figures 3, 5) and numerous finer,
smaller, lighter hairs with minute reticulations on the surface.
The full-grown caterpillars, like those of the well-known forest
tent caterpillars, assemble in the day on the shady side of the
trunks and under side of the limbs, sometimes forming clusters
covering considerable areas.
The somewhat conical, dark brown pupa ranges from three-
quarters to one and one-half inches long and is usually found in
numbers lying among a few threads and securely attached to
them by its terminal spine. The abdominal segments of the
pupa are ornamented with symmetrically arranged, sparse clus-
ters of short, yellowish hairs. Similar hairs also occur upon the
thorax and at the anterior extremity of the pupa. A microscopic
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 45
preparation of a portion of the empty pupal case shows the stout,
barbed hairs and on the surface of the chitin irregularly placed,
oval areas apparently due to a slight increase in pigmentation or
chitinization (plate 9, figure 7).
The male and female moths differ widely. The former is a
slender, oval, brown, black marked insect with feathery antennae
and a wing spread of about one and one-half inches. It flies in
the late afternoon and early evening. The female is much heavier
and lighter colored. She has a wing spread of about two inches,
is white or buff white and with more or less distinct, black mark-
ings, the abdomen being tipped with black.
Distribution in America. The gipsy moth is now well estab-
lished in five of the New England states. Aside from the large
colony found two years ago at Wallingford, Conn., and two
small ones in the Berkshires, it is not known to occur west of the
Connecticut river. Both Connecticut and Massachusetts have
undertaken to exterminate these outlying colonies, and it is to be
hoped that the gipsy moth may be kept for a long series of years
east of the Connecticut river. This stream forms a natural bar-
rier, the absence of thick forests and the large, open valley render-
ing it comparatively easy to check the progress of this enemy.
Condition of infested territory. There is no better way of
comprehending what infestation by the gipsy moth or the brown-
tail moth means than by a study of the conditions in the
infested territory. It was our pleasure, in company with parties
in charge of Government, State and private work against both
the gipsy and brown-tail moth, to study the problem over a wide
section of country. We have also seen representative infested
areas almost annually for over twenty years and, as a conse-
quence, can make personal comparisons between the present and
earlier status. Generally speaking, there has been much prog-
ress in controlling the insects in the immediate vicinity of
Boston, in the towns and cities where the pests have been estab-
lished for a number of years. The residential areas as a whole
are in excellent condition and, to the casual observer, appear
free from any very destructive insect pest. This relatively
desirable change has been brought about only by enormous ex-
penditures. It has been recently estimated that the cost of con-
trol work in Massachusetts and portions of other New England
states amounts to upwards of a million dollars a year. This
makes no allowance for the actual damage inflicted. Such ex-
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tended and thorough work means heavy appropriations, practical
only in the more valuable residential or business territory and
utterly beyond the resources of poorer cities and towns having
extended tracts of low-priced lands. Vhe discrimination of an
entomologist is not needed to note the widespread and in some
instances extremely severe devastations by both the gipsy and
the brown-tail moth (plates 10, 11, 12 and 13). The Federal Gov-
ernment has in recent years been spraying strips two hundred
feet wide on each side of the more important highways for the pur-
pose of preventing spread by vehicles and incidentally this
serves in a considerable measure to obscure the extent of the
injury. Last summer there were hundreds and in some instances
thousands of acres of woodland defoliated, although the strips
along the highways were in excellent leaf, due to the thorough
spraying with poison. These large areas of stripped forest or
orchard lands show what would be the result were there a re-
laxation of control measures in the well-protected territory. In
other words, relative immunity is extremely costly. |
The conditions would be much worse than obtain at present,
in spite of the enormous expenditure, were it not for important
advances in methods during the last few years. The develop-
‘ment of very efficient high-powered spraying outfits has mate-
rially reduced the cost of spraying and made it possible to protect
woodlands, in large measure, for about $7 an acre. It has been
found that pure or unmixed plantings of pine, if protected from
invading hosts of caterpillars, are immune from injury (plate
12). Ash is not troubled by the gipsy moth, while the work of
the last two years has shown that maple, hickory and locust are
rarely damaged. Chestnut also appears to suffer but little if the
young caterpillars have nothing else to feed upon. Apple, oak,
birch and willow are favorites of both gipsy and brown-tail moth
caterpillars and under favorable conditions may be the indirect
cause of serious injury to adjacent, relatively immune trees.
There is also the possibility that the numerous parasites im-
ported during the last few years may shortly prove efficient aids
in checking these pests. It should be understood that conditions
in the infested district are serious, especially in sections where
low values prohibit expensive control measures.
Means of preventing spread. The prevention or hindrance of
the spread of such an insect as the gipsy moth is most important
and in large measure practical. The female does not fly and as
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 47
a consequence the pest depends largely for dissemination upon
the eggs or caterpillars being carried. The former may be read-
ily distributed, since they are deposited upon a variety of mate-
rials, such as tree trunks, stones, bricks, boxes, crates, tin cans,
and in fact almost any hard object near an infested tree or plant.
Even railroad cars standing near infested trees have been bur-
dened with eggs. Fortunately, there is a considerable chance that
packing boxes, building materials, etc. will, if transported and
infested, not be in the immediate vicinity of a desirable food plant
at the time the eggs hatch. This one factor probably accounts for
so few isolated colonies being found. Railroad cars, both passen-
ger and freight, rarely stand for any length of time near trees
which may be infested or at the time of egg-hatching adjacent to
desirable food plants. Consequently there is not the serious
danger of spread with freight and passenger trains running in
and out of the infested territory, as would seem at the first
thought. On the other hand, young trees or plants bearing eggs
carry with them in most instances desirable food or are very
likely to be set in the near vicinity of plants upon which the
caterpillars can thrive. This is the reason why infested nursery
stock must be regarded as a most important factor .in carrying
the gipsy moth to sections remote from the infested territory.
The crawling powers of the caterpillar are limited. Recent
experiments have shown that the young caterpillars may be
blown considerable distances by winds, and other evidence
leads to the belief that under certain conditions they may even be
carried by birds, especially by some of the larger species. There
was undoubtedly a considerable local spread in the early days by
caterpillars which were carried on vehicles traveling out of the
infested region. Almost any moving object would serve this
purpose. Automobiles are particularly effective and could easily
pick up hundreds if not thousands of caterpillars in a short run
through infested woods at the proper season of the year. This
condition prompted and justified the large expenditures by the
Federal Government for the purpose of freeing roadside trees
from the pests and thus preventing a wide and rapid dissemina-
tion. The adoption of this policy has greatly reduced the danger
of vehicles spreading the caterpillars, though the possibility of
this still occurring, were there to be a change in conditions,
should not be overlooked.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
GREEN MAPLE WORM
Xylina antennata Walk.
Plates 14-16
The work of this insect was very prevalent here and there in
the Hudson valley from Kingston north to Fort Edward and in
the Mohawk valley to Fonda and its vicinity. This species,
though comparatively unknown till recent years as an insect
pest, was reported as defoliating many of the soft maples at
Kingston. Green maple worms were responsible for stripping
trees at Red Hook according to Mr R. N. Lewis. Many such
maples and adjacent willows along the river from Glenmont to
Kenwood were defoliated by the light green caterpillars of this
insect. Similar work was very evident from Albany north to
Troy. Defoliation of soft maples was reported from the vicinity
of Hoosick Falls and it was stated that all the soft maples on the
island near Fort Edward were similarly affected. Many soft
maples in Schenectady and adjacent Scotia were attacked, the
caterpillars appearing about May 20th. June Ist it was stated
that there were about three inches of half-eaten leaves lying
along the gutters in Mohawk -avenue. . There was also serious
injury at Amsterdam in front of St Mary’s Hospital on Guy
Park avenue (plate 15) and in that vicinity.. “here weremm
this immediate region some fifty trees almost entirely defoliated
with many more to the east showing signs of having been rather
badly infested. June oth caterpillars were not very abundant,
though the statement was made that they had been excessively
numerous prior to a three days’ rain on the 5th to 7th, inclusive.
The work of this insect in the vicinity of Albany and at Amster-
dam is shown in plates 14-16.
Previous history. A similar outbreak on the soft maples at
Schenectady occurred in June 1898, at which time many cater-
pillars were to be seen upon the affected trees and crawling upon
the sidewalks and adjacent roads. There was also injury that
year in a number of other localities. Outbreaks by this insect
caused several complaints last year. There are comparatively
few early records of damage by this species, though the cater-
pillars are frequently seen in orchards sometimes in numbers,
and in 1896 on account of their prevalence under such condi-
tions were denominated green fruit worms by the late Professor
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 49
Slingerland. The injury to fruit trees, however, appears to be
slight compared to the damage to ash and maple trees.
Description. The moth (plate 17, figure 1) is ashy gray with |
indistinct, rather variable markings. There is such a close re-
semblance existing between this species and X. laticinerea
Grote and X. grotei that only an expert in the group can reliably
separate the three forms.
The caterpillars (plate 17, figure 2) are stout, smooth, light
green, measuring from one to one and one-half inches in length
when full grown and resembling in a general way, aside from
color, some of our common cutworms. ‘The head is pale yellow-
ish green; there is a rather broad, yellowish, white or white
dorsal stripe along the body, a narrower, white subdorsal stripe,
a broken, faint lateral stripe of the same color and an irregular,
white stigmatal stripe, the upper margin of the last much broken
or indentated by the body color. The tubercles are rather large
and white and the skin is minutely spotted with the same color.
Life history. The caterpillars are not usually observed till the
latter part of May or early June. They complete their growth
some time in June (the past season it was early in June), enter
the ground and transform to brown pupae an inch or more below
the surface. They remain in this stage till September when most
of the moths emerge. Though some hibernate as pupae, the
majority winter as adults. It has been stated that in the South
the eggs are deposited on the under surface of the leaves. No
record of the oviposition in the North has been made.
Food habits. This insect evidently displays a marked prefer-
ence for soft maple, though it frequently defoliates adjacent wil-
low and maple. It is also well known as an apple tree insect.
Doctor Riley has recorded injuries by this species on peach,
oak galls, hickory leaves and those of other forest trees. It has
been stated that it feeds also on rose buds. The late Professor
Slingerland, in his bulletin, adds to the above, peas, plums, cur-
rants and quinces, and states that one grower found it necessary
to watch the buds on grafted pears in order to prevent their be-
ing destroyed.
Natural enemies. Two Hymenopterous parasites, Mes o-
ehorus agilis Cress. and Meteorus hyphantriae
Riley, and a Dipterous parasite, the red-tailed Tachina fly, W in-
themia quadripustulata Fabr. have been reared from
this caterpillar, The last-named species is one of the most ef-
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
fective enemies of the army worm, Heliophila unipuncta
Haw.
Last season numerous birds, sparrows and robins in particu-
lar were observed at Amsterdam here and there upon the ground
searching out and devouring the pests. One greedy robin was
seen with three green fruit worms in his mouth. The birds
were mutch more numerous among and under the infested trees
than in other portions of the city. Only a relatively slight in-
crease in their number would probably have checked the pest be-
fore the trees were defoliated. Dr W. G. VanName, zoologist
of the State Museum, visited Amsterdam June toth and made the
following observations:
The green maple worms were then already much reduced in
numbers, and it was evident that if the rate at which they were
being destroyed by birds should continue, few would be able to
transform to the pupal stage. Nine species of birds were actu-
ally seen eating or carrying away caterpillars, and nine others
were apparently associated in this work. Considering the num-
ber of individuals, size and habits of each of the species seen eat-
ing worms, the following were apparently most destructive and
in about the order named: English sparrow, robin, crow black-
bird, Baltimore oriole, cow bird, cat bird, chipping sparrow.
The English sparrow takes first place solely on account of its
superior numbers; the robin, cat bird, crow blackbird and oriole
are individually more efficient. The cedar waxwing and yellow
warbler were also seen carrying off caterpillars.
The following species, seen about or under the infested trees,
were doubtless there for the purpose of feeding upon the pests:
blue bird, rose-breasted’ grosbeak, red-eyed vireo, warbling vireo,
bobolink, redstart, song sparrow. The king bird and phoebe
were also seen, and though they feed chiefly on flying insects,
appear to take some of the caterpillars, though this could not be
established with certainty.
The majority of the above-named birds had nests within two
or three hundred yards of the infested trees and could be seen
carrying off the caterpillars (the robins and blackbirds often
with two or three at a time) to feed their young. The cater-
pillars were evidently a great attraction to the birds, since there
were at least two or three times as many birds as in apparently
equally favorable though uninfested localities.
The following record, made between 9.30 and Io a.m., will
give an idea of the rate at which the birds were destroying the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII il
caterpillars, the numerals indicating the number actually seen
eaten or carried off during the above-mentioned period, a time
when the birds were less active than earlier in the morning:
English sparrows 25, robins 13, cow birds 3, cedar waxwings 2,
Baltimore orioles 2, crow blackbirds 1, chipping sparrows 2;
total 48.
Control or remedial measures. A scrutiny of the history and
habits of this insect justifies the belief that under normal condi-
tions, parasites and birds should keep this pest under control.
The recent severe, widely separated, though local outbreaks must
be construed as another evidence of a deficiency in the number
of insectivorous birds. These caterpillars are smooth and there-
fore form a most acceptable diet to many of our native species.
More adequate protection to our birds must be classed as one of
the most effective methods of keeping this insect in check.
Local outbreaks on the more valuable shade trees of cities and
villages can be easily checked by thorough spraying with an
arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, using at least two
pounds (15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water and
making the application as soon as there is evidence that a number
of caterpillars are at work. Unfortunately, many such out-
breaks are not detected till almost too late for the successful use
of a poison. In such instances many of the descending cater-
pillars can be killed by inclosing the trunks of the infested trees
with a low, overhanging barricade and then treating the collected
larvae with hot water, kerosene or other contact insecticides.
Small trees can be protected in large measure by jarring the
caterpillars from them, and if sticky bands (tree tanglefoot is
most efficient) are placed around the trunk and properly
guarded, none can ascend to continue the destructive work.
Bibliography
A few of the principal references, together with citations of
later records, are given below. These, in connection with the
earlier bibliographies, afford a ready clue to the literature of
this species.
1896 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul 123
Pp. 509-22.
ia05 Heli EB. P. i4th Rept State Ent. N. Y. State Mus. Bulls 23:
p27 12:
1899 Beach, S. A., Lowe, V. H. and Stewart, F.C. N. Y. Agric. Exp’t
Sta. Buls 176, .p. 305.
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1900 Smith, J. B. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 27 :35-36.
1904 Pettit, R. H. Mich. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Spec. Bul. 24, p. 28-29.
1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:129—-32:
IQII —_—_——— N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 147, p. 6-7.
IRTS BORER
Macronoctua onusta Grote
Specimens of this boring caterpillar were received July 25,
191i’ from. Mr. Waldo LL. Rich of Saratoca SpringesaeNee
accompanied by the statement that about half of the Iris tubers
in a bed were partly eaten by a grub. Mr J. W. Huyck also
transmitted specimens from Saratoga about the same time and
stated that these borers had practically destroyed a bed of Iris
roots. He found over one hundred of the caterpillars in a bed
about 6 x 8 feet long.
This species appears to have largely escaped the observation
of economic entomologists. It was first reared from Iris by Doctor
Thaxter. Henry Bird records in 1902, injury by this larva to
Iris roots, and in a recent letter states that this insect is at
times obnoxious in parks and on estates where large beds of
Iris are used for landscape effect. The late Dr James Fletcher
mentions several instances of injury in Canada in a report for the
same year, while the following season Arthur Gibson gives a
somewhat detailed note respecting the operations of this borer.
Dr J. B. Smith also records injury by this insect.
Description. The parent moth (plate 17, figure 3) has a wing
spread of about one and seven-eighths inches and is a typical
Noctuid in form and color. The forewings are a variable dark
purplish brown with a more or less distinct, broadly crenulate
and dentate (the latter near the middle) subterminal line. The
discal spot is very irregular, being narrowly lanceolate, with
an indistinct, rounded, lobelike projection anteriorly. Near the
basal third and a little behind the anterior margin there is an
irregularly subtriangular area bounded by a narrow line of dark
scales. Posterior of this there is a faintly outlined, oval area
resting upon a somewhat more distinct, curved line of dark
scales, and near the posterior margin a somewhat indistinct, V-
shaped mark of similar scales. The anterior third of the wing
back to the middle, and the distal fifth especially on the posterior
two-thirds, is markedly darker, the margin with a distinct
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 53
crenulation of darker scales. Hind wings mostly a yellowish
brown with purplish brown near the tip. The thorax is thickly
covered with purplish brown scales, the abdomen with hght
brown scales.
The pupa has a length of about one and one-half inches and
a diameter of nearly one-quarter inch. It is chestnut brown,
shiny. The anterior margin of the abdominal segments are
coarsely and sparsely punctate, the posterior margins thickly
and finely punctured. The cremaster is almost black, with two
stiff, capitate spines apically and three others on each side.
The full-grown larva is about two inches long, white, the
head brown and with rows of black spots laterally.
Life history and habits. The moth is secretive in habit and
appears to be quite local in its operations, since Messrs Fletcher
and Gibson record the work of this-species in the same locality
for three seasons in succession. The adults appear in the fall,
September and October, and according to Mr Bird live but a
short time. He is of the opinion that the eggs are laid scatter-
ingly about the base of the Iris stalks, relying largely on the
fact that winter burnings almost surely result in the local ex-
termination of this species. He believes that the eggs hatch
about the last week in May. The larvae first attack the stems
some inches above the ground and gradually work downward,
the full-grown caterpillars operating in the roots. Mr Bird
states that the larval stages occupy a nine or ten day interval so
far as he has followed them, and that there are probably six
_ molts.
This borer has been recorded as attacking different species of
Iris (all species seem to be acceptable according to Mr Bird),
including the blue flag, the roots of German lily and also of the
blackberry lily, Belamcanda chinensis. Under ordinary
conditions this species appears to be held in check by parasites.
Control measures. Affected stems should be cut out and
burned, thus destroying the caterpillars at the inception of the
attack. It is probable that thorough spraying with an arsenate
of lead applied about the time the insect begins operations,
mamely, the latter part of May, would be very effective in
destroying this pest. Winter burning of the debris on Iris beds,
if this can be done without injury to the roots, promises to be
the simplest and most effective method of keeping this pest in
check.
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Bibliography
1874 Grote, A. R. Peab. Acad. Sci., 6th Rep’t, p. 27.
1883 Fernald, Mrs C. H. Papilio. 3:22.
1891 Thaxter, Roland. Can. Ent. 23:35.
1899 Dyar, H. G. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 4:321-22.
1902 Bird, Henry. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 10:214-15.
1903 Fletcher, James. Ent. Soc. Ont., 33d Rep’t 1902, p. 94.
1903 Holland, W. J. The Moth Book, p. 170.
1904 Gibson, Arthur. Can, Ent. 36:355.
1904. ———————- Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t 1903, p. 49-50.
1909 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J., p. 450.
NOM CHEV VELNG
Ennomos magnarius Guen.
The peculiar, linear series of polished, greenish brown or
bronze colored eggs of this species on apple and pear have been
received from time to time during recent years and mostly from
Hudson river localities. There have been no records of serious
injuries by the caterpillars, though this is a common form and
a somewhat general feeder. It is widely distributed, having been
recorded from northern Maine west to the Northwest Territory.
It appears to be closely related to the European E.autumnaria
Wernb.
Description. The individual eggs are polished, greenish
brown or bronze colored, have a length of 1.25 mm, a diameter
of .7 mm, subrhomboidal in shape and are deposited transversely
upon the flat surface of bark side by side in linear rows. An
exceptionally fine series has a length of four and one-half inches
(plate 8, figure 2).
The newly hatched caterpillar is a yellowish, dark green
looper with a length about 2.25 mm. The large, orange yellow
head has a diameter nearly twice that of the body, the labrum
and antennae being whitish. The cervical shield is moderately
large, yellowish, with a deep, median, subquadrate impression,
the latter fuscous greenish. The dorsum of the remaining thor-
acic and body segments is mostly dark olive green with a rather
conspicuous lateral margin of bright yellow, the latter extending
and somewhat indeterminate on the anal segments. True legs
yellowish orange, venter yellowish green, the prolegs mostly
yellowish or yellowish green.
According to Beutenmueller the second stage is a pale green,
smooth, somewhat shining and without any visible mark-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 55
ings. The third stage is characterized by yellow incisures. In
the fourth stage the head and the body beneath are quite flat-
tened, the lateral edge being ridged below the spiracles.
“ The full-grown larva is a dull dirty green mottled with green-
ish ocherous. The head is comparatively small, and the first seg-
ment is about equal the width, the remaining segments gradually
increasing in size. The thoracic feet have the bases considerably
swollen and ringed with ocherous. The pair of abdominal and
anal legs are chocolate brown. Over the body are scattered
irregularly small, elevated, pale yellowish spots, especially on
the last three segments, which are conspicuously mottled. The
cervical shield is dirty chocolate brown; on the second to tenth
segments inclusive, are four minute black tuberculate spots; the
fourth and fifth segments have an additional pair of spots. The
transverse ridge on the fifth is very prominent, as is also the
one on the underside of the sixth segment and the one on the
eighth segment, and the two black tuberculate spots on the
dorsum of the eleventh segment. Underside of body same as
above, except the last three segments pale whitish-green. Anal
plates tinged with lilac. Length 110 mm.” (Beutenmueller)
The pinkish white pupa is covered with a mealy substance,
the extremities of the segments roughened, the interspaces being
semitransparent and yellowish. The change to the pupa occurs
in an oval, elongated, whitish cocoon open at each end.
The parent moth (plate 8, figure 1) is a delicate ocher yellow-
ish insect variably marked with purplish and reddish brown,
especially at the extremities of the wings, the anterior pair with
a conspicuous, almost hooked lobe near the middle. The male,
with its pectinate antenna, has a wing spread of about one and
five-eighth inches, while the larger, stouter bodied female has
slender antennae and a wing spread of about two and one-eighth
inches.
Life history. Oviposition occurs in September and October,
individual females depositing from five hundred to six hundred
eggs. These latter hatch the following May or June, the larvae
attaining full growth from the latter part of July till the end of
September. The pupal stage lasts from eighteen to twenty days,
adults flying from early August until the last of October. There
are specimens in the Lintner collection taken at Keene Valley,
N. Y., August 7, 1894.
re
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Food habits. This caterpillar appears to be a general feeder,
it having been recorded by Beutenmueller on elm, maple, sweet
eum, etc. It is rather common on black birch, feeds upon poplar
and, as stated above, the eggs may frequently be observed upon
apple and pear. It has also been recorded on lilac and chestnut.
Remedial measures. Should the caterpillars of this species
become abundant they could probably be easily controlled, as in
the case of other leaf feeders, by timely spraying with a poison,
preferably arsenate of lead.
Bibliography
1860 Walker, Francis. List Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus. 20:2009.
1806 Walsh, B. D. Practical Entomologist. 1:77.
1869 Harris, T. W. Entomological Correspondence, p. 320.
1874 Lintner, J. A. N. Y. State Mus. 26th Rep’t,.p. 165, 182.
1876 Packard, A. S. Mon. Geomet. Moths, p. 529-30 (Eugonia al-
iM 1 BL eB).
1878 Worthington, C. E. Can Ent. 10:16 (E. alniaria).
1885 Dimmock, A. K. Psyche 4:272-73 (Eugonia alniaria).
1886 Hulst, G. D. Entomol. Amer. 2:49 (Eugonia alniaria).
1888 —————— Entomol. Amer. 4:49 (Eugonia).
1890 Packard, A. S: U. S: Ent. Comm. 5th Rept, p. 425 72 a20-
ral 8) sy al @l)n
1895 Beutenmueller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:37_-38 (E.
all imi ae a).
1896 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, p. 266.
1896 Hulst, G. D. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:371-72 (EK. alniaria).
1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont. 34th Rep’t, p.54 (E. alniaria).
1906 Dod, F. H. W. Can. Ent. 38 :264.
1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:725.
1908 Fletcher, James. Can Ent. 40:170.
MAPLE LEAF CUTTER
Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch
Plate 18
This peculiar insect was excessively abundant on the estate of
Dr Wilby Meyer, North West Bay, Lake George, in the town of
Bolton or North Bolton. The infestation though local was
severe and included perhaps twenty-five acres. Some trees had
their foliage very badly injured, there being in each leaf a number
of oval holes and much of the tissue between dead, because of
skeletonizing by the larva. The work is rather characteristic.
since the caterpillar reaches out from its oval case, eating all
that is within reach and then migrates to another spot. Infested
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 57
leaves (plate 18) may therefore show one or more oval holes
with circular skeletonizing here and there, the centers of some
of the areas at least being occupied by an oval case, with a
diameter of about five-eighths of an inch. The work is usually
on the upper surface though the caterpillars occur also upon the
lower side of the foliage. Viewed from below, an infested leaf is
generally indicated by one or more dark spots surrounded by
irregular, lighter, skeletonized, brownish areas. The injury was
especially marked on the lower limbs of large trees and on
small trees in the woods the feeding was confined mostly to the
hard maple, adjacent soft maple practically escaping injury. A
few of the larval cases accompanied by feeding were collected
on oak and witch-hazel undergrowth. This latter appeared to
be largely accidental. The ground was in many places thickly
dotted with the circular larval cases. The late James Fletcher
has also recorded rather severe injury to beech trees after the
foliage on adjacent maples had been destroyed. At the time of
our examination September 22d, some larvae were still feeding,
though most of them had evidently forsaken the trees or were
nearly ready to drop to the ground.
Previous history. Early records show this insect to be rather
local in habit. The first notice of this species by Doctor Fitch
states that injury was rather common during 1850 in the eastern
section of New York State. The withered leaves began to be
noticed in early August and continued to increase in numbers
for three or four weeks. He observed that forest trees were
mostly affected, those standing alone as shade trees in fields
being practically exempt. This latter hardly obtained at Lake
George last summer, since several badly affected trees were well
separated from the adjacent woodland. The late Doctor Lintner
recorded in 1888 serious injury by this insect to maples at
Pittsford, Vt., nearly all the trees having the foliage brown and
looking as though they had been scorched by fire. The work of
this species has also been recorded from the state of Illinois,
while the late Dr James Fletcher reported severe injuries to
hard maples in the vicinity of Ottawa, Canada. This species
appears to have a wide distribution in the northern part of the
United States and southern Canada, it having been reported from
New York, New Jersey, Illinois, the vicinity of Ottawa and also
Kaslo, British Columbia.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Description. The small moth has been described by Doctor
Dietz as follows:
Head _ russet-yellow. Palpi fuscous. Antennae blackish
brown, pecten of first joint russet. Thorax dark brown, with
golden green and bluish scales. Abdomen bronzed brown. Fore-
wings dark fuscous, overlaid with deep, bluish purple scales;
scattered over the disk and along the apical veins are some
bright green, hairlike scales; both margins narrowly edged with
colden. Cilia fuscous, sprinkled with bluish scales; under side
fuscous brown, with purple reflection. Hind wings pale grayish
fuscous, with a feeble, purple lustre, margin narrowly edged
with pale metallic scales. Cilia pale fuscous; under side similar
to upper. Under side of body dark fuscous, with some silver-
white scales. Legs grayish, tinged with dark fuscous, basal half
of tarsal joints paler.
Exp. I1.5-13.5 mm; 0.36-0.54 inch.
Doctor Fitch states that the tips of the wings are commonly
bent inward, giving them when closed the appearance of a little
pod enveloping the abdomen.
The pupa is about five-thirty-seconds of an inch long, pale
yellowish, rather stout, the dorsum of the abdominal segments
with a transverse row basally of rather stout, dark brown spines;
cremaster represented by an indistinct short spine.
The full-grown caterpillar is slender, flattened, cylindric, dull
white, the strongly depressed head and the third thoracic seg-
ments pale rusty brown. There is an interrupted, more or less
distinct, broad, blackish stripe down the back.
The case (plate 17, figure 5) of the full-grown caterpillar is
oval, about three-eighths of an inch long and composed of two
pieces of a leaf fastened together at the edges and forming a
shelter. Within this there is another pair of narrowly oval
pieces of leaf, each with a length nearly a quarter of an inch.
These are fastened together in the same way, and within this
inner retreat the transformation to the pupa occurs.
Life history. Pupation occurs in the fall, and the winter is
passed in the larval cases described above. These shelters
usually lie upon the ground in immense numbers or fall with
the affected leaves. The adults emerge and may be frequently
seen, according to Doctor Fitch, during the month of May, flying
by day or resting exposed upon the leaves in forests and along
their borders.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 59
Remedial measures. This species is evidently local in habit
and there appears to be no reason why many of the hibernating
insects could not be destroyed by burning over the ground in
early fall, provided conditions admit of such treatment. It
is very probable that thorough spraying, especially on the upper
surface of the leaf, with arsenate of lead about the middle of
June, would check this pest in a very satisfactory manner.
Bibliography
1856 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 15:501-5 (Ornix).
1856 —————— Nox. & Benef. Ins. N. Y. Ist-2d Rep’t, p. 269-73
(Ornix).
1872 Clemens, Breckenridge. Tineina of N. Amer., p. 90 (Ornix).
1873 Reed, E. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t 1872, p. 42-43 (Ornix).
1873 Chambers, V. T. Can. Ent. 5.86 (Tinea tiridella).
1874 Lintner, J. A. Cult. & Country Gent. 39:631 (Ornix).
1882 Walsingham, Lord. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:172 (Incurvaria).
1885 Fletcher, James. Rep’t of Ent., p. 31-32 (Incurvaria).
iss7 > [Rape @i Wim Ge IROL, wD, As) (lneiinveinia)).
1888 Walsingham, Lord. Insect Life. 1:147 (Incurvaria).
1gg9q Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p. 215-19
(Incurvaria).
1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p. 408-9 (Incurvaria).
1895 Comstock, J. H. & A. B. Man. Study of Ins., p. 255-56 (In-
curvaria).
1897 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t, p. 69 (Incurvaria).
1902 Busck, August. Amer. Miscroscop. Soc. Trans. 23:90 (Brecken-
ridgia).
1903 ———————- Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 5:193 (Brackenridgia).
19649 NY. Eat Soc. Journ iesr77 (Breckenridgia):
1905 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 31:41-42 (Breckenridgia).
1906 Busck, August. Can. Ent. 38:348.
1906 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:509-41 (Incurvaria).
1907 Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 :287.
Foro Sinith; J. B: Ins. N. J., p.575-
LOCUST LEAF MINER
Chalepus dorsalis Thunb.
The locust leaf miner, a rather common insect on Long Island,
was responsible, in large measure, for somewhat serious injury
to the foliage of black locust trees at Syosset and Jericho, L. I.
Mr Walter S. Funnell, editor of the Long Island department of
the Brooklyn Daily Times, stated under date of August Ioth
that the leaves of locust trees at Syosset and Jericho were grow-
ing brown day by day, the leaves being apparently reduced to
mere skeletons. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Company, Stamford, Conn., reported the above species with the
associated C. nervosa Panz. as doing a great amount of in-
jury to locust trees on Long Island, many being as brown as though
fire had run through them. He stated that the smaller, C.
nervosa, appeared to be the more abundant of the two forms.
A personal examination of the locality September 19th showed
that most of the injury was confined to trees less than thirty
feet high, or to large ones in the near vicinity of this new
growth. The damage was so pronounced that affected areas
showed a distinct brown color, even at a considerable distance,
though this had been obscured to some extent by the develop-
ment of new leaves subsequent to the attack. The major por-
tion of the injury appeared to result from skeletonizing the
leaves by the beetles, the small trees noted above showing
comparatively few evidences of having been mined by the grubs.
A very few leaf miners, evidently belated individuals, were
found.
This insect commonly occurs on large trees here and there
throughout Long Island, though as a rule there is not material
injury. The above described outbreak is undoubtedly irregularly
periodic in character and appeared to be limited very closely to
Syosset and adjacent Jericho. The trees, while checked, do not
appear permanently injured and it is probable that there will
be speedy recuperation.
Early history. The late Doctor Lintner, in his report for
1896, records similar injury to locust trees at Yaphank, L. L,
the leaves appearing much as does elm foliage after extensive
feeding by the elm leaf beetle. Doctor Chittenden states that
this species is nearly always more or less troublesome to locusts
in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia, adding that
the injury is usually most severe on young trees. Doctor
Hopkins states that about 1892 thousands of locust trees died in
West Virginia after the foliage had been destroyed three years
in succession by this insect. The direct cause of the death of
these trees, however, may have been due to abnormally cold
weather. Serious damage during the seasons of 1904 and 1905
to locust trees along the Ohio river was recorded by Mr E. C.
Cotton, the defoliation being general for a distance of over fifty
miles, according to Mr Burgess. This insect is local in habit
and appears to be decidedly more injurious in the latitude of
Virginia. The late Professor W. G. Johnson reports this species
as defoliating apple trees near woods, presumably locust trees.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 61
Description. The adult beetle is about one-fourth of an inch
long with the head, appendages, under surface and a median
triangular area, widening posteriorly, on the wing covers coal
black. The remainder of the wings and the dorsum of the
thorax are orange red. The thorax is irregularly and deeply
punctured and the wing covers strongly ridged and ornamented
with deep, nearly flattened, thickly set rows of punctures.
The full-grown larva is a trifle over one-fourth of an inch long,
with the head, thoracic shield, true legs and anal shield coal
black, the remainder of the body being yellowish white; the
segmentation is very distinctly marked and the abdominal seg-
ments bear conspicuous lateral tubercles, those on the second
to seventh being tipped with black and with a black, chitinous
point. The brown spiracles are circular.
The egg is short, oval in outline and flattened, the two sides
being milk white when first laid.
The mine of this insect is equally visible on both sides of
the leaf, pale green, slightly tinged with brown, its surface being
slightly roughened and the margin irregularly undulated.
Distribution. This leaf beetle appears to be confined largely
to the upper austral life zone. It is common throughout Long
Island and probably occurs in the southern portion of the Hudson
valley, at least. It has been recorded from Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, Pennsylvania, throughout New Jersey, Maryland,
Washington, Virginia, West Virginia, southern Ohio, Kentucky,
and generally distributed in Indiana and Missouri.
Food plants. The beetle feeds by preference on the leaves of
the black locust. It has also been recorded as attacking the
young leaves of red oak, has been found on white oak, beech,
birch, hawthorn, apple, red clover, hog peanut and soja beans.
The larvae have been observed in the leaves of false indigo
(Amorpha fruticosa). It also occurs on several other
food plants.
Life history. The beetles evidently winter in any sheltered
place, and in the vicinity of Washington, at least, make their
appearance as soon as the leaves of: the locust trees have fully
developed. At this time they eat small, oblong holes in the
leaves, and later in the season skeletonize the upper surface.
The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves and are partly
covered with an excrementaceous secretion. They hatch in
about six to eight days, the young larvae breaking through the
ege shell on the under side of the egg mass and gnawing at once
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
through the epidermis of the leaf. The three to five larvae in an
egg mass enter through the same orifice, excavate the interior
of the leaf for from two to four days, desert the mine and
wander to other leaves, often to a considerable distance, where
each larva excavates a retreat of its own. The number of larval
migrations under natural conditions has not been ascertained.
Larval existence is never Jess than two weeks and probably
averages about three weeks. Transformation to the pupa occurs
within the mine, the duration of this stage being from six and
one-half to ten days. There appears to be but one generation
in the northern states, while in the latitude of Washington there
may be two generations. The above outline of the life history
is an abstract from a more detailed account by Chittenden.
Natural enemies. This insect is subject to attack in its
southern range at least, by the wheel bug, Prionidus or
Arilws cristatus (Linn, This large, predaccoussbiespaeys
upon the larvae while still within the mine. Trichogramma
odontotae How. is recorded as a common egg parasite, while
Derostenus primus How. has also been reared from
the eggs and is probably a secondary parasite. Two para-
sites of the larvae have been recorded, namely, Sympiezus
urolatac How. andiS pilio chiavcersio dont aearemeetone
Control measures. These must obviously be restricted to the
more valuable shade trees on lawns and roadsides and, as a
rule, are unnecessary in New York State. Thorough and timely
spraying with an arsenate of lead, using about two pounds (15
per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water ought to be
effective in protecting the foliage. The application should be
made at about the time the leaves are full grown and in New
York State the advisability of the treatment must be determined
largely by the abundance of the insects. Numerous beetles and
slight injury to many leaces in June are liable to result in severe
damage during July and early August, unless repressive measures
are adopted.
Jarring the beetles into inverted umbrellas or other mechanical
collectors has been suggested for a few trees in yards or lawns.
This would be especially applicable to the small trees which,
by the way, are the most liable to injury. This treatment would
have to be repeated every few days so long as the insects con-
tinued abundant.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 63
x
Bibliography
The following citations are supplemental to the detailed biblio-
graphy given in the 12th report of this office.
1896 Hopkins, A. D. Can. Ent. 28:248 (Odontota).
roomenittenden bh .. Pa) WS. Dept Acric.,) Div. ‘Ent Bul’ yo, ny ss
p. 22-23 (Odontota).
1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. & Other Ins. N. Y., t2th Rep’t, p. 264-67
(Odontota).
1899 Johnson, W. G. U. S. Dep’t Agric., Div. Ent. Bul. 20, n. s.,
p. 63 (Odontota).
noo2znChittenden, EF. HH: UW. S:. Dept Asric,: Div. Ent, Bul’ 38)'n) si,
p. 70-83 (Odontota).
1GoA bursess, A. FP. -U. S: Dep't Agric) Dive (Ent; Bul. 46;) p65
(Odontota).
1905 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1:258, 325-29 (Odontota).
1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7,
p. 15-19 (Odontota).
1907 Girault, A. A. N. Y. Eent. Soc. Jour. 15:119 (Odontota).
1908 Hopkins, A. D. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 10:10 (Odontota).
1910 Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Ind., Ind. Dep’t Geol. & Nat.
Ress bul 1, “pe: 8227.
ROSY, HISBA
Chalepus nervosa Panz.
This small and variable leaf-feeding beetle was found
associated with C. dorsalis Thunb. in an outbreak which re-
sulted in the defoliation of many locust trees at Syosset and
Jericho. Mr F. A. Bartlett of the Frost & Bartlett Company,
Stamford, Conn., reported this species as more abundant than the
larger and better known locust miner. For a fuller account of the
conditions, the reader is referred to a discussion of the preceding
species.
Previous history. This small leaf beetle is quite variable in
appearance and has been described under several different names,
notably, inaequalis Web. and rosea Web. It has been re-
corded by Chambers as mining the leaves of linden and Eupa-
torium ageratoides, while Messrs Hopkins and Cotton
‘ found it feeding commonly on locust in association with the locust
leaf miner. Arthur Gibson states that it is common in Canada on
basswood, though it has never caused noticeable injury. William
Beutenmueller reared this species from the foliage of asters and
Eupatorium. Harris states that these insects may be found on
the leaves of apple trees and very abundantly on those of the
shadbush and chokecherry during the latter part of May and
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
early in June. Harrington found the beetles upon oaks, haw-
thorns and elms, and adds that the larvae mine the leaves of
various trees, including apple. Theodore Pergande reared this
species from Cassia nictitans, while Messrs Hubbard and
Schwarz found a pale var-ety or race very abundant on the leaves
of Robinia neomexicana in the Santa Rita mountains of
southern Arizona.
Life history. The life history of this species has been out-
lined by Saunders as follows:
The eggs are small, rough, blackish and fastened to the sur-
face of the leaf either singly or in clusters of four or five.
The larvae, when hatched, eat their way into the interior of
the leaf, where they feed upon its green, pulpy substance, leaving
the skin above and below entire, which soon turns brown and
dry, forming a blisterlike spot. The larva, when full grown,
which is usually during the month of July, is°about one-fifth
of an inch long, oblong in form, rather broader before than
behind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish-white color, with the
head and neck blackish and of a horny consistence. Each of the
three anterior segments has a pair of legs; the other segments
are provided with small fleshy warts at the sides, and transverse
rows of little rasplike points above and beneath.
The larva changes to a pupa within the leaf, from which, in
about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within these blister-
like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed beetle may
often be found. :
The beetles hibernate among dead leaves and other debris.
Description. This species, according to Wickham, may be
separated from allied forms by the elytral punctures being
arranged in eight rows and the acute costa. He states that the
color is variable, usually with the head dark, the thorax and
elytra pale with dark, irregular spots.
The beetle is about one-fifth of an inch long, tawny reddish
above, with irregular, darker spots and lines upon the strongly
ridged, deeply punctured wing covers. The legs are yellow.
- These characters serve to separate it readily from the larger
C. dorsalis with which it is frequently associated.
Distribution. Horn states that this beetle occurs everywhere
in the eastern regions and also in Arizona. Lugger reports this
beetle as common in Minnesota, it being frequently found among
dead leaves and rubbish in the vicinity of forests.
Remedial measures. It is hardly likely that this species
would be sufficiently numerous to make treatment advisable.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 65
An exceptional outbreak could undoubtedly be controlled by
thorough spraying with a poison as described for the preceding
form. This would of necessity be restricted largely to more
valuable street and park trees.
Bibliography
The following comprise practically all the literature that we
have been able to find relating to this species.
1924 Say, ‘Thomas. Acad: Nat. Sei, Phil, 3432. (Hispa ros éa ):
Same, in Compl. Writ. 2:205.
Rejoerlarhis. Ia Ws dns. lint to; Wer. 3d ied: ip, 120-28 (Hus pa
rosea).
1869 Packard, A. S. Guide Study Ins. p. 503 (Hispa rosea).
1672 Chambers, V. ET. Can. Ent. 4:125 (Hispa inaequalis and
Eequadrata ).
1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche 1:23 (Odontota rosea).
1877 Provancher, L’Abbe. Pet. Faun Entomol. Can. Vol. 1, Col., p.
683-84 (Odontota-rosea).
1882 Horn, G. N. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 10:295, 297 (Odontota).
toes) Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 13th: Rep’t, 1882, p. 61
(Odontota rosea).
1889 Saunders, William. Ins. Injur. to Fru., p. 120-21 (Odontota
rosea ).
1890 Beutenmueller, William. Entomol. Amer. 6:178 (Odontota).
1891 Riley, C. V. and Howard, L. O. Ins. Life, 3:435 (Odontota).
ison aopkins, Ay Ds We Vay ANericy Expt Stas, 3dv Rep*t, p- 167
(Odontota).
1891 W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 16, p. 88 (Odontota).
1893 W. Va. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 32, p. 202 (Odontota).
1897 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 29:61 (Odontota).
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 66, p. 251-52 (Odon-
tota).
noo2 Cinttenden) By He UU. SDep't Agric, Div. Ent. Bull 38) nis,
p. 84-85 (Odontota).
1904 Gibson, Arthur. Ent. Soc. Ont., 34th Rep’t, 1903, p. 52 (Odon-
tota fosea).
1906 Cotton, E. C. Ohio Dep’t Agric., Div. Nur. & Orch. Insp. Bul. 7,
p. 46 (Odontota).
1910 Blatchley, W. S. Col. of Ind., p. 1228.
ROSE LEAP HOPPER
Typhlocyba rosae Linn.
This common pest of roses, frequently though inaccurately
designated as thrips, is an European form which has obtained a
wide distribution in this country. Signs of its presence are
readily seen in the series of somewhat characteristic white spots
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
along the midvein and in the vicinity of the other veins. These
are, in the ordinary course of affairs, frequently followed by
severe injury and many of the whitish or yellowish white, jump-
ing adults. Badly infested foliage frequently has the under
surface thickly specked with the white membranous cast skins
of the young. This leaf hopper was exceedingly abundant and
somewhat injurious to the foliage of young apple trees at Ghent,
N. Y., in October 1909. This unusual attack was not unpre-
cedented, since the late Dr C. V. Riley had earlier recorded this
species as abundant on apple foliage. It has also been taken
upon the leaves of plum, cultivated cherry, currant, grape, elm
and soft maple.
Dr T. W. Harris, the first American to write of this species,
thought that the insect might winter in the perfect stage con-
cealed under fallen leaves and rubbish. This supposition has
been repeated from time to time with no additional information
respecting the life history of this species. Last winter and early
in the spring the eggs of this species were found just under the
bark of the new growth of rose bushes and the young issuing
therefrom reared to maturity. .
Description. The full-grown or perfect leaf hopper is about
one-eighth of an inch long, yellowish white, the wings usually
being whitish and semitransparent. The eyes, claws and ovi-
positor are brown.
The young present a general resemblance to the adult. They
are distinctly smaller, especially when newly hatched, with only
rudimentary wing pads and a very light green. They fre-
quently harmonize so closely with the color of the under side
of the leaf that it is difficult to recognize them.
The egg is semitransparent and has a length of .7 mm and
a diameter of .2 mm. It is narrowly oval, the anterior extremity
being broadly rounded, while near the posterior third there is
a slight curve, the posterior extremity being narrowly rounded.
The eggs are deposited singly just under the new bark. Their
location is indicated by an almost imperceptible, oval elevation
in the bark about 1 mm long and presenting a slight greenish
or yellowish discoloration occasionally accompanied by in-
creased transparency due to the egg beneath. There is at one
end of the elevation a very slight scar made at the time the
egg was deposited. This wound is quite different from the
elongate lenticels seen upon the wood. It is comparatively easy
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 67
to expose the eggs by simply rupturing the bark on either side
with a needle and raising it. Prof. R. L. Webster of Ames, Iowa,
has found the eggs of this species in the bark of elm two or three
years old. He also found nymphs on maple trees though no
signs of oviposition.
Life history. It is evident from the above that the eggs
winter in the bark of various trees and shrubs, especially rose
and probably apple. April 17, 1911 material taken at Nassau,
N. Y., contained a semitransparent, yellowish embryo with a
length about one-third that of the egg and showing an indistinct
segmentation. May 14th nymphs were numerous on the lower
leaves especially, their presence being indicated by the rather
characteristic white spots along the veins. The abundant
growth above the affected leaves obscures, in large measure,
the early signs of this insect. The injury becomes more marked
as the season advances. May 25th the nymphs were about
three-quarters grown, the first adults being observed June 3d.
Pairing and the deposition of eggs is stated to occur about the
middle of June. Owing to the fact that the insects were not
numerous later in the summer we did not follow the life history
of the species further. The abundant occurrence of this leaf
hopper upon apple leaves in October shows that there must be
more than one generation, possibiy three under favorable
conditions.
Remedial measures. The hibernation of the insect in the egg
stage and the consequent somewhat uniform hatching of the
eggs makes it comparatively easy to watch for the early indica-
tions of injury, namely, the series of characteristic white spots
along the midvein and in the vicinity of other veins, and then
spray with a contact insecticide, either a whale oil soap solution
or a kerosene emulsion. This application if thorough and made
to the under side of the leaves should destroy practically all of
the delicate, comparatively slow-moving nymphs and prevent
further injury during the season unless there be an invasion
from nearby plants. This early treatment will be much more
effective than anything that can be employed after the insects
have become adult and able to jump and fly readily.
Bibliography
1862 Harris, T. W. Ins. Injur. to Veget. 3d. ed., p. 229 (Tettigonia).
1885 Lintner, J. A. 2d Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 31 (Tettigonia).
1889 Weed, C. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. v. 2, no. 6, p. 155-56.
1890 Lintner, J. A. 6th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. 166 (Tettigonia).
3
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1890 —— Country Gentleman 55:538 (Tettigonia).
1891 —— 7th Rep’'t N. Y. State Ent., p. 345 (Tettigonia).
1891 Weed, C. M. Ins. & Insecticides, p. 156-57.
1893 Lintner, J. A. 8th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent, p. 256-57 (Empoa).
1894 Van Duzee, E. P. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 21:313.
1895 Comstock, J. H. and A. B. Manual Study of Ins., p. 154 (Empoa).
1895 Gillette, C. P. and Baker, C. F. Col. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 31,
Dowie.
1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentlemen. 61:763.
1898 Gillette, C. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 20:771-72.
1900 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 69:131-32.
1905 Felt, E. P. Ins. Affect. Prk. & Wdld. Trees. 1:191.
I9lo —— 25th Rep’t N. Y. State Ent., p. go.
1910 Webster, R. L. Ent. News. 21:267.
1911 Felt, E. P. Econom. Ent. Jour. 4:413-14.
PERIODICAL CICADA ,
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Plates 19-24
The large size of the insects, their immense numbers, the
accompanying roar, the spectacular injury and unique life his-
tory, all combine to excite popular interest in the periodical
visitations of this remarkable species. The season of IQII was
marked by the appearance of the large Hudson river brood, the
only one occupying any great extent of this populous watershed.
A Cicada colony, especially if the insects occur by the millions,
abounds in interest. The early part of the visitation is marked
by the numerous dirty yellow, grublike pupae leaving their bur-
rows by the thousands in late afternoon or early evening, climb-
ing adjacent vegetation and rapidly transforming to the beau-
tiful yellowish white, black spotted, red-eyed insects which at
this time cling to foliage and stems and appear not unlike
blossoms, and by the following morning have assumed the more
sombre colors of the hardened adult. Later the empty pupal
shells may be seen clinging to trunks, branches and leaves,
while the black, red-winged adults rest upon the foliage or sit
motionless on trunk or branch. Hundreds may be driven to
flight by shaking small trees. Cicada notes may herald the ris-
ing of the sun and if the day remains clear, the sound gains
volume with the increase in temperature and, in the case of
numerous colonies, resembles the distant hum of a busy factory.
The serenade may be continued long after dark on moonlight
evenings.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 69
Life history. This insect presents an extraordinary life cycle,
requiring in the northern states seventeen years to complete
its transformations, though the adult existence is relatively
short. The same species completes its transformations in the
southern states in thirteen years. The Cicadas appear in this
latitude the latter part of May, usually from May 2oth to early
June and may continue to July, a few persisting into August.
The pupa emerges about dusk from its circular hole or burrow
about half an inch in diameter and climbs the nearest support.
Here it fixes itself firmly and prepares for the final transforma-
tion, which latter is an extremely interesting process and may
occupy about an hour and a half. The established pupa is
illustrated on plate 19, figure 1, while the first sign of the
impending change, namely, a split along the back, is shown
at plate 19, figure 2 and only five minutes later at plate 1o,
figure 3. Two minutes later we have a condition shown
at plate 19, figure 4, while five minutes after the insect is
half way out of the pupal shell (plate 19, figure 5) the with-
drawing of the tender wings and legs from their horny cases
is a matter of some difficulty and proceeds relatively slowly. One
stage of this, taken seven minutes after the above mentioned
illustration, is shown at plate 19, figure 6, while two minutes
later (plate 20, figure 1) the developing insect had already com-
menced to turn back, and a minute later (plate 20, figure 2)
had nearly freed its legs, this process being complete (plate 29,
figure 3) I minute later and within another minute (plate
20, figure 4) the perfect insect was resting upon the empty pupal
shell, and six minutes later (plate 20, figure 5) it was hang-
ing beside the empty shell and the wings were beginning
to develop. The developing wings are better seen in a dorsal
view (plate 20, figure 6) which represents the pupa as it is turn-
ing back in an effort to withdraw its limbs, while six minutes
later (plate 21, figure 1) we have the same Cicada clinging to
a leaf and with its limp, milk white wings about half expanded.
This latter process is rapid and the wings were nearly extended
one minute later (plate 21, figure 2) and practically fully de-
veloped (plate 21, figure 3) in two minutes. The limp wings
gradually stiffen and are then wrapped around the body (plate
21, figure 4). The insect hardens during the night, the wing
veins become dark red, the body black and we have the well-known
Cicada (plate 21, figure 5).
7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The adults, as demonstrated by Prof. A. L. Quaintance, feed
to some extent though there never seems to be any material
injury as a result. The Cicadas may be observed throughout
the day resting upon the foliage or branches and occasionally
flying a short distance. They seem to be very local in habit.
The principal injury, as is well known, is caused by the female
in the cutting of slits for the reception of eggs. This operation
has been described by Mr Ira H. Lawton as follows:
After finishing one fissure the female moved slowly forward
about two steps, depressed her ovipositor about 45°, and setting her
saws in motion, first alternately and then simultaneously, rapidly
penetrated the bark, but the ovipositor was soon elevated to 25°.
After penetrating to the full length of her ovipositor and filling that
chamber with eggs, she swung a little to one side and through the
same hole in the bark excavated the opposite chamber and filled it
with eggs. The making of each chamber occupied a little over
twenty minutes or a total of forty-five minutes for the whole.
During the cutting of a fissure, the saws made about eighty strokes
to the minute, and after making four, the female would rest for a
time. The heads of the Cicadas were directed, in the main, from
the tree but not invariably so, as some worked with their heads
toward the trunk of the tree.
A female with the ovipositor partly inserted is shown at plate
Zi etre Oy
Oviposition. The female exercises very little choice in select-
ing twigs in which to deposit eggs. Mr William T. Davis of
Staten Island has recorded oviposition in between seventy and
eighty kinds of trees, bushes and herbaceous plants. The limbs
of oaks and hickories are favorites, though on Staten Island the
black birch and sweet gum were frequently severely injured.
Oviposition in the twigs of pine and the smooth sumac, Rhus
glabra, appears to be comparatively rare. Poison ivy is not
exempt.
One female may make as many as fifty of these slits (plate
22) in a twig, and after depositing her complement, which is
said to be four hundred to five hundred, drops to the earth
and dies. Oviposition commenced at Nyack in 1911, according
to Mr Lawton, June 22d, the eggs beginning to hatch within
five weeks, namely, the latter part of July. Eggs taken in the
vicinity of Albany hatched in the office August 5th. The young
Cicadas are slender, grublike creatures about one-tenth of an
inch long. They are as lively as ants, and after running about
on the tree for a short time, drop to the ground and bury them-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 71
selves. Their strong forelegs are well adapted for digging and
are undoubtedly of great service in searching for the tender
succulent rootlets on which they feed. The Cicadas grow so
slowly and require so little food that but slight injury to trees
or shrubs appears to result from their presence. They remain
at moderate depths, especially during the ealier and latter por-
tions of their existence though at times they have been found
a number of feet below the surface. There is little change dur-
ing the subterranean existence, except in size, between the newly
hatched young and the full-grown nymph, which latter has on
the thorax four scalelike appendages, the rudimentary wings.
The insects make their way to the surface in the spring of the
seventeenth year through a smooth, firmly compacted gallery
which may even pierce the hard surface of a pathway or
roadside and under certain conditions may be covered with a cone-
like chamber made of mud pellets.
Description. The periodical Cicada (plate 21, figure 6) may
be easily distinguished from the common dogday Cicada or
harvest fly, Cicada linnei Grossb. by the eyes and veins
of the wings being bright red. More or less of the ventral
surface of the abdomen (especially in the male) and the legs
are dull red. The dorsal surface of the body is almost entirely
black. The periodical Cicada is more slender than the stouter
dogday Cicada, which latter has green markings on the thorax,
greenish eyes and bright green wing veins.
Distribution. The Hudson valley brood is one of the best
known, since it occurs throughout a populous section. Aside
from the New York localities given in detail below, it has been
recorded from Connecticut, District of Columbia, Indiana, Mary-
land, Michigan, the entire state of New Jersey, North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. An examination of
the map indicating the distribution of this brood, shows that it
is largely confined to the eastern slope of the Appalachian
mountains, the few records in the central states apparently
being isolated colonies. There are authentic records of the
appearance of this brood extending hack to 1724.
Comparative abundance. It is difficult to give any very
exact data respecting the comparative abundance of an insect
appearing only once in seventeen years, nevertheless the follow-
ing observations indicate an apparent increase in some localities
with a reduction in others, compared with the brood appearing
in 1894. The Cicadas were about the same at Copake Falls
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
(H. D. Harvey) and less numerous at Ghent (Thomas F.
Hartigan); equally numerous at West Taghkanic (S. S. Sim-
mons); there were slight changes in the infested territory at
Annandale (H. D. Lewis) ; hardly as abundant at Fonda (Frank
Jansen); equally abundant or more numerous at Middletown
(Eugene Smith) and at Mountainville (R. G. Doxey) ; twice as
abundant at Goshen (C. B. Coleman); much more numerous at
Schaghticoke (Fred M. Askins); somewhat more numerous at
Highland (W. D. Tallman); not so abundant at Marlboro (H.
C. Dawes); equally numerous at Milton (A. E. Beil); more
abundant at Port Ewen (Silvanus VanAken); more abundant
at Saugerties (C. E. Davis) ; equally numerous at Walkill (J. T.
Halmes) and fewer at Thomson (Letitia H. Dixon).
There were undoubtedly a number of localities where the
insect failed to appear this season though present-in 1894. Most
of these might easily be explained if we knew all the facts.
Mr W. T. Davis,.of New Brighton, states that in 1877 there
were a, great many Cicadas in the garden of the home place, and
though the same fruit trees are standing and the conditions as
regards vegetation have remained practically unchanged, yet he
failed to find any of the insects the past season. He concludes
that they have undoubtedly been exterminated by the house
sparrows which have become very numerous in that section of
Staten Island. The destruction of forests and the death or re-
moval of shade and fruit trees is bound to result in the local
extermination of the Cicada. Many such instances have doubt-
less occurred in the vicinity of growing cities and villages.
Weak colonies are also very likely, to become exterminated by
birds. Mr Silvanus VanAken of Port Ewen states that the
insect has failed to appear in some localities where it occurred
seventeen years ago. No statement is given as to the cause.
Mr Eugene Smith of Middletown states that there were great
differences locally in the numbers of the insects. Practically
all the others reporting upon this question concur in stating
that the insect has not failed to appear in any locality where
it occurred in 1894.
The relative abundance of the insects in limited localities at
least, is indicated by the number of holes made by the pupae
as they emerge from the ground. In some places the insects were
so numerous as to literally give a honeycombed appearance to
hard surfaces. This phenomenon was reported by the follow-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 73
ing: S. S. Simmons, West Taghkanic; H. D. Lewis, Annan-
dale; E. P. Wheeler, New Hamburg; J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff
(roadside honeycombed); Eugene Smith, Middletown; R. G.
Doxey, Mountainville; C. B. Coleman, Goshen (twenty-five
holes in one square foot); Fred M. Askins, Schaghticoke; A. E.
Bell, Milton; C. E. Davis, Saugerties; J. T. Halmes, Wallkill;
N. D. Rand, West Camp (one thousand holes in twenty-five
square feet); C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and Annis E. Thomson,
Yonkers.
Time of appearance. The periodical Cicada is most remark-
able because of the regularity with which it deserts its subter-
ranean retreats. A careful study of this insect in 1894 led the
late Doctor Lintner to decide that the first specimens appeared
above ground May 2oth, though it subsequently developed that
adults emerged that year May 19th on Staten Island. Miss
Annis E. Thomson, Loweree Summit, Yonkers, states that the
first Cicada pupa appeared above ground last season May 13th,
transforming to the adult the next day. The thin, rocky soil
of that locality probably explains this somewhat early emer-
gence. Mr Davis states that the first Cicada appeared on Staten
Island May 22d. Mr George A. Lintner transmitted to this
office a living specimen taken at Summit, N. J., May 2oth, while
Mr Ira Lawton reported the occurrence of perfect insects on
that date at Nyack, Mr R. G. Doxey at Mountainville and Mr
Samuel H. Cox at Bangall. Mrs Matthew Hart recorded the
appearance of Cicadas at Castleton May 22d, while Mr N. D.
Rand observed them at West Camp May 23d. They were ob-
served at Annandale, Arlington, and Saugerties May 24th by
Messrs H. D. Lewis, W. H. Hart and C. E. Davis, respectively,
and reported from near New Baltimore Station by C. H. Van
Orden May 25th. They were seen May 27th at Athens by
Mr O. Q. Flint and the following day at Ravena and Fonda by
Messrs Bronk VanSlyke and Frank Jansen, respectively. The
first specimens taken in the vicinity of Albany were found May
29th at the Rural Cemetery and were evidently among the first
to come above ground, though it is possible that a few emerged
on the 28th.
It will be seen by scanning the above dates of appearance that
they were progressively later as we ascend the river, with the
exception of the appearance at Castleton May 22d. There may
have been some local cause for this apparent irregularity.
Several instances of accelerated or delayed emergence were
74. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
brought to our attention. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states
that he observed a few living, fully developed Cicadas and sev-
eral recently vacated pupal shells in r910. The arrival of the
main body in that locality in 1911 was later than in 1894. He
found that the first appearing individuals seemed to be diseased
and lived only a few hours, possibly dying as a result of adverse
weather conditions. Mr J. H. Mills, Rhinecliff, also Suaked! that
many died shortly after leaving the soil.
There is another record of Cicadas appearing in 1910 in New
York State, though this latter appears to apply to a different —
brood. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island states that he
found the insects abundant at Half Way Hollow near Wyan-
danch, L. I., in t910, though repeated examinations in that lo-
cality last season failed to disclose any signs of the insect. He
is inclined to believe that this appearance represents another
brood which can hardly be the case with the few found in 1910
by Mr Lewis at Annandale.
Date of the first cry or song of the male. This, like the record
for the last appearance and last recorded note, varies consider-
ably, ranging in the different localities from May 22d to June
Sth: ) Whe detailed records are as) follows: MayseZzodeeivemmee
Doxey, Mountainville; May 25th, S. S. Simmons, West Tagh-
kanic; May 27th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 5th, Frank
Jansen, Fonda; May 20th, Eugene Smith, Middletown; May 23d,
C. B. Coleman, Goshen; June roth, W. D. Tallman, Highland;
May 27th, H. G. Dawes, Marlboro; May 30th, Silvanus Van-
Aken, Port Ewen; May 26th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; May 27th,
N. D. Rand, West Camp; May 22d, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill and
May 30th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers.
Persistence of Cicadas. It is well known that the Cicadas
remain above ground for several weeks, and in connection with
ascertaining the distribution of the insect, two queries were
asked designed to supply data respecting the period during
which these insects could be either seen or heard. Parties re-
porting gave the date when they last saw the insect from June
12th to July 18th. The individual records are as follows: July
4th, R. G. Doxey, Mountainville; July 8th, S. S. Simmons, West
Taghkanic; July 18th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; July ath, E. P.
Wheeler, New Hamburgh; June 12th, Eugene Smith, Middle-
town; July 2d, C. B. Coleman, Goshen; July 4th, Sylvester
Bulson, Stony Point; July 19th, W. D. Tallman, Highland;
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIt 75
June 21st, H. C. Dawes, Marlboro; July 1st, Silvanus VanAken,
Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Saugerties; July 12th, N. D.
Rand, West Camp; July 6th, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and June
13th, Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers.
The date when the last cry or song of the male was heard is
also of value in determining this period, it ranging from June
Toth to August 2d or 6th. No one conversant with the party
can question the record given by Mr Davis, though there is a
bare possibility that Mr Bulson may have been mistaken. The
detailed records are as follows: July 1t2th, S. S. Simmons, West
Taghkanic; July rt4th, H. D. Lewis, Annandale; June 12th,
Eugene Smith, Middletown; July 8th, C. B. Coleman, Goshen;
July roth, W. T. Davis, New Brighton, S. I. (he records hearing
a belated individual August 2d); August 6th, Sylvester Bulson,
Stony Point (one male nearly over his head); June 27th,
Silvanus VanAken, Port Ewen; July 8th, C. E. Davis, Sauger-
ties; July 6th or 7th, C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill, and June toth,
Annis E. Thomson, Yonkers.
Above-ground chambers. These peculiar structures which
excited so much attention in 1894 could doubtless have been
found in many localities the past season. Mr H. D. Lewis of
Annandale reports their rare occurence in a few places; Mr C. B.
Coleman, Goshen, found a very few; Mr R. G. Doxey, Moun-
tainville, observed them in low spots; Mr. W. T. Davis of New
Brighton, S. I., states that they were rather common in the
William Brook woods; Mr Silvanus Bulson found them numer-
ous at Stony Point. Investigations at New Baltimore and at
the Graceland Cemetery in the vicinity of Albany showed these
above-ground chambers to be rather common though, as a rule,
they were not nearly so perpendicular as appears to have been
the case in 1894. On scraping away dead leaves the chambers
were to be found mostly in an oblique or horizontal position, a
few being vertical (plate 23). We fail to find even one locality
where they were so numerous as represented by the photographs
of the late Doctor Lintner, taken seventeen years ago.
The variety Cassinii appears to have been nearly over-
looked though Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island records
finding small numbers of this form June 16th near Willow Brook
and Westerleigh. Mr Isaac Wort, Rossville, gave Mr Davis two
specimens taken by him in that locality June 18th.
Appearance of the Cicada in the Hudson valley. The detailed
records given below show that the Cicada appeared during 1911
70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
on the western end of Long Island, on Staten Island and in
practically all of the counties on each side of the Hudson river
from New York City north to Saratoga and Washington counties,
the northernmost limit recorded the past season being at Thom-
son, Washington county. The insects extend some miles back
from the Hudson river, probably to the Massachusetts state
line in the vicinity of Annandale and in Orange county, possibly
some twenty miles or more from the Hudson river. There is, in
addition, a recently discovered populous colony near Fonda in
Montgomery county.
Albany county. Near Albany Cicadas were extremely abundant
in Graceland Cemetery, Normansville; were heard at Clarksville
by J. Shafer Bartlett; evidences of their work were observed in
Coeymans near Coeymans creek from the West Shore Railroad,
and they were reported from Dunnsville by the, Albany Evening
Journal. A complaint of injury by this insect to orchard trees
was received from Mrs E. K. W. Vanderzee who lives near
Feura Bush. Cicadas were very abundant at Kenwood just
south of Albany and numerous in Wildwood valley and probably
other sections of the Albany Rural Cemetery at Menands. The
insects appeared to be rather generally distributed in Ravena
here and there southward to the Greene county line. Mr
Bronk Van Slyke of Ravena states that they were present in his
orchard and that seventeen years ago they were very numerous,
seriously injuring it, and that on the occasion of the preceding
appearance, thirty-four years ago, the insects destroyed a nearby
orchard. Cicadas were reported in 1894 from New Scotland,
Voorheesville and Bethlehem Center in addition to some of
those named above. It is very probable that it also appeared in
these localities in 191T.
Columbia county. Cicadas were reported as being present at
Claverack by Mr G. G. Atwood of the Department of Agricul-
ture. Mr H. D. Harvey writes that they were very abundant at
Copake Falls, near Hillsdale). Mr Thomas 7. Hartigan of
Ghent states that up to June 9th Cicadas had appeared in small.
numbers compared to those which obtained in 1894, when there
seemed to be millions of the insects. Observations on the New
York Central trains showed numerous signs of Cicada work from .
a little south of Hudson nearly continuous to North Germantown.
1The Copake Falls record given above refers to the colony reported in 1894
from Hillsdale.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI WIE
Evidences of their work were abundant about two miles south
of Germantown and three or four miles south of that station. At
Kinderhook small numbers were reported in the orchards of Mr
Edward VanAlstyne and William Hotaling. Mr VanAlstyne
states that there was a numerous colony on another farm of his
some two miles west of the home place. There were abundant
evidences of Cicada work in a patch of woods about one mile
south of Niverville on the Albany Southern Railroad. Scat-
tering insects were reported at North Chatham on the farms
of W. W. Woodward and Theodore Horton. Along the line of
the New York Central Railroad there was evidently an abund-
ant colony one-half mile south of Stockport and two miles south
of this station they were even more numerous. The insects
were also reported from Stuyvesant Falls. Mr S. S. Simmons,
West Taghkanic, states that Cicadas were abundant in that local-
ity some eight miles east of the Hudson river and only a few
miles from the southwestern corner of Massachusetts.
Dutchess county. Mr H. D. Lewis reported the Cicadas as very
numerous at Annandale, they appearing first May 24th. The
insects were very abundant in portions of a small orchard near
the residence of Mr Lewis’s father, some trees being very badly
infested, while less than fifty feet away comparatively few
Cicadas were to be seen. The orchard some distance from the
house, which was badly infested in 1894, showed comparatively
few this year. Mr Lewis states that the insect occurred here and
there on the ridges from the river practically to the Connecticut
state line. Cicadas were excessively abundant on the estate of
Warren Delano near the river. They were literally present in
millions, immense numbers of pupal shells being observed
clinging to the branches and lying at the base of the large oaks
and maples. Probably several quarts could have been scooped
up around almost any one of the trees. The Cicadas were ex-
ceedingly numerous on this estate in 1894. Mr W. H. Hart
noted Cicadas for the first time in his Arlington orchard May
25th. Early plowing resulted in turning up pupae so abundant
in some places that there appeared to be more insects than soil.
Mr Samuel H. Cox reported millions of Cicadas in the vicinity
of Bangall. They were rather numerous near the Barrytown
station. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale states that several
orchards in Barrytown were ruined, even trees set some fifteen
years ago. In one instance a recently set orchard had the two
rows next a badly infested woodland severely affected, while all
of the other trees practically escaped injury. There were a few
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
signs of Cicada work visible from the New York Central tracks
two to four miles north of Camelot, while injured twigs were
abundant four miles north. There was evidenty a numerous
colony along the New York Central tracks one-half mile north
of Chelsea and extending for fully one and one-half miles. The
work of this insect was most apparent on rocky knolls or hills
covered with a scrubby oak growth. Cicada injury was very
evident south of Dutchess Junction, while the woodland on the
hills to the east appeared to be severely injured. The work of
what appeared to be a moderately small colony was observed
just north of Fishkill Landing, this colony being fully a mile
long. At Hyde Park the evidences of Cicada work were rather
prevalent, there being abundant signs of injury one-half mile
south, and a little farther south the work was even more
prevalent and practically continuous from that point to Pough-
keepsie. Mr Everett P. Wheeler of New York states that the
Cicadas became very numerous at New Hamburg and were de-
structive to young branches of trees, particularly peach and
elm. Observations from the New York Central Railroad dis-
closed signs of this insect’s work here and there in the vicinity.
The Poughkeepsie News states that the insects were present in
millions on the river road near “ Carnwath,” the grass was com-
pletely covered with the pupal cases, while the roar of the sing-
ing could be heard for miles. Another locality mentioned was
on the Ruppert farm south of the driving park. Dr Z. D. Patter-
son of Red Hook states that the Cicadas were a great menace in
that locality. Mr Joseph H. Mills, forester for J. J. Astor, re-
ports an infested locality of one and one-half acres of lawn and
shade trees at Ferncliff near Rhinecliff. There was on the aver-
age about four quarts of pupal shells under about twenty trees,
one having five quarts within a radius of eight feet. Rhine-
cliff and vicinity appears to have been one of the localities
greatly favored by Cicadas. The insects were present at Staats-
burg, evidence of their work being plainly seen from the New
York Central tracks some one-half mile south of the station, and
more evident two to three miles farther south. Cicada work
was abundant also at Tivoli, some trees having their tips killed
while a few small ones had most of the branches destroyed. The
colonies along the New York Central Railroad were practically
continuous and abundant from Tivoli south to Rhinecliff.
Greene county. The work of Cicadas was observed from the
West Shore Railroad about two miles north of Alsen to one mile
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 79
south, a colony nearly three miles long. The insect was re-
ported from Athens by Mr J. Q. Flint as follows: On land be-
longing to Mr Egbert Hallenbeck at Morrison Hill south of
Athens; on land of Mr Edward A. Guthrie on the Sporenburgh
road; on that of Miss Anna Brandow on the Catskill road. The
insects were exceedingly abundant at Morrison Hill and were
doubtless generally prevalent in that section. They were re-
ported as being present at Cairo by Miss Ida M. Bonesteel.
Wicadas were said toyoccur at Leeds: Mr ©. Hy VanOrden
reported the appearance of the insects between West Coxsackie
and New Baltimore Station on the 25th, they being in full cry
on the 27th. There was a large colony about a quarter of a mile
south of New Baltimore Station on the West Shore Railroad.
The noise was loud enough so that the insects could easily be
heard a quarter of a mile. An orchard about midway between
Ravena and New Baltimore Station was very badly infested by
this insect and it was reported as being present a half mile or
so east of New Baltimore Station. Cicada work was seen from
the West Shore Railroad from about one-half of a mile to a mile
and a half south of the West Athens station. The insects were re-
ported as very abundant at West Coxsackie.
Montgomery county. A large colony was recorded by Mr
Frank Jansen on the sand flats about three miles west or north-
west of Fonda, the insects occurring there by the millions and
making the woods ring with their noise about half a mile from
his house. Mr Jansen states that he knows they were in that
locality in 1894 and adds that his wife heard them on the occa-
sion of the‘r previous advent, namely, 1877. The local papers
refer to this colony as being in Mr Nare’s woods and state that
the birds were devouring many of the insects. This appears to
be a hitherto unrecorded locality for the periodical Cicada.
Nassau county. Miss Grace K. Wandless reported Cicadas as
being abundant at Garden City.
New York county. Mr Waldemar Cruger, 85 West 18Ist street,
found insects, presumably in that locality, and reports Cicadas
as rather scarce in the Bronx. He observed fifteen to twenty
on a tree at Fort Schuyler.
Orange county appears to be one of the strongholds of the
Cicada, since its work was seen here and there in the woods
along the river, while reports from various localities in this
county agree in considering the insect extremely abundant.
Many of the tips of the branches in ‘the woods in the vicinity
8o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of Balmville just north of Newburgh were killed by this insect.
Mr C. B. Coleman, Goshen, states that it is difficult to find in
that locality a farm where the insect does not occur in consid-
erable numbers, many of the trees appearing as though they had
been swept by fire. Near Highland Falls the work of this insect
was conspicuous at a distance. There were millions of Cicadas,
according to C. M. Dayton, at Leptondale some ten miles from
Newburgh. ‘The work of the insect was very abundant in wood-
fands in the vicinity of Middlehope. Mr Eugene Smith reports
the Cicada as occurring in millions in the country surrounding
Middletown, while press dispatches allege serious injury result-
ing from the work of this species. Millions were to be seen at
Mountainville, town of Cornwall (R. G. Doxey). According to
the Montgomery Standard there were millions of the insects
along the banks of the Wallkill valley, notably in the grove be-
longing to Charles Mould near Bodine’s Bridge. Several New-
burgh papers record an abundance of Cicadas in the near vicinity
of the city. South of the city they were very abundant on
the Highlands and at a place about four miles north of West
Point the colonies appeared to extend well toward the summit of
the ridges and some distance back from the river. The Middle-
town Argus reports the insect at Demerest’s Heights, Warwick.
Cicada work was rather abundant in the woodlands north and
south of West Point. Mr William T. Davis of Staten Island was
at West Point June 3d and states that one of the most impressive
sights was the number of Cicadas which occurred on the moun-
tain side. They commenced singing with the rising of the sun.
“Stronger and louder grew the song until it was continuous
like the hum of some busy factory. This lasted till the sun went
down.” (Davis)
Putnam county. There appears to have been no record of the
periodical Cicada occurring in Putnam county in 1894. The
work of this insect was evident in rg1t here and there along the
Hudson river. Injured twigs were observed on the hills just
north of Cold Spring, apparently local, while a little north of
Peekskill in Westchester county evidences of oviposition were
observed almost continuously north to Garrison. About one
mile farther north Cicada work was observed and was prevalent
for a distance of some two miles. Evidences of Cicada injury
were extremely abundant along the New York Central Railroad
north from Cold Spring nearly to Dutchess Junction and un-
doubtedly including the section in the vicinity of the New York
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII SI
Central station, Storm King. There are no records of the occur-
rence of this insect in the eastern part of the county.
Queens county. It is presumed that the Cicada occurred in small
numbers in Queens county, since it was observed in Suffolk and
occurred abundantly in the not distant Westchester and Rich-
mond counties.
Rensselaer county. The presence of Cicadas at Castleton was
reported by Mrs Matthew Hart. In the town of East Greenbush
they occurred in large numbers northeast of the village near
Elliott's Station on the Albany Southern Railroad. Mr James
Elliott remembers their appearance in both 1894 and 1877. They
were not so abundant seventeen years ago as in 1877. At East
Schodack, they were reported by James Loweree as very abund-
ant on the Thomas Collins’ farm near the residence of John
Coons and about two miles west of the village of Nassau. He
states that they also occurred on the farm of Augustus Byers.
Abel Merchant reports that Cicadas were numerous on Dusen-
bury hill about three miles east of the village of Nassau and
between the residences of Joseph Miller and Stephen Miller just
off from the cross road near what is known as the Cold Water
Tavern. The insects occurred scatteringly in the vicinity of
the village of Nassau. In North Greenbush, Cicadas were very
abundant on the grounds of the Forbes Manor estate and north-
east on Quackendary kill according to Julius Keastner. They
were also numerous farther to the north opposite Maple Beach
Park. Mr M. B. Hartley of Schenectady states that there was a
large colony on the river road leaving North Troy or Lansing-
burg and near the shore at a point called “ The Riffs.” There was
a rather abundant colony along the line of the Albany Southern
Railroad just south of Schodack Center and also in the ‘vicinity
of Stop 77. There was a large colony near the Boston and Al-
bany tracks one mile south of the East Greenbush flag station.
Mr Fred M. Askins reported a very numerous colony in the town
of Schaghticoke for about two miles along the Hudson river and
south of Reynolds, the ground being honeycombed in places by
their galleries. The only record we have for this county in 1894
was that for Bath-on-the-Hudson (really Forbes Manor, North
Greenbush) where the insects were rather abundant.
Richmond county. Cicadas were generally distributed in the
wooded areas on Staten Island (except in the small, so-called
pine barren region) according to Mr William T. Davis of New
Brighton who has kindly supplied us with the following data.
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The insects first appeared May 22d. They were reported by Mr
C. W. Leng on the 23d at West New Brighton, and on the same
day by Mr Isaac West at Rossville near the other end of the
island. They appeared earlier or were more numerous in some
places than in others. At Great Kill they were very common in
a grove of sweet gums and could be seen flying and heard sing-
ing on May 26th. There were many more males than females at
that early date.
Rockland county. This appears to be another Cicada stronghold.
The results of oviposition were observed ‘on Iona island and
vicinity, the insects probably covering most of the Dunderberg
mountain to the south. Mr Ira Lawton reports the occurrence
of the Cicada at Nyack. They were recorded in swarms near
Suffern by Mr M. S. Daniels and reported by Mr Sylvester Bul-
son as occupying a territory about six miles»square between
Haverstraw and Fort Montgomery. This brood was reported
by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894 from Palisades on the Hudson and
was doubtless more or less prevalent throughout the county.
Saratoga county. Rev. David C. Davies of Mechanicville trans-
mitted specimens of Cicadas collected by himself on the Bemis
Heights battlefield in the town of Stillwater. He states that
there were hundreds of the pupal cases to be seen. He also sent
specimens taken on the farm of George Lape, a mile and a half
from Mechanicville and about a mile west of the Hudson river.
The trees in this locality were full of the insects and their sing-
ing could be heard for some distance. He also states he heard
of a colony on the east side of the Hudson and northeast of
Stillwater in a locality known as Chase’s Hill, a place where
they appeared in 1894. The local press records the appearance
of great numbers of the Cicadas on the Guy Fitch farm about
three miles northwest of Mechanicville. Mr George B. Thomas
observed Cicadas about four and one-half miles south of Schuy-
lerville and one-quarter of a mile west of the Hudson river.
There was a clump of bushes and trees about one rod wide and
twenty rods long which were nearly covered with the insects.
Suffolk county. Mr William T. Davis, of New Brighton, states
that occasional Cicadas were found in localities on the western
end of Long Island. He adds that he was unable to find any
specimens whatever after three visits to the Half Way Hollow
Hills where the insects were so abundant in 1910, and he is
therefore led to conclude that this earlier appearance represents
an independent brood. Mr Charles Watkins of Wyandanch in-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 83
formed Mr Davis that he had seen two Cicadas (in 1911) in the
nearby lowlands, and Mr Frederick M. Scott assured Mr Davis
that he had heard a few singing about the ,village but never in
the hills. Mr Davis visited Babylon, L. I., on July 21st and was
unable to find any one who had seen Cicadas reported from that
vicinity by the Brooklyn Eagle. We have been unable to
obtain any other records respecting the occurrence of this brood
upon Long Island in rot.
~ Ulster county. Just south of Esopus station many locust trees
along the West Shore Railroad showed the effects of Cicada
work, and the same was true of oak about one mile farther south.
At Highland the insects were reported extremely abundant in
the woods near the station, though no injured twigs were ob-
served. Mr.H. W. Ford reported, under date of July 5th, hear-
ing only a few of the insects. Mr W. D. Tallman states that
the insects were rather abundant at Highland and that they
appeared in small numbers one-half mile west of Clintondale,
some seven miles from the Hudson river. They seemed to be
more abundant than in 1894. Many dead tips were observed
from the West Shore Railroad one-half mile south of Malden.
Cicada work was very abundant in the woods just above Marl-
boro, the colony being more or less continuous from there to
Milton where similar conditions obtained. Mr H. C. Dawes,
three miles south and west of Marlboro, found Cicadas very
scarce in his neighborhood. Mr Arthur E. Bell of Milton re-
ports the insect about as abundant as in 1894 and is of the
opinion that it did not fail to appear in any locality where it
occurred that year. Serious injury resulted in some places.
Many Cicadas were reported from the woods back of New
Paltz. Dr J. R. Gillett May 30th stated that the insects occurred
all along the line from Highland to New Paltz. About one-half
square mile of mountain land was abundantly infested by the
Cicadas at Port Ewen according to Silvanus VanAken, the
insects failing to appear in some localities where they occurred
in 1894. Very little injury came to his notice. He reports
another colony one and one-half miles southeast of Port Ewen.
Miss Ethel H. Dann observed great numbers of Cicadas at Sauger-
ties. Mr ©. E. Davis of that locality states that there is an in-
fested area some six miles from Saugerties and one mile west of
the Hudson, the insects occurring by the millions and so abund-
ant that it was necessary to lead horses in cultivating crops. Mr
William Waldele, Saugerties, reports the Cicadas so numerous
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
that nearly every leaf, limb and part of recently set apple trees
were covered with the insects. Mr J. T. Halmes, writing from
Wallkill, states that June 30th the Cicada cry was almost con-
tinuous, especially when crossing the Shawangunk mountain
between the Wallkill valley and Ellenville, the cry apparently
stopping as he entered Sullivan county. Returning to Wallkill
three weeks later he observed that the insects had disappeared
and that the oaks and chestnuts especially had been severely
injured, it appearing as though fire had scorched the young
branches. Mr N. D. Rand of West Camp reports an infestation
_ one-quarter of a mile wide along the Hudson, the insects occur-
ring by the millions and extensive injury to apple and peach
trees in particular, resulting. Just south of West Camp station
on the West Shore Railroad injuries by Cicada were very evi-
dent. This insect was recorded by Dr J. A. Lintner in 1894, in
addition to certain localities given above, from Quarryville.
Washington county. Miss Letitia H. Dixon transmitted speci-
mens collected in Governor Dix’s woods at Thomson and states
that the insects were there seventeen years ago. Mrs William
G. Drake, now of New Jersey, informs us that she remembers
very well Doctor Fitch collecting periodical Cicadas in 1877 at
Fort Miller, only a short distance from Thomson. There appears
to have been no published record of this occurrence in 1894.
Westchester county. Mr R. W. Trine is responsible for the
statement that Cicadas were thick on his property, “the Kitch-
awan Hills,’ Croton Lake, located on the Mount Airy road to
Croton. The insects did not occur in the village though they
were pretty generally distributed in that section. Mr G. G., At-
wood of the Department of Agriculture reports the insect very
abundant at Dobbs Ferry and Katonah. Messrs Edward and
Robert Broom of Mount Vernon record many pupal cases in
that locality. Mr A. J. Bolton of New Rochelle reports large
numbers of Cicadas, probably millions, on Twin and Hunter
islands. The insect was also reported as occurring by millions
at New Rochelle and in the Pelhams. Mr C. W. Hyatt found
Cicadas abundant about four miles north and three miles west
of Peekskill. Mrs E. H. Kingsland reports thousands of Cicadas
at Pelham. Abundant evidences of this insect were observed
from the New York Central tracks just north of Ossining, in-
juries being rather numerous from there to Croton on Hudson.
From Scarboro along the New York Central tracks south nearly
to Tarrytown evidences of Cicada oviposition were rather abund-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 85
ant. Miss Annis E. Thomson, of Yonkers, reports thousands of
Cicadas at Lowerre Summit and Park Hill. It is probable that
the insect was pretty generally distributed throughout the west-
ern and southern portion of the county, at least.
Natural enemies. A large and excessively numerous insect
such as the Cicada affords abundant provender for many natural
enemies. Cats and dogs have been reported as eating the pupae
as they emerge from the ground. Miss Annis E. Thomson of
Yonkers reports feeding twenty of the insects in succession to a
cat without any ill effects. Skunks, groundhogs and gray squir-
rels have been observed in earlier years feeding upon the Cicadas,
and it is probable that several other quadrupeds do not ignore
this article of diet. There were several reports of domestic
fowls, probably all kinds, feeding greedily upon the insects.
Birds, such as hawks, crows, robins and sparrows, feed readily
upon this species. More than one farmer reports no pulling of
corn and unharmed cherries as a result of abundant Cicadas in
the vicinity. A flock of crows hanging over a woodland and
scolding on the approach of man, is very likely to signify a
colony of Cicadas. The English sparrow appears to be part-cu-
larly fond of this insect and is undoubtedly largely responsible
for its local extermination in the vicinity of cities.
dhere are several insect enemies of the Cicada. Mr J. C.
Guffin, Albany, reports having observed one of our largest
dragon flies feeding upon a Cicada. His attention was attracted
by the Cicada note and sounds of a struggle. An investigation
disclosed the two insects on a nearby mullen stalk. The dragon
fly was seen to bite off the head of the Cicada, eat into the
thorax, and after a time, becoming alarmed, fly away with the
remainder of the body. Mr ©. ©. Flint, Athens, reported
darning needles numerous in the vicinity of a locust colony.
Ants have also been observed to attack Cicadas though they
probably content themselves with preying on the dying or dead.
The fungus Massospora cicadina was _ reported
rather prevalent in a number of localities. Mr William T. Davis
of Staten Island found numerous males and females infected
with the disease at West Point June 3d. It was observed in
Graceland Cemetery near Albany as early as June gth, while at
New Baltimore it was rather prevalent June roth and 13th. Oc-
casional specimens could be seen flying even after most of the
abdomen had dropped off as a result of the fungous infection.
Mr R. G. Doxey, Mountainville, reports the occurrence of the
Solem NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
fungus. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale recorded many dead and
dying insects, some infected with fungus June 16th.
The local presence of the disease was also reported by Mr S. S.
Simmons, West Taghkanic; Eugene Smith, Middletown; C. B.
Coleman, Goshen; Fred M. Askens, Schaghticoke; Sylvester
Bulson, Stony Point and C. W. Hyatt, Peekskill.
Adverse weather conditions are undoubtedly responsible for
the untimely death of many insects. Miss Annis E. Thomson,
states that on June roth, 11th and 12th there were three terrific
thunder and lightning storms which killed every Cicada. Not
one was seen alive after June 12th. Between the storms, the
birds feasted on the insects and the children picked the wings from
the multitude of dead bodies in the roadways.
Injuries. The reports of injuries as a result of a Cicada'vis'ta-
tion usually characterized the damage as very severe, and in
localities where the insects are exceptionally numerous, many
of the young twigs, in some instances most, may be killed by
the numerous oviposition scars. This looks badly in midsummer
and gives a very unfavorable impression, whereas in reality the
damage is confined largely to the small limbs, and in the case
of good sized trees amounts to but little more than a somewhat
general heading back. Some correspondents state that affected
trees look as though they had been swept by fire. In certain
cases fruiting trees had the limbs so badly injured that they
broke with the weight of the young apples. The proportionate
injury to young trees is undoubtedly much greater than in the
case of large ones, and in certain instances may result in the
ruin, if not death: of individual trees.
The Cicada is relatively local in its habits, and as a.conse-
quence the injury is rarely widespread and mostly confined to
comparatively low value forest trees. This disinclination of the
Cicada to fly is well illustrated by conditions obtaining on the
farm of Mr H. D. Lewis at Annandale. There were a number
of trees in one orchard very badly infested with the insects while
within fifty feet there were many others practically free from
Cicadas. Mr Lewis reports one case where two rows of a young
orchard near a woodland were severely affected, while other
Parts were practically ines from damage. Mit Re Guerre
Mountainville, records the killing of newly set fruit trees. .
Preventives of injury. The major portion of the visible in-
jury at least is caused by the female as she makes slits in the
twigs with her sawlike ovipositor for the reception of eggs. It
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 87
is purely a mechanical injury. Small trees in the vicinity of a
numerous colony can be easily protected by inclosing them with
a fine netting during this egg-laying period (plate 24). It is equally
obvious that some attention to the probabilities of injury in the
future would suggest refraining from planting young trees near
infested woodlands for at least several years prior to the ex-
pected appearance of the insect. Similarly, trees in the local-
ity where Cicadas were abundant might well be trimmed very
little or not at all for one or two years prior to the advent of the
insects, thus leaving a superabundance of wood and mitigating to
considerable extent the probable injury.
Practical experience has shown that it is possible by system-
atic and persistent collecting to protect moderate sized trees
from serious injury. The adoption of such measures would be
justified only by some exceptional conditions. Their efficacy
depends largely upon the somewhat local habits of the insect.
Spraying the issuing pupae with a contact insecticide, such as
a kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap solution or other material
will destroy immense numbers, and where the insects are excep-
tionally abundant and the trees valuable, may be profitable.
Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports that spraying trees in-
fested by the insects, with a commercial lime-sulfur solution
diluted one part to forty appears to drive out the Cicadas. This
method might prove of value in the vicinity of woodlands and
assist in keeping the insects restricted largely to the wild
growth. It is possible that spraying with a lime-sulfur wash,
as mentioned above, or with a bordeaux mixture, may prove of
considerable service in preventing oviposition.
Bibliography
Very many popular notices, accurate and otherwise, have ap-
peared in the press of the country during the past season. The
insect has also figured in many scientific accounts from time to
time. The following brief bibliography, in connection with the
citations the works contain, will enable the student to ascertain
the more important facts respecting this remarkable species.
1897 Lintner, J. A. Injur. and Other Ins. N. Y., 12th Rep’t p. 272-08.
1905 Felt, E, P. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 1 :231-37.
1907 Marlatt, C. L. U.S. Dep’t Agric., Bur. Ent. Bul. 71, p. 1-181.
A REPORT UPON THE CONDITION OF THESE
TREES OF THE CIVY OF MOUND VERNON?
The Entomologist, under the guidance of Alderman Whitmore
and Commissioner of Public Works Harlow, examined the shade
trees of Mount Vernon Tuesday afternoon, June 20, 1911. It
was obviously impossible to make a careful examination of all
the injured trees in the city. Our investigations were therefore
limited to what were considered typical localities. At the outset
we were informed that some 2136 trees were sprayed last spring,
largely for the purpose of controlling the false maple scale.t
Many of these, mostly hard maples, show signs of severe injury
from one cause or another.
An examination of the trees disclosed the fact that the leop-
ard moth? is generally present in the city and, furthermore, that
it is liable to cause, if allowed to breed unrestricted, serious
injuries within a few years. We observed no maples so
badly infested with this insect as to justify holding the pest
responsible for the recent and sudden death of individual trees,
or even of good sized limbs, though we did find certain trees,
mostly soft maples, which were rather badly infested by this
species.
Our investigations also showed that a “ pin-hole” borer® or
“Ambrosia beetle” is generally present on the dead and dying
trees. This insect is just entering the maples, attracted by their
unhealthy condition and therefore can not have a causative rela-
tion to the present sad state of many hard maples in Mount
Vernon.
There was also found on a number of these trees, a moderate
sized, reddish-brown, yellow-marked beetle,t which, like the
“pin-hole”’ borer, is an inhabitant of diseased or dying trees.
At Park avenue and East Sibley street, near the church, there
were fifteen out of about twenty hard maples with at least the
lower limbs seriously affected, a few of the smaller having
practically all the foliage destroyed. The type of injury observed
here was limited to trees marked or recorded as having been
sprayed. We were informed that this was done in March.
1Phenacoccus acericola King.
2Z7euzera pyrina Linn.
3X yloterus sp.
4N eoclytus) enyth Tocep hialiuiseehapr
[88]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 89
These maples were young trees which presented every appear-
ance of having recently been in as thriving and vigorous a condi-
tion as nearby unharmed maples, which latter were not marked
as having been sprayed, and no record was submitted to show
that they had been so treated. These trees, both the injured
and the nearby unharmed ones, were young and fairly well
separated. ‘There was no evidence of overcrowding, though this
would doubtless occur later if all the trees grew and were
allowed to remain.
At Park and Oakley avenues there were nineteen hard maples
perhaps more seriously affected out of about twenty-six sprayed
and presumably treated in the same manner as those discussed:
above. These trees were smaller than those in the preceding lot,
and some at least of the injured maples even had the tips of
their branches well separated from those adjacent. They pre-
sented every indication of having recently been in a thriving
condition and there could have been no crowding for several
years at least. At North Fulton and Clinton avenues most of
the hard maples were killed on one block. These trees were
larger than those discussed above. Even here one could hardly
consider the maples crowded, though in a year or two such a
condition would probably develop. One of these trees was cut
down and the larger limbs, the trunk and the base of the roots
carefully examined for insect and other injuries.
On Beechwood avenue in another part of the city we examined
several small hard maples marked as having been sprayed. This
work, we were informed, was done later and the injury was not
so severe, though three out of some seven or eight hard maples
were affected to some extent.
Several other trees in this general section of the city were
examined. One was dying but the trouble appeared very dif-
ferent from the injury under discussion. The entire top was
dead and there was a vigorous growth of shoots at the base of
the larger limbs. This type of injury we have seen here and
there in the vicinity of New York City. Another affected tree
was observed. The foliage presented a generally unhealthy
condition, The trouble appeared to be similar to, or possibly
identical with, the bacterial affection which was so prevalent on
hard maples in the Hudson valley two years ago. The condition
of this tree is very different, in our estimation, from the severe
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
injury noted elsewhere. There are undoubtedly other trees here
and there in the city which are dying from one cause or another.
It would be surprising were conditions otherwise.
Our findings in connection with the major portion of the
injured maples are as follows:
1 The trouble is practically limited to hard maples.
2 It is confined very largely to the lower limbs or portions
of the tree most easily reached by spraying outfits of the usual
type. This phase of the injury attracted our notice at the out-
set. Small trees, those not more than eighteen or twenty feet
high, were more frequently killed than moderate sized ones.
The lower branches of these latter were usually in a dying condi-
tion; sometimes the lower third or the lower half of the limbs
were thus affected. On large trees, such for example as those
in front of Alderman Whitmore’s residence, the injury was mostly
limited to a few of the lowest limbs.
3 Only trees marked as having been sprayed or so recorded,
presented the characteristics common to all the hard maples
showing this sudden and severe injury, namely, dying branches
with withering, usually discolored leaves accompanied by a
brown, lifeless inner bark near the middle portion of the branches
and the trunk.
4. A careful examination of the trees in the above mentioned
localities which, we were informed, were typical of conditions
obtaining in Mount Vernon, compels us to exonerate insects.
The injury is utterly unlike the work of any insect pest. There
is no connection between the abundance of the leopard moth and
the severity of the attack. Were this insect the cause we would
expect the trouble to show first on the silver or soft maples.
This opinion is based not only upon a superficial examination
of a number of trees, but also a detailed one of the tree cut
down on North Fulton avenue and also a number of limbs
which were removed from various other trees.
5 The injury to the affected trees is restricted largely to the
trunk near the base of the larger limbs and to the lower branches,
places easily reached with the ordinary spraying equipment.
Repeated examinations of dying limbs showed green, apparently
vigorous bark at both the base and the tip, while for a variable
length of the branch the inner bark was brown and dead or nearly
so. Some limbs on the more badly affected trees had practically all
the inner bark dead, simply indicating that the injury had pro-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQItI gt
gressed farther. Furthermore, this affection was uneven and varied
greatly within a few inches, indicating that it might have resulted
from some external application. This was true also of the tree cut
down. The tips of the branches and the trunk below the limbs had a
green, apparently healthy inner bark, while much of the inner bark
between these extremes had turned brown and was dead or nearly so.
We explain this condition by holding that the thicker bark of the
trunk would succumb less quickly to an injurious application
than the thinner bark just above. The smaller limbs, especially
at the top of the tree, escaped serious injury because of the
difficulty of spraying them thoroughly. The lesser injury to
the later sprayed trees is probably due to the increased pressure
of the sap hindering the penetration of the spray material. It
is well recognized among entomologists that bark borers work-
ing near the middle of the trunk of the tree, namely, near the
base of the larger limbs, may girdle the trunk at this point and
cause a successive and rather rapid death of both extremities of
the tree. We have repeatedly seen this in the case of bark
borers! working in the trunks of white pine, and the same pro-
cess may be observed in hickories succumbing to the injuries
of the deadly hickory bark borer,? a pest now very prevalent in
the vicinity of New York City. The spray material appears to
have girdled limbs and trunks by destroying the vital inner bark
and produced a condition similar to that resulting from bark
beetle attack. These insects can not be held responsible for the
injury, since the great majority of the affected limbs and trunks
show practically no indications of insect injury.
6 It is our opinion that the trouble is largely if not entirely
due to injury caused by the material sprayed upon the trees.
7 We would advise the prompt removal of the dead trees and
the early burning of the wood so as to prevent “ pin-hole”
borers or Ambrosia beetles breeding out and possibly causing
serious trouble later. We would favor leaving trees showing
fair signs of vigor till it was evident that they were beyond
hope.
8 The leopard moth is well distributed throughout the city
and, if allowed to multiply freely, may ruin many trees. A
- judicious cutting out of the borers and the destruction of the
Zips sp:
2Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus Say.
92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
moths so far as practicable would do much to avert trouble.
There are other insect pests which also need attention.
9g In conclusion, we would emphasize the fact that not all
the sickly trees were injured by the application. Moreover, the
majority of the sprayed maples were infested by insects and
therefore less able to withstand injury. Had the season been as
early as usual, it is probable that the damage would not have
been so severe. Nevertheless, the use of oils or oily prepara-
tions on living plants is attended with a certain amount of
danger.
PEE RIMENTS WITH HEAT AS AN INSECTICIDE
There are numerous places where it is impractical to employ
gases, contact insecticides or arsenical poisons for the destruc-
tion of injurious pests, and in some of these situations heat may
be available. The work of Dean! indicates the possibilities
along this line in the case of several well-known mill pests.
It seemed advisable to test this with other insects, and the heat-
loving, oriental cockroach, Periplaneta orientalis Linn,
was selected as presumably a very resistant form. The work be-
gan with insects in vials, then in jars and finally in jars or paste-
board cylinders in a small room. In all instances observations
were possible throughout the test and the thermometers were
corrected ‘by comparison with standard instruments. Great
care was exercised so to place the vials or jars containing the
insects that the walls could not become unduly heated with
consequent burning of the contained roaches.
The apparatus employed in experiments 1 to 3 consisted of a
candy jar about eight inches high, in which was placed an
ordinary stab file supported on three wooden blocks so as to
separate its metal base from the glass bottom. A piece of soft
pine was fastened to the tip and from this a dairy thermometer
suspended so that it hung nearly in the middle of the jar and
touched no metal, its bulb being nearly an inch and a half from
the bottom of the jar and its top just below the cover. The
insects subjected to the test were suspended in the same way as
the thermometers. They were placed in two dram vials, the
free end being covered with coarse cheesecloth and the vials
hung so that they were nearly eight inches from the bottom of
the candy jar and free from contact with any metal. The candy
jar in turn was placed on wooden blocks in a shallow pan partly
filled with water, protected by an asbestos mat and placed on
a gas plate. :
Experiments 4 and 5 differed in that a quart fruit jar was
placed inside the candy jar described above. ‘The insects were
provided with a slanting piece of cardboard for a support though
nothing was placed in the bottom.
Experiments 6 to 8 differed from the preceding in that the
insects were better protected. Small blocks of wood were
1 Dean, G. A. Econ. Ent. Jour., 1911, 4:142-58.
[93]
O04. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
placed inside the fruit jar, and on these a circular piece of
corrugated cardboard so that the latter could not come in direét
contact with the glass bottom. he fruit jar, in addition, had
the lower half lined by corrugated paper in such a way that it
was impossible for the insects to come in direct contact with
the heated glass walls. The thermometer rested lightly upon
this cardboard bottom, the whole being covered with cheese-
cloth as before.
Experiments 9 to 13 were conducted in a photographer’s
dark room about five feet five inches by four feet eleven and one-
half inches and eleven feet high, the necessary heat being secured
from a gas heater and a gas plate. The insects were placed in card-
board cylinders with netting at each end, or in a lantern globe simi-
larly inclosed. One was put upon the floor, a second on a shelf
about four feet high and just inside of a window, so that develop-
ments could be watched, while the third was placed upon a higher
shelf some six feet from the floor. The observations in experiments
10 to 13 inclusive, tabulated below, relate to the insects on the shelf,
since they were the only ones that could be watched. Owing to
the small dimensions of the dark room and the rather wide
shelves, it was found that there was a considerable difference
between the temperature at the floor and five feet above. In
experiment 13, for example, a temperature of over 125° was
maintained five feet from the floor for more than five hours,
while a maximum thermometer located on the floor registered
joche ge
Observation, whether the insects were in vials, fruit jars or
the relatively much larger dark room, showed that the cock-
roaches became uneasy when the temperature reached about
112° to 114°F; they exhibited evident signs of distress at
116° or thereabouts and succumbed at a temperature of about’
120°. This is a comparatively moderate heat and it would
seem entirely practical, in the case of hotel kitchens and similar
places where there must of necessity be a good sized heating
plant, to destroy the pests with this rather moderate temperature. '
In practice it would be unsafe to plan for less than thirty minutes’
at a temperature of 120° if one would obtain satisfactory results.
It might be necessary to prolong this period even more in
apartments where the insects could retreat in cracks or take
refuge under bagging or similar material which would afford
some shelter from the heat. It is perhaps unnecessary to add
that the filling of all cracks and crevices would immensely
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI 95
facilitate the control of this and other household pests, whether
we resort to heat or some other method for the destruction of
the insects. Heat is also applicable, though the duration of the
treatment would probably have to be greatly extended, for the
destruction of wood and bark borers in specially selected material,
such as that used in the manufacture of souvenirs. It may also
prove of value in destroying young larvae in manufactured articles
prior to storage and thus greatly reduce the loss on such materials
subject to insect attack.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1oOATLY ‘wm Sp j-urof my Ijaz “141 "2 Sv o1 ‘dzq
v n Sore n £S°z
preg ‘USE ;ursP iy) “iy z ‘uly | Sh'P 6 ‘dxq
‘am 'M | SIP n jur'dé “n Sv°z
peed THQ | UlO7 ‘141 "Pp £o'1 g ‘dxe
‘ul ou | Sb°zr
Sv" 11
prog ‘UL 0% ‘ul ZS oS‘ o1 L ‘dxq
Ulf} | 6€°or
gs 6 ‘ws | PI'Or
preg "lm gi "lm ge “79) £o-V 9g ‘dxq
Sve Sc
prog “UI I ‘ULI iy Ej) Sz “iy (0) ara S ‘dxq
uMOp | 60°2 €S"o1 Svo1
peed ‘Ul Z ‘ul OL “Ul ZI b -dxg
ainyeisduie, ut orue ly
asi pider 930N 9) ZI°O1I | pausinq | Soor O1
aATLY ‘Ww I “Iu L "8 cileaes os Vv € ‘dxa
j SUCCES Sie |e SEO
) os 6
praq ‘mS "Wm ZI ‘ut oS ‘urs | OV’ OL ‘Pp SzZer ee ‘dx
9) ge o1 S€° or yuis | Lyor
prog ‘uw iI ‘Ul £V ‘Pp ge°or ‘D LI O1 z ‘dx
Mags AS} | SIE.)
preg ‘WM yy |weriyi| “14 z ‘p SIS ote er ‘dxq
*b 11’ wn | £7°z n sued
peed ‘wi MES jurSe iy Iwi YI ‘p Sioee ‘mn | &y-% ‘urn | SE°z% 2 Sidi I ‘dxq
"Db ele ‘n ov'z *b sf a
‘aeyag | duly | -aeyag aul], | “AeYyeg | eulry | Aeyag | oury | ‘aeyog | ouiry
SNINYOW oncl 021 os ll oOII O01 Sel | 021 onl OIL ; 001
IXGN SLOAAAT ae
IvaH 4O NOILVand SIDASNI 4O AOIAVHAR GNV ANNLVAAdWAL AO AONVA
ty
OO ————————————————
}eay YM Sjuswiiedx7
ay
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igit
*IOO]} 3Y} 9AO
“sss —s foatoe —
SE i ae ee
SS!
‘8 tprap=—"p ‘yomb—"b ‘arqoey =
qe paseld sayovor asoyy} 04 Jaya suotyeArasqo oy ‘EI ‘zr ‘II ‘Or ur r
SsquouraAou —tur !Aseaun —"'n
oOo
‘ud hb fS11
tT peed jut $ ‘ry €)urS aq) -uroz yp ‘Iq Ss jursr-sys) ‘p I Siew |) ood qh | ST*11 *n
Sserai |
1 peed ‘uroS |'wSf3y 1 “IY z “Ul Sz “IY c|"ur Sh ry z Of ZI 8) Senn
or’ Ir SS~or Ofo1 n
1 peed “Ur Se | ‘ur S$ -3y 1)'w Sr iy z|-w Sb “IY & Se"2r
‘p O11 ob'or ‘n
SS:o1 n oFor | €1 ‘dxq
$001 n SP°6 | zr ‘dxq
oz‘Oor ‘n oS'6 | 11 ‘dxq
NOTES SHOR. dri yee Auk
The following are brief accounts of some of the more injurious
or interesting species which have been brought to our attention
during the past year.
The false cottony maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola
King) and the cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis
Linn.) have occasioned numerous inquiries, especially in the
southern portion of the State. Both of these species have been
repeatedly noticed in the publications of this office, and in this
connection we would call attention to the report appearing on
another page, upon conditions obtaining in Mount Vernon last
summer, and emphasize the desirability of employing the safer
whale oil soap solution in efforts to control these pests. Canker
worm injury continues in southeastern Westchester county, as
reported by. Henry Bird and several other correspondents. ‘This
species is easily controlled and serious effects resulting from its
activities must be charged to either indifference or ignorance.
The European Phytonomus meles Gyll., kindly deter-
mined by Prof. E. G. Titus, was reared June 21, 1908 from clover
heads collected in the vicinity of Albany. The‘record shows the
establishment in the State of an European species closely related
to the introduced and very destructive alfalfa weevil, Phyton-
omus posticus Gyll., and is therefore of more than usual
interest. Trichius affinis Gory was reared from decaying
black cherry. :
BRUT REE EN SEES
Hoplia trifasciata Say. Mr Roy C. Draper states, under date
of May 14, 1911, that this beetle was abundant on the blossoms
of a small pear orchard in Greece. He adds that the trees were
covered with the insects which were gnawing out the sides of
the fruit buds. He estimated that at least one-third of the
buds were thus affected. Similar injury has been recorded by
Messrs Webster and Mally in Bulletin 17, n.s., United States
Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, page 98.
Such depredations are unusual and generally limited in extent.
Prompt spraying with arsenate of lead, using six to ten pounds to
fifty gallons of water, would probably be the most practical
method of checking this insect. Hand picking, in the case of
small or low trees, might be equally or even more effective.
[98]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 99
Say’s blister beetle (Pomphopoea sayi Lec.). This
large, usually rare blister beetle is nearly an inch long and is easily
distinguished from allied forms by its rather stout, olive green
body and the shining black, orange banded legs. It was excep-
tionally abundant this year, having been reported as feeding upon
locust blossoms at Castleton, Slingerlands, Fonda and Hartford
by Messrs Matthew Hart, R. S. Nards, Frank Jansen and Smith
Bowen, respectively, the dates varying from May 3oth to June
14th. Mr Arthur Ward of Philmont reported this beetle as
destroying cherry blossoms June 21st. The abundance of this
blister beetle was also noted at Cambridge and Schuylerville by
Messrs J. G. Ward and A. C. DeGarmo, respectively, though
no record was given as to the food habits. It is possible that
a portion of these reports was stimulated by the desire to locate
colonies of the periodical Cicada, though this could hardly be the
entire explanation.
This insect was reported in 1909 as swarming upon roses and
other plants, devouring much foliage and causing considerable
injury in Voorheesville, Albany county, and Quaker Street, Sche-
nectady county, while in I900 it was rather abundant and in-
jurious to peach trees at Clarksville. The late Doctor Lintner
records this species as feeding upon wheat, the leaves of butter-
nut and on locust blossoms, and states that ordinarily it is rare,
only individual specimens being taken. These outbreaks last
but a week, and as the grubs feed upon grasshopper eggs the
species is beneficial on the whole, even though occasionally com-
mitting local depredations. It is possible that the insects could be
driven from valued fruit trees by the use of long switches or
jarring, or even the employment, when weather conditions are
favorable, of a dense smoke. It is better to attempt some such
method than to kill the beetles by hand picking or by the use of
poisons. The latter can not be used with safety upon trees in
bloom, to say nothing of its being against the law.
Red-humped apple caterpillar. GSehizura,, comdnna
Abb. & Sm.). This is one of our most striking caterpillars on ac-
count of its coral red head, the prominent hump of the same color
on the first abdominal segment, and a similar swollen area near
the posterior extremity. The full-grown caterpillar is about one
and one-quarter inches long, black, with a series of rather con-
spicuous yellowish dorsal and: sublateral lines with white be-
tween. There are prominent black tubercles on the body, which
4
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
are especially well developed on the thoracic and first abdom-
inal segments, on which latter they form conspicuous conical
processes on the top of the swollen red portion. ‘This stage is so
peculiar that it is easily recognized. The young caterpillar
presents an approach to these conditions, as will be seen from
the following description:
Length 6 mm. Head shining jet black, bilobed, with a pair of
submedian setose tubercles. Body mostly yellowish orange,
mottled obscurely with reddish and with narrow sublateral and
lateral yellowish lines. Dorsally there are submedian rows of
rather large, black, setose tubercles, those on the thoracic seg-
ments and on the Ist, 8th, 9th and toth abdominal segment,
especially the latter, being markedly larger. These abdominal
segments show a slight enlargement. There are also sublateral,
lateral and suprastigmatal lines of smaller, black, setose tuber-
cles. The true legs are black, while the prolegs are yellowish,
the apexes laterally being dark brown or black.
The parent moth is rather inconspicuous with dark brown
fore wings, grayish on the outer margin, a dot near the middle,
a spot near each angle and several longitudinal streaks along the
hind margin, all dark brown. The female deposits her eggs in
clusters on the under side of the leaves during the month of
July. They hatch soon and the young caterpillars at first con--
sume only the under surface of the leaf, leaving the upper un-
broken, though as they increase in size the entire leaf is
devoured. The caterpillars are social in habit, remaining in
rather compact groups when not feeding and attain maturity
in this latitude during August or early September. This gre-
garious habit frequently results in one or more branches being
entirely stripped. There is but one brood in the North though
in the South there are said to be two generations. This pest
is seldom abundant, and while displaying a marked preference
for apple, also occurs on plum, cherry, rose, thorn and pear.
It is easily controlled by thoroughly spraying with an arsenical
poison, preferably arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid)
used at the rate of about two pounds to fifty gallons of water.
Numerous specimens of the small, grayish Tachinid, Actia
pilipennis Fallen, were reared in early August from the red-
humped larvae of this common pest received from Amenia, N. Y.
Nothing seems to have been published earlier respecting the food
habits of this parasite in America, though it has been recorded
from the White Mountains, N. H., New Jersey, District of Colum-
bia and southern Illinois. It was first studied in America by
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII IOolL
Professor Townsend who redescribed it under the name of
iitirmyptocera americana.
Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubn.).
This pest was exceedingly abundant and destructive about a
decade ago, defoliating considerable areas of hard maples and
stripping many apple trees. Apparently this species is becom-
ing numerous again, since it was reported as stripping wood-
lands by Townsend Cox, Setauket, and as present in some num-
bers on the estate of Warren Delano, Annandale, a number of
trees being defoliated. Mr Bronk VanSlyke of Ravena found
small numbers of the caterpillars in his orchard, while Dr C. S.
Merrill of Albany brought in a number from Warrensburg and
stated that the pests were on everything in the village. Dr
W. E. Britton of New Haven, Conn., found evidence showing that
the caterpillar had been abundant at Jay, Essex county, cocoons
being present in July on the trunk of nearly every tree, includ-
ing pines, and on fences and stone walls. On the under side
of large branches of apple trees one could see patches five or
six inches in diameter, of the cast skins or exuviae of the
caterpillars.
This scattering appearance in widely separated localities may
‘be the forerunner of a great abundance of this pest in the next
two or three years. It is certainly advisable to watch for their
appearance and if they become numerous upon orchard or valued
_ shade trees, resort promptly to remedial measures, such as thorough
and early spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate
of lead.
A peculiar apple miner. In connection with our studies of the
codling moth discussed earlier, we found an exceptionally fine
example (plate 8, figure 4) of the work of a miner operating just
under the skin of the apple. This insect appears to work in a
similar manner under the bark of apple twigs, making a long, nar-
row, serpentine mine. The miner is never abundant and the adult
has not been reared, though from the character of its work the
insect has been tentatively referred to the genus Mamara. Doctor
Howard’ published a brief notice accompanied by an illustration
of the work of this insect in Delaware, while ten years later, Mr
A. L. Quaintance*® recorded this species from the Ozark mountains
*1808, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bul. Io,
n. s., p. 87-88
71908, Entomological Society of Washington Proceedings 10:2
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and also in Massachusetts. Prof. H. T. Fernald, in a recent letter
informs us that repeated attempts to rear the adult have been
unsuccessful.
San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.).
There have been some complaints the past season to the effect
that the scale has multiplied to an unusual extent, especially
late in the summer and during the fall, even in orchards where
there has been more or less thorough spraying. Investigation
of several such cases disclosed the fact that this abundance of
the scale was most marked on trees in localities where the
treatment was not thorough for some reason or other. Exam-
inations in several orchards where the scale has been prevalent
for years, showed exceedingly gratifying conditions so far as
checking this pest was concerned.
The concentrated lime-sulfur washes, commercial or home-
made, are being used very largely to the exclusion of the earlier
preparations. There has been a siight tendency on the part of
some to blame the newer washes for unsatisfactory results here
and there, though we have been unable to obtain any reliable
data in support of any such contention. Results where thor-
ough work was possible have almost invariably been good or
even excellent. The manufacture of the home-made concen-
trated wash has been rendered easier during the last year or
two, and in a few instances most excellent results have been
secured by cooperation in the making of this preparat on.
This is usually possible in a neighborhood where there is con-
siderable demand for a lime-sulfur wash, since there is almost
invariably a steam plant of some kind which can be readily
adapted for this purpose. ‘The invariable result, if the work
is properly systematized, is a good product and a marked saving
to the community. One great advantage of this wash is that
it can be made up in advance if this seems advisable and the
necessary storage capacity is available, or it can be prepared
just before using, provided the plant has sufficient capacity
to meet the local needs.
SMALL FRUIT INSECTS
Raspberry Byturus (Byturus. unicolor Say). The
small, yellowish brown beetles referable to this species were
rather abundant May 17, 1911 in the raspberry patch of Mr
S. R. Taber, Milton, N. Y. They were particularly numerous upon
the lower leaves and displayed a marked preference for the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 103
unfolding leaf or the unopened bud, eating a circular hole into
the latter, the beetles evidently feeding to a considerable extent
upon the more tender opening leaves, gnawing between the
veins, and as the foliage expands they produce a series of irregu-
lar, somewhat linear, skeletonized areas sometimes extending
through or breaking through to the under surface of the leaf.
In an adjacent patch there were as many as eight or ten of
these insects upon individual hills and, in some instances, a
number of buds had already been destroyed. Beetles were ob-
served in copulation, This insect was also reported by Mr J. S.
Carpenter of Marlboro as being very abundant and injurious to his
raspberry bushes.
“ The pale yellowish brown beetles appear in early May and
feed upon the tender leaves and buds. In the case of bad in-
festations most of the tender leaves may be partly or almost
entirely skeletonized. ‘The larvae feed in the fleshy head of the
fruit. The most satisfactory method of controlling this species is
early and heavy applications of arsenate of lead, preferably just
before the beetles appear. In the case of bad infestations it may
be advisable to supplement this poison application by spraying with
kerosene emulsion, designed to kill the beetles by contact.
Garden flea (Smynthurus arvalis Fitch). An exam-
ination May 17, 1911 in the raspberry patch of Mr S. R. Taber,
Milton, N. Y., showed that the supposed red spider was this
species, a comparatively innocuous form having no connection
with the abundance of red spider last season. These small,
yellowish garden fleas were rather numerous upon some hills,
two and three being frequently seen upon a leaf and, in some
instances, five or six were readily found upon one leaflet. This
latter, however, was exceptional. The garden fleas did not ap-
pear to be inflicting any material injury, possibly causing a very
slight rasping here and there upon the surface of the foliage.
There was so little damage caused by this species that remedial
measures were not considered necessary.
Four-lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.).
Currant shoots showing serious injury (plate 26) by this pest
were submitted for examination in early June by Hon. Albert
Yeomans, Walworth, accompanied by the statement that this
insect had inflicted serious damage upon an extended planting
of currants. This pest belongs to the family of true bugs or
Hemiptera, is a rather common general feeder and occasionally
104. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
becomes excessively abundant, as was the case about 1892 at
Ithaca) N: Yc Dhe parent insect 1s aneulay inyshapemaeanmly,
three-eighths of an inch long, black, with conspicuous yellowish
green or yellowish longitudinal stripes. It is extremely rapid
in motion, secretive in habit and is rarely observed. The young
or’nymphs are vermilion red and, like the adult, seek shelter.
The most characteristic and usually the only apparent evidences
are the oval, brown spots on the developing leaves. These are
caused by the bugs sucking the green, succulent matter from
the interior of the leaf, the affected areas soon collapsing, turn-
ing brown and dying. These spots measure about a tenth of
an inch in diameter and may be exceedingly numerous. Ovtca-
sionally the injury is so serious as to result in the wilting and
death of many of the leaves.
The eggs of this plant bug, deposited during late June and
early July in slits in the shoots, hatch early the following May
and the young attain full growth about the second week in
June. The adults are so agile and resistant to insecticides that
it is practically impossible to destroy them. Watching for
early signs of the young or nymphs, indicated by the occurrence
of discolored spots described above, and then promptly spraying
with a kerosene emulsion, the standard formula diluted with
about five parts of water, is the most promising method of
checking this insect. The treatment should be exceedingly
thorough and the apparatus adapted to underspraying in order
to catch as many of the pests as possible. Ordinarily, remedial
measures are not necessary.
SHADE DRE VEE Sis
Spiny elm caterpillar (Euvanessa antiopa Linn.).
The large, spiny, black, red-spotted caterpillars of this butterfly
feed in colonies, usually near the tips of limbs, and frequently
defoliate branches and occasionally considerable portions of
trees. This insect was exceptionally abundant in Néw York
State, causing complaints from Long Island, throughout the
Hudson valley and from some other sections. The caterpillars
were quite numerous and injurious to Carolina poplars and
willows in particular, at East Hampton. Specimens of this
pest were received from Belleport, L. I., Amenia, Hillsdale,
Greenwich, Ballston Spa, Gloversville, Chestertown, Ticon-
deroga, Elmira, and Oneonta, accompanied by reports of more
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 105
or less serious injury. This insect has also been reported as
being abundant upon the elms of Binghamton and of Dunkirk.
Local observations at New Baltimore, Ravena and the vicinity
of Albany disclosed more or less injury by this caterpillar,
though most of it was restricted to branches or portions of trees.
The gregarious habits of the caterpillar make its feeding con-
spicuous and therefore facilitate its early detection. It is com-
paratively easy to check these leaf feeders by the judicious
application of an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead,
it being feasible to restrict the treatment to the infested limbs
and those adjacent. Limbs bearing clusters of caterpillars can
also be cut off and the pests crushed. Ordinarily, remedial
measures are not necessary.
Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Miill.). Injuries
by this pest have been exceptionally severe and general on Long
Island and in the Hudson valley at least. The damage was so
general that the elms of many communities could easily be
recognized in midsummer at a distance of several miles because
of the contrast presented by the brown, dead foliage.
The elms of Amaganset at the eastern end of Long Island
were very severely injured, and the same would have been
equally true of East Hampton had it not been for the spraying
earlier in the season. Even with this protection there was con-
siderable injury. The brown foliage of elms was a rather
common feature of the landscape on both sides of the Hudson
river from Yonkers north to Albany. Mr Henry Bird reports
the pest abundant at Rye. The injury to more or less isolated
trees in woodlands or on the edges of fields and some distance
from the highway was very evident during the past season.
Many of the trees in Albany were badly eaten by the elm
leaf beetle, this being especially marked on Clinton avenue,
Lark and Hamilton streets and those adjacent to the two latter.
The elms of Menands and Watervliet were very seriously af-
fected, this being especially true in the southern portion of
Watervliet. Almost every tree in this section had the foliage
severely injured and in many instances it was completely de-
stroyed. The damage in Watervliet appears to have been more
widespread and general than has been the case for the past twelve
or fifteen years. Many of the elms of Green Island were
severely injured, though the work of the insect was not nearly
so general as at Watervliet. The same was true of Cohoes,
while Waterford had very many trees which had been seriously
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
affected. There was also general injury in North Troy or
Lansingburg, many of the trees having practically all the foli-
age destroyed. The elms of Hoosick Falls suffered greatly, and,
to a less extent, those of Valley Falls and Johnsonville.
The elms of both Stillwater and Schuylerville were very
severely injured, many having the foliage practically destroyed.
There was serious and general injury at Ballston Spa and con-
siderable damage at Saratoga Springs in spite of the spraying.
The trees of Fort Edward and Hudson Falls were practically
defoliated by the insect, especially near the centers where the
infestation is of longest standing. A number of the elms in
these communities had died and others were in a greatly weak-
ened condition owing to the injuries of successive years. The
damage at Glens Falls was evident though not so severe, the
difference undoubtedly being due to the spraying of the past
season. ss
An examination of the elms both in the city of Albany and
along the Delaware and Hudson railroad shows an interesting
condition. The trees on the streets traversed by trolleys are,
as a rule, more severely injured by the beetle than those on
adjacent thoroughfares. The elm leaf beetle has not obtained
a foothold west of Slingerlands on the Susquehanna division
of the Delaware and Hudson railroad. This is a section not
traversed by the electric car. A very different condition ob-
tains on the southern portion of the Saratoga and Champlain
division of the Delaware and Hudson railroad comprising a sec-
tion which has for some years had electric car service. Evi-
dences of severe injury are to be noted along most of the route
north of Glens Falls, manifest exceptions being Gansevoort,
Round Lake and Lake George. The two former are off the
_line of the electric cars and the latter has probably not had
trolley service for a sufficient time to allow general infestation.
The elm leaf beetle, as is well known, is very prolific and natur-
ally quite local in its habits. The electric cars, traversing as
they do many of the tree-lined streets of various communities,
afford abundant opportunities for the collection and dissemina-
tion of the beetles. The distribution of the badly infested areas
lends weight to the belief that the electric car is an important
factor in the dissemination of this pest.
There are numerous other localities not served by the electric
lines where injury has been severe, especially in the last few
years. Even comparatively isolated groups of elms in front of
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 107
a farmhouse may be badly injured. Many of these places are
along highways traversed by numerous automobiles, and it
seems very probable that the comparatively recent general use
of these vehicles has also been of material service in distributing
this pest.
The exceptionally dry weather of the last few years has had
a serious effect upon many trees and has doubtless accentuated,
by reducing the vitality of the trees, the injury inflicted by the
elm leaf beetle. It is also possible that climatic conditions have
been unusually favorable for the increase of this pest. Never-
theless, present conditions would seem to justify the expectation
of more widespread and general injury in the future than has
obtained in the past. The experience of communities infested
by the elm leaf beetle for a decade or more has shown that unless
the trees are adequately protected, many are bound to suc-
cumb to attacks by this insect. Thousands of elms have per-
ished during the last twenty years from this cause alone in the
cities of Albany and Troy and many more are in a precarious
condition owing to lack of adequate protection in recent years,
due either to no spraying or indifferent work.
The problem at the present time is to secure the general
recognition of the necessity for protecting our elms if the trees
are to be kept in even a fairly good condition. Repeated de-
foliations in the past have resulted in the wholesale destruction
of trees, and under the changed conditions -of the last decade
or thereabouts, even more general injury may be expected in
the future. A number of communities in the Hudson valley
have been spraying their elms for some years and, in some
instances at least, those interested in the work have been in-
clined to blame the failure to secure good results upon the insect
itself, climatic conditions or some other than the true cause.
The facts of the case ate that thorough spraying with a modern
equipment should result in keeping the leaves green, vigorous
and practically intact throughout the season, even in localities
where the elm leaf beetle is exceedingly abundant and not ex-
cepting trees adjacent to those practically skeletonized by the
pest. The essentials are timely and thorough sprayings.
Examinations of conditions in several communities the past
season force us to the conclusion that most of the unsatisfactory
results following spraying operations are due to careless or
slovenly work. It is impossible to stand at a distance and
spray an elm tree in such a way as to secure approximately
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM i
fair control. It is a rather eommon occurrence to find the
lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches are
almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, the
latter are severely injured by the beetle. Good poison and
efficient apparatus can be easily secured and in most instances
has been obtained. The weak link in the chain of practice at
present is the time and method of application, particularly the
latter. Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation
and in order to secure the best results, it is necessary to make
the compensation such as to result in a keen competition for
the position of nozzle man. The application of business prin-
ciples would justify the placing of this work in the hands of a
party who at least understood the rudiments involved (a
skilled forester would be even better) and giving him author-
ity to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and
operation. Let this man be held rigidly accountable for un-
satisfactory results following spraying operations and we shall
see a marked change in the elm leaf beetle situation.
The elm leaf beetle is not such a serious pest in Europe, and
it would seem, in view of the probable continuance of the
severe injury of the last few years, as though a serious effort
might well be made to secure natural enemies, since they ap-
pear to be very effective checks upon this beetle in European
countries.
Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory). Dying
or dead white birch trees, especially the ornamental weeping
birches on lawns, have been a rather common sight during
recent years in cities in the western part of the State. It is
now stated that all the birches in Geneva have been killed or
practically so, while many of those in Elmira and Ithaca have
been destroyed. The writer has noted dying birches in
Rochester and several villages in that general section. The
past season our attention was called to a group of dying
birches at Lansingburg, showing that this insect has com-
menced its nefarious work in the eastern part of the State.
Similar injury or something closely resembling it was observed
on the grounds of the Hotel Sagamore, Lake George.
The signs of injury are very characteristic, it requiring but’
little experience to recognize the work of this pest. Usually
the thin foliage and dying condition of the upper branches are
the first evidences of trouble. A more careful examination may
show well-marked, annular ridges around some of the smaller
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQIT 109g
branches, accompanied frequently by reddish or rusty brown
spots here and there on the white bark, indicating the oper-
‘ations of a borer beneath. This indentification can be con-
firmed by cutting into the bark, especially where there are
ridges, and the disclosing in the inner bark or sapwood of a
flattened, usually more or less sinuous channel. Advanced in-
jury is usually characterized by numerous interlacing galleries
in the bark of the upper branches, the limbs above being mostly
dead. The cause of this trouble is a flattened, whitish, rather
delicate grub about three-quarters of an inch long, with a
large, flattened anterior extremity and a
pair of horny, serrate processes at the
opposite end of the body.
The destructive work of this pest is
confined to the inner bark and sapwood,
places inaccessible to ordinary applica-/=
tions, consequently spraying or the ap-|2
plication of deterrent substances are of {,
little or no value. The grub winters in its
burrow, transforming to a pupa in the early
part of May, the moderately robust, olive
brown beetle from three-tenths to nearly
one-half an inch long appearing the latter
part of May or early in June. The only
satisfactory method of checking this »
borer is to cut and burn, at some time Pat
prior to the appearance of the insect, E<)
gi infested trees of portions of theric 3 ‘Bronze eee ike
; le beetle: b—=first abdominal
Same eambs that appear but slightly *ccemente of male from below:
affected are usually doomed, since the {boar A tee ater Chee
galleries generally girdle or nearly Butaac YE
girdle the limb and it is only a ques-
tion of time before the branch must succumb. It is much bet-
ter to remove such and burn the wood at once, rather than to
allow the beetles to escape and attack adjacent trees. It is
obvious that the more thorough the work the greater will be
the benefits resulting from this treatment. This applies not
only to isolated groups but to all the trees in a given section.
There should be the fullest possible cooperation in an effort to
check this pernicious enemy.
White marked tussock moth (Hemerocampa leu-
costigma Sm. & Abb.). This well known city pest has
Ilo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
been rather abundant in Albany, defoliating or nearly stripping
many of the horsechestnuts and lindens (plate 25), though the
elms and maples do not appear to have been seriously affected.
The work of this caterpillar was also observed on horsechest-
nuts in particular, though to some extent on lindens at Menands,
Watervliet, Green Island and Cohoes.
It is comparatively easy to remove from infested trees dar
ing the winter, the conspicuous snow-white egg masses (plate
27, figure 2) attached to filmy cocoons. This is very effective,
since the female moth is wingless and rarely does more than
crawl onto the surface of the cocoon prior to laying her eggs.
The crawling powers of the caterpillar are also very limited;
consequently th.s insect is an extremely local pest. It is also
amenable to thorough and timely sprayings with a poison,
preferably arsenate of lead (15 per cent arsenic oxid) using
about two pounds to fifty gallons of water and making the ap-
plication when the caterpillars are small and therefore most
susceptible to any such poison.
European elm case bearer (Coleophora limosipen-
nella Dup.). This introduced species has been known for
some years in the vicinity of New York City and on Long
Island. The curious brown, somewhat flattened cases of the
larva are quite characteristic and are sometimes accompanied
by rather serious injury. It was surprising last June to dis-
cover the larvae and work of this insect in a somewhat out of
the way location near the Connecticut line in South Salem,
some forty miles from New York.
FOREST PESTS
Hickory bark borer (Eccoptogaster quadrispin-
osus Say). The pernicious activity of the hickory bark borer
has been most evident in the eastern part of New York State,
particularly in the immediate vicinity of New York City during
the last three years. An examination of the hickories in Pros-
pect Park, Brooklyn, in 1909 showed that a large number of
the magnificent trees in that extensive park were so seriously
affected that it would be necessary to cut out many in order
to save the remainder. Last year there were complaints of in-
juries in the region of the Bronx, while the destructive work
of this borer has been continued during the past season. Its
nefarious operations were reported by Mr Henry Bird of Rye.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII IIt
Diseased or dying hickories are to be found in many places in
the Hudson valley. A personal investigation of conditions in the
vicinity of Tivoli showed that a number of trees had been
killed by this borer during the past two or three years, and
that many, possibly the majority, in that section were so seri-
ously infested that it was only a question of a few months be-
fore they must also succumb to the attack. The severe
droughts of the last two or three years have undoubtedly been
favorable to the development of this pest, since the vitality ot
many trees has been lowered and they have thus been rendered
Fig. 4 Hickory bark borer from above and side view of the posterior extremity of the male
(author’s illustration)
more susceptible to attack by insect enemies. It is also possi-
ble that the extremely cold weather of several years ago had
a deleterious effect upon the trees. The insect is now so
abundant in many sections that unless radical measures are
adopted, many trees will be destroyed another year.
The preliminary signs of injury, such as wilting leaves and
dead twigs in midsummer, are exceedingly important because
they indicate serious trouble before it has passed the remedial
stage. Examination of injured trees in the fall or during the
winter may show particles of brown or white sawdust in the
crevices of the bark, and in the case of some trees a few to
many circular holes appearing as though they had been made
by number eight buckshot. The recognition of this sawdust
is quite important, since the dark brown or black, rather stout,
cylindrical parent beetle about one-fifth of an inch long inva-
112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
riably starts its gallery under a protecting scale of bark, the
sawdust mentioned above being the only external evidence.
Such trees are more dangerous to the welfare of adjacent living
hickories than others which may be fairly peppered by the
numerous exit holes. The external evidences cited above
should be supplemented by cutting down to the sapwood. The
exposure there of longitudinal galleries one to one and one-
half inches long, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter and
with numerous fine, transverse galleries arising therefrom and
gradually spreading out somewhat fan shaped, is conclusive
evidence as to the identity of this pest. In very early stages of
the attack the longitudinal gallery described above, with a
series of minute notches for the reception of eggs on either
side; may be all that can be found. Only a little experience is
necessary before one can recognize the characteristic galleries
of this borer. These are almost invariably to be found some-
where upon infested trees, since an attack is rarely discovered
before at least some of the grubs have commenced working
across the bast fibers.
The insect passes the winter in oval cells as stout, whitish,
brown-headed grubs about one-quarter of an inch long, the
beetles appearing in the latitude of New York from the last of
June to the last of July. There is only one generation in this
section of the country. This greatly facilitates the control of
the pest, since it is not necessary to guard against a midsum-
mer infestation.
There is only one thing to do in the case of a serious infesta-
tion such as that indicated by dying trees or branches. All
badly infested trees or portions of trees should be cut and at
least the bark burned before the following June, in order to
prevent the grubs then in the bark from maturing and chang-
ing to beetles which might another season continue the work
in previously uninfested trees. It is particularly important to
locate the hickories which have died wholly or in part the
past summer, because they contain living grubs. General co-
operation over an extended area in the cutting out of infested
trees and burning of the bark as indicated above, will do much
to check this deadly enemy of hickories. This destruct on
of the insects does not prevent the utilization of the wood and
timber commercially, provided the bark is destroyed within
the time limits given above. Slabs from saw logs and fire
wood with the bark on should all be burned during the winter.
‘ : REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII I1l3
This also applies to trimmings and small limbs which have no
commercial value. If it is impractical to work up logs and
burn the slab wood, the insects can be destroyed by a pro-
longed submergence in water or by removing only the bark
and burning that.
Two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus
Weber). An investigation of conditions on the estate of Mr
Norman de R. Whitehouse at Old Westbury, N. Y., showed
that there were probably some two hundred red oaks which
had been killed by this pest. Most of the affected trees were
small with a trunk diameter of less than six inches and were
usually well shaded and therefore presumably less vigorous.
Fig. 5 Two-lined chestnut borer: a=adult beetle, enlarged; b=antenna of same, enlarged
¢=claws of posterior tarsi of female, somewhat enlarged; $=same of male, somewhat enlarged;
c=larva, Re re ; d=pupa, enlarg_d. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Cir. 24,
2 ser. 07
A few of the rather scarce, larger trees were also affected.
One group consisted of three with diameters of about fifteen,
twelve and nine inches, respectively. They had died during
the summer, probably in late August or early September, and
were standing near a tree about nine inches in diameter which
had evidently been killed the preceding season. This is an
instance of the beetle being somewhat local ‘n napit and con-
ditions comparable to those frequently noted in the case of
the allied bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory,
another pernicious enemy of trees. The galleries of this chest-
nut and oak pest were rather common in oak stumps at Nas-
sau in a wood lot where limited annual cutting was the prac-
II4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tice though there was no evidence here of serious injury to liv-
ing trees. Injury was also reported from Garden City.
The work of this insect is easily recognized by the irregular,
anastomosing galleries traversing the inner bark and _ fre-
quently girdling the tree. Many of these galleries are only
about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, though the mature
grubs cut a channel nearly a quarter of an inch wide. The
beetle is nearly three-eighths of an inch long, black, and with
the wing covers marked with two golden yellow stripes as illus-
trated in the figure. The borer or larva is long, slender, flattened,
the part just behind the head considerably swollen, and a milk
white or yellowish color except the mouth parts and the pe-
culiar minutely serrate anal processes, which are dark brown.
This borer winters in its gallery, usually with the slender body
abruptly bent near the middle. The pupa is white like the
larva. ‘
This borer is a well-known enemy of chestnut and oak, there
being several records of serious injury in various parts of the
country. It would not be surprising if this outbreak was an in-
direct result of the chestnut blight. Most of the chestnuts
near Old Westbury, L. I. have been killed by the disease,
though there are still hundreds dead or dying and therefore
presenting favorable conditions for borer infestation. Beetles
issuing from the chestnut, in the absence of this food plant,
must necessarily concentrate their attack upon adjacent oaks
or perish. Since these borers winter in the affected trees, the
cutting out and removal or burning of the wood before growth
begins in the spring will do much to check the trouble and
thus destroy many borers which normally would mature and
attack other trees the following season.
MISCELLANEOUS
Abia inflata Nort. The false caterpillars of this species were
transmitted by Leonard Barron from Garden City, N. Y., under
date of June 8, I911 accompanied by the statement that they
were destroying Lonicera in that section.
Larva. Length when extended 2.2 cm. Head brownish, the
ventral third fuscous whitish. Body.mostly yellowish and sooty
yellowish. There is down the middle of the back a broad, vari-
ably yellowish stripe broken by a series of median, quadrate or
rectangular spots as follows: on the annulets of the anterior
portion of each segment two transverse, irregularly quadrate
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII II5
spots and on the broader posterior annulet a distinctly larger,
quadrate or irregularly quadrate, black spot. The color of this
posterior annulet is a deep orange and gives the impression of
a partially transverse band bounded sublaterally with an
irregular, rather large, black spot. Sublaterally there is a broad,
fuscous yellow stripe and laterally a yellowish white stripe, the
boundary between the two being marked by an irregular line
of black spots arranged much as those on the dorsum. Venter,
true legs and prolegs (the latter, sixteen in number, being located
on the second to the ninth and fourteenth segments, respec-
tively) whitish. At the base of each proleg there is a short,
oblique stripe of yellowish.
June beetles. Last spring, May or June beetles were excep-
tionally abundant here and there in the Hudson valley, attract-
ing notice by invading lighted dwellings and feeding upon
various forest .trees, especially oak and chestnut. In the
vicinity of Albany were taken several species, namely Lach-
MoS hema Stan dig Sun, ML. fusca Kroh, he rir
cula Knoch, L. hirsuta Knoch, while the usually rare Pol y-
p hylla variolosa Hentz, was very common at Schenectady
in early July, though no damage was observed, according to Richard
Lohrmann. The above list of species should not be considered as
exhaustive, since it includes only those forms taken in connec-
tion with other collecting.
The young or larvae of the May or June beetles are the well-
known white grubs of our grasslands, which are sometimes
rather injurious to strawberries, potatoes and some other crops
planted upon sodland badly infested by these pests. Occa-
sionally the grubs become so numerous in old seedings as to
eat off practically all the roots and make it comparatively easy
to roll up the sod with a potato hook or similar implement.
The life history of the species may be summarized as follows:
The eggs are laid by the parent beetles in loose soil and hatch
about a month later; the grubs slowly increase in size for at
least two years, and from the middle of June till the middle of
September of the second or third year, construct earthen
cells in which the transformation to the pupa occurs and from
which the beetles emerge the following spring. Fall plowing
_is frequently advised since the breaking up of the earthen
cells containing the soft, white pupae is invariably followed by
the death of the insect. Injuries to crops can be avoided in
large measure by refraining from planting those susceptible to
attack upon badly infested sodland. A well-planned rotation
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of crops is one of the most efficient methods of preventing the
undue multiplication of these insects.
Cecropia moth. This large insect, Samia cecropia
Linn., as is well known, is subject to attack by a number of
parasites, one of the most efficient of these being Frontina
frenchii Will. The puparia of this fly are sometimes very
numerous in the cocoon of the host (plate 27, figure 3) which in the
case illustrated contained forty-one puparia.
Cotton moth (Alabama argillacea Hibn.). The un-
usual flights of this species attracted the notice of several ento-
mologists. Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell called our attention
to the presence of the moths at Ithaca. Writing under date of
September 28th, he states that the insects covered the ground
beneath the street lights, by the thousands. They were numer-
ous at Schenectady, “ masses sometimes covering whole sides
of buildings near electric lights,” according to Richard Lohr-
mann. Mr Henry Bird of Rye also reported the appearance
of the moths and recorded a marked preference by them for
the thin-skinned Concord grape as compared with the thicker
skinned Salem, hundreds being observed feeding upon the
fruit. He states that the punctures made by the moths were
exceedingly minute and left no immediate trace, though it is
probable that the keeping qualities may be affected. A great
abundance of this insect was noted September 23d in Philadel-
phia by Dr Henry Skinner, while Doctor Britton, state ento-
mologist of Connecticut, records the presence of hundreds at
New Haven, Conn., September 25th. Prof. H. T. Fernald re-
ports the capture of a number of moths the last week in Sep-
tember at Amherst, Mass., and Arthur Gibson records their
presence at St Thomas and Sarnia, Ontario. ‘These appear-
ances are interesting, as they probably indicate extended
flights. These insects are no menace to residents of the North,
since they appear unable to live upon any other than the cot-
ton plant. i
Depressaria atomella Hiibn. Larvae of this species were
transmitted by Mr John Dunbar of Rochester, under date of
March 25, 191I, accompanied by the statement that they de-
voured the blossoms of Cytisus albus. The infested
plants were obtained by him from another florist in the city,
who in turn had imported them from Holland the preceding
fall. Adults were reared April 2oth and were apparently the
above-named southern and central Europe form, though the
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 117
specimens were so rubbed that a positive identification was
impossible. A description of the larva is given below.
Larva. Length 1.5 cm. Head yellowish brown, the most of
the labrum, the sutures of the clypeus and the posterior lateral
portion of the sides of the head fuscous or dull black; labial palpi
tapering, light brown, the sutures transparent; maxillary palpi
with the basal segment whitish transparent, the distal segment
cylindric, with a length one-half greater than its diameter, fus-
cous. Thoracic shield brownish yellow, laterally dark brown or
black, these markings being produced on the posterior margin
neatly to the median line where they are bidentate and also
forming an indistinct, broad tooth near the base of this mesal
projection. Body: General color yellowish brown with rather
broad, submedian, fuscous yellowish stripes, the latter dotted
with dark brown, submedian tubercles; sublaterally there is a
dark brown stripe; laterally and ventrally the color is fuscous
yellowish; anal plate fuscous yellowish; true legs shining black
or piceous; prolegs dark brown, except the posterior which are
fuscous yellowish; thoracic segments with a submedian small, and
a little more laterally, a larger, dark tubercle; sublaterally there
is a larger, compound tubercle and laterally a smaller tubercle on
the anterior and posterior annulae; abdominal segments with sub-
median tubercles on the anterior and posterior annulae, those of the
latter slightly more lateral, the anterior annula also with a rather
large lateral tubercle, all of these unisetose.
Gracilaria. A number of azaleas injured by a leaf feeder
were brought to our attention the past winter. Some of these
were collected by Mr T. F. Niles in a greenhouse at Yonkers,
the azaleas having been imported. Similar trouble was also
called to our attention by Mr John Dunbar of Rochester.
An examination of the leaves shows that the caterpillars
usually turn over the tip, webbing it down with fine, silken
strands, and eating away the tissues of the infolded undersur-
face. The injured portion turns dry and the retreat contains
numerous small, black particles of frass. The whitish, silken
cocoons may frequently be found on the leaves close to the
affected area, though an occasional one is spun under a mar-
ginal roll. One moth was reared and through the courtesy of
Dr L. O. Howard of the Bureau of Entomology, determined as
a species of Gracilaria near violacella by Mr August Busck.
The immature stages are described below.
Larva. Length 7mm. Head greenish yellow, the labrum and
mouth parts light brown, the body mostly pale green, the
posterior margins of the segments lighter, the three posterior
segments yellowish tinted. Fine, almost invisible hairs origin-
118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ate from minute tubercles; venter mostly yellowish; true legs
whitish transparent; prolegs yellowish green; abdominal seg-
ments I, 2, 6, 7 and 8, apodal.
Pupa. Length 6 mm, slender, yellowish green, the dorsum of
the head a brownish shade, that of the abdominal segments
brownish, the color being distinctly darker on segments 2 to 6.
Antennal cases long, extending bevond the tip of the abdomen,
those of the posterior legs to the penultimate segment, those of
the yellowish green wing cases to the fifth abdominal segment.
Exuvia. Length 6 mm, slender, whitish, protruding from a
cocoon such as that described above. Antennal cases extremely
long, slender, multiarticulate; dorsum of the abdomen slightly
chitinized and rather thickly set with chitinous dots.
Sooty Crambus (Crambus caliginosellus Clem).
A number of these grass webworm caterpillars were received.
under date of June 21, 1911 from Mr R. L. Skinner, Greenwich,
N. Y., accompanied by samples of the work and a statement to
the effect that they had destroyed a field of popcorn. He also
adds that he had similar trouble in this field several years before.
There was serious and somewhat general injury by grass web-
worms in 1905, corn planted upon sod or in the vicinity of grass
suffering severely and even grassland being badly affected.
The full-grown webworm caterpillars appear very much alike,
being dull whitish or purplish with a darker head and about
three-quarters of an inch in length. The young caterpillar of
the sooty Crambus has a pale amber head and is a dirty trans-
lucent white with irregular, reddish spots on the middle of the
body. Scattered, light colored hairs occur above the head and
the body.
The female may deposit as many as one hundred .and seventy-five
eggs, which are dropped indiscriminately. The partly grown cater-
pillars winter in the protection of grass stubble, and in plowed
grassland commence feeding upon the corn as it appears above the
ground. Some stalks may be nearly girdled and the worms are
frequently embedded in cavities they excavate. As many as thirty
caterpillars have been found in a hill, some stalks of which were
entirely destroyed, while in others the plants were small, yellow and
sickly.
Injuries to corn and other crops by this insect and its allies
must be considered more or less accidental, especially as the
depredations are usually more marked on the borders of fields ad-
jacent to grass than elsewhere. An excellent preventive is to
keep corn and other crops liable to suffer from these pests as
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQITI I19
distant from grasslands as practical and avoid planting upon
recently turned sod. Plowing of infested land in late summer
or early fall, August or early September, should result in most of
the caterpillars perishing before the following spring. This can
not always be done, and danger of injury by species of web-
worms which feed in the early spring may be obviated to some
extent by delaying the plowing as late as possible so as to give
the caterpillars an opportunity to complete their growth before
another crop is planted. Early spring plowing may only aggra-
vate the injury by retarding the development of the caterpillars,
with the result that when corn or some other crop appears, it 1s
speedily devoured by hordes of halt-starved webworms. Extra
heavy seeding is also advantageous under these conditions, since
there is a greater liklihood of some stalks escaping injury.
Lunate onion fly. (Eumerus strigatus Fallen). Numer-
ous specimens of this European fly, kindly identified by Mr W. R.
Walton through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, were reared
August 19, 1911, from Iris roots received from Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., which had also been badly injured by the Iris borer, M ac-
ronoctua onusta Grote. There appears to be no published
record of this insect having been found in America, though Dr
F. H. Chittenden kindly informs me in a recent communication,
that flies were reared in the Bureau of Entomology from Amaryl-
lis bulbs received from Buffalo, N. Y., in October, 1906, and also
from bulbs from Connecticut and Brownsville, Texas. The species
is evidently widely distributed. The establishment of this insect in
America is of more than passing interest, since it is recorded as
attacking onions in Europe. Verrall.t states that the maggots
sometimes destroy the entire crop quite as the larvae of Mero-
don affect Narcissi. The larvae occurred in July and pupated
in the bulbs or in the neighboring earth. Dr J. Ritzema
Bos? finds that one to several maggots may occur in the heart
of an onion, causing a decay accompanied by a black dis-
coloration. He is of the opinion that there are two genera-
tions annually and describes the full-grown maggots as one-third
to nearly one-half of an inch long, dirty grayish yellow and granu-
lated in appearance. Francis Walker* records this species as gen-
erally distributed in Great Britain and adds that the larvae belong-
1ygo1, British Flies 8.615.
"1891, Tierische Schadl. u. Niitzl. p. 634.
317851, Insecta Britannica, Diptera, 1:241-42.
120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ing to the genus feed on bulbous roots. Verrall states that it is
recorded from all North and Middle Europe and also from Italy.
It would seem as though this insect might become a serious enemy
of American bulbs, particularly the onion. 2 lame
This onion fly is noticed most frequently in economic literature
under the generic term Eumerus, though the discovery of
Meigen’s 1800 paper may necessitate the substitution of Zelima for
the better known Eumerus. This species has also been redescribed
a number of times, the recognized synonyms being Kumerus
aeneus Macq, ES funieéralis, Meigns) a eimamane
cornis Megn ES lunwlatus Merri) pila nbiiemems
Megn., E. selene Lw. (not Meign.) beside another probable
synonym, Syrphus acanthodes Rossi and two varieties.
In view of the possible economic importance of this insect a descrip-
tion of the adult and an illustration of the wing-are given below.
Adult. Length 6 to 7 mm, head rather small, slightly swollen,
hemispheric; eyes in the male narrowly contiguous. Face in the
male grayish black, with a sparse, yellowish pile, in the female
dark grayish with scattering, short setae. Antennae dark brown
in the male with grayish reflections, black in the female, the inner
face hoary; the two basal segments short, the third narrowly oval,
with a length nearly twice that of the two preceding. Frontal
triangle of the male with golden yellow setae; vertex bluish in the
Fig. 6 Wing of lunate onion fly, Humerus strigatus, enlarged (original).
male, aeneous in the female and with a thick pile which is black
on the vertical triangle and otherwhere mostly tawny. Disk of
thorax and scutellum aeneous, the former with submedian, hoary,
evanescent stripes and short, coarse setae. Abdomen bronzy black
with three lateral oblique, white, lunate bands, the posterior pair
in the male largely obscured by coarse, yellowish Sefacy thewlatterms
also thick on the apex of the abdomen. Wings grayish, the stigma
tawny. Halteres yellowish white. Legs mostly black, the tip of
the coxae, femora, the basal third and the apex of tibiae, and the
three basal tarsal segments yellowish or tawny red; the femora has
~ about twelve short, stout spines on the distal half of its ventral
margin.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 121
Xylophagus lugens Loew. The large, carnivorous larvae of this
species, easily recognized by the elongate, heavily chitinized
conical head, were found at Nassau, N. Y., in decaying chestnut
bark from which Winnertzia pectinata Felt was subse-
quently reared. Two sizes of larvae were observed but they all
produced adults within a short time and probably represent vari-
ations in nourishment or possibly sexual differences. The larva
presents a close general resemblance to that of the allied
Xylophagus abdominalis Lw. occurring in decaying
pine bark, except that in the latter the three segments behind the
head are each well chitinized dorsally.
Larva. Length. about 2.5 cm, whitish or dirty white, the head
slender, conical, heavily chitinized and with a length greater
than the body diameter (plate 27, figure 4). The segment behind
the head is well chitinized dorsally, except for two narrow, ir-
regular sublateral lines. The next following has a pair of irregu-
larly subquadrate submedian chitinous plates. The incisures
dorsally and ventrally are marked by slight, median thickenings,
pseudopodous in character and bordered by a narrow line, in
places doubled, of chitinous points. Near the middle of each
body segment there is laterally a sparse group of four or five
rather long, fulvous hairs. Anal plate chitinized, produced as a
pair of submedian stout processes, each ornamented with several
long, fulvous hairs. The submedian anal spiracles are located
on this plate and are distinctly darker.
Pupa (plate 27, figure 4). Length 1.5 cm, diameter 3.5 mm;
color dark brown anteriorly; including the first three abdominal
segments, the posterior segments yellowish brown. The an-
tennal cases are short, diverging, conical, reddish brown struct-
ures, with a stout cephalic horn at the external ;basal angle;
dorsum of thorax dark brown. Wing covers and leg cases dark
brown. Abdominal segments with a distinct, rugose, darker
thickening on the anterior and posterior margins, the latter with
moderately stout, rufous bristles laterally; terminal segment
about half the length of the preceding, with a median process
or knob bearing a pair of stout, conical, diverging processes, the
latter apically with a fuscous,:chitinous spur.
Psilocephala melampodia Loew. The white Dipterous larva
of this species was collected April 8, 1911 under decaying pine
bark at Albany, N. Y.
Larva. Length 2.5 cm, diameter 2mm. Head small, chitinous,
light brown, the anterior extremity darker; short, stout antennae
appear to be present. There are a few sparse setae on the ven-
tral surface of the head. Posterior margin of head with sub-
lateral fuscous markings which appear to unite in a fuscous
522 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
median line extending back apparently to a fuscous ocular spot
near the anterior extremity of the second body segment. Gen-
eral coloring of the body yellowish white, the anterior and pos-
terior segments slightly smaller than the median ones.
Pupa. Length 1.5 cm, the thoracic segments somewhat
swollen, the abdominal segments of a nearly uniform diameter,
each separated by a strong constriction; color a variable yellow-
ish brown and dark brown, the deeper coloring being confined
largely to the wing and leg cases and the abdominal incisures.
Anterior extremity truncate, the lateral angles bearing the short,
subconical antennal cases; thoracic horns short, subconic. Wing
cases extending to the middle of the second abdominal segment,
the leg cases to the anterior margin of the third abdominal seg-
ments. Abdominal segments 9, with a rudimentary i1oth, each
separated by a deep constriction; near the middle of segments
I-7 a stout conic spine laterally and posteriorly an irregular,
sparse band of short, stout setae. Posterior extremity produced,
apically with a pair of submedian, long chitinous processes.
The adult was reared May 1, 1911, permitting the identification
of the above described early stages.
Blood worms (Chironomus species). A good sized, living
blood worm, some 8 mm long and dark red, was brought into the
office January 6, 1911 from the Bender Hygienic Laboratory, ac-
companied by the statement that it was blown from the nose of
a lady who had suffered from several attacks of nosebleed, the
larva being found upon her handkerchief. The specimen was
transmitted to the Bender Laboratory by Dr J. E. Vigent of Red
Hook, N. Y. The blood worms are stated by Johannsen to feed
upon the small, red worms known as Tubifex or other small
creatures presumably containing hemoglobin in the blood. It
hardly seems possible that this creature could have been respon~
ble for the nosebleed; it may have been taken into the mouth
accidentally when drinking and, in a fit of coughing, thrown up
into the upper respiratory passages.
Teratology. Deformities of antennae and other appendages
are comparatively common among insects, though asymmetrical
modifications of the body, aside from those due to hermaphrodit-
ism, are comparatively rare. An interesting malformation of the
abdomen was detected in the case of a specimen of Winthemia
quadripustulata Fabr. (plate 8, figure 3) taken at Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., July 17, 1903. It will be noted from an examination
of the illustration that the second abdominal segment is wanting
on the right side, while on the left it appears to have attained
almost a normal development.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 123
Protective mimicry. The posterior extremity of many female
Lepidoptera is protected with a thick tuft of scales. This struc-
ture is especially well marked in the Sesiidae. Professor Beuten-
mueller has given illustrations of the tufts in the case of a num-
ber of species. This structure is presumably protective and is
doubtless of some value in maintaining equilibrium while the
insect is in the air. It is not improbable that these scale tufts
are intimately connected with a scent gland so that when ex-
panded they are of material service in attracting the opposite
sex. We have shown at plate 17, figure 4 the expanded tuft of
Pyrausta theseusalis Walk. as it exists upon a museum
specimen which evidently died with the tuft fully expanded.
Superficially, this expanded tuft resembles some of the downy,
floating seeds, such as that of the dandelion. A closer examina-
tion shows this circular, apparently homogeneous organ to con-
sist of two closely apposed, semicircuiar parts each overlapping
the other slightly.
Leptosyna quercivora n. nom. This specific designation is pro-
posed for L. quercus Felt 1911, preoccupied by L. quercus
Kieff. 1904.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGISi
The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento-
mologist during the year 1911. Forty-four are given with titles,*
time of publication and a summary of the contents of each.
Volume and page numbers are separated by a colon, the first
superior figure gives the column and the second the exact place
in the column in ninths: for example, 75:10251? means volume
75, page 1025, column I in the second ninth; that is, nearly one-
fourth of the way down.
Insects in the Grain. Country Gentleman, November 3, 1910,
Fig O25 4
A summary, economic notice of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga
cerealella Oliv. and a short biologic account of a mite abundant in
chaff. It is probably Tyroglyphus longior Linn.
Codling Moth in the Hudson Valley. Country Gentleman,
IDeSrMlDsie 1K, UOMO, Ss Unga
Summary account of work of Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.
im 1910, showing that over 90 per cent sound fruit may be obtained with
but one spraying, even when there is a small crop and the second brood
of the moth is abundant.
The Greenhouse White Fly. Country Gentleman, December
22) OL 75-0 LOoss
A brief account of Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westw. with
special reference to control measures.
Recent Experiments with the Codling Moth. Economic Ento-
mology Journal, 3:474-77
Summary of experimental data obtained in roIo.
Repelling Squash Bugs. Country Gentleman, December 29,
TOTO 7S el222n2
A brief account of the squash bug, Anasa tristis DeG. with a
short notice of the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata
Fabr.
A New Lestodiplosis. Entomological News, January 1Ig11,
22 :10-II
A description of Lestodiplosis peruviana. seareqdmeby
C. H. T. Townsend from Hemichionaspis minor Mask.
1Titles are given as published and in some instances they have been
changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers.
[124]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 125
Do Sprays Poison People? Country Gentleman, February 16,
HEE, 7OLE54**
A general discussion of the application of poisons to vegetation, the
effects thereupon and the possibility of thus poisoning domestic animals
and human beings. The need of care in using these materials is emphasized.
Miastor and Embryology. Science, 1911, 33 :302-3
A summary discussion of the adaptability of Miastor larvae to embryo-
logical work.
Two New Gall Midges (Dipt.). Entomological News, 1911,
22 :109Q-II
Asphondylia vincentiand Hyperdiplosis eupatorii
described from the island of St Vincent. The former was reared from fruits
SE usstaea linitolia and Jj; sutinwuticos/ a and) the, latter
from a conical leaf gall on Eupatorium.
Endaphis Kieff. in the Americas (Dipt.). Entomological News,
IQII, 22:128-29 .
Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdominalis from Peru and
Endaphis americana from Arizona described as new. Both were
reared from foliage infested with gall mites, Eriophyes.
Fumigation-poisoning. Country Gentleman, March 9g, IgII,
70 245, %
A summary discussion of methods of fumigating for grain insects.
Insects and Scale Pests Common to New England and Best
Remedy for Each. Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association
Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 7-12
A brief discussion of spraying followed by observations on the case
bearers, canker worms, the oyster scale, scurfy scale and the San José scale.
The Increase and Control of San José Scale. Massachusetts
Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 37-40.
Summary discussion of control measures for Aspidiotus
perniciosus Comst.
The Latest and Best Methods of Controlling Insects and
Fungous Pests Attacking our Fruits and Ornamentals.
Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association Reports 12-16,
1906-10, p. 84-93
Spraying methods with special reference to controlling the more com-
mon insect pests and fungous diseases.
Fruit Tree Insects and Their Control. Massachusetts Fruit
Growers Association Reports 12-16, 1906-10, p. 141-57
The San José scale, codling moth, plant lice and apple maggot were
discussed in detail, especially the first two.
126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Summary of Food Habits of American Gall Midges. Entomolo-
gical Society of America Annals. I911, 4:55-62
A summary of the food habits of the Itonidae and a comparison of our
knowledge with that relating to European species.
A Generic Synopsis of the Itonidae. New York Entomological
Society Journal, 19 :31-62
A systematic arrangement of the genera with the synonymy. The fol-
lowing new genera were erected: Mycophila, Ceratomyia, Cordylomyia,
Corinthomyia, Epimyia, Didactylomyia, Coccidomyia, Erosomyia and
Diadiplosis. Meinertomyia and Xenodiplosis were proposed for the pre-
occupied Pero Mein. and Allodiplosis Rubs. not Kieff.
Elm Beetle. Country Gentleman, March 30, 1911, 76:3137
Spraying with arsenate of lead is advised for controlling Galerucella
luteola Mull.
Spraying an Apple Orchard. Country Gentleman, March 30,
WOW, WOseiae™
Thorough spraying with a lime-sulfur wash and arsenate of lead is
advised for the control of the San José scale and codling moth, respectively.
Some Spraying Compounds. Country Gentleman, March 309,
NOM Te Oo ea
The preparation and use of the lime-sulfur wash is briefly discussed.
A kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution is advised for the oyster
scale and arsenate of lead for the codling moth.
26th Report of the State Entomologist on the Injurious and
Other Insects of the State of New York. New York State
Museum Bulletin 147, p. 1-180, 1911 (Issued April 5)
Contents
PAGE PAGE
ThatimOGOUIGINs .Soscoaocesavcccadce & IWligeclleyn@owS.oscoc0 onouccsosce 66
Inn CIMOES WREGCIS socoscogossdec 12 Publications of the Entomol-
Codlinommoth eee seers 12 OS1St 2 iihisas dive ee ee 70
Juniper webworm ........... 35 Additions to collections........ 76
Large aphid spruce gall...... 36), ‘Appendix... nee ae eee 82
Ah “psyllaaceliaaae eins ceaes 39 Miastor americana
INOUES TOw WE WEA. occcocccsnv AI Felt, an account of ped-
INC UNE IMACS goaonasdscoddoeo AI OMEMESISK ac, s.suaennee ene ere 82
Garden and grain insects..... 47 Explanation of plates.......... 105
SMMAGE GREE MESMSocasecacseace 83h) Unde sie Sak Sleele ava eee 175
POMEGE HES THIS ocu5 oceans 57
Brown Mite. Country Gentleman, April 6, 1911, 76:33778
A discussion of control methods for the brown or clover mite, Bryobia
pratensis Garm.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IGII 127
Miastor larvae. Canadian Entomologist, April 1911, 43:134-35;
Science, April 14, I9II, 33:583; Economic Entomology Jour-
nal, 1911, 4:296; Entomological News, May 1911, 22:227; New
York Entomological Society Journal, 19 :200-1
Brief directions are given for finding these larvae and the cooperation
of entomologists in collecting invited.
Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths. Country Gentleman, April 13,
ROII, 762358"
A discussion of the moth situation in New England as shown by the
report of the state forester of Massachusetts.
Bean Weevil. Country Gentleman, April 27, 1911, 76:409**
Summary discussion of control measures for Bruchus obtectus
Say.
Endaphis hirta n. sp. Entomological News, May rot, 22:224
Original description of a Ceylonese species reared from Dactylopius.
A New Species of Lasioptera with Observations on Certain
Homologies. Psyche, April 1911, 18:84—-86
Original description of Lasioptera portulacae Felt with
observations on the development of the acicula and the homology of the
basal pouch in Asphondylia and the terminal lobes in females of other
groups.
A Summer Spray. Country Gentleman, May 18, 1911, 76:480*
A brief discussion of summer sprays for the control of San José scale,
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Cutworms in the Garden. Country Gentleman, May 18, IgI1,
76 :482u
Cutworms and their habits are described in connection with methods of
controlling the pests.
Apple Borers. Country Gentleman, May 25, 1911, 76:502°°
The habits and methods of controlling the round-headed _ borer,
Saperda candida Fabr. are briefly discussed.
Insects. .Country Gentleman, May 25, 1911, 76:502*
A brief notice of Chermes floccus Patch on spruce and of the
birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory.
Two New Gall Midges. Canadian Entomologist, June 1911,
43 :194-96
Toxomyia rubida and Lobodiplosis coccidarum reared
respectively from the aecidiospores of Uromyces and larvae preying on the
eggs of Dactylopius, are described.
128 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Billbugs in Corn. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1911, 76:586" ©
A brief economic account of the work of Sphenophorus species in corn.
Salt and Cutworms. Country Gentleman, June 22, 1911, 76:586*
Salt is considered to be of little service in controlling cutworms, pests
most injurious when prolonged dry weather prevents normal plant growth.
Cicadas in New York. ‘Country (Gentleman, June) 22erome
76 :590"
General observations on the abundance and distribution of the 1911 brood.
Rhopalomyia grossulariae n. sp. Economic Entomology Jour-
nal, 1911, 4:347
Description of a species destroying gooseberry buds in Ohio.
Rose Beetles. Country Gentleman, June 29, 1911, 76:607'%
Arsenate of lead advised or the use of netting.
Silver-spotted Skipper. Country Gentleman, June 29, I9I1I,
76 :60778
An outline is given of the life history of this butterfly.
Four New Gall Midges. Entomological News, July 1911, 22:
301-5
The new genus Toxomyia is erected. Asphondylia pattersoni
neared from flowers) of (Giuthapwexy lum © qiula dinamenilicanmer
Toxomyia fungicola reared from teleutospores of Puccinia on
Emilia sonchifolia; Contarinia lycopersici from
flowers of Lycopersicum esculentum and Hyperdiplosis
coffeae from fruits of Coffea liberica are described.
Rose Leaf Hopper, Typhlocyba rosae Linn. Economic Ento-
mology Journal, 1911, 4:413-14
Method of oviposition described.
Miastor. Economic Entomology Journal, 1911, 4:414
Observations on the food habits and biology.
Three New Gall Midges (Dipt.). New York Entomological
Society Journal, 19:190-92
Holoneurus cecidentalis, Masaoptemy x sce hwan zumand
Hyperdiplosis americana are described, all reared from a decay-
ing branch of wild fig.
Hosts and Galls of American Gall Midges. Economic Ento-
mology Journal, 1911, 4:451—-75
A tabulation of the galls and food habits of American Itonidae.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 129
New Species of Itonidae. Economic Entomology Journal, 1911,
4:476-84
A new genus, Kronomyia is erected and the following species are
described: Joanissia pennsylvanica, Kronomyia populi,
Olacarces ulmi, Winnertzia pectinata, Rhizomyia
minta Dasymeura communis, Di gibsoni, D: pergand'ei,
wer smiltacifolia, Cystiphora | viburni, -Asteromyia
Minima, AN reducta, Lasioptera allioniae,| L. varizo-
mensis, Neolasioptera agrostis, N. squamosa, N. tri-
mera and Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis.
ADDITIONS TO COLLECTIONS, O@TOBSER a7 a91m_
OCTOBER 14, IgII
The following is a list of the more important additions to
the collections:
DONATION
Hymenoptera
Thalessa atrata Fabr., black long sting, July 6, Mrs M. S. Miller, Boonville.
Rhodites bicolor Harr., spiny rose gall, old galls on rose, June Ig,
A. N. Baker, Bellport
Cynips ? prinoides Beutm., gall, September 14, J. A. Douglass,
Oriskany Falls
Tremex columba Linn., pigeon tremex, adults on hickory, September 12,
Sterling Wallace, New York City. 2
Caliroa cerasi Linn., cherry and pear slug, eggs on cherry, June 3,
H. C. Sharpe, Schenectady
Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., elm leaf miner, larvae on elm, May 30,
J. H. Livingston, Tivoli. Same, May 31, Madam Howe, Kenwood.
Same, June 16, Stephen Graff, Johnstown
Trichiocampus viminalis Fallen, poplar sawfly, larvae on poplar, August 30,
W. H. Harris, Greenfield Center. Same, August 13, F. C. Helme, Chester
Abia inflata Nort. larvae on lLonicera, June 8, Leonard Barron,
Garden City
Trichiosoma tibialis Steph., cocoon and pupa on Crataegus, April Io,
Holland. Through State Department of Agriculture
Coleoptera
Eccoptogaster rugulosus Ratz., adult, August 8, Fisher Hyle, Germantown
E. quadrispinosus Say, adult on hickory, August 13, R. L. Cushman, Yonkers
Gymnetron teter Fabr., adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville ;
Rhynchites bicolor Fabr., rose curculio, adults and work, October 26,
Miss G. W. Sargent, Lenox, Mass.
Pomphopoea sayi Lec., Say’s blister beetle, adults, May 31, R..S. Nards,
Slingerlands. Same, May 31, Smith Bowen, Hartford. Same, on locust
blossoms, June 5, Matthew Hart, Castleton. Same, June 8, C. M. Winne,
Castleton. Same, June 8, A. C. DeGarmo, Schuylerville. Same, June 14,
Frank Jansen, Fonda. Same, June 16, J. G. Ward, Cambridge. Same,
on cherry, June 20, Arthur Ward, Philmont. Same, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, -
Schuylerville i
Meloe angusticollis Say, oil beetle, adult, September 15, C. E. Fairman,
Lyndonville
Tribolium confusum Duv., confused flour beetle, adults, November 209,
Miss E. Bush, Albany
Chalepus dorsalis Thunb., locust leaf miner, adults on locust, August 30,
H. L. Frost & Bartlett Co., Stamford, Conn.
[130]
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST WOE 1 ai
C. nervosa Panz., adult on locust, August 30, H. L. Frost & Bartlett (Go,
Stamford, Conn.
Systena taeniata Say var. blanda Melsh., adult on bean, June 20, J. EF) Rose,
South Byron
Galerucella luteola Mill., elm leaf beetle, larvae, June 28, F. B. Wicks,
Ticonderoga. Same, larvae, pupae and adults. on elms July 6;
H. L. Satterlee, Highland Falls. Same, eggs on elm, Jjuillyy | Bi,
Miss S. L. Bell, Amsterdam. Same, adult on elm, August 7,
Miss F. A. Wood, Poughkeepsie
Melasoma scripta Fabr., lined cottonwood beetle, egg, larvae and adult
on poplar, August 18, Bloodgood Nurseries, Flushing. Through State
Department of Agriculture
Crioceris asparagi Linn., asparagus beetle, adults on asparagus, May 10,
John J. Hicks, Jericho
C. duodecim-punctata Linn., twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, adults on
asparagus, May 19, John J. Hicks, Jericho
Saperda candida Fabr., round-headed appletree borer, adults on apple,
© May 25, W. H. Shutts, Claverack
Plectrodera scalator Fabr., banded poplar borer, adult, July 26, A. F. Onder-
donk, Webster Groves, Mo.
Monohammus confusor Kirby, pine sawyer, larvae on pine, March 14,
C. Y. Flanders, Tribes Hill. Same, June 5, Leland Wadsworth, Troy.
Same, June 6, F. B. Pickering, Ballston Spa
Phymatodes variabilis Fabr., variable oak borer, adults, reared from oak,
June 5, James Feeney, Meadowdale
Desmocerus palliatus Forst., cloaked knotty horn, adults on elder, June 2,
F. T. Huxley, Amsterdam
Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr., adult on maple, June 16, Mount Vernon.
Through State Department of Agriculture
Euphoria inda Linn., bumble flower beetle, adult, May 30, E. A. Baldwin,
Schenectady
Anomala lucicola Fabr., light-loving grapevine beetle, adult, June 21,
C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Serica sericea Ill., adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Hoplia trifasciata Say, injuring pear blossoms from Greece, May 16,
R. C. Draper, Rochester. Through State Department of Agriculture
Canthon laevis Dru., tumble bug or dung beetle, adult and dung ball,
May 27, J. B. Scudder, Coxsackie
Amphicerus bicaudatus Say, work on cherry, June 23, R. H. Gibbes,
’ Schenectady
Thelydrias contractus Mots., aduli, pupal, larval skins, June 20, L. H. Joutel,
New York City
Agrilus bilineatus Web., two-lined chestnut borer, larva on chestnut,
August 30, S. K. Clapp, Brown Station. Through C. R. Pettis, super-
intendent state forests
Dicerea divaricata Say, adult, June 21, C. E. Brisbin, Schuylerville
Alaus oculatus Linn., eyed snapping beetle, adult, June 26, George Fischer,
- Albany
5
132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Byturus unicolor Say, raspberry Byturus, adults on raspberry, May 15,
J. S. Carpenter, Marlboro
Attagenus piceus Oliv., black carpet beetle, larvae, October 3, Mrs James
Wilson, Rochester
Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn., Buffalo carpet beetle, larvae, October 3,
Mrs James Wilson, Rochester
Silvanus surinamensis Linn., saw-toothed grain beetle, adults, April 12,
P. Cleveland, Scotia. Same, in flour, May 31, W. I. Seiver & Co.,,
Angelica. Same, June 20, Bates & Broman, Middleburg
Diptera
Tabanus atratus Forst., horse-fly, adult, July 14, J. D. Collins, Utica
Thecodiplosis piniradiatae Snow & Mills, cotypes on Monterey pine,
March 16, V. L. Kellogg, Stanford University, Cal.
Anopheles punctipennis Say, malarial mosquito, adult, October 6,
R. M. Moore, Rochester
Siphonaptera 5
Ctenocephalus canis Curt., dog flea, adult, August 4, Miss M. E. Drew,
Highland Falls. Through State Department of Health
Lepidoptera
Euvanessa antiopa Linn., spiny elm caterpillar, larva, June 2, Miss Mabel
Todd, Gloversville. Same, June 3, L. W. Draper, Amenia. Same, on
elm, June 3, M. G. Thomas, Ticonderoga. Same, June 5, H. N. Babcock,
Elmira. Same, June 6, C. L. Morey, Greenwich. Same, on elm, June 6,
F. B. Pickering, Ballston Spa. Same, June 6, S. D. Zeh, Hillsdale. Same,
June 14, C. A. Russell, Frankfort. Same, June 17, A. N. Baker, Bellport.
Same, chrysalis, June 14, E. W. Rankin, Albany. Same, June 9, M. F.
Winchester, South Amenia
Basilarchia astyanax Fabr., larva on oak, May 30, William Wells, Flushing
Samia cecropia Linn., Cecropia moth, cocoon, May 6, G. E. Ward, Ravena.
Same, adult, May 24, Livingston McEwan, Albany
Callosamia promethea Dru., Promethea moth, cocoon on lilac, December 9,
J. H. Carpenter, Elnora. Same, April 25, John J. Hicks, Jericho. Same,
April 28, Miss F. B. Darling, Syracuse. Same, June 6, C A. Russell,
Frankfort
Tropaea luna Linn., luna moth, adult, May 29, Mrs N. A. Pierce, Solsville.
Same, May 20, Mrs M. E. Wheeler, East Nassau
Telea polyphemus Cram., Polyphemus moth, adult, May 29, Mrs N. A.
Pierce, Solsville. Same, cocoon and moth, July 15, J. A. Reed, Watervliet
Hyphantria textor Harr., fall webworm, larvae, August 25, P. L. Huested,
Sparta. Through State Department of Agriculture. Same, September 12,
A. G. Scifield, Hopewell Junction. Same, on apple, June 9, A. T. Bennett,
Tivoli
Alypia octomaculata Fabr., eight-spotted forester, larva, June 23,
EF. -N. Powers, Utica: Same, on grapevine, ‘July (6) = Aeneimes
New York City
Macronoctua onusta Gr., larva on iris, July 28, W. L. Rich, Saratoga.
Same, August 2, through J. N. Huyck, Albany
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 133
Xylina antennata Walk., green maple worm, larvae on maple, May 30,
C. O. Horning, Amsterdam. Same, on soft maple, June 6, W. B. Wester-
velt, Newburg. Same, adult, April 27, C. J. Herrick, Albany
Papaipema nitela Guen., stalk borer, larvae, July 17, A. G. Harris,
North Pelham
Heliothis armiger Hutbn., corn worm or boll worm, larva in corn, Octo-
ber 13, H. B. Winters, Brooklyn. Through State Department of
Agriculture
Melalopha inclusa Hubn., poplar tent maker, larvae on Carolina poplar,
June 30, M. C. Albright, West Coxsackie
Datana ministra Dru., yellow-necked appletree caterpillar, July 20
Charles Fremd, North Rose. Same, August 25, F. M. Brooks, Athens
D. integerrima G. & Rob., black walnut caterpillar on pecan, July 28,
Miss E. L. Keller, Eden
Schizura concinna Sm. & Abb., red-humped appletree caterpillar, July 12,
A. G. Davis, Schenectady. Same, on apple, July 21, W. L. Bosworth,
Amenia
Notolophus antiqua Linn, rusty tussock moth, eggs on box, March,
nursery stock, Holland. Through State Department of Agriculture
Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abb., white-marked tussock moth, eggs,
March 22, Thomas Tupper, Corning. Same, larva, May 29, J. A. Hep-
worth, Marlboro
H. definita Pack., eggs on poplar, April 5, Rochester. Through State De-
partment of Agriculture
Tolype velleda Stoll., larch lappet moth, caterpillars on pear, July 25, West
Coxsackie. Through State Department of Agriculture.
Malacosoma americana Fabr., apple tent caterpillar, June 5, G. F. Machure,
Saranac Lake
M. disstria Hibn., forest tent caterpillar, June 11, Townsend Cox jr,
“Setauket. Same on maple, June 13, Miss A. Humphrey, Warsaw
Bombyx mori Linn., silk worm, cocoons on mulberry from North Italy,
July 21, Arthur Paladin, Albany
Alsophila pometaria Harr., fall canker worm, moths and eggs, Novem-
ber 30, T. F. Niles, Rye. Through State Department of Agriculture.
Same, eggs, February 23, White Plains. Through State Department of
Agriculture. Same, moth, April 26, J. F. Hummer, Potsdam
Ennomos subsignarius Hiibn., snow-white linden moth, eggs on. beeth,
April 28, J. N. Smith, Margaretville.
E. magnarius Guen., eggs, February 16, P. M. Eastman, Coxsackie.
Through State Department of Agriculture \
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., bag worm, larvae, August 13,
Mrs William Frech, Bayside
Cnidocampa flavescens Walk., Oriental slug caterpillar, cocoon on Japanese
maple, March 23, nursery stock imported from Japan. Through State
Department of Agriculture
Sibine stimulea Clem., saddle-back caterpillar, larva, August 30,
C. L. Van Loan, Catskill. Same, larvae, September 29, R. MacGregor,
Brooklyn ;
Euclea delphinii Boisd., larvae, August 25, Mynard DeFreest, Voorheesville
Phobetron pithecium Sm. & Abb., hag moth, larva, July 27, J. J. Barden,
Sodus. Same, August 14, B. O. Burgin, St Johnsville
134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Zeuzera pyrina Linn., leopard moth, adult, July 21, Mrs H. W. Struss,
New York City
Podosesia syringae Harr., lilac borer, pupa, March 14, Hermann Von
Schrenk, St Louis, Mo.
Phlyctaenia rubigalis Guen., greenhouse leaf tyer, moth, January 7, J. Dun
bar, Rochester
Crambus caliginosellus Clem., sooty web worm, larvae on corn, June 23,
R. L. Skinner, Greenwich
Mineola indigenella Linn., leaf crumpler, larvae on Crataegus, November 4,
P. L. Huested, Port Chester. Through State Department of Agriculture
Plodia interpunctella Htibn., Indian meal moth, adult in graham flour, Sep-
tember 20, I. A. Weston, Syracuse
Evetria ?turionana Hubn., pine bud tortrix moth, larvae on pine, August 20,
D. M. Munger, Glen Cove
Depressaria ? atomella Htibn., adults on Cytisus, April 19, John Dunbar,
Rochester
Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb., birch leaf Bucculatrix, larvae, work on
yellow birch, September 7, A. N. McGeoch, Lake Placid. Through State
Conservation Commission
Phyllonoryter hamadryadella Clem., white blotch oak leaf miner, on oak,
October 10, Miss M. B. Steward, Goshen. Same, June 30, J. N. Briggs,
Coeymans
Tinea pellionella Linn., clothes moth, adult, May 1, I. A. Weston, Syracuse
Neuroptera
Corydalis cornuta Linn., Dobson fly, adult, June 29, A. E. Milligan,
Schuylerville
Hemiptera
Tibicen septendecim Linn., seventeen-year Cicada on apple twigs, showing
oviposition scars, April 13, H. D. Lewis, Annandale. Same, adult, May 20,
G. W. Lintner, Summit, N. J. Same, adults, May 28, Edward and
Robert Broome, Pelham Bay Park. Same, adult, May 20, G. E. Ward,
Ravena. Same, adults, June 3, A. J. Bolton, New Rochelle. Same,
June 8, G. B. Thomas, Schuylerville. Same, June 12, R. J. Davey,
Mechanicville. Same, June 13, Frank Jansen, Fonda. Same, June 16,
F. M. Askins, Schaghticoke. Same, June 19, D. C. Davies, Mechanicville.
Same, adults and pupal cases, May 209, S. Bulson, Stony Point. Same
pupal cases, May 26, J. Johannsen, Raritan Bay Park, Tottenville. Same,
eggs on locust, July 1, A. G. Harris, Pelham
Ceresa bubalus Fabr., Buffalo tree hopper, eggs on peach, April 22,
H. B. Filer, Buffalo
Enchenopa binotata Say, two-spotted tree hopper, nymphs on bittersweet,
June 15, Miss E. C. Humphrey, Watervliet
Pachypsylla c.-gemma Riley, galls on Celtis occidentalis, May 19, White
Plains. Through State Department of Agriculture
Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, hickory gall aphid, adults in galls on hickory
June 2, Mrs A. J. Ferber, Rutherford, N. J.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 135
Chermes floccus Patch, gall on spruce, May 15, H. W. Wesson, Eggemoggin,
Me. Through Country Gentleman
C. abietis Linn., spruce gall aphid, galls and adults on spruce, June to, R. T.
Conover jr, Bedford
C. pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark aphid, adults on pine, June 11, Arthur Clark,
Garrison
Hamamelistes spinosus Shim., adults on birch, June 17, C. W. Goodyear,
Tarrytown
Pemphigus ulmifusus Walsh, half. grown galls on red or slippery elm, May
27, Stephen Graff, Johnstown
Phyllaphis fagi Linn., woolly beech aphis, adults on beech, June 15, M. N.
Gardner, Brewster. Same, on beech, June 17, C. W. Goodyear, Tarry-
town
Gossyparia spuria Mod., elm bark louse, adults on elm, June Io, J. D.
Rogers, Round Lake. Same, May 31, Madam Howe, Kenwood
Phenacoccus acericola King, false cottony maple scale, adults on maple,
May 209, Miss E. M. Briggs, Oneonta. Same, on hard maple, September
9, Miss J. N. White, New Rochelle, through State Conservation Com-
mission. Same, on maple, June 8, T. R. Lawson, Troy. Same, larvae and
adults on maple, August 31, C. W. Buckten, Mamaroneck. Same, young
females, August 17, H. A. Unger, Clinton Heights. Same, young and
females on maple, August 16, H. B. Wooster, Walden, through State
Conservation Commission. Same, August 14, J. W. Small, North Tarry-
town. Same, August 7, L. H. Crossman, New Rochelle. Same, July 20,
A. J. Harcourt, Kingston. Same, male cocoons on maple, May 18, J. T.
Lansing, Rensselaer. Same, young on maple, May 26, Benjamin Ham-
mond, Fishkill
Pulvinaria vitis Linn., cottony maple scale, adults on maple, June 16, B. D.
Van Buren, Mount Vernon, through State Department of Agriculture.
Same, on maple, May 21, C. F. Nies, Salamanca. Same, adults and young
on soft maple, July 21, C. C. Kekok, West Brighton
Lecanium scale, adults and young, June 20, Miss E. S. Blunt, New Russia
? Eulecanium magnoliarum Ckl],, adults on maple, June 30, Miss A
Humphrey, Warsaw
E. nigrofasciatum Perg., terrapin scale on soft maple, April 8, H. N. Bab-
cock. Elmira. Same, on soft maple, April 29, M. DeForest Yates, Sche-
nectady. Same, June 12. Miss S. A. Brown, Unadilla Forks
E. persicae Fabr., adult on mulberry, May 29, G. E. Ward, Ravena
? Saissetia oleae Bern., olive scale, adult on lemon, March 5, C. E. Olsen,
Maspeth
Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, pine leaf scale, eggs on Scotch pine, September
27, S. G. Harris, Tarrytown
Diaspis carueli Targ., juniper scale, adults on Swedish juniper, September
27, A. E. Stene, Kingston, R. I.
Aulacaspis rosae Sandb., rose scale, egg on rose, November 18, Miss Rhoda
Thompson, Ballston Spa. Same, April 26, E. J. Ritch, Kingston
Epidiaspis piricola Del Guer., pear scale, adult on French imported pear,
January 16. Through the State Department of Agriculture
136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Aspidiotus ? ostreaeformis Curt., European oyster scale, adults on willow,
May 12, Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester. Same, October 11, Arthur Gib-
son, Ottawa, Canada
A. perniciosus Comst., San José scale’ young on apple, April 1, A. M.
Lane, Schenectady. Same, May 18, Mrs E. A. Earl, Ballston Spa. Same,
August 8, W. J. Akins, New Baltimore. Same, adults and young on
apple, September 15, R. Schofield, Coeymans
Chrysomphalus smilacis Comst., smilax scale on ? Smilax, March 29, C. E.
Olsen, Maspeth
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., oyster shell bark louse on French lilac, August
14, W. J. Akins, New Baltimore. Same, young on apple, May 18, Mrs
FE. A. Earl, Ballston Spa. Same, eggs on balm of Gilead, April 21, J. E.
Field, New York City
L. beckii Newm., adult on lemon, March 5, C. E. Olsen, Maspeth
Parlatoria proteus Curt., orange chaff scale, adult on orange, March 5, C. E.
Olsen, Maspeth
Lygus pratensis Linn., tarnished plant bug, adults on aster, October 8,
G. H. Hudson, IPiLaeeetee 2
Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr., four-lined leaf bug, work on currant, June
13, Albert Yeomans, Walworth
Orthoptera
Ischnoptera pennsylvanica DeG., June 19, M. R. Brown, Merrickville
Gryllotalpa borealis Burm., mole cricket, August 26, W. F. Moore, Mechanic-
ville. Through Troy Pre
Plecoptera
Pteronarcys biloba Newm., adult, May 26, W. G. Robinson, Greenfield
Center
Ephemerida
Hexagemia.variabilis ? Eaton, June 2, B. H. Lane, Coxsackie
Thysanura
Smynthurus arvalis Fitch, adults on raspberry, May 24, S. R. Taber, Milton
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 1
15037
Codling moth
Two small apples, one end and the other side wormy. The former
is the most common method of injury by apple worms or larvae
of the first brood, while the other is very characteristic of larvae
of the second brood and is usually confined to points where
fruits touch or where a leaf and apple adhere.
Group of blossoms ready to spray and showing conditions just after
the petals drop. Note that the green sepal lobes are widely ex-
panded or drooping, and that conditions are therefore favorable
for filling the calyx cup with poison. ;
Three mature apples showing the work of the apple worm or cod-
ling moth larva about the core, at the blossom end and an irregular
cavity at the side, a point where the full grown larvae frequently
escape
A piece of bark removed from the tree and showing on the under
surface the numerous cocoons in which the insects hibernate and
undergo their transformations from the caterpillar to the pupa
and moth
1 Moth with wings expanded, natural size.
2 Moth resting on young apple, side view
3 Moth resting on leaf, seen from above
4 A portion of a pinkish apple worm or larva in a wormy apple
5 Cocoon, as seen from the under side and showing the hole made
by a woodpecker in search of the apple worm or larva
6 Cell on the under side of the bark containing a codling moth
worm or larva. Note its nearly doubled position.
7 Upper surface of bark showing hole made by a woodpecker.
The same condition as seen from the inner surface is repre-
sented at 5.
8 Empty cocoon
9 Group of old cocoons
10 Two cocoons in which apple worms or larvae have been destroyed
by fungus
TI Oval excavation in the bark made by the apple worm or larva
prior to spinning its cocoon ;
12 Newly made cocoon, the silken case being nearly obscured by
particles of bark
138
Plate |
Codling moth and its work
Codling moth work
Series I
1c Sprayed once, picked fruit: 3842 sound, 25 wormy apples
2c Sprayed twice, picked fruit: 3136 sound, 2 wormy apples
NX Unsprayed, picked fruit: 2411 sound, 171 wormy apples
140
Plate 2
Codling moth work
Codling moth work
Series I
3a Sprayed thrice, picked fruit: 3879 sound, 3 wormy apples
4d Sprayed once late, picked fruit: 1809 sound, 131 wormy apples.
Y Unsprayed, picked fruit: 1832 sound, 225 wormy apples
142
Codling moth work
ee
as
b4
y
t
:
;
‘
PLATE 4
143
Codling moth work
Series I
2c View showing loaded condition of tree
3a View showing loaded condition of tree
144
Plate 4
Trees in experimental orchard
a
|
;
———
———s
ee
——_—-
Codling moth
‘Series 2
: ere f
g moth work
in
Codl
PLATE 6
147
iy f ‘
Y f 1 OL Tie oe ed) i
| - Codling moth work —
Three apples showing sun scald, W. H. Hart orchard,
> [ ; i
Plate 6
&
ce e
oeine
Apples affected by sun scald
&
Cs Sera
|
.
{
;
[Se
——
PLATE 7
149
eee a
oe
7
ge Cm te es me pn ee
Codling moth work
Series 2
Two apples showing sun scald, followed by severe checking, fr
orchard of Edward Van Alstyne, October 1911
150
i
|
i
|
press t
I
nS SUIMOT[O} 3
SUIYIIL
if)
L ayeld
PLATE 8
151
1 Notch wing, Ennomos magnarius Htbn., natural size
2 Eggs of notch wing, Ennomos magnarius, natural size
3 Winthemia quadripustulata Fabr., view showing deformed
or asymmetrical abdominal segments
4 Apple showing work of a miner, probably a species of Marmara Clem.
152
Apple insects and a parasite
ai
PLATE 9.
153
coal
+>
UL
NI
Micropyle of definite marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa
dle tain iisdeackensxs200
Micropyle of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn. x 200
Hairs from full-grown gipsy moth larva, Porthetria dispar
Linn. x 50
Hairs from egg mass of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn.
x 200
Large hair from full-grown gipsy moth larva, Porthetria dispar
Linn. x 200
An aerostatic hair from young larva of gipsy moth, Porthetria
dispar Linn. x 225
Portion of pupal case of gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn.
X 33
154
Plate 9g
Gipsy moth structures
PLATE 10
155
Gipsy moth
Prot ivelt ara dispar Linn.
Defoliated apple orchard, Weston, Mass., Jun
te the fruit and the vigorous untouched poison
PAO (Obie WINE wees . yy
Plate to
Gipsy moth work r1o11
PLATE 11
157
Gipsy moth
POreMercria Giswelie Lava,
Red oak near Weston, Mass., June 29, 1911. Many acres were defoliated
like this, though a strip some 200 feet wide on each side of the
road had been well protected by poison.
158
Plate 11
Eee Spon
Gipsy moth work 1o11
PLATE 12°
159)
Gipsy moth
IPCGirw ine we ma hig aie Lika,
Practically clean stands of pine and maple near Metheun, Mass., June
30, 1911. These areas were protected simply by cutting out the
favorite food plants and practically no injury resulted, as the young
caterpillars were unable to develop upon either the pine or maple.
160
Plate 12
d by gipsy moth
ine uninjure
Clean stands of maple and p
PLATE 13
161
Brown-tail moth |
Euproctis chrysorrhoea
Nests on young oaks near Salem, N. ie
ih epi 162
’
e ‘
-~
i
‘
*
’ I
r
1
.
t
= ‘
i 7 .
, i A at
Plate ore
A Petey:
Ga:
Brown tail moth work IgII
sH
ce
By
is
4
Ay
Green maple worm
ss Xylina antennata Walk
Defoliated willows and maples, North Albany, N.
164
Plate 14
Green maple worm work IoIlI
PLATE 15
165
Ooialianed!
Green maple worm
Xylina an
2
soft maples at Amsterdam, N.
tennata W
f | 166
\ 4
4
a
a
‘
ah ,
; 5;
,
¥ A ha
im \
Plate 15
as
ad
é Z 5 pager
Green maple worm work Io11
ve
in , Fs
ee fi
u "i aM
Green maple worm
Kiylinag antenmata. Walke
Soft maple sprouts badly ragged by caterpillars, Amste
Plate 16
"Noone
De ali
Green maple worm work I9gII
i - y i
: i Tan: it 8
bb st f ih!
i , ree" oy ¥ 4% 4; te 7 i \
; ve > i iy ad PAY ain yop =
‘ b MTs va fo be ¥ a is J
Plea ene Oc a
i eo Fl ies CMAN e
ras 3 i j nd As
. y i yee
; A uae
ag.
Seay
»
: it
”
t Moth of green maple worm, Xylina antennata_
2 Green maple worm, Xylina antennata Walk, xT
3'Iris borer, Macronoctua onusta’ Groteaga, (ee
4 Pyrausta theseusalis Walk, showing anal tuf
5 Larval cases of maple leaf . cutter, Paraclemens:
foliella Fitch, natural size
170
Plate 7,
New York insects
ij
pas
PLATE 18
71
Maple leaf cutter
Paraclemensia acerifoliellay
Soft maple leaves showing characteristic eating a !
172
II6I 39}}Nd Jeo] ojdeut FO FIOM
gI aeId
a
eo
eI
5)
<
H
Ay
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
1 Pupa as it comes from the soil
2 Pupal shell just cracking
3 Pupa five minutes later, 10:01
4 Pupa two minutes later, 10:03
5s Emerging insect five minutes later, 10:08
6 Emerging insect three minutes later, 10:11
174
Plate 19
Cicada transformations
r—)
R
a
15]
<
4
Ay
Nu & WN
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn.
Emerging insect two minutes later than plate 18, fig. 6, 10:13
Emerging insect one minute later, 10:14
Insect crawling from the shell, 10:35
Insect resting on the empty shell, 10:36
Insect hanging beside the shell, to:42
Insect hanging from the pupal shell. Note padlike wings, 9:45
176
Plate 20
N tT
Cicada transformations
<=
ee es
>
gs
.
.
|
(
t
j
cad
aR
I
H
<
4
Aa
7 yoy ; eo
* Me UN eee
ie F 4
Biren at: Son seat
4 a i v r
f A >
ah | ‘ i va
Latry 5
” ; tS Per.
ele REALS)
i JA ® hs
4 A ee
wa te >
i * uy Ae oo
ie j rt }
ye ;
Pm
i
i i
5.
Periodical Cicada
Tibicen septendecim Linn,
1 Insect six minutes later Shes in plate 20, ae 6, 9:51 -
2 Insect one minute later, 9:52
3 Insect one minute later, 9:53
4 Wings fully developed and partly wrapped Bes | tee b |
5 Cicada fully colored as it appeared the next morning
6 Cicada with ovipositor partly inserted in a twig
178
Plate 21
Cicada transformations
a
SSS a Se Tas 9
+
*
isu
an
By
H
qd
H
Ay
Tibieen se pten decim Linn.
showing oviposition scars
fast ie
N
N
o
Y
Ge)
=
Ay
Cicada oviposition
Sey
Sete a
“a
i]
an
a
H
aq
AA
; 4 Periodical Cicada
Tibicen, septendecim 1
Cicada chambers at New Baltimore, N. Y., June TOIl ie
182,
punois sAoqe siaquieyd epeoiy
€z 91eId
s+
nxn
|
H
a
4
fy.
184
SePpBII WOIF WY} Jo}01d 0} poyoU soo17,
ve 93e1d
PLATE 25
185
White marked tussock moth
Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. & Abp
Defoliated linden at the corner of Eagle and Hamilton streets, Albany, N. Y.
Photo June I9Q1t
186
Plate 25
White-marked tussock moth work
PLATE 26
187
; vite mt ey i IS Fin Mops
‘ . be f or ro ; WED 4
Pay a oh at CSTR as bate
PS a i } s peat hi Tit bne ti ba Se
"i it f iS
OITA RON oe ee wid (
A) 0 }
ul Ae en
: as cf ‘ow i
h | eh Tt a ee
ie it we ¥ ie seh ths
“=
Four-lined leaf bug
Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.
Wilder currant shoots showing the characteristic spotting ca
188
Plate 26
eS
work
Four-lined leaf bug
Fr 2 pe
ao
i$
1
\
—
————
ee
SS
—
ae
=
PLATE 27
189
1 Males of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco-
stigma Sm. & Abb. x I
2 Female of white marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leuco-
stigma Sm. & Abb. depositing eggs on the filmy cocoon x I
3 Cocoon of Cecropia moth, Samia cecropia Linn. containing nu-
merous puparia of a parasitic fly, Frontina frenchii Will.
4 Pupa and larva of Xylophagus lugens Loew and larva (the
larger one) of the allied X. abdominalis Lw.
190
Pe ee es os cael
>
Lz ard
i
(
eS
Ss
SS
SSS
4
INDEX
abdominalis, Arthrocnodax, 125
Xylophagus, 121
Abia inflata, 114-15
acanthodes, Syrphus, 120
acericola, Phenacoccus, 88, 98 _ ~
acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 50-59
Actia pilipennis, 100
Additions to collections, 130-36
aeneus, Eumerus, 120
affinis, Trichius, 98
agilis, Mesochorus, 49
Agrilus anxius, 108-9, 113, 127
bilineatus, 113-14
agrostis, Neolasioptera, 129
Alabama argillacea, 116
Aleyrodes vaporariorum, 124
allioniae, Lasioptera, 129
Ambrosia beetle, 88
americana, Endaphis, 125
Hyperdiplosis, 128
Miastor, 126
Thryptocera, 101
Anasa tristis, 124
Angoumois grain moth, 124
antennata, Xylina, 48-52
antiopa, Euvanessa, 104-5
anxius, Agrilus, 108-9, I13, 127
Apple borer, round-headed, 127
Apple caterpillar, red-humped, 99-
IOI
Apple maggot, 125
Apple miner, 101
Apple tree, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
cicada, periodical, 84
codling moth, 13
forest tent caterpillar, ror
gipsy moth, 46
locust leaf miner, 61
maple worm, green, 49
notch wing, 6, 54
| Apple tree, injurious insects (con-
tinued )
rose leaf hopper, 66, 67
rosy hispa, 63
| Apple worm, 5, 13-42
| argillacea, Alabama, 116
Arilus cristatus, 62
arizonensis, Lasioptera, 129
Army worm, 50
Arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62, 98,
TOOM LOLs LOS LOS Oy 1200128
Arthrocnodax (Endaphis) abdomi-
nalis, 125
arvalis, Smynthurus, 103
Ash, green maple worm injuring,
49
| Ash psylla, 126
Asphondylia pattersoni, 128
vincenti, 125
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 102, 125,
127
Aster, rosy hispa injuring, 63
Asteromyia nigrina, 129
reducta, 129
atomella, Depressaria, 116-17
autumnaria, Ennomos, 54
Azalea, Gracilaria injuring, 117
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basswood, rosy hispa injuring, 63
Bean weevil, 127
Beech, injurious insects:
locust leaf miner, 61
maple leaf cutter, 57
bilineatus, Agrilus, 113-14
Billbugs, 128
Birch borer, 127
bronze, 8, 108-9, 113
Birch trees, injurious insects:
bronze birch borer, 108 |
cicada, periodical, 70
gipsy moth, 46
locust leaf miner, 61 : |
notch wing, 56
192
Blister beetle, 6, 99
Blood worms, 122
Bordeaux mixture, 87
Bronze birch borer, 8, ro8-9, 113
Brown mite, 126
Brown-tail moth, 7, 42, 127
Bruchus obtectus, 127
Bryobia pratensis, 126
Butternut, Say’s blister beetle in-
juring, 990
Byturus unicolor, 102-3
caliginosellus, Crambus, 118-19
candida, Saperda, 127
Canker worms, 98, 125
Carpocapsa pomonella, 13-42, 124
Case bearers, 125
cecropia, Samia, 116
Cecropia moth, 116
cerealella, Sitotroga, 124
Chalepus dorsalis, 59-63
inaequalis, 63
nervosa, 60, 63-65
rosea, 63
Chermes floceus, 127
Cherry tree, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar,
100
rose leaf hopper, 66
Say’s blister beetle, 90
Chestnut, injurious insects:
cicada, periodical, 84
June beetles, 115
notch wing, 56
Chestnut borer, two-lined, 9, 113
Chironomus sp., 122
Chokecherry, rosy hispa injuring,
63
Cicada, dogday, 71
Cicada, periodical, 5, 68-87, 128;
life history, 69-70; oviposition,
70-71; description, 71; distribu-
tion, 71; comparative abundance,
71-73; time of appearance, 73-
74; date of first cry or song of
male, 74; persistence, 74-75;
above ground chambers, 75; ap-
pearance in the Hudson valley,
75-85; natural enemies, 85-86;
injuries, 86; preventives of in-
jury, 86-87; bibliography, 87
red-humped,
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Cicada linnei, 71
Clover mite, 126
coccidarum, Lobodiplosis, 127
Cockroach, 11
oriental, 93
Codling moth, 5, 13, 42, I24, 125,
126; summary of three years’
work with, 38
coffeae, Hyperdiplosis, 128
Coleophora limosipennella, 110
Coleoptera, additions to collec-
tions, 130-32
Collections, 10; additions to, 130-
30
communis, Dasyneura, 129
concinna, Schizura, 99-101
Contarinia lycopersici, 128
Corn, Sphenophorus sp. injuring,
128
Cotton moth, 116 © |
Cottony maple scale, 8, 908 |
false, 08
Crambus caliginosellus, 118-190
cristatus, Arilus, 62
Cucumber beetle, striped, 124
Currant bushes, injurious insects:
four-lined leaf bug, 103 |
maple worm, green, 40
rose leaf hopper, 66
Cutworms, 127, 128
Cystiphora viburni, 120
Cytisus albus, injurious insects, —
116
Dactylopius, 127
Dasyneura communis, 129
gibsoni, 120
pergandei, 129
smilacifolia, 120
definita, Hemerocampa, 43-44
Depressaria atomella, 116-17
Derostenus primus, 62
Diabrotica vittata, 124
Diptera, additions to
132
dispar, Porthetria, 42-47
disstria, Malacosoma, I01
collections,
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII 193
Dogday cicada, 7!
dorsalis, Chalepus, 59-63
Eccoptogaster quadrispinosus, 91,
110-13
Elm case bearer, European, 110
Elm caterpillar, spiny, 8
Elm leaf beetle, 7, 105-8, 126
Elm trees, injurious insects:
notch wing, 56
rose leaf hopper, 66
rosy hispa, 64
spiny elm caterpillar, 104
Endaphis, 125
americana, 125°
hirta, 127
Ennomos autumnaria, 54
magnarius, 54-56
Ephemerida, additions to collec-
tions, 136
Eriophyes, 125
erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 88
Eumerus, 120
aeneus, 120
funeralis, 120
grandicornis, 120
lunulatus, 120
planifrons, 120
selene, 120
strigatus, 119-20
eupatorii, Hyperdiplosis, 125 ~
Eupatorium ageratoides, 63
European elm case bearer, I10
Euvanessa antiopa, 104-5
Explanation of plates, 137-90
False maple scale, 8, 88, 98
Flies, 9
floccus, Chermes, 127
Forest pésts, 9, 110-14
Forest tent caterpillar, ror
Four-lined leaf bug, 103-4
Frontina frenchii, 116
Fruit, small fruit insects, 102-4
| Galerucella luteola, 105-8, 126
Gall midges, 9, 126, 127, 128; food
habits, 10; hosts and galls of,
10; two new, 125
Garden flea, 6, 103
gibsoni, Dasyneura, 129
Gipsy moth, 6-7, 42-47, 127; de-
scription, 43-45; distribution in
America, 45; condition of infested
territory, 45-46; means of prevent-
ing spread, 46-47
gnaphalodis, Rhopalomyia, 129 °
Gooseberries, Rhopalomyia grossu-
lariae injuring, 128
Gracilaria, 117-18
violacella, 117
Grain insects, 124, 125
grandicornis, Eumerus, 120
grandis, Lachnosterna, I15
Grapes, injurious insects:
cotton moth, 116
rose leaf hopper, 66
Green maple worm, 8, 48-52
Greenhouse white fly, 124
grossulariae, Rhopalomyia, 128
grotei, Xylina, 49
.
Hartman, Miss, work of, Io, II
Harvest fly, 71
Hawthorn, injurious insects:
locust leaf miner, 61
rosy hispa, 64
Heat as an insecticide, experiments
with, II, 93-97
Heliophila unipuncta, 50
Hemerocampa definita, 43-44
leucostigma, 109-10
Hemichionaspis minor, 124
Hemiptera, additions to
tions, 134-36
collec-
Hickory, injurious insects:
cicada, periodical, 70
green maple worm, 49
hickory bark borer, 9, QI, 110-13
Fruit tree insects, 5-6, 98-102, 125 | hirsuta, Lachnosterna, 115
Fumigation poisoning, 125
funeralis, Eumerus, 120
fungicola, Toxomyia, 128
fusca, Lachnosterna, 115
hirta, Endaphis, 127
Rhizomyia, 129
hirticula, Lachnosterna, I15
| Hispa, rosy, 63-65
194
Hogpeanut, locust leaf miner in-
juring, 61
Holoneurus occidentalis, 128
Hoplia trifasciata, 98
Horse-chestnuts, tussock moth,
white-marked, injuring, 110
House flies, 9
Howard, L. O., identification of
species through courtesy of, 12
Hymenoptera, additions to col-
lections, 130
Hyperdiplosis americana, 128
coffeae, 128
eupatorii, 125
hyphantriae, Meteorus, 49
inaequalis, Chalepus, 63
Indigo, false, locust leaf miner
injuring, 61
inflata, Abia, 114-15
Injurious insects, 13-87
Ips sp., 91
Iris borer, II, 52-54, 119; descrip-
tion, 52-53; control measures,
53; life history and habits, 53;
bibliography, 54
Itonidae, 126, 128, 129; generic
synopsis, I0; new species, Io
Joanissia pennsylvanica, 129
June beetles, 115-16
Juniper webworm, 126
Jussiaea linifolia, 125
suffruticosa, 125
Kerosene emulsion, 51, 67, 87, 103.
104, 126
Kronomyia, 129
populi, 129
Lachnosterna fusca, I15
grandis, II5
hirsuta, I15
hirticula, 115
Lasioptera allioniae, 129
arizonensis, 129
portulacae, 127
Lasiopteryx schwarzi, 128
laticinerea, Xylina, 40
Leopard moth, 88
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Lepidoptera, additions to collec-
tions, 132-34
Leptosyna quercivora, 123
quercus, 123
Lestodiplosis peruviana, 124
leucostigma, Hemerocampa,
ime)
Lilac, notch wing injuring, 56
Lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102, 126
limosipennella, Coleophora, 110
Linden, injurious insects:
rosy hispa, 63
tussock moth, white-marked, 110
lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 103-4
linnei, Cicada, 71
Lobodiplosis coccidarum, 127
Locust leaf beetles, 9
Locust leaf miner, 59-63; early
history, 60; description, 61; dis-
tribution, 61; food plants, 61;
life history, 61-62; control meas-
ures, 62; natural enemies, 62;
bibliography, 63
Locust trees, injurious insects:
cicada, periodical, 83
locust leaf miner, 59-63
rosy hispa, 63
Say’s blister beetle, 90
longior, Tyroglyphus, 124
lugens, Xylophagus, 121
Lunate onion fly, 119-20
lunulatus, Eumerus, 120
luteola, Galerucella, 105-8, 126
lycopersici, Contarinia, 128
109-
Macronoctua onusta, 52-54, II9
magnarius, Ennomos, 54-56
Malacosoma disstria, 101
Mamara, 101
Maple leaf cutter, 9, 56-59; previ-
ous history, 57; description, 58;
life history, 58; remedies, 509;
bibliography, 59
Maple scale, cottony, 8, 08
false, 8, 88, 08
Maple worm, green, 8, 48-52; de-
scription, 49; natural enemies,
49-51; food habits, 49; life history,
49; control measures, 51; bibli-—
ography, 51-52
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Igit
Maples, early applications of oily
preparations dangerous, 8
injurious insects:
forest tent caterpillar, Tol
maple leaf cutter, 57
maple worm, green, 49
notch wing, 56
rose leaf hopper, 66
Maples of Mount Vernon, report
upon condition of, 88-92
May beetles, 115
melanipodia, Psilocephala, 121
meles, Phytonomus, 98
Mesochorus agilis, 49
Meteorus hyphantriae, 49
Miastor, 5, 125, 127, 128
Miastor americana, 126
Mosquitos, 9
Mount Vernon, report upon con-
ditions of shade trees, 88-92
\
!
Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88
Neolasioptera agrostis, 129
squamosa, 129
trimera, 129
nervosa, chalepus, 60, 63-65
Neuroptera, additions to collec-
tions, 134
nigrina, Asteromyia, 129
Notch wing, 6, 547-59; description,
mass life history, 555 food
habits, 56; remedial measures,
56; bibliography, 56
Nursery inspection, II
Oaks, injurious insects:
chestnut borer, 9
two-lined, I13
cicada, periodical, 70, 83, 84
gipsy moth, 46
June beetles, 115
locust leaf miner, 61
maple leaf cutter, 57
maple worm, green, 49
rosy hispa, 64
obtectus, Bruchus, 127
occidentalis, Holoneurus, 128
odontotae, Spilochalcis, 62
Trichogramma, 62
Office matters, II
195
Oligarces ulmi, 129
Onions, lunate onion fly, injuring,
119
onusta, Macronoctua, 52-54, I19
orientalis, Periplaneta, 93
Orthoptera, additions
tions, 136
Oyster scale, 125
to collec-
Paraclemensia acerifoliella, 56-59
pattersoni, Asphondylia, 128
Peach tree, injurious insects:
cicada, periodical, 84
maple worm, green, 49
Say’s blister beetle, 99
Pear tree, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped, 100
Hoplia trifasciata, 98
maple worm, green, 49
notch wing, 6, 54
Peas, green maple worm injuring,
49
pectinata, Winnertzia, 121, 129
pennsylvanica, Joanissia, 129
pergandei, Dasyneura, 129
Periodical cicada, 68-87
Periplaneta orientalis, 93
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 102, 125;
127
peruviana, Lestodiplosis, 124
Phenacoccus acericola, 88, 98
Phytonomus meles, 98
posticus, 98
pilipennis, Actia, 100
“ Pin-hole” borer, 88
Pine, injurious insects:
bark borer, 9!
cicada, periodical, 70
planifrons, Eumerus, 120
Plant lice, 125
Plates, explanation of, 137-90
Plecoptera, additions to collections,
136
Plum tree, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
maple worm, green, 49
rose leaf hopper, 66
196
Poecilocapsus lineatus, 103-4
Poison ivy, periodical cicada in-
juring, 70
Poisons, do sprays poison people,
125
Polyphylla variolosa, 115
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 13, 124
Pomphopoea sayi, 99
Popcorn, sooty Crambus injuring,
118
Poplar, injurious insects:
notch wing, 56
spiny elm caterpillar, 104
populi, Kronomyia, 129
Porthetria dispar, 42-47
portulacae, Lasioptera, 127
posticus, Phytonomus, 08
Potatoes, June beetles
115
pratensis, Bryobia, 126
primus, Derostenus, 62
Prionidus, 62
Protective mimicry, 123
Psilocephala melampodia, t2tr
Psylla, ash, 126
Publications, Q-10, 124-29
Pulvinaria vitis, 08
Pyrausta theseusalis, 123
Pyrina, Zeuzera, 88
injuring,
quadripustulata,
122
quadrispinosus, Eccoptogaster, Ql,
110-13 :
quercivora, Leptosyna, 123
quercus, Leptosyna, 123
Quinces, green maple worm injur-
ing, 49
Winthemia, 40,
Raspberry bushes, garden flea in-
juring, 103
Raspberry Byturus, 6, 102-3
Red clover, locust leaf Miner in-
juring, 61
Red-humped apple caterpillar, 99-
IOI
Red-tailed Tachina fly, 49
reducta, Asteromyia, 129
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Remedies and preventives:
arsenate of lead, 51, 53, 56, 62,
98, 100, IOI, 103, 105, IIo, 126,
128
bordeaux mixture, 87
kerosene, 51, 67, 87, 103 104, 126
lime-sulfur wash, 6, 17, 87, 102,
126
whale oil soap solution, 67, 87,
98, 126
Remedies and preventives for:
apple borer, round-headed, 127 |
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
chestnut borer, two-lined, 114
cicada, periodical, 86
codling moth, 6, 14, 126
cutworms, 127, 128
elm leaf beetle, 107
forest tent caterpillar, tor
four-lined leaf bug, 104
hickory bark borer, 112
Hoplia trifasciata, 098
iris borer, 53
locust leaf miner, 62
maple leaf cutter, 59
maple worm, green, 51
notch wing, 56
raspberry Byturus, 102-3
rose beetles, 128
rose leaf hopper, 67
rosy hispa, 65
San José scale, 6, 102, T2naamaae
127
Say’s blister beetle, 99
spiny elm caterpillar, 105
tussock moth, white-marked, 110
Rhizomyia hirta, 129
Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis, 129
grossulariae, 128
rosae, Typhlocyba, 65-68, 128
Rose, injurious insects:
apple caterpillar, red-humped,
100
maple worm, green, 49
rose leaf hopper, 65
Say’s blister beetle, 99
Rose beetles, 128
Rose leaf hopper,
‘
i)
)
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQII
11, 65-68, 128;
description, 66-67; life history,
67; remedial measures, 67; bib-
liography, 67-68
rosea, Chalepus, 63
Rosy hispa, 63-65; previous his-
tory, 63-64; description, 64; dis-
tribution, 64; life history, 64;
remedial measures, 64-05; bibli-
ography, 65
Round-headed apple borer, 127
rubida, Toxomyia, 127
Salt and cutworms, 128
Samia cecropia, 116
San José scale, 6, 102, 125, 126, 127
Saperda candida, 127
sayi, Pomphopoea, 99
Say’s blister beetle, 6, 99
Schizura concinna, 99-I0I
schwarzi, Lasiopteryx, 128
Scurfy scale, 125
selene, Eumerus, 120
septendecim, Tibicen, 68-87
Seventeen-year locust, 5
Shadbush, rosy hispa injuring, 63
Shade tree pests, 7-8, 104-10
‘Shade trees of Mount Vernon, re-
port upon condition of, 88-92
Silver-spotted skipper, 128
Siphonaptera, additions to collec-
tions, 132
Sitotroga cerealella, 124
smilacifolia, Dasyneura, 129
Smynthurus arvalis, 103
Soja beans, locust leaf miner in-
juring, 61
Sooty crambus, 118-19
Sphenophorus sp., 128
Spilochalcis odontotae, 62
Spiny elm caterpillar, 8, 10475
Spraying, 125, 126
Sprays, do sprays poison people,
125
Spruce, Chermes floccus injuring,
127
Spruce gall, large aphid, 126
squamosa, Neolasioptera, 129
Squash bugs, 124
197
Strawberries, June beetles injur-
ing, 115
strigatus, Eumerus, 119-20
Striped cucumber beetle, 124
Sumac, smooth, periodical cicada
injuring, 70
Sweetgum, injurious insects:
periodical cicada, 70
notch wing, 56
Sympiezus uroplatae, 62
Syrphus acanthodes, 120
Tachina fly, red-tailed, 49
theseusalis, Pyrausta, 123
Thorn, apple caterpillar, red-humped
injuring, 100
Thrips, 65
Thryptocera americana, 101
Thysanura, additions to collec-
tions, 136
Tibicen septendecim, 68-87
Toxomyia, 128 - i
fungicola, 128
rubida, 127
Trichius affinis, 98
Trichogramma odontotae, 62
trifasciata, Hoplia, 98
trimera, Neolasioptera, 129
tristis, Anasa, 124
Tussock moth, definite marked,
43-44
Tussock moth, white-marked, 8,
109-10
Two-lined chestnut borer, 9, 113-14
Typhlocyba rosae, 65-68, 128
Tyroglyphus longior, 124
ulmi, Oligarces, 129
unicolor, Byturus, 102-3
unipuncta, Heliophila, 50
uroplatae, Sympiezus, 62
Van Name, W. G., investigations
by, 8
vaporariorum, Aleyrodes, 124
variolosa, Polyphylla, 115
viburni, Cystiphora, 129
vincenti, Asphondylia, 125
198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
violacella, Gracilaria, 117
vitis, Pulvinaria, 98
vittata, Diabrotica, 124
Webworm, juniper, 126
Whale oil soap solution, 67, 87, 08,
126
Wheat, Say’s blister beetle injur-
ing, 99
Wheel bug, 62
White-marked tussock moth, 8,
109-10
Willow, injurious insects:
gipsy moth, 46
spiny elm caterpillar; 104
Winnertzia pectinata, 121, 129
Winthemia quadripustulata,
122
Witch-hazel, maple leaf cutter
juring, 57
Xylina antennata, 48-52
grotel, 49
laticinerea, 49
Xylophagus abdominalis, rar
lugens, 121
Xyloterus sp., 88
Young, D. B., work of, 10, II
Zeuzera pyrina, 88
49,
in-
| j Education Department Bulletin:
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y:, under
the act of July 16, 1894 "
No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, 1912
Joun. M. CLarKz, Dire
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State
u MAY 8- ~ 1939 .
Museum Bulletin Ae
ELM LEAF BEETLE an WHITE-MARKED
TUSSOCK MOTH
BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.
1 PU ELPSNS (EVO) 10 0 lS eee i 5 Remedial tmeastires........... II
Mea OCCHE. fel) os fal. ea 6 | White-marked tussock moth..... 14
Results of vattack! v8: Ye EN Descmiptionen tGasiinilmeu vents aa,
oodniilanm Goss acca). Ses tus alee 7 Life history and habits....... TS aMee
| Fis\ seillayei nto) sine ae ae ee 7 Tio fofe lub oF Feb lA MoeeeseAlgat PB ta ery es 4 ake 16
Description... fod ee 8 Natural enémiesyi.0o 0 <7 16
Pee wIISEOLV. hy). 2h; cielste v4 eyes 9 Remetiiess «nahin aii ee 16
INatmiral enemies’, joc. obs e ko 10 | Explanation of plates........... 19
Preventive measures.......... LOR) WRHGSS a Stati se ae ene BRL 35
ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE,STATE OF NEW YORK
: Lore
Me2r-Api2-2000
aan aaa
2 sty .
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Regents of the University
With years when terms expire
1913 ee Rei M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor New York, :
TOLg OT. CLAIR McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chan-
COLOR Me chin gins ohige | Deo ae. Sei e eikalavad §
1919 DANIEL BEACH Ph. D. Te D! OU Ato ie Na es
ria rin. 1. SEXTONWUL.B: LGW! ss) vl Sele mime
1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Albany
1922),\CHESTER ©. LoRp M/A, LU.Da 2.02 Us (0s New Mens
1918 Witiiam NottrincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. . . Syracuse
1920 EUGENE A. PuHitpin LL.B. LL.D. °.°.. . . New York
POLO, lLumcrus Nw LittaAveR’ BiAl 2 oe he ay Glonmeneaillle
TO2t FRaNcIs M.\.\CARPENTER....... ). 2... . Moti Gaseqie
1928 ABRAM T/ELKUS LL Biya. 7.) ae Newent
MOZAMADEDBERT NIOOT tei). ss lS Ae SW 4) ie neal
Fa et ‘ a
Commissioner of Education
ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D.
‘Assistant Commissioners /
Aucustus $. Downince M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assestant |
CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assisiant °
- Tuomas E. Finecan M!A. Pd.D. Third Assistant
Director of State Library
JAMES I. WyeEr, Jr, M.L.S.
Director of Science and State Museum
Joun M. CrarKke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D.
_ Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, GEorcE M. Witey M.A.
Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN
Educational Extension, W1LLIAM R. EASTMAN M.A. M:Lssy
Examinations, HARLAN H. HorNeER.B.A.
History, James A. HoLpen B.A.
Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A.
Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A.
Library School, Frank K. Water M.A. B.L.S. |
Public Records, THomas C. Quinn ae
School Libraries, SHERMAN WiLittAMs Pd.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. Case \ he
Visual: Instruction, ALFRED W. ABrams Ph.B.
Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dean B.S. *
New York State Education Department
Science Division, April 4, 1912
Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education
Str: Ihave the honor to submit herewith a revision of our State
Museum Bulletin 109 relating to the elm leaf beetle, the tussock
moth and their depredations upon our shade trees. The demand
for information on these insect pests is large and the last
edition of the bulletin is now exhausted. I therefore recommend
this manuscript for publication.
Very respectfully
JouHn M. CLarRKE
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM
Approved for publication this oth day of April 1912
Commissioner of Education
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y., under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 511 ALBANY, N. Y. JANUARY 15, 1912
New York State Museum
Joun M. CLarke, Director
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State Entomologist
Museum Bulletin 156
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK
MOTH
BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D._Sc.
The elm leaf beetle and the white-marked tussock moth must
be ranked among the most important leaf feeders affecting the
shade trees of cities and villages in New York State. They
have been responsible for widespread injury to thousands of
trees in recent years, while earlier experience shows that we
must reckon with these species if we would preserve the
beauty of our trees. Experience in the past has demonstrated
beyond all question the practicability of checking both of these leaf
feeders by spraying, an operation which is not very costly if
modern apparatus be employed. We are forced to conclude
therefore that extensive injury by either of these pests must be
attributed to indifference or culpable neglect rather than in-
ability, despite the fact that many appear very eager to take up
the warfare at a time when the ravages are most apparent and
unfortunately when repressive measures can be employed to
very little advantage.
There is a tendency on the part of many private individuals
to attribute their woes to the neglect of adjacent shade trees on
public streets, and conversely municipal authorities are prone to
state that injury to public trees is due to the pests swarming
thereto from neglected private grounds. The facts of the case
are that both of these insects are very local in habit. This is a
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
necessity in the case of the tussock moth, because the female -is
wingless and as a consequence the species relies for dissemina-
tion on the very limited crawling powers of the caterpillar or
upon being carried by other agencies. [The elm leaf beetle, on
the contrary, flies readily, but for some reason or other it is very
local in its habits and not infrequently one may see magnificent
trees infested with hordes of beetles and larvae, while within a
block, sometimes within 50 feet, other elms may be practically
free from the pest. These facts are of greatest importance to
all interested in the welfare of shade trees, since they demon-
strate beyond question the possibility of protecting the trees on
our public streets, irrespective of what is done by private
citizens, or conversely, the practicability of keeping the pest in
check on private grounds, even though there is little or no re-
pressive work upon those adjacent.
Elm leaf beetle
Galerucella luteola Mull
The ravages of this dangerous enemy to elms has been par-
ticularly severe in recent years. The damage has doubtless been
accentuated in numerous instances by exceptionally dry weather
and possibly by extremely low winter temperatures. These two
factors afford no adequate explanation for the great increase in
the number of injured trees, and particularly for the general de-
struction of the foliage so conspicuous in many communities in
Ig10 and 1911. It is very probable that the extension of electric
car service and the more general use of automobiles have been
of material service in disseminating a local and exceedingly
prolific insect, since both of these vehicles usually traverse tree-
lined streets and afford abundant opportunities for the collection
and dissemination of the beetles and thus greatly increase the
damage along favorite routes of travel.
This pest was so abundant and injurious from 1896 to 1899
in the cities of Albany and Troy as literally to compel some
action or a very large proportion of the elms would have been
destroyed. The insect made such headway in these cities that
it ruined or killed about 3000 elms before the end of 1900, and it
is more than probable that at least 1000 additional succumbed
the following decade. The earlier spraying against this pest
produced for the most part very satisfactory results, while the
treatment in recent years has given indifferent returns in many
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 7
instances. An examination of conditions in several communities
in the summer of rg11 forced us to the conclusion that most of
the poor results following spraying were due to careless or
slovenly work. It was a rather common occurrence to find the
lower limbs fairly well sprayed, while the upper branches were
almost untouched by the poison and, as a consequence, severely
injured by the beetle.
Dead foliage in midsummer, a weakened or dying condition
of the trees, and the vacant spaces formerly occupied by elms,
are in most instances the direct result of injury by this per-
nicious beetle, though all conversant with the situation must
admit that leaking gas and electricity have killed some trees
in many communities. The number destroyed by these latter
two agencies is small compared to those succumbing to insect
depredations. Old age has been advanced by some as a reason
for the death of many elms. This is hardly an adequate explana-
tion, since many trees which have perished were comparatively
young. Authentic records show that the American elm may
live from 150 to 200 years. Under favorable conditions it
should thrive for at least a century and in many instances for
a century and a half. It is lamentable that so many magnifi-
cent elms, representing the growth of several generations, and
in many instances occupying commanding positions and adding
greatly to the beauty and value of the adjacent property, should
be destroyed within a few years by an insect which may be
controlled at a comparatively small expense.
-Results of attack. Elms losing two crops of leaves a season
for three or four years are invariably seriously affected and some
at least may die. The injury is almost as severe if the first crop
of leaves is destroyed so late that very little new foliage de-
velops the latter part of the season. This condition was rather
general with American elms in 1911 and may have resulted in part
from the weakened condition of the trees, an outcome of earlier
injuries.
Food plants. This leaf feeder displays a marked preference
for the more tender foliage of the English and Scotch elms,
though after the beetle has become abundant, it is frequently exceed-
ingly destructive to the American elm. Its operations on this
latter tree have been especially severe in the city of Watervliet
and in villages in the upper Hudson valley.
Distribution. This pest has now attained an extensive distri-
bution in this country, ranging from north of Salem, Mass., to Char-
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lotte, N. C., and westward into Ohio and Kentucky. It occurs
in most of the cities and villages in the Hudson valley, having
made its way north to Glens Falls and Ticonderoga and along
the Mohawk valley at least to Amsterdam. It has become well
established at Elmira and Ithaca and has been known for some
years in Oswego, though it does not appear to have been par-
ticularly destructive in that city. There is no record Known to
us of this species occurring in Utica, Syracuse, Rochester or
Buffalo, though it is rather surprising that it has not already
become established in all of these cities.
Description. The skeletonized brown appearance of the fol-
iage in midsummer is very characteristic of the work of this
pest, particularly in the eastern cities and villages of the State.
The irregular, oval holes about one-quarter of an inch in diam-
eter, eaten by the beetles in early spring, are EmGANeS indication
of the work of this species.
The parent beetle may be recognized by reference to the
colored illustration [pl.1, fig. 5,6]. It is about one-quarter of an
inch long, with the head, thorax and margin of the wing covers
a reddish yellow. The coal-black eyes and median spot of the
same color on the head are prominent. The thorax is marked
with a dorsal black spot of variable shape and with a pair of
lateral ovoid ones. The median black line on the wing covers is
widely separated from lateral stripes of the same color by green-
ish yellow. The wing covers are minutely and irregularly punc-
tured, bear a fine pubescence and at the base of each there is an
elongated, black spot in the middle of the greenish yellow stripe.
These markings are fairly constant in the beetle, though the
color is quite variable during life and changes more or less after
death. Many of the insects emerging from winter quarters have
the yellowish stripes of the wing covers nearly obliterated by
black.
The orange-yellow eggs [pl. 1, fig. 1] are usually deposited in
irregular rows side by side, forming clusters of from three to
twenty-six or more on the underside of the leaf. Each egg is
somewhat fusiform, attached vertically by its larger end and
with the free extremity tapering to a paler rounded point.
The recently hatched grub [pl. 1, fig. 2] is about one-twentieth
of an inch long with the head, thoracic shield, numerous tuber-
cles, hairs and legs jet-black. The skin is dark yellow but the
tubercles are so large and the hairs so prominent that the pre-
vailing color of the grub at this stage is nearly black. An increase
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 9
in size, following molts, is accompanied by the stiff hairs be-
coming less conspicuous and the yellow more prominent, till
the grub becomes full grown [pl. 1, fig. 3]. It is then about one-
half of an inch long, more flattened than in the earlier stages,
with a broad, yellowish stripe down the middle of the back and
with a narrower stripe of the same color on each side, these be-
ing separated by broad, dark bands thickly set with tubercles
bearing short, dark colored hairs. The dorsal yellow stripe is
broken on each side by a subdorsal row of black tubercles which
decrease in size posteriorly. The lateral yellow stripe includes
a row of prominent tubercles with dark tips bearing hairs of the
same color. The under surface is yellowish.
The pupa [pl. 1, fig. 4] is a bright orange-yellow, about one-
fifth of an inch long and with a very convex dorsal surface
which bears transverse rows of stout, inconspicuous hairs.
Life history. The transformations of this insect are so rapid
and so greatly influenced by local conditions that a man must
know what to expect or he will accomplish very little in fighting
the pest, because a substance effective against the beetles or grubs
may not kill the pupae and, after the larvae have begun to de-
scend, may be of no value. The beetles winter in attics, sheds,
belfries and other shelters. They emerge with the advent of
warm weather and may then be found on the walks during the
sunny portion of the day or at the windows of houses, trying to
escape. The last of April or early in May, with the appearance
of the foliage, the beetles fly to the elms and eat irregular holes
in the leaves. Some time is occupied in feeding before the
deposition of eggs, the latter may continue four and possibly
five or six weeks. The prolific beetles consume a large amount
of foliage during this time, depositing clusters of from three to
twenty-six or more eggs every day or two. Over half the total
number of eggs may be laid at the height of the season within
about twelve days; in 1898, from June 12th to 23d. A female
may produce over six hundred eggs.
The young grubs appear early in June or about five or six
days after the eggs have been deposited later in the season. They
feed on the under surface of the leaf, producing the familiar
skeletonization [pl. 1, fig. 7] which is caused by their eating
the softer underpart, leaving the veins and the upper epidermis
practically untouched. The results of their feeding are so
marked that it is easy to detect the presence of the grubs by the
IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
semitransparent patches in the foliage. These latter soon dry
and turn brown. .
There are two and occasionally three generations of this de-
structive insect in the latitude of Albany, the number depending
to a considerable extent upon the availability of suitable food.
The grubs complete their growth in from fifteen to twenty days,
descending limbs and trunk to a great extent in search of some
shelter under which to pupate. Seven days are spent in this
latter state in warm July weather, while in September it is ex-
tended to twelve and in October to twenty-four days. The grubs
of the first brood usually forsake the trees in Albany by the last
of June or early in July, and beetles belonging to the second
generation may begin depositing eggs about the middle of July,
and from then to late in autumn it is generally possible to find
this insect in all stages in some part of Albany. The beetles of
the second brood are naturally attracted to fresh foliage and
consequently more eggs are usually deposited on trees which
_have been defoliated earlier in the season than upon others.
Badly infested trees are therefore very likely to lose two crops
of leaves in a season and may possibly have their third seriously
marred by this pest. The second brood of grubs completes its
growth about the middle of August, beetles appearing the latter
part of the month, and if there is an abundant supply of fresh
leaves, a third generation may appear in considerable numbers.
This last brood more frequently occurs in near-by trees which
have not been severely injured earlier in the season.
Natural enemies. This leaf feeder is subject to attack by a
number of natural enemies, most of which, however, are of com-
paratively little importance in keeping it in check. The common
garden toad will devour many beetles, and the much despised
English sparrow also feeds upon these insects to some extent.
Several predaceous insects prey upon this pest to a certain
degree.
Preventive measures. There are measures of considerable
value in the prevention of insect depredations, and there is no
reason why such should not be applied to the shade tree problem.
It is a mistake to have half to three-fourths of all the shade
trees in a city or village one species, especially if mostly on
contiguous streets. This is true of many localities where
the elm leaf beetle has caused very serious injury during the
last few years. The American elm and sugar maple, both
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 1a
deservedly favorites for shade and park trees, may well give
way in part at least to other desirable species, such as the Nor-
way maple, an excellent tree in many ways and practically free
from the insect pests so injurious to the sugar and the white or
silver maple. The last named has been extensively used in
many localities, and though brittle and liable to injury by wind
and ice, usually keeps in excellent condition for a number of
years. The red maple is also a valuable tree. Vhe American
basswood or linden, the horsechestnut, the European plane tree
or buttonwood, the American ash and oaks, especially the pin
oak, red oak and scarlet oak should be set more freely. The
Ailanthus (pistillate trees) and the Carolina poplar, though pos-
sessing serious drawbacks, are desirable under certain condi-
tions. This diversified planting would admit the use of one
species on a street, and if adjacent streets were set with differ-
ent varieties, such an arrangement would go far toward reduc-
ing the possibility of extended outbreaks by injurious insects or
fungous diseases.
The proper care of trees, including judicious selection so as to
secure the best adaptation to local conditions, is an important
factor in forestalling insect ravages. Trees in full vigor are
better able to sustain injury and are usually less troubled by in-
sects than those in a debilitated condition. Certain progressive
communities have already recognized this need and have met it
in a more or less satisfactory manner. ‘The city of Newark,
N. J., with a population of 347,469, expends for tree work (which
latter is separate from park work) about $27,000 a year, $6000
of this being for pruning, $6000 for spraying and $15,000 for
setting out new trees, maintenance etc. East Orange, N. J.,
with a population of only 34,371, expended in 1909 over $10,000
through its shade tree commission, $1200 of this being a special
‘appropriation for spraying elms. The city of Buffalo has re-
cently placed the care of its trees in the hands of a forester and
there is no reason why other communities should not adopt
equally comprehensive measures. Spraying alone is not suffi-
cient. There should be wise planting, judicious pruning and
liberal fertilization whenever necessary.
_ Remedial measures. The secret in controlling this insect lies
in understanding thoroughly its life history and appreciating
the vulnerable points. A thorough spraying with a poison early
in the spring, when the leaves are half out or larger, is most
12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
effective in preventing breeding, as the beetles are de-
stroyed before they can deposit many eggs. Arsenate of lead is
by far the best poison and should be used at the rate of four pounds
(15 per cent arsenic oxid) to fifty gallons of water. Fortunately the
beetles are rather local in habit and as a consequence individual
trees or groups of trees may be protected to a very large extent
even if there are neglected ones in the near vicinity. The local
spread of this pest is slow and this should be taken advantage
of to the greatest possible extent by keeping the insect in control
wherever it occurs, even though the infestation be a small one
and the present injury of comparatively little importance. It is
a mistake on the part of local authorities to wait till this enemy
of the elms has become well established and destructive before
repressive measures are undertaken.
The grubs feed almost exclusively on the under surface of
the leaf, rarely occurring upon its upper side. The first injury
is usually on the upper more tender leaves, hence there is great
need of spraying the tops of the trees, and in order to kill the de-
structive grubs it is essential that the poison be thrown on the
underside of the foliage. Spraying with an arsenical poison for
the destruction of grubs is satisfactory only when the application
is early, as it is hardly advisable to spray for this insect when the
grubs are nearly full grown, since they are liable to desert the
tree even when slightly underfed and complete their transforma-
tions, rather than to eat distasteful foliage.
The ideal spray for this pest is a fine mist applied to the under
side of all the leaves. It is impossible to throw such a spray
any distance, and owing to the great height of most elms, such
treatment is impractical. A moderately coarse spray which can
be thrown 25 to 40 feet has been usually employed in connection
with ladders or the use of a high tower. The latter is practical
only where the streets are fairly level. The recent development
in the use of a solid stream and pressures of between 200 and
300 pounds for gipsy moth work has greatly reduced the cost of
applications in woodlands, and the system is now being applied
to shade trees with a corresponding saving in time and expense.
This method necessitates the use of more poison, there is in-
creased dripping and the throwing of the spray upon the foliage
is not so readily controlled. These are grave though not insut-_
mountable objections, and for the present we are inclined to -
favor a moderately coarse spray with the use of ladders or a ,
tower as the most practical method of spraying shade trees. |
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 13
Communities usually fail to realize that in the elm leaf beetle
we are dealing with an insect extremely sensitive to poison
and one which will feed upon sprayed leaves only when no others
are available. Its senses are so keen that it can detect poison
hardly visible with a powerful hand lens. Under such conditions
one may readily see how easy it is to secure indifferent results.
Spraying trees is a disagreeable, hazardous occupation, and in
order to secure the best returns, it is necessary to make the com-
‘pensation such as to result in a keen competition for the position
of nozzleman. The application of business principles would justify
larger municipalities placing this work in the hands of one who
understood at least the rudiments involved (a skilled landscape
gardener or forester would be even better) and giving him au-
thority to insist upon any reasonable standards in methods and
operation. Such a person could reasonably be expected, if pro-
vided with sufficient funds, to keep the foliage of elms practically
intact throughout the season, even in sections where the elm
leaf beetle was excessively abundant or upon trees adjacent to
those badly injured by the pest. Many trees were badly injured
last year because there was so much difficulty in securing men
who would do thorough work, a prime essential in an under-
taking of this kind.
The effective spraying season extends from early to middle
May till nearly the latter part of June, a total of approximately
six weeks. Making allowances for interruptions by rain, we
can hardly expect more than thirty full working days during
this period. A power spraying outfit of the usual type and
provided with two lines of hose can spray thoroughly, perhaps
fifty trees a day or a maximum of 1500 during the season as
restricted above, much depending upon the size and location of the
trees as well as the efficiency of the men in charge.
_ The cost of thorough spraying is not excessive, It may be esti-
“mated at about 50 cents a tree or only 10-20 cents a tree if all
the work be done from the ground with a high power outfit, in
-each case making no allowance for the cost of apparatus. A
power spraying outfit adapted to shade tree work can hardly
‘be obtained for less than $275 to $500, and in case of the high
Pressure outfits, may easily amount to more than double the
latter sum. There should be plenty of power, an abundance of
hose and good ladders unless it is planned to do all the work
from the ground. This work can be done with a powerful hand
pump at a greater cost for operation though the initial expense
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
($30—$50) is much less. It is extremely desirable, where conditions
permit, for a community to provide not only for the spraying of the
street trees, but also to arrange for the care of those on private
grounds at a nominal cost.
The full-grown larvae crawl down the trunks in great num-
bers and the golden yellow pupae may be found in abundance in
crevices in the bark and on the ground about the tree. A good
proportion of the insects can be forced to take refuge on the
ground by scraping off the rough bark, thus depriving them of
shelters upon the tree. Large numbers can then be killed when
assembled about the base of the tree by spraying them with a
contact insecticide such as kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap
solution or even by pouring boiling water on them. The
grubs should be destroyed in the manner indicated every five
days so long as the pests are seen in numbers, in order to secure
the best results, This method of fighting the pest is advisable
only when it is impossible to employ the more satisfactory
arsenical sprays. Bands of tar, sticky fly paper, cotton batting,
etc., while they do no harm, can not be considered of much value
in keeping the elm leaf beetle under control. The relatively few
grubs caught on a sticky band are but a drop in the bucket com-
pared with the masses which complete their transformations
either above or below. It is worse than useless to attempt to
control this or any other insect by boring a hole in the trunk of
a tree and inserting therein compounds of any nature. The tree
is weakened and unless the chemical be powerful enough to kill
it, the insects are not affected.
White-marked tussock moth.
Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm.
This insect, preeminently a pest on city and village trees,
occasionally proves a veritable scourge over considerable areas.
Some cities appear to be more afflicted in this way than others.
The summer of 1906 was marked by extensive depredations in
a number of cities and villages throughout the State, thus dupli-
cating the experience of 1898. It will therefore be seen that seri-
ous injuries by this caterpillar are more or less periodic. This
is to be explained by the fact that the species has a number of
natural enemies which assist materially in keeping it under con-
trol. The destructive outbreaks are examples of what might
occur annually were there no parasites to check the work of this
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 15
voracious leaf feeder. The cause of this native species thriving
so greatly in cities and villages during recent years is explained
by the abundance of the English sparrow. This bird will not
eat the caterpillars and drives away many of the native forms
which, in earlier days, were of great service in devouring these
hairy pests.
Description. The full-grown caterpillar is really a beautiful
object. It has a coral-red head, a pair of long, black plumes just
over it, a single one at the opposite extremity of the body, four
delicate yellowish or white, brushlike tufts on its back and just
behind them, separated only by a segment, two small retractile
red elevations. There is a broad, black band broken only by
tubercles and tufts along the back and bordered by yellowish
stripes. Each side is dark gray except for the yellowish tuber-
cles: The breathing tubes or spiracles are in a lateral black
line and below this the caterpillar is yellow, the legs usually be-
ing paler [pl. 2, fig. 4]. The very young caterpillar is pale yel-
lowish or whitish with long, irregular hairs. It increases in
size, casts its skin from time to time and assumes one after
another the characteristics of the full-grown larva.
The thin cocoons spun in the crevices of the bark [pl. 2, fig. 6]
have the long hairs of the caterpillar interwoven and within this
shelter the larva transforms to a yellowish white pupa more or
less shaded with dark brown or black [pl. 2, fig. 7].
The sexes differ strikingly as is shown on plate 2, figures I
and 2. The male is a beautiful moth with large feathery anten-
nae, tufted legs, and with the wings and body delicately marked
with several shades of gray or grayish white. The female, on
the other hand, is a nearly uniform gray with simple antennae
and but rudimentary wings.
The eggs, usually over three hundred, are deposited on the
empty cocoon, under a conspicuous white mass of frothy matter
about one-half of an inch in diameter [pl. 2, fig. 3]. This soon
hardens and forms a very effective protection. The egg masses
[pl. 7, 8] are easily removed and a tree thoroughly cleared
thereof can become infested again only by caterpillars crawling
from adjacent trees or being carried thereto. The individual egg
is nearly spheric, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter,
white or yellowish white and with a light brown spot surrounded
by a ring of the same color.
Life history and habits. This insect winters in the conspic-
uous egg masses described above, the young appearing about
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the latter part of May in this latitude. They feed at first on the
more tender lower epidermis of the leaf and soon devour all but
the principal veins. The small caterpillars frequently hang
by a silken thread and continued jarring may cause many
to drop to the ground. Feeding and growth occupy a month or
more, pupation occurring the latter part of June or early in July.
There is some deviation from this, as a few individuals spin up
early and some caterpillars linger till numerous egg clusters indi-
cate that most of the insects have completed the round of life.
The pupal stage occupies from ten to fifteen days. The wingless
female appears at the end of this period, crawls on her co-
coon and shortly deposits eggs as described. There is normally
but one generation annually in Albany and other inland cities,
while in New York City and vicinity and in Boston, Mass., there
are two broods and at Washington, D. C., there are three gen-
erations each year as stated by Doctor Howard.
The young caterpillars drop from the tree readily, suspend
themselves by silken threads and then may be blown or carried
considerable distances. The full-grown caterpillars desert the
trees and wander considerably. This is particularly true of the
larger ones which almost invariably produce female moths. The
eocoons are spun very generally on the trunks or on the mme@ee
side of the larger branches.
Food plants. This leaf feeder exhibits a marked preference
in cities for the linden and horse-chestnut, while it feeds readily
on elms and maples. It has also been recorded on a number of
other trees.
Natural enemies. This species has a number of natural ene-
mies. Its comparative rarity in the country shows that our
native birds must be very efficient natural checks upon this in-
sect. Mr E. H. Forbush states that forty-seven species of native
birds feed on hairy caterpillars, most of which would probably
take this leaf feeder. The robin, Baltimore oriole and cuckoo
are among the more valuable in this respect.
Parasitic insects are also very efficient checks. This species is
subject to attack by some twenty-one primary parasites and these
in turn may become the prey of fourteen hyperparasites.
Remedies. A simple and very satisfactory method of con-
trolling this insect is the gathering and destroying of egg masses.
Several cities and villages in New York State have employed
children in this work by offering a small bounty and a system of
prizes. The result has been that 4 large number of ege masses
ELM LEAF BEETLE AND WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH W7/
were secured and destroyed at a comparatively slight cost. The
defect in this method is that it is more or less irregular in opera-
tion and is usually resorted to only after serious injury to the
trees has aroused public opinion. There is no doubt as to the
effectiveness of collecting egg masses and in not a few instances
it may prove the cheapest method of keeping this pest in
check. It would seem better for the welfare of the trees to
make some provision for the systematic collection of egg masses
from year to year from all the trees, even though the cost be some-
what greater.
The collection of egg masses should be supplemented, if un-
cleaned trees are in the vicinity, by banding the trunks at the
time the caterpillars begin to crawl, with some material which
will prevent the ascent of straggling larvae. A very simple
method is to take a band of cotton batting some six or eight
inches wide, wrap it around the tree, tie a string about its middle
and then turn the upper edge down over the string. Tree tangle-
foot, a preparation made by the same company that manufac-
tures tanglefoot fly paper, has been used very extensively on
trees about Boston. It is very adhesive, remains sticky for a con-
siderable time and does not injure the bark of older trees at least.
The tussock moth caterpillar succumbs readily to arsenical
poisons and where the trees are infested or are likely to be at-
tacked by more than one leaf feeder, as is true in the Hudson
valley, spraying is perhaps the best method of protecting the
trees. One of the best poisons for this purpose, particularly in
sections infested by the elm leaf beetle, is arsenate of lead, (15
per cent arsenic oxid), used at the rate of four pounds to fifty gal-
lons of water.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 1
Executed from nature, under the author’s direction, by L. H.
Joutel of New York City, and reproduced from the 5th report of
the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests through the
courtesy of the commissioners
19
Elm leaf beetle
Galerucella luteola Mill.
Cluster of eggs, much enlarged
Side view of single egg, still more enlarged
Recently hatched larva or grub, much enlarged
Full-grown larva or grub, much enlarged
Pupa, much enlarged
Overwintered beetle, much enlarged
Fresh, brightly colored beetle much enlarged
Leaf showing eating of larvae or grubs and a few holes eaten
by beetles, eggs in clusters, cast larval skins and full-grown
larvae, natural size
Leaf skeletonized by grubs
Leaf eaten by beetles
PLATE 1
L. H. Joutel, 1900
ELM LEAF BEETLE
{Reprint from 5th report of commissioners of fisheries, game and forests)
Plate 2
i
Executed from nature by L. H. Joutel
=
White-marked tussock moth
Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. & Sm.
Male moth at rest on trunk
Female laying eggs upon her cocoon
Egg masses on cocoons
A full-grown caterpillar resting on a twig
Cast skins of caterpillars
Cocoons massed on trunk
Pupa of female within cocoon
Twigs girdled by caterpillars
a Twig broken off at point of girdling
The foliage shows the effects of this caterpillar’s work
CO ON Cro f ® DN
22
PLATE 2
MOTH
x
S)
O
D
rm)
=
KE
a
Lu
x
ac
=<
=
Lu
i
x
=
L. H. Joutel, 1906.
Css
| A magnificent English elm nearly defoliated by the el
‘beetle, Galerucella luteola Miill. Lancas
Albany. Photo August 1906. |
Plate 3
Sas
Albany, Aug. 1906
Work of elm leaf beetle on Lancaster street
Row of English elms on South Hawk street, Albany, nearly
ruined by the work of the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella
luteola Mill. Photo August 1906. These nine trees were,
in 1898, in about the same condition as the one illustrated on
plate 3.
26
W/V)
UU) y
Yip
Work of elm leaf beetle on South Hawk street
Yi)
Albany, Aug. 1)»
American elm on Washington avenue near Fort Orange Club,
Albany, seriously injured by the elm leaf beetle, Galerucella
luteola Mill. Photo August 1906. Note the numerous dead
limbs. This tree died about two years later.
28
Plate 5
Albany, Aug. 1906
Work of elm leaf beetle on Washington avenue
——
{
i.
i
{
a
ed
=
Plate 6
29
Work of white-marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa
leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on clump of horse-chestnuts
standing on the grounds of St Francis de Sales Asylum, Albany.
Photo August 1906.
30
jnujsoyo ssIOY UO YJOW Yoossn} poyseU-sYyYM JO YOM
9061 ‘any ‘Aueqiy
9 238[d
See
Egg masses of white-marked tussock moth Hemero-
campa leucostigma Abb. & Sm., on “Ameneanmem:
Congress street, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg
masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore
easily removed.
Go
to
Plate 7
Albany, Aug. 1906
g street
marked tussock moth eggs on Sprin
te-
Whi
Plate 8
33
4
‘ :
yy
wt
“%
i .
.
f
as
n
4
J
:
N
. 4)
“
‘ i?) ,
Tf
i
Egg masses of white-marked tussock moth, Hemero-
campa leucostigma Abb. -& (Sm) on (eugene
Capitol park, Albany. Photo August 1906. Note that the egg
masses are conspicuous, attached to slight cocoons and therefore
easily removed.
34
Plate 8
Capitol Park, Albany, 1906
te-marked tussock moth eggs
Whi
IND BX
Arsenate of lead, 9, 12, 17.
Birds, feeding on white-marked
tussock moth, 16; on elm leaf
beetle, Io.
Cotton batting, 14.
Elm leaf beetle, 6-14; description, 8-
9; distribution, 7-8; food plants, 7;
life history, 9-10; natural enemies,
10; remedial measures, II-I4.
Fly paper, 14.
Galerucella luteola, 6-14.
Hemerocampa letcostigma, 14-17.
Kerosene emulsion, 14.
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 14-17.
luteola, Galerucella, 6-14.
35
Parasites, white-marked tussock
moth, 16.
Remedies, arsenate of lead, 12, 17;
cotton batting, 14; fly paper, 14;
kerosene emulsion, 14; tar bands,
14; whale oil soap solution, 14.
Tar bands, 14.
Tussock moth, see White-marked
tussock moth.
Whale oil soap solution, 14.
White-marked tussock moth, 14-
17; description, 15; food plants,
16; life history and habits, 15-16;
natural enemies, 16; remedies, 16—
ie
a d as second-class 1 matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office at Albany, N. Y. under
a i the act of July 16, 7204
ALBANY, N. Y. Marcu 1, 1912
Joun M. Crarxe, Director
CuarLes H. Peck, State Boeing
4q PAGE PAGE
1 : UN OGUENCH ION PR vohc ry sx. chong write! 5, | eidibledimnedsy akon ne TRS ene 53
q Plants added to the riser tr | New York species of Clitocybe... 59
q ‘Contributors and their eeeeeaee New York species of Laccaria.... 90
Beers >) tlOHS 20... : AA NOR aca 14. | New York species of Psilocybe... 94,
_ Species not before reported...... 21 | Latin descriptions of new species
Remarks and observations...... 37 ang PWATTetIeS. 0'\./ ute leant neem 106 i
____ New species and varieties of ex- Explanation of plates........... 117
Pralamattal famed oo ck cay bas Aig il Ls £612 daa Me ee yr Pua i
ALBANY
_ UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1912
_ Mbir-Mr12-2000
STATE OF NEW YORK.
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Regents of the University
With years when terms expire
1913 WHITELAW Rep M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor. New York
‘ro17! ST Crain McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chan-
CELOT ia wae og a OY i 2 Eo eaiegel
1919 DANIEL Bec Ph. D. io De Vests Santee tS MN hea eet
LOMAVELINY: “h. SEXTON) WEB. Way sient . Palmyra
1915 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. bie D. Albany
1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. eis . . New York
1918 WiLii1aAmM NottTincHaM M.A. Ph. D. LL. D. . . syracuse
1920 EUGENE’ A. Puirpin LL.B. LL.D. .*..-. .. New Mork
1910) Jaucius N. Lirrauger BiAw ). ) olose) 17) 72 Glomersalies
i92t) Francis M. CARPENTER... . . 4. ,, Moume aie
1923 ‘ABRAM Jd, Erkus (LLB. is 2 yao. (2 428). INiemeias
POCA) ADELBERT MOOT.) os. iyoriete se lea ciate, el alee enectinar
Commissioner of Education
ANDREW S. Draper LL.B. LL.D.
Assistant Commssioners
Aucustus S. Downine M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. First Assistant
CuHarLeES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Second Assistant
Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Third Assistant
Director of State Library
James I. WveErR, Jr, M.L.S.
Director of Science and State Museum
Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D.
Chiefs of Divisions
Administration, GEorcE M. Wirtey M.A.
Attendance, James D. SuLLIVAN
Educational Extension, Witt1am R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S.
Examinations, Hartan H. Horner B.A.
History, James A. Hoven B.A. :
Inspections, FRanK H. Woop M.A.
Law, Frank B. GitBert B.A. |
Library School, Frank K. Watrter -M.A. B.L.S.
Public Records, THomas C. Quinn
School Libraries, SHzERMAN WiLLtAMs Pd.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. Case ;
Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. Aprams Ph.B. :
Vocational Schools, ARTHUR D. Dzan B.S.
New York State Education Department
Science Division, February 28, 1912
Hon. Andrew S.-Draper LL.D.
Commissioner of Education
Sir: I beg to transmit herewith for publication as a bulletin of
the State Museum, the annual report of the State Botanist for the
fiscal year ending September 30, I9QI1.
Very respectfully
Joun M. CLARKE
Director
STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONERS ROOM
Approved for publication this 29th day of February, 1912
Commissioner of Education
Education Department Bulletin
Published fortnightly by the University of the State of New York
Entered as second-class matter June 24, 1908, at the Post Office, at Albany, N. Y. under
the act of July 16, 1894
No. 514 ALBANY, N. Y. MARCH I, I9I2
New York State Museum
JoHN M. Crarke, Director.
CuHarLes H. Peck, State Botanist
Museum Bulletin 157
REPORT OF STATE BOTANIST tort
Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum:
I have the honor of submitting the following report of work done
in the botanical section of the State Museum during the past year.
Specimens of plants for the State herbarium have been collected
in the counties of Albany, Essex, Lewis, Oneida, Otsego, Rensselaer,
Saratoga, Steuben and Warren.
Specimens have been contributed by correspondents and others
that were collected in the counties of Albany, Cattaraugus, Columbia,
Cortland, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Herkimer, Jefferson, Monroe,
New York, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Queens,
Rensselaer, Richmond, Schenectady, Suffolk, Tompkins, Warren,
Washington and Westchester.
Extralimital specimens have been contributed that were collected
in Alaska, California, Canada, Colorado, Connecticut, Cuba, Dela-
ware, District of Columbia, Europe, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey,
Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Vermont and Washington.
The number of species of which specimens have been added to
the herbarium is 283 of which 100 were not before represented in it.
Of these, 28 are new or hitherto undescribed species. All of these
are fungi.
A list of the names of the added specimens is marked “ Plants
added to the Herbarium.”
The number of those who have contributed specimens is 74. This
includes those who sent specimens merely for identification, if the
specimens were collected in our State and were in such condition
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and of such character as to make them desirable additions to the
herbarium. The number of persons for whom identifications have
been made is 162. The number of identifications made is 1915.
A list of the names of contributors and of their respective con-
tributions is marked “ Contributors and their contributions.”
The names of species new to our flora with their localities, time
of collecting and remarks concerning them will be found in a chap-
ter marked “ Species not before reported.” This includes species
which may have been reported before as varieties of other species
but which now are regarded as distinct species. Also descriptions
of those regarded as new species.
New localities of rare plants, new varieties and any facts of
interest that may have been observed are given under the title
“ Remarks and observations.”
Many specimens of fungi collected outside of our State have been
received for determination. When no description could be found to
correspond to their characters they have been considered new species
and names given to them and descriptions of them written. These
will be found under the heading “ New species and varieties of
extralimital fungi.”
Eight species and varieties of mushrooms have been tested for
their edible qualities and approved. These added to those already
known make the number of New York edible species and varieties
of mushrooms now known, 213.
One species previously reported as edible was found by Mr F. C.
Stewart to have a bitter taste. It is the rooted collybia, Collybia
radicata (Relh.) Fr. In my trials of this species for its edi-
bility no such flavor was observed. At my request Mr Stewart sent
me specimens of this mushroom gathered in the locality from which
the bitter ones came. These were cooked in the same manner as in
my former trials. Their bitter flavor was verified: but no evil conse-
quences resulted. It has been learned in this case that some mush-
rooms, as well as apples and other fruits, may vary in flavor. When
the bitter taste is mild it is not a serious objection to their edibility
provided it is not distasteful to the eater and no evil consequences
follow. Dandelions cooked as a pot-herb often have a decidedly
bitter flavor which to some persons is not at all objectionable and
may even be considered as valuable because indicating tonic
properties.
Two trips have been made in my efforts to locate and investigate
the chestnut bark disease. Having learned by report that this
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 7
disease was supposed to have attacked the chestnut trees about
Cooperstown, that locality was visited and under the guidance of
one familiar with the locality and interested in the woodland sup-
posed to be affected, a careful search for it was made. No evidences
ef the presence of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark disease
were found either in the standing trees or in the branches, stumps
and young shoots of trees that had been cut because they were sup-
posed to have been attacked by it. The real cause of the trouble
was not satisfactorily ascertained, but it seemed probable that the
severe drouths of three preceding seasons may have contributed to
the trouble.
Having heard that the disease was advancing northward from
New York City through the counties along the east bank of the
Hudson river, and had already reached Columbia county, a visit
was made to the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer county. Chestnut
trees are common in the woods of that region but my efforts to find
there any evidences of the fungus that causes the chestnut bark
disease were wholly unsuccessful. Subsequent investigations by
others have indicated its presence in both the southern and northern
part of the county. In this case as in others a new attack appears
to have been made in places widely separated from any others. In
this respect the disease is specially dangerous, the germs or spores
being evidently carried by insects, birds or some other agent than
winds. It is therefore of the utmost importance that a close watch
be kept for the appearance of the disease wherever chestnut trees
abound and that trees found affected by it should be cut and their
bark burned as soon as possible. The spread of the disease has been
so rapid and its work so virulent during the two years past that
constant watchfulness and prompt action whenever it appears are
essential to its suppression. It is probable that this destructive out-
break of this remarkable disease is sporadic and brought about by
an unusual combination of favoring circumstances and will not long
continue to be so destructive. Nature generally finds some way to
check such extraordinary action and restore the equilibrium of her
forces, but sometimes the proper conditions are not restored till
after great damage has been done. It will not do therefore to sit
quietly down and wait for such a consummation. We may by
prompt and judicious action aid the natural processes and thereby
diminish and shorten the ravages of the evil.
In continuance of my investigation of the marsh flora of the
Adirondacks, Peacock marsh in the town of North Elba was visited.
It is located about three miles south of Lake Placid and nearly east
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
from Averyville. The visit was made in June and owing to the early
time in the season it is probable that some plants which occur later
were not seen. A list of those seen will be found in the chapter
designated ‘“‘ Remarks and observations.”
It is interesting to note the seasonal influences on plants and their
similar results on our cultivated plants and wild mushrooms. In
the eastern part of the State the prevailing low temperature in the
spring retarded the development of vegetation and kept back the
blossoming of the early varieties of fruit trees. Then a somewhat
abrupt change to warmer weather caused these and later varieties to
blossom more nearly simultaneously than usual. The early Rich-
mond cherry and the Montmorency commonly have an interval of
about ten days between their times of flowering. This year that
interval was only two or three days. Pear trees, plum trees and
cherry trees were in blossom nearly at the same time and apple trees
quickly succeeded them. ‘The resulting fruit crop was abundant
and matured early. In midseason a long period of dry hot weather
kept back the development of those species of mushrooms that com-
monly appear at this time of the year. It was a rare thing to find
one. They were extremely scarce even in swamps and wet places.
Several correspondents wrote that they never before knew mush-
rooms to be so scarce. One correspondent says, “On account of
the drouth this has been the poorest season for fungi I have known
in twenty-five years. Not a single morel could J find.” This
condition continued longer in some places than in others. Where
plenteous rains came toward the end of the season mushrooms began
to appear. In the vicinity of New York City rain fell abundantly
during a whole week. This effectually broke the drouth and soon a
crop of mushrooms began to appear. Summer and autumn species
came up together and by their great variety and united numbers
made such a crop as is rarely seen. In some places the ground
appeared as if it was almost covered with them.
One correspondent says, “the Long Island woods are full of
mushrooms. It seems that almost every step reveals some different
species.” Others represent their abundance as so great that they
could be gathered by the bushel. One says that a friend who had
been out collecting mushrooms brought in half a bushel of
Tricholoma personatum Fr. This abundance has extended
to other states than our own and has induced people to gather them
for food more freely and in greater quantity than usual. As a con-
sequence more accidents and deaths from eating poisonous mush-
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 9
rooms have been reported than usual. In New York City and vicinity
it is reported that more than thirty deaths from this cause have taken
place. It is affirmed however that nearly all these were among
foreign born people who have doubtless mistaken poisonous species
for the European species they were accustomed to eat in their own
country. Native American people generally have a proper sense of
the danger of rashly eating mushrooms whose edible qualities are
unknown to them and are prudent enough to avoid doing it. In
European countries the ignorant are to some extent protected from
such danger by an inspector of the markets who permits to be sold
only those mushrooms known to be edible.
It is possible that poverty combined with the high cost of living
may have been a source of danger in some cases of mushroom
poisoning. An instance was reported to me of a poor family in
which the mother and two children were poisoned. The mother
recovered but the children died. An enthusiastic mycologist living
in the vicinity of the place where this accident occurred began an
investigation of the case in an attempt to learn what mushroom
caused the sickness. Enough was learned from the mother to indi-
cate that the mushroom chiefly eaten was one known by the name
autumn pholiotaa Pholiota autumnalis Pk. This was not
known to mycologists to be an unwholesome species, but apparently
impelled by hunger the family had collected a considerable quantity
of it, cooked and ate it. The mother ate about a pint, the boy about
the same quantity and the girl somewhat less. All were made sick
and after several hours delay a physician was called. The result was
as above stated. The flavor of the mushroom is not specially entic-
ing and I can see no reason why they should have eaten so much of
it unless they were impelled by hunger. An excessive quantity of a
good mushroom may be harmful, but of a bad one it would be still
worse. The mycologist who investigated the case learned by sub-
sequent experiment that this is a noxious species and though it may
not always be fatal it should be rigidly avoided. It is at least
unwholesome.
Besides the abundance of the crop caused by the concentration of
summer and autumn species the appearance at such a time of species
not before recorded as growing out of season is remarkable.
Morels are among the most constant spring and early summer
growers. I have not before known them to appear at any other
time. One correspondent writing after the morel season had passed
says, “I have not been able to find a single morel this season.” My
own experience was similar to his. Evidently the cold spring time
IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
immediately followed by dry weather suppressed the crop of morels.
The moderately warm and moist fall weather, however, gave oppor-
tunity for a crop of morels in a limited station near Boston, Mass.
Specimens were collected and some of them sent to me by Mrs U. C.
Sherman with the inquiry if it was not unusual for morels to appear
in autumn. An examination of them showed a very close relation-
ship to the conic morel. They differed in a few minor characters
from the conic morel, Morchella conica Pers., but most of
all in their time of appearance. This is probably due to the peculiar
weather conditions of this season, nevertheless it seemed best in
view of the minor differences and the very unusual time of its
appearance to designate it by the varietal name which will be found
in its proper place in this report.
Some seasons seem to be specially favorable to the development of
the species of certain genera. In one season species of Hygrophorus
will be abundant, in another many species of Lepiota will be seen
and in another, species of Lactarius will appear to be unusually
common. This year specimens of more species of Tricholoma have
been received by me from correspondents during September, Octo-
ber and November than in any other previous year. This indicates
to me that the latter part of the season has been unusually favorable
to the development of species of Tricholoma.
The custom of issuing generic monographs of New York species
has been continued. Revised descriptions of New York species of
the genera Clitocybe, Laccaria and Psilocybe have been prepared and
arranged as far as practicable according to the Friesian system as
given in Sylloge.
To meet the requirements of the rules of the International
Botanical Congress of 1905 Latin descriptions of the new species
and varieties herein reported have been written.
My assistant, Mr S. H. Burnham, has performed his clerical —
duties with noteworthy faithfulness, doing all the typewriting of the
office, attending to the arrangement, mounting and labeling of speci-
mens, aiding in the identification of specimens sent for that purpose,
and in conducting the correspondence. In addition to this he has
improved his opportunities during holiday and vacation periods in
collecting specimens and in making many valuable additions to the
herbarium.
Respectfully submitted
Cuarctes H. Peck
State Botanist
Albany, December 28, 191T
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt II
PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM
New to the herbarium
Acer carolinianum JWalt.
Aecidium atriplicis Shear
Anthyllis vulneraria L.
Armillaria pinetorum Gill.
Artemisia frigida [Villd.
iN gnaphalodes Nutt.
Ascochyta imperfecta Pk.
AN. mane JB, GP JB,
Boletus ballouii Pk.
Camarosporium maclurae Pk.
Centaurea maculosa Lam.
Cercospora medicaginis E, & E,
Cercosporella terminalis Pk.
Clavaria subtilis Pers.
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk.
(ee hirneola Fr.
CG sinopicoides Pk.
C. splendens (Pers.) fr.
G tuba Fr.
Os
tumulosa Kalchb.
Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd.
Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) I'r.
Coronospora angustata Fckl.
Cortinarius albidipes Pk.
(e phyllophilus Pk.
C, purpurascens Fr.
Coryneum disciforme K. & S.
Cytospora rhoina Fr.
C. salicis (Cd.) Rabenh.
Dasyscypha sulphuricolor Pk.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
Diplodia spiraeina Sacc.
Diplodina medicaginis Oud.
Flammula sulphurea Pk.
Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc.
Ganoderma sessile Murr.
Gloeosporium valsoideum Sacc.
Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R.
Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.& H.
Haplosporella ribis Sacc.
Hebeloma sinapizans Fr.
Helvella capucinoides Pk.
Hendersonia grossulariae Oud.
Hydnellum peckii Banker
Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Leptosphaeria distributa (CE 12)
Marasmius epiphyllus Fr,
Melanconis alni Tul,
Mycena atroumbonata Pb.
Mycena metata Fr,
Naucoria arenaria Pk,
Oenothera muricata L.
Omphalia offuciata Fr.
Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.)
Peniophora tenuissima Pk.
Periconia pycnospora Fres.
Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy.
Pestalozzia adusta E. & E,
12, funerea Desm.
IP’, longiseta Speg.
Phacidium lignicola Pk,
Pholiota rigidipes Pk.
Phoma amorphae Pk.
12 bacteriophila Pk.
IP. leprosa Pk.
P. smilacis B. & J.
Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck.
' Polyporus melanopus Fr.
Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr.
Psilocybe fuscofolia Pk.
12 polycephala ( Paul.)
Poria pulchella Schw.
Ramularia karstenii Sacc.
Rubus glandicaulis Blanch.
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
Septoria aquilegiae P. & S.
S. dianthi Desm.
S: malvicola LE. & M.
S mirabilissima Pk.
Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc.
Sphaeropsis amorphae E. & B.
S- maclurae Cke.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr.
Stagonospora carpathica Baeuml.
Steccherinum peckii Banker
Steganosporium fenestratum(E,.&£.)
Stigmina populi (E. & E.) Pk.
Teichospora trimorpha Atk.
Thyridium pallidum £. & E.
12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Tricholoma boreale Fr.
ae planiceps Pk.
Te subsaponaceum Pk,
mee subsejunctum Pk.
Trimmatostroma salicis Cd.
Uromyces spartinae Farl.
Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr.
Verbena stricta Vent.
’ Vermicularia hysteriiformis Pk.
Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk.
Not new to the herbarium
Acalypha virginica L.
Agaricus abruptibulbus Pk.
A. placomyces Pk,
A. subrufescens Pk.
Amaranthus crispus (L. & T.) A. Br.
Amelanchier oligocarpa (Mz.)
Andromeda glaucophylla Link
Andropogon furcatus Muh.
Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc,
Anychia dichotoma Mx.
Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh.
Arabis drummondii Gray
Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot.
Bidens cernua L.
Boletus albidipes Pk.
B. speciosus Frost
Botrychium obliquum Muh.
B. simplex FE. Hitche.
Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr.
Calvatia gigantea (Batsch)
Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr.
Centaurea nigra radiata DC.
Cichorium intybus L.
Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk.
Clavaria crassipes Pk.
Clitocybe candicans Pers.
(Gi clavipes (Pers.) Fr.
(Gi nebularis (Batsch) Fr.
G sudorifica Pk.
Coccomyces juniperi Karst.
Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach.
Collybia albipilata Pk.
Cr butyracea Bull.
& familia Pk.
G: radicata (Relh.) Fr.
G; tuberosa. Bull.
Coniophora puteana (Schum.) Fr.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Corallorrhiza trifida Chat.
Corticium martianum B. & C.
Coryneum pustulatum PR.
Crataegus helderbergensis S.
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.)
Cynosurus cristatus L.
Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh.
Datura stramonium L.
Dendrophoma tiliae Pk.
Dentaria diphylla Mx.
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie)
Didymium squamulosum (A. & S.)
Drosera rotundifolia L.
Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sacc.
Entoloma grayanum Pk.
Epilobium molle Torr.
Epipactis tesselata (Lodd.)
Eragrostis frankii (F. Mey. & L.)
Euphorbia corollata L.
Flammula alnicola Fr.
F, pulchrifolia Pk.
Fomes conchatus (Pers.) Fr.
Ie. fomentarius (L.) Fr.
ee pinicola (Sw.) Fr.
F. roseus (4. (GS
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.
Fuligo septica (Link) Gmel.
Galera reticulata PR.
Galium trifidum L.
Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P.
Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sacc.
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh)
G. squar. nuda (Wood)
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.
Helvella macropus (Pers.) Karst.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Hirneola auricula-judae (L.)
Hydnum caput-ursi Fr.
H. coralloides Scop.
H. erinaceus Bull.
H subfuscum PR,
Hygrophorus min. subluteus Pk.
Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lev.
Hypholoma boughtoni PR.
H. rigidipes PR.
H. subl. squamosum Cke.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 13
Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr.
Irpex lacteus Fr.
Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.)
Laccaria striatula (PR.)
Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla Pk.
Lactarius cinereus PR.
es : minusculus Burl.
IL rimosellus Pk.
Lentinus lepideus Fr.
Lenzites sepiaria Fr.
Lespedeza procumbens Mx.
Linnaea bor. americana (Forbes)
Lonicera tatarica L.
IL, xylosteum L.
Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch
Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC.
Lysimachia punctata L.
ibe thyrsiflora L.
Macrosporium tomato Cke.
Marasmius spongiosus B. & C.
Mentha gentilis L.
Merulius fugax lr.
M. tremellosus Schrad.
M. ulmi Pk.
Monilia peckiana S. & V.
Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc.
Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr.
Mycena clavicularis Fr.
M. pseudopura Cke.
M. pura Pers.
M. sanguinolenta A. & S.
M. vulgaris (Pers.) Fr.
Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk.
M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk.
Naucoria vernalis Pk.
Osmunda cin. bipinnatifida Clute
Panaeolus retirugis Fr.
Penicillium glaucum Link
Phlebia pileata Pk.
Pholiota adiposa Fr.
12. autumnalis PR.
124 comosa Fr.
124 discolor PR.
Pee praecox Pers.
1B vermiflua PR.
Physcia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck.
Pleurotus porrigens Pers.
Poa compressa L.
Polygonum hydropiper L.
Polyporus admirabilis PR.
Polyporus albellus Pk.
benzoinus (Wahl.) Fr.
brumalis (Pers.) Fr.
delectans Pk.
fragrans Pk.
frondosus Fr.
giganteus (Pers.) Fr.
umbellatus Fr.
Poleuens parvulus K/,
Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst.
Quercus prinoides Willd.
Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.
IR, vitis Schw.
Roestelia aurantiaca Pk.
Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sace.
Rubus canadensis L.
IR sativus (Bail.) Brainerd
Russula purpurina QO. & S.
Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f.
R. glomerata (L.) Vahl
Scirpus cyp. condensatus Fern.
Scleroderma geaster Fr.
Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf.
Solenia ochracea Hoffm.
Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B.
Sphaeropsis biformis Pk.
S. persicae E. & B.
Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.
Stereum acerinum nivosum Rav.
S: radiatum reflexum Pk.
Ss spadiceum Fr.
Streptothrix fusca Cd.
Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.) Fr.
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.
Taraxacum officinale Weber
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr.
Bel Bo epee eee ene Ie)
li eques. albipes Pk.
aly personatum Fr.
ali resplendens Fr.
Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link
Trichostema dichotomum L,
Valsa linderae Pk.
We rhodphila C. & E.
Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Viola blanda Willd.
We cucullata Ait.
Wie pallens (Banks) Brainerd
Xyris caroliniana alt.
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS
Miss L. C. Allen, Newtonville, Mass.
Lepiota farinosa PR.
Mrs C. Beach, Catskill
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl
Miss F. Beckwith, Rochester
Anthyllus vulneraria L. Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood)
Artemisia frigida Willd. Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh)B. & R.
AY gnaphalodes Nutt. Gymnolomia multiflora( Nutt.) B.GH.
Veronica virginica L.
Mrs E. B. Blackford, Boston, Mass.
Collybia atrata Fr.
Mrs R. C. Burnham, Hudson Falls
Agaricus subrufescens PR.
Miss M. C. Burns, Middleville
Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Miss J. F. Conant, Melrose, Mass.
Hydnum laevigatum Sw. Morchella conica serotina Pk.
Mrs G. E. Duryee, Schenectady
Agaricus campester majusculus PR.
Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua
Arabis drummondii Gray Oenothera muricata canescens
CEASED)
Oenothera muricata L. O. oakesiana Robbins
Mrs L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse
Centaurea nigra radiata DC.
Miss C. C. Haynes, New York
Astrella tenella (L.) Bu. Riccia arvensis Aust.
Cololejeunea jooriana (Aust.) Ricciocarpus natans terrestris Lindb.
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Scapania uliginosa Lindb.
Riccia americana M/, A. Howe Targonia hypophylla L.
Miss A. Hibbard, West Roxbury, Mass.
Tricholoma piperatum PR.
Mrs M. A. Knickerbocker, San Francisco, Cal.
Astragalus watsonianus (Ktze.) Ephedra nevadensis Wats.
Lewisia rediviva Pursh
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII
Mrs M. Miller, Boonville
Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr.
‘Misses M. L. Overacker and I. S. Lawrence, Syracuse
Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk.
Mrs F. W. Patterson, Washington, D. C.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Mrs J. H. Poor, New York
Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk.
Mrs U. C. Sherman, Roslindale, Mass.
Morchella conica serotina Pk.
Miss E. H. Smith, Berkeley, Cal.
Septoria populi Desm.
Miss E. C. Webster, Canandaigua
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Helvella crispa (Scop.) Fr.
c: sudorifica Pk. : Hieracium murorum L,
Cortinarius purpurascens Fr. Hygrophorus recurvatus Pk.
Cynosurus cristatus L. Hypholoma perplexum Pk.
Flammula sulphurea Pk. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.
Hebeloma sinapizans Fr. Mycena metata Fr.
Pholiota squarrosa Muell.
F. H. Ames, Brooklyn
Boletus vermiculosus spraguei (Frost) PR.
je GwArthur, Watayette, Ind:
Aecidium kellermanni DeTom
G. F. Atkinson, Ithaca
Teichospora trimorpha Atk.
G. G. Atwood, Albany
Irpex tulipiferae Schw. Peridermium pyriforme PR.
W. H. Ballou, New York
Boletus aurifammeus B. & C. Lentinus spretus Pk.
B. ballouii Pk. Peridermium cerebrum PR.
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes Pk. Polyporus albellus Pk.
G& illudens Schau. 12), flavovirens B. & R.,
Entoloma batschianum Fr. IP frondosus Fr.
Fistulina hepatica Fr. lee umbellatus Fr.
Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Fr. Polystictus parvulus K/.
Ganoderma sessile Murr. Psilocybe fuscofolia PR.
Gloeoporus conchoides Mont. Steccherinum ballouii Banker
Lactarius rimosellus Pk. Stropharia coronilla Bull.
H. J. Banker, Greencastle, Ind.
Acalypha virginica L.
T5
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
E. Bartholomew, Stockton, Kan.
Alternaria brassicae phaseoli Brun.
Amanitopsis vaginata alba Stev.
Camarosporium berkeleyanum Lev.
Camptoum cuspidatum Cke. & Hark.
Cercospora circumscissa Sacc.
C. eustomae Pk.’
G henningsii Allesch
& pastinaceae (Sacc.) Pk.
Cercosporella mirabilis Pk.
Cladosporium aromaticum FE. & E.,
C; gloeosporoides Atk.
Coryneum sorbi PR.
Cytospora foliicola Libert
Dermatea mori PR.
Diaporthe inornata Pk.
Diplodia polygonicola Pk.
Exobasidium vaccinii (Fckl.) Voron.
Gloeosporium psoraleae Pk.
Graphyllum chloes junci Pk.
Haplosporella ailanthi E. & E.
Helotium citrinum (Hedw.) Fr.
Hendersonia rosae Kickx.
Henningsinia caespitosa Pk.
Hysterium cubense PR.
Leptostromella scirpina PR.
Macrophoma burserae Pk.
M. numerosa Pk,
Melanconium betulinum S. & K.
Ovularia avicularis Pk.
Phoma roystoneae Pk.
Pyrenophora depressa PR.
Ramularia macrospora asteris Sacc.
Rhytidhysterium guaraniticum Speg.
Rosellinia bigeloviae roystoneae PR.
Septonema spilomeum Berk.
Septoria apii Chester
S. ficarioides PR.
Ss magnospora Pk,
S; purpurascens E. & M.
S solanina Speg.
Sphaeropsis smilacis E. & E.
Thelephora sullivantii Mont.
Uromyces pictus Thwuem.
Valsa ceratophora Tul.
J. M. Bates, Red Cloud, Neb.
Cercospora gymnocladii E. & K.
Puccinia silphii Schw.
Ramularia pruinosa Speg.
Septoria gramineum Desmu.
M. S. Baxter, Rochester
Antennaria neglecta Greene
Antennaria neodioica Greene
Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.
F. §. Boughton, Pittsford
Cantharellus aurantiacus Fr.
Clavaria stricta Pers.
C. tsugina PR,
Flammula sulphurea Pk.
Galera reticulata Pk.
Hypholoma rigidipes Pk.
Omphalia oculus Pk.
Pholiota confragosa Fr.
Polyporus ovinus (Schaeff.) Fr.
Stropharia aeruginosa (Curt.)
F. J. Braendle, Washington, D. C.
Bovistella ohiensis EF. & M.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Polyporus volvatus PR.
Tricholoma columbetta Fr.
Tricholoma melaleucum (Pers.) Fr.
C. E. Brand, Norwich, Conn.
Lepiota farinosa Pk.
S. H. Burnham, Hudson Falls
Agaricus subrufescens Pk.
Amaranthus crispus (L. & T.) A. Br.
Anthostoma gastrina (Fr.) Sacc.
Anychia dichotoma J/x.
Arctium minus (Aiull.) Bernh.
Boletus speciosus Frost
REPCRT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 17
Cephalozia lunulaefolia Dum.
Clavaria crassipes Pk.
Clitocybe candicans Pers.
GC. clavipes (Pers.) Fr.
Cc: nebularis (Batsch) Fr.
G: sudorifica Pk.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Coryneum disciforme FF. & S.
Cytospora microspora (Cd.) Rabenh.
Ce rhoina Fr.
Datura stramonium L.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
Diplodia spiraeina Sacc.
Eragrostis frankii (PF. Mey. & L.)
Euphorbia corollata L.
Flammula alnicola Fr.
F. pulchrifolia Pk.
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.
F. roseus (4A. & S.) Fr.
Ganoderma sessile Murr.
Hibiscus trionum L.
Hirneola auricula-judae (L.) Berk.
Laccaria striatula (PR.)
Lentinus lepideus Fr.
Lespedeza procumbens Mx.
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Mentha gentilis L.
Mycena vulgaris (Pers.) Fr.
Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk.
M. osm. cinnamomeae Pk.
Osmunda cinn. bipinnatifida Clute
Phlebia pileata PR.
Pholiota autumnalis Pk.
Phoma amorphae Sacc.
Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck.
Plagiothecium deplanatum (Schimp.)
ee admirabilis Pk.
1B delectans Pk.
Pe fragrans Pk.
Pp: melanopus Fr.
12% picipes Fr.
12), underwoodii Murr.
Poria pulchella Schw.
Quercus prinoides Willd.
Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B.
Ss biformis Pk.
S: maclurae Che.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr.
Stereum radiatum reflexum Pk,
S: spadiceum Fr.
Thyridium pallidum FE. & E.
Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) Fr.
ali boreale Fr,
Tt, resplendens Fr.
H. W. Clute, Gloversville
Corallorrhiza maculata flavida Pk.
M. T. Cook, New Brunswick, N. J.
Trichoderma koningi Oud.
S. W. Cowles, Marietta
Silene dichotoma Ehrh.
J. A. Crabtree, Montgomery
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
S. Davis, Brookline,
Clavaria peckii Sacc.
Entoloma flavifolium Pz.
iE, grayanum PR.
13, subtruncatum Pk.
Mass.
Leptoglossum luteum (Pk.) Sacc.
Leptonia davisiana Pk.
Pilosace eximia PR.
Tricholoma terraeolens majus Pk.
J. Dearness; London, Can.
Creonectria verrucosa(Schw.) Seaver
Dothiorella quercina (C. & E.) Sacc.
Entyloma polysporum (Pk.) Farl.
Mazzantia sepium S. & P.
Ophiobolus cesatianus (Mont.) Sacc.
Peronospora hydrophylli Waite
its) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Peronospora parasitica DeBy. Puccinia minutissima Arth.
Pestalozzia funerea Desm. Pyrenopeziza artemisiae (Lasch)
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fckl. Septoria noctiflorae E. & K.
Puccinia glaucis Arth. Urophlyctis pulposa (Wallr.)
Xylaria filiformis caulincola Rehm
F. Dobbin, Shushan
Bryum capillare L. Collema pulposum (Bernh.) Ach.
(G13, Fairman, Lyndonville
Septoria polygonorum Desm. Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc.
Ustilago hypodytes (Schil.) Fr.
W. G, Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.
Tolyposporella (?) nolinae Clint. Uromyces spartinae Far],
Ustilago muhlenbergiae Clint.
O. E. Fischer, Detroit, Mich.
Clitocybe piceina Pk. Lepiota fischeri Kauffm. ined.
M. J. French, Utica
Pholiota comosa Fr. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
G. S. Graves, Newport
Collection of 24 abnormal ferns, leaves and flowers.
C. Guillet, Westfield, Mass.
Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B.
J. F. v. Hafften, Winfield
Cedrus libani Barr. Ginkgo biloba L.
C. C. Hanmer, East Hartford, Conn.
Lepiota farinosa Pk. Marasmius peronatus Fr.
B. B. Higgins, Ithaca
Trimmatostroma salicis Cd.
A. P. Hitchcock, New Lebanon
Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev,
G. T. Howell, Rockville, Ind.
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus Pk. Tricholoma subsaponaceum PB.
M. E. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah
Puccinia aberrans Pk. Uredinopsis copelandii Syd.
Thecopsora pyrolae (Gmel.) Karst. Uromyces erythronii (DC.) Pers.
G. L. Kirk, Rutland, Vt.
Dichelyma pallescens B, & S.
R. Latham, Orient Point
Aecidium atriplicis Shear Belonidium aurelia (Pers.) DeNot.
Ascochyta rhei E, & E, Boletus ballouii Pk.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 19
Camarosporium maclurae Pk.
Clitocybe pithyophila Fr.
Coccomyces juniperi Karst.
Collybia tuberosa Bull.
Coronophora angustata Fk.
Coryneum pustulatum Pk.
Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh.
Dendrophoma tiliae Pk.
Durella corrugata (C. & P.) Sacc.
“Geopyxis hesperidea C. & P.
Gloniopsis australis (Duby) Sacc.
Haplosporella ribis Sacc.
Hendersonia grossulariae Oud.
Hydnum subfuscum Pk,
Hygrophorus laetus (Pers.) Fr.
H. miniatus subluteus Pk.
H. sordidus Pk.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Schrad.)
Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Fr.
Marasmius epiphyllus Fr.
M. spongiosus B. & C.
Merulius ulmi Pk.
Mollisia melaleuca (Fr.) Sacc.
Monilia peckiana S. & V.
Mycena sanguinolenta 4. & S.
Pestalozzia adusta FE. & E,
IP, funerea Desm.
iP: longiseta Speg.
Phoma smilacis Boy. & Jacq.
Physcia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuck.
Poa compressa L.
Polyporus giganteus (Pers.) Fr.
Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr,
Propolis faginea (Schrad.) Karst.
Rhytisma vitis Schw.
Rosellinia mutans (C. & P.) Sace.
Russula purpurina O. & S,
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
Scleroderma geaster Fr.
Septoria dianthi Desm.
Solenia ochracea Hoffm.
Sphaeropsis persicae EF. & B.
Steganosporium fenestratum(E.& EF.)
Stereum acerinum nivosum Rav.
Streptothrix fusca Cd.
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Valsa linderae Pk.
Valsa rhoophila C. & E.
W. B. Limberger, Randolph
Lysimachia punctata L.
Viola cardaminefolia Greene
Viola minuscula Greene
C. A. Mabie, Holley
Hydnum erinaceus Bull.
Lepiota naucinoides Pk.
Lepiota rhacodes Vitt.
G. E. Morris, Waltham, Mass.
Amanita crenulata Pk.
A. morrisit Pk.
Armillaria nardosmia Ellis
Boletus cyanescens Bull.
B. luteus L.
B. parasiticus Bull.
Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr.
G ' morrisii PR.
(G vibratilis Fr.
Geaster morgani Llovd
Merulius rubellus Pk.
Panaeolus subbalteatus B. & Br.
Paxillus microsporus Pk.
Pholiota duroides Pk.
Scleroderma tenerum B. & C.
Ss verrucosum (Bull,)
Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr.
Tricholoma saponaceum Fr.
Tricholoma sejunctum (Sow.) Fr.
F. T. Pember, Granville
Centaurea maculosa Lam.
Verbena stricta Vent.
L. H. Pennington, Syracuse
Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr.
Hymenogaster anomalus Pk.
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
C. R. Pettis, Albany
Chilonectria cucurbitula (Curr.) Phoma bacteriophila Pk.
Septoria mirabillissima Pk.
D. Reddick, Ithaca
Monilia peckiana S. & V/V.
W. H. Ropes, Salem, Mass.
Calvatia rubroflava Cragin Lysurus borealis serotinus PR.
F. L. Schrader, New York
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
F. J. Seaver, New York
Herpotrichia nigra Hartig
E. B. Sterling, Trenton, N. J.
Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. Hebeloma subcollariatum B. & Br.
F. C. Stewart, Geneva
Ascochyta imperfecta Pk. Gloeosporium nervisequum (Fckl.)
Cercospora circumscissa Sacc. G. valsoideum Sacc.
C. medicaginis FE. & E. Hypholoma boughtoni PR.
Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr. Lentinus spretus PR.
Diplodina medicaginis Oud. Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy.
Flammula sulphurea Pk. Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.)
W. G. Stover, Stillwater, Okla.
Bolbitius fragilis Fr. Marasmius delectans Morg.
Marasmius bellipes Morg. M. opacus B. & C,
: J. M. Van Hook, Bloomington, Ind.
Hypoxylon atropurpureum Fr. Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.)
4 effusum Nits. ital sassafras (Schw.)
IB, petersii B. & C. lel, turbinulatum (Schw.)
Nummularia microplaca B. & C,
W. G. Van Name, Albany
Roestelia aurantiaca Pr.
H. L. Wells, New Haven, Conn.
Boletus edulis clavipes Pk.
| T. E. Wilcox, Washington, D. C.
Boletus affinis Pk. Boletus subtomentosus L.
Sparassis herbstii Pk.
C. L. Williams, Glens Falls
Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd.
D. B. Young, Albany
Calyptospora goeppertiana Kuehn Chaetomium streptothrix Quel.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 21
SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED
Acer carolinianum Walt.
Troupsburg, Steuben co. May. This species is readily distin-
guished from Acer rubrum L., the red maple, when in fruit.
The wings are nearly parallel or convergent, but in the red maple
they are divergent. They are also nearly or quite fully developed
when the leaves are yet partly expanded. The leaves are usually
only three lobed and are more hairy, specially beneath, than in the
red maple. On account of the three lobed leaves it was named
Acer rubrum var. tridens in Wood’s Class Book of Botany
It has generally been neglected by botanists but it certainly seems
worthy of recognition. The station here reported is the only one in
our State known to me and is north of its previously recorded range.
‘Aecidium atriplicis Shear
On living leaves of young plants of the halberd leaved orach,
Mimninhex patula wastata (L:) Gray, Orient Point, Sut-
folk co. May. R. Latham.
Anthyllis vulneraria L.
_ Introduced. Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. September.
Miss Florence Beckwith. Determined by P. A. Rydberg.
Armillaria pinetorum Gill.
Decaying wood. North Elba, Essex co. September. This species
of Armillaria is easily distinguished by its small size, scaly cap
and stem and very small spores. It differs from the European plant
in growing on wood.
Artemisia frigida Willd.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced from the West but well established.
Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced from the West. This and the preceding one were
determined by P. A. Rydberg.
Ascochyta imperfecta n. sp.
Spots variable, 4-12 mm in diameter, amphigenous, orbicular,
semicircular or subtriangular, the larger ones usually terminal or
marginal, pale brown or smoky brown, not sharply defined ;
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
perithecia amphigenous, few, depressed, .3-.6 mm broad, brown or
blackish brown; spores variable, continuous or pseudouniseptate,
cblong or subcylindric, obtuse, hyaline, 6-15 x 2.5-4 up.
Living or languishing leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa
L. Geneva. May and June. F. C. Stewart.
It may be separated from Ascochyta medicaginis Bres.
by its habitat and smaller perithecia and spores.
Ascochyta rhei FE. & E.
Living leaves of pie plant, Rheum rhaponticum L. Orient
Point. R. Latham. This was originally described. as Phyllo-
Situeibar mined VEAtere.
Boletus albidipes n. sp. :
For description of this species see article on Edible Fungi in
another chapter of this report.
Boletus ballouii n. sp.
Plate VIII, figures 1-5
Pileus fleshy, firm, often irregular, convex becoming nearly plane
or slightly depressed in the center, dry, unpolished or minutely
tomentose, occasionally rimosely squamose, at first bright orange or
orange tinged with brown, becoming wood brown or subcinnamon
with age or in drying, flesh white tinged with yellow beneath the
cuticle, taste mild or sometimes slightly disagreeable; tubes at first
white or whitish becoming smoky brown where cut or bruised and
brown or brownish in drying, usually slightly depressed around the
stem and adnexed or subdecurrent; stem variable, solid, mealy or
minutely scurfy, striate or subreticulate at the top, single or cespitose,
white or pallid above, yellow or orange below, similar to the pileus
‘n color when dry, its flesh when cut while fresh assuming a brownish
tint, mycelium white, radiating at the base; spores pale yellow
inclining to orange, 8-10 x 4-5 pm, cystidia rare, fusiform, granular
within.
Pileus 5-12 cm broad; stem 2.5-12 cm long, 7-15 mm thick.
Orient Point. October. R. Latham. Specimens have also been
received with copious notes from W. H. Ballou for whom the
species is named. They were collected in groves at or near Deal
Beach, N. J. It is said to be common in Monmouth co., N. J. This
is a beautiful species apparently related to Boletus subsan-
guinets Pk. from which it differs in its dry pileus with its
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IOQII 22
orange color changing to brown, in its whitish tubes and in its stem
approaching the pileus in color.
Camarosporium maclurae n. sp.
Perithecia gregarious, about .3 mm broad, nestling in the bark,
erumpent, conic or subglobose, scarcely papillate, black; spores at
first simple and hyaline, then colored and 3-5-septate and muriform,
sometimes slightly curved, 15-20x 8-10 u.
Dead branches of osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.)
schneid. Orient Point. April. R. Latham.
The apertures in the epidermis through which the fungus breaks
are either orbicular or subelliptic.
Centaurea maculosa Lam.
Granville, Washington co. September. F. T. Pember. An
introduced species.
Cercospora medicaginis E. & E.
Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva.
June. F. C. Stewart.
Cercosporella terminalis n. sp.
Spots narrowly oblong, 1-3 cm long, 3-5 mm broad, often con-
fluent, specially at the apical end of the leaf which is commonly
entirely discolored, brown or blackish brown, often sterile; tufts
mostly effused, forming linear flocculent white patches; spores
variable, curved or flexuous, subcylindric or gradually tapering
toward the apex, continuous or I—3-septate, often nucleate, 50-150 x
3-5 p, supported on short simple or obscure hyphae.
Leaves of Indian poke, Veratrum viride Ait. Edwards,
St Lawrence co. May.
This species is closely related to Cercosporella veratri
Pk. from which it is easily distinguished by its earlier appearance
and by the different character of the spots. Their habit of becoming
confluent and discoloring the whole apex of the leaf has suggested
the specific name. Notwithstanding the obscure character of the
hyphae, a careful search even in young and slightly discolored spots
failed to detect any acervull.
Clavaria subtilis Pers.
Among fallen leaves of spruce trees. North Elba. September.
In some of the specimens the tips of the ultimate branchlets have
retained their pure white color.
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes n. var.
This variety differs from the typical form in its constantly short
stem which is 1.2-2 cm long. Its thickness is nearly equal to its
length. It is so short that the pileus appears to rest on the ground.
Canandaigua. October. Miss E. C. Webster. Near New York
City. W. H. Ballou.
Clitocybe hirneola Fr.
North Elba. September.
Clitocybe sinopicoides n. sp.
Low wet places. North Elba. June. For the description of this -
species see chapter on New York species of Clitocybe.
Clitocybe splendens (Pers.) Fr.
Mossy ground under balsam fir trees. North Elba. June. This
species is allied to Clitocybe gilva (Pers.) Fr. from which it
may be separated by its whiter flesh, its thinner pileus and its less
crowded lamellae. The spores in both are subglobose and 4-5 p
broad.
Clitocybe sudorifica n. sp.
Gregarious. Grassy ground. Saratoga Springs, F. G. Howland.
Albany, S. H. Burnham. Canandaigua, Miss E. C. Webster. Sep-
tember to November. For description see chapter on New York
species of Clitocybe.
Clitocybe tuba Fr.
Woods. North River. September.
Clitocybe tumulosa Kalchb.
Woods. North Elba. September.
Coniothecium chomatosporium Cd.
Branches of apple tree. Glens Falls. April. C. L. Williams.
Coprinus domesticus (Pers.) Fr.
Syracuse. June. L. H. Pennington. A very rare species.
Coronophora angustata Fckl.
Dead trunks of bayberry, Myrica carolinensis Mill.
Orient Point. April. R. Latham.
Cortinarius albidipes n. sp.
The description of this species will be found in the chapter on
Edible Fungi in this report.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 25
Cortinarius phyllophilus n. sp.
Pileus fleshy, thick, compact, convex or nearly plane, viscid, some-
what shining and slightly innately fibrillose when dry, pale tawny
ochraceous, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae thin, close, eroded on the
edge, yellow becoming brownish cinnamon; stem short, stout, firm,
abruptly bulbous, silky fibrillose, whitish with ferruginous stains at
the base; spores somewhat pointed at the ends, 10-12 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 7-12 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 1-1.5 cm thick.
Among fallen leaves in woods. Humphreys gorge, Lewis co.
September.
The species belongs to section Phlegmacium, group Scauri. The
color of the spore print is dark cinnamon. Young lamellae yellow.
Cortinarius purpurascens Fr.
Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster.
Coryneum disciforme K. & S.
DWeadipranches of «basswood, Milia amerrcama |
Vaughns, Washington co. June. S. H. Burnham.
Cytospora rhoina Fr.
Dead branches of smooth sumac, Rhus glabra L.
Rensselaer. February. S. H. Burnham.
Cytospora salicis (Cd.) Rabenh.
Dead branches of willows. Orient Point. May. R. Latham.
Dasyscypha sulphuricolor n. sp.
Cups sulfur color, gregarious or subcespitose, subsessile, 1-3
mm broad, minutely villose, hymenium plane or convex, margined
by the incurved edge of the cup; asci subcylindrical, 70-80 X 3-4 B;
spores oblong or subfusiform, 10-12 x 2-3 p, paraphyses filiform.
Decaying wood of black ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh.
Remsen, Oneida co. August. The species is apparently related to
Dasyscypha pulverulenta (Lib.) Sacc. but it differs from
it in its larger size, longer asci and spores and in its habitat.
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
The rough leaved deutzia is plentiful along the stream at Copake
Iron Works, Columbia co. July. S. H. Burnham. It has evidently
escaped from cultivation but is apparently well established. Occa-
sionally double flowered specimens are seen, which indicates that
such plants grew from branchlets of Deutz a) (SC De ae uevelle
plena Maxim. which had taken root and developed into shrubs.
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Diplodia spiraeina Sacc.
Dead branches of nine bark, Physocarpus opulifolius
(L.) Maxim. Near Rensselaer lake, Albany co.) Maya sums
Burnham.
Diplodina medicaginis Oud. '
Dead stems of altalta, Medicago sativa WeGeneva
Apel Ja, (C, Swsnyenet,
Flammula sulphurea n. sp.
Plate VII, figures 7-11
Pileus fleshy, subconic or convex becoming broadly convex,
glabrous, viscid, hygrophanous, watery yellow when moist, sulfur
yellow after the escape of the moisture, sometimes with whitish
silky fibrillose scales on the margin, flesh white when dry, odor and
taste disagreeable; lamellae thin, close, arcuate, adnate, crenulate
on the margin, whitish becoming dark ferruginous; stem equal,
flexuous, fibrillose or squamulose below, stuffed or hollow, pale yel-
low and naked at the top, ferruginous toward the base; spores dark
ferruginous, 8-II x 5-6 uy.
Pileus 2-6 cm broad; stem 3-6 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Cespitose or densely gregarious. Grassy ground under apple
trees or in orchards. October. Menands, Albany co. Canandaigua.
Miss E. C. Webster. Geneva. F. C. Stewart. Pittsford, Monroe
co. F. S. Boughton.
This species is related to Flammula spumosa Pr with
which it has probably been confused but from which it is easily
distinguished by its place of growth, its more cespitose mode of
growth, the uniform pale yellow color, fibrillose margin of the pileus,
white flesh and larger spores. Its color is suggestive of F.
alnicola Fr., but it is readily separated from that by its place
of growth, white flesh and viscid hygrophanous pileus. It is worthy
of remark that this species has appeared for the first time this
season in four distinct localities and in each one under or near
apple trees.
Fusarium pirinum (Fr.) Sacc.
On decaying pears. Menands. August.
Ganoderma sessile Murr.
Dead wood of oak and elm. Poebles island, Waterford, Saratoga
co. September. S. H. Burnham. New York. W. H. Ballon it
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 27
is colored like Ganoderma tsugae Murr. but is a smaller
species with the pileus sessile and dimidiate.
Gloeosporium valsoideum -Sacc.
Small twigs of sycamore, Platanus occidentalis L.
Geneva. F.C. Stewart. It is easily distinguished from Gloeos -
porium nervisequum (Fckl.) Sacc. by its habitat and larger
and more conspicuous pustules.
Gutierrezia sarothra (Pursh) B. & R.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced but apparently well established.
Gymnolomia multiflora (Nutt.) B. & H.
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. August. Miss F. Beckwith.
Introduced but apparently well established. This and the preceding
one were determined by P. A. Rydberg.
Haplosporella ribis Sacc.
Dead stems of some species of cultivated Ribes. Orient Point.
May. R. Latham.
Hebeloma sinapizans Fr.
Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster.
Helvella capucinoides n. sp.
Pileus thin, submembranaceous, saddle-shaped, usually with one
lobe deflexed, the other erect, the naked free margins of both curved
inward, the lower enfolding the top of the stem, the hymenium
smoky ochraceous, becoming brown or ochraceous brown with age
or in drying, the lower or inner surface of the pileus white, rugulose ;
stem slender, firm, equal, stuffed or hollow, the surface wavy or
uneven, minutely and pubescently pruinose, snowy white; asci
cylindric, 240-280x 18-20 yw; spores oblong ellipsoid, uniseriate.
uninucleate, hyaline, 20-28 x 12-16 mw, paraphyses filiform, clavate
at the tips.
Pileus .5—2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Jn groves of arbor vitae trees, Thuja occi-
Memmalitsmibn Noni River, September:
This species agrees in some of its characters with the description
Heelvelilancapmcina Otel: but itditfers im the shape and
color of the pileus, in its naked margin and its even surface. The
large nucleus of the spores in our plant is hyaline, not greenish as
in the European.
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Hendersonia grossulariae Oud. J
Dead or dying stems of cultivated gooseberry, Ribes grossu-
Lar ane Orient Pome Mayen een leatn arm
Hydnellum peckii Banker ined.
Growing on the ground. North Elba. September. The plants
are single or cespitose and have the pilei sometimes confluent. The
pileus is whitish becoming brownish or subviolaceous with age.
Hygrophorus recurvatus n. sp.
Pileus fleshy in the center, thin toward the margin, convex
becoming plane or concave by the margin curving upward, often
lacerated on the margin, grayish brown and obscurely striatulate on
the margin when moist, subalutaceous and even when dry, glabrous,
the center often more highly colored than the margin, flesh white;
lamellae subventricose, distant, venosely connected, decurrent,
whitish ; stem fragile, equal, stuffed or hollow, fibrous, easily split-
ting, subpruinose, white or whitish; spores broadly ellipsoid or sub-
globose, 6-8 x 4-6 » or 6-7 mp in diameter.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Growing on lawns. Canandaigua. October. Miss E. C. Webster.
The plants sometimes grow in arcs of circles. The relationship
appears to be with Hygrophorus colemannwanmiue
Blox. from which it may be distinguished by its smaller size, paler
color, more fragile character and its upcurvéed margin of the pileus
in mature plants.
Hygrophorus sordidus Pk.
Among fallen leaves along the banks of Bronx river, New York.
October FEY Schraders) @ntentweoimm ake eatigaia
Leptosphaeria distributa (C. & E.) Sacc.
Dead stems of some species of Asclepias. Edwards. May.
These specimens differ from the typical form in not blackening the
cuticle which at first covers the perithecia.
Marasmius epiphyllus Fr.
Fallen’ leaves.) Orient) Point) yAueusta hen eathameoneml et.
ferson, Suffolk co. Closely allied to Marasmius insititius
Fr. from which the more velvety stem will separate it.
Melanconis alni Tul.
Dead branches of hoary, alder, Alnus) 1mcana (ls Meenen
Rossie, St Lawrence co. May. The specimens are young.
. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 29
Mycena atroumbonata n. sp.
Peileus submembranaceous, convex becoming broadly convex or
nearly plane, umbonate, striate plicate from the margin half way to
the umbo, glabrous, dark watery brown and shining when moist.
grayish brown with a black umbo when dry; lamellae thin,
moderately close, widely sinuate at the inner extremity, decurrent
with a tooth, white when young, whitish or livid white when mature ;
stem slender, rather long, glabrous, hollow, radicating, colored like
the pileus, with a white villosity at the base; spores oblong or
ellipsoid, granular within, often 2-nucleate, 6-9 x 5-6 pn.
Pileus 1.2-3.2 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Gregarious. Mossy prostrate decaying trunks of hemlock,
aomsaweanadens its ()))Carr. North’ River, September:
This species ‘is closely related to Mycena galericulata
Scop. with which it probably has hitherto been confused. It differs
in its gregarious mode of growth, its habitat, its black umbo, its
widely plicate striate margin of the pileus, its pure white young
lamellae and its more expanded mature pileus.
Mycena metata ['r.
Ground. Canandaigua. September. Miss E. C. Webster.
Naucoria arenaria n. sp.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, pale yellow or red-
dish yellow with paler’ margin; lamellae broad, distant, unequal,
sinuate, brownish ferruginous; stem slender, rigid, glabrous, stuffed
with a white pith, colored like the pileus, pseudobulbous; spores
brownish ferruginous 15-20 x 10-12 up.
Pileus .75-2 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Sandy soil. Karner, Albany co. August.
A small species closely related to Naucoria platysperma
Pk. but much smaller with more distant lamellae and a more rigid
stem enlarged at the base by a globe of sand bound together by the
mycelium and firmly attached to the stem.
Oenothera muricata L.
Canandaigua. August. Mrs E. P. Gardner, who also sends
specimens of Oenothera muricata canescens (Gk
G.) Robins.
Omphalia offuciata Fr.
Under or near pine trees. Luzerne, Warren co. June. In our
specimens the spores are broadly ellipsoid or neatly globose,
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
6-8 x 5-6 » or 5-6 » in diameter. I have seen no description of the
European plant that gives the spore dimensions.
Ophiotheca vermicularis (Schw.) Macbr.
Dead stems of herbs. Edwards. May. Determined by T. H.
Macbride.
Peniophora tenuissima n. sp.
Widely effused, very thin, indeterminate, adnate, not at all
or but slightly rimose when dry, whitish, subpruinose; spores
ellipsoid, 8 x 4 p; cystidia subcylindric or elongated conic, obtuse,
50-80 x 15-20 py.
Bark of yellow birch, Betula lutea Mx. North Elba. June.
Periconia pycnospora Fres. |
Dead stem of paeony, Paconia of few
Menands. April. Rare.
Peronospora trifoliorum DeBy.
Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa )) Geneva,
Potsdam, Fayetteville, Canandaigua and Earlville. June. F. C.
Stewart. Oospores were found in October.
Pestalozzia adusta E. & E.
Living leaves of wild black cherry, Prunus serotina
Bhrke (Ornent Pom julys Re atari
Pestalozzia funerea Desm.
Twigs of white cedar, Thuja occidentalis Ex s@nicnt
Point. May. R. Latham.
Pestalozzia longiseta Speg.
Living leaves of cultivated raspberry. Orient Point. August.
R. Latham.
Phacidium lignicola n. sp.
Perithecia superficial or nearly so, about 1 mm broad, orbicular
or broadly ellipsoid, prominent, rugose, black, laciniately opening,
the margin with 3-5 triangular teeth; hymenium blackish or green-
ish black; asci clavate, 60-80 x 12 » broad in the widest part; spores
crowded or subdistichous, continuous, straight or slightly curved,
oblong or sometimes slightly narrowed toward one end, hyaline,
12-15 X 3.5-4 p.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 31
Dry hard decorticated wood of American aspen, Populus
tremuloides Mx. Thompsons Lake, Albany co. May.
Pholiota rigidipes n. sp.
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, broadly convex, sometimes slightly and
broadly umbonate, obscurely squamulose with appressed hairy
brownish scales more conspicuous in the center, pale yellow or buff,
flesh white, tinged with yellow next the gills, taste mild; lamellae
thin, rather broad, close, adnexed, brownish ferruginous when
mature ; stem equal, slender, stuffed or hollow, more or less flexuous,
rigid, floccose squamulose below the slight sometimes evanescent
annulus, white and pruinose at the top, pallid below the annulus;
spores ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Among fallen leaves in woods. Constableville, Lewis co. Sep-
tember.
This species is related to Pholiota terrigena Fr. from
which I have separated it because of its more slender habit, white
flesh, adnexed lamellae and more slender rigid stem. The margin
of the pileus in the dried specimen is obscurely striate.
Phoma amorphae Sacc.
Dead stems of false indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L. Near
Kenwood, Albany co. May. S. H. Burnham.
Phoma bacteriophila n. sp.
Perithecia minute, .2-.3 mm broad, at first covered by the epi-
dermis, then erumpent, scattered or densely gregarious, sometimes
crowded and covering the whole branchlet, black; spores obovate or
ellipsoid, hyaline, 6-8 x 4-5 up.
Canker spots on young stems of white pine, Pinus strobus
L. and on dead branchlets which it completely covers. White Pine
plantation, Saranac Lake, Franklin co. April. C. R. Pettis.
The young trees are killed by a bacterial disease and the dead
spots of the trunk and dead branchlets are attacked by this and
other fungi.
Phoma leprosa n. sp.
Perithecia .3-.5 mm broad, depressed or subglobose, perforated,
covered with a whitish incrustation; spores straight, cylindric,
hyaline, 10-15 x 3-4 p.
Old fruit of the punctate fruited thorn tree, Crataegus
punctata Jacq. Rossie. May.
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The sporophores are short or obsolete. The fungus is conspicu-
ous by reason of the white crustlike scales that cover the perithecia.
This character is suggestive of the specific name.
Phoma smilacis B. & J.
Dead stems of some species of Smilax. Orient Point. April.
R. Latham.
Physcia granulifera (Ach.) Tuck.
Lyndonville, Orleans co. C. E. Fairman. On stems of button
bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis 1) Karaee man
uary. S. H. Burnham.
Polyporus melanopus Fr.
Woods. Vaughns, Washington co. October. S. H. Burnham.
Determined by C. G. Lloyd. A rare species both in this country and
in Europe. It bears some resemblance to Polyporus radi-
catus Schw. from which it is separated by its cespitose mode of
growth and its smaller spores. It is more closely allied to P.
Ween Ss lle,
Polysaccum pisocarpium Fr.
Sandy soil in cedar woods. Orient Point. October. R. Latham.
Poria pulchella Schw. :
Bark of black willow, Salix nigra Marsh. Loudonville,
Albany co. March. S. H. Burnham.
Psilocybe fuscofolia n. sp.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Vicinity of New York. Octo-
ber. W. H. Ballou. For description of this species see chapter on
New York species of Psilocybe.
Psilocybe polycephala ( Paul.)
Ground in woods. Constableville. September. Description given
in chapter on Edible Fungi.
Ramularia karstenii Sacc.
Leaves of Epilobium adenocaulon MHaussk. North
Elba. June. It most frequently occupies the apical part of the
leaves and discolors and kills them. The basal half of the leaf is
usually reddish.
' Rubus glandicaulis Blanch.
Roadsides and pastures. North Elba. June.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 33
Sagedia cestrensis Tuck.
Bark of basswood, Tilia americana L. Orient Point.
March. R. Latham.
Septoria aquilegiae Penz. & Sacc.
Living leaves of wild columbine, Aquilegia canadensi 5
IE. Rossie. May. Septoria aquilegiae E. & E. appears
to be the same species.
Septoria dianthi Desm.
Living or languishing leaves of sweet william, Dianthus
barbatus L. Orient Point. June. R. Latham. In these speci-
mens the spots are surrounded by a purple border.
Septoria malvicola E. & M.
Leaves of the common or round leaved mallow, Malva
MmOnminedettro lia IL. Rossie. May.
' Septoria mirabilissima n. sp.
Perithecia scattered, very minute, .1—2 mm broad, superficial,
black; spores filiform, flexuous or curved, continuous, hyaline,
40-150 x 1.5—2 p, supported on slender sporophores, 20x1I up.
Slightly discolored bark of white pine, Pinus strobus L.
Four year old seedlings. White pine plantation, Saranac Lake.
Ppigion ©. Pettis.
A remarkable species because of its peculiar habitat and its
minute size. It is scarcely visible to the naked eye. The spores are
unusually long and when moist the perithecia are easily scraped
from the bark. The bark tissues had assumed a dark rusty red
color, probably from some bacterial invasion and the trees were in
a dying condition.
Sphaeronema minutulum D. Sacc.
Dead stems of showy sedum, Sedum spectabile Bor.
Lyndonville. October. C. E. Fairman.
. Sphaeropsis amorphae FE. & B.
Dead stems of false indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L.
Menands. March. S. H. Burnham.
Sphaeropsis maclurae Cke.
Dead branches of osage orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.)
Schneid. Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. The perithecia are
densely gregarious and cover the branches on all sides. Occasion-
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ally two are crowded together thereby indicating an approach to the
genus Haplosporella.
Spongipellis occidentalis Murr.
Prostrate trunk of American elm, Ulmus americana L. ’
Vaughns. October. S. H. Burnham.
Stagonospora carpathica Baeuml.
Living leaves of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Geneva.
June. F. C. Stewart. The typical form of the species occurs on
leaves of sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desv. but the form
on alfalfa leaves does not differ essentially from it.
Steccherinum peckii Banker ined.
Dead wood of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh.
Griffin Corners, Delaware co. September. The species is related
te Steccherinum oechpace mm (Pets) Ss. HeiGiayeenome
which it differs in having a distinct stemlike base and in being
glabrous and more distinctly zonate. The pilei are often laterally
confluent as in Stereum fasciatum Schw.
Steganosporium fenestratum (E. & E.) Sacc.
Twigs and branches of sweet pepperbush, Clethra alni-
Pola We. sOrentsPomty) Maye) WRealeatiaamnn
Stigmina populi (FE. & E.) Pk.
Living leaves of American aspen, Populus tremuloides
Mx. North Elba. June. This is a parasitic fungus which causes
dead spots on the leaves. These spots increase in size and often
become confluent and kill the leaves. The spores develop on both
sides of the leaf and form dark olive green patches on the dead
spots. The species was placed in the genus Clasterosporium by
Ellis and Everhart, but its phyllogenous and biophilous characters
evidently indicate a closer relationship to the genus Stigmina.
Teichospora trimorpha n. sp. Atk.
Perithecia scattered or gregarious, rounded, orbicular or oblong,
rarely two or three conjoined, plane or shortly papillate, black, sunk
in the bark; asci dimorphic, 30-125 x 12-15 yp, cylindric or tapering
very gradually into a short pedicel, some collapsing, 4-6- or 8
spored; spores uniseriate, 20-30 x 7-10 p, constricted in the middle
5-8-septate, blackish brown, frequently inequilateral, paraphyses
filiform, numerous.
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQi!I 35
Bark of dead branches of poplar. Fall creek above the dam.
Near Ithaca. March 1894. G. F. Atkinson.
This species differs from Teichospora disseminata
B. & C. in its much larger perithecia.
Thyridium pallidum E. & E.
Dead branches of staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L.
Vaughns. June. S. H. Burnham.
Tricholoma boreale Fr.
Lawns near Dudley observatory grounds under or near Austrian
pine trees. Albany. November. S. H. Burnham.
Tricholoma planiceps n. sp.
Pileus fleshy but very thin, broadly convex or plane, glabrous,
erayish brown or yellowish brown with the thin acute margin some-
times whitened by a very thin flocculent tomentum, flesh white;
lamellae thin, narrow, close, slightly sinuate, white or whitish; stem
slender, straight, stuffed or hollow, colored like but a little paler
than the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7-8 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 4-6 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
In arbor vitae groves. North River. September.
iciiomtuntcholoma melaleucum (Pers) rr. trom
which it differs in its very regular plane orbicular pileus, its more
crowded narrow lamellae, its strict stem and broader spores. Its
habitat is peculiar having been found only under white cedar trees,
Miwpaeoceidentalis L., and in but one locality: In this
station it has been found two years in succession.
Tricholoma subsaponaceum n. sp.
Pileus fleshy, compact, flexible, convex or nearly plane, glabrous,
whitish creamy white or pallid on the margin, smoky brown or
alutaceous in the center, sometimes marked by a row of pallid or
watery spots near the margin, assuming yellow or saffron hues
where cut or bruised, flesh white, changing color like the pileus
where cut or wounded, odor pleasant like anise, taste farinaceous ;
lamellae broad, close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish; stem variable,
equal or enlarged at the top or at the base, sometimes compressed,
often abruptly narrowed at the base and radicating, silky fibrillose,
solid becoming hollow with age, whitish, changing color like the
pileus where cut or bruised; spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose,
5-6 x 4-5 ».
2
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Pileus 6-14 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm thick.
Among fallen leaves in woods. October. Brooklyn. F. H.
Ames. Also near Rockville, Indiana. G. T. Howell.
The Indiana specimens are taken as the type. The species is
related to DPricholoma, saponacenm | hr bubdiiiersmimnonm
it in the color assumed by wounded places, in its odor and taste
and in its spores.
Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp.
The description of this species will be found in the chapter on
Edible Fungi in this report.
Trimmatostroma salicis Cd.
Dead branches of willows. Ithaca. November. B. B. Higgins.
Uromyces spartinae Farl.
Leaves of smooth marsh grass, Spartina glabra alterni-
flora ‘(Loisel.)) Mer Shelter island) ) Sittollacomm@ccopen
W. G. Farlow.
Ustilago hypodytes (Schl.) Fr.
On dead stems of quack grass, Agropyron repens (L.)
ie Iayrackormyills, Jiae, (Ce JZ, airmen,
Verbena stricta Vent.
Pastures. Granville. August. F.T. Pember. Introduced from
the western part of the country.
Vermicularia hysteriiformis n. sp.
Perithecia elliptic or oblong, .3-.6 mm long, at first covered by
the epidermis, then erumpent, setose, black, the setae continuous,
erect or divergent, 50-120 x 4-5 p, black, tapering upward, pale
at the apex; spores oblong or subfusiform, straight or slightly
curved, acute at the ends, continuous, hyaline, 20-25 x 3-4 p.
Dead. stems of blue cohosh, Caulophy lam yt hake:
tioidses CE.) Mx) Droupsbures) May,
Volutella buxi (Cd.) Berk.
Living and languishing stems and leaves of box, Buxus
sempervirens L. East Hampton, Suffolk co. October. Mis
JJ. Jal, Poor,
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 37
REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS
Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.
This fine large mushroom was found by F. H. Ames growing
in the arc of a circle about 15 feet in diameter. Long Island.
September. Several species occasionally grow in this manner. The
fairy ring mushroom frequently does.
Agaricus subrufescens Pk.
This rare species in our State was found by Mrs R. C. Burnham
near Vaughns in August. Its pileus was more distinctly squamose
than usual. The scales were larger and more conspicuous and the
young lamellae were whitish and those of the mature plants were
brown. No intervening pink colored lamellae were seen.
Andropogon furcatus Muhl.
A glaucous form of this grass occurs in sandy soil near Karner.
August.
Calvatia gigantea (Batsch)
The giant puff ball is the largest species known. It is not unusual
for it to attain a diameter of 12-14 inches. It is also one of the very
best of our esculent species. It has long been known to be edible
so long as its flesh is pure white and it has never been known to
prove, so far as I am informed, injurious to anyone eating it in
reasonable quantity and at reasonable times. The unfortunate
thing about it is that it is not common nor of long continuance. It
occurs mostly in the month of September only and in limited stations
widely separated from each other and generally in limited number
in any station. On the farm of one of our correspondents, Mr A. P.
Hitchcock, New Lebanon, is a station in which a few specimens
have appeared annually for several years.
On the first day of September three or four young plants had
made their appearance. These were in close proximity to each
other. On September 6th two more had appeared. Two were
selected for observation and numbered respectively 1 and 2. The
following is the record of the development of these two as Opmadle
by Mr Hitchcock.
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Sept. No. 1 No. 2
CLEC TONITE estimated circum. 6 in. estimated
6 32875 measured i 16 measured
8 ce 28 ce (t3 34 ce
iK6) (G3 2 (Ts (73 43.5 e
II is 43-75 bi) 45.75 i
12 “ce 42 (19 ce 46 (79
15 decay commenced 46
On the 15th, the observations ceased.
It will be seen that No. I continued to increase in size for ten
days or to the 11th when its circumference was 43.75 inches. The
total increments amount to 33.75 inches. This gives an average
daily increase of 3.37 inches. Number 2 continued to increase
eleven days when its circumference was 46 inches and the total incre-
ments amount to 40 inches. This gives an average daily increase
of 3.63 inches. It remained stationary three days and then began
to decay. Number 1 being larger at the commencement of the
observations, it is fair to conclude that it started about one day
before No. 2. This gives them both at least eleven days in which
to make their full development. We may therefore conclude that
the average time of the development of these puff balls is about
eleven days and that their average daily rate of increase in circum-
ference is about 3.5 inches or a little more than one inch in diameter.
The average time of growth appears to be eleven or twelve days
or possibly twelve to fourteen days according to the length of time
these two had been above ground before they were first seen.
Centaurea nigra radiata DC.
Homer, Cortland co, Augtst. ©) Me Crouse ancdiiigeeeen
Goodrich. An introduced plant.
Cichorium intybus L.
A white flowered form sometimes occurs. Menands. August.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Washington park, Albany. July. S. H. Burnham. A form grow-
ing on lawns with leaves oblong and only 1-2 lines broad, the lobes
at the base very narrow and divergent.
Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain
North Elba. June. This delicate little coral root is becominy
very rare in our State. Its early blooming time, May and June,
at once distinguishes it from our other small species.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 39
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl
Head of Plattekill cove, Ulster co. September. Mrs Charles
Beach. This little fern was found growing in the crevices of sand-
stone rocks. It usually grows on limestone rocks and this is the
first instance known to us-in which it has been found growing on
sandstone in our State. It occurs on sandstone cliffs in a few places
in the middle western states.
Drosera rotundifolia L.
This common sundew and its variety comosa Fernald occur
along the sandy shores of White lake, Oneida co. Specimens are
sometimes found with the scape forked near the top, each branch
bearing flowers and fruit. One thrifty plant had two forked scapes
and two simple ones. There were six racemes borne on four scapes,
which was a saving of two scapes. In the variety a similar economy
is practised by shortening the rhacis of the raceme and crowding
the flowers and fruit together.
Euphorbia corollata L.
Sand hills near Albany rural cemetery. September. S. H. Burn-
ham. This is a rare species in our State. In the locality here given
it is probably an introduction from the western states.
Galera reticulata Pk.
This rare species of mushroom was collected near Pittsford in
October by F. S. Boughton. This is the second locality now known
for it in our State. %
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
Overrunning a pasture at Montgomery, Orange co. September.
J. A. Crabtree. In New York State Museum Bulletin 150, page 31,
this plant was reported from Granville where it is recorded as
growing in dry pastures on hillsides and in some places constituting
nearly all the vegetation. Its abundance and aggressiveness in both
these instances indicate that it is likely to become a noxious weed
in our pastures. It would therefore be well to destroy it promptly
in these places and in every locality where it may appear. A little
labor of this kind promptly done may save much labor in the
future and much loss of pasturage.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Grindelia squarrosa nuda (Wood) Gray
Cobbs Hill reservoir. Rochester. November. Miss F. Beck-
with. This variety differs from the typical form in its flower heads
having no ray flowers.
Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.
Fruiting specimens of this pretty orchidaceous plant were col-
lected in August in a low but not wet piece of ground near Karner.
Scarcely more than a dozen plants of it have been seen here any
season since its discovery several years ago. The past season there
were eleven. The vicinity has been deprived of most of its larger
trees in comparatively recent years, yet the yellow fringed orchis
is perpetuating itself well in spite of its changed environment. It
probably could be cultivated 1f given a soil similar to that which it
now occupies.
Hypholoma rigidipes Pk.
This mushroom was discovered two years ago at North River.
Mr F. S. Boughton has added a second station for it by finding
it near Pittsford in October.
Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla n. var.
Cups small, 1.5-4 mm broad; spores uninucleate. In other
respects like the typical form. Exsiccated water holes. Remsen.
August.
Lactarius minusculus Burl.
Damp ground under or near pine trees. North River. Septem-
ber. In these specimens the milk was sparse or entirely absent, the
pileus was viscid and the taste acrid. The color of the pileus is
orange brown, sometimes darker in the center than on the margin.
Lepiota rhacodes Vitt.
This lepiota is very rarely seen in our State. Fine specimens
were found near Holley, Orleans co. in October by C. A. Mabie.
Lobelia cardinalis L.
A white flowered form of the showy cardinal flower was found
at Gull bay, Lake George in August by Mrs H. H. Murdock.
Lonicera tatarica L.
Pastures. Hornell. May. Two forms occur. One has young
flowers pink, the other white, but the flowers of both become yellow-
ish with age or in drying.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII AI
Lonicera xylosteum L.
Well established in the woods south of Kenwood. May. S. H.
Burnham.
Lysimachia punctata L.
Roadsides near Randolph, Cattaraugus co. August. W. B. Lim-
berger. Plants with whorled flowers only.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L.
A peculiar form of this plant was collected near Canandaigua in
July by Miss E. C. Webster. It has a terminal raceme which gives
the plant the general appearance of Lysimachia.terrestris
(L.) BSP. Whe flowers are more closely placed, the pedicels are
shorter and the petals and sepals are marked by dots instead of
lines or dashes as in that species. There are also two short opposite
thyrselike racemes just below the terminal one, and two longer
and looser clusters among the leaves beneath. These are distant
from each other with two leafy branches between them. The single
contributed specimen suggests the possibility of its being a hybrid
ReiMicciMeat my tott tora i, and LL. terrestris (L.)) BSE:
Mentha gentilis L. ©
Introduced and occurring specially in waste places in gardens
and in dooryards. Kingsbury, Washington co. August. S. H.
Burnham. It is recognizable at a glance by its variegated leaves,
these having whitish or pale yellowish stripes along the principal
veins.
Merulius ulmi Pk.
- The type specimens of this species were found on dead branches
of elm. It has been found at Orient Point growing on bayberry,
Myrica carolinensis Mill. The former specimens are sterile
and have the hymenium brighter colored than the latter. The spores
in these are globose and 4-5 p» in diameter.
Osmunda cinnamomea bipinnatifida Clute
Woods south of Kenwood. May. S. H. Burnham. It differs
from the common form in having some of the lower pinnae pin-
natifid.
Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc.
Specimens illustrative of the different effects of the black knot on
the host plant were collected on chokecherry, Prunus vir-
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
giniana L., near Meadowdale, Albany co., in July. Some of the
branches were completely surrounded by the black knot, others were
partly surrounded. Those surrounded showed dead leaves only
above the knot, those partly surrounded showed green leaves only
above the knot.
Polygonum hydropiper L.
A slender form with elongated drooping spikes bearing white
flowers. Remsen. August.
Polyporus albellus Pk.
This species has been common this season while its near relative
Polyporus chioneus Fr., which is usually plentiful, has
been scarce. Peculiar weather conditions appear to be responsible
for the comparative abundance of one and the scarcity of the other.
Polystictus parvulus Klotsch
This species has been unusually abundant in burnt places on Long
Island whence specimens have been sent by W. H. Ballou. They
are often confluent in tufts of two, three or more. Polyporus
focicola B. & C. is considered synonymous with it in Sylloge.
Rubus sativus (Bail.) Brainerd
Thin woods. Karner. In fruit July and August.
Rynchospora fusca (L.) Ait. f.
Abundant along the shores of White lake. August.
Solidago juncea ramosa P. & B.
Association island, Henderson Harbor, Jefferson co. August.
C. Guillet.
Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton
Abundant in sandy soil of pastures. Round Lake. September.
Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
This extremely rare orchidaceous plant is recorded in Torrey’s
Flora of the State of New York from a single locality, Parma,
Monroe county. One additional station has been discovered for it
by.M. S. Baxter. This is at Adams Basin not far from Parma
station.. The past season Mr Roy Latham has discovered a third
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQII 43
station for it at Orient Point where he collected fine specimens
of it, some of which he has kindly contributed to the State
herbarium.
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Orient Point. September. R. Latham. The flowers of this
plant are generally blue. From this the common name blue curls
is evidently derived. The plants sent by Mr Latham have pink
flowers. :
Ab
Ustilago osmundae Pk.
Fresh specimens of this singular and imperfectly understood
parasitic fungus were collected on the royal fern, Osmunda
regalis L., by S. H. Burnham, in Cambridge, Washington co., in
June. An examination of them revealed a feature previously over-
looked. In the early stage of the fungus the cell, which eventually
becomes two spores, is single. Soon it develops into a pair of glo-
bose echinulate reddish brown spores, 12-16 p» in diameter, these
finally separate and with others form a dusty layer of spores over
the surface of the young pinnae on which they develop. In develop-
ing its spores in pairs this species is unlike the genus Ustilago and
is therefore referred to the genus Mycosyrinx and takes the name
Mycosyrinx osmundae Pk.
Mycosyrinx osmundae cinnamomeae n. var.
This differs from the typical form in the paler brown color of
the spore mass and the even surface of the spores. It occurs on
the base of the pinnae of the cinnamon fern, Osmunda cinna-
momea L. It is very rare. Only two small specimens were
found. Cambridge. June. S. H. Burnham.
Vaccinium oxycoccus L.
This cranberry is common to Bonaparte swamp, Cranberry
marsh, Averyville marsh and Peacock marsh. It is found in nearly
all our sphagnum marshes and on the open mossy summits of most
of the high mountains of the Adirondacks. It is a very hardy species
and can maintain itself where the larger and cultivated species,
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait, can not. It is there-
fore available for cultivation where the other would be a failure.
For the purpose of exhibiting the peculiar flora of Peacock marsh a
list of its plants is here given. This list was made June 15, 1911.
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Amelanchier oligocarpa(Myx.) Roem. Kalmia polifolia Wang.
Andromeda glaucophylla Link. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch
Carex canes. disjuncta Fern. Ledum groenlandicum Oeder
G. exilis Dew. Nemopanthes mucronata (L.) Trel.
G. pauciflora Lightf. Picea mariana (Mull.) BSP.
C. paup. irrigua (Wahl.) Fern. Sarracenia purpurea L.
(OA stricta Lam. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf.
Chamaedaphne calyculata(L.) Moench Vaccinium canadense Kalm.
Eriophorum callitrix Cham. We oxycoccus L.
Kalmia angustifolia L. W pennsylvanicum L,
This marsh, in the town of North Elba, is a small one, probably
not over three acres in extent, lying apparently less than a mile east
of Averyville marsh. It is circular in outline and has no visible
stream running through it. It is a shrubby marsh with numer-
cus trees of tamarack and black spruce scattered over it and indi-
eating that the time is not far distant when it may properly be
called a swamp. Except a half dozen sedges there were but two
herbaceous plants found. These are the three-leaved smilacina,
Smilacina trifolija (West va lhaceoucsi plant wanda.
pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea L., neither of wien
was found in Averyville marsh. No grass was found there. Of
the twenty-one species occurring on the marsh, thirteen are trees
and shrubs and eight are herbaceous. Of these herbaceous plants,
five are carices, only one of which was found on Averyville marsh.
It is remarkable that such a dissimilarity should exist in the herba-
ceous vegetation of two marshes so near to each other in location
and stages of development.
Vernonia altissima Nutt.
Roadsides. Middleville, Herkimer co. September. Miss M. C.
suns. This species has also been found by Dr lj, Veublaberermem
New Hartford, Oneida co. It is a rare plant with us.
Veronica virginica L.
Brown’s grove. Scottsville, Monroe co. August. Miss F. Beck-
with. A noble appearing plant commonly known as Culver’s physic
or Culver’s root and having some reputation as a medicinal plant.
}
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 45
MEV Vise Clase wD VARIETIES OF EXT RATAIMIpE AME
FUNGI
: Cercospora eustomae
Spots suborbicular, definite, grayish or grayish brown, surrounded
by an elevated line ; hyphae amphigenous, densely aggregated on the
spots or occupying large areas of the unspotted parts of the leaves,
simple or septate, irregular or nodulose at the top, 30-60 x 4-6 pn;
spores very variable, straight, curved or flexuous, often irregular or
of unequal diameter in different parts, oblong or subcylindric, sub-
hyaline, continuous or obscurely I—2-septate, 20-60 x 4-6 up.
Living leaves of Eustoma andrewsii A. Nels. and E:
masse hina nmtunmn (l))Griseb. September, Wenver, Colorado:
E. Bethel. Wood River, Nebraska. J. M. Bates.
The species is peculiar in the variability of its spores. The tufts
of hyphae are sometimes so crowded that they appear to form an
effused sooty stratum.
Cercospora pastinacae (Sacc.) comb. nov.
Spots small, inconspicuous, amphigenous, yellowish green or
brown, bounded by veinlets; hyphae hypophyllous, aseptate, nodu-
lose at the top, pale brown, 40-60 x 6-8 m; spores oblong or cylin-
dric, rarely narrowed toward the apex or when uniseptate having
the apical cell narrower than the other, straight or curved, I-3-
septate, 25-85 x 6-8 up.
Living leaves of parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L. Red Cloud,
Nebraska. October. J. M. Bates.
This fungus was originally referred by Mr Ellis to Cercos-
pora apii Fres. though with some hesitation, as he says that
he is strongly of the opinion that it will yet prove to be distinct.
Professor Saccardo later gave it the name Cercospora apii
pastinacae Sacc. It appears to us to be a distinct species in its
numerous small spots limited by the veinlets of the leaf, in its
broader aseptate hyphae and specially in its broader subcylindric
conidia with only 1—3-septa.
Cercosporella mirabilis
Spots angular, irregular, 2-10 mm long, sometimes confluent, at
first yellowish or pallid, soon reddish brown; hyphae long, creeping,
branched and interwoven or short, simple, erect, hypophyllous, hya-
line; spores cylindric or gradually tapering from near the base to
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the apex, multinucleate and sometimes I-—3-septate, more or less
curved or flexuous, rarely curved at the apex, hyaline, 40-120 x 3-5
p, sometimes rising from creeping hyphae, sometimes from minute
sclerotioid bodies on the older and darker spots.
Living leaves of Crataegus rivularis Nutt. Morrison,
Colorado. August. E. Bartholomew and E. Bethel.
This is a remarkable aberrant and variable species, and possibly
the type of anew genus. The best development is from the younger
spots or the margin of the older ones and in these cases its white
flocculent masses are plainly visible to the naked eye. In the older
spots minute black perithecialike dots scarcely visible to the naked
eye appear. Under the microscope minute rather obscure hyphae
appear to arise from these and bear smaller and less plentiful spores.
Ts this a sclerotioid state of this fungus?
Coryneum sorbi
Acervuli numerous, discoid, erumpent, orbicular or ellipsoid, .5-1
mm broad, black; spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, triseptate, often
irregular, colored, 12-20 x 8-9 p»; sporophores short or obsolete.
Dead twigs of Sorbus californica Greene. Tulare co.
California. August. J. D. Culbertson. Communicated by E.
Bartholomew.
The disklike receptacles are crowded and surround ie twigs.
The small terminal cell of the spore is often semipellucid. Fre-
quently the spore is abruptly contracted in some part of its outline.
This gives it an irregular appearance.
Dermatea mori
Receptacle orbicular ellipsoid or slightly irregular, 1-2 mm broad,
broadly convex or nearly plane, erumpent, surrounded by the
remains of the ruptured epidermis but sometimes more elevated,
biack or brownish black; asci cylindric or subclavate, 60-90 x 20-25
uw; spores oblong or subcylindric, crowded or biseriate, continuous,
anne 20-30 x 8-10 up.
On dead twigs of Russian mulberry, Morus alba tatarica
Loud. Concordia, Kansas. April. E. Bartholomew.
The spores are sometimes slightly narrowed near the middle and
then they resemble in outline the sole of a shoe. By the blackish
color of the receptacle the species makes an approach toward the
genus Cenangium, but the texture is somewhat waxy and indicates
a closer relationship to Dermatea.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQgit 47
Diaporthe inornata
Perithecia collected in valsoid clusters 1-1.5 mm broad, 4-14 in
a cluster, about .3 mm broad, black, whitish within, nestling in the
inner bark with no circumscribing black line, the long crowded black
ostiola piercing and obliterating the cortical stroma, erumpent, sur-
rounded by the ruptured remains of the epidermis; asci subfusiform,
60-80 x 8-10 mw; spores crowded, oblong or subfusiform, with a
short bristle at each end, constricted at the septum, 2-4-nucleate,
15-24 X 3-4 Bb.
Dead branches of staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina L. Cabin
John Bridge, Maryland. June. E. Bartholomew.
The species is apparently related to Diaporthe syn-
genesia (Fr.) Fckl. from which it differs in its smaller clusters,
longer and differently shaped asci and in its longer spores. The
stroma is cortical and surrounded by no black line. This suggests
the specific name.
Diplodia polygonicola
Perithecia minute, abundant, densely gregarious, forming long
patches on the stems, erumpent, black; spores oblong or broadly
ellipsoid, at first hyaline, then colored, finally uniseptate, 14-16 x
8-9 p.
Dead stems of dock leaved persicaria, Polygonum lapa-
Miatoinm Ik Blie Rapids, Kansas, (July. E: Bartholo-
mew.
Entoloma subtruncatum
Pileus subconic, thin, glabrous, hygrophanous, pale yellow ochre
and striatulate when moist, paler and subshining when dry, trun-
cate or slightly umbonate, the margin incurved, the cuticle separa-
ble; lamellae thin, broad, adnexed, moderately close, unequal, whit-
ish becoming tinged with pink; stem slender, equal or slightly attenu-
ated upward, terete or compressed, hollow, silky fibrillose, pale yel-
low, with a whitish mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores angu-
lar, apiculate at each end, 12-14 x 8-I0 p.
Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 3-8 cm long, 2-5 mm thick.
Solitary or gregarious. Under pine trees. Stow, Massachusetts.
November. S. Davis.
The more or less truncate apex of the pileus affords a distin-
guished feature of this species and is suggestive of the specific
name.
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Gloeosporium psoraleae
Pustules minute, on brown or blackish brown orbicular spots,
.25-.75 mm broad, partly concealed by the hairs on the lower sur-
face of the leaf; spores oblong or subellipsoid, straight or slightly
curved, hyaline, 14-20 X 4-5 p.
Leaves of prainie Japple, Psoralea Vesicnlem tance
Webster, Nebraska. June. E. Bartholomew.
Graphyllium chloes junci
This variety differs from the type in its spores which are not dis-
tinctly constricted at the septa and in its paraphyses which are rudi-
mentary or obsolete.
On stems of baltic rush, Juncus balticus Willd. Scotia,
Nebraska. September. J. M. Bates. ‘
Henningsinia caespitosa
Stroma subclavate, .5-1 cm high, 3-4 mm broad at the top, nar-
rowed below into a stemlike base, cespitose or rarely only two united
at the base, obtuse at the apex, sometimes with a slight umbo, black,
sometimes shining; perithecia oblong, about 1 mm long, vertical in
the upper part of the stroma, interior substance white beneath them ;
asci ovate or clavate, 35-40 x 14-16 m; spores crowded in the ascus,
oblong, continuous, colored, 10-12 x 6-7 up.
Bark of West Indian birch, Bursera gummifera Jacq.
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. November. C. F. Baker.
This species differs from Henningsinia durissima A.
Moell. in its mode of growth, much smaller size, shorter perithecia,
broader asci and broader spores.
Hysterium cubense
Perithecia gregarious or clustered, oblong or ellipsoid, straight,
curved or rarely flexuous, at first erumpent, then superficial by the
falling away of the epidermis, even, I-2 mm long, .5 mm broad and
high, black; asci cylindric, 160-200 x 15-20 p; spores uniseriate,
oblong or ellipsoid, 3-septate, colored, 30-40 x 12-16 p, the terminal
cells longer than the central cells. ,
Dead branches lying on the ground. Nazarene, Cuba. September.
(Gy 1, Balke.
' This species is related to Hysterium pulicare Pers.
from which it may be separated by the smooth perithecia, cylin-
dric asci and uniseriate and larger spores.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII AQ
Leptonia davisiana
Pileus thin, submembranous, convex becoming plane or broadly
depressed, fragile, glabrous but slightly squamulose in the center,
often widely striate when dry, blackish brown; lamellae thin, close,
subventricose, adnexed, at first white then pinkish and pulverulent
from the spores; stem slender, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow,
colored like the pileus ; spores angular, uninucleate, 10-12 x 8-10 up.
Pileus 1-2.5 cm broad; stem 1.5-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Among short grass on a lawn. Brookline, Massachusetts. Aug-
ust. S. Davis, to whom the species is respectfully dedicated.
It differs from Leptonia abnormis Pk. in its smaller size,
closer adnexed lamellae, squamulose disk and larger spores. The
lamellae are somewhat tough in the dried state.
Leptostromella scirpina
Perithecia epiphyllous or rarely amphigenous, suborbicular or
oblong, .20-.75 mm long, discoid or concave, subsuperficial, black;
spores subbacillary, hyaline, curved, continuous, acutely narrowed at
each end, 20-25 x 2-3 up.
On dead leaves of dark green bulrush, Scirpus atrovirens
Muhl. Superior, Nebraska. May. J. M. Bates.
The perithecia sometimes occur on a pallid spot, occasionally on
both sides of the leaf. The species appears to be related to Lep-
HoOSeaomlellanhyysterioides (Kr) Sace: but the spores are
neither guttulate nor cylindric.
Lysurus borealis serotinus
Specimens of this fungus in the egg state were collected in Salem,
Mass., and contributed in fresh condition by Mr W. H. Ropes in
October. These were placed in a damp chamber and two of them
burst from the egg and completed their development. At first the
arms, six in number, at the apex of the stem are curved inward
their tips meeting at the center of the dome thus formed. In this
position the margins of the arms are rolled backward but the edges
are separated by a narrow white stripe, the central sterile exterior
of the arm. The contiguous margins of any two adjacent arms
are then in close contact and separated only by an inconspicuous
impressed line, and the exterior surface of the dome is covered by a
layer of the blackish or very dark olive green spores and the hymen-
ial surface is apparently external, although interrupted longi-
tudinally by the six white stripes. Anyone seeing the fungus in this
condition for the first time would be likely to refer the species to
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the genus Anthurus. But soon the tips of the arms separate and
the upper part of the dome opens outward or becomes divergent,
when it is plainly seen that the inner surface is really the hymenial
surface and the species must therefore be referred to the genus
Lysurus.
In these specimens the external part of the arms is white, while
in the typical form it 1s described as pink. In them there are also
six white lines or stripes radiating from the base of the stem and
marking the inner surface of the volva. I find no mention of a
similar character in the type specimens. ‘This character and the
white color of the exterior of the arms and the late appearance
of the fungus lead me to separate this form under the name
Mysurus bore alwys (Surh) ny ies em Oa mils meme te
Macrophoma burserae
Perithecia minute, 100-200 mw broad, covered by the epidermis,
gregarious or aggregated and forming unequal slightly prominent
and often confluent pustules, black, white within; spores ellipsoid,
hyaline or nearly so, 16-20 X 10-12 p.
Bark of West Indian birch, Bursera gummifera Jacq.
Santiago) de lacy Viegas, Cubaqe )tlyaim Gaeta malcer:
A species easily recognized by its habit of forming broad pustules
or slightly prominent patches beneath the epidermis.
Macrophoma numerosa
Perithecia minute, .3-.5 mm broad, numerous, closely gregarious,
membranaceous, nestling in the bark, erumpent, black, whitish
within; spores oblong-fusiform, continuous or binucleate, acute at
the ends, 12-20 x 3-4 »; sporophores very short or obsolete.
Dead branches of locust, Robinia pseudacacia L. Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. June. E. Bartholomew.
The fungus occupies small branches, surrounding them and ex-
tending several inches on them.
Morchella conica serotina :
Pileus conic or irregular, pointed at the apex or rounded and
obtuse, sometimes perforated by a small circular aperture, often
sterile with the hymenium brown and the edge of the costae whitish.
Roslindale, Massachusetts. October. Mrs U. C. Sherman and
Miss J. F. Conant.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt Si
The late appearance of this fungus is remarkable and the varia-
bility of the pileus makes it desirable that it should have a distinct
designation.
Ovularia avicularis
Spots large, suborbicular or oblong, pale brownish red; hyphae
amphigenous, erect, forming minute white crowded tufts, 25-35 x
3-4 »; spores oblong or ellipsoid, sometimes slightly narrowed to-
-ward the base, hyaline, 12-20 x 6-8 up.
Living leaves of knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare L.
Wood River, Nebraska. June. J. M. Bates.
iiticuspeciess dimers) irom Ovularia risidmla Delack
which occurs on leaves of the same host plant, in being amphigenous,
in having shorter and more narrow hyphae, shorter and broader
spores and differently colored spots.
Paxillus microsporus
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming nearly plane, subglabrous,
white becoming whitish, sometimes brownish in the center, slightly
viscid when moist, the margin involute, spreading when mature
and even or distantly striate with short elevated ridges and inter-
vening depressions, flesh white; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate
when young, decurrent when mature, occasionally forked or slightly
anastomosing at the base, whitish, becoming pale yellowish brown
or raw umber; stem short, usually tapering downward, solid or
stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores brownish ochraceous, minute,
subglobose, 2-3 » in diameter.
Pileus 1-6 cm broad; stem 1-6 cm long, 3-8 mm thick.
Solitary or cespitose. Ground under chestnut trees. Waltham,
Massachusetts. October. G. E. Morris. The species is remark-
able for its small spores.
Phoma roystoneae
Perithecia minute, about .2 mm broad, amphigenous, gregarious,
abundant, black; spores minute, oblong or subcylindric, hyaline,
5-8 x I.5-2 » supported on short hyaline sporophores.
Onvroyal palm, Roystonea regia (HBK:) ©. F. Cook
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. July. C. F. Baker.
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus
Stem short, curved, eccentric; spores pale pink, in old or water
soaked specimens paler or yellowish, globose or subglobose, min-
utely rough or pitted, 6-8 m in diameter.
°
52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
On decaying wood. Rockville, Indiana. September and October.
G. T. Howell. In other respects it matches the description of the
type.
Septoria magnospora
Spots small, 2-3 mm broad, pallid or whitish with a reddish brown
border ; perithecia epiphyllous, minute, .20-.25 mm broad, depressed,
biack; spores large, broadly filiform or subcylindric, curved, hya-
line or faintly tinged with greenish yellow, continuous or plurisep-
tate, 45-80 X 3-4 p.
Living leaves of Prunus fremontii Wats. San Diego
co., California.. January. S. C. Mason. Communicated by E.
Bartholomew.
Tricholoma terraeolens majus
Pileus 2-6 cm broad, umbonate, nearly plane or sometimes de-
pressed around the umbo when mature; stem 6-10 cm long, 4-6 mm
thick, solid.
In other respects similar to the type. Stow, Massachusetts.
October and November. S. Davis.
a
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 53
EDIBLE FUNGI
Tricholoma subsejunctum n. sp.
SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA
Plate 124, figures I-5
Pileus fleshy, conic or convex, often wavy and lobed on the mar-
gin, slightly viscid when moist, virgate or reticulate with blackish
brown fibrils, blackish brown, often pale yellow or greenish yellow
on the margin, flesh white, taste farinaceous ; lamellae thin, close.
rounded behind, adnexed, white, sometimes tinged with yellow
anteriorly ; stem stout, solid, nearly equal, white, sometimes tinged
with yellow; spores minute, 5-6 x 4-5 ph.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 6-12 mm thick.
The subdisjoined tricholoma is a rare species. It has been seen
by the writer but once and then only in limited quantity. It was
found growing gregariously among mosses and fallen leaves under
evergreen and deciduous trees on the margin of a swamp near
Mohawk Hill, Lewis county, in September.
The cap is 1-2.5 inches broad, at first conic but expanding with
age, with the margin sometimes irregular, wavy or lobed and the
surface covered with brown or blackish brown fibrils which radiate
from the center toward the margin and sometimes form reticula-
tions by connecting with each other. The general color is grayish
brown or blackish brown, yellow on the margin and at first nearly
black in the center. In wet weather it is a little viscid. Its gills are
white, sometimes yellow at the outer extremity. They are slightly
attached to the stem, which also is white and occasionally tinged
with yellow. The stem is 1-2 inches long and 3-6 lines thick, solid
and firm. The taste is farinaceous. The plants may be sought
in September and October.
Tricholoma equestre albipes n. var.
WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA
Plate 124, figures 0-9
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or nearly so, viscid when
moist, glabrous or with a few spotlike scales in the center, flesh
white, taste farinaceous; lamellae thin, close, sinuate, slightly ad-
nexed, yellow; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white; spores ellipsoid,
6-8 x 4-5 p.
54. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick.
The white stem variety of the equestrian tricholoma scarcely
differs from the typical form of the species except in having a white
stem. It is gregarious or cespitose in its mode of growth, its cap
is viscid when moist, and 1—2.5 inches broad, its stem is I—2 inches
long and 3-4 lines thick. The cap is yellow or greenish yellow on
the margin, reddish yellow in the center and there usually adorned
by a few spotlike appressed scales. The flesh is white and like
that of the preceding species has a farinaceous taste. It grows in
thin woods or open places and occurs in September. North River.
Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
SILKY VOLVARIA
Plate 125, figures I-3
Pileus fleshy, campanulate or very convex, densely silky fibrillose,
white or whitish, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae broad, close, free,
whitish becoming bright pink; stem straight or curved, solid, silky
fibrillose, white, volva large white or whitish; spores flesh colored
or pink, ellipsoid, 8-10 x 5-6 u.
The silky volvaria is a large species which usually grows in a
solitary manner. It inhabits the sugar maple, Acer saccharum
Marsh., and grows from dead places in living trees. It is a noble
looking species. Its pileus is 2-4 inches broad; the stem 2-4 inches
long, 4-6 lines thick. It bursts from a large persistent volva which
is white or whitish and appears like a cup or loose wrapper at
the base of the stem. Its specific name has reference to the copious
silky fibrils which persistently cover the cap. The species may be
found at any time during July, August and September. Its flesh is
firm but tender, palatable and satisfying. Unfortunately its scarcity _
detracts from its availability as an esculent ‘species. The spores in
cur plant are larger than the dimensions given for those of the
European plant and the color of the pileus is paler.
Pholiota discolor Pk.
FADING PHOLIOTA
Plate 127, figures IO-I5 .
Pileus thin, convex, becoming nearly plane, glabrous, viscid,
hygrophanous, watery cinnamon and often striatulate on the margin
when moist, pale yellow or subochraceous when dry, flesh white,
taste mild; lamellae narrow, close, adnate, pallid becoming pale
ferruginous; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow, fib-
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 55
rillosely striate, pallid or brownish, often with a white mycelioid
tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 u.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-5 mm thick.
The fading pholiota is a small but common species growing in
woods on decaying wood or branches. It is easily distinguished
Monee imoliota antumnalis Pky by its. viscid icap.) Mire
change of color in the cap by the escape of its moisture is very
noticeable and is suggestive of the specific name. It grows singly
or somewhat gregariously and very rarely in small tufts. In this
case the caps are apt to be smaller than usual. It usually appears
in August and September. Its caps are rarely more than one and
a half inches broad.
Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
PGE Rt2 i, moUnes: IO
Pileus fleshy but thin, subcampanulate convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, even, hygrophanous, at first whitish with a reddish yellow
center, then darker or brownish and obscurely striatulate on the
margin while moist, paler or whitish when the moisture has escaped,
flesh white or whitish when dry, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow,
close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish becoming purplish brown;
stem equal or flexuous, hollow, glabrous, mealy or pruinose at the
top, white; spores purplish brown, ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long; 2-4 mm thick.
The many cap psilocybe is a small mushroom but it sometimes
occurs in such abundance as to make it available for culinary pur-
poses. It is not highly flavored but it is harmless. It has been
classed as a mere variety of Psilocybe spadicea Fr. from
which it differs chiefly in its mode of growth and in its nearly free
fuscous brown gills. When growing on the ground it forms densely
crowded troops or patches several inches in diameter. This is
given as the typical form. It also grows on trunks of trees, but it
then appears to be more cespitose and to grow larger. This form
is represented in our plate by figures 3-9. Other marks by which
it differs from P. spadicea Fr. are its smooth, not scabrous,
pileus, and its clear white stem. The form growing on tree trunks
is larger than that growing on the ground and has the cap more
strongly convex approaching bell shape. It is darker brown when
moist and paler or whitish when dry. The dried specimens retain
this color better than the dried specimens of the terrestrial form in
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which the brown color is more permanent and more clearly shown.
The moisture escapes first from the center of the cap, last from
the thin margin.
The gills in the young plant are white or whitish, but they soon
change to the purplish brown cf the mature plant. The stem in
the lignatile form “is sometimes slightly stained toward the base.
Our specimens were found in woods near Constableville, in Sep-
tember. The larger form was growing from a dead place in the
trunk of a sugar maple tree about two feet from the ground; the.
smaller form was growing on the ground at the foot of the tree
and on the same side. Specimens of both were collected at the
same time.
Entoloma grayanum Pk.
GRAY ENTOLOMA
Plate 126, figures I-7
Pileus fleshy, but thin toward the margin, broadly convex or
nearly plane, sometimes broadly umbonate, glabrous, moist or sub-
hygrophanous, whitish or grayish brown, flesh white, taste farinace-
ous; lamellae thin, moderately close, adnexed, whitish becoming
flesh colored; stem equal or nearly so, solid, stuffed or hollow, silky |
fibrillose, white or pallid; spores angular, uninucleate, 7.5 m in
diameter.
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 4-10 mm thick.
The gray entoloma is a very variable mushroom, both in size,
habit and color. The cap ranges from 1-3 inches broad and from
watery white to grayish brown. Its stem also may be long, slender
and flexuous or short, stout and straight and from 1.5-3 inches long
and 2-6 lines thick. It may be solid, stuffed or hollow, and white
whitish or pallid. The flesh of the cap is white when dry and its
flavor is distinctly farinaceous. The gills are at first white but
when mature they are pink. They never assume the brown color
so characteristic of the common mushroom and other species of
the genus Agaricus which have pink gills when young. The mode
of growth is single, loosely gregarious or rarely cespitose. They
usually grow among fallen leaves in mixed woods and may be
found from July to September.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 57
Cortinarius albidipes n. sp.
WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS
Plate 128, figures 1-6
Pileus fleshy, compact, hemispheric becoming broadly convex,
obtuse or subumbonate, viscid, glabrous and shining when dry, buff
color, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae 4-4 mm broad, moderately
close, pale violaceous when young, cinnamon when mature; stem
commonly narrowed upward from a thickened or bulbous base, firm,
solid, silky fibrillose, white; spores subglobose, 8-10 x 7-9 p.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, I-1.5 cm thick at the
top.
The white stem cortinarius is a large fine species easily recognized
by its buff colored viscid cap, its violaceous young gills and its white
stem thickened or bulbous at the base. In similar species, having
the young gills violet, the top of the stem is also violet. The wholly
white stem therefore separates this species from all such related
species. Sometimes the spores lodge on the remains of the white
webby veil and form a conspicuous rust or cinnamon colored ring
near the top of the solid stem. The cap is from 2-4 inches broad,
the stem is 2—3 inches long and about 5 lines thick at the top. The
plants grow among fallen leaves in woods. Collected near Con-
stableville in September. Found but once.
Agaricus campester majusculus n. var.
LARGER MUSHROOM
; Plate 129, figures I-5
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, fibrillose and squamose
on the margin, even in the center, the margin surpassing the lamellae,
the color is dark umber brown, flesh firm, white, not at all or but
very slightly and slowly assuming a faint ruddy tint when cut, taste
mild, agreeable; lamellae thin, close, free, pink, becoming brown or
blackish brown; stem stout, equal, stuffed, fibrillose, white, with a
white annulus, the white veil at first concealing the lamellae; spores
broadly ellipsoid, 7-9 x 6-7 p.
Pileus 6-15 cm broad; stem 2.5-7 cm long, 1-2 cm thick.
The larger mushroom is one of very many varieties of the com-
mon mushroom. It closely approaches the garden mushroom, var.
hortensis Cke., but differs from it in its rather larger size,
darker colored cap with even center and more coarsely scaly margin.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In the color of the cap it approaches the brown mushroom var.
umbrinus Vitt., but that has an even cap and a squamulose stem.
The ‘cap also resembles that of var. villaticus Brond., but
that also has the stem squamose below the collar. It inhabits rich
soil and was found in October at Schenectady by Mrs Geo. E.
Duryee. The flesh is firm but not tough. It affords a very sub-
stantial, enjoyable and satisfactory dish scarcely inferior in this
respect to the common mushroom.
Boletus albidipes Pk.
Boletus granulatus albidipes Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p. 168
WHITE STEM BOLETUS
Plate 130, figures I-5
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming broadly convex or nearly plane,
viscid or glutinous, yellowish white when young becoming pale
ochraceous with age and then obscurely spotted by the drying gluten,
flesh white, tubes plane, adnate, whitish in the young plant, becoming
yellow and finally brownish ochraceous, the edges of the dissepi-
ments naked or rarely with few glandular dots; stem short, equal,
solid, white, with few or no glandular dots at the top; spores 8-10 x
3-4 B-
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 8-12 mm thick.
The white stem boletus is related to the granular boletus, Bole-
tus granulatus L. It may be separated from that species by
its paler cap, white flesh and few or no glandular dots at the top
of the stem and on the edge of the dissepiments of the tubes. Gre-
garious. Under or near white pine trees. The cap is 2-4 inches
broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 4-6 lines thick. This is an excellent
edible species and may be sought in September in pine groves or
under or near white pine trees, specially in rocky places.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 59
NEWeVvORK SPECIES OF CLITOCYBE
Clitocybe Fr.
Pileus generally fleshy, specially in the center, flexible or rather
tough, convex plane or centrally depressed, umbilicate or infundi-
buliform, involute on the margin, flesh confluent with the stem;
lamellae adnate or decurrent, not normally sinuate; stem normally
central, externally more compact, fibrous, somewhat elastic, solid
stuffed or hollow; veil sometimes present as a slight silkiness on
the pileus or its margin.
Terrestrial or occasionally lignicolous, usually gregarious or cespi-
tose. They occur chiefly in late summer and autumn. Many species
are edible but a few are known to cause sickness and one is very
sudorific. None are known to be fatally poisonous.
The species are numerous, variable in color and not always
sharply limited from each other. This has given rise to numerous
synonyms and much difficulty in the identification of some of the
species.
They have been divided into two large groups or series.. The first
includes all species having a dry pileus and those having a moist
but not clearly a hygrophanous pileus, that is a moist pileus which
does not essentially change its color with the escape of the super-
fluous moisture. This series includes all of the large species and
many of medium size with a few small ones.
The second series includes those species in which the pileus is
truly hygrophanous. The flesh is thin, soft and watery and changes
color with the escape of moisture. The pileus is convex plane
umbilicate or centrally depressed and sometimes cup shape but not
normally infundibuliform. In one section the flesh is separable
into two horizontal layers. The species are mostly terrestrial, gre-
garious and of medium or small size.
KEY TO THE SECTIONS
Series A
Not truly hygrophanous
Plant solitary or subgregarious, pileus fleshy, regular,
lamellae regularly adnate or decurrent.......--+--++++++:
Plant commonly cespitose, pileus often irregular or
eccentric, lamellae irregularly adnate or Gectitnetiiemr)<rta try. Difformes
Plant soon infundibuliform or deeply and umbilicately ess
depressed, lamellae regularly decurrent from the first. . Infundibuliformes
Disciformes
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ;
Series B
Plant truly hygrophanous
Pileus thin, depressed or cup shape, lamellae adnate be- 2
coming idecueremty))) Dale a eras nays ae Aen Aaa Cyathiformes
Pileus thin, convex flattened or oi glabrous,
lamellae thin, close, horizontal, adnate or decurrent
witha toothache ee Gee Ae oes i Sree AT ats ts ate ee ee Orbiformes
Section Versiformes differs from Orbiformes chiefly in having
the pileus not glabrous. It is largely composed of species which
we have placed in the genus Laccaria. Other New York representa-
tives are wanting.
SIBIRUOLS) Av
Not truly hygrophanous
Disciformes
Pileus subequally fleshy, convex, plane or ale puresset lamellae at
first adnate or regularly adnato-decurrent.
Solitary or gregarious, commonly terrestrial, rarely lignicolous.
This section includes many species of very diverse size, habitat and
appearance and they are not always sharply limited from each other.
The pileus, in some of the more fleshy species, assumes a broadly
ebconic shape when mature.. The pileus is dry in some, moist, but
not truly hygrophanous, in others. The species have been assembled
in groups depending on the color of the pileus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Pileus some shade or) brown) on cinegeous4) 444) 4ee eee eee I
Pileus reddish) or jtanvicolor yi): enya eee ee 3
Pileus some: Shade: or (syelllowe te basa sede a aa eee 4
IPMNGUS CAEN OP LAROSMISIN ooscgoeocudsouovveededooaseuoce ye hae odora
Pileus ierayasla vor iwiltibislaeuncrtan heer iye Cheese reece ac ric ae Eae ea ates 8
ileus) wihitevon watery, wiitenwihenmlO1Ste eae ae ree nt seine eee 12
L Stein ‘taperinge Upward) sy ey ae Ee Cee a cacao r 2
Ti Steminot tapénineupwand in. WaPo cee eee aren eee och eee eerie media
2 Lamellae icrowdled cic Sve Ue Sate cn ne teat cee ae Uo ane nebularis
2) Lanvrellaie not (Crowded ss ie Un PO ae ysl parc eeacas te aaa clavipes
2) Taste and odo, tfayinaceous) piles! evens... eee eee eee pinophila
3 Taste and odor not farinaceous, pileus rivulose................... rivulosa
4 ‘Growing ionadecayines woodiiant saree acne eee 5
4 Growing onthe vero ys) 45): ae eroae sens iol eae Ae 6
Si Walews minutely isqtrandulose ae aaaeeenn see aecae eee Sete reree decora
5. uPatleus: glabrous yest ie cee ok Ieee oe ee acne ean eee sulphurea
6) Young pileusihaiiyarometOmleniose me aniline enti e ent eee subhirta
6) Young: pileus! glabrous cay Wise ee oe eee eae 7
7 Taste bitter, stem stuffed
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 61
7 Taste not bitter, stem solid
het avetiey cu ater seen eae hicresRt siete MO NY Ae ea biformis
Se ailerisumonentianeArcm broad sh... els got Ju trogii
Be lecommounmonescnane4 em! broad |. ooo. vests ely ide autos ee 9
© Pika QgOWOUIS eSB ES A Ge Heal aes a eer s me pme net man are een IN et iN 10
2 Plame NAOCOROMS.« 04.6 e OE Re ee Eee en ae ay ener eaeSTU UNE Wine ni Ten I II
TE SARSIM, BOWEL y's elas Wises eae ae eRe ge ean IRR we ea ea Te Ot aperta
1@ Sitesi, Sienitecl ore Inollios ci teyaew see seal eee erate um NRE il) albidula
im enencmuninilicate, Shine isis! hoc cole ol le a ee hirneola
TF IEMEUS MEW Unenlonibieeies, anole Slainavhates yee Ae Nee ee sudorifica
12 Growing OM. WOOGl Ao cee ee ee eet fe ian Re Owe J 13
iIZIGrowimewonethersround on amone fallen leaves) |... .0.\..sesoen 14
15 Pilews Chey oy Woes land oe BeOS en een ee eae aE Oe Bie Lp truncicola
13 Pileus moist when young or in wet weather.................... leptoloma
El TAMIGUS GHZ 2.55 Sch SR AAO CRIES ORO amr eA eles eet ant albissima
IMmeiews moist wien youne) Of Im wet weather...) ......000.400 15
TS, Subs [MPO WPAS Gay Goo 8b cee Ne ene ee ee a DALE ee tee ESTAR fuscipes
LP SLC MUMOM LOIN Wilatites Ot wiltttishy «sco 28.26 e405 ess osc ee ninee 16
TE Swain inloiblosehy ieeleblleyrs yee see Nena yer subcyathiformis
16 Siem mot inbyeilloselhy wetiCUlEMte socccasccoaccanccocecoovendeuensnoe 7
27 IPUSwS vaMOMS aera GF Celaaye ono realy ees elegy my cee Seen ean r ear Nara nem oleua et alll 18
Pa eilencnlesscumians CM DGOAG. os ve uk eae ye ce ncoe ose bd euied Sulaeloe eee 2I
TS Siem SollGh [AG ails cas MER Ba ee anne Oe ese a Ne Int Ue Ua A 19
1S Seen) Seenaredl “iy Lavell Onis oases eee ee Ne a arin & 20
19 Lamellae very close, color white, persistent ................... cerussata
1@ lLamellae wine Iecomume pelliiGl ~3osccascbccnooncosccooonenbene difformis
1G) [Leveaelilaye sRVIHISI «(Seat aia crc cee eee eer eet iene risen er art robusta
20 Lamellae becoming yellowish with age................... phyllophila
20) Lamas joersisuemelby yloitwe) Gooesscosccuescsaodcoecoponas pithyophila
Bie “WSS BGG. ahse ices Goel el eede le Ren een a en See eps A eet ee aU gallinacea
Alam NAS MTT tes tell Mme aA ey eee Shr CeGi tale mS a hts mann dunn mleuiacrn ss \atscallenete ees\tes 22
ap Sinn loeilloyorbislhy, Wawel xermveal zip wae WeSE Sascccovecuc0s0cccnudo regularis
2p Siein moe locillnowisihy wWmCeemec! git WN lWASEsocacescsdccaceas50000000 23
2a, Stem gilabrows, Slammin, InolllONivococcacednanncccbsccunncabooanD candicans
23 Stem fibrous, pruinose or mealy above, stuffed .................. dealbata
Clitocybe media Pk.
INTERMEDIATE CLITOCYBE
N. ¥. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.173, pl.23, fig.1-7
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed in the
center, often wavy or irregular on the margin, not polished, grayish
brown or blackish brown, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae broad,
subdistant, adnate or decurrent, whitish, the interspaces often
venose; stem equal or nearly so, solid, elastic, colored like or a little
paler than the pileus; spores ellipsoid, rh oe 1S) fila
Pileus 5-19 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 8-16 mm thick.
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Gregarious or scattered. Mossy ground in woods. Essex co.
September. Rare. Edible.
This species differs from the two following in its thinner pileus
and equal stem.
Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) Fr.
CLOUDED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.172, pl.23, fig.8-13
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex becoming plane or slightly
depressed in the center, even, grayish or clouded with a grayish
nebulosity, sometimes darker in the center becoming paler with
age, sometimes with a yellowish tint, flesh white; lamellae close,
narrow, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or pallid; stem firm,
stuffed, generally tapering upward, fibrillosely striate, white or
pallid; spores minute, ellipsoid, 4-5 x 2-3 p.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 4-8 cm long, 10-20 mm thick.
Woods and bushy places. September. Rare. Edible.
Hitnerto found in only two or three places in our State. The
pileus is sometimes broadly obconic when mature.
Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.) Fr.
CLUB STEM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.130, pl.46, fig.1-6
Pileus very fleshy, convex or nearly plane, obconic, obtuse or with
a sinall umbo, soft, grayish brown, sooty brown, sometimes darker
in the center than on the margin, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae
rather broad, subdistant, decurrent, white or cream colored; stem
tapering upward from a thickened or subbulbous base, solid, elastic,
soft and spongy within, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, colored like
or a little paler than the pileus; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm broad; stem 1-6 cm long, 6-12 mm thick at
the top, 15-24 mm at the base.
Solitary, gregarious or rarely cespitose. Woods. Common. July
to October. Edible.
This species is readily distinguished by its obconic pileus and
upwardly tapering stem. Clitocyhe carnosion Pkiigua
synonym.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 63
Clitocybe pinophila Pk.
PINE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.32
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming umbilicate or centrally de-
pressed, glabrous, pale tan color when moist, paler when dry, odor
and taste farinaceous ; lamellae moderately close, subarcuate, adnate
or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem equal, glabrous or slightly
pruinous, colored like the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid or subglo-
bose, 5-60 x 4-5 up.
Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Under or near pine trees. Not common. Albany,
Essex and Warren counties. July and August.
Sometimes the pileus becomes striate on the margin in drying.
Clitocybe rivulosa (Pers.) Fr.
RIVULOSE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.153
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or depressed, obtuse, often
undulate on the margin, glabrous or at first adorned with whitish
down, rivulose, rufescent, then pallid, flesh white, taste and odor
agreeable; lamellae rather close, broad, slightly decurrent, white
tinged with pink; stem equal, stuffed, subfibrillose, spongy within or
hollow, tough, whitish; spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3.5-4 pu.
Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick.
Gregarious. Woods. Adirondacks. Rare. Found but twice.
Clitocybe decora Fr.
DECORATED CLITOCYBE
NeNeeStatemVinsmiNep t) 25 .p.740as Acaricens: (irre ho loma)
multipunctus Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed,
dotted by minute brown or blackish hairy squamules, yellow, flesh
yellow ; lamellae close, narrow, obtusely adnate, yellow; stem equal,
often curved, stuffed or hollow, fibrillose or squamulose, rarely
elabrous, sometimes eccentric; spores subglobose, 5-6 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 3-7 cm broad; stem 2.5-6 cm long, 4—6 mm thick.
Decaying trunks of coniferous trees. Hilly and mountainous
regions. August.
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Tricholoma muUltrpmnetum) PRs is a sy monyie@
account of its stem being occasionally eccentric the species might be
sought among the Pleuroti.
Clitocybe sulphurea Pk.
SULFUR-COLORED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.62
Pileus convex, slightly umbonate, moist, pale yellow, flesh yellow-
ish; lamellae subdistant, adnate, serrulate, pale yellow; stem equal
or tapering upward, curved or flexuous, hollow, colored like the
pileus; spores subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Decaying wood of spruce and balsam fir. Catskill mountains.
September. Rare. Found but once. 5
Clitocybe subhirta Pk.
HAIRY CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.25
Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly depressed, in-
curved on the margin, at first hairy tomentose, then nearly glabrous,
pale yellow or buff becoming whitish; lamellae close, adnate or
decurrent, whitish or pale yellow; stem nearly equal, stuffed or
hollow, sometimes eccentric; spores subglobose, 4-5 m in diameter.
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Woods. Onondaga co. September. Found but once.
Clitocybe fellea Pk.
BITTER CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 51, p.284, pl.B, fig.8-11
Pileus thin, convex or hemispheric, obtuse or umbilicate, minutely
furfuraceous, pale yellowish brown, flesh whitish, taste bitter ;
lamellae thin, subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent, white; stem
equal, firm, glabrous, flexuous, stuffed with a white pith, with a
white mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores broadly ellipsoid, 6-8 x
A-5 pM.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarinus. Woods. Saratoga co. July. Found but once.
The bitter taste suggests the specific name and is a convenient
character by which to identify the species.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IOI 65
Clitocybe biformis Pk.
TWO-FORM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 150, p.25, pl.VI, fig.o-15
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex or nearly plane becoming
centrally depressed or subumbilicate, glabrous, even or obscurely
striate on the involute margin, pale buff, more deeply colored in
the center, flesh white; lamellae thin, close, narrow, decurrent,
whitish or pallid becoming subcinnamon with age or in drying; stem
equal, firm, solid or stuffed, often curved, sometimes eccentric,
tomentose at the base, colored like or a little darker than the pileus ;
spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 5-6 x 4-5 pz.
Pileus 2.5—7.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-3.5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Growing in circles or arcs of circles in woods. Essex co. Sep-
tember. Found but once.
This species is remarkable for the change in form in passing from
youth to old age, and also for the change in color of the lamellae.
The pileus sometimes has a moist sodden appearance as if water-
soaked. The mycelioid tomentum at the base of the stem causes a
mass of decaying vegetable matter to adhere closely to the stem
when pulled from its place of growth.
Clitocybe odora (Bull.) Sow.
SWEET CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.153
Pileus fleshy, tough, convex becoming plane or nearly so, obtuse
or subumbonate, even, glabrous, regular or sometimes wavy on the
margin, moist in wet weather, green or dingy green, fading with
age or in drying, flesh whitish, odor pleasant like anise; lamellae
thin, not close, adnate or slightly decurrent, white or becoming pallid;
stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow,
elastic, glabrous, whitish or greenish; spores 6-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Scattered or subgregarious. Woods and bushy places. Not rare.
Albany, Suffolk and Saratoga counties and Adirondack mountains.
August.
We have not found the typical form with lamellae “not close.”
In all our specimens reported under the names Agaricus
virens Scop. and A. odorus Bull. or their equivalents C1i-
tocybe virens (Scop.) and Clitocybe odora ( Bull.)
Sow. the lamellae are close and white or whitish and the stem is
66 © NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
either solid, stuffed or hollow. Even in the same collection we have
found some of the stems solid and some decidedly hollow. All our
collections of these had the agreeable odor ascribed to C. odora.
We have therefore followed the English mycologists in not trying
to make a distinction between C. virens Scop. or its equivalent
C. viridis Fr. and C. odora. We consider all of oun plants
as a mere form of C. odora differing from the European species
only in having the lamellae close.
Var. anisatria Pk. differs) from out ondmanaeeremnamemam
having the pileus adorned with innate fibrils and the margin more
or less striate. It is Agaricus (Clitocy be) tamtsiameums
ke
Clitocybe trogii Fr.
TROG CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p. 53, as Agaricus (Clitocybe) connexus Pk.
Pileus fleshy, thin on the margin, convex becoming nearly plane.
obtuse, glabrous or minutely silky, white or grayish white, opaque,
odor fragrant, spicy; lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent,
white or whitish, 2 or 3 mm broad; stem equal or nearly so, firm,
solid, whitish, downy or villose at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x
4-5 pb.
Pileus 5-7 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 3-5 mm thick.
Woods. Lewis co. September. Rare.
In the American specimens the margin of the pileus is some-
times tinged with bluish green when young and fresh. The species
is closely allied to Clitocybe odora (Bull.) Sow. from which
it differs in the grayish and more compact pileus and the constantly
solid stem.
Clitocybe aperta Pk.
OPEN CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38
Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, often irregu-
lar, whitish, sometimes tinged with lilac and marked by one or two
darker zones, odor farinaceous, taste disagreeable; lamellae close,
narrow, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish, often with a faint
pinkish tinge; stem short, equal or attenuated downward, solid,
whitish ; spores 4 X 3 p.
Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2 mm thick.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 67
Gregarious or cespitose. Grassy ground by roadsides and in
pastures. Otsego co. September. Rare.
Clitocybe albidula Pk.
WHITISH CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p. 841, pl. C, fig. 16-20 as C. centralis Pk.
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane becoming umbilicate or cen-
trally depressed, glabrous, whitish tinged with brown wholly or in
the center only and faintly striatulate on the margin when moist,
whitish when dry, flesh whitish, taste and odor farinaceous ; lamellae
thin, close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem short, equal,
glabrous or slightly pruinose, stuffed or hollow, colored like the
pileus; spores minute, ellipsoid, 5-6 x 2.5-3 m.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. In pine or mixed woods. September and October.
Common.
Clitocybe centralis Pk. differs from the type only in
having the center of the moist pileus sometimes tinged with brown.
It is therefore united with it.
Clitocybe hirneola Fr.
LITTLE JUG CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.145
Pileus thin, broadly convex becoming plane or nearly so, centrally
depressed or umbilicate, even, shining, dry, tough, involute on the
margin, gray or whitish, flesh white; lamellae thin, rather broad,
slightly decurrent, whitish gray; stem slender, tough, equal, sub-
flexuous, stuffed, glabrous, similar to the pileus in color, white
pruinose or mealy at the top; spores ellipsoid, grayish white, 5 x 3 p.
Pileus 6-10 mm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Among mosses. Essex co. September.
Rare. Found but once.
A small species, the pileus scarcely reaching 12 mm in diameter.
Clitocybe sudorifica ( Pk.)
SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE
Plate VII, fig.1-6
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, often be-
coming slightly depressed in the center or umbilicate, irregular and
3
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
splitting or lobed on the thin spreading margin, glabrous, watery ©
white when moist, whitish or grayish white when dry, flesh watery
when moist, white:when dry, taste mild, odor none; lamellae thin,
narrow, close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem short,
equal or sometimes narrowed at the base, glabrous or merely prui-
nose, stuffed with a white soft or spongy center or hollow when old,
often curved or somewhat flexuous, white or whitish; spores sub-
globose, 4-5 X 3-4 pb. .
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 1-3 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Lawns and grassy places. Albany, Ontario and
Saratoga counties. September to November. Rarely the pileus has
an obscure zone near the margin.
This species was at first confused with Clitocybe deal-
bata Sow. but after its sudorific property was discovered it was
desionated Clitocy be dealbata sud oni fic ame ame
State Mus. Bul. 150, p. 43. Still further investigation leads me to
consider it worthy of specific distinction. Dr W. W. Ford has
found it sufficiently toxic to cause the death of frogs, rabbits and
guinea pigs, though it may be eaten by man in moderate quantity
with no more serious results than a profuse perspiration, sometimes
continuing five or six hours. It should be considered medicinal and
unwholesome and avoided as an article of food.
Clitocybe truncicola Pk.
TRUNK INHABITING CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.54
Pileus thin, firm, expanded or slightly depressed in the center,
glabrous, dry, white; lamellae close, thin, narrow, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white; stem slender, equal, stuffed or hollow, glabrous,
whitish, often curved and eccentric from the place of growth;
spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 4-5 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 1.5-2.5 cm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 2 mm thick.
Trunks of deciduous trees, specially sugar maple. Adirondack
mountains. September. Rare except in the mountains. ;
Clitocybe leptoloma Pk.
THIN MARGIN CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 32, p.26
Pileus thin, plane or infundibuliform, umbilicate, glabrous, creamy
white when moist, white when dry, very thin on the margin; lamellae
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 69
thin, narrow, close, some of them forked, decurrent, white; stem
equal, glabrous, generally curved or flexuous, stuffed, colored like
the pileus, with a white villosity at the base; spores minute, globose
or subglobose, 3-4 m broad or 4 x 3 p.
Pileus 3-5 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Prostrate trunks of trees. Adirondack
mountains. August. Not common.
The width of the lamellae is about equal to the thickness of the
flesh of the pileus. They gradually taper toward each end. The
stem is occasionally eccentric.
Clitocybe albissima Pk.
VERY WHITE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.53
Pileus fleshy, convex or nearly plane, dry, soft, even, pure white,
inodorous; lamellae moderately close, some of them forked at the
base, adnate or slightly decurrent, white; stem equal, glabrous, solid,
white; spores ellipsoid, 8 x 5 um.
Pileus 5-7 cm broad; stem 3-6 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Gregarious or sometimes growing in arcs of circles. Woods.
Common. August and September.
The pure white color and soft texture are retained by the dried
specimens. Closely related to Clitocybe cerussata Fr. but
bhever moist nor are the lamellae very crowded as in that species.
It is an attractive, neat-looking species. Clitocybe subsim-
ilis Pk. is specifically the same differing only in the more conic
or turbinate shape of the pileus.
Clitocybe fuscipes Pk.
BROWN STEM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 44, p.17
Pileus thin, broadly convex or plane, umbilicate, glabrous, whitish
and striatulate when moist, pure white when dry, odor and taste
farinaceous; lamellae nearly plane, subdistant, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white; stem equal, hollow, glabrous or slightly mealy at
the top, brown when moist, paler when dry; spores globose, 5-6 pu
broad.
Pileus 8-16 mm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, about 2 mm thick.
Under pine trees. Cattaraugus co. September. Rare. Found
but once.
7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe subcyathiformis Pk.
SAUCER CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 122, p.136, pl.110, fig.1-6
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex or nearly plane becoming
centrally depressed, glabrous, watery white and often obscurely
striatulate on the thin soon spreading margin when moist, white
when dry, sometimes slightly colored in the center, flesh white, taste
mild; lamellae thin, narrow, moderately close, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white or whitish; stem equal or slightly tapering upward,
stuffed or hollow, fibrillosely reticulate, whitish, often with a whit-
ish mycelioid tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 4-5 up.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 2.5—4.5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Gregarious. Among fallen leaves under alders and _birches.
Albany and Warren counties. September and October. Rare.
Edible.
Clitocybe cerussata Ir.
WHITE LEAD CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.154
Pileus fleshy, convex or plane, obtuse, even, moist, glabrous, white,
flesh soft, thick in the center, white, taste mild; lamellae thin, nar-
row, very close, adnate or decurrent, white, unchangeable; stem
elastic, downy at the base, naked above, white; spores minute, sub-
globose, 4-5 X 3-4 p.
Pileus 4-8 cm broad ; stem 3-7 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Woods. Adirondack mountains. Sep-
tember and October. Not common.
The lamellae in our specimens are apparently less close than is
required by the description of the European plant.
Clitocybe difformis (Schum.) Sacc.
DEFORMED CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.101
Pileus fleshy, large, undulately lobed, at first sprinkled with flocci
or sometimes glabrous, white; lamellae white becoming pallid; stem
short, thick, longitudinally rugose or grooved, white; spores 4-5 x
3-4 b
~ Pileus 5-15 cm broad; stem of the larger ones about 2.5 cm long,
2-2.5 cm thick.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 71
Cespitose. Woods. Saratoga co. July. Rare. Found but once.
Some English mycologists and even Fries himself regarded this
aS an overgrown irregular form of Clitocybe cerussata
Fr. In the Sylloge it is treated as a distinct species.
Clitocybe robusta Pk.
ROBUST CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 49, p.17
Pileus thick, firm, convex becoming plane or slightly depressed
in the center, glabrous, involute or decurved on the naked margin,
white or slightly clouded in the center, flesh white; lamellae close,
narrow, adnate or decurrent, whitish; stem stout, solid or hollow,
glabrous, equal or tapering upward, white; spores ellipsoid, yellow-
ish, 6-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 7-10 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 16-24 mm thick.
Single, gregarious or cespitose. Among fallen leaves in woods.
Common in hilly and mountainous districts. September to
November.
This is related to Clitocybe candida Bres. but may be
separated from it by the naked margin of the pileus, the absence
of any marked odor and specially by its broader spores.
Clitocybe phyllophila Fr.
LEAF-LOVING CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.155
Pileus fleshy, convex or plane, becoming depressed or umbilicate,
obtuse, even, dry, silvery on the margin by the silky veil, white ;
lamellae moderately broad, subdistant, adnate or slightly decurrent,
white becoming yellowish ochraceous; stem equal, stuffed or hollow,
tough, downy and incurved at the base, spongy within, white, some-
times eccentric; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 3-5 up.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Solitary or cespitose. Albany co. September. Rare.
Clitocybe pithyophila Fr.
PINE-LOVING CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.155
Pileus fleshy, thin, nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, often wavy
or lobed on the margin, white when moist, shining white when dry ;
72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lamellae close, plane, adnate or slightly decurrent, persistently white ;
stem equal, glabrous, downy at the base, somewhat hollow, often
compressed, white; spores 6-7 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 3-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or subcespitose. Pine woods. Catskill mountains.
September.
Clitocybe gallinacea (Scop.) Fr.
ACRID CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.158
Pileus fleshy with a thin margin, convex or nearly plane, not in-
fundibuliform, even, dry, opaque, white or whitish, flesh white, taste
acrid, odor strong; lamellae close, narrow, thin, adnate or slightly
decurrent, whitish; stem equal, solid, at first floccosely mealy,
whitish; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, 4-6 x 3-4 up.
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Gregarious. In grassy or mossy places. Essex co. September.
Rare. Found but once.
Distinguished by its dingy white color and its acrid taste.
Clitocybe regularis Pk.
REGULAR CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.o48, pl.K, fig.1-7
Pileus thin, flexible, broadly convex becoming nearly plane, often
depressed in the center, orbicular, regular, whitish when moist, white
when dry, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow, crowded,
decurrent, whitish; stem firm, equal, glabrous, solid or rarely hol-
low, whitish, spongy and thickened at the base; spores minute, 4-5 x
2.5-3 M.
Pileus 1-2.5 cm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 3-5 mm thick.
Woods. Warren co. August. Rare. Found but once.
Related to Clitocybe tornata Fr from which atceeam
flexible moist pileus, its decurrent lamellae and the spongy mass of
mycelioid tomentum at the base of the stem will separate it.
Clitocybe candicans Pers.
WHITISH CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.157
Pileus slightly fleshy, convex becoming plane or depressed, um-
bilicate, regular, rarely slightly eccentric, even, shining with a super-
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IOIt 73
ficial silky film, white when moist, shining white when dry; lamellae
very thin, close, narrow, adnate becoming decurrent, white; stem
even, equal, waxy, polished, hollow or nearly so, shining, often
curved, rooting and villose at the base; spores 4-6 x 4 p.
Gregarious. Among fallen leaves in woods. Common, Sep-
tember and October.
Said by Cooke to be farinaceous. By the character of the stem
approaching Omphalia. In its form related to the section Cyathi-
formis, but not truly hygrophanous. Small and somewhat tough.
Clitocybe dealbata Sow.
IVORY CLITOCYBE
; Sylloge V, p.157
Pileus slightly fleshy, convex becoming plane or with upturned
and sometimes wavy margin, dry, even, glabrous, subshining, tough,
white, taste mild; lamellae close, thin, adnate, white; stem fibrous,
equal stuffed, pruinose or mealy at the top, white; spores ellipsoid,
A-5 xX 2-2.5 pb.
Pileus 2.5—4 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Gregarious. Grassy places. Common. September and October.
Var. minor Cke. differs in its smaller more regular form,
opaque pileus and agreeable farinaceous odor.
Var. deformata Pk. Pileus thin, very irregular, convex or
centrally depressed, wavy or lobed on the margin, snowy white, flesh
pure white, taste farinaceous; lamellae close, adnate or slightly
decurrent, transversely venose, often anastomosing or connected by
veins, frequently eroded on the edge and sometimes transversely split,
whitish; stem irregular, sometimes compressed, more or less con-
fluent at the base, stuffed or hollow, white, with a soft pure white
downy tomentum below; spores subglobose, 3-4 » long, nearly as
broad.
On mushroom beds in a greenhouse. Wayne co. March. The
specimens grew in mushroom beds made in a poorly lighted apart-
ment, in which a temperature of 55°-60° was maintained. These
conditions doubtless had some influence in causing the irregular,
tufted mode of growth. The pure whiteness, thin pileus and the
farinaceous taste and odor indicate a relationship with Clitocybe
dealbata Sow. so intimate that it is recorded as a variety of it.
That species is also sometimes found growing on mushroom beds.
7A. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Difformes
Pileus fleshy on the disk, thin on the margin, convex becoming
expanded or centrally depressed, often irregular; lamellae irregu-
larly adnate or decurrent; stem externally subcartilaginous, fibrous,
commonly cespitose.
This section is easily recognized by its cespitose habit and the
irregular character of the lamellae which are sometimes adnexed or
sinuate on one side of the stem and decurrent on the other. The
pileus is often irregular because of the crowded or tufted mode of
growth. It is also sometimes umbonate and sometimes obtuse even
in the same tuft. The stem too may be central or eccentric in the
same tuft or the plant may sometimes be solitary.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Mature pileus some shade of brown ............. ihe ds 6 SS See eee I
Matunelpileusisomershadeyonyellowlteee esheets 3
Mature pileusiwahites wilhitishWorecrayislite sen nee een ere 4
1 Stem brown or brownish, colored like the pileus............. monadelpha
I Stem white or whitish, paler than the pileus..........................-. 2
2) Stem (stutteds plant commonly werecatiousse.. ie) opener fumosa
2 Stem solid, plant commonly cespitose....................... tumulosa
3) Mature: pileuspalesochraceous AoE ee ree eL eee ene eee patuloides
3 Mature pileus reddish yellow or saffron yellow................... illudens
4 Pileus spotted, plant growing on wood.................... marmorea
4 \Pileus not Spotted) plant jterrestmally..4.e eo eee eee 5
5 Margin of moist pileus striatulate, curved upward in age......... revoluta -
5 Margin of moist pileus even, spreading in age......................002- 6
6 Stem not more than 6 mm thick, pileus usually white....multiformis
6 Stem more than 6 mm thick, pileus usually grayish.......... multiceps
Clitocybe monadelpha Morg.
UNITED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.140, pl.46, fig.7-12
Pileus fleshy, convex sometimes becoming centrally depressed,
squamulose in the center, pale brown, reddish brown or honey color ;
lamellae moderately close, distinctly decurrent, pallid or pale flesh
color; stem long, flexuous, fibrous, solid, often becoming hollow
with age and twisted and tapering at the base, brown, pale brown or
tinged with flesh color; spores broadly ellipsoid or slightly irregular,
HG) 5-8)
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 6-10 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Cespitose. Woods and open places.. Near New York City, also
Albany and Madison counties. September. Occasional.
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQI1L 75
The pileus sometimes has a dingy yellow or yellowish brown color.
The species, as the author himself remarks, has the color and general
appearance of Armillaria mellea Vahl. Armillaria
mellea exannulata Pk. evidently belongs here. The species
has been made a synonym of the European Agaricus tabe-
scens Scop. by one author.
Clitocybe fumosa Fr.
SMOKY CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.161
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming nearly plane, obtuse, somewhat
gibbous when young, regular or irregular, even, glabrous, sooty
brown soon becoming livid when moist, gray when dry, flesh whitish
when dry; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent, grayish white; stem
nearly equal, solid or stuffed, fibrous, fleshy, glabrous, mealy at the
top, dingy white; spores subglobose, 6-7 pw broad.
Pileus 2.5-7.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7.5 cm long, 4-10 mm thick.
Gregarious or rarely cespitose. Albany co. September.
Var. brevipes n. var. Stem short not exceeding 2.5 cm in
length. Otherwise like the typical form. Ontario co. October.
The stem in this variety seems to be constantly short so that the
pileus appears to rest on the ground.
The specimens reported as Clitocybe ampla Pers. belong
ORC omistiniat oS a Er:
Clitocybe tumulosa Kalchb.
MOUND CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.162
Pileus conic or convex becoming expanded, obtuse or umbonate,
even, glabrous, brown, becoming paler ; lamellae close, sinuate adnate
and decurrent in the same plant, cinereous white; steam equal or
nearly so, solid, floccose pruinose, pallid; spores ellipsoid, 6-7 x 4 p.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick.
Densely cespitose. Pine groves. Essex co. September. Very
rare. Found but once.
Clitocybe patuloides Pk.
SPREADING CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.163, pl.E
Pileus fleshy, firm, rather thick, convex becoming nearly plane or
somewhat centrally depressed, glabrous, even and white or pale yel-
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
low when young with incurved margin, becoming yellowish or pale
cchraceous and often squamose or rimosely areolate, flesh white,
taste mild, odor mushroomlike; lamellae thin, close, slightly or
strongly decurrent, forked or anastomosing at the base, white; stem
usually short, equal or slightly tapering upward, solid, occasionally
eccentric, white ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 6-8 x 5-6 p.
Pileus 2.5-10 cm broad; stem 2.5—7.5 cm long, 8-20 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Woods or their borders, specially of
pine. Onondaga and Essex counties. September. Not common.
It is remarkable for the different colors of the young and the mature
pileus.
Clitocybe illudens (Schw.) Fr.
DECEIVING CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.179, pl.68
Pileus convex or nearly plane, sometimes centrally depressed,
obtuse or umbonate, glabrous or obscurely virgate, often irregular,
saffron yellow or orange yellow, flesh white or yellowish, odor strong,
taste disagreeable; lamellae close, decurrent, narrowed toward each
end, colored like the pileus; stem long, firm, glabrous, solid, stuffed
or rarely hollow, often attenuated toward the base, sometimes
eccentric, colored like the pileus or sometimes brownish toward the
base; spores globose, 4-5 m in diameter.
Pileus 7-12 cm broad; stem 7-14 cm long, 6-12 mm thick.
Cespitose. Woods and open places. Often about old stumps.
July to October.
A beautiful but unwholesome species. It causes nausea and vomit-
ing if eaten. It is possible to make it comparatively harmless by
heating it in salt water for a half hour, then taking it out and frying
it in butter. It is phosphorescent. Large fresh specimens when
placed in a dark place emit a glowing light.
Clitocybe marmorea Pk.
MOTTLED CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.61
Pileus fleshy, firm, broadly convex, glabrous, white, mottled with
darker watery spots, flesh white; lamellae close, narrow, arcuate,
unequally decurrent, white; stem firm, solid, long, generally curved,
REPORT OF THE STATE POTANIST IQII 77
slightly thickened at the base, white, sometimes pruinose; spores
globose, 4 » in diameter.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad ; stem 10-15 cm long, 12-20 mm thick.
Cespitose. Prostrate trunks of trees in woods. Lewis co. Sep-
tember. Very rare. Found but once and then in small quantity.
The tufts are composed of few individuals.
Clitocybe revoluta Pk.
REVOLUTE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 46, p.23
Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, whitish and slightly
striatulate on the margin when moist, white when dry, the thin
margin commonly and irregularly revolute; lamellae thin, narrow,
close, adnate or slightly decurrent; stem glabrous, solid when young,
stuffed or somewhat hollow when old, whitish; spores subglobose,
4-5 p long.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Densely cespitose. Woods. Albany co. September. Rare.
Found but once.
The pileus is often irregular from its densely tufted mode of
growth. Occasionally the plant is solitary and then it is more
regular with the margin spreading but not revolute.
Clitocybe multiformis Pk.
MULTIFORM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 4, p.141, pl.47, fig.1-9
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, often lobed or irregular,
glabrous, whitish, grayish or yellowish when moist, paler when dry,
flesh white when dry; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate or slightly
decurrent, white or whitish; stem equal, solid, glabrous, white;
spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 up.
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Cespitose. Low damp places in woods. Albany co. October.
Edible. Found but once.
The stem is often flexuous and compressed. The center of the
pileus is sometimes tinged with brown. The mushroom does not
retain its color well in drying. Its pileus is much thinner than that
Brr©litocybe multiceps Pk.
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe multiceps Pk.
MANY CAP CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 130, p.37, pl.117, fig.7-9
Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, moist in wet weather, whitish, grayish,
yellowish gray or grayish brown, sometimes slightly silky and
brownish in the center, often irregular from mutual pressure, flesh
white, taste oily, slightly disagreeable; lamellae close, adnate or
slightly decurrent, white or whitish; stem equal or slightly thick-
ened at the base, firm, glabrous, solid or stuffed, slightly pruinose at
the top, white or whitish; spores globose, 5-8 » in diameter.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm broad; stem 5-10 cm long, 6-12 mm thick.
Cespitose, rarely solitary. Open ground or in grassy places. June
to October. Common. Edible.
The tufts may be composed of many or few individuals. The
lamellae are sometimes sinuate on one side of the stem, thereby
indicating a close relationship with the genus Tricholoma. In var.
tricholoma Pk. nearly or quite all the lamellae are sinuate.
Such specimens might easily be referred to that genus, but the habit
and all other characters indicate its place here. The flavor of the
uncooked mushroom varies. In some it is very disagreeable, in
others but slightly so. Some pronounce it among the best of mush-
rooms when cooked, others say it is unfit to eat.
Infundibuliformes
Pileus becoming infundibuliform or evenly depressed or umbili-
cate in the center; lamellae deeply and evenly decurrent from the
first; stem spongy, externally fibrous.
The funnel form pileus is characteristic of many of the species
of this section and is suggestive of its name. The lamellae are
equally decurrent, unlike, in this respect, those of the preceding
section. The pileus is not truly hygrophanous, but in some species
it is moist or subhygrophanous and becomes paler with the escape
of the moisture, in others it is dry.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Piletis diy. pay gah hs el DER Oe OH UO aa ee I
Pileus moist when young or in wet weather.........................- vi
I Mature (pileus) nonnally, infundibulitenme s.-.4-50e" see ee eee 2
1 Mature pileus) not. normeallysinnuncdibulinoniies eee see eee eee 4
2’ Pilews wihtencg i Bie 2.3 In eae sea ea CO ae en catina
2 Pileus: not; white: 2... s2e a ee osteo es se ee ee RB
2 Pileus: 8. cmon imore) broaden: hee eee Eee eeee maxima
3 Eileusmlessathanyoncmilbroadeanenr nee ae eee eine infundibuliformis
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIt 79
PUB ea UMUC COURT eae Rata tr ee sl Gk eda tn ede ok Mei eeeae 5
4 Wiles UNG MEN INS Gora. a6 Ey ear nee en RE ee ravat ea CPN a 6
5 Pileus reddish or brick red, spores 8-10 Mh, LOS erase ALOE Meg sinopica
5 Pileus reddish or brick red, spores 6-8 jh MOTOR Nee oes ARN A sinopicoides
Gpadeusvelaprous, lamellae white...) 06esceyo lk, eccentrica
6 Pileus virgate and dotted, lamellae not white.............. ectypoides
5 IDPS USING. ARETE C'S A Slee Ss ae Sea nee a ree SD DUC) 8
FL PSF SOULS NOTES ype SU, a ec ee tc 9
pe aii el demOmmIt DLOAC Coe owes oc dec swe Coe eee Seve EE tuba
Speameliaeniesce than) maint’ broads...) 6) ca dedeaseel ee adirondackensis
Opeamellaeyvyellowisayor pale ochraceous... ...:¢.isvosc ene berbecc.. ek gilva
iLazunmelliavey Wulerrey Ones “NivlaWh eis) cle ais neal ne eee Ane en a Reet re ene a OUR splendens
B LLaymne lane PEGS A SY Oe ES Gee chee ean One ge nvT ep pret AL W/E DS inversa
Clitocybe catina Fr.
BOWL SHAPE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.174
Pileus fleshy but thin toward the margin, plane becoming infundi-
buliform, flaccid, dry, glabrous, white becoming tinged with pink or
tan color in rainy weather, flesh white, odor agreeable; lamellae
moderately close, decurrent, white; stem stuffed or solid spongy
within, elastic, slightly thickened at the base, white; spores ellipsoid,
6-8 x ARS yb:
Pileus 4-5 cm broad; stem 4-7 cm long, 6-9 mm thick.
In or near woods. Adirondack mountains. August. Found but
once.
The specimens were young but apparently belong here and are
admitted with some hesitation. Related to Clitocybe
infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr. but easily distinguished by
its white color. The spore dimensions here given are taken from
American specimens.
Clitocybe maxima (G. & M.) Fr.
LARGE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.165
Pileus- fleshy in the center, thin toward the margin, broadly
infundibuliform, subumbonate, dry, pale tan color or whitish;
lamellae close, soft, long decurrent, whitish; stem attenuated up-
wards, fibrillose, solid, whitish; spores subglobose, 4-6 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 10-30 cm broad; stem 5-10 cm long, 12-25 mm thick.
Woods and grassy places. Adirondack and Catskill mountains.
July and August. Not common.
Remarkable for and at once recognized by its large size.
80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe infundibuliformis (Schaeff.) Fr.
FUNNEL FORM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.174, pl.24, fig.1-6
Pileus at first convex and slightly umbonate, becoming infundi-
buliform, thin and minutely silky on the margin, dry, reddish or pale
tan color, fading with age, flesh white; lamellae thin, moderately
ciose, decurrent, white or whitish; stem generally tapering upward,
spongy or stuffed, soft, elastic, colored like the pileus or rarely
whitish ; spores 5-6 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 4-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 6-10 mm thick.
Single or scattered, rarely tufted. Among fallen leaves in woods.
July and August. Common. Edible.
Var. membranacea Fr. Pileus thinner, not umbonate and
stem more slender, equal. ;
Clitocybe sinopica Fr.
SINOPICAN CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.167
Pileus fleshy but thin, plane or centrally depressed, often umbili-
cate, dry, glabrous or becoming flocculose and rivulose, ochraceous
red sometimes becoming paler with age, flesh white, odor farina-
ceous ; lamellae close, rather broad, slightly decurrent, white becom-
ing yellowish; stem equal, somewhat fibrillose, stuffed, colored like
the pileus; spores 8-10 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Woods and on burned ground in open places. June to September.
Adirondack mountains.
Clitocybe sinopicoides n. sp.
SINOPICANLIKE CLITOCYBE
Pileus thin, convex with decurved margin, umbilicate, floccose
squamulose specially in the center, obscurely fibrillose on the margin,
firm, tawny red or brick red, flesh white, taste and odot farinaceous ;
lamellae moderately close, arcuate, decurrent, white, the interspaces
slightly venose; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, subfloccose
or glabrous, solid or stuffed, colored like the pileus; sporés
6-8 x 3-4 pb.
Pileus 2-4 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-5 mm thick.
Among mosses in low wet places. Essex co. June.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 81
This species closely resembles Clitocybe sinopica Fr.
and probably has been taken for a small vernal form of that species.
It may be separated from it by its wet mossy habitat, its smaller size
and specially by its smaller spores. These are more or less obovate
and pointed at one end. The farinaceous odor and taste is some-
times wanting as in C. incilis Fr. but it has not the crenate
margin nor the hollow stem of that species.
Clitocybe eccentrica Pk.
ECCENTRIC CLITOCYBE
Torr. Bot. Club Bul. 25, p.321
Pileus very thin, umbilicate or subinfundibuliform, glabrous,
watery white and shining when moist, white when dry, the thin
margin often lobed, irregular or deeply cleft on one side; lamellae
narrow, close, decurrent, white; stem slender, tough, solid, glabrous,
strigosely hairy at the base, often eccentric, white, long branching
strands of white mycelium often permeating the matrix; spores
4-5 X 2.5-3 b.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Much decayed wood. Essex, Warren
and Wayne counties. July to October.
Clitocybe ectypoides Pk.
ECTYPOID CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.61
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly umbilicate or infundibuliform, with
a spreading margin, finely virgate and squamulose punctate, the
blackish points on the radiating fibrils, moist, grayish or grayish
yellow; lamellae close, narrow, decurrent, some of them forked,
yellowish; stem equal, firm, solid, colored like the pileus, with a
white mycelium at the base; spores broadly ellipsoid, 5-8 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Decaying wood in woods. July to Sep-
tember. Common in mountainous districts.
Clitocybe tuba Fr.
TRUMPET CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.175
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, even on the
margin, whitish when moist, shining white when dry, flesh white ;
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lamellae close, 5-6 mm broad, very decurrent, white becoming pallid;
stem equal, tough, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, white; spores sub-
globose, 4 Xx 3 p.
Piles 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 4-6 cm long, 2-5 mm thick.
Gregarious. Among fallen leaves in woods, specially pine woods.
Warren co. September. Rare.
Similar to Clitocybe pithyophila Fr. from which it
may be separated by its long decurrent lamellae. From C.
adirondackensis Pk. it is separated by its broader lamellae.
Clitocybe adirondackensis Pk.
ADIRONDACK CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.174, pl.69, fig.1-13
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane and umbilicate, or soon very
concave and infundibuliform, glabrous, moist in wet weather, white
or pale tan color, flesh white; lamellae thin, close, narrow, very
decurrent, white; stem equal or nearly so, glabrous, stuffed or hol-
low, colored like the pileus; spores subglobose or broadly ellipsoid,
4-5 X 3-4 pb.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 4-7 cm long, 2~4 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Woods in hilly or mountainous districts.
July to October. Common. Edible.
The lamellae are scarcely broader than the thickness of the flesh
of the pileus. The white pileus is sometimes slightly tinged with
brown in the center.
Clitocybe gilva (Pers.) Fr.
YELLOWISH CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 54, p.174, pl.69, fig.14-21 as C.maculosa Pk.
Pileus fleshy, compact, convex becoming centrally depressed,
glabrous, often marked with small round spots, minutely downy on
the involute young margin which is sometimes obscurely striate,
whitish or cream color, flesh white or tinged with the color of the
pileus, taste mild; lamellae close, narrow, decurrent, whitish or yel-
lowish, some of them forked ; stem equal or slightly tapering upward,
glabrous, stuffed or hollow, whitish, sometimes tomentose at the
base; spores subglobose, 4-5 » in diameter.
Pileus 2.5-7 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Woods. Adirondack mountains. August and September. Rare.
Edible.
Nid
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 83
The American plant is commonly paler than the European and
was described under the name Clitocybe maculosa Pk.
Its stem is sometimes hollow but its essential charactérs are so close
to those of C. gilva (Pers.) Fr. that it seemed best to unite
Heiiewesaricis (Clitocybe) subzonalis Pk also
is now considered a mere form of this species having the pileus
obscurely zonate.
Clitocybe splendens (Pers.) Fr.
SHINING CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.172
Pileus fleshy but thin, nearly plane becoming centrally depressed
and infundibuliform, glabrous, pale yellowish or yellow and shin-
ing, flesh white; lamellae narrow, simple, close, very decurrent,
white; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, glabrous, solid,
colored like the pileus; spores subglobose, 4-5 m in diameter.
Pileus 5-8 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 8-10 mm thick.
Solitary. Woods among fallen leaves. Essex co. June. Rare.
Clitocybe inversa Scop.
INVERTED CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.172
Pileus fleshy, convex becoming infundibuliform, fragile, glabrous,
obtuse, moist when fresh, involute on the thin margin, brick color,
reddish or tan color, flesh colored like the pileus; lamellae close,
simple, decurrent, pallid becoming reddish; stem equal or nearly so,
slightly rigid, spongy, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, whitish; spores
subglobose, 3-5 » in diameter.
Pileus 4-6 cm broad; stem 4+5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Woods or open places. Fulton co.
August. Rare.
SERIES B
Plant truly hygrophanous
Cyathiformes
Pileus hygrophanous, centrally depressed or cup shape, flesh thin,
separable into two horizontal layers; lamellae adnate or decurrent.
The species of this section are separated from those of the pre-
ceding sections by the hygrophanous character of the pileus with its
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
separable layers and by its more cuplike shape. Only four species
are known to belong to our flora.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Stem fbsrilloselysneticulaters sey ice er ns rie ee eree cyathiformis
Stemlinot fbrilloselyjmeticularetan sees meer core ane eee I
1 Plant cespitose, pileus usually irregular......................+: caespitosa
T Plant not: €Cespitosey' (2.2) Baul hels cokes seal see eee eee Eee aoe)
2 Pileus convex, deeply umbilicate, not infundibuliform..... subconcava
2 Pileus becoming infundibuliform ....................+eceee- brumalis
Clitocybe cyathiformis Fr.
CUP SHAPE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.176
Pileus fleshy but thin, centrally depressed or. infundibuliform,
hygrophanous, glabrous or nearly so, even on the margin or occa-
sionally striate when old, blackish brown or grayish brown when
moist, paler when dry, flesh colored like the pileus, separable into
two horizontal layers; lamellae distant, adnate or decurrent, united
behind, dingy or grayish brown; stem equal or slightly tapering
upward, stuffed or hollow, fibrillose, obscurely reticulate by the
fibrils, colored like the pileus ; spores ellipsoid, 8-9 x 4-5 up.
Decaying wood or on the ground. In woods or open places.
August and September. Common.
Clitocybe poculum Pk..is referable to this species.
Clitocybe caespitosa Pk.
CESPITOSE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.61
Pileus thin, infundibuliform, often irregular, hygrophanous, gray-
ish brown when moist, cinereous or clay color when dry; lamellae
narrow, close, decurrent, some of them branched, white; stem equal
or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, white; spores sub-
globose or broadly ellipsoid, 3-4 » long.
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Commonly cespitose. Woods. Catskill and Adirondack moun-
tains. August and September. Rare.
This mushroom is remarkable for its irregular and deformed
appearance. The pileus is sometimes perforate and the stem is stout
in proportion to the size of the pileus. The tufts are composed of
but few individual plants.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 85
Clitocybe subconcava Pk.
SUBCONCAVE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 54, p.o48, pl.K, fig.8-13
Pileus thin, convex, deeply umbilicate, glabrous, hygrophanous.
brownish or reddish brown and usually striatulate on the decurved
margin when moist, whitish when dry; lamellae arcuate, decurrent,
close, pallid or subcinereous ; stem equal, firm, solid or stuffed, some-
times with a small cavity, slightly fibrillose, colored like the pileus;
spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 pu.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 3-4 mm thick.
Pine woods. Warren co. August. Rare. Found but orce.
Related to Clitocybe concava (Scop.) Fr. from which it
may be separated by its paler lamellae and smaller spores.
Clitocybe brumalis Fr.
WINTRY CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, .p.180
Pileus at first convex or expanded and umbilicate, then infundi-
buliform, glabrous, hygrophanous, livid when moist, whitish or
yellowish when dry, often darker in the center, sometimes wavy or
lobed on the margin, flesh thin; lamellae arcuate at first, narrow,
close, decurrent, distinct, pallid or yellowish white; stem nearly
equal, often slightly curved, stuffed or hollow, glabrous, whitish,
sometimes downy at the base; spores 4-5 xX 3-4 p.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm. broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Woods. Catskill and Adirondack mountains. September and
October. Rare.
Our specimens were collected in the months mentioned, but the
specific name indicates that it may also occur later in the season.
Orbiformes
Pileus hygrophanous, somewhat fleshy, convex or plane, umbili-
cate or centrally depressed, glabrous ; lamellae thin, close, adnate or
having a decurrent tooth.
The species of this section may be separated from those of the
preceding by the more spreading decurved margin of the pileus,
which is therefore more orbicular. They may be divided into three
groups according to the color of the lamellae. They are mostly small
and scarce.
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
KEY TO THE SPECIES
ILevanelliere svellllony Or swelllowiSlts o.-canccccocbncenbsecoucbosdecce flavidella
Lamellae erayishi ion ibrowaiSlinee reat ete ee I
Lamellae white ior whitiShe. ii. 42et secs Ache one 4
WIP llevan Villon 2 WeWMAECEOLIS OCs + oochucnondnscmocccacceasednscene ditopoda
1 Plant without a faninaceous) odors)... 2... PER ARENAI IS oc So 6 oc.6 52 <
2 Piles, timbilicate’,.\ hides see eee Pa oe ama ene ae peltigerina
2>Pileus snot) umibrlicatey . i294) 240 14 asa ees Se 3
Zh SHeSiHal’ OuIoWIMOS) Oe waverly Vie WE Wyn vsccoconaccucatsoosacanso>: metachroa
2 \Stenmmmaked atuthe: topes sega nate tee nil Genre nee vilescens
40 Plant anod@rous:, “masini ee oe eae ee ee angustissima
4 Plant «irasratnt: cic 61): 2 hie son cet ells On ee ee 5
5 Marcinvot the smoist pileusestidckem ise rt eee eee subditopoda
5 Margin of the moist pileus even ............. Cee Petes sc Ac iid-olo-¢ 6
GyPilens browash iwi enmeinots te eerste ea ee ae eee compressipes
6) Bileus) witttish when tmoistecee see see laa eee fragrans
Clitocybe flavidella Pk.
YELLOWISH CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, often
irregular, glabrous, hygrophanous, dingy yellow when moist, paler
or whitish when dry; lamellae close, narrow, adnate or slightly
decurrent, yellow or yellowish; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, colored
like the pileus ; spores unknown.
Pileus about 2.5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 3-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Low wet ground. Otsego co. September. Rare.
Found but once.
Clitocybe ditopoda Fr.
DOUBLE STEM CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.186
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed,
glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish when moist, gray when dry, odor
farinaceous; lamellae thin, close, about 2 mm wide, slightly decur-
rent, brownish gray; stem equal, glabrous, hollow, often compressed,
colored like the pileus; spores broadly ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-5 p.
Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 2-3 cm long, 2~4 mm thick.
Woods and among fallen leaves. Albany and Warren counties.
September and October. Rare.
The stem in the Warren county specimens is. sometimes com-
pressed and grooved as if composed of two united stems. Such
specimens are stiggestive of the specific name. The spore dimensions
i
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 87
here given are taken from American specimens. Some authorities
say spores “ sphaeroid, 2-3 » in diameter.”
Clitocybe peltigerina Pk.
PELTIGERINE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.38
Pileus thin, nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygrophanous,
brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish or pale
eray when dry; lamellae subdistant, sometimes branched, decurrent,
brownish, interspaces venose; stem nearly equal, solid, glabrous,
rather firm, paler than the pileus, often with a minute white
tomentum at the base; spores ellipsoid, 8x 5 py.
Pileus 4-10 mm broad; stem 12-20 mm long, I-1.5 mm thick.
Among species of lichens (Peltigera). Albany and Oneida
counties. May. Rare.
Sometimes two or three stems are united at the base, thus mani-
festing a tendency to become cespitose.
Clitocybe metachroa Fr.
CHANGEABLE CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.185
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed,
glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish or grayish brown when young
and moist, whitish when dry, margin slightly striate when old;
lamellae thin, narrow, close, linear, adnate or slightly decurrent,
whitish or cinerous; stem equal, tough, externally fibrous, stuffed
or hollow, terete or compressed, whitish, mealy or pruinose at the
top, colored like the pileus ; spores 6-8 x 3-4 pb.
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 3-4 cm long, 4-8 mm thick.
Pine woods. Albany co. November. Rare. Found but once.
The marked change of color between the moist pileus and the dry
one is suggestive of the specific name. The mealy or pruinose top
of the stem, its habitat in pine woods and its late appearance are
guides in the identification of the species.
Clitocybe vilescens Pk.
WORTHLESS CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, D.19
Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, sometimes
irregular, glabrous, slightly pruinose on the involute margin, brown
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
or grayish brown, becoming paler with age, sometimes concen-
trically rivulose, flesh pale gray; lamellae close, adnate or decurrent,
cinereous or tinged with dingy yellow ; stem short, equal, solid, some-
times compressed, grayish brown with a whitish tomentum at the
base ; spores subglobose, 5-0 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad; stem 2-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. Bushy places and pastures. Albany and Onondaga
counties. August. Not common.
Clitocybe angustissima Lasch
NARROW GILL CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.188
Pileus slightly fleshy, plane or centrally depressed, glabrous,
hygrophanous, watery white when moist, shining white when dry,
the spreading margin slightly striate when old; lamellae thin, nar-
row, very close, white; stem slender, stuffed, often curved or
flexuous, naked at the top, glabrous or pubescent at the base, white ;
spores 4-5 X 2-3 p.
Pileus 4-5 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Low wet ground in woods. Essex co. September. Rare.
Related to Clitocybe fragrans Sow. from which it may
be separated by the lack of odor, the more slender stem and the
purer white color.
Clitocybe subditopoda Pk.
DITOPODALIKE CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 42, p.18
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, grayish brown and striate on the margin when moist, paler
when dry, flesh concolorous, odor and taste farinaceous; lamellae
broad, close, adnate, whitish or pale cinereous; stem equal, glabrous,
hollow, colored like the pileus; spores ellipsoid, 5-6 x 3-4 up.
Pileus 12-24 mm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, about 2 mm thick.
Mossy ground in woods. Essex co. September. Rare.
This is closely related to Clitocybe ditopoda Fr. from
which it may be separated by the umbilicate pileus, its striate margin
and its broader paler lamellae.
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQI1 So
Clitocybe compressipes Pk.
FLAT STEM CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 33, p.18
Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, brownish when moist, whitish or pale tan color when dry,
fiesh white when dry, odor slight, farinaceous; lamellae close, subar-
cuate or horizontal, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish; stem
firm, hollow, generally compressed, often slightly tapering upward,
slightly pruinose, colored like the pileus; spores 5-6 x 4-4.5 pm.
Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 2-4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Gregarious. In pastures or grassy places. Albany and Warren
counties. July. Not common.
The odor is not always perceptible unless the pileus is moist or
broken. The umbilicate pileus, paler or whitish lamellae, time and
place of growth separate this species from Clitocybe
Giopoda Fr.
Clitocybe fragrans Sow.
FRAGRANT CLITOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.188
Pileus thin, convex becoming plane or umbilicate or centrally
depressed, glabrous, hygrophanous, watery white when moist, whit-
ish when dry, odor strong, aniselike; lamellae close, slightly decur-
rent, 2 mm broad, distinct, white; stem equal, slightly flexuous,
elastic, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, whitish ; spores 6-7 X 3-4 pb.
Pileus 2-5 cm broad; stem 4-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Woods among mosses and fallen leaves. Lewis co. July. Rare.
go NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NEW YORK SPECIES On WAG @ Avr
Laccaria B. & Br.
Pileus convex becoming umbilicate or depressed, flesh thin;
lamellae broadly adnate, sometimes with a decurrent tooth, becom-
ing mealy with the copious subglobose minutely warted white spores ;
stem central, externally fibrous, veil not evident.
The species of this genus have generally been included in Clito-
cybe, but they are so peculiar in their general appearance that it
seems best to separate them. The lamellae are rather thick and
subdistant broadly adnate and when mature are powdered or
whitish pruinose from the abundant spores. These are typically —
globose or nearly so and rough. We have included one species in
this genus that has oblong even spores; but in all other respects it is
so closely allied to the genus that it seems best to consider the spore
character a specific rather than a generic one.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Base of the stem radicating, clavately thickened.............. trullisata
Base of the stem not radicating, rarely thickened.................... it
1 Mature pileus usually more than 4 cm broad ............. ochropurpurea
> eMaturepileus/ usually Messi thane4 cn broader 2
2iikamellae vaolaceousiy.a ose eo ae eee te ae ee amethystina
2) waniellaeieshmcolonedmor mleatslye av laiteee ee seine tere 3
3 Pileus regular, becoming unpolished or minutely squamulose...... laccata
aePileus| regular ipersistently) glabrous) sose ete eee oe ee eee striatula
3) Pileus irrecular, usually, less\/than 12) mim) broad? 2.55. sss4eeeeeeeee tortilis
Laccaria trullisata (Ellis) Pk.
PLASTERED LACCARIA
Sylloge V, p.195
Pileus fleshy, convex or plane becoming depressed in the center,
innately fibrous, squamose or squamulose, smoother in the center,
thin on the margin, reddish flesh color; lamellae unequal, sub-
distant, thick, adnate or with a decurrent tooth, at first purplish
violet, then brick red and pruinose or white pulverulent; stem
stuffed, fibrillose, colored like the pileus, the enlarged more or less
deeply radicating and clavately thickened base covered by a mass of
mycelium and adhering sand; spores oblong or cylindric, even,
granular within, 15-20 x 8-9 up.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5—7 cm long, 5-8 mm thick.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI1I gt
Solitary or sparsely gregarious. Sandy soil. Suffolk, Nassau,
Madison and Albany counties. September and October.
The author of this species placed it in Clitocybe with the remark
fiztgetis elated to "Agaricus laccatus Scop, and A.
ochropurpureus Berk. The fresh mycelium is violet col-
ored. The specific name apparently has reference to the mass of soil
adhering to the base of the stem which in consequence appears as if
it had been plastered over with sand.
Laccaria ochropurpurea (Berk.) Pk.
PURPLISH OCHER LACCARIA
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 116, p.41, pl.106, fig.7-11
Pileus fleshy, firm, subhemispheric or convex with decurved mar-
gin becoming plane or slightly centrally depressed, hygrophanous,
purplish brown when moist, grayish or pale alutaceous when dry,
unpolished; lamellae thick, distant, broad, adnate or decurrent,
purplish ; stem variable, short or long, equal or sometimes thicker in
the middle, sometimes at each end, fibrous, solid, colored like or
paler than the pileus ; spores globose, verruculose, 8-10 p in diameter.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 3-8 cm long, 4-12 mm thick.
Solitary or rarely gregarious. Open grassy or bushy places.
Common. July to September. Edible.
This species is often very irregular and very variable in size and
shape. The color of the lamellae is generally darker than in
Mmaccaria ilaccata (Scop.) B. & Br. Whe pileus’ is much
darker when moist than when dry. The stem is very fibrous and
firm.
Laccaria amethystina (Bolt.) B. & Br. in part
AMETHYST LACCARIA
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.23-27
Pileus thin, broadly convex, umbilicate or centrally depressed,
hygrophanous, brown or violaceous brown when moist, grayish
when diy, unpolished; lamellae subdistant, adnate or decurrent,
violaceous, color more persistent than in the pileus; stem slender,
equal, flexuous, hollow, colored like or paler than the pileus ; spores
globose, verruculose, 8-10 p» in diameter.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Solitary or gregarious. Damp ground in shaded places. Not
common. Albany and Suffolk counties. July and August.
Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
This beautiful and quite distinct species has commonly been con-
fused with Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. or considered
a mere variety of it; but to me it appears to be distinct in its
violaceous color, slender hollow stem, peculiar habitat, commonly
smaller size and more rare occurrence. It is easily recognized and
the change of color between the moist and the dry state is strongly
marked.
Laccaria laccata (Scop.) B. & Br. in part
LACCATE LACCARIA WAXY CLITOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.175, pl.25, fig.1-13
Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes um-
bilicate or centrally depressed, hygrophanous, glabrous, furfuraceous
or minutely squamulose, pale red, buff red or flesh red when moist,
pale ochraceous, grayish or buff when dry, margin even; lamellae
rather broad, thick, subdistant, adnate or decurrent, flesh color or
pale flesh color; stem long or short, nearly or quite equal, fibrous,
firm, straight or flexuous, stuffed, colored like the pileus; spores
globose, verruculose, 8-10 p» in diameter.
Pileus 1.2-5 cm broad; stem 2.5-7.5 cm long, 2-6 mm thick.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. Woods, groves, swamps, mossy
places and pastures in wet, dry or sandy soil and even in sphagnum.
Common. May to October. Edible.
This is the most common and the most variable species of the
genus. It is not at all particular concerning its habitat, soil nor
season. It may be found at any time from spring to late autumn if
the weather is not too dry. As in other species the color of the
lamellae is more persistent than that of the pileus, and is one of the
most available characters by which to separate this species from any
of the preceding.
On account of its variability many varieties have been designated
by European mycologists. We recognize among our specimens only
two varieties: var. palliditolia Pk (NN) Y\ Stateuvine
Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.25, fig.19-22) differing from the type in having
the lamellae very pale, barely tinged with flesh color; and var.
decurrens Pk. in which the lamellae are distinctly decurrent or
arcuate decurrent. As an edible species it is not to be classed as
first quality. It is inclined to be tough and not highly flavored.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 93
Laccaria striatula (Pk.)
STRIATULATE LACCARIA
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 48, p.176, pl.2s, fig.14-18
Pileus very thin, submembranaceous, convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, hygrophanous, buff red and striatulate when moist, grayish
or pale buff when dry; lamellae broad, distant, adnate, pale flesh
color; stem slender, equal, fibrous, hollow, colored like the pileus;
spores globose or subglobose, verruculose, 11-13 » in diameter.
Pileus 12-20 mm broad; stem 1.5-3 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Gregarious. In wet or damp places. Albany, Ulster and Warren
counties. Not common. June to September.
This was formerly considered a mere variety of Laccaria
laccata (Scop.) B. & Br., but its thinner glabrous striatulate
pileus, which is usually convex, its smaller size, more slender hollow
stem and specially its larger spores lead me to consider it a distinct
species.
Laccaria tortilis (Bolt.) B. & Br.
TWISTED LACCARIA
Sylloge V, p.198
Pileus membranaceous, convex plane or centrally depressed,
deflexed and sometimes torn on the margin, obscurely striate, irregu-
lar, subferruginous; lamellae thick, subdistant, adnate, flesh color ;
stem short, equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow,
twisted, fragile, colored like the pileus; spores globose, echinulate,
12-16 p in diameter.
Pileus 5-10 cm broad; stem 8-12 mm long, .5-I mm thick.
Closely gregarious or cespitose. Damp places in woods or by
roadsides. Rensselaer and New. York counties. August. Rare.
This is the smallest of our species. It is easily recognized by its
small size and irregular shape. Its spores are larger and more
sharply verruculose than in the preceding species. Var. gracilis
Pk. has a more regular pileus, a longer stem and a less cespitose
mode of growth.
O4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NEW YORK) SPECIES(OE, PsIl@OeMnk
Psilocybe Fr.
Pileus more or less fleshy, glabrous, the margin at first incurved ;
lamellae brown or purplish brown, not decurrent; stem subcartt-
laginous, rigid or tenacious, tubular, either hollow or stuffed, often
radicating ; veil absent or rudimentary, not forming a membrane;
spores either brown or purplish brown.
The genus has been divided into two sections characterized as
follows:
Rigidae. Pileus thin, not pelliculose, hygrophanous, commonly
some shade of brown and striatulate when moist, paler when dry;
stem slender, rigid, usually brittle or fragile, glabrous or silky
fibrillose, veil none. :
Spadiceae is another name that has been applied to this section.
Tenaces. Pileus pelliculose, often slightly viscid in wet weather,
becoming pale and mostly clear or bright in color; stem commonly
tough flexible, glabrous or silky fibrillose, veil rarely conspicuous.
Callosae is another name sometimes applied to this section.
The species of these sections are not in all cases sharply separated
from each other. We have included in the genus one species having
red spores.
The absence of an interwoven veil will distinguish species of
Psilocybe from those of Hypholoma on one hand, and the incurved
margin of the young pileus will separate them from those of
Psathyra on the other. Most of the species are terrestrial but a few
small ones inhabit wood or fallen decaying leaves. Some occur both
eon wood and on the ground.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
Pileus hy grophanous’ (eae ee dane ee ads ae eee I
Pileus) notphyerophanous) aoe eateeen anak an eee eae eee 14
EsStem itimsed wath dhe: cise ioseey. Uabh para e teres recent ee ee caerulipes
I Stem! not tinged jwath blues Geet velo vate ote c vere ee eee 2
B IPlNME Girone sin Celathy SeMll bococcoccesssnasocnncbeoceaccac arenulina
2 Plantnot Srowine) in Sancdysisollmenarniecee eee eee 3
33 IPWISHS TERIOKS DUCES AiG! AUOMIENIS oncccdnsooocccucccosoencese atomatoides
20 Pileusmnot having, these: chanactersue ase eee eee eee eee 4
A-Sporesi ced) Ais dh vse cs Wa ae oe Oe SO AR eee ee eee conissans
Al Synontes) lorroyinal Ore ywrsliqolliGay loNRONWAM soocockocsuncoasouonsanccnescossoce 5
5 Moist pileus yellow, reddish yellow or brownish ....................... 6
5 Moist pileus alutaceous, reddish brown or chestnut ..................... 7
5 Moist pileus brown, sooty brown or blackish brown ................... 10
REPORT OF THE STATE ROTANIST IQTI 95
6 Stem reddish IS VEO itl YA oat came tre SRAM 2 ea) PE squalidella
6 Stem white Seamer a See eeraaies kin aha Wa cee wae CR et hoe polycephala
7 Plant growing in woods or uncultivated places ......................... 8
Menenowing sin srassy places 2.5.0... 020.. dele foenisecii
Sesponessslobose or subglobose .2 2.266.602 esos ccc. phyllogena
S Spores! UDINE eA a err geen a erat te RENT ie URN Le. 9
peat riomlessmtikaim 2.5 .(Cil! DTOAC ys. 5 foots dice sine ok bodes oe deen ken castanella
g Pileus 2.5 cm or more broad, bay brown when moist ............ spadicea
g Pileus 2.5 cm or more broad, tan color when moist ............ fuscofolia
HOP WMoiGtsnilens: striatulate oni the marsin .222 200). <del VE
to Moist pileus not striatulate on the margin-........:.......... nigrella
pene SLOwIns ON. GeCAyINSE WOO ... 1... oe.acavuesecccdeocecceececce. 12
Mie Manmeorowil ont mid of wet Sround 4.44-.4.4555...220 bee ie. limicola
Ti JPiginie cmrovmine iA woRealbionl Boge same soe apen no menbe Lan aee fuscofulva
pizeMounowlamellac whitish, 2 22.2: 6c. i@ acc feces Holos a ee camptopoda
we vouncwlametlae Prowl OF CINEEOUS . {6266.5 sciiac ale 4 bn Hldowes 13
WE ScemnDLownishs less than)2:5 cm long i... 46ech yaecce cee naeeee unicolor
Mem SteMeaViLe mimo re: titan) 2-5) Ci OMS) st... a. 481s sec 4 ceecae ne oon senex
EE SILC AMLTT LEMON, WAITELSH ofc. ie0t)sierocs ae qeyasg cicciersiviep ais esa a ee ee 15
TAL SST SOT OW OVE ACO) (0) ae eee a ae a ey PE ed a oe 17
MM NeSmVISCIG WITeMMIMOISt 6 a< cfccee ce los cals sic shee sicusmls wee semilanceata
Hele emsmnotevascid awitent moist jc. 06). vaste « aise Listens Se eons wis pve slows 16
HOM EMSESiGlAatemOllmtMemianOine 4/005 easier seia see oe clivensis
Moma CUSHEVElIe ON) tNEUIMATSIM. ok..-145- ss ois cee ae Ae se Guile sale ew limophila
Aen USmSEniariilateconm the Manin .....¢aa-.sesenerce ne ce ecus dese ee dichroa
IME SHnoOmstEnattlareronmithe Mmlanoin <.4-\4-soeaeaseece ees cenm osc see 18
Komemeusnyellowishimwiteny moist =a2es-e-20-2secsooen. + ones elongatipes
MeopeMetis LAWtiy Day, WIEN MOISE Q).45. 5. 21s 0 sie os ati yes ois ee eins uda
Psilocybe caerulipes Pk.
BLUE STEM PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 38, p.8o
Pileus thin, subcampanulate becoming convex, obtuse or obtusely
umbonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, slightly viscid, brown and
striatulate on the margin when moist, yellowish or subochraceous
when dry, the center sometimes brownish ; lamellae at first ascend-
ing, close, adnate, grayish tawny becoming rusty brown, whitish on
the edge; stem slender, equal, flexuous, tenacious, hollow or con-
taining a separable pith, slightly fibrillose, pruinose at the top,
bluish, sometimes whitish at the top; spores 8-10 X 4-5 p.
Pileus 10-20 mm broad; stem 2.5-4 cm long, I-1.5 mm thick.
Cespitose or solitary. On decaying wood. Saratoga co. August.
Rare.
The species may readily be recognized by its bluish stem. The
pileus sometimes changes to blue where bruised. The spores are
96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
smaller than those of Psilocybe semilanceata caerul-
escens Cke. which has the stem slightly bluish at the base.
Psilocybe arenulina Pk.
SANDY PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42
Pileus convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, rarely um-
bonate, glabrous, hygrophanous, dark brown and coarsely striate
on the margin when moist, dingy white or whitish when dry; lamellae
close, adnate, cinnamon brown becoming darker or purplish brown;
stem slightly tapering upward, hollow, often radicating and some-
what clavate at the base, whitish; spores ellipsoid, 10-12 x 5-6 p.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick,
Gregarious. Sandy soil. Albany co. September and October.
Rare.
When moist the pileus has a peculiar radiate appearance as if dis-
tinctly striate. Large plants often have the margin of the pileus
uneven or wavy and widely sulcate and irregularly striate. A mass
of sand usually adheres to the base of the stem. This species is
apparently closely related to the European Psilocybe ammo-
phila Mont. from which it may be separated by its hygrophanous
pileus which is commonly depressed in the center, rarely umbonate
and constantly coarsely striate or sulcately striate both when moist
and when dry. Its lamellae also differ, if we may rely upon the
descriptions of the lamellae of that species, in having at first a cinna-
mon brown color which becomes dark purplish brown with age.
They are not made “black pulverulent” by the spores as in P.
ammophila Mont. For these reasons it seems to me far better
to consider our plant distinct from the European species.
Psilocybe atomatoides Pk.
ATOMATE PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.41
Pileus thin, fragile, convex or subcampanulate becoming nearly
plane, rugosely wrinkled, atomate, slightly and evanescently white
floccose, slightly hygrophanous, grayish or ochraceous brown, some-
times with a pinkish tint, flesh cinereous ; lamellae moderately broad,
subventricose, rounded behind, adnexed, cinereous becoming dark
brown; stem equal, hollow, minutely flocculent when young, pruinose
at the top, whitish; spores blackish brown, 7-8 x 4-5 up.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 97
Pileus 1.6-2.4 mm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2 mm thick,
Ground and decaying wood under pine trees. Albany co. June
and July. Rare.
In wet weather the pileus has a moist brownish appearance, but
its moisture escapes quickly. The spore print on white paper is
almost black, but the spores are much smaller than those of Psa-
thyrella atomata Fr. It also approaches Hypholoma
incertum Pk. in general appearance but differs in the color
and character of the lamellae.
Psilocybe conissans Pk.
DUSTY PSILOCYBE
N: Y. State Mus. Bul. 122; p.131
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.64; 42, p.45 as Clitopilus conissans Pk,
Pileus fleshy but thin, broadly convex becoming nearly plane,
glabrous, hygrophanous, pale chestnut or ferruginous and striatulate
on the margin when moist, pale alutaceous or pale buff and some-
times slightly rugose when dry, flesh whitish; lamellae thin, close,
rounded behind, adnexed or rarely adnate, bay verging to dark
purple or liver color; stem equal, rather slender, firm, glabrous,
hollow, curved or flexuous, white, veil none; spores red or vinaceous,
8-10 X 4-5 py.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Cespitose. On or about the base of deciduous trees. Ulster,
Essex and Saratoga counties. September and October. Not
common.
Remarkable for ‘and easily distinguished from all other species
of this genus by the color of the spores. By reason of their color
the species was formerly referred to the genus Clitopilus. But their
color is darker than pink and paler than purplish brown. Its other
characters indicate Psilocybe as its proper genus.
Psilocybe squalidella Pk.
SQUALID PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 20, p.4o as Agaricus (Hypholom a.)
squalidellus Pk.
Pileus thin, convex, subconic or subcampanulate, expanded when
old, glabrous, hygrophanous, dark ochraceous and striatulate on the
margin when moist, pale ochraceous or yellow when dry, spore
stained and squalid when old; lamellae broad, subdistant, rounded
behind, adnexed, whitish becoming purplish brown with a whitish
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
edge; stem slender, stuffed, fibrous, subflexuous, reddish brown,
spores 9-12 x 5-8 p.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-2.5 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Damp ground in woods. Adirondack
mountains. September. Very variable. Rare except in the Adiron-
dack region.
Var. umbonata Pk. has the pileus umbonate.
Var.macrospora Pk. has spores 12-15 x 6-8 up.
Var. deformata Pk. has the pileus very irregular with the
margin upcurved and the lamellae very broad, ventricose and irregu-
lar; spores 12-15 x 6-8 up.
Perhaps the last two may be worthy of specific distinction. An
unattractive species with the pileus often stained and defiled by
the spores lodging on it.
Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Plate 127, fig.1-9
Pileus fleshy but thin, subcampanulate convex or nearly plane,
glabrous, even, hygrophanous, at first whitish with a reddish yellow
center, then darker or brown and striatulate on the margin while
moist, paler or whitish when dry, taste mild; lamellae thin, narrow,
close, adnexed or nearly free, whitish becoming purplish brown;
stem equal, straight or flexuous, hollow, glabrous, mealy or pruinose
at the top, white; spores purplish brown, ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 ph.
Pileus 1-3 cm broad; stem 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Densely gregarious or cespitose. In woods on the ground about
the base of trees or on dead wood. Lewis co. September. Rare.
Edible.
This is commonly considered a variety of Psilocybe
spadicea Fr. but it has seemed to us to be worthy of specific
distinction. Its distinctive features have been mentioned in another
place in this report.
Psilocybe foenisecii (Pers.) Fr.
HAYMAKERS PSILOCYBE MOWERS MUSHROOM
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 75, p.33, pl.86, fig.1-11
Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, obtuse, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, brown or reddish brown when moist, paler when dry;
lamellae broad, ventricose, adnate, subdistant, brown; stem slender,
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 99
6-7 pw in Sylloge).
' Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
_ Gregarious. Lawns and rich soil in grassy places. Albany co.
triatulations on the margin but this character is not constant.
The moisture escapes from the center of the pileus sooner than from
This is according to the usual habit of hygrophanous
Psilocybe phyllogena Pk.
LEAF PSILOCYBE
_ N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 26, p.60 as Agaricus (Hypholoma)
phyllogenus Pk.
_ Pileus thin, firm, convex, sometimes slightly umbonate, hygro-
phanous, reddish brown when moist, alutaceous when dry; lamellae
plane, broad, close, brown, white on the margin; stem equal, fibrillose,
‘stuffed or hollow, brownish, expanding at the base into a thin flat
lisk which adheres closely to the leaf on which it grows; spores pate
Grown, subglobose, 6-8 » in diameter.
- Pileus 4-8 mm broad; stem 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
; Fallen leaves in woods. Otsego co. July.
One of our smallest species. Because of the absence of a veil it
‘belongs to the genus Psilocybe rather than to Hypholoma to which
it was originally referred, The closely related Hypholoma
modestum Pk. is probably only a form of this species, from
which it differs slightly in its larger size, its grayish young lamellae
E its inhabiting sticks and twigs instead of leaves. It may be
Wesignated: Psilocybe phyllogena modesta Pk.
Psilocybe castanella Pk.
CHESTNUT PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.7
Pileus thin, convex or subconic becoming plane or slightly de-
‘pressed in the center, glabrous, hygrophanous, chestnut or umber
I0O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, pale alutaceous
when dry, flesh paler than the surface of the pileus; lamellae close,
adnate or slightly rounded behind, pale brown becoming purplish
brown; stem equal, flexuous, hollow or stuffed with a whitish pith,
slightly silky fibrillose, brownish or subrufescent with a white
mycelium at the base; spores ellipsoid, purplish brown, 8-10 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 8-16 mm broad; stem 2.5—5 cm long, 1-2 mm thick.
Gregarious or subcespitose. Grassy ground by roadsides. Rens-
Relat Cons liMmesmminabes
In drying, the moisture first disappears from the center of the
pileus. The young pileus and its margin, as well as the stem, are
sometimes adorned with a few white fibrils.
Psilocybe spadicea Fr.
BAY PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1052
Pileus fleshy, rigid, convex becoming nearly plane, obtuse,
scabrous, even, hygrophanous, bay or bay brown when moist, pallid
when dry; lamellae close, rounded behind, adnexed, dry, whitish
becoming pinkish brown; stem equal, rather tough, glabrous, hollow,
even at the top, whitish; spores brown, 8-9 x 4-5 uw.
Pileus 2.5-6 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 4-6 mm thick.
Commonly cespitose. Ground in woods, among fallen leaves or
on and about the base of trees. Cattaraugus co. September.
Psilocybe fuscofolia n. sp.
BROWN GILL PSILOCYBE
Pileus fleshy, thin, conic or hemispheric, becoming convex plane
or centrally depressed, glabrous, even on the margin, hygrophanous,
alutaceous when moist, subochraceous and rugose when dry, flesh
whitish or yellowish; lamellae narrow, thin, close, adnate, some-
times forked, pale brown becoming reddish brown; stem equal,
stender, hollow, silky fibrillose, white, thickened or subbulbous at
the base, there covered with a white mycelioid tomentum; spores
brown, ellipsoid, 6-8 x 3-4 uw.
Pileus 2.5—5 cm broad; stem 2.5—4 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Solitary, gregarious or cespitose. On or about stumps, on the
ground, decaying wood and in crevices of rocks in woods or in open
places. New York and Richmond counties. October and November.
Common.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII IOI
| This species is well marked by having its pileus rugose when dry
and its lamellae brown from the first. Its somewhat bulbous stem
firmly attached to its place of growth by its white basal tomentan
is also a noticeable character. Its brown spores, the incurved margin
of the pileus and the entire absence of a veil plainly indicate the
genus to which this peculiar species belongs.
Psilocybe nigrella Pk.
BLACKISH PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 139, p.28, pl.tiz, fig.7-11
Pileus thin, broadly convex becoming nearly plane, slightly um-
bonate, hygrophanous, seal brown, shining and even or obscurely
striate on the margin when moist, raw umber or mummy brown
when dry; lamellae thin, rather close, rounded behind, adnexed,
purplish brown or seal brown, whitish on the edge; stem firm, rigid,
equal, stuffed with a slender white pith, silky fibrillose, whitish;
spores dark purplish brown, almost black, ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8 u.
Pileus 2.5—4 cm broad; stem 3.5—7 cm long, 2.4 mm thick.
Scattered or gregarious. Damp mossy ground in swamps.
Albany co. October. Rare. Found but once.
Psilocybe limicola Pk.
MUD PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 24, p.70, pl.2, fig.9-13
Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, glabrous, hygro-
phanous, dark brown and striatulate on the margin when moist, pale
ochraceous brown and rugosely wrinkled when dry; lamellae close,
rounded behind, adnexed, cinnamon brown, darker when old; stem
slender, equal, brittle, silky, hollow above, stuffed with a pith below,
whitish; spores ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8 p.
Pileus 1.2-5 cm broad ; stem 3-8 cm long, 1.5-3 mm thick.
Gregarious or cespitose. Damp muck soil in woods. Lewis and
Franklin counties. September.
Psilocybe fuscofulva Pk.
TAWNY BROWN PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 2, p.7
Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate, subumbonate, glabrous,
hygrophanous, dark brown and striatulate on the margin when
moist, subochraceous when dry; lamellae rather broad, moderately
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
close, adnate, subventricose, purplish brown; stem slender, flexuous,
stuffed, slightly silky, reddish brown ; spores purplish brown, 10-12 x
6-8 p.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 3-5 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Solitary or scattered. In sphagnum. Albany co. October. Rare.
Psilocybe camptopoda Pk.
BENT STEM PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 31, p.35
Pileus thin, broadly convex, glabrous, hygrophanous, brown and
striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish when dry; lamellae
narrow, close, adnate, whitish becoming brown; stem equal, curved
cr flexuous, solid, slightly pruinose or mealy at the top, with a
white strigose mycelium at the base; spores 6 x 4p.
Pileus 5-20 mm broad; stem about 2.5 cm long, 1 mm thick.
Gregarious or solitary. On decorticated decaying prostrate trunks
of trees in woods. Albany, Ulster and Wayne counties. September
and October. :
This is one of our smallest species.
Psilocybe unicolor Pk.
ONE-COLORED PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 53, p.845
Pileus thin, broadly convex, hygrophanous, brown and striatulate
on the margin when moist, even and pale brown or whitish when
dry, flesh white, taste slightly disagreeable; lamellae narrow, thin,
close, adnexed, brownish, becoming darker brown; stem short,
straight or curved, equal, glabrous, stuffed or hollow, brownish,
paler than the pileus; spores 6x 4 p.
Pileus 12-20 mm broad; stem 16-24 mm long, 2 mm thick.
Decaying prostrate mossy trunks in woods. Wayne co. October.
Growing in the same locality as Psilocybe camptopoda
Pk. and closely related to it, but separated from it by its adnexed
and darker colored lamellae and by its hollow, glabrous stem without
a white strigose mycelium at the base.
Psilocybe senex Pk.
OLD PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 41, p.7o
Pileus thin, hemispheric, obtuse, hygrophanous, dark brown and
striatulate on the margin when moist, pale cinereous and shining
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII I03
when dry, slightly squamulose with superficial subfasciculate whitish
fibrils, the margin sometimes appearing slightly and fugaciously
appendiculate with these fibrils; lamellae broad, subdistant, adnate,
grayish or cinereous, becoming brown or blackish brown, white on
the edge; stem slender, hollow, fragile, floccosely pruinose, white;
spores brown, 8 x 5 up.
Pileus 1.2-2 cm broad; stem 3-7 cm long, 2 mm thick.
Decaying wood in woods. Ulster co. September. Rare.
The superficial fibrillose and evanescent squamules of the pileus
are similar to those on the pileus of Psilocybe canofaciens
Cke. but the white stem of our plant at once distinguishes it from
that species. The specific name has reference to the white fibrils
of the pileus which suggest the white hairs of old age.
Psilocybe semilanceata Fr.
LIBERTY CAP PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1051
Pileus thin, acutely conic or convex, obtuse or sometimes um-
bonate or cuspidate, viscid and striatulate on the margin when moist,
pale yellow or pallid when dry, the margin incurved; lamellae sub-
distant, adnate, brown becoming purplish brown; stem equal, tough,
stuffed, flexuous, shining, whitish or pallid; spores 12-16 x 8-10 p.
Pileus 1.2-2 cm broad; stem 5-7 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Gregarious. Pastures and rich grassy places. Autumn. Albany
COnj Nate:
Very variable in the shape of the pileus, ranging from acutely
conic to broadly convex.and from obtuse to almost cuspidate. It is
classed as poisonous by M. C. Cooke.
Psilocybe clivensis B. & Br.
HILLY PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1055
Pileus thin, convex or hemispheric, even, atomate, pale brown or
pale ochraceous, rarely almost white, striate on the margin ; lamellae
widely sinuate, adnexed, subdistant, brown; stem equal, hollow,
silky above, white or whitish; spores 8-10 X 4-5 p.
Pileus 1-2 cm broad ; stem 3-7 cm long, 1.5-2 mm thick.
On the ground or on decaying wood lying on the ground. Ulster
co. September. Rare. Found but once.
104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Psilocybe limophila Pk.
MUD-LOVING PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 30, p.42
Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, fragile, atomaceous,
radiately rugulose, whitish, often splitting on the margin, sometimes
areolately cracking; lamellae rather broad, subdistant, whitish be-
coming purplish brown; stem equal, striate and slightly mealy at the
top, hollow, short, white; spores 10-12 x 5-6 uy.
Pileus 1.4—2.5 cm broad; stem 2-2.5 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
Muddy alluvial soil under willows. Albany co. September. Rare.
Similar to Hypholoma incertum Pk. in color, but it
differs in the absence of a veil and of the hygrophanous character
of the pileus, the more distant lamellae and the larger spores.
Psilocybe dichroa (Pers.) Karst.
TWO-COLORED PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1045
Pileus thin, fleshy, conic or campanulate becoming convex, subum-
bonate, glabrous, subviscid, subshining, striatulate on the margin,
brown or bay brown, subalutaceous in dry weather; lamellae broad,
subclose, adnexed, ventricose, pallid, then purplish brown, whitish
on the edge; stem equal or slightly thickened downward, hollow,
silky, pallid becoming brownish; spores 10 x 5 up.
Pileus 2.5-3.5 cm broad; stem 5—7 cm long, 2-4 mm thick.
Marshes and wet places. Albany co. October. Rare. Found
but once.
Psilocybe elongatipes Pk.
LONG STEM PSILOCYBE
N. Y. State Mus. Rep’t 29, p.40
Pileus thin, convex becoming nearly plane, glabrous, moist,
yellow; lamellae broad, subdistant, ventricose, yellowish becoming
brown, usually whitish on the edge;-stem elongated, fragile, flexu-
ous, stuffed or hollow, slightly silky fibrillose, pallid or reddish;
spores ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-8 u.
Pileus 1.2-2.5 cm broad; stem 7-12 cm long, 1.5—2 mm thick.
Gregarious. Among sphagnum in marshes and wet places. Lewis
co. September. Rare.
¥ REPORT OF THE STATE, BOTANIST IQII 105
arog
A sterile form sometimes occurs in which the lamellae are per-
sistently pale or yellowish. In young plants slight vestiges of a
veil sometimes are visible.
Psilocybe uda (Pers.) Fr.
MOIST PSILOCYBE
Sylloge V, p.1045
Pileus fleshy, thin, convex becoming plane, rugulose when dry,
tawny bay becoming yellowish ; lamellae subdistant, adnexed, ventri-
cose, whitish becoming purplish brown; stem equal, elongated, thin,
tough, fibrillose, hollow, straight or slightly wavy, pale above,
ferruginous below; spores purplish brown, 16-20 x 7-9 p.
Pileus 2-3 cm broad; stem 5-8 cm long, 2-3 mm thick.
Gregarious. In swamps among sphagnum and other mosses.
Albany and Oswego counties. September and October.
The spore dimensions here given are taken from American speci-
mens and agree with those given in Sylloge. Some English authors
give much smaller dimensions, 10 X 5 p.
Var. elongata (Pers.) Sacc. has the pileus striate on the
margin when moist, even when dry. The color of the moist pileus
is livid or greenish yellow, of the dry pileus pale yellowish. Gre-
garious. Among sphagnum. July to September. Albany and
Fulton counties.
Psilocybe cernua Vahl has been reported but its identity
is not well established and it is therefore omitted.
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM io
LATIN DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND
VARIETIES
Agaricus campester majusculus
Pileus carnosus, firmus, convexus vel subplanus, margine fibrill-
Ostis squamosusve, disco levis, lamellas excedens, umbrinus, carne
alba, leviter tardeque rufescente caesa, sapore miti, dulce; lamellae
tenues, confertae, liberae, incarnatae, demum atrobrunneae ; stipes
validus, aequalis, farctus, fibrillosus, albus, annulo albo; sporae late
ellipsoideae, 7-9 x 6~7 up.
Pileus 6-15 cm latus; stipes 2.5-7 cm longus, 1-2 cm crassus.
Ascochyta imperfecta
Maculae variabiles, 4-12 mm latae, amphigenae, orbiculares semi-
orbiculares subtriangularesve, majores vulgo terminales vel mar-
ginales, pallide brunneae vel fumosobrunneae, indefinite limitatae:
perithecia pauca, amphigena, depressa, .3-.6 mm lata, brunnea vel
nigrobrunnea; sporae variabiles, continuae vel pseudouniseptatae,
cblongae subcylindraceaeve, utrinque obtusae, aliquando ad septum
constrictae, hyalinae, 6-15 x 2.5-4 p.
Boletus albidipes
Pileus carnosus, convexus deinde late convexus subplanusve,
viscidus vel glutinosus, juvenis flavidoalbus, deinde subochraceus
obscureque maculatus, carne alba; tubuli plani, adnati, albidi, deinde
lutei, tandem subochracei, dissepimentis nudis vel glandularibus
punctis paucis; stipes brevis, aequalis, solidus, albus, nudus vel
punctis glandularibus paucis ad apicem; sporae 8-10 x 3-4 p.
Pileus 5-8 cm latus; stipes 2.5-5 cm longus, 8-12 mm crassus.
Boletus ballouii
Pileus carnosus, firmus, saepe irregularis, convexus, subplanus
vel in centro leviter depressus, siccus, impolitus vel minute tomen-
tosus, primus aurantiacus, deinde brunneo-aurantiacus, brunneus vel
subcinnamomeus, carne alba, sapore miti; tubuli albi albidive, deinde
brunnescentes vel brunnei, ubi contusi fumoso brunnei, adnexi
subdecurrentesve; stipes variabilis, solidus, farinosus vel minute
futfuraceus, ad apicem striatus subreticulatusve, luteus auranti-
acusve, saepe albidus in parte supera; sporae 8-10 X4-5 p.
Pileus 5-12 cm latus; stipes 2.5-12 cm longus, 7-15 mm crassus.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 107
Camarosporium maclurae
Perithecia gregaria, .3 mm lata, in cortice nidulantia, erumpentia,
conica vel subglobosa, vix papillata, atra: sporae primum continuae,
hyalinae, deinde fuscae, 3~-5-septatae, muriformes, saepe leviter
curvatae, 15-20 x 8-10 up.
In ramis emortuis Maclurae pomiferae (Raf.) Schneid.
Cercospora eustomae
Maculae suborbiculares, definitae, griseae vel griseobrunneae,
linea angusta cinctae; hyphae caespitosae, in maculis dense aggre-
gatae vel areas magnas foliorum vivorum occupantes, continuae
seu septatae, irregulares et ad apicem nodulosae, 30-60x 4-6 yp;
sporae variabillissimae, rectae curvae flexuosaeve, oblongae vel sub-
cylindraceae, irregulares, continuae vel obscure 1-2-septatae, sub-
hyalinae, 20-60 x 4-6 up.
Foliis vivis Eustomae andrewsii A. Nels. et E. rus-
selliani (L.) Griseb.
Cercospora pastinaceae n. comb.
GCGercospora apii pastimaceae, Sace)
Maculae parvae, inconspicuae, amphigenae, flavidovirides vel
brunneae, venulis limitatae ; hyphae hypophyllae, aseptatae, ad apicem
nodulosae, pallidobrunneae, 40-60 x 6-8 p»; sporae oblongae vel
cylindraceae, rectae vel curvae, ad apicem rare angustatae, I-—3-
septatae, 25-85 x 6-8 p, uniseptatae sporae loculo superiore angus-
tiore.
In foliis vivis Pastinacae sativae L.
Cercosporella mirabilis
Maculae angulares, irregulares, 2-10 mm latae, interdum con-
fluentes, primum lutescentes vel pallidae, deinde brunneorutescentes ;
hyphae longae, repentes, ramosae, intertextae vel breves, simplices et
erectae, hypophyllae, hyalinae; sporae cylindraceae vel gradatim ad
apicem angustatae, plurinucleatae, interdum I—3-septatae, curvae vel
flexuosae, ad apicem rare hamatae, hyalinae, 40-120 x 3-5 p.
In foliis vivis Crataegi rivularis Nutt.
Cercosporella terminalis
Maculae anguste oblongae, 1-3 cm longae, 3-5 mm latae, oe
confluentes et ad apicem omnino folium discolorantes, brunneae ve
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
nigrobrunneae saepe steriles; caespites effusi, areas lineares floccu-
lentes candidas formantes; sporae variabiles, curvae flexuosaeve,
subcylindraceae vel ad apicem attenuatae, continuae vel 1—3-septatae,
saepe nucleatae, 50-150 X 3-5 up.
lin doltis wins Weicained) wiridis Ag:
Clitocybe fumosa brevipes
Stipes brevis, 1.2-2.5 cm longus, 1-2 cm crassus.
Clitocybe sinopicoides
Pileus tenuis, convexus, margine deflexus, umbilicatus, in centro
floccososquamulosus, margine obscure fibrillosus, firmus, fulvorufus
vel lateritius, carne alba, sapore odoreque farinaceis; lamellae sub-
confertae, arcuatae, decurrentes, albae, venis leviter connexae; stipes
aequalis, glaber vel subfloccosus, solidus vel farctus, sublateritius ;
sporae 6-8 x 3-4 pm.
Pileus 2-4 cm latus; stipes 2-4 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Inter muscos in locis uliginosis.
Clitocybe sudorifica
Pileus carnosus, tenuis, late convexus vel subplanus, saepe in
centre depressus vel umbilicatus, irregularis vel in margine in lobos
fissus, glaber, siccus, albidus vel griseo albus, carne alba, sapore
niiti; lamellae tenues, angustae, confertae, adnatae vel leviter de-
currentes, albidae; stipes vulgo brevis, aequalis vel basi attenuatus,
glaber pruinosusve, farctus vel cavus, interdum curvus, albus
albidusve ; sporae subglobosae, 4-5 x 3-4 up.
Pileus 2-4 cm latus; stipes I-3 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
In locis gramineis.
Cortinarius albidipes
Pileus carnosus, compactus, hemisphaeric deinde late convexus,
cbtusus vel subumbonatus, viscidus, glaber, nitidus, luteolus, carne
alba, sapore miti; lamellae 4-6 mm latae, subconfertae, pallide vio-
laceae, demum cinnamomeae; stipes vulgo sursum attenuatus, basi
incrassatus vel bulbosus, firmus, solidus, sericeo fibrillosus, albus;
sporae subglobosus, 8-10 x 7-9 p.
Pileus 5-10 cm latus; stipes 5-8 cm longus, I-I.5 cm crassus.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII I0Q
Cortinarius phyllophilus
Pileus carnosus, crassus, compactus, convexus subplanusve, vis-
cidus, subnitidus, leviter innate fibrillosus, pallide fulvo ochraceus,
carne alba, sapore miti; lamellae tenues, confertae, acie erosae,
luteae, deinde brunneo cinnamomeae; stipes brevis, validus, firmus,
abrupte bulbosus, sericeo fibrillosus, albidus, basi subferruginosus;
sporae utrinque subacutae, 10-12 x 5-6 uy.
Pileus 7-12 cm latus; stipes 3-5 cm longus, 1-1.5 cm crassus.
Coryneum sorbi
Acervuli numerosi, discoidei, erumpentes, orbiculares vel ellip-
soidei, .5—I mm lati, nigri; sporae oblongae vel oblongo ovoideae,
triseptatae, saepe irregulares, fuscae, 12-20 x 8-9 p; sporophores
brevissimi vel obsoleti.
In ramulis emortuis Sorbi californicae Greene.
Dasyscypha sulphuricolor
Cupulae sulphureae, gregariae subcaespitosaeve, subsessiles, 1-3
mm latae, minute villosae; hymenium planum vel convexum, cupulae
margine incurvo cinctum; asci subcylindracei, 70-80 x 3-4 mw; sporae
oblongae vel subfusiformae, 10-12 x 2-3 p; paraphyses filiformes.
In ligno emortuo Fraxini nigri Marsh.
Dermatea mori
Ascomata orbicularia ellipsoidea vel leviter irregularia, I-2 mm
lata, late convexa vel discoidea, erumpentia, epidermide rupta cincta,
nigra vel brunneo nigra; asci cylindracei vel subclavati, 60-90 x
20-25 3 sporae oblongae vel subcylindraceae, subdistichae, con-
tinuae, hyalinae, 20-30 x 8-10 up.
In ramulis emortuis Mori albae tataricae Loud.
Diaporthe inornata
Pustulae valsoideae, 1-1.5 mm latae, in cortice interiore nidu-
lantes; perithecia .3 mm lata, 4-14 in caespite, nigra, cum linea
nulla circumscripta, ostiola longa, conferta discum perforantia et
obliterantia, erumpentia, epidermide rupta cincta; asci subfusi-
formes, 60-80 x 8-10 »; sporae conferta, oblongae vel subfusi-
formes, utrinque seta breve auctae, ad septum constrictae, 2-4-
nucleatae, 15-24 x 3-4 p.
In ramis emortuis Rhois typhinae L.
IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Diplodia polygonicola
Perithecia minuta, abundantia, dense gregaria, areas longas in
stipitibus occupantia, erumpentia, atra; sporae oblongae vel subellip-
soideae, primum hyalinae, deinde fuscae, postremo uniseptatae,
14-16 x 8-9 pn.
In stipitibus emortuis Polygoni lapathifolii L.
Entoloma subtruncatum
Pileus tenuis, subconicus, glaber, hygrophanus, humidus pallide
ochraceus et margine striatulus, siccus pallidior et subnitidus,
subtruncatus, subumbonatus vel leviter depressus, margine involutus ;
lamellae tenues, latae, adnexae, subconfertae, inaequales, albidae,
demum pallide incarnatae ; stipes gracilis, aequalis vel sursum leviter
attenuatus, cavus, sericeo fibrillosus, flavus, basi albido tomentosus ;
sporae angulares, basi apiculatae, 12-14 x 8-10 up.
Pileus 2-3 cm latus; stipes 3-8 cm longus, 2-5 mm crassus.
Flammula sulphurea
Pileus carnosus, subconicus vel convexus, deinde late convexus,
elaber, viscidus, hygrophanus, humidus luteus, siccus sulphureus,
interdum in margine squamis albidis fibrillosis ornatus, carne alba,
sapore odoreque ingratis; lamellae tenues, confertae, arcuatae, ad-
natae margine crenulatae, albidae deinde ferruginosae; stipes
aequalis, flexuosus, fibrillosus vel squamulosus, farctus vel cavus,
ad apicem flavidus et nudus, deorsum ferrugineus; sporae fusco
ferrugineae, 8-11 x 5-6 up.
Pileus 2-6 cm latus; stipes 3-6 cm longus, 4-8 mm crassus.
In pomariis et sub Pyro malo L.
Gloeosporium psoraleae
Acervuli minuti, maculas orbiculares brunneas vel nigrescentes
brunneas occupantes, .25-.75 mm lati; foliorum pilis infra obscu-
rati; sporae oblongae vel subellipsoideae, rectae vel leviter curvae,
hyalinae, 14-20 x 4-5 up.
Im TiOliis Wins JZSOuwAleas SSetllemiaS lrivicsn,
Graphyllium chloes junci
Sporae ad septa non constrictae; paraphyses obsoleti vel carentes.
In culmis Junci baltici Willd.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII II!
Helvella capucinoides
Ascoma tenue, lentum, submembranaceum, vulgo subbilobatum,
uno lobo erecto, altero deflexo, margine nudo, libero, involuto, lobo
inferiore stipitem circumdante, subter album, rugulosum; hymenium
fuliginoso ochraceum, deinde brunneum vel ochraceo brunneum ;
stipes gracilis, firmus, aequalis, subteres, farctus vel cavus, pruinoso
pubescens, .candidus; asci cylindracei, 240-280 x 18-20 p; sporae
oblongae vel ellipsoideae, uniseriatae, uninucleatae, hyalinae,
20-28 x 12-16 p; paraphyses filiformes, apicibus clavatis.
Ascoma .5-2.5 cm latum; stipes 2.5-7 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Ika titra, ha Sylhws, Ay Jalellypellla, jap tieiine | Owelly im ase
comatis forma margineque nuda differt.
Henningsinia caespitosa
Stromata subclavata, .5-1 cm alta, 3-4 mm lata ad partem
suiperiorem, ad partem inferiorem abrupta augustata, caespitosa, ad
apicem obtusa vel subumbonata, atra, interdum nitida; perithecia
oblonga, I mm longa, in stromatis parte superiore erecta; substantia
inferior stromatis albida; asci ovato clavati, 36-40 x 14-16 mw; sporae
inordinate confertae, oblongae, continuae, fuscae, I10-I2x6-7 uy.
intcognice sbatiasieraencaum md tive tale) Jacq:
Hygrophorus recurvatus
Pileus carnosus, margine tenuis, convexus, deinde planus vel
margine recurvo concavus, saepe margine laceratus, udus griseo
brunneus et margine obscure striatulatus, siccus subalutaceus
levisque, glaber, interdum centro brunnescens, carne alba; lamellae
distantes, subventricosae, venis connexae, decurrentes, albidae;
stipes aequalis, fragilis, farctus cavusve, fibrosus, subpruinosus,
albus albidusve: snorae late ellipsoideae vel subglobose, 6-8 x 4-6 pu
vel 6-7 p latae.
Pileus 1.2-2.4 cm latus; stipes 2-4 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Hysterium cubense
Perithecia gregaria vel subcaespitosa, oblonga ellipsoidea recta
curva vel rare flexuosa, primum erumpentia, demum superficialia,
epidermide dilapsa, levia, I-2 mm longa, .5 mm lata altaque, atra;
asci cylindracei, 160-200 x 15-20 m; sporae uniseriatae, oblongae
cllipsoideaeve, triseptata, fuscae, 30-40 x 12-16 up.
In ramis emortuis in terra.
I12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Leptonia davisiana
Pileus tenuis, submembranaceus, convexus, deinde planus vel late
depressus, fragilis, glaber, centro leviter squamulosus, siccus Saepe
late striatus, nigrescente brunneus; lamellae tenues, confertae, sub-
ventricosae, adnexae, albae, deinde incarnatae et pulverulentae ;
stipes gracilis, aequalis, glaber, farctus cavusve, pileo in colore
similis; sporae angulares, uninucleatae, 10-12 x 8-10 pb.
Pileus 1-2.5 cm latus; stipes 1.5-3 cm longus, 1-2 mm crassus.
In locis gramineis.
Leptostromella scirpina
Perithecia epiphylla vel rare amphigena, suborbicularia vel
oblonga, discoidea concavave, subsuperficialia, atra; sporae sub-
bacillares, hyalinae, curvae, continuae, utrinque acutae, 20-25 x 2-3 up.
_In foliis emortuis Scirpi atrovirentis Muhl.
Lysurus borealis serotinus
Pars externa loborum receptaculi alba; lineae candidae ab basi
stipitis radiantes, aequales in numero receptaculi lobis, plagasque
lineares in superficia interna volvae formantes.
Macrophoma burserae
Perithecia minuta, 100-200 p lata, epidermide tecta, gregaria vel
aggregata et pustulas parvas inaequales leviter prominentes et saepe
confluentes formantia, atra, intus alba; sporae ellipsoideae, subhya-
linae, 16-20 x IO-12 yp.
In cortice Burserae gummiferae Jacq.
Macrophoma numerosa
Perithecia minuta, .3-.5 mm lata, dense gregaria, membranacea,
in cortice nidulantia, erumpentia, atra, intus albida ; sporae oblongae
fusiformesve, continuae, interdum binucleatae, utrinque acutae,
12-20 X 3-4 mw; sporophores brevissimi vel obsoleti.
In ramulis emortius Robiniae pseudacaciae L.
Morchella conica serotina
Pileus conicus vel irregularis, apice subactus vel late rotundatus,
interdum perforatus, saepe sterilis et brunnescens, costis acie
albidis; stipes minute squamulosus. Serotina. October et
November.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII hs
Mycena atroumbonata
Pileus tenuis, submembranaceus, convexus, deinde late convexus
subplanusve, umbonatus, late striato plicatus, glaber, subhygro-
phanus, udus brunneus et nitidus, siccus griseo brunneus, umbone
tiigro ; lamellae tenues, subconfertae, late sinuatae, dente decurrentes,
albae, deinde fumoso brunneae; stipes gracilis, glaber, cavus, radi-
cans, basi albo villosus, pileo in colore similis; sporae oblongae vel
ellipsoideae, intus granulares, saepe binucleatae, 6-9 x 5-6 pm.
Pileus 1.2-3.2 cm latus; stipes 5-8 cm longus, I-2 mm Crassus.
Solitaria vel gregaria. In truncis prostratis emortius Tsugae
canadensis Carr. in sylvis.
Naucoria arenaria
Pileus tenuis, convexus subplanusve, flavidus vel subaurantiacus
margine pallidior; lamellae latae, inaequales, sinuatae, brunneo fer-
ruginosae; stipes gracilis, rigidus, glaber, medulla alba farctus, pileo
in colore similis, pseudobulbosus ; sporae brunnescente ferruginosae,
15-20 X 10-12 yp.
Pileus .75-2 cm latus; stipes 2-3 cm longus, I-2 mm crassus.
Ovularia avicularis
Maculae magnae, suborbiculares oblongaeve, brunneo rufae ;
hyphae amphigenae, erectae, caespites minutos confertos albidos
formantes, 25-35 x 3-4 p; sporae oblongae vel ellipsoideae, con-
tinuae, rare infra leviter angustatae, hyalinae, 12-20x6-8 up.
In foliis vivis Polygoni avicularis L.
Paxillus microsporus
Pileus carnosus, tenuis, deinde subplanus, subglaber, albus, demum
albidus, interdum in centro brunnescens, udus leviter viscidus,
primum margine involutus, demum repandus levisque vel distante
striatus, carne alba; lamellae tenues, angustae, confertae, primum
adnatae, demum decurrentes, interdum basi furcatae vel leviter
anastomosantes, flavescentes, mox lutescente umbrinae ; stipes brevis,
vulgo deorsum attenuatus, solidus farctusve, pileo in colore similis ;
sporae brunneo ochraceae, minutae, subglobose, 2-3 p latae.
Pileus 1-6 cm latus; stipes I-6 cm longus, 3-8 mm crassus.
Solitarius vel caespitosus. In terra subter Castaneae
dentatae (Marsh.) Borkh.
Ii4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Peniophora tenuissima
Tenuissima, late effusa, indeterminata, adnata, siccitate levis vel
leviter rimosa, subpruinosa, albida; sporae ellipsoideae, OX 4 any
cystidia subcylindracea vel conica elongata obtusa, 50-80 x 15-20 yp.
Phacidium lignicola
Perithecia subsuperficialia, circiter 1 mm lata, orbicularia vel late
ellipsoidea, prominentia, rugosa, atra, laciniate aperientia, margine
3-5 dentibus ornata; hymenium nigricans; asci clavati, 60-80 x
IO-I2 mw; sporae confertae vel subdistichae, continuae, rectae vel
leviter curvae, oblongae, interdum basi leviter attenuatae, hyalinae,
12-15 X3.5—-4 p.
In ligno decorticato Popul? tremuloid uy) WISE,
Pholiota rigidipes
Pileus carnosus, subtenuis, firmus, late convexus, leviter et late
umbonatus, squamulis hirtis appressis brunnescentibus obscure
squamulosus, flavidus vel luteolus, carne alba, sapore miti; lamellae
tenues, sublatae, confertae, brunneo ferruginosae; stipes longus,
rigidus, gracilis, saepe flexuosus, cavus, obscure fibrilloso squamu-
losus, infra annulum parvum saepe evanescentem pallidus, ad apicem
albus et pruinosus; sporae ellipsoideae, 8-10 x 5-6 p..
Pileus 5-8 cm latus; stipes 6-8 cm longus, 5-7 mm crassus.
Inter folia dilapsa in sylvis.
Phoma bacteriophila
Perithecia minuta, .2-.3 mm lata, primum epidermide tecta, deinde
erumpentia, sparsa vel dense gregaria, interdum conferta et ramulum
omnino obtegentia, atra; sporae obovatae vel ellipsoideae, hyalinae,
6-8 K 4-5 p.
In maculis morbidis truncorum Pparvorum Pini strobi Wet
in ramulis emortuis.
Phoma leprosa
Perithecia .3-5 mm_ lata, depressa_ subglobosave, perforata,
incrustatione albida tecta; sporae rectae, cylindraceae, hyalinae,
IO-I5 X 3-4 p.
In pomis dilapsis Crata Sei time rata E Jacq.
REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII I1§
Phoma roystoneae
Perithecia minuta, circiter, .2 mm lata, amphigena, gregaria,
abundantia, atra; sporae minutae, oblongae subcylindraceaeve,
hyalinae, 5-8 x 1.5—2 uw, sporophoribus brevibus hyalinis suffultae.
intolis ho ystoniae teciare: CEB Ker Ol Cook
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus
Stipes brevis, 2.5-3.5 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus, curvus, eccen-
tricus ; sporae pallide incarnatae, interdum luteo incarnatae, globosae
vel subglobosae, minute asperae, 6-8 wm latae.
Psilocybe fuscofolia
Pileus carnosus, tenuis, conicus hemisphaericusve, deinde con-
vexus planus vel in centro depressus, glaber, margine levis, hygro-
phanus, udus alutaceus, siccus subochraceus et rugosus, carne albida
flavidave; lamellae tenues, angustae, adnatae, interdum furcatae,
pallide brunneae, deinde rubescente brunneae; stipes aequalis,
gracilis, cavus, sericeo fibrillosus, albus, basi subbulbosus, albo
tomentosus ; sporae brunneae, ellipsoideae, 6-8 x 3-4 um.
Pileus 2.5-5 cm latus; stipes 2.5-4 cm longus, 2-4 mm crassus.
Septoria magnospora
Maculae parvae, 2-3 mm latae, pallidae albidaeve, margine rufo
brunneae; perithecia minuta, .2-.25 mm lata, depressa, atra; sporae
magnae, late filiformes vel subcylindraceae, curvae, continuae,
hyalinae, interdum plurinucleatae, 45-80 x 3-4 pu.
In foliis vivis Pruni fremontii Wats.
Septoria mirabilissima
Perithecia minutissima, .I-.2 mm lata, sparsa, superficialia, atra;
sporae filiformes, flexuosae curvaeve, continuae, hyalinae, 40-150 x
I.5-2 w; sporophores graciles, 20 xT p.
In cortice leviter discolorato et leve Pini strobi L.
‘1ricnoioma equestre albipes
Stipes albus. In alteris typo similis.
Tricholoma planiceps
Pileus carnosus, tenuissimus, late convexus planusve, glaber,
griseo brunneus vel flavo brunneus, margine acuto, minutissime albo
flocculente, carne alba; lamellae tenues angustae, confertae, leviter
sinuatae, albae albidaeve; stipes gracilis, aequalis, farctus cavusve,
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
pileo in colore similis vel pallidior; sporae late ellipsoideae,
7-8 x 5-6 pm.
Pileus 2-5 cm latus; stipes 4-6 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus.
Sub arboribus Thujae occidentalis L.
Tricholoma subsaponaceum
Pileus carnosus, compactus, flexibilis, convexus subplanusve,
glaber, albidus, cremeus vel pallidus, in centro fumoso brunneus vel
alutaceus, interdum maculis parvis submarginalibus ornatus, carne
alba, fracta tarde lutescente vel crocea, odore grato, aniseo, sapore
farinaceo; lamellae latae, confertae, adnexae vel subliberae, albidae ;
stipes variabilis, aequalis, nunc apice, nunc basi incrassatus, interdum
compressus, rare radicans, sericeo fibrillosus, solidus, deinde cavus,
albidus ; sporae late ellipsoideae vel subglobosae, 5-6 x 4-5 ph.
Pileus 6-14 cm latus; stipes 4-5 cm longus, 1.5-3 cm crassus.
Inter folia dilapsa in sylvis.
Tricholoma subsejunctum
Pileus carnosus, conicus convexusve, saepe irregularis vel mar-
gine repandus et lobatus, udus leviter viscidus, subnitidus, fibrilis
nigris virgatus vel reticulate virgatus, nigrescente brunneus, vulgo
margine flavidus vel virescente luteolus, carne alba, sapore farinaceo ;
lamellae tenues, confertae, adnexae, albae, saepe anterius lutescentes ;
stipes validus, aequalis, solidus, albus, interdum lutescens; sporae
minutae, 5-6 x 4-5 p.
Pileus 2.5—7 cm latus; stipes 3-5 cm longus, 6-12 mm crassus.
Inter muscos et folia dilapsa in sylvis.
Tricholoma terraeolens majus
Pileus 2-6 cm latus, vulgo umbonatus, subplanus vel circum
umbonem depressus; stipes solidus, 6-10 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus.
In alteris typo similis.
Vermicularia hysteriiformis
Perithecia ellipsoidea oblongave, .3-.6 mm longa, primum epider-
mide tecta, demum erumpentia, setosa, atra; setae erectae diver-
gentesve, 50-120 x 4-5 p, atrae, ad apicem subhyalinae, acutae;
sporae oblongae vel subfusiformes, rectae vel leviter curvae,
utrinque acutae, continuae, hylinae, 20-25 x 3-4 up.
In, caulibus emortus Catulophylli > thalicimondnss
(Mise.
a BN
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
: : Plate 124
117
iB © bw 4
Oo ONT OV
Tricholoma subsejunctum Pk.
SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA
Two young plants
Plant with conic cap
Plant with convex cap and lobed margin
Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
Four spores x 400
Tricholoma equestre albipes Pk.
WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA
Plant with convex cap
Plant with fully expanded cap
Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
Four spores x 400
118
See EDIBLE FUNGI alee
¥
Fic. 1-5 Fic. 6-9
TRICHOLOMA SUBSEJUNCTUM Px. TRICHOLOMA EQUESTRE ALBIPES PK
SUBDISJOINED TRICHOLOMA WHITE STEM EQUESTRIAN TRICHOLOMA
Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
SILKY VOLVARIA
1 Plant of medium size with white cap
2 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
3 Four spores x 400
oe |
N.Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 125
4
v
VOLVARIA BOMBYCINA (PERS.) FR.
SILKY VOLVARIA
‘Plate 126
zi
Entoloma grayanum ile
GRAY ENTOLOMA
1 Immature plant
2 Mature plant
3 Mature and immature plants united at the base
4 Whitish plant with broadly umbonate cap
5 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
6 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
7 Four spores x 400
| /, gles MUS. 65. EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 126.
ENTOLOMA GRAYANUM PK.
: GRAY ENTOLOMA
Plate 127
123
Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Cluster of immature plants growing on the ground
Two immature plants of larger size
Mature moist plant growing on dead wood
Mature plant with center of cap free from moisture
Mature plant with entire cap free from moisture
Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
Transverse section of a stem
Four spores x 400
Oo ON AM BW ND H
Pholiota discolor Pk.
FADING PHOLIOTA
1o A mature and-an immature plant united at the base
11 Mature plant after the escape of the moisture from the cap
12 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
13 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
14 Transverse section of a stem
15 Four spores x 400
i N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 EDIBLE FUNGI © Been
Fic. 10-15
PHOLIOTA DISCOLOR PK.
FADING PHOLIOTA
Fie. 1-9
PSILOCYBE POLYCEPHALA (PAUL.)
MANY CAP PSILOCYBE
Plate 128
'
125
Cortinarius albidipes Pk.
WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS
1 Immature plant
2 Immature plant showing color of the gills
3 Mature plant
4 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
5 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
6 Four spores x 400
126
eS 65 EDIBLE FUNGI PLATE 128
CORTINARIUS ALBIDIPES PK.
WHITE STEM CORTINARIUS
7
' . Plate 129
Agaricus campester majusculus Pk.
LARGER MUSHROOM
1 Young plant or “ button ” with gills concealed by the white veil
2 Immature plant showing pink color of the gills
3 Mature plant showing blackish brown color of the gills
4 Vertical section of an immature plant
5 Four spores x 400
128
PLATE 129
EDIBLE FUNGI
N. Y. STATE MUS. 65
Liman
Vege creas. ch
2S Ee
AGARICUS CAMPESTER MAJUSCULUS PK.
LARGER MUSHROOM
*otun il A
Eee
R
Boletus albidipes Pk.
WHITE STEM BOLETUS
t Immature plant showing whitish tubes
2 Immature but older plant showing yellowish tubes
3 Mature plant with expanded cap and ochraceous tubes
4 Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
5 Four spores x 400
130
PLATE 130
BOLETUS ALBIDIPES PxK.
WHITE STEM BOLETUS
Clitocybe sudorifica Pk.
SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE
Immature plant with convex cap
Mature plant with centrally depressed cap
Cluster of plants
4 Mature plant with the margin of the cap lobed
Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
Four spores x 400
&® WN 4
OV U1
Flammula sulphurea Pk.
SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA
7 Immature plant
8 Tuft of plants, two of them showing the color of the mature gills
9 Vertical section of the upper part of an immature plant
10 Vertical section of the upper part of a mature plant
11 Four spores x 400
© FES
j N. Y. STATE MUS. 65 > OR WING © PLATE VII
“
Fic. 1-6 Fic. 7-11
*
CLITOCYBE SUDORIFICA Px. FLAMMULA SULPHUREA PK.
SUDORIFIC CLITOCYBE SULFUR-COLORED FLAMMULA
.
-
|
Plate VIII
133.
Boletus ballouii Pk.
BALLOU BOLETUS
1 Immature plant
2 Mature plant
3 Tuft of plants, two of them showing faded color
3a Vertical section of the upper part of a plant
4 Cystidium x 400
5 Four spores x 400
134
PLATE VIII
FUNGI
ite)
©
a)
=)
=
ua}
be
<<
ke
7p)
s
z
Were a’
OSs
Zolee
2D
BOLETUS BALLOUII PK.
BALLOU BOLETUS
INDEX
Acer carolinianum, 21
rubrum, 21
var. tridens, 21
Adirondacks, marsh flora, 7
Aecidium atriplicis, 21
Agaricus (Clitocybe) anisarius, 66
arvensis, 37
campester majusculus, 57, 106
laccatus, 91
Ochropurpureus, QI
(Hypholoma) phyllogenus, 99
(Hypholoma) squalidellus, 97
subrufescens, 37
(Clitocybe) subzonalis, 83
tabescens, 75
Andropogon furcatus, 37
Anthyllis vulneraria, 21
Armillaria mellea exannulata, 75
pinetorum, 21
Artemisia frigida, 21
gnaphalodes, 21
Ascochyta imperfecta, 21, 106
medicaginis, 22
ileien ee
Boletus, white stem, 58
Boletus albidipes, 22, 58, 106
ballouii, 22, 106
granulatus, 58
albidipes, 58
subsanguineus, 22
Burnham, S. H., work of, Io
Calvatia gigantea, 37
Camarosporium maclurae, 23, 107
Centaurea maculosa, 23
nigra radiata, 38
Cercospora apii pastinacae, 45
eustomae, 45, 107
medicaginis, 23
pastinacae, 45, 107
Cercosporella mirabilis, 45, 107
terminalis, 23, 107
veratri, 23
Chestnut bark disease, 6
Cichorium intybus, 38
135
Clavaria subtilis, 23
Clitocybe, 59-60; New York species,
59-89
acrid, 72
Adirondack, 82
bitter, 64
bowl shape, 79
brown stem, 69
cespitose, 84
changeable, 87
clouded, 62
club stem, 62
cup shape, 84
deceiving, 76
decorated, 63
deformed, 70
ditopodalike, 88
double stem, 86
eccentric, 8I
ectypoid, 81
flat stem, 89
fragrant, 89
funnel form, 80
hairy, 64
intermediate, 61
inverted, 83
ivory, 73
large, 79
leaf-loving, 71
little jug, 67
many cap, 78
mottled, 76
mound, 75
multiform, 77
narrow gill, 88
open, 66
peltigerine, 87
pine, 63
pine-loving, 71
regular, 72
revolute, 77
rivulose, 63
robust, 71
saucer, 70
shining, 83
sinopican, 80
136
Clitocybe (continued)
’ sinopican-like, 80
smoky, 75
spreading, 75
subconcave, 85
sudorific, 67
sulfur-colored, 64
sweet, 65
thin margin, 68
trog, 66
trumpet, 81
trunk inhabiting, 68
two-form, 65
united, 74
very white, 60
waxy, 92
white lead, 70
whitish, 67, 72
wintry, 85
worthless, 87
yellowish, 82, 86
Clitocybe adirondackensis, 82
albidula, 67
albissima, 69
ampla, 75
angustissima, 88
aperta, 66
biformis, 65
brumalis, 85
caespitosa, 84
candicans, 72
candida, 71
carnosior, 62
catina, 79
centralis, 67
cerussata, 70
clavipes, 62
compressipes, 89
concava, 85
cyathiformis, 84
dealbata, 68, 73
sudorifica, 68
var, deformata, 73
var, minor, 73
decora, 63
difformis, 70
ditopoda, 86, 88, 80
eccentrica, 8&1
ectypoides, 81
fellea, 64
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Clitocybe (continued)
flavidella, 86
fragrans, 89
fumosa, 75
brevipes, 24, 75, 108
fuscipes, 69
gallinacea, 72
gilva, 24, 82
hirneola, 24, 67
illudens, 76
incilis, 81
infundibuliformis, 79, 80
var, membranacea, 8o
inversa, 83
leptoloma, 68
maculosa, 83
marmorea, 76
Maxima, 79
media, 61
metachroa, 87
monadelpha, 74
multiceps, 78
var, tricholoma, 78
multiformis, 77
nebularis, 62
odora, 65, 66
var. anisaria, 66
patuloides, 75
peltigerina, 87
phyllophila, 71
pinophila, 63
pithyophila, 71, 82
poculum, 84
regularis, 72
revoluta, 77
rivulosa, 63
robusta, 71
sinopica, 80, 81
sinopicoides, 24, 80, 108
splendens, 24, 83
subconcava, 85
subcyathiformis, 70
subditopoda, 88
subhirta, 64
subzonalis, 83
sudorifica, 24, 67, 108
sulphurea, 64
tornata, 72
trogii, 66
truncicola, 68
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII
Clitocybe (continued)
tuba, 24, 81
tumulosa, 24, 75
vilescens, 87
virens, 65
Clitopilus conissans, 97
Collybia radicata, 6
Coniothecium chomatosporium, 24
Convolvulus arvensis, 38
Coprinus domesticus, 24
Corallorrhiza trifida, 38
Coronophora angustata, 24
Cortinarius, white stem, 57
Cortinarius albidipes, 24, 57, 108
phyllophilus, 25, 1o9
purpurascens; 25
Coryneum disciforme, 25
sorbi, 46, 109
Cryptogramma stelleri, 39
Cyathiformes, 60, 83
Cytospora rhoina, 2
salicis, 25
Dasyscypha pulverulenta, 25
sulphuricolor, 25, I09
Dermatea mort, 46, I09
Deutzia scabra, 25
var. plena, 25
Diaporthe inornata, 47, 109
syngenesia, 47
Difformes, 59, 74
Diplodia polygonicola, 47, I10
spiraeina, 26
Diplodina medicaginis, 26
Disciformes, 59, 60
Drosera rotundifolia, 39
Edible fungi, 6, 53-58
Entoloma grayanum, 56
subtruncatum, 47, IIo
Euphorbia corollata, 39
Explanation of plates, 117-34
Flammula alnicola, 26
spumosa, 26
sulphurea, 26, ITO
Fungi, edible, 6, 8, 53-58; extra-
limital, new species and varieties,
45-52
Fusarium pirinum, 26
137
Galera reticulata, 39
Ganoderma sessile, 26
tsugae, 27
Gloeosporium nervisequum, 2
psoraleae, 48, I10
valsoideum, 27
Graphyllium chloes junci, 48, 110
Grindelia squarrosa, 39
Squarrosa nuda, 4o
Gutierrezia sarothra, 27
Gymnolomia multiflora, 2
Habenaria ciliaris, 40
Haplosporella ribis, 2
Hebeloma sinapizans, 2
Helvella capucina, 27
capucinoides, 27, III
Hendersonia grossulariae, 28
Henningsinia caespitosa, 48, III
durissima, 48
Hydnellum peckii, 28
Hygrophorus colemannianus, 28
recurvatus, 28, III
sordidus, 28
Hypholoma incertum, 97, 104
modestum, 99
rigidipes, 40
Hysterium cubense, 48, III
pulicare, 48
Infundibuliformes, 59, 78
Laccaria, New York _ species,
90-93
amethyst, 91
laccate, 92
plastered, 90
purplish ocher, 91
striatulate, 93
twisted, 93
Laccaria amethystina, 91
laccata, 9I, 92, 93
var, decurrens, 92
var. pallidifolia, 92
ochropurpurea, 91
striatula, 93
tortilis, 93
var. gracilis, 93
trullisata, 90
Lachnea hemisphaerica pusilla, 4o
Lactarius minusculus, 40
138
Lepiota rhacodes, 40
Leptonia abnormis, 49
davisiana, 49, I12
Leptosphaeria distributa, 28
Leptostromella hysterioides, 49
scirpina, 49, II2
Lobelia cardinalis, 40
Lonicera tatarica, 40
xylosteum, 41
Lysimachia punctata, 41
terrestris, 41
thyrsiflora, 41
Lysurus borealis serotinus, 49, I12
Macrophoma burserae, 50, 112
numerosa, 50, I12
Marasmius epiphyllus, 28
insititius, 28
Melanconis alni, 28
Mentha gentilis, 41
Merulius ulmi, 41
Morchella conica serotina, 50, I12
Mushrooms, 6, 8, 45-58
larger, 57
mowers, 98
Mycena atroumbonata, 29, 113
galericulata, 2
metata, 29
Mycosyrinx osmundae, 43
cinnamomeae, 43
Naucoria arenaria, 29, I13
platysperma, 29
Oenothera muricata, 2
muricata canescens, 2
Omphalia offuciata, 2
Ophiotheca vermicularis, 30
Orbiformes, 60, 85
Osmunda cinnamomea_ bipinnati-
fida, 41
Ovalaria avicularis, 51, 113
rigidula, 51
Paxillus microsporus, 51, 113
Peacock marsh, 7, 44
Peniophora tenuissima, 30, 114
Periconia pycnospora, 30
Peronospora trifoliorum, 30
Pestalozzia adusta, 30
funerea, 30
longiseta, 30
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Phacidium lignicola, 30, 114
Pholiota, fading, 54
Pholiota autumnalis, 9
discolor, 54
rigidipes, 31, I14
terrigena, 31 .
Phoma amorphae, 31
bacteriophila, 31, 114
leprosa, 31, 114
roystoneae, 51, 114
smilacis, 32
Phyllosticta rhei, 22
Physcia granulifera, 32
Plants, added to herbarium, 5, r1-
13; specimens collected, 5; con-
tributors and their contributions,
5, 6, 14-20; remarks and observa-
tions, 6, 37-44; species not be-
fore reported 6, 21-36
Plates, explanation of, 117-324
Plowrightia morbosa, 41
Pluteus alveolatus eccentricus, 51,
IIs
Polygonum hydropiper, 42
Polyporus albellus, 42
chioneus, 42
focicola, 42
melanopus, 32
radicatus, 32
varius, 32
Polysaccum pisocarpium, 32
Polystictus parvulus, 42
Poria pulchella, 32
Psilocybe, 94; New York species,
94-105
bay, I00
bent stem, 102
blackish, rot
blue stem, 95
brown gill, roo
chestnut, 99
dusty, 07
haymakers, 98
hilly, 103
leaf, 99
liberty cap, 103
long stem, 104
many cap, 55, 98
moist, 105
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQII 139
Psilocybe (continued)
mud, Io1I
mud-loving, 104
old, 102
one-colored, 102
sandy, 96
squalid, 97
tawny brown, IOI
two-colored, 104
Psilocybe ammophila, 96
arenulina, 96
atomate, 96
atomatoides, 96
caerulipes, 95
camptopoda, 102
canofaciens, 103
castanella, 99
cernua, I05
clivensis, 103
conissans, 97
dichroa, 104
elongatipes, 104
foenisecii, 98
fuscofolia, 32, 100, 115
fuscofulva, Io1
limicola, ror
limophila, 104
nigrella, Ior
phyllogena, 99
modesta, 99
polycephala, 32, 55, 98
semilanceata, 103
caerulescens, 96
senex, 102
spadicea, 55, 98, 100
squalidella, 97
var. deformata, 98
var. macrospora, 98
var. umbonata, 98
uda, 105
var. elongata, 105
unicolor, 102
Ramularia karstenii, 32
Rubus glandicaulis, 32
sativus, 42
Rynchospora fusca, 42
Sagedia cestrensis, 33
Sarracenia purpurea, 44
Septoria aquilegiae, 33
dianthi, 33
magnospora, 52, II5
malvicola, 33
mirabilissima, 33, II5
Smilacina trifolia, 44
Solidago juncea ramosa, 42
Sphaeronema minutulum, 33
Sphaeropsis amorphae, 33
maclurae, 33
Spongipellis occidentalis, 34
Stagonospora carpathica, 34
Steccherinum ochraceum, 34
peckii, 34
Steganosporium fenestratum, 34
Stenophyllus capillaris, 42
Stigmina populi, 34
Teichospora disseminata, 35
trimorpha, 34
Thyridium pallidum, 35
Tipularia discolor, 42
Tricholoma, equestrian, white stem,
53°54
subdisjoined, 53
Tricholoma boreale, 35
equestre albipes, 53-54, I15
melaleucum, 35
multipunctum, 64
personatum, 8
planiceps, 35, II5
saponaceum, 36
subsaponaceum, 35, I16
subsejunctum, 36, 53, 116
terraeolens majus, 52, 116
Trichostema dichotomum, 43
Trimmatostroma salicis, 36
Uromyces spartinae, 36
Ustilago hypodytes, 36
osmundae, 43
Vaccinium oxycoccus, 43
Verbena stricta, 36
Vermicularia hysteriiformis, 36, 116
Vernonia altissima, 44
Veronica virginica, 44
Volutella buxi, 36
Volvaria, silky, 54
Volvaria bombycina, 54
\
7
/
Nah hf th A
AN
SY
aoc
REREEL
WY
UVVeUUUUUT EOE
Ve
oy,
sous,
YSEURe
JUSS
v
yew
ey
Nw lees
_»
2
7
RGA AA AAA
| KAI MI"
WH,
WINE] Whed| J | | | |
|
GAY
yy
JIA
WWI\S
NSIS
yIys
Ubi
UY
—
UYSUyy
J
MINN
WelM¥™
|
uyyyysyyyyyuyyS)
yyyy?
Vile
ey
|
@
JOE.
y
>
wwe
| : S
Wi ss
yi \ F n} } f \y ei iy, ae |
\ |
| \ \ Y ‘\ 7\ \ we’ we \ At |) 4 V eed y I | | De
iA AN) ver | WANN LAA i ve
hi = =a j\\ \ re y et |
f \ \ (= \ \7\")\ \ 4) haa |) | Yue ec
’ ; ) hf I, 4 yl rk ) ) , .
| } | Hh) y \ | |
} Ah ) \ :
' | : |
MS Re \
ey
UUUVUSSESSNS
MUevield
f
y
WY YY yyy
DK,
es e we
IN
x Vur,
Mulvey)
¥ |
j
i
SSS
Sy
be A
DNS)
Nv
Ny
Wey
DOG
y PD.
Wee
we
vy
heh’
“i
vy
LOW
y
y
SE
Tn
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11