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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


INDEX 


OF  THE 


Mycological  Writings 


—OF— 


C.  G.  LLOYD. 


VOL.  II. 


1905-1908. 


CINCINNATI,   OHIO,   U.  S.  A 


CONTENTS. 

(Binding  is  advised  in  this  order.) 


Index  Vol.  II. 

Mycological  Notes  Nos.  19-31- 

The  Tylostomeae. 

The  Nidulariaceae. 

The  Phalloids  of  Australasia. 

Letters  Nos.  4-24. 

Plates  Nos.  40-123. 

Mycological  Notes,  Old  Series  No.  i  and  Polyporoid  Issue  No.  i 
should  not  be  included  in  this  volume,  but  held  for  Vol.  III. 

Missing  numbers  to  complete  sets  will  be  sent,  as  long  as  the 
supply  lasts,  upon  receipt  of  request  to  the  Lloyd  Library,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  At  present  they  can  be  furnished  excepting  "The  Volvse"  and 
Mycological  Notes  Nos.  12,  13,  14,  and  19.  Those  who  lack  any  of 
these  numbers  are  requested  to  advise  the  Lloyd  Library,  and  a  list 
will  be  kept,  and  if  reprinted,  they  will  be  supplied. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


The  following  abbreviations  are  used  in  this  Index : 

Gea— The  Geastrae  (1902)  Vol.  I. 
Gas — The  Genera  of  Gastromycetes  (1902)  Vol.  I. 
Aus — The  Lycoperdaceae  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  (1905) 
Vol.  I. 

Tyl— The  Tylostomeae  (1906)  Vol.  II. 

Nid — The  Nidulariaceae  (1906)  Vol.  II. 

Aus.  Ph.— The  Phalloids  of  Australasia  (1907)  Vol.  II. 

Let.— Letters. 


w .  <~          *   ^, 

INDEX  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  QASTROMYCETES 
IN  VOLS.  I  AND  II. 


NOTE. 

As  my  principal  publications  to  date  have  been  on  the  Gastromy- 
cetes,  it  is  thought  advisable  to  issue  a  complete  index  of  the  species 
considered  from  the  beginning.  While  not  all  Gastromycetes  known 
to  me  have  been  published  in  Mycological  Notes,  by  far  the  greater 
part  of  them  have,  and  the  following  list  includes  almost  all  the 
species  that  I  consider  valid. 

Those  so  closely  related  to  others  that  they  may  perhaps  better 
be  called  sub-species,  varieties  or  even  forms  are  indicated  by  a  star  (*). 
(See  article  on  page  7  of  Index  of  Vol.  I.) 

Plants  are  indicated  in  this  index  by  the  names  I  adopt  for  them 
now  after  a  thorough  study  of  the  literature  and  specimens  bearing  on 
the  conflicting  nomenclature.  In  some  instances  my  views  have 
changed  since  I  began  working  on  the  subject,  and  the  plants  have 
been  published  under  names  not  now  adopted.  These  are  indicated 
by  footnote  references  to  the  names  under  which  they  were  published. 

If  the  figures  are  in  parenthesis  it  indicates  that  in  this  reference 
the  plant  was  only  partially  considered. 


LYCOPERDACEAE. 

Arachnion  PAGE-  FIGURE.  PLATE. 

album 142,  Aus.  39,1  (250)  253 

(261)    Aus.  421 16,  73 

rufum 250,  254 93 73 

Battarrea 

Digueti*  .  . Tyl.  7 75 

Guicciardiniana*  .  Tyl.  7 74 

levispora* Tyl.  7 75 

phalloides Aus.     1 1     (264)    (288) 

Tyl.  6 28 

Stevenii* Aus.  1 1  Tyl.  6 28 

Battarreopsis 

Artini 194,  Tyl.  8 22 

Bo  vista 

minor*  ...    117 3 

nigrescens 117  (323) 3 

Pila 1 16  (132) 2 

plumbea 115 I 

tomentosa Aus.  24,2  n8,2  392. .  .   232 

3 


39841!; 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE 


Bovistella  PAGE.  FIGURE.  PLATE. 

ammophila (88)  (262)  281 56 87 

aspera 1 18,3  Aus.  28  (247)  285    4/33 

Australiana Aus.  28  (248)  281 33,  70 

bovistoides   247,  284 70 

Davisii 286 89 

dealbata 86,  284 52,  53 88 

Dominicensis. . . '. .   283 128 -,.., 

echinella   (262)  286 „".   89 

gemmatum* 283 127 

glabescens Aus.  28,  282 

Gunnii Aus.  29,  247,  285 70 

Henningsii 284 89 

Japonica 281 88 

lycoperdoides  ....    280 87 

Miyabei 282 88 

Ohiensis (269)  279 86 

paludosa    (262)  280 87 

pedicellate (262)  282 88 

radicata (262)  280 87 

rosea* 248 ..." 

scabra 248,  282 

trachyspora 287 

Yunnauensis 285 ......... 

Broomeia 

congregata 193  (318) I52 21 

Calvatia 

a*!?.1? Aus.  35 Aus.  39 36 

candlda  •  • : Aus.  37,  249  (264) 35  72 

cramiformis 

elata 

Fontanesii* Aus.  ^6  ....... 

gigantea Aus.  36  ....  '   ,7 

lateritia (264)  ...  '   J/ 

litecina Aus.  35  . ..."  '    -,. 

oh\ac^a AUS. 37 249 .'.'.'.'.':::::::::  :'35 $ 

pachyderma *Q»  f* 

rubroflava 90,  149 

sac^ata (166)  (187).'.'.'.' 

scuipta (203)..... si.'"":::::::::::: 

Castoreum 

radicatum Aus.  38 3g 

Catastoma 

anomalum AUS.  27  (319).  .  .    ,„  ,? 

circumscissum  .  .    (78)  122. . *,  4j3[ '  '   3^ 

4 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE 


CataStoma  PAGE  HUVRB.  PLATE 

hyalothrix Aus.  27 32 

hypogaeum Aus.  27 32 

Muelleri Aus.  27 32 

pedicellatum 121 7 

subterratieuni  ....  (78)  .122  (263)  (324).,  .98 7' 

Cauloglossum 

transversarium  ...  1 37  (2 1 7) 12,  4(J 

Chlamydopus 

Meyeuianus 134.  (Aus.  9),  Tyl.  8.  .    Aus.  6 IO 

Clavogaster 

novo-zelandicus  .  .  Aus.  8 Aus.  4 

Cypellomyces 

argentinensis  ....  320 155 

Dictyocephalos 

curvatus 136,  Tyl.  4 II 

Diplocystis 

Wrightii   141  (241) 15 

Gallacaa 

Sclerodenna Aus.  38 Aus.  40,  41 

Oeaster 

ambiguus 311 98 

Archeri   (8o)4  Gea.  19*  Aus.  19.    45*  46*  Gea.  31  to  36* 

Aus.  1 6 

arenarius Gea.  28 Gea.  53,  54 

asper 70,  Gea.  18 34,  Gea.  30 

Berkeley! (198)  Aus.  19 78,  79  Aus.  17 

Bryantii    Gea.   16 Gea.  23  to  26 

caespitosus* Gea.  36  (315) Gea.  72 IOO 

calceus* 311 95 

corouatus (7i)5  Gea.  31 3&5  Gea.  58  to  6 1 

Drunimoudii Aus.  16 Aus.  8 

elegans 312 99 

Englerianus*  ....  310 1 46 

fimbriatus Gea.  36 Gea.  74 

floriformis (143)  Gea.  n6  Aus.  16  Gea.  14",  i$6,  Aus.  10 

fornicatus (70)' (128)  (176)  Gea. )     337  Gea.  55,  56,  Aus. 

29,  Aus.  21 }        20 

giganteus* (68)  Gea.  10 30,  Gea.  12,  13 

Hariotii 311 9<> 

Hierony mii 311 .   97 

hygrometricus  .  .  .  Gea.  8 Gea.  5  to  1 1 

infrequens* 263 99 

Javanicus 315 10r 

5 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE 


PAGK  FIGURE.  PLATE. 


Geaster 

-  leptospermus*  - .  -  3»7 ',2  to  ^6 

limbatus Gea.  23 42  to  46-  • 

MacOvvani* 3" ^'' 


gc 
Peruvianus  ......   3  '  '  ...........  ' 

plicatus  .........    Aus.   17  .....  ........    Aus.  13.. 

Reader!*     .......   246  .................    89,  90,  91  .......... 

ea.  22,  Aus.  22  Gea.  38  to  41,  Aus.  22 


)  40.  „  *>.>«•  75. 

j 


. 

389,  Gea.  37,  Aus.  22  j         76",  77',  Aus  23.  .. 
Schmidelii  .......   Gea.  18,  Aus.  19  .....   Gea.  27,  Aus.  15-  .  .  - 

Scleroderma  .....   3l6  ------  ...........    ;  .................. 

simulans  ........    Aus.  17  .............    Aus.  11,  12  ......... 

Smithii  ..........   (287)  Gea.  21  .......    129,  Gea.  37  ........ 

squainosus*  ......    (339)  ...............    l66  ................ 

stipitatus  ........   3H  .................    !49  ................ 

striatulus  ........   (71)  Gea.  12'°,  Aus.  16, 

312  ...............   35,  Gea.  iS10,  Aus.  9.   9& 

subiculosus*  .....   3'4  .................   Aus-  X9  ............  I0° 

trichifer  .........   314  .................    !47-  H8  ............ 

triplex  ..........   (309)  Gea.  25,  Aus.  23, 

28,    144,   Gea.  47.  to 

49,  Aus.  24  ...........................   94 

velutinus  ........   315,  Gea.  33,  Aus.  21  .    Gea.  621071  .......  101 

violaceus  ........   310  .................................... 

vittatus*  ........   310  .................    145  ........  •  ....... 

Welwitschii*  .....   77",  3!5.  Gea.  31"  ----    39",  Gea.  57"  .......  101 

Gymnoglossum 

stipitatum  .......   Aus.  6  ..............    Aus.  2,  3  ........... 

Gyrophragmium 

decipiens*  .......  196  .................   3212  ................  23 

Delilei  ..........  (68)  (104)  (in)  196  ....................  24 

inqumans*  ......  197  ....................................  24- 

Texense*  ........  197  ....................................  24 

Holocotylon 

Brandegeeanum  .  .   254  .................   94-95  ..............   73 

Texense  .........   255  (  27  1  )  ...........   96,  1  1  2,  1  1  3  ........   73 

Hypoblema" 

lepidophorum  ....    140  ....................................    H 

6 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE 


Lanopila  PAGE.                                           FIGURE.                PLATE. 

bicolor (n8)u  190 . . . .4"  18 

Lasiosphaera15 

Fenzlii 191  (259) 19 

Lycoperdon 

acuminatum 233 , 64 

areolatum*16 21 3'",  23o16 50'",  6l16 

atropurpureuin  . .  .    208.  224,  (339) 42,  57,  123 

cepaeforme* Aus.  30,  215,  234,  (249)  Aus.  31 53,  65,  71 

compressum*  ....    236 66 

coprophilum Aus.  34 Aus.  37 

cruciatum (83)  (112)  214,  231   .  .   48 51 

cupricolor* 265 

cupricum* 210 •. 45 

delicatum* 209 44 

dermoxanthum*.  .    Aus.  31 Aus.  33 

Desmazieres*  ....    213,  230 49 

dryinum* 227 59 

echinatum 208,  222 41,  55 

elegans Let.  1 8 

elongatum* 209 44 

excoriatum* 229 60 

eximium* 227 59 

faveolum* 230 6l 

floccosum* 226 59 

fuligineum 234 64 

fuscum* 210,227 45 

gemmatum 2u,  228,  (249)   (317) 

(338)  Aus.  32 92,  164,  165,  Aus.  35.  46 

glabellum 209"  (226)" »    

Hoylei* 208 

Hungaricum*  .  .  .  .    215 53 

macrogeminatum*  265 102,  103. 

muscorum 237 67 

nigrescens 2 1 2,  229,  (338) 47,  60,  123 

nigrum* Aus.  30 

oblongisporum  . .  .    235 65 

piriforme 212,  229,  (318)  Aus.  33   151,  195,  Aus.  36. ...   48 

polymorphum .  ...    215,  Aus.  29 34,  52 

poly  trichum 237 67 

pratense 213  (^249)  Aus.  31 34,  ?I 

pseudogemmatum*  319 154 

pseudopusillum*..    235 

pseudoradicans*.  .    84,  230 50,  51 6l 

pulcherrinmm ....    223,  393 233 55 

pusillum* 216,  235,  Aus.  30  ....   Aus.  32 53,  65 

rimulatum 223 56 

7 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE^ 

PAGE  FIGURE.  PLATE. 

Lyccperdo-i  

septimum 3°° 54 

spadiceum 216 _ 

stellare* 225 Aus'U" 

stellatum Aus.  32 ^ 

subincarnatum  . . .  233. . .  •  • 6 

subpratense* 231  (288) 30.  . . . .  0 

subvelatum* 224  (274) I2°'  I21 

tephrum18 Aus.  34,  249 ' 

tessellatum* 230 

turbinatmn* 265 100,101.  ^ 

Turner! 236 '  '  '  '      g 

umbrinum 209,  225 >»  3 

velatum 209 •  •  •  • '    , 

Wright!! 232,  271  (324) 

Mesophellia 

arenaria  . . •  •   Aus.  40 

ingratissima Aus.  40 

pachythrix Aus.  40 

sabulosa Aus.  40 

Mitr  myces 

ciunabarinus 1 26  (204)  239 *> 

fuscus 240,  Aus.  41 43-  44>  45 ~9 

insignis 241 Jg 

Junghuhni 241 °9 

Le  Rat! 273 n?.  "8,  119 

luridus* 240,  Aus.  41 87,  Au».  46 

lutescens 125  (202)  240 9 

orirubra 241  (324) °9 

Ravenelii 126  (201)  (218)  239.  .   80 9,  O» 

Tylerii i2719  240 9,  19,  68 

Mycenastrum20 

Corium  79"  1 19,  (267)  Aus.  24  42'"  Aus.  27,  28 5 

Myriostoma 

coliformis Gea.  6 Gea.  i,  2,  3,  4 

Phellorina 

australib* Aus.  1 1 Aus.  7 

Delastrei Aus.  10 27 

strobilina Aus.  10 27 

Podaxon 

aegyptiacus Aus.  5 25 

Mueller! Aus.  5 25 

8 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE 


PolysaCClim  PAGE.  FIGURE.  PLATE. 

album* 394 234 

Boudieri* 184 76 

confusum* Aus.  13 

crassipes* Aus.  13 29 

pisocarpium Aus.  12 29 

tuberosum* Aus.  13 29 

Queletia 

mirabilis 135  (185)  (217)   (323) 

337,  Tyl.  3 77 10,  122 

Schizostoma 

laceratum 192,  Tyl.  4 20 

Scleroderma 

aurantium (72)  Aus.  15 27 31 

Cepa Aus.  14 31 

flavidum Aus.  14 30 

Geaster (82)  (144)  Aus.  14 4722 30 

patens* 275 122,  123 

radicans* 246 88 

tenerum* 7723 3823   

Texense Aus.  14 31 

venosum* (267) 

verrucosum (79)  Aus.  15 43 31 

Secotium 

acuminatum 138  (267)  (269) 13 

coarctatum Aus.  7 26 

erythrocephalum. .  Aus.  6 26 

macrosporum  ....  1 39 13 

melanosporum  .  .  .  Aus.  7" 26 

nubigenum* i3925 6825 

olbium 269 

Trichaster 

melanocephalus  .  .  189 17 

Tylostoma^ 

albicans 15 77 

Americanum 20 80 

Australianum  ....  20 8l 

Berkeleyii 25 84 

Berteroanum Myc.  Notes  272 115,116 

Bonianum 14 76 

brevipes* 17 

caespitosum 19 80 

t  The  pages  cited  under  the  genus  Ty  lostoma  are  those  of  the  pamphlet,  The  Tylostomeae, 
unless  otherwise  stated. 


INDEX  LYCOPERDACEAE^ 

PAGE.  FIGURE. 

Tylostoma  84 

campestre* 24. ..........   85 

cyclophorum 25 g2 

egranulosum 21 ....   85 

exasperatum 26 .  .  .   80 

floridanum 18 '.'.'.!   84 

granulosum 23 g 

Leveilleanutn 26 '    g2 

Lloydii 22 

Longii* 15 yg 

mammosum 16 78 

Me  Alpinianum  ...15 •  11 

montanum 15 76 

Mussooriense 14 g^ 

obesum 23 '76 

occidental 13 ~g 

pallidum* 17 go 

poculatum 21 g 

pygmaeum 16 '    ^ 

Readerii 21 '    g 

Rickii 20 • 

rufum* 1 8 '   */Q 

simulans* 1 8 '  Sj 

squamosum 14.  ...  '77 

subfuscum* 22 '3 

tuberculatum* . . . .    22 ®^ 

verrucosum 13 7° 

volvulatum 19 

Whetstonia 

strobiliformis  ....    270 9° 


NIDULARIACEAE4 

Cyathus  PAGE  FIGURE. 

ambiguus  ........  19  ..................   Nid.  15 

Anglicus*  .......  25  ..................   Nid.  17 

Berkeleyanus  ....  19 

Canna  ...........  27 

Colensoi  .........  26 

dasypus*  ........  25 

Earlei  ...........  26 

Gayanus  ........  16 

Hookeri  .........  28  ..................   Nid.  20 


I  The  pages  cited  under  this  order  are  those  of  the  pamphlet,  The  NiduUriaceae.  unless 
otherwise  stated. 

10 


INDEX  NIDULARIACEAE 


CyathllS  PAGE.                                        FIGURE.                PLATE. 

intermedius 23 109 

Ivesueurii* 21 108 

limbatus 16 105 

microsporus 27 Nid.  19 

minimus 26 Nid,  18 

Montagnei 1 8 107 

nigro-albus 1 8 107 

novae-zelandiae  .  .    19 Nid.  14 

pallidus 22 109 

Poeppigii 15 105 

pygmaeus 26 110 

rufipes* 21 108 

sphaerosporus .  ...    23 109 

Schweinitzii*  ....    17 106 

stercoreus 20,  Myc.  Notes  304  .  .    Myc.  Notes  139 108 

striatus 17,  Myc.  Notes  303  .  .   Myc.  Notes  137 106 

triplex 23 109 

vernicosus 24,  Myc.  Notes  303  .  .    138 1 10 

Crucibulum 

vulgare 13,  Myc.  Notes  302  .  .    136 104 

Nidula 

Candida 1 1 103 

emodensis 12 103 

granulifera 12 

microcarpa 1 1 103 

Nidularia 

australis 9 Nid.  8 

Duriaeana 9 Nid.  9 

fusispora 10 

Heribaudii. 10 Nid.  10,  n 

pisiformis 7 102 

Sphaerobolus 

stellatus.  .  .    28.  .  Ill 


PHALLOIDEAE4 

AnthurUS  PAGE.  FIGURE.  PLATE. 

Archerif Aus.  Ph.  16 Aus.  Ph   15 

aseroefortnis 408 244 

Muellerianusf ....   Aus.  Ph.  14 Aus.  Ph.  14 

I  Those  species  marked  with  a  dagger  (f)  are  very  doubtful,  and  probably  largely  imaginary. 

II 


INDEX  PHALLOIDEAE 


Aseroe 


Hookeri Aus.  Ph.  18 Aus.  Ph.  19  .... 

lysuroidesf Aus.  Ph.  18 

Muelleriana Aus.  Ph.  18 

pentactina Aus.  Ph.  16 Aus.  Ph.  17  .... 

rubra Aus.  Ph.  16 Aus.  Ph.  16 


Bluemenavia 

rhacodes 337 121 

Clathrus 

cancellatus 296,  325  (355) 92,  112 

chrysomycelinus  .  356 174 

cibarius 295,  Aus.  Ph.  20 Aus.  Ph.  22 91 

crispus 367,  Aus.  Ph.  (22) 1 86,  187 

delicatus 297 132 

gracilis 294,  Aus.  Ph.  22 Aus.  Ph.  23 91 

pusillus Aus.  Ph.  22 Aus.  Ph.  24 

Treubii 334,  381 161,  212 

Colus 

hirudinosus 384 215,  216,  Aus.  Ph.  25. 

Itajahya 

galericulata 336 121 

Jansia 

rugosa 387 217,218 

Laternea 

bicolumnata 405 242 

columnata 298  (335)  Aus.  Ph.  18.  162,  Aus.  Ph.  20.  ...   92 

Spegazzini (322) 158 

Lysurus 

Australiensisf Aus.  Ph.  14 Aus.  Ph.  13,  133 

borealis (132)'"    (183)"    (i88)27 

(219)"  350,  386  ....  74",  75",  169,  219.  .  .  . 

(Red)28 370,  384,  407 243 

Mokusin 402 241 

Mutinus 

annulatusf Aus.  Ph.  12 Aus.  Ph.  i2a 

bambusinus 358 178,  179 

caninus 325(362)  (370) 184 113 

curtusf Aus.  Ph.  10 Aus.  Ph.  10 

elegans 299  (349)  (362)  (386).  167,182,220,221...   93 

papuasmsf Aus.  Ph.  12 Aus.  Ph.  12 

pentagonus Aus.  Ph.  10 Aus.  Ph.  1 1 

Ra,venelii 299,  362,  370 H5,  183 

xylogenus 336 ,53 

12 


INDEX  PHALLOIDEAE 


PhallogaSter  PAGE-  FIGURE.  PLATE. 

saccatus 333 120 

Phallus 

aurantiacus 353,  402,  Aus.  Ph.  8.  .    171 

callichrous Aus.  Ph.  6 

calyptratusf Aus.  Ph.  8 Aus.  Ph.  6 

daemonum* (332) 

discolorf Aus.  Ph.  10 Aus.  Ph.  8 

duplicatus 331  (371)? 191  (?) 117,  Il8 

glutinolens 356 1 75 

gracilis* (371)  Aus.  Ph.  8 Aus.  Ph.  5 

imperialis* 328 

impudicus 327,  400,  Aus.  Ph.  8.  .    237,  Aus.  Ph.  4 114 

indusiatus 332    (371)    400    Aus. 

Ph.  4 236,  Aus.  Ph.  i IIQ 

irpicinus 33 1 ,  38 r 211 1 16 

multicolor Aus.  Ph.  6 Aus.  Ph.  3 

quadricolorf Aus.  Ph.  10 Aus.  Ph.  7 

Ravenelii 329  (350)  368 168,  189,  190 115 

retususf Aus.  Ph.  10 

Rochesterensis*29 .  Aus.  Ph.  6 Aus.  Ph.  2 

roseus* 332 

rubicundus 330  (360) 116 

rugulosus 402 238 

subacutus* (332) 

tenuis 402 239 

Pseudocolus 

Garciae 358 177 

Rothae Aus.  Ph.  20 Aus.  Ph.  2 1 

Simblum 

gracile* 383 213 

sphaerocephalum .  (22o)30  297  (361)  (368)  8530,  133,  180 

Texense 361 181 


MONOGENERIC  ORDERS. 

Matula 

poroniaeformis  .  .  .    390 228  to  230 

Torrendia 

pulchella 131,  388 65,  224  to  227 

13 


NOTES. 


1  As  Drummondii  (synonyn). 

2  The  account  of  Bovista  tomentosa  on  page  i  is  and  on  Plate  4  is  an  error,  the  plant  being  a 
scurfy  form  of  Bovista  plumbea     Likewise  the  name  Bovista  brunnea,  used  in  Aus.  24  cfr.  p.  392). 

3  As  Bovista. 

4  As  Morganii  (synonym). 

5  As  fornicatus  (error). 

6  As  delicatus  (synonyn). 

7  As  fenestratus  (synonym  . 

8  As  tenuipes  (synonym  . 

9  As  lageniformis  (synonym 
tus  and  lageniformis. 


Perhaps  a  slight  difference  might  be  made  between  sacca- 


As  Drummondii  (error). 

11  As  radicans  synonym). 

12  Delilei  type  form). 

13  I  should  class  Hypoblema  now  as  a  subgenus  under  Calvatia. 

14  As  Bovista  lateritia,  an  error.     The  plate  No.  4  is  also  so  named  by  error. 

15  I  think  now  that  the  genus  Lasiosphaera  is  better  classed  as  a  subgenus  under  Calvatia. 

16  This  plant  was   published  as   Lycoperdon   serotinum   on    the  supposed  authority  of 
Bonorden.    It  has  since  developed  it  is  not  Bonorden's  plant,     cfr.  Myc  Notes,  p  291.)    As  Kost- 
kovitts  gave  a  good  figure  of  the  plant  under  the  name  Lycoperdon  areolatum,  I  see  no  reason 
why  this  name  should  not  be  adopted.     At  the  best,  however,  it  is  only  a  form  of  Lycoperdon 
piriforme. 

17  Lycoperdon  glabellum,  which  I  have  referred  as  a  synonym  of  Lycoperdon  umhrinum, 
I  have  since  collected  fresh  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  I  consider  ft  now  a  very  distinct  species. 

I  doubt  very  much  the  validity  of  Lycoperdon  lephrum  icfr.  Myc.  Notes  p.  249  . 


fresh  at  Albany,  N. 
t  very  much  the  validity 
19    As  Ravenelii,  var.  minor. 


20  I  would  IIDW  restrict  the  genus  Mycenastrnm  to  the  original  species,   Mycenasirum 
Corium  on  its  fecullat  capillitium  character.     All  other  species  so  classed  I  would  consider  as 
a  subgenus  of  Calvatia. 

21  Asspinulosum    synonym  . 

22  With  cleavage  of  peridium. 

23  As  verrucosum,  of  which  it  can  well  be  held  to  be  a  variety. 

24  As  melanocephalum  'misprint'. 

25  As  rubigenum  (error). 

26  Since  Tylostoma  similans  was  published,  additional  selections  have  convinced  me  it  is. 
not  practicable  to  keep  it  distinct  even  as  a  variety. 

27  As  Anthurus.     From  examinations  of  dried  specimens,  I  have  heretofore  thought  that 
Lysurus  borealis  would  prove  the  same  as  Gardner!  of  Ceylon.    Recent  observation  of  the  fresh 
plant  Ceylon;  has  shown  it  quite  different. 

28  This  "  red  "  Lysurus  also,  I  think,  is  probably  a  form  of  the  above. 

29  This  plant  was  published  as  Phallus  merulinus,  but  merulinus  having  since  been  as- 
certained to  be  another  species,  it  must  take  the  name  proposed  for  it  by  Professor  McGinty,  in 
keeping  with  the  rules.    The  name  Rochesterensis  commemorates  a  little  village  in  New  York. 
State  where  these  celebrated  rules,  so  dear  to  Professor  McGintv,  were  promulgated. 

30  As  rubescens  (synonym). 


SECONDARY  INDEX. 

Index  to  plants  other  than  Gastromycetes  and  to  the  Gastromy- 
cetes  mentioned  in  the  text.  Those  marked  with  a  dagger  refer  to 
mis-determinations. 


Anthurus 

Muellerianus  

408 

Bovistella 

aspera 

Let    i  o 

Arachnion 

echinella  .  . 

Let    6    Let    17 

album  

•    V)5 

Bovista  
(?)  foetens  

.Let.  17 
320 

(unnamed)  .... 
(unnamed)  

Let.   ii 
Let    1  7 

Aseroe 

(unnamed)     

Let.  20 

Battarrea 

phalloides 
Boletus 
sphaerosporus  .  . 
Bovista 

nigrescenst  .  . 

.Let.   17 
.  Let.     9 
.Let.  1  8 
^06 

Calvatia 

craniiformis  

longicaudum   ...    . 
occidentalis  

••257,  308.  39^ 
396 
.  .     •    .  Let.  21 
Let.    4 

Pila  

•    ...396 

saccata  .  .  . 

292,  347 

tomentosa  (as  brunnea). 

....396f 
292 

(unnamed  i  ...... 
(unnamed)   

Let.  17 
I  et    18 

.  .   .244 

(unnamed)  Kurope 

..26-; 

'4 


SECONDARY  INDEX 


Catastoma 

castanea  

291 

Geaster 

minimus 

7Q6 

oircumscissum 

pectinatus 

juglandaeforme   
nigrescens.          

291 
Let.  20 

rufescens  
saccatus  

396 

(unnamed)  
Zeyheri  
Clathrus 
crispatus  
crispus 

Let.   17 
291 

296 
Aus    Ph    22 

Smithii  
velutmus  .  .  246,  313, 
Welwitchii  
Genus 

(new)  .  .  . 

292 
form  Let.  17 
313 

Let    17 

Col  us 

hirudinosus.  Aus.  Ph 
Cruel  bul  urn 
vulgare  (form) 

22,  Let.   19 
Let    17 

(unnamed)  
(unnamed)  
(unknown  to  me)  .  . 
(unknown  to  me) 

Let.  19 
Let.  21 
Let.   17 
Let    1  8 

Cyathus 

striatus  (form)  
vernicosus  
(unnamed  i   
(unnamed)  
Cyphella 
grandis  (Fig.  97).  .  .  . 

....Let.   17 
306! 
....Let.  17 
Let.  19 

258 

Gyromitra 

Caroliniana    
Hirneola 
auricula-judae  .... 
Holocotylon 

mexicanum  
Texense  

Let.  16 
Let.   10 

Let.  17 
Let.   ii 

Daedalea 

ambigua 

Let    10 

Hydnum 

adustum  

Let    10 

confragosa  
confragosa  (form  )  ... 
Juniperina  
quercina  

.    ..Let.  10 
....Let.  16 
Let.  10 
Let.  10 

Irpex 

pachylon  
tulipifera  
Lasiosphaera 

Let.  10 
Let.  10 

unicolor   
Dictyocephalos 

curvatus 

.    ..Let.  10 
411    Let    20 

Fenzlii  
Laternea 

bicolumnata 

347 
Let    21 

Favolus 

pusilla 

299   405 

Europaeus  
Fistulina 

Let.  10 
41  1 

triscapa.  .  .      .  .3221", 
Lentodium 

squamulosum 

299,  Fig.   134 

Let     4 

Fomes 

carneus 

378    Let    10 

Lenzites 

betulina  

Let.  10 

Curtisii  

Let.  10 

"  trabea"       ....... 

Let.  10 

Let    10 

saepiaria 

Let    10 

fraxinophilus  

376,  Let.  10 
Let    10 

Lepiota 

Badhami  

243 

jasminii  
leucophaeus  

Let.  19 
Let.  10 

echinata  
haematospermus  .  . 

243 
243 
2  AT, 

Ohiensis  

Let.  21 

Lycoperdon 

pinicola  
pomaceus  (as  fulvus' 

Let.  10 
Let.  10 
Let    1  1 

acuminatum  
atropurpureum  .... 
Californicum 

217 
217 

Let     4 

Let    10 

citrinum  

286 

roburneus  

"  '  V78 

cruciatum  
cupricum 

213,  345 
.  .  291 

Geaster 

.  226 

Let    18 

echinatum  

.  .  .224,1'   396! 

Let    19 

elegans  

.226,  Let.  18 

coronatus  (form)  .  .  . 
fimbriatus  

Let.  17,  396 
315! 

elongatum    
entotephrum  L 

.  .  .  .225,  226! 
et.  7,  Let.  10 

,Q6 

7,06 

Let    19 

fuscum  

291 

leptospermus   ..... 
limbatus  form)  
mammosust  .  .  . 

227 
Let.  19 

.  ..^10 

gemmatum  (form)  .  . 
guttatum    
Hongkongense  

Let.  18 
Let.  17 
286 

SECONDARY  INDEX 


Lycoperdon 

molle 345 

muricatum 

nigrescens  

oblongisporum 217 

prateiise 214,  217,  39$t 

purpureum 233 

rubeculum Let.  19 

serotinum 291 

spadiceum 2 '  7 

umbrinum     2I7 

(unnamed) Let.  17 

velatum Let.     9 

velutinum Let.  13 

Lycoperdopsis 

arcyroides Let.  19 

Lysurus 

Mokusin Aus.  Ph.   12 

Woodii Aus.  Ph.  14 

Matula 

poroniaeformis Let.   17 

Mesophellia 

sabulosa Let.  19 

Michenera 

Artocreas .    390 

Mitremyces 

cinnabarinus 395 

lutescens. 395 

pachystelis 241 

Ravenelii 395 

Montagnites Let.  4 

Mutinus 

argentinus ( Fig.  157)  320 

caninus 299,  306!,  360+,  411 

elegans 360,  Let.  16 

Ravenelii Let.  18,  299 

Mycenastrum 

(unnamed)  Let.  18 

(?)  (unnamed)  (Europe) 267 

Corium 290,  324,  Let.  14 

Nidula 

inicrocarpa 140 

Nidularia 

rudis Nid.  10 

.(unnamed) Let.  19 

Paurocotylis 

pila. .  .Aus.  42,  Aus.  Fig.  47  to  49 

Panus 

rudis Let.  10,  Let.  19 

Phalloid 

(unnamed) Let  19 

Phallus 

aurantiacus 330 

campanulatus 320 

imperialis 360 

merulinus 381 

rubicundus Aus.  Ph.  10 

330,355 


Podaxon 


macrosporus 

Mo^samedensis  . . .  . 


320 

Let.  19 


hydnoidea Let.  16 


if. 


Polyporus 

admirabilis 3?6 

adustus Let.  10 

albellus 3?6 

albiceps 376 

alboluteus 379,  411 

arcularius Let.  10 

aurantiacus 377 

Bartholonuei 378 

betulinus Let.  10 

Berkeley* Let.  10,  341 

brumalis Let.  10 

cieruliporus  .  .  ....376 

crispellus 376 

delectans 376 

elegans Let.   10 

flavidus 377 

Forquignoni Let.  17 

frondosus  342  (as  intybaceus) 

Let.  10 

giganteus Let.  10 

gilvus Let.  10 

grisens 377 

guttulatus 377 

hispidellus 376 

h  utnilis 376 

itnmitis 377 

leucoinelas 375 

lucidus Let.  10 

maculatus 377 

Peckianus 377 

picipes 374,  Let.  10 

resinosus Let.  10 

rulilans  i  as  nidulans ' Let  10 

semipileatus 377 

sulphureu» Let.  10 

undosus 377 

varius 375 

volvatus 376,  Let.  19 

Polystictus 

balsatneus 377 

cinnabarinus  (asTrametes). Let.  10 

conchifer Let.  10 

Drummondii Let.  18 

dualis 376 

hirsutus Let.  10 

Montagnei. . .    Let.  22 

pergamenus Let.  10 

perennis Let.  10 

planus 376 

sanguineus Let.  10 

versicolor Let.  10 

versicolor  (form) Let.  18 

Poria 

attenuate 374 

eupora 374 


SECONDARY  INDEX 


Protoglossum 

luteuni 

(Aus  42) 

Sphaerobolus 

ruhidus 

.Let.  19 
395 

.Let.  10 

Pseudocolus 

javanicus  

358 

stellatus  
Stereum 
albobadium  

Queletia 

mirabilis  

Let.  13 

Schizophyllum 

commune  . 
Scleroderma 

aurantium  

Let.  10 
345 

ochraceoflavum  
versicolor  
Trametes 
abietis  

.Lei.  10 
.Let.  10 

379 

Cepa  
columnare  
Geaster 

395 
Let.  17 
.291,  246,  364 
320 

Bulliardii  (form)  
obtusus  (as  Polyporus).  . 
odorata  
Troeii 

.Let.  19 
.Let.  10 
...  379  1 
.Let.  13 

•T  yj-  '3 
.i)i.  i9 

291 

•Tyl.  15 

i4t,  308 
Tvl    i\ 

tuberoideum  

verrucosum  
Sclerotium 

cocos 

395T 
Let     4 

Tylostoma 

armillatum  
Bercarianum   
Berteroanum  
Bresadolte  
exasperatum  Tyl. 
fulvellum 

Secotium 

scabrosum  
lute^cens 

Let.  19 
Let   IQ 

Michailowskianuin 
(unnamed)  
Simblutn 

australe 

258 

Let.  19 

Giovanellae  
gracile  
Leveilleanum 

.Tyl.  19 
.Tvl.  23 

M 

.Tyl.  26 
.Tyl.  19 

.Let.  16 

gracile  
Lorentzii  
periphra  >moi  les   .. 

297 
320 
297 

MacOwani  
pusillum  
Wrightii  
Wynnea 
Americana.  .  . 

sphterocephalum  .  . 
Sparassis 

spathulata  .  . 

320 

...Let.  18 

INDEX  TO  MISCELLANEOUS  SUBJECTS. 


Anthropomorphus,  The  genus. . .  .260 

Arachnion,  The  genus 252 

Atkinson's  break 363 

Australia,  New  notes  from 245 

Battarrea,  The  genus Tyl.  5 

Bird's-nest-fungi,  The  common. .  .301 

Boissier,  L'Herbier 290 

Bonordeu's  "types" 291 

Boudier's  plates 251,  276,  348 

Bovistella,  The  genus 277 

Brasilische  Pilzblumeu 356 

Bresadola,  Rev.  G.,  portrait 218 

Calvatia,  Le  Genre  (in  Europe)  .  .256 
Candolle  (The)  library  and 

museum 289 

Capitalizing  specific  names 347 

Crucibulum,  The  genus Nid.  12 

Cyathus,  The  genus Nid.  14 

Cypellomyces,  The  genus 380 

Dictyocephalos,  The  genus Tyl.  4 

Errors,  correction  of 257 

Farlow,  W.  G.,  Publication 255 

Field  of  puff  balls 322 

Freak  puff  balls 305 


Fuckel's  herbarium 291 

Gasteromycetes  Europeans,  Rares.26i 

Geneva 289 

Geneva,  Botanical  garden 289 

Geneva,  Historic  puff  balls  at  ...  .290 

Hariot,  P.,  (portrait) Tyl.  2 

Hewing  to  the  line 406 

Holocotylon,  The  genus 254 

Kuntzetsm,  Result  of 410 

Lasiosphaera  Fenzlii  in  Japan 411 

Learned  individual,  A 346 

Leiden,  Notes  of  travel 345 

Linne,  The  home  of 412 

Long  on  Texas  phalloids 360 

Lycoperdon,  The  genus  in  Europe. 205 
Lycoperdons  of  the  United  States..22 1 
Marshall's  book,  Gastromycetes  0^305 

Matula,  The  genus 390 

Milk  in  Polyporus 398 

Mitremyces,  The  genus 238 

Morgan,  A.  P.,  portrait 397 

Mycological  situation  in 

America Let.  10 

Names,  Duplicate 243 


INDEX  MISCELLANEOUS  SUBJECTS 


Name  juggler,  Logic  of  a 242 


New  species 

Nidula,  The  genus... 
Nidularia,  The  genus 
Nidulariaceae,  The.. . 


..-•343 
.Nid.  10 
....Nid.    7 
Separate 
pamphlet 
...346 


Nomenclature 

Nomenclature  of  Prof.  Farlow. . .  .259 

Notes  of  travel 2°9 

Peck,  A  visit  to  Professor 370 

Persoon's  herbarium,  Notes  on. .  .345 

"  Petites  Affiches  " 256 

Phalloids,  Concerning  the. .  .295,  325, 
349.  38i 

Phalloid  egg,  Strange 363 

Phalloids  of  Australasia  . .  Separate 

pamphlet 


Phalloids  of  Brazil 3^7 

Phalloids  of  Mauritius 370,  387 

Phalloids  of  Japan 4°° 

Phalloids  of  Java 334 

Pidgin  Latin 34° 

Pylyporoids,  Concerning  the 372 

Polyporoid  names,  Remarks  on .  Let  15 

Priority  changes 3°7 

Priority,  Principles  of 219 

Queletia,  The  genus Tyl.  3 

Saccardo,  P.  A.,  (portrait) 365 

Schizostoma,  The  genus Tyl.  4 

Schweinitz's  herbarium,  Gastro- 

mycetes  of 395 

Sphaerobolus,  The  genus Nid.  28 

Tulasne,  L.  R.,  portrait  -    .    ..Nid.    2 
Tylostomeae, The.  Separate  pamphlet. 


INDEX  TO  CONTRIBUTORS'  NAMES. 

The  liberality  with  which  my  friends  and  correspondents  have 
sent  specimens  for  study  has  been  the  chief  means  of  advancing  my 
knowledge  of  the  subject.  It  is  only  through  an  abundance  of  speci- 
mens from  various  localities  that  any  subject  can  be  learned.  The 
numbers  in  the  following  list  refer  to  the  Letters  where  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  the  specimens  received  will  be  found. 

Bezzi,  Prof.  Mario,  Italy.  .5,  9,  15, 

17,  21,  23 

Biers,  Monsieur,  France 15 

Bigeard,  Rene,  France 9,  15 

Bilgram,  Hugo,  Pennsylvania 4 

Bitler,  John.  Kentucky 14 

Blackford,  Mrs.  E.  B.,  Massachu- 
setts  4,  16,  18 

Blandenier,  A.,  Egypt 12,  17 

Blodgett,  F.  H.,  Maryland 4,  14 

Bogard,  Captain,  France 15 

Bogue,  E.  E.,  Michigan 4.  n,  16 

Boorman,  J.  L..  Africa 23 

Botanical  Gardens,  Ceylon 13,  15 

Botanical  Garden,  New  York 20 

Boudier,  E.,  France 5,  15 

Boulomoy,  Rev.  A.,  Syria 7 

Bourdot,  "Rev.  H.,  France 9,  19 

Bovier-Lapierre,  Rev.  P.,  England.  .6 
Brace,  L.  J.  K..  Bahamas.  13,  15,  17,  23 
Braendle,  F.  J.,  Washington,  D.  C., 

4,  14,  16,  18 

Brandegee,  T.  S.,  Mexico  . . .  16,  17,  18 
Brandis,  Prof.  E.,  Austria. . .  15,  19,  23 
Braun,  Dr.  K.,  German  E.  Africa.  12,  23 
Breitung,  Rev.  P.  A.,  Denmark  6,  15,  17 
Brenckle,  Dr.  J.  F.,  North  Da- 
kota  n,  14,  16,  18,  20 

Bresadola,  Rev.  G.,  Austria 5,  9 

18 


Abbott,  E.  K.,  California 4 

Acloque,  A.,  France  .5,  9,  12,  13,  17,  19 

Aiken,  W.  H.,  Tennessee 4 

Allen,  Miss  L.  C 16,  18 

Allen,  W.  B.,  England 23 

Ames,  Frank  H.,  Mass n,  14,  18 

Aranzadi,  T.  de,  Spain  ...  .5,  9,  12,  21 

Arnould,  Leon,  France 9,  12,  15 

Aston,  P.  C.,  New  Zealand 17 

Atkinson,  Prof.  G.  F.,  New  York  .  .20 

Badet,  Rev.  L.,  Italy 9,  15,  19,  23 

Bain,  S.  M.,  Tennessee 4 

Baker,  C.  H.,  Florida 4,  n 

Baker,  R.  T.,  Australia 8,  13,  17 

Bambeke,  Prof.  Ch.  van,  Belgium 

5,  9,  13.  15,  17,  19,  23 
Barbier,  M.,  France.  .5,  9,  15,  17,  19,  21 

Bartholomew,  E.,  Kansas 16,  20 

Bateman,  T.  H.,  England 15 

Bates,  J.  M.,  Nebraska 4,  n,  16 

Beardslee,  Prof.  H.  C.,  Illinois. 14 

Becker,  Dr.  H.,  South  Africa 23 

Benson,  Berry,  Georgia 16 

Bernard,  Dr.  Chas.,  Java 19,  23 

Bernin,  A.,  Monaco '15 

Bertolet,  A.  S.,  Illinois 4,  n 

Bessey,  Charles  E.,  Nebraska  14 

Bethel,  E.,  Colorado 20 


INDEX  TO  CONTRIBUTORS 


Brewer,  C.  R.,  Ohio 14 

Brewer,  W.  A.,  California 14 

Briquet,  J.,  Switzerland 13 

Brown,  C.  E.,  Wisconsin 4,  14 

Brown,  James  G.,  Philippines 15 

Brown,  Robert,  New  Zealand.  .8,  9,  13 

Brunnthaler,  J.,  Austria 5 

Bubak,  Prof.  Dr.  Fr.,  Bohemia   .  .9,  23 

Bubna,  M.,  Ohio 14,  20 

Burgin,  Caroline  A.,  New  York,  n,  14 

Burke,  E.  V.,  California 4 

Burn  ham,  Stewart  H.,New  York.n,  14 

Burrill,  T.  J.,  Illinois 14 

Butler,  E.  J.,  India 15,  17 

Carter,  L.  W.,  South  Dakota 4,  n 

Cavara,  Prof.  F.,  Italy 9,  17,  21 

Cave,  (ieo.  H.,  India" 17 

Cepede,  C.,  France 19,  23 

Chambers,  Chas.  O.,  Oregon 18 

Chester,  F.  D.,  Delaware n 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  Iowa 4,  i  r 

Clute,  VV.  N.,  New  York 4,  i  [ 

Cobb,  N.  A.,  Hawaii 12,  15 

Conkling,  C.  S.,  New  York 4 

Coons,  G.  H.,  Illinois 16 

Cotton,  A.  L.,  England 15 

Cox,  H.  E.,  Jamaica 7 

Cradwick,  Wm.,  Jamaica. ...  12,  17,  21 

Crewe,  Dr.  J.  E.,  Minnesota u,  20 

Crosby,  S.,  Massachusetts 4 

Crossland,  C.,  England. 5,  6,  15,  21,  23 

Cruchet,  C.,  Switzerland 5,  12,  15 

Dallas,    Mrs.    G.    M.,    Pennsyl- 
vania  4,  ii,  16 

Damazio,  L.,  Brazil 12,  17 

Davis,  Dr.  N.  S.,  Mississippi 4 

Davis,  Simon,  Massachusetts 4,  n 

14,  16,  18 

Dearness,  J.,  Canada 11,  14 

Demetrio,  C.  H.,  Missouri 14 

Denniston,  R.  H.,  Wisconsin 4,  16 

Dinter,  Dr.  Kurt,  Africa 13 

Dobbin,  Frank,  New  York.  .  n,  14,  16 

Dorner,  H.  B.,  Indiana 1 1 

Draper,  W.,  Egypt 17,  19 

Dubois,  P.  A.,  California n,  14 

Duggar,  B.  M.,  Missouri 4,  20 

Dumee,  Paul,  Switzerland 17,  21 

Duncan,  S.,  New  Zealand 19 

Dunn,  Miss  Jessie,  New  Zealand.  8,  12 

Dupain,  Victor,  France 13,  19 

Dupont,  E.,  Reunion  Island 23 

Dupret,  H.,  Canada 4,  n,  16,  20 

Earle,  F.  S.,  Cuba 12 

Eastwood,  Miss  Alice,  California, 

4,  ii,  18 

Edgerton,  C.  W.,  New  York 16 

Edwards,  Stafford  C.,  New, York.  14,  20 
Ehrhorn,  Edw.  M.,  California. . .  .4,  14 
Ell,  Herbert,  Ohio 14 


Ely,  E.  P.,  Minnesota.  .4,  ii,  13,  14, 

Engelke,  Karl,  Germany 9,  15, 

Ernst,  Flora  G.,  South  Dakota 

Evans,  F.,  Trinidad 

Evans,    Walter    H.,    Washing- 
ton. D.  C 

Eyre,  Wm.  L.,  England. .  .  .5,  9,  17, 

Fairman,  C.  E.,  New  York 

Farlow,  Professor  W.  G 

Faurie,  Rev.  U.,  Japan 

Fautrey,  F.,  France 

Fawcett,  H.  S.,  Florida 

Felippone,  Dr.  F.,  Argentina 

Felix,  Captain  Pyat,  France 9, 

Ferry,  Rene,  France 

Fessenden,  Geo.  B.,  Massachusetts. 

Fink,  Prof.  Bruce,  Ohio 16, 

Fisher,  G.  C.,  Florida  ...  14,  16,  18, 

Fischer,  O.  E.,  Michigan 

Fit/gerald,  Miss  Mary,  North 

Carolina,    4,  14, 

Fletcher,  James,  Canada 4, 

Flockton,  Miss  Margaret,  Australia. 

Foster,  E.  W.,  Lagos, 

Fowler,  James,  Canada 

Froggat,  Walter  W.,  Australia  .  .  15, 
Frye,  Prof.  T.  C.,  Washington.    .  . 

Gammie,  G.  A.,  India 13, 

Gardner,  Fred.,  England 9, 

Garman,  Prof.  H.,  Kentucky  .11,  16, 

Gates,  R.  R.,  Nova  Scotia 

Gibbs,  Thomas,  England 5, 

Gill,  Walter,  Australia. 8,  9,  15,  17, 

Gillot,  Dr.  X.,  France 5,  9, 

Glatfelter,  Dr.  N.   M.,   Missouri, 

4,  ii. 

Gollan.  Wm.,  India 

Gono,  M.,  Japan 15, 

Gottinger,  Dr.,  Ausiria 

Greata,  L.  A.,  California 4, 

Green,  Albert,  Australia 17, 

Grelet,  L.  J.,  France 

Griffiths,  Davis,  Arizona 14, 

Guilfoyle,  W.  R.,  Australia  .8,  9,  13, 

Haglund,  Erik,  Sweden 5, 

Hanmer,  C.  C.,  Connecticut, 

4,  ii,  14,  16, 
Hamilton,    A.   G.,    New    South 

Wales 17, 

Hapeman,  H.,  Montana 

Hard,  M.  E.,  Ohio 4, 14, 

Hariot,  P.,  France  .  .5,  9,  12,  13,  15, 

Harper,  E.  T.,  Illinois 

Harris,  Wm.,  Jamaica 12,  13, 

Harz,  M.  Otto,  Bavaria 

Hawley,  H.  C.,  England 

Hay,  F.,  England 

Hay,  G.  U.,  Canada 4, 

Hedgcock,  Geo.  C.,  Missouri 

Hemet,  L.,  France 


INDEX  TO  CONTRIBUTORS 


Henderson,  W.  H.,  California. .    14.  16 

Hennings,  Dr.  Paul,  Germany 5 

Herhst,  Dr.  Win.,  Pennsylvania 7 

Herrick,  Glen  W.,  Mississippi 1 1 

Herter,  W.,  Uruguay 21 

Hewitt,  J.  L.,  Arkansas 1 1 

Higgins,  J.  E.,  Hawaii 12 

Higham,  Miss  Addie,  Michigan,  u,  14 
Hill  A.  J.,  British  Columbia, 

4,  11,  14,  16,  17,  21 

Hinsby,  Geo.  K.,  Tasmania 13,  17 

Hodges,  Miss  K.,  Pennsylvania 4 

Hohnel,  Prof.  Dr.  von,  Austria 23 

Holden,  Captain  Wm.,  Ohio  .4,  14,  16 

Holl6s,  Dr.  L.,  Hungary 5 

Holmes,  E.,  England 5,  15 

Hone,  Miss  Daisy,  Minnesota  . .  16,  18 

Howell,  Geo.  T.,  Indiana u,  14 

Hrdlicha,  A.,  Washington,  D.  C., 

ii,  14,  16 

Hue,  L'Abbe,  France 5 

Humphrey,  C.  J.,  New  York 16 

Hunt,  Mrs.  D.  O  ,  California 4,  11 

Huutington,  J.  W.,  Massachusetts, 

14,  16,  18 

Hy,  Prof  P.,  France 15 

Ichimura,  T.,  Japan 19 

Jaap,  Otto,  Germany. 5,  9,  15,  17,  19,  23 

Jackson,  H.  S.,  Illinois 16,  20 

Jaczewski,  A.,  Russia 5 

James,  David  L.,  West  Virginia 4 

James,  Henry  Spencer,  Australia.  12,  15 

Jarvis,  Edmund,  Australia 23 

Jekyll,  Wm.,  Jamaica 12 

Jenks,  Chas.  W.,  Massachusetts. .  .  .20 
Jenman,  Geo.  S.,  British  Guiana. .  .  .7 

Johnston,  Earl  L.,  Colorado.      14 

Joliet  High  School,  Illinois 4 

Jones,  Miss  Kate  A.,  New  Hamp- 
shire   ii,  14,  16,  18 

Karasek,  A.,  Dutch  East  Africa  ....  15 

Kauffman,  C.  M.,  Michigan 14 

Kellerman.  Prof.  W.  A.,  Ohio 4,  it> 

Kelsey,  H.  P.,  North  Carolina 4 

Kennedy,  B.  P.,  Nevada. 4,  n,  14 

Killgore,  Anthony,  New  Jersey  . .  . .  16 

Kirtikar,  Col.  K.  R.,  India. . . .' 12 

Klincksieck,  Paul,  France, 

9,  13,  17,  19,  23 
Knaebel,  Ernest,  Colorado.4,  u,  14.  18 

Krieger,  Wm.,  Germany 9 

Krueger,  Prof.  W.,  Germany, 

5,  12,  15,  19,  23 

Krumbiegel,  G.  H.,  India 19 

Kusano,  S.,  Japan 9>  12,21 

Labesse,  Dr.,  France 9,  15 

Lagarde,  J.,  France 5,  15 

Laing,  Robert  M.,  New  Zealand  ...  .8 
Laing.  W.  H.,  New  Zealand  ....  13,  19 
Lake,  E.  R.,  Oregon 1 1,  14,  18 


Lakin,  W.  T.,  Maryland 4.  16 

Lane,  Miss  Rose  H.,  California. 4,  14,20 
Langton,  Thomas,  Canada. 4,  ii,  14,  18 
Laughlin,  Miss  Emma  E.,  Ohio, 

ii,  16,  18 
Lehman,  E.  A.,  North   Carolina, 

4,  ii,  14,  16 

Lemay,  Rev.  P.,  Canada 4 

Lewton-Brain,  L.,  Barbados 12 

Lind,  J.,  Denmark 5,  9.  15,  21,  23 

Lloyd,  John  Uri,  Ohio 14 

Long,  W.  H.,  Texas 20 

Lordley,  E.  D.,  Nova  Scotia 4,  17 

Ludwig,  L.,  France.  .5,  9,  12,  13,  15,  23 

Luisier,  Rev.  P.  A.,  Tirol 6,  9 

Luja,  Edouard,  Congo 19,  21,  23 

McAlpine,  D.,  Australia 7,  8 

McBride,  Prof.  T.  H.,  Iowa 20 

McGowan,  H.  G.,  Mississippi u 

Mcllvaine,  Charles,  Maryland. .  .  .4,  II 
MacSwain,  John,  Prince  Edward 

Island 4 

Machardo,  M.  A.  D.,  Straits  Settle- 
ment  12,  17 

Macy,  Everest  J.,  Flo.ida 20 

Mackintosh,  R.  B..  Massachusetts, 

4,  ii,  16 

Magnus,  P.,  Germany 5 

Maingaud,  E.,  France 5 

Maire,  R.,  France 9,  23 

Maniere,  Luciens 21,  23 

Massalongo,  Prof.  C.,  Italy. 9,  13,  15.  23 

Massott.  L..  South  Africa 23 

Mattirolo,  O.,  Italy 5 

Memmingt-r,  E.  R.,  North  Carolina  .4 

Mene/es,  C.,  Madeira  Islands 17 

Merino,  Rev.  P.,  Spain 6,  9 

Merino,  F.,  Spain 15 

Miles,  Miss  Mary  L..  Scotland. . .  5,  9 
Mille,  Rev.  Louis,  Ecuador. 9,  13,  15,  17 

Milieu,  H.,  Tobago 12,  13,  15,  17 

Miller,  James,  Ohio 18 

Milwaukee  Museum,  Wisconsin  ...  .4 

Miyabe,  K.,  Japan 7,  15 

Moffatt,  W.  S  ,  Illinois 4 

Moisset,  Leon,  France 15 

Moore,  Wm.  L..  Texas 4 

Moore.  Willard,  McConnellsville,  O.4 

Montague,  Madame  A.,  England 6 

Montgomery,  C.   I-!.,  New  Hamp- 
shire  4,  ii 

Moreau,  Dr.,  France 15 

Morgan,  A.  P.,  Ohio 18 

Morris,  G.  E.,  Massachusetts, 

u,  14,  iS,  20 

Mundt,  Dr.  C.,  Denmark 15 

Munn,  Mrs.,  Jamaica 19 

Nambu,  N.,  Japan 9 

Navas,  Rev.  L.,  Spain 12,  15,  23 

Navas,  Rev.  P.  D.  G.,  Spain 6 

20 


INDEX  TO  CONTRIBUTORS 


J^ead,  Mrs.  J.  D.,  Missouri n 

Nead,  John  Hunter,  Michigan  .  18,  20 

Neger,  F.  W.,  Sweden 5 

Nelson,  N.  L.  T.,  Minnesota.  TI,  14,  16 

Newbaker,  J.  J.,  Pennsylvania 4 

Nijpels,  Paul,  Belgium 9 

Nishida,  Toji,  Japan 15,  21 

Noack,  Fritz,  Germany 5,  15,  17 

Noble,  Mrs.  M.  A.,  Florida, 

4,  u,  14,  16,  1 8,  20 

Norton,  Thomas  H.,  Turkey 7 

O'Connor,  Chas.  A.,  Mauritius, 

12,  13,  15,  17 

Olivier,  Ernest,  France 9,  23 

Orcutt,  C.  R.,  California 4 

Panau,  Charles,  France. 6,  9,  13,  15,  17 

Parish,  S.  B.,  California 4,  14 

Patouillard,  Prof.  N.,  France  .  .5,  9.  15 

Patterson,  W.  H.,  St.  Vincent 17 

Paul.  J.  T.,  Australia 8,  9,  17 

Paull,  Lester  F.,  Massachusetts    . . .  1 1 

Pauly,  Hugo  A.,  Wisconsin 4 

Pazschke,  Dr.  Otto 6,  12,  15 

Peck,  Prof.  Chas.  H 14 

Peeters,  Rev.  L.,  Holland 9 

Perdval,  Mrs.  M.  S.,  Tennessee 4 

Perrine,  Lura  L.,  North  Dakota. . .  .11 

Fetch,  T.,  Ceylon 15,  17,  19,  23 

Pierce,  Mrs.  F.  A.,  Massachusetts  . .  16 
Pierrhugues,  Monsieur,  France.  12,  13 

Pleas,  C.  E.,  Florida 4,  16,  18 

Plitt,  Chas  C.,  Maryland 4,  14 

Plottner,  Professor,  Germany 9 

Potter,  M.  C.,  England 15 

Pujuila,  Jaime,  Austria 19 

Rathbun,  F.  R..  New  York 4,  14 

Rea,  Carleton,  England. .  .5,  15,  21,  23 
Reader,  F.  M.,  Australia.  7,  8.  9,  13,  17 

Reddick,  Donald,  New  York 14 

Renaudet,  G.,  France 5,  23 

Richen,  Rev.  P.  G.,  Austria 9 

Rick,  Rev.  Johann,  Brazil, 

5,  7,  12,  13,  17,  19,  23 
Ricker,  P.  L.,  Washington,  D.  C..4,  n 
Riddle,  Lincoln  W.,  Massachusetts, 

14,  18 

Rivet,  Monsieur,  France ...  .21 

Robert,  Dr.,  France.    .      .9,  17 

Rolfs,  P.  H.,  Florida n,  20 

Rolland,  L.,  France  ...  .5,  9,  15,  17,  19 

Romell,  L.,  Sweden 5,  24 

Rompel,  Prof.  Joseph,  Switzer- 
land   5,  9 

Rousseau,  Madame,  Belgium 5,  9 

Rugg,  Ellen  M.,  Washington,  D.  C..  14 

Sanford,  J.  A.,  California 14 

Sargent,  F.  L.,  New  Hampshire  . .  .  18 

Scalia,  Dr.  G.,  Sicily 9 

Schinz,  Professor  Hans,  Switzer- 
land   19 


Schneck,  J.,  Illinois 4 

Schrader,  Fred  J.,  Washington, 

D.  C ii 

Schumo,  S.  L.,  Pennsylvania. 4,  u,  14 
Schultze-Wege,  Madame,  Ger- 
many  5,9,23 

Schupp,  Rev.  A.,  Brazil. .  17,  19,  21,  23 

Setchell,  Prof.  W.  A.,  California 20 

Sewall,  Margaret  L.,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C n,  14 

Shaw,  Miss  Stella,  Jamaica 15 

Shear,  C.  L.,  Washington,  D.  C 4 

Shepherd,  Dr.  I.  M.,  New  Jersey.  14,  16 

Sillitoe,  F.  S.,  Soudan 19 

Sirnmonds,  J.  H.,  Austria 12,  23 

Smith,    Miss    Annie    Lorraine, 

England 5,  15 

Smith,  G.  D.,  Ohio 14,  16,  1 8,  20 

Smith,  J.  T.,  Tasmania 17 

Smith,  T.  L.,  Massachusetts,.  .4,  n,  14 
Spaulding,  Perley,  Missouri.  11,  14,  16 

Starnes,  H.  N.,  Georgia 4 

Sterling,  E.  B.,  New  Jersey.  4,  n,  14,  18 

Stephens,  Ellen,  Jamaica 19 

Stevens,  Prof.  F.  L.,  North  Caro- 
lina   4,  14,  20 

Steven,  Rollin  H.,  Michigan 11 

Stevenson,   Wm.    C.,    Pennsyl- 
vania  14, 1 8 

Stiles,  J.  W.,  Texas 4,  n 

Stockberger,  W.  W.,  Ohio 14 

Stone,  G.  E.,  Massachusetts n 

Storer,  Miss  E.  D.,  Pennsylvania. .  18 
Streeter,  Mrs.  Hannah,  Pennsyl- 
vania     . .   4 

Stuckert,  Theodore,  Argentina  .    .  13 

Studer,  B.,  Switzerland 5 

Suksdorr,  W.  N.,  Washington n 

Sutliff,  Miss  Mary  L.,  California, 

4,  14-  20 
Swanton,  E.  W.,  England.  .5,  9,  15,  23 

Tennant,  J.  S.,  New  Zealand 8 

Tepper,  J.  G.  O.,  Australia. .  .   8,  9,  19 

Terry,  H.  W.,  Hawaii 12 

Thibou,  A.,  West  Indies 12,  13 

Thompson,  G.  F.,  Ohio 14 

Thomson,   Geo.   M.,  New   Zea- 
land  17,  19 

Torrend,  Rev.  C.,  Portugal. 5,  9,  19,  21 
Trask,  Mrs.  Blanche,  California.^,  n 

True,  Dr.  H.  L.,  Ohio 4,  14,  16 

Tucker,  Mrs.  Susan,  Washington  . .  20 

Turner,  E.  J.,  Australia 13,  19 

Unknown  donors 9,  13,  15,  16,  17 

Ussher,  Chas.  B.,  Africa 19,  23 

Vanderyst,  Hyac,  Congo 17 

Voigt,  A.  L.,  Michigan 4 

Vreeland,  Fred  K.,  North  Carolina.  .4 

Vroom,  J.,  New  Brunswick 18 

Waldron,  L.  R.,  North  Dakota. 4,  n,  14 


INDEX  TO  CONTRIBUTORS 


Walker,  Miss  I.  M.,  Canada..  .4,  14,  18 

Walton,  F.  J.,  New  Jersey 1 1 

Warner,  H.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C-4,  " 

Watson,  Dr.  H.  L.,  Illinois 1 1 

Watts,  W.  W.,  New  South  Wales. 8,  13 
Weidmann,  A.,  Bohemia.  .  .5,  9,  15,  21 

Weld,  Lewis  H.,  New  York 1 1 

Westervelt.  Mrs.  Caroline  Castle, 

Hawaii 15 

Westgate,  J.  M.,  California 16 

Whetstone,  Dr.  Mary  S.,  Minne- 
sota  4,  11,  14,  16,  18 

Whetzel,  H.  H.,  Indiana 20 

Wilcox,  Gen.  T.   E.,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C 16 


Wilder,  Mrs.  Charlotte  M.,  Cali- 
fornia   14,  20 

Willing,  T.  N.,  Canada 4 

Wilson,  Rev.  James,  Australia. .  13,  23 

Winkler,  Dr.,  Africa 9- 

Wolfert,  Mrs.  Daisy  F..  Ohio 4,  11 

Wood.  J.  Medley.  Natal 7 

Woulff.  E.,  Austria 13,  15,  23 

Yasuda,  Prof.  A.,  Japan 12,  19- 

Yates,  L.  G.,  California 1 1 

Yoshinaga,  T..  Japan 7,  12,  17 

Zenker,  G.,  West  Africa 17 

Zietze,  A.,  South  Australia 13. 

Zimmermann,  Rev.  P.  T.,  England.  .6 


INDEX  TO  SYNONYMS  AND  JUGGLED  NAMES. 

Index  of  synonyms  and  plants  imperfectly  described,  imperfectly 
known,  or  based  on  imperfect  material.  Also  juggled  names.  While 
no  man's  opinion  is  final  on  such  things,  in  my  opinion  mycology 
would  be  much  better  off  if  this  list  did  not  exist.  "  Synonymy  "  is 
an  author's  trash  pile  where  he  dumps  the  names  which  in  his  opinion 
have  no  value.  It  is  a  sad  commentary  on  the  character  of  the  work 
that  has  been  done  that  about  four-fifths  of  the  names  proposed  finally 
reach  the  dump. 

It  does  not  follow  that  all  the  specific  names  in  the  following  list 
are  invalid  species.  Many  of  them  are  correct  in  other  genera,  and 
are  placed  here  when  wrongly  classified  generically. 


Actinodermium 

Sterrebeckii -595 

Anthurus 

Miillerianus  var.  aseroefonnis .  408 


Woodii 
Arachnion 

aurantiacum.  . . 

Bovista 

Druinmondii    . 

tener 

Artocreas 

poroniaeformis 
Aseroe 

actinobola.  . 


.Aus.  Ph.  14 

253 

253 

253 

253 

39« 

.  ..Aus.  Ph.  16 


rubravar.  Muelleriana.  Aus.  I'll.  18 


viridis. . .  . 
Battarrea 

arenicola  .... 
Gaudichaudii. 
Griffithsii.  .  . 
laciniata  .  . .  . 
Muelleri .... 
Bovista 

ammophila. .  . 

brunnea 

Candida 


Aus.  Ph.  18 

Tyl.  7 

Tyl.  7 

....Tyl.  7 

Tyl.  7 

Tyl.  7 

2-Sl 

392 

396 


Bovista 

castanea .291 

craniiformis.  ...    396 

dealbata 284 

echinella    286 

gigaiitea 396 

Lauterbackii 286 

paludosa 280 

velutinus 316 

yunnanensis 285 

Calv'atia 

paludosa 280 

Caromyxa 

elegans 299 

Carpo bolus 

albicans Nid.  29 

Carpobolus Nid.  29 

cyclophorus Nid.  29 

stellatus Nid.  29 

Catastoma 

candid  u  111 396 

defossum 263 

Berkeleyi 24 1 

Calostoma  ' 

Junghuhui 241 

pachystelis 241 


22 


SYNONYMS  AND  JUGGLED  NAMES 


Chlamydopus 

Tyl   8 

Cyathus 

Nid    16 

Clathrus 

alhidus 

\ns.  Ph.  22 

Puiggarii  
pulviiiatus 

Nid.  21 
Nid     8 

Berkeley! 

405 

pusio 

Nid   14 

brasiliensis  

299 

similis  

....   Nid.  24 

cancellatus  var. 
cancellatus  var 

brasiliensis.  .  '99 
coliininatus  .  299 

subicnlosis  
Wrio-htii 

Nid.  21 
Nid   21 

cancellatus  var. 
columnatus..  .  . 
hirudinosus.  .  .  . 
nicaensis 

pnsilla  405 
298 
384 
296 

Cycloderma 

Ohiensis  
Cynophallus 
Cayleyi 

3i6 
Aus   Ph  8 

-57C 

Dictyophora 

volvaceus  
Colonnaria 

333 
296 

2QQ 

irpk-ina  ....    
Lilloi  

331 
320 

7  •'I       ^1-J      4OO 

Colus 

Garoiae  
Muelleri  
Roth^  

356 

\US.    I'll.   20 

Aus.  Ph.  20 

Ravenelii  
speciosa  
tahitensis  
Dendromyces 

330 

...Aus.  Ph.  6 
.  .  Aus.  Ph.  6 

Conoplea  
Corynites 

Curtisii 

2.  5 

299 

Stevenii  
Dictybole 

Tyl.  7 

2Q7     ^6l 

elegans  
Crucibulum 

crucibuli  tonne 

299 

Nid    u 

Disciceda 

candidum  
velutinus 

396 
316 

juglandicolum  . 

Nid.  13 
Nid    13 

Foetidaria 

298 

Cryptophallus 

albiceps 

32Q 

Floccomutinus 

Aus.  Ph.  12 

Cyathia 

hirsuta  .  . 

Nid    17 

Nymanianus  
Pomes 

388 

lentifera 

Nid   24 

albogriseus  

378 

Cyathus 

Qeaster 

291 

Baileyi 

Nid    21 

Mb 

byssisedus  
campanulatus  .  . 
corrugatus  

.Nid.  1  8,  Nid.  21 
Nid.  24 
Nid.     3 
Nid    14 

cryptorhynchus.  .  .  . 
dubius  
Dybowski  

3'° 
246,  316 

3i6 

^Q6 

Crucibulum.  .  .  . 

Nid.  14 

granulosus  

291,  311 

cylindricus  .... 

Nid.  14 

Nid     8 

J  nruensis  

314 
3r4 

dura 

Nid    25 

Lloydianus  

312 

Nid    12 

Lloydii  

316 

ericetorum.   .  .  . 
farcta 

x'id.  14 
Nid     8 

Michelianus  
quadrifidus  

310 

396 

Nid    24 

3r4- 

fimetarius  
fimicola  
globosus 

291.  Nid.  14 
Nid.  14 
Nid     8 

radicans  
Spegazzinianu-,  var. 
tonkensis  

3'5-  364 
minor  .  .  .314 
316 

levis 

Nid    24 

U'libilicatus  

312 

melanospenna. 
microsporus  var 
anus  
microsporus    va 
gensis  
Olla  
pezizoidi  s  
plicatulus  

Nid.  21 
Ik-rkt-Uy- 
Nid.  19 
r.     1  )oin  11- 
Nid.  27 
Nid.  24 
Nid.  14 
Nid.  16 

Qlobaria 

Bovista  
Lauterbachii  
Granularia 
pulvinala  
rndis  
Grifola 
frondosa  

4" 
286 

....    Nid.    8 
Nid.  10 

342 

SYNONYMS  AND  JUGGLED  NAMES 


Husseya 

pachystelis 
Hymenophallus 

Hadriana  
togatus  
Ileodictyon 

241 
328 

295 

Lycoperdon 
pedicellatum  283 
perlatum  211,224,228,396 
piri  forme  var.  excipuliforme.  213 

radicatutn  .  .  . 
separans  .... 
serotinum  .  .  . 
tephrosporun 

232 

gracilis  ....... 
Ithyphallus 

atrominiatu^  .  .  . 
corilloides 
costatus  
cucullatns  

295 

An*.  Ph.  8 
355 
328 
330 
....  328,  402 

213 
i      316 

.    .    2=i7,  316 

I,rt.  13 

utriforme.  .  .  . 
velutinutn.  .  . 
Wrightii  var. 
Lysurus 
A  re  her  i 

306 

234,  279 
separans  232 

Aus.  1'h    16 

330 

rubicundus 

330 
330 

aseroeformis. 

Aus   Ph.  18 
404 

Kirchbaumia 

•   329 

pentaclinus.  . 
Matula 
Rompelii  .... 
Merulius 

Aus.  Ph.  16 

Lycoperdon 

.  292 

391 
•170 

asterospermnm 
Berkelevi 

209 

2cy 

calvescens  
calvptriforme.  . 

2}2 

Michenera 

Rompelii.  .  .  . 
Mitremyces 

Beyrichii  .... 
Sarasini  
viridis 

391 

...  2  VI 

candidum  
Carpobolus 
caudatum  
citrinuui  
coloratiun  
confluens. 
conspurcatum   . 
constellatum  .  . 
Cookei  
Corium     ..... 
Curtisii  
cyathi  forme  .  . 
decipiens 

214,345 

Nid.  29 
262,  283 
Let.  19 
235 
234 
et.  19 

2oS.  22} 
216 
290 

?33 
224 

241 
241 
241 

Mutinus 

borneensis  .  . 

388 

bovinus  
brevis  
Curlisii  
discolor 

299 
325 
299 

•\U8>    I'll     IO 

Miilleri  

358 

pentagon  i>  va 
sulcalus   .... 
Watsoni  . 
Mycenastrum 

,r.  IL.rdyi.Aus.  Ph.  12 
Aus.  Ph.  10,  14 
Aus  Ph    12 

defossum  
depressum  .... 
Dominicensis.  . 
epixylon  
ericaeum  
excipuliforme  .  . 
foetidum  
Frostii  
furfuracriiin  .  .  . 
gemmatum  var. 
Golungem-e  .  .  . 
hirtum  
hiemale  
lanatum  
laxum  
leprosum  
mammae  for  me 
marginatum  .  .  . 
Missouriense  .  . 
molle  
papillatum  . 

263 
291,345 
283 
234 
292 

2".  3*5.396 

284 

lycoperdoiiie; 
Kunlzei  

i  280 

291 

Ohiense  
Nidularia 
Alabamensis 
Berkeley!    .  .  . 
campanula  la  . 
confluens.  .  .  . 
corrugata.  .  .  . 
Crucibuhini  . 
denudata  .... 

279 
Nid     8 

••••:  215 
ecluualum.  .  .208 

3i6 
208,  213 

210 

234 
210 
2t4 
308 
21.9,  237 
214 

Nid     8 

Nid.  24.  395 
Nid.    8 
Nid.    8 

Nid    14  395 

Nid.    8 

fasciculari>  .  . 
farcta  
farcta  var   ra< 
globosa.  .  . 

•  •  395 

Nid.8 
lie.,  a  Nid.    8 
Nid.    8 

hirsuta  
juglaudioola. 
leucospenna 
levis  

Nid.  17 
Nid    14    395 

Nid    14 

Peckii  

224 

Nid.  14 

SYNONYMS  AND  JUGGLED  NAMES 


Nidularia 

melauosperma 
Olla  
pisiformis  var. 

Nid.  21,  -^95 
Nid.  24 
Broomei  .  .Nid.    8 
Nid   24 

Polyporus 

Suhivaiitii  
trachypus  
Poria 
taxicola  
Satyrus 
rubicundus  . 

379 
••    -375. 

•  •    -379 
33» 

•  247,  284 
•345,395 
.....291 
•  280,  395 
279 
395 
395 

253 
253 

..    ..269 
307 

298 
297 
298 

..Let.  18 

.Nid.  29 
.Nid.  29 
.Nid.  29 
.Nid.  29 
.Nid.  29 
.Nid.  29 
.Nid.  29 

770 

pulvinata  .... 
radicata  

Nid.    8 
Nid.    8 

scutellaris.  .  .  . 

395 

Scleroderma 

bpvistoides  
citrinum  
Kuntzei  
lycoperdoides  ..."  . 
Ohiense  
polyrhizon  
spadiceum  
Scoleciocarpus 
bovista  
tener  
Secotium 
Malinveruianum  
excavatum  
Sinihluin 
coccineuni  
rufescens  ...      
rulescens  var.  Kanseusis 
Sparassis 
Herhstii  
Sphaero  bolus 
Carpobolus  
cyclophorus  
dentatus  . 
epijjaeus  
impatiens  
stercoreus  
Uibulosus  

stercon.  a  
striata  
vernicosa 

395 
395.  Nid.  i? 
Nid   24 

Peziza 

cyathiformis.  . 
crucibulitormi 
hirsuta  
lentifera  
levis  

Nid.  17,  24 
•*      Nid.  14 
Nid.  17 
Nid.  14,  24 
Nid.  14 

Olla  
striata  
Phallus 

aurantiacus  va 

canimis  
collaris  
foetid  us  
Hadriani 

Nid.  24 
Nid.  17 

r.  discolor  .... 
Aus.  Ph.  10 
325 
332 
128 

128 

inodorus  .  . 
iosmos  
libidinosus  .  . 
Muellerianu> 
novae-holland 
vitellinus  .... 
volvatus 

325 
328 
.    ...    Au-.  I'h.     S 
Aus.  Ph.  10 
ae  Aus.  Ph.    8 
Aus   Ph.    8 
128 

vulgaris  
Phellorina 
Californica  .  .  . 
Polyporus 

328 
308 

vn 

Trametes 

piceinus  

Tylostoma 
Barbeyanum  
Barlae  
Boissieri  
brachypus 

•  Tyl-  19 

.Tyl.  14 
.Tyl.  ,9 

Tvl     2A 

Anax    
anceps  
aureonitens  .  . 
Bemiei 

34i 
378 

177 

277 

Burtii  
Caroliniensis  . 
cerifiuus 

378 

379 
•379 

bruinale     
fibrillosum  
fitnbriatum  
Kansense 

.Tvl.  17 
-Tyl.  24 
.T\l.  24 
Tyl.  20 
.Tyl.    4 
.Tvl.    4. 
•Til.  17 
Tyl   22 

fissus  
fragrans-  
glomeratus 

375 
377 

•    •                    377 

Karnbackii  
laceratum  
melanocyclum 
minutum 

hirsutulus 

•370 

•377 

fibrillosus 
laceratus  
lactifluus  .... 
Macouni  
Morgauii  
perplexus 
siinillimus  .  .  . 
splendeiis  .  . 

377 
379 
37» 
378 

177 

Tyl     a 

pedunculatutn  

.Tyl.  17 

Petrii  
punctatuui  . 

Tyl.  24 
.Tyl.  24 
.Tyl.  26 
.Tyl.  19 

Ridleyi 

378 

37s 

Ruhmeriana  

Schweinfurthi  
tortuosum  .  . 

.Tyl.    4 
.Tvl.  m 

...  ^78 

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It  is  a  question  if  there  has  been  another  subject  on  earth  that  has  been  as  bunglingly 
worked  as  the  subject  of  mycology.  I  attribute  a  great  part  of  this  to  the  pievailing  system  of 
adding  an  author's  name  to  that  of  the  plant.  It  serves  only  to  gratify  the  vanity  of  writers 
who  like  to  see  their  names  in  print,  and  results  in  a  great  deal  of  bad  work.  As  I  am  not  pub- 
lishing an  advertising  paper,  I  have  declined,  in  considering  only  plants,  to  insert  these  free 
advertisements.  To  atone  for  my  failure  in  this  regard,  however,  I  am  willing  to  devote  a  few 
pages  in  the  indices  of  volumes  to  advertisements,  and  even  to  make  them  display  adver- 
tisements. 

A  much  more  sensible  thing  than  to  write  authors'  names  after  plant  names  would  be  to 
-write  the  country  in  which  the  plant  grows,  if  it  is  necessary  to  write  anything  other  than  a 
binomial  as  a  plant  name.  Where  I  am  concerned  in  the  following  list,  I  have  added  only  the 
country. 

In  making  the  list  I  give  the  advertisement  to  the  author  who  proposed  the  specific 
name  adopted.  To  put  his  name  in  parenthesis  and  add  the  name  of  the  individual  who 
shuffled  it  around  to  another  genus  is  not  only  useless  but  exceedingly  harmful  in  developing 
a  class  of  generic  name  shifters,  who  work  only  with  this  object  in  view.  To  substitute  for 
the  first  author  the  name  of  the  second  is  purely  a  fraud. 

I  have  written  this  list  chiefly  from  memory,  for  I  do  not  consider  it  of  enough  im- 
portance to  put  much  labor  on  it,  if  it  involved  looking  up  the  authorities.  I  think  it  is  correct, 
but  if  there  are  any  errors,  they  are  mistakes  of  memory.  I  would  not  intentionally  cheat  any 
one  out  of  his  advertisement,  so  dear  to  the  breasts  of  mycological  writers  in  general. 

In  the  following  list,  those  plants  so  closely  related  to  others  that  they  are  belter  called 
varieties  or  forms  are  indicated  by  a  *.  Species  that  are  very  doubtful  and,  probably  largely 
imaginary,  I  have  indicated  with  a  f- 

Arachnion  album,  Schweinitz,  rufurn,  Australia — Aseroe  Hookeri,  Berke- 
ley, lysurioules.t  Fischer,  Muelleriana,  Kalchbrenner,  pectactina,  Endlicher, 
rubra,  La  Billardiere— Kaitarrea,  Digueti/  Patouillard,  Guicciardiniana,* 
Cesati,  levispora,*  Massee,  phalioides,  Dickson.  Stevenii,*  Liboschitz  H<ilfar- 
re.opsis  Artini,  Henmngs^£/Httte»(irttj  rhacoides,  Moeller  Bovista  minor,* 
Morgan,  uigrescens,  Persoon,  I'ila,  Berkeley,  plum!  ea,  Persoon,  tomentosa, 
Vittadini  —  Bovistella  aniinophila,  Leveille,  aspera.  Leveille,  Australiatia, 
Australia,  bovistoides,  Cooke,  Davisii,  Massachusetts,  dealbatn,  Washington, 
Dominicensis.  Massee,  echinella,  Patouillard,  gemmatuin,  U.  S.,  glabescens, 
Berkeley,  Gunnii,  Berkeley,  Henningsii,  India,  Japonica,  Japan,  lycoperdoides, 
Cooke,  Miyabei,  Japan,  Ohiensis,  Morgan,  paludosa,  Le'veille',  pedicellata,  Peck, 
radicata,*  Montagne,  rosea,*  Australia,  scabra,  Australia,  trachyspora,  India, 
yunnanensis,  Patouillard— Broomei  congregata,  Berkeley -Calvatia  caelata. 
Bulliard,  Candida,  Rostkovius,  craniiformis,  Schweinitz,  elata,  Massee, 
Fontanesii,*  Montagne,  gigantea,  Batsch,  lateritia,  Massee,  lilacina,  Berkeley, 
olivacea,  Cooke,  pachyderma,  Peck,  rubroflava,  Cragin,  saccata,  Fries,  sculpta, 
flarkness— Castoreum  radicatum,  Cooke— Catastoma  anomalum.  Cooke,  circmn- 
scissum,  Berkeley,  hyalothiix,  Cooke,  hypogaeum,  Cooke,  Mutlleri,  Berkeley, 
pedicellatum,  Morgan,  subterraneum,  Peck -Cautog  toss  urn  transversariuin, 
KOK—Clathrus  cancellatus,  Bulliard,  chrysomycelinus,  Moeller, .  cibarius, 
Tulasne,  crispus,  Turpin,  delicatus,  Berkeley,  "gracilis  Berkeley,  pusillus, 
Berkeley,  Treubii,  Bernard-Ctaro.^  aster  novo-zelandicus  Hennings— Coins 
hirudmosus,  Montagne -Cracibulum  vulgare,  Tulasne- CyaM  us  ambiguus, 
isne,  Anghcus *  England,  Berkeleyanus,  Tulasne,  Canna,  Barbados,  Colensoi, 
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Berkeley,  dasypus,  Nees  von  Esenbeck,  Earlei,  Cuba,  Gayanus,  Tulasne, 
Hookeri,  Berkeley,  intermedius,  Tulasne,  Lesueurii,*  Tulasne,  limbatus, 
Tulasne,  microsporus,  Tulasne,  minimus,  Patouillard,  Montagnei,  Tulasne, 
nigro-albus,  Samoa,  novae-zelandiae,  Tulasne,  pallidus,  Berkeley,  Poeppigii. 
Tulasne,  pygmaeus,  Washington,  rufipes,®  Ellis,  sphaerosporus,  Jamaica, 
Schweinitzii,  Tulasne,  stercoreus,  Schweinitz,  striatus,  Hudson,  triplex,  Mauri- 
tius, vernicosus,  RulHard—CyfieMotnyces  argentinensis,  Spegazzini — Dictyoce- 
pha/os,  curvatus,  White — Diplocystis  Wrightii,  Berkeley — Gallacea  Scleroderma, 
Cooke—Geasfer  ambiguus,  Montagne,  Archeri,  Berkeley,  arenarius,  Florida, 
asper,  Micheli,  Berkeley!,  Massee,  Bryantii,  Berkeley,  caespitosus,*  U.  S., 
calceus,®  South  Africa,  coronatus,  Schaeffer,  Drummondii,  Berkeley,  elegans, 
Vittadini,  Englerianus,®  Hennings,  fimbriatus,  Fries,  floriformis,  Vittadini, 
foruicatus,  Hudson,  giganteus,®  U.  S.,  Hariotii,  Brazil,  Hieronymii,  Hennings, 
hygrometricus,  Persoon,  infrequens,*  Europe,  Javanicus,  Leveille,  leptosper- 
mus,®  Atkinson,  limbatus.  Fries,  MacOwani,®  Kalchbrenner,  mammosus, 
Chevallier,  minimus,  Schweinitz,  mirabilis,  Montagne,  pectinatus,  Persoon, 
Peruvianus,  Cooke,  plicatus,  Berkeley,  Readeri,®  Berkeley,  rufescens,  Fries, 
saccatus,  Fries,  Schmidelii,  Vittadini,  Scleroderma,  Montagne,  simulans, 
Australia,  Smithii,  Florida,  squamosus,®  Ceylon,  stipitatus,  Fischer,  striatulus, 
Kalchbrenner,  subiculosus,*  Cooke,  trichifer,  Rick,  triplex,  Junghuhn,  velu- 
tinus,  Morgan,  violaceus,  Rick,  vittatus,®  Kalchbrenner,  Welwitscliii,  Mon= 
tagne  —  Gyin?tog-/ossum  stipitatum,  Cooke — Gyrophragmium  decipiens,®  Peckr 
Delilei,  Montagne,  inquinans,®  Berkeley,  Texense,®  Berkeley, — Holocotylon 
Brandegeeanum,  Mexico,  Texense,  Texas — Hypoblema  lepidophorum,  Ellis  — 
Itajahya  galericulata,  Moeller— -Jansia  rugosa,  Penzig — Lanopila  bicolor, 
Leveille — Lasiosphaera  Fenzlii,  Reichardt — Laternea  bicolumnata,  Japan, 
columnata,  Bosc,  Spegazzini,  McQinty — Lycoperdon  acuminatum,  Fries,  areo- 
latum,  Rostkovius  cepaeforme,  Bulliard,  compressum,®  U.  S.,  coprophilum, 
Massee,  cruciatum,  Rostkovius,  cupricolor,®  Hurope,  cupricum,  Bonorden, 
delicatum,®  Berkeley,  dermoxanthum,®  Vittadini,  Desmazieres,®  Europe,  dry 
inum,®  Morgan,  echinatum,  Persoon,  elegans,  Morgan,  elongatum,®  Berkeleyt 
excoriatum,®  U.  S.,  eximium,®  Morgan,  faveolum,®  Michigan,  floccossum,®  U.  S., 
fuligineum,  Berkeley,  fuscum,®  Bonorden,  gemmatum,  Batsch,  glabellum, 
Peck,  Hoylei,®  Berkeley,  Hungaricum,®  Hollos,  macrogemmatum,®  Europe, 
muscorum,  Morgan,  nigrescens,  Persoon,  nigrum,®  Australia,  oblongiosporum, 
Berkeley,  piriforme,  Schaeffer,  polymorphum,  Vittadini,  polytrichum,  U.  S., 
pratense,  Persoon,  pseudogemmatum,®  Spegazzini,  pseudopusillum,®  Hollos, 
pseudoradicans,*  U.  S.,  pulcherrimum,  Berkeley,  pusillum,  Batsch,  rimulatum, 
Peck,  septimum,  South  America,  spadiceum,  Persoon,  stellare,®  Peck,  stellatum, 
Massee,  subincarnatum,  Peck,  subpratense,®  U.  S.,  subvelatum,  Florida, 
tephrum,  Massee,  tessellatum,®  Persoon,  turbinatum,®  Europe,  Turned,  Ellis, 
umbrinum,  Persoon,  velatum,  Vittadini,  Wrightii,  Berkeley— Lysurus  austra- 
liensis,  Cooke,  borealis,  Burt,  Mokusin,  Cibot— Matula  poroniaeformis,  Berke- 
ley— Mesophellia  areuaria,  Berkeley,  ingratissima,  Berkeley,  pachythrix, 

27 


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Cooke,  sabulosa,  Qaote-Mitremyces  cinnaharinus,  Desvaux,  fuicus.  Berkeley, 
insignis,  Berkeley,  Junghuhni,  Schlechtendal,  I<e  Rati,  Patoulllard,  lucidus* 
Berkeley,  lutescens,  Schweinitz,  orirubra,  Cooke,  Ravenelii.  Berkeley,  Tylerii, 
Virginia— Mutinus  annulatus.8  Bailey,  bainbusinus.  Leveille,  caninus,  Hudson, 
curtus,t  Berkeley,  elegans,  Montagne,  papuasius.t  Kalchbrenner,  pentagonus, 
Bailey,  Ravenelii,  Berkeley,  xylogenus,  Montagne—  Mycenastrum  Corium, 
Desvaux— Myriostoma  coliformis,  Dickson  -\idula  Candida.  Peck,  emodensis, 
Berkeley,  granulifera,  Holmskjold,  inicrocarpa,  Peck— Afofe/arM  australis, 
Tulasne,  Duriaeana,  Tulasne,  fusispora,  Massee,  Heribaudii,  Patouillard,  pisi- 
formis,  RptYi—Phallogaster  saccatus,  Morgan— Phallus  aUrantiacus,  Montagne, 
callichrous,  Moeller,  calyptratus.t  Berkeley,  daemonum.  Rumphius,  discolor.t 
Kalchbrenner,  duplicatus,  Bosc,  glutinolens,  Moeller,  gracilis,*  Fischer, 
imperialist  Kalchbrenner,  impudicus,  Linnaeus,  indusiatus.  Ventenat,  irpi- 
cinus,  Patouillard,  multicolor,  Berkeley,  quadricolor.t  Berkeley,  Ravenelii, 
Berkeley,  retusus.i  Kalchbrenner,  Rochesterensis.  McQinty,  roseus,*  Delile, 
rubicundus,  Bosc,  rugulosus,  Fischer,  subacutus,"  Montagne,  tenuis,  Fischer— 
Podaxon  aegyptiacus,  Montagne,  Muelleri,  Hennings  Polysaccum  album,* 
Massee,  Boudieri,*  Corsica,  confusum,*  Cooke,  crassipes,-  De  Candolle,  piso- 
carpium,  Fries,  tuberosuni.  Fries — Pst'ttdocolus  Garciae,  Moeller,  Rothae, 
Fischer—  Queletia  mirabilis.  Fries— Scliizostotna  laceratum,  Ehrenberg— Sclero- 
derma  aurantium,  Bulliard,  Cepa,  Person n,  ilavidum,  Ellis,  Geaster,  Fries, 
patens,*  Mauritius,  radicans,*  Australia,  teneruin,'  Berkeley,  Tt-xense,  Berkeley, 
venosum,*  Boudier,  verrucosum.  Bulliard — Sfcotiuw  acuminatnm,  Montagne, 
coarctatum,  Berkeley,  erythrocephaluni,  Tulasne,  inacrosporum,  Texas,  inelan- 
osporum,  Berkeley,  nubigenum,*  Harkness,  Olbiuni,  Tulasne,"  tenuipes, 
Setchell — Simblnm  s;racile,  Berkeley,  periphragmoidt-s.  Hooker,  sphaeroce- 
phalum,  Schlechtendal,  Texense,  Long—Sp/iaerobo/us  stellatus,  Tode—  Tor- 
rendia  pulchella,  Bresadola—  Trichaster  melanocepbalus  Czerniaiev—  Tylostoma 
albicaus,  White,  Americanum,  U.  S.,  Australianum,  Australia,  Kerkeleyi,  U.  S., 
Berteroanum,  Leveille,  Bonianum,  Patouillard,  brevipes,1*  U.  S.,  caespitosum, 
Saccardo,  campestre,  Morgan,  cyclophorum,  Africa,  egranulosum,  Australia, 
exasperatuni,  Montagne,  floridanum,  Florida,  granulosum,  Leveille,  Leveillea- 
num,  Leveille,  Llo\dii,  Bresadola,  Longii*  Texas,  McAlpinianum,  Australia, 
montauum,  Patouillard,  Mussooriense,  Hennings,  obesuui,  Berkeley,  occi- 
dentale,  Washington,  pallidum  *  U.  S.,  poculatum,  White,  pygtnaeum,  Florida, 
Readerii,  Australia,  Rickii,  Brazil,  rufutn,*  U.  S.,  simulans.*  I'.  S.,  subfuscum.* 
White,  tube rculatu in,  White,  verrucosum,  Morgan,  volvulatum,  Borsch  — 
Whetstonia  strobiliformis,  Minnesota. 


28 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES 

BY  C.  G.  LLOYD 

No.  19 

CINCINNATI,  O.  ___  MAY,  1905 

THE  GENUS  LYCOPERDON  IN  EUROPE. 

CHARACTERS :— The  genus  Lycoperdon  embraces  puff-balls, 
without  a  distinct  stem,  with  flaccid  peridia  opening  by  definite 
mouths,  spores  not  pedicellate  and  mixed  with  capillitia. 

The  peridium  is  flaccid  and  disperses  the  spores  by  collapsing 
directly  opposite  to  the  nature  of  the  peridia  of  the  Bovista  series.  It 
opens  by  a  definite  mouth ;  those  species  which  have  peridia  brittle 
breaking  away  from  the  gleba  are  removed  to  the  genus  Calvatia. 

The  development  of  the  sterile  base  varies  much  in  the  same 
species  and  is  of  little  specific  value.  The  cells  of  the  sterile  base  are 
usually  large  and  evident.  In  one  section  (polymorphum)  they  are 
minute.  The  capillitium  is  usually  long,  branched  colored  threads;  in 
one  section  (pratense)  hyaline  or  light  colored,  and  sometimes  septate. 

The  cortex  or  exoperidium.  sometimes  smooth,  but  usually  bears 
spines  varying  from  minute  to  large.  These  spines  are  usually  in  fours, 
separate  at  the  ba?e  the  apices  connivent.  The  nature  of  the  cortex 
is  one  of  the  best  of  specific  characters.  We  present  on  our  plates  en- 
largements (about  4  diameters)  of  the  cortices  of  most  of  the  species. 
These  figures  were  made  from  dried  specimens  and  the  cortices  are 
shriveled  and  not  as  distinct  as  they  would  be  had  the  figures  been 
made  from  fresh  plants. 

The  color  of  the  gleba  when  very  young  is  white,  as  the  plants 
ripen,  it  turns  yellowish  or  olive,  finally  brown,  or  in  one  series 
(atropurpureum)  when  fully  ripe  it  is  dark  purple.  The  spores  can  be 
divided  into  two  series.  1st.  the  large  rough  spores  5-8  mic.  in  diame- 
ter ;  2nd.  the  medium  or  small  spores  4-5  mic.  in  diameter,  and  smooth 
or  slightly  rough.  All  plants  with  a  purple  gleba  have  large  rough 
spores.  The  spores  are  borne  on  the  basiclia  on  long  sterigmata.  These 
are  caducous  and  as  the  spores  ripen,  fall  away.  In  the  series  with  the 
large,  rough  spores  the  fallen  pedicels  remain  mixed  with  the  spores  but 
in  the  small  spored  series  they  largely  disappear  from  the  ripe  gleba. t 

HISTORY :— Linnaeus  called  all  "puff-balls"  and  some  that 
are  not  "puff-balls"  Lycoperdons.t  He  did  not  know  enough  mycology 
to  avail  himself  of  Michelius'  earlier  and  much  better  work  with  the 
families  of  these  plants.  Persoon  adopted  largely  the  ideas  of  Michel- 

tWe  consider  pedicellate  spores  the  best  and  plainest  character  in  the  puff-ball  family 
and  we  would  class  all  species  of  the  Lycoperdaceae  with  pedicellate  spores  in  the  genus 
Bovistella.  But  one  European  species,  which  has  not  been  so  referred,  Bovistella  pedicellata, 
is  affected  by  this  view. 

JA  tip  for  the  name  changers.     Linnaeus  first  called  the  plants  Conoplea  "full  of  dust.  ' 

205 


ius  and  he  was  honest  enough  to  say  so,  but  he  changed  most  of  the 
family  names  of  Michelius  because  "the  names  are  little  harmonious 
they  have  been  suppressed."! 

In  tracing  back  the  species  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon  in  the 
museums  and  literature  of  Europe,  little  that  is  definite  can  be  un- 
earthed previous  to  Vittadini.  It  is  certain  that  the  old  botanists  Vail- 
lant  Michelius,  Schaeffer,  Bulliard  gave  some  very  bad  cuts  of  these 
plants.  Many  of  them  cannot  be  even  identified  at  this  day.  The 
early  botanists  who  gave  names,  Linnaeus,  Batsch  and  Fries  in  his 
Systema  worked  mostly  with  these  old  figures,  and  as  a  result  their 
work  is  as  vague  as  the  old  figures.  Persoon  got  his  ideas  of  the  genus 
Lycoperdon  directly  from  plants  but  it  was  before  the  days  of  the  micro- 
scope and  his  characters  are  largely  drawn  from  their  size  form  and 
color,  which  characters  are  of  little  value  in  specific  distinction.  Be- 
sides'the  vast  amount  of  pioneer  work  that  Persoon  did  prevented  him 
from  getting  definite  ideas  of  the  species  of  Lycoperdon.  This  is 
evident  from  his  herbarium  where  he  has  labeled  many  of  his  plants 
with  a  ?  mark.  I  was  much  disappointed  in  not  being  able  to  decide 
definitely  as  to  the  most  of  Persoon's  species. 

Vittadini  was  the  first  author  to  do  clear  and  concise  work  with 
the  genus.  He  plainly  ix>ints  out  the  characters  of  his  species,  and 
gives  good  illustrations  of  them.  His  specimens,  correctly  labeled,  are 
found  in  the  museums  of  Kew  and  Paris  to-day.  Almost  every  one  of 
Vittadini's  species  can  be  definitely  known. 

Much  confusion  has  been  introduced  into  the  history  of  Euro- 
pean Lycoperdons  through  the  work  of  Honorden  who  wrote  shortly 
after  Vittadini.  Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Magnus  I  had  inquiries 
made  but  was  unable  to  find  that  he  left  any  specimens.  He  was  a 
close  observer,  too  close  in  fact,  for  he  observed  and  recorded  many 
unimportant  details  such  as  the  color  of  the  plant  at  different  stages  of 
its  growth,  which  details  are  of  no  value  and  tend  only  to  confuse.  He 
described  thirteen  "new  species"  which  has  proven  an  unlucky  num- 
ber for  most  of  them  are  unrecognizable.  Euckel  issued  exsiccatae  of 
many  of  Bonorden's  species  and  as  both  lived  in  the  same  region, 
Fuckel's  specimens  are  often  taken  as  a  kind  of  commentary  on  Bon- 
orden's species.  Fuckel  misnamed  such  common  species  as  Lycoper- 
don gemmatum,  which  no  one  should  mistake,  and  I  feel  that  not  much 
dependence  can  be  placed  on  his  interpretation  of  Bonorden's  puzzling 
species.  We  have  adopted  a  couple  of  Bonorden's  names  but  we  adopt 
them  on  Dr.  Hollos'  interpretations.  In  this  connection,  we  will  state 
that  we  believe  the  Doctor  reached  his  conclusions  thereon  mostly  from 
the  appropriate  names  Bonorden  gave  plants:  thus  "fusi-um"  for  the 
dark  species;  "cupricum"  for  the  copper  colored  species,  etc.  At  any 
rate,  they  are  good  names  for  the  plants  and  we  think  the  Doctor 
was  wise  in  adopting  them. 


A  recent  work  by  Dr.  Hollos  "Gastromycetes  Hungariae  1903" 
hns  much  to  commend  it.  The  fine  plates  are  the  best  that  have  ever 
been  published.  It  is  the  only  work  excepting  Vittadini's  issued  in 
Europe  from  which  I  think  a  student  can  reach  correct  conclusions 
concerning  the  views  of  the  author.  I  consider  that  there  are  two 
very  serious  faults  in  the  Doctor's  work  which  I  shall  not  now  enlarge 
upon  except  in  a  foot  note.f  With  the  exception  of  Vittadini's  and 
Hollos'  wrorks,  little  deserving  of  extended  notice  has  been  done  in 
Europe.  The  greatest  master  of  European  agarics,  Fries,  published 
but  one  work  on  the  gastromycetes.  In  his  earlier  days  "Systema" 
appeared  which  although  largely  drawn  from  books  and  figures  has  had 
more  influence  in  establishing  nomenclature  than  any  other  one  work. 

SECTIONS  OF  THE  GENUS.— We  would  divide  the  Lyco- 
perdons  of  Europe  into  the  following  sections. 

"ATROPURPUREUM"  SECTION.— Gleba  dark  purple  when 
fully  ripe.  Plants  that  are  collected  young  however  the  gleba  remains 
olive  or  umber. 

Spores  large  5-8  mic.,  rough,  mixed  with  fallen  pedicels.  Capil- 
litium  colored. 

"GEMMATUM"  SECTION.— Gleba  brown  when  mature. 
Columella  prominent.  Capillitium  light  colored,  whitish  to  the  eye 
when  freed  from  the  spores.  Spores  small  or  medium,  4-5  mic., 
smooth  or  slightly  rough. 

"PRATENSE"  SECTION.— Gleba  brown,  distinct  from  sterile 
base.  Capillitium  light  colored  or  hyaline,  sometimes  septate.  Spores 
small  or  medium,  smooth. 

"POLYMORPHUM"  SECTION.— Plants  of  a  decided  yellow 
cast.  Cortex  small,  nodular  or  furfuraceous.  Capillitium  deeply 
colored.  Sterile  base  none,  or  well  developed  with  minute  cells. 
Spores  small  or  medium,  smooth  (in  some  species  slightly  rough). 

"SPADICEUM"  SECTION.— Characters  as  previous  section 
excepting  the  cells  of  the  sterile  base  are  large. 

tlst.  The  Doctor's  nomenclature  apparently  has  but  one  object  in  view — the  addition  of 
the  word  "Hollfis"  to  new  combinations.  It  is  all  done  under  the  plea  of  "priority"  and  one 
might  suppose  from  the  space  devoted  to  its  discussion  that  the  Doctor  was  an  earnest  advocate 
of  this  system.  Such  happily  is  not  the  case,  as  the  Doctor's  work  testifies.  In  scores  of  in- 
stances the  Doctor  used  better  judgment  and  adopts  the  names  in  use  merely  citing  in  his 
synonyms  prior  references  and  gives  no  reasons  for  not  adopting  them  in  his  nomenclature. 

2nd.  Had  the  Doctor  devoted  himself  to  the  subject  matter  of  his  book  "The  puff  balls 
of  Hungary"  he  would  have  issued  a  very  excellent  work  for  the  Doctor  has  a  good  knowledge 
of  that  subject.  But  unfortunately,  he  has  not  done  this.  He  skims  around  in  the  Library  at 
Berlin  and  picks  out  a  multitude,  (I  counted  31  in  7  pages  of  his  synonyms)  of  plants  that 
grew  in  Africa,  Asia,  North  and  South  America  and  of  which  he  never  saw  a  specimen,  and 
proceeds  to  reduce  them  to  synonymy.  I  refer  only  to  specimens  still  preserved,  that  could  have 
been  seen,  and  should  have  been  seen,  before  any  author  takes  such  wholesale  liberties  with 
them.  He  arranges  them  in  rows  covering  46  pages,  an  evidence  of  a  vast  amount  of  labor  and 
work  (clerical).  A  large  part  of  this  is  only  guess  work  and  some  of  the  conclusions  that  the 
Doctor  reached  by  this  method  are  far  from  the  facts.  A  few  may  be  cited  as  instances. 

"That  Bovista  abyssinica  is  a  synonym  for  Bovista  plumbea."  Bovista  abyssinica  is  a 
Lycoperdon  and  does  not  belong  to  the  genus  Bovista. 

"The  entire  description  of  Diplocystis  Wrightii  is  explained  on  an  unripe  still  closed 
G'easter  mirabilils."  This  was  a  good  guess  when  the  Doctor  first  published  it.  for  he  knew 
nothing  about  it,  and  under  the  circumstances  one  guess  is  as  good  as  another.  After  the  pub- 
Ijcation  however,  of  a  photographic  plate  showing  that  Diplocystis  Wrightii  has  no  resemblance 
whatever  to  Geaster  mirabilis  such  statements  should  have  no  place  in  a  scientific  work." 

"All  species  of  Diploderma  are  based  on  unopened  geasters."  Some  of  them  are  nearer 
related  to  phalloids  in  their  spores  than  they  are  to  geasters. 

We  could  multiply  these  e-xamples  many  times  but  enough  we  think  have  been  given  to 
show  that  a  large  part  of  this  section  of  the  Doctor's  work  is  purely  speculation.  I  his  is  very 
unfortunate  for  great  expense  and  much  labor  have  been  put  on  the  publication  and  we  would 
be  pleased  could  we  give  the  entire  work  our  unqualified  approval. 

207 


THE  "ATROPURPUREUM"  SECTION. 

IYCOPERDON  ECHIXATUM  (Plate  41).— Plants  obovate 
or  near  shape,  with  slender,  white,  fibrous  roots.  Cortex  of  long  black 
somes  3-4  mm.  long,  thickened  at  the  base,  with  cpnniyent  at  the  apex 
falling  off  and  leaving  the  peridium  reticulate  with  circles  of  minute 
spinules  that  surround  the  large  spines.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells 
Gleba  dark,  finally  purplish.  Spores  large,  6-7  mic.  rough,  mixed 
with  fallen  pedicels. 

This  species  is  at  once  and  readily  recognized  by  its  long,  coarse 
spines  such  as  are  found  with  no  other  European  species.  The  Ameri- 
can form  has  more  slender  spines.  It  does  not  seem  as  though  it  could 
be  confused  and  yet  Fries  referred  Persoon's  plant  to  a  variety  of 
Lycoperdon  gemmatum  (sic.)  and  redescribed  it  as  Lycoperdon  constel- 
latum. 

Specimens   in   our   Collection. 
England,  Anna  L.  Smith,  Wm.  L.  \Y.   K\  re. 
France,  E.  Boudier,  X.  Gillot,  Prof.  Lagardc 
Hungary,  L.  Hollos.     Su'itscrlnnti,  Denis  Cruchet. 

LYCOPERDON  HOYLEI.*— This  plant  agrees  with  echi- 
natum  in  everything  excepting  that  the  sterile  base  is  compact  and 
composed  of  very  minute  cells.  It  bears  the  same  relation  to  echinatum 
that  polymorphum  does  to  spadiceum.  \Ye  have  seen  only  the  type 
specimen  at  Kew  which  was  collected  in  England. 

LYCOPERDOX  ATR<  tl'UKI'UKKl'.M  (Plate  42).— Plants 
varying  much  in  shape  and  size  from  little  pear  shaped  specimens  an 
inch  in  diameter  to  large  turbinate  plants  with  a  thick  stem.* 
Sterile  base  formed  of  large  cells.  Cortex  on  upper  portion  of  fine, 
stellate,  connivent  spines  about  2  mm.  long,  usually  reduced  bclo\v  to 
scattered,  furfuraceous  spines.  The  degree  of  coarseness  or  fineness  of 
the  spines  varies  in  different  collections.  In  old  specimens  the  spines 
fall  off  leaving  the  surface  smooth,  (ileba  varying  much  according  to 
age,  at  first  olive,  then  dark  umberj  finally  (if  the  plant  ripens 
naturally)  dark  purple.  Capillitium  colored,  branched.  Spores  large, 
5-7  mic.  rough,  mixed  with  fallen  pedicels. 

This  is  a  frequent  plant  in  Europe  but  varies  so  much  in  the 
cortex  nature  that  ,it  has  received  a  number  of  names.  In  tracing  it 
back  we  do  not  feel  as  though  we  can  go  beyond  Vittadini§  and  cer- 
tainly we  can  not  find  a  more  appropriate  name  than  he  applied  to  it. 

f  tProf    Patouillard  finds  about  Paris  specimens  so  closely  resembling  Rulliard's  plate  of 

Lycoperdon  hiemale  as  to  raise  the  question   whether  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum   was  not  the 
original   of  the  much  discussed   and  variously    interpreted    plate. 

,,mt,»    *»Vh!  p!ant-   'S  Collected  before   it   is   fully    ripe   the   gleba    never    changes   beyond    the 
flber  state,  hence  in  collections  colors  of  various  specimens  are  found  umber  and  purple  that 
do  not  seem  at  first  to  be  the  same  plant. 

SCharacteristic  specimens  from  Vittadini  are  found  in  several  of  the  museums  of  Europe. 

208 


If  we  go  back  to  Persoon  we  find  he  called  the  plant  by  three  names,! 
none  of  them  as  appropriate  as  Vittadini's. 

SYNONYMS. — Lycoperdon  decipiens  (Flo.  Alg.)  Lycoperdon 
asterospermum  .| 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 

Sweden,  L.  Romell,  C.  G.  Lloyd.     Germany,  Johanna  Schultze-Wege. 
France,  A.  Acloque,  J.  Lagarde.     Italy,  O.  Mattirolo. 
Austria,  A.  Weidmann,  G.  Bresadola.    Hungary,  L.  Hollos. 
Portugal.  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

LYCOPERDON  UMBRINUM*  (Plate  43).— No  plant  is  more 
variable  than  atropurpureum  in  the  nature  of  cortex,  specimens  vary- 
ing in  all  degrees  from  those  with  granular,  furfuraceous  cortex  to 
those  with  distinct,  cruciate  spines.  The  former  form  we  call  Lycoper- 
don umbrinum,  following  Persoon.  Persoon  applied  the  name  however, 
to  the  form  with  dark'spinules.  The  usual  form  has  the  spines  light 
colored,  (Lycoperdon  molle,  Persoon,  Lycoperdon  glabellum  Pk). 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 
Sweden,  Erik  Haglund,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 
Germany,  Johanna   Schultze-Wege,   Otto  Jaap. 
France,  N.   Patouillard,  Monsieur  Maingaud,  L.  Rolland. 
Italy,  M.  Bezzi,  O.  Mattirolo.    Austria,  Rev.  G.  Bresadola,  Jos.  Rompel. 
Hungary,  L.  Hollos.     Spain,  T.  de  Aranzadi.     Portugal,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

LYCOPERDON  DELICATUM*  (Plate  44.  fig.  1).— This  is  a 
form  globose  depressed,  differing  only  in  shape.  The  cortex  is  of  the 
umbrinum  type  in  the  only  specimen  we  have. 

Specimen  in  our  Collection. 
Portugal,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

LYCOPERDON  ELONGATUM*  (Plate  44,  fig.  2,  3  and  4). 
— This  is  a  cylindrical  form  that  usually  grows  in  moss.  The  cortex 
is  of  the  umbrinum  type. 

Specimens  in  our  Collection. 
Germany,  Johanna   Schultze-Wege.     Portugal,   Rev.   C.   Torrend. 

LYCOPERDpN  VELATUM  (Plate  44,  fig.  5,  6,  7  and  8).— 
Plants  obovate  or  piriform.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Cortex  double; 
the  inner  of  minute  fascicled  spines,  densely  covering  the  peridium; 
the  outer  of  a  loose  soft  membrane  or  veil  completely  covering  the 

tHe  gave  a  good  illustration  of  the  form  with  dark,  reduced  spines  under  the  name  Ly- 
coperdon umbrinum  and  emphasized  the  dark  color  and  minute  nature  of  the  spines.  2nd,  he 
called  the  plant  with  minute,  light  colored  spines  Lycoperdon  molle  and  although  all  subsequent 
workers,  Massee,  Morgan  and  Hollos  have  been  enabled  to  determine  "Lycoperdon  molle 
Persoon,"  none  of  their  plants  have  any  relation  to  Persoon's.  A  specimen  of  Persoon's  molle 
is  found  in  Hooker's  herbarium.  It  has  large,  rough,  purple  spores.  A  modern  writer  describes  the 
spores  as  small,  smooth  and  olive  and  subsequent  writers  have  fitted  to  this  description  various 
plants  not  failing  to  add  "Persoon"  as  authority  for  their  work.  Persoon  himself  did  not  seem 


to  have  much  definite  idea  about  Lycoperdon  molle.  In  his  h< 
so  labeled,  two  being  this  species,  and  one  Lycoperdon  gemm 
or  five  plants  that  he  has  labeled  with  a  ?  and  none  of  them 
coperdon  hirtum  is  the  name  Persoon  applied  to  the  form  w 
IMontagne  describes  this  plant  as  differing  from  atrop 
sterile  base.  The  type  is  a  mere  fragment  and  it  is  impossible 

209 


barium  I  found  three  specimens 
um.  In  addition  there  are  four 
think  are  this  species.  3rd,  Ly- 
th  well  developed  spines, 
irpureum  in  having  no  cells  to 
o  use  it  witli  exactness  as  a  type. 


plant  in  its  early  stages  and  as  the  plant  develops,  breaking  up  into 
ragged  pieces  which  partly  adhere  loosely  to  the  inner  cortex  or 
finally  fall  away.  Gleba  brown,  then  purplish.  Capilhtmm  colored. 
Spores  large,  6-8  mic.  rough. 

This  is  a  rare  plant  in  Europe  and  but  one  collection  has  reached 
us.  The  peculiar  cortex  is  well  represented  in  some  of  the  earliest 
figures  t  Vittadini's  figure  shows  the  outer  cortex  too  thick  but  the 
specimen  he  left  (see  Plate  44,  fig.  8)  is  very  characteristic. 

Specimen  in  our  Collection. 
France,  N.   Patouillard. 

LYCOPERDON  CUPRICUM  (Plate  45).— Plant  with  white, 
fibrous  roots.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Cortex  of  fine,  oppressed, 
steiiate.  connivent  spines  which  fall  away  and  leave  the  pcridium 
smooth  and  polished.  Columella  prominent.  Gleba  dark  umber.J 
Spores  medium,  4-5  mic.  rough. 

The  prominent  character  of  the  plant  is  the  bright  copper  color. 
After  the  spines  fall  the  smooth  polished  surface  appears  like  a  sheet 
of  copper.  There  is  one  discrepancy  with  the  original  description. 
The  spines  while  small  arc  "discernible  without  a  gln^s."  The 
appropriate  name  that  Bonorden  gave  it  leaves  to  my  mind  no  doubt  of 
its  reference.  However,  the  color  is  poorly  shown  in  Hollos'  figure 
which  is  unfortunate  as  the  color  is  the  character  of  the  plant.  A  few 
specimens  of  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  we  have  with  color  of  perid- 
ium  tending  toward  this  species,  which  we  refer  to  atropurpureum  on 
account  of  the  purple  gleba  and  larger,  rougher,  spores. 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 

Denmark,  J.  Lind.     Germany,  Johanna  Schultze-Wege. 
Austria,  A.  Weiclmann.    Spain,  T.  cle  Aran/adi. 

LYCOPERDON  FUSCUM  (Plate  45).— Plants  varying  from 
pear  shape  with  scanty,  sterile  base  to  stalked  with  well  developed 
base.§  Cortex  very  minute  stellate  black  spines,  densely  covering  all 
portions  of  peridium  and  very  uniform  in  size.  In  old  specimens  they 
partially  fall  off  leaving  the  peridium  at  first  reticulate  finally  smooth. 
Peridium  of  a  dark  brown  color.  Gleba  umber  brown,  very  rarely  it 
takes  a  purplish  tint.  Spores  medium  4-5  mic.  rough. 

I  accept  this  plant  in  the  interpretation  of  Dr.  Hollos  as  I  kn«  >w 
nothing  of  Bonorden's  plant.  It  is  rare  in  Europe  but  I  have  collected 
it  abundantly  one  season  growing  in  woods  over  leaves  at  Eglon,  W. 
Va.,  in  the  United  States.  The  dark  color  of  the  plant  is  noticeable, 
and  the  minute,  tufted  black  cortex  spine  characteristic. 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 
Belgium,  Madame  Rousseau.   France,  J.  Lagarde.    Portugal.  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

Michehv't'  97ai'fan?  t-  I6'  f'  4>  at}d  Micheli"s  '•  97-  f-  3,  also  though  exaggerated  I  think  in 
Person  '  »n/l  T'  •  ve,ry,  eaiiy  name  ha9e<1  °"  this  fiK"re  is  I-vcopenion  mammaeforme 

JSrfes^i232rtja  ^tKLdidfi£di« ;t  5  Lnd  JS  *  °r  ifflR  eariier 

tl  think  it  becomes  purplish  though   I   have   never  so  seen   it 
United§S^er1nyoths^ie71l7rie°rm%:,ereh?neshra0p™   ^^  ™  *™"'  °^  ^'^^  ""<  '"   ^ 

210 


THE  "GEMMATUM"  SECTION. 

LYCOPERDON  GEMMATUM  (Plate  46).— Plants  usually 
turbinate,  with  a  globose  head,  and  a  cylindrical  well  developed  base. 
It  takes  a  number  of  forms,  sometimes  more  globose  with  a  thicker 
stem,  sometimes  more  elongated,  almost  cylindrical ;  sometimes  it  is 
distinctly  lacunose.  Cortex  of  soldered  warts  like  little  "gems"  that 
fall  away  and  leave  scars  on  the  peridium.f  These  warts  vary  in  shape. 
Some  have  a  thickened  base  tapering  rather  abruptly  to  slender  apex ; 
most  are  thick  and  pyramidal.  All  are  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a 
circle  of  minute  spinules  which  remain  after  the  wart  has  fallen  form- 
ing the  "scar."  In  old  weathered  specimens  these  spinules  finally  fall 
away  leaving  the  old  peridium  smooth.  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  can 
always  be  easily  recognized  by  these  peculiar  soldered  warts  or  the 
scars  where  they  have  fallen.  Sterile  base  usually  well  developed  of 
large  cells.  Columella  prominent.  Capillitium  colored,}  branched 
threads.  Gleba  olivaceous,  then  brown.  Spores  small  4  mic.  minutely 
rough.  § 

This  is  one  of  the  two  very  common  species  of  Lycoperdon  in  all 
temperate  countries.  It  grows  usually  on  ground  in  woods,  rarely  on 
logs.  Sometimes  it  is  caespitose,  generally  more  scattered.  The 
various  forms  are  hardly  worth  separate  mention.  Yellow  forms  are 
not  rare.  I  have  often  collected  a  little  rigid  form  in  clayey  soil. 
When  particularly  robust  the  plant  is  usually  lacunose. 

SYNONYMS.- — There  seems  to  be  a  tradition  among  writers 
that  there  is  a  Lycoperdon  perlatum  that  should  be  separated  from 
Lycoperdon  gemmatum.  I  never  could  grasp  the  difference  between 
them.  Persoon's  specimens  of  perlatum  are  the  ordinary  form  of  gem- 
matum tout-a-fait.  There  is  also  a  tradition  that  there  is  a  plant  differ- 
ing from  gemmatum  that  should  be  called  Lycoperdon  excipuli forme. 
I  do  not  know  the  plant  but  Scopoli  based  this  name  on  Vaillant's 
figure,  surely  of  Lycoperdon  gemmatum.  If  there  is  such  a  plant  it 
should  be  given  another  name. 

Specimens   in   our   Collection. 

Sweden,  L.   Romell,   Erik   Haglund,   C.   G.   Lloyd. 
Denmark,  J.  Lind.     England,  Annie  L.  Smith,  Wm.  L.  W.   Eyre. 
BelgiWK,  Madame  Rousseau,  C.  Vam  Bambeke. 
Germany,  Johanna  Schultze-Wege,  W.  Krueger,  Otto  Jaap. 
Switzerland,  Denis  Cruchet. 

tl  hold  that  all  specimens  with  "soldered"  warts  that  I  have  seen  belong  to  this  species. 
I  do  not  know  whether  the  warts  of  this  species  are  really  "soldered"  from  originally  separate 
spines  or  whether  the  usual  spines  of  other  species  are  split  by  the  growth  of  the  peridium  from 
one  original  "soldered"  wart.  It  is  a  question  that  can  only  be  settled  by  a  series  of  observa- 
tions and  cross  sections  of  the  warts  of  the  cuticle  of  very  young  specimens.  Observations  of 
the  mature  plants  would  tend  to  the  latter  conclusion  and  Prof.  Massee  who  has  done  some 
work  in  this  line  tells  me  it  is  his  conclusion.  However,  that  that  may  be,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum is  the  only  species  to  my  mind  where  large  warts  remain  "soldered"  oil  the  mature 
plant. 

{When  the  spores  are  shaken  out  the  capillitium  both  of  gemmatum  and  piriforme  has  a 
whitish  appearance  to  the  eye. 

§In  water  under  a  quarter  objective  they  appear  smooth.  Boiled  in  lactic  acid  to  swell 
the  epispore  minute  spines  can  be  seen.  One  author  describes  the  spores  of  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum as  smooth  in  one  of  his  books  and  as  rough  in  another.  Smoothness  or  roughness  of 
Lycoperdon  spores  is  largely  a  question  of  magnification.  To  my  mind  a  spore  to  be  called  rough 
should  be  plainly  seen  to  be  rough  mounted  in  a  drop  of  water  and  under  a  quarter  objective. 

211 


France,    N.    Patouillard,    Monsieur    Maingaud,    L.    Holland,    J.    Lagarde, 
A.  Acloque. 

Italy,  O.  Mattirolo.  Austria,  Jos.  Rompel,  A.  Weidmann. 

Hungary,  L.  Hollos.    Portugal,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

Yellow  forms—  Sweden,  L.  Romell.     France,  M.  Barbier,  N.  Patouillard. 

Austria,  J.   Brunnthaler,  Jos.   Rompel. 

LYCOPERDON  NIGRESCENS  (Plate  47).—  Plant  with 
sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Cortex  of  stiff  black  spines,  2  mm.  long,  in 
clusters  of  four  and  surrounded  at  base  by  minute  warts.  The  large 
spines  fall  off  leaving  the  surface  reticulate  with  the  minute  warts. 
Gleba  olive-umber  without  purple.  Spores  medium,  4-5  mic.  slightly 
rough.  Pedicels  caducous. 

This  name  is  based  on  a  specimen  in  Persoon's  herbarium.  Per- 
soon  published  it  as  a  form  of  gemmatum  which  it  can  well  be  con- 
sidered. Bulliard's  plate  340  has  warts  of  this  nature  but  the  general 
plant  has  more  the  aspect  of  gemmatum.  Lycoperdon  nigrescens  dif- 
fers from  gemmatum  in  the  separate  black  warts  not  coalescing  into 
one,  but  I  suspect  all  degrees  of  more  or  less  coalescent  warts  occur,  con- 
necting the  two  forms. 

Specimens   in  our   Collection. 

Sweden,  L.  Romell,  Krik  Haglund,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

Austria,  A.  Weidmann.  Jos.  Rompel.     Scotland.  Mary   L.   Miles. 

LYCOPERDON  PIRIFORME  (Plate  48).—  Plants  usually 
pear  shaped,  growing  generally  densely  gregarious  on  old  stumps,  logs, 
etc.  Long,  white,  fibrous,  mycelial  strands  penetrate  the  rotten  wood 
and  are  always  a  noticeable  character  of  this  plant. 

Cortex  of  minute,  fasciculate  spines,  subpersistent, 
and  evenly  spread  over  the  peridium.  Sometimes  they 
have  a  tendency  to  coalesce  into  nodules.  Sterile  base 
usually  well  developed,  sometimes  almost  absent,  of 
small  cells.  Columella  prominent  (fig.  83t).  Gleba 
olivaceous,  then  brown.  Capillitium  colored,  long, 
branched.  Spores  small  4  mic.  globose,  smooth'. 

This  is  one  of  the  two  very  common  species  in  all 
temperate  countries.  It  generally  grows  on  logs  and 
stumps  but  occasionally  is  found  on  the  ground,  from 
mycelium  that  I  think  remains  where  wood  has  rotted. 
As  it  grows  on  logs  it  is  generally  caespitose  and  corn- 
Fig.  ss  pressed.  On  the  ground  I  have  seen  it  more  scattered 

and  regular  in  form. 

Specimens  in  our  Collection. 

Sweden,  L.  Romell.  Belgium,  Chas.  Van  Bambeke.  England  Wm.  L.W.  Eyre. 
Scotland,  Mary  L.  Miles.  Germany,  Otto  Jaap.  Switzerland.  B.  Studer. 
France,  L.  Holland.  Austria,  J.  Brunnthaler,  A.  Weidmann.  P.  Magnus. 
Hungary,  L.  Hollos. 


212 


LYCOPERDON  DESMAZIERES*  (Plate  49).— An  elon- 
gated, cylindrical  form  of  Lycoperdon  piriforme  is  rather  frequent  in 
Europe  but  much  rarer  in  America.  It  has  every  character  of  the  usual 
form  excepting  the  strong  development  of  the  sterile  base  and  its 
elongated  shape. 

The  plant  is  represented  in  several  museums  in  Europe  through 
Desmazieres'  exsiccatae  where  it  is  called  Lycoperdon  piriforme  var. 
excipuliforme.  We  do  not  use  such  a  cumbersome  name,  and  excipuli- 
forme  cannot  be  used  as  a  binomial  on  account  of  uncertainty  now 
attached  to  this  name  in  the  literature  of  Europe. 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 

Sweden,  C.  G.  Lloyd.     England,  Annie  L.  Smith. 
Belgium,  Madame   Rousseau.     Germany,  Johanna   Schultze-Wege. 
Switzerland,  Denis  Cruchet.     France,  L.  Rolland. 

LYCOPERDON  SEROTINUM*  (Plate  50).— A  form  of  piri- 
forme occurs  in  which  the  cortex  is  broken  up  into  areas.  We  call 
this  serotinum,  following  Hollos,  but  know  nothing  as  to  Bonorden's 
plant.  We  are  not  sure  but  this  is  also  tessellatum  but  we  shall  re- 
serve this  name  to  apply  to  a  form  with  indurated  areas  (Plate  50) 
which  we  know  only  from  America. 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 
Sweden,  L.  Romell. 

THE   "PRATENSE"  SECTION. 

LYCOPERDON  PRATENSE  (Plate  34).— Plant  depressed, 
globose,  bowl-shaped.  The  peculiar  shape  which  this  plant  takes  (see 
plate  34),  is  characteristic.  Cortex  of  short  spines  (about  2  mm. 
long),  which  fall'  away  from  the  old  specimens  leaving  the  peridium 
smooth.  Peridium  opening  by  a  large,  irregular  mouth.J  Sterile  base 
broad,  of  large  cells  separated  from  the  fertile  portion  by  a  distinct 
diaphragm. §  Gleba  olive  then  brown.  Capillitium  hyaline  (or  faintly 
colored),  branched,  sparingly  septate  threads.  Spores  globose,  smooth, 
light  colored,  very  uniform  .in  size,  4  mic. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  Europe  but  I  could  not  trace  it  back 
definitely  in  European  history  beyond  Vittadini.  It  is  certainly  his 
Lycoperdon  hiemale  but  unfortunately,  he  took  the  name  from  Bul- 
liard's  plate,  which,  almost  as  certainly  is  not  this  plant.  There  is  a 
tradition  1 1  in  Europe  that  it  is  Persoon's  Lycoperdon  pratense  and  we 

tin   its  dehiscence  the  species  is  intermediate  between   Calvatia  and   Lycoperdon. 
§A  peculiar  character  by  which  the  species  is  easily  known.       Only  distinctly  marked  in 
one  other  European   species,   L.   cruciatum. 

1 1  All  the  indications  that  I  could  find  point  toward  the  truth  of  this  tradition.  It  is  so 
labeled  in  Desvaux's  herbarium  and  he  was  contemporary  and  a  co-worker  with  Persoon. 
Persoon's  figure  represents  the  shape  and  size  well  though  the  smooth  surface  is  broken  into 
little  areas,  a  character  the  plant  never  takes  in  my  observation.  Persoon  left  no  certain 
specimens  but  there  are  four  specimens  in  his  herbarium  all  labeled  with  a  doubtful  mark. 
I  did  not  recognize  them.  Persoon  states  that  the  plant  "comes  in  dry  places  and  herbs  and 
even  in  the  woods  among  grass,"  (around  Paris).  This  plant  is  common  there  to-day.  Dr. 
Hollfis  refers  Persoon's  species  to  Lycoperdon  cruciatum  (or  rather  Lycoperdon  cruciatum 
to  it)  but  that  species  has  never  been'  collected  about  Paris. 

213 


adopt  the  name  as  it  is  necessary  to  have  some  name,  and  we  would  not 
wish  to  use  a  recent  name  for  such  a  common  plant.  While  common 
in  Europe  it  does  not  to  my  knowledge  occur  in  the  United  States.t 

Specimens  in  our  Collection. 

Sii'eden,  L.  Romell.    Denmark,  J.  Lincl.     England,  Annie  L.  Smith. 
Belgium,  Chas.  Van  Bambeke. 

Germany,  P.  Magnus,  Otto  Jaap,  Johanna  Schultze-Wege. 
Prance,  N.  Patouillard,  L.  Holland,  M.   Barbier,  A.  Acloque. 
Austria,  Rev.  G.  Bresadola,  A.  Weidmann.  Jos.   Rompel. 
Hungary,  L.  Hollos.    Ho. land,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

LYCOPERDOX  CRt'CIATUM  (Plate  51 ).— Peridium  glo- 
bose or  usually  depressed,  often  plicate  beneath,  and  with  a  strong  root. 
The  sterile  base  of  large  cells  usually  occupies  one  quarter  to  a  third  of 
the  interior.  Sometimes  in  small  specimens  almost  none.  Cortex  of 
strong  cruciate  spines  about  2  mm.  long,  which  adhere  together  and 
peel  off  in  patches  from  the  peridium.  This  peculiar  method  of  cortex 
separation  is  characteristic  of  the  species.  The  surface  of  the  peridium 
after  the  separation  of  the  cortex  is  dull,  minutely  furfuraceous,  and 
dark  brown  in  color.  Gleba  olive,  when  ripe  dark  brown,  never  purple. 
Capillitium  colored,  sparingly  branched.  Spores  globose,  small.  4  mic. 
smooth.  Pedicels  slender,  caducous. 

This  plant  is  very  rare  in  Europe,  very  common  in  the  l/nited 
States.  In  comparing  the  two  plants  we  note  that  the  diaphragm 
separating  the  fertile  from  the  sterile  portion  is  more  strongly  marked 
in  the  European  plant.  Otherwise  we  note  no  difference.  Rostkovius 
gave  a  characteristic  illustration  and  we  have  always  used  his  name. 
If  Dr.  Hollos  in  digging  back  for  an  old  name  had  contented  himself 
with  stopping  at  something  definite.  Yittadini's  name,  marginatum.  we 
should  have  adopted  that  name  for  the  purpose  of  uniformity,  for 
although  Yittadini's  illustration  is  abnormal  as  to  shape,  we  are  con- 
vinced from  his  specimens  it  is  the  same  plant.  Hut  when  the  Doctor 
digs  up  Lycoperdon  pratense  of  Per  soon  and  Lycoperdon  papillatum  of 
Schaeffer,  both  of  them  contrary  to  the  traditions  and  scanty  evidence 
that  exist  in  Europe,  we  cannot  follow  him.  In  digging  for  an  old  name, 
if  one  wants  to  antedate  the  definite  work  of  Yittadini  and  Rostkovius, 
everything  points  to  Lycoperdon  candidum  of  Pcrsoon. 

Specimens  in  our  Collection. 

Italy,  O.  Mattirolo.     Austria,  A.  YYcidmarn,  Rev.  <;.   Bresaclola. 
Prance,  "Herault  Dorat"  Spec,  from  Museum.   I'ari-. 


the  UriiXd  State* nwh5chnw?ltCbr?uraMxnt  t'.islTT™'   I1"'"'"'''1   r""ccti"ns  of   '•Y.c°Pcr<l°n    from 

214 


THE  "POLYMORPHUM"  SECTION. 

LYCOPERDON  POLYMORPHUM  (Plates  34  and  52).— 
Plants  belong  to  the  yellowish  series,  varying  much  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  sterile  bases.  There  exists  a  continuous  series  from  plants 
with  well  developed  stem-like  sterile  bases  (L.  polymorphum  typical)  ; 
to  subglobose  plants  with  scanty  sterile  bases  (L.  cepaeforme)  ;  to  lit- 
tle, globose  specimens  devoid  of  sterile  bases  (L.  pusillum).  The  na- 
ture of  the  sterile  bases  differs  from  that  of  most  other  Lycoperdons. 
It  is  compact,  very  similar  in  general  appearance  to  the  fertile  portion, 
and  composed  of  minute  cells  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  Cortex  of 
I  minute  nodular,  granular  or  furfuraceous  spines.  Gleba  at  first  bright 
yellow,  then  brown  but  never  purple.  Capillitium  deeply  colored, 
branching  threads.  Spores  globose,  small  3-4  mic.  smooth. 

This  plant  was  first  well  described  by  Vittadini  and  we  have 

adopted  his  name.    His  specimens  are  still  in  existence  and  he  was  the 

first  to  point  out  the  peculiar  sterile  base  character  by  which  the  plant 

is  distinguished  from  most  other  known  Lycoperdons.     In  addition  his 

j  name  is  peculiarly  appropriate  for  there  is  no  more  polymorphic  species 

j  known.     There  is  a  tradition  in  Europe  that  the  plant  is  Lycoperdon 

furfuraceum  of   Schaeffer.     This  is  probable,  but  at  the  same  time 

Schaeffer's  old  crude  cut  fits  Lycoperdon  spadiceum  as  well  as  it  does 

this  plant  and  as  long  as  we  keep  these  two  species  distinct  we  cannot 

j  go  back  consistently  to  this  old  cut  for  our  name.     The  typical  form 

•  with  well  developed  base  is  not  rare  in  Europe. t  but  I  have  seen  no 

j  more  finely  developed  specimens  than  I  received  from  Rev.  C.  Torrend, 

:  Portugal,  which  we  have  used  in  the  photographs  for  our  plate. 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 
Sweden,  L.  Romell.     Austria,  J.  Brunnthaler. 
Hungary,  L.  Hollos.    Portugal,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

LYCOPERDON  CEPAEFORME*  (Plate  53,  fig.  1,  2,  3,  and 
4). — This  is  only  a  subglobose  form  of  polymorphum  with  a  slight  de- 
velopment of  the  peculiar,  compact,  sterile  base.  Judging  from  the 

}  specimens  I  have  received,  it  is  relatively  rare  in  Europe  but  it  is  the 

i  common  form  in  the  United  States. 

Specimens   in   our   Collection. 

Belgium,  Madame  Rousseau.     Germany,  Otto  Jaap,  W.  Krueger. 
France,  N.  Patouillard,  P.  Hariot,  X.  Gillot,  L.  Holland. 

LYCOPERDON  HUNGARICUM*  (Plate  53,  fig.  5,  6,  7,  and 
I  8). — Plants  globose  with  none  or  very  little  compact,  sterile  base.  Color 
yellowish  then  brown.  Cortex  minute  nodular  or  granular  spines. 
Capillitium  colored.  Spores  medium,  4-5  mic.  slightly  rough. 

We  are  somewhat  in  doubt  as  to  our  reference  of  this  plant.  Our 
specimens  are  so  close  to  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme  that  the  only  differ- 
ence we  can  note  is  the  slightly  rough  spores.  We  are  not  among  those 

tl  do  not  recall  having  seen  it  from  America  though  I  may  find  it  when  I  work  over  my 
American   specimens. 

215 


who  do  not  give  to  spores  the  same  privilege  of  slight  variation  as  to  any 
other  character.  We  think  spore  characters  are  of  as  much  relative 
value  as  any  other  character,  arid  no  more. 

Specimens   in  our   Collection. 
Belgium,  Chas.  Van  Bambeke.   Italy,  M.  Bezzi.   Portugal,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

LYCOPERDON  PUSILLUM*  (Plate  53,  fig.  9,  10  and  11). 
—The  distinction  between  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme  with  very  little 
development  of  the  sterile  base  and  Lycoperdon  pusillum  with  no  sterile 
base  is  so  slight  that  specimens  of  the  same  collection  even,  may  em- 
barrass the  systematise  Still,  the  little  form  that  occurs  typically  in 
Europe  of  L.  pusillum  is  unique.  Rarely  over  a  centimeter  in  diameter 
it  is  perfectly  globose,  with  a  strong  tap  root  and  a  furfuraceous  cortex. 
The  gleba  does  not  tend  to  olive  so  strongly  as  in  other  forms  of  poly- 
morphum  but  is  a  clear  brown.  \Ye  are  unable  to  distinguish  any- 
marked  difference  in  the  spores  as  recently  shown  in  a  picture. 

Specimens  in  our  Collection. 

Germany,  Otto  Jaap.    Austria,  A.  Wcidmann,  Rev.  G.  Bresadola. 
France,  X.  Patouillard.    Italy,  M.  Ikv/.i.     Hungary,  L.  Hollos. 


THE  "SPADICEUM"  SECTION. 

LYCOPERDON  SPADICEUM  (Plate  54).— Plants  usually 
obovate  with  short  stem-like  sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Color  when 
young  yellowish,  becoming  light  brown  when  fully  ripe.  Cortex  of 
minute  nodular,  granular  or  somewhat  furfuraceous  spines.  Fre- 
quently we  note  on  the  peridium  little  white  granules  that  seem  to  be  of 
the  nature  of  a  lime  deposit,  (lleba  at  first  olive,  finally  brown.  Capilli- 
tium  colored.  Spores  small.  4  mic.  smooth. 

We  accept  this  name  on  the  interpretation  given  by  Dr.  Hollos. 
Persoon  left  no  specimen,  and  all  that  can  be  said  is  that  the  plant 
does  not  disagree  with  his  scanty  and  rather  vague  description.  The 
plant  agrees  with  Lycoperdon  polymorphum  in  everything  excepting 
that  it  has  large  cells  in  the  sterile  base.  In  Australia  there  are  inter- 
mediate forms  connecting,  the  two  species. 

SYNONYM— Lycoperdon   Cookei    (J.   R.   Mic.   Soc.  87-714). 

Specimens  in  our   Collection. 

Russia,  A.  de  Jaczewski.    Denmark,  J.  Lind.     Hclgium,  Madame  Rousseattj 
France,  J.  Lagarde,  L.  Holland,  N.  Patouillard,  A.  Acloque. 
Austria,  A.  Weidmann.    Hungary,  L.  Hollos. 
216 


ADDITIONAL  SPECIES. 

Lycoperdon  acuminatum,  a  little  species  that  grows  in  moss  on  bark  of 
j  tress,  and  Lycoperdon  oblongispornm,  also  a  little  species  with  oval  or  oblong 
spores  have  been  reported  from  Hungary.  We  have  seen  no  specimens  from 
'Europe. 

A  number  of  plants  have  reached  us  that  depart  in  some  respects  from  the 
species  as  we  know  them,  and  which  we  are  unable  to  refer  satisfactorily  to  any 
known  species.  We  might  describe  these  as  "new  species''  and  give  them  a  name 
but  we  fe,el  that  they  are  more  probably  aberrant  forms,  and  that  to  "describe" 
and  "name"  them  would  only  add  to  the  difficulties  and  not  to  the  elucidation  of 
the  subject.  One  robin  does  not  make  a  summer,  and  one  collection  does  not 
[make  a  species. 

From  L.  Romell,  Sweden,  we  have  a  plant  with  large,  rough  spores  of 
atropurpureum  type  but  with  a  white  cortex  of  thickened  spines,  cruciate,  and  on 
the  order  of  gemmatum  but  not  "soldered." 

From  Wm.  Krueger,  Germany,  a  plant  apparently  pratense  but  bright  yellow, 

From  Annie  L.  Smith,  England,  a  plant  apparently  a  form  of  nigrescens,  as 
to  cortex  and  spores,,  but  shape  of  Desmazieres  and  notably  yellow  in  color. 

From  Wm.  Krueger,  a  plant  we  would  call  umbrinum  if  it  were  not  yellow. 

From  C.  Crossland,  England,  a  plant  similar  to  spadiceum  in  general  ap- 
pearance but  spores  rough.  Perhaps  a  form  of  umbrinum  but  spores  very  small 
for  that  species. 

Should  enough  of  any  of  these  forms  reach  us  to  justify  the  opir.ion  that 
they  are  in  any  degree  constant,  we  shall  "describe"  and  "name"  them,  but  for  the 
present  \ve  think  they  had  better  be  passed  by. 

CAULOGLOSSUM  TRANSVERSARIUM. 

(Plates  12  and  40.) 

When  we  issued  our  plate  12  of  Cauloglossum  transversarium 
(we  did  not  have  a  very  abundant  supply  of  specimens  and  the  figures 
were  taken  mostly  from  a  collection  we  had  seen  in  Ellis'  herbarium. 
On  our  return  from  Europe  last  year,  we  found  awaiting  us  a  fine  col- 
lection, both  dried  and  in  alcohol,  that  had  been  sent  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
jBertolet,  from  Fairhope,  Alabama.  These  specimens  give  us  quite  a 
•different  idea  of  the  shape  the  plant  assumes  from  what  we  previously 
conceived  and  we  consequently  issue  another  plate  (40)  to  illustrate 
jthis  fine  collection. 

We  think  the  plant  is  not  as  rare  in  the  Southern  States  as  is 
generally  supposed.  Mr.  Bertolet  certainly  collected  it  abundantly. 
We  found  it  well  represented  in  the  museums  in  Europe  all  from  the 
jcollections  of  Curtis  and  Ravenel.  Berkeley  at  first  intended  to  call 
]the  genus  "Arthymenium"  but  that  is  another  story. 

QUELETIA  MIRABILIS. 

Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Trexlertown,  Pa.,  kindly  favors  me  with  a 
correction  of  a  statement  in  a  previous  issue  regarding  Queletia  mira- 
:bilis.  He  says: — "The  part  stating  the  time  is  incorrect  as  occurring 
lonly  once.  I  collected  specimens  for  three  years  in  succession,  1891, 
|1892  and  1893,  most  abundantly  in  1892,  none  having  appeared  after 
1893.  The  tan  bark  on  which  they  grew  became  very  much  decayed 
land  no  fresh  additions  were  made  after  the  tannery  was  abandoned." 

We  thank  Dr.  Herbst  for  kindly  correcting  us  in  this  matter, 
;as  the  impression  we  had  from  him  was  that  he  had  only  collected 
it  one  season. 

217 


REV.  G.  BRESADOLA. 


Foremost  in  the  ranks  of  the  mycologists  of  Kurope  to-day 
stands  the  man  whose  photograph  we  present  above.  We  have  been 
in  close  correspondence  with  him  for  years,  and  we  believe  he  has  a 
critical  knowledge  of  mycology  such  as  is  possessed  by  few.  (  hi  him  we 
depended  when  we  wrote  our  pamphlet  on  the  geasters  for  advice  in 
the  treatment  of  names  of  synonyms.  In  every  instance  where  we 
followed  his  advice,  his  views  have  since  been  confirmed  by  the  in- 
dependent investigations  we  have  made  in  Kurope.  We  received  his 
photograph  as  a  matter  of  friendly  regard  and  its  appearance  in 
Mycological  Notes  will  be  as  much  of  a  surprise  to  the  donor  as  it  is  a] 
pleasure  to  us  to  be  able  to  present  it  to  our  friends. 

MITREMYOES  RAVENELII  UPSIDE  DOWN. 

Those  who  have  to  do  with  printers  always  meet  with  trouble. 

There  have  been  so  many  errors  in  Mycological  Notes  that  we  aimed  to 
be  particularly  careful  with  the  last  issue  and  we 
think  very  few  if  any  typographical  errors  got 
through.  But  we  encountered  a  new  trouble.  In 
the  last  proof  we  saw  of  p.  201.  the  cut  Mitremyces 
Ravenelii  was  correctly  inserted.  The  pressman  in 
underlaying  the  cut  transposed  it  and  in  the  article  it 
appeared  upside  down.  This  matter  is  very  annoy- 
ing but  we  presume  as  long  as  one  is  dependent 

on  printers  he  will  always  have  his  troubles. 

218 


There  have  been  s 

II 


Fig. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRIORITY. 

"We  owe  much  to  Mr.  Lloyd  who  has  never  failed  to  wield  his  pen  trench- 
antly when  vagaries  and  inconsistencies  are  practiced  in  the  zeal  to  establish  a 
stable  nomenclature.  We  do  not  believe  that  the  principle  of  "priority"  can  be 
dethroned,  but  we  do  commend  the  view  taken  above,  namely  that  it  is  absurd  to 
attempt  to  overthrow  a  name  because  ''based  on  young  specimens." — Journal  of 
Mycology,  September,  1904. 

We  have  no  desire  to  dethrone  the  "principle  of  priority"  nor 
have  we  any  intention  of  enthroning  it  as  a  little  idol  and  then  bowing 
down  to  worship  it  to  the  exclusion  of  better  principles,  viz.  use, 
justice,  and  common  sense.  We  firmly  belive  in  "Priority"  as  long 
as  it  is  based  on  anything  definite  and  does  not  disturb  names  that  are 
firmly  established  by  years  of  general  and  definite  use.  For  example, 
no  one  of  the  present  generation  has  had  any  doubts  about  the  meaning 
of  the  words  Tremella,  Polysaccum,  Puccinia,  Mitremyces,  Cyathus. 
They  were  established  by  authoritative  use  before  the  present  genera- 
tion of  mycologists  was  born. 

It  is  just  as  futile  for  anyone  now  to  try  to  change  these  names 
for  sentimental,  theoretical  or  personal  reasons  as  to  change  the  word 
"America"  because  that  was  not  the  original  name  applied  to  it  by 
early  explorers;  or  to  change  the  name  "Cincinnati"  because  that  city 
was  first  called  "Losantiville."  Use  makes  all  languages;  it  is  the 
"natural  law"  of  languages,  and  it  cannot  be  overthrown  by  theorists 
who  in  a  few  instances  may  be  honest  but  in  the  majority  of  cases  are 
only  working  for  personal  conspicuity. 

Nor  do  we  believe  in  learning  the  genera  of  some  man  who  has 
done  original  and  creditable  work,  and  from  whom  we  get  all  our  in- 
formation as  to  the  genera,  and  then  go  to  digging  about  for  some  old, 
vague  reference  that  we  can  interpret  only  in  the  light  of  his  work,  and 
proceed  to  blot  out  his  established  names.  Such  methods  violate  the 
first  principles  of  common  honesty  and  justice.  If  we  adopt  another 
man's  ideas  we  should  be  honest  enough  not  to  juggle  his  names. 

The  modern  "priorist"  in  botany  is,  to  use  an  expressive  term, 
"between  the  devil  and  the  deep  blue  sea."  If  he  follows  his  ignis 
fatuus  into  the  vague  regions  of  antiquity,  his  nomenclature  becomes 
a  jargon  that  nobody  understands  or  cares  to  bother  with,  and  such 
good  work  as  he  does,  if  he  does  any  will  surely  by  this  same  rule  be 
lost  in  the  abyss  he  opens  up.  If  he  attempts  to  use  priority  as  a  foot 
b,all  to  kick  his  own  name  forward,  and  ignores  it  where  it  does  not 
serve  this  purpose  he  becomes  a  mere  trickster  and  nobody  is  so  obtuse 
as  not  to  see  through  the  scheme. 

STATIONS  FOR  ANTHURUS  BOREALIS. 

In  our  last  issue  we  made  a  request  for  additional  stations  of 
Anthurus  borealis.  Several  have  kindly  favored  us  with  information. 

W.  W.  Stockberger  sends  us  a  specimen  collected  in  the  edge  of 
a  drain,  August  20th.  1901,  at  Granville,  Ohio. 

Geo.  B.  Fessenden  writes  us,  "In  your  note  on  Anthurus  borealis 
you  take  note  of  the  'stocky  form'  of  the  photograph  of  the  English 
plant  collected  by  Mr.  Carleton  Rea.  I  would  say  that  the  specimens  I 

219 


found  several  years  ago  at  the  Brighton  Stock  Yards  were  many  of 
them  fully  as  'stocky'  as  Mr.  Rea's.  I  found  a  few  fully  an  inch  in 
diameter  and  six  or  seven  inches  in  length.  I  thought  at  the  time  they 
were  an  introduced  species  here,  but  they  have  been  found  in  several 
localities  since,  all  of  the  small  variety.  I  found  them  several  years 
ago  at  Holbrook  growing  in  a  tomato  field. 

C.  C.  Hanmer  writes  me  that  he  has  found  it,  at  East  Hartford, 
Conn.,  "all  small  specimens  in  a  newly  stocked  lawn.  It  appeared  in 
July  and  August,  1903." 

Mr.  Hanmer  also  writes  that  "E.  A.  White  of  Storrs,  Conn., 
collected  it  there  during  the  summer  of  1904  in  a  potato  field." 

Geo.  E.  Morris,  Waltham,  Mass.,  writes.  "Dr.  Oscar  E.  Fischer, 
now  president  of  the  Detroit  Myc.  Club,  found  a  single  specimen  near 
a  heap  of  stable  refuse  in  Allston,  Mass..  in  the  fall  of  1898  or  about 
that  date."  "In  November,  1900,  the  fungus  came  up  in  a  tomato 
patch  in  \Yaltham,  of  course,  long  after  the 
crop  was  gathered.  It  was  abundant  and 
was  probably  introduced  in  fertilizers." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  stations  given 
above  are  mostly  Eastern  and  that  the  plant 
only  occurs  in  locations  tending  to  the  con- 
clusion that  it  is  an  introduced  plant. 


WANTED     STATIONS     AND     PHOTO- 
GRAPH   OF    SIMBLUM    RUBESCENS. 


Thi>  plant  was  originally  collected  on 
Long  Island  and  I  think  like  . \nthurus 
boreal  is  is  of  relatively  rare  occurrence. 
Rev.  |.  M.  1  Sates  finds  it  in  Nebraska  and 
has  sent  us  a  dried  specimen.  There  is  a 
record  somewhere  of  its  collection  in  Kan-n< 
by  E.  1C.  Bartholomew.  \V.  H.  Scudder 
gathered  it  at  Washington,  I).  C.  (cfr.  Myc. 
Notes,  ]>.  14o).  Charles  Mcllvaine  writes 
us  that  he  found  a  single  specimen  in  Talbot 
Co.,  Maryland.  It  would  be  a  special  favor 
if  some  one  will  ha\e  a  good  photograph  of 
the  plant  made  for  us.  \\  c  would  like  to 
use  it  in  the  plates  that  we  hope  some  day 
to  present  of  the  American  phalloids.  The 
original  cut  which  we  reproduce  herewith 
(fig.85)  appears  to  be  a  good  representa- 
tion of  the  plant  but  we  are  partial  to  photo- 
graphic reproductions. 

If  you  know  any  facts  as  to  its  occur- 
rence and  localities,  kindly  favor  us  with 
the  details. 

220 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 


BY  C    G.  L-LOYD. 

No.  20. 
CINCINNATI,   O.  JUNE,   1905. 

THE  LYCOPERDONS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 

CHARACTERS :— Having  given  the  general  characters  of  the 
genus  Lycoperdon  on  page  205  in  connection  with  the  species  of  Europe, 
we  will  only  add  a  few  lines  in  reference  to  spores  and  gleba  colors. 
Jn  a  general  way  the  spores  of  Lycoperdon  can  be  divided  into  two 
classes,  ist,  The  large,  rough  spores  6-8  mic.  and  2nd,  the  small  or 
medium  (4-5  mic.)  smooth  or  slightly  rough  spores.  No  one  should 
ever  confuse  members  of  the  ist  series  for  the  nature  of  the  spores 
is  evident  even  under  a  low  power.  The  2nd  series,  however,  is  often 
very  difficult  to  determine  even  with  the  best  objective.  A  number  of 
species  have  smooth  spores  in  specimens  usually  collected,  which  become 
"slightly  rough"  in  fully  matured  specimens. 

The  color  of  the  gleba  is  the  source  of  more  trouble  even  than 
the  spores,  and  to  divide  the  genus  into  "purple"  and  "olive"  spored 
series  leads  to  many  errors.  Some  species  (echinatum,  etc.),  have 
gleba  that  quickly  turns  purple  and  they  all  have  large,  rough  spores 
so  that  they  are  readily  recognized.  With  other  species  of  the  atro- 
purpureum  type,  the  gleba  changes  very  slowly  and  only  reaches  the 
purple  stage  if  the  plant  ripens  in  situ.  If  the  plant  is  collected  before 
it  is  fully  ripe  the  color  change  is  arrested,  so  that  plants  of  this  type 
are  liable  to  be  referred  to  the  "olive"  series.  In  addition,  plants  of  the 
gemmatum  type,  ordinarily  dark  umber  when  fully  ripe,  will  occasion- 
ally develop  a  slight,  purple,  tinge  in  old  or  weathered  specimens. 

HISTORY: — There  have  been  three  important  papers  on  the 
American  Lycoperdons. 

First,  by  Prof.  Peck  in  the  32nd  Report  (1879).  This  is  a  very 
plain  description  of  the  species  that  he  had  seen  and  studied  as  they 
grew,  and  in  my  opinion  is  the  best  account  that  has  appeared.  Prac- 
tically the  same  paper,  to  which  was  added  a  compilation  of  species 
described  which  he  had  not  met,  was  published  (Trans.  Albany  Inst. 
Vol.  9,  1879),  under  the  title  "United  States  Species  of  Lycoperuon." 

Second,  Prof.  Trelease  published  a  paper  on  "The  morels  and  puff- 
balls  of  Madison  (Wise.)"  in  Trans.  Wise.  Acad.  of  Science,  1889.  It 
was  a  good  paper  and  brought  out  a  number  of  new  facts  and  in  the 
main  the  determinations  are  correct.  Unfortunately,  it  was  illustrated 
with  most  miserable  figures. 

Third,  Prof.  Morgan  wrote  an  account  of  the  United  States  Lyco- 
perdons in  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  History  (1891).  Prof.  Morgan  made 

UNIVERSITY  oFfcALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


a  close  study  of  the  microscopic  features  and  discovered  a  number  of 
new  points  in  the  structure,  as  the  hyaline,  septate  threads  of  Lyco- 
perdon  Wrightii.  He  also  gave  the  best  illustrations  that  have  been 
given.  He  depended  too  much  for  his  determinations  on  an  inaccurate 
monograph  that  had  then  recently  appeared  in  Europe,  and  his  nomen- 
clature is  not  as  correct  as  the  previous  papers. 

None  of  these  writers  have  had  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  Eu- 
ropean species,  but  drew  their  conclusions  from  books  and  descrip- 
tions, but  fewer  errors  resulted  than  would  have  been  expected  from 
these  conditions.  Prof.  Peck  and  Morgan  have  kindly  placed  their 
plants  conveniently  for  my  study,  and  Morgan  has  most  of  the  plants 
of  Trelease  so  that  I  am  conversant  with  the  specimens  on  which  their 
papers  were  based.  Under  each  species,  I  give  the  names  of  the  plants 
as  they  have  been  published  in  these  three  American  papers,  but  I  will 
not  in  this  article  introduce  the  confusing  synonymy  of  Europe. 

SECTIONS  OF  THE  GENUS:—  We  would  divide  the  Lyco- 
perdons  of  the  United  States  into  the  following  sections. 

"ATROPURPUREUM"  SECTION.—  Spores  large,  rough,  5-8 
mic.  Gleba  dark  purple  when  fully  ripe.  Capillitium  colored. 

"GEMMATUM"  SECTION.—  Gleba  brown  when  mature.  Colu- 
mella  prominent.  Capillitium  light  colored,  whitish  to  the  eye  when 
tree  from  late  spores.  Spores  small  or  medium  4-5  mic.,  smooth  or 
slightly  rough. 

"PRATENSE"  SECTlON.-Gleba  brown,  distinct  from  the  ster- 
ile base.  Capillitium  hyaline  (or  light  colored),  often  septate.  Snores 
small  or  medium,  4-5  mic.  smooth. 

"POLYMORPHUM"  SECTIOX.-I'lants  of  a  decided  yellow 
cast.  Gleba  olive  then  brown.  Capillitium  deeply  colored.  Sterile  base 
compact,  of  minute  cells.  Spores  small  or  medium  4-5  mic  smooth 
or  in  some  species  slightly  rough. 

"SPADICEUM"  SECTlON.-Characters  as  in  the  previous  sec- 
tion excepting  the  sterile  base  is  composed  of  large  cells 

///  'I™  cllarac"«  «»"<*  be  referred  to 

do  is  to  localc  them  in  the 


The  "Atropurpureum"  Section. 

and 


wi  fe  most  puzzlin*  indccd-  however. 


222 


black  spines,  3-4  mm.  long,  falling  off  and  leaving  the  peridium  reticu- 
late with  circles  of  minute  spinules  that  surround  the  large  spines.  In 
America  the  cortex  of  this  species  is  not  as  coarse  and  stiff  as  in  Europe. 
Sterile  base  of  rather  small  cells,  in  this  respect  approximating  the  form 
"Hoylei"  of  Europe.  Gleba  dark  purplish.f  Spores  large,  6-7  mic. 
rough,  mixed  with  fallen  pedicels. 

This  is  a  rare  species  in  the  United  States  but  a  marked  one.  It 
is  known  by  its  long,  black  spines. 

REFERENCES  : — Lycoperdon  constellatum  in  papers  of  Peck  and  Trelease. 
(Fries'  constellatum  is  purely  a  synonym  for  Persoon's  echinatum.  and  that 
Fries  should  misinterpret  this  characteristic  plant  is  evidence  of  how  little  study 
he  gave  to  "puff-balls.")  Lyccperdon  echinatum  in  Morgan's  paper. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Ohio,  A.  P.  Morgan;  Kentucky.  C.  G.  Lloyd;  New  York,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.; 
Michigan,  L.  E.  Weld ;  Wisconsin,  C.  E.  Brown";  North  Carolina,  H.  C.  Beardslee. 

LYCOPERDON  PULCHERRIMUM  (Plate  55).— Plants  have 
a  thick  tap  root.  Pileus  subglobose  or  obovate.  Cortex  of  long,  white, 
stellate  spines  3-4  mm.  long,  the  apices  connivent.  The  spines  fall 
away  from  the  rich,  brown  peridium  leaving  the  surface  smooth.  Sterile 
base  of  large  cells.  Gleba  dark  reddish  umber  when  ripe.  Spores 
large,  6-7  mic.  rough,  mixed  with  fallen  pedicels. 

This  is  well  named  for  it  is  our  "most  beautiful"  species.  It  can 
be  recognized  by  its  large,  light  colored  spines.  When  young  the 
spines  are  pure  white,  and  if  the  plant  is  then  collected  and  dried, 
they  remain  white.  In  old  specimens  they  turn  brownish  but  never  so 
dark  as  the  spines  of  the  previous  species.  I  have  never  had  the  good 
fortune  to  collect  the  plant  but  Prof.  Morgan  tells  me  that  when  fresh 
it  is  decidedly  fragrant.  No  other  puff-ball  to  my  knowledge  is  fra- 
grant. The  plant  does  not  grow  in  Europe.  It  is  widely  distributed  in 
this  country.  It  is  nowhere  verv  abundant  apparently,  and  reaches  its 
best  development  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

REFERENCES  : — Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum  in  Trelease  and  Morgan.  Lycoper- 
don Frostii,  Peck.  Berkeley  named  and  "described"  the  plant  or  rather  he  "mis- 
described"  it  in  such  a  manner  that  no  one  can  blame  Peck  for  "redescribing" 
it  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  153). 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Maine.  P.  L.  Ricker ;  Wisconsin,  C.  E.  Brown  (2  collections).  R.  H.  Dennis- 
ten  (3  collections)  ;  Minnesota.  Mary  S.  Whetstone;  Illinois,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watson.t 
Joliet  High  School;  Indiana.  H.  B.  Dorner:  Pennsylvania.  Caroline  A.  Burgin 
(2  collections),  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst;  Ohio,  A.  P.  Morgan  (a  fine  lot)  ;  Iowa,  T.  J. 
Fitzpatrick;  Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr. 

LYCOPERDON  RIMULATUM  (Plate  56).— Plants  usually  de- 
pressed globose  with  a  strong  tap  root  and  a  scanty,  sterile  base,  filling 
one  quarter  to  one  third  of  the  interior.  Cortex  smooth,  in  the  typical 


t  None  of  my  specimens  have  the  gleba  olive  or  umber  so  common  in  young  plants  of  the 
atropurpureum  and  umbrinum  type. 

t  One  of  Dr.  Watson's  collection  has  gleba  a  bright  olive,  due,  I  think,  to  condition  under 
which  collected  and  dried. 

223 


form  closely  adnate,  and  merely  rimulose  with  age.  Gleba  quickly 
turning  dark  reddish  purple.  Capillitium  colored,  branched.  Sponcjj 
large  6-7  mic.,  rough. 

This  plant  often  occurs  in  sandy  locations.  In  the  typical  northern 
form  the  cortex  is  smooth  and  thin,'  (Plate  56  fig.  i)  closely  adherent 
to  the  peridium  and  merely  cracking  with  age.  As  the  plant  extends 
South  the  cortex  becomes  rougher  and  thicker  and  the  cracks  m«>R- 
pronounced,  (Plate  56  fig.  2) 'and  finally  in  the  extreme  South,  we 
find  forms  in  which  the  cortex  first  breaks  into  areas,  (Plate  56  fig.  10) 
then  loosens  up  and  finally  falls  away.  The  latter  form  we  would  call 
by  a  separate  name. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  John  Dearness,  A.  S.  Bertolet ;  Maine,  P.  L.  Ricker ;  Minnesota,  Mary 
S.  Whetstone;  Michigan,  B.  O.  Longyear,  A.  L.  Voigt;  Massachusetts,  Geo.  Iv 
Morris;  Pennsylvania,  Caroline  A.  Burgin,  Dr.  Win.  llerbst;  New  Jersey.  J.  B. 
Ellis;  Ohio  A  P.  Morgan,  C.  G  Lloyd;  Missouri,  N.  M.  Glatfelter;  Texas, 
W.  H.  Long,  Jr. ;  Florida,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble. 

LYCOPERDON  SUIJVELATUM*  (Plate  56).— This  form 
mentioned  above  is  very  close  to  Lycoperdon  velatum  of  Europe ;  in 
fact,  I  am  not  sure  but  the  exact  plant  grows  in  Europe,  as  Vaillant's 
old  figure  (t.  16,  f.  4),  and  Michelius'  old  figure  (t.  97,  f.  3)  seem  to 
be  exactly  our  plant.  However,  the  plants  I  have  seen  from  Europe 
(Plate  44)  have  a  more  strongly  developed  base,  a  thicker  cortex,  and 
the  peridium  develops  a  distinct,  secondary  cortex  under  the  veiUf 

Sl'ECl.MKNS   IN    OUR   COLLECTION. 

Florida,  C.  H.  Baker,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

LYCOPERDOX  ATROPURPUREUM  (Plates  42  and  57.)  — 
Plants  as  they  occur  in  the  United  States  are  usually  small,  obovate  or 
subglobose,  from  one  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter. 
Cortex  well  developed,  slender,  cruciate  spines,  disposed  to  disappear 
from  the  old  specimens,  leaving  the  peridium  smooth.  Sterile  base 
well  developed  of  large  cells,  often  purplish  in  color.  Gleba  at  first 
olive,  slowly  changing  to  umber  and  finally  when  fully  ripe  to  dark 
purple.  Spores  globose,  rough,  mixed  with  fallen  pedicels,  varying  in 
size  from  5  mic.  in  the  olive  state  to  6-7  mic.  when  fully  ripe. 

We  take  one  idea  of  the  typical  form  of  this  plant  as  it  occurs 
in  luiropc  and  is  illustrated  by  Vittadini,  the  form  with  distinct  slender. 
:ruciate  spines  about  2  mic.  long.  It  is  frequent  though  not  as  common 
as  the  timbrmum  form. 

i"  th?EfnrRmNCFn  'T^c  "i  ,atroPurPl1rci""  of  all  previous  American  papers  and 
state  is  We?  «T    m      5       pa,P-er>  "var-  h'rtellum."    On  this  plant  in  the  olive 
,   naserl     Lycoperdon  echmatum     of   Peck' 

of  Morgan's  paper 

£? !!"k5,.ley  name.d  our  American  . , 

224 


tributd  iMNo^^uTd^rthit  name3"  P'ant  ^copcrdon  cyathiforme  (sic.)  for  Ravenel.  who  di.. 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  J.  H.  Cameron,  A.  S.  Bertolet,t  John  M.  Macoimt;  Maine,  D.  A. 
Baldwin,  H.  C.  Beardslee ;  New  Hampshire,  T.  L.  Smith;  Massachusetts,  R.  B. 
Mackintosh,  Mrs.  Pierce,  G.  E.  Morris,  Simon  Davis.t  Mrs  Pierce,t  H  Page,t 
New  York,  C.  S.  Conkling.  Chas.  Peck,  C.  S.  Conkling,t  Chas.  Peck.t  Chas.  Peck.t 
(Type  of  L.  Peckii)  ;  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Caroline  A.  Burgin  Mrs. 
Geo.  M.  Dallas,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst; II  Michigan,  A.  L.  Voigt,  C.  G.  Lloyd;*  Wis- 
consin, R.  H.  Denniston  ;t  Minnesota,  E.  P.  Ely,  Minnesota  Botanical  Survey;* 
Illinois,  A.  S.  Bertolet,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watson,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watson  ;t  Ohio,  A.  P.  Mor- 
gan, C.  G.  Lloyd.  August  SelbyJI  C.  G.  Lloyd;!  Kentucky,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  South 
Carolina,  P.  H.  Rolfs  ;t  Missouri,  Dr.  N.  M.  Glatfelter;  Nebraska,  G.  G.  Hedg- 
cock ;  Colorado,  Chas.  E.  Bessey. 

It  will  be  noticed  from  the  above  stations  that  the  plant  reaches 
us  rarely  from  the  South  or  West. 

FORMS  OF  LVCOPERDON  ATROPURPUREUM. 

The  plant  is  most  puzzling,  varying  not  only  in  size  of  spores  and  color  of 
g^leba  according  to  conditions  of  ripeness,  but  very  much  as  to  shape  and  size. 
The  usual  form  (unmarked  in  above  list)  is  obovate  or  subglobose  (Plate  oo 
1%.  oo),  one  half  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter. 

A  more  robust,  large,  subglobose  form  (as  shown  on  our  plate  oo  fig.  oo  of 
Lycoperdon  delicatumt)  we  have  indicated  in  above  list  with  a  t. 

A  pear  shaped  form,  tapering  to  the  base,  with  a  somewhat  slender  stem  we 
indicate  with  a  $. 

A  lange,  turbinate  form  such  as  is  shown  on  our  plate  oo  fig.  oo  we  indicate 
with  a  II. 

A  rare,  subcylindrical  form  with  a  small  head  we  indicate  with  a  double 
star  (I).  This  corresponds  with  the  original  Lycoperdon  tlongatum  (type  at 
Kew).  We  have  received  but  one  specimen,  from  Minn.  Bot.  Survey. 

The  following  forms  based  on  cortex  variations  we  would  dis- 
tinguish by  a  separate  name  though  it  is  often  difficult  to  refer  plants 
by  this  character. 

LYCOPERDON  STELLARE*(  Plate  57).— This  form  has  spines 
not  so  slender  as  the  typical  form  but  thick  at  the  base.  As  shown  in 
our  figure  (7  enlarged)  the  extreme  form  appears  quite  different  from 
the  usual,  slender-spined  form  (fig.  OO  enlarged).  It  is  the  form  of 
atropurpureum  with  the  most  strongly  developed  spines,  and  we  have 
never  seen  it  typically  from  Europe. 

REFERENCES  : — This  form  in  Peck's  paper  is  Lycoperdon  atrcpurpureum  var. 
stellare.  It  is  Lycoperdon  hirtum  of  Morgan's  paper,t  but  this  form  does  not 
seem  to  occur  in  Europe  and  Lycoperdon  hirtum  (of  Persoon  at  least),  I  take 
to  be  the  typical  form  of  Vittadini's  atropurpureum. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Massachusetts,  H.  Page;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck;  Wisconsin,  R.  H.  Dennis- 
ton,  C.  E.  Brown;  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst;  Ohio,  A.  P.  Morgan,  C.  G. 
Lloyd ;  Kentucky,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

LYCOPERDON  UMBRINUM  (Plates  43  and  58).— This  plant 
has  all  the  interior  characters  described  under  Lycoperdon  atropur- 
pureum, including  the  slow  change  of  the  gleba  and  the  various  colors 

t  According  to  specimens  he  gave  me,  but  spines  "long  and  slender"  do  not  apply 
well  to  it. 

225 


as  found  in  collections.  It  is  distinguished  from  atropurpureum  (typ- 
ical) by  its  reduced  cortex  spines.  Many  specimens  occur  however, 
that  are  difficult  to  refer  to  either  species  (see  plate  58  fig.  3).  Be- 
sides L.  atropurpureum  has  a  bad  habit  of  losing  its  large  spines  when 
it  gets  old  and  retaining  its  small  ones  so  that  it  is  often  impossible  to 
decide  to  which  form  old  specimens  belong.  In  the  small-spined  form 
(umbrinum)  there  are  two  types  of  spines.  The  usual  type  is  of  a 
furfuraceous,  granular  nature  (Plate  58  fig.  i).  Another  form  has 
the  small  spines  more  regularly  fasciculate  and  persistent  (Plate  58 
iig.  2).  The  latter  is  the  type  of  spines  we  find  in  fuscum  and  cupri- 
cum  and  it  is  only  possible  to  refer  such  specimens  to  these  two  species 
on  the  general  color  of  the  plant.  Nor  is  it  possible  to  split  umbrinum 
along  these  lines  for  sometimes  we  find  both  types  of  spines  on  the  same 
specimen.  In  shape  and  size  the  plant  varies  from  little,  pear  shaped 
specimens  not  a  half  inch  in  diameter  (Plate  58  fig.  4)  to  large,  tur- 
binate  plants  such  as  is  shown  on  plate  58  fig.  7.  Lycoperdon  elegans* 
(Plate  58  fig.  10)  is  a  large,  robust,  globose  form.  Lycoperdon  deli- 
catum*  (Plate  44  fig.  8)  is  a  smaller  globose  form.  At  first,  though 
it  does  not  seem  possible,  they  are  the  same  species  but  specimens  of 
all  intermediate  forms  and  sizes  are  so  common  that  it  is  not  practicable 
to  distinguish  them  at  all.  In  the  following  list  we  have  marked  with  a 
dagger  (f)  specimens  tending  to  the  large,  turbinate  form. 

REFERENCES  :  —  This  plant  appears  as  Lycoperdon  glabellum  in  all  the  Amer- 
ican papers  also  as  Lycoperdon  elegans  in  Morgan's  paper.  The  same  plant  (cfr. 
Myc.  Notes,  p.  209)  is  common  in  Europe  and  we,  of  course,  take  the  earlier 
European  name  for  it. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  John  Dearness,t  A.  S.  Bertolet,  Miss  I.  M.  Walker.t  J.  Macoun; 
Maine,  H.  C.  Beardslee,  D.  A.  Baldwin;  New  Hampshire,  Miss  Alice  Theobald; 
Massachusetts,  A.  B.  Seymour,  G.  E.  Morris,  H.  Page,  A.  B.  Seymour  ;t  New 
York,  Chas.  Peck;  Pennsylvania,  Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Dallas.  Dr.  Win.  Herbst,  Hugo 
Bilgram,  Caroline  A.  Burgin,  C.  H.  Baker,  Miss  E.  Hodges;  Washington.  D.  C., 
F  J.  Braendle;  Wisconsin,  R.  H.  Denniston,  Wise.  Myc.  Club,  R.  H.  Denniston.t 
C.  E.  Brown,t  Wise.  Myc.  Club;t  Minneapolis,  Mary  S.  Whetstone  E  P  Ely 
E.  P.  Ely;t  Michigan,  L.  E.  We'd  ;t  Illinois,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watson,  Dr.  L  H  Wat- 
son ;t  Ohio,  A.  P.  Morgan,t  C.  G.  Lloyd;  West  Virginia,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Tennessee, 
Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival;  North  Carolina,  H.  C.  Beardslee  ;t  loica  R  E  Buchanan 
T.  H.  McBride  ;  Colorado  (Pike's  Peak),  C.  E.  Bessey. 

LYCOPERDON  FLOCCOSUM*  (Plate  59).  -We  note  a  form 
with  same  internal  characters  and  the  same  coat  of  small,  furfuraceous 
spines  as  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  but  which  has  a  few  large,  soft,  white, 
rlocculent  spines  superficially  over  the  inner  coat.  (Plate  59  fig.  i). 
It  seems  to  me  closest  to  umbrinum  but  it  is  analagous  to  velatum  if 
the  veil  were  reduced  to  a  few,  scattered,  soft,  flocculent  spines. 

thP  JlonER^NHESi:~~This  JS  Ly^Perdon  elongatum  of  Morgan's  paper  based  on 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
M   f»an    LnRiCfer;  Massachusetts,  R.  B.  Mackintosh;  Pennsvlrania    Mrs. 

D  M««».  c-  °-  •**=  •«<•—"•. 

226 


The  following  two  species  fuscum  and  cupricum  belong  to  the  atropurpureum 
section,  but  the  average  spores  are  smaller  and  it  is  rarely  one  notes  the  typical 
purple  color  of  the  g!eba."t  These  two  species  are  really  color  forms  of  the 
same  species. 

LYCOPERDOX  FUSCUM  (Plate  45).— Plants  vary  much  as 
to  shape  from  little,  globose  specimens  with  scanty  sterile  base  to  long 
stemmed  specimens,  the  stem  often  lacunose.  Cortex  of  minute,  fascic- 
ulate, black  spines  falling  away  and  leaving  the  dark  surface  smooth. 
Gleba  dark  umber,  rarely  purplish.  Spores  5-6  mic.  rough. 

The  characters  of  the  plant  are  its  dark  color  and  its  habits.  It 
grows  in  woods  usually  over  fallen,  decayed  leaves.  The  character  of 
the  plant  being  color,  and  color  being  a  bad  character,  it  follows  that 
light  colored  forms  with  same  cortex  are  more  apt  to  be  referred  to 
umbrinum. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  Rev.  P.  Lemay,  John  Dearness;  Maine,  P.  L.  Ricker,  H.  C.  Beards- 
lee;  New  Hampshire,  Hollis  Webster;  Massachusetts,  F.  L.  Sargent,  S.  S.  Davis; 
Pennsylvania.  Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Dal'as;  Illinois,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watscn;  Washington, 
D.  C..  Fred  J.  Braendle,  H.  E.  Warner;  West  Virginia,  W.  H.  Walmesly,  C.  G. 
Lloyd;  Florida,  C.  H.  Baker. 

LYCOPERDOX  DRYIXUM*  (Plate  59).— This  is  a  little,  sub- 
globose  form  of  Lycoperdon  fuscum  agreeing  in  habits,  color  and  cortex 
but  having  very  little  or  no  sterile  base.  It  bears  the  same  relation  to 
L.  fuscum  that  L.  pusillum  does  to  L.  polymorphum.  The  spores  are 
smaller  and  smoother.  It  seems  to  be  a  rare  form  and  we  have  but 
two  collections  of  it.J 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Ohio.  A.  P.  Morgan  (Type).  W.  C.  Dawson. 

LYCOPERDOX  CUPRICUM  (Plate  45).— This  plant  is  only 
a  color  form  of  Lycoperdon  fuscum.  In  its  typical  form  it  is  a  marked 
plant,  the  smooth  peridium  after  the  fall  of  the  cortex  is  bright  copper 
color,  and  resembles  a  sheet  of  copper.  I  have  seen  but  two  typical 
collections  from  this  country, ||  both  western  mountain  forms. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Colorado  (Pike's  Peak),  Chas.  E.  Bessey;  California  (Quincy),  E.  P.  Ely. 

LYCOPERDOX  EXIMIUM  (Plate  59).— Prof.  Morgan  has 
kindly  given  me  two  specimens  of  this  plant,  collected  by  Underwood 
in  Alabama.  They  are  characterized  by  the  oval  spores  (see  silhouette 

t  collected  abundantly  Lycoperdon  fuscum  one  season  at  Eglon,  W.  Va.,  and  only  saw  a 
very  few  specimens  in  which  I  could  detect  any  purplish  tinge  to  the  gleba. 

I  It  illustrates  the  dependence  that  can  be  placed  on  spore  characters  alone.  It  was  de- 
scribed as  having  spores  even  and  the  gleba  olivaceous,  both  being  correct,  and  no  one  would 
think  of  placing  it  in  the  atropurpureum  section.  Yet  to  me  it  is  certainly  only  a  depauperate 
form  of  fuscum.  Recently  we  have  had  a  new  Geaster  described  (G.  leptospermus  ,  and  much 
stress  placed  on  its  smooth  spores.  I  can  see  in  it  only  a  little  reduced  form  of  G.  coronatus, 
and  the  plant  to  my  mind  being  depauperate  in  other  respects  the  same  as  L.  dryinum,  I  see  no 
reason  why  the  spores  should  not  be  depauperate. 

||  The  specimens  from  New  Jersey  on  which  the  previous  record  of  this  plant  in  this 
country  has  been  based  ;  while  yellowish  beneath,  I  think  are  closer  to  rimulatum,  at  least  one 
of  the  specimens  in  its  cortex. 

227 


tvpe  forms  of  atropurpureum. 

The  "Gemmatum"   Section. 


regions 

GEMMATUM 


u    i*nmvn  hv  its  cortex  ot     soiucic        "•"•.• 
always  be  known  b>      s  tu  peri(iium,  as  it  is  me  um.y  =1 

that  fall  away  and  leave  scars  on  the  pe  ^^  ag  tQ 

w^  these  large    consoHdated    -art.    The  ^  ^ 


w 

shape.    Some  have  a  thickened  ^*g*r£*j^  they  densely  besd 

oints;  most  are  thick,  and  pyran  lid.        So^  '  ^  are  surrOundod 

^^  —  after  the  lar^ 


points; 

the 


tose,  generally  more  scattered. 

TU  1  -,*  crivfn  as  Lvcoocrclon  ecnimatum  in  all  our  Amor- 
ican^^Ly^d^ruffi."!^  hf*.  •I-'-  in  Eur"'H-  * 
in  Morgan's  paper  was  applied  to  quite  a  diff 

SPECIMENS  IN'OCR  COLLECTION. 

Una   i- Iowa   7-  Missouri,  4;  JVorfA  Dakota,  2;  ^nwnfl    I ;  Co/orarfo,  I,  W 
ingion,  3;  Oregon,  i ;  California,  4;  L7«^«07C'M,  5;  total,  170. 

FORMS  OF  LYCOPERDON  GEMMATUM. 

No  plant  is  more  variable  in  size,  shape,  color,  and  shape,  density  or  paucrty 
of  spines.  A  "species  maker"  can  go  through  our  specimens  and  e 
numerous  "species"  out  of  them.     When  large  and  robust  the  plan     , 
lacunose.    I  have  collected  a  little  rigid  form  in  clayey  soil, 
not  rare  and  we  have  some  specimens  from  A.  J.  Hill,  Canada, 
We  list  below  a  form  that  seems  to  be  worthy  of  separate  name. 


t  Very  rarely  indeed  we  have  noted  old  weathered  specimens  with  a  slight  purplish  cast. 
J  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  plant  appears  to  be  rare  in  the  Southland  although  we  h 
some  excellent  collectors  in  Florida,  none  of  them  have  sent  in  this  speci 

228 


LYCOPERDOX  EXCORIATUM*  (Plate  60).— This  is  a  form 
in  which  the  cortex  warts  adhere  together  and  flake  off  in  pieces  as  in 
Lycoperdon  cruciatum.  After  the  excoriation,  the  peridium  is  smooth 
and  not  "scarred"  as  in  the  normal  form. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Maine,  F.  K.  Vreeland ;  'New  Hampshire,  Miss  Alice  Theobald ;  Pennsylvania, 
Miss  E.  Hodges. 

LYCOPERDON  NIGRESCENS  (Plates  47  and  60).— Plant 
with  sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Cortex  of  stiff,  black  spines  2  mm.  long, 
in  clusters  of  four,  and  surrounded  at  base  by  minute  spinules.  The 
large  spines  fall  away  leaving  the  surface  reticulate  with  the  minute 
spinules.  Gleba  olive-umber.  Spores  medium.  4-5  mic.  slightly  rough. 

This  species  is  really  a  form  of  gemmatum  excepting  that  the  stiff 
spines  are  not  consolidated.  It  is  a  rare  plant  in  this  country,  and  the 
warts  while  of  the  same  nature  are  not  so  black  as  on  the  European 
plant. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Massachusetts,  H.  Page;  Maine,  F.  K.  Vreeland;  West  Virginia,  C.  G.  Lloyd; 
Nczv  York,  Chas.  Peck;  New  Hampshire,  T.  L  Smith.  (In  the  last  two  collections 
the  warts  are  not  "black.") 

LYCOPERDOX  PIRIFORME  (Plate  48).— Plants  usually  pear 
shaped,  growing  generally  densely  gregarious  on  old  stumps,  logs,  etc. 
Long,  white,  fibrous,  mycelial  strands  penetrate  the  rotten  wood  and  are 
always  a  noticeable  character  of  this  plant. 

Cortex  of  minute,  fasciculate  spines,  subpersistent, 
and  evenly  spread  over  the  peridium.  Sometimes  they 
have  a  tendency  to  coalesce  into  nodules.  Sterile  base 
usually  well  developed,  sometimes  almost  absent,  of 
small  cells.  Columella  prominent  (fig.  8.3f).  Gleba 
olivaceous,  then  brown.  Capillitium  colored,  long, 
branched.  Spores  small  4  mic.  globose,  smooth. 

This  is  one  of  the  two  very  common  species  in  all 
temperate  countries.  It  generally  grows  on  logs  and 
stumps  but  occasionally  is  found  on  the  ground,  from 
mycelium  that  I  think  remains  where  wood  has  rotted. 
As  it  grows  on  logs  it  is  generally  caespitose  and  com- 
FI  86  pressed.  On  the  ground  I  have  seen  it  more  scattered 

and  regular  in  form.  It  usually  develops  late  in  the 
season  and  in  the  fall  our  logs  and  stumps  are  frequently  covered  with 
it.  It  semi-persists  during  the  winter  and  often  very  fairly  preserved 
specimens  are  collected  in  the  spring. 

SPECIMENS  IN  oui<  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  John  Dearness,  J.  Macoun,  Miss  I.  M.  Walker,  J.  H.  Cameron  A.  J. 
Hill,  T.  R.  Donnelly;  Maine,  F.  K.  Vreeland;  New  Hampshire,  Miss  Alice  Theo 
bald,  C.  E.  Montgomery;  Massachusetts,  M.  L.  Fernald,  G.  E.  Fernald.  G.  E. 
Morris,  S.  S.  Crosby,  T.  L.  Smith.  R.  B.  Mackintosh,  Geo.  B.  Fessenden.  Walter 
Deane.  Clara  E.  Cummings,  Mrs.  F.  A.  Pierce,  Simon  Davis,  Wm.  C.  Bates.  R.  B. 
Mackintosh;  Mary'aiid,  Chas.  Mcllvaine;  Indiana,  H.  B.  Dorner;  Illinois,  A.  S. 

229 


Bertolet,  Joliet  High  School,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watson  ;  Ohio,  David  L.  James.  Wm. 
Knox,  L.  E.  Cook,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  M.  E.  Hard,  Willard  Moore.  Aug.  Selby;  Ken- 
tucky, H.  Carman  ;  Tennessee.  H.  M.  Caldwell,  Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival  ;  North 
Carolina.  Fred  K.  Vreeland.  Miss  Mary  Fitzgerald,  H.  P.  Kelsey;  South  Caro- 
lina. P.  H.  Rolfs;  Florida.  C.  H.  Baker,  C.  E.  Preston,  A.  L.  Dean;  Michigan, 

E.  E.  Bogue;  Wisconsin,  R.  H.  Denniston,  Wise.  Myc.  Club;  Minnesota.  E.  P. 
Ely,  Minn.  Bot.  Survey;  Nnv  York,  C.  S.  Conkling,  Chas.  Peck,  S.  L.  Schumo, 

F.  R.  Rathbun  ;  Pennsylvania,  Hugo  Bilgram.  Dr.  Wm.   Herbst,  Mrs.  Geo.   M. 
Dallas,  Caroline  A.  Burgin  ;  West  Virginia,  C.  G.  Lloyd  :  Washington.  D.  C.,  Fred 
J.  Braendle.  P.  L.  Ricker  ;  New  Jersey.  E.  B.  Sterling  ;  /oic-a,  J.  F.  Clark.  R.  E. 
Buchanan.  T.  H.  Macbride  ;  Missouri.  B.  M.  Duggar,  Dr.  N.  M.  Glatfelter.  Geo. 

G.  Hedgcock  ;  Washington,  W.  N.  Suksdorf,  C.  V.  Piper  ;  California,  Edw.  P.  Ely. 

FORMS  OF  LYCOPERDON  PIRIKORMK. 

The  plant  is  quite  variable  as  to  shape.  Usually  it  is  somewhat  pear  shaped 
and  compressed  but  when  growing  on  ground  it  takes  a  more  globose  and  regular 
shape.  Yellow  forms  are  occasionally  found.  We  have  these  from  S.  L.  Schumo 
R.  B.  Mackintosh,  and  Wm.  C.  Bates. 

The  following  forms  we  feel,  are  worthy  of  separate  name. 

LYCOPERDON  DESMAZIERES*  (Plate  49).—  This  form  has 
the  sterile  base  cylindrical  and  elongate,  otherwise  it  is  like  the  usual 
form.  It  is  rare  in  this  country,  more  common  in  Europe. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Canada,  A.  J.  Hill;  Washington,  C.  V.  Piper:  California,  Edw.  P.  Ely. 

LYCOPERDON  SEROTINUM*  (Plates  50  and  61).—  In  this 
form  the  cortex  is  broken  up  into  areas  as  well  shown  in  our  plate  61 
fig.  i.  Sometimes  the  areas  are  not  as  large  as  in  the  figure. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OL-R  COLLECTION. 

Michigan  E  ,  E.  Bogue;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck,  C.  S.  Conkling;  Massachu- 
setts, Elizabeth  Harris. 

LYCOPERDON  TESSELLATUM*  (Plate  50).—  In  this  form 
the  cortex  is  broken  up  into  indurated  areas.  It  has  reached  me  several 
times  from  this  country  but  never  from  Europe. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Mi>l"^ota.  Mary  S.  Whetstone;  Missouri.  Dr.  N.  M.  Glatfelter;  Massachu- 
setts, R.  B.  Mackintosh;  Indiana.  H.  B.  Dorner;  Nebraska,  J.  M.  Bates. 

LYCOPERDON    FAYEOLUM*   (Plate  61  fig.  4).  -Is  a  curi- 
LIS  torm  (or  sport)  in  which  the  surface  is  covered  with  nits.     It  has 
reached  ire  but  once  from  B.  O.  Longyear,  Michigan. 


PSEUDO-RAD1CANS*      (Plate   61).— We 
these  specimens   from   F.  J.   Braendle.   Washington.   D    C.,f 
mg  in  the  white  moss.     They  impressed  me  as  being  so  peculiar 

have3 Z£r  h    I8*       ^^  devcl°Ped  into  a  root-like  projection  that  we- 
nave  ucscnoea  tnem  as  a  "np\v  cr>™-;ec"  ,,^,i »u_  _i 


Myc  Nmes  o  &i  i"ew  sPecies"  under  the     ove  namc"      cl 

tes,  p.  84).    We  have  since  received  no  other  specimens  and 


230 


with  our  further  familiarity  with  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  we  feel  sure 
now  it  is  only  a  form  or  perhaps  a  "sport"  of  that  plant.t 

The  "Pratense"  Section. 

The  main  character  of  this  section  is  the  sub  hyaline  (or  in  some  species 
colored)  capillitium,  small,  smooth  spores,  and  in  the  typical  species  a  strong 
diaphragm  separating  the  fertile  from  the  sterile  portion.  The  type  species 
Lycoperdon  pratense,  is  a  common  plant  in  Europe  and  Australia  but  it  does  not 
occur,  I  think  typically  in  the  United  States.  Lycoperdon  pratense,  cruciatum 
and  Wrightii  typically  belong  to  this  section.  The  remaining  species  depart  in 
general  habits  but  are  put  here  on  account  of  the  hyaline  capillitium. 

LYCOPERDON  SUBPRATENSE  (Plate  62).— Plants  de- 
pressed globose,  bowl  shaped,  the  peculiar  shape  being  characteristic. 
Cortex  of  short  spines  (about  2  mm.  long)  which  fall  away  from  old 
specimens  leaving  the  peridium  smooth.  Peridium  opening  by  a  large, 
irregular  mouth .J  Sterile  base  broad,  of  large  cells,  separated  from  the 
fertile  portion  by  a  distinct  line.  Gleba  olive  then  brown.  Capillitium 
colored,  branched  threads.  Spores  globose,  smooth.  4  mic. 

This  is  a  rare  plant  in  the  United  States,  reaching  me  from  two 
stations  in  the  extreme  East  and  four  stations  in  the  extreme  West. 
The  Eastern  plants  (plate  62  figs,  i  and  3)  are  exactly  the  same  as 
the  type  form  in  Europe  excepting  that  they  have  colored  capillitium. 
We  have  specimens  of  the  Western  plant  from  W.  N.  Suksdorf  (Plate 
62  fig.  2)  apparently  the  same.  We  have  other  specimens  however 
from  the  West  (Plate  62  figs.  4,  5,  6,  and  7)  more  robust  and  doubtful. 
There  are  four  of  these  collections  all  old  specimens  which  we  place 
here  for  the  present  until  we  can  obtain  better  material.  Hyaline 
capillitium  is  an  important  character  of  the  European  plant  but  we  can- 
not remove  our  American  plant  very  far  although  it  differs  in  an  im- 
portant character.  In  our  opinion,  it  is  the  American  expression  of  the 
European  plant. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Massachusetts,  A.  B.  Seymour,  R.  B.  Mackintosh;  California,  Clara  A.  Hunt; 
Oregon,  Jos.  W.  Marsh ;  Washington,  C.  V.  Piper,  W.  N.  Suksdorf. 

LYCOPERDOX  CRUCIATUM  (Plate  51).— Peridium  globose, 
or  usually  depressed,  often  plicate  beneath,  and  with  a  strong  root. 
The  sterile  base  of  large  cells  is  separated  bv  a  distinct  line  from  the 
fertile  portion.  It  usually  occupies  from  one  fourth  to  one  third  of  the 
interior  but  sometimes  in  small  specimens  almost  none.  Cortex  of 
strong,  cruciate  spines  about  2  mm.  long,  which  adhere  together  and 
peel  off  in  patches  from  the  peridium.  This  peculiar  method  of  cortex 
separation  is  characteristic  of  the  species.  The  surface  of  the  peridium 
after  the  separation  of  the  cortex  is  dull,  minutely  furfuraceous,  and 
dark  brown  in  color.  Gleba  olive,  when  ripe  dark  brown,  never  purple. 

t  Dr.  Hollos,  who  never  saw  a  specimen  in  his  life,  publishes  that  the  plant  is  a  synonym 
for  Lycoperdon  muscorum.  We  presume  he  has  reached  this  learned  opinion  because  both 
plants  grew  in  moss,  which  is  just  about  as  logical  as  to  announce  the  synonymy  of  two  agarics 
because  both  grow  on  logs.  The  Doctor  should  confine  his  guessing  to  the  old  pictures.  He 
has  made  many  messes  in  guessing  about  plants  he  never  saw. 

J  The  plant  is  intermediate  between  Calvatia  and  Lycoperdon  in  its  dehiscence. 
231 


Capillitium  hyaline  or  colored.!  sparingly  branched.  Spores  giobose, 
4  mic.  smooth.  Pedicels  slender,  caducous. 

This  plant  is  a  very  rare  plant  in  Europe  but  a  very  common  species 
in  the  United  States.  It  grows  in  pastures  and  open  places,  also  is  often 
found  in  stubble  fields  after  the  grain  is  cut. 

REFERENCES  :— Berkeley  correctly  referred  the  American  plant  excepting  he 
described  some  specimens  that  reached  him  with  the  cortex  gone,  as  Lycoperdon 
calvescens.  Peck  first  called  it  Lycoperdon  separans,  afterwards  Lycoperdon 
Wrightii  van  separans  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  153)  and  Morgan  used  Peck's  name 
Lycoperdon  separans.  The  American  plant  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the 
European.  It  will  be  noticed  from  the  list  of  stations  given  below  that  the  plant 
extends  over  almost  our  entire  country  excepting  the  Pacific  Coast  states. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OCR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  John  Dearness,  Miss  I.  M.  Walker.  T.  N.  Willing;  Maine,  D.  A. 
Baldwin.  P.  L.  Ricker;  Neiv  Hampshire,  T.  L.  Smith,  C.  E.  Montgomery,  Miss 
Alice  Theobald;  Massachusetts.  Chas.  W.  Jenks.  Simon  Davis,  R.  B.  Mackintosh. 
F.  L.  Sangent.  Mrs.  E.  B.  Blackford.  T.  L.  Smith.  C.  E.  Preston,  A.  L.  Dean. 
S.  S.  Crosby,  Clara  E.  Cummings,  Geo.  E.  Morris,  H.  E.  Warner,  A.  B.  Seymour; 
Connecticut,  J.  B.  Rorer,  E.  P.  Ely;  Wisconsin.  R.  H.  Denniston,  Wise.  Myc. 
Club ;  Minnesota,  E.  P.  E'y.  Minn.  Bot.  Survey ;  Michigan,  B.  O.  Longyear.  H.  C. 
Beardslee;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck;  Pennsylvania,  C.  H.  Baker.  Mrs.  Geo.  M. 
Dallas.  Caroline  A.  Burgin,  T.  Gardner;  West  Virginia.  W.  H.  Walmcslcy,  C.  G. 
Lloyd,  Dr.  J.  G.  Selby;  Washington,  D.  C..  Margaret  L.  Sewall,  F.  J.  Braendle: 
Neiv  Jersey,  H.  A.  Bird,  Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Dallas;  Indiana.  H.  B.  Dorner;  Illinois. 
W.  S.  Moffatt,  A.  S.  Bertolet ;  Ohio.  M.  G.  Bohn.  Wm.  Holden.  Dr.  H.  L.  True. 
W.  C.  Dawson,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  A.  P.  Morgan.  E.  J.  Arrick ;  Georgia.  Berry  Benson ; 
Tennessee.  Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival ;  Alabama.  A.  S.  Bertolet ;  Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.. 
T.  W.  Stiles ;  North  Carolina.  O.  Katzenstein,  W.  L.  Poteat,  E.  A.  Lehman ;  South 
Carolina,  P.  H.  Rolfs;  Florida.  Theo.  L.  Mead.  G.  W.  Webster.  Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble. 
C.  H.  Baker,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  H.  C.  Culbertson.  C.  E.  Pleas,  H.  H.  Hume;  Missouri. 
C.  H.  Demetrio,  Dr.  N.  M.  Glatfeltcr;  Kansas.  E.  Bartholomew;  Iowa,  ].  F. 
Clarke,  L.  R.  Waldron ;  Arkansas,  F.  W.  Patterson;  Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates: 
Colorado,  Chas.  E.  Bessey. 

LYCOPERDOX  WRIGHTII  (Plate  67).— Plants  small,  usually 
about  a  cm.  in  diameter,  rarely  2  cm.,  generally  caespitose.  Cortex- of 
small  spines,  about  2  mm.  that  flake  off,  but  not  in  large  pieces  as  the 
previous  species.  After  the  separation  of  the  cortex,  the  peridium  is 
furfuraceous.  Sterile  base  of  laree  cells  but  usually  slightly  developed. 
sometimes  almost  none.  Gleba  olive  then  brown.  'Capilliti'um  of  thick- 
flaccid  septate,  hyaline  threads  two  or  three  times  the  diameter  of  the 
spores.  Spores  small,  3-4  mic.  smooth. 

This  little  species  is  quite  frequent  in  short  grass,  and  takes  kindly 
to  yards,  gardens  and  often  to  paths.  It  does  not  grow  in  Europe.j 
Its  peculiar  capillitium  character  was  first  pointed  out  by  Morgan. 

REFERENCES  :— The  species  was  named  and  described  by  Berkeley  from  some 
old  specimens  that  had  lost  their  cortices  and  he  gave  a  fairly  good  description 
ot  it  excepting  he  mistook  the  furfuraceous  remains  on  the  old  peridium  for  the 
cortex  and  described  it  as  having  "minute  echinulate  warts."  Peck  correctly 

thinktitvaaI?ieVsemi^r^^f?led  tOnfitld  «?*»««»>««.  sometimes  hyaline,  sometimes  colored.  I 
subprateni'^hourii I  never'*'  tP5rhaPs  th's  is'he  exP'anation  of  the  species  ••  Lvcoperdon 
plant  never  noted  a°y  col°red  capillJUum  in  European  specimens  of  that 

mentiasnTsemblanTof  tTuihr  *ives  U  as  a  s.v«°nym  for  Lycoperdon  pratense.wl.ich  state- 

232 


refers  it  where  he  calls  it  "typicum"  and  Trelease  has  it  right  in  his  paper. 
Morgan  misled  by  some  bad  work  that  had  preceded  him  changed  from  Peck's 
and  Trelease'  determinations  and  called  it  Lycoperdon  Curtisii.t  This  was  doubly 
unfortunate  for  Morgan  'gave  the  best  account  and  figure  of  it  that  have  been 
given. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  ].  Macoun.  T.  N.  Willing;  Massachusetts,  Simon  Davis,  S.  S.  Crosby, 
R.  B.  Mackintosh,  Geo.  B.  Fessenden,  C.  W.  Jenks ;  A;«c'  York,  Chas.  Peck,  W.  N. 
Clute;  Pennsylvania,  Caroline  A.  Burgin,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst ;  AVtv  Jersey.  J.  B. 
Ellis;  West  Virginia.  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Washington.  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braend'e;  Wisconsin, 
R.  H.  Denniston;  Minnesota,  Dr.  N.  M.  Cook.  E.  P.  Ely;  Michigan,  L.  E.  Weld; 
Indiana,  Wm.  Stuart;  Illinois,  Dr.  Wr.  S.  Moffatt ;  Ohio.C.  W.  Dawson,  WTillard 
Moore,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  M.  G.  Bohn ;  Kansas,  E.  Bartholomew ;  Missouri,  C.  H. 
Demetrio,  B.  M.  Duggar ;  loiva,  R.  E.  Buchanan,  L.  H.  Pamme! ;  Texas.  W.  H. 
Long,  Jr. ;  Colorado,  E.  B.  Sterling. 

LYCOPERDON  SUBINCARNATUM  (Plate  63).— Plants  with 
a  rather  firm,  globose  depressed  peridium,  opening  by  a  rather  large, 
(2-3  mm.)  circular  mouth.  Cortex  of  small,  fasciculate  spines,  falling 
away  and  leaving  the  peridium  most  characteristically  marked  with  little 
depressions,  like  the  surface  of  a  thimble.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells. 
but  very  scanty  (or  none).  Gleba  olive  then  brown.  Capiilitium  of 
mostly  simple,  long,  septate,  thick,  subhyaline  threads  about  twice  the 
diameter  of  the  spores.  Spores  4  mic.  slightly  rough. 

This  unique  little  species  visually  grows  on  logs,f  and  when  young 
has  the  general  appearance  of  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  and  the  same 
wrhite,  mycelial  threads  permeating  the  rotten  wood.  After  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  cortex,  the  denuded  surface  takes  a  light  color,  but  I  think 
is  not  well  described  as  "flesh  color"  and  I  feel  it  is  a  pity  the  plant  does" 
not  bear  a  name  referring  to  the  peculiar  pitted  surface  which  no  other 
species  has.  It  is  rather  a  rare  species,  rarely  met  excepting  in  moun- 
tains or  northern  localities. 

REFERENCES  : — The  plant  is  only  a  color  form  of  Lycoperdon  purpureum,  but 
if  it  were  identical'y  the  same  plant  we  should  use  Peck's  name  in  preference 
to  Berkeley's  for  Peck  gave  a  good  description  of  it  and  Berkeley  never  had 
material  from  which  he  could  derive  a  knowledge  of  the  characters  of  the  plant, 
even  the  peculiar,  pitted  surface.  Lycoperdon  purpureum  was  originally  collected 
in  the  Bonin  Islands  (near  Japan)  and  we  found  it  last  winter  (in  the  mountains 
only)  in  Samoa.  Ripe  specimens  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  American 
plant  and  young  specimens  only  by  the  dark  purplish  black  co'.or. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  Rev.  P.  Lemay;  New  Hampshire,  Miss  Alice  Theobald;  Massa- 
chusetts, H.  Page ;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck,  S.  L.  Schumo,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr. ;  Penn- 
sylvania, Hugo  Biljgram  (several  fine  collections);  West  Virginia,  C.  G.  Lloyd; 
Washington,  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braendle;  Virginia,  S.  L.  Schumo;  Ohio.  A.  P.  Morgan. 

LYCOPERDON  ACUMINATUM  (Plate  64).— Peridium  ovoid 
(or  globose)  ||  very  small,  rarely  over  one  half  cm.  Cortex  at  first  almost 

t  Lycoperdon  Curtisii  is  based  on  some  young  specimens  of  a  large  species  (probably 
cruciatum  just  emerged  from  the  ground,  an<l  should  never  have  been  determined,  much  less 
"named"  and  "  described." 

J  Very  rarely  we  have  collected  it  on  the  ground  in  woods. 

II  Morgan  states  globose  when  young  then  ovoid,  and  he  has  observed  it  growing.  We  do 
not  know.  All  the  specimens  we  have  (see  plate  64  are  decidedly  acute.  We  have  seen,  how- 
ever, little  globose  specimens  from  Java  (Lycoperdon  pisiforme,  Montsumia,  p.  158  (not  Eng. 
Jahrb,  23,  556}  Lycoperdon  Henningsii.  Sac.  vol.  14  ,  which  we  take  to  be  a  globose  form. 

233 


a  smooth,  white  coat,  drying  up  and  becoming  furfuraceous.  Sterile 
base  none.  Gleba  olive.  Capillitium  of  long,  simple,  snbhyaline  threads- 
about  twice  the  diameter  of  the  spores.  Spores  small,  3  mic.  smooth. 
This  is  a  unique,  little  species,  very  rare  we  judge,  growing  in 
moss  on  bark  mostly  of  living  trees  and  of  a  Southern  range  only. 

REFERENCES  :— Although  there  are  no  type  specimens  in  Fries'  herbarium, 
there  is  no  doubt  it  is  the  plant  he  described  (Nov.  Symb.  p.  134),  from  Costa- 
Rica  (Orsted)  and  North  Carolina  (Curtis).  He  ascribed  the  name  (incorrectly 
we  think)  on  information  from  Curtis,  to  Bosc.  We  do  not  find  any  similar  plant 
in  Bosc'  work.  Morgan  was  the  first  recent  author  to  correctly  refer  it  to  Fnesr 
name.  Berkeley,  at  one  time  evidently  had  a  faint  idea  of  it,  for  he  sent  a  plant 
to  Montagne  labeled  "Lycoperdon  acuminatum  B.  &  C."  but  he  did  not  remember 
it,  for  he  described  the  plant  as  a  new  species.  Lycoperdon  calyptriforme  (Grev. 
2-50)  and  Ravenel  distributed  it  (E.xc.  No.  14),  as  "Lycoperdon  leprosum  Berk. 
&  Rav." 

SPECIMENS  IN  OCR  COLLECTION. 

Washington,  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braendle;  Ohio,  A.  P.  Morgan.  (We  have  also  a, 
collection,  donor  and  locality  unknown.) 

LYCOPERDOX  FULIGIXEUM  (Plate  64).— Plants  growing 
on  rotten  logs.  Sterile  base  slightly  developed  (or  none).  Sometimes 
the  plant  is  prolonged  into  a  somewhat  stem-like  base,  sometimes  devoid 
of  base.  Cortex  of  minute,  fasciculate,  dark  spines.  Capillitium  thick, 
hyaline,  septate  threads.  Spores  small.  4  mic.  strongly  rough. 

This  plant  seems  to  be  confined  to  warm  countries.  It  has  the 
general  appearance,  and  the  white,  mycelial  strands  of  Lycoperdon 
piriforme,  but  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  capillitium  and  spores.  It 
has  a  close  relationship  to  Lycoperdon  purpureum  but  the  peridium 
does  not  become  pitted. 

_ REFERENCES  :— It  was  described  from  Cuba  (Jour.  Linn  Soc.  10-345)  and 
again  on  the  same  page  as  Lycoperdon  epixylon.  Lycoperdon  velutinum  from 
Venezuela  with  a  reddish  brown  color  I  take  for  the  same  plant ;  also  Lycoperdon 
confluens  (Bull.  Myc.  France,  99-203)  although  growing  on  manured  earth 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Florida,  H.  H.  Hume.     (We  have  it  also  from  Brazil,  Rev.  J.  Rick.) 

The  "Polymorphum"  Section. 

This  section  is  characterized  by  the  minute  cells  of  the  sterile  base,  the  small 
"  furfuraceous  cortex    the  yellowish  cast  of  the  plants  and  olive  or"  umber 
C°'°re<?  capUitium  and  ««?"  snores  smooth  (or 


>me  spec.es  minutely  rough).  We  do  not  have  in  the  United  S tat  *  Lvcoper- 
cell  /syem°T  I""1  typICa  °f  EUI"T  With  its  ^"-developed,  sterile  base  o?  small 
frenJf  P  ,34  a'ld  ^  Most  of  our  PIants  tak^  the  subglobo.se  form 
(cepaeforme)  with  a  scanty  sterile  base. 


CEPAEFORME*  (Plates  53  and  65).— Plants 
yellowish,  small  globose  or  subglobose,  varying  in  size  from  I  to  i  cm. 
tex  smoothf  or  of  minute  fasciculate  or  nodular  spines.     Sterile 


base  scanty,  compact,  of  small  cells.  Gleba  olive  then  umber ;  when  the 
plant  first  deliquesces  the  gleba  is  bright  yellow.  Capiiiitium  of  deeply 
colored  threads.  Spores  small,  4  mic.  globose,  smooth. 

REFERENCES  : — This  is  the  on.y  common  form  of  polymorphum  that  occurs 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  included  in  all  the  American  papers  as  Lycoperdon 
coloratum  (a  synonym  for  the  European  plant)  and  in  Morgan's  papers  also  as 
Lycoperdon  cepaeforme. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  J.  Macoun,  J.  U.  Lloyd.  John  Dearness,  Rev.  P.  Lemay,  T.  N.  Wil- 
ling, Miss  I.  M.  Walker;  Vermont.  Hollis  Webster;  Massachusetts  Simon  Davis, 
Mrs.  E.  B.  Blackford,  H.  Page;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck.  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.;  Penn- 
sylvania, Caroline  A.  Burgin ;  Washington,  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braendle;  Wisconsin,  C.  B. 
Brown,  Wise.  Myc.  Club,  R.  H.  Denniston ;  Minnesota,  E.  P.  Ely.  Minn.  Bot. 
Survey;  Michigan,  B.  O.  Longyear;  Il.inois,  W.  S.  Moffatt,  L.  H.  Watson,  A.  S. 
Bertolet;  Ohio,  W.  C.  Dawson,  A.  P.  Morgan,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  Dr.  H.  L.  True, 
J.  T.  Lloyd ;  Tennessee,  Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival ;  Florida.  C.  H.  Baker,  H.  H.  Hume ; 
Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr. ;  Missouri.  C.  H.  Demetrio,  Dr.  N.  M.  Glatfelter ;  North 
Dakota.  L.  R.  Waldron ;  Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates;  Colorado  Chas.  E.  Bessey; 
Washington  (State),  W.  N.  Suksdorf ;  California,  Mrs.  Blanche' Trask,  Miss  Alice 
Eastwood,  T.  W.  Cowan. 

LYCOPERDOX  PUSILLUM*  (Plates  53  and  65).— Little  glo- 
bose specimens,  rarely  a  cm.  in  diameter,  which  have  all  the  characters 
of  the  preceding  species,  excepting  they  have  no  sterile  bases,  we  call 
Lycoperdon  pusillum.  If  we  can  note  a  sterile  base,  however  slight, 
we  put  the  plant  with  cepaeforme  and  if  we  cannot  note  a  sterile  base 
we  call  it  pusillum.  The  distinction  is  too  much  like  splitting  hairs, 
and  we  suspect  that  different  plants  of  the  same  collection  may  be 
referred  to  both  species.  In  Europe,  Lycoperdon  pusillum  seems  more 
distinct  with  a  ripe  gleba  color,  clear  brown.  In  American  specimens 
the  color  is  more  of  an  olive  tint  and  we  think  the  typical  European 
plant  does  not  occur  with  us. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  T.  N.  Willing,  T.  R.  Donnelly,  J.  Macoun;  Massachusetts.  S.  S. 
Crosby;  Connecticut.  E.  P.  Ely;  New  Jersey,  J.  B.  El-is;  Ohio,  C.  G.  Lloyd; 
Iowa.  T.  H.  Macbride ;  Louisiana.  Rev.  A.  B.  Langlois;  Georgia.  Benj.  Benson; 
Florida,  G.  W.  Webster,  C.  H.  Baker;  Washington.  W.  N.  Suksdorf;  California, 
S.  B.  Parish ;  Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.  All  very  dubious. 

LYCOPERDON  PSEUDOPUSILLUM.*— Specimens  otherwise 
Lycoperdon  pusillum  have  soores  which  under  a  high  power  and  best 
objectives  are  slightly  rough.  These  are  called.  Lycoperdon  pseudo- 
pusillum,  but  it  is  another  case  of  cutting  the  cloth  too  fine. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Wisconsin.  C.  E.  Brown;  California,  C.  R  Orcutt;  Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.; 
Florida.  T.  L.  Mead  (type). 

.  LYCOPERDOX  OBLOXGISPORUM  (Plate  65)  —  Plants  glo- 
bose 1-2  cm.  in  diameter.  Cortex  of  minute,  fasciculate  spines.  Sterile 
base  very  scanty,  of  minute  cells.  Capiiiitium  of  branched,  deeply  col- 
ored threads.  Spores  elliptic,  oblong  3-4  x  5-6  mic. 

235 


This  little  species  corresponds  to  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme  in  every 
particular  excepting  the  peculiar  spore  shape.!     It  was  onginalli 
scribed  from  Cuba  and  we  have  typical  specimens  from  L.  Damazio, 
Brazil.    In  this  country  it  is  a  rare  plant.t  only  three  collections  having 

reached  me. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OCR  COLLECTION. 

Missouri  (near  St.  Louis).  Dr.  X.  M.  GlatfelterjS  Ohio  (near  Limvood). 
C.  G.  Lloyd.  (Also  some  specimens,  collector  and  locality  unknown. J 

The  "Spadiceum"   Section. 

In  Europe  there  seems  to  be  but  one  p'ant  (L.  spadiceum)  helo  iging  to  this 
section,  which  is  the   same  as  Lycoperdon   polymorphum  excepting  the   s 
base  has  large  cells.il     In  the  United  States  we  have  four  forms  which  are  very 
puzzling  and  run  into  each  other.    Plants  of  this  section  are  always  of  a  yellowish 
cast   with  minute  spinules.  sometimes  furfuraceous  in  character. 
olive  then  dark  brownJ     Spores  medium  4-5  mic.,  ordinarily  smooth,  but  when 
fully  ripe  minutely  rough. 

LYCOPERDON  TURNERI  (Plate  66).— Peridium  globose,  or 
obovate,  yellowish  when  young.  Cortex  of  small  spines  which  fall  away 
and  leave  the  peridium  smooth.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Gleba  olive 
then  brown.  Spores  4-5  mic.  minutely  rough. 

We  base  our  description  of  this  plant  on  specimens  from  J.  B. 
Ellis  (given  us  by  Prof.  Morgan),  and  which  were  (as  to  the  spores 
at  least)  the  plants  originally  described.  It  is  not  a  rare  plant  in  the 
United  States  and  we  know  no  other  name  for  it.ft  It  is  the  original 
cf  Morgan's  and  in  the  main  of  Ellis'  description.^ 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  Miss  I.  M.  Walker;  Maine,  F.  K.  Vree'and ;  Massachusetts,  F.  L. 
Sargent,  S.  S.  Davis,  H.  Page,  R.  B.  Mackintosh.  G.  E.  Morris;  Connecticut, 
C.  C.  Hanmer;  New  Jersey,  J.  B.  Ellis  (type  given  me  by  A.  P.  Morgan)  ;  Penn- 
sylvania, Mrs.  Hannah  Streeter  C.  H.  Baker.  Caroline  A.  Burgin  ;  West  Virginia, 
C.  G.  Lloyd ;  Illinois,  A.  S.  Bertolet ;  Ohio,  Willard  Moore.  Dr.  H.  L.  True,  C.  G. 
Lloyd;  Missouri,  C.  E.  Demetrio ;  North  Carolina,  Harlan  P.  Kelsey;  South 
Carolina,  P.  H.  Rolfs  (type  of  Lycoperdon  pseudumbrium)  ;  Florida,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

LYCOPERDOX  COMPRESSOR  (Plate  66).— Plants  sub- 
globose,  yellowish,  growing  caespitose  and  compressed.  Cortex  small 


t  It  is  usually  compared  to  rnisillutn,  but  I  thiuk  the  scanty  sterile  base,  very  evident  in 
all  my  specimens,  is  generally  overlooked. 

I  Trelease  is  the  only  author  to  record  it,  and  he  states  "  rather  abundant  on  hare  ground 
in  dense  woods  " 

'<  Dr.  Glatfelter  collected  his  specimens  "  on  a  log."    It  usually  grows  on  the  ground. 
lThe  E"r°Pfan  Plant  has  smooth  snores  as  far  as  I  have  ever  seen,  the  American  plants 

^tfilMW^** a  strong  feelingi  however>  that  tliey  are  only  "geo~ 

1  But  I  think  never  truly  purple. 

,,H^1M,?X^fptin-R  '' L>Topen?.on  pseudumbrinum."  a  late  name  not  very  appropriate  if  we  in- 
mbrinum''  section6     spadlceum  "  section,  and  we  have  no  evidence  that  it  belongs  in  the 


spines,  somewhat  furfuraceous.    Gleba  olive  then  brown.    Spores  small, 
5  mic.,  smooth  or  when  fully  ripe  slightly  roueh. 

This  plant  I  have  found  at  Eglon,  West  Virginia,  growing  on  bare 
spots  in  pastures.  It  impresses  me  as  being  a  large,  robust,  caespitose 
form  of  Turneri.  In  fact  a  number  of  collections  have  reached  me  that 
I  do  not  know  whether  to  call  large  Turneri,  or  small,  separate  growing, 
compressum.f 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Maine,  P.  L.  Ricker;  Nczv  Hampshire,  Miss  A'.ice  Theobald;  Nciv  York, 
C.  S.  Conkling;  Minnesota,  E.  P.  Ely;  West  Virginia.  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Ohio  Dr. 
H.  L.  True,  W.  C.  Dawscn,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Missouri,  Dr.  N.  M.  Glatfelter. 

LYCOPERDON  MUSCORUM  (Plate  67).— A  thick  stemmed 
form  of  the  previous  plants  grows  singly  in  moss  or  short  grass.  It 
corresponds  in  shape  to  L.  polymorphum  of  Europe.^  In  its  young 
condition  it  has  the  same  appearance  as  Calvatia  elata  but  widely  differs 
in  its  dehiscence.  The  gleba  when  ripe  is  very  dark  brown.  The  spores 
are  slightly  rough  and  not  over  5  mic.  in  size.§ 

REFERENCES  : — This  plant  was  called  ''Lycoperdon  molle,  Persoon"  in  Peck's 
paper,  and  perhaps  the  determination  was  not  so  far  wrong.  II  Morgan,  who 
took  his  ideas  of  Persoon's  species  from  Massee's  erroneous  spore  description, 
changed  the  name  of  Peck's  plant  (without  seeing  it)  to  Lycoperdon  muscorum. 
The  name,  I  think,  would  have  been  far  more  appropriate  to  the  next  form, 
which  always  grows  in  moss  whilst  this  form  is  found  also  in  short  grass,  and 
similar  places. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Massachusetts,  Simon  Davis;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck  (Type),  C.  S.  Conk- 
ling;  Michigan,  A.  L.  Voiigt ;  Minnesota.  Minn.  Bot.  Survey;  Mexico  (old),  J.  N. 
Rose. 

LYCOPERDON  POLYTRICHUM*  (Plate  67),— A  very  pe- 
culiar, slender  form  of  the  previous  species  grows  only  in  hair  cap  moss. 
It  is  unique  in  shape  and  habitat,  cannot  be  confused  with  any  other 
and  is  always  distinct,  I  think,  from  the  previous  form.  The  spores 
ordinarily  are  smooth  but  in  old,  fully  ripe  specimens  they  can  be  seen 
to  be  minutely  rough  under  a  good  objective.  It  seems  to  be  a  rare 
plant  and  seldom  reaches  me,  but  I  think  more  collectors  would  find 
it  if  they  would  hunt  in  patches  of  hair  cap  moss. 

t  The  difficulties  of  its  classification  are  further  enhanced  by  the  fact  that  it  has  the  same 
cortex  as  umbrinum,  and  also  by  the  fact  that  typ<cal,  large-spored  umbrinum  specimens  are 
often  yellowish.  None  of  the  specimens  we  have  show  any  tint  of  purple  in  the  gleba,  but, 
as  we  have  previously  stated,  the  purple  gleba  is  only  the  final  condition  of  umbrinum,  and 
most  of  the  specimens  we  have  do  not  show  it.  Hence  it  may  develop,  in  the  future,  that 
the  gleba  of  compressum  is  really  purplish,  if  the  plants  fully  ripen  in  situ,  and  in  that  case  it 
can  be  considered  a  small-spored  form  of  umbrinum.  I  think  probably  it  is  "  Lycoperdon 
molle  "  of  Trelease's  and  Morgan's  papers. 

}  Students  may  think  it  strange  that  I  should  hold  that  "shape"  and  "size"  have  no 
value  whatever  in  umbrinum  and  atropurpureum,  and  yet  form  the  "  species"  of  thejspadiceum 
section  principally  from  these  characters.  The  reason  is  that  as  the  specimens  are  collected 
all  kinds  of  shapes  and  sizes  are  found  in  the  same  collection  of  the  former,  while  in  the 
"  spadiceum  "  section  the  main  characters  of  each  collection  seem  to  be  its  habits  and  shape. 
I  am  aware  it  may  not  seem  very  consistent,  but  in  working  with  these  plants  we  have  to 
recognize  the  characters  we  find,  not  what  we  would  like  to  find. 

'i  The  only  character  by  which  we  decide  as  to  some  collections,  whether  to  call  L.  mus- 
corum or  L.  umbrinum. 

||  Compare  note  t,  above,  which  equally  as  well  applies  to  this  plant;  also  note  f-  page 
209,  iu  reference  to  "  Lycoperdon  molle,  Persoon." 

237 


REFERENCES  :— When  I  first  collected  the  plant  at  Eglon,  West  Virginia,  I 
referred  it  to  Peck's  description  of  Lycoperdon  molle  under  Morgan's  name 
Lycoperdon  muscorum.  as  Morgan  had  previously  done,  and  sent  specimens  so 
named  to  Hollos  who  has  since  published  it  under  this  name.  I  also  figured  it  in 
"The  Genera  of  Gastromycetes"  under  this  name,  and  when  Prof.  Peck  saw  my 
figure  he  kindly  sent  me  specimens  which  he  had  referred  to  Lycoperdon  molle, 
and  stated  he  did  not  think  it  was  the  same  plant  I  had  illustrated  and  I  fully 
agree. 

SPECIMENS  ix  OUR  COLLECTION. 


gomery 


Maine    H    C    Beardslee.  F.   K.   Vreeland;   New  Hampshire,  C.   E.    Mont- 
cry  ;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck ;  West  Virginia,  J.  Gilbert  Selby,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 


THE  GENUS  MITREMYCES. 

Young  plants  enclosed  in  a  gelatinous  exoperidium.  Endoperidium 
dehiscing  by  slits  between  raised,  rayed  teeth.  Gleba  light  sulphur 
yellow,  consisting  of  globose  or  oblong  spores  mixed  with  hyphae  re- 
mains, and  enclosed  in  a  spore-sac  lining  the  endoperidium.  Capillitium 
none. 

This  is  a  peculiar  genus,  none  (excepting  Mesophellia)  being 
stranger  in  the  entire  puff-ball  family.  All  the  species  have  the  mouths 
lined  with  red  and  in  one  of  the  American  species  the  peridium  is 
bright  red. 

DISTRIBUTION. — Four  species  occur  in  the  United  States.  M.  cin- 
nabarinus,  the  most  common  species,  extends  east  to  Massachusetts 
and  south  along  the  Appalachian  ranges  to  Florida  and  Texas  and  has 
been  collected  as  far  south  as  Jalapa.  Mexico.  M.  lutescens  seems  to 
be  a  very  local  plant,  most  frequent  at  Washington,  D.  C.  The  only 
other  stations  I  know,  are  in  Maryland,  North  Carolina  and  Rugby, 
Tenn.  M.  Ravenelii  is  of  more  frequent  occurrence  but  only  in  the 
Appalachian  regions.  M.  Tylerii  has  only  been  collected  near  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  No  species  extends  to  the  Mississippi  basin  or  occurs 
in  the  Western  States. 

One  of  the  American  species.  M.  Ravenelii,  has  also  been  collected 
recently  in  Japan. 

From  Australia  one  species  M.  fuscus  (and  a  small  form  M.  luri- 
dus)  are  known. 

The  remaining  species  are  restricted  to  the  East  Indian  Islands 
and  the  southern  peninsula  of  Asia.  M.  Junghuhni  is  best  repn- 
in  collections  from  Java,  Sumatra.  Ceylon  and  the  Himalaya  MtsJ 
India.  M.  msignis  is  known  only  from  Ceylon,  and  M.  orirubra  from 
one  collection.  Straits  Settlements.  No  species  is  known  from  Europe, 
Africa  or  South  America. 

THE  EXOPERIDIUM.— The  outer  peridium  of  Mitremyces  is  of  the 
nature  ot  a  more  or  less  gelatinous  volva,  differing  in  this  respect  from 
nil  other  Lycoperdaceae.  It  presents  three  types.  In  cinnabarinus. 
insignis  and  utescens,  it  separates  from  the  endoperidium  leaving  tho 
latter  relatively  smooth. 

238 


In  Ravenelii,  Tylerii,  orirubra  and  Junghuhni  it  breaks  into  areas 
and  dries  more  or  less  as  scales  on  the  endoperidium. 
In  fuscus  it  falls  off  as  a  cap. 

THE  SPORES. — The  species  can  be  divided  into  two  series  as  to  the 
spores. 

Junghuhni,  lutescens,  orirubra  and  insignis  have  globose,  rough 
spores.  Cinnabarinus,  Ravenelii,  fuscus  and  Tylerii  have  oblong,  sculp- 
tured spores. 

THE  SPORE  SAC. — The  spores  are  contained  in  a  special  membrane 
lining  the  endoperidium.  As  the  plant  matures  this  spore-sac  contracts 
forcing  the  spores  through  slits  of  the  rayed  mouths.  All  known  species 
have  this  spore-sac  though  the  genus  Husseya  was  based  on  its  sup- 
posed absence. 

THE  MOUTHS. — Among  the  Gastromycetes,  as  far  as  known,  the 
mouths  of  Mitremyces  are  peculiar  to  this  genus.  They  are  raised 
rayed  teeth  and  open  by  longitudinal  slits  between  the  teeth.  In  ad- 
dition, whatever  may  be  the  color  of  the  peridium,  the  mouths  of  all 
known  species  are  red  when  fresh. 

Section    i.— The   Oblong=Spored   Species. 

MITREMYCES  CIXXABARINUS  (Plate  8).— Rooting  strands 
long,  compact,  dark  when  dry.  Exoperidium  gelatinous,  at  first  "buck- 
ling" then  breaking  into  pieces,  which  curl  up  and  fall  away.  Endo- 
peridium globose,  smooth,  bright  red  when  fresh,  the  color  fading  in 
old  specimens.  Spores  oblong,  punctate,  sculptured,  varying  much  in 
size  in  specimens  from  different  localities  and  even  in  the  same  speci- 
mens. From  6-8  x  10-14  to  6-8  x  12-20  mic. 

This  is  our  most  common  and  widely  distributed  species.  It  occurs 
as  far  east  as  Massachusetts,  as  far  south  as  Florida  and  Texas,  and  we 
have  seen  a  specimen  from  Jalapa,  Mexico.  It  does  not  extend  west 
into  the  Mississippi  basin. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Massachusetts,  Geo.  E.  Morris,  T.  L.  Smith.  Hollis  Webster.  Clara  E.  Cum- 
tnings,  Simon  Davis,  Mrs.  E.  B.  Blackford;  Pennsylvania,  Chas.  Mcllvaine : 
West  Virginia,  H.  C.  Beardslee.  C.  G.  Lloyd ;  North  'Carolina,  H.  C.  Beardslee, 
Ed.  R.  Memminger,  A.  G.  Wetherby;  Alabama,  A.  S.  Bertolet. 

MITREMYCES  RAVENELII  (Plate  9,  and  Plate  68).— Root- 
ing strand  long  and  slender.  Exoperidium  breaking  up  into  small 
pieces,  which  dry  up  and  remain  attached,  scale-like,  to  the  inner 
peridium.  Endoperidium  dark  brown  when  dry,  scaly  with  the  remains 
of  the  exoperidium.  Raised,  rayed  mouth,  bright  red  when  fresh 
contrasting  with  the  somber  color  of  the  peridium.  Spores  elliptical, 
oblong,  slightly  sculptured,  varying  much  as  to  size  5-8x10-15  mic. 

This  plant  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Appalachian  regions,  and 
?s  the  only  species  known  to  occur  in  Japan.f  It  has  also  been  sent  to 
Paris  from  China. 

t  Specimens  that  we  have  received  from  our  American  correspondents  are  larger  plants 
than  the  original  type  specimens  that  Kavenelii  sent  Berkeley.  Those  from  Japan  are  almost 
the  same  size.  All  agree  in  other  respects. 

239 


Braendle.  c.  L. 


Sheai 


collected  first  ?bou'>ens  in  the  same  locality 

and  are 


n 

SYNONYM 


7Au°i  an,  Tasmania.    Sev«J 

collections  are  at  Kew. 

This  plan,  has 


t 


Fig  8?  Section   2.—  The  Globose-Spored  Species. 


<-  al,  others  by  the 
vellowish  color  of  all  its  parts  and  the  manner  m  which  port.cn  ^rf* 
exoperidium  remain  separating  at  base  of  endopendium. 
spores  also  distinguish  it  from  all  other  American  spec.es     It  is  a 
plant  known  from  but  four  localities,  but  strangely  enough  is 
common  species  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


Cooke  that  it  consisted  of  only  three  specimens. 
I  Judging  from  dried  specimens. 

240 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Washington,  D.  C  C.  L.  Shear,  F.  J.  Braendle,  Walter  H.  Evans,  Margaret 
L.  Sevvall ;  Rugby,  Tennessee.  H.  M.  Caldwell.  Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival ;  Hickory 
Ga[>,  North  Carolina,  Fred  K.  Vreeland ;  College  Park,  Maryland,  F.  H.  Blodgett. 

MITREMYCES  INSIGNIS  (Plate  69).— Rooting  strands  com- 
pact. Exoperidium  a  gelatinous  volva  apparently  "sloughing  onV'f 
Endoperidium  smooth,  yellowish.  Spores  large,  globose,  coarsely  spinu- 
lose,  15-17  mic. 

This  species  is  known  only  from  two  collections  from  Ceylon,  now 
at  Kew. 

MITREMYCES  ORIRUBRA  (Plate  69).— Rooting  strands 
short.  Exoperidium  breaking  up  into  coarse,  wart-like  scales  and  re- 
maining adnate  to  the  endoperidium.  Spores  large,  globose,  tuberculatc, 
15-17  mic. 

The  species  is  known  from  a  single  collection  from  the  Straits 
Settlement.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  others  by  the  coarse  warts. 
The  name  "orirubra"  is  not  distinctive  as  all  known  species  have  "red 
mouths." 

MITREMYCES  JUNGHUHNI  (Plate  69).— Rooting  strands 
short.  Exoperidium  breaking  into  small  adnate  scales.  Endoperidium 
olivaceous.  Spores  large,  globose,  coarsely  tuberculate.  This  seems 
to  be  the  most  frequent  species  of  the  East  Indies  and  India.  It  is  close 
to  Ravenelii  as  to  the  exoperidium  scales,  differing  widely  in  spore  char- 
acters. Collections  are  known  from  Java,  Sumatra,  Celebes,  and  the 
Himalayas. 

SYNONYMS. — Mitremyces  Beyrichii  is  the  mss.  name  under  which  specimens 
were  distributed;  Calostoma  Junghuhni  a  "new  combination;"  Mitremyces  Sara- 
sini|  (Montsuma  1-24)  Mitremyces  viridis?  (Jour.  Bot.  51-201). 


THE  HABITS  OF  DIPLOCYSTIS  WRIGHTII. 

When  Berkeley  described  Diplocystis  Wrightii,  he  thought  it  grew 
on  a  log.  The  plant,  which  I  have  abundantly  received  through  the 
kindness  of  L.  J.  K.  Brace.  Bahamas,  and  which  is  described  in  My- 
cological  Notes,  page  141,  plate  15,  does  not  grow  on  wood  as  Berkeley 

•(•There  are  at  Kew  five  or  six  specimens  of  this  plant.  All  are  free  of  the  exoperidium 
excepting  one.  This  has  a  membrane  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  stem  somewhat  as  shown 
in  Berkeley's  original  cut  made  from  this  specimen.  It  impressed  me  as  a  gelatinous  volva 
that  had  "sloughed  off,"  and  in  this  particular  specimen  had  been  dried  adherent  to  the  stem. 

|  Based  on  a  specimen  from  the  Celebes,  now  p-eserved  in  alcohol  at  Berlin.  Externally, 
the  plant  is  M.  Junghuhni  in  every  respect.  The  difference  in  the  tubercules  of  the  spores  as 
shown  is  due,  I  think,  to  the  fact  that  those  of  Junghuhni  were  described  from  dried  speci- 
mens, while  Sarasini  from  spores  preserved  in  liquid.  If  originally  sent  in  formalin,  it  would 
have  produced  just  such  an  alteration  on  the  mucilaginous  epispore. 

§  I  think  the  "  green  "  idea  in  connection  with  the  plant  is  overdrawn,  and  based  originally 
on  a  colored  figure  that  was  sent  to  Hooket  from  India.  The  dried  specimen  is  not  green,  but 
rather  olivaceous,  the  same  exactly,  as  far  as  I  could  see,  in  color  and  other  characters,  as 
Mitremyces  Junghuhni. 

NOTE.— Calostoma  Berkeley!  is  based  on  a  single  small  specimen  from  Ceylon  that 
Berkelev  had  referred  to  Mitremyces  lutescens  (Linn.  Jour.  14-78).  It  is  Junghuhni.  as  far  as 
external  characters  go.  I  did  not  succeed  in  getting  spores,  which  are  described  as  being 
smaller. 

Mitremyces  Pachystelis  (Husseya  pachystelis,  Ces.  Born.  p.  13,  Calostoma  pachystelis 
n.  c.i  was  "described"  by  an  Italian  from  Borneo  'the  plant  was  from  Borneo  not  the  Italian) 
and  figured  as  having  an  exoperidium  an  inch  thick.  I  know  nothing  about  it, 

24I 


surmises.  Mr.  Brace  writes  me — "It  grows  on  the  surface  of  open 
areas,  on  the  sides  of  a  slight  declivity  which  faces  south  where  the 
soil  is  scanty  and  composed  generally  of  detritus  from  the  rock  mixed 
with  vegetable  humus  from  fallen  leaves.  It  also  grows  in  open  places 
at  the  foot  of  the  declivity  and  on  the  top  of  the  red  soil." 


LOGIC  OF  A  NAME  JUGGLER. 

"It  is  true  that  Lycoperdon  echinus,  "It   is   true    that    I    learned    from 

Batsch  (1783)  is  an  older  name  for  the       Morgan's  work  what  the  genus  Catas- 
fungus  than  L.  unihrimim  Pers.  (1791),       tonia  is  before  I  learned  from  Czernia- 
nevertheless  I  hold  to  the  latter  name       iev's  what  the  genus  Disciseda  is." 
as  it  is  more  appropriate,  etc." — Quota-  "According  to  the  principle  of  pri- 

tion  from  Dr.  Holl6s,  (Gas.  Hung.).  ority  the  name  of  the  genus  is  the  for- 

gotten Disciseda." — Quotation  from  Dr. 
IIoll6s,  (Gas.  Hung.). 

THE  MAIN  DIFFERENCE. 

Lycoperdon  echinus  BATSCH.  Disciseda  debreceniensis,    Mar/ 

HOLLOS. 

Synonyms  of  "Disciseda  debreceniensis  <Harz,)  Hollos,"  from 
Hollo's'  Gas.  Hung. 

"Globaria  Debreceniensis.  Ha/1.  1^77," 
"  Bovista  subterranea.  Peck,  i«S79." 
"Geaster  Bovista,  Klot/.s,  1843." 

The  Doctor  learned  all  he  ever  knew  of  the  genus  from  Morgan's 
work,  as  every  one  else  has  done,  but  instead  of  adopting  the  name 
used  by  Morgan,  he  skirmishes  around  for  an  excuse  to  change  it. 
Finally  he  finds  an  old,  vague,  generic  name  of  Czerniaiev  that  no 
one  had  been  able  to  interpret  for  fifty  years,  and  never  would  have 
been  able  to  decipher  hid  it  not  been  for  Morgan's  work,  but  which 
gave  an  excuse  to  make  "new  combinations"  to  which  the  word 

^Hollos"  could  be  added.    At  the  time  he  acknowledged  that  the  genus 

Disciseda"  was  so  vague  that  not  a  single  species  could  be  identified. 
Still,  it  is  priority  and  makes  "new  combinations"  and  that  is  all  name 
jugglers  are  striving  for. 

But  in  the  name  of  consistency,   why  is  not  the  specific  name 

Bovista  '  prior?  Is  not  "1843"  prior  to  "1877?"  I  think  the  Doctor's 
conscience  hurt  him  a  little  for  he  devotes  more  than  a  page  of  the 
book  to  explaining  why  the  "Laws  of  Priority"  require  him  to  use  the 
generic  name  "Disciseda."  But  not  a  word  does  he  use  to  explain 
why  the  same  "Laws"  did  not  require  him  to  use  the  specific  name 

?°Vt!Sta<  ,whlch  (^cording  to  his  own  showing  ar.d  to  a  specimen 
which  he  has  seen  and  correctly  referred )  is  thirty  four  vears  "prior" 
to  the  specific  name  he  adopts.  To  propose  to  use  the  specific  name  j 

debreceniensis  on  the  ground  of  priority  (aside  from  such  a  heathen- 
ish name)  is  a  farce.  Had  the  Doctor  known  the  history  of  the  plant. 

ie  would  have  known  that  it  is  not  the  first  but  the  fifth  specific  name- 
under  which  it  has  been  described  as  a  "new  species." 

242 


We  do  not  call  the  plant  Catastoma  subterranea  because  Peck 
called  it  "Bovista  subterranea,  n.  s."  We  can  see  no  particular  merit 
in  that,  when  it  is  neither  a  "Bovista"  nor  a  ''new  species."  We  call 
it  Catastoma  subterranea  on  the  ground  of  "priority,"  the  priority  of 
ideas,  Morgan  being  the  first  man  to  do  creditable  work  with  the  plant, 
and  to  formulate  an  intelligent  idea  of  the  genus.  Every  one  has 
adopted  Morgan's  idea  in  regard  to  this  genus ;  why  not  be  honest  and 
adopt  his  names  also? 


LEPIOTA  BADHAMI. 

"Your  mycological  observations  are  of  much  interest.  One  only 
appears  to  me  to  be  in  error.  This  is  on  the  subject  of  Lepiota  Badhami, 
which  you  have  identified  with  Agaricus  haematospermus,  Bulliard. 
I  am  assured  that  the  species  of  Bulliard  has  not  the  lamellae  nor  the 
white  spores  and  is  a  little  species,  much  smaller  than  Lepiota  Badhami. 
The  error  seems  to  have  been  by  reason  of  Prof.  Quelet  having  con- 
founded under  the  name  haematospermus,  Lepiota  Badhami  and  Lepi- 
ota meleagris,  and  the  species  of  Bulliard.  The  latter  is  identical  with 
L.  echinata  Quelet,  or  Psalliota  echinata  and  haematosperma,  Fries, 
the  latter  author  having  the  specimens  under  two  names.  The  spores 
of  Bulliard's  Lepiota  are  at  first  an  olive  gray ;  if  collected  on  glass  and 
given  free  exposure  they  take  a  beautiful  red  color." 

E.  Boudier,  Montmorency,  France. 

The  above  note  is  of  great  interest,  but  it  is  Bresadola  (not  we) 
see  Myc.  Notes,  p.  54,  who  gives  Agaricus  haematospermus  as  a  syn- 
onym for  Lepiota  Badhami.  We  have  never  seen  Bulliard's  plate.f 


DUPLICATE  NAMES. 

The  great  cry,  when  one  proposes  to  use  binomials  as  the  names 
of  plants  and  omit  the  advertising  feature  of  a  personal  name,  is — 
"What  will  you  do  when  two  authors  call  different  plants  by  the  same 
name?"  In  nineteen  cases  in  twenty  where  this  occurs  the  second 
author  has  misdetermined  the  first  author's  plant  and  hence,  putting 
the  first  author's  name  after  it  does  not  help  matters  at  all.  In  a  large 
proportion  of  the  twentieth  cases,  different  plants  are  given  the  same 
name  by  the  same  author.  Thus  Berkelev  found  a  "new  species"  of 
Lycoperdon  from  India  which  he  called  Lycoperdon  delicatum,  and 
some  years  afterward  he  found  another  "new  species,"  but  quite  a  dif- 
ferent plant  from  America,  which  he  called  Lycoperdon  delicatum. 
How  can  you  distinguish  these  plants  by  writing  "Berkeley"  after 
them  ?  Such  cases  are  bound  to  confuse,  and  in  this  instance  we  were 
confused  when  we  made  our  note  on  page  153.  Morgan  knew  of  the 
duplication  of  this  name  but  was  careful  not  to  draw  attention  to  it. 


tNoTE. — This  item  has  been   standing  in  mss.   for  perhaps  a  couple  of  years  and  was 
crowded  out  of  the  Notes.     We  have  since  seen  Bulliard's  plate. 

243 


Had  he  done  so  it  would  have  saved  at  least  two  resultant  errors. 
Alassee  discovered  the  duplication  and  changed  the  name  of  the  Amer- 
ican plant  to  Lycoperdon  Berkeleyi.  And  now  Hollos  has  become  con- 
fused and  refers  Lycoperdon  Berkeley!  as  a  synonym  for  the  Indian 
plant,  a  form  of  Lycoperdon  umhrinum.  It  is  a  synonym  for  Calvatia 
craniiformis  which  has  but  little  relation  to  the  Indian  plant.  Hollos 
is  further  in  error  when  he  ascribes  the  name  to  Morgan.  As  Berkeley 
was  so  partial  to  the  name  that  he  gave  it  to  two  "new  species,"  we 
feel  he  is  entitled  to  all  the  advertisement  due  to  anv  one  in  connection 
with  its  use.  

ONLY  FOR  A  SMILE. 

A  list  of  plants  with  authors'  names  attached  has  a  very  "scien- 
tific" look.  Sometimes  they  are  instructive  as  well  as  pleasing  to  the 
eye,  for  instance  the  following  from  recent  lists : — 

"Mycena  Leaiana  Atkinson/'  I  was  under  the  impression  that 
this  plant  was  named  before  Atkinson  was  born. 

"Poria  tomentocincta  B.  &  Ray."  I  thought  Ray  wrote  before  the 
days  of  binomials.  I  do  not  know  to  whom  "B."  retVr>.  IVrhaps 
it  is  Belshazzar. 

"Calvatia  saccata  (Vahl.)  Morgan."  Vahl  never  called  the  plant 
anything  whatever,  and  Morgan  never  saw  it.  1  guess  the  udverti>e- 
ment  is  as  good  as  any,  though. 

"Geaster  fornicatus  (Hudson)  Fries."  Hudson  called  one  plant 
Lycoperdon  fornicatum  and  Fries  called  quite  a  different  plant  (iea-t. T 
fornicatus.  I  never  could  figure  out  what  is  meant  1>\  "deaster  forni- 
catus (Hudson)  Fries." 

"BOVISTA"  SPUMOSA. 

As  I  have  not  seen  this  plant  I  can  add  nothing  to  Leveille's  orig- 
inal statement  made  fifty  years  ago.  It  is  surely  not  a  I'.nvista. 

"Bovista  spumosa,  n.  s.  Peridium  globose,  thin,  clothed  with  a 
dense,  white  cortex,  becoming  evanescent.  Flocci  and  spores  fusom>. 
Habitat  Sumatra,  on  earth.  I  make  notation  of  this  curious  specie,  to 
awaken  the  curiosity  of  botanists  who  voyage  in  Sumatra  where  M. 
Korthals  has  found  it.  This  learned  naturalist,  who  has  observed  it 
living,  states  that  it  is  larger  than  an  egg  and  its  peridium  is  covered 
with  a  soft  material  that  resembles  that  of  Spumaria  and  which  disj 
appears  at  maturity.  The  peridium  which  persists  then  is  the  si/e  of 
a  walnut. 

Leveille  does  not  seem  to  nave  succeeded  in  "awakening  the  curi- 
osity of  botanists"  as  nothing  more  has  been  written  on  the  subject. 

Ine  vast  regions  of  India.  East  Indies,  and  Australia  are  practi- 
cally tcrrae  incognitae  as  far  as  "puff-balls"  are  concerned.    The  sand 
can  be  said  of  South  America.     It  is  true  that  Spegazzini  has  "«le- 
cribed    with  abundant  verbosity,  and  "named"  numerous  "new  spel 
oni  South  America;  but  it  is  quite  evident  from  his  work  that 
t  even  a  passing  acquaintance  with  the  "old  species." 
244 


MYCO LOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  L-LOYD. 
No.  21. 

CINCINNATI,  O.  ==========,  APt^IU,  1906. 

NEW  NOTES  FROM  AUSTRALIA. 

In  April,  1905,  we  issued  a  pamphlet  concerning  the  Lycoperda- 
ceae  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  and  although  only  a  few  months 
have  elapsed  some  interesting  specimens  have  since  been  received, 
which  merit  additional  notes. 

We  have  since  received  at  Paris  specimens  from  the  following : 

Prof.  D.  McAlpine,  Melbourne, 

F.  M.  Reader,  Casterton, 

J.  T.  Paul,  Grantville, 

W.  R.  Guilfoyle,  Melbourne, 

Robert  Brown,  Christchurch,  N.  Z. 

Prof.  McAlpine  sends  a  very  large  assortment,  fully  one-half  as 
many  specimens  as  have  ever  reached  Europe  before,  and  includes 
some  very  interesting  species. 

Mr.  F.  M.  Reader  also  sends  a  fine  assortment. 

The  following  notes  are  based  on  these  specimens.  As  we  have 
frequent  occasion  to  refer  to  our  previous  publication  and  as  its  title 
is  somewhat  cumbersome  to  quote,  we  refer  to  it  in  this  article  as 
"the  pamphlet." 

THE  GENUS  TYLOSTOMA :— We  have  received  fine  speci- 
mens of  this  genus  from  Messrs.  McAlpine  and  Reader,  much  finer 
and  better  than  can  be  found  in  the  museums  of  Europe.  We  feel 
:well  acquainted  with  this  genus  as  it  occurs  in  Europe,  but  the  spe- 
jcies  of  the  United  States  and  Australia  are  very  little  known.  We 
;  hope  shortly  to  make  a  close  study  of  the  two  hundred  different  col- 
lections that  have  accumulated.  It  is  very  difficult  to  recognize  these 
I  plants  from  the  work  that  has  been  done  with  them,  or  from  the  spec- 
jimens  (mostly  fragments)  in  the  museums,  on  which  this  work  is 
based. 

THE  GENUS  BATTARREA : — Two  remnant  specimens  have 
!been  received  from  Messrs.  Reader  and  McAlpine.  The  woody  stalk 
jof  this  plant  persists  long  after  the  spores  have  been  dissipated,  but  is 
easily  recognized. 

THE  GENUS  SCLERODERMA :— Several  specimens  of  Sclero- 
jderma  flavidum  have  been  received  and  it  is  evident  that  it  is  the 
'common  form  in  Australia.  It  is  even  doubtful  if  either  Scleroderma 

245 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


aurantium  or  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  forms  of  which  are  so  com- 
mon in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  occur  in  Australia.  Sclero- 
derma Geaster,  which  was  unknown  to  me  from  Australia  at  the  time 
I  wrote  the  pamphlet,  has  since  been  received  from  Prof.  McAlpine. 
As  stated  in  the  pamphlet,  Scleroderma  Geaster  can  be  considered  a 
thick,  black  form,  and  Scleroderma  flavidutn  a  thin,  yellow  form  of 
the  same  plant. 

?  SCLERODERMA  RADICANS  (Fig.  88)  :—  Perid- 
ium  smooth,  firm,  pale  colored.  Gleba  dark,  bluish- 
black.  Spores  globose,  12-14  mic.  echinulate,  mixed 
with  remnants  of  the  hyphae  tissue.  Root  thick, 
tapering,  surrounded  by  a  peculiar  sheath  of  matted 
mycelium.  This  specimen  was  collected  by  F.  M. 
Reacer  "  in  a  hollow,  half  burned  tree,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Wimmera."  As  to  the  peridium  and  spore 
characters,  it  corresponds  to  Scleroderma  Cepa  ot 
Europe,  a  species  not  positively  known  to  me  from 
Australia.  It  differs  in  habitat,  and  its  marked 
character  is  the  peculiar  sheath  surrounding  the 
root.  If  the  future  develops  that  there  exists  in  Aus- 
Fig.  88.  tralia  a  plant  having  this  peculiar  character  habit- 

ually, which  is  quite  distinct,  then  it  will  merit  a  name,  but  on  a 
single  specimen  it  may  be  only  a  sport. 

THE  GENUS  GEASTER:—  Mr.  J.  T.  Paul  sends  an  expanded 
specimen  of  Geaster  velutinus  as  it  occurs  in  the  United  States,  thus 
establishing  the  occurrence  of  this  species  in  Australia.  At  the  time 
we  wrote  the  pamphlet  we  supposed  that  "  Geaster  dubiutn  "  \vas 
based  on  unexpanded  specimens  of  this  species,  and  we  feel  more 
sure  of  it  now  that  the  species  has  been  surely  authenticated  from 
Australia.  Prof.  McAlpine  sends  Geaster  striatulus,  not  previously 
seen  by  me  from  Australia,  also  Geaster  Drummondii  of  which  only 
one  collection  was  known,  made  by  Drummond  many  years  ago. 


Fig-  89.  Fig.  90.  Fig.  91. 

GEASTER  READERI  (Figs.  89,  90  and  91):—  In  our  pam- 
phlet we  have  referred  the  specimen  on  which  Geaster  Reader!  was 
based  as  a  small  form  of  Geaster  rufescens.  We  are  still  of  this  opin- 
ion, but  the  receipt  of  abundant  specimens  from  Mr.  Reader  and  oth- 
ers convinces  us  that  it  is  a  constant  form  in  Australia,  and  merits 
a  distinct  name.  It  is  a  much  smaller  plant  than  Geaster  rufescens 

246 


as  it  occurs  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  darker  in  color,  not  so 
red,  the  exoperidium  is  more  rigid  and  the  fleshy  layer  thin  and 
closely  adnate.  It  grows  in  sandy  places.  The  typical  Geaster  ru- 
fescens  has  never  been  collected  in  Australia.  Prof.  McAlpine  sends 
what  I  take  to  be  unexpanded  plants  of  Geaster  Readeri,  which  have 
the  globose  form  characteristic  of  unexpanded  rufescens  but  much 
smaller. 

THE  GENUS  CATASTOMA :— Prof.  McAlpine  sends  several 
scanty  collections  of  Catastomas  that  are  unknown  to  me.  One  (a 
single  specimen)  opening  by  a  fimbriate  mouth  such  as  does  not  oc- 
cur in  any  known  species.  The  genus  Catastoma  of  Australia  is  very 
imperfectly  known,  and  much  more  material  must  accumulate  before 
anything  definite  can  be  done  with  it. 

THE  GENUS  BOVISTELLA :—  Numerous  collections  of  this 
genus  have  been  received  from  my  Australian  correspondents  and  it 
is  evidently  a  very  common  genus  in  Australia. 

BOVISTELIvA  ASPERA  (Plate  33):— Comparison  of  the  speci- 
mens received  from  W.  W.  Watts  with  the  types  from  Chile  in  the 
museum  at  Paris  shows  some  slight  differences.  The  cortex  of  the 
Australian  plant  is  not  so  strongly  developed ;  the  color  of  the  gleba 
is  olive  while  in  the  type  it  is  brown ;  the  pedicels  of  the  spores  of 
the  Australian  plant  are  longer.  I  believe  if  we  had  abundant  ma- 
terial of  the  Australian  and  Chilian  plants  they  would  be  found  to  be 
not  exactly  the  same. 

BOVISTELLA  BOVISTOIDES  (Plate  70):— We  have  received 
three  collections  of  this  plant,  new  to  the  Australian  flora.  It  was  orig- 
inally named  Mycenastrum  bovistoides  (Grev.  16-26)  and  is  com- 
piled in  Saccardo  as  Scleroderma  bovistoides.f  Plants  globose,  from 
i  to  2  cm.  in  diameter,  devoid  of  a  sterile  base.  Peridium  dark,  red- 
dish-brown, flaccid,  opening  by  a  definite  mouth.  Cortex  minute, 
flocculent  coat,  breaking  up  into  little  areas  and  persistent.  Gleba 
olive  when  young,  dark  brown  when  old.  Capillitium  of  separate 
threads  with  pointed  branches.  Spores  globose  (5  to  6  mic.)  smooth, 
with  long  (12  to  16  uric.)  slender,  persistent  pedicels. 

Heretofore  the  plant  has  been  known  from  a  single  collection  at 
Kew,  made  in  British  India.  In  external  characters  it  is  the  same  as 
Bovistella  echinella,  but  is  a  much  larger  species  and  the  capillitium 
characters  are  entirely  different.  Bovistella  dealbata  of  the  United 
States  is  a  very  similar  plant,  differing  slightly  in  cortex  and  spores. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  D.  McAlpine  (3  collections);  F.  M.  Reader. 

BOVISTELLA  GUNNII  (Plate  70);— We  have  received  from 
Prof.  McAlpine  a  fine  collection  made  by  himself  and  also  one  made 
by  F.  M.  Reader,  which  are  very  close  to  the  plants  at  Kew  labeled 

fThe  reference  to  the  genus  Mycenastrum  is  bad  enough,  as  it  differs  both  in  capillitium 
(  and  peridium  from  that  genus,  but  to  refer  it  to  Scleroderma  is  absurd,  as  it  has  no  resem- 
1  blance  whatever  to  Scleroderma  in  any  single  character. 

247 


Lycoperdon  Gunnii,  and  we  prefer  to  refer  to  this  plant  rather  than 
to  call  it  a  "  new  species."  However  we  get  from  Prof.  McAlpine's 
collections  an  idea  of  the  plant  in  its  different  stages  that  can  not  be 
gained  from  the  Kew  collection.  The  old  specimens,  if  sent  sepa- 
rately, would  hardly  be  referred  to  the  same  species  as  the  plant 
changes  markedly  in  appearance  when  ripe. 

Plant  globose,  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  devoid  of  sterile  base.  Perid- 
ium  flaccid,  opening  by  a  definite  mouth.  Cortex  a  flocculent,  woven 
coat  which  when  old  dries  up  and  breaks  into  areas  which  persist 
on  the  dark,  reddish-brown  peridium.  Gleba  olive  when  young,  be- 
coming dark  brown  when  old.  Capillitium  of  long,  intertwined, 
branching  threads.  While  it  is  not  easy  to  float  out  separate  threads 
entire,  as  it  is  in  the  previous  species,  it  is  possible  that  they  are  of 
the  same  general  nature,  only  longer  and  intertwined.  Spores  glo- 
bose, 5-6  mic.,  smooth,  with  slender,  persistent  pedicels. 

This  is  a  much  larger  species  than  the  previous,  but  when  old 
bears  a  clear,  general  resemblance  to  it  except  in  size. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  Prof.  D.  McAlpine,  F.  M.  Reader. 

BOVISTELLA  AUSTRALIANA  (Plates  33  and  70):— An  ad- 
ditional abundant  collection  has  been  received  from  J.  T.  Paul.  It 
appears  to  be  a  frequent  plant  in  Australia. 

BOVISTELLA  SCABRA  (Plate  70):— Plant  with  a  well  devel- 
oped sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Cortex  of  short,  scabrous,  connivent 
spines.  Gleba  olive  umber.  Capillitium  of  Lycoperdon  type  of  long, 
branched,  intertwined,  attached  threads.  Spores  globose,  4-5  mic., 
smooth,  with  slender  pedicels.  This  plant  has  the  general  size,  ap- 
pearance and  structure  of  Bovistella  australiana,  and  differs  only  in  its 
cortex. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  J.  G.  O.  Tapper,  F.  M.  Reader,  J.  T.  Paul. 

BOVISTELLA  ROSEA :— We  give  this  name  provisionally,  to  a  specimen 
received  from  J.  T.  Paul  which  differs  from  all  species  known  to  me  in  the  color 
of  the  gleba  which  is  pale  rose  color.  In  other  respects  it  corresponds  to  Bovis- 
tella australiana.  Not  much  stress  can  be  placed  on  gleba  color  of  a  single  spec- 
imen, but  no  known  species  of  Bovistella  has  gleba  of  a  color  tending  to  red- 
dish or  purple.  We  have  also  labeled  a  collection  from  Mr.  Paul  "  Bovistella  au- 
straliana?" This  collection  differs  from  any  we  have  ever  seen  in  the  decided 
yellow  color  of  the  gleba. 

THE  GENUS  LYCOPERDON:— Twenty-eight  additional  col- 
lections of  this  genus  have  been  received,  and  they  confirm  the  state- 
ment in  our  pamphlet  that  the  common  forms  in  Australia  are  Ly- 
coperdon pratense  and  forms  of  Lycoperdon  polymorphurn.  Of  the 
former  we  have  received  three  collections ;  of  the  latter  twenty-four. 
1  he  forms  of  polymorphum  run  mostly  to  those  with  a  subglobose 

248 


shape  and  slight  development  of  the  sterile  base,  called  Lycoperdon 
cepaeforme.  "  Four  of  them  are  the  black  form  (Lycoperdon  nigrum), 
a  form  that  seems  to  be  endemic. 

The  specimens  of  Lycoperdon  pratense  re- 
ceived from  Prof.  McAlpine  are  so  unusually 
large  and  well-developed  that  we  present  a  fig- 
ure of  them  (Plate  71).  We  also  give  a  figure 
(Plate  71)  of  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  which 
from  the  collections  we  have  received,  we  judge 
to  be  the  most  common  species  in  Australia. 
From  Prof.  McAlpine  we  have  also  received 
typical  specimens  of  Lycoperdon  gemmatum 
(Fig.  92),  a  species  which  at  the  time  we  wrote 
our  pamphlet  we  were  not  sure  occurred  typ- 
ically in  Australia.  It  is  the  common  species  of 
most  temperate  parts  of  the  world,  but  it  seems 
to  be  rare  in  Australia. 

LYCOPERDON  TEPHRUM :— I  have  been 
led  to  doubt  the  determination  of  the  specimens 
called  Lycoperdon  tephrutn  in  the  former  pamphlet.  They  are  im- 
mature and  should  not  have  been  determined.  I  withdraw  what  I 
have  said  on  this  subject,  awaiting  further  material. 

THE  GENUS  CALVATIA  :— The  abundant  and  fine  specimens 
that  we  have  received  from  Prof.  McAlpine  and  Mr.  Reader  afford  us 
a  much  better  idea  of  this  genus  in  Australia  than  we  had  at  the  time 
we  wrote  our  pamphlet.  Calvatia  Candida  proves  to  be  the  most  fre- 
quent species,  which  is  strange,  as  it  is  a  very  rare  plant  in  Europe 
where  I  know  of  only  two  or  three  collections,  and  it  is  unknown 
from  the  American  continent. 

CALVATIA  CANDIDA  (Plate  72):  — Specimens  that  we  now 
have  are  larger  with  a  more  strongly  developed  base,  and  this  plant 
in  Australia  is  not  the  little,  globose  plant  such  as  is  only  known  in 
Europe.  Peridium  with  a  smooth  cortex,  very  thin  and  brittle,  white 
when  young,  but  becoming  reddish-brown  when  ripe.f  Sterile  base 
(when  developed),  compact,  not  cellular,  similar  to  the  gleba  in  ap- 
pearance. Capillitium  of  slender,  hollow,  branched,  septate  threads, 
about  the  diameter  of  the  spores,  colored  when  young,  but  becoming 
almost  hyaline  (under  the  microscope)  when  fully  ripe.  Spores  glo- 
bose, 4-5  mic.,  minutely  but  distinctly  asperate  under  a  high  power. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COU,ECTION. 

Australia,  Norwood,  J.  G.  O.  Tepper,  Dimboola,  D.  McAlpine,  (2  col- 
lections). Warracknabeal,  F.  M.  Reader,  Borung,  F.  M.  Reader,  Adelaide, 
Walter  Gill. 

CALVATIA  OLIVACEA  (Plate  72):— We  have  received  two 
collections.  Heretofore  the  type  specimen  was  all  that  was  known. 
It  is  the  same  as  Calvatia  Candida  as  to  spores  and  capillitium,  except- 
ing that  the  latter  is  more  strongly  colored.  In  general  habits,  how- 

fHence  the  plant  is  really  mis-named. 

249 


ever,  it  is  a  larger  plant  with  a  thicker  peridium.  It  has  more  the 
appearance  of  being  a  small  specimen  of  Calvatia  gigantea.  A  small 
specimen  is  well  shown  in  Cooke's  Handbook  (fig.  118),  excepting 
the  spores  which  are  inaccurately  shown  with  a  pedicel.  The  spores 
of  the  type  are  almost  smooth.  I  can  detect  only  the  faintest  indica- 
tion of  asperity  with  my  highest  power. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,    From    D.    McAlpine   two   collections,   near   Dimboola,   by    1" 

M.  Reader. 

THE  GENUS  ARACHNION:— From  the  vast  extent  of  terri- 
tory of  Australia  all  that  was  known  of  the  genus  Arachnion  was  a 
single  specimen,  collected  more  than  sixty  years  ago  by  Drummond. 
From  Prof.  McAlpine  we  have  received  an  additional  specimen  of 
this  species,  and  also  a  widely  different  species. 

ARACHNION  ALBUM  (Plates  16  and  73):— When  we  wrote 
our  pamphlet  we  considered  this  under  the  name  given  to  the  Aus- 
tralian plant  by  Berkeley,  viz:  Arachnion  Drummondii,  but  on  a  close 
comparison  of  the  Australian  plant  with  the  well-known  species  of 
America,  Arachnion  album,  we  are  unable  to  detect  any  difference 
whatever.  The  spores  may  be  a  shade  larger,  but  not  enough  to 
measure,  and  as  to  pedicels  they  are  frequently  present  in  the  Amer- 
ican plant. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Australia,  Prof.  MoAlpiue.  (We  have  the  plant  also  in  our  collection, 
one  collection  from  Brazil,  one  from  Ecuador  and  several  from  the  United 

States.) 

ARACHNION    RUFUM  (Fig.  93):— 
Peridium    dark    reddish- 
brown,  with  a  rough  sur- 
face and    (in    these    speci- 
mens) ovate  in  shape  with 
an    acute    point.     Gleba 
brown,  composed  of  little, 
irregular   peridioles,  like 
grains  of  sand.     Peridioles 
almost    naked,    consisting         Fig- 93. 
of  clusters  of  spores,  but   not   enclosed  in 
a    loose   web  as  in  the   previous   species. 
The  spores  are  probably  enclosed  in  little 
cells  in  the  young  state,  but  if  so,  in  this 
species  the  walls  of  the  peridioles  are  evi-  Fig.  93. 

dently  absorbed  in  the  process  of  deliquescence.  Spores  globose, 
smooth,  5-6  mic. 

This  is  much  the  largest  species  known,  with  a  peridium  not  so 
thin  and  fragile  as  in  other  species,  but  more  tough  and   dehiscing 
by  a   lacerated  opening.      It  differs  widely  from  Arachnion  album, 
not  only  m  general  appearance,  but  in  the   peridioles  which  are  not 
11  form  in  size  and  have  hyphae  threads,  very  scantily. 
250 


BOUDIER'S  PLATES. 

The  best  illustrations  that  have  ever  been  produced  of  the  fungi 
of  Europe  are  now  being  published  by  Monsieur  Paul  Klincksieck,  a 
book-seller  of  Paris.  They  are  a  superb  series  of  colored  plates  that 
have  been  drawn  by  Monsieur  E.  Boudier. 

Two  years  ago  I  had  the  pleasure  to  dejeuner  with  Monsieur 
Boudier,  and  I  then  expressed  :ny  appreciation  of  his  work  as  follows  : 
"He  has  prepared  a  series  of  plates  of  the  fungi  of  France  which,  in 
beauty,  in  accuracy,  in  minute  technique  are  unrivaled  by  any  that 
-exist  today.  Compared  to  them  the  usual,  published  plate  of  Europe 
is  a  cartoon."  (Myc.  Notes,  p.  164). 

Monsieur  Boudier,  in  addition  to  being  an  authority  on  mycology, 
has  unusual  talent  as  an  artist.  This  is  a  combination  rarely  met.  A 
few  good  artists,  not  mycologists,  have  drawn  illustrations  of  fungi : 
and  many  mycologists  have  issued  alleged  illustrations  of  fungi  who 
(judging  from  their  work)  could  not  earn  their  salt  as  artists. 
Monsieur  Boudier,  in  addition  to  natural  artistic  talent,  has  an  inex- 
haustible stock  of  patience  and  application  in  reproducing  minute  de- 
tails. The  result  is  a  series  of  plates  that,  in  my  opinion,  have  no 
equals,  except  perhaps  the  magnificent  work  of  the  Tulasne  brothers. 

Monsieur  Paul  Klincksieck,  the  publisher  of  the  work,  is  also 
entitled  to  credit  for  the  manner  in  which  the  work  is  issued.  The 
published  plates  represent  the  best  product  of  modern  lithographic 
art,  and  are  as  nearly  perfect  as  it  is  possible  to  make  them.  I  feel 
assured  that  the  issuing  of  this  work  by  Monsieur  Klincksieck  is  not 
a  commercial  matter  purely,  but  a  subject  in  which  he  takes  personal 
pride  as  a  publisher,  and  that  he  was  prompted  to  undertake  it  by  a 
just  appreciation  of  the  excellence  of  Boudier's  drawings. 

The  publication  has  not  been  a  financial  success.  This  is  due  to 
a  number  ot  causes.  It  is  an  expensive  work,  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  average  pocket-book.  The  publisher,  in  my  opinion,  erred  in 
business  judgment  in  requiring  an  initial  subscription  to  the  entire 
work  before  he  had  thoroughly  demonstrated  the  excellence  of  his 
reproduction.  When  the  work  was  begun,  two  hundred  and  fifty 
copies  were  issued,  but  when  sixty  of  the  subjects  had  been  published, 
the  financial  loss  was  found  to  be  so  great  that  the  issue  was  reduced 
to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  copies,  and  that  number  is  all  that  will 
ever  be  published.  In  time  the  work  will  become  very  rare  in  the 
book  markets.  Two  series  (of  the  six  proposed)  will  certainly  be 
issued;  the  first  at  a  considerable  loss  to  the  publisher,  the  second  at  a 
heavy  expense  to  the  author.  Seventy-nine  subscribers  to  the  work 
have  been  secured.  The  publisher  tells  me  if  he  can  secure  one  hun- 
dred subscribers,  it  will  just  cover  the  expense  of  issuing,  and  the 
series  of  six  hundred  plates  will  then  be  completed.  It  will  be  to  the 
everlasting  discredit  of  Mycology  if  this  work,  the  most  beautiful,  ac- 
curate and  creditable  that  was  ever  originated,  should  fail  for  lack  of 
twenty-one  subscribers.  It  is  the  duty  of  every  mycologist  who  can 
afford  it  to  subscribe.  If  he  can  not  afford  it  personally,  he  should 
urge  the  library  or  scientific  institution  with  which  he  may  have  in- 

251 


fluence  to  secure  the  work.  It  costs  one  hundred  and  eighty  francs 
per  series  of  one  hundred  plates.f  and  the  intention  was  to  issue  a 
series  each  year  for  six  years.  The  only  adverse  criticism  I  have 
ever  heard  offered  concerning  the  work  is  that  the  plates  are  expensive. 
They  may  be  expensive,  but  certainly  the  price  can  not  be  called  ex- 
cessive when  the  plates  are  sold  at  less  than  the  cost  of  production,  and 
surely  plates  of  this  quality  can  not  be  published  more  cheaply  when  the 
artist  donates  his  services  as  a  labor  of  love.  If  he  were  paid  a  fair 
price  for  his  work  the  plates  could  not  be  sold  lor  ten  times  the 
present  price.  Aside  from  their  scientific  value,  these  plates  merit  a 
place  in  the  art  department  of  every  library  that  maintains  an  art 
room,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  at  once  twenty-one  individuals  or 
libraries  will  subscribe  for  the  set,  thus  insuring  the  completion  of  the 
work. 

Subscriptions  should    be   sent   to    Monsieur   Paul    Klincksieck, 
3  rue  Corneille,  Paris,  France. 


THE  GENUS  ARACHNION. 

The  ideas  of  the  genus  Arachnion  are  derived  from  the  ripe  spec- 
imens. In  these  the  spores  are  found  to  be  collected  in  little  balls, 
called  peridioles,  which  are  surrounded  by  a  few,  loose,  hyphae 
threads.  In  the  usual  American  form  these  threads  are  relatively 
numerous,  and  the  peridioles  are  likened  to  little  sacks.  I  think  the 
idea  is  a  little  overdrawn,  for  the  threads  form  a  loose  network  at  the 
best,  and  never  I  think  a  true  membrane. 

In  addition,  in  a  new  form  that  has  just  reached  us  from  Austra- 
lia, the  spores  are  collected  in  little,  irregular  masses  with  very  few 
surrounding  threads,  almost  naked  in  fact.  And  to  complicate  the 
question,  plants  have  recently  been  discovered  in  Texas  and  Mexico 
which  we  place  in  another  genus,  Holocotylon,  because  the  spores  are 
not  collected  in  little,  separate  masses,  but  the  entire  contents  of  each 
peridium  consist  of  spores  lining  irregular  and  confluent  cells,  and 
forming  a  continuous  mass  of  gleba.  The  genus  Holocotylon  is  so 
close  to  Arachnion  in  its  general  nature  and  habits  that  it  is  a  ques- 
tion if  it  were  not  better  to  consider  it  as  an  Arachnion  and  to  extend 
the  limits  of  that  genus  to  include  it. 

The  genus  Arachnion  hasalwaysa  very  thin  peridium  with  a  smooth 
cortex.  It  breaks  irregularly  and  is  so  fragile  that  it  is  difficult  to  keep 
entire  ripe  specimens  in  the  herbarium.  There  is  no  sterile  base. 
The  gleba  consists  of  little  granular  masses  of  spores  called  perid- 
ioles which  in  the  type  species  are  each  surrounded  with  an  imperfect 
web  of  hyphae,  analagous  to  the  capillitium  of  other  "puff-balls" 
and  for  convenience  called  capillitium.  In  Arachnion  rufum,  of 
Australia  and  in  a  form  of  Arachnion  album  from  Brazil  the  peridioles 
are  almost  devoid  of  hyphae,  almost  naked,  little  balls  of  spores.  The 
spores  are  borne  on  slender  sterigmata  which  in  some  specimens  .  not 

t  See  correction,  page  259. 

252- 


species  I  think)  are  partially  persistent  as  pedicels.  Usually  these 
pedicels  are  absorbed  in  the  process  of  deliquescence,  and  it  is  not 
unusual  to  note  spores  in  the  same  specimens  with  varying  remains 
of  the  sterigmata. 

HISTORY.— The  genus  was  described  and  figured  by  Schweinitz  in  1822! 
from  North  America,  from  a  single  species,  Arachnion  album,  which  has  since 
proved  to  he  of  wide  geographical  distribution.  Next,  Bei  keley  (Hook.  Jour.  1843- 
417)  described  under  the  name  Scoleciocarpus  tener,  a  plant  from  South  Africa, 
which  I  consider  the  same  as  Arachnion  album.  Next  Montagne  in  1849  (Ann.  Sci. 
Nat.  3- 1 1-33)  described  Scoleciocarpus  bovista  from  Chile.  In  the  meantime  Berke- 
ley had  discovered  that  his  genus  Scoleciocarpus  was  the  same  as  Schweinitz's 
genus  Arachnion  and  so  wrote  Montagne  who  changed  his  name  to  Arachnion 
bovista  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3-12-302)  stating  it  was  done  on  advice  from  Berkeley.^ 
Next,  Berkeley  (Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  18-389)  named  a  single  specimen  from  Australia 
Arachnion  Dnimmondii.  An  examination  of  the  above  specimens  convinces  me 
they  do  not  differ  enough  to  be  kept  as  distinct  species  and  I  would  refer  them 
all  to  Arachnion  album.  During  the  past  summer  (  1905  )  I  have  received  speci- 
mens of  Arachnion  album  from  Rev.  L.  Badet,  Salussola,  Italy,  which  is  the  first 
and  only  time  the  genus  has  ever  been  known  in  Europe. 

"  Arachniou  aurantiacum  "  is  based  on  Rafinesque's  ravings  (Acinophora 
aurantiaca)  and  is  more  probably  a  Scleroderma  or  a  Polysaccum  than  an 
Arachnion. 

Species  of  Arachnion. 

ARACHNION  ALBUM.  (Plates  i6and  73).— Peridium,  smooth, 
thin  and  fragile,  never  opening  by  a  definite  mouth,  but  breaking  ir- 
regularly, pale  in  color,  pure  white  when  young.  Gleba  composed  of 
little  grains  called  peridioles,  each  consisting  of  a  mass  of  spores 
surrounded  by  a  few,  loose,  hyphae  threads  (capillitium.)  Spores 
smooth,  globose,  5-6  mic.  sometimes  with  fragments  of  the  persistent 
sterigmata  attached.  Gleba  color  in  the  type  form  ash  gray. 

FORMS. — We  do  not  consider  that  the  following  geographical  forms  merit 
distinct  names,  but  note  all  the  differences  that  we  find. 

American  (  type )  form.—  Hyphae  threads  slightly  colored,  rarely  we  have 
no*.ed  colored  threads.  Spores  rarely  pedicellate. 

European  form. — Threads  distinctly  colored.     Spores  mostly  pedicellate. 

Brazilian  form. — Threads  very  scanty. 

Australian  form.     (A.  Drummondii.)     Same  as  American. 

South  African  form  (A.  tener). — Spores  more  notably  pedicellate. 

Chilian  form  (A.  bovista). — Differs  from  others  only  in  color  of  gleba, 
which  is  brown  not  ash  gray. 

Geographical  Distribution. — Fairly  common  and  widely  distributed  in 
North  and  South  America.  Known  also  from  one  collection  each  from  South 
Africa,  Guadalupe  and  Europe  (Italy),  and  two  from  Australia. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

United  States,  Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  Ohio,    A.  P.  Morgan,  C.  G.  Lloyd, 
Massachusetts,  Geo.  B.  Fessenden. 
Australia,  Prof.  D.  McAlpine. 
South  America,  Brazil,  Rev.  J.  Rick. 
Ecuador,  From  Herbarium  Patouillard. 
Europe,  Italy,  Rev.  L.  Badet. 

t  Synopsis  fungorum  Carolinae. 

t  Notwithstanding  the  author  ol  Scoleciocarpus  repudiated  his  genus  very  soon  after  it 
was  proposed,  stating  it  was  the  same  as  Arachnion  (which  it  surely  is,  and  in  my  opinion  the 
same  species),  and  that  all  this  happened  more  than  fifty  years  ago,  the  genus  Scoleciocarpus  is 
still  carried  in  Saccardo  and  by  Fischer  in  the  recent  Rngler  and  Prantl. 

253 


ARACHNION  RUFUM  (Plate  73).— Peridium  ; eddish  brown, 
rough  with  adhering  sand  (in  these  specimens)  ovate  with  an  acute 
apex,  opening  by  an  irregular  aperture.  Gleba  brown,  composed  of 
small,  irregular,  almost  naked  masses  of  spores.  Hyphae  threads  very 
scanty.  Spores  subglobose ;  5-6  mic.  smooth,  pedicellate.  This 
species  differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  thicker,  reddish-brown  perid- 
ium,  larger  size  and  gleba  which  is  not  so  distinctly  differentiated 
into  distinct  peridioles.  It  seems  to  me  to  connect  Arachnion  album 
to  the  following  genus. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Australia,  Prof.  D.  McAlpine. 


THE  GENUS   HOLOCOTYLON. 

Peridium  thin,  fragile,  breaking  irregularly.  Sterile  base,  none. 
Gleba  consisting  of  a  mass  of  spores  lining  irregular,  confluent  cells. 
Capillitium,  none.  Spores  (in  known  species)  mostly  pedicellate.  The 
plants  composing  this  genus  are  very  close  to  Arachnion  in  their 
general  habits  but  differ  in  the  structure  of  the  gleba.  This,  instead 
of  being  in  little,  separate  masses  of  spores,  consists  of  one  confluent, 
chambered  mass.  We  think  our  enlarged  photograph  (Plate  73,  figs. 
5  and  6)  will  give  a  good  idea  of  the  structure,  but  we  acknowledge 
our  indebtedness  to  Prof.  Patouillard,  who  has  kindly  prepared  for  us 
drawings  (figs.  94  and  95),  illustrating  his  views  of  the  structure  of 


***  * 

Fig-  94-  Fig.  95. 

the  glebaf.  Fig.  94  represents  a  portion  of  the  enlarged  gleba  mass, 
and  fig.  95  the  arrangement  of  the  spores.  We  have  received  two; 
quite  distinct  plants  belonging  to  this  genus. 

HOLOCOTYLON  BRANDEGEEANUM  (Plate  73).— Peridium 
globose,  thin  and  fragile,  yellow,  breaking  irregularly.  Gfeba  mass  dark 
brown.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  5-6.  mic.  (some)  with  slender  pedicels. 
The  specimens  weje  collected  by  T.  S.  Brandegee,  of  San  Diego,  Cali- 
lorma,  at  Culiacan,  Mexico.  The  plant  is  very  close  to  the  following  in 
its  gleba  characters,  but  is  a  larger  species,  and  at  once  distinguished 
by  itsj^/Awperidium. 

-do  not^nwTi^Or*?  that  °urenl»rged  photographs  of  the  gleba  of  Arachnion  and  Holocotyl 

oten adhere  to»^7»SatlMlLeJtir*'Mcle"r|y"  we  wou'd  wish-    The  peridioles  of  Ara< 
e  together  and  do  not  show  as  separate  grains  as  they  really  are 

254 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Mexico,  T.  S.  Brandegee. 

HOLOCOTYIvON  TEXENSE  (Plate  73).— Peridium  globose, 
very  thin  and  fragile,  white,  breaking  irregularly.  Gleba  mass  dark 
"brown.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4-5  mic.  (mostly)  with  permanent,  very 
thin  pedicels.  This  plant  has  reached  us  (two  collections)  from  J.  W. 

Stiles,  Huntsville,  Texas. 
In  peridium  characters,  size 
and  general  appearance  the 
plant  is  exactly  the  same  as 
Arachnion  album,  but  dif- 
fers in  color  and  structure 
F'9  96.  of  the  gleba.  Fig.  96  rep- 

resents the  plant,  natural  size,  drawn  by  Prof  Patouillard. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Texas,  J.  W.  Stiles. 

PROFESSOR    FARLOW'S    WORK. 

Undoubtedly  the  most  important  and  useful  work  that  has  ever 
been  issued  on  American  fungi  is  the  "Bibliographical  Index  of  North 
American  Fungi,"  by  William  G.  Farlow,  the  first  part  ot  which  has 
just  been  published  by  The  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington.  The 
references  to  American  fungi  are  so  scattered  and  fugitive  that  the 
bringing  together  in  a  systematic  form  will  be  a  great  help  and  conven- 
ience, and  no  man  in  America  is  as  competent  or  as  well  equipped  for  a 
critical  editorship  of  this  work  as  Prof.  Farlow.  No  other  man  in  Amer- 
ica has  as  large  a  collection  as  he,  and  probably  no  other  man  in  Amer- 
ica has  devoted  more  study  to  the  subject.  His  critical  notes  will 
be  of  inestimable  value  to  American  mycologists.  The  principles  of 
nomenclature,  as  stated  in  his  preface,  have  the  right  ring  to  them, 
and  we  hope  they  will  be  strictly  carried  out  without  fear  or  favor. 
We  reproduce  a  lew  extracts  from  the  preface  that  impress  us  as  be- 
ing particularly  sound  : 

"There  are  two  categories  of  botanists;  those  who  believe  that 
nomenclature  is  an  end  rather  than  a  means,  to  whom  the  changing 
of  names  to  adapt  them  to  a  uniform,  automatic  system  seems  to  be  the 
important  aim  in  science;  and  those  who  regard  nomenclature  as  a 
necessary  evil  which  can  be  mitigated  by  making  as  few  changes  as 
possible.  Of  these  two  categories,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that 
we  should  prefer  to  be  classed  with  the  latter." 

"  It  is  best  not  to  make  too  violent  attempts  to  interpret  the  older 
mycologists,  but  to  be  content  with  letting  the  dead  bury  their  dead. 
The  business  of  reviving  corpses  has  been  carried  altogether  too  far 
in  mycology.  An  examination  of  some  of  them  at  least,  shows  that 
they  are  as  inaccurate  as  they  are  useless." 

We  shall  feel  interested  in  watching,  as  the  work  proceeds,  Prof. 
Farlow's  treatment  of  the  "juggled  names"  of  the  puff-ball  world 
and  shall  keep  our  readers  advised. 

255 


LE   GENRE   CALVATIA  ET   LES  "PETITES 
AFFICHES." 

A  mon  avis,  le  genre  Calvatia  est  un  genre  excellent  et  parfaite- 
ment  distinct ;  mais  les  botanistes  francais  tardent  bien  a  se  convertir 
a  cette  idee.  II  comprend  ces  grandes  "  Vesses-de-loup  "  qui  ne 
s'ouvrent  pas  par  un  orifice  defini,  mais  dont  le  peridium  se  partage 
en  pieces  qui  tombent  isolement. 

II  existe  en  France  quatre  especes  de  Calvatia :  C.  gigantea  norn- 
me  la  Vesse-de-loup  geante,  C.  caelata  qui  senible  1'espece  la  plus 
commune,  C.  saccata  a  laquelle,  selon  moi,  on  donne  habituellement 
en  France  le  nom  errone  de  Lycoperdon  excipuli forme,  et  le  C.  lila- 
cina  qui  semble  n'habiter  que  les  regions  montagneuses. 

Parmi  les  ouvrages  francais  publics  ces  deux  dernieres  annees  et 
qui  citent  la  Calvatia  gigantea,  1'un  le  nomine  Lycoperdon  Bovista, 
1'autre  Bovista  gigantea.  La  raison  de  1'emploi  comme  nom  specifique 
du  mot  Bovista  repose  sans  doute  sur  quelque  application  de  la  loi  de 
priorite:  il  est  vrai  que  1'application  de  cette  uieme  loi  a  conduit 
d'autres  auteurs  recents  a  adopter  pour  la  meme  espece  le  nom  speci- 
fique maxima.  C'est  le  cas,  de  dire  qu'il  y  a  dans  la  priorite  divers 
degres  comme  il  y  a  divers  grades  dans  la  Franc  Maconnerie,  et  les 
auteurs  qui,  pour  le  choix  des  noms  a  adopter  se  basent  sur  cette 
loi,  arrivent  rarement  aux  memes  conclusions.  A  mon  avis,  le  nom 
gigantea  convient  parfaitement  au  Champignon  commundment  appele 
Vesse-de-loup  geante,  et  il  a  pour  lui  le  prestige  d'un  emploi  courant 
depuis  plus  d'un  siecle.  Quant  a  1'emploi  comme  nom  genrrique  du 
mot  Bovista,  ce  semble  un  souvenir  des  temps  recules  ou  les  anciens 
botanistes  se  servaient,  pour  designer  notre  plante  du  simple  nom  de 
Bovista.  En  realite,  cette  plante  a,  dans  son  peridium,  ses  spores  et 
son  capillitium,  des  caracteres  tout  differents  de  ceux  qui  appartien- 
nent  au  genre  Bovista  tel  que  le  comprennent  les  mycologues  de  la 
generation  actuelle. 

On  peut  rarement  parcourir  une  liste  de  Champignons  francais 
sans  y  trouver  note  le  Lycoperdon  excipuliforme.  Ce  qu'il  faut  en- 
tendre par  ce  nom,  j'ai  tout  lieu  de  croire  quec'est  habituellement  le 
Calvatia  saccata.  Scopoli  a  cree  le  nom  de  Lycoperdon  excipuliforme 
pour  une  espece  figuree  par  Vaillant  laquelle  es  certainement  le  Lyco- 
perdon gem  matum  !!  Sans  doute  la  signification  premiere  du  nom  de 
Scopoli  s'est  peu  a  peu  obscurcie,  car  nous  trouvons  des  e"chantill<>ns 
de  C.  saccata  etiquetes  Lycoperdou  excipuliforme  dans  1'herbier  dcja 
ancien  de  Desvaux.  L'erreur  s'est  propagee  jusqu'a  nos  jours.  II 
en  est  ainsi  dans  plusieurs  ouvrages  francais,  en  particulier  dans  cc-lui 
de  Richon  et  Roze. 

Le  genre  ^Calvatia  est  habituellement  attribue  a  Fries  et  le  uom 
de  Fries  suit  generalement  le  nom  de  ce  genre.  Je  remarque  frequeiiK-nt 
sur  les  glaces  des  cafes  de  Paris  1'enseigne  "  Ici  on  lit  les  Petites- 
Affiches."^  Je  ne  regarde  jamais  cette  enseigne  sans  me  rappeler 
1  usage  qu'ont  les  botanistes  de  placer  leur  nom  apres  celui  des  pinnies. 
Je  ne  vois  pas  laautre  chose  que  des  "  Petites-Affiches."  On  nous  dit 
que  cela  permet  de  retourner  en  arriere,  de  remonter  jusqu'a  1'idee 

256 


premiere  du  genre  et  de  verifier  si  telle  plante  lui  appartient  bien. 
Voyons  ce  qu'il  en  est  dans  le  cas  actuel. 

Schweinitz — un  raycologue  americain — envoya  a  Fries  un  echan- 
tillon  d'un  Champignon.  Ne  pouvant  le  faire  rentrer  dans  un  genre 
-connu,  Fries  fit  ce  que  font  en  pareil  cas  les  botanistes  modernes :  il  se 
lira  d'affaire  en  creant  le  novum  genus  Calvatia.  Qu'il  n'eut  pas  1'idee 
nette  de  ce  genre,  cela  est  de  toute  evidence,  car  des  plantes  ayant 
-des  caracteres  generiques  manifestement  semblables  a  ceux  de  la 
plante  americaine  croissent  dans  la  propre  patrie  de  Fries  et  il  ne  re- 
-connut  pas  1'affinite  des  unes  et  des  autres.  Une  idee  du  genre  Calva- 
tia dormait  pendant  plus  d'un  demi-siecle,  quand  Morgan — un  autre 
mycologue  americain — la  reprit,  la  precisa  d'apres  1'examen  d'un 
-echantillon  de  1'herbier  de  Schweinitz.  Dira-t-on  encore  qu'on  doit  ac- 
coler  le  nom  de  Fries  a  Calvatia  et  qu'on  doit  remonter  jusqu'a  son 
ouvrage  pour  prendre  une  idee  d'un  genre  dont  lui,  Fries,  n'avait  pas 
idee?  Ce  cas  n'est  pas  le  seul;  la  litterature  botanique  est  pleine  de 
cas  semblables.  De  la  vient  que  je  trouve  deplorable  le  systeme  des 
"Petites-AflEiches." 


ERRORS. 

It  is  our  aim  to  have  every  statement  that  appears  in  Mycological  Notes  in 
keeping  with  the  truth,  and  we  will  gladly  correct  every  error  that  may  be 
brought  to  our  attention,  however  slight.  We  fully  believe  that  at  least  one- 
half  the  past  literature  of  "  puff-balls  "  though  very  interesting,  is  not  true. 

The  references  on  page  225  to  "Plate  oo  figure  oo,"  etc.,  are  of  course,  errors 
due  to  bad  proof-reading.  Personally,  I  am  a  very  poor  proof-reader,  and  this 
'issue,  in  which  the  work  is  left  to  others,  being  published  in  America  while  I 
;am  in  Europe,  I  hope  will  be  free  from  such  obvious  errors. 

Nothing  apparently  gives  so  much  fiendish  joy  to  a  printer  as  to  slip  in  a 
jcutof  a  "puff-ball"  and  stand  it  on  its  head,  as  figures  So  and  86.  From  the 
time  the  copy  goes  into  his  hands  until  the  pamphlet  comes  from  the  press,  it  is  a 
Constant  war  to  keep  the  figures  on  their  feet,  and  we  are  not  always  the  victors. 

In  compiling  the  Index  we  noted  an  error  on  page  182.  It  was  Vittadini's 
L/ycoperdon  tomeutosum  that  was  compiled  in  Saccardo  as  Bovista  tomeutosa, 
•not  Curry's  Lycoperdon  tomentosum.  We  do  not  know  how  we  happened  to 
.make  that  slip  as  we  knew  better  at  the  time. 

The  statement  in  the  note,  page  159,  that  "  the  same  house  in  which  Per- 
'soon  lived  still  remains  near  the  Gare  de  Lyon  "  is  an  error  of  fact.  The  street, 
i"  rue  des  Charbonnier,"  where  Persoon  lived  is  not  the  same  street  of  Paris  that 
ibear.-i  that  name  now,  as  it  was  located  on  the  other  side  of  the  Seine  in  a  quar- 
iter  that  has  since  been  largely  reconstructed  and  its  identity  lost  to  the  present 
igeneration.  I  thank  Monsieur  Camus  t  for  information  on  which  this  correction 
,is  made. 

The  statement  on  page  244  that  Lycoperdon  Berkeleyi  is  a  synonym  for 
Calvatia  craniiformis  is  true  as  stated,  but  there  are  two  Lycoperdons  Berkeley!, 
(both  based  on  the  two  Lycoperdons  delicatum,  and  all  four  are  errors. 

I  ~~      ~~~  ' 

t  Monsieur  F.Camus  has  kindly  favored  me  with  the  following  note:  "  A  1'^poque 
ou  Persoon  habitait  Paris,  il  y  avail  deux  rues  des  Charbonniers.  I/une,  rue  des  Char- 
•bonniers-Saint-Atitoine,  existe  encore,  1'autre  -  ou  logeait  Persoon  -  n' existe  plus.  El'e 
s'appelait  rue  des  Charbonuiers-Saint-Marceau.  Kile  se  trouvait  a  peu  pres  sur  1'emplacement 
,d'une  partie  de  la  rue  Berthollet  actuelle  et  a  6t6  d£truite  vers  1860,  lors  du  percement  du 
Boulevard  de  Port-royal.  La  rue  ties  Lyoiinais,  qui  aboutissait  a  1'ancienne  rue  des  Charbon- 
•tiiers-Saint-Marceau,  et  qui  n'a  pas  subi  de  transformations  modernes,  peut  donner  une  id£e — 
id€e  plutdt  triste— de  ce  que  devait  Stre  la  rue  qu'habitait  Persoon." 

257 


A  LARGE  SPECIES  OF  CYPHELLA. 


BY  N.  PATOUILLARD. 


grandis, : 

CYPHELLA  GRAN- 
DIS.— Sparsa  vel  caespi- 
tosa,  majuscula,  7-25  inil- 
lim.  longa,4-7  millim.  lata, 
digitaliformis  vel  cornuco- 
piaeformis,  interduni  uno 
latere  magis  producta,  la- 
teraliterstipite  cylindraceo, 
3-6  millim.  longo,  1-2  mil- 
lim. crasso,  adfixa,  pendula, 
margine  acuto,  integro, 
repandulo,  aperta,  glabra, 
membranacea,  Candida  in 
vivo  dein  albido  lutesceno, 

intus  extusque  laevissima.  ex   hyphae  cylindraceo,  8-15  mic.  diam. 

tenuiter,  tunicatis  composita.    Hab.  ad  corticem  arborum,  Samoa. 


Fig.  97. 


A  NEW  BOOK  ON  COLORS. 

Monsieur  Klincksieck,  No.  3,  rue  Corneille,  Paris  announces  a  book 
on  colors  for  the  naturalist  and  particularly  for  the  mycologist.  X<  > 
work  is  more  needed  in  mycology  than  a  good  book  of  colors,  and  as 
what  Monsieur  Klincksieck  does  he  usually  does  well,  we  have  great 
hope  for  the  new  work.  There  now  exists  no  work  that  is  of  much 
practical  value.  Saccardo  had  the  right  idea  when  he  issued  his  little 
pamphlet,  but  his  color  samples  were  not  elaborate  enough,  nor  in  all 
cases  accurate  enough  to  be  of  much  service.  This  was  without  doubt 
partly  due  to  the  printer,  and  as  Monsieur  Klincksieck  has  a  practical 
knowledge  of  the  printing  art,  and  we  think  a  critical  knowledge  of 
colors,  we  look  for  something  that  will  be  of  service. 


A  SECOTIUM   IN    SWEDEN. 

I  collected  near  Stockholm  last  summer  a  single  specimen  of  a 
little  Secotium  with  large,  rough,  globose  spores.  It  is  the  only 
specimen  of  this  genus  ever  known  to  be  collected  in  Sweden.  I 
judge  it  is  Secotium  michailowskianum,  at  least  it  was  a  little  weak, 
puny  specimen,  and  I  do  not  know  what  stunted  it  unless  it  was  the 
name.  No  wonder  it  is  a  rare  plant.  It  is  strange  it  managed  to  sur- 
vive at  all  and  carry  its  name. 

258 


NOTELETS. 

THE  PRICE  OP  BOUDIER'S  PLATES.— Since  our  article,  page  251,  has 
been  in  type,  we  learn  that  the  publisher  has  for  the  third  time  advanced  the 
price  and  that  now  the  price  is  two  hundred  francs  for  the  first  series,  and  one 
hundred  and  eight}-  francs  for  subscription  to  each  of  the  forthcomiug  series. 
We  feel  that  this  is  a  mistake,  but  as  there  are  now  only  about  a  dozen  sub- 
scribers needed  to  insure  the  continuance  of  the  work,  we  are  confident  the 
short-sighted  policy  of  the  publisher  will  not  result  in  the  untimely  death  of  the 
undertaking.  Boudier's  plates  are  so  far  superior  to  any  similar  series,  and  are 
produced  in  such  a  superb  manner  that  their  very  excellence  will  carry  them  to 
a  successful  finish.  The  failure  to  complete  the  issue  would  be  an  irretrievable 
loss  to  mycology,  and  should  it  occur  there  will  be  no  trouble  or  hesitation  in 
placing  the  responsibility  for  the  failure. 

PROFESSOR  FARLOW'S  STAND  ON  NOMENCLATURE.— We  strongly 
endorse  (and  we  think  the  principle  is  generally  endorsed  now-a-days)  Pro- 
fessor Farlow's  position  of  opposition  to  unearthing  "  old  corpses  "  to  supplant 
live  names.  But  we  carry  the  principle  further.  We  do  not  believe  in  exhibit- 
ing these  old  remains  when  others  dig  them  up.  When  Professor  Farlow 
exhibits  "Lycoperdon  stellatum,  Scop."  in  its  juggled  form  "  Astraeus  stellatus 
(Scop.)  Fischer,"  we  are  moved  to  remark  that  "  Lycoperdon  stellatum "  is 
indeed  a  very  ancient  corpse  that  lay  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  in  an 
unmarked  grave  until  it  was  recently  dug  up  in  Europe.  Furthermore  that 
"  Lycoperdon  stellatum,  Scop."  never  was  a  respectable  corpse,  for  it  never  had  a 
corporeal  existence,  and  that  "Lycoperdon  stellatum,  Linn."  was  such  a  mis- 
shapen production  that  it  died  in  infancy.  It  is  unfortunate  that  Professor  Fischer 
used  it  as  he  is  not  the  man  to  dig  up  corpses  on  principle,  and  is  not  the 
excavator  of  this  one,  and  we  feel  that  he  merely  made  a  careless  slip  such  as  we 
believe  Professor  Farlow  has  made  in  following  him. 

CAN  SUCH  THINGS  BE?— We  have  just  received  from  Dr.  Mary  S. 
Whetstone,  not  only  an  unknown  species,  but  we  think  an  unknown  genus  of 
Gastromycetes,  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Minneapolis.  Had  we  received  it  from 
central  Africa,  we  should  not  have  been  surprised,  but  it  is  difficult  to  believe 
that  such  things  exist  in  Minnesota.  Professor  Patouillard  is  as  much  interested 
in  studying  the  specimen  as  I  am,  for  it  seems  to  have  the  structure  partly  of  a 
Polysaccum,  but  more  largely  of  a  Phelloriua.  It  is  needless  to  say  it  will  be 
further  considered  in  Mycological  Notes. 

LASIOSPHAERA  FENZLII  IN  JAPAN.— We  have  received  from  Professor 
Atsushi  Yasuda,  Sendai,  Japan,  a  specimen  of  Lasiophaera  Fenzlii,  which  is 
the  first  time  the  plant  has  ever  been  recorded  except  from  British  India  and 
Ceylon.  It  is  a  "  giant  puff  ball,"  and  may  be  taken  for  Calvatia  gigantea  (Cfr. 
Myc.  Notes,  p.  191  and  plate  19).  This  specimen  is  young  and  has  subhyaline 
capillitiutn  but  I  think  it  would  become  colored  when  ripe.  The  threads  of  the 
Japanese  plant  are  somewhat  broader  than  the  Ceylon  form  and  both  are 
septate,  a  fact  I  overlooked  in  drawing  the  description  on  page  191. 

MITREMYCES  IN  NEW  CALEDONIA.— Professor  Patouillard  has  re- 
ceived a  specimen  of  Mitremyces  from  New  Caledonia,  thus  extending  the  geo- 
graphical limits  of  this  genus.  The  species  is  not  decided,  but  it  is  not 
Mitremyces  fuscus,  the  only  species  known  from  Australia,  and  which  might  be 
expected  to  grow  in  New  Caledonia. 

THE  NOMENCLATURE  QUESTION.— We  have  looked  in  vain  in  our 
American  journals  for  a  report  of  what  was  done  at  Vienna  the  past  summer  on 
the  "  Nomenclature  Question."  We  think,  however,  it  was  really  immaterial,  for 
past  history  is  that  botanical  congresses  meet  and  make  "laws,"  and  then  each 
one  of  the  members  who  aided  in  making  these  laws  goes  home  and  does  what 
he  pleases,  just  the  same  as  before  the  laws  were  made. 

259 


PARALLEL  WORK. 


The   Species   of  the   Genus  Disciseda. 

By  L.   Hollos. 

The  genus  Disciseda  was  already  de- 
scribed bv  Czerniaiev  in  the  year  1845 
but  Ms  work  was  little  known,  so  that 
the  greater  part  of  the  species  have 
Sen'placed  in  the  externally  similar 
genus  Bovista.  In  the  year  1892  Mor- 
gan recognized  that  several  of  the 
fungi  included  in  the  genus  Bovista 
formed  an  entirely  different  genus,  but 
as  he  did  not  know  of  Czerniaiev  s 
work  he  placed  them  in  a  nevy  genus 
"Catastoma."  I  am  justified  m  view 
of  my  work  on  the  genera  Disciseda  to 
place  together  as  follows  the  list  of 
fungi  which  belong  according  to  the 
descriptions  to  the  genus  Disciseda 

Disciseda    circumscissa     (B.   &   L-J 
Hollos. 
Disciseda 

Disciseda 

Disciseda  Zeyheri   (Berk.)   Hollos. 
Disciseda      hyalothrix      (Cooke      & 
Mass.)  Hollos. 

Disciseda    velutina    (Berk.    &    or.) 

Disciseda  cervina  (Berk.)  Hollos. 
Disciseda  pedicellata    (Morg.)    Hol- 
los. 

Disciseda  Hollosiana.  P.  Henn. 


debrecemensis      (Hazsl.,) 
juglandiformis     (Berk.) 


The  Species  of  the  Genus   Anthropo- 
morphus,  Seger. 

By  N.  J.  McGinty. 
The  genus  Anthropomorphns  was 
described  and  illustrated  by  the  learned 
D.  George  Seger  in  1688.  I  repro- 
duce a  copy  of  his  illustration  here- 
with, which  although  slightly  inac- 
curately drawn  will  readily  be  recog- 
nized as  the  first  representation  of  this 


NOTE.— We  would  not  wish  to  underval_. 
the  important  discovery  that  Dr.  Hollos  has 
tnade  in  regard  to  the  genus  Catastoma.      I 
fact  we  feel  that  it  can  not  be  undervalued 
But  we  would  mildly  suggest  that  if  the  Doctor 
will  take  the  trouble  to  look  up  some  of  th 
specimens   he  would  make  some    addition? 
discoveries.     "Disciseda  velutina     B.  &   Br 
Holl6s"isan  unopened  Geaster.    "Disciseda 
cervina    Berk.    Holl6s  "  is  the  same  plant  a 
"Disciseda    debrecemensis    (Hazsl.    Hollos,- 
and  something  like  thirty-four  years  "  prior" 
and  it  is  not  the  "  priorest ' '  name  at  that.  After 
publishing  to  the  world  that  he  knew  enough 
of    "Bovista  juglandiformis''   to    change    its 
name  and  add  his  own  to  it   the  Doctor  finds  a 
specimen  in  the  museum  at  Berlin  which  he 
assures  Dr.  Hennings  is   absolutely   new  to 
science,  and  Dr.   Hennings   in   gratitude   for 
such  valuable  information  calls  the  plant  Dis- 
ciseda Hollosiana.     If  the  specimens  of  "  Bo- 
vista juglandiformis"  at  Kew  and  "  Disciseda 
Hollosiana"  at  Berlin  should  ever  get  trans- 
posed no  living  man  could  ever  tell  which  is 
which.    But  Dr.  Holl6s  is  not  alone  in  his  dis- 
coveries.   Professor  McGinty,  of  Poseyville, 
has  recently  been  making  some  abstruse  in- 
vestigations, with  the  aid  of  a  date  dictionary, 
and  has  unearthed  the  original  reference  to 
the  genus  Geaster.    In  view  of  the  value  of 
such  scholarly  work  we  present  them  to  our 
readers  in  convenient  form  for  comparison.— 
•C.  G.  L. 


genus.  Tn  the  year  1729  Micheli  recog- 
nized a  number  of  species  which,  as  he 
did  not  know  of  Seger's  work  he  placed 
in  a  new  genus  "Geaster."  I  am  justi- 
fied therefore  in  bringing  together  t| 
following  list  which  according  to  the 
descriptions  belong  to  the  genus  An- 
thropomorphus. 

Anthropomorphus    Berkeleyi    (Mas- 
see)  McGinty.  . 

Anthropomorphus   Bryantu    (lierkj 
McGinty. 

Anthropomorphus    coronatu; 
(Schaeffer)  McGinty. 

Anthropomorphus    Drummondi 
(Berk.)  McGinty.  . 

Anthropomorphus  flonformis  ( Vitt.. 
McGinty.  , 

Anthropomorphus  fornicatus(Huds. 
McGinty.  . 

Anthropomorphus  fimbnatus  (fries 
McGinty.  . 

Anthropomorphus   limbatus    (Fries 
McGinty. 

Anthropomorphus        m  a  m  m  o  s  u 
(Chev.)  McGinty. 

Anthropomorphus  minimus  (Schw. 
McGinty. 

Anthropomorphus  mirabilis  (Mont 
McGinty. 

Anthropomorphus  rtifescens   (Fries 
McGinty. 


260 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  LL-OYD. 

No.  22. 

CINCINNATI,  O.  JULiY,  1906. 


SUR  QUELQUES  RARES  GASTEROMY- 
CETES EUROPEENS. 

Nous  publions  cet  article  en  francais,  parce  que,  dans  nos  efforts 
pour  identifier  avec  surete  nos  echantillons,  nous  avons  etc  particu- 
lierement  aide  et  encourage  par  les  nations  europeennes  parlant  la 
langue  francaise.  Toutefois  la  redaction  en  frangais  de  cet  article  ne 
nous  appartient  pas.  Nous  lisons  facilement  le  frangais  et  le  parlons 
de  maniere  a  etre  compris ;  mais  nous  ne  pourrions  1'ecrire  avec  assez 
de  correction.  Un  cryptogamiste  parisien  a  bien  voulu  traduire  en 
francais  le  texte  anglais  que  nous  avions  redige. 

Les  Gasteromycetes  europeens  n'ont  jamais  ete  1'objet  d'une 
etude  approfondie.  II  suffit  d'en  recolter  tin  certain  nombre,  de  les 
comparer  et  analyser  pour  reconnaitre  qu'il  en  existe  de  nombreuses 
especes  ou  formes  non  mentionnees  dans  les  livres.  Durant  la  bonne 
saison  de  1'annee  derniere  (1905),  j'ai  vivement  attire  1'attention  de 
mes  correspondants  sur  la  recolte  des  Gasteromycetes,  les  priant  de 
m'envoyer  tous  ceux  qu'ils  pourraient  trouver.  Cinquantesept  (57) 
collecteurs  se  sont  interesses  au  sujet,  et  leurs  envois  se  chiffrent  par 
397  numeros.  Naturellement  la  plupart  de  ceux-ci  appartiennent  a 
des  especes  communes  et  bien  connues  en  Europe ;  mais  il  se  trouve 
parmi  eux  un  nombre  important  d'especes  rares  et  interessantes  re- 
cueillies  en  Europe  pour  la  premiere  fois:  Bovistella  ohiensis,  B.  echi- 
nella,  Arachnion  album.  Nous  croyons  qu'il  y  a  tin  certain  interet 
scientifique  a  donner  quelques  details  sur  les  especes  rares  qui  nous 
ont  ete  envoyees  ainsi  que  sur  celles  que  nous  avons  rencontrees  dans 
les  Museums  europeens.  J'ai  ete  sollicite  de  publier  un  precis  sys- 
tematique  des  Gasteromycetes  d'Europe.  Je  trouve  le  sujet  encore 
trop  insufnsamment  debrouille  pour  me  rendre  a  cette  demande.  Qne 
ceux  qui  recoivent  nos  publications  continuent  a  m'envoyer  des  ma- 
teriatix  sur  la  question,  et,  d'ici  a  quelques  annees,  je  pourrai  entre- 
prendre  ce  travail  avec  des  specimens  suffisamment  nombreux  et 
etudies  pour  le  mener  a  bonne  fin.  Je  me  borne,  dans  les  pages  sui- 
vantes,  a  passer  en  revue  certaines  especes  rares  de  Gasteromycetes 
europeens. 

ARACHNION  ALBUM  (Planches  16  et  73).— Cette  plante  a 
ete  etudiee  en  detail  dans  le  dernier  numero  paru  des  Mycological 
Notes.  Sa  decouverte  en  Europe  par  1'abbe  Badet  (Salussola.  Italic) 

261 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


est  assurement  le  plus  interessant  de  tons  les  faits  nouveaux  mis  au 
jour  par  les  recherches  de  la  saison  derniere.  Jusqu'ici  cette  espece 
etait  connue  des  deux  Ameriques  oil  elle  est  frequente,  de  1'Australie 
et  de  1'Afrique  du  Sud,  ou  elle  est  beaucoup  plus  rare :  Elle  n'avait 
jamais  ete  vue  en  Europe. 

GENRE  BOVISTELLA.— Ce  genre  etant  1'objet  d'une  etude 
detaillee  dans  le  prochain  numero  et  immediatement  apres  le 
present  memoire,  il  ne  sera  ici  question  que  de  sa  presence  en  Europe. 
C'est  assurement  le  genre  le  mieux  represente  dans  ma  region  natale 
(Cincinnati,  Etats-Unis)  ;  mais  en  Europe,  il  est  meconnu,  sinon  in- 
connu,  bien  que  represente  par  six  especes,  toutes,  il  est  vrai.  t'-cs 
rares. 

BOVISTELLA  RADICATA  (Planche  87).— Cette  plante  pent 
etre  consideree  tout  au  plus  comme  tine  forme  geographique  du  P.UMS- 
tella  ohiensis,  1'espece  la  plus  commune  aux  Etats-Unis.  On  no  pent 
noter  comme  difference  dans  la  plante  europeenne  que  des  epines  c<»r- 
ticales  plus  consistantes  et  plus  roides,  celles  de  la  plante  americaine 
etant  plus  molles  et  tombant  plus  facilement.  Le  pedicelle  des  s]»"vs 
est  egalement  plus  developpe  dans  la  plante  americaine,  mais  on  ne 
saurait  voir  la  des  differences  specifiques.  Ce  Champignon  a  etc 
figure  par  Montague,  il  y  a  bien  des  annees,  sous  le  nom  de  Lyc<>ju-r- 
don  radicatum,  d'apres  des  specimens  algeriens.  II  a  ete  recueilli  i>Uis 
recemment  en  Tunisie  par  M.  Patouillard ;  mais  il  etait  encore  inconnu 
en  Europe.  Je  1'ai  rec.u  1'ete  dernier,  en  meme  temps  de  M.  1'abbc 
Merino  (Galicie,  Espagne)  et  de  M.  le  professeur  Plottner  (Ratbe- 
now,  Allemagne)  qui  1'a  trouve  "in  einem  licbten  Eichenxviilde." 

BOVISTELLA  AMMOPHILA  (Planche  87).— C'est  unc  tres 
rare  espece,  decouverte  en  France,  et  qui  ne  m'est  connue  ((IK-  par  les 
exemplaires  originaux  conserves  au  Museum  de  Paris  et  a  Kew.  IClle 
a  ete  trouvee  en  1849,  a  la  Teste-de-Buch  pres  de  Bordeaux  i  drparie- 
ment  de  la  Gironde,  France)  par  Leveille.  On  1'a  egalement  signaler 
en  Angleterre  et  en  Californie;  mais  ces  deux  indications  re]><>sent  sur 
des  erreurs  de  determination. 

BOVISTELLA  PALUDOSA   (Planche  87).— C'est  encon    une 
espece  tres  rare,  connue  settlement  par  tin  enchantillon  incomi)U-t 
cueilli  par  Leveille  a  Maleshcrbes   (departement  du  Loiret,  France) 
et  conserve  au  Museum  du  Paris. 

BOVISTELLA  PEDICELLATA  (Planche  88).— Cette  espfcj 
qui,  lors  de  sa  premiere  indication  en  Europe,  fut  denommee  Lyc«ipi''"- 
don  caudatum,  est  plutot  rare,  et  son  aire  geographique  surtout  sew 
tentrionale.  J'ai  rec.u  des  specimens  ettropeens  de  M.  L.  Romell  (Stnck- 
bolm,  Suede)  et  de  M.  le  professeur  Plottner  (Rathenow,  Allemamu  I. 
Le  seul  pays  ou  elle  soit  commune  est  le  Canada 

BOVISTELLA  ECHINELLA  (Planche  89).— La  decouverte  en 
Europe,  1'ete  dernier,  de  cette  espece  est  d'un  grand  interet.  E1L-  e>t 
due  au  Rev.  Pere  A.  Breitung  (Danemarck).  Cette  curieuse  in-tito 
tspece  a  une  large  distribution  stir  le  globe,  mais  elle  est  rare  part«"it. 
Les  specimens  originaux  proviennent  de  1'Equateur  et  j'en  dois  <|iiel- 
ques  uns  a  1'amabilite  de  M.  Patouillard.  Je  1'ai  reque,  en  outre  du 

262 


Rev.  Pere  Breitung  (Danemarck),  de  B.  O.  Longyear  (Michigan), 
W.  N.  Suksdorf  (Washington),  J.  N.  Rose  (Mexique)  et  W.  Jekyll 
(Jamaique)f  Tous  ces  pays  sont  fort  eloignec  les  tins  des  autres. 

GEXRE  BOVISTA.— Les  deux  especes  communes  en  Europe 
sont  le  Bovista  plumbea  et  le  Bovista  nigrescens.  M.  R.  Maire  m'a 
envoye  de  Grece  une  forme  bronzee  du  Bovista  nigrescens  qui  corre- 
spond a  la  forme  bronzee  du  Bovista  Pila,  commune  aux  Etats-Unis 
(Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  117).  Le  professeur  Massalongo  (Italic)  et  le 
professeur  Rompel  (Suisse)  m'ont  envoye  le  Bovista  brunnea  sem- 
blable  a  la  plante  de  la  Nouvelle-Zelande  ainsi  nominee  par  Berkeley. 
Ce  n'est  pour  moi  qu'une  forme  brune  du  Bovista  plumbea.  Le  Bo- 
vista tomentosa  a  ton  jours  ete  pour  moi  une  espece  douteuse,  bien  que 
considere  comme  specifiquement  distinct  par  M.  Tabbe  Bresadola.  Les 
specimens  qu'il  a  eu  la  bonte  de  m'envoyer  sont  tres  voisins  du  Bo- 
vista plumbea,  mais  en  different  par  leur  exoperidium  dont  la  surface 
est  mate  et  terne.  celle  du  Bovista  plumbea  etant  plutot  lisse  et  polie. 
Us  ne  sont  pas  "tomcnteu.v."  Si  ces  specimens  sont  vraiment  bien 
nommes,  les  figures  de  Quelet  et  de  Vittadini  ont  fortement  exagcre 
ce  caractere.  Les  spores  de  cette  espece  sont  dites  tres  finement  ru- 
gueuses:  mon  objectif  ne  m'a  rien  montre  de  semblable. 

CATASTOMA  SUBTERRAXEUM   (Planche  7  et  Fig  98).— 

Cette  espece,  frequente  en  Hongrie.  en  Russie,  et  peut-etre  en  Italic. 

est  tres  rare  dans  le  reste  de  1'Europe.    Je  1'ai  recue  de  M.  1'abbe  H. 

Bourdet  (departement  de  1'Allier,  France)    (Fig.  98)  et  de  M.  Bezzi, 

'     (Italic).    Les  seuls  autres  specimens,  a  moi 

yW    ^X  connus  de  1'Europe  occidentale,  sont  dans 

1'herbier  de  Tulasne  qui  les  avait  recueiilis 

aux  environs  de  Paris  en  1844  et  en  1850. 

^Jf**  -.s  Ce  champignon  avait  ete  appele  par  Vitta- 

,^^'^P^        H^        dini  Lycoperdon  defossum  et  on  a  propose 

-^?*^-^.^  t^L     de  changer  Catastoma  subterraneum  en  C. 

/';.ji       ^     jj^k  4&     defossum,  changement  que  je  desapprouve 

^  ^V    completement.     Si  Ton  adopte  le  genre  de 

^^t  ^^r        -Morgan,   il   faut  adopter  sans  changement 

^^^^^^^        le  nom   complet   qu'il   a  donne   a   1'espece. 

Substituer    defossum    a    subterraneum    n'a 

Fis-9«-  aucun    avantage,    car    defossum    est    loin 

>  d'etre  le  premier  nom  specifique  de  notre  Champignon.     Quoique  rare 

dans   FEurope   occidentale,   le   Catastoma   subterraneum   est   commnn 

j  dans  beaucoup  de  parties  du  Globe  et  aucune  autre  Vesse-de-loup  n'a 

J  recu  autant  de  noms. 

GEASTER  IXFREQUEXS  (Fig.  99).— M.  le  R.  P.  A.  Luisier, 
m'a  envoye  un  Geaster  que  je  n'avais  jamais  vu  auparavant :  il  merite 
done  bien  le  nom  que  je  lui  donne  Geaster  infrequens. 


fNous  devons  corriger  une  erreur  faite  a  propos  des  specimens  re?us  de  M.  Jekyll,  sig- 
naled p.  118,  sous  le  iium  de  Bovistella  aspera,  et  figures,  sous  ce  nifime  nom,  pi.  4.  Nous  avons 
pu,  en  faisant  uue  etude  comparative  des  deux  especes,  nous  assurer  que  ces  specimens  ap- 
partiennetit  an  Bovistella  echinella.  Le  Bovistella  aspera  (Cf.  PI.  33)  a  des  spores  et  un  capilli- 
iumidentiques,  maisc'est  une  plante  de  plus  grande  tailleavec  des  epines  corticales  beaucoup 
lus  fortes. 

263 


Exoperidium  lisse,  pale,  mince,  divise  au-dessus  du  milieu  en  6-8 
segments  aigus.  Endoperidium  sessile,  brun-rougeatre,  a  bouche  in- 
detcrminee. 

Ce  champignon  a  le  meme  endoperidium  que  1'espece  commune 
d'Europe  Geaster  fimbriatus ;  mais  il  en  differe  par  son  exoperidium  et 
par  sa  couleur.  L/exoperidium  du  Geaster  infrequens  est  mince  et 
lisse  et  ne  porte  aucune  trace  d'une  couche  mycelienne,  comme  c'est  le 

cas  dans  la  section  des 

Rigidse  ;  mais,  a  1  en- 
contre  de  ce  qui  exi^te 
chez  les  especes  de 
cette  section;  il  n'est 
que  tres  legeremetn 
hygrometrique.  La 
moitie  inferieure  de 
1'exoperidium  enserre 
Fig  w  fortement  I'endopeiid- 

ium     et    les    segments 

sont  connivents  et  non  recourbes  en  bas.  L/exoperidium  du  Gen-ier 
fimbriatus  est  recourbe-revolute  a  1'etat  de  complet  etalement  et  1'endo- 
peridium  en  occupe  la  base  creusee  en  forme  de  coupe.  De  plus,  cette 
cspece  est  rouge  fonce  et  a  d'ordinaire  tine  couche  mycelienne  adnee. 

Le  Geaster  infrequens  est  tres  voisin  du  Geaster  fimbriatus  et  je  le 
considere  comme  une  sous-espece. 

Les  specimens  originaux  sont  dans  ma  collection  et  proviennent 
du  Tirol,  recoltes  par  le  R.  P.  A.  Luisier. 

GENRE  BATTARREA.— Ce  genre  est  rare  dans  1' Europe  occt- 
dentale.  II  parait  sc  montrer  tres  rarement  en  Angleterre  ou  il  a  etc 
plusieurs  fois  indique ;  mais  je  n'ai  vu  aucune  preuve  du  fait.  On  ne 
lui  con'nait  qu'une  localite  franchise.  M.  Ernest  Olivier  a  decouvert  le 
Battarrea  phalloides  (Planche  28)  en  1892.  pres  de  Moulins  ( Allicr. 
France)  dans  la  cavite  d'un  chene  en  decomposition.  Depuis  il  a  re- 
paru  chaque  annee  a  la  meme  place.  J'cn  possede  des  specimens  n\-us 
de  M.  Olivier  et  aussi  de  M.  1'abbe  H.  Bourdet. 

GENRE  CALVATIA. — Ce  genre  est  peu  connu  en  Kuropi-,  a  vn 
juger  par  les  livres.  II  y  a  cependant  en  Europe  deux  especes  com- 
munes de  Calvatia,  Calvatia  caelata  et  Calvatia  saccata,  deux  especes 
moins  communes,  Calvatia  gigantea,  et  Calvatia  lilacina  et  an  UK  .ins 
deux  autres  especes,  celles-la  rares.  Calvatia  Candida  et  Calvatia  lit- 
eritia. 

CALVATIA  CANDIDA  (Planches  35  et  72).— Cettc  plante  a  ete 
rarement  recoltee  pres  de  Berlin  par  le  Dr.  Hennings  et  en  Hongrie 
par  le  Dr.  Hollos.  En  Australie,  c'est  1'espece  la  plus  commune. 

CALVATIA  LATERITIA.— Cette  plante  n'a  jamais  c-tc-  recoltee 
qu'une  fois,  et  il  y  a  de  cela  bien  longtemps.  pros  de  Montpcllier.  par 
Delile,  qui  1'envoya  a  Montagne,  dans  1'herbier  duquel  elle  est  conserved 
Les  echantillons  en  sont  bien  maigres,  et  depuis.  aucun  botaniste  nW 
pu  la  retrouyer  ni  la  signaler.    Un  echantillon  envoye  a  Berkeley  a  ete  j 
decnt  dernierement  comme  Bovista  lateritia  de  provenance  inconnue,  I 

264 


bien  que  ce  ne  soit  pas  un  Bovista  et  que  la  localite  soit  ecrite  tout  au 
long  stir  1'etiquette.  Ce  Champignon  est  tres  nettement  caracterise  par 
sa  gleba  rouge  brique,  ses  spores  rugueuses  et  son  capillitium  colore. 

CALVATIA  (Sp.  ?). — Nous  avons  regu  du  professeur  de  Aran- 
zadi  (Barcelone,  Espagne)  un  Calvatia  que  nous  croyons  non  decrit. 
A  1'etat  jeune,  sa  gleba  est  jaune  clair,  mais  elle  devient  pourpre  fonce 
avec  1'age,  ses  spores  sont  lisses  et  son  capillitium  fortemenfr  colore. 
Nous  desirons  approfondir  plus  completement  la  question  Calvatia 
avant  de  lui  donner  un  nom.  Les  Calvatia  paraissent  tres  repandus  sur 
la  terre  entiere,  mais  ils  sont  mal  connus  et  generalement  nommes  Ly- 
coperdon. 

CALVATIA?  SPEC?— Nous  avons  regu  du  Dr.  Otto  Harz  (Ba- 
viere)  un  echantillon  qui  parait  tres  voisin,  quant  a  1'exterieur,  du  Cal- 
vatia saccata,  mais  qui  a  des  spores  lisses.  II  n'est  pas  a  1'etat  de 
maturite  complete,  et  nous  ne  pouvons  affirmer  si  c'est  un  Calvatia  on 
un  Lycoperdon.  Nous  croyons  qu'il  appartient  au  Lycoperdon  exci- 
ptili forme  tel  que  1'entend  le  Dr.  Hollos ;  mais,  comme  nous  1'avons 
plusieurs  fois  etabli,  si  c'est  vraiment  une  bonne  espece,  elle  doit  prendre 
un  autre  nom. 

GENRE  LYCOPERDON.— II  y  a  moins  d'un  an  que  nous  avons 
j  public  un  expose  detaille  de  tous  les  Lycoperdons  d'Europe  connus  de 
nous.  Depuis  lors,  nous  en  avons  regu  un  certain  nombre  de  formes 
nouvelles. 

LYCOPERDON  TURBINATUM  (Figures  100  et  101).— Nous 
nommerons  ainsi  une  forme  de  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  regue  d'un  ex- 
pediteur  inconnu.  "Vale  of  Thuyd  N. — Wales."  Aucune  plante  n'est 
phis  variable  que  le  Lycoperdon  gemmatum ;  mais  pen  de  ses  formes 
sont  assez  distinctes  pour  meriter  un  nom,  meme  comme  forme.  Toute- 
fois,  notre  echantillon  a  une  forme  turbinee  particuliere  que  Ton  ren- 
contre rarement.  Le  nom  de  Lycoperdon  turbinatum  a  deja  etc  em- 
ploye par  un  ancien  botaniste ;  mais  comme  personne  ne  sait  quelle  est 
i  la  plante  qu'il  designe,  nous  croyons  pouvoir  1'employer  a  nouveau,  en 
•  lui  donnant  un  sens  nettement  defini. 

LYCOPERDON  MACROGEMMATUM  (Figures  102  et  103  et 
cortex  grossi  104). — Forme  du  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  regue  du  Dr. 
Harz  (Baviere)  avec  de  grosses  verrues  beaucoup  plus  epaisses  et  plus 
loiigues  que  d'ordinaire.  Nous  estimons  que  cette  forme  merite  un 
nom  particulier.  En  outre  du  caractere  des  verrues,  ses  spores  sont 
notablement  plus  grosses  et  plus  fortement  verruqtieuses. 

LYCOPERDON  CUPRICOLOR.— Nous  avons  regu  deux  fois 

du  R.  P.  Breitung  (Danemarck)  une  forme  de  Lycoperdon  piriforme 

caracterisee  par  une  belle  couleur  cuivree.     C'est  la  premiere  fois  que 

nous  avons  1 'occasion  de  constater  cette  couleur  chez  le  Lycoperdon 

i  piriforme  dont  les  formes  jaunes  ne  sont  pas  rares. 

LYCOPERDONS   DIVERS.— Nous   avons    re?u    de   temps   en   temps    bon 
j  nombre  de  Lycoperdons  que  nous  ne  pouvons  rapporter  avec  certitude  a  aucune 
espece  connue-    Nous  croyons  prudent  de  ne  pas  attribuer  de  noms  a  des  plantes 
i  sur  un  unique  echantillon.     (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes  p.  127.) 

265 


Fig.  104. 
266 


Le  Dr.  Otto  Harz  (Baviere)  nous  a  envoye  un  Champignon  (Fig.  105  et 
cortex  grossi  106)  qui  est  evidemment  une  forme  du  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  mais 
dont  le  cortex  est  fortement  developpe.  Dans  cette  espece,  nous  avons  decrit 
le  cortex  comme  portant  de  tres  petites  epines :  ici  elles  sont  developpees  au  point 
que  la  description  ordinaire  ne  semble  pas  convenir  a  1'echantillon. 

Le  professeur  Jos.  Rompel  nous  a  envoye  un  echantillon  (Fig.  107)  qui 
porte  de  grandes  verrues  gemmacees,  mais  dont  la  gleba  appartient  au  type 
atropurpureum. 

A  Madame  Schultze-Wege  (Allemagne)  nous  devons  un  echantillon  (Fig. 
108)  qui  est  probablement  une  forme  du  Lye.  gemmatum,  mais  dont  le  cortex  a 
disparu  et  chez  lequel  la  surface  de  rendoperidium  porte  de  profondes  depressions. 

A  Monsieur  C.  Engelke  (Allemagne)  un  echantillon  qui,  avec  le  cortex  du 
piriforme,  a  la  forme  et  les  spores  du  gemmatum. 

Nous  devons  au  Prof.  Massalongo  (Italic)  un  Champignon  (Fig.  109)  qui 
est  evidemment  une  espece  nouvelle.  II  a  une  forme  globuleuse,  une  base  sterile 
pen  developpee,  a  larges  cellules,  un  cortex  mou  et  facilement  denude.  Cette 
plante  ivest  pas  arrivee  a  maturite;  mais  la  gleba  est  certainement  pourpre  lors 
du  complet  developpement,  avec  les  grandes  spores  rugueuses  du  type  umbrinum. 

Le  Prof.  R.  Mai  re  (Nancy,  France)  nous  a  communique  un  specimen  (Fig. 
no)  qui  represente  evidemment  une  forme  de  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  avec 
un  cortex  fortement  developpe,  tres  voisin  de  ce  qu'on  appelle  en  Amerique 
Lye.  stellare.  Je  presume  que  c'est  ce  que  Persoon  nommait  Lycoperdon  hirtum. 

Le  Prof.  Mario  Bezzi  (Italic)  nous  a  envoye  un  Champignon  que,  si  nous 
1'avions  rec,u  des  Etats-Unis,  nous,  aurions  appele  Lycoperdon  Turneri  (Cfr.  Myc. 
Notes  p.  236). 

Le  Prof.  R.  Maire  nous  a  envoye  de  Grece  une  plante  qui  est  probablement 
une  forme  apprauvrie  du  Lye.  pratense.  Elle  a,  au  plus,  la  taille  du  Lye.  Wrightii 
des  Etats-Unis,  espece  qui,  croyons-nous,  n'existe  pas  en  Europe. 

MYCENASTRUM  CORIUM.— Je  considere  comme  rare  dans 
1'ouest  de  1'Europe  cette  plante  que  je  n'ai  jamais  regue  d'aucun  corre- 
spondant.  Desvaux  en  recueillit  en  1841  trois  specimens,  dans  les  sables 
de  la  cote,  an  Croisic  (Loire-Inferieure,  France).  Longtemps  apres, 
Leveille  en  trouva  un  exemplaire  au  bois  de  Boulogne  (Paris).  Enfin 
1'ete  dernier,  M.  Patouillard  1'a  recueilli  a  Neuilly  pres  de  Paris,  dans 
un  jardin.  Elle  a  etc  recoltee  trois  fois  en  Suede,  par  Elias  Fries  a 
Malmo,  et  par  L.  Romell  et  le  Dr.  O.  Juel  a  Stockholm.  En  dehors  de 
la  France  et  de  la  Suede,  je  n'en  ai  vu  aucune  recolte  faite  dans  1'Ku- 
rope  occidentale. 

MYCENASTRUM  (SP.  ?)  (Fig.  in).— Le  professeur  F.  Ca- 
vara  m'a  envoye  un  Gasteromycete  que  je  considere  comme  devant 
surement  constituer  une  espece  nouvelle ;  mais  je  suis  embarasse  sur 
la  place  veritable  qu'il  doit  avoir  dans  la  classification.  Avec  les  traits 
generaux,  le  peridium  et  1'absence  de  base  sterile  d'un  Mycenastrum,  il 
a  plutot  le  capillitium  d'un  Calvatia.  II  a  les  caracteres  generaux  du 
Mycenastrum  caelatum  de  la  Martinique,  mais  son  capillitium  est  dif- 
ferent. Ce  capillitium  est  semblable  a  celui  de  quelques  plantes  rangees 
maintenant  dans  le  genre  Mycenatrum,  vrz.  M.  fragile  et  M.  Dugesii. 

SCLERODERMA  VENOSUM.— N'a  jamais  etc  recueilli  que  par 
son  inventeur.  C'est  pour  nous  un  etat  du  Scleroderma  Cepa. 

SECOTIUM  ACUMINATUM.— Espece  commune  en  Russia,  en 
Hongrie  et  en  Algerie,  mais  qui,  autant  que  nous  sachions,  n'est  comme 
dans  1'Europe  occidentale  que  par  deux  recoltes  faites  en  Italic  en 
1864  et  en  1868.  Ces  plantes  out  etc  distributes  comme  Secotium  M.a- 

267 


Fig.  106. 


Fig  107. 


Fig. 


Fig-  no. 


linvernianum,  et  on  lenr  a  attribue  des  spores  spheriques.  Elles  ne 
nous  paraissent  differer  en  rien  du  S.  acuminatum :  leurs  spores  ne 
sont  pas  "spheriques"  mais  nettement  ovales  et  absolument  semblables 
a  celles  de  la  plante  type. 

SECOTIUM  OLBIUM.— Espece  recueillie  une  seule  fois  et 
paraissant  tres  rare.  Elle  croit  sur  les  feuilles  tombees  du  chene.  Elle 
a  etc  trouvee  en  1844  par  Tulasne  a  Hyeres  ( departement  du  Var, 
France).  Elle  n'est  indiquee  ailleurs  que  pres  de  Florence  (Italic)  par 
Saccardo,  mais  nous  ignorons  d'apres  quelle  autorite.  Le  specimen 
original  qui  existe  dans  1'herbier  de  Tulasne  au  Museum  de  Paris,  est 
reduit  a  un  petit  morceau  de  gleba,  pas  plus  gros  qu'un  grain  de  millet ; 
mais  grace  aux  splendides  figures  et  a  la  description  donnees  par 
Tulasne,  cette  plante  est  aussi  bien  connue  que  si  elle  etait  represented 
en  nature  dans  tons  les  Museums  d'Europe.  Si  les  auteurs  presentaient 
leurs  especes  nouvelles  d'une  si  belle  fagon  que  1'ont  fait  les  freres 
Tulasne  dans  leur  ouvrage,  le  litterature  mycologique  ne  serait  pas  si 
compliquee :  ce  serait.  au  contraire,  la  plus  precise  et  la  plus  claire. 

GENRE  TYLOSTOMA—  Un  bon  nombre  d'especes  rares  de 
Tylostoma  ont  etc  decrites  recemment  (Ann.  myc.  1904)  qui  nous  sont 
en  majeure  partie  inconnues.  Elles  semblent  avoir  ete  bien  representees 
et  seront,  pensons-nous,  facilement  reconnues  d'apres  les  figures  pub- 
liees. 

CONCLUSION. — Nous  croyons  que,  d'une  fagon  generale,  les 
Mycologues  europeens  n'ont  pas  accorde  une  attention  suffisante  a  la 
flore  gasteromycetale.  Si  ceux  qui  liront  ce  memoire  veulent  bien  re- 
cueillir  tous  les  exemplaires  qu'ils  rencontreront,  d'ici  a  quelques  annees, 
nos  connaissances  sur  la  question  seront  beaucoup  plus  avancees.  II 
n'y  a  aucune  region  de  1'Europe  ou  ces  plantes  soient  moins  connues 
qne  1'Italie,  la  France  meridionale,  1'Espagne  et  le  Portugal. 


EASTERN   STATIONS   FOR  WESTERN 
PLANTS. 

We  have  received  from  R.  B.  Mackintosh,  Peabody,  Mass.,  two 
"puff  balls"  of  interest  in  establishing  the  occurrence  in  the  east  of 
species  heretofore  supposed  to  grow  only  in  the  west. 

SECOTIUM  ACUMINATUM  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  138,  Plate 
13). — Mr.  Mackintosh  found  this  growing  "on  refuse  thrown  out  of  a 
cattle  yard  at  the  freight  station,"  hence  it  is  probably  introduced  from 
the  west.  It  will  be  of  interest  to  learn  if  in  future  years  it  becomes 
established  in  the  east.  In  our  account  of  the  distribution  of  this  plant. 
!  we  have  stated  (p.  139)  :  "It  reaches  us  from  almost  all  sections  of  the 
United  States  except  the  Eastern  States." 

BOVISTELLA  OHIENSIS.— In  our  article  on  this  species  we 
state :  "This  is  a  very  common  species  in  the  United  States  and  of  a 
southern  range.  It  occurs  from  Washington,  D.  C.,  west  to  Missouri, 
|  and  all  over  the  Southern  States.  It  is  not  found  in  the  extreme  east, 

269 


north,  or  west."  Since  the  above  has  been  in  type,  we  received  from 
Mr.  Mackintosh  a  specimen  collected  near  Boston.  Whether  it  is  a 
late  introduction  or  an  established  plant  we  do  not  know,  but  it  is  cor 
tainlv  very  rare  in  the  east.  In  this  connection  it  may  not  be  amiss  to 
state  that  previous  to  the  past  year  (1905)  the  plant  was  unknown  in 
Europe  and  that  two  of  my  European  correspondents  sent  me  spec!- 
mens.  Rev.  Merino,  Spain,  and  Professor  Plottner,  Germany.  It  is 
one  of  three  "puff  balls"  I  was  enabled  last  year  to  point  out  as  grow- 
ing in  Europe,  of  the  occurrence  of  which  in  their  country  the 
European  mycologists  knew  nothing. 


A  NOVELTY  FROM  MINNESOTA. 

Had  any  one  told  me  that  I  would  receive  from  Minnesota  a  Gas- 
trorayces  of  a  type  that  can  not  be  included  in  any  known  genus,  I 
should  certainly  have  thought  he  was  imagining  a  great  deal.  l'>u< 
we  have  such  a  plant  from  Dr.  Mary  S.  Whetstone,  the  secretary  <>f 
the  Minneapolis  Mycological  Club,  which  forms  a  new  genus  which 
we  are  pleased  to  designate  under  the  name  Whetstonia. 

WHETSTOXIA.—  Peridium  stalked,  distinct  from  the  stalk  1>\ 
a  definite  membrane.  Gkba  consisting  of  spores  contained  in  persistent 
cells.  Capillitium  none. 

WHETSTOXIA  STROBILIFORMIS  (Plate  90).— IVridium 
distinct  from  the  stem,  thick,  consisting  of  a  single  layer  and  cracking 
into  large,  thick,  angular  scales,  prolonged  at  the  base  and  forming  a 
rough  collar  around  the  top  of  the  stem.  In  dehiscing  it  breaks  into 
large,  irregular  pieces.  Stalk  thick,  bulbose,  hard,  of  a  firm,  sub-w  > •  >  1\ 
texture,  hollow  (in  this  specimen).  Gleba  rust  color,  composed  of  per- 
sistent cells  containing  the  spores.  The  walls  of  the  gleba  cells  ar» 
thin,  flaccid,  and  in  the  ripe  gleba  imperfect  and  torn.  Spores  gl«>l>(»r. 
5-7  mic.,  coarsely  warted.  Capillitium  none.f  Hasidia  clustered,  per- 
sistent in  the  ripe  gleba 4 

This  plant  is  most  closely  allied  to  the  genus  Phellorina.  from 
which  it  differs  in  the  permanent  cells  of  the  gleba.  In  general  appear- 
ance it  resembles  Phellorina  strobilina  of  Australia.  The  only  plant 
we  have  in  America  that  has  even  a  general  resemblance  to  it  is  1  '<  >1  y- 
saccum  crassipes,  but  the  genus  Polysaccum  is  not  related  in  structural 
characters  to  the  genus  Whetstonia.  I  consider  it  the  most  noteworthy 
novelty  in  the  Gastromycetes  in  America  excepting  the  curious  Dictyo- 
cephalos  curvatus.  The  plate  (90)  will  be  distributed  with  the  next 
issue. 

taken  i^JflSKfaf*  the  peridi"le  walls  found    mixed  with  the  spores  must  not  1>.    „,.- 

Patn,,il?»Lh'S  T^hHrae 
"Pr 


THE  GENUS  HOLOCOTYLON. 

Since  the  publication  of  this  genus  we  have  received  additional 
abundant  material  of  Holocotylon  Texense  from  J.  W.  Stiles,  Hunts- 
ville,  Texas.     These  specimens  fully  confirm 
the  marked  distinction  of  the  genus  Holocoty- 
lon  from   Arachnion,   which  at  one  time  we 
were  disposed  to  doubt  on  account  of  their 
close  general   resemblance.      Fig.    112    made 
from  the  ripe  gleba  (enlarged  ten  diameters) 
will  give  a  good  idea  of  the  gleba  structure 
of  the  genus   Holocotylon.       Mr.   Stiles  also 
finds  Arachnion  album  and  writes  me :  "These 
two  plants,  Nos.   I  and  2   (Holocotylon  Tex- 
ense and    Arachnion  album)    very  much  re- 
semble each  other  in  external  appearance  and 
habits  of  growth.    They  were  collected  within 
fifty  yards  of  each  other  but  in  entirely  dif- 
ferent  groups   and   unmixed."     Several 
years  ago  we  received   from    Martinez 
Solerzano,  Morelia,  Mexico,  some  young 
specimens  that  we  were  unable  to  locate. 
They    evidently    belong    to    the    genus 
Holocotylon  and  the  photograph    (Fig. 
113  enlarged    four  diameters)  will  give 
a    1  :cttcr    idea    of     tin-    structure    of     the 
^BHH^H^Kj     gleba  of  Holocotylon  than  our  previous 
^^^^B^HHKf     figures.     Mr.  Solerzano's  specimens  are 
about  the  same  size  as  Holocotylon  Tex- 
ense, and  may  be  young  of  this  species, 
-f^-***  but  they  seem  much  firmer  in  texture  and 

we  desire  to  see  ripe  specimens  before 
forming  any  opinion  as  to  their  specific 
Fig.  113.  place. 


LYCOPERDON   WRIGHTII    IN   AFRICA  AND 

JAVA. 

We  have  just  received  from  Dr.  K.  Braun,  German  East  Africa, 
a  collection  of  this  unique  little  species,  hitherto  only  known  from  the 
United  States.    The  large,  hyaline,  flaccid,  septate  capillitium  such  as 
no  other  species  typically  has,  readily  character- 
izes the  plant.     The  African  plant  differs  from 
the  American  in  one  character  which  to  my  mind 
is  not  material.    The  American  plant  has  smooth 
spores ;  the  African  plant  has  spores  which  under 
a  high  power  are  very  slightly  rough.     I  might 
Fis-  114-  therefore  base  on  it  a  "new  species"  on  the  same 

principle  that  the  wonderful  Lycoperdon  pseudo-pusillum  was  recently 

271 


discovered  in  America.  I  feel  however,  it  is  much  more  in  the  interest 
of  truth  to  record  from  Africa  a  plant  hitherto  only  known  from 
America  than  to  embarrass  the  literature  of  the  subject  with  these 
imaginary  "new  species."  The  same  plant  has  recently  arrived  at  the 
Museum  of  Paris  from  Java,  and  it  is  probable  when  the  distribution 
of  the  "puff  balls"  of  the  world  becomes  known,  it  will  be  found  to  be 
widely  distributed,  but  it  is  of  interest  to  know  that  this  species  has 
never  been  collected  in  Europe.  If  it  occurs  in  South  America,  which 
is  strongly  probable,  it  masquerades  no  doubt  as  one  of  Spegazzini's 
"new  species." 


TYLOSTOMA    BERTEROANUM. 

We  omitted  this  species  from  our  recent  pamphlet  of  the  Tylos- 
tomeae  as  at  that  time  we  did  not  have  material  to  satisfactorily  illus- 
trate it.  The  type  specimen  in  the  herba- 
rium of  Montague  while  sufficient  to 
identify  the  species  on  comparison,  is 
hardly  sufficient  for  illustration.  During 
a  recent  visit  to  Kew  we  found  ample 
material  of  the  plant,  collected  in  Brazil, 
by  Glaziou,  and  Professor  Massee  kindly 
gave  us  a  specimen  from  which  our  fig- 
ures have  been  made.  We  have  also  seen 
the  same  collection  in  the  museum  at 
Berlin.  One  of  these  collections  was  <U 
termined  Tylostoma  mammosum,  the 
other  Tylostoma  fimbriatum,  both  evi- 
dently in  error,  as  no  species  with  such 
a  mouth  grows  in  Europe,  although  I 
think  Dr.  Hollos  has  used  these  South 
American  plants  to  illustrate  the  mouth. 


Fig.  116. 


Fig.  115. 


characters  of  "  Tylostoma  fimbriatum,  Fries." 

TYLOSTOMA  BERTEROANUM  (Fig.  116  natural 
size,  Fig.  115  enlarged  four  diameters). — Stipe  dark,  faintly 
scaly.  Cortex  mostly  peeling  away,  leaving  the  peridium 
smooth-furfuraceous.  Mouth  indefinite,  fibrillose.f  Capil- 
litium  thick,  subhyaline  threads,  12-15  m'c-  broad,  with 
rather  scanty,  swollen  septa.  Spores  globose,  slightly  rough. 
The  collections  of  Glaziou  are  two  or  three  times  as  large 
as  the  original  type  specimens  from  Chile  (Bertero  7-M  ) 
but  on  comparison,  as  they  have  the  same  peculiar  nmuth. 
spores  and  capillitium,  we  think  they  are  the  same  spivks. 


in  tne   gen 
or  Europe. 


type  ?f  mouth   known   as    "nmbriate"  in  the  Geasters,  and  is  ractf 
"*.      "  does   not   occur   in  any  species   known   from  North   Am-i-i.-a 


UN  MITREMYCES  DE  LA  NOUVELLE 
CALEDONIE. 


PATOUILLARD. 


Le  genre  Mitremyces  n'etait  pas  represente  jusqu'ici  en  Nouvelle 
Caledonia.  Monsieur  Le  Rat,  botaniste  zele  auquel  la  flore  mycolog- 
ique  de  cette  region  est  redevable  de  plusieurs  formes  interessantes  on 
nouvelles,  a  recueilli  au  sommet  du  Mont  Mou  a  1219  metres  d'altitude, 
quelques  specimens  d'une  espece  particuliere,  differente  des  congeneres. 


Fig.  117. 


o 


0.     ~Q 

:G 


Fig.  117. 


Fig.  118. 


Fig.  119. 


Ce  champignon  (fig.  117)  que  nous  designerons  sous  le  nom  de 
Mitremyces  Le  Rati,  se  distingue  au  premier  coup  d'oeil  par  1'aspect 
de  son  peridium.  Celui-ci  est  marque  sur  toute  sa  surface  (voir  fig. 
118,  gross.  4  fois),  mais  principalement  dans  sa  moitie  superieure,  de 
petites  depressions  circulaires  bordees  chacune  par  un  cercle  de  petites 
verrues  brunes  et  anguleuses.  Cette  disposition  donne  a  la  plante  un 
peu  de  Tapparence  du  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  et  ne  se  rencontre  pas 
sur  les  especes  similaires. 

Le  peridium  est  arrondi,  large  de  10-12  millimetres,  de  couleur 
jaune  d'ambre,  sauf  1'ostiole  qui  est  rouge.  Les  spores  (fig.  119) 
sont  ovo'ides  presque  rondes  et  leur  paroi  est  legerement  asperulee ; 
leurs  dimensions  varient  de  9  a  12  p.  de  longueur  sur  8  a  10  p.  d'epais- 
seur,  les  mesures  10  X  12  ^  etant  les  plus  frequentes,  celles  10  X  10, 
10  X  9  ou  12  X  8  ne  se  rencontrant  que  plus  rarement. 

La  paroi  du  sac  contenant  les  spores  est  formee  de  filaments 
lineaires,  bosseles,  courts,  se  desarticulant  facilement,  de  7  a  10  ^  de 
diametre,  epais  et  refringents. 

Mitremyces  Le  Rati,  pusillus,  subglobosus,  10-12  millim.  latus  ; 
exoperidio  brunneo  in  frustulas  minutas  endoperidio  adnatas  orbicu- 
lariter  rupto ;  endoperidio  fusco-succineo  regulariter  tenuiterque 

273 


foveolato;  osculo  coccineo,  4-5  dentibus  instructo  ;  mycelio  stipiti- 
fortnij  12-25  rnillim.  longo,  e  fibris  cartilagineis,  obscure  nielleis 
composite;  sporis  ovoideo-subglobosis,  sub  lente  hyalinis,  minute 
asperatis,  9-  12  X  8-  10  /* . 

Hah.  ad  terrain,  Mont  Mou,  Novae-Caledoniae.  Leg.  Le  Rat  cui 
dicatus. 

Mitremyceti  Ravenelii  et  M.  Tylcri  proximus. 

LYCOPERDON  SUBVELATUM  IN  EUROPE. 

Among  the  first  authors  to  give  figures  of  "puff  balls"  was  Micheli, 
who  wrote  in  1783.  and  he  was  really  the  first  to  formulate  any  generic 
idea  as  to  these  plants.  He  gave  a  characteristic  figure  of  a  Lycoper- 
clon  (T.  97,  fig.  3)  which  has  heretofore  never  reached  me  from 
Europe,  though  I  have  what  I  take  to  be  the  same  plant  from  Florida. 
(Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  page  224).  which  we  have  called  Lycoperdon  sub- 


Fig.  121. 

velatum.  \Ye  have  just  received  for  the  first  time  from  Europe,  from 
Rev.  Longinos  Xavas.  Spain,  a  plant  (Fig.  121  and  Fig.  120  cortex 
enlarged)  which  corresponds  to  Micheli 's  figure  and  also  to  0:1  r 
Florida  plant.  Hatsch  seems  to  have  been  the  first  one  to  hunt  up  all 
the  figures  of  Lycoperdons  (of  which  he  knew  nothing)  and  give  them 
names.  He  called  this  figure  "Lycoperdon  stellatum,"  but  Linna-us  had 
previously  designated  all  the  figures  of  various  Geasters  that  he  found 
as  "Lycoperdon  stellatum."  and  the  name  Lycoperdon  stellatum  never 
had  any  specific  meaning. 

Lycoperdon  subvelatum  is  characterized  by  the  gleba  turning 
quickly  to  purple,  its  subglobose  form  and  the  breaking  up  of  its  o  >rt3 
into  stellate  fragments.  It  is  very  close  to  Lycoperdon  velatum.  only  a 
reduced  form  I  think.  It  is  also  close  to  Lycoperdon  rimulatum'of 
the  United  States  (cfr.  Myc.  Xotes,  p.  223),  a  form  that  is  not  known 
from  Europe. 

Lycoperdon  subvelatum  is  a  plant  apparently  only  of  a  southern 
range.  In  the  United  States  it  is  only  known  from  'Florida,  and  in 
Europe,  Micheli  illustrated  it  from  Italy,  and  it  reaches  me  from  Spain. 
\  aillant  gave  a  figure  (T.  16,  f.  4)  which  seems  to  be  the  same  plant, 
rom  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  but  no  modern  mvcologist  has  ever  found 
any  similar  plant  near  Paris.  274 


PUFF  BALLS  OF  MAURITIUS. 


We  have  received  from  C.  A.  O'Connor  some  fine  specimens  from 
Mauritius  which  are  of  particular  interest,  as  the  puff  ball  flora  of  this 
island  is  practically  unknown.  The  first  specimen  is  a  Scleroderma 
(figs.  122  and  123),  exactly  as  Scleroderma  aurantium  as  to  peridium 
and  scales  but  opening  in  the  manner  of  Scleroderma  Geaster.  The 
unopened  plants  can  not  be  distinguished  from  Scleroderma  aurantium. 


Fig.  122. 


Fig.  123. 


so  common  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  But  we  think  this  species 
in  these  countries  never  opens  in  this  manner.  We  shall  call  the  plant 
Scleroderma  patens  and  consider  it  a  form  of  Scleroderma  aurantium, 
notwithstanding  that  it  belongs  to  a  different  section  (Sterbeeckia)  in 
Saccardo  from  that  in  which  Scleroderma  aurantium  is  placed.  The 
plant  differs  entirely  from  Scleroderma  Geaster  in  thinness  and  scali- 
ness  of  its  peridium. 

The  second  collection  is  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  typical  of  the  plant 
of  Europe. 

Also  two  collections  of  bird-nest  fungi  of  much  interest  to  me  as 
I  am  now  at  work  on  a  monograph  of  the  Xidulariacese. 

The  first  collection  is  Cyathus  Poeppigii,  having  the  same  cups  and 
large  spores  that  characterize  this  species.  I  think  I  have  received 
the  other  species  of  Cyathus  from  other  tropical  correspondents,  but 
as  yet  I  am  not  sure  as  to  its  name. 

275 


BOUDIER'S  PLATES. 

The  mycological  world  will  be  interested  in  the  following  letter 
from  the  publisher  ot  Boudier's  plates,  the  final  sentence  of  which  we 
take  as  a  practical  pledge  that  the  work  will  be  completed. 

"  PARIS,  June  15,  1906." 

"  DEAR  MR.  LLOYD,— I  am  much  obliged  for  your  notes  and  kind  endorse- 
ment of  Boudier's  plates,  and  hope  they  may  influence  additional  subscribers 
to  the  work. 

"Will  you  allow  me  to  make  a  little  correction  as  to  your  statement  of  an 
'  advance  of  price  ?'  You  reproach  me  as  having  made  a  third  advance  in  price. 
This  is  a  mistake.  The  price  of  Boudier's  plates  has  never  been  changed  from 
the  announcement  that  was  made  in  the  first  circular  issued,  viz.,  the  price  of 
each  series  when  completed  is  200  francs,  and  a  reduction  is  offered  of  ten  per 
cent  to  those  who  subscribe  before  the  completion  of  each  series.  Thus  Hie 
price  now  is  200  francs  for  the  first  (completed)  series,  and  180  francs  for  each  of 
the  five  (as  yet  unissued)  series.  It  is  true  that  a  special  price  was  made  in  favor 
of  those  who,  having  confidence  in  the  author  and  in  myself,  subscribed  before 
any  portion  of  the  work  was  issued.  Of  the  eighty-eight  subscribers,  seventy 
showed  their  confidence  by  subscribing  before  a  single  part  was  distributed. 
When  I  became  convinced  that  among  at  least  three  hundred  serious  mycolo- 
gists  there  are  not  two  hundred  and  fifty  who  would  support  a  work  like  that  of 
Boudier,  I  reduced  the  issue  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  copies,  thus  incn  us- 
ing the  relative  cost  to  me  nearly  double.  Notwithstanding,  I  did  not  modify 
the  terms  from  those  I  had  announced  at  the  start,  although  it  would  have  been 
entirely  legitimate. 

Boudier's  plates  are,  as  you  state  correctly,  not  a  commercial  matter 
purely.  They  shall  be  models  for  future  illustrations  of  fungi,  and  must  be  pro- 
duced and  finished  as  a  sample  of  good  work."'  (Italics  ours.) 

"Yours  most  faithfully, 

"  PAUL  KLINCKSIECK." 

We  are  so  highly  pleased  with  the  announcement  above-  that 
"  Boudier's  plates  must  be  produced  and  finished  "  that  we  are  not 
disposed  to  argue  about  the  terms.  We  are  not  among  those  (fortu- 
nate seventy)  who  had  enough  confidence  in  Mr.  Klincksieck  to  sub- 
scribe in  advance,  but  we  have  no  grievance  in  that  regard.  We  con- 
sider ourselves  fortunate  in  being  able  to  own  the  work  at  any  price, 
and  if  we  mistake  not  in  a  few  years  there  will  be  many  librario  and 
individuals  who  will  want  the  work  and  can  not  obtain  it  at  any  price. 
Only  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  copies  are  printed.  At  least  ten  of 
these  go  to  Mr.  Boudier's  family  and  to  the  state,  and  the  publisher 
will  retain  one,  etc.,  so  that  only  one  hundred  and  fifteen  will  ever  be; 
sold.  We  learn  from  Mr.  Klincksieck's  letter  that  eighty-eight  have 
been  subscribed,  which  is  nine  additional  since  our  last  writing,  so 
that  only  twenty-seven  copies  are  left.  It  will  not  be  long,  we  think, 
until  these  twenty-seven  are  spoken  for. 

We  can  not  add  anything  to  what  we  have  said  of  Boudier's 
work.  They  are,  in  our  opinion,  the  only  perfect  plates  of  fungi  ever 
issued.  From  an  artist  now  engaged  in  preparing  a  series  of  illus- 
trations of  American  agarics  (which,  we  hope  will  some  day  be  pubr 
lished)  we  have  the  following  letter  : 

"Your  appreciation  of  Boudier's  plates  is  of  particular  interest  to  IIH  .  as  I 

have  seen  these  in  the  library  at .     Without  a  doubt,  no  remarks  could  be 

appreciative  enough  of  such  work.  In  this  age  of  get-into-print-quick  M -ii  me, 
it  is  gratifying  to  see  that  there  are  still  some  left  who  follow  the  example  of  the 
old  masters  in  their  great  ability  to  take  pains." 

We  do  not  give  his  name,  for  the  work  on  which  he  is  engaged  it 
a  partial  secret,  but  he  is  an  artist  and  a  mycologist,  competent  to 
judge  of  good  work. 

376 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  L-L-OYD. 

No.  23. 
,   O.  AUGUST,  19O6, 


THE   GENUS   BOVISTELLA. 

Peridium  flaccid,  zvith  or  without  a  sterile  base,  opening  by  a  defi- 
nite mouth.  Capillitiiun  of  short,  separate  threads  or  long,  intertwined 
threads.  Spores  pedicellate. 

We  would  extend  the  limits  of  the  genus  Bovistella  as  above,  for 
the  following  reasons.  When  Prof.  Morgan  proposed  the  genus  he 
"knew  but  one  species  and  he  clearly  denned  it  as  having  a  sterile  base 
and  short,  separate  capillitium  threads.  If  we  had  but  this  one  species 
it  would  be  easy  to  define  our  genus,  but  there  are  many  related  plants 
in  the  world ;  some  agreeing  in  both  these  characters,  some  having  only 
one  of  them  and  others  neither.  The  genus  Bovistella  shades  by  a  con- 
tinuous series  of  species  into  Lycoperdon  on  one  hand  and  Bovista  on 
the  other. 

In  order  to  get  a  clear  view  of  the  group  of  plants  that  we  would 
include  in  the  genus  Bovistella,  we  must  go  back  a  little  in  our  classifi- 
cation. The  largest  tribe  of  puff  balls,  the  Lycoperde?e,  consists  of  un- 
stalked  plants  having  the  gleba  composed  of  spores  and  capillitium. 
Without  considering  the  Geastrae  alliance  (with  which  we  are  not  now 
concerned)  the  remainder  of  the  plants  can  be  divided  into  two  series 
of  genera  according  to  their  habits  and  spore  dispersion. 

First,  the  Bovistse,  or  the  "tumblers"  of  the  puff  ball  world,  which 
when  ripe  break  away  from  their  place  of  growth  and  are  tumbled  about 
by  the  wind,  dispersing  their  spores  gradually  as  they  roll  about.  These 
plants  have  a  form  (usually  globose)  and  a  peridium  (firm,  cartilagi- 
nous or  hard)  suitable  for  this  method  of  spore  dispersion.  They  do 
not  have  sterile  bases  but  plants  intended  to  roll  naturally  would  not 
develop  sterile  bases  which  would  only  interfere  with  their  rolling. 
Bovista,  Mycenastrum  and  Catastoma  are  familiar  representatives  of 
these  plants. 

Second,  the  Lycoperdse  or  true  Puff  Balls,  which  are  just  the  reverse 
of  the  previous  tribe,  do  not  normally  break  away  from  their  place  of 
.growth  when  ripe,  but  disperse  their  spores  by  the  collapsing  of  the 
peridium,  which  hence  has  a  nature  usually  much  more  flaccid  than 
the  previous  tribe.  As  to  the  sterile  base,  it  is  only  a  means  of  raising 
the  fertile  portion  above  the  surrounding  growths.  Species  that  usually 
grow  in  grass  or  moss,  normally  develop  strong  sterile  bases,  and  species 

277 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


usually  found  on  bare  ground  having  no  need  to  raise  up  the  tortile 
portion,  either  develop  a  sterile  base  very  slightly  or  not  at  all.  The 
sterile  base  has  no  value  in  classification,  generically  or  even  spe- 

The  genus  Bovistella  belongs  to  the  tribe  of  Lycoperdae  and  is  dis- 
tinguished from  all  the  Bovistae,  not  by  the  presence  or  absence  of  a 
sterile  base,  but  by  its  method  of  spore  dispersion.  Hence,  little  globose 
species  that  do  not  have  a  sterile  base  but  have  subflaccid  peridia  and 
a  strong  rooting  system  that  holds  them  to  their  place  of  growth  when 
ripe,  we  do  not  call  Bovista,  but  Bovistella. 

In  examining  the  gleba  of  the  Lycoperdae  under  the  microscope 
two  very  strong  characters  are  found.  First  we  find  certain  species 
that  have  short,  separate,  capillitium  threads  (fig.  i2)4  Second,  we 


. 


Fig.  125. 


Fig.  124. 


find  certain   species  that  have   permanent  pedicels   to   the  spores! 

(fig.    I2\)lT 

Frequently  these  two  characters  are  associated  in  the  same  plant, 
but  not  always,  and  we  believe  it  will  simplify  classification  to  embrace 
in  the  genus  Bovistella  all  plants  of  the  tribe  Lycoperdae  that  have 
either  or  both  of  these  characters.  $  Taking  the  genus  Bovistella  in 
this  broad  sense  we  can  readily  divide  it  into  a  number  of  sections, 
which  will  no  doubt  in  time  be  raised  to  generic  rank  by  those  who  de- 
light in  multiplying  the  genera. 


tThe  only  idea  in  connection  with  Quelefs  genus  Globaria  apparently  is  "puff  ball-  that 
are  round."  As  now  classified  it  embraces  in  his  Bncbiridion  three  species  ol  Bovist..  <>nt 
Catastoma,  one  Calvatia,  one  Lycoperdon,  one  Bovistella  and  two  species,  genus  unknown  to 
me.  It  illustrates  the  value  of  a  genus  based  on  the  absence  of  a  sterile  base. 

I  Statement  has  been  made  that  pedicellate  spores  in  the  Lycoperdx-  are  not  of pennnnent 
value  and  that  all  spores  lose  the  pedicels  with  age.  I  think  that  this  is  incorrect  and  that 
there  is  no  better  character  among  these  plants  than  the  character  of  permanent,  pediot  llaie 
spores.  It  is  true  that  all  I.ycoperdons  perhaps  have  the  spores  pedicellate  when  young:  in 
some  these  pedicels  are  absorbed  in  deliquescence,  in  others  remain,  but  are  sfparatf  from  the 
spores  in  the  ripe  gleba.  In  these  the  articulation  is  at  the  tof>  of  the  pedicel.  Truly  prdirel- 
late  spores  have  the  articulation  at  the  base  of  the  pedicel  which  remains  f>ci  manfully  attache^ 

>  the  spores.    We  have  examined  specimens  ol   this   type  of  spores  in    Kay's  herbarium, 
collected  two  hundred  years  ago,  and  have  found  every  pedicel  attached. 

'i  All  Bovistellas  to  our  knowledge  have  pedicellate  spores,  but  we  would  not  exclude  from 
the  genus  a  species  having  short,  separate,  capillitium  threads  and  spores  not  pedicellate,  if  wf. 
u  a  p.ant.    In  the  genus  Bovista  there  is  such  a  species,  Bovista  pila. 

278 


SECTION  i.-BOVISTELLA  TRUE.— Capillitium  short,  separate  threads. 
Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base  well  developed. 

SECTION  2.— BOVISTELLA  LYCOPERDON.— Capillitium  long,  inter- 
twined threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base  well  developed. 

SECTION  3-  —  BOVISTELLA  BOVISTA.  —  Capillitium  short,  separate 
threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base  scanty  or  none. 

SECTION  4.— BOVISTELLA-GLOBAR1A.— Capillitium  long,  intertwined 
threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base  scanty  or  none. 

The  Species  of  Bovistella. 
Section  i. — Bovistella  True. 

Capillitium  short,  separate  threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base  well 
developed. 

BOVISTELLA  OHIENSIS  (Plate  86).— Peridium  usually  glo- 
bose or  depressed-globose,  with  a  strong  tap  root ;  dehiscing  by  a 
large  but  definite  opening.  Cortex  of  soft,  well  developed,  cruciate 
spines  somewhat  detersive  in  its  nature.  In  old  specimens  it  falls  away, 
leaving  the  peridium  smooth.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells,  usually  oc- 
cupying about  half  the  interior.  Gleba  olive  or  brown,  never  purple. 
Capillitium  of  short,  separate,  much  branched  threads.  Spores  smooth, 
subglobose  or  slightly  oval  in  shape,  4-5  mic.,  with  slender  permanent 
pedicels,  10-12  mic.  long. 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  the  United  States  and  of  a  south- 
ern range.  It  occurs  from  Washington,  D.  C.,  west  to  Missouri  and  all 
over  the  Southern  States.  It  is  not  found  in  the  extreme  east,  north 
or  west.  At  Cincinnati  it  is  the  most  frequent  puff  ball  that  we  have. 
It  takes  very  kindly  to  cultivated  ground  and  I  gathered  it  abundantlv 
one  season  in  Professor  Morgan's  garden. 

SYNONYMS. — It  was  always  a  mystery  why  Schweinitz  never  found  this 
plant,  but  it  is  not  to  be  found  in  his  herbarium.  Considerable  correspondence 
[passed  between  Ellis  and  Morgan  before  the  plant  was  named,  and  at  one  time 
it  \vas  proposed  to  call  it  Lycoperdon  velutinum.t  Finally  Cooke  wrote  Ellis 
that  it  had  the  capillitium  of  a  Mycenastrumt  and  Ellis  published  it  (Jour,  of 
Myc.  85-89)  as  "Mycenastrum  Ohiense,  Ellis  and  Morgan."  De  Toni  has  com- 
I  piled  it  as  Scleroderma  Ohiense.§  When  Morgan  wrote  his  work  he  based  on 
;it  a  new  genus,  calling  the  plant  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  and  the  genus  Bovistella 
I  based  on  the  best  of  structural  characters  will  always  stand.  No  one  has  yet 
'attempted  to  juggle  the  generic  name. 

FORMS.— We  have  received  from  Dr.  Glatfelter,  Missouri,  a  form  with 
inotably  larger  spores  (6-7  mic.)  but  we  hardly  feel  it  worthy  a  name.  Also  in 
iEllis'  herbarium  is  to  be  found  an  unusually  robust  specimen  (See  Plate  86,  fig. 
|7)  collected  by  Gentry  in  Indiana.  It  rarely  occurs  so  large. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Alabama,  A.  S.  Bertolet ;  Florida,  C.  E.  Pleas;  Indiana,  R.  V.  Con- 
ifrse;  Iowa,  J.  F.  Clarke;  l\cn'.ucky,  John  Nelson;  Louisiana,  Rev.  A.  B. 


t  Specimens  bearing-  this  name  are  still  to  be  found  in  Ellis'  collection,  and  in  Cooke's 
iierbarium  I  found  a  specimen  sent  by  Ellis  which  Cooke  has  labeled  "  Mycenastrum  [Ster- 
j>eeckia  velutinum,  Ell.  and  Morg.'1 

t  Cooke's  ideas  of  Mycenastrum  capillitium  were  evidently  -very  vague  at  that  time. 

I  Which  is  a  fair  sample  of  considerable  of  the  compilation  made  by  De  Toni  in  Vol.  7  of 
•nccardo.  It  has  not  one  single  character  of  the  genus  Scleroderma. 

279 


Langlois;  Maryland,  Charles  Mcllvaine;  Mississippi,  A.  C.  Wharton :  Mis- 
scuri  C  E  Brown,  B.  M.  Duggar,  N.  M.  Glatfelter  (4  collections)  :  Xorth 
Carolina.  W.  L.  Poteat.  Fred  K.  Vreeland ;  Ohio.  M.  G.  Bohn,  C.  G.  Ll..y,l  (5 
collections)  •  H  L.  True;  South  Carolina.  P.  H.  Rolfs  (2  collections)  ;  Tennessee, 
H  M.  Caldwell,  Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival ;  Texas.  E.  P.  Ely,  T.  C.  Horton  (2  collec- 
tions), W.  H.  Long,  J.  W.  Stiles;  U'ashington.  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braendle  (2  collec- 
tions). 

BOVISTELLA  RADICATA  (Plate  87).— The  European  form  of  this  plant 
is  hardly  worthy  of  a  separate  name.  It  is  a  more  rigid  plant,  and  has  stiffer 
cortex  spines  and  not  so  strong  pedicels  to  the  spores  which  is  all  the  diflfnvnce 
I  can  note.  Originally  collected  in  Algeria  by  Durieu,  it  was  called  Lycoperdod 
radicatum  by  Montagne.  Recently  it  has  been  collected  in  Tunis  by  Patouillard, 
and  the  name  changed  to  Bovistella  radicata.  In  Europe  it  is  a  very  rare  plant 
and  only  two  collections  are  known,  both  made  during  the  past  season  i  1905] 
and  sent  to  me.  First,  by  Rev.  P.  Merino,  Galicia,  Spain;  second  by  1'mf. 
Plottner,  Rathenow,  Germany. 

SPI-XIMKNS  IN  ofR  COI.I.KCTK  N. 

Tunis,  N.  Patouillard. 
Spain,  Rev.  P.  Merino. 
Germany,  Prof.  Plottner. 

A  FORM  FROM  JAPAN.— We  have  received  from  K.  Miyabe  a  specimen 
collected  at  Sapporo  by  J.  Hanzawa,  which  is  we  think  a  form  of  BoviMrlla 
Ohiensis.  The  specimen  is  old  and  little  more  than  a  sterile  base  and  hence  we 
are  not  sure  as  to  its  cortex.  It  has  the  appearance,  however,  of  being  an  old 
specimen  of  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  the  same  structure  and  threads.  The  >porcs 
are  slightly  different  from  the  American  plant,  being  perfectly  globose,  slightly 
larger.  5-6  mic,  and  with  pedicels  so  thin  they  are  seen  with  difficulty. 

BOVISTELLA  LYCOPERDOIDES  (Plate  87).— IVridium  sub- 
globose  with  a  stem-like  sterile  base.  Cortex  white,  of  small,  tufu-d. 
soft  spines.  Gleba  dark  umber.  Capillitium  short,  separate  threads. 
Spores  smooth,  5-6  mic.,  with  slender  pedicels.  This  plant  is  related 
closely  to  the  preceding  but  differs  in  shape,  cortex,  habitat  and  u'.eba 
color.  Only  one  collection  is  known,  made  at  Xilvala,  X.  W.  India, 
by  O.  W.  Duthrie,  and  preserved  at  Kew.  These  specimens  grew  in 
moss.  The  plant  was  called  by  Cooke  Mycenastrum  lycoperdoides  a.nd 
is  compiled  in  Saccardo  as  Scleroderma  lycoperdoides. 

BOVISTELLA  PALUDOSA  (Plate  87).— Periditim  reddish 
brown,  subglobose,  contracted  to  a  short  stem-like  base,  thin,  becoming 
smooth  when  old.  Cortex  minute,  sub-furfuraceous.  Sterile  l>a-e 
scanty.f  Gleba  dark  olive.  Capillitium  of  separate,  branched  threads. 
with  the  main  stem  thick.  8-10  mic.,  and  deeply  colored.  Spores  glo- 
bose, smooth,  4-5  mic.,  with  slender  pedicels,  10-12  mic.  long. 

This  plant  grows  in  Sphagnum  moss  and  is  quite  similar  t<>  the 
preceding.  It  has  a  different  cortex  and  color.  But  one  collection  K] 
known,  made  by  Leveille  at  Malesherbes,  France,  in  1845.  Two  spec*] 
mens  of  this  collection  are  in  the  Museum  of  Paris  and  one  at  Ke^ 
It  was  called  by  Leveille  Bovista  paludosa  and  compiled  in  Saccardo  41 
Calvatia  paludosa.  It  has  no  relation  whatever  to  the  genus  Calvatia.  • 


with  »Vi«C?LA0tibif  sure  il  has  a  slerile  bas«  as  specimens  are  not  cut  open.    However,  al 
nis  shape  I  have  ever  seen  do  have  sterile  bases. 

280 


All  the  previous  plants  have  thin  peridia  of  the  same  nature  both  as  to 
peridia  and  cortex  as  the  genus  Lycoperdon.  The  two  following  are  quite  dif- 
ferent in  having  much  more  rigid  and  almost  smooth  peridia. 

BOVISTELLA  AMMOPHILA  (Plate  87).— Peridium  thin, 
rigid,  brittle,  smooth,  with  a  long  tap  root.  Sterile  base  of  large  cells, 
firm,  rigid,  occupying  about  one-third  the  interior.  Gleba  dark  brown. 
Capillitium  of  separate,  short,  branched,  deeply  colored  threads.  Spores 
oval,  smooth,  4-5  mic.,  with  slender,  tapering  pedicels. 

But  one  fragmentary  specimen  of  this  plant  is  known,  (See  Plate 
87,  fig.  7)  collected  in  the  sand  near  Bordeaux,  France,  by  Leveille, 
and  preserved  in  the  museum  at  Paris.  Not  much  remains  of  the  speci- 
mens but  the  sterile  base,  which  is  more  firm  and  rigid  than  I  have 
ever  seen  in  any  other  puff  ball.  The  cortex  of  the  plant  appears  to  be 
smooth. 

BOVISTELLA  JAPONICA  (Plate  88).— Peridium  firm,  rigid, 
with  a  strong,  rooting  base.  Cortex  of  minute,  nodular,  fasciculate 
seines  resembling  in  surface  that  of  undressed 
leather  (Fig.  125  enlarged).  Sterile  base  of 
large  cells  (soft  not  rigid  as  in  previous 
species),  occupying  about  half  of  the  interior 
of  the  peridium.  Gleba  light  olive.  Capilli- 
tium separate,  much  branched,  light  colored 
threads.  Spores  globose,  4-5  mic.,  smooth 
with  slender  pedicels. 

This  plant  is  closely  allied  to  the  previous,  Fig.  126 

differing  in  spores,  size,  cortex  and  in  not  having  a  rigid  sterile  base. 
;  Specimen  collected  at  Sapporo,  Japan,  by  Kingo  ^Miyabe. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Japan,  Kingo  Miyabe. 

Section  2.  —  Bovistella-Lycoperdon. 

Capillitium  long,  intertwined  threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base  well- 
!  developed.  Plants  of  this  section  can  be  called  either  Bovistella  or  Lycoperdon, 
and  we  would  have  no  quarrel  with  any  one  who  may  adopt  either  of  these  views. 
j  We  are  quite  willing  to  concede  that  the  capillitium  character  of  a  Lycoperdon 
j  is  a  stronger  character  than  the  spore  character  of  a  Bovistella.  At  the  same 
:  time  the  genus  Lycoperdon  is  a  large  and  unwieldy  genus,  and  we  feel  it  sim- 
j  plifies  matters  much  to  take  out  from  it  a  natural  section  and  place  it  in  another 
;  genus  with  which  the  section  agrees  in  a  prominent  character  and  in  which  it 
.  disagrees  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon. 

BOVISTELLA    AUSTRALIANS   (Plates  33  and  70).— Plant 

with  a  well  developed  base  of  large  cells.    Cortex  minute,  nodular,  fur- 

furaceous.    Peridium  becoming  smooth  when  old.    Gleba  olive  umber. 

',  Capillitium  long,  branched  threads  with  pointed  branches.    Spores  glo- 

;  bose,  smooth,  4  mic.  with  slender  pedicels,  12-15  mic. 

This  is  a  small  species  with  a  strong  tap  root.    The  shape  varies 
from  subglobose  to  somewhat  elongated  as  shown  in  our  plate.    There 
I  is  a  corresponding  variance  in  the  development  of  the  sterile  base.     It 
appears  to  be  the  most  frequent  species  of  Bovistella  in  Australia. 

281 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Grantvitte,  Australia,  J.  T.  Paul. 
Andovcr,  Nav  Zealand,  Robert  Brown. 

BOVISTELLA  SCABRA  (Plate  70).— Plant  with  a  well  de- 
veloped sterile  base  of  large  cells.  Cortex  of  well  developed  short, 
scabrous,  connivent  spines.  Gleba  olive  umber.  Capillitium  of  the 
Lycoperdon  type  of  long,  branched,  intertwined,  attached  threads. 
Spores  globose,  4-5  mic.,  smooth,  with  slender  pedicels.  This  plant  is 
known  only  from  Australia.  It  has  the  general  size,  appearance  and 
structure  of  Bovistella  australiana,  and  differs  only  in  the  cortex. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  J.  G.  O.  Teppcr.  F.  M.  Reader.  J.  T.  Paul. 

BOVISTELLA  GLABESCEXS.— Plant  with  a  well  developed 
sterile  base  of  small  cells.  Smooth  now,  but  probably  had  a  prominent 
cortex.  Gleba  olive  umber.  Capillitium  long,  intertwined  threads. 
Spores  globose,  5  mic.,  smooth,  with  slender  pedicels. 

There  is  one  collection  at  Kew  from  Tasmania.  We  have  not  re- 
ceived the  plant  from  any  of  our  correspondents. 

The  previous  species  of  this  section  have  relatively  short  spore  pedicels, 
10-12  mic.  long,  the  usual  length  of  Bovistella  pedicels.  The  three  following 
species  have  pedicels  excessively  long,  16-24  mic.  and  are  easily  known  from 
this  character. 

BOVISTELLA  MIYABEI  (Plate  88).— Peridium  oval-glob. ^-. 
Cortex  of  short  spines  somewhat  gemmate  in  its  nature,  falling  away 
and  leaving  the  denuded  surface  reticulate,  pitted.  Sterile  basr  of  larsj:? 
cells,  occupying  about  one  third  the  interior.  Gleba  olive.  Capillitium 
deeply  colored,  long,  intertwined  threads.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4 
mic.  with  very  long,  hyaline  pedicels  (20  mic.). 

This  species  is  very  close  to  Bovistella  pedicellata,  but  differs  inj 
its  cortex  and  pitted  surface  of  the  peridium.  We  received  the  speci- 
men from  Mr.  K.  Miyabe,  Japan,  for  whom  we  have  the  pleasure  of 
naming  it. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Japan,  K.  Miyabe. 

BOVISTELLA  PEDICELLATA  (Plate  88).— Peridium  globoscl 
or  piriform.  Cortex  of  long,  rather  stiff  spines,  resembling  in  nature 
the  cortex  of  Lycoperdon  echinatum,  but  not  so  long.  Falling  away 
and  leaving  the  peridium  smooth.  Gleba  olive  or  brown.  Sterile  base 
of  large  cells,  filling  one  quarter  to  one  third  of  the  interior,  sometime 
almost  absent.  Capillitium  deeply  colored,  long,  intertwined  threads. 
Spores  globose  or  slightly  oval,  smooth,  4-5  mic.  with  very  long,  hva- 
Ime  pedicels  (20-24  mic.). 

This  species  is  rather  a  rare  plant  ip  the  United  States  and  of  a 


282 


northern  range  only.  It  is  much  more  common  in  Canada.  In  Europe 
it  is  also  a  rare  plant  and  of  a  northern  range.  The  plant  was  named 
by  Prof.  Peck  Lycoperdon  pedicellatum  about  1875,  and  a  year  or  so 
afterwards,  in  Europe,  by  Schroeter  as  Lycoperdon  caudatum. 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  John  Dearness,  Rev.  P.  Lemay,  J.  Macoun,  Miss  I.  M.  Walker; 
Illinois,  Dr.  L.  H.  Watson  (2  collections);  Michigan,  A.  L.  Voight,  L.  E.  Weld; 
Minnesota,  Minn.  Bot.  Survey;  New  York,  Chas.  Peck;  Nova  Scotia,  E.  D.  Lord- 
ley;  Ohio,  A..  P.  Morgan  (2  collections);  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Herbst  (2  collections) ; 
West  Virginia,  C.  G.  Lloyd  (2  collections)  ;  Wisconsin,  R.  H.  Denniston  (3  col- 
lections'. 

Sweden,  L.  Roniell. 

Germany,  Dr.  Magnus,  Prof.  Plottner. 

FORM.— BOVISTELLA  GEMMATUM  (Fig. 
'126  ). — \Ve  have  from  R.  H.  Denniston,  Madison, 
Wis.,  a  form  with  reduced,  scabrous  cortex  (fig. 
(126  enlarged),  agreeing  with  tiie  normal  form  in 
all  ether  particulars.  It  may  be  only  a  sport. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Wisconsin,  R.  H.  Dennistcn.  Fig.  127. 

BOVISTELLA  DOMINICEXSIS  (Fig.  127).— Peridium  glo- 
bose, contracted  to  a  short  stem-like  base.  Cortex  short,  furfuraceous 
(?),f  falling  away  and  leaving  the  surface  smooth.  Gleba  olive. 
Capillitium  long,  inter- 
twined, colored  threads. 
Spores  globose,  4-5  mic., 
minutely  spinulose,  with 
long  pedicels  (16-20  mic.). 
(Fig.  127,  type  at  Kew.) 

These  specimens  I 
found  in  the  herbarium  at 
Kew,  labeled  Lycoperdon 
Dominicensis,  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Prof.  Massee.  I  Fig  12s 
think  it  was  never  published. 

The  specimens  were  collected  by  the  "West  Indies'  Exploration  Com- 
mittee," on  the  island  of  Dominica.  It  is  very  close  to  the  preceding 
species  but  differs  in  having  rough  spores.  These  are  very  minutely  - 
echinulate,  however,  and  appear  smooth  except  under  a  strong  ob- 
jective. 

Section  3. — Bovistella-Bovista. 

Capillitium  short,  separate,  branched  threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile 
base  none. 

This  section  is  very  close  to  the  genus  Bovista  from  which  it  differs  in  habits. 

|We  can  not  be  sure  but  that  the  plants  have  had  stronger  cortex  spines  that  have  fallen 
away.  There  is  a  sketch  with  the  plant  showing  such  spines,  but  we  think  it  is  not  authentic. 

283 


The  plants  have  a  strong  rooting  system  that  binds  them  firmly  to  the  soil  and 
they  do  not  become  "tumblers."  At  the  same  time  the  interior  structure  is  that 
of  a  Bovista  and  the  only  objection  to  so  calling  them  is,  if  included  in  the  genus 
Bovista  it  is  not  possible  to  clearly  define  the  latter  genus. 

BOVISTELLA  DEALBATA  (Plate  88).— Peridium  globose, 
thin,  opening-  by  a  definite  mouth,  strongly  attached  to  the  soil,  and  not 
breaking  away  (normally)  when  mature.  Cortex  a  thin,  furfuraceous 
coat,  which  first  breaks  into  areas,  and  then  disappears  leaving  the  sur- 
face smooth.  Sterile  base  none.  Gleba  olive  brown.  Capillitium  of 
separate,  deeply  colored,  branching  threads.  Spores  globose,  smooth, 
4-5  mic..f  with  slender  pedicels,  10-12  inic. 

This  plant  is  only  known  to  occur  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  has  a 
general  close  resemblance  to  Bovista  plumbea  but  different  habits  and 
a  different  cortex.  It  was  compiled  in  Saccardo  as  Bovista  dealbata, 
but  I  do  not  believe  the  compiler  has  any  clear  ideas  as  to  the  distinction 
between  Bovista  and  Bovistella. 

SPECIMENS   IN   OfR  COLLECTION. 

Washington,  W.  N.  Suksdc.rf ;  California.  S.  H.  Parish. 

BOVISTELLA  BOVISTOIDES  (Plate  70).— Peridium  flaccid, 
dark  brown,  globose,  thin,  opening  by  a  definite  mouth,  attached  t<>  the 
soil  and  not  breaking  away  when  mature.  Cortex  a  thin,  furfuraceous 
coat  which  breaks  into  areas  and  is  subpersistent.  Sterile  base  none. 
Gleba  dark,  brown.  Capillitium  of  separate,  deeply  colored,  branching 
threads.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4-5  mic.  with  slender  pedicels,  10- 
12  mic. 

Originally  described  from  India  %  I  have  received  it  from  corre- 
spondents both  from  British  India  and  Australia.  It  is  very  close  to 
the  preceding  species,  and  the  descriptions  read  very  much  the  same. 
On  comparison,  however,  they  are  quite  different.  This  species  has 
much  thinner,  more  flaccid  peridium,  darker  in  color  and  a  different 
colored  gleba. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

British  India,  G.  H.  Cave. 

Australia,  J.  G.  O.  Tepper,  Prof.  D.  McAlpine  (3  collections).  F.  M.  Reader. 

BOVISTELLA  HENNINGSI1  (Plate  89).— Plant  subglobose,  devoid  of  a 
sterile  base.  Peridium  papyraceous-cartilaginous.  Cortex  minute,  fasciculate, 
persistent  spines.  Gleba  olive-lead  color.  Capillitium  separate,  deeply  colored, 
thicker  walled  threads  with  thick  (12-16  mic.)  stem  and  relatively  short,  strongly 
tapering,  pointed  branches.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4-5  mic.  with  thin  pedicels. 

All  that  I  know  of  this  species  is  a  plant  from  Mussooree,  British  India, 
which  I  found  at  Berlin,  labeled  "Bovista  plumbea,  form."  and  half  of  which  was 
given  to  me  by  Dr.  Hennings.  I  feel  sure  it  should  not  be  referred  to  B..vi>ta 


larger  n'cw11  thC  PlalU  W3S  described  the  measurement  was  given  as  4  mic.,  but  I  see  them 
J  As  Mycenastrum  bovistoides  and  compiled  in  Saccardo  as  Scleroderraa  sic  bovisloides. 
284 


plumbea,  as  it  has  a  cortex  different  from  all  known  Bovistas,  but  1  am  not  so 
sure  it  should  be  referred  to  Bovistella,  as  one  can  not  judge  of  the  habits  of  a 
plant  from  a  single  specimen.  In  its  peridium  and  internal  structure  it  is  a  Bo- 
vista,  indeed  the  spores  and  capillitium  are  almost  the  same  as  Bovista  plumbea. 
I  am  influenced  in  referring  it  to  Bovistella,  at  least  until  more  is  known  of  the 
plant,  by  the  cortex  as  I  know  oi  no  species  of  Bovista  with  such  a  cortex.  From 
its  peridium  nature,  however,  I  suspect  it  is  a  "tumbler,"  in  which  case  I  would 
transfer  it  to  Bovista.  notwithstanding  its  cortex. 

BOVISTELLA  YUNNANENSIS  (Bovista  yunnanensis,  Rev.  Myc.  90,  134) 
belongs  I  think  in  this  section.  Peridium  globose,  rather  firm,  without  sterile 
base.  Cortex  almost  smooth.  Capillitium  of  separate  threads  but  not  short. 
Long,  intertwined,  with  tapering  branches.  It  is  not  possible  to  float  out  separate 
threads,  but  I  think  they  are  of  this  type.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4  mic.  with 
slender,  thin  pedicels.  It  was  described  from  China. 

Section  4. — Bovistella-Globaria. 

Capillitium  of  long,  intertwined  threads.  Spores  pedicellate.  Sterile  base 
scanty  or  none.  We  call  this  section  Bovistella-Globaria,  for  want  of  a  better 
name.  It  agrees  with  the  characters  attributed  by  Quelet  to  his  "genus"  Globaria, 
though  not  a  single  species  included  by  Quelet  in  the  genus  belongs  in  this  sec- 
tion.t  Plants  of  this  section  have  usually  been  called  Bovistas.  but  having  neither 
the  habits,  capillitium  or  peridium  oi  this  genus  of  the  present  day,  they  can  not 
be  so  classified  excepting  under  the  old  definition,  viz. :  "Bovista — a  puff  ball 
without  a  sterile  base."  With  the  present  knowledge  of  the  various  characters 
of  such  plants,  the  definition  is  about  as  crude  as  the  Linnsean  idea  that  all  fungi 
full  of  dry  spores  are  Lycoperdons. 

BOVISTELLA  GUNNII  (Plate  70).— Plant  globose,  3-4  cm.  in 
diameter,  devoid  of  a  sterile  base.  Peridium  flaccid,  opening  by  a  defi- 
nite mouth.  Cortex  a  flocculent,  woven  coat,  which  when  old  dries  up 
and  breaks  into  areas  which  persist  on  the  dark  reddish  brown  perid- 
ium. Gleba  olive  when  young,  becoming  dark  brown  when  old.  Capil- 
litium of  long,  intertwined,  branching  threads.  Spores  globose,  5-6 
mic.,  smooth,  with  slender  pedicels. 

This  species  is  known  only  from  Australia.  Externally  it  has  the 
general  appearance  of  being  a  large  specimen  of  Bovistella  bovistoides 
but  the  capillitium  is  not  of  the  same  type. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  Prof.  D.  McAlpine,  F.  M.  Reader. 

BOVISTELLA  ASPERA  (Plate  33).— Peridium  subflaccid,  sub- 
globose,  with  a  strong  tap  root.  Cortex  of  thick,  well  developed  spines, 
converging  in  fours,  when  old  largely  falling  away,  leaving  the  perid- 
ium smooth,  furfuraceous.  Sterile  base  none  or  very  slightly  de- 
veloped. Gleba  olive  or  brown  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  247).  Capillitium 
long,  branching,  intertwined  threads.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4-5 
mic.  with  thin  pedicels,  8-10  mic. 

Originally  described  from  Chile,  it  has  been  discovered  in  Australia 
(Cfr.  Australian  Lycop.,  p.  28)  and  New  Guinea.  The  latter  plant  was 

fAnd  we  might  add  that  three  of  his  species  do  not  have  "  Spora  spiculo  longo  suffulta" 
as  required  in  his  generic  characters. 

285 


described  as  Globaria  Lauterbachii  (Bovista  Lauterbachii),  but  I  have 
compared  the  type  specimen  with  the  type  of  Bovistella  aspera  at 
Paris,  and  find  them  to  be  the  same.  Lycoperdon  citrium,  Ceylon,  is 
a  similar  plant.  Lycoperdon  hongkongense,  China,  of  which  no  type 
exists,  is  described  as  having  elliptical  spores,  but  otherwise  it  is  evi- 
dently very  close. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia.  W.  W.  Watts. 

BOVISTELLA  ECHINELLA  (Plate  89).— Peridium  very  small, 
dark,  reddish  brown,  globose,  opening  by  a  definite  mouth.  Cortex 
minute  tufted  spines,  arranged  in  subdistant  patches  over  the  peridium. 
When  old  drying  down,  usually  persistent  (rarely  falling  away).  Ster- 
ile base  none.  Gleba  olive  brown.  Capillitium  of  long,  branched,  in- 
tertwined threads,  attached  to  the  peridium  in  young  specimens,  but 
separating  in  old,  and  becoming  curled  and  matted.  Spores  globose, 
smooth,  4-5  mic.  with  pedicels  10  mic. 

This  unique  little  species  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  small- 
est "puff  ball"  known.  Rarely  is  it  more  than  a  half  cm.  in  diameter. 
Originally  described  from  Ecuador  as  Bovista  echinella,  it  is  of  wide 
distribution  and  has  reached  me  from  six  collectors  and  from  five  dif- 
ferent countries.  All  the  collections  that  I  have  are  from  widely  sepal 
rated  localities,  and  it  is  everywhere  a  rare  plant.  It  usually  grows  on 
semi-naked  ground  in  collection  with  a  little  moss.f 

I  notice  a  slight  variation  in  the  spores,  varying  from  4  to  6  mic.  J 
and  the  pedicels  from  6  to  12  mic.,  in  specimens  from  widely  different 
localities,  but  I  do  not  feel  that  this  variation  is  more  than  could  be 
expected. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Ecuador,  type  from  herb,  Patouillard. 

Jamaica,  W.  Jekyll. 

Mexico,  J.  N.  Rose. 

Michigan,  B.  O.  Longyear ;  Washington,  W.  N.  Suksdorl. 

Europe,  Denmark,  Rev.  A.  Breitung. 

The  preceding  species  of  this  section  have  smooth  spores.  The  two  following 
have  spores  that  are  not  smooth. 

BOVISTELLA  DAVISII  (Plate  89).— Peridium  subglobose, 
flaccid.  Cortex  very  minute,  fasciculate  spines  (like  the  usual  piriform 
cortex).  Sterile  base  none.  Gleba  olive.  Capillitium  of  pale  colored, 
long,  branched  threads.  Spores  globose,  minutely  rough,  4-5  mic.  with 
slender  pedicels  10-14  mic- 

This  is  a  very  rare  species  and  has  reached  me  but  twice,  both 
from  Massachusetts.  I  name  it  for  Simon  Davis,  of  Boston,  who  has 
collected  for  many  years  very  abundantly  for  our  museum. 


t  Funaria  hygrometrica.    Thanks  to  Monsieur  F.  Camus  for  the  name. 
286 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Massachusetts.  Falmouth,  Simon  Davis ;  Bedford,  Chas.  W.  Jenks. 

BOVISTELLA  TRACHYSPORA  (Plate  89).— Peridium  dark, 
reddish  brown,  globose,  small,  l/2-i  cm.,  thin.  Cortex  minute,  tufted 
spines  scattered  in  nodules  over  the  surface  and  mostly  falling  away, 
leaving  the  peridium  smooth.  Sterile  base  none.  Gleba  dark  brown. 
Capillitium  of  long,  branched,  intertwined  threads,  much  curled  and 
matted.  Spores  globose,  5  mic.,  tuberculatc,  with  slender  pedicels, 
10-12  mic. 

This  unique  little  species  reaches  me  from  British  India.  It  evi- 
dently grew  in  the  moss.  It  has  the  general  appearance  of  Bovistella 
echinella  from  which  it  differs  (as  indeed  from  all  other  known  Bovis- 
tellas)  in  having  markedly  rough  spores. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
British  India,  "Rcspana  Valley,  Mussooree,  N.  W.  Himalaya,"  Wm.  Collars. 


TWO  RARE  PLANTS  FROM  AUSTRALIA. 

Mr.  Walter  Gill  is  the  Conservator  of  Forests  of  Australia,  His 
official  duties  call  him  to  travel  considerably  and  he  has  the  very  com- 
mendable habit  of  picking  up  and  sending  to  me  such  "puff  balls"  as 
he  notes  in  his  travels.  He  has  found  several  interesting  things,  but 
none  of  so  much  interest  to  me  as  his  last  package,  for  it  includes  two 
very  rare  species,  Battarrea  phalloides  and  Geaster  Smithii. 

GEASTER  SMITHII  (Fig.  128).— This  species  was  discovered 
in  Florida,  and  as  we  have  never  seen  other  than  the  original  collection 

we  were  beginning  to  doubt 
the  species.  As  a  general  rule 
we  are  somewhat  suspicious 
of  species  based  on  a  single 
collection.  Mr.  Gill's  plants 
have  the  same  peculiar  char- 
acters on  which  the  species 
was  based  and  tend  to  confirm 
the  validity  of  the  species. 
Geaster  Smithii  (Geastrae,  p. 
21 )  is  an  intermediate  plant 
F'9-  129.  between  Geaster  Archeri  and 

Geaster  pectinatus.  It  is  related  to  the  former  in  its  subsessile  endo- 
peridium  and  to  the  latter  in  color  (black)  and  sulcate  mouth.  It  dif- 
'fers  from  both  in  the  nature  of  the  mouth,  which  instead  of  being 
beaked  and  protruding  is  flattened  and  seated  on  a  depressed  area. 
jThe  discovery  of  this  plant  in  Australia,  heretofore  only  known  from 
a  single  station  in  Florida,  has  brought  us  more  satisfaction  than  if 
Mr.  Gill  had  sent  us  a  dozen  "new  species."1 

3  When  Geasler  Smithii  was  named,  it  was  under  the  impression  that  it  was  the  same 
:plant  as  had  been  illustrated  from  England  under  the  name  Geaster  striatus.  We  feel  quite 
certain  now  that  this  is  an  error,  as  no  such  plant  grows  in  England,  but  the  name  will  have 
to  stand  as  published. 

287 


BATTARREA  PHALLOIDES  (Plate  28).— This  plant  has  been 
considered  in  full  in  our  recent  Tylostoma  pamphlet.  In  western 
Europe  the  genus  is  very  rare,  being  known  from  a  few  stations  in 
England  and  only  one  in  France.  In  Australia  the  genus  is  more  com- 
mon, and  we  have  on  two  occasions  received  remnant  specimens.  How- 
ever, Mr.  Gill's  are  the  first  good  specimens  we  have  received  from 
Australia.  He  found  these  at  Tunby  Bay,  on  the  west  coast  of  Spen- 
cer's Gulf,  South  Australia.  They  grew  in  the  sand  hills  near  the  coast 
under  "shed-oak"  trees.  Air.  Gill  states  they  were  fairly  abundant  but 
he  has  never  seen  them  elsewhere.  The  volva  was  deeply  buried  in 
the  sand.  The  occurrence  of  Battarrea  phalloides  "fairly  abundant" 
at  any  station  is  a  matter  of  great  interest,  for  while  the  genus  Bat- 
tarrea is  widespread,  the  individuals  are  usually  rare. 


LYCOPERDON  SUBPRATENSE. 

We  have  received  from  W.  X.  Suksdorf  some  young  specimens 
which  are  the  first  we  have  seen  with  a  cortex.     This  is  exactly  the 
same  as  in  the  European  plant,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  and  as  the  Amer- 
ican   plant    only   differs 
from    the    European    in 
having   colored   capillit- 
ium     we     doubt     if    it 
should  have  a  distinctive 
^    name   even   as   a    form. 
gji    Of    much  more  interest 
jfiB    to  us,  however,  than  the 
Pa    name,  is  the  distribution 
W     of     the     plant.       It     is 
W      curious  that  this  species, 
one  of  the  very  common 
F'9- 13°-  species   of   Europe   and 

Australia,  should  occur  in  our  country  only  at  a  few  stations  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  and  again  at  a  few  stations  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  is  ap- 
parently absent  from  all  the  vast  extent  of  intermediate  territory.  The 
English  mycologists  are  just  beginning  to  find  out  that  it  grows  in  Eng- 
land and  an  article  recording  it  as  new  to  the  flora  (under  the  alias 
Lycoperdon  depressum)  recently  appeared  in  one  of  their  journals. 
It  is  undoubtedly  a  frequent  plant  in  England.  I  have  received  it  from 
three  English  collections  and  it  can  be  found  at  the  British  Museum 
(misnamed)  collected  by  an  English  botanist  (unknown),  evidently 
ong  ago.  Our  figure  (129)  made  from  Mr.  Suksdorf s  specimens 
will  show  the  nature  of  the  cortex  and  the  section  shows  the  sharp  linl 
iemarkation  between  the  gleba  and  sterile  portion,  which  is  the 
:rong  character  of  Lycoperdon  pratense. 

288 


NOTES  OF  TRAVEL— GENEVA. 

There  are  few  cities  in  the  world  that  can  boast  of  as  many  im- 
portant botanical  institutions  as  are  to  be  found  at  Geneva.  It  is  an 
ideal  location,  with  a  fine  climate  both  summer  and  winter,  and  free- 
dom from  all  dust  and  smoke,  the  great  drawback  to  institutions  lo- 
cated in  large  cities. 

THE  CANDOLLE  LIBRARY  AND  HERBARIUM. 

This  has  the  reputation,  and  I  think  justly,  of  being  the  largest, 
best-selected,  and  most  complete  private  botanical  library  in  exist- 
ence. It  has  been  built  up  gradually  for  a  hundred  years,  all  im- 
portant botanical  books  being  purchased  as  issued.  It  has  been 
handed  down  now  from  father  to  son  for  four  generations,  of  which 
two  are  now  living.  It  is  not  necessary  to  tell  botanical  readers  of 
the  work  that  has  been  done  in  phaenogamic  botany  by  the  Candolles. 
No  name  is  better  known  in  the  botanical  world,  and  the  writings 
under  this  head  require  as  much  or  more  space  to  enumerate  in 
Pritzel  as  any  other  one  name,  not  excepting  Linnaeus.  The  Can- 
dolles are  a  Swiss  family.  (I  have  always  thought  they  were  French, 
probably  because  their  writings  are  in  French).  The  family  home 
has  always  been  Geneva. 

The  original  Candolle,  who  first  became  interested  in  botany, 
Auguste-Pyrame  de  Candolle,  began  the  monumental  work  Prodromus 
Syst.  Nat.  Regni  Veget.,  in  which  all  then  known  species  of  phseno- 
garnic  plants  of  the  world  are  classified.  It  was  continued  and  com- 
pleted by  his  son,  Alphonse  de  Candolle,  and  required  for  its  pro- 
duction nearly  fifty  years  of  continuous  work. 

The  botanist  of  the  third  generation,  M.  Casimer  de  Candolle,  is 
now  seventy  years  old,  but  a  vigorous,  active  man,  whose  appearance 
belies  his  age,  and  I  should  not  have  taken  him  to  be  over  sixty.  His 
son,  M.  Augustin  de  Candolle,  is  a  young  man.  He  was  educated,  I 
am  told,  for  the  law,  but  never  practiced  the  profession,  devoting  now 
his  time  and  study  to  botany  in  order  to  continue  in  the  line  of  his 
illustrious  family. 

The  Candolle  herbarium  is  as  rich  as  the  library,  and  is  the  ac- 
cumulation of  more  than  a  hundred  years.  The  original  herbarium 
on  which  the  Prodromus  was  based  is  kept  separate  and  intact,  and  is 
known  as  the  Prodromus  herbarium.  Probably  no  other  in  existence 
is  of  as  much  historic  value  or  contains  as  man}"  types.  The  Candolle 
library  and  herbarium  are  in  a  private  residence  in  Geneva,  and  my 
impression  is  that  it  is  the  same  house  in  which  it  was  begun.  It  is 
not  a  fireproof  building,  but  erected  in  the  substantial  manner  of 
most  buildings  in  the  cities  of  Europe,  where  fires,  fortunately,  rarely 
occur. 

THE  BOTANICAL  GARDEN  AT  GENEVA. 

This  institution  is  maintained  by  the  city  of  Geneva.  It  is  lo- 
cated on  the  lake  front,  some  distance  from  the  city  proper.  The 

289 


herbarium  is  extensive,  and  is  chiefly  made  up  of  the  herbarium  of 
Delessert.  In  the  puff  ball  line  I  found  in  the  herbarium  of  Delessert 
some  fine  specimens  collected  by  Gaudichaud,  Drege,  and  Zolliuger, 
and  several  of  them,  although  they  were  not  named,  are  co-types  and 
better  specimens  than  the  type.  The  mycological  collection  of  Fayod 
is  also  in  the  herbarium,  and  it  includes  a  large  number  of  really  good 
colored  drawings  of  agarics  which  would  be  of  great  aid  to  any  one 
making  a  study  of  the  Swiss  agarics.  The  herbarium  building  of  the 
garden  is  constructed  of  wood,  and  I  could  not  but  think  it  would 
make  a  fine  blaze  if  a  good  fire  ever  gets  a  start. 

Monsieur  J.  Briquet,  who  is  well  known  for  his  work  on  the  flora 
of  the  Alps,  is  the  director  of  the  gardens;  Monsieur  G.  Hoch- 
reutiner,  the  assistant  director.  To  both  of  these  gentlemen  I  am  in- 
debted for  every  attention  and  courtesy. 

L'HERBIER  BOISSIER. 

This  institution  is  located  at  Chambesy,  a  suburb  of  Geneva.  It 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  lake  front.  Kdniond  Boissier  was  an 
enthusiastic  collector  and  student  of  plants.  Possessed  of  a  large  for- 
tune, he  was  enabled  to  indulge  his  taste  for  travel,  and  the  Flora 
Orientalis  is  largely  based  on  his  collections  in  the  Orient.  He  estab- 
lished, also,  a  private  botanical  garden  at  Valleyres,  and  an  extensive 
arboretum  near  Geneva.  The  latter  has  a  world-wide  reputation  as 
perhaps  the  largest  and  best  collection  of  coniferous  trees  ever 
brought  together.  At  his  death,  about  twenty  years  ago,  the  prop- 
erty came  into  the  hands  of  his  son-in-law,  William  Barbey,  who  has 
not  only  maintained  and  added  to  it,  but  has  erected  a  fine,  artistic 
building  for  the  herbarium  and  library.  I  have  seen  many  herba- 
riums, but  I  never  saw  elsewhere  plants  mounted  with  as  much  care 
and  expense  as  in  the  Herbarium  Boissier.  Each  species  has  specially 
printed  cover,  and  each  specimen  is  mounted  on  a  printed  sheet. 
The  puff  balls  of  the  collection  are  mostly  from  purchased  sets, 
largely  misnamed  and  wrongly  classified  as  such  exsiccatae  specimens 
always  are.  In  addition,  however,  the  collection  includes  the  herba- 
rium of  Fuckel  and  of  "  Mueller  Arg."  In  Fuckel's  herbarium  I 
found  twelve  authentic  specimens  of  Bonorden's  collections  of  which 
eight  are  "  types."  As  far  as  I  know  these  are  all  the  specimens  that 
exist  determined  by  Bonorden. 

Monsieur  Gustave  Beauverd  is  the  curator  of  the  herbarium.  He 
is  well  known  as  the  editor  of  the  Bulletin  de  1'Herbier  Boissier,  and 
also  the  card  index  issued  in  this  institution. 

HISTORIC.  PUFF  BALLS  AT  GENEVA. 

My  visit  to  Geneva  was  to  find,  if  possible,  the  type  specimens  of  Lycoper- 
don  Corium  which  was  published  in  De  Candolle's  Flora  France.  When  Desvaul 
proposed  the  genus  Mycenastrum  he  referred  the  species  to  Lycoperdon  Coriuni. 
and  while  Mycenastrum  Corium  is  well  authenticated  and  well  established,  and 
it  will  never  be  practicable  to  change  the  name,  if  such  a  fool  proposition  were 
possible,  I  have  always  suspected  it  was  originally  based  on  a  tnisdetermination. 

290 


The  type  specimen  does  not  exist,  as  the  only  specimen  in  the  Herbarium  Can- 
dolle  which  is  labeled  "  Lycoperdon  Corium"  was  collected  (1813)  five  years  after 
the  publication  of  the  species.  It  is  Scleroderma  Geaster,  and  the  original 
"  description,"  if  clearly  studied,  will  be  found  to  apply  to  Sclerodenna  Geaster 
much  better  than  it  does  to  Mycenastrum  Corium,  and  all  Sclerodermas  were  in 
those  days  known  as  Lycoperdons.t 

I  was  interested  in  finding  in  the  Herbarium  Caudolle  the  type  specimens 
of  "Cyathus  fimetarius,  D.  C.,"  as,  although  it  is  usually  carried  in  European 
works,  it  has  become  known  as  a  "  lost  species."  I  had  thought  it  might  pos- 
sibly be  Cyathus  stercoreus,  which  grows  on  manure,  and  has  been  found  a  few 
times  in  Europe.  Cyathus  fimetarius  is  Crucibulum  vulgare  growing  on 
manure.  This  common  species  usually  grows  on  chips,  rubbish,  etc.,  and  ought 
to  confine  itself  there,  because  every  time  it  comes  on  manure,  although  other- 
wise it  preserves  the  same  characters  to  the  most  minute  detail,  it  loses  its 
generic  character  for  the  new  species  makers,  and  has  twice  been  described  as  a 
new  species  of  "Cyathus." 

In  the  Herbarium  Delessert  at  Geneva  are  a  number  of  nice  specimens  of 
rare  plants  collected  by  Gaudichaud,  Drege,  and  Zollinger,  which  were  mostly 
named  at  Paris.  The  Geneva  specimens  were  all  unnamed  or  misnamed,  but 
they  are  in  reality  "co-types,"  and  mostly  better  specimens  than  the  "types." 
Tylostoma  Leveilleanum  (better  specimens  than  the  types),  Catastoma  Zeyheri 
(the  only  other  known  is  at  Kew),  and  Tylostoma  Berteroannm  are  all  in  the  col- 
lection. The  most  interesting  specimen,  however,  is  labeled  "  Bovista  castanea," 
and  was  collected  by  Drege  in  South  Africa.  //  is  Catastoma  juglandczforme, 
the  curious  conidial  spored  Gastromycetes  we  have  already  considered  (cfr.  Myc. 
Notes,  p.  199).  //  was  Drege  who  collected  the  original  "Bovista  castanea," 
now  Catastoma  castaneum,  which  has  the  same  appearance  and  peridium  as 
Catastoma  juglan<!seforme,  but  differs  so  markedly  in  the  spores.  When  the 
truth  of  this  subject  is  finally  known,  we  venture  the  opinion  that  Catastoma 
juglandaeforme  will  be  found  to  be  the  conidial  form  of  Catastoma  castaneum. 
It  is  the  only  conidial  gastromyces  known. 

Fuckel's  herbarium  at  the  Herbarium  Boissier  is  of  interest,  as  Fuckel  pub- 
lished his  determinations.  Several  of  them  are  misdeterminations,  but  we  can 
only  take  space  to  consider  the  "  new  species,"  of  which  he  only  published  two, 
neither  of  any  value. 

Geaster  granulosus  is  Geaster  minimus  and  Geaster  calyculatus  according 
to  his  figure,  and  one  of  his  collections  is  Geaster  Bryantii,  but  he  has  also  a  col- 
lection of  Geaster  pectinatus  with  the  same  label. 

Bonorden's  eight  "  type"  specimens  in  Fuckel's  herbarium  are  of  interest, 
not  because  I  think  Bonorden  ever  described  many  new  species,  but  because  he 
described  thirteen  that  he  called  new,  and  until  these  eight  specimens  were 
found  no  one  had  any  idea  what  they  were,  although  there  has  been  a  great  deal 
of  guessing  on  the  subject.  I,  of  course,  do  not  know  Bonorden's  handwriting, 
but  there  are  twelve  specimens  in  Fuckel's  herbarium,  of  the  same  writing,  cer- 
tainly not  Fuckel's,  and  eight  of  them  are  Bonorden's  species.  There  is  also  on 
ione  of  them  a  memorandum,  "  Scripsit  Bonorden  teste  G.  C.  D.,"  and  on  an- 
other, "Bonorden  Det.  et  Scripsit,"  but  the  writing  seems  English,  not  German 
style,  and  six  of  the  localities  are  "  Herford,"  which  has  an  English  sound.  As- 
suming that  these  specimens  are  authentic,  Bonorden's  new  species  are  as  follows : 

Lycoperdon  laxum=Lycoperdon  velatum ! 

Lycoperdon  foetidum.     Appears  to  me  to  be  L.  nigrum. 

Lycoperdon  depressutn=Lycoperdon  pratense  ! 

Lycoperdon  fuscum=Lycoperdon  spadiceum  (Myc.  Notes,  p.  216). 

Lycoperdon  cupricum=Lycoperdon  fuscum  (Myc.  Notes,  p.  210). 

Lycoperdon  serotinum  has  probably  been  near  enough  guessed  in  Holl6s^ 
work,  which  we  followed,  as  stated  at  the  time,  so  that  it  need  not  be  changed. 
JBut  while  the  spores  are  smooth,  the  cortex  rather  tends  towards  nigrum. 

t"The  name  '  Mycenastrum  Corium  '  is  absolutely  untenable,  in  view  of  the  evidence  that 
;the  plant  is  not  the  same  as  Lycoperdon  Corium  Guers,  on  which  it  is  based.  I  therefore  name 
:t  Mycenastrum  Kuntzei,  McGinty,  in  honor  of  our  great  master  of  nomenclature,  Otto  Kuntze, 
who  elucidated  the  laws  governing:  such  cases.  I  also  change  the  name  Scleroderma  Geaster, 
[Fries,  to  Scleroderma  Kuntzei,  McGinty,  according  to  the  same  laws.  The  name  Scleroderma. 
Corium  can  not  be  used,  having  been  applied  to  another  plant. — N.J.  McGinty." 

291 


Lycoperdon  muricatum=Lycoperdou  cruciatum  (old,  decorticated). 
Lycoperdon   ericteum   seems   to   me   to   be   a   dark   form   of   Lycoperdon 

When  we  wrote  an  article  on  the  Lycoperdons  of  Europe  (Myc.  Notes, 
p  205),  there  were  three  species  (viz.,  cupricum,  fuscum,  and  serotinum)  that  we 
could  not  trace  to  our  satisfaction.  So  we  referred  them  to  Bonorden's  species, 
as  interpreted  by  Dr.  Holl6s,  so  stating  in  each  instance.  If  these  specimens  at 
Geneva  are  authentic,  it  appears  now  that  our  definitions  of  these  three  names 
in  our  article  are  none  of  them  exactly  right. 

In  Fuckel's  collection  is  a  specimen  of  Lycoperdon  tessellatum,  the  first  we 
have  seen  from  Europe  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  230).  There  is  also  a  specimen 
labeled  "  Lycoperdon  aestivale,  Bon.,"  but  in  Fuckel's  writing.  However,  we 
think  it  is  correct,  as  it  does  not  disagree  with  the  "  description."  It  is  a  Bovista, 
the  brown  form  of  Bovista  plumbea  which  Berkeley  called  Bovista  brunnea. 

NOTELETS. 

GEASTER  SMITHII.—  We  noted  on  page  287  an  account  of  the  re-dis- 
covery of  this  rare  plant  in  Australia.  We  have  just  received  a  third  collection 
from  A.  Tietz,  of  Adelaide,  South  Australia. 

ARCHAEOLOGY. — We  recently  visited  Rome  about  the  same  time  as  our 
fellow-countryman,  Mr.  Murrill,  of  New  York.  There  was  a  rumor  among  the 
guides  that  the  object  of  his  visit  to  Rome  was  a  search  for  old  botanical  names 
in  the  catacombs. 

TYLOSTOMA  LEVEILLEANUM.— We  have  already  given  our  reasons  for 
believing  that  this  plant  was  named  by  Le"veill£,  and  not  by  Gaudichaud,  as 
would  appear  from  the  advertisements.  At  Geneva  there  is  further  evidence  on 
the  point.  Gaudichaud  sold  a  set  of  specimens  to  Delessert,  and  among  others 
this  plant.  It  bore  no  name  whatever,  and  it  is  passing  strange  that  a  botanist 
should  distribute  unnamed  specimens  of  a  plant  which  he  himself  had  named. 

A  NEW  RULE.— We  understand  there  is  a  movement  on  foot  to  author- 
ize at  the  next  Botanical  Congress  the  use  of  Chaldean,  Sanscrit,  and  Coptic 
languages  in  the  formation  of  plant  names.  It  seems  that  since  Fries's  day  the 
demand  for  new  names  to  replace  the  sections  of  Fries's  genera  has  about  ex- 
hausted the  possibilities  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  and  there  is  press- 
ing need  for  a  wider  field  of  choice.  As  every  writer  feels  it  incumbent  upon 
himself  to  propose  an  entirely  new  set  of  names  for  each  section  of  Fries's 
genera,  the  late  comers  are  becoming  embarrassed  to  find  enough  new  names. 

CALVATIA  RUBRO-FLAVA.— As  we  have  previously  stated  (p.  149),  this 
plant  seems  restricted  to  cultivated  ground.  Mr.  H.  B.  Dorner,  Lafayette,  ln«l., 
who  is  the  only  one  of  my  correspondents  who  finds  the  plant  abundantly, 
writes  me:  "I  find  Calvatia  rubro-flava  plentifully  in  our  cultivated  fields.  A| 
yet  I  have  never  found  it  in  woods,  pastures,  or  such  places."  I  have  recently 
received  the  plant  from  Rev  Rick,  Brazil,  which  is  the  first  time  I  have  ever 
gotten  it  save  from  the  United  States,  and  it  rarely  reaches  me  at  all. 


292 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  LLOYD. 

No.  24. 

CINCINNATI,   O.  DECEMBER,   19O6, 


CONCERNING  THE  PHALLOIDS. 

During  a  recent  visit  we  made  to  Kew  we  spent  a  number  of  weeks 
in  a  study  of  the  literature  of  the  phalloids,  and  of  the  specimens  to  be 
found  at  Kew  and  the  British  Museum,  and  we  have  also  studied  those 
at  Paris.  We  expect  in  future  to  devote  considerable  space  in  Mycolog- 
ical  Notes  to  the  phalloids.  At  the  present  time  it  is  largely  a  picture 
study,  and  excepting  from  Europe  and  portions  of  the  United  States, 
the  subject  is  scantily  known.  Professor  Ed.  Fischer,  of  Berne, 
Switzerland,  has  made  a  specialty  of  the  phalloids  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  with  the  aid  of  his  work  we  feel  that  we  accomplished  more 
at  Kew1  in  six  weeks'  study  than  we  could  have  clone  in  six  months  had 
we  found  the  literature  in  as  chaotic  a  condition  as  we  found  the  puff 
ball  literature.2  Most  of  the  phalloids  of  foreign  countries  that  are 
known  have  been  described  from  dried  specimens  and  the  pictures  that 
represent  them  reconstructed,  and  we  think  there  are  some  pictures  that 
do  not  well  represent  the  plants.  Many  Australian  and  Ceylonese  speci- 
mens were  described  by  Berkeley  in  his  early  days,  at  that  period  of  his 
life  when  he  was  doing  good  and  careful  work,  and  most  of  his  phalloid 
work  was  well  done.  Very  fine  work  has  been  done  in  recent  years  on 
the  phalloids  of  Java  by  Penzig  and  on  the  phalloids  of  Brazil  by  Ed. 
Moeller. 

The  main  difficulty  in  studying  foreign  phalloids  is  the  scanty 
land  imperfect  material  on  which  much  of  the  past  work  has  been 
[based.  It  was  largely  done  with  dried  specimens,  some  of  them  now 
'from  sixty  to  eighty  years  old.  Phalloids  are  largely  characterized 
by  their  shape,  and  dried  phalloids  are  for  that  reason  infinitely  better 
jto  work  with  than  dried  agarics,  all  of  which  have  very  much  the  same 

or  similar  shapes.     But  color  is  also  an  important  character  of  phal- 

oids,  and  dried  specimens  soon  lose  their  color. 

1  In  my  opinion,  there  is  no  other  institution  in  the  world  where  one  can  study  the  litera- 
ure  and  material  of  any  botanical  subject  so  conveniently  as  at  Kew.     Practically  everything 
n  the  way  of  literature  of  phalloids  I  found  there,  and  the  chief  advantage  is  the  convenience 
vith  which  the  books  may  be  consulted. 

2  Prof  Fischer  has  done  good  work  on  phalloids,  and  the  only  criticism  we  would  offer  is 
hat  he  fills  his  papers  too  full  of  personal  authorities  for  names.      In  many  respects,  it  re- 
"inds  us  of  the  society  notes  in  the  Sunday  newspapers. 

293 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


WHAT  IS  A  PHALLOID?— We  presume  there  are  very  few  of 
our  readers  who  do  not  recognize  a  phalloid  when  they  see  one  growing. 
They  have  one  strong 
character  in  common, 
they  are  excessively 
fetid.  Always  fleshy 
plants,  often  bright  col- 
ored, they  assume  most 
'strange  and  bizarre 
shapes,  and  are  objects 
that  quickly  attract  the 
eye  (and  usually  repulse 
the  nose).  Phalloids 
when  young  are  en- 
closed in  a  gelatinous 
volva3  or  egg  (fig.  131) 
from  which  they  usually 
develop  very  quickly, 
often  in  a  few  hours. 
The  spores  of  the  ripe 
phalloid  are  produced  in 
a  greenish,  mucilagin- 
ous mass,  which  gener- 
ally has  an  excessively 
fetid  odor.  This  odor, 

as  repulsive  as  it  may  be  FI    131 

to    us,    serves    a    useful 

purpose  for  the  plant  as  it  attracts  flies  that  are  a  means  of  dispersion 
of  the  spores.  We  shall  not  enter  here  into  a  review  of  the  classification 
of  the  phailoids.  That  we  hope  will  come  later.  We  shall  adopt  the 
names  in  general  use,  following  Professor  Fischer  very  closely  except 
in  a  few  instances  where  he  has  proposed  innovations  that  we  feel  are 
not  as  good  classification  as  the  older  methods.4  Our  first  few  articles 
on  the  subject  we  shall  devote  to  a  consideration  and  illustration  of 
specimens  that  have  reached  us  from  our  correspondents  or  are  familiar 
to  us  from  our  own  collections. 

^CLATHRUS  GRACILIS  (Plate  91).— We  have  received  from 
H.  S.  James,  Hamilton,  Victoria,  Australia,  and  from  J.  T.  Paul,  Grant- 
ville,  Australia,  alcoholic  specimens  of  Clathrus  gracilis.  This  seems 
to  be  a  frequent  species  in  Australia  and  is  well  represented  by  dried 
specimens  at  Kew.  While  we  believe  that  our  photograph  (Plate  91) 
made  from  alcoholic  specimens  will  give  a  crude  idea  of  the  plant,  a 
photograph  made  from  a  fresh  plant  is  much  desired  and  we  hope  some 
of  our  Australian  correspondents  will  have  a  photograph  made  for  us 

«  We  do  not  exclude  from  the  phailoids  the  genus  Phallogaster,  which  has  the  main  char- 
acters of  a  phalloid,  but  is  devoid  of  a  volva. 

fnr  „  4Thlls  the  genus  "  Clathrella  "  does  not  appear  to  us  as  being  well  founded.     Laternea  to 
"sa  very  distinct  genus  from  Clathrus.    There  never  were  good  grounds  to  sink  the  old 
name  Phallus  and  substitute  a  new  name  Ithyphallus. 

294 


from  a  fresh  specimen.  Berkeley  described  this  species  as  Ileodict- 
yon  gracile,5  and  gave  a  good  figure  of  it  in  1845.  The  genus  Clathrus, 
in  which  we  include  the  plant,  was  proposed  by  Micheli  for  the  only 
species  that  grows  in  Europe  or  the  United  States  (C.  cancellatus). 
We  would  refer  to  the  genus  Clathrus  all  phalloids  that  have  an  tin-' 
stalked  receptacle,  consisting  of  a  net  or  latticed  structure,  and  subglo- 
bose  in  shape.  The  color  of  Clathrus  gracilis  is  pale  or  white.  The 
branches  of  the  mesh  are  flattened,  even,  very  narrow  and  slender, 
varying  from  2  to  3  mm.  broad.  They  form  a  coarse  net  work  with 
large  meshes  sub-equal  in  diameters.6  The  gleba  in  the  young  plant 
completely  fills  the  interior  of  the  mesh  (see  Plate  91,  fig.  5).  As  the 
plant  expands  the  gleba  deliquesces  and  remains  spread  evenly  over 
the  inner  side. 

SYNONYMS. — As  previously  stated  the  plant  may  be  called  Ileodictyon  gra- 
cile  if  we  consider  this  section  of  Clathrus  a  distinct  genus.  Prof.  Fischer  unites 
Clathrus  gracilis  to  Clathrus  cibarius,  and  it  must  be  admitted  they  are  very 
similar.  However,  in  Clathrus  cibarius  the  arms  of  the  net  are  four  or  five  times 
as  broad  as  those  of  Clathrus  gracilis.  While  intermediate  specimens  may  occur, 
we  have  never  seen  them  and  all  the  specimens  at  London  and  Paris  are  very 
distinct.  Besides  there  is  a  geographical  difference.  Clathrus  cibarius  is  the 
New  Zealand  species,  Clathrus  gracilis  the  Australian.  Of  the  many  specimens 
we  have  seen  not  a  single  Clathrus  gracilis  from  New  Zealand  and  but  one  Cla- 
thrus cibarius  from  Australia.  The  strongest  point,  however,  that  would  indi- 
cate to  us  that  the  two  species  are  distinct  is  the  structure  of  the  net  work.  In 
Clathrus  cibarius  it  consists  of  a  single,  large  tube  (see  Plate  91,  fig.  8).  In 
Clathrus  gracilis  it  shows  from  two  to  four  united  tubes  (see  Plate  91,  fig.  6). 

CLATHRUS  CIBARIUS  (Plate  91).— Clathrus  cibarius  of  New 
Zealand  is  a  very  similar  plant  to  the  preceding,  but  much  larger  with 
broad  arms  to  the  net  work.  The  width  of  the  flattened  arms  is  a  cen- 
timeter or  more.  The  plant  was  described  by  Tulasne  in  1844  from 
specimens  in  alcohol,  collected  by  Raoul  in  New  Zealand,  and  now 
preserved  at  the  Museum  of  Paris.  It  was  said  to  have  been  eaten  by 
the  natives,  hence  the  name,  cibarius.  The  plant  is  known  in  Europe 
only  from  alcoholic  specimens  (which  have  the  arms  much  wrinkled) 
iand  from  pressed  specimens  (Plate  91,  fig.  7)  where  the  arms  are 
flattened.  The  natural  shape  of  a  section  of  the  arm  is  unknown,  I 
think.  A  photograph  of  a  fresh  specimen  is  very  much  desired.  As 
we  do  not  have  such  photographs  we  give  (Plate  91)  a  reproduction 
from  a  dried  specimen,  which  at  the  best  will  give  but  a  crude  idea  of 
jthe  plant.  Clathrus  cibarius  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Ileodictyon  (see 

5  The  genus  Ileodictyon,   proposed  by  Tulasne,  differs  from  Clathrus  proper  in  having 
.larger  meshes  to  the  net  work,  and  vthe  original  species)  in  having  the  branches  of  the  net 
,"ormed  of  a  single  hollow  tube.     In  the  species  under  consideration,   Clathrus  gracilis,    this 
':ube  has  partitions,  being  composed  in  fact  of  two  to  four  tubes.    There  are  several  species  de- 
pcribed  from  dried  specimens  where  the  structure  of  the  branches  is  unknown,  and  we  feel  it 
.simplifies  matters  to  consider  Ileodictyon  as  a  section  of  Clathrus.     In  some  of  Prof.  Fischer's 
•vorks,  he  takes  this  view  of  it  ;  in  others,  holds  the  genus  Ileodictyon  distinct.    We  believe 

hat  the  genus  Ileodictyon  is  a  good  genus  and  that  it  differs  from  Clathrus  in  having  tubular 
irms,  while  Clathrus  proper  has  arms  composed  of  large  cells  not  tubular.  We  can  not  apply 
'his  distinction,  however,  to  much  of  the  material  on  which  our  knowledge  is  now  based. 

6  Some  species  of  Clathrus    C.  pusillus;  have  the  lower  branches  sub-columnal,  forming 
|longated  meshes. 

295 


note  page  295)  and  is  a  very  similar  plant  to  Clathrus  gracilis  of  Aus- 
tralia. It  is  not  confined  to  Xew  Zealand.  Specimens  are  in  the 
museum  at  Paris  from  Chile  and  at  the  British  Museum  from  Chiloe  (an 
island  off  the  coast  of  Chile)  which  in  all  respects  agree  with  the  .\\-\v 
Zealand  plant.  It  is  also  reported  from  South  Africa. 

FORM  FROM  BRAZIL. — At  the  British  Museum  there  is  a  specimen  col- 
lected by  G.  A.  Ramage.  Pernambuco,  Brazil,  which  is  certainly  a  distinct  form 
if  not  specifically  distinct.  It  has  the  general  appearance  of  Clathrus  cibarius,  but 
the  arms  of  the  upper  meshes  are  narrower  than  those  of  the  lower  and  the 
latter  are  somewhat  columnar  so  that  the  lower  meshes  are  elongated. 

CLATHRUS  CANCELLATUS  (Plate  92).— We  can  not  hope- 
in  an  uncolored  plate  to  do  justice  to  Clathrus  cancellatus.  It  is  a  most 
gorgeously  bright,  red  plant  and  must  he  reproduced  in  color  to  give 
a  good  idea  of  it.  Fortunately  colored  plates  are  not  rare.  Cooke, 
Barla,  I  Milliard,  Mrs.  Hussey,  and  others  perhaps  that  we  do  not  now 
recall,  have  all  given  excellent  plates  of  it.  The  plant  can  not  fail  to 
be  recognized  from  our  plate  even  though  uncolored  as  it  is  as  striking 
in  shape  as  in  color.  We  feel  that  no  description  is  necessary,  but  will 
mention  that  it  has  the  reputation  of  being  among  the  most  fetid  »f 
phalloids.  Its  odor  is  so  strong  that  Mrs.  Hussey  states  it  was  with 
difficulty  that  she  managed  to  complete  the  drawing  of  it.  The  odor  of 
phalloids  has  been  compared  to  rotten  fruit,  carrion,  etc.,  but  we  think 
Sowerby  has  it  nearly  right  when  he  states  that  the  "smell  is  peculiar 
to  itself/' 

DISTRIBUTION.— This  plant  is  frequent  in  the  "Midi"  and  "Bretagne"  of 
France,  in  Italy  and  southern  Europe  in  general.12  Also  in  the  islands  of  the 
Mediterranean  and  northern  countries  of  Africa.  It  does  not  occur  in  France 
as  far  north  as  Paris,  but  is  found  on  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  a  few  stations  in 
southern  England.13  We  have  seen  a  specimen  from  Switzerland.14 

In  the  United  States  it  is  a  very  rare  plant.  Fine  specimens,  collected  in 
Florida,  are  in  the  museum  at  Harvard,  and  it  is  recorded  from  Georgia.16 

The  species  has  been  recorded  from  Ceylon  ;<nd  Xew  Zealand,  but  both  we 
think  are  based  on  erroneous  determination. 

SYNONYMS. — This  plant  was  well  illustrated  by  Micheli  nearly  two  hun- 
dred years  ago,  and  the  name  Clathrus  cancellatus  was  based  on  his  figure.  It 
has  been  fortunate  in  escaping  almost  all  synonyms  and  there  has  never  IXTH  the 
slightest  excuse  for  name  juggling.  Bulliard  called  it  Clathrus  volvaceus,  ::nd 
Barla  is  said  to  have  named  it  Clathrus  nicaensis.17 

12  From  Dr.  Holl6s'  book  we  learn  that  it  is  absent  from  Hungary,  which  is  surprising, 
as  it  appears  that  the  gastroinycetes  flora  of  Hungary  is  of  a  southern  type. 

l«  Professor  Massee  tells  me  that  the  plant  has  reached  him  from  English  correspond,  nts 
on  three  occasions :  from  Bournemouth,  southern  England  from  Haslemere  near  London; 
and  once  was  collected  on  (he  banks  of  the  Thames,  near  Windsor.  He  also  informs  me  that 
it  is  usually  found  in  fir  woods  which  I  did  not  know  . 

|-»  I  am  told  that  in  some  of  the  deep  valleys  on  the  southern  side  of  Switzerland,  the  cli- 
mate ls  quite  warm,  and  the  vegetation  is  of  a  southern  type. 

rro  .1^Ve*hould  be  glad  of  other  authentic  records  in  the  United  States.  It  is  staled  !>y 
NewgYork  recogrd^Vou.nfu\Saue  think'"  hlW  "Ot  "^  COnfidenCe  in  his  ^terminations.  T» 
Patu-^v^  -  ".thru.  -!- 

isgive^nr^^rcrat^u^iUratu"18'5  "Ch™**»°»*«*  «**,»  a  l.eautifu,  plate 

296 


CLATHRUS  DELICATUS  (Fig.  132).  — The 
most  delicate  an:l  unique  little  Clathrus  ever  discovered 
is  Clathrus  delicatus  of  Ceylon.  But  one  collection  is 
known  (now  at  Kew)  which  was  made  in  1868  at  Pera- 
deniya,  growing  "on  rotten  cocoanut  husks."  The 
gleba  adheres  in  little  globules  to  the  angles  of  the 
meshes.  Some  idea  of  the  diminutiveness  of  this  unique, 
little  species  can  be  gained  from  our  figure  (132)  which 
is  an  enlargement  (four  diameters)  of  the  type  speci- 
mens at  Kew.  Berkeley  described  but  did  not  figure  it. 

SIMBLUM  SPH.EROCEPHALUM  (Fig.  133). 
132.  —The  genus  Simblum  can  be  described  in  a  few  words 

as  being  a  Clathrus  on  a  stem.  At  present  there  are 
four  species  known :  Simblum  periphrag- 
moides,  the  original  species  from  Mauritius, 
which  was  published  and  well  illustrated  by 
Hooker;  Simblum  gracile,  which  appears  to 
be  common  in  Ceylon  and  the  East  Indies 
and  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding  but  much 
more  slender ;  Simblum  sphaerocephalum, 
very  common  in  South  America  and  very 
rare  in  North  America ;  and  Simblum  Tex- 
ense,  which  Mr.  Long  finds  abundant  in 
Texas,  but  which  has  not  yet  been  pub- 
lished.7 It  is  very  close  to  Simblum  sphsero- 
cephalum  but  is  yellow  instead  of  red.  Sim- 
blum sphaerocephalum  is  well  illustrated  in 
the  photograph  we  present  herewith  (Fig. 
133)  which  was  made  by  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Bra- 
zil. The  specimen  is  evidently  abnormal, 
having  two  stems  and  a  single  head.  It  is  an 
excellent  photograph  and  gives  a  good  idea 
of  the  clathrate  structure  of  the  receptacle. 
It  is  a  very  common  plant  in  South  America, 
as  is  evident  in  all  literature.8  It  usually  has 
a  red  stem,  as  the  names  that  have  been  ap- 
plied to  it,  "rufescens"  and  "coccinea,"  indi- 
cate. Rev.  Rick  states  that  it  sometimes  has 
a  white  stem  in  his  locality.  In  North 
America  it  is  exceedingly  rare.  We  have 
given  in  Mycological  Notes,  page  220,  all 
Fig.  133.  the  stations  known  to  us.9 


7  "  Dictybole  Texense,  new  genus,  Atkinson,"  I  am  informed  is  based  on  this  species. 

8  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil,  writes  me  :  "  It  is  very  common  here,  and  has  a  variety  of  forms  and 
colors— as  white  and  flesh  color.     I  have  collected  both  colors  from  the  same  mycelium." 

9 Viz:  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  Gerard;  Nebraska,  J.  M.  Bates;  Kansas,  E.  E.  Bartholomew; 
(Washington,  D.  C.,  W.  H.  Scudder  ;  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  Charles  Mcllvame.  No  other  lo- 
icalities  have  been  reported  in  answer  to  our  request  on  page  220.  We  beg  to  ask  again  if  any 
one  knows  of  additional  localities  that  he  will  write  us  and  favor  us  with  the  data. 

297 


HISTORY.  _  As  has  been  established  by  Professor  Fischer,  the  plant  was 
first  called  by  St.  Hilaire,  Foetidaria  coccinea.10  He  gave  no  figure  of  it  and  as 
the  genus  Simblum  had  been  well  illustrated  no  one  had  any  idea  what  was  re- 
ferred to  under  the  "new  genus"  Foetidaria,11  until  Fischer  decided  from  other 
evidence  what  the  plant  probably  was.  Schlechtendal  named  it  Simblum  sphaero- 
cephalum  and  gave  a  very  fair  illustration,  although  I  do  not  think  any  phalloid 
has  such  a  volva  as  he  shows.  When  Gerard  found  the  plant  on  Long  Island 
he  gave  a  good  illustration  of  it  and  called  it  Simblum  rufescens.  Cragin  found 
it  in  Kansas,  and  as  everything  he  found  was  new,  it  was  Simblum  rufescens  var. 
Kansensis.  1  have  seen  a  figure  of  the  type  specimen  of  "Simblum  pilidiatum, 
Ernst,"  and  it  is  certainly  the  same  plant. 

LATERNEA  COLUMNATA  (Plate  92).—  The  genus  Laternea 
differs  from  Clathrus  in  having  the  arms  (usually  three  to  five)  dis- 
posed in  a  columnar  manner,  united  at  the  top  but  not  forming  a  net- 
work.18 Laternea  columnata  is  a  very  common  plant  in  our  Southern 
States,  particularly  in  Florida.  How  far  north  it  extends  I  do  not 
know,  but  I  think  the  record  of  Clathrus  cancellatus  from  New  York 
was  based  on  this  species  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  150),  and  Rafinesque's 
reference  "Pennsylvania"  surely  was.  I  should  be  glad  of  any  authen- 
tic records  of  its  occurrence  in  stations  in  any  degree  northern.  It  is 
found  also  in  the  West  Indies  and  South  America.  West  Indian  plants 
that  I  have  seen  are  more  slender  than  the  American  plant,  but  those 
from  South  America19  seem  the  same  in  every  particular.  It  is  doubt- 
ful if  the  plant  occurs  in  New  Zealand.20 

We  do  not  give  any  description  of  Laternea  columnata  as  our 
plate  is  the  best  description  we  can  give.  The  plant  is  red  and  exceed- 
ingly fetid.  In  Florida  it  is  known  to  the  natives  as  "Dead  Men's 
Fingers." 

Since  this  page  has  been  in  type  we  have  received  from  C.  E. 
Pleas,  Florida,  a  fine  photograph  of  Laternea  columnata,  better  than 
those  we  present  on  our  plate  (92).  We  regret  that  it  was  received 
too  late  to  be  inserted  here,  but  we  will  not  fail  to  reproduce  it  in  «>ur 
next  article  on  the  phalloids.  Good  photographs  of  phalloids  are  what 
are  particularly  needed  to  make  the  subject  plain. 

HISTORY.—  Bosc  gave  a  good  figure  of  this  plant  in  1811  from  specimens 
collected  in  the  southern  United  States  and  called  the  plant  Clathrus  columnatus 
Turpm  proposed  the  genus  Laternea  in  1822  for  a  three-columned  plant  (Laternea 

JO  prof.  Fischer  very  sensibly  refrained  from  juggling  it,  the  plant  being  well  established 
under  Schlechtendal's  name.  My  friend  Prof.  McGinty.  has  no  such  scruples,  ami  proposes  lor 
t  the  new  combination  "  Simblum  coccineum.  St.  Hilaire,  McGinty."  There  does  not  st-em  to 
have  been  any  specimen  sent  to  Europe  by  St.  Hilaiie,  nor  even  a  crude  figure,  and  all  that  can 
be  known  of  it  is  by  working  backward,  a  favorite  method  with  modern  name  jugglers 

n  When  "  rules  "  are  made  for  the  naming  of  cryptogamic  plants,  I  hope  proper  consid- 
eration will  be  given  to  that  large  element  of  »  new  species"  makers  who  do  not  know  when 
their  plants  belong  to  old  and  well-known  genera. 

i«  There  are  a  number  of  species  of  Clathrus  that  have  the  lower  arms  disposed  in  a  some- 
what columnar  manner,  but  developing  into  a  network  above. 

19  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil,  writes  me  that  "  many  forms"  of  the  species  occur  with  him. 


hioh  iAt  KCW.  th.ure  is  a  sl)ecime".  collected  by  T.  Kirk,  at  Lynt 
roke;  an?n«  I  e  ap,Pe-arance  °'  bein*  an  obese  form  of  I-aterne 
>ronen  and  in  such  condition  that  I  am  not  at  all  sure 


ton  Downs,  New  /i-aland, 
a  columnata,  but  it  is  so 


298 


triscapa)  that  he  figured  (Fig.  134)  from  specimens  from  a  little  island,  Tortuga 
near  San  Domingo.  Nees  von  Esenbeck  transferred  the 
American  plant  to  the  genus  Laternea.  For  a  long  time  it 
was  supposed  that  the  number  of  columns  (three)  was  the 
specific  character  of  Turpin's  species  and  three-columned 
specimens  of  Laternea  coluinnata  have  been  so  referred.  It 
is  now  known  that  the  number  of  columns  varies  in  Later- 
nea columnata :  usually  four,  they  are  sometimes  three  and 
sometimes  five.  Turpin's  figure  is  only  about  one  third  the 
size  of  the  American  species,  with  very  slender  columns, 
and  if  any  specific  difference  exists  it  is  in  the  general  size 
of  the  plants,  not  in  the  number  of  the  columns.  Turpin's 
plant  has  never  been  refound  unless  Berkeley's  little  Later- 
^^^\  nea  pusilla  from  Cuba  is  a  small  form  of  it,  but  Laternra 
>  x  pusilla  is  as  much  relatively  smaller  than  Laternea  triscapa 

Fig  134  as    t^at    's    smaller    than    Laternea    columnata.      Laternea 

columnata  collected  in  Brazil  was  at  one  time  called  by 
Prof.  Fischer  Clathrus  brasiliensis,  and  at  another  time  Cla- 
thrus  cancellatus  var.  brasiliensis,  and  at  one  time  he  called  the  American  plant 
Clathrus  cancellatus,  var.  columnatus.  He  has  since  receded  from  all  these  opin- 
ions, and  it  is  quite  evident  the  species  is  no  form  of  Clathrus  cancellatus.  It  is 
almost  certain  that  Laternea  columnata  is  what  Rafinesque  called  the  genus 
Colonnaria  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  129)  and  although  the  name  is  much  prior  to 
Laternea  the  name  juggler  has  not  yet  appeared,  who  no  doubt  will  present  him- 
self in  good  time  and  propose  a  "new  combination." 

MUTINUS  ELEGANS  (Plate  93).— The  genus  Mutinus  has  a 
single  stem  or  stalk  (receptacle  it  is  called)  bearing  the  gleba  directly 
on  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem.  It  will  be  recognized  at  once  from 
our  figure.  Around  Cincinnati  it  is  perhaps  the  most  common  phalloid 
we  have.  What  its  geographical  distribution  is  I  do  not  know,  but  it 
occurs  as  far  west  as  Missouri  (Dr.  Glatfelter)  and  as  far  east  as 
Pennsylvania  (Dr.  Herbst).  I  judge  from  Prof.  Burt's  writings  that 
in  the  extreme  east  it  is  mostly  replaced  by  other  species.  The  color  of 
Mutinus  elegans  is  flesh  color  or  deeper  red.  The  form,  thicker  be- 
low and  tapering  above,  is  characteristic  of  the  plant  as  it  grows  at 
Cincinnati,  and  to  my  mind  is  its  specific  character.  Whether  the 
"club-shaped"  plant  which  we  now  call  Mutinus  Ravenelii  is  only  a 
form  of  Mutinus  elegans,  or  whether  it  is  a  distinct  species  we  are  un- 
decided, but  we  feel  quite  sure  Mutinus  Ravenelii  is  not  Mutinus  can- 
inus  of  Europe,  as  has  been  stated. 

HISTORY. — Sullivan  sent  from  Columbus,  Ohio,  a  figure  of  this  plant  and 
a  specimen  to  Montagne,  who  labeled  it  in  his  herbarium  "Caromyxa  elegans." 
but  did  not  publish  it  until  after  Berkeley  had  published  "Corynites  Ravenelii," 
;  when  it  was  published  (Sylloge  1856,  p.  281)  as  Corynites  elegans.  The  specimen 
i  is  still  in  good  condition  in  Montagne's  herbarium.  Berkeley  published  the  plant 
j  in  1873  as  Corynites  Curtisii  (changed  by  Fischer  to  Mutinus  Curtisii)  and  the 
;type  at  Kew  is  characteristically  this  species.  Morgan  gave  a  good  figure  of  it 
;.and  published  it  in  1889  as  Mutinus  bovinus,  and  as  he  was  the  first  to  give  a 
i  description  and  figure  from  which  the  plant  could  be  recognized,  we  would  ac- 
,-cept  his  name  if  it  were  as  good  as  his  figure. 

MUTINUS  RAVENELII  (Fig.  135).— There  occurs  in  the 
!  United  States  a  species  very  similar  to  the  preceding  but  which  is 
Smaller  and  dub  shaped,  being  broader  above  and  tapering  below.  This 

299 


•• 


Fig.  135. 


plant  was  named  by  Berkeley,  Corynites  Ravenelii.  It  seems  to  be  a  com- 
mon form  in  the  eastern  states  but  is  rare  in  the 
west  and  I  have  never  seen  it  at  Cincinnati  but 
once.  It  has  the  same  structure  as  the  previous 
species  Mutinus.  elegans,  but  differs  in  form 
only.  Whether  it  is  a  form  of  Mutinus  elegani 
or  a  distinct  species  I  have  no  opinion  at  prer.- 
ent.  I  should  be  glad  if  the  readers  of  Myc<  >li  >g- 
ical  Xotes  would  observe  this  season  the  forms 
of  Mutinus  and  advise  me  if  they  find  both 
forms  in  their  section,  or  only  one  of  them,  or 
any  other  information  that  will  aid  in  clearing 
up  this  question.  I'rof.  Hurt,  in  his  recent  ex- 
cellent paper  on  the  phalloids,  has  referred 
Mutinus  Ravenelii  as  a  synonym  for  Mutinus 
caninus  of  Europe.  In  this  we  feel  quite  cer- 
tain he  is  mistaken.  Mutinus  caninus  will  be 
considered  and  illustrated  in  our  next  issue.  It 
has  a  structure  quite  different  from  the  speci- 
mens of  Mutir.us  Ravenelii.  The  gleba  bearing 
portion  of  the  plant  is  very  short,  abruptly  con- 
tracted, formed  of  small  cells,  quite  different 
from  the  large  cells  of  the  stem  of  the  plant. 
The  gleln  is  definitely  limited  to  this  portion  of^ 
the  plant  and  is  a  thick  layer, so  at  first  sight  the  plant  appears  to  have' 
a  cap  or  pileus.  \Yhen  Berkeley  described  Corynites  Ravenelii  he 
specially  pointed  out  that  the  receptacle  is  uniform  in  its  cellular 
structure  and  the  gleba  is  not  definitely  limited,  and  on  this  diffeivnre 
from  the  structure  of  Mutinus  caninus  he  based  the  genus  Corynites.: 
Prof.  Burt.  in  his  paper,  correctly  gives  the  structural  characters  ofl 
Mutinus  caninus  and  he  is  a  very  careful  observer  and  records  the 
species  frequent  with  him.  We  have  received  a  specimen  of  Mutinus 
caninus  from  James  Fletcher.  Canada,  hence  we  have  in  the  United 
States,  I  think,  three  species  or  forms  of  Mutinus.  viz:  Mutinus  ele-j 
gans,  Mutinus  Ravenelii.  and  Mutinus  caninus.  I  should  be  glad  to* 
receive  any  specimens  or  information  that  will  throw  light  on  the  sub- 
ject. It  is  quite  evident  from  Ravencl's  herbarium  at  the  British 
Museum  that  he  did  not  consider  the  shape  (as  we  have  in  this  paper) 
as  the  character  of  Mutinus  Ravenelii.  His  type  specimen  "Xo.  888" 
(concerning  which  he  writes  a  long  letter  insisting  that  it  is  the  "true 
type")  is  club  shaped,  but  his  sketch  that  accompanies  it  is  the  shape  -if 
the  plant  that  in  this  paper  we  have  called  Mutinus  elegans. 

CONCLUSIONS. — We  expect  to  continue  in  the  succeeding 
numbers  of  Mycological  Xotes  a  consideration  of  the  phalloicl  subject 
until  the  leading  species  are  considered  and  illustrated.  We  shall  be 
very  glad  to  receive  from  our  friends  and  correspondents  any  notes, 
specimens  (dry  or  alcoholic),  photographs,  or  information  that  may 
aid  in  the  work.  We  append  a  list  of  the  dried  specimens  that  have 

300 


thus  far  reached  us.  We  have  a  number  of  additional  alcoholic  spec- 
imens in  our  museum  at  Cincinnati,  but  the  list  is  not  available  here 
in  Paris. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

ASERCE  HOOKERI,  Nezu  Zealand,  Miss  Jessie  Dunn. 

CLATHRUS  CIBARIUS,  A  erf  Zealand,  Miss  Jessie  Dunn. 

CLATHRUS  CRISPUS,  Jamaica,  Miss  Barrett. 

CLATHRUS  CANCELLATUS,  Portugal,  Rev.  Torrend ;  Italy,  M.  Bezzi ;  France, 
L.  Rolland;  Spain,  T.  de  Aranzadi. 

CLATHRUS  GRACILIS,  Australia,  J.  T.  Paul,  F.  Reader. 

KALCHBRENNERA  CORALLOCEPHALA,  South  Africa,].  M.  Wood. 

LATERNEA  COLUMNATA,  Florida,  C.  E.  Pleas. 

LATERNEA  PUSILLA,  Jamaica,  W.  Jekyll. 

MUTINUS  CANINUS,  Canada,  Jas.  Fletcher ;  Ireland,  Greenwood  Pirn ;  Ger- 
many, C.  Engelke,  Otto  Japp. 

MUTINUS  ELEGANS,  Cincinnati,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

MUTINUS  RAVENELII  (?),  New  Jersey,  E.  B.  Sterling. 

PHALLOGASTER  SACCATUS,  Ohio,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  and  also  at  Eg/on,  W.  I 'a. 

PHALLUS  AURANTIACUS,  Hawaii,  D.  D.  Baldwin. 

PHALLUS  DUPLICATUS,  Iowa,  L.  R.  Waldron ;    Ohio,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

PHALLUS  INDUSIATUS,  Jamaica,  H.  E.  Cox,  Miss  Barret;  Samoa,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

PHALLUS  IMPERIALIS,  Italv,  M.  Bezzi;  Colorado,  E.  B.  Sterling;  Texas,  W.  H. 
Long,  Jr.;  California.  L.  G.  Yates;  Washington,  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braendle.  (NoTE.— 
Phallus  imperialis  is  only  a  form  of  Phallus  impudicus  with  pink  volva,  but  it 
appears  to  be  the  only  form  that  occurs  in  the  United  States.  In  England  it  is  a 
very  rare  form  and  Prof.  Massee  tells  me  that  while  Phallus  impudicus  is  a 
very  frequent  plant  in  England,  he  has  seen  the  form  imperialis  but  once.  Mon- 
sieur Boudier  tells  me  he  notes  a  distinction  in  habitat  and  in  odor  of  the  two 
plants  at  Paris.) 

PHALLUS  RAVENELII,  Pennsylvania,  Wm.  Herbst;    Iowa,  F.  J.  Fitzpatrick. 

PHALLUS  RUBICUNDUS,  Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr. 

SIMBLUM  spH^vROCEPHALUM,  Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates. 

SIMBLUM  TEXENSE,  Terras,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr. 


THE  COMMON  BIRD'S-NEST   FUNGI. 

We  have  just  finished  work  on  a  monograph  of  the  Xiclulariaceae. 
As  it  embraces  all  known  species,  both  rare  and  common,  including' 
many  species  found  only  in  the  tropics,  we  feel  that  it  will  be  of  less 
interest  to  our  general  readers  than  an  account  of  our  common  species 
which  every  one  meets.  There  are  but  four  common  species  of  bird's- 
nest  fungi,  either  in  Europe  or  the  United  States,  and  as  far  as  I 
know  and  believe  only  five  rare  ones.  Of  the  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-six specimens  we  have  received  from  correspondents  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five  belong  to  these  four  common  species.  We  do  not 
include  in  the  above  summary  Sphaerobolus  stellatus,  which  although 
it  has  the  same  general  structure  as  the  family,  has  but  a  single  peri- 
diole,  and  is  not  in  the  popular  mind  associated  with  bird's-nest  fungi. 
Every  child  knows  the  little  cups  that  they  liken  to  little  birds'  nests 
filled  with  little  eggs.  In  botanical  language  the  cups  or  nests  are 
known  as  the  peridium  and  the  little  eggs  as  peridioles.1 

iThis  is  the  term  that  I  shall  employ  for  them,  though  it  is  not  strictly  correct,  the  word 
sporangioles  being  more  frequently  used. 

301 


Each  peridiole  (in  all  our  common  species)  is  attached  to  the 
peridium  by  a  slender  cord  (called  funiculus)  which  when  wet  is 
elastic  and  capable  of  long  extension.  The  peridioles  of  all  these 
four  common  species  are  black,  but  three  of  them  have  what  is  known 
as  a  tunica,  a  thin,  white  membrane  surrounding  the  peridioles.  Cruci- 
bulum  vulgare  alone  has  a  tunica  thick  enough  to  hide  the  color  of 
the  peridioles,  and  hence  is  the  only  species  with  white  "eggs."  Our 
four  common  species  differ  widely  from  each  other,  so  that  there 
is  no  trouble  in  naming  them  from  their  general  appearance  and 
habits.  The  peridioles  are  filled  with  microscopic  spores,  and  the 
most  marked  difference  to  the  mycologist  is  the  relative  size  of  these 
spores,  but  that  is  not  a  question  that  we  shall  consider  here,  as  the 
object  of  this  article  is  to  give  a  general  description  by  which  our 
common  species  can  be  readily  known  without  the  use  of  the 
microscope. 

CRUCIBULUM  VULGARE  (Fig.  136).— We  present  a  figure 
of  this  plant  growing  on  a  piece  of  old  mat.  Its  usual  habitat  is  sticks, 
chips,  etc.  Sometimes,  very  rarely,  it  grows  on  cakes  of  manure,  but 


Fig.  136. 

it  never  I  think  grows  on  the  bare  ground.  The  cups  are  subcylindrical 
in  shape,  not  so  tapering  as  the  other  species,  and  the  color  when  young 
yellowish,  and  it  is  the  only  species  of  this  color.  When  old  the 
cups  bleach  out  and  lose  their  yellow  color.  The  mouths  of  the  \<>w\« 
specimens  are  covered  with  a  thin,  yellowish  membrane  (called  the 
epiphragm),  and  most  of  the  specimens  in  our  figure  still  have  the 
epiphragm.  The  peridioles  (or  "eggs")  are  white,2  and  this  is  the 
only  bird  s-nest  fungi  that  has  white  eggs.  There  should,  therefore, 
be  no  trouble  in  recognizing  Crucibulum  vulgare  by  its  yellowish  color 
and  white  eggs. 


the  pe 


is  the  tu 


membrane  that  surrounds 


302 


CYATHUS  STRIATUS  (Fig.  137).— This  species  is  usually 
found  on  sticks,  sometimes  in  the  ground,  but  then  attached  to  buried 
sticks.  While  Crucibulum  vulgare  has  more  of  a  "domestic"  nature, 


Fig.  137. 

being  found  often  around  houses,  on  chips  in  the  wood  yard,  on  board 
walks,  etc.  Cyathus  striatus  has  more  of  a  wild  nature,  and  is  gen- 
erally found  in  the  woods  on  brush  heaps,  etc.  It  can  always  be 
known  by  the  striations  or  lines  on  the  inside  of  the  cups  as  shown  in 
our  figure.  Cyathus  striatus  is  the  only  species  in  the  United  States  or 
Europe  that  has  these  marks.3  The  color  of  the  cups  is  dark  brown 
or  black,  and  the  European  form  is  darker  than  the  American.*  The 
peridioles  of  Cyathus  striatus  only  fill  the  lower  part  of  the  cup  below 
the  striations.  They  have  a  thin,  whitish,  surrounding  tunica,  but  the 
eggs  would  be  called  black.  I  think  there  can  be  no  trouble  in  recog- 
nizing Cyathus  striatus  from  its  striations. 

CYATHUS  VERNICOSUS  (Fig.  138).— This  is  the  only 
species  that  is  likely  to  be  found  growing  in  the  unmanured  ground. 
Sometimes  it  is  attached  to  buried  sticks,  but  it  rarely  if  ever  grows 


Fig.  138. 

on  wood  as  the  other  species  usually  do.  Like  Cyathus  striatus,  it  is 
rather  of  a  wild  nature,  being  usually  found  on  bare  ground  in  fields, 
borders  of  woods  and  similar  places.  It  is  readily  known  by  the 

•"•In  warm  countries  there  are  several  species  of  this  character. 

••The  American  plant  is  a  distinct  form    called  var.  Schweinitzii   and  differs  from  the  Eu- 
ropean not  only  in  lighter  color  but  in  the  structure  of  the  tunica. 

303 


cups  which  are  thicker,  firmer,  more  flaring,  smooth  inside  and 
smoother  outside  than  other  species.  The  "eggs"'  or  peridioles  are 
black  (though  covered  with  a  very  thin,  white  membrane)  and  they 
are  much  larger  than  any  other  species  known  (usually  5  mm.  in 
diameter). 

CYATHUS  STERCOREUS  (Fig.  139).— This  is  the  manure- 
loving  species,  and  is  usually  found  on  cakes  of  manure  or  in  manured 
ground,  such  as  gardens,  lawns,  fields,  etc.  The  cups  are  even  in- 


Fig.  139. 

side,  and  with  shaggy  hairs  outside.  When  old  they  become  smoother, 
and  are  sometimes  mistaken  for  Cyathus  vernicosus.5  However,  when 
once  learned,  the  plants  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  cups. 
Cyathus  stercoreus  varies  considerably,  however,  as  to  shape  and  size 
of  cups,  according  to  habitat.  If  growing  on  cakes  of  manure,  they 
are  snorter,  more  cylindrical ;  if  in  loose,  manured  ground,  especially 
in  grass,  they  are  more  slender  and  inclined  to  a  stalk  at  the  base. 
The  latter  form  is  called  Cyathus  Lesueurii.  The  peridioles  or  "i-ggs" 
of  Cyathus  stercoreus  have  no  tunica  whatever,0  hence  they  are  blacker 
than  other  species.  All  three  of  the  other  common  species  are  equally 
abundant,  both  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  but  Cyathus  ster- 
coreus, while  very  common  in  the  United  States,  is  very  rare  in 
Europe.  I  have  seen  in  a  garden  near  Cincinnati  the  ground  under 
currant  bushes  covered  for  yards  in  extent  with  the  little  cups  as 
thick  as  they  could  stand. 

We  have  presented  the  four  common  species  of  Bird's-nest  fungi 
in  such  a  manner  that  we  feel  they  should  be  easily  recognized.  And 
these  four  are  all  the  species  that  most  of  our  rea'ders  will  ever  find. 


•••A  picture  of  the  species  is  published  in  Miss  Marshall's  book  and  labeled  Cyathus  veH 
'      „  er<flsnogood  reason  why  any  one  who  examines  the  spores  should  confuse  the  two 
M     WSJ™  stercoreils  has  v,-rv  lartze,  subglobose  spores,  30  to  50  mic.  while  vernicosu* 
has  small,  elliptical  spores,  rarely  15  mic.  long. 

to  termllhi«^"\l!",?d,iction  of  what  Tlllas"c  stales  as  to  the  same  plant  is  only  a  contradiction  a* 
itself  and  is  of  a  d"ff  S"e  tunica  in  ihissj>ecies  is  for  us  the  outer  coat  of  the  peridiole 


designate  as  a  tunica. 


304 


FREAK  PUFF  BALLS. 

When  Leveille  described  his  "Hippoperdon  Pila"  (Cfr.  Myc. 
Notes,  p.  178)  he  was  very  positive  he  had  a  perfect  plant.  We 
think  we  have  demonstrated  that  he  was  entirely  mistaken  and  that 
what  he  had  was  the  sterile  base  of  Calvatia  lilacina.  If  Leveille  had 

had  the  specimen  that  is  before  us 
now,  which  we  have  just  received 
from  Miss  Jessie  Dunn,  New  Zea- 

J^fei^:      ^H  land,    he    could    well    have    claimed 

that  he  had  a  "perfect  plant,"  that 
is,  an  entire  plant,  for  the  specimen 
(Figs.  140  and  141)  is  certainly 
perfect  and  complete.  It  consists 
entirely  of  tissue  such  as  one  ordi- 
narily finds  in  sterile  bases,  and 
there  are  a  very  few  globose,  echinu- 
late  spores  to  be  found  in  the  tissue. 
In  my  opinion  it  is  only  a 
"freak."  The  real  relation  of  the 
"sterile  base"  to  the  "fertile  portion" 

Fig,  140.  Fig.  141.  of  a  puff  ball  [s>  j  thjnk>  not  known> 

Professor  Patouillard  tells  me  that  one  finds  in  the  young  sterile  bases 
a.  hymenial  layer  and  basidia.  Why  they  remain  mostly  sterile  and 
do  not  produce  spores  is  a  question  for  the  cytologist  to  solve.  What- 
ever the  cause  may  be  it  is  curious  that  Miss  Dunn  should  find  an  ex- 
ample that  is,  at  the  same  time,  a  perfect  puff  ball  and  a  perfect  sterile 
base. 

While  on  the  subject  of  "sterile  bases,"  it  is  really  amusing  as  we 
look  back  at  it — the  theories  that  some  of  the  old  mycologists  had  to 
explain  "sterile  bases."  Bosc,  who  figured  one,1  was  very  much 
puzzled  to  explain  its  dehiscence.  He  states,  'I  have  never  seen  it 
open  naturally  to  spread  its  seeds.  It  is  the  insect  which  perforates  it, 
the  feet  of  the  quadrupeds  which  crush  it,  the  winds  which  bruise  it 
against  the  trees,  that  supply  the  defect."  If  the  explanation  was 
not  true,  it  was  at  least  ingenious. 


THE  GASTROMYCETES  OF   MISS  MAR- 
SHALL'S BOOK. 

Miss  Marshall  wrote  her  "Mushroom  Book"  as  a  kind  of  commen- 
tary on  some  photographs  by  J.  A.  and  Miss  H.  C.  Anderson.  The 
plates  are  excellent  and  much  better  than  the  text.  The  book,  how- 
ever, is  a  good  introductory  work  on  American  mycology,  and  I  think 
stands  next  to  Atkinson's,  but  both  are  primers.  A  good  text  book 

IHe  called  it  Lvcoperdon  cyathiformis,  and  some  would  on  that  account  call  Calvatia 
lilacina,  Calvatia  cyathiformis.  When  we  get  the  much  talked  about  "  rules,"  when  one  can  put 
a  nickel  in  the  slot  and  draw  out  a  valid  name,  we  hope  it  will  be  made  definitely  clear  what 
value  these  old  "cul  de  jatte  "  have  in  nomenclature. 

305 


of  American  agarics  is  much  needed.  The  only  man  in  America,  I 
think,  who  has  the  practical  field  knowledge  to  write  a  book  of  much 
service,  is  Professor  Peck,  but  he  is  so  busy  that  he  does  not  find  time. 
The  following  plates  of  Miss  Marshall's  book  are  very  fine  and 
are  correctly  named:  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Calvatia  craniiformis, 
Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Geaster  minimus,  Gcaster  hygrometricns.  The 
following  plates  are  better  than  the  names:  Calostoma  Ravenelii 
(=  Mitremyces),  Calostoma  lutescens  (=  Mitremyces),  Scleroderma 
vulgare  (=  Scleroderma  aurantium),  Calvatia  cyathiformis  (—  Cal- 
vatia lilacina).  The  figure  of  the  latter  is  more  globose  than  is  char- 
acteristic of  the  species  as  it  generally  occurs.  Calostoma  cinnabarinum 
(=  Mitremyces)  does  not  appear  to  me  as  good  as  those  of  the  other 
two  species,  both  of  which  are  very  fine  and  the  best  figures  I  know 
of  them.  Lycoperdon  subincarnatum  is  good,  but  larger  specimens 
than  usual.  The  two  following  are  misdetermined  and  misnamed :  Cy- 
athus  vernicosus  is  a  characteristic  figure  of  Cyathus  stercoreus. 
Mutinus  caninus  is  Mutinus  Ravenelii,  quite  different  from  Mutinus 
caninus  of  Europe. 


AN  UNKNOWN  SOUTH  AMERICAN  LY- 
COPERDON. 

It  seems  superfluous  to  us  to  put  the  above  head  in  the  singular 
number.  All  puff  balls  of  South  America  are  practically  unknown 
in  Europe,  for  while  many  species  have  been  named  and  described, 
there  is  no  way  to  even  guess  with  any  degree  of  certainty  what  they 
really  are.  Not  a  great  many  specimens  have  reached  us  from  South 
America,  but  such  as  have  are  practically  all  old  and  well-know^ 
plants  of  the  remainder  of  the  world,  and  there  is  nothing  to  indicate 
that  the  species  of  South  America  are  not  in  the  main  the  same  as 
those  of  other  parts  of  the  world.  .  The  following  species,  howe\ \-r. 
impresses  me  as  being  very  different  from  all  others  as  far  as  I  km  >\v. 
When  I  first  saw  it  I  thought  it  was  a  subglobose  form  of  Lycopcnlon 
fuscum.f  The  same  cortex,  color,  appearance,  and  with  a  decidedly- 
purple  cast  of  the  gleba.  All  Lycoperdons  that  I  have  seen  that  have 
distinctly  purple  gleba  have  large,  rough  spores  mixed  with  fallen 
pedicels.  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  221.)  We  were  greatly  surprised  in 
consequence  to  find  that  under  the  microscope  these  plants  have 
small,  smooth  spores  and  no  trace  of  pedicels. 

LYCOPERDON  SEPTIMUM  (Fig.  142).— Peridium  subglo- 
bose, with  a  strong  root,  dark  in  color.  Cortex  minute,  stellate,  dark, 
nodular  spines  (Fig.  143  enlarged).  Sterile  base  none.  Gleba  umber- 
purple.  Capillitium  deeply  colored.  Spores  globose,  smooth,  4-5  mic.,. 

i-  i,  ^Vye«ha11  continue  to  use  the  name  Lycoperdon  fuscum  in  the  sense  that  we  have  pub- 
lished it,  Myc  Notes,  p.  210,  notwithstanding  that  a  chance  discovery  since  of  an  authentic 
specimen  from  the  original  user  of  the  name  has  shown  that  his  was  quite  a  different  plant. 

306 


unmixed  with  pedicels.     We  have  named  this  plant  "seventh"  in  re- 
minder of  the  fact  that  it  belongs  to  the  seventh  section  of  a  recent 


Fig.  142. 

paper  on  the  genus  Lycoperdon,   and   is   the  only   species  we  have 
seen    (and   we  have   seen   all   so   included)    that   does   belong  there. 

Save  as  to  absence  of  sterile  base,  the 
plants  in  the  grosser  characters  are  the 
same  as  Lycoperdon  fuscum. 

Specimens  collected  at  Quito, 
Ecuador,  by  Rev.  L.  Mille,  S.  J. 

In  evidence  that  the  plants  of 
South  America  are  mainly  the  same 
as  those  of  the  remainder  of  the 
world,  Rev.  Mille  sends  also  Calvatia 
lilacina,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lyco- 
perdon polymorphum  and  Lycoperdon 
Wrightii  (  !!),  and  Theodore  Stuckert 
(Argentina)  sends  Geaster  mammosus, 
Myriostoma  coliformis,  Lycoperdon 
cruciatum  and  Cyathus  stercoreus. 
All  the  above  are  well-known  species 
of  Europe  and  America. 


Fig.  143. 


PRIORITY  CHANGES. 

We  read  in  the  last  volume  of  Saccardo  that  it  is  proposed  to 
change  "Strobilomyces  pallescens,  Cooke  and  Massee"  to  "Strobil- 
omyces  excavatus  (Kalch.)  Hennings"  because  Kalchbrenner  called 
an  Australian  species  of  Strobilomyces  "Secotium  excavatum."  We  do 
not  question  the  truth  of  it,  in  fact  we  can  confirm  it  as  far  as  the  generic 
question  is  involved,  for  we  have  seen  the  "type"  specimen.  But 
•when  Kalchbrenner  called  a  Strobilomyces  a  Secotium  he  blundered 

307  ' 


as  badly  as  if  he  had  called  an  Edam  cheese  a  big  red  apple.  We  fail 
to  see  that  such  work  as  that  has  any  claim  on  science,  and  would 
be  just  as  willing  to  change  the  name  of  a  Strobilomyces  on  that 
account  as  we  would  be  to  change  the  name  of  Bovista  pila  because 
the  Piute  Indians  call  it  Dza-wahp-abe-sah.  Saccardo,  it  can  be  said 
much  to  his  credit,  does  not  usually  pay  much  attention  to  such 
changes.  He  dismisses  the  entire  work  of  Mr.  Murrill  with  a  foot- 
note, "He  has  taken  anew  and  wrongly  many  old,  indefinite,  hetero- 
geneous names,  entirely  unemployed."  But  it  seems  that  with  Sac- 
cardo name- juggling,  like  kissing,  goes  very  much  by  favor.  If  it 
is  done  at  New  York  (example,  Cyathia,  Granularia  and  many 
others),  or  at  Kew  (example,  Calostoma)  or  at  Cambridge  (example, 
Rhopalogaster)  it  is  all  wrong.  But  if  it  is  done  in  Germany  (ex- 
ample, Disciseda)  or  in  Switzerland  (example,  Astraeus  stellatus) 
it  is  all  right.  To  my  mind  it  is  all  equally  bad,  and  I  am  opposed  to 
it  on  principle,  not  on  personal  grounds,  and  I  would  not  accept  a  name 
proposed  by  my  best  friend  on  earth  if  it  smacked  of  name- juggling. 


NOTELETS. 

TYLOSTOMA  EXASPERATUM.— We  have  given  its  habitat  in  our  re- 
cent pamphlet  as  "brandies  and  rotten  wood"  (sonietimes  in  the  ground). 
We  concluded  that  it  grew  in  the  ground  from  examination  of  specimens  I'mm 
Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil.  He  writes  us  that  when  it  grows  in  the  ground  it  is  always 
attached  to  buried  sticks.  Tylostoma  exasperatum  is  the  only  species  <  well 
known)  that  is  truly  epixylous. 

THE  GENUS  PHELLORINA.— This  genus  belongs  to  the  Tylostomaa-ae 
family,  but  was  omitted  from  our  recent  pamphlet  through  oversight.  We  know 
but  two  species,  however,  and  both  were  considered  and  illustrated  in  our 
Australian  pamphlet.  The  genus  Phcllorina  occurs  in  the  United  Statex  in 
lexas  and  Southern  California,  but  no  specimens  have  been  seen  by  me  on 
which  I  could  pass  an  opinion.  Phellorina  Californica  was  based  on  tin-  mer- 
est remnant  of  an  old  wintered  peridium,  from  which  nothing  definite  could  be 
be  told.  Spegazzini  has  recently  described  a  "new  species"  of  "Xylopodium" 
from  South  America.  He  would  do  mycology  a  better  turn  if  he  would  explain 
how  'Xylopodium"  differs  from  Phellorina.  I  am  sure  nobody  else  know-  anv 
difference. 

BOVISTELLA     DOMINICENSIS.-On     page     283,     Mycological     Notes, 
we  stated  that  we  did  not  think  the  species  had  been  published.  We  ha\. 
found  the  publication,  Grev.  17-60.     It  has  apparently  escaped  Saccardo's  sweep 
net. 

CORRECTION.— On  page  19  of  the  recent  "Tylostomeae"  the  word  "waxy" 
should  be  "wavy. 

LYCOPERDON   MISSOURI EXSE.-When   Trclease   published   this   "new    , 
species,     which  is  well   known   now   as   Calvatia   craniiformis,   Cooke   published 
(Grev    17-58)    that   it   was   a   synonym    for   Calvatia   lilacina    (Lycoperdon    lila- 
inum;.      1  his  caused  considerable  amusement  in  the   United   S'tates,  where  it  I 
was     known  that  T  release's   species   has  olive  spores  and   Calvatia   lilacina   has      . 
purple  spores.     Yet  acording  to  the   specimen   that   Trelease   sent    to    England,    |. 
Cooke  was  right    for  this  specimen  is  surely  Calvatia  lilacina.      It   nnlv  shows    jj 
how  easy  it  is  to  be  right  and  wrong  at  the' same  time. 

308 


MYCOLOQICAL  NOTES. 

BY  O.  G.  LLOYD. 

No.  25. 

CINCINNATI,   O.  AP^lLi,   19O7. 


NEW  NOTES  ON  THE   GEASTERS. 

Among  the  first  pamphlets  we  issued  was  "The  Geastrae,''  which 
was  published  four  years  ago.  At  that  time  we  had  had  no  opportunity 
to  study  the  history  of  Geasters  in  the  museums  of  Europe,  but  de- 
pended chiefly  on  advice  from  Rev.  G.  Bresadola  in  our  treatment 
of  names  and  synonyms.  We  have  since  seen  and  studied  practically 
all  the  "type"  specimens  of  the  genus  that  exist,  and  we  have  found 
very  little  that  we  would  wish  changed,  and  that  little  has  been  noted 
from  time  to  time  in  Mycological  Notes.  Our  pamphlet  was  nat- 
urally devoted  to  the  most  common  species  of  Europe  and  America, 
and  a  few  other  forms  have  since  come  to  our  notice  that  should  be 
recorded,  also  a  few  additional  notes  on  the  species  already  considered. 

GE ASTER  TRIPLEX   (Plate  94).— Unexpanded  plant,  acute.1 

Exoperidium  recurved,  often  the 
fleshy  layer  forming  a  kind  of  cup 
at  the  base  of  the  endoperidium 
(see  Fig.  144).  Endoperidium 
sessile,  globose,  with  a  definite, 
even  mouth.  Columella  prominent, 
persistent. 


This  plant  is  reddish  brown,  and 
is  in  our  opinion  the  same  as  Geaster 
saccatus,  only  a  giant  form.  Usually 
Geaster  saccatus  and  Geaster  triplex  are 
very  distinct  (in  size),  but  intermediate 
plants  (such  as  Fig.  76  of  the  Geastrae 
pamphlet),  are  often  hard  to  refer.  At 
Cincinnati  1  have  gathered  Geaster 
saccatus  many  years  and  never  found 
a  form  approaching  Geaster  triplex.  In 

Fig.  144.  the   woods    of   Michigan   my   experience 

is  just  the  reverse,  all  Geaster  triplex 
and  no  Geaster  saccatus.  In  Samoa  both  forms  occur,  and  many  intermediate 
specimens  are  hard  to  refer.  Geaster  triplex  was  figured  from  Java  by  Junghuhn. 

lUnexpanded  plants  of  Geaster  triplex  are  always  acute  in  varying  degrees  as  shown  in 
our  plate  94  and  I  do  not  feel  it  is  practicable  to  separate  those  with  a  distinct  '  beak  under 
a  separate  name.  Not  only  do  they  shade  into  each  other  in  all  degrees  but  the  different  forms 
can  not  be  known  from  expanded  specimens. 

309 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  AMGELE3 


His  figure  has  a  .arge  cup  a,  the  ^-^T^^WSS  Tn'ot'" 


yr  jQ^k,        >^^.         from  a  fresh  specimen 

if^^^A    ^^P       ^^     Samoa).      It    is    only 

^  V  31'  form'     Ot"    PerhaPS    betr 

stated,     a     condition     of 

^  Geaster  saccatus.    As  our 

photograph    was    made 

from    a    fresh    plant,    the 

lines  are  not  due  to  the 

Fig.  145.  rupture  of  the  surface  in 

few  so  marked. 

GE  \STER  EXGLERIANUS    (Fig.   146  from  the  type).—  In 

the    tropics    Geaster    saccatus    take^  a 

1        A  black     form     which     has    been    called 

A     M  Geaster  Englerianus.     It  has  also  been 

^,          mM  called   Geaster   maurus.     0ur    illustra- 

^^^•yi  tion  will,  of  course,  not  show  the  dif- 

^m  ^L  ference  between'  it  and  /Oeaste'r  sacca- 

^^^H    tus    as   the   only   difference  is   one  of. 

^m  ^^r    color      While  the  extreme,  black  form 

^Pfl  is   quite   different  Ijgp   the   red   plant 

^^  ^^^Bl^^  called  Geaster  sacqatus,  Rev.  Rick.  Qt 

^F    •      ^^  Brazil,    who    sends    both    type    form$, 

^T  X         sends    also   many    jnternie'diate    plants. 

»  Most  of  them,  however,  tend  towards 

Fig-  us.  the  black  form. 

GE  \STER  VIOLACEUS.    Rev.  Rick  has  published  this  plant  n 
Broteria.     It  is  of  a  bright,  violet  color,  and  is  peculiar  in  being  t 
only  Geaster  I  ever  saw  with  a  distinctive  color  departing  from  tn 
ordinary  black  and  reddish  forms.    Except  as  to  color  it  corresponds  to 
small  specimens  of  Geaster  saccatus,  and  Rev.  Rick  writes 
he  notes  connecting  forms  and  doubts  the  validity  of  the  spec 


will  not  do  to  begin  casting  doubts  on  the  validity  of  Geaster  "soecics" 
on  the  evidence  of  connecting  forms.     If  you  follow  uplLtTne  of 
work  you  will  soon  have  but  one  or  at  the  best  but  two  spedes  left. 
GEASTER  PERUVIANUS  (Plate  95).-This  plant  can  be  de- 

Geaster  pectmatus,  except  that  it  has  an 
"'  in  Peru  and  is  preserved  at  Kew. 


for  GEA?TER  MAC9WANI  (Plate  96.)-This  is  the  South  African 
form  of  Geaster  formcatus.  It  differs  from  the  type  form  only  h 
having  a  furrowed  mouth. 

As  is  now  well  known,  Geasters  are  divided  into  two  sections 
those  wi  h  even  and  those  with  sulcate  mouths.  Geaster  MacOwani 
really  belongs  to  neither,  being  intermediate.  I  have  seen  the  4e 
specimens  m  the  museum  at  Berlin,  and  have  received  specimens  from 
Professor  Plottnen  Both  collections  are  from  South  Africa  Geas?er 
formcatus  is  usually  a  rare  but  widely  distributed  plant.  Cfr  Lye  of 
'  Cveiywhere  ^'  even  ™uth  W  in  this  South 


African  frn, 


GEASTER  HIERONYMII  (Plate  97).  -This  is  a  black  nlan 
very  similar  to  Geaster  limbatus.     Its  character  is  the  rough    s?urfy 
surface  of  the  endoperidium,  very  similar  to  what  is 


Bedm 


GEASTER  AMBIGUUS.    (Plate  98).  -Exoperidium  rigid  thick 
hygroscopic,  cut  to  9  to  12  segments.     Endoperidium  slightly  ped  eel- 
late    globose,  pale  color,  minutely  scurfy.     Mouth  concolorous,  su  - 
C01llectlon  known  of  this  plant  was  made  in  Bolivia 
and  is  preserved  in  Montagne's  herbarium.     It  has 
ry/  ^entleman  who  never  saw  it)  to  Geaster  striatulus, 
m  ltS  SubPedlcellate'  la^er'  and  scurf 


h 
b 


ndium 


GEASTER  HARIOTII  (Plate  99)  —Exoperidium  rigid  with 
five  to  seven  broad,  oval  segments.  Endoperidium  sessile  globose 
black  wi 


,  . 

black,  with  sulcate,  concolorous  mouth. 


V^^SS^S^^r^^^^f^f^ 

3i  i 


This  plant  seems  to  be  fairly  common  in  South  America,  and  there  are 
many  collections  in  the  museums  (under  various  misnames)  mostly  from 
Chile  and  Brazil.  In  addition  there  is  one  collection  at  Kew,  from  Spain,  and 
one  at  Berlin,  from  Martinique.  I  have  received  it  from  Rev.  Rick,  Brazil. 
It  was  sent  abundantly  to  Montague  from  South  America,  and  referred  to 
"Geaster  itmbilicatus,  Fr."  What  Geaster  umbilicatus  is,  no  one  knows,  and 
the  type  is  not  at  Upsala  or  at  Lund.3  Many  guesses  as  to  the  identity  of 
Geaster  umbilicatus  have  been  made,  and  almost  every  one  who  has  published 
it  has  decided  it  was  a  different  plant.  The  "description"  does  fairly  well  cover 
the  South  American  species,  but  can  not  be  it,  as  this  is  a  native  of  warm 
countries,  and  certainly  never  grew  in  Sweden.  Although  I  am  quite  familiar 
with  the  plant,  and  have  called  it  in  my  collection  Geaster  Hariotii,  ever  since 
I  first  saw  it  in  the  museum  of  Paris  some  three  years  ago,  1  did  not  recognize 
it  when  I  first  received  specimens  from  Rev.  Rick,  Brazil,  for  his  specimens  had 
the  exoperidium  recurved  and  a  different  appearance  from  the  usual  specimens 
in  the  museums.  On  comparison  now  I  think  they  are  surely  the  same,  not- 
withstanding the  apparent  difference  in  the  photographs  (see  Plate  99).  1 
published  a  reference  to  it  (Letter  No.  2)  as  unnamed,  and  Rev.  Rick  has  >i un- 
published the  name,  "Geaster  Lloydianus"  (Broteria,  1905,  p.  27),  based  on  this 
letter.  He  mistakes  the  plant,  however,  and  gives  a  figure  (T.  2,  f.  10) 
which  is  not  the  species.  I  therefore  feel  that  the  name  Geaster  Lloydianus 
is  not  tenable,  and  I  call  the  plant  by  the  name  it  has  borne  in  my  collection 
for  the  past  three  years.  1  named  it  for  Monsieur  P.  Hariot,  the  curator  of 
the  herbarium,  where  a  fine  collection  of  typical  specimens  can  be  found.  As 
it  is  a  common  plant  in  South  America,  it  has  been  probably  "named"  by 
Spegazzini,  but  no  one  in  Europe  has  any  way  of  knowing  what  Spegazzhu 
"names." 

GEASTER  ELEGAXS  (Plate  99).— Our  ideas  of  the  name  Ge- 
aster elegans  are  taken  from  Vittadini's  figure.  We  have  never  seen 
his  plants,  for  while  most  of  Vittadini's  specimens  are  found  at  Paris 
and  at  Kew,  this  one  is  not.  It  belongs  to  the  reddish  series  and 
resembles  the  little  Geaster  saccatus  excepting  the  mouth.  Geaster 
elegans  is  only  a  small  form  of  Geaster  Archeri.  They  are  practically 
the  same  plant  excepting  size.  Dr.  Hollos  has  recently  discovered 
that  this  is  Geaster  umbilicatus  of  Fries,  but  as  it  is  about  the  fifth  or 
sixth  time  the  identity  of  Geaster  umbilicatus  has  been  discovered  and 
each  one  has  found  it  to  be  a  different  plant.  I  am  not  disposed  to 
place  much  stress  on  it.  Geaster  elegans  is  a  rather  rare  form  in 
Europe.  Most  all  the  museums  have  specimens  of  the  plant,  as  it  has 
been  distributed  (always  misnamed)  in  several  exsiccatae,  but  it 
reaches  me  very  rarely,  and  I  think  I  have  but  one  collection,  from  Kev. 
H.  Bourdot,  France.  I  do  not  recall  this  little  plant  in  the  Tinted 
States. 

GEASTER  STRIATUU'S  (Plate  98). -This  is  one  of  the  few 

names  ot  Geasters  we  have  adopted,  of  whose  correctness  we  do  not 

*1  certain.    We  first  received  it  so  named  from  Dr.  Hollos   and  while 

we  have  no  reason  to  doubt  the  determination,  we  have  never  been 


riura  of  ™et7  where  Fries  saw  "J1"""^  l°  fi«w»  .^is  '•  type"  a.  1  was  informed  that  the  herha- 
resides  at  I  umi  1   ami  klf«»«7i,    ,C  pl?nt  m"?ht.be  «  !'«»<>•    I  was  told  by  Walclemar  Hiilmv    who 
n°WS  the  loca   i 


7  were        es  saw  . 

resides  at  I  umi  1   ami  klf«»«7i,    ,C  pl?nt  m"?ht.be  «  !'«»<>•    I  was  told  by  Walclemar  Hiilmv    who 
Lund.  n°WS  the  local  ideological  matters,  that  the  herbarium  ot  Retz  is  not  at 

312 


able  to  confirm  it.  It  is  not  a  frequent  species,  but  is  a  widely  spread 
one,  and  I  have  specimens  from  Europe,  Australia,  Africa  and  the 
United  States.  It  is  therefore  improbable  that  Kalchbrenner  should 
have  been  the  first  to  receive  it.  I  believe,  in  fact,  that  this  is  the 
original  of  Geaster  umbilicatus  of  Fries,  for  of  all  of  the  plants  that 
have  been  so  referred  this  is  the  only  one  that  I  know  certainly  grows 
in  Sweden.  At  the  same  time  the  peridium  can  not  be  described  as 
"molli."  Guessing  on  such  subjects  does  no  particular  harm  unless  it 
is  put  forth  as  a  "rule"  for  the  adoption  of  the  name,  according  to 
the  ''laws  of  priority." 

EPIGEAN  GEASTERS. 

The  genus  Geaster  could  be  divided  into  two  sections.  First, 
Epigean,  those  that  develop  on  the  top  of  the  ground,  logs,  etc. ; 
second,  Hypogaeal,  those  that  develop  beneath  the  surface,  coming  to 
the  surface  to  expand.  The  nature  of  the  species  can  be  told  from 
an  examination  of  the  mature  plant.  Hypogaeal  species  are  sur- 
rounded when  young  by  a  mycelial  layer,  which  usually  persists  more 
or  less  on  the  mature  plant,  carrying  along  with  it  dirt,  etc.,  and  hav- 
ing a  ragged  appearance.  In  some  species,  especially  the  section 
Rigidae,  the  layer  adheres  closely  to  the  ground,  and  is  torn  away 
when  the  plant  emerges  from  the  soil,  leaving  the  outer  surface  of  the 
exoperidium  smooth.  Plants  of  this  nature  can  be  readily  distin- 
guished, ho\vever,  from  Epigean  species.  Epigean  geasters,  on  the 
contrary,  are  developed  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  or  on  logs,  and 
hence  the  mycelium  is  basal.  The  surface  of  the  exoperidium  is  even, 
smooth  or  more  often  velutinate,  and  can  be  easily  known  on  examina- 
tion. Like  all  other  rules,  this  has  its  intermediate  forms,  and  cer- 
tain species  like  Geaster  saccatus  seem  to  connect  the  two  sections. 
Practically  all  the  Geasters  of  Europe  are  hypogaeal,  and  I  know  of  but 
a  single  collection  of  an  epigean  species  made  in  Europe,  viz.,  Geaster 
Welwitchii,  by  Welwitch  in  Spain.  Most  of  our  species  in  the  United 
States  are  likewise  hypogaeal,  but  we  have  one  epigean  species  fairly 
common,  viz.,  Geaster  velutinus.  Most  epigean  species  grow  in  the 
tropics. 

GEASTER  MIRABILIS  (Plate  100).— Plants  small,  epigean, 
growing  cacspitosc  on  a  dense  mycelium,  which  spreads  over  logs, 
sticks,  etc.  Young  plant  globose,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter.  Endo- 
1  peridium  sessile.  Mouth  definite,  lighter  color  than  the  remainder  of 
'the  endoperidium.  This  little  species  is  unique  in  its  nature,  growing 
;always  on  a  dense,  mycelial  subiculum  which  spreads  over  sticks  and 
'logs.  It  is  a  native  of  warm  countries  and  wide  in  its  distribution. 
Originally  described  from  French  Guiana,  I  have  it  from  Rev.  J.  Rick, 
Brazil,  and  have  collected  it  in  Samoa.  There  are  specimens  in  the 
museums  from  Ceylon,  Cuba,  Paraguay,  Australia,  Bonin  Island, 
ifJhina  and  Africa. 

313 


HISTORY. — The  original  illustration  was  somewhat  inaccurate,  showing  a 
beaked  mouth  that  the  plant  does  not  have,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  original 
specimens.  Geaster  lignicola  (Linn.  Jour,  18-386)  and  Geaster  papyraceus 
(Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  4-124)  appear  to  me  to  be  the  same  plant,  though  the  latter 
does  have  a  thinner  exoperidium  than  the  normal  form.  Geaster  mirabilis 
was  determined  by  Spegazzini  and  distributed  by  Balansa  as  Geaster  saccatus. 
De  Toni  based  on  this  misdetermination  Geaster  Spegazzinianus  var.  minor 
(Sacc.  7-87). 

FORMS.— GEASTER  SUBICULOSUS  (Plate  100).— This  is  for  me 
only  a  larger  form  of  the  plant.  Excepting  size,  I  can  note  no  other  difference. 
It  was  named  from  Australia,  but  reaches  me  also  from  India  and  Florida.  The 
type  form  of  Geaster  mirabilis  is  iglobose  when  young,  but  I  noticed  in  Samoa 
that  they  become  oval  in  drying.  They  undoubtedly  vary  as  to  form,  for  one 
collection  has  reached  Europe  that  was  called  "var.  stipitatus."  The  large  form 
(Geaster  subiculosus)  is  inclined  to  the  same  elongated  shape  (see  our  plate). 

GEASTER  (SP.)  (Figs.  147  and 
148,  the  latter  enlarged  four  timesV — 
Is  really  a  form  of  Geaster  mirabilis, 
but  the  exoperidium  is  strongly  strigose, 
and  the  only  geaster  known  that  has  this 
character.  As  I  have  sent  a  photograph 
of  the  plant  to  Rev.  Rick  and  advised 
him  that  it  is  unnamed,  I  presume  it 
has  before  this  been  christened.  It  is, 
I  think,  the  plant  Rev.  Rick  list-  as 
Geaster  lignicola  (Brot.  1906),  but 
Geaster  lignicola  is  only  a  synonym 
for  Geaster  mirabilis,  and  does  not  have 
this  strigose  exoperidium.  (Note— In 
letter  since  received,  Rev.  Rick  names 
it  Geaster  trichifer.) 


Fig.  148. 


Fiq.  149. 


Fig    147. 

GEASTER  STIPITATUS  (Fur.  M<)K— 
While  we  have  not  seen  the  original  specimens 
from  Java,  it  appears  to  have  been  well  illus- 
trated. It  is  a  large  plant,  3  to  4  cm.  high,  and  = 
developed  from  a  mycelial  subiculum  at  the  base. 
It  differs  from  all  other  Geasters  known  in3 
being  decidedly  stalked.  Our  figure  (14(11  is 
from  unopened  specimens  from  Brazil  that  were 
called  Geaster  Juruensis.  While  there  is  a  vast! 
difference  between  Geaster  stipitatus  and  Geas- 
ter mirabilis,  it  is  only  a  difference  of  size  and 
an  intermediate  form  (Geaster  subiculosu^  i  is 
known.  No  doubt  many  connecting  forms  ocl 
cur  that  are  not  known. 


The  following  species  of  epigean  geasters  appear  to  me  to  be  only  forms 
of  the  same  species.  They  all  agree  in  the  main  characters.  All  are  epigean, 
all  are  globose  when  youn^,  all  have  sessile  endoperidia.  all  have  peculiar, 
velutinate  exoperidia,  all  have  strong,  club-shaped  coJumellae  (rarely  seen  in 
any  other  geaster).  They  differ  from  each  other  chiefly  in  color,  in  degrees 
of  development  'or 'the  velutinate  surfaces  of  the  exoperidia,  and  one  has  an 
indefinite  mouth. 

GEASTER  VELUTINUS  (Plate  101).— Unexpanded  plants, 
globose,  sometimes  slightly  pointed  at  the  apex.  Mycelium  basal. 
Exoperidium  rigid,  membranaceous,  firm,  light-colored  (white  when 
fresh).  Surface  with  short,  dense,  appressed  yelumen.  The  outer 
and  inner  layers  of  the  exoperidium  are  very  much  the  same  texture 
and  thickness  and  usually  separate  partially  (sometimes  entirely)  from 
each  other  in  the  mature  plant.  Endoperidium  globose,  sessile,  with  a 
definite,  even  mouth.  Columella  clavate. 

Geaster  velutinus  is  not  a  rare  plant  in  the  United  States,  grow- 
ing over  leaf  mould  in  rich  woods.  The  mycelium  at  the.  base  is 
strongly  developed  (See  Plate  100,  Fig.  i),  but  it  does' not,  I  think, 
ever  form  a  matted  layer  as  in  Geaster  mirabilis.  The  expanded  plants 
have  a  general,  similar  appearance  to  Geaster  saccatus,  but  can  be 
readily  distinguished  by  observing  the  surface  of  the  exoperidium.5 

FORMS. — As  previously  stated,  I  can  not  but  consider  'a'll  the  following 
as  forms  of  the  same  plant.  All  have  the  same  general  nature,  but  differ  among 
themselves  chiefly  in  color  and  development  of  the  velumen. 

GEASTER  WELWITSCHII  (Plate  101).— As  Geaster  velutinus  occurs 
in  the  temperate  portions  of  the  United  States,  it  is  a  saccate  species.  The  two 
layers  of  the  exoperidium  are  more  or  less  adherent,  separating  only  partially  and 
at"  the  tips  of  the  segments.  When  the  plant  extends  to  Florida  it  takes  a  more 
highly  developed  form.  The  inner  (fibrillose)  layer  of  the  exoperidium  sepa- 
rates and  arches  up  over  the  outer  (mycelial)  layer,  and  the  plant  takes  the 
form  known  as  fornicate.  Otherwise  the  plants  are  the  same,  and  I  have 
seen  the  fornicate  and  saccate  forms  in  the  same  collection  from  Florida. 

History. — This  plant  was  first  collected  in  Spain  by  Welwitsch,  and 
this  is  the  only  collection  known  from  Europe,  the  normal  form  (Geaster 
velutinus)  never  having  been  found  in  Europe.  These  specimens  came  into 
Berkeley's  hands,  who  determined  them  as  Geaster  fimbriatus,6  and  sent  a  spec- 
imen to  Montagne,  who  described  it  as  Geaster  Wehvitschii.  When  the  same 
fornicate  form  reached  Berkeley  from  America,  he  called  it  Geaster  radicans, 
tinder  which  name  it  appears  in  our  Geaster  pamphlet,  page  31. 

GEASTER  CAESPITOSUS  (Plate  100).— This  for  me  is  only  a  small, 
caespitose  form  of  Geaster  velutinus.  I  collected  it  originally  near  Cincin- 
nati, and  have  received  it  but  rarely  from  correspondents. 

GEASTER  JAVANICUS  (Plate  101).— In  temperate  regions  the  plant  is 
ight-colored  (Geaster  velutinus),  but  it  becomes  dark  in  the  tropics.  Geaster 
avanicus  is  the  same  as  Geaster  velutinus  excepting  the  dark  color.  It  has 

5  Dr.  Hollos  iu  his  recent  book  has  the  two  species  badly  confused.     Geaster  velutinus  is 
h  better  called  a  synonym  for  Geaster  mirabilis  than  it  is  a  synonym  for  Geaster  saccatus. 

6  And  Berkeley  always  determined  the  American  saccate  form  ;Geaster  velutinus;  as  Geas- 
.er  fimbriatus  Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  155. 

315 


the  same  fine  velutinate  surface  to  the  exoperidium.  The  mouth  is  not  so 
strongly  definite,  Jwrt  tm  a  dark  endopendium  Ihe  contrast  would  not  be  so 
marked  as  on  a  light  endoperidium. 

History. — The  plant  was  named  by  Leveille  (Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  3-5-161), 
and  the  only  known  example  of  his  naming  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  Pro- 
fessor Patouillard.  We  have  received  beautiful  specimens  from  Rev.  Rick, 
Brazil  (see  Plate  101,  Fig.  5)- 

GEASTER  SCLERODERMA  (Plate  101).— This  is  a  form  of  the  black  form 
with  the  velutinate  surface  so  strongly  developed  it  was  well  described  as  U-ing 
warty.  It  is  only  known  from  some  young  specimens  (see  Plate  101,  Fig.  6). 
and  as  it  is  well  known  that  the  cortex  of  all  young  specimens  (Lycoperdon-  and 
others)  is  strong  in  contrast  to  that  of  more  mature  plants,  it  is  probable  that 
mature  specimens  of  Geaster  Scleroderma  would  not  be  so  strongly  marked. 

RESUME. — All  the  above-mentioned  plants  are.  in  our  opinion,  forms 
of  virtually  the  same  species.  You  can  call  it  what  you  please,  but  we  prefer  to 
call  it  Geaster  velutinus,  which  carries  the  leading  idea  common  to  them  all." 
The  plant  is  widespread,  especially  in  the  tropics,  and  has  received  other  mines, 
viz:  Geaster  Lloydii.  Geaster  dubius,  Geaster  Dybowski.  Geaster  tonkensis.  In 
addition,  epigean  Geasters  in  an  unopened  state,  were  not  recognized  as  such 
by  the  early  plant  namers,  and  the  following  are  all  based  on  unopened,  epigean 
Geasters,  in  my  opinion  all  probably  this  same  species :  Lycoperdon  tephro- 
sporum,  Lycoperdon  Golungense,  Lycoperdon  tomentosum,  Bovista  velutinus, 
Cycloderma  Ohiensis.  Disciseda  velutinus.  The  date  dictionary  man  has,  there- 
fore, quite  a  job  ahead  of  him. 


RESUME  OF  THE  GEASTERS. 

The  literature  of  the  Geasters  is  embarrassed  with  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  names,  all  of  them   (except  Geaster  corollinum.  which  is  pure  jugiilery) 
having  been  described  as  new  species.     I  have  seen  and  studied  all  the  specimens 
in  the  principal  museums  of  Europe  and  America,  which  embraces  almost  all  the 
"type"   specimens.     In    addition    I    have    received    from   correspondents    several 
times    as    many    specimens    as    can    be    found    in    all    the    museums    combined. 
I  refer  to  forty-six  names,  all  the  specimens   I   have  seen,  and   I    won!.!   con- 
sider seventeen  of  these  better  designated  as  forms  or  varieties.    While,  of  course,.] 
no  man's  opinion  is  final  in  these  matters,  and  each  man  is  entitled  to  his  OWM 
opinion.  I  have  been  as  liberal  in  considering  species  as  possible,  and  have  notg 
refused  to  maintain  any  name,  when  I  can  note  any  point  of  difference   :,-li>it- 
ever,  on  which  to  base  it. 

<(In  the  ''species"  of  Geasters  as  in  the  "species"  of  all  fungi  the  chief  question 
is,  "What  is  the  difference?"  In  the  end  the  new  species  work  avails  nothing 
unless  it  is  based  on  some  marked  point  of  difference.  Geasters,  like  all  fungi, 
are  in  the  main  plants  of  wide  distribution.  Hence,  a  large  portion  of  the  work 
which  is  of  a  local  nature  is  not  of  permanent  value.  But  if  the  "type"  -peci- 
mens  are  preserved  where  they  can  be  seen  and  studied  it  does  no  particular 
harm.  It  is  easy  to  retain  the  good  and  put  aside  the  bad.  Of  the  Gea-ters. 
that  we  know,  and  we  have  seen  most  of  them  (excepting  those  of  SpeiM//ini 
which  nobody  knows)  the  following  forty-six  names  are  all  that  we  feel  shoul 
be  preserved.  Seventeen  of  these  (marked  with  a  star)  present  Mich  -liirht 
differences  that  they  are  better  called  varieties  or  forms 


1  I  presume  a  date  dictionary  expert  migrht  solve  the  question  in  another  way 


TABLE  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  GEASTER. 

SECTION    RIGIDAE. 

hygrometricus,  floriforniis,  Drummcmdii, 

giganteus,*  mamniosus,  atnbiguus, 

simulans,  striatulus, 

(All    the    following  are   non-rigidae)  : 

ENDOPERIDIUM    STIPITATE.  MOUTH    SULCATE. 
pectinatus,                                    asper,  Berkeley!, 

Bryantii,  Schmidelii,  Smithii, 

plicatus, 

ENDOPERIDIUM  SESSILE.     MOUTH  SULCATE. 
Archeri,  elegans,  Hariotii, 

FORNICATE  SECTIONS. 

fornicatus,  coronatus, 

MacOwani,*  leptospermus.* 

ENDOPERIDIUM  STIPITATE.  MOUTH    EVEN, 

limbatus,  rufescens,  minimus, 

Hieronyraii,*  Reader!,*  peruvianus  * 

arenarius,  calceus.* 

ENDOPERIDIUM  SESSILE.  MOUTH  EVEN. 

saccatus,                                        triplex,  fimbriatus, 

Englerianus,*                                          vittatus,*  infrequens.* 
violaceus,* 

EPIGEAN  SECTION. 

mirabilis,  velutinus,  javanicus  * 

subiculosus,*  caespitosus,*  Sclerodenna,* 

trichifer,*  Welwitschii,*  stipitatus. 

A  GLOBOSE  FORM  OF  LYCOPERDON 
GEMMATUM. 

Mr.  E.  B.  Sterling,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  has  at  various  times  sent  us 
some  very  interesting  plants.     He  has  a  son  at  Dawson,  Yukon,  who 
has  collected  a  number  of  "puff  balls"  for  his  father. 
Among  these  we  find  a  globose  form  of  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Fig.  150,  and  a  number  of  the  usual  shape. 
Lycoperdon   gemmatum  is  the  most  common  species 
both  in  Europe  and  America,  and  it  generally  has  a 
sterile  base,  well  developed.     That  this  species,  which 
Fig.  150.  -n  ^g  United  States  and  Europe  always  has  a  stem- 

like  base,  should  in  the  extreme  north  become  globose  with  a  very 
slight  development  of  the  sterile  portion,  is  of  interest  as  showing  the 
influence  that  climate  and  conditions  have  on  plants.  This  form  has 
the  same  relation  to  the  normal  form  of  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  as  the 
United  States  form  Lycoperdon  cepasforme  has  to  the  type  form, 
Lycoperdon  polymorphum  of  Europe. 


LYCOPERDON   PIRIFORME    IN    TASMANIA. 


Mr.  George  K.  Hinsby,  who  resides  on  the  west  coast  of  Tasmania, 
is  a  very  fortunate  man,  ideologically  speaking.  He  resides  in  a 
section  where  it  is  too  wet  to  gather  fungi.  He  writes  me  that  it 
rains  so  often  that  he  rarely  gets  a  chance  to  go  to  the  "bush,"  and 
that  the  rainfall  is  from  nine  to  twelve  feet  per  annum.  What  a 
harvest  of  fungi  there  must  be  in  such  a  locality.  If  it  is  ever  our 
good  fortune  to  go  to  Australasia  we  will  direct  our  footsteps  imme- 
diately to  Air.  Hinsby 's  house.  And  his  letter  may  have  some  influence 
in  taking  us  some  day,  as  we  have  on  two  occasions  been  within  a  few 
days'  steamer  ride  of  Australasia  and  refrained  from  going  on.  as 
our  impression  was  that  the  greater  part  of  the  country  was  too  dry 

to  find   fungi  unless  we  hap- 

|^^^  pened  to  strike  a  rainy  season. 

..: ""-.':••  .  Mr.  Hinsby  sends  Lyco- 

m&  *>        3^       perdon     piriforme     ( Fig. 

B|  H       ^^•HJ^^       'SO-      a      subglobose      form, 

'  <B  the    same   as    we   have   often 

fBSf       collected  at  Cincinnati.    There 

~^M  is    one    slight    difference,    the 

Hj  HI  spores  are  smaller,  averaging 

about  3  mic.,  and  they  rarely 


measure   less   than   4  mic.  iifl 
specimens    from    Europe    or 


Fig    151. 

America. 

These  are  the  first  specimens  we  have  ever  seen  of  Lycoperdon 
piriforme  from  Australasia  (Cfr.  Lye.  of  Aus.,  p.  32),  but  Mr.  Hinsby 
writes  me  that  he  "found  an  acre  of  them  and  could  have  collected  it 
by  the  bushel."  It  illustrates  how  little  relatively  is  known  of  what 
species  occur  in  Australasia.  We  hope  Mr.  Hinsby  will  not  be  back- 
ward in  sharing  with  us  some  of  the  harvest  of  other  species  that  must 
occur  in  such  a  favored  locality. 


Fig.  152. 


BROOMEIA   CONGREGATA. 


When  we  considered  this  plant  on  page 
193,  we  expressed  the  hope  that  some  one 
would  favor  us  with  a  specimen  for  our 
museum.  Our  wish  has  at  last  been  grati- 
fied. Dr.  Kurt  Dinter,  of  German  S.  W. 
Africa,  has  just  sent  us  a  small,  but  nice 
specimen  (Fig.  152).  Broomeia 
gata  is  an  exception  to  most  puff  balls, 
distribution  is  relatively  local.  It  is  known 
only  from  Southern  Africa.  Our  best  thanks 
are  due  to  Dr.  Dinter  for  this  specimen. 


PHE  MOUTH  OF  CATASTOMA  ANOMALUM. 

Having  received  from  F.  M.  Re'ader,  Australia,  some  fine  spec- 
imens of  Catastoma  anorrralum,  we  present  a  photograph  (Fig  153, 

enlarged  3  times),  to  show  the 
protruding  mouth  which  no 
other  species  of  Catastoma  has. 
It  also  shows  the  thin,  brittle 
exoperidium  peculiar  to  this 
species.  It  might  be  said,  and 
and  truly  said,  that  as  the 
genus  Catastoma  (typically) 
has  neither  a  protruding 
mouth  nor  a  thin,  brittle  ex- 
operidium, the  plant  could  be 
made  into  a  "new  genus." 
While  it  could  be  done,  it 
should  not  be  done,  in  my 
opinion,  for  the  plant  nat- 


Fig.  153. 


arally  falls  into  the  genus  in  every  other  character.  It  is  an  easy 
matter  to  make  /'new  genera,"  and  one  can  make  a  new  genus  for 
almost  every  species  if  he  wants  to.  It  is  only  another  form  of  name- 
juggling,  having  just  about  the  same  merit  as  the  jugglers  who  look 
up  so-called  synonyms  in  a  date  dictionary  and  shuffle  the  specific 
.lames  about. 


LYCOPERDON   PSEUDOGEMMATUM. 

This  is  one  of  the  very  few  of  Spegazzini's  "new  species"  that 
be  known  in  Europe  because  Balansa  sold  sets,  and  this  is  found  in 

several  of  the  museums. 
It  is  only  a  form  of  Ly- 
coperdon  gemmatum,  not 
differing  from  the  usual 
form  more  than  dozens 
of  others  that  occur  in 
Europe  and  the  United 
States.  It  has  a  con- 
stricted base  and  is 
grooved  or  wrinkled 
above  as  shown  in  our 
cut,  Fig.  154.  Lyco- 
perdon  gemmatum  is  at 
home  in  temperate  re- 
gions. This  form  seems 
to  me  to  be  a  poorly 


Fig.  154. 


leveloped  state,  due  to  growing  under  climatic  conditions  not  con- 
ienial  to  it.  We  have  noted  somewhat  similar  forms  in  hard,  clayey 
ril  in  the  United  States. 

319 


MYCETES  ARGENTINENSES. 

Carolo  Spegazzini  has  kindly  forwarded  me  a  copy  of  his  latest  publication 
under  the  above  title.  It  is  entirely  devoted  to  Gastromycetes,  and  therefore 
comes  in  the  scope  of  my  work  and  comment.  I  am  most  glad  to  see  that  it 
is  well  illustrated,  and  that  some  estimate  can  therefore  be  placed  on  the  value 
of  the  species.  Heretofore  Spegazzini's  work  has  been  mostly  vague,  verbose 
descriptions  from  which  no  idea  whatever  can  be  gained  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  plants. 

CYPELLOMYCES  ARGENTINENSIS—  The  first  is  a  new  genus  which 
appears  to  me  very  good.  Fig.  155  is  a  section  of  the  plant,  and  fit;  156 
represents  a  cluster  of  basidia.  Spegazzini  compares  it  to  Xylopodium  and 
Dyctiomycetibus.  We  do  not  know  the  latter  (unless  he  means  Dictyocephalus), 
but  Xylopodium  is  obsolete.  It  has  been  proven  to  be  co-generic  if  not  co- 
specific  with  Phellorina.  Spegazzini's  new  genus  is  very  close  to  Phelloraifl 
indeed  it  seems  to  be  Phellorina  wi//i  a  volra.  The  basidial  structure  is  also 
similar,  for  while  it  is  hard  for  me  to  believe  that  any  Gastromycetes  lias 
"chain-spores,"  it  has  been  demonstrated  by  Patouillard  that  Phellorina  has 
clustered  basidia,  very  similar  in  general  effect  to  the  clusters  shown  in  the 
figure.  We  have  seen  in  Professor  Underwood's  collection  a  specimen  col- 
lected in  Texas  by  W.  H.  Long  that  seems  to  be  exactly  the  same  as  Spega/xini's 
figure,  except  as  to  volva  which  may  be  absent  by  accident  from  this  specimen. 

PODAXON  MACROSPORUS.—  We  do  not  pass  judgment  on  descrip- 
tions of  new  species  of  Podaxon,  except  to  state  that  we  think  there  are  about 
four  times  as  many  species  now  described  as  exist. 

SCLERODERMA  TUBEROIDEUM.—  We  are  suspicious  of  SclerodernJ 
described  as  "subhypogeal,"  for  all  Sclerodermas  are  hypogeal  when  young, 
and  if  hypogeal  when  mature  they  are  not  Sclerodermas.  The  habits  and  de- 
scription point  strongly  to  unopened  Geastcr  hygrometricus. 

ARACHNION?   FOETENS.—  The  doubtful  mark  is  well   placed.     AraJ 
nions  are  not  subterranean,  and  their  spore  characters  and  gleba  structure  are 
quite  different  from  Spegazzini's  plant.     It  is  probably  a  genus  of  the  Hymeno- 
gasters. 

DICTYOPHORA  LILLOI.—  The  figure  and  description  are  exactly  that 
of  Phallus  indusiatus,  better  known  now  as  Dictyophora  phalloidea.  Excepting 
the  size,  which  is  slightly  smaller  than  usual,  the  figure  does  not  differ  from 
the  usual  form  in  the  slightest  detail. 

PHALLUS  CAMPANULATUS.—  Spegazzini's  figure  agrees  fairly  with 
Berkeley's,  which  was  originally  from  South  America. 

MUT1NUS  ARGENTINA'S  (Fig.  157).—  Spegaz/ini  states  that  it  differs; 
in  no  manner  from  Miittnus  Muclleri  named  by  Professor  Fischer,  and  • 
produces  a  diagram  to  show  that  iK8;  is  an  earlier  date  than  1888.  (  >n  referring  i 
to  our  calendar  we  find  he  is  correct. 

SIMBLUM    SPHAEROCEPHALUM.-Spegazzini    reports    it    "most    com- 
mon,    which  is  in  keeping  with  usual  reports  from   South  America.     He  «• 
states  that  "Simblum  australe.  Speg."  and  also  "Simblum  Lorentzii,   Speg."  ami 
most   distinct.''      (Prof.    Fischer    has   been    unkind    enough    to    refer    them  as- 
synonyms   to   Simblum    sphaerocephalum.)      If   they   are    distinct,    we    lee!    that,' 
bpegazzim  should  publish  a  photograph  and  show  'it.     Neither  have  been   illus- 
trated, and  an  umllustrated  phalloid  is  reallv  undc-crihed       If   Spi-«a//ini  will 
send  us  photographs  we  shall  be  glad  to  publish  them 


Fig.  156. 


Fig.  157. 


Fig.  158. 


321 


LATERNEA  TRISCAPUS.—  Under  the  name  Clathrus  triscapus 
zini  presents  a  figure  (158)  that  he  refers  to  this  species.  If  his  figur 
correct,  and  he  has  found  a  plant  with  the  receptacle  covered  with  papillate 
projections  as  shown  (fig.  158),  it  is  not  Laternea  triscapus  but  a  new  specie. 
and  even  a  new  genus  differing  from  Laternea  as  much  as  Blumenavia  does. 
Professor  McGinty  proposes  for  it  the  name  "Laternea  Spegazzini,  McGinty." 
We  congratulate  Spegazzini  on  the  vast  improvement  of  the  present  paper  over 
what  he  has  previously  issued,  and  while  his  cuts  are  good,  the  best  w«  >rkers 
with  the  phalloids  now  (Moller  and  Penzig)  use  photographic  reproductions, 
which  are  still  better. 


A  FIELD  OF  PUFF  BALLS. 

We  are  enabled,  through  the  kindness  of  W.  A.  llrcwcr.  of 
Burlingame,  California,  to  present  a  photograph  of  a  field  of  puff 
balls.  The  species  is  evidently  Calvatia  gigantea.  and  ho\v  large 


Fig    159. 

they  were  we  do  not  know,  but  they  were  certainly  big  or  they  \v<  >uld 
not  be  the  prominent  objects  in  a  landscape  photograph.  These  puff 
baHs  grew  in  a  large  circle,  as  shown  in  other  photographs  sent  me 
by  Mr.  Brewer.  We  judge  from  the  photographs  that  the  circle  is 
two  or  three  hundred  feet  in  diameter.  When  little  agarics  grow  in 
circles  they  are  often  called  "fairy-rings,"  but  this  puff  ball  circle  \vJf 
too  large  to  be  attributed  to  the  fairies. 

W   HOST.— Professor   McGinty  writes   me   that   he   has   just   foiioE 
rolypoms  growing  on  Sassafras  Sassafras. 


322 


DECOUVERTE    D'UNE    RARETE 
MYCOLOGIQUE. 

M.  Victor  Dupain  a  trouve  dans  le  cours  de  la  presente  annee 
(1906)  le  rare  Queletia  mirabilis.  Un  expose  detaille,  en  anglais,  de 
'histoire  de  ce  Champignon  a  etc  donne  a  la  page  185  des  Mycological 
Notes.  Comme  en  Europe,  le  Queletia  n'a  ete  vu  qu'en  France,  un 
•esume  en  franqais  de  son  histoire  pourra  interesser  les  lecteurs 
trangais. 

II  fut  d'abord  recueilli  au  Pont  de  Sochaux  (Doubs?)  par  Perclri- 
zet  de  Vaudoncotirt,  et  communique  a  Quelet  qui  1'envoya  a  Fries, 
equel  le  decrivit  et  lui  donna  son  nom. 

II  fut  recueilli  depuis  par  A.  Le  Breton  en  1884  a  Saint  Saens 
(Seine-Inferieure)  sous  un  gros  tas  de  tan. 

II  vient  d'etre  trouve  par  M.  Dupain  dans  son  jardin  a  la  Mothe- 
3aint-Heray  (Deux-Sevres)  et  encore  sur  un  tas  de  tan.  C'est  la 
iroisieme  fois  seulement  que  cette  plante  a  ete  trouvee  en  France 
iepuis  quarante  ans. 

En  dehors  de  la  France,  la  plante  n'a  ete  recueillie  que  deux  fois : 
.me  fois  aux  Etats-Unis  sur  de  vieux  tan,  une  autre  fois  en  Angleterre 
Kew,  obtenue  d'une  facon  adventive,  de  Spores  envoy ees  des  Etats- 
nis. 

Comme  on  le  voit,  presque  ton  jours  ce  Champignon  a  ete  trouve 
ur  de  vieux  tan  provenant  de  tanneries.  J'incline  a  croire  que  ses 
pores  ont  ete  apportees  avec  des  peaux  de  1'Amerique  du  Sud,  bien 
u'il  n'ait  pas  encore  ete  signale  dans  cette  region.  Les  Champignons 
e  la  partie  temperee  de  1'Amerique  du  Sud  sont  encore  tres  pen 
onnus.  Beaucoup  d'especes  "nouvelles"  ont  ete  decrites  par  Spegaz- 
ni ;  mais  comme  les  Champignons  du  monde  entier —  les  Gasteromy- 
etes  du  moins — sont  relativement  peu  nombreux  et  doues  d'une  tres 
irge  dispersion  geographique,  il  est  probable  que  beaucoup  des  "nou- 
elles  especes"  de  Spegazzini  ne  sont  nouvelles  que  pour  lui.  Toute- 
:>is  rien  de  ce  qu'il  a  decrit  ne  peut  s'appliquer  au  Queletia  mirabilis. 


SOME  "OLD    SPECIES"  FROM   SOUTH 
AMERICA. 

;    "\Ye  have  just  received  from  Rev.  L.  Mille,  Quito,  Ecuador,  three 
Secies  which  add  to  our  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  puff  balls. 

BOVISTA  NIGRESCENS.— This,  a  frequent  species  in  Europe, 
|w  never  been  collected  in  the  United  States,  notwithstanding  the 
equent  (false)  records  in  American  literature.  It  is  replaced  in 
ir  country  by  Bovista  pila.  Its  occurrence  in  South  America  is 
erefore  of  special  interest,  in  view  of  its  absence  from  the  greater 
nrtion  of  North  America.  I  have,  however,  a  specimen  from  Mexico. 

323 


CATASTOMA  SUBTERRANEUM  —  An  abundant  collection 
from  Rev.  Mille  is  exactly  the  same  plant  that  grows  in  such  great 
abundance  in  our  western  country.  It  is  evidently  a  common  species 
in  South  America.  It  was  collected  in  Chile  by  Gaudichaud  and 
determined  and  published  by  Montagne  as  Lyeoperdon  pusillum,  after- 
wards described  by  Patouillard  as  Bovista  argillacea.  It  was  col- 
lected in  Bolivia  by  Weddell  and  determined  by  Montagne  as  B<  .vista 
plumbea.  It  was  brought  from  Patagonia  by  Darwin  and  called  by 
Berkeley  Bovista  cervina.  What  name  Spegaazim  calls  it  I  do  not 
know,  but  he  has  undoubtedly  discovered  that  it  is  a  new  species.  I 
always  feel  like  apologizing  every  time  I  use  the  specific  name  subter- 
raneiim  as  it  is  not  subterranean,  and  it  was  the  sixth  specific  name 
under  which  it  was  described.  I  am  forced  to  use  it,  however,  to 
avoid  making  a  "new  combination"  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  242). 

LYCOPERDOX  \VRIGHTII.-Rev.  Mille  sends  us  tlie  same 
forms  we  have  recorded  from  Africa  (p.  271),  with  slightly  rough 
spores.  This  species  is  now  known  from  North  and  South  America, 
Africa  and  Java,  but  has  uetrr  been  collected  in  Europe.  We  have 
also  received  a  very  similar  (if  not  the  same)  species  from  British 
India. 

NOTELETS. 

REDISCOVERY  OF  MITREMYCES  ORIRUBER.— Monsieur  P.  Hariot, 
the  curator  of  the  museum  at  Paris,  has  submitted  to  me  some  specimens  col- 
lected by  R.  P.  Farges  at  Tshen-Keon-Tin,  China,  which  I  find  to  be  Mitremyces 
oriruber.  This  is  the  second  collection  known,  the  original  from  the  Straits 
Settlement  is  at  Kew.  The  species  is  known  by  the  coarse,  wart-like  scales 
(cfr.  Plate  69)  and  the  ghbosc  spores.  The  Chinese  form  has  spores  about 
12  mic.  in  diameter,  which  are  smaller  than  in  the  type  (15  to  17  mic.),  but  as 
the  plants  are  otherwise  exactly  the  same  I  do  not  feel  like  basing  a  new  name 
on  this  spore  variation.  Mitremyces  Ravenelii  is  also  known  from  China. 

MYCENASTRUM  CORIUM.— J'ai  commis  une  errcur  (page  267)  eft 
annongant  la  redecouverte  du  Mycenastrum  Corium  a  Neuilly  (France).  C'eit 
en  realite  M.  Rolland  qui  trotiva  la  plante  et  non  M.  Patouillard  qui  etait  alors 
dans  le  Jura.  C'est  ce  dernier  qui  m'avait  annonce  cette  decouverte :  n'etant 
pas  aussi  familier  que  je  le  voudrais  avec  la  langue  franchise  parlee,  u-  n'ai 
pas  bien  compris  ses  paroles  et  les  ai  inexactement  rapportees. 

Je  profite  de  1'occasion  pour  annoncer  que  M.  Ludwig  a  egalement  trouve 
le  Mycenastrum  Corium  dans  le  Bois  de  Boulogne  pres  de  Paris. 

MYCENASTRUM  CORIUM  AT  WASHINGTON.— Fred  J.  Braendle 
has  recently  sent  to  the  museum  at  Paris  some  specimens  of  Mycenastn 
Corium  from  Washington,  D.  C.  This  species  is  quite  common  west  of  t 
Mississippi,  but  rare  east.  I  think  this  is  the  fifth  station  east  of  the  Mi 
that  has  come  to  my  notice.  It  is  a  species  that  grows  in  many  countr 
Australia,  Africa,  Europe,  South  America,  and  has  received  names  by  1< 
workers  in  most  of  these  countries,  but  no  man  can  find  a  character  to 
tmguish  one  from  another,  and  the  species  are  all  the  same.  Mr.  Braendle  st 
it  under  the  name  Mycenastrum  spinulosum,  which  is  a  local  name  for  it  it 
the  United  States. 

324 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES 

By  C.  G.  LLOYD 

No.  26 
CINCINNATI,  OHIO  MAY,  1907 


Concerning  the  Phalloids. 

MUTINUS  CAXINUS  (Plate  113).— This  is  the  original  form 
of  Mutinus  from  Europe,  but  it  occurs  also  in  the  Eastern  States. 
It  differs  from  the  two  American  forms  (considered  in  our  previous 
paper)  in  having  the  gleba-bearing  portion  of  the  stem  short,  con- 
tracted, and  formed  of  smaller  cells  than  the  remainder  of  the  stipe. 
The  gleba  is  a  thick  layer,  definitely  limited  to  this  (upper)  portion 
of  the  stem,  so  that  it  appears  at  first  view  as  though  the  plant  had 
a  pileus  as  in  the  genus  Phallus.  Indeed,  the  old  authors  all  included 
it  in  the  genus  Phallus  until  Fries  took  it  out  in  1849.  The  stipe  of 
Mutinus  caninus  is  slender,  cylindrical,  and  nearly  uniform  in  diameter. 
Its  color  as  I  have  noted  it  in  France  is  red,  as  shown  in  the  recent 
picture  of  Monsieur  Holland.  Fischer  described  it  as  white  (with 
the  upper  portion  red),  and  Hollos  shows  a  plant  with  a  white  stipe. 
It  probably  varies  in  this  regard.  Mutinus  caninus  has  been  well 
illustrated  in  a  number  of  old  European  works — Sowerby,  Flora 
Danica  (1259),  and  Curtis'  London  Flora.  Also  in  the  recent  works 
of  Hollos  and  Rolland. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION— EUROPE.— It  is  the  only  species 
of  Mutinus  that  occurs  in  Europe,  and  is  widely  spread.  In  France  it  is  not 
uncommon. 

UNITED  STATES. — As  far  as  known  it  is  confined  to  the  Eastern  States, 
and  Professor  Burt  reported  it  in  his  paper  as  common  in  Vermont.  I  have 
only  received  it  from  Professor  James  Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Canada.  It  is  unknown. 
I  think,  from  other  countries  or  from  the  tropics,  though  the  Phalloids  of  most 
foreign  countries  are  very  little  known. 

HISTORY.— Called  by  the  old  authors  Phallus  caninus,  it  was  made  the 
I  type  of  a  new  genus  under  the  name  Mutinus  caninus  by  Fries.  Sowerby  called 
it  Phallus  inodorous,  and  claimed  it  different  from  other  Phalloids  in  the  absence 
of  odor,  a  claim  which  I  think  has  not  been  established.  Mutinus  Ravenelii 
[and  Mutinus  brevis  have  been  referred  to  the  plant  as  synonyms,  an  error  in  my 
opinion. 

CLATHRUS  CANCELLATUS  ~(  Plates  92  and  112).— We  con- 
sidered this  plant  in  our  previous  article,  but  at  that  time  had  seen 
no  fresh  specimens.  Wre  have  received,  through  the  kindness  of 
Monsieur  Auguste  Bernin,  Monaco,  fresh  specimens  from  which  we 
are  enabled  to  make  a  good  photograph  (Plate  112),  the  first  photo- 
graph, we  believe,  that  has  ever  been  published.  Clathrus  cancellatus 

325 
UN1VEB  -riTY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


is  to  a  degree  not  truly  represented  in  Bulliard's  figure  and  in  the 
usual  drawing.  The  section  of  the  arm  is  not  sub-cylindrical  as 
shown  by  BulMard,  but  flattened  on  the  outer  surface,  and  on  the 
inner  side  the  cells  are  larger  and  irregularly  developed  and  torn. 
This  is  a  structure  somewhat  similar  to  that  on  which  the  genus 
Blumenavia  is  based,  and  tends  to  throw  doubt  on  the  validity  of  the 
latter  genus.  The  volva  of  Clathrus  is  not  one  uniform,  gelatinous 
membrane,  as  is  the  volva  of  a  Phallus.  It  is  composed  of  a  number 

of  sections,  corre- 
sponding in  shape 
and  size  to  the 
meshes  of  the  en- 
closed young  plant. 
These  sections  are 
united  by  thin. 
white  plates  of  tis- 
sue that  proceed 
from  the  arms  of 
the  enclosed  plant. 
\Ve  think  this 
structure  will  be 
well  understood 
by  referring  to 
our  sections  on 
the  plate.  T  h  e 
structure  has  been 
illustrated  and  ex- 
plained by  Profes- 
sor F  i  s  c  h  e  r  in 
technical  language, 
but  we  believe  our 
readers  can  get  a 
clearer  idea  of  it 
from  our  photo- 
graphs. The  photo- 
graph. Fig.  160  (which  was  crowded  off  our  Plate  112),  is  an  inner 
view  of  a  specimen  (the  front  half  cut  away),  and  was  made  to  show 
the  large,  torn  cells  that  compose  the  inner  structure  of  the  arms. 


Fig.   160. 


THE  GKNUS  PHALLUS.— This  genus  is  based  on  the  well  known  and 
common  Phallus  impudicus  of  luirope.  It  is  the  type  of  the  Reims,  and  the 
genus  has  been  taken  as  the  type  of  the  order  from  which  it  derives  its  name, 
as  well  as  the  common  name  "phalloid"  applied  to  all  these  plants.  It  there- 
fore seems  to  me  useless,  and  certainly  not  in  keeping  with  botanical  usaue.  to 
try  to  abolish  a  name  that  has  been' so  well  established.  It  was  Micheli  in 
1729  who  proposed  the  genus  and  who  has  the  rather  doubtful  honor  of  naming 
it.  but  lie  had  a  clear  conception  of  it.  When  Linnaeus  attempted  to  apply 
binomial  names  to  the  universe  (not  only  to  plants  he  knew,  but  to  those  he 
did  not  know),  he  made  bad  work  of  iti  as  he  did  with  most  fungi.  He  in- 
cluded Morchellas  in  the  genus  Phallus,  plants  that  have  no  relation  to 
Micheli  s  genus.  The  prestige  that  Linnaeus  justly  acquired  through  his  knmvl- 

326 


edge  of  flo^i'cring  plants,  was  reflected  in  the  acceptance  of  his  names  for  fungi 
(of  which  he  knew  very  little),  and  it  was  many  years  before  the  errors  introduced 
by  Linnaeus  in  the  nomenclature  of  mycology  were  eradicated.1 

Professor  Fischer  divides  the  genus  Phallus  into  two  genera,  Ithyphallus 
and  Dictyophora,  and  the  basis  of  the  division  is  the  presence  or  absence  of 
a  conspicuous  veil.  If  the  genus  Phallus  were  a  large  genus,  it  might  be  a  con- 
venient division,2  though  in  truth  I  think  the  only  difference  is  in  the  degree  of 
development  of  the  veil,  as  all  species  probably  have  at  least  rudimentary  veils. 
Ithyphallus  is  a  generic  name,  recently  proposed  for  Phallus  impudicus',  as  it 
had  always  previously  been  known.  The  name  Ithyphallus  is  based  on  the 
absence  of  veil  (not  entirely  correct)  and  attributed  to  Fries  (not  at  all  cor- 
rect).3 Dictyophora  is  applied  to  that  section  of  Phallus  which  has  conspicuous 
veils.4  As  previously  stated,  we  think  all  of  the  genus  Phallus  have  veils, 
though  variously  developed.  Phallus  impudicus  has  a  veil,  rudimentary  though 
very  evident  if  it  is  sought  for;  Phallus  Ravenelii  has  a  veil  hidden  under  the 
cup  usually,  sometimes  protruding;  others  (Phallus  indusiatus  and  Phallus  dupli- 
catus)  have  long,  conspicuous  veils. 

PHALLUS  IMPUDICUS  (Plate  114).— This  is  the  most  com- 
mon phalloid  in  Europe,  and  was  the  species  originally  known.  It 
is  widely  distributed  in  Europe,  and  I  have  collected  it  abundantly 
n  France/"'  I  think  it  usually  develops  during  the  night,  at  least  all 
he  "eggs"  I  brought  in  so  developed,  and  1  never  saw  a  partially 
developed  plant  in  the  woods.  The  stipe  is  pure  white,  hollow,  com- 
Dosed  of  large  cells.  Within  the  volva  at  the  base  it  is  tapering,  and 
s  inserted  in  a  little  cup  seated  within  the  volva,  which  is  shown  in 
mr  Plate  114,  Fig.  4.  There  is  a  rudimentary  veil,  fragments  of  which 
ire  seen  adhering  to  the  stipe  on  Figs.  1  and  2,  Plate  114.  The  volva 
s  white,  and  contains  a  little  shallow  cup  or  secondary  volva  as  shown 
n  our  figure.  The  pileus  is  deeply  reticulate,  rugulose,  as  shown  in 

i  It  would  be  well  if  modern  "priorists"  who  show  a  disposition  to  dig  up  these 
Id  errors  and  base  their  "new  combinations"  on  them  would  bear  in  mind  that 
>riority  is  not  always  truth.  Recently  an  American  mycologist  (I  am  sorry  to  say) 
iroposed  scores  of  "new  combinations"  and  the  only  basis  he  had  for  his  work  was 
he  fact  that  Linnaeus  did  not  know  enough  mycology  to  tell  a  Tremella  from  a 
edar  apple. 

I  -2  The  characters  to  form  a  genus  are  of  course  a  matter  of  individual  opinion 
nd  largely  a  matter  of  convenience.  A  small  genus  like  Phallus  should  show  very 
narked  and  positive  differences  if  it  is  divided,  while  a  large  genus,  such  as 
Lgaricus,  for  instance,  can  be  advantageously  broken  up  on  much  less  differences. 
I  3  The  main  discrepancy  in  attributing  this  name  to  Fries  is  the  fact  that  he 
lever  used  it  as  a  name  for  any  plant.  He  called  the  genus  Phallus  and  this 
becies  he  called  "P.  impudicus"  and  "P"  stands  for  Phallus.  It  is  true  he  divided 
he  genus  into  four  tribes,  one  of  which  he  called  Ithyphallus.  but  that  is  no 
f arrant  for  raising  all  these  tribes  to  generic  rank  and  sinking  the  original  generic 
lame.  In  a  large  genus  like  Agaricus  this  may  be  advisable  because  the  name  has 
teen  applied  to  so  many  plants  that  it  has  lost  all  generic  meaning,  as  these  plants 
re  now  known.  But  that  is  not  the  case  with  Phallus.  If  modesty  was  the  reason 
i-Jvanced  for  changing  the  name,  we  might  sympathize  with  the  object  at  least, 
tat  we  can  see  no  improvement  in  that  respect  in  adopting  the  name  Ithyphallus. 
I  4  The  first  species  known  was  Phallus  indusiatus  which  is  widely  spread  in 
jopical  countries.  It  was  so  named  and  well-figured  by  Ventenat  in  1798.  Desvaux 
:  mted  up  a  lot  of  pictures  that  looked  strange  to  him  and  proposed  "new  genera" 
hi  them.  He  saw  Ventenat's  picture  though  he  knew  nothing  of  the  plant  and 
Hive  it  an  entirely  new  name  Dictyophora  phalloidea.  Nees  von  Esenbeck  eight 
[jars  later  did  very  much  the  same  thing,  calling  the  genus  Hymenophallus,  but 
1 1*  had  enough  consideration  for  the  source  of  his  information  to  use  the  specific 
.  j,me  indusiatus.  Those  who  subsequently  wrote  systematically  on  phalloids,  i<  nes 
,<:id  Schlechtendal,  used  the  name  Hymenophallus  (at  least  as  a  tribe)  and  it  had 
|Vcome  fairly  established  when  F'ischer  dug  up  Desvaux's  name  Dictyophora. 
lischer  changed  the  current  of  usage,  and  the  name  Dictyophora  is  generally  now 
Jpployed.  and  for  that  reason  we  would  employ  it  if  we  felt  there  was  any 
Bcessity  for  the  genus. 

)i  •-,  I  have  never  seen  any  other  phalloid  so  frequently  as  I  found  Phallus 
lipudicus  at  Barbizon,  France.  It  grew  in  light,  sandy  soil,  usually  in  the  woods 
fcund  logs.  Rarely  a  day  passed  that  I  did  not  either  see  or  smell  specimens. 

327 


Fig  7  but  when  the  plant  first  expands  the  depressions  are  filled 
evenlv 'with  the  greenish  gleba  and  appear  smooth  (as  Fig.  1).  At 
first  the  gleba  is  firm  and  almost  odorless.  At  it  deliquesces  it  becomes 
most  excessively  fetid,  and  the  plant  has  a  very  unsavory  reputation 
on  that  account  It  is  known  to  every  French  peasant  under  the  name 
"Satyre,"  or  "impudique." 

HISTORY— The  plant  was  named  Phallus  impudicus  in  Linnaeus's  Species 
Plantarum   (1753),  and  has  generally  borne  that  name.     Some  of  the  old  writers 
have  calkd  i     Phallus   vulgaris,  volvatus,  and    foetidus.     In   recent   works   it  is 
frequenth    designated   "Ithyphallus   impudicus    (Linn.)    Fries,"   but   as   previously 
stated i  we  see  no  occasion  for  a  "new  genus."  and  if  advertisements  are  employed 
hey  should  be  employed  correctly,  viz.:     "Ithyphallus  impudicus  (Linn)  Fischer. 
An   Old   Dutch   botanist,   Hadrian,   drew   a   bizarre   figure   of   a   phallus   in    1564. 
It  was  either  a  very  droll  figure  of   Phallus  impudicus,  or  a  figure  of  a  very 
droll   anomaly   of    Phallus   impudicus.      This   figure   was   copied   in   many   of   t 
old  herbals  of  Europe,  and  Ventenat  based  on  it  the  name  of   Phallus  Hadrian 
and  Nees  reproduced  the  figure  and  called  it  Hymenophallus  Hadnani.     Although 
I  think  no  one  else  ever  found  such  a  droll  anomaly,  it  was  carried  in  European 
books  for  two  hundred  years,  and  we  find  the   species   given   as   late  as   billet 
(1787)      Professor  Fischer  has  the  credit,  I  believe,  of  exposing  this  old  table. 
In  England  a  form  of   Phallus  impudicus  was   found  that  was  said  to  have  t 
odor  of  violets,  and  was  called  Phallus  iosmos.     It  has  been  dropped  from  the 
latest  English  works,  and  there  is  a  suspicion  that  it  had  its  origin  in  so 
defective  olfactory  nerves. 

DISTRIBUTION— EUROPE. — Phallus  impudicus  is  widely  spread  and  very 
common  over  the  most  of  Europe. 

AMERICA.— I  do  not  feel  sure  that  the  type  form  occurs  in  the  United 
States.  All  the  specimens  I  have  seen  belong  to  the  next  form,  Phallus 
perialis.  The  early  records  (Schweinitz)  were  almost  surely  based  on  Phallus 
Ravenelii.  Some  of  the  recent  records  of  Phallus  impudicus  (Dr.  Herbst  s 
Flora,  for  instance)  are  probably  based  on  Phallus  duplicatus,  which  had  acci- 
dentally lost  its  veil. 

JAPAN.— Professor  Fischer  received  a  specimen  from  Japan,  which  he  had 
doubtfully  referred  here. 

AUSTRALIA. — At  Kew  there  is  one  specimen  so  referred,  which  was  sent 
by  F.  M.  Bailey,  Queensland.  Mr.  Bailey  has  a  note  with  it,  that  he  never 
saw  but  a  single  specimen.  It  is  decidedly  more  yellowish  than  the  European 
plant,  and  has  a  broader,  bell-shaped  pileus.  It  appears  to  me  very  doubtful, 
and  Professor  Fischer  has  expressed  the  same  opinion. 

EAST  INDIES.— In  Hooker's  herbarium  there  is  a  very  small  and  very  doubtful 
specimen  so  named. 

JAVA.— Ithyphallus  costatus,  as  illustrated  by  Penzig.  seems  to  me  a  form 
of  Phallus  impudicus.  The  reticulations  of  the  pileus  appear  deeper  and  more, 
winged,  which  is  all  the  difference  I  can  note.  In  Professor  Fischer's  key  the' 
difference  is  stated  to  be  the  absence  of  a  rudimentary  veil,  but  Penzig  has  nof 
direct  notes  on  this  point,  and  Professor  Fischer  is  evidently  quite  in  doubt  as  tot 
its  distinctness  from  Phallus  impudicus. 

PHALLUS  I M  PERIALIS.— The  chief  difference  between  this  plant  and 
the  previous  is  that  Phallus  imperialis  has  a  pink  volva  and  a  smaller  stature. 
Monsieur  Boudier  tells  me  he  also  notes  a  difference  in  habitat  and  in  odon 
of  the  plants  about  Paris.  Phallus  imperialis  is  certainly  only  a  form  $f| 

328 


Phallus  impudicus,  and  if  it  were  not  a  geographical  form  it  would  hardly  be 
worth  noting.  From  the  specimens  I  have  received  it  seems  to  be  the  only 
form  that  occurs  in  the  United  States,  and  it  is  a  rare  form  in  Europe. 

HISTORY. — When  Schulzer  found  this  plant  in  Hungary  he  noted  the 
secondary  volva  at  the  base  of  the  stipe,  and  as  this  was  not  then  noted  in 
Phallus  impudicus  he  based  on  it  a  new  genus  and  called  the  plant  Kirchbaumia 
imperialis.  It  is  surprising  how  much  easier  it  is  to  discover  a  "new  species" 
than  a  new  fact  about  an  old  species.  Kalchbrenner  well  illustrated  the  plant 
under  the  name  Phallus  imperialis.  Somebody  sent  Professor  Peck  some  speci- 
mens with  accidental  fragments  of  the  volva  adhering  to  the  pileus,  the  same 
as  often  occurs  in  all  phalloids.  He  erected  on  them  a  new  genus.  Cryptophallus 
albiceps. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— It  is  a  much  rarer  plant  in  Europe 
than  the  type  form.  Phallus  impudicus.  Professor  Massee  tells  me,  while  the 
latter  is  common  in  England,  he  has  never  seen  the  pink  form  but  once.  In 
the  United  States  it  seems  to  be  rare  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Washington,  D.  C, 
is  the  only  station  surely  known  to  me,  specimens  collected  by  F.  J.  Braendle. 
West  of  the  Mississippi  it  is  more  common,  and  E.  B.  Sterling  found  it  in 
great  abundance  about  Denver.  I  have  it  also  from  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  Texas, 
and  L.  G.  Yates,  Southern  California.  All  these  plants  are  the  pink  form, 
called  for  convenience  Phallus  imperialis  to  distinguish  it  from  the  typical  white 
form,  Phallus  impudicus  of  Europe. 

PHALLUS  RAVEXELII  C  Plate  115).— A  common  species  of 
the  genus  Phallus,  at  least  around  Cincinnati,  is  Phallus  Ravenelii.  It 
usually  grows  in  the  woods,  sometimes  on  old  logs,  hut  usually  on  the 
ground  around  logs.  The  stipe  is  white,  cylindrical,  hollow,  and  com- 
posed of  large  cells.  The  pileus  is  even  or  faintly  reticulate,  and  by 
this  character  alone  it  can  he  known  from  the  other  native  species  of 
Phallus  with  white  stipe."  Under  the  pileus  there  is  a  short,  mem- 
branous veil  as  shown  in  our  Plate  115,  Fig.  3.  It  was  overlooked.  I 
think,  by  Schweinitz,  who  evidently  referred  the  plant  to  Phallus  impudi- 
cus. We  have  specimens  from  F.  J.  Fitzpatrick.  Iowa,  where  the  veil 
is  longer  and  protrudes  below  the  pileus,  but  I  think  this  rarely,  if  ever, 
occurs  in  the  form  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

DISTRIBUTION.— It  is  spread  over  the  United  States  from  the  Mississippi 
Valley  eastward,  but  is  more  frequent  in  southern  localities.  It  is  unknown  from 
the  Pacific  Coast  or  from  foreign  countries. 

HISTORY. — Such  a  frequent  plant  must  have  come  to  Schweinitz's  notice, 
and  he  referred  it,  I  think,  to  Phallus  impudicus.  Ravenel  was  the  first  to 
closely  note  the  plant  and  the  peculiar  short  veil  by  which  it  is  characterized, 
and  he  sent  specimens  and  very  complete  notes  to  Curtis,  who  transmitted  them 
to  Berkeley.  The  latter  named  it  Phallus  Ravenelii.  but  he  was  so  busy  that 
he  could  not  take  time  to  consider  the  details,  and  his  "description"  tells  noth- 
ing of  the  leading  characters  of  the  species.  Professor  Peck  met  the  plant  and, 
being  unable  to  identify  it  from  Berkeley's  description,  wrote  to  Ravenel,  who 
sent  his  original  notes,  from  which  Peck  had  no  trouble  in  recognizing  his 
specimens.  He  published  a  complete  description  of  it  and  a  characteristic 
figure,  and  since  the  appearance  of  Peck's  paper  the  plant  has  become  generally 

o  We  have  an  alcoholic  specimen  of  another  Phallus  from  Florida  which  is  much 
smaller  and  has  an  even  pileus  but  our  data  is  so  little  we  do  not  venture  to 
name  it. 

329 


known  as  "Phallus  Ravcnelii,  Berkeley."  If  we  believed  in  this  system  of  adver- 
tising we  would  advocate  the  justice,  in  a  case  like  this,  of  calling  the  plant 
"Phallus  Ravenelii,  Peck."  Professor  Fischer  calls  the  plant  Ithyphallus  Rave- 
nelii  and  Professor  Burt,  Dictyophora  Ravenelii.  further  proof  to  my  mind  of 
the  inutility  of  both  these  generic  names.  Professor  Patouillard  is  said  to  have 
named  it  Ithyphallus  cucullatus. 

PHALLUS  RUHICUXDUS  (Plate  116).— This  is  the  red  species 
of  Phallus  of  our  southern  states.  \Ye  are  pleased,  through  the  courtesy 
of  W.  H.  Long.  Jr..  to  give  photographs  of  it.  for  it  is  a  species  very 
little  known  in  recent  works.  That  both  Curtis  and  Ravenel  were 
familiar  with  a  Phallus  with  a  red  stem  is  evident  from  their  notes 
and  specimens,  the  latter  now  so  old  and  discolored  that  little  can  be 
told  about  them.  Xo  veil  is  found  under  the  pilens  of  this  species  as 
in  the  previous,  but  a  fragment  of  the  rudimentary  veil  shows  in  one 
of  the  photographs.  The  strong  character  of  this  plant  is  the  even 
pileus  and  the  red  stem,  and  we  suspect  also  that  it  has  a  red  pilots. 
We  have  found  no  notes  from  any  one  who  has  observed  the  plant 
when  fresh  as  to  the  color  of  the  pileus.  but  the  dried  specimens  that 
Mr.  Long  sent  me  (now  several  years  old)  has  a  decidedly  reddish  cast. 
Observations  on  this  point  are  especially  desired  from  those  who  have 
an  opportunity  to  observe  the  fresh  plant.  Phallus  rubicundus  is  known 
only  to  occur  in  our  southern  states,  not  as  far  north  as  Cincinnati. 
Ravenel  and  Curtis  found  it  in  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Mr.  Long 
has  recently  collected  it  in  Texas. 

HISTORY. — Mention  was  first  made  of  this  species  by  Hose7  under  the 
name  Satyrus s  rubicundus.  from  specimens  that  he  collected  in  the  Carolinas. 
Fries  changed  it  to  Phallus  rubicundus,  and  Fischer  to  Ithyphallus  rubicundus. 
It  is  to  me  a  dubious  question  whether  Phallus  rubicundus  is  different  from  the 
plant  Montague  called  Phallus  aurantiacus,  which  has  a  red  stem  and  a  red 
pileus,  and  which  while  originally  from  India,  has  been  recorded  from  several 
warm  countries.  Mr.  Long's  specimens  are  mose  obese,  and  I  can  not  be  sure 
that  the  pileus  is  red,  as  are  specimens  of  Phallus  aurantiacus  I  have  from 
Hawaii.  I  have  seen  also  a  drawing  of  Phallus  auranticus,  made  in  Tonkin, 
from  fresh  specimens  and  submitted  to  me  by  Professor  Patouillard.  It  is  more 
slender  and  has  a  differently  shaped  pileus  from  the  photograph  of  Mr.  Long,,, 
I  can  not  note  much  difference,  however,  as  to  form  of  the  /v/v  specimens  of 
Phallus  aurantiacus  and  Mr.  I^ong's  photograph.  It  is  certainly  very  clo>r.  and 
it  is  a  suspicious  fact  that  our  red  Phallus  grows  only  in  our  southern  states,I 
and  that  the  red  species  of  other  countries  are  only  recorded  from  warm  countries. 
Nor  can  I  see  any  material  difference  in  the  description  or  figure  of  Phallus 
sanguineus,  recently  described  as  Ithyphallus  sanguineus  from  Kamerun.  Africa. 
As  our  "priorist"  friends  would  state,  however,  whether  they  are  the  same  or} 
different.  Phallus  rubicundus  is  "prior." 


•  Bnso  made  a  trip  through  our  southern  states  about  the  first  of  the  last 
century.  He  published  an  article  in  French  in  a  German  periodical  in  1811  con- 
cerning several  fungi  which  he  collected.  He  gave  plates  that  were  well  enough 
—  that  all  of  his  phalloids  can  be  readily  recognized,  and  all  now  b.-ar  his 


writes  as   the   Latin    name    (inadvertently    t   think)    Satyrus    rublcundua    instead 
fuhrtherSmemiondoMt.He  *"*   ""   ***nos**   "f   '""   *"»"*    "Satyrus"    nor    ma. 

330 


PHALLUS  IRPICINUS  (Plate  116).— This  is  an  exotic  species. 
thus  far  only  known  from  Java.  It  has  a  white  stipe  and  a  white 
veil,  as  has  the  related  tropical  species.  Phallus  indusiatus.  The  Javanese 
species  differs,  however,  from  all  species  with  veils  in  the  relative  even- 
ness of  the  pileus.  The  pileus  is  not  smooth,  however,  as  might  be 
inferred  from  the  photograph,  but  the  surface  is  spongy,  rugulose,  and 
the  gleba  permeates  the  depressions.  Indeed,  the  plant  has  been  com- 
pared by  the  author  to  the  genus  Itajahya.  Phallus  irpicinus  was 
described  by  Professor  Patouillarcl  under  the  name  Dictyophora  irpidna. 
and  has  been  refound  in  Java  and  further  illustrated  by  Penzig.  We 
are  under  special  obligations  to  Professor  Patouillarcl  for  a  photograph 
of  the  type  specimen  that  is  reproduced  on  our  plate.  We  have  a 
suspicion,  however,  that  it  is  the  same  plant  that  Berkeley  mentions 
under  the  name  Dictyophora  merulina.  and  of  which  he  vaguely  states 
"the  reticulations  are  gill-like  and  the  ochraceous  head  rivulose."  The 
data,  however,  is  not  sufficiently  clear  to  justify  taking  the  name.  Dr. 
Ch.  Bernard,  of  Buitenzorg,  writes  me  that  Phallus  irpicinus  is  one  of 
the  common  species  of  Java. 

PHALLUS  DUPLICATUS  (Plates  117  and  118).— We  new- 
come  to  a  species  that  is  the  most  striking  phalloid  of  North  America. 
The  largest  species  we  have,  furnished  with  a  beautiful,  white,  long 
veil,  and  most  adominably  fetid.  It  is  a  plant  which  once  found  will 
never  be  forgotten.  It  is  a  frequent  plant  at  Cincinnati  and  widely- 
distributed  in  the  United  States,  but  its  exact  distribution  we  do  not 
know.  It  occurs  in  Florida,  and  it  probably  extends  south  to  the 
tropics,  merging  into  Phallus  indusiatus.  The  pileus  of  Phallus  dupli- 
catus  is  strongly  reticulate,  but  when  the  plant  first  expands  the  depres- 
sions are  filled  with  the  gleba  and  it  appears  even.  The  reticulations 
of  the  pileus  are  well  shown  in  our  Fig.  3,  Plate  118,  which  was 
an  old  specimen,  the  gleba  washed  away  by  abundant  rains.  The 
most  striking  feature  of  the  plant  is  the  long,  white  veil  which  hangs 
from  under  the  pileus.  Unfortunately  we  have  no  large  photographs 
showing  perfect  veils.  In  our  photograph,  Plate  117.  Fig.  1,  and  that 
from  Mr.  Pleas,  the  veil  is  torn.  In  the  United  States  there  is  no 
trouble  in  recognizing  this  species,  as  it  is  the  only  one  with  such 
a  veil. 

HISTORY. — This    was    one    of    Bosc's    discoveries,    and    he    gave    a    fairly 

good  figure  of  it  in  1811  under  the  name  Phallus  duplicatus.  The  veil  in  his 
.figure  is  contracted  (not  open  meshes),  and  it  was  probably  made  from  an  alco- 
jholic  specimen  as  was  our  similar  photograph,  Plate  118,  Fig.  2.  Professor 

Fischer  includes  our  United  States  plant  with  the  tropical  species  Phallus  in- 
j  dusiatus  under  the  name  Dictyophora  phalloidea.  I  am  very  familiar  with  our 
|  American  plant  and  also  (in  "Samoa)  with  the  tropical  species,  and  they  seem 
jto  me  quite  different,  though  I  do  not  doubt  that  they  merge  into  each  other 
'and  are  really  forms  of  one  species.  After  the  plant  had  become  well  known  in 
i|the  United  States,  some  one  sent  Kalchbrenner  (Hungary),  as  late  as  1884, 

a  specimen,  which  he  immediately  discovered  was  a  new  species,  Hymenophallus 
itogatus,  and  he  gave  a  good  figure  of  it.  As  soon  as  Kalchbrenner's  paper 
'appeared,  Professor  Farlow  pointed  out  that  it  was  the  old,  well-known  species 

'of   the   United   States.      Cragin    found   in   Kansas   a   specimen   with   an   unusually 

331 


perfect  veil  It,  of  course,  became  a  new  species.  Phallus  collaris.  I  think 
that  most  of  the  forms  that  occur  in  the  United  States  are  very  similar,  but 
Ravenel  in  his  herbarium  notes  two  forms,  one  with  a  veil  but  little  longer 
than  the  pileus  which  he  calls  Phallus  duplicatus,  the  other  with  the  ordinary, 
long  veil  which  he  calls  Phallus  indusiatus  (the  name  of  the  tropical  species). 
Both  have  strongly  reticulate  pilei.  I  do  not  otherwise  know  the  form  with  the 
short  veil.  Phallus  daemonum,  another  name  for  a  tropical  species,  has  also 
been  applied  to  our  plant. 

PHALLUS  INDUSIATUS  (Plate  119).— This  is  a  very  frequent 
Phallus  that  grows  in  many  tropical  countries,  and  which  is  very  similar 
to  the  plant  previously  considered.  They  are  undoubtedly  forms  of 
the  same  species,  hut  the  tropical  form  differs  from  the  temperate  form 
in  the  shape  of  the  pileus,  and  more  markedly  in  the  nature  of  the 
veil.  The  pileus  of  Phallus  indusiatus  is  more  campanulate.  hroader, 
and  not  so  strongly  reticulate  as  Phallus  duplicatus.  The  veil  is 
more  delicate,  the  threads  more  slender,  and  the  meshes  much  larger. 
These  differences  are  hetter  appreciated  by  consulting  our  plates.  As 
the  plant  grows  in  Samoa  the  veil  is  well  shown  in  our  Plate  119, 
Fig.  1.  Alfred  M  oiler  figures  a  form  (which  we  have  reproduced, 
Plate  119,  Fig.  2)  which  seems  to  us  quite  distinct  in  its  rigid  veil, 
hut  Professor  Moller  states  that  in  Brazil  the  two  forms  merge  into 
each  other  so  frequently  that  it  is  not  practicable  to  hold  them  as 
distinct.  We  are  familiar  with  both  Phallus  duplicatus  and  Phallus 
indusiatus  as  they  grow,  and  have  found  the  characters  of  each  con- 
stant in  their  respective  countries.  No  description  is  needed  for  Phallus 
indusiatus  other  than  our  plate.  The  stipe  is  white,  also  the  veil.  In 
one  form  from  Java  (  Phallus  roseus)  the  veil  is  described  as  pink, 
and  the  same  form  occurs  in  French  Guiana. 

DISTRIBUTION. — A  frequent  plant  in  probably  all  tropical  countries.  No 
species  is  more  abundantly  represented  in  the  museums  of  Europe.  We  have 
seen  them  from  Australia.  India,  Andaman  Island.  Java.  Ceylon,  East  Africa, 
Mauritius,  Mexico,  Brazil,  British  Guiana.  French  Guiana,  Smith  Africa.  Suri- 
nam, New  Caledonia.  Cuba.  Tonkin.  Philippines.  Borneo.  Jamaica,  and  the  list 
probably  does  not  include  one-half  the  countries  where  it  occurs.  There  are 
some  differences  in  these  specimens,  but  we  do  not  feel  it  practicable  to  dis- 
tinguish under  separate  names  until  more  is  known  about  them.  Some  have 
spreading,  bell-shaped  veils,  others  the  veil  is  more  flaccid,  cylindrical,  and  hanging. 
One  from  St.  Vincent  is  much  smaller  than  usual. 

HISTORY. — This  striking  plant  known  to  the  French  (not  inappropriately) 
as  "Phallus  en  chemise,"  being  very  common  in  the  tropical  countries,  attracted 
the  attention  of  many  travelers  during  the  last  hundred  years.  Many  specimens 
have  been  brought  to  Europe  and  placed  in  the  hands  "of  various  mycologists, 
most  of  whom  have  discovered  that  it  was  a  new  species,  and  several  that  it 
was  a  new  genus.  Professor  Fischer  in  his  "Untersuchungen"  (1890)  nmrds 
fourteen  specific  names  applied  to  it  (and  this  excludes  those  referring  to  the 
previous  form)."  Numerous  changes  have  also  been  made  by  shuffling  these 


o  We  have  hunted  up  all  these  old  specimens  at  Paris  and  l,omlon  (which  arf 
the  basis  of  most  of  these  names)  and  also  all  the  old  pictures.  We  fully  aur^e 
Professor  Fischer  that  there  is  very  little  difference  among-  them  on  which  to 
base  species.  One.  however.  Phallus  subaeutus  of  Algeria,  seems  to  us  quite  dis- 
^"°.t,-  .  Also  we  believe  that  when  the  orisinal  Phallus  daemonum  is  well  known 
as  a  di8ttactefoS  Ru'jed  as  jt  aPPears>  it  will  be  held  worthy  of  a  separate  name 


at  least. 

332 


names  about  under  other  "generic"  names,  Hymenophallus  and  Dictyphora, 
and  the  list  of  ""synonyms"  is  truly  formidable,  and  not  worth  repeating  here. 
About  a  dozen  figures  of  it  have  been  published,  many  of  them  very  good,  but 
some  evidently  reconstructed  from  the  descriptions  of  travelers,  and  quite 
amusing.10 

A  similar  plant  was  first  illustrated  by  Rumphius  in  the  Herbarium  Am- 
boinense  in  1750  under  the  name  Phallus  daemonum.11  This  figure  is  referred 
to  this  species  by  Fischer,  but  to  me  does  not  appear  to  accord  with  the  usual 
plant  so  widely  spread  in  the  tropics.  Next  it  was  called  Phallus  indusiatus  by 
Ventenat  (1798)  from  specimens  sent  by  Pere  Vaillant  from  Dutch  Guiana. 
Ventenat's  figure  is  typical  of  the  species,  as  I  understand  it ;  hence,  I  use  this 
name.  The  next  reference  was  by  Desvaux,  who  saw  Ventenat's  picture,  which 
looked  strange  to  him,  and  he  made  it  a  "new  genus"  and  gave  it  an  entirely 
new  name,  Dictyophora  phalloidea.  He  never  saw  a  specimen  in  his  life,  and 
if  he  was  justified  in  basing  a  genus  on  a  picture,  he  surely  was  not  in  changing 
the  specific  name.  Subsequent  to  Desvaux,  there  had  been  so  much  juggling 
and  naming  that  it  is  not  worth  while  to  go  into  details. 

PHALLOGASTER  SACCATUS  (Plate  120).— It  is  a  disputed 
question  whether  Phallogaster  saccatus  is  a  phalloid  or  not.  That  is, 
it  is  disputed  by  some  who  do  not  know  the  fresh  plant.  I  do  not 
believe  that  any  one  who  finds  the  plant  will  ever  look  for  it  anywhere 
excepting  among  the  phalloids.  It  has  the  same  greenish,  fetid  gleba 
that  is  associated  with  phalloids.  the  same  spores  and  basidia,  it 
deliquesces  in  the  same  way,  and  it  seems  to  me  that  its  relationships 
are  entirely  with  the  phalloids.  It  has  no  volva  in  the  sense  of  ordi- 
nary phalloids.  but  it  appears  to  me  that  the  peridium  might  be  con- 
sidered as  analogous  to  the  volva,  the  central  tissue  as  analogous  to 
the  receptacle,  and  thus  the  only  difference  from  other  phalloids  would 
be  that  the  receptacle  deliquesces.12 

Phallogaster  saccatus  is  a  rare  plant  in  the  United  States.13  When 
young  it  is  pear  shaped  or  club  shaped,  white  with  a  smooth  peridium. 
and  I  thought  when  I  first  saw  it  that  it  was  a  young  Xylaria.  As 
soon  as  I  cut  it  open,  however,  its  nature  was  evident,  for  I  noted  at 
once  the  phalloid-like  gleba.  The  center  is  white  and  somewhat 
translucent  tissue.  In  ripening  this  central  tissue  entirely  deliquesces 
and  disappears,  the  gleba  deliquesces  and  adheres  to  the  inside  of  the 
peridium  as  a  fetid,  mulcilaginous  mass,  and  the  peridium  breaks 
irregularly  as  shown  in  our  figure  ( Plate  120,  Fig.  6),  exposing  the 
adherent  gleba.  We  are  much  pleased  to  present  in  our  plates  photo- 

10  Thus  Gaudichaucl  published  a  droH  figure  with  the  veil  on  the  outside  of  the 
pileus;    Klotsch    a    curious    affair    with    a    large,    bell-shaped    veil    attached    to    the 
middle  of  the  stem. 

11  It  is  a  question   if  Rumphius1   figure  is  not  a   different   species  as  considered 
by  Berkeley.     The   pileus  appears   punctate   rather   than   reticulate   and   the   veil   is 
much    more    finely    meshed    than    the    usual    form.      I    should    not    be    surprised    Jf 
Rumphius'  plant  would  yet  be  found  to  be  quite  distinct.     I  have  a  letter  from  my 
friend,   Professor  McGinty,   who  states  that  after  an  exhaustive  study  of  Fischer's 
synonyms  (with  a  date  dictionary)  he  concludes  that  according  to  the  "latest  rules" 
the  species  should  be  called    (and  he  proposes  the  name)    "Dictyophora   daemon  am 
(Rumphius)  McGinty." 

12  The  plant  has  been  placed  with  Hymenogasters.  but  a  much  simpler  classi- 
fication to  my  mind  is  based  on  the  old  definition  which  considers  Hymenogasters 
as  underground  Gastromycetes.   mostly  with   permanent   gleba   cells. 

is  I  hunted  the  woods  around  Cincinnati,  where  it  was  originally  discovered, 
for  many  years  before  I  found  it.  and  I  have  never  collected  it  but  twice,  once  on 
the  ground  by  the  side  of  an  old  log  at  Cincinnati,  the  other  time  on  a  log  at 
Eglon,  W.  Va. 

333 


graphs  that  will  show  the  plant  and  its  methods  of  dehiscence  much 
better  we  think  than  the  figures  that  have  previously  appeared. 

CLATHRUS  TREUBII  (Fig.  161).— Through  the  kindness  of 
Dr.  Ch.  Bernard,  Chief  of  the  Biological  Division  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  of  lava,  we  are  enabled  to  present  a  photograph  of 

this  rare  species  of  Java.  It 
was  described  only  last  year 
(1906).  and  is' evidently 
rare  in  Java,  as  it  is  not  in- 
cluded in  Penzig's  excellent 
paper  on  the  phalloids  of 
this  island.  Clathrus  Treubii 
was  described  as  Clathrella 
Treubii.  and  while  we  feel 
that  the  genus  Clathrella  is 
not  a  good  genus,  this  spe- 
cies would  be  a  Clathrus  on 
the  disposition  of  the  arms 
at  the  base,  the  distinction 
on  which  Clathrella  was 
based.  Clathrella  Treubii  is 
a  red  plant,  very  similar  in 
general  appearance  to  Clath- 
rus cancellatus  and  very 
different  in  the  structure  of 
the  arms.  In  Clathrus  can- 
cellatus the  arms  have  a 
simple,  cellular  structure, 
and  the  inner  cells  are  large 
and  irregular.  In  Clathrus 
Treubii  the  arms  are  tubular 
and  are  wrinkled  evenly  <m 
the  inner  surface.  I  think- 
there  is  no  other  species  of 
Clathrus  known  with  these 
peculiar  wrinkles  as  shown  in  Dr.  Bernard's  excellent  photograph.  At 
Kew  1  have  seen  a  drawing  of  a  Laternea  (or  a  Pseudocolus)  that  was 
made  in  Java  by  Zollinger  many  years  ago.  the  arms  of  which  are 
wrinkled  on  the  inner  side  as  in  this  Clathrus.  It  was  never  published, 
and  is  not  included  in  any  of  the  recent  works  on  the  Java  phall<  tids. 

THE  PHALLOIDS  OF  JAVA.— Dr.  Ch.  Bernard  also  favors 
us  with  a  statement  in  detail  of  the  phalloids  that  occur  at  Buitenzorg, 
Java.  The  phalloids  of  Java  are  mostly  well  known,  owing  to  excel- 
lent work  done  by  Monsieur  Penzig  a  few  years  ago.  Mutinus  bam- 
businus.  Phallus  irpicinus,  Phallus  indusiatus.  and  Simblum  gracile  u*  I 

.14  Dr.    Bernard    lists    this    under    the    name    of    the    Mauritis    species    Simblum      ;' 
eriphraKmoides.   but   from   the   specimens   I    have   seen    the   .Java    form    is   so   much 
more  slender  than   the  Mauritus  specimen  that  at   least  until  more  is  known  .>f  tin- 
Mauntus  plant.  I  think   it   should   be  kept  distinct  as   Berkeley  considered   it. 

334 


Fig.  161. 


are  common  throughout  the  season,  though  more  abundant,  of  course, 
during  the  rainy  season.  Aseroe  arachnoidea,  Jansia  elegans,  Jansia 
rugosa.  Phallus  multicolor,  and  Clathrus  Treubii  are  rarer  species, 
and  will  probably  be  found  only  during  the  rainy  season.  In  addition 
to  these  nine,  Professor  Ernst  has  described  to  Dr.  Bernard  a  very 
large  phalloid  which  he  observed  at  Gedeh  near  Tjibodas.  From  Pro- 
fessor Ernst's  description  Dr.  Bernard  thinks  it  is  probably  the  rare 
Aseroe  Junghuhnii  which  was  figured  from  Java  by  Schlechtendal  some 
forty  years  ago  and  has  never  been  recorded  (with  certainty)  since. 
The  kind  of  information  that  Dr.  Bernard  gives  is  a  definite,  practical 
addition  to  the  knowledge  of  the  phalloids,  and  we  ask  others  in  foreign 
countries  who  have  a  definite  knowledge  of  their  local  phalloids  to  write 
us  and  favor  us  with  similar  information.  The  relative  frequency  or 
rarity  of  species  is  valuable  information,  and  should  be  recorded.  In 
most  foreign  countries  (excepting  Java  and  Brazil,  owing  to  the  fine 
work  of  Penzig  and  Moller)  we  question  if  the  published  works  are 
such  that  a  local  student  can  arrive  at  an  exact  determination  of 
the  phalloids  he  finds.  In  all  such  instances  we  shall  be  glad  to  lend 
our  aid  and  advice  on  receipt  of  photographs,  dried  specimens,  and 
color  notes. 

DEAD  MAX'S  FINGERS.— Mr.  C.  E.  Pleas.  Chipley,  Fla., 
has  sent  me  under  the  above  name  a  fine  photograph  of  Laternea 
columnata,  which  we  reproduce  herewith  (Fig. 
162).  An  account  of  the  plant  is  given.  Myco- 
logical  Notes,  page  298  and  Plate  92.  It  is  a 
frequent  plant  in  Florida  and  the  southern  United 
States  in  general.  Mr.  Pleas  also  sends  a  fine 
photograph  of  Phallus  duplicatus  (under  the 
name  Phallus  impudicus).  Phallus  duplicatus 
has  a  large  veil,  while  Phallus  impudicus  has 
no  evident  veil.  The  splendid  photographs  that 
Mr.  Pleas  makes  lead  us  to  hope  that  he  may 
find  and  photograph  some  of  the  rare  and  little 
known  phalloids  that  occur  in  Florida. 

Speaking  of  Laternea  columnata.  we  are  re- 
minded that  it  has  just  been  discovered  to  be  a 
"new  species" — "Clathrus  trilobatus,"  by  N.  A. 
Cobb,  Hawaii.  If  Mr.  Cobb  were  familiar  with 
the  forms  that  Laternea  columnata  takes,  we 
might  have  been  spared  this  synonym.  Laternea 
columnata  is  a  frequent  plant  in  warmer  por- 
tions of  the  American  continent,  both  North 
and  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Its 

record  in  Hawaii  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  its  distribution,  though  it 
naturally  could  be  expected  to  occur  there. 

335 


Fig.    162. 


MUTIXUS  XYLOGEXUS  (Fig.  163).— This  has  the  unique 
distinction  of  being  the  very  smallest  phalloid  known.  Some  idea  of 
its  diminutiveness  can  be  obtained  from  our  photograph,  which  is 
enlarged  six  diameters.  It  was  collected 
by  Leprieur.  French  Guiana,  on  rotten 
wood  almost  sixty  years  ago.  Three  single 
specimens,  from  one  of  which  our  photo- 
graph has  been  made,  and  a  couple  of  little 
"eggs"  are  all  the  material  that  exists,  and 
it  is  now  preserved  in  the  museum  of  Paris. 
Montagne,  who  describes  it,  states  very 
clearly  that  it  has  a  "free,  conical,  even, 
impervious  receptacle"  (pileus),  and  his 
figure  plainly  shows  a  pileus.  If  that  is 
true,  the  plant  belongs  to  the  genus  Phallus. 
Leprieur  sent  Montagne  what  seems  to  be 
a  good  drawing  of  the  fresh  plant.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  a  diminutive  Phallus  with  a 
definite  pileus,  which  Leprieur  indicates  as 
rugulose.  Montagne  placed  it  in  the  sec- 
tion "Mutinus."  but  from  his  remarks  it 
is  evident  that  he  thought  Mutinus  has  a 
pileus.  Some  years  ago  at  Paris,  Professor 
Fischer  sectioned  an  egg  and  found  the 
gleba  borne  directly  on  the  upper  portion 
of  the  stem,  which  makes  it  a  Mutinus,  as 
the  genus  is  now  defined.  It  differs  from  all  others  in  having  a  capi- 
tate, globose  mass  of  gleba.  It  is  a  great  deal  to  hope,  but  we  can 
not  but  express  the  hope,  that  some  one  in  South  America,  Central 
America,  or  the  West  Indies,  where  this  little  plant  probably  occurs, 
will  refind  specimens  and  send  us  a  few  in  a  little  vial  of  alcohol.  It 
can  certainly  be  known  from  our  figure,  not  forgetting  that  the  plant 
is  only  one-sixth  as  large. 


Fig.    163. 


ITAJAHYA  GALERICULATA    (Plate   121).— We  are  glad  to 

be  able  to  present  a  photograph  made  from  a  fresh  specimen,  by  Rev. 
Pere  A.  Schupp.  Pelotas.  Brazil.  It  is  one  of  the  Brazilian  phalloids 
that  was  illustrated  in  such  a  superb  manner  by  Alfred  Moller,  and  it 
is  only  known  to  grow  in  Brazil.  Its  uncouth  name  is  taken  from 
the  river  Itajahy  of  Brazil.  The  genus  has  a  pileus  as  the  genus 
Phallus,  but  a  different  structure.  In  Phallus  the  pileus  is  of  a  firm, 
uniform  tissue,  and  bears  the  gleba  on  its  outer  surface.  In  Itajahya 
the  pileus  is  of  loose,  lamellate  structure,  and  the  gleba  covering  these 
plates  permeates  the  inner  structure  of  the  pileus.  The  photograph 
that  Rev.  Schupp  sends  has  a  general  resemblance  to  a  Phallus,  and 
the  small  specimen  is  capped  (probably  accidentally)  with  a  fragment 
of  the  volva.  The  structure  of  the  pi'leus  is  better  shown  in  the  sec-, 
tional  photograph  that  was  published  by  Alfred  Moller.  and  we  repro-1 


336 


duce  it  also  on  our  plate.     Our  thanks  are  especially  extended  to  Rev. 
A.  Schupp  for  the  privilege  of  publishing  his  photograph. 

BLUMENAVIA  RHACODES  (Plate  121).— We  are  under  special 
obligations  to  Father  J.  Rick,  Brazil,  for  a  fine  photograph  that  enables 
us  to  present  a  plate  of  this  plant.  It  is  a  rare  species,  only  known 
from  Brazil.  It  was  published  by  Alfred  Moller  in  the  superb  manner 
in  which  he  does  all  his  work,  so  that  it  is  something  more  than  an 
unintelligible  word  "description."  Blumenavia  rhacodes,  as  will  be 
noted  from  our  plate,  is  very  close  to  the  genus  Laternea.  Indeed,  the 
main  difference  is  the  wrinkled  arms  which  are  torn  and  lacerated  on 
the  inner  side,  and  the  plant  might  even  be  included  in  Laternea  without 
doing  much  violence  to  classification.  We  have  seen  at  Kew  a  drawing 
of  a  Laternea  (or  a  Pseudocolus)  from  Java,  which  has  arms  strongly 
wrinkled  on  the  inner  side,  and  which  shows  evident  transition  toward 
the  genus  Blumenavia.  Rev.  Rick's  photograph  is  much  more  slender 
than  the  photograph  published  by  Alfred  Moller,  hence  we  reproduce 
Mr.  Moller's  original  illustration,  in  order  to  give  a  better  idea  of  the 
forms  the  plant  takes. 


The  Development  of  Queletia. 

The  early  stages  of  this  rare  plant  have  heretofore  been  entirely 
unknown.  Last  summer  the  plant  was  discovered  by  Monsieur  Victor 
Dupain,  Deux  Sevres,  France,  growing  on  a  pile  of  old  tan  bark  in 
his  garden.  He  very  kindly  mailed  us  some  specimens,  at  various 
stages  of  growth,  which  have  enabled  us  to  observe  the  manner  of 
growth  of  the  stem.  The  genus  Queletia  has  no  volva.  A  section  of 
a  young  specimen  (Plate  122,  Fig.  4)  shows  to  the  eye  a  homogeneous, 
white  mass  without  any  distinction  as  to  stem  or  gleba,  the  same  as 
a  section  of  a  young  Lycoperdon.  As  the  plant  develops,  the  stem 
differentiates  from  the  gleba  portion  at  first  within  the  peridium,  and 
as  the  stem  grows  it  breaks  the  peridium  near  the  base,  which  remains 
as  a  collar  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  This  will  be  readily  under- 
stood by  observing  the  two  sections  on  Plate  122.  Fig.  4  shows  a 
very  young  plant  without  any  distinction  of  stem  and  gleba.  The 
next  stage  received  by  us  is  Fig.  6,  in  which  the  gleba  had  deli- 
quesced and  the  spores  ripened,  while  the  stem  had  grown  to  about 
an  inch  and  had  just  broken  the  peridium.  What  length  of  time 
is  represented  between  these  two  stages  we  do  not  know,  but  prob- 
ably not  more  than  a  day  or  two.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know 
if  the  gleba  ripens  before  the  stem  begins  to  develop.  Xone  of  the 
"eggs"  that  Monsieur  Dupain  sent  us  demonstrated  this  point.  While 
we  believe  the  young  stages  of  Tylostoma  have  not  been  observed, 
they  are  most  probably  analogous  to  those  of  Queletia.  It  is  quite 
contrary  to  what  we  think  is  the  case  in  the  genus  Battarrea,  where 
the  peridium  is  borne  on  top  of  the  stem,  and  both  when  young  are 
contained  in  a  common  volva.  The  genera  Queletia  and  Tylostoma  have 
no  true  volva. 

337 


Additional  Notes  on  the  Ly  coper  dons  of  Europe. 

Most  of  the  work  that  we  have  done  with  Lycoperdons  has  been 
with  dried  specimens  received  from  our  correspondents.  Last  season 
at  Barbizon,  France,  we  made  the  personal  acquaintance  of  some  species 
growing  that  we  had  heretofore  only  known  dried.  Fresh  Lycoperdons 
present  characters  that  can  not  be  learned  from  the  dried  specimens. 
We  have  always  been  under  the  impression  that  most  Lycoperdons  are 
white  when  young.  At  Barbizon  we  observed  two  species.  Lycoperdon 
atropurpureum  and  Lycoperdon  nigrescens.  which  have  cortices  that  are 
brotvn  even  when  very  young. 


LYCOPERDON  GEMMATUM  (Plate  46).— Our  main  reason 
for  again  noticing  this  common  species  is  to  present  a  photograph 
(Fig.  164)  which  we  think  represents  the  plant  unusually  well.  Also 


Fig.   164. 


Fig.   165. 


a  figure  of  the  young  cortex  I  enlarged  four  times)  to  show  the  peculiar 
nature  of  the  consolidated  warts  which  we  hold  is  the  essential  character 
of  Lycoperdon  gemmatum.  The  warts  of  this  species  are  very  variable 
as  to  size,  etc.  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  page  228).  but  the  species  can  always 
be  recognized,  especially  when  young,  by  the  soldered  warts  such  as  no 
other  species  has. 

LYCOPERDOX  XIGRESCEXS  (Plates  47.  60  and  123).— We 
found  this  plant  at  Barbizon.  France,  but  had  previously  collected  it 
in  Sweden.  In  both  countries  it  seemed  to  us  peculiar  in  its  habitat. 
It  does  not  grow  in  grassy  fields  or  in  rich,  shady  woods,  but  in  open, 
dry,  mossy  places.  The  cortex  of  Lycoperdon '  nigrescens  is  brown, 

338 


hence  the  name  nigrescens  which  Persoon  gave  it  is  not  so  bad.  The 
spines  are  connivent  and  fall  away,  leaving  scars  in  the  same  manner 
as  in  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  but  these  two  species  are  not  as  close 
as  we  thought  when  we  wrote  our  article  on  the  Lycoperdons  of  Europe. 
Young  plants  are  quite  different,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  the 
old  specimens  after  the  cortex  has  fallen.  Although  we  have  already 
given  two  plates  of  this  species,  we  present  another  (  No.  123),  to  better 
show  the  cortex  characters. 

LYCOPERDON  ATROPURPUREUM  (Plates  42,  57  and  123).— 
The  plants  we  noted  growing  at  Barbizon,  and  which  when  ripe  we 
should  have  referred  to  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  have  strongly 
developed  spines,  always  brown  when  young.  When  mature  these  spines 
shrivel  up  and  waste  away,  so  that  the  mature  plant  (Plate  123,  Fig.  5) 
would  hardly  be  recognized  as  the  same  plant.  We  suspect  that  if 
the  truth  were  known,  more  than  one  species  has  been  confused  (by 
us  and  others)  under  this  name.  If  we  could  watch  these  various 
plants  develop,  quite  good  distinctions  might  be  found  in  the  color  or 
other  cortex  characters  which  can  not  be  ascertained  from  the  dried 
specimens  as  they  reach  us.  All  have  large,  rough  spores,  and  are 
very  much  the  same  when  ripe.  We  present  another  plate  (No.  123) 
in  order  to  show  the  cortex  characters  of  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  at 
different  periods. 


A  Scaly  Form  of  Geaster  Triplex. 

Among  some  Geasters  recently  received  from  the  Botanical  Garden, 
Peradeniya,    Ceylon,    were    some   small    specimens   of    Geaster    triplex 

with  a  scaly  exope- 
ridium  (Fig.  166). 
We  have  seen  many 
specimens  of  Geas- 
ter triplex,  for  it  is 
a  frequent  plant  in 
many  countries,  but 
we  never  previously 
saw  specimens  with 
a  scaly  exoperidium. 
If  this  form  is  con- 
stant in  Ceylon  it  is 
entitled  to  a  name 
( Geaster  squamosus  ) 
as  a  form,  and  it  is 
fully  as  distinct  as 
Geaster  vittatus  based  on  longitudinal  fissures  in  the  exoperidium  of 
•the  same  species.  While  the  character  of  a  scaly  exoperidium  is  abso- 
lutely new  in  the  Geaster  family,  to  call  it  a  "new  species"  would  appear 
tjto  me  to  be  untrue.  Any  one  who  is  familiar  with  Geaster  triplex  would 
Consider  it  as  a  mere  form. 

339 


Fig.   166. 


PIDGIN  LATIN. 

The  recent  botanical  congress  at  Vienna,  I  am  told,  adopted  a  "rule"  that 
in  future  all  descriptions  of  new  species  which  will  be  "recognized"  must  be  in 

We  doubt  if  there  are  many  mycologists,  excepting  perhaps  those  of  the 
Catholic  clergy,  who  have  a  thorough,  familiar  knowledge  of  Latin.  It  is  close 
enough  to  the  English  so  that  most  of  us  can  take  a  Latin  "diagnosis"  and 
guess  pretty  well.  But  I  think  most  mycologists  can  tell  all  they  know  about 
fungi  and  tell  it  much  better  in  their  own  language  than  they  can  in  Latin.  We 
recognize  the  utility  of  writing  a  book  like  Saccardo,  which  is  a  compilation 
from  all  languages,  in  Latin,  because  then  it  becomes  useful  to  all.  But  the 
editors  of  such  publications  must  be  qualified,  as  Saccardo  is,  to  put  other  lan- 
guages into  Latin.  Most  any  one  with  a  boyhood  memory  of  hic-haec-hoc 
can  take  an  English-Latin  lexicon  and  make  out  a  form  that  will  pass,  but  it 
seems  to  us  unreasonable  to  ask  one  who  has  the  use  of  good,  vigorous  English 
to  emasculate  his  thoughts  in  bad  Latin.  If  the  next  Botanical  Congress  wants 
to  make  a  "law"  that  might  do  a  little  good,  let  them  make  a  law  that  all  "new 
species"  must  be  satisfactorily  illustrated.  Good  pictures  are  a  universal  lan- 
guage and  tell  the  story,  and  tell  it  better  than  words  of  any  language.  In  these 
days  of  excellent  photographs  and  cheap  photo-engraving  processes,  it  is  not 
too  much  to  ask  that  those  who  seek  "glory"  of  the  "new  species"  variety, 
should  at  least  be  willing  to  go  to  the  expense  of  illustrating  their  plant.  If 
done  as  the  result  of  a  "law,"  it  might  be  considered  as  a  just  penalty  for  the 
inflicting  of  "new  species"  on  a  suffering  public. 


Notelets. 

THE  GENUS  NIDULA.— Two  facts  are  strongly  illustrated  by  this  genus. 
First,  the  wide  distribution  of  fungi ;  and  second,  how  little  is  known  as  to  the 
occurrence  of  "foreign"  species.  Only  four  years  ago  attention  was  first  drawn 
to  this  genus  by  Miss  White  of  New  York.  We  have  now  several  collections 
from  Canada  and  northwest  America,  two  from  Japan,  one  from  Australia,  and 
have  just  received  it  from  T.  Fetch.  Ceylon.  Truly  it  can  be  said  as  to  "foreign 
fungi"  what  is  known  is  only  "a  little  bit  off  the  top." 

NIDULA  MICROCARPA  IN  JAPAN.— This  species,  which  seems  to  replace 
Crucibulum  vulgare  in  our  northwest  section  (Washington),  has  reached  me  recently 
from  K.  Miyabe,  Japan.  Crucibulum  vulgare  has  a  general  resemblance  to  Nidula 
mjcrocarpa.  Crucibulum  has  been  recorded  in  Japan  by  Mr.  Tanaka.  We  have 
never  seen  it  from  Japan,  but  of  course  it  may  occur  there,  and  it  may  be  that 
Nidula  has  been  confused  with  it. 

CALVATIA. — Mr.  Rea  "can  not  agree  with  C.  G.  Lloyd's  definition  of  the 
genus  Calvatia,  which  he  separates  from  Lycoperdon  on  the  ground  that  the 
peridium  breaks  up  in  its  upper  portion  and  has  pedicellate  spores."  If  that  is 
my  definition  of  the  genus  Calvatia  I  can  not  blame  Mr.  Rea,  for  I  do  not  agree 
with  that  myself,  and  I  do  not  believe  I  ever  so  stated. 

A  DOUBTFUL  BENEFACTOR.— "You  are  a  great  benefactor  to  mycol- 
ogists in  clearing  up  name  muddles  and  trying  to  stop  the  senseless  practice 
of  putting  a  mycologist's  name  at  the  end  of  each  specific  name.  It  is  vanity 
that  is  the  curse  of  the  mycological  literature  of  the  present  day.  With  all 
good  wishes." — Extract  from  a  letter  from  E.  W.  S.  We  question  the  "bene- 
factor" part,  for  while  we  hold  it  would  be  a  great  benefit  to  stop  many  of  th«| 
evils  that  result  from  the  present  system,  we  have  no  idea  (and  have  never, 
had)  that  anything  can  be  accomplished  excepting  in  our  own  publication.  You 
can  not  stop  bull  fighting  by  appealing  to  the  matadores. 


340 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  LLOYD. 
CINCINNATI,  O.  JULY,  1907. 


CONCERNING  THE  POLYPOROIDS. 

We  have  just  begun  a  critical  study  of  the  polyporoids,  but  it 
will  probably  be  several  years  before  we  shall  do  much  publishing 
on  the  subject.  The  subject  is  so  extensive,  some  twenty-eight  hundred 
supposed  species,  that  it  will  take  considerable  time  before  we  can  get 
any  definite  ideas  as  to  the  value  of  them.  In  the  meantime  we  shall 
content  ourselves  with  a  few  notes  from  time  to  time  on  the  points 
that  come  to  our  attention  in  our  investigations. 

FOMES  ROBURNEUS.— This  is  a  very  rare  species  I  believe 
in  Europe,  and  Bresadola  states  ( Mycological  Notes,  p.  22)  :  "There 
exists  no  original  specimen  of  this  in  Fries'  herbarium.  According 
to  his  diagnosis,  and  certainly  according  to  specimens  of  several 
authors,  it  is  a  variety  of  fomentarius.  However,  Fries'  illustration 
(Ic.  T.  184,  f.  2)  is  an  exact  picture  of  the  stratified  form  of  roseus." 

I  was  glad  to  find  at  Kew  type  specimens  of  Fomes  roburneus 
from  Fries.  It  belongs  to  the  section  Ganoderma  and  has  no  resem- 
blance to  fomentarius.  I  think  Fries  has  given  a  good  description  of 
it  in  his  Hymenomycetes,  and  his  specimen  accords  well  with  the 
description.  Also  it  is  fairly  well  represented  in  his  "Icones."  I  have 
received  this  rare  plant  from  Rev.  A.  Breitung,  Charlottenlund,  Den- 
mark, which  agrees  exactly  with  the  Friesian  type  at  Kew.  When  I 
was  in  Sweden,  Mr.  Romell  called  my  attention  to  a  Fomes  growing 
on  an  oak  tree  at  Drottningholm.  If  I  remember  correctly,  he 
thought  this  was  Fomes  roburneus  of  Fries,  though  he  told  me  the 
Friesian  type  specimen  (he  had  seen  the  specimen  at  Kew)  did  not 
agree.  I  think  the  specimen  at  Kew  is  correctly  named,  and  the 
Fomes  we  found  at  Drottningholm  is  something  different,  as  yet  I 
do  not  know  what. 

POLYPORUS  BERKELEY!.— When  Morgan  wrote  his  account 
of  the  polyporoids  he  had  Polyporus  Berkeleyi  correct,  but  what  he 
should  have  called  Polyporus  frondosus  he  called  Polyporus  Anax.1  It 

1  If  the  labels  were  removed  from  the  "type  specimens"  of  the  "  foreign  polyporoids  " 
in  the  museums  of  Europe,  I  do  not  believe  that  any  man  could  replace  ten  per  cent  of  them 
correctly  on  the  strength  of  the  "  descriptions  "  that  have  been  printed  of  them.  To  express 
opinions  of  the  identity  of  these  plants  based  on  these  descriptions  is  only  making  trouble. 

UNIVERSITY^  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 
1AM  O  n 


is  very  difficult  for  any  one  in  this  country  to  decide  as  to  the  identity 
of  Polvporus  Anax  from  the  "description,"  or  any  other  Polyporus 
for  that  matter.  From  Morgan's  work  the  impression  has  been  gained 
in  this  country  that  Polyporus  Anax  is  a  synonym  for  Polyporus  fron- 
dostis,  and  Mr.  Murrill  has  recently  published  that  "Polyporus  Anax, 
Berk.,'  Grev.  12.  1883,  is  apparently  not  specifically  distinct  from 
Polyporus  frondosus. "- 

The  type  specimen  of  Polyporus  Anax  at  Kew  is  a  large,  thick 
specimen  that  has  no  resemblance  to  Polyporus  frondosus.  Had 
Mr.  Murrill  looked  at  it  he  would  have  known  at  once  that 
it  is  Polyporus  Berkeleyi.  and  he  probably  did,  but  forgot  it,  in  the 
mass  of  details  that  he  attempted  to  learn  as  to  ten  thousand  different 
specimens,  of  twenty-eight  hundred  alleged  different  species,  in  a 
dozen  different  museums,  during  a  short  vacation  trip.  Polypnrus 
Anax  is  the  manuscript  name  that  Berkeley  wrote  on  the  specimen 
when  he  received  it  from  Lea  (No.  547).  He  sent  it  to  Fries  under 
the  same  number  (547)  and  Fries  described  it  (1851)  and  named  it 
Polyporus  Berkeleyi.  It  was  undoubtedly  the  same  collection,  for 
Fries  quotes  the  same  number.  Berkeley  probably  forgot  it,  for  he 
lists  the  name,  "Polyporus  Anax,  B.,"  in  his  Notices  of  North  Amer- 
ican Fungi  (1872),  though  he  had  never  described  it  under  that 
name.*  Tt  was  one  of  the  species  that  was  dug  up  from  Berkeley's 
herbarium  and  published  by  Cooke  after  Berkeley  had  retired  from  the 
work. 

POLYPORUS  FRONDOSUS.— Mr.  Murrill,  in  a  recent  number 
of  the  Journal  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  gives  an  interesting 
note  on  Polyporus  frondosus.  He  states  that  the  Italian  chestnuts 
are  often  attacked  at  the  base  of  the  trunk  by  this  polyporoid  and  that 
it  is  thought  to  do  considerable  damage.  The  peasants  are  so  fond 
of  eating  the  fungus  that  they  will  not  report  its  presence  lest  pre- 
ventive measures  be  taken  by  the  Government.  Of  more  interest  to 
me,  however,  than  this  item  is  the  fact  that  he  employs  the  name  which 
everybody  else  uses,  "Polyporus  frondosus,"  less  than  two  years  since 
he  published  elaborate  arguments  to  show  that  it  should  be  called 
"Grifola  frondosa  (Dicks)  S.  F.  Gray."  Mr.  Murrill  is  a  good  man 
and  has  a  good  knowledge  of  polyporoids,  and  I  hope  his  contact  with 
the  mycologists  of  Europe  has  convinced  him  of  the  utter  futility  of 
attempting  to  force  on  the  mycological  world  the  absurd  nomenclature 
that  results  from  the  system,  adopted  unfortunately  by  the  institution 
with  which  he  is  connected.  I  meet  a  great  many  mycologists  in  my 


-Of  course  he  does  not  use  the  name  "  Polyporus"  but  invents  a  little,  private  designation 

of  his  own.    We  are  quite  willing  to  discuss  the  specific  identity  or  differences  of  species,  but 

we  expect  to  employ  a  language  that  can  be  understood  by  our  readers.    For  the  benefit  of  the 

Ur<!iTuen  we  c'uote  from  any  of  the  modern  authors  who  amuse  themselves  by  shuffling 

Ian"  names  of  the  polyporoids,  we  shall  translate  their  names  into  the  usual  mycological 

h&d  called  5t      Polyporus  subgiganteus,  n.  s."  when   he  received   it   from  another 


342 


travels  and  I  have  never  met,  and  I  think  Mr.  Murrill  has  never  met, 
a  single  man  who  takes  any  stock  whatever  in  this  system.  I  think 
Mr.  Murrill  has  done  good  work,  and  a  part  of  the  most  valuable  work 
he  has  done,  is  that  of  demonstrating  in  a  graphic  manner  the  folly 
and  inutility  of  this  method  of  changing  names,  and  showing  the  con- 
fusion that  would  result  if  any  one  else  paid  any  attention  to  it.  As 
he  has  apparently  abandoned  "Grifola  frondosa,"  let  us  hope  that  he 
has  abandoned  them  all,  for  he  is  too  good  a  man  to  be  hampered  by 
such  foolishness. 

NEW  SPECIES. 

The  more  specimens  we  receive  from  all  portions  of  the  world, 
the  more  strongly  we  become  convinced  that  fungi  are  plants  of 
wide  distribution,  and  that  the  fungus  flora  of  the  world  is  practically 
the  same.  Dr.  Kurt  Dinter,  from  German  Southwest  Africa,  has  just 
sent  us  a  fine  collection  of  four  species.  Three  of  these,  Geaster  forni- 
catus,  Geaster  asper,  and  Geaster  saccatus,  are  absolutely  the  same 
plants  that  grow  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  The  other, 
Broomeia  congregata,  is  well  known,  but  only  from  Africa.  Nine- 
tenths  of  the  current  literature  of  fungi  consists  of  descriptions  of  sup- 
posed "new  species"  of  fungi.  A  large  part  of  it  originates,  I  believe, 
only  in  the  imagination,  or  inexperience,  or  lack  of  knowledge,  or  lack 
of  opportunities  of  the  authors.  Thus,  Geaster  asper  was  fairly  well 
illustrated  by  Micheli  two  hundred  years  ago.  It  was  beautifully  illus- 
trated from  England  by  Purton  a  hundred  years  ago,  although  to-day 
it  will  not  be  found  included  in  any  English  list  of  Geasters.  It  grows 
fairly  common  around  Paris,  and  has  been  brought  into  the  museum 
several  times  since  I  have  been  here.  What  does  it  avail  to  "describe" 
it  as  a  "new  species"  (Geaster  campestris  from  the  United  States  or 
Geaster  pseudomammosus  from  Europe),  when  neither  of  the  authors 
could  take  collections  from  the  United  States,  Europe  and  South 
Africa  and  tell  one  from  the  other?  There  have  been  one  hundred 
and  twenty-seven  Geasters  described,  and  I  have  seen  and  studied 
practically  all,  and  I  can  find  but  forty-six  possible  differences  on  which 
to  base  names.  Seventeen  of  these  are  better  called  forms  or  varieties. 
There  is  no  use  of  railing  about  new  species-making.  There  is  no 
one  but  that  has  more  or  less  of  a  touch  of  the  fever.  We  are  all  more 
or  less  affected  with  the  disease,  not  excepting  the  writer.  It  has  been 
the  curse  of  mycology  since  the  beginning,  and  is  getting  worse  and 
worse.  It  required  eight  volumes  of  Saccardo  to  record  the  accumu- 
lation of  this  matter  during  the  first  ninety  years  of  the  work.  It 

;  required  ten  to  include  the  additions  during  the  last  sixteen  years.    The 
appearance  of  Saccardo  has  been  a  great  boon  to  new  species-making. 

j While  no  one  can  tell  anything  more  about  the  plants  now  than  he 

[could  before,  he  can  at  least  hunt  through  the  indices  and  make  new 

'names. 

Dr.  Hollos,  who  says  some  very  good  things  (and  does  some  very 


343 


bad  ones)  writes  on  the  subject  of  new  species :  "If  Nature  had  spent 
her  millions  of  years  in  experimenting,  she  probably  could  not  have 
produced  as  many  different  species  of  fungi  as  have  been  scribbled 
together  by  mankind  in  one  century.  In  the  fourteen  volumes  of 
Saccardo's  Sylloge  Fungorum,  47,304  species  are  described.  Thanks 
to  the  species  manufacturing  mania  of  his  predecessors  the  true  in- 
vestigator is  compelled  to  waste  the  greater  part  of  his  energy  and 
time  with  the  compilation  of  names  of  the  same  meaning,  synonyms 
and  superfluous,  empty  names."  Since  Dr.  Hollos  wrote  the  above, 
only  four  years  ago,  four  volumes  of  Saccardo  have  appeared  and 
10,711  "new  species"  added,  making  the  total  58,015,  or  probably 
60,000  at  the  present  writing.  Who  knows  them  all?  Or  who  knows 
even  a  tenth  part  of  them?  Or  who  could  ever  be  able  to  learn  one- 
tenth  part  of  them  in  a  life-time?  The  subject  of  mycology  is  too 
large  for  any  one  man  to  master  now  in  detail.  From  the  very  nature 
it  must  work  into  the  hands  of  special  students  of  special  families, 
and  I  believe  only  by  this  means  can  anything  permanent  be  accom- 
plished. I  do  not  condemn  new  species  simply  because  they  are 
claimed  to  be  new.  I  have  seen  in  the  Gastromycetes  a  great  many 
that  I  have  condemned  because  I  did  not  find  them  new,  but  I  have 
found  many  that  appear  to  me  to  be  well  founded.  Notwithstanding 
the  "sixty  thousand"  there  are  a  great  many  new  ones  yet  to  be 
named.  Not  in  Europe  I  believe,  nor  to  a  much  greater  extent  in 
America,  but  in  that  vast  region  known  vaguely  as  "foreign  lands," 
where  all  that  has  been  done  with  mycology  is  but  a  small  beginning. 
Any  one  who  secures  extensive  material  from  these  "foreign  lands" 
and  attempts  to  monograph  it  after  he  has  learned  as  far  as  possible 
all  that  is  known  on  the  special  subject,  will  be  embarrassed  with  the 
forms  he  finds  for  which  he  has  no  names.  By  far  the  greater  part 
of  foreign  material  consists  of  rpecies  widely  distributed  and  common 
in  Europe  and  America,  but  a  large  part  of  the  species  of  these  foreign 
lands  that  are  in  any  degree  local  are  as  yet  unknown.  If  these  foreign 
lands  are  worked  in  future  as  at  present,  Saccardo's  "sixty  thousand" 
names  will  be  swollen  to  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  before  he  is 
through  with  it.  There  is  no  way  of  even  guessing  approximately  the 
number  of  species  that  exist  that  are  good.  If  I  were  to  guess  on  the 
Gastromycetes,  basing  my  guess  on  what  I  have  learned  in  the  six 
or  seven  years  I  have  worked  on  this  one  subject  I  should  guess  about 
five  hundred.  Over  a  thousand  are  included  in  Saccardo  now,  but 
I  think  about  one  out  of  three  is  "good,"  and  that  there  are  enough 
additional  not  known  to  make  up  the  half.  On  this  basis  there  would 
be  about  30,000  fungi  if  all  were  correctly  known. 

NEW  GENERA.— I  note  in  a  recent  pamphlet  that  some  more  "new 
genera  have  been  discovered.  "Derminus"  for  Crepidotus,  Galera  and  Hebe- 
loma.  Agaricus  for  the  white-sppred  species.  "Hyporhodius"  for  Platens, 
Claudopus,  etc.  I  wonder  whose  pipe  dream  these  are.  Smoke  up.  The  num- 
ber of  'new  genera"  you  can  discover  by  this  system  of  juggling  is  only  lim- 
ited by  your  ability  to  invent  new  names. 


344 


NOTES  OF  TRAVEL.     LEIDEN. 

A  second  visit  to  Leiden  was  made  chiefly  to  buy  some  of  the 
rare  works  of  Persoon  that  were  offered  at  auction  in  the  sale  of 
Oudeman's  library.  It  is  probable  that  Persoon  as  he  tramped  over 
Germany  and  France  hunting  fungi  never  imagined  that  the  day 
would  ever  come  when  one  would  travel  half  across  Europe  for  the 
opportunity  to  buy  a  few  of  his  books ;  or  that  any  one  would  pay  two 
or  three  pounds  for  some  of  his  pamphlets  that  originally  sold  for  a 
few  francs. 

I  found  much  more  life  and  energy  in  the  Botanical  Museum  at 
Leiden  than  on  my  previous  visit.  There  is  a  new  director  now, 
Mr.  J.  P.  Lotsy,  who  has  succeeded  in  instilling  some  new  life.  On 
my  previous  visit,  while  the  specimens  on  sheets  in  Persoon's  herb- 
arium were  in  good  condition,  the  specimens  in  boxes  were  in  bad 
shape  and  it  was  not  practicable  to  work  with  them.  All  has  now 
been  changed,  due  to  careful  work  on  the  part  of  Dr.  W.  J.  Jongmans 
who  has  charge  of  Persoon's  herbarium.  The  specimens  have  all 
been  poisoned  and  each  placed  in  a  glass  covered  box.  It  is  evident 
that  they  are  beginning  to  appreciate  at  Leiden  the  historic  value  of 
Persoon's  herbarium.  I  had  not  seen  these  boxes  before  and  they 
throw  some  additional  light  on  the  puff  ball  history. 

NOTES  ON  PERSOON'S  HERBARIUM. 

LYCOPERDON  CRUCIATUM.— It  has  been  supposed  tnat  Persoon  illus- 
trated this  plant  under  the  name  Lycoperdon  candiduni.  I  think  this  is  probably 
true  though  the  figure  is  not  certain  and  there  are  no  specimens  so  labeled  in 
his  herbarium.  That  he  did  not  have  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  species 
is  however  evident  as  I  found  some  characteristic  though  depressed  specimens 
labeled  by  Persoon,  Lycoperdon  depressum.  He  never  published  it  under 
that  name. 

LYCOPERDON  MOLLE. — Additional  specimens,  in  boxes  confirm  our  ac- 
count of  this  plant  as  given  in  footnote,  p.  209.  A  correct  idea  of  Lycoperdon 
molle  according  to  Persoon's  views  is  our  figure  4,  Plate  42. 

CALVATIA  SACCATA.— Specimens  are  labeled  by  Persoon,  "Lycoperdon 
|  excipuliforme,  Schaeff."  If  modern  botanists  would  use  this  there  would  not 
J  be  the  same  objection  to  it  there  isi  when  they  write  "Lycoperdon  excipuliforme, 
i  Scop."  Schaeffer  did  not  propose  the  name  and  Scopoli  did  not  indicate  this 
i  plant  under  the  name,  so  I  think  it  is  erroneous  to  use  it  in  the  sense  of  either 
j  of  these  authors. 

SCLERODERMA  AURANTIUM.— There  are  several  collections  of  this 
common  species.  Some  are  labeled  "Lycoperdon  aurantiacum,  Bull.,  Scler- 
oderma  citrinum,  Pers.  Syn."  thus  proving  that  Persoon  considered  his  species 
citrinum  a  synonym  for  Bulliard's  figure.  He  kept  them  distinct  in  his  Synopsis 
but  the  specimens  were  probably  labeled  afterwards. 


A  NEW  GALERA. — Galera  kellermani  is  the  latest  from  America.  It 
has  the  advantage  over  most  in  being  well  illustrated.  It  was  probably  named 
for  doctor  w.  a.  kellerman. 

345 


A  LEARNED  INDIVIDUAL. 

If  you  read  French  you  will  probably  be  amused  as  I  was  when  I  ran  across 
the  following  title  page  in  purchasing  books  in  Paris.  I  had  not  the^  pleasure 
of  an  acquaintance  with  Dr.  Hussenot.  but  judging  from  the  number  of  "learned'1 
Societies  of  which  he  was  not  a  member,  he  seems  to  have  been  a  pretty  smart 
fellow. 

Chardons  Nauceiens, 

on 
Prodrome 

d'un 

Catalogue  des  Plantes 
de  la  Lorraine. 

ler  fascicule 

Par  le  Uocteur  Hussenot. 

Qui  n'est  rieti  ;  pas  rn£me  medicin  :   niembre  d'aiicnne  acad.; 
corresp.  d'aucune  soc.   savante  ;    qui   n'est   ni  de  la   soc. 
royale  des  sciences,   lettres  et  art  de   Nancy  ;    ni   de 
la    soc.    cent,    d'agricnlt.    de    la    inline  ville:    pas 
plus  de  la  soc.  d'emulation  des  Vosges  que  de 
celle  philomathique  de  Verdun,  ou  d'aucune 
decellesde  Metz:  directeur  d'aucun  jar- 
din  public  ou  particulier;  conservateur 
d'aucune  collection,  autre  que    la 
sienne,  qui  se  mange  des  b£tes  ; 
redacteurde  rien  du  tout;  en- 
fin,  simple  citoyen  comme 
tout  le  monde  hors  qu'il 
n'est    pas   decore1. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

The  following  letter  is  from  one  of  the  leading  mycologists  of  the  United 
States,  but  I  do  not  give  his  name  as  I  do  not  wish  to  draw  him  into  a  discus- 
sion of  the  subject : 

"Please  accept  my  thanks  for  yours  of  the  15th  instant  naming  the  Calvatia 
sent  you,  and  also  for  another  of  your  printed  letters,  this  time  No.  10.  I  am 
not  sure  that  you  can  introduce  a  system  of  nomenclature  that  will  gain  general 
adoption,  but  I  do  believe  there  is 'a  great  deal  of  sense  in  what  you  say  con- 
cerning this  subject.  The  attempt  to  make  priority  the  decisive  thing  in  regard 
to  the  selection  of  names  can  never  work  well  in  regard  to  the  names  of  fungi, 
whatever  we  may  say  of  the  method  as  applied  to  the  nomenclature  of  flowering 
plants.  I  am  sure,  too,  you  pursue  the  correct  method  in  trying  to  determine 
what  the  names  of  European  origin  mean. 

"I  hope  you  will  find  sufficient  encouragement  to  warrant  you  in  devoting 
your  time  and  opportunities  to  the  matter.  We  are  all  interested  in  your  suc- 
cess." 

I  am  not  trying  to  "introduce  a  system  of  nomenclature  that  will  gain  gen- 
eral adoption."  I  quit  indulging  in  day  dreams  years  ago.  I  am  only  trying  to 
show  the  advantage  of  using  the  names  that  are  of  value  from  historical  truth 
and  from  general  use.  And  I  believe,  if  mycological  writers  in  general  would 
rely  on  these  principles  alone  in  the  selection  of  names,  it  would  only  be  a  short 
time  until  we  should  be  in  practical  accord.  There  is  an  "if"  in  that  sentence, 
however,  that  has  a  great  deal  of  bearing  on  it.  Before  we  can  hope  to  have 
authors  adopt  names  solely  on  their  merits,  the  personal  advertisements  must 
be  eliminated.  That  will  never  be  done.  There  are  too  many  men  whose  inter- 
est in  mycology  is  chiefly  that  of  getting  up  "new  combinations"  or  "new  nanu>," 
with  this  main  object  in  view.  They  will  never  consent  to  have  the  "reward  of 
their  labor"  taken  away.  And  as  long  as  it  is  so  easy  to  shuffle  names  :il><mt 
and  obtain  this  "reward"  it  will  be  done. 

346 


CALVATIA  RUBROFLAVA  IN  BRAZIL. 

Rev.  J.  Rick  writes  me  that  the  species  is  "here  common  and  grows  in 
sandy  places  everywhere."  Is  it  not  strange  that  this  plant  known  heretofore 
only  from  the  United  States  and  rare  there  so  far  as  known  (excepting  in  one 
locality,  Lafayette,  Ind.),  should  prove  a  common  species  in  Brazil?  When 
the  science  of  mycology  gets  past  its  babyhood,  and  mycological  observers  turn 
their  attention  from  the  hunt  for  "new  species"  to  the  study  and  distribution 
of  the  old,  then  we  can  expect  some  interesting  developments.  We  are  well 
convinced  that  the  "puff  balls"  of  the  world  are  largely  the  same  species  and 
that  the  number  of  species  is.  relatively  few.  But  their  distribution  presents 
some  curious  surprises.  Witness  the  case  of  Arachnion  album  fairly  common 
in  the  United  States  and  known  in  Europe  from  only  one  collection  (Italy). 
Or  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  a  most  abundant  plant  in  our  Southern  States  and 
known  in  Europe  from  one  collection  each  from  Germany  and  Spain.  Or 
Mitremyces  Ravenelii  of  our  Appalachian  regions  which  proves  to  be  a  common 
species  in  Japan.  Or,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii  which  occurs  in  North  and  South 
America,  Java  and  Africa  but  has  never  been  found  in  Europe.  Truly  we  are 
just  beginning  the  real  study  of  mycology. 

LASIOSPHAERA  FENZLII  IN  SUMATRA.-In  the  museum  at  Leiden 
I  saw  a  large  specimen  of  this  plant,  collected  in  Sumatra.  It  was  over  a  foot 
in  diameter  and  all  trace  of  peridium  had  fallen  away.  We  think  that  our 
account  of  ^  this  plant  (Myc.  Notes,  p.  191)  and  its  habits  is  entirely  correct. 
It  is  the  "giant  puff  ball"  of  India  and  the  East  Indies  and  seems  there  to 
replace  Calvatia  gigantea  of  the  remainder  of  the  world. 

MYCOLOGICAL  "LITERATURE."— Much  of  the  mycological  "litera- 
ture" nowadays  reminds  me  of  one  of  the  patent  carpet  sweepers  that  sweeps 
up  the  trash  and  carries  it  along  with  it.  Thus,  sixty  years  ago,  Tulasne  wrote 
a  monograph  of  the  Nidulariaceae.  He  hunted  up  all  the  old  references  and 
pictures,  reduced  them  to  synonymy  and  listed  them  in  detail.  For  the  three 

I  common  species  he  gives  sixty-one  references,  which  was  information  at  that 
time,  as  it  was  original  work.  In  1902  Miss  White,  New  York,  writes  again  on 

!  the  Nidulariaceae,  and  gives  with  the  same  detail  forty-one  references,  thirty- 

;  six  of  them  being  copied  with  a  few  changes  from  Tulasne.  In  1904  Dr.  Hol- 
los writes  on  the  Nidulariaceae,  and  we  find  the  same  old  list  served  up  with  a 

j  little  rearrangement,  and  a  few  additions,  but  practically  the  same  thing.  The 
whole  list  is  rubbish,  and  should  have  been  dropped  (in  detail)  after  Tulasne 
had  shown  it  up. 

CAPITALIZING  SPECIFIC  NAMES.— As  we  note  that  the  Journal  of 
Mycology  is  printing  personal  specific  names  in  lower  case  type,  we  suppose 
there  is  some  new  "rule"  on  the  subject.  The  editor  is  a  great  stickler  for 
"rules."  We  think  it  is  really  a  good  rule,  for  personal  names  are  without 
rdoubt  used  too  much  for  plant  names,  and  seeing  their  names  in  lower  case 
•type  ought  to  take  some  of  the  conceit  out  of  the  system.  In  our  own  case 
if  we  ever  experienced  any  secret  pleasure  in  seeing  "Hypocrea  Lloydii"  in  type, 
it  was  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  disgust  we  felt  when  we  saw  it  printed 
.as  "Hypocrea  lloydii " 

REPUBLICATION  OF  NOS.  i.  2,  3  AND  4  MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES.— 
(In  order  to  supply  the  frequent  demand  we  have  republished  the  first  four  num- 
oers.  They  will  be  mailed  to  any  one  on  application  to  the  Lloyd  Library,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 

We  are  now  in  position  to  complete  most  of  the  sets  of  our  publication, 
tfith  the  exception  of  The  Volvae  and  Mycological  Notes  Nos.  12,  13  and  14 
Imd  19,  the  latter  having  recently  become  exhausted. 

347 


BOUDIER'S  PLATES. 

The  following  extract  is  from  a  letter  from  Prof.  Geo.  F.  Atkin- 
son. It  is  in  keeping  with  our  feeling  that  Boudier's  are  the  most 
perfect  plates  that  have  been  ever  issued. 

"I  presume  you  know  that  the  Library  at  Cornell  at  my  instigation  has 
been  from  the  first  a  subscriber  to  Boudier's  Plates  for  a  complete  set.  When  I 
was  in  Paris  in  1903  I  spent  half  a  day  looking  through  Boudier's  original  illus- 
trations with  him.  I  recognized  in  them  at  that  time  the  finest  illustrations  of 
this  character  which  I  had  ever  seen.  Added  to  Mr.  Boudier's  talent  as  an  art- 
ist, we  have  the  work  of  a  very  careful  scientific  man  in  connection  with  accu- 
rate mechanical  work  in  measuring  and  obtaining  the  exact  proportions  of  the 
different  parts  of  the  plant.  At  that  time  he  told  me  his  method  was  to  obtain 
absolute  accuracy  of  form  and  proportions.  1  regard  them  as  the  finest  set  of 
Mycological  plates  which  have  ever  been  published." 

I  also  have  a  letter  from  Professor  Peck  on  the  same  subject. 

"Boudier's  plates  seem  to  me  to  be  about  as  near  perfection  as  wo  run 
hope  to  get  at  present.  Only  a  single  weak  point  has  suggested  itself  to  me 
and  that  is  in  the  failure  to  show  the  color  of  the  young  gills  in  the  few  species 
of  Cortinarius  figured.  I  suspect  that  you  yourself,  who  have  so  valiantly 
championed  photographic  illustrations  of  fungi,  will  acknowledge  that  these 
figures  are  better  than  photographs." 

I  have  no  hesitation  whatever  in  stating  that  such  pluu-  as 
Boudier  has  issued  are  vastly  superior  to  any  photographs  that  could 
be  produced.  If  the  quality  of  mycological  plates  was  up  to  the  stand- 
ard of  Boudier  no  criticism  could  be  offered  as  to  this  method  of 
illustration.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  great  majority  of  plates  of 
agarics  that  have  been  issued  are  so  poor  that  they  do  not  at  all  repre- 
sent the  plants.  And  all  that  I  maintain  about  photographic  illustra- 
tions is  that  a  good  photograph  is  vastly  superior  to  a  poor  drawing, 
and  that  a  large  part  of  the  colored  plates  are  very  paor. 

Professor  Morgan  writes: 

"These  plates  are  the  ideal  of  perfection.  They  are  models  for  work  in 
illustration  both  artistic  and  scientific." 

Professor  H.  C.  Beardslee  writes : 

"Boudier's  plates  are  certainly  fine,  and  it  makes  one  feel  that  good  work 
is  really  worth  while.  I  felt  more  like  careful  work  after  I  had  looked  over 
them. 

Professor  W.  A.  Kellerman  writes: 

"I  had  thought  you  praised  Boudier's  plates  too  highly,  but  I  see  now  vou 
did  not  commit  any  extravagance." 

The  library  or  individual  who  is  interested  in  this  line  of  work  j 
and  who  can  afford  it,  and  does  not  subscribe  for  Boudier's  plates  as  \ 
they  are  issued  is  making  a  mistake.    But  a  few  years  will  pass  I  think 
until  these  plates  will  become  as  rare  and  as  high  priced  in  the  book 
market  as  Sibthorp's  "Flora  of  Greece." 

348 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 


BY  O.  G.  LLOYD. 
No.  28. 


CINCINNATI,  O. 


OCTOBER,  1907. 


CONCERNING  THE  PHALLOIDS. 

MUTINUS  ELEGANS. — In  reply  to  my  article  as  to  the  identity 
of,  or  distinction  between  Mutinus  elegans  and  Mutinus  Ravenelii,  I 
have  received  two  opinions  on  the  subject.  Professor  Morgan  writes 
that  he  finds  Mutinus  Ravenelii,  and  that  he  does  not  consider  it  as 


Fig    167 


a  small  form  of  Mutinus  elegans,  though  it  is  not  always  club-shaped. 
Mr.  M.  E.  Hard,  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  sends  me  a  photograph1  (Fig. 
167)  which  to  my  mind  would  strongly  indicate  that  they  are  both  the 
same  plant.  It  will  be  noted  that  Mr.  Hard's  photograph  presents 


1  This  photograph  has  been  published  in  Kellerman's  Bulletin  as  Mutinus  caninus,  an  ob- 
vious error  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  325,  pi.  113.; 

UNIVERSITY  OPCALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 

JAN  9  01Q49 


both  shapes.  I  had  supposed  that  the  variance  in  shape  constituted  the 
difference  between  these  species.  If  they  are  not  distinguished  by  these 
forms,  I  do  not  think  it  will  be  practicable  to  distinguish  them.  Mr. 
Hard's  plants  are  smaller  than  usual,  but  it  is  very  difficult  to  maintain 
a  species  on  a  question  of  size. 

PHALLUS  RAVENELII—  A  form  ivith  a  long  veil  Mr.  M.  E. 
Hard,  Chillicothe,  sent  me  a  photograph 
( Fig.  168)  of  a  phalloid  which  I  consider 
only  a  form  of  Phallus  Ravenelii  with  a  long 
veil.  Several  years  ago  I  received  exactly 
this  same  plant  from  F.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  Iowa, 
and  sent  specimens  to  Professor  A.  E.  Burt, 
who  had  then  recently  written  a  paper  on  the 
American  phalloids.  It  was  his  opinion  then, 
as  it  is  mine  now,  that  it  should  be  referred 
to  Phallus  Ravenelii.  Usually  this  species  has 
a  short  veil  hidden  under  the  pileus,  and  for 
that  reason  a  "new  species"  might  be  based 
on  Mr.  Hard's  plant.  I  am  afraid,  however, 
that  like  many  of  the  "new  species"  proposed, 
it  would  in  time  become  very  embarrassing 
for  the  author.  The  relative  length  of  the 
veils  of  phalloids  is  a  varying  factor,  and 
while  this  seems  to  be  an  extreme  variation, 
I  do  not  question  that  when  our  phalloids  are 
observed  that  we  shall  find  all  degrees  of 
connecting  lengths.  Except  as  to  the  length 
of  the  veil,  Mr.  Hard's  photograph  represents 
Phallus  Ravenelii  exactly.  There  would  be 
no  objection  to  a  separate  name  to  indicate  this  long-veiled  form,  but 
we  should  prefer  that  some  one  else  would  propose  it. 

LYSURUS  BOREALIS  (Fig.  169).— This  plant  was  introduced 
into  American  mycology  under  the  name  Anthurus  borealis,  the  genus 
Anthurus  being  considered  in  the  sense  as  found  in  Fischer's  recent 
works.  I  am  convinced  from  the  investigations  that  I  have  made  that 
this  is  an  entire  perversion  of  the  correct  meaning  of  the  genus,  and 
that  our  American  plant  does  not  belong  to  the  genus  Anthurus  in  the 
sense  of  the  author  of  the  genus.  It  was  Kalchbrenner  who  proposed 
the  genus  Anthurus.  He  represented  his  plant  as  having  a  tubular. 
flaring  stem,  (see  fig.  170)  ;  the  limb  of  the  tube  divided  into  lobes.  It 
can  well  be  compared  to  the  corolla  of  a  monopetalous  flower,  such  as 
the  corolla  of  a  tobacco  plant.  I  am  aware  that  Kalchbrenner  was  a 
very  uncertain  authority,  and  moreover  I  have  never  seen  a  phalloid 
belonging  to  the  genus  Anthurus  in  the  sense  of  Kalchbrenner.  But  I 
do  not  believe  it  is  correct  to  take  his  genus  in  an  opposite  sense  unless 
it  can  be  proven  that  no  plants  exist  like  Kalchbrenner 's  figun.-.- 


Fig.  168. 


2  For  note  2  see  page  352. 


350 


Fig    170. 

ANTHURU5  MUtAERIAN  US. 


Fig.  169. 
LYSURUS  BOREAIvIS. 

Showing  the  distinction  that  should  be  drawn  between  the  genera  Lysurus 
and  Anthurus. 


351 


If  we  take  our  idea  of  the  genus  Lysurus  from  the  original  species, 
it  has  a  columnal  stem  constricted  at  the  top,  and  bearing  at  the  summit, 
free,  spreading,  pointed,  tubular  arms.  It  is  an  idea  essentially  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  genus  Anthurus  in  the  sense  of  Kalchbrenner.3 
A  comparison  of  the  figure  which  is  supposed  to  represent  the  original 
Anthurus,  and  of  our  American  plant  (fig.  169)  will  I  think  show  that 
they  should  be  classed  in  different  genera. 

Alcoholic  specimens  of  the  eggs  of  the  original  species  of  Lysurus 
were  sent  to  Patouillard  and  he  found  the  gleba  was  borne  on  the  outer 
surface  of  the  arms,  and  from  this  one  fact  he  evolved  a  theory  of 
classification  of  the  phalloids,  the  primary  division  being  those  with 
the  gleba  "internal"  or  "external."  Fischer,  in  Saccardo  (vol.  7) 
and  in  his  early  work,  draws  the  distinction  between  Anthurus  and 
Lysurus  on  the  lines  of  the  authors  of  the  original  genera.  When 
Patouillard's  paper  appeared,  Fischer  changed  his  definition  and  dis- 
tinguished "Lysurus  from  Anthurus  by  the  former  having  the  inner 
faces  of  its  arms  smooth  and  not  covered  by  the  gleba,  while  they  are 
so  covered  in  Anthurus."  I  think  it  would  have  been  better  to  have 
left  it  as  it  was  originally,  for  it  was  a  very  plain  and  easy  dis- 
tinction between  the  genera,  and  according  to  the  modern  definition  I 
do  not  believe  that  any  one  can  tell  to  what  genus  most  of  the  museum 
specimens  belong.  They  seem,  as  does  Burt's  sectional  drawing,  to 
have  the  gleba  pretty  well  surrounding  the  arms.  We  therefore  believe 
that  our  American  plant  should  be  placed  in  the  genus  Lysurus  accord- 
ing to  the  original,  and  in  our  opinion,  the  only  practical  distinction 
between  these  two  genera.4 

I  have  a  very  interesting  note  from  Professor  H.  C.  Beardslee  in 
regard  to  the  occurrence  of  Lysurus  borealis  at  Cleveland. 

"The  first  time  I  saw  it,  it  was  sent  to  Cass  School  by  a  gardener  from 
the  west  side  of  the  city,  where  it  had  appeared  in  some  abundance  on  a  pile 
of  rotting  sod,  and  was  sent  to  Professor  Comstock  for  identification.  The 
same  year  a  second  collection  was  made  also  on  rotting  sod.  This  was  the 
last  appearance  for  three  years  when  I  again  found  it  in  Cleveland,  this  time 
coming  from  the  public  schools,  where  it  was  brought  by  a  boy  who  was  a 
member  of  the  botany  class.  He  reported  that  it  grew  in  a  neighboring  garden 
and  that  he  gathered  more  than  one  hundred  plants.  I  again  discovered  it  when 
I  was  visiting  my  brother  in  Cleveland  for  a  day  or  two.  He  reported  that  a 


2 The  original  drawing  from  Perrottet,  India,  that  was  sent  to  Montague  and  on  which  the 
genus  Calathiscus  was  based,  is  an  Anthurus  in  the  sense  of  Kalchbrenuer.  The  figure  that 
represents  the  genus  Calathiscus  appears  to  have  been  purely  an  imaginary  production  with 
no  resemblance  whatever  to  Perrottet's  sketch.  We  expect  to  explain  the  matter  in  full  some 
day,  and  at  present  only  refer  to  it  incidentally  to  show  that  there  is  collateral  proof  of  a  genus 
Anthurus  in  the  sense  of  Kalchbrenner.  We  hope  however  that  Professor  McGinty  will  not 
run  across  this  item,  for  if  he  does  he  will  undoubtedly  transfer  all  the  species  of  the  genus 
Anthurus  to  the  genus  Calathiscus,  in  keeping  with  the  "  rules." 

3  And  reference  to  Kalchbrenner's  description  of  Anthurus  (Grev.  9,  p.  2)  shows  that  it  was 
this  distinction  that  he  had  in  mind  when  he  proposed  the  genus,  and  he  expresses  it  very 

<We  also  believe  from  our  comparative  study  of  dried  specimens  of  Lysurus  Gardneri  of 
Ceylon  Lysurus  Australiensis  of  Australia  and  Lysurus  borealis  of  America  that  they  are  all 
one  and  the  same  species.  We  are  not  now  in  position  to  prove  it,  however,  and  shall  employ 
these  local  names  until  (or  unless)  we  can  procure  further  evidence.  Photographs  of  the  fresh 
plants  of  Ceylon  and  Australia  would  soon  settle  the  question. 

352 


strange  plant  had  appeared  in  their  tomato  bed,  which  was  clearly  Lysurus 
(Anthurus)  borealis  again.  Later  it  appeared  in  profusion.  Sometimes  there 
were  a  dozen  plants.  The  tomato  bed  had  been  filled  the  fall  before  with  pre- 
pared soil,  which  the  man  who  furnished  it  said  was  made  up  of  rotted  sod. 
I  suspect  that  it  also  contained  street  sweepings,  but  of  that  I  could  not  be  cer- 
tain. As  you  have  asked  in  Mycological  Notes  for  information  as  to  the  oc- 
currence of  this  phalloid,  I  am  giving  you  these  details." 

PHALLUS  AURANTIACUS  (Fig.  171).— The  most  interesting 


Fio.  171 

paper  I  have  recently  seen  on  this  phalloid  is  by  N.  A.  Cobb,  of  Hawaii, 
on  the  "Fungus  Maladies  of  the  Sugar  Cane."     Mr.  Cobb  has  dis- 

353 


covered  that  the  mycelium  of  this  phalloid  is  the  cause,  at  least  one 
of  the  causes,  of  a  serious  blight  that  affects  the  sugar  cane,  known  as 
the  "root-disease."  How  serious  this  disease  is  to  the  sugar  grower 
may  be  inferred  from  Mr.  Cobb's  showing  that  in  Hawaii  it  causes 
on  an  average  a  loss  of  ten  per  cent  of  the  crop. 


Flo    172 

Phalloids  have  heretofore  generally  been  considered  more  offensive 
than  harmful,  but  last  year  it  was  announced  that  the  common  Phallus 
impudicus  is  the  cause  of  a  destructive  root  rot  of  the  vine  in  Hungary, 
and  this  taken  in  connection  with  Mr.  Cobb's  discovery  will  add,  I  am 
afraid,  to  the  disfavor  with  which  many  look  on  these  interesting 
plants. 

Aside  from  the  economic  importance  of  Mr.  Cobb's  paper  he  gives 
a  most  interesting  account  of  the  phalloid.  He  traces  its  development 
from  the  egg  to  the  perfect  plant,  and  pays  special  attention  to  the 
dispersion  of  the  spores  by  means  of  insects.  His  article  is  illustrated 

354 


by  a  number  of  perfect  photographs,  of  which  we  reproduce  three  of 
the  most  interesting.  Fig.  171  is  Phallus  aurantiacus,  natural  size.  If 
you  will  imagine  the  figure  to  have  a  red  stem  and  a  red  pileus  (when 
the  gleba  is  washed  away)  you  will  have  a  perfect  conception  of  the 
species. 

It  is  well  known  that  all  phalloids  are  of  rapid  development  from 
the  "eggs"  but  I  never  realized  it  was  so  rapid  as  shown  in  his  figure 
(172).  It  does  not  seem  possible  that  the  interval  of  time  between  the 

third  and  last  stages  is  only  one 
minute.  This  can  not  be  called 
"growth ;"  it  is  elasticity,  and  Mr. 
Cobb  presents  another  figure  (173) 
that  demonstrates  the  nature  of  the 
mechanism.  It  is  an  enlargement 
(three  diameters)  of  a  section  of  a 
young  egg.  The  cells  of  the  stem 
will  be  seen  to  be  flattened  or  com- 
pressed. As  the  plant  develops  they 
expand  and  become  globose  which 
rapidly  prolongs  the  stem.  I  know 
of  nothing  in  plant  life  with  which 
to  compare  it,  but  the  way  in  which 
a  child's  "jumping  jack"  comes  out 
of  the  box  when  the  lid  is  opened  is 
somewhat  similar. 

Mr.   Cobb's  paper  is  marred  by 
but  one   feature.     He   discovers  this 

, ..   ,   .  ^^  plant   to   be   a   "new    species,"    Ithy- 

Bv  '   phallus  coralloides.     A  careful  study 
*        |y        of  his  notes  shows  but  one  possible 
•^<  .;      "^''^^i..vjjlf^.         difference   between   it  and  the   usual 
.  J  ',/%£*<         Phallus  aurantiacus  of  many  tropical 

^  countries.     The  pileus  is  imperforate, 

If  and   if   that   is    a   specific   difference 

Fig.  173.  there    is    a    species    now    of    Africa, 

Phallus     sanguineus,     otherwise     the 

same,  based  on  this  one  character.  I  suspect  they  will  all  be  found  to 
be  the  same  species,  including  Phallus  rubicundus  of  the  United  States. 
We  ought  to  know  them  all  better  before  we  propose  new  species. 

CLATHRUS  CANCELLATUS.— Professor  Ch.  Van  Bambeke, 
of  Gand,  Belgium,  has  kindly  favored  me  with  additional  information 
in  regard  to  the  distribution  of  this  species,  extending  its  occurrence 
further  north  than  I  had  supposed. 

It  is  a  very  rare  plant  in  Belgium,  but  it  has  been  met  at  Water- 
mael,  near  Brussels,  by  Mesdames  Bommer  and  Rousseau,  and  Pro- 
fessor Van  Bambeke  has  a  specimen  that  was  found  at  Gand.  It  has 
also  been  noted  in  Holland  by  Oudeman,  and  he  states  (Revisions  des 
Champignons,  Vol.  I,  page  53)  that  Linnaeus  saw  it  for  the  first  time 
between  Amsterdam  and  Haarlem  in  1735. 

355 


We  thank  Professor  Van  Bambeke  for  this  additional  information, 
as  the  Oudeman  reference  had  been  overlooked  by  us. 

Phallus  impudicus  is  common  in  Holland,  and  Mutinus  caninus 
is  a  rare  plant. 

BRASILISCHE  PILZBLUMEX,  BY  ALFRED  MOLLER.— 
As  a  good  example  of  how  work  in  mycology  should  be  done  we-  cite 
the  above  work.  The  leading  feature  of  Mr.  Holler's  \vork  is  his 
excellent,  photographic  illustrations.  The  result  is  something  definite, 
something  in  which  mycologists  have  confidence.  The  usual  "descrip- 
tion" of  a  phalloid  is  just  so  much  waste  of  printed  matter.  As  an 
illustration,  Alfred  Moller  has  proposed  from  South  America  a  number 
of  "new  species"  of  phalloids,  and  has  illustrated  each  with  fine  photo- 
graphs which  he  supplements  with  detailed  drawings.  Spegazzini  has 
proposed  perhaps  more  from  South  America,  but  his  work  has  been 
mostly  vague,  verbose  descriptions  ( in  Pidgin  Latin,  according  to  the 
latest  rules).  When  Professor  Ed  Fischer  makes  a  systematic  account 
of  the  subject,  he  recognizes  every  single  one  of  Moller's  species,  and 
every  single  one  of  Spegazzini's  he  places  in  the  "Ungenugend  bekannte 
Arten."  Even  the  new  genus  which  Spegazzini  proposes  and  illustrates 
with  a  drawing,  Fischer  questions  if  it  were  not  based  on  a  specimen 
with  an  accidental  fragment  of  the  volva.  If  Spegazzini  found  a  plant 
having  the  structure  that  he  claims  in  the  genus  Alboffiella.  and  had 
shown  a  photographic  section.  Professor  Fischer  could  not  have  ques- 
tioned it.  There  are  pictures  in  the  phalloid  history  that  are  known 
to  be  "fakes"  and  investigators  in  mycology  are  beginning  to  be  a 
little  suspicious  of  manufactured  pictures  produced  for  the  purpose  of 
bolstering  up  "new  species"  or  "new  genera." 

We  present  herewith  a  reproduction  of  all  of  Alfred  Moller's 
species  that  have  not  previously  been  published  in  our  work.  All  of 
them  are  from  Brazil. 

CLATHRUS  CHRYSOMYCELIXUS  (Fig.  174).— Receptacle 
white,  with  large,  polygonal  meshes,  those  below  somewhat  lengthened. 
The  receptacle  arms  are  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe,5  Mycelium 
bright,  golden  yellow  (hence  the  specific  name).  This  plant  is  only 
known  from  Brazil. 

PHALLUS  GLUTINOLEXS  (Fig.  175).— Xo  description  is 
necessary  other  than  Mr.  Moller's  photograph  (Fig.  175).  It  has  a 
white  stipe  and  no  evident  veil.  The  pileus  is  smooth  and  differs  from 
all  other  phalloids  in  its  globose  shape.  It  is  certainly  a  unique  species, 
and  is  known  only  from  Brazil. 

THE  GENUS  PSEUDOCOLUS.—Far  be  it  from  me  to  go  out 
of  my  road  to  propose  new  genera  for  plants  that  already  have  names. 
but  I  can  not  see  any  resemblance  between  the  plant  from  South 
America  that  has  been  called  Coins  Garcia;  and  the  original  species 

favorabiynCeitbel0ngStoFischer'8genus  cla""-«»<».  «  genus  that  does  not  impress  me  very 

356 


Fig.  175 


Fig.  174 


Fig.  176. 


Fig.  177. 


F'g-  174— Clathrus  chrysomycelinus.        Fig.   175— Phallus  glutinolens. 
Fig.  176— Colus  hirudinosus.          Fig.  177— Pseudocolus  Garciae. 

357 


of  Corsica  that  was  named  Colus  hirudinosus.  The  genus  Colus  in  its 
'original  sense  (see  fig.  176) ~  was  a  clathrate  plant  with  a  clathrate 
receptacle  consisting  of  a  network,  bearing  the  gleba.  This  network 
is  supported  by  columns  that  are  united  at  the  base  forming  a  stipe, 
but  the  columns  are  a  part  of  the  stipe  and  not  a  portion  of  the  re- 
ceptacle. The  genus  Pseudocolus,  as  I  conceive  it,  consists  of  columns 
(three  always  as  far  as  I  know)  which  are  the  receptacle  and  are 
slightly  united  at  the  top  and  at  the  base  are  borne  on  a  stipe.  In  short, 
Pseudocolus  is  a  stipitate  Laternea.  and  as  I  do  not  think  Laternea 
should  be  included  in  Clathrus,  neither  do  I  think  that  Pseudocolus 
should  be  included  in  Colus. 

PSEUDOCOLUS  GARCI^E  (Fig.  177).— Receptacle  consisting 
of  three  tapering  columns,  slightly  united  at  the  top  and  bearing  the 
gleba  on  the  inner  surface.  These  columns  are  borne  on  a  distinct 
stipe.  The  color  is  white.  Other  details  are  shown  in  Mr.  Moller's 
photograph  better  than  we  can  tell  them.  This  plant  is  known  only 
from  Brazil  and  is  said  to  be  rare  there.  Rev.  Rick  wrote  me  he  had 
never  found  it.  It  is  very  close  to  Pseudocolus  javanicus  of  Java, 
indeed  the  photographs  could  hardly  be  told  apart.  Both  look  very 
much  to  me  like  chicken's  feet.  Pseudocolus  javanicus  is  a  red  plant 
and  the  walls  are  "chambered"  (gekammert).  The  Brazilian  species 
is  white  and  the  stem  walls  "ungekammert."6 

MUTINUS  BAMBUSINUS  (Figs.  178  and  179).— Alfred 
Moller  presents  a  photograph  (Fig.  178)  of  this  species  and  it  will 
be  noted  from  the  photograph  that  it  is  somewhat  similar  to  Mutinus 
caninus  of  Europe.  It  was  originally  named  from  Java  by  Zollinger,8 
and  it  will  probably  prove  to  be  the  most  frequent,  tropical  Mutinus. 
It  has  occurred  adventitiously  in  the  hothouses  at  Kew,  and  Cooke 
has  given  a  good  figure  of  it  in  Grevillea.  Also  Fischer  has  given 
a  figure  (which  we  reproduce,  Fig.  179)  in  his  account  of  the  Java 
phalloids.  The  form  that  grows  in  Brazil  (Fig.  178)  has  a  shorter 
gleba-bearing  portion  than  the  Javanese  form,  and  Fischer  considers 
the  Brazilian  plant  as  distinct  under  the  name  Mutinus  Mulleri.  Alfred 
Moller  unites  them  under  the  previous  name  which  Fischer  is  not  dis- 
posed to  accept.  It  is  only  a  difference  of  opinion,  such  as  will  always 
occur  between  those  working  on  the  same  subject.9 

7  This  figure,  which  was  originally  by  Tulasne,  does  not  represent  the  plant  as  well  as  does 
most  of  Tulasne's  work.  The  clathrate  portion  is  not  relatively  large  enough  as  shown  in  his 
figure.  It  is  more  like  the  receptacle  of  a  Simblum.  Besides  it  is  different  in  its  nature  from 
the  arms  that  support  it,  and  there  is  not  the  similarity  in  the  receptacle  and  arms  of  the  plant 
that  there  is  in  the  figure. 

•  I  do  not  know  the  German  very  well  but  I  presume  that  '  gekammert  "  stem  walls  con- 
sist ot  large  cells,  and  "ungekammert  "  stem  walls  of  small  cells.  If  that  is  the  meaning  of  it  I 
have  never  met  a  phalloid  with  "  ungekammert  "  stem. 

At  least  Zollinger  named  something  that  is  supposed  to  be  that.  The  real  meaning  of 
tne  name  is  based  on  a  colored  figure  from  Java,  now  at  Kew,  that  Berkeley  referred  to  Zol- 

9And  it  is  unfortunate  that  under  the  present  system  of  each  author  desiring  to  uphold 

is  own  species  he  becomes  (unconsciously  perhaps  biased.     Professor  Fischer  is  a  very  liberal 

man  in  his  views  of  species,  bnt  there  is  four  times  as  much  difference  between  Clathrus 

cibarius  and  Clathrus  gracilis  (which  he  unites  as  there  is  between  Mutinus  bambusimis  and 

aus  Mullen  which  he  maintains  are  distinct.  I  have  friends  in  mycology  who  impress 
me  as  being  extremely  liberal  as  to  others'  ipecies  and  extremely  narrow  as  to  their  own.  This 
^^l^^^A^^^^^^S^^  prevaifing  system  of  uniting  person- 

358 


Fig.  178 


Fig    179. 


MUTINUS  BAMBUSINUS. 


178— From  photograph  by  Alfred  Holler.    Fig.  179— From  a  drawing 
by  Prof.  Fischer. 


359 


LONG  ON  TEXAS  PHALLOIDS.— The  best  paper  that  has! 
ever  appeared  on  our  American  phalloids  is  by  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  in! 
the  May  number  of  Kellerman's  Journal.  You  may  hunt  the  phalloid, 
literature  all  through  and  you  will  find  but  three  papers  on  local  phal-i 
loids  that  are  of  any  particular  credit  to  the  authors.  First,  by  Penzigj: 
on  the  phalloids  of  Java;  second,  by  Moller  on  the  phalloids  of 
Brazil ;  third,  by  Long  on  the  phalloids  of  Texas.  All  three  papers' 
are  finely  illustrated  and  give  full  accounts  of  the  phalloids  both  old\. 
and  new,  and  are  in  strong  contrast  to  the  usual  mycological  literature 
devoted  to  the  exploitation  of  "new  species"  only. 

Mr.  Long  finds  five  species  in  Texas,  as  follows,  and  he  gives 
excellent  photographs  of  all  of  them  and  full  accounts  from  his  observa-'j 
tions  of  the  growing  plants. 

PHALLUS  IMPERIALIS.— This  is  abundant  in  Texas,  and  is,  as  we  have 
previously  pointed  out,  only  a  pink  form  of  Phallus  impudicus,  and  the  only! 
form  we  seem  to  have  in  the  United  States. 

PHALLUS  RUBICUNDUS.— Mr.  Long  finds  this  abundant,  usually  in  lawns 
and  grassy  places.  He  gives  the  first  good  account  of  it  that  we  have  in  Ameri-i 
can  literature.  We  have  already  published  Mr.  Long's  photograph  (Myc.  Notes,] 
page  330,  plate  116).  The  veils  of  this  species,  as  of  the  preceding,  are  full}- 
discussed,  and  he  reaches  the  conclusion  that  the  development  of  the  veil  in  the 
genus  Phallus  is  a  varying  factor  in  the  same  species  and  can  not  be  used  isuc •' 
cessfully)  as  a  basis  of  subdivision  of  the  genus  into  "  two  new  genera"  as  mosl 
modern  authors  are  doing.  This  is  fully  in  keeping  with  our  own  views 
stated  on  page  327. 


Fig.  180. 

MUTINUS  ELEGANS.— Mr.  Long  considers  this  plant  under  the  erroneou 
name  Mutinus  caninus.  I  think  he  has  confused  Professor  Hurt's  paper.  Mut 
nus  Ravenelii  in  my  opinion  is  not  the  same  as  Mutinus  caninus  of  Europe  a 
considered  by  Professor  Burt,  but  the  plant  that  Mr.  Long  calls  Mutinus  caninu 

360 


I  is  the  plant  that  Burt  called  Mutinus  Curtisii.  Professor  Burt  suggested  (as  I 
have  since  fully  assured  myself)  that  it  is  Mutinus  elegans.  Mr.  Long's  figure 
'is  characteristic  of  Mutinus  elegans,  which  is  very  different  from  Mutinus  ca- 
:ninus  of  Europe. 

SIMBLUM  SPH^EROCEPHALUM  (Fig.  iSo).— We  are  glad  to  give  a  nice 
photograph  of  this  plant,  made  by  Mr.  Long.  The  figure  we  gave  (page  297) 
was  from  an  abnormal  plant.  It  is  a  rare  plant  in  Texas,  though  a  very  abundant 
;  species  of  South  America.  Mr.  Long's  photograph  tells  the  whole  story  except- 
ing as  to  colors.  The  volva  is  white,  the  stipe  pink  and  the  receptacle  scarlet. 
(Sometimes  white  forms  are  found.) 


Fig.  181 

SIMBLUM  TEXENSE  (Fig.  181  from  photographs  from  Mr.  Long).— From 
he  photograph  one  might  think  this  is  the  same  plant  as  the  preceding,  but  it 
s  quite  different  not  only  in  its  color  but  in  other  respects.  The  color  of  the 
sntire  plant  is  pale  yellow.  Mr.  Long  points  out  a  number  of  characters  in  which 
his  species  seems  to  differ  from  other  phalloids.  "When  fresh  the  gleba  and 
•nttre  plant  has  a  very  pronounced  and  pleasant  amyl  acetate  odor."*  "  When 
t  does  deliquesce  it  has  the  odor  of  carrion."  Another  peculiar  character  is  the 
>road,  ovate  spores.  Mr.  Long's  complete  and  full  account  of  Simblum  Texense 
ully  refutes  Atkinson's  story  of  it  being  a  "new  genus"  Dictybole.  The  only 
>oint  that  Mr.  Long  does  not  cover  is  what  difference  (if  any)  exists  between 
t  and  Simblum  gracile  of  Ceylon,  and  I  think  nobody  knows  that. 


If  we  really  knew  the  truth  about  phalloids,  I  presume  this  feature  would,not  be  as  ex- 

,eptional  as  Mr.  Long  thinks.    The  fetid  odor  that  seems  to  be  a  strong  character  of  all  phal- 

ms  is  only  developed  when  the  gleba  deliquesces.    I  was  unable  to  detect  any  odor  to  Phallus 

ipudicus  in  France  after  the  plant  had  fully  developed  but  before  the  gleba  had  deliquesced 

;  erhaps  had  my  olfactory  nerves  been  in  good  working  order  1  might  have  noted  "  the  odor  of 

iioiets      as  I  think  did  the  English  author  who  called  it  "Phallus  iostnos"  on  that  account 

ernaps  this  is  a  better  explanation  of  "Phallus  iosmos"  than  that  given  in  Myc.  Notes  p  328' 


361 


THE  GENUS  MUTINUS. — In  my  previous  articles  on  thd 
phalloids  I  have  stated  the  distinctions  that  exist  between  the  three): 
forms  or  species  of  Mutinus  that  occur  in  the  United  States,  but  it  will! 
not  be  amiss  to  summarize  them  again. 


Fig  .182.  Fig.  183.  Fig.  184. 

THE  THREE  FORMS  OF  MUTINUS. 
Fig.  182  Mutinus  elegans.     Fig.  183  Mutinus  Ravenelii.     Fig.  184  Mutinus 


MUTINUS  ELEGANS  (Fig.  182).— Stipe  cylindrical,  tapeiing  to  the  apex 
Cellular  structure  uniform.     Gleha-bearing  portion  not  definitely  defined.     1 
is  our  most  common  species  and  is  the  only  species  that  is  usually  met  in  on 
western  states. 

MUTINUS  RAVENELII  (Fig.  183).— Stipe  club-shaped,  thicker  above  ai 
contracted  below.     Cellular  structure  uniform.     Gleba-bearing  portion  not  deft 
nitely  defined.     This  is  a  rare  form,  at  least  around  Cincinnati,  and  it  is  no 
certain  that  it  is  other  than  a  form  of  the  preceding  plant. 

MUTINUS  CANINUS  (Fig.  184).— Stipe  cylindrical,  subequal  in  diameter 
The  gleba-bearing  portion  short  and  sharply  defined.     Cells  of  the  stem  large 

362 


graph  (Fig.  184)  recently  received  from  Professor  M.  E  ^H^df  CWlUc^he  $ 

In  the  above  summary  I  have  made  no  mention  of  the  color 
They  are  all  pink  flesh  color  to  orange  red,  and  are  not  distinguished 

hr  ™S  <*  ^^  *  *"*>  *  Said  *  — 


ATKINSON'S  BREAK.-Mr.  Long  states  that  Atkinson's  "nei 
genus  Dictybole  is  based  on  Simblum  Texense,  and  Mr  LongouThI 
to  know  for  it  was  he  who  sent  Professor  Atkinson  the  maSon 
which  the  genus  was  based.  It  seems  that  when  Long  was  a  student 
^?rn/Vnder  Professor  Atkinson  he  left  with  him  some  eggs  of  a 
phalloid  that  developed  into  something  that  looked  strange  to  Atkln* 

•  son      He  drew  a  picture  of  it  (that  has  no  possible  resemblance  to  the 
.plant,  see  fig  64  page  130)  and  on  this  figure  the  new  species  and 

;  genus  -Dictybole  Texense,  Atkinson  and  Long"  was  based     tone's 
name  seems  to  have  been  added  in  the  nature  of  a  "jolly"  for'he  wrifes 
me  it  was  done  without  his  knowledge  or  consent      It  is  an  illus  ra 
ition    however,  of  the  usual  value  of  these   advertising  formuS  as 
applied  to  "science."     After  the  "new  genus"  had  beln  published 
|  Mr.  Long  sent  me  some  dried  specimens  and  while  I  did  not  claim  to 
{know  much  about  phalloids,  I  recognized  that  it  was  an  old  gSms 
ithat  was  well  known  and  well  illustrated  before  Atkinson  was  born 

•  and  I  thought  it  was  probably  an  old  species  (Simblum  gracile  of  Cev- 
i  h0  hi  *?          '     l^^01*  story  is  illustrative  of  the  troubles  that  are 
liable  to  overtake  those  who  start  out  on  their  search  for  new  species 
before  they  learn  the  old  genera. 

THAT  "STRANGE  PHALLOID  EGG.  "-On  page  83  (some 
years  ago)  I  noted  a  strange  phalloid  egg  that  reached  me  from  a  cor- 
respondent and  which  was  considerable  of  a 
mystery  as  it  had  the  form  of  an  acorn.  I 
have  since  received  similar  eggs  several  times 
and  have  long  since  come  to  the  conclusion 
(as  Mr.  Long  recently  suggested)  that  the 
strange  egg  was  due  to  unequal  contraction 
in  the  drying  of  the  egg  of  some  common 
species.  The  strangest  part  now  is  why  phal- 
loid  eggs  should  dry  in  this  manner.  We 
present  (Fig.  185)  a  specimen  recently  re- 
ceived from  W.  T.  Lakin,  Maryland. 

^T0^6^'  Wh°  on'Sinally  sent  the  specimen,  was  quite 
that  the  fresh  egg  was  this  same  acorn  shape,  but  I  think 
ow  she  must  have  been  mistaken. 


recently>  in  Kellerman's  Journal,  other  species  have  been  illustrated 
363 


A  MARE'S  NEST  THAT  PROVED  INTERESTING. 


conditions.  The  usual  immature  specimens  picked  up  after  t  lie  Plant*  *JP?£ 
on  the  surface  of  the  ground  have  passed  the  early  deliquescent  stages,  and  this 
thread  like  tissue  probably  disappears  before  the  plants  emerge  from  the  ground. 
S^SSSSSlSi  no't  ProvPePto  be  a  novelty,  but  what  is  of  more  importance 
to  my  mind  it  demonstrates  a  new  fact  about  an  old  genus-that  is-new  t< 


NOTELETS. 

SPECIMENS  —I  saw  a  specimen  in  a  "  show  "  department  of  a 
in  Europe  labeled  "Geaster  radicans,  Berk.,  the  only  collection  ever 
made  in  Europe."  The  statement  is  as  nearly  correct  as  many  of  t 
specimens  in  the  museums,  neither  statement  being  true  The  specii en  is 
Geaster  fornicatus  with  no  relation  to  Geaster  radicans,  and  Geaster  radicans, 
Berk."  (viz.  Geaster  Welwitchii),  has  been  collected  in  Europe. 

CONGRATULATlONS-are  in  order  to    Professor  Massee    who  has  just 
written  an  interesting  book  entitled  "A  Text  Book  of  Fungi.       It  ^  well  «  ritten, 
well  illustrated,  and  full  of  information,  and  presents  a  general  resume :  of  tl 
fungus  field  in  a  better  and  more  entertaining  manner  than  any  book  th 
previously  appeared   in  English.      Berkeley's  "Cryptogamic  Botany    _  was   too 
technical      Cooke's  "Introduction"  was  a  decided  improvement  and  Massee  sis 
the  best  of  all.     I  am  particularly  glad  to  note  that  in  not  a  single  instance  h 
Professor  Massee  founVi  it  necessary  to  add  a  personal  advertisement  to  the  name 
of  a  plant.     A  book  devoted  to  information  about  fungi  and  not  interested  u 
graphical   puffs  of   those  who  devote  their  energies  to  juggling  the  name 
plants,  is  a  decided  novelty. 

THE  VIENNA  RULES— In  reply  to  a  request  for  details  as  to  the  Vienna 
Rules,  we  have  not  paid  much  attention  to  them.  However,  the  sum  and  sub- 
stance is-"  We,  the  Germans,  we  are  the  people.  What  we  do  is  right  and  what 
we  don't  do  is  wrong.  Engler  and  Prautl  is  the  new  Gospel— and  Alia, 
praised."  Is  it  any  wonder  that  our  American  contingent  that  went  over  to  pull 
through  Kuntzeism  and  found  themselves  in  such  a  hopeless  minority,  an 
so  badly  snubbed,  came  home  and — seceded? 

"PIDGIN  LATIN,"  p.  340,  is  wisdom  itself.      The  language  a  man  can  i 
best  he  can  not  use  too  well  when  he  essays  to  describe  new  species      Some 
descriptions  in  the  describer's  vernacular  are  difficult  enough  to  apply       iiw 
difficulty  would  be  increased  by  doing  poor  mother-tongue  into  poorer  Lati 
J.  D.,  Canada. 

364 


MYCOLOQICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  LLOYD. 

No.  29. 

CINCINNATI,  O.  JANUARY,  1908. 


P.  A.  SACCARDO 
(Born  1845,  Photo  1891.) 

The  above  portrait  is  of  a  man,  than  whom  no  one  in  the  myco- 
•  logical  world  is  better  known.  Fries  brought  together  in  a  systematic 
I  form  the  Hymenomycetes  of  Europe.  What  Fries  did  for  the  fungi  of 
!  Europe,  Saccardo  has  done  for  the  fungi  of  the  world,  excepting  that 
|  Fries'  work  is  of  such  great  value  because  it  is  based  mostly  on  field 

Kervation,  while  Saccardo's  work  from  its  very  nature  is  largely  a 
365 


compilation.  To  collate  and  arrange  in  a  systematic  manner  the 
31,927  descriptions  of  fungi  that  are  included  in  the  first  eight  volumes 
of  "  Sylloge  Fungorum"  was  a  monumental  task,  and  when  the  under- 
taking was  announced  no  one  believed  that  it  would  ever  be  brought 
to  a  successful  finish.  The  fact  that  it  was  finished  is  a  living  monu- 
ment to  the  energy,  perseverance  and  pluck  of  the  man  whose  portrait 
heads  this  article. 

When  this  work  was  completed  in  eight  volumes,  in  1889,  the 
mycological  world  then  had  a  basis  on  which  good  work  could  have 
been  done,  for  the  true  investigator  who  wishes  to  learn  the  truth 
about  a  subject,  has  his  work  more  than  half  finished  when  some  one 
publishes  a  good  index  of  the  subject.  It  is  a  question,  however,  if 
the  completion  of  Saccardo's  Sylloge  has  on  the  whole  advanced  the 
science  of  mycology:  on  the  other  hand  it  has  probably  greatly  re- 
tarded it.  When  the  final  truth  is  known  about  fungous  flora  of  the 
world  it  will  be  found  that  "  species"  are  of  wide  distribution,  and  that 
the  fungous  flora  of  the  entire  world  is  practically  the  same.  The  main 
object  of  the  student  should  be  to  find  out  what  these  species  are,  their 
relationships,  how  they  resemble  and  how  they  differ  from  each  other 
and  their  distribution. 

Since  the  appearance  of  Saccardo's  work,  and  before  too  for  that 
matter,  the  chief  object  of  most  mycologists  appears  to  be  to  hunt  for 
"new  species."  A  local  worker  finds  a  fungus  that  he  is  unable  to 
determine.  He  looks  through  the  section  of  Saccardo  where  it  ought 
to  be,  does  not  find  anything  that  exactly  fits  it  and  announces  that 
he  has  discovered  a  "  new  species."  The  probabilities  are,  in  three 
out  of  four  cases,  that  he  has  simply  failed  to  recognize  an  old  species, 
and  that  he  could  not  recognize  one  out  of  ten  of  the  old  species  from 
any  descriptions  that  have  been  published  of  them1.  The  appearance 
of  Saccardo's  completed  work,  therefore,  did  not  in  the  main  lead  to  a 
better  knowledge  of  the  subject  but  has  in  fact  greatly  complicated  it 
by  stimulating  the  production  of  a  host  of  "new  species,"  now  almost 
equalling  the  original  number  of  twenty  years  ago,  when  the  field  was 
first  covered  by  Saccardo's  original  eight  volumes.  We  can  not  blame 
Saccardo's  work,  however,  for  this  result,  though  it  undoubtedly  led 
to  it,  any  more  than  we  can  blame  the  monumental  "  Index  Kewensis" 
for  the  extent  of  useless  name  juggling  that  it  made  possible.  When 
Saccardo  completed  his  eight  volumes,  the  mycological  world  then 
had  a  basis  on  which  to  produce  lasting  work — but  failed  to  rise  to 
the  occasion. 

FOREIGN  NOTES.— An  article,  supposed  to  be  on  Polyporii  of  the  Philip- 
pines, recently  appeared  in  one  of  the  New  York  publications.  It  seems  to  be 
in  some  barbarous  language,  unfamiliar  to  mycologists,  and  is  probably  intended 
for  the  use  of  the  Igorots. 


II  do  not  refer  to  local  work  of  course.  It  is  not  only  possible  but  practicable  to  recognize 
the  greater  part  of  the  Hymenomycetes  of  Sweden  from  Fries'  work  but  not  out  of  S'.i'id.x.  In 
the  United  States  it  is  possible  to  recognize  the  greater  number  of  the  agarics  one  meets  in 
those  genera  which  Professor  1'eck  has  systematically  monographed,  but  not  from  his  isolated 
descriptions  ot  'new  species"  in  those  genera  which  he  has  not  brought  into  systematic  order. 


366 


CONCERNING  THE  PHALLOIDS 


Fig.  186 


Fig    187. 


Fig.  188 


fred  Moeller. 


which  is  an  enlargement  six  diam- 
eters, made  from  Mr.  Cradwick's 
specimen.  Whether  or  not  this  is 
a  feature  of  the  fresh  plant  I  can 
not  say,  and  it  is  for  this  reason 
that  a  photograph  of  the  fresh 
plant  is  particularly  desired.  The 
original  drawing  by  Turpin  (Fig. 
187)  seems  to  be  characteristic, 
but  we  should  be  much  better  sat- 
isfied if  we  had  a  photograph. 

THE  PHALLOIDS  OF  BRA- 
L.  —  There  is  probably  no  coun- 
try in  the  world  where  the  phal- 
loids  are  better  known  than  Brazil, 
owing  to  the  excellent  work  that 
~    .  has  been  done  with  them  by  Al- 

Father  Rick  writes  me  that  he  finds  in  his  immediate 

367 


vicinity  the  following  species:  Simblum  sphaerocephalum,  Phallus 
indusiatus,  Laternea  columnata,  Pseudocolus  Garciae,  Blumenavia 
rhacodes,  Protubera  maracuga  and  a  Clathrus,  species  doubtful,  close 
to  delicatus.  The  genus  Protubera  is  a  doubtful  genus  included  in 
Phalloids  by  some  and  in  the  Hymenogasters  by  others.  In  my  opin- 
ion there  are  a  group  of  these  genera  with  dry,  hyaline,  elliptical 
spores  which  should  be  classed  together.  This  group  includes  Pro- 
tubera, Mesophellia,  Castoreum  and  two  other  Australian  genera,  as 
yet  unnamed. 


PHALLUS  RAVENELIL—  Mr.  E.  B.  Sterling,  Trenton,  N.  J., 
has  just  sent  me  an  abundant  collection  of  Phallus  Ravenelii  in  all 
stages  of  development.  He  found  it  growing 
in  decayed  sawdust  where  it  developed  its 
mycelium  in  great  abundance  and  produced 
hundreds  of  the  fruiting  plants.  The  mycelium 
cluster  with  its  numerous  eggs  was  so  interest- 
ing that  I  have  made  a  photograph  of  it,  fig. 
190.  Mr.  Sterling  states  that  the  mycelium 
and  eggs  are  white  when  first  opened  from 
under  the  ground,  but  the  action  of  the  at- 
mosphere quickly  changes  them  to  a  lilac  or 
purplish  tint. 

I  also  note  that  Mr,  Sterling's  specimens 
present  some  characters  that  are  new  as  to  this 
plant.  All  of  the  specimens  have  very  prom- 
inent apical  collars.  This  apex  is  perforate  in 
some  specimens  but  not  in  all.  As  in  early 
times  phalloids  were  sometimes  classified  as  to 
whether  this  apex  was  perforate  or  not,  this 
fact  should  do  away  with  one  of  the  old  tradi- 
tions. The  veil  on  the  specimens  was  very 
slightly  developed,  as  shown  in  figure  189. 
Indeed,  it  was  not  much  stronger  than  one  finds 
ordinarily  in  a  Mutinus  or  on  Phallus  im- 
pudicus.  To  my  mind  the  relative  develop- 
ment of  a  phalloid  veil  has  no  value  in  classi- 
fication. We  know  specimens  of  Phallus  Ra- 
venelii now  that  have  veils  which  are  merely 
rudimentary.  (Fig.  189.)  Around  Cincinnati 
they  are  generally  developed  but  hidden  under 
the  pileus  (See  plate  115,  fig.  3.)  and  in  My  co- 
logical  Notes,  page  350,  fig.  168  is  shown  speci- 
men where  the  veil  protrudes.  Like  the  development  of  the  sterile 
base  of  a  Lycoperdon  the  development  of  the  veil  of  a  phalloid  seems 
to  be  a  very  varying  character. 


Fig.  189. 


SIMBLUM   SPHAEROCEPHALUM.— This  is  a  rare  phalloid 
m  the  United  States,  often   called  Simblum  rubescens.     Dr.   I).  S. 

368 


Fig.  190. 
MYCELIUM  AND  EGGS  OF  PHALLUS  RAVENELH. 


369 


Johnson  reports  the  occurrence  of  the  plant  at  Cold  Springs  Harbor, 
New  York,  in  1900,  1901  and  1902.  All  grew  on  one  spot  and  the 
last  year  only  one  or  two  specimens. 

MUTINUS  RAVENELII.— At  the  last  visit  I  made  to  Professor 
A.  P.  Morgan,  a  few  weeks  before  his  death,  we  had  a  conversation 
about  this  plant.  Professor  Morgan  was  of  course  quite  well  acquainted 
with  Mutinus  elegans,  in  fact  he  at  one  time  discovered  it  was  a  "new 
species,"  for  Mutinus  elegans  is  not  an  unusual  plant  in  the  woods  in 
the  section  around  Cincinnati.  Professor  Morgan  during  the  past 
summer  collected  Mutinus  Ravenelii,  and  he  told  me  he  was  strongly 
convinced  that  it  was  an  entirely  different  plant  from  Mutinus  elegans. 
It  is  a  smaller  plant,  different  in  shape  and  particularly  different  in 
its  habitat.  The  habitat  of  fungi,  a  feature  usually  neglected,  is  very 
often  one  of  the  best  characters  that  a  species  has,  for  most  fungi  have 
this  peculiarity,  that  they  will  only  grow  in  a  certain  habitat.  Mutinus 
elegans  always  grows  in  woods  or  in  soil  that  is  rich  in  humus.  Pro- 
fessor Morgan  found  Mutinus  Ravenelii  growing  in  an  old  corn  field 
in  clay  soil.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  years  and  was  particularly  free 
from  any  woods  humus.  I  never  collected  the  species  but  once  and 
then  it  was  in  a  similar  situation  in  a  yard  in  one  of  our  city  lots.  I 
believe  that  Mutinus  elegans  and  Mutinus  Ravenelii  are  distinct 
things  and  that  habitat  is  one  of  the  strong  points  of  distinction. 

MUTINUS  CANINUS.— Professor  Beardslee  found  this  species 
the  past  season  in  Maine,  and  he  told  me  it  was  rather  frequent.  It 
was  very  distinct  from  Mutinus  elegans,  and  he  readily  recognized  it 
from  the  characters  pointed  out  in  Mycological  Notes. 

RED  LYSURUS.— I  have  received  reports  of  the  occurrence  of 
red  specimens  of  the  genus  Lysurus  from 

Harold  Murray,  Manchester,  England, 

Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Melbourne,  Australia, 

W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  Denton,  Texas. 

None  of  these  specimens  have  reached  me  but  I  expect  they  will  all 
prove  to  be  a  red  form  of  Lysurus  Gardneri.  It  is  an  evidence  of 
how  little  our  phalloids  have  been  observed  that  not  a  red  Lysurus 
has  ever  been  recorded  from  either  of  these  three  countries.  There 
have  been  three  vague  records  of  red  Lysuri,  two  of  them  from  South 
America  and  one  from  South  Africa,  and  I  suspect  there  would  be 
very  little  difference  found  between  any  of  them  if  the  truth  were 
only  known. 

THE  PHALLOIDS  OF  MAURITIUS.— Mr.  Charles  A.  O'Con- 
nor has  sent  us  three  phalloids  in  alcohol  from  the  island  of  Mauritius. 
They  reached  us  in  good  condition  and  all  of  them  are  unrecorded 
from  this  island. 

370 


The  first  is  Phallus  gracilis,  or  Phallus  aurantiacus  var.  gracilis, 
if  you  wish,  which  is  a  common  tropical  form  no  doubt  throughout 
the  tropical  world.  It  has  recently  been  demonstrated  to  be  the  cause 
of  the  destructive  root  rot  of  sugar  cane  in  Hawaii.  Mr.  O'Connor's 
specimen  has  the  pileus  more  acute  than  the  Hawaiian  plant,  but 
otherwise  it  appears  to  be  the  same.  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  O'Con- 
ner  that  this  species  is  the  only  common  phalloid  in  Mauritius. 

The  second  is  a  small  specimen  of  Phallus  indusiatus,  as  de- 
scribed in  Mycological  Notes,  page  332,  and  illustrated  plate  119. 
With  the  exception  that  his  specimen  is  smaller  than  the  ordinary 
form  it  is  the  common  species  throughout  the  tropics. 


Fig    192 


Fig.  191 


The  third  is  of  considerable  interest,  being,  I  believe,  the  same 
plant  we  have  so  common  in  the  United  States,  namely  Phallus  dupli- 
catus,  and  this  is  the  first  record  to  my  knowledge  outside  of  our  own 
country.  On  comparison  of  Mr.  O'Connor's  with  our  American  plant 
I  can  note  very  little  difference  excepting  that  the  reticulations  of  the 
pilei  of  the  two  forms  are  not  exactly  the  same.  The  Mauritius  form 
has  shorter  and  deeper  meshes.  Our  Figs.  191  (from  Mauritius)  and 
192  (from  America)  will  show  this  difference.  As  to  the  veil  it  seems 
the  same  as  the  American  form.  It  shrivels  in  alcohol  so  that  it  ap- 
pears as  a  membrane.  Professor  Fischer  is  disposed  to  consider  Phal- 
lus duplicatus  and  Phallus  indusiatus  as  the  same  species,  but  I  feel 

371 


assured  if  he  could  see  the  two  specimens  from  Mr.  O'Connor  side  by 
side  that  he  would  concede  a  difference.  The  most  marked  difference 
is  in  the  veil  which  in  Phallus  indusiatus  is  of  large  meshes  formed 
of  thin  network  and  retains  its  net-like  appearance  in  alcohol.  Phal- 
lus duplicatus,  on  the  contrary,  has  a  veil  of  smaller  meshes  and  thicker 
threads  which  in  alcohol  shrink  up  and  appear  almost  like  a  solid 
membrane. 

None  of  these  three  species,  we  think,  have  been  recorded  pre- 
viously from  Mauritius,  and  Mr.  O'Connor  has  not  found  the  only 
phalloid  heretofore  known  from  this  island,  namely,  Simblum  peri- 
phragmoides. 

CONCERNING  THE  POLYPOROIDS. 

FOMES  NIGRICANS.— The  fact  that  there  are  two  very  differ- 
ent plants  referred  to  Pomes  nigricans,  "  Fries,"  by  different  botan- 
ists is  not  generally  appreciated. 

First,  there  is  a  Fomes  (Fig.    193)   growing  very   common  on 


Fig.  193. 


birch,  which  is  in  reality  a  form  of  Fomes  igniarius,  with  a  smooth, 
black,  shining  crust.2  It  is  called  Fomes  nigricans,  "Fries,"  by 
Quelet  and  Patouillard,  and  is  the  plant  beautifully  shown  in  the 
recent  plate  by  Boudier.  I  have  only  collected  it  on  birch,  but  have 
specimens  from  France,  on  willow,  which  are  so  referred.  It  has  the 
ame  colored  context,  the  same  spores  (subhyaline,  compressed 

Hoc*  tr  Th*  ty<Pe  fA™  2f  Komes  igniarius.  as  it  grows  in  great  abundance  on  all  kinds  of  fron- 
Dearanrp'    S,™         •    '          a  rouSh.  "mose,  black  crust,  very  much  resembling,  in  general  ap- 
forni  on  Ar,Vj  mes.nmosus     Last  summer  I  found  both  forms  in  northern  Canada,  the  rough 
m  on  poplar,  the  smooth  form  in  great  abundance  on  birch. 


372 


globose,  5-6  mic.),  and  has  a  peculiarity  I  have  often  noted  in  Fomes 
igniarius,  which  was  not  overlooked  in  Boudier's  plate,  though  never 
mentioned,  to  my  knowledge,  in  books.  The  old  tubes  have  a  white 
deposit  (lime,  I  presume),  which  shows  plainly  in  a  section  of  the 
pileus  of  Fomes  igniarius,  but  not  any  other  species,  to  my  knowledge. 
If  this  is  the  true  Fomes  nigricans  of  Fries,  and  I  presume  it  is,  then 
I  should  consider  it  a  form  of  Fomes  igniarius,  but  well  worthy  of  a 
name. 


Fig.   194 

Second,  there  is  a  Fomes,  in  reality  I  think  a  form  of  Fomes 
fomentarius,  which  was  called  Fomes  nigricans,  "Fries,"  by  Bresadola 
(Hym.  Hung.  Kmet,  p.  io3),  and  is  so  known  to  some  mycologists  in 

3  Rev.  Bresadola  was  mistaken  in  referring  here  Polyporus  roburneus  cfr.  Myc.  Notes, 
p.  341  ,  but  otherwise  his  reference  is  to  this  plant. 

373 


France  to-day.  I  received  a  beautiful  specimen,  so  named  by  Monsieur 
L.  Ludwig,  Paris  (see  Fig.  194,  made  from  the  specimen).  I  also 
have  a  specimen  from  C.  Engelke,  Hanover,  Germany,  and  one  from 
Rev.  Bresadola.  It  is  not  "Fomes  fomentarius,  of  advanced  age  and 
indurated,"  as  stated  by  Mr.  Murrill,  being  more  distinct,  in  fact, 
from  the  usual  form  of  Fomes  fomentarius  than  the  previous  plant  is 
from  Fomes  igniarius.  It  has  the  same  context,  long  stratified  pores 
and  peculiar  pore  mouths  as  Fomes  fomentarius,  but  has  a  black  crust, 
strongly  concentrically  silicate?  I  do  not  question  but  that  it  is  a  form 
of  Fomes  fomentarius,  but  it  is  well  worthy  of  a  distinct  name. 

FRIES'  VIEWS. — I  can  not  say  which  of  the  preceding  was  Fomes 
nigricans  in  the  sense  of  Fries,  for  I  have  not  as  yet  investigated  the  polyporoid 
situation  in  Sweden.  It  is  difficult  to  decide  from  his  writings,  for  they  appear 
to  refer  to  both.  His  "  forma  typica,"  I  think,  must  be  the  second  plant,  as 
Bresadola  has  it,  for  Fries  compares  it  to  Fomes  fomentarius  and  his  Icones 
<t.  184),  while  not  characteristic  of  either  comes  nearer  the  second  plant.  The 
"  forma  trivialis,"  from  his  figures  cited  (Rostkovius  and  Quelet),  are  surely  the 
first  plant.  I  hardly  know  how  we  can  decide  which  to  call  "  Fomes  nigricans, 
Fries,"  though  if  we  leave  off  the  "  Fries,"  Fomes  nigricans  of  most  authors  re- 
fers to  the  first  plant. 

PORIA  EUPOR A.— Plants  that  have  been  received  from  Pro- 
fessor Otto  Jaap  are  exactly  the  same  as  the  plant  that  has  been  called 
Poria  attenuata  in  this  country.  I  collected  it  recently  at  Albany, 
and  the  American  name  was  advised  by  Professor  Peck.  I  think  one 
would  hardly  find  it  in  Fries'  Hymenomycetes  among  the  "  yellow- 
ish" species  When  fresh,  it  impresses  me  as  being  more  red  than 
yellow,  and  Professor  Peck's  color  term,  "pinkish-ochre,"  quite  well 
expresses  it.  In  drying,  it  loses  some  of  the  red,  but  I  feel  it  can 
never  be  called  "yellow."  I  am  not  sure,  but  think  Karsten  "saw  it 
first,"  therefore  must  get  the  advertisement. 

POLYPORUS  PICIPES.— We  have  a  Polyporus  in  the  United 
States  that  has  no  technically  valid  name.  It  is  generally  called  Poly- 
porus picipes,  "Fries,"  and  the  name  Polyporus  picipes  is  as  good  a 
name  as  could  be  given  to  it,  though  it  should  carry  Berkeley's  adver- 
tisement, for  it  was  due  to  the  determination  of  Berkeley  that  the 
plant  acquired  this  name  in  the  United  States.  In  my  opinion,  it  is 
not  the  same  plant  as  grows  in  Europe,  and  therefore  it  is  somewhat 
misleading  to  apply  a  name  to  it  originally  proposed  for  a  European 
plant.  It  is,  however,  generally  held  now-a-days  that  there  is  no  use 
for  the  name  in  European  mycology,  the  plant  so  called  there  being 
the  same  as  Polyporus  varius,  and  as  the  name  is  superfluous  in  Europe, 
I  see  no  reason  why  we  can  not  take  the  name  for  our  American 
plant.  Particularly  as  it  is  so  very  appropriate  and  so  well  established 
in  America,  and  by  simply  substituting  "Berkeley"  for  "  Fries"  in  the 

4 There  are  two  usual   forms  of  Fomes   fomentarius,  one  on  birch,   which  is  harder, 

ner   Slightly  sulcate ;  the  other  on  beech,  which  is  softer,  larger,  and  even.      Both  have 

zon  France    crusts'  and  were  very  abundant  and  distinct  on  their  respective  hosts  at  Barbi- 


374 


advertisements  it  would  be  correct.  It  appears  to  me  as  much  more 
sensible  than  to  adopt,  as  Mr.  Murrill  proposes,  Polyporus  fissus,  for 
a  plant  that  is  never  normally  "fissile,"  and  if  ever  "fissile"  is  the  re- 
sult of  an  abortidn  and  deformity. 

Polyporus  picipes  is  a  frequent  plant  in  the  United  States,  and  is 
very  close  to  Polyporus  varius  of  Europe.  Indeed,  there  is  no  doubt 
in  my  mind  but  that  it  is  the  American  form  of  the  European  plant, 
but  it  differs  in  being  a  thinner  plant  and  in  having  smaller  pores. 
Schweinitz  and  Montagne5  both  referred  our  plant  to  Polyporus 
varius  and  Berkeley  to  Polyporus  picipes,6  the  latter  a  name  now  gen- 
ally  conceded  to  have  no  existence,  even  as  a  form  in  Europe.  The 
name  Polyporus  picipes  has  always  been  used  in  American  mycology 
for  the  plant,  and  while  not  technically  correct,  it  is  practically  so,  and 
infinitely  better  than  a  name  that  has  no  application  whatever  to  the 
plant,  and  which  is  based  solely  on  specimens  so  abortive  that  they 
were  not  recognized  by  the  author. 

POIvYPORUS  LEUCOMELAS.— We  recently  received  a  speci- 
men from  a  correspondent  under  this  name,  which  we  listed  under  the 
American  name  Polyporus  griseus  as  we  are  not  familiar  with  the 
European  plant.  It  did  not  seem  it  could  be  the  same  plant  that 
Fries  has  figured.  The  recent  picture  by  Boudier,  however,  strongly 
suggests  to  me  that  in  the  end  we  shall  have  to  refer  our  Polyporus 
griseus  to  the  European  species,  Polyporus  leucomelas. 

What  a  pity  it  is  that  we  do  not  have  a  set  of  illustrations  of  the 
European  plants  on  which  we  can  depend,  and  that  Boudier's  plates 
cover  so  relatively  few  of  the  larger  fungi.  As  it  is  now,  we  look  up 
these  illustrations  in  Europe  and  the  most  uncertain  thing  about  them 
is  how  nearly  they  represent  the  plant. 


SPEAKING  OF  "  TYPES  ".—Some  one  has  mounted  on  the  same  sheet  an 
alleged  specimen  from  India  that  Berkeley  has  named  "Polyporous  (blank)  Nil- 

S"  erries  (locality)  E.  S.  B."  and  a  fragment  from  South  Carolina  from  Ravenel 
o.  2494)  that  Berkeley  had  named  "Pol.  hypolateritius  B."  and  Cooke  publishes 
(Grev.  15-24)  "Poriahypolateritia,  Berk.,  Ad  ligno,  India."     Will  some  one  be  kind 
enough  to  inform  me  which  is  the  type? 

5  When  Montagne  got  some  little,  abortive  specimens  from  Sullivan  that  he  could  not 
recognize  he  called  them  Polyporus  trachypus  and  Mr.  Murrill  gravely  informs  us  that  "his 
description  is  accurate  and  quite  complete."    If  it  is,  Montagne  must  have  been  a  wizard  of 
some  kind  to  draw  such  a  description  from  specimens  so  abortive  and  incomplete  that  Mon- 
tagne himself  could  not  recognize  them.     When  he  received  fine,  typical  specimens,  now  in 
Montague's  herbarium,  of  the  plant  from  the  same  collector,  Sullivan,  he  referred  them  (as  they 
probably  are    to  Polyporus  varius. 

6  The  plant  is  usually  three  or  four  inches  in  diameter,  and  Berkeley  referred  to  Poly- 
porus varius  a  mood  specimen  that  he  got  from  Ohio,  typically  representing  the  American  plant, 
and  the  specimen  is  now  at  Kew,  mounted  on  the  same  sheet  with  a  specimen  from  Fries.    In 
another  cover  there  are  two  little  depauperate  plants  from  Lea,  the  small  one  about  the  size  of 
your  thumb  nail,  the  other  a  little  larger,  and  neither  fissile,  so  deformed  that,  if  they  belong  to 
this  species,  Berkeley  did  not  n'cognizt  them,  and  he  called  them  Polyporus  fissus.     If  he  got 
any  '"fissile"  ones,  they  are  not  now  preserved.    The  plants  are  so  deformed  that  it  is  hard  to 
say  whether  they  are  or  are  not  the  plant  Berkeley  usually  referred  to  Polyporus  picipes.    Mr. 
Murrill  decides  they  are,  though  Berkeley  never  knew  it,  and  on  such  evidence  would  change 
a  well-established  name.   It  appears  to  me  as  carrying  "priority"  a  long  ways  beyond  the  limit 
of  reason. 

375 


A  VISIT  TO  PROFESSOR  PECK. 

During  the  month  of  October,  last,  I  spent  a  couple  of  weeks  in 
the  study  of  the  specimens  (principally  polyporoids)  in  the  museum  at 
Albany.  Professor  Peck  has  gotten  together  a  fine  collection  well 
representing  the  fungous  flora  of  New  York. 

I  am  glad  to  state  that  Professor  Peck  is  well  and  vigorous  and 
busily  engaged  on  a  monograph  of  New  York  Pholiota  that  will 
probably  appear  in  the  next  Report.  I  consider  these  agaric  mono- 
graphs the  most  practical  and  best  literature  we  have  on  the  subject 
in  this  country,  and  if  they  are  finished  will  be  the  basis  for  all  future 
work  on  our  agarics.  In  my  opinion,  no  one  in  this  country  has  as 
good  a  field  knowledge  of  agarics  as  Professor  Peck,  and  I  hope  he 
will  put  forth  every  endeavor  to  leave  his  work,  as  Fries  did,  in  a 
complete  form. 

I  learned  a  number  of  polyporoids  that  Professor  Peck  has 
named,  which  I  had  not  known,  and  also  the  names  of  several  that 
I  have  received  from  correspondents  and  which  I  was  unable  to  de- 
termine. The  following  species  named  b)  Professor  Peck  I  consider 
very  distinct  and  good  "new  species,"  as  far  as  I  know: 

Polyporus  admirabilis 
albiceps 
albellus 

"  caeruleoporus 

crispellus 
delectans 

Polystictus  dualis 

Fomes  fraxinophilus 

Polyporus  hispidellus 

Polyporus  humilis 

Polystictus  planus 

Polyporus  volvatus 

I  have  not  included  the  Porias  in  the  above  list,  as  I  know  so 
little  about  the  Porias  at  present  that  I  do  not  pass  opinions  on  them. 

Polyporus  admirabilis  is  a  most  striking  plant,  which  seems  to  occur  only 
in  our  extreme  northeastern  states.  I  have  a  beautiful  specimen  collected  bv 
H.  E.  Warner  at  Grafton,  N.  H. 

Polyporus  albiceps  I  have  from  Dr.  Herbst.  Polyporus  albellus  I  have 
gathered  in  Vermont.  Polyporus  caeruleoporus  I  have  from  G.  U.  Hay  and  also 
from  J.  Vroom,  Canada.  It  is  as  rare  as  it  is  beautiful.  Polyporus  delectans  and 
Fomes  fraxinophilus  are  frequent  around  Cincinnati.  Polyporus  humilis  I  had 
from  Dr.  Glatfelter,  St.  Louis.  Polystictus  planus  from  Dr.  Whetstone,  Minne- 
apolis. Polyporus  volvatus  I  have  received  from  a  number  of  correspondents, 
including  one  collection  from  Japan. 

Polystictus  dualis,  I  have  collected  in  northern  Canada.  Mr.  Murrill  refers 
it  as  a  synonym  to  Polystictus  tomentosus,  to  which  opinion  I  can  not  subscribe. 
I  gathered  the  past  season  at  Lake  Temagami  (northern  Canada)  Polystictus 
circmatus  (which  Mr.  Murrill  refers  under  the  name  P.  tomentosus  I  very  abun- 
dantly, and  when  I  found  Polyporus  dualis  there  was  to  me  no  suggestion  even 

376 


of  the  other  plant.  The  microscope  shows  them  very  similar  in  structure,1  but 
they  are  so  different  in  form  and  habits  that  I  think  no  one  who  collects  them 
would  refer  them  to  the  same  species. 

As  to  the  following  I  am  somewhat  in  doubt.  They  seem  to  me 
too  close  to  other  species,  though  at  present  I  would  not  refer  them 
as  synonyms. 

Polystictus  balsameus  is  close,  I  think,  to  that  puzzling  pubescens-versicolor- 
velutinus-zonatus  group  that  gives  us  so  much  trouble.  It  has  no  resemblance, 
however,  to  Polystictus  pergamenus,  as  Mr.  Murrill  refers  it. 

Polyporus  flavidus  (which  was  changed  to  Peckianus)  is  apparently  a  rare 
plant  and  collected  by  Professor  Peck  but  once.  It  is  mesopodal,  greenish  yel- 
low, and  seemed  to  me  close  to  flavidovirens,  though  the  pileus  is  smooth, 
zonate. 

Polyporus  maculatus  (changed  to  guttulatus)  and  Polyporus  immitis,  semi- 
pileatus  and  undosus  all  belong  to  that  Apus  carnosi  section  of  Fries  concerning 
which  I  think  very  little  is  known  in  this  country. 

The  following  synonyms  have  long  been  a  part  of  the  current 
knowledge  of  American  fungi  and  most  of  them  Professor  Peck  has 
published : 

abortivus=distortus 
Beatiei=Berkeleyi 
hispidoides=Schweinitzii 
Morganii=radicatus 

The  following  have  been  mostly  published  by  others,  and  are 
well  known : 

Aurantiacus=fibrillosus,  as  published  by  Karsten  and  Bresadola.  While 
there  is  no  question  that  the  plant  Karsten  distributed  as  Polystictus  fibrillosus 
is  the  same  as  the  plant  Peck  named  Polyporus  aurantiacus,  the  latter  is  much 
the  better  name,  and  "a  plant  that  is  well  named  is  half  determined?  and  I  think 
the  plant  is  entitled  to  a  good  name.8 

Aureonitens  I  think  is  a  young  condition  of  radiatus  as  published  by  Mr. 
Murrill. 

Fragrans  I  would  consider  at  the  best  a  form  of  adustus.  The  dried  speci- 
mens are  indistinguishable,  but  this  form  ivhen  Jresh  has  a  pleasant  anise  odor. 
The  same  form  occurs  in  Europe. 

Glomeratus  is  nodulosus  of  Europe  ( not  radiatus  as  Mr.  Murrill  states). 
Nodulosus  is  given  by  some  authors  in  Europe  as  a  form  of  radiatus  but  appears 
to  me  very  different.  Fries'  illustration  of  it  is  not  good. 

As  to  griseus  I  am  in  much  doubt  I  have  seen  it  determined  as  leucomelas 
of  Europe  but  I  could  never  see  any  resemblance  to  Fries'  figure.  However, 
since  the  appearance  of  Boudier's  figure,  which  is  a  good  illustration  of  our  fresh 
American  plant,  as  I  remember  it,  I  am  beginning  to  think  it  is  the  European 
plant,  particularly  as  it  has  spores  that  are  exceptional  among  the  Polyporii 
and  Boudier's  plate  shows  such  spores. 

1  When  mycologists  write  learnedly  about  "  same  structure"  they  usually  mean  that  it  has 
the  same  spores  and  cystidia,  or  colored  setae,  but  that  is  not  true  in  this  case,  for  the  colored 
setae  of  dualis  are  peculiarly  curved  while  those  of  circinalus  are  straight. 

2  A  familiar  and  true  saying  of  my  friend,  the  late  Dr.  Herbst. 

:  Personally  I  have  not  much  sympathy  with  the  childish  argument  that  mycologists  are 


, right 

inherent  right  to  be  decently  named? 

377 


Polyporus  splendens  and  simillimus. — I  will  consider  these  plants  soon  in 
an  article  on  Polystictrs  perennis  and  related  species.  The  current  synonymy 
as  recently  compiled  by  Mr.  Murrill  is  very  inaccurate  and  does  not  at  all  agree 
with  the  type  specimens. 

Pomes  albogriseus  is,  I  think,  a  small  perfect  example  of  Fomes  officinalis 
( or  Fomes  laricis  as  you  wish )  but  I  am  in  doubt  about  it  because  I  have  not  a 
very  good  knowledge  of  the  latter  plant.  It  was  called  Polyporus  by  Fries  and 
put  in  the  section  with  betulinus.  The  specimens  I  have,  show  distinctly  the 
annual  zones  and  I  would  class  it  as  a  Fomes  though  much  softer  context  than 
Fomes  in  general.  My  specimens  have  no  "crust"  which  is  evident  in  Fomes 
albogriseus.  Professor  Peck's  plant  has  externally  the  same  shape  and  appear- 
ance as  our  common  Fomes  fomentarius,  but  the  context  which  is  soft  and  pure 
white  suggests  to  me  only  officinalis. 

No  specimens  of  the  six  following  are  thought  to  exist  in  Pro- 
fessor Peck's  collection.  Some  years  ago  the  specimens  were  all 
moved  to  inadequate  quarters  in  the  Capitol  building  and  some  of 
them  had  to  be  boxed  and  stored.  They  are  supposed  to  have  been 
lost  during  this  confusion. 

Polyporus  anceps 

Bartholomaei 

Burtii 

lactifluus 

Macouni 

perplexus 

Polyporus  Burtii  from  Peck's  description  is  apparently  too  close  to  Poly- 
porus adustus  and  Mr.  Murrill  has  so  referred  it  as  a  synonym. 

Polyporus  lactifluus  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  Berkeley!  but  it 
is  by  no  means  certain  that  Berkeley!  "exudes  freely  a  milky  juice"  even  when 
young.4  It  was  described  by  Professor  Peck  as  having,  globose,  echinulate  spores 
and  Berkeleyi  is  the  only  American  species  known  with  such  a  character.  Besides 
it  agrees  otherwise  with  Berkeleyi,  except  as  to  the  "  milk." 

No  specimens  exist  of  Polyporus  perplexus  and  Profesor  Peck  tells  me  he 
has  never  collected  it  but  once.  Polyporus  cuticularis  is  a  common  plant,  and 
has  been  familiar  to  Professor  Peck  for  years,  as  it  is  to  every  other  mycologist 
who  collects  fungi  late  in  the  season.  It  has  almost  always  been  known  in  Amer- 
ican mycology  as  Polyporus  cuticularis,  and  I  believe  without  question  correctly.* 

After  Professor  Peck  was  familiar  with  the  plant  for  years  he  made  a  collec- 
tion that  he  thought  was  «<Vthis  species  and  called  it  Polyporus  perplexus.  The 
specimens  were  lost,  but  Mr.  Murrill  claims  that  he  can  decide  that  the  speci- 
mens lie  never  saw,  were  the  same  as  cuticularis  (of  American  mycology) 
and  that  Professor  Peck  who  did  see  them  and  decided  that  they  were  different 
was  mistaken.  Mr.  Murrill  must  have  had  recourse  to  some  occult  science  to 
reach  such  conclusions. 

Our  familiar  Fomes  that  grow  on  acerous  wood  with  flesh  colored  context 
called  Fomes  carneus  and  Fomes  roseus  are  often  held  to  be  the  same.  I  had 

4  The  only  reference  I  know  as  to  any  Polyporus  exuding  a  milky  juice  is  Mr.  Murrill's 
statement  "that  it  is  a  character  possessed  by  other  members  of  this  genus."     (Polyporus). 
It  is  unfortunate  that  the  species  are  not  specified  as  I  think  it  is  not  a  matter  of  general 
knowledge  and  I  question  if  it  is  true. 

5  it  is  badly  named  and  poorly  figured  by  Bulliard,  but  the  same  plant  grows  in  Europe 
and  is  known  there  to-day  as  Polyporus  cuticularis.    I  have  it  from  my  European  correspond- 

tits  under  this  name  and  have  collected  it  myself  in  France,  and  can  find  no  difference  worth 
mentioning  between  the  European  and  American  plants.  They  are  exactly  the  same  except  a 
very  slight  difference  in  the  spores  (of  the  two  specimens  I  compared'.  Both  have  elliptical. 
Smooth,  colored  spores,  in  one  s-6x  7  and  in  the  other  4^-5  x  7.  It  would  have  shown  poor  judg- 
ment to  have  claimed  that  this  constituted  a  specific  difference,  had  it  been  known  what  the 
difference  is. 


37* 


about  reached  that  conclusion,  but  in  conversation  with  Professor  Peck  he  tells 
me  he  thinks  we  have  two  species— one  a  thin  plant  (which  he  calls  carneus)  the 
other  a  thick,  ungulated  plant  with  a  crust  (which  he  calls  roseus)  and  that  he 
readily  distinguishes  them  in  the  field.  I  place  great  value  and  reliance  on  field 
observations,  and  atn  glad  that  Professor  Peck  has  called  my  attention  to  this.  I 
had  specimens  from  Professor  Burt  some  years  ago,  and  he  at  that  time  made  a 
distinction  between  them. 

A  cover  marked  "early  specimens"  contains  a  number  of  correc- 
tions made  by  Professor  Peck  of  his  early  determinations.  As  these 
names  are  part  of  the  literature  of  American  mycology  and  the  cor- 
rections have  not  been  published  P  append  a  list,  with  all  of  which 
I  agree. 

hirsutulus,  23rd  Report,  p.  83  =  hirsutus 
laceratus         "  "    84  =  pergameuus 

Carolinieusis"  "          "    83  =  biformis 

Sullivantii     "  "          "    84  =  pubescens 

cerifluus          "  "          "    83  =  borealis 

Trametes  piceinus  is  the  same  as  Trauietes  abietis  of  Europe,  and  is,  as 
generally  held,  a  thin,  conchoid  form  of  Trauietes  pini.  It  is  well  worthy  of  a 
separate  name,  however. 

Trametes  abietis  of  Professor  Peck's  determination  is  in  my  opinion  a 
trametoid  form  of  Lenzites  saepiaria,  but  Professor  Peck  does  not  agree  with 
me  in  this  instance.  There  is  no  record  of  this  specimen  being  fragrant.  It 
has  a  notation,  "  =  Trametes  odorata,  fide  Burt  in  Schweinitz's  Herb,"  which  is 
true,  but  the  plant  has  no  resemblance  to  Trametes  odorata  of  Europe. 

The  plant  determined  as  "  Merulius  Ravenelii,  B.  &  C."  is  the  same  plant  I 
have  collected  and  frequently  received  from  Europe,  known  there  now  on  Bresa- 
dola's  authority  as  "  Poria  taxicola,  Pers.  Poria  rhodella,  Fr.  desc.!  (not  Icon. 
T.  189  f.  2). "6 

I  found  in  Professor  Peck's  collection  a  rare  plant  which  was  hitherto 
known  in  the  United  States  only  from  a  couple  of  collections  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  called  by  Ellis,  Polyporus  alboluteus.7  Professor  Peck  found 
it  but  once  on  spruce  in  the  Adirondacks  and  recorded  it  (  4oth  Rep. )  as  Lenzites 
sepiaria  var.  dentifera.  His  specimens  are  a  subresupinate,  irpecoid  form  and 
are  the  only  collection  known  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

I  learned  a  great  deal  during  the  two  weeks  I  spent  with  Professor 
Peck,  and  am  grateful  for  the  information  acquired  and  the  courtesies 
extended  to  me. 


CHANGE  OF  SEX.— A  young  lady  in  the  East  has  recently  discovered  that 
Lactarius  should  be  feminine,  Lactaria,  instead  of  masculine  as  mycologists  for 
a  hundred  years  have  supposed.  She  probably  thinks  it  is  feminine  because  it 
gives  milk. 

6  As  Bresadola  puts  an  exclamation  mark  after  Poria  rhodella,  I  think  it  would  have  been 
better  to  have  adopted  that  name.  It  appears  to  me  there  should  be  two  doubtful  marks  put 
after  Poria  taxicola.  One,  because  it  has  little  resemblance  to  Persoon's  figure.  The  other, 
because  1'ersoon  described  it  as  "  immarginatum  "  and  the  most  prominent  character  is  its 
broad,  white  margin.  I  would  use  a  name  after  which  I  felt  like  placing  an  exclamation 
mark  rather  than  a  doubtful  one  however  "prior"  the  latter  may  be. 


379 


MYCOLOGICAL  JOKES.—"  I  do  not  know  what  No.  3  are  unless  they  prove 
to  be  puff  balls.  I  found  them  near  other  puff  balls,  so  send  them  along.  They 
grew  singly  and  in  a  group  of  three,  glaring  white,  very  viscid,  white  inside  and 
intensely  bitter  to  the  slightest  taste.  They  were  one  half  larger  than  when 
dried.  Found  September  gth,  1906,  on  lawn."  Specimens  No.  3  are  gelatin 
coated  quinine  pills.  I  at  first  thought  my  correspondent  sent  them  as  a  catch 
for  the  purpose  of  tripping  me,  but  am  convinced  now  she  was  honestly  mis- 
taken in  thinking  they  were  "  puff  balls." 

Another  correspondent  sent  me  a  box  of  cigars,  with  the  suggestion  that 
they  were  probably  a  new  species  of  phalloid,  and  wanted  me  to  give  them  a 
name.  I  did  not  comply  with  the  latter  request,  but  I  took  pleasure  in  smoking 
the  cigars. 

Another  sent  me  a  candy  specimen  of  Boletus,  very  life-like,  and  stated  he  was 
unable  to  determine  it.  I  turned  it  over  to  my  friend  Professor  McGinty,  and  he 
has  named  it  "  Boletus  saccharinus  McGinty,  new  species."  I  think  the  "diag- 
nosis" has  not  yet  been  published. 


Fig.  195.    LYCOPERDON  PIRIFORME. 

LYCOPERDON  PIRIFORME.— We  publish  the  above  photograph  from  E. 
E.  Bogue,  Michigan,  as  it  impresses  us  as  representing  unusually  well  the  habits 
of  the  common  Lyroperdon  piriforme.  You  are  pretty  safe  in  referring  the  "puff 
balls"  that  you  find  growing  in  this  manner  on  an  old  stump  or  log  to  Lycoper- 
don  piriforme. 

THE  GENUS  CYPELLOMYCES.— Professor  Patouillard  writes  me:  "1 
have  read  your  note  on  the  Cypellomyces.  This  genus  is  not  different  from 
Phellonna,  and  the  figure  given  of  the  basidia  and  spores  represents  inaccurate 
observation." 

As  I  stated  in  my  review  of  the  article,  I  do  not  believe  any  Gastromycetes 
produces  spores  such  as  Spegaxxini  shows.  I  can  not  see  how  the  science  of 
mycology  is  advanced  by  the  production  of  these  imaginary  pictures  for  the 
purpose  of  bolstering  up  alleged  "  new  species  "  and  "  new  genera." 


specie? 
380 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

BY  C.  G.  LLOYD. 

No.  30. 

CINCINNATI,  O.  FEBRUARY,  1908. 


CONCERNING  THE  PHALLOIDS. 

PHALLUS  IRPICINUS  (Plate  116,  Fig.  4  and  Fig.  211).— We 
have  received  a  specimen  of  this  plant  in  alcohol  from  Dr.  Chas. 
Bernard,  Buitenzorg,  Java.  It  is  a  common  plant  in  Java,  but  not 

known  from  other  regions.  We 
are  quite  well  satisfied  now  that 
it  is  the  same  plant  that  Berkeley 
called  Phallus  merulinus.1  In  gen- 
eral appearance  Phallus  irpicinus 
conforms  to  others  of  the  section 
of  the  genus  Phallus  with  veils, 
but  no  other  species  is  known 
with  the  same  pileate  structure. 
The  external  surface  of  the  pileus 
(see  fig.  211,  which  is  an  enlarge- 
ment six  diameters),  is  convo- 
luted, and  the  gleba  covers  the 
interspaces  between  these  folds.2 
This  structure  is  somewhat  simi- 
lar to  that  of  the  genus  Itajahya, 
and  both  might,  with  good  reason 
be  classed  together  as  a  genus,  or 
put  as  a  section  of  Phallus.  The  best  account  of  Phallus  irpicinus 
has  been  given  by  Penzig  in  his  article  on  the  Javanese  phalloids. 

CLATHRUS  TRKUBII  (Fig.  212).— Dr.  Charles  Bernard,  Buit- 
ienzorg,  Java,  favors  us  with  an  alcoholic  specimen  of  his  recently 
named  species,  and  also  a  photograph  of  an  unusually  large  speci- 
men (which  is  reduced  one-third).  We  have  already  given  a  figure 


Fig.  211. 
Pileus  surface  of  Phallus  irpicinus  x  6. 


'  No  specimen  of  Berkeley's  exists,  and  he  never  formally  "  described  "  it,  so  I  presume 
he  will  have  to  lose  the  name  and  the  advertisement  in  connection  with  it.  There  is,  how- 
ever, no  doubt  about  the  truth.  First.it  is  a  common  plant  in  Java,  where  Berkeley's  speci- 
men came  from,  and  second,  the  phalloids  of  Java  are  well  known,  and  no  other  species  occurs 
'there  which  conforms  to  his  remarks, — "  the  reticulations  of  the  pileus  are  gill-like  and  och- 
iraceous  head  rivulose.  It  occurs  at  all  seasons,  and  appears  to  be  the  most  frequent."  It  is 
'certain  that  Phallus  merulinus  is  not  a  synonym  »or  Phallus  indusiatus,  as  stated  by  Fischer. 
[Berkeley's  name  is  a  much  better  name  than  Phallus  irpicimis,  and  for  that  reason  might  be 
jtaken,  though  not  fully,  in  keeping  with  the  latest  rules. 

2 This  is  very  much  the  same  hymenium  nature  as  the  genus  Merulius,  and  Berkeley's 
•name,  therefore,  was  not  inapt.  I  can  see  no  resemblance  to  the  genus  "Irpex,"  and  consider 
'the  name  very  badly  chosen. 


331 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


Fig.  212- 
CLATHRUS  TREUBII. 

The  upper  figure  is  a   large  specimen  reduced  one-lhird. 
manner  in  which  the  plant  breaks  up  when  old. 

382 


figure  *\ 


and  account  of  this  plant  on  page  334.  It  is  a  very  distinct  species 
with  large  meshes,  and  the  primary  arms  somewhat  columnal.  It  is 
known  only  from  Java.  Dr.  Bernard  also  sends  me  a  photograph 
illustrating  the  manner  in  which  the  old  plants  break  up.  The 
arms  above  in  the  clathrate  portion  are  reduced  in  diameter,  and  in 
old  specimens  they  break  apart,  and  the  primary  arms  separate. 
With  the  aid  of  photography  Dr.  Bernard  has  given  us  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  this  species. 


Fig.  214. 
Simhlum  Texense 


SIM  BLUM  GRACILE   (Fig  2 13). —We  are  glad  to   piestnt  a 

photograph  of  Simblum  gracile  received  from  Dr.  Charles  Bernard, 

Java.     It  is  a  common  and  well  known  plant  in  Java  and  has  been 

;  well  illustrated  by  Penzig.     The  species  is  of  particular  interest  to  us 

|  in   the   United   States  because  the   question    has  been   raised  as    to 

I  whether  it  is  the  same  as  our  American  species  Simblum  Texense. 

|  I  am  satisfied  now  it  is  quite  distinct,  for  all  of  the  Javanese  illustra- 

!  tions  show  a  globose  head  contracted   into  the  stem,   and  different 

i  meshes  from  our  American  plant.     The  difference  will  be  better  ap- 

!  preciated    by    comparing  Dr.  Bernard's   figure  (Fig.  213)  with    that 

from  Professor  Long,  (Fig.  214).     Little  is  known  about  the  original 

383 


species,  Simblum  periphragmoides  of  Mauritius '  but  Hooker's  figure, 
which  is  well  borne  out  by  the  specimen  now  at  Kew,  differs  very 
much  from  both  of  these  species,  and  I  think  we  have  three  yellow 
Simblums  quite  distinct  and  worthy  of  names.  Simblum  flavescens 
as  illustrated  by  Berkeley  from  a  colored  figure  by  Kurtz  (now  to 
be  found  at  Kew)  is  I  think  the  same  as  Simblum  gracile. 

THAT  RED  LYSURUS.— Mr.  Harold  Murray,  of  the  Man- 
chester Museum,  of  Manchester,  England,  writes  me  that  the  red 
Lysurus  that  he  found  is  really  white,  merely  having  red  arms.  Mr. 
Murray  is  disposed  to  refer  it  to  Lysurus  Clarazianus  of  South 
America.  I  suspect  if  we  really  knew  the  truth  about  the  matter  all 
''species"  of  described  Lysurus  (except  L.  Mokusin)  would  be 
found  to  be  very  much  the  same  thing. 

COLUS  HIRUDINOSUS  (Figs.  215  and  216).— Thanks  to  Rev. 
C.  Torrend,  who  sent  us  alcoholic  material,  we  are  enabled  to  give 
photographs  and  enlargements  of  this  phalloid.  We  have  always 
felt  that  the  familiar  figure  of  Tulasne,  usually  reproduced,  does  not 
represent  this  plant  as  well  as  does  the  most  of  Tulasne's  work,  and 
the  original  cut  by  Cavalier  was  very  poor.  As  will  be  seen  from  the 
figure,  Colus  hirudinosus  is  a  clathrate  plant,  the  clathrate  receptacles 
being  supported  on  columns  which  are  reunited  at  the  base  into  a 
stipe.  Rev.  Torrend  informs  me  that  he  finds  specimens  almost 
devoid  of  a  stipe  and  suggests  that  the  plant  might  be  classed  as  a 
Clathrus.  It  is  a  small  phalloid,  our  figure  216  representing  the 
natural  size  of  the  specimens  received  in  alcohol.  The  color  is  bright 
red  and  the  plant  is  said  to  be  very  slightly  foetid.  We  think  our 
photographs  will  tell  the  rest  of  the  story. 

HISTORY  AND  DISTRIBUTION.— Colus  hirudinosus  is  only  known  from 
the  Mediterranean  regions2.  It  was  first  collected  in  Corsica  by  a  man  named 
Soleirol,  in  1820,  who  sent  the  specimens  to  Montague  and  the  specimens  are 
now  in  Montague's  herbarium,  labeled  in  his  writing — "Clathrus  hirudinosus 
Nobis".  It  was  published  by  Cavalier  and  S6chier  fifteen  years  later  under  the 
name  Colus  hirudinosus3  from  specimens  that  were  collected  in  the  vicinity  of 
Toulon,  France.  Father  Torrend  finds  it,  not  infrequently,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Lisbon,  Portugal.  It  is  known  from  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the  Pyrenees  and 
from  Algeria  and  as  previously  stated  was  first  collected  in  Corsica.  The  orig- 


1  It  is  evidently  a  rare  plant  in  Mauritius  and  Chas.  O'Connor  who  is  now  observing  the 
fungi  of  Mauritius  has  not  as  yet  found  it. 

2  Notwithstanding  that  Cooke  copied  Tulasne's  figure  and  included  it  in  the  Australian 
Handbook  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  plant  ever  grew  in  Australia. 

3  While  the  plant  is  advertised  as  "Cavalier  and  Sechier"  it  is  evident  to  me  it  should  bear 
the  trade  name  of  •'Montague"      Cavalier  and  Sechier  were  local  men  who  undoubtedly  got  all 

heir  information  from  Montagne  and  the  fact  that  they  used  the  specific  name  on  Montague's 
specimen  was  surely  not  a  mere  coincidence.  They  did  not  mention  Montagne  in  their  article 
but  took  all  the  credit  ?  to  thems.lves  which,  however,  is  customary  in  such  conditions. 


384 


Fig.  215. 


Fig.  217. 


Fig.  216 


Fig.  216.  Colus  hirudinosus,  natural  size. 

Fig.  215.  Same  without  volva,  enlarged  x 

Fig.  218.  Jansia  rugosa,  natural  size: 

Fig.  217.  Same,  pi leus  enlarged  x  6. 


385 


Fig.  218. 


inal  collectors  found  it  only  on  manure5  but  Father  Torrend  advises  me  he  does 
not  find  it  in  such  situations,  but  in  the  sand. 


LYSURUS  BOREALIS. — We  have  received  a  beautiful,  large 
dried  specimen  of  this  phalloid  from  Mr.  Geo.  B.  Fessendeu,  of  Boston. 
We  present  a  photograph  of  it  (Fig.  219),  in  order  to  show  what  can 
be  done  in  drying  phalloids  if  they  are  carefully 
dried.  We  believe  everything  can  be  learned 
from  this  specimen  of  Mr.  Fessenden's  that 
could  be  learned  from  the  growing  plant,  par- 
ticularly as  he  favors  us  with  a  memorandum 
of  its  colors  when  fresh.  Mr.  Fessenden's 
specimen  convinces  us  pretty  thoroughly  of  the 
correctness  of  the  opinion  we  have  previously 
taken  that  the  species  of  Lysurus  originally 
from  Ceylon,  called  Lysurus  Gardneri,  and 
then  from  Australia,  called  Ant  hunts  austra- 
liensis,  and  then  from  this  country,  called  An- 
thurus  borealis,  are  all  one  and  the  same  plant. 

MUTINUS  ELEGANS.— Mr.  C.  C.  Han- 
mer,  of  Connecticut,  has  forwarded  us  some 
eggs  of  Mutinus  elegans  in  a  younger  condition 
than  the  section  we  showed  in 
our  Plate  93.  The  disposition 
of  the  gleba  in  the  very  young 
egg  is  different  from  what  we 
had  supposed.  It  is  a  thick 
layer  surrounding  the  upper 
portion  of  the  young  stipe, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  220,  made 
from  Mr.  Hanmer's  speci- 


FIQ.  ma. 

Lysurus  borealis  (fror 
dried  specimen). 


Fig.  220. 


Fig.  221. 


men.     At  a   later  stage  the  stem  elongates  and  pushes  up  throu0 
the  gleba,  as   shown    in   Fig.  221,  which   was  made  from   the  egg 
the  same  species  in  a  later  state. 


3  We  stated  in  our  "Phalloids  of  Australasia"  that  it  "grows  only  on  manure",  which 

develops   is  erroneous.     We  had   this   impression    from    the   notes   of  the    original    collec 

soleirol   who  stated  that  it  differs  from  Clathrus  cancellatus  in  its  habitat.     He  found  it 

Corsica  originally,  only  "sur  les  bouses  de  vaches"  and  later  specimens  he  sent  were  "sur 

fientes  d'animaux". 


386 


PHALLUS  DUPLICATUS  OF  MAURITIUS.— Those  who 
have  compared  our  figures  222  and  223,  originally  printed  on  page 
371  of  Mycological  Notes,  may  reasonably  question  if  they  represent 


Fio    223. 


Fij.  222. 


the  same  species.  One  of  the  problems  constantly  confronting  the 
systematist  is,  what  amount  of  variation  may  be  allowed  the  same 
species.  We  should  be  better  able  to  judge  of  this  matter  if  \ve  had 
abundant  collections  of  phalloids  from  the  tropics,  and  could  com- 
pare the  reticulations  of  the  pilei.  However,  wre  would  rather  err  on 
the  side  of  liberality  than  of  narrowness  in  the  consideration  of 
species.  There  is  no  more  difference  in  the  reticulations  of  the 
Mauritius  form  and  the  American  form  that  we  have  called  Phallus 
duplicates  than  there  is  in  the  illustrations  of  Phallus  indusiatus, 
as  shown  in  Moeller's  photographs  from  Brazil,  and  Mr.  Moeller  states 
he  finds  there  all  connecting  forms.  The  pileus  of  Mr.  O'Conner's 
species,  Fig.  222,  is  very  similar  to  that  represented  by  Penzig  as  a 
phalloid  from  Java,  which  he  called  Phallus  favosus,  but  that  species 
has  no  veil.  The  Mauritius  form  does  not  have  as  strong  an  apical 
collar  as  the  American,  and  it  perhaps  would  have  been  better  to 
have  given  it  a  separate  name  to  indicate  this  form. 

JANSIA  RUGOSA  (Fig.  218  and  Fig.  217  enlarged  six  diame- 
ters).— In  a  fine  lot  of  alcoholic  phalloids  that  Dr.  Bernard  sent  us 
from  Java  is  a  specimen  of  Jansia  rugosa  which  was  so  beautifully 

387 


illustrated  by  Penzig.  The  genus  Jansia  is  very  similar  to  the  genus 
Mutinus,  but  the  gleba-bearing  portion  differs  markedly  from  the 
stipe,  being  more  of  the  nature  of  a  pileus  at  the  apex  of  the  stipe. 
In  this  species  as  will  be  seen  from  our  enlargement  (Fig.  217)  it  is 
strongly  rugulose  and  the  plant  is  well  named.1  There  are  two 
species  of  Jansia  in  Java,  as  fully  brought  out  in  Penzig's  paper. 
Both  are  very  small  plants  and  the  other  species  Jansia  elegans  is  less 
frequent.  (See  Figures  on  page  385). 

HISTORY. — There  is  no  question,  as  Fischer  has  learned  from  examination 
of  the  types  at  Berlin,  but  that  this  is  the  same  plant  as  called  Floccomutinus 
Nymanianus  and  poorly  illustrated.  As  both  the  name  and  the  work  were  poor 
we  prefer  to  adopt  the  better  work  done  by  Penzig.  Whether  or  not  the  genus 
Jansia  is  the  same  as  the  genus  Floccomutinus,  it  is  difficult  to  decide  from  the 
original  figure  and  description  of  the  latter  genus.  From  Fischer's  work  they 
seem  to  me  distinct.  There  is  another  alleged  species  by  Cesati  from  Borneo, 
Mutinus  borneensis,  which  I  suspect  will  eventually  prove  to  be  the  same  as 
Jansia  rugosa. 

TORRENDIA  PULCHELLA. 

We  are  pleased  to  give  figures,  illustrating  this  unique  genus, 
which  are  made  from  alcoholic  material  received  from  Rev.  C.  Tor- 
rend,  Portugal.  The  genus  Torrendia  is  something  out  of  the  ordi- 
nary and  is  widely  removed  from  ail  previously  known  Gastromycetes. 
It  is  a  fleshy  plant  most  nearly  related  I  think  to  the  Hymenogasters, 
but  with  the  general  appearance  (see  Fig.  224)  of  a  little  Amanita. 
It  is  enclosed  in  a  volva  when  young  that  in  the  mature  plant  remains 
as  a  cup  at  the  base.  The  stem  lengthens  as  the  plant  develops  from 
the  egg  and  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  pileus.  The  pileus  is  a  con- 
vex hemispherical  cap  of  a  soft,  fleshy  nature,  homogeneous  to  the 
eye,  but  under  the  microscope  is  seen  to  consist  of  chambers  filled 
with  hyaline  spores.  The  spores  (Fig.  225)  are  narrowly  elliptical, 
hyaline,  smooth,  with  granular  contents  and  measure  about  6  x  16 
mic.  The  entire  plant  is  pure  white  and  the  size  is  shown  in  our 
Fig.  224. 

HISTORY  AND  DISTRIBUTION.— There  is  but  one  species,  Torrendia 
pulchella,  known  and  it  was  described  in  1901.  It  grows  in  the  sand  and  has 
only  been  collected  by  its  discoverer,  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  in  Portugal.  It  has  no 
very  close  relations  to  any  other  known  plant,  differing  from  most  Gastromy- 
cetes in  not  having  pulverulent  spores;  from  all  phalloids  in  the  permanent 
chambers  of  the  pileus;  and  from  the  Hymenogasters  entirely  in  its  pileate 
nature.  Being  restricted  as  far  as  known  to  the  Iberian  peninsula  it  is  very 
appropriately  named  after  Rev.  C.  Torrend  who  has  done  so  much  to  make 
known  the  mycology  of  this  region. 

WANTED  EGGS. — Should  any  of  uiy  friends  find  the  undeveloped  eggs  of 
Lysurus  borealis  (or  Anthurus  borealis  as  often  called)  I  hope  they  will  do  me 
the  favor  to  send  me  a  few  in  formalin  or  alcohol.  I  should  like  to  "study  the 
structure". 

1  That  is  specifically.  Generically  it  was  named  after  a  local  botanist  of  Java.  Dr.  Pen- 
zig missed  an  opportunity  when  he  did  not  name  the  genus  after  the  phaenoganvc  genus  Piper 
>t  the  tropics,  for  the  gleha-bearing  portion  has  the  same  general  appearance  as  the  fruit  of  the 
genus  Piper,  and  it  would  have  been  a  most  excellent  name  for  it. 


388 


Fig.  224. 


Fig.  225. 


Fig.  226. 


Fig.  227. 


TORRENDIA  PUI.CHELLA. 


Fig.  224  natural  size. 
Fig.  226  enlarged  x  4 


Fig.  225  Spores    x  1000.' 

Fig.  227,  section  enlarged  x6. 


3«9 


THE  GENUS  MATULA. 

There  has  been  a  very  bad  muddle  made  with  reference  to  the 
genus  Matula,  as  found  in  the  latest  text-books,  Saccardo,  and  Engler 
and  Prantl.  This  can  be  traced  originally  to  ambiguous  work  on  the 
part  of  Berkeley.  The  genus  Matula  is  a  curious  genus,  closest,  I 
think,  to  the  Nidulariaceae.  It  consists  of  little  cup-shaped  plants, 
looking  superficially  like  a  little  Peziza.  The  color  is  white,  or  pale, 
and  the  texture,  when  dry,  is  rather  hard  and  horny,  though  when 
fresh  ard  moist  is  said  to  be  somewhat  gelatinous.  The  spores  are 
very  numerous,  and  seem  to  fill  almost  the  entire  interior  of  the  plant. 
They  are  contained  in  cells  or  chambers,  and  the  walls  of  the  cham- 
bers in  the  plants  partially  persist  and  partially  disappear.  Fig.  229 
is  by  Massee,  showing  his  idea  of  an  enlarged  cross  section  of  a  cup. 
I  do  not  know  the  method  of  dehiscence,  but  Father  Rick,  in  one  of 
his  letters  to  me,  mentions  it.  I  have  never  seen  a  plant  that  had 
opened.  The  spores  remind  me  of  those  of  the  large-spored  species 
of  Cyathus.  They  are  perfectly  globose,  18  to  20  mic.,  hyaline  with 
thick  spore  walls  (about  3  mic.).  They  do  not  appear  to  me  to 
be  basidial  spores  (neither  do  Cyathus  spores,  cfr.  Nidulariaceae,  p.  6). 
Mr.  Fetch,  of  Ceylon,  who  has  studied  their  development  writes  me 
that  they  are  borne  singly  on  side  branches  of  indefinite,  long 
hyphae,  with  nothing  resembling  a  basidia.1  They  seemed  to  be 
packed  very  densely  in  the  chambers  of  the  plant. 

RELATIONS.— The  relations  appear  to  be  entirely  with  the  Nidulariaceae. 
The  spores  are  the  same,  but  are  contained  in  chambers  in  the  tissue,  not  in 
separate  peridioles.  The  structure  is  very  much  like  that  of  Torrendia.  The 
genus  has  no  relations  to  the  Thelephoraceae,  where  it  is  placed  (in  a  foot  note) 
in  Saccardo. 

HISTORY.— When  Berkeley  wrote  on  the  plants  of  Cuba,  he  established  a 
<renus  Michenera  in  the  Thelephoraceae,  and  called  the  species  Michenera  Arto- 
creas.2  It  had  peculiar  "  lemon-shaped  "  large  spores,  borne,  of  course,  on  the 
surface  (and  now  demonstrated  to  be  conidial  spores).  The  genus  Matula, 
Berkeley  first  received  from  Ceylon,  and  he  made  a  new  genus  for  it,  Artocreas, 
and  called  the  plant  Artocreas  poroniaeformis.  It  had  the  spores  in  cells  in  the 
interior  of  the  plant,  as  Berkeley  knew,  for  there  is  a  sketch  (by  Broomei 
showing  such  structure  with  the  type  specimen.  Berkeley  made  no  reference 
to  it,  however,  and  states  "a  species  of  the  same  very  distinct  genus,  Artocreas 
Micheneri,  occurs  in  the  United  States."  As  Artocreas  Micheneri  appears  to  be 
simply  a  transposition  of  the  previously  published  Michenera  Artocreas,  it  has 
been  usually  assumed  that  the  genus  Artocreas  was  an  inadvertent  publication, 
and  that  Berkeley  intended  to  write  Michenera,''5  hence  the  Ceylonese  species  is 
included  in  Michenera  in  Saccardo  and  Engler  and  I'rantl,  though  it  has  not 


'When  the  genus  Matula  was  established  it  was  said  to  have  basidia,  in  fact,  a  picture 
was  shown  of  them.  I  am  afraid  a  good  deal  of  such  work  is  largely  made  up,  and  I  would 
>ersonally  prefer  to  rely  on  the  observations  o.f  Mr.  Fetch.  It  is  a  subject,  however,  I  know 
nothing  about. 

-  "  The  genus  Michenera,  as  far  as  the  type  species   M.  Artocreas'i  at   least  is  concerned, 
can  not  be  accepted.    Michenera  Artocreas,  as  shown  by  culture,  is  undoubtedly  merely  a  conid- 
ol  a  Corticium,  probably  C.  subgiganteum."— W.  G.  FARLOW. 

3iJjh,ad  that  imPress'on  myself  when  I  was  at  Kew.  and  did  not  investigate  as  closely  as 
I  should  have  done.    When  I  look  the  subject  up  now  I  note  that  Berkeley  does  not  cite  the 
lection  numbers  for  Artocreas  Micheneri  that  he  does  for  Michenera  Artocreas. 

390 


the  slightest  structural  relation  to  it.  Massee  afterwards  brought  out  the  genus 
Matula,4  and  gave  full  account  of  its  structure,  basing  it  on  the  Ceylonese 
species.  Saccardo  compiled  it  in  a  foot  note  under  the  Thelephoraceae,  which 
is  rather  a  strange  proceeding,  if  he  believes  Massee's  account.  I  do  not  see 
any  grounds  for  not  taking  the  genus  Matula,  unless  it  should  develop  that  the 
genus  does  grow  in  the  United  States,  and  that  Artocreas  Micheueri  is  differ- 
ent from  Michenera  Artocreas. 


Fig.  229 


Fig.  231. 


Fig.  230. 


Fig.  228,  plants  natural  size. 
Fig.  230,  cups  enlarged  x  6. 


THE  GENUS  MATULA. 

Fig.  229,  section  ol  cup  enlarged,  from  Massee. 
Fig.  231,  spores  and  section  enlarged  x  500. 


SPECIES.— There  have  been  two  species  of  Matula  proposed  (assuming 
that  the  plant  called  Artocreas  Micheneri  from  the  United  States  is  the  same 
as  Michenera  Artocreas  of  Cuba).  These  aie  Matula  poroniaeformis  of  Ceylon 
and  Matula  Rompelii  of  Brazil  (published  as  Michenera  Rompelii).  From  the 
relatively  scanty  material  that  I  have  I  can  not  say  whether  they  are  the  same 
or  not,  but  they  are  very  close.  They  have  the  same  shape,  color,  size,  struc- 


>The  name  is  more  appropriate  than  elegant. 
391 


ture  and  spores.5  The  only  difference  I  can  nole  is  that  the  Ceylonese  plant  has 
a  thicker  cup,  over  two  mm.  thick,  while  my  specimens  from  Brazil  are  a  scant 
mm.  thick.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  in  time  they  will  prove  to  be  exactly 
the  same  plant.6 

LIGHT  ON  BOVISTA  TOMENTOSA. 

Ever  since  we  began  work  with  the  puff  balls,  there  has  always 
been  one  species  of  Europe  that  was  a  mystery  to  us.  This  is 
Bovista  tomentosa,  as  illustrated  by  Vittadini  and  Quelet,  (cfr.  page 

263).  We  have  never  seen  any 
Bovista  from  Europe  with  a  tomen- 
tosc  cortex,  but  we  have  always 
had  faith  in  Vittadini's  work,  as  we 
have  worked  after  him  enough  to 
know  there  was  something  back  of 
everything  he  wrote,  and  that  Vit- 
tadini did  not  belong  to  that  class 
of  mycologists  who  imagine  things. 
We  believe  that  light  has  been 
thrown  on  Bovista  tomentosa  from 
specimens  received  from  Australia. 
It  is  a  long  ways  to  go  to  hunt  up 
evidence  as  to  European  plants. 
Flo  232.  The  genus  Bovista  is  a  rare  genus 

conexof  Bovista  tomentcsa  enlarged,  x  6.  in    Australia,    strange    to    say,    and 

neither    of   the    common  species    of 

Europe  and  America,  Bovista  plumbea,  nigrescens  and  Pila,  is  known 
to  occur  there.  I  found  at  Kew  a  single  collection  of  a  Bovista 
from  New  Zealand  named  by  Berkeley,  Bovista  brunnea.  It  had  a 
smooth  peridium,  and  was  well  named  brunnea,  as  its  chief  dis- 
tinction from  the  common  Bovista  plumbea  of  Europe  seemed  to  be 
that  the  peridium  was  brown.  Then  we  received  a  specimen  from 
some  unknown  friend  in  New  Zealand,  and  then  the  same  brown 
species  from  two  European  correspondents  (Professor  C.  Massalongo, 
Italy,  and  Professor  Jos.  Rompel,  Switzerland).  We  referred  the 
European  collections  to  the  New  Zealand  species.  Plants  since  re- 
ceived from  Walter  W.  Froggatt  and  also  Walter  Gills,  Australia,  are 
this  same  brown  species,  but  both  are  accompanied  by  young  speci- 
mens and  the  cortex  is  composed  of  small  spines  (might  be  called 
tomentose)  and  it  is  the  only  true  Bovista  that  does  not  have  a  smooth 
cortex.  (See  Fig.  232,  enlarged  x  6.)  We  feel  that  this  is  a  solution 
of  the  Bovista  tomentosa  puzzle  of  Europe  and  that  Bovista  brunnea  is 
an  old  specimen  of  Bovista  tomentosa.  I  ought  to  add  that  Dr.  Hol- 
los has  gotten  the  matter  right  as  far  as  the  European  species  is  con- 

5The  spores  of  both  species  are  unusually  uniform  in  size,  a  scant  2omic.,  ami  a  little 
smaller,  not  more  than  one  or  two  microns  in  the  Brazilian  plant  In  the  tvpe  specimens  I 
do  not  find  any  spores  over  20  mic.,  and  the  measurement,  "  24-28  mic.,"  is  too  large. 

6  When  Father  Kick  found  the  spores  of  his  plant  to  be  scarcely  20  mic.  in  diameter,  he 
was  justified  in  not  referring  it  to  the  Ceylonese  species,  described  as  ha'vint>  spores  "  24-28  mic." 
But  like  many  so-called  "new  species,""  it  will  develop,  I  think,  that  it  was  based  simply 
on  the  error  of  the  "old  species  " 


cerned  and  that  Fuckel's  Exsic.  No.  1884,  belongs  here  as  he  states, 
but  I  take  no  stock  in  his  reference  of  the  American  species,  Bovista 
minor  and  Bovistella  dealbata,  to  the  same  species. 

A  MAMMOTH  FORM  OF  LYCOPERDON 
PULCHERRIMUM. 

What  would  undoubtedly  have  been  a  "new  species",  had  it  been 
sent  separately,  was  received  from  E.  Bartholomew,  Stockton, 
Kansas.  It  was  a  large,  turbinate  plant  (See  Fig.  233)  more  of  the 


Fig.  233. 
Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum  (mammoth  form 


shape  of  a  Calvatia  than  of  any  Lycoperdon  of  our  eastern  states.  It 
had  exactly  the  same  cortex,  gleba  color,  capillitium  and  spores  as 
Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum  and  was  accompanied  by  smaller  plants 
that  are  exactly  our  usual  form  of  this  species.  We,  therefore,  have 
to  refer  it  to  our  eastern  species,  but  if  sent  alone  it  would  have  been 
a  good  "new  species".  Shape  and  size  do  not  seem  to  count  for 
much  in  the  puff  balls,  and  our  species  develop  more  luxuriant  forms 
in  the  west  than  in  our  eastern  states. 

393 


POLYSACCUM  ALBUM. 

When  I  examined  the  types  of  this  species,  which  are  small,  smooth 
and  white,  I  thought  it  was  a  young  specimen  of  Polysaccum  pisocar- 
pium,  and  have  so  referred  it  (Lye.  of  Aus.,  p.  12).  I  have  just 
received  from  R.  T.  Baker,  Sydney,  Australia,  two  fine  specimens 

(Fig.  234)  which  are 
mature,  and  appear  to  me 
as  being  different  from 
the  European  plant,  hence 
I  conclude  that  Polysaccum 
album  is  a  good  species  as 
"species"  of  Polysaccum 
run.  \Yhile  it  is  so  close 
to  P.  pisocarpium  that  it 
is  difficult  to  explain  the 
difference,  Mr.  Baker's 
specimens  are  white, 
smooth  and  firm.  When 
fresh  I  think  they  are  es- 
pecially liable  to  discolor- 
ation if  bruised,  and  the 
tissue  paper  in  which  they 
are  wrapped  is  stained,  and 
the  specimens  are  spotted 
black,  evidently  \v  here 
bruised.  It  is  probable 
that  Polysaccum  marmor- 
atum  is  based  on  this  char- 
acter which  all  "species"  of 
Polysaccum  seem  to  have,  of  spotting  when  bruised.  The  "type"  speci- 
mens of  marmoratum  are  rather  the  shape  of  crassipes  than  that  of  piso- 
carpium. The  genus  Polysaccum  consists  in  reality  of  one  polymorphic 
species,  and  it  is  a  simple  matter  to  so  designate  it  and  dump  all  the 
..pecific  names  into  one.  Different  collections,  however,  differ  so 
much  from  each  other  that  this  treatment  will  not  satisfy  the  average 
systematist  who  would  separate  the  marked  forms.  But  unless  his 
experience  is  limited,  he  will  be  embarrassed  to  definitely  refer  to  these 
forms  or  "species"  the  specimens  he  examines.  Contrasting  Mr. 
Baker's  specimen  with  the  usual  collection  of  Polysaccum  pisocarpium, 
it  differs  markedly  in  its  smooth,  white  peridium,  and  is  hence  a  good 
"species"  as  far  as  any  species  of  Polysaccum  are  "good." 

LETTERS. — The  Letters  we  have  issued  from  time  to  time  are  principally 
reports  of  specimens  received  and  are  not  sent  to  our  regular  mailing  list.  We 
have  sent  them  chiefly  to  those  whose  names  appear  in  the  reports  of  plants  in 
each  letter.  However,  those  desiring  to  complete  sets  for  binding  can  secure 
these  Letters  by  sending  request  to  the  Lloyd  Library,  No.  224  West  Court 
Street,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  specifying  the  numbers  missing  from  their  sets.  We 
have  just  reprinted  Letter  No.  i,  and  can  at  present  supply  any  of  the  back 
numbers.  Nineteen  Letters  have  been  issued  to  date. 

394 


Fig.  234. 


THE  GASTROMYCETES  OF  SCHWEINITZ'S 
HERBARIUM. 

During  a  recent  visit  I  made  to  Schweinitz's  herbarium,  I  studied 
his  specimens  of  Gastromycetes  very  carefully  with  reference  to  his 
published  determinations.  I  had  previously  worked  with  them,  but  it 
was  when  I  first  began  with  the  Gastromycetes,  and  I  feel  in  much 
better  position  to  pass  on  them  now  than  at  the  time  of  my  former 
visit. 

The  following  is  a  complete  account  of  the  specimens  preserved 
in  the  herbarium,  using  the  names  as  found  in  Schweinitz's  published 
list: 

Of  the  phalloicls,  only  Phallus  indusiatus  and  Phallus  duplicatus  exist. 
Both  are  in  too  poor  a  condition  to  pass  an  opinion  on,  but  a  veil  can  only  be 
plainly  seen  on  the  former. 

Tuber  cibarium  is  only  represented  by  a  fragment  from  Europe. 

Rhizopogon  albus  is  Rhizopogon  luteolus.  Rhizopogon  virens  is  very  scan- 
tily represented,  and  Rhizopogon  aestivus  is  probablv  not  a  Rhizopogon. 

Nidularia  striata  is  Cyatbus  striatus.  Nidularia  campanulata,  Nidularia 
Crucibulnm,  Nidularia  juglandicola,  and  Nidularia  scutellaris  are  all  the  same 
plant — Crucibulum  vulgare.  Nidularia  stercorea,  Nidularia  rnelanospernm,  and 
Nidularia  lugisperma  are  all  Cyathus  stercoreus.  Nidularia  fascicularis  is 
Cyathus  vernicosus.  There  are  no  specimens  of  Nidularia  pulvinata  in  the  col- 
lection but  one  from  Lusatia  (labeled  Nidularia  farcta),  which  is,  without  doubt, 
the  same  thing,  viz. :  Nidularia  pisiformis. 

Arachnion  album,  a  nice  type,  as  now  well  known. 

The  next  thirteen  species  in  Schweinitz's  list,  with  the  exception  of 
Sphaerobolus  stellatns  (which  is  correct),  are  none  of  them  nowadays  held  to 
belong  to  the  Gastromycetes.  Only  half  of  them  are  now  represented  in  the 
herbarium. 

Elaphomyces  cervinutn  and  Sclerodernia  spadiceum  are  both  Elaphomyces, 
I  judge,  but  as  to  the  species  I  can  not  say,  as  I  am  not  informed  as  to  the 
Tuberaceae. 

Scleroderma  citrinum  and  Sclerodernia  verrucosum  are  both  Sclerodernia 
aurantium.  Scleroderma  Cepa  and  Scleroderma  polyrhizon  are  both  Sclerodernia 
Cepa.  Scleroderma  Lycoperdioides  is  not  represented,  and  I  have  always  sus- 
pected, from  the  description,  that  it  is  the  common  species  which  we  now  kr.ow 
as  Scleroderma  tenerum.  As  I  become  more  familiar  with  this  species,  I  am 
more  convinced  that  it  was  the  plant  Schweinitz  had,  but  unfortunately  there  is 
no  specimen  to  confirm  it. 

"  Uperrhiza  Boscii"  —  there  is  no  specimen.  I  think  no  one  knows  what 
plant  Bosc  figured  under  the  name. 

Mitremyces  lutescens— there  are  four  specimens  on  the  sheet.  One,  a  young 
specimen,  full  of  spores;  the  other  three  have  the  peridia  broken  away,  and  are 
little  more  than  rooting  bases.  The  young  specimen  is,  externally,  typically 
Mitremyces  Ravenelii,  and  the  spores  confirm  it.  On  scraping  the  broken  plants, 
I  obtained  the  same  oblong  spores,  and  I  am  assured  now  that  the  plants  are  all 
Mitremyces  Ravenelii.  Schweinitz  was  so  clear  in  his  writings  that  I  can  not 
but  feel  he  had  a  correct  knowledge  of  Mitremyces  lutescens,  notwithstanding 
the  contradictory  evidence  of  his  herbarium,  and,  it  will  readily  be  seen,  that  I 
would  have  good  grounds  to  juggle  the  accepted  definitions  of  the  Mitremyces 
species  on  the  evidence  of  Schweinitz's  herbarium,  if  I  were  so  disposed.  Mitre- 
myces cinnabarinus  is  typically  that  plant. 

Actinodermium  Sterrebeckii  is  Sclerrderma  Geaster. 

Geaster  pectinatus  is  doubtfully  correct.  The  endoperidium  is  not  enough 
pedicellate.  More  probably,  I  think  it  is  an  old  specimen  of  Geaster  Archeni, 


395 


the  exoperidium  reflexed,  the  fleshy  layer  gone,  so  as  to  give  the  endoperidium 
a  subpedicellate  effect.  Geaster  quadrifidus  is  Geaster  coronatus,  a  large  speci- 
men, and  a  rare  plant  in  the  United  States.  Geaster  minimus  is  the  type  of  tliis 
well-known  species;  Geaster  rufescens  is  as  we  now  know  it.  Geaster  hygro- 
metricus  and  Geaster  fibrillosus  are  both  the  former. 

Bovista  gigantea  is  wrong.  It  has  lilac  spores,  and  is  Calvatia  lilacina. 
Bovista  craniiforrnis  is  Calvatia  craniiformis,  as  now  known.  Professor  Morgan 
told  me  that  before  adopting  the  specific  name  he  tent  a  plant  to  Philadelphia 
and  had  it  compared  with  Schweinitz's  type.  Bovista  uigrescens  is  Bovista  Pila. 
Schweinitz  could  hardly  have  been  expected  to  distinguish  between  these  two 
species,  as  it  is  solely  a  microscopic  spore  difference.  Bovista  nigrescens  is  not 
known  to  occur  in  the  United  States.  Bovista  plumbea  has  the  general,  external 
appearance  of  being  correct,  and  I  think  I  so  passed  it  on  my  previous  visit. 
The  microscope  shows,  however,  that  it  has  entirely  different  capillitium  and 
spores,  and  is  an  immature  Catastoma,  the  same  species  as  the  next.  Bovista 
Candida  is  Catastoma  circumscissum,  as  now  known.  This  plant,  and  its  larger- 
spored  form,  have  been  taken  to  be  a  new  species  at  least  a  dozen  limes,  and  in- 
cluding the  juggled  ones,  has  probably  twenty  different  names.  Schweinitz's 
name,  Candida,  is  the  earliest  one  I  have  thus  far  succeeded  in  unearthing.1 

Lycoperdon  pratense  is  not  in  good  condition,  but  is,  I  think,  old  decorti- 
cated specimen  of  Lycoperdon  cruciatum.  Lycoperdon  echinatum,  from  its  white 
spines,  is  Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum.  Lycoperdon  piriforme  is  correct,  and  also 
Lycoperdon  quercinum  is  a  form  of  it.  Lycoperdon  excipuliforme  and  Lycoper- 
don perlatum  are  both  Lycoperdou  gemmatum.  L^operdon  utriforme  is  too 
fragmentary  to  name. 

Tylostoma  brumale  and  Tylostoma  squamosum.  It  would  be  hazardous  to 
pass  an  opinion  on  such  specimens  as  these.  The  former  is  too  large  to  be  typi- 
cal of  the  European  plant  (mammosum). 

The  remainder  of  Schweinitz's  Gastromycetes  are  all  Myxomycetes,  hence 
do  not  fall  in  my  line  of  work. 

DO  YOU  KNOW  A  FETID  PUFF  BALL?— I  am  told  by  Rev.  J.  Rick 
(now  in  Brazil)  that  he  once  collected  in  Holland  a  Lycoperdon  that  was 
truly  fetid  when  fresh.  We  know  that  Bonorden  described  a  Lycoperdon 
foetidum,  but  he  found  so  many  new  species  that  no  one  else  ever  found  that 
we  have  not  placed  much  stress  on  any  of  his  "finds."  Rev.  Rick's  observations, 
however,  can  be  relied  upon,  and  I  hope  mycologists  in  Europe  will  be  on 
the  lookout  for  a  fetid  puff  ball. 

LATIN  TERMS. — In  our  work  on  the  Nidulariaceae  we  used  several  Latin 
words  where  the  English  would  have  been  better.  Thus,  "funiciiliis"  for 
funicule,  "tunica"  for  tunic.  We  did  not  do  this  to  show  the  little  Latin  we 
may  know,  as  we  do  not  question  that  we  show  how  little  that  is  quite  fre- 
quently without  intention.  We  wrote  the  article  at  Paris,  out  of  touch  with 
English  dictionaries  and  our  reference  works  (Tulasne  and  Saccardo)  were 
in  Latin.  We  did  not  know  what  the  corresponding  English  words  were  for 
these  terms,  nor  in  fact  if  there  were  any. 

THE  "CAPILLITIUM"  OF  NIDULARIACEAE.- None  of  the  Nidulariaceae 
have  capillitium,  although  it  has  been  a  tradition  of  the  subject  ever  since  De 
Toni  mis-read  Tulasne's  account  and  defined  Cyathus  as  having  "sporae  filamen- 
tis  nnmixtae".  Dr.  H611os  on  Plate  28  shows  spores  and  "capillitium"  of  several 
species.  What  he  takes  for  capillitium  is  the  hyaline,  nodular  strands  of  the 
fumculus,  and  have  the  same  relation  to  capillitium  that  a  kite  string  has  to  the 
frame  work  of  a  kite.  You  must  not  believe  everything  you  see  in  print,  nor 
all  the  pictures,  even  if  they  are  put  forth  as  "science". 

„  ..J.  profe,ssor  McGiuty  writes  me  that  he  calls  it  "CatRstoma  canrtidum  Schw.  McOinty." 
or  EuroC1eana-uan<lerslm  (Sc''W'  McGinty."  depending  on  whether  he  is  writing  for  American 

396 


MYCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 


BY    C.    G.    LLOYD. 

No.  31. 

CINCINNATI,  O.  AUGUST,  1908. 


PROFESSOR  A.  P.  MORGAN. 

TY  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


PROFESSOR  A.  P.  MORGAN. 

As  we  look  back  over  the  past  few  years,  it  is  appalling  to  con- 
sider the  inroads  that  have  been  made  among  our  American  mycol- 
ogists  by  death.  First  we  lost  J.  B.  Ellis,  then  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst, 
then  Professor  A.  P.  Morgan,  then  Professor  L.  M.  Underwood,  and 
finally  W.  A.  Kellerman.  We  hope  to  present  photographs  of  all 
these  mycologists  in  the  next  few  issues  of  Mycological  Notes. 

Professor  Morgan  was  indeed  a  good  friend  of  mine,  and  it  was 
he  who  first  gave  me  an  introduction  to  the  study  of  mycology. 
He  resided  at  Preston,  Ohio,  which  was  only  a  short  distance  from  Cin- 
cinnati, and  many  pleasant  visits  I  have  made  to  his  home.  He  was 
very  much  of  a  philosopher,  and  pursued  the  study  of  mycology  solely 
as  a  mental  recreation.  Years  ago,  before  I  knew  him,  he  was  in- 
terested in  educational  work,  but  his  health  failed  under  the  strain 
and  he  very  wisely  put  aside  the  strenuous  life,  and  retired  to  a 
small  farm  for  rest.  His  mind  was  too  bright  to  rust  out,  and  he 
found  his  pleasure  in  studying  the  secrets  of  Nature.  He  was  some- 
what hampered  in  the  pursuit  of  his  studies  of  fungi  by  a  scanty  li- 
brary and  the  lack  of  museum  facilities,  but  he  accomplished  more  in 
his  practical  isolation  than  most  men  have  done  under  most  favor- 
able conditions.  His  first  good  work  was  with  the  Gastromycetes, 
and  he  was  really  the  first  one  who  made  a  close  stud}'  of  them. 
He  established  a  number  of  genera,  all  of  them  based  on  the  best 
structural  grounds,  and  they  were  permanent  additions  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  subject.  In  my  work  with  the  Gastromycetes,  I  have 
worked  after  no  one  who  displayed  a  keener  insight  into  the  correct 
principles  of  classification  of  these  plants.  After  he  had  finished  the 
Gastromycetes,  he  took  up  the  Myxomycetes,  but  as  to  the  merits  of 
his  work  with  this  family,  I  am  not  competent  to  say. 

The  portrait  we  present  is  an  amateur  production,  taken  by 
myself,  and  shows  Professor  Morgan  just  as  I  found  him  in  his  work- 
ing garb.  As  far  as  I  know,  there  is  no  other  recent  photograph  of 
him  excepting  the  one  which  was  published  by  Professor  Keller- 
man, which  was  likewise  an  amateur  portrait. 

MILK  IN  POLYPORUS. 

In  a  footnote  I  have  expressed  a  doubt  of  any  Polyporus  being 
supplied  with  milk.  Mr.  P.  L.  Ricker,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  has 
kindly  advised  me  that  he  finds  milk  in  the  Polyporus,  generally 
known  as  Polyporus  resinosus.  It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  this 
plant  distills  drops  of  liquids  when  young  as  do  other  polyporoids, 
such  as  Polyporus  cuticularis  and  particularly  Polyporus  dryadeus. 
However,  the  drops  are  aqueous  and  have  no  suggestion  of  milk. 
Mr.  Ricker  states  that  when  the  young  plant  is  broken  a  milky  juice 
always  appears.  I  am  not  entirely  convinced,  but  take  pleasure  in 
putting  Mr.  Ricker's  observation  on  record,  and  the  next  time  I  find 
young  specimens  I  shall  do  a  little  investigating. 

398 


THE  PHALLOIDS  OF  JAPAN. 

In  the  beginning  we  wish  to  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  to 
the  following  gentlemen  for  notes,  drawings  and  photographs  from 
which  this  article  is  written. 

Professor  Kusano  for  seven  colored  drawings  and  specimens  in 
alcohol,  also  (Fig.  242)  a  photograph  which  we  reproduce  of  Later- 
nea  bicolumnata. 

Professor  M.  Gono,  for  notes  and  two  colored  drawings. 

Professor  A.  Yasuda,  for  notes  and  published  plates  of  two 
species. 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

ist.  The  simple  stem  section.     Gleba  borue  on  a  pileus  on  top  of 

a  simple   stem Phallus 

Gleba  borne  directly  on  the  upper  portion  of  a  simple  stem  .    Mutimis 

2d.  The  lobed  section.     Gleba  borne  on  free  arms  at  top  o!  a  simple 

stem Lysurus 

3d.  The  columnar  section.     Receptacle  consisting  of  simple,   verti- 
cal columns  united  at  the  top Laternea 

In  the  following  list  of  the  seven  phalloids — all  that  are  cer- 
tainly known  to  us  to  grow  in  Japan — we  give  the  Latin  name  and 
follow  it  by  the  Japanese  name.  The  latter  we  have  taken  from 
Matsumura's  list  or  from  the  notes  of  our  correspondents.  In  some 
cases  we  suspect  these  Japanese  names  have  been  switched.  Thus, 
it  is  strange  that  Phallus  rugulosus  should  have  two  common  names, 
and  Phallus  impudicus,  a  more  common  and  larger  species,  should 
have  none.  We  should  consider  it  a  favor  if  our  Japanese  readers 
will  advjse  us  of  any  errors  as  to  these  common  names  or  of  other 
mistakes  that  may  occur  in  this  account. 

PHALLUS  INDUSIATUS.— Komuso-take;  Kinugasa-take; 
Sikedake.  Pileus  broadly  cainpanulate,  rather  faintly  reticulate, 
furnished  with  a  permanent  apical  collar,  color  dark;  veil  (indusium) 
protruding  from  under  the  pileus  and  surrounding  the  stem,  con- 
sisting of  a  fine  network,  color  white;  stipe  white. 

History. — Phallus  indusiatus  is  a  frequent  plant  in  many  warm  countries' 
It  can  be  known  at  once  among  the  Japanese  species  by  its  strongly  developed 
veil.  It  is  recorded  in  Matsumura's  list  as  Dictyophora  phalloidea  from 
Tokio,  but  the  authority  for  it  is  not  stated.  I  have  a  colored  figure  of  it  from 
Professor  Gono  of  lyo.  The  typical  form  of  Phallus  indusiatus  usually  occurs 
in  warm  countries,  and  Professor  Gono's  figure  is  typical  of  the  type  form. 
In  America,  in  the  more  temperate  regions,  it  takes  a  slightly  different  form, 
called  Phallus  duplicatus.  As  we  have  seen  no  figure  of  the  form  from  Tokio, 
we  can  not  say  as  to  which  it  should  be  referred. 

PHALLUS  IMPUDICUS.— Pileus  rather  narrowly  campanu- 
late,  strongly  reticulate  with  a  strong  apical  collar,  color  dark;  veil 
none  or  only  rudimentary;  stipe  white. 

History. — Phallus  impudicus  is  the  original  phalloid  known  from  Europe 
where  it  is  very  common.  In  the  United  States  it  is  much  more  rare,  and  takes 
with  us  only  a  pink  form  known  as  Phallus  imperialis.  It  occurs  in  Matsumura's 

400 


JAPANESE  PHALLOIDS. 


Fig.  236. 

Phallus  indusiatus. 


Fig.  237 
Phallus  impudicus. 


list  as  Ithyphallus  impudicus  ("Linnaeus)  Fries,"1  from  Tokyo.  Professor 
Yasuda  has  published  a  good  figure  of  it  in  "  Cryptogamae  Japonicae  Iconibus 
Illustratae"  (plate  70).  Phallus  impudicus  can  be  readily  recognized  among 
the  Japanese  species  by  its  strongly  reticulate  pileus  and  the  absence  of  a 
veil.  Professor  Kusano  sends  me  a  drawing  from  which  I  judge  the  Japanese 
plant  is  almost  identical  with  the  type  form  of  Europe,  and  he  states  it  is  a. 
very  common  species  in  Japan. 

PHALLUS  RUGULOSUS.— Kitsune-no-efude,  Kitsune-no- 
egakifude.  Pileus  narrowly  campanulate  or  thimble-shaped,  almost 
even  or  slightly  rugulose  with  a  small,  globose,  apical  collar;  color 
dark;  veil  none;  stem  reddish. 

History. — Phallus  rugulosus  is  described  by  Professor  Fischer  from  Jap- 
anese specimens  and  is  known  only  from  Japan.  It  is  similar  to  Phallus  im- 
pudicus in  its  colorings,  but  it  is  a  much  smaller  species,  and  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  relatively  smooth  pileus.  Professor  Yasuda  has  given  a  good 
figure  of  it,  Plate  28  of  Iconibus.  We  have  a  colored  figure  of  it  from  Pro- 
fessor Kusano  and  specimens  in  alcohol.  Professor  Kusano  informs  us  it  is  a 
very  common  species  in  Japan. 

PHALLUS  TENUIS  (no  common  name).— Pileus  very  thin, 
campanulate,  rather  strongly  reticulate,  bright  yellow  color ;  veil 
none;  stipe  white. 

History. — This  was  described  by  Professor  Fischer  originally  from  Java. 
It  is  readily  recognized  in  the  genus  Phallus,  being  the  only  species  with  a 
yellow  pileus.  I  have  a  drawing  from  Japan,  from  Professor  Kusano,  and  it  is 
the  first  record  of  the  species  in  Japan.  It  evidently  occurs  very  rarely,  and 
grows  on  rotten  wood. 

PHALLUS  AURANTIACUS.— Hebi-no-ando.— Wehavenopersonalknowl- 
edge  of  the  occurrence  of  this  plant  in  Japan,  but  it  is  recorded  by  Dr.  Hen- 
nings,  and  is  a  frequent  species  of  many  warm  countries.  It  can  be  readily 
recognized,  as  in  shape  it  closely  approximates  our  figure  of  Phallus  rugulosus, 
but  both  the  stipe  and  the  pileus  are  red. 

MUTINUS  BONINENSIS.— The  genus  Mutinus  consists  of  a 
simple  stem,  bearing  the  gleba  on  the  upper  portion.  The  Japa- 
nese species  was  originally  described  from  the  island  of  Bonin.  It 
will  readily  be  recognized  from  our  illustration.  Professor  Kusano 
sends  us  a  colored  figure,  and  a  specimen  in  alcohol.  The  original 
species  of  Mutinus  of  Europe,  viz.,  Mutinus  caninus,  has  also  been 
recorded  from  Japan,  but  I  suspect  the  record  was  based  on  this 
species.  If  it  occurs  in  Japan,  it  can  be  known  by  having  the  gleba- 
bearing  portion  strongly  differentiated  from  the  stem,  which  is  not 
the  case  with  Mutinus  boninensis. 

LYSURUS  MOKUSIN.— Kitsune-no-yefude.— The  genus  Ly- 
surus  consists  of  a  simple  stem,  bearing  free  arms  at  the  apex.  In 
the  Japanese  species  the  stem  is  strongly  fluted.  In  my  opinion 
there  are  but  two  species  of  Lysurus:  one  of  them  with  a  cylindri- 


iThe  correct  citation  would  be  "Linnaeus,  Fischer,"  for  Flies  never  recognized  any 
such  genus  as  Ithyphallus. 

402 


JAPANESE  PHALLOIDS. 


V 


Fig.  238. 
Phallus  rugulosus. 


Fig    239. 

Phallus  tenuis. 


403 


Fig.  240 


Mutinus 
boninensis. 


cal  stem,  Lysurus  Gardneri;  the  other  with  a  strongly  fluted  stem, 
Lysurus  Mokusin.     The  latter  only  is  known  from  Japan. 


Fig.  241. -Lysurus  Mokusin. 

History. — Lysurus  Mokusin  is  one  of  the  first  foreign  phalloids  published. 
It  was  crudely  figured  in  1774  by  Father  Cibot,  a  missionary  in  China.  Our 
illustration  is  taken  from  a  photograph  made  from  a  specimen  in  alcohol,  to 
be  found  in  the  Museum  of  Paris,  which  had  been  collected  in  Japan,  by  Dr. 
Harmond.2  We  also  have  drawings  of  the  plant  from  Professor  Gono  and 
Professor  Kusano.  It  is  therefore  probably  not  a  rare  species,  but  it  is  not 
recorded  in  Matsumura's  list.  Professor  Gono's  drawing  shows  the  plant  with 
a  white  stem  and  red  arms.  We  do  not  know  that  the  color  has  been  pre- 
viously recorded. 

2This  was  determined  and  published  as  Lysurus  Beauvaisii,  but  I  am  unable  to  see  the 
slightest  difference  on  which  to  base  a  species. 

404 


LATERNE  A  BICOLIJMN  ATA.— Receptacle  consisting  of  two 
columns  united  at  the  top,  and  free  at  the  bottom.  Columns  slightly 
compressed,  cylindrical,  tapering  above.  Gleba  attached  to  the 
under  side  of  the  columns  near  the  apex.  Color,  pale  reddish. 

History. — We  are  under  obligations  to  Professor  Kusano  for  the  photo- 
graph reproduced  herewith  from  which  the  description  has  been  made.  In 
my  opinion,  it  is  not  only  a  previously  unnamed  species,  but  it  is  the  first  time 
the  genus  Laternea  has  ever  been  recorded  from  Japan.  The  genus  Laternea 


Fig.  242. — Laternea  bicolumnata. 


is  principally  an  American  genus,  one  species,  Laternea  columnata,  being  very 
common  in  our  Southern  States  and  throughout  South  America.  There  is  a 
single  collection  of  Laternea  known  from  Africa,  but  we  believe  this  is  the 
first  record  of  the  genus  from  Asia.  The  genus  Laternea  usually  has  from 
four  to  five  columns,  and  we  base  this  species  principally  on  the  fact  that  it 
has  buttwo  columns.  Professor  Kusano  states  this  is  invariably  the  case.  There 
has  been  but  one  similar  plant  named  before,  viz.,  Laternea  pusilla,3  which 
Berkeley  described  from  Cuba.  It  is  very  similar  to  the  Japanese  species,  but 
is  a  tin}-  little  plant,  not  more  than  one-fourth  as  large  as  the  Japanese  species. 
But  a  single  specimen  of  it  is  known,  now  preserved  at  Kew.  Taking  into  con- 
sideration the  strong  discrepancy  in  size  and  the  remoteness  of  situation,  we 
feel  that  we  are  justified  in  naming  the  Japanese  plant  as  a  different  species. 


swhen  Professor  Fischer  wrote  the  first  paper  he  had  not  seen  the  specimen,  and  he 
referred  Laternea  pusilla  as  a  variety  of  Clathrus  cancellatus,  and  called  it  Clathrus  cancel- 
latus,  var.  pusilla,  which  was  rather  a  rash  proposition,  for  Laternea  pusilla  has  no  possible 
resemblance  to  Clathrus  cancellatus.  After  Professor  Fischer  had  gone  to  London  and  had 
seen  the  plant  he  corrected  his  name,  recognizing  it  as  a  good  species,  but  referring  it  to  the 
genus  Clathrus.  As  there  was  already  a  Clathrus  pusillus  he  renamed  it  Clathrus  Berkeley!. 
In  my  opinion  there  are  few  more  distinct  genera  than  Clathrus  and  Laternea,  and  I  feel  that 
it  Professor  Fischer  had  seen  the  plant  before  passing  an  opinion  on  it,  he  would  have  saved 
both  these  synonyms. 

405 


SOURCE  OF  THE  ILLUSTRATIONS  USED  IN 
THE  PRECEDING  ARTICLE. 

Fig.  236,  Phallus  iudusiatus,  Photograph  made  in  Samoa. 

Fig.  237,  Phallus  impudicus,  Photograph  made  in  France. 

Fig.  238,  Phallus  rugulosus,  Illustration  by  Professor  Yasuda. 

Fig.  239,  Phallus  tenuis,  From  drawing  by  Professor  Kusano. 

Fig.  240,  Mutinus  boninensis,  From  drawing  by  Professor  Kusano. 

Fig.  241,  Lysurus  Mokusin,  Photographed  at  Paris. 

Fig.  242,  Laternea  bicolumnata,  From  photograph  by  Professor  Kusano. 


HEWING  TO  THE  LINE. 

Outside  of  the  domain  of  pure  fiction,  I  believe  there  is  no  sub- 
ject in  which  the  literature  contains  such  a  small  proportion  of  truth 
as  does  that  of  mycology.  Under  the  present  system  of  using  plant 
names  for  advertising  purposes,  there  has  developed  a  class  of  writ- 
ers who  apparently  do  not  have  the  slightest  regard  for  the  truth  of 
the  subject,  if  they  can  advance  some  pretext  for  getting  up  new 
names  or  new  combinations  to  which  to  affix  their  own.  In  fact, 
much  of  the  so-called  mycological  literature  would  better  be  called 
mythological.  We  have  made  a  vigorous  war  on  this  situation  since 
it  has  become  apparent  to  us,  and  we  are  glad  to  see  that  others  are 
coming  to  our  aid. 

In  Ceylon  an  interesting  article  has  just  appeared  by  Mr.  Fetch, 
entitled  "Revision  of  Ceylon  Fungi."  Mr.  Fetch  handles  the  sub- 
ject without  gloves,  and  if  the  article  were  not  so  long  we  should 
be  glad  to  reproduce  it  in  full.  We  can  not  refrain  from  quoting  a 
single  sentence  to  give  an  idea  of  the  vigorous  way  in  which  the 
subject  is  handled.  When  mycologists  begin  to  tell  the  truth  about 
things  in  good  plain  English  there  is  hope  for  the  future.  It  is  in 
my  opinion  better  to  call  a  spade  a  spade  than  to  call  it  a  "pala," 
hoping  your  readers  will  not  recognize  it. 

"Berkeley's  Ceylon  species  and  genera  have  been  written  about 
on  several  occasions,  and  the  names  have  been  subjected  to  the  us- 
ual changes,  sometimes  after  an  examination  of  his  specimens,  but 
more  often  without.  In  consequence,  the  reduction  of  his  species 
to  synonyms,  after  an  examination  of  the  original  specimens  and 
drawings,  and  a  comparison  of  these  with  fresh  specimens,  intro- 
duces rather  curious  results.  For  example,  Berkeley  "described" 
the  same  fungus  three  times  as  Psalliota  trachodes,  Psalliota  pedilia, 
and  Psalliota  poderes.  Saccardo  leaves  the  first  in  Psalliota,  but 
puts  the  other  two  in  Chitonia,  while  Hennings  later  leaves  the 
first  two  in  Psalliota  and  Chitonia  respectively,  but  institutes  a  new 
genus,  Chitoniella,  for  the  third.  Yet  there  is  only  one  species! 
In  connection  with  this  name-changing,  it  may  be  pointed  out  that 
it  is  hardly  fair,  when  Berkeley  wrote  Agaricus  (L/epiota)  rubricatus 
B.  &  Br.  to  obtain  an  advertisement  by  writing  Lepiota  rubricata." 

406 


THAT  RED  LYSURUS. 

Mr.  Harold  Murray  of  the  Botanical  Institute  of  Manchester, 
England,  has  kindly  forwarded  me  a  photograph  made  from  alco- 
holic material  of  the  Lysurus,  with  red  arms,  that  was  found  at  Man- 
chester. Mr.  Murray  advises  me  that  the  plant  has  a  white  stem, 
and  in  my  opinion  it  is  simply  a  form  of  Lysurus  Gardnerii,  which 
I  believe  is  of  world-wide  distribution.  There  is  one  feature  in  his 
photograph  that  I  have  not  known  in  connection  with  Lysurus 


Fig.  243. — Lysurus  Gardnerii. 

Gardnerii,  viz.,  the  large,  tubular  structure  as  shown  in  cross  section. 
As  far  as  the  records  go,  the  stem  of  Lysurus  Gardnerii  should  have 
a  uniform,  cellular  structure.  However,  so  little  is  known  about  our 
phalloids  that  when  questions  of  this  kind  come  up  we  can  not  say 
whether  it  is  a  difference  that  exists  or  whether  it  is  a  character 
which  has  not  been  known  as  to  the  usual  plant.  I  shall  be  glad  if 
any  of  my  friends  who  may  find  species  of  Lysurus  will  pay  partic- 
ular attention  and  make  photographs  of  sections  of  the  stems. 

Since  this  article  has  been  in  type,  we  have  had  a  letter  from 
Professor  Fetch,  stating  that  the  arms  of  "  Lysurus  Gardnerii"  are 
joined  at  the  top  and  never  separate.  In  that  event,  our  concep- 
tion of  the  genus  is  entirely  in  error,  and  the  whole  account  would 
have  to  be  corrected.  There  is  nothing  about  the  type  specimens 
at  Kew  to  indicate  that  the  arms  were  ever  joined. 

407 


ANTHURUS  ASEROEFORMIS. 

We  are  very  much  pleased  to  be  able  to  present,  through  the 
kindness  of  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Melbourne,  Australia,  the  first 
photograph  that  has  been  published  of  this  rare  Australian  species. 
We  append  herewith  Professor  McAlpine's  description  of  the  fresh 
specimens,  which,  taken  in  connection  with  the  photograph,  gives 
us  a  perfect  idea  of  the  plant.  It  is  one  of  the  rare  phalloids  of  Aus- 
tralia, but  one  that  can  not  fail  to  be  recognized  by  any  of  our  Aus- 
tralian friends  who  may  meet  it  if  they  will  simply  bear  in  mind 
that  the  photograph  well  represents  the  plant  and  that  when  fresh 
it  is  red.  The  plant  is  extremely  fragile  when  fresh,  and  in  the 
photograph  one  of  the  arms  has  been  broken  off.  However,  it  is 
probable  that  the  plant  varies  as  to  the  number  of  arms. 

History. — This  plant  is  called  AnthurusMtillerianus,  form  aseroeformis.  by 
Professor  Fischer  in  his  Untersuchuugen,  1890,  and  he  gives  a  good  illustra- 
tion of  it  on  Plate  6.  He  referred  it,  I  think  with  considerable  question,  as  a 
form  of  Anthurus  Miillerianus,  figured  by  Kalchbrenner.  I  suspect  if  the 
truth  were  known  it  would  turn  out  to  be  the  original  of  Kalchbrenner's 
species.  Kalchbrenner  shows  quite  a  different  plant,  having  eight  arms  and 
a  distinct  cup  at  the  base,  cfr.  fig.  14  of  our  pamphlet,  The  Phalloids  of 
Australasia.  But  Kalchbrenner  got  his  original  idea  from  a  dried  specimen. 
He  was  a  good  artist,  in  that  he  drew  figures  to  represent  his  ideas  rather  than 
the  specimens.  If  you  will  compare  Kalchbrenner's  figure  with  the  photo- 
graph from  Professor  McAlpine,  you  can  readily  understand  how  Kalch- 
brenner may  have  gotten  an  erroneous  idea  of  the  plant  from  a  dried  speci- 
men. Kalchbrenner  called  the  plant  Anthurus  Miillerianus  and  I  presume  the 
"I  saw  it  first"  school  would  say  that  should  be  the  name  of  the  plant  without 
regard  to  how  big  a  blunder  Kalchbrenner  made  in  publishing  it.A 


DESCRIPTION   FROM   PROFESSOR  McALPINE,   DRAWN    FROM    THE 
FRESH  PLANT. 

Receptacle  with  hollow  stem,  expanding  above  into  five  arms,  directed 
upwards  and  outwards.  Stem  salmon  pink,  slightly  darker  at  top,  fully  three 
inches  long,  rugose  with  small  depressions  running  more  or  less  in  lines  and 
slight  ridges  running  cross-wise,  so  that  it  looks  as  if  divided  into  a  series 
of  squares,  about  y2  inch  in  diameter  towards  the  tapering  base  and  "s  inch 
at  top.  Arms  three  inches  long,  merging  into  stem  and  tapering  to  a  point, 
blood-red  on  inner  face,  convex  and  broken  up  into  larger  or  smaller  cavities, 
on  outer  face  there  is  a  continuation  of  the  color  of  the  upper  portion  of  the 
stem  and  gradual  darkening  until  toward  the  tip  it  is  blood-red  like  inner 
face  with  thickened,  slightly  raised  margins  and  central  furrow  broken  up  into 
small  cavities. 

Gleba  blackish  with  tinge  of  bronze  green,  extending  along  the  inner  sur- 
face of  each  arm,  but  not  covering  the  slender  tip. 

Volva  somewhat  cup-shaped,  about  as  long  as  broad  (i%  inches:  dirty- 
white,  splitting  at  the  apex,  tapering  towards  the  base  and  provided  there 
with  turfs  of  elongated  fibrous  roots. 

Spores  hyaline,  cylindrical  to  elongated  ellipsoid,  rounded  at  both  ends, 


5We  do  not 


e  do  not  print  these  criticisms  of  Kalchbrenner's  work  unadvisedly,  for  while  we 
know  nothing  as  to   the  original  of  Anthurus  Mullerianus  and  we  think  there  is  no  tvpe  in 
existence  we  do  know  that  Kalchbrenner  published  several  fake  pictures.    The  most  noto- 
lous  ot  them  was  the  picture  of  Secotium  excavatum,  based  on  a  Strobilomyces  and  so  drawn 
is-drawn  that  it  really  had  some  resemblance  to  a  Secotinm. 

408 


Fig    244 

Anthurus  aseroeformis. 


409 


sometimes  vacuolated  but  generally  homogeneous  contents,  6-8x2^-3  mic., 
occasionally  9  rnic.  long. 

A  solitary  specimen  growing  in  a  garden  among  violets,  near  Melbourne, 
Victoria,  April,  1907.  Forwarded  by  C.  French,  Jr.  It  had  a  very  disagree- 
able smell.  Owing  to  its  fragile  nature  one  of  the  arms  fell  away  and  only 
the  arm  to  the  right  in  the  photograph  shows  the  slender  tip. 


THE  RESULT  OF  KUNTZEISM. 

We  have  made  the  following  summary  of  a  recent  paper  by 
Mr.  Murrill: 

Number  of  juggled  names 339 — 83% 

Number  not  juggled '.    70 — 17 '/, 

Number  with  "Murrill"  added 332 — Si% 

Number  that  escaped 77— ig% 

The  full  objects  of  the  paper  being  set  forth  in  the  above  sum- 
mary, it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  comment  on  it,  but  we  present 
Professor  Sydow's  review  in  the  Annales  Mycologici  to  illustrate 
how  this  line  of  work  impresses  European  mycologists. 

"It  is  characteristic  of  this  work  that  hardly  a  single  species  is  enu- 
merated under  the  name  by  which  it  had  hitherto  been  known  and  used.  The 
reason  for  it  lies  principally  in  the  fact  that  the  heretofore  accepted  genera 
are  resolved  into  numerous  small  genera.  The  author  differentiates  between 
not  less  than  66  genera  of  Polyporaceae,  mostly  differing  from  each  other  by 
only  such  characteristics  as  heretofore  were  used  to  differentiate  between 
species.  This  procedure,  on  account  of  the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  prac- 
ticed by  the  author,  will  hardly  meet  with  the  approval  of  myrologists  at  large. 
Futhermore,  the  author  rigidly  adheres  to  the  principle  of  priority  which  fre- 
quently causes,  in  addition  to  the  change  in  the  name  of  the  genus,  also  one  in 
the  name  of  the  species  ;  thus  about  nine-tenths  of  all  species  mentioned 
bear  the  name  of  "Murrill"  as  author. 

Mr.  Murrill,  by  the  simple  process  of  inventing  a  lot  of  useless 
"genera"  and  juggling  many  names  of  the  host  of  (useless)  "genera" 
invented  before  him,  adds  his  name  (in  his  paper)  to  332  out  of  the 
409  species  that  he  considers.  Professor  Sydow  was  justified,  on  the 
face  of  it,  in  thinking  this  to  be  the  main  object  of  the  paper/  Mr. 
Murrill  is  not  the  first,  but  the  worst,  that  ever  engaged  in  this  kind 
of  work,  and  the  farce  of  the  whole  proceeding  is,  that  it  is  put 
forth  under  the  guise  of  producing  "stability"  in  nomenclature.  The 
only  effect  it  will  have  will  be  to  fatten  the  already  overgrown  and 
unwieldy  synonyms. 


A  new  Vireo. — I  note  that  Mr.  Oberholser  has  found  a  new 
Vireo  close  to  "Vireo  bellii  bellii."  Such  nomenclature  is  enough 
to  give  a  man  a  "bellii  bellii"  ache. 

•»Asa  matter  of  truth  Mr.  Murrill  himself  does  not  believe  in  such  foolishness,  nor  does 
any  one  else  who  has  an  elementary  knowledge  of  polyporoid  classification.  The  true  ex- 
planation comes  under  the  head  of  "Economic  Botany,"  that  is,  to  Mr.  Murrill. 

410 


A  POSSIBLE  MISTAKE  IN  JAPAN. 

According  to  the  Index  Plantarum  Japonicarum,  Calvatia  gigan- 
tea  (there  given  under  the  erroneous  name  of  Globaria  Bovista)  is  a 
common  species  in  Japan.  I  think  this  is  an  error.  In  fact,  I 
question  if  Calvatia  gigantea  grows  in  Japan.  The  "giant  puff  ball" 
of  Japan  is  not  the  same  as  the  "giant  puff  ball"  of  Europe  and 
America,  but  is  L,asiosphaera  Fenzlii,  which  was  considered  in  My- 
cological  Notes,  page  191,  Plate  19.  It  differs  from  Calvatia  gigan- 
tea in  its  peridial  characters  and  particularly  in  its  spore  characters, 
having  strongly  echinulate  spores,  while  those  of  Calvatia  gigantea 
are  smooth.  Professor  Kusano  writes  to  me  that  the  original  record 
in  the  Index  Plantarum  Japonicarum  was  from  specimens  that  grew 
in  the  Botanical  Garden  of  Tokyo,  and  he  sends  me  a  portion  of  the 
gleba  which  from  its  echinulate  spores  can  readily  be  determined 
as  L,asiosphaera  Fenzlii.  I  have  also  gotten  Lasiosphaera  Fenzlii 
from  Professor  A.  Yasuda,  cfr.  Letter  12,  and  it  is  the  only  giant 
puff  ball  of  which  we  have  any  authentic  record  of  its  occurrence  in 
Japan. 

There  are  a  number  of  Japanese  names  given  for  this  plant 
in  Matsumura's  list.  Professor  Gono  favors  me  with  the  English 
equivalents:  Yabu-dama,  jungle  ball;  Yama  dama,  mountain  ball; 
Hokori-take,  powdering  fungi;  Kemuritake,  Smoking  fungi. 


NOTELETS. 

Polyporus  alboluteus. — Mr.  Ellsworth  Bethel  kindly  informs  me  this  is 
quite  a  common  plant  in  the  high  mountains  in  Colorado,  being  found  just 
below  the  timber  line,  and  growing  so  far  under  logs  that  it  is  usually  over- 
looked. Inasmuch  as  it  is  covered  with  ice  and  snow,  it  has  atendency  to  bleach 
out  on  the  under  surface  which  gives  it  a  whitish  appearance.  I  made  a  crit- 
icism of  the  name  alboluteus  on  page  379  of  Mycological  Notes,  as  the  plant 
is  neither  white  nor  yellow,  and  I  am  still  inclined  to  think  it  is  a  very  bad 
name  for  it.  The  plant  is  orange,  and  from  Mr.  Bethel's  information  the 
"white"  appears  to  be  due  to  being  frost  bitten. 

Mutinus  caninus. — "I  see  in  one  of  your  notes  on  phalloids  that  you  are 
inclined  to  doubt  that  Mutinus  caninus  is  inodorous.  This  species  is  not  un- 
common here  in  Denmark,  and  while  not  absolutely  inodorous,  is  nearly  so. 
In  fact,  the  odor  is  so  faint  that  it  can  not  be  detected  at  a  distance  of  a  few 
centimeters." — Jacob  E.  L/ange. 

Fistulina  hepatica. — In  my  account  of  this  plant  I  have  compared  its  edi- 
ble qualities  to  that  of  a  piece  of  sole  leather.  Mr.  Edward  P.  Ely,  of  Minne- 
apolis, writes  me  he  finds  it  quite  frequently,  and  that  when  young  it  is  tender 
and  juicy,  and  he  is  fond  of  it  cut  in  slices  and  eaten  raw  with  mayonnaise 
dressing.  I  have  never  seen  it  growing  in  quantities  where  it  could  be  col- 
lected young,  but  can  testify  from  my  experience  that  it  has  very  little  edible 
value  when  mature. 

Dictyocephalos  curvatus. — I  was  under  the  impression  that  this  puff  ball 
was  only  known  from  a  single  collection,  but  Mr.  Bethel  informs  me  that  it  is 
found  quite  abundantly  in  the  arid  mesas  of  western  Colorado,  close  to  the 
Utah  line.  He  has  made  but  one  good  collection,  usually  finding  it  too  late 
for  good  specimens.  He  has,  however,  recognized  fragmentary  remains  in 
many  places. 

411 


Linnes  Hammarby. 


THE  HOME  OF  LINNE. 

There  still  exists  the  country  residence  of  Carl  von  Linne,  or 
Linnaeus,  as  he  is  usually  known  by  the  Latin  form  of  his  name. 
The  home  is  located  about  five  or  six  miles  from  Upsala,  and  is 
preserved  exactly  as  when  Linne  lived  there — the  same  furniture, 
the  same  pictures  on  the  walls,  even  the  clothing  that  Linne  wore 
hangs  in  the  closet.  The  illustration  above  is  taken  from  a  sou- 
venir postal  card  that  I  bought  from  the  attendant.  As  I  could  not 
speak  Swedish  with  her,  I  did  not  learn  to  whom  the  world  is  in- 
debted for  the  preservation  of  this  Linnaean  museum,  but  I  pre- 
sume it  is  under  the  care  of  the  Swedish  government.  Linne's 
living  house  and  his  study  rooms  are  in  the  building  directly  in 
front.  The  tree  shown  in  the  picture  as  before  the  house,  has  re- 
cently blown  down;  otherwise  I  think  the  illustration  presents  the 
same  scene  as  when  Linne  lived  there.  Not  shown  in  the  picture 
but  some  yards  back  in  the  woods  Linne  built  his  museum.  It  is 
a  square  building  with  a  single  room  about  twelve  feet  square,  and 
contains  his  library,  his  herbarium  case  and  other  cases  for  speci- 
mens. As  is  well  known,  the  specimens  are  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Linnaean  Society  at  London. 


412 


THE 

TYLOSTOMEAE 


ILLUSTRATED 
WITH  TWELVE  PLATES  AND  SIX  FIGURES 


By 
C.  G.  LLOYD 


CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  U.  S.  A. 

FEBRUARY,  IQO& 
U^iVSRHTY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


P.  HARIOT. 


The  work  on  this  pamphlet  was  done  at  the  Museum  of  Cryptogamic 
Botany,  Paris,  France.  Monsieur  P.  Hariot,  the  very  obliging  and 
courteous  curator  of  the  Museum  has  extended  to  me  every  facility  and 
aid  in  the  work,  and  in  grateful  recognition,  I  beg  to  dedicate  this 
publication  to  him. 


TYLOSTOMEAE. 


The  Tylostomeae  embrace  all  Gastromycetes  with  dry  spores,  hav- 
ing peridia  borne  on  distinct  stalks  that  are  not  prolonged  as  axes.  As 
thus  denned  it  is  a  very  natural  tribe  f  of  "puff  balls,"  differing  from 
the  Podaxineae  which  also  have  the  peridia  borne  on  stalks  which,  how- 
ever, are  continuous  as  axes  of  the  gleba  to  the  apices  of  the  peridia. 

GENERA  OF  TYLOSTOMEAE. 

We  would  divide  the  tribe  into  six  genera,  as  follows : 
Peridium  without  definite  mouth, 

Volva   none Queletia. 

Volva  thick,  permanent Dictyocephalos. 

Volva  not  permanent Schizostoma. 

Peridium  opening  circumscissilly, 

Gleba  with  capillitium  and  "annulated  cells" Battarrea. 

Gleba  without  these  characters Battarreopsis. 

Peridium  with  definite  mouths, 

Peridium  seated  on  the  broad  apex  of  the  stipe Chlampdopus. 

Stipe  inserted  into  a  "socket"  at  base  of  peridium     ....  Tylostoma. 

The  Genus  Queletia. 

This  genus  consists  of  a  single  known  species.  It  may  be  likened 
to  a  huge  Tylostoma,  having  the  same  colored  gleba,  and  the  stipe 
inserted  into  a  "socket"  at  the  base  of  the  peridium.  The  peridium 
does  not  have  a  definite  mouth,  but  breaks  irregularly  after  the  manner 
of  a  Calvatia.  The  genus  could  be  described  in  the  same  general  terms 
as  the  genus  Schizostoma,  but  the  plants  are  quite  different.  Queletia 
is  widely  different  from  Tylostoma  in  general  appearance,  size,  etc. 
Schizostoma  is  a  good  Tylostoma  save  as  to  dehiscence. 

QUELETIA  MIRABILIS  (Plate  10.  also  Fig.  77,  page  185).— 
Plants  from  3  to  7  cm.  in  diameter,  stem  8  to  15.  cm.  long.  Cortex 
apparently  a  thin,  white  coat  that  breaks  up  into  granular  particles  and 
mostly  disappears  from  old  specimens.  Endoperidium  firm,  hard,  brown, 
breaking  open  irregularly  when  mature.  Stem  inserted  into  a  "socket" 
at  base  of  peridium,  thick,  ragged  with  the  shreddy  scales  of  a  fibrillose 
cortex.  Gleba  dark,  rusty  brown.  Capillitium  light  colored,  subhyaline 
under  the  microscope,  tubular,  branched.  Spores  globose,  coarsely 
warted,  5-6  mic. 

t  Monsieur  Patouillard  tells  me  "c'est  peu  rationnel"  to  include  in  the  same 
tribe  Chlamydopus  and  Dictyocephalos,  which  have  permanent  basidia,  with 
Tylostoma,  etc.,  the  basidia  of  which  are  quite  different,  and  he  is  probably  right. 
As  Ions,  however,  as  the  basidia  of  so  few  "puff  balls"  are  known,  I  can  not  con- 
sider it  practicable  to  make  them  the  basis  of  classification  in  these  plants. 


This  plant  is  one  of  the  mysteries  of  the  puff  ball  world.  It  is 
only  known  from  four  collections  (all  undoubtedly  abventitious) ,  two 
made  in  France,  one  in  England  and  one  in  the  United  States.  (Cfr. 
Mycological  Notes,  pages  135,  185  and  217.) 

SPECIMENS  ix  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst. 
France,  Prof.  N.  Patouillard. 


The  Genus  Dictyocephalos. 

This  is  a  curious  genus,  known  from  a  single  collection.  It  has 
a  thick  volva,  remaining  as  a  cup  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  A  thick, 
woody  stem,  thickening  above  and  bearing  a  thick,  flattened,  pyramidal 
peridium. 

DICTYOCEPHALOS  CURVATUS  (Plate  11).— Volva  thick, 
persisting  as  a  cup  at  base  of  stem.  Stem  long,  hard,  woody,  tapering 
to  the  base  and  bearing  the  peridium  on  its  broad  apex.  Peridium 
thick,  rough,  hard,  flattened,  pyramid  in  shape  (supposed)  to  rupture 
irregularly.  Capillitium  septate,  colored,  branched.  Spores  subglobose, 
5-6  mic.,  warted. 

This  curious  plant  was  collected  bv  E.  Bethel  in  1897  at  Colorow, 
Colorado.  The  plants  grew  in  alkaline,  adobe  soil  in  a  semi-desert 
region.  The  specimens  are  preserved  in  the  Ellis  collection  at  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  and  no  others  are  known.  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes, 
page  136.) 

The  Genus  Schizostoma. 

Plants  resembling  the  genus  Tylostoma,  and  having  the  stem  inserted 
in  a  socket  at  base  of  peridium.  Peridium  thin,  fragile,  not  opening  by 
a  definite  mouth,  but  breaking  into  fragments  as  the  peridium  of  the 
genus  Calvatia. 

SCHIZOSTOMA  LACERATUM  (Plate  20).— Stem  long,  cylin- 
drical, inserted  into  a  socket  at  base  of  peridium.  Cortex  almost  com- 
pletely disappearing  from  mature  plant.  Peridium  thin,  fragile,  the 
upper  portion  breaking  away  irregularly  in  dehiscing.  Capillitium  long, 
tortuose,  intertwined,  aseptate,  deeply  colored,  branching  threads.  Spores 
globose,  4-5  mic..  finely  warted. 

This  plant  appears  to  be  frequent  in  equatorial  Africa  and  the 
original  type  specimens  are  found  in  the  museum  at  Berlin,  also  abun- 
dant collections  by  Schweinfurth  in  recent  years.  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes, 
page  192.) 

SYNONYMS.— Tylostoma  laceratum  (Fr.  Syst.  3.  44),  Tylostoma  Scluvdn- 
furthi  (Eng.  Jahr.  14-359),  Tylostoma  Karnbackii  (Mss.  .name). 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Africa,  collected  by  Schweinfurth  and  given  us  by   Dr.   Hemiin^s. 

4 


The  Genus  Battarrea. 


circumdsV'T  ?"*Tl  ''"    a    ™IvlL      Peri<li"m 

icissiiiy,  the  top  of  the  pendium  falling  awav 

borne  on   the   lower  convex   half  of   the   oerid'  n 

f^^:tf^^ti^£^^^ 

false  capillitium"  con- 
sists of  thick  cells  with 
the  walls  annulated  or 
spirally  thickened  which 
are  known  as  "annu- 
lated cells."  These  cells 
are  very  curious  and  no 
one  knows  what  office 
the}-  serve  to  the  plant. 
Nothing  similar  is  found 
in  other  known  genera, 
and  they  do  not  occur 
m  the  very  similar  genus 
Battarreopsis.  Prof.  E. 
V.  D.  Holway  has  pre- 
illustrates  these  cells 


O 


Fig.   1. 


pared  a  microphotograph  (Fig    1)  whjrh  v  a 
better  than  any  yet  published  f 


acters.  In  most  p  ant  the  u,  ne  ^  f  ^  tO-  ?ff°rd  the  best  char- 
to  the  volva,  anil  wh«  tK,^  b^^T  "  d°^  ^^ 
with  it  the  upper  half  of  the  peridii  m  th  T0"  !t  carries 

at  an  early  stage.  In  Bat  ariS  D  I',  Jlf  exl)c?sln&  the  gle'^  mass 
from  the  volva  and  "  e"  ' 

fallen  awav 


more  than  a  hundred  years  and  has  not  been  observed  in  recent  years. 
It  is  possible  that  the  old  botanists  have  mistaken  phalloid  eggs  for  those 
of  Battarrea. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— The  genus  Battarrea  is  of  wide  dis- 
tribution, though  the  individuals  are  of  rare  occurrence.  It  has  been  found  very 
rarely  in  England.f  and  is  known  from  but  one  locality  in  France.^  It  has  been 
collected  once  in  Italy,  but  is  not  known  from  the  remainder  of  Europe  except 
from  Russia  and  Hungary.  In  the  United  States  it  is  known  only  from  Arizona 
and  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  South  America  several  collections  are  known  and  three 
"species"  have  been  described.§  Two  collections  have  reached  Europe  from 
Africa  and  one  from  India. 

THE  SPECIES  OF  BATTARREA. 

BATTARREA  PHALLOIDES  (Plate  28).— Upper  part  of  the 
peridium  adnate  to  the  volva  and  falling  away  attached  to  the  volva. 
Volva  breaking  early,  sometimes  persisting  as  a  cup  at  the  base  of  the 
plant,  but  usually  absent  from  herbarium  specimens.  Capillitium  hya- 
line, abundant.  Annu»ted  cells  abundant,  60-80  mic.  long,  6-8  mic. 
thick,  with  thick  annular  markings.  Spores  subglobose,  granulose,  5-6 
mic.  This  is  the  original  species  discovered  in  England.,  The  stem 
is  slender,  8  to  12  inches  high  and  about  a  centimeter  thick.  It  is  covered 
with  fine  scales.  The  typical  form  occurs  in  England,  France,  Australia 
and  California. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

California,  L.  A.  Greata. 

l-rancc,  Ernest  Olivier,  Rev.  H.  Bourdot. 

BATTARREA  STEVENII  (Plate  28).— This  form  is  originally  known  from 
Russia.  It  differs  from  the  type  form  in  its  more  robust  growth  and  the  thick, 
lacerated,  coarse  scales  covering  the  stem.  It  is  unquestionably  only  a  large  form 
of  Battarrea  phalloides  and  can  not  be  distinguished  by  any  sharp  lines. 

t  It  has  been  noted  in  Grevillea  but  I  have  not  the  reference.  I  should  be 
thankful  to  any  of  my  English  correspondents  for  information  and  data  on  the 
occurrence  of  Battarrea  in  England. 

$  I  am  indebted  to  Monsieur  Ernest  Olivier  (who  is  the  only  botanist  in  France 
who  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  collect  the  plant)  for  some  fine  specimens  r.nd 
the  following  very  interesting  note: 

"C'est  le  -22  septembre  1892  que  pour  la  premiere  fois  j'ai  trouve  le  Battarrea 
phalloides  croissant  sur  le  sol  dans  1'interieur  d'un  chene  creux  sur  une  couche 
epaisse  de  debris  d't'corces  et  de  feuilles  decomposees.  Quelques  jours  apres.  j'en 
ai  retrouve  deux  individus  dans  les  m&mes  conditions  dans  1'interieur  d'un  autre 
chene  distant  du  premier  d'environ  500  metres. 

Ces  deux  chenes  sont  situes  dans  une  propriete  m'appartenant,  les  Ramillons 
pres  de  Moulins  (Allier). 

Depuis  cette  epoque.  chaque  ann£e.  j'ai  vu  le  Battarrea  au  nombre  de  plusirurs 
exemplaires  surtout  dans  1'interieur  du  premier  chene. 

Au  sortir  du  terreau.  ce  champignon  est  enveloppe  d'nue  volve  et  apparait  sous 
1'apparence  d'un  petit  oeuf;  le  stipe  grandit  rapidement  en  quelqeues  heures;  le 
volve  se  separe  en  deux  parties;  1'une  reste  au  pied  du  stipe  tandis  que  1'autre  est 
enlevee  en  1'air  recouvrant  le  chapeau;  elle  est  d'abord  molle.  mais  elle  se  dessec» 
bien  vite  et  tombe  a  terre  dCcouvrant  les  spores  innombrables  et  leur  permettaat 
de  se  repandre. 

Je  n'ai  jamais  vu  que  des  stipes  de  consistance  fibreuse  et  je  n'ai  pu  constater 
s'ils  sont  mous  au  debut  de  leur  croissance,  ce  que  je  serais  porte  ft  croire;  mais 
cette  croissance  est  tellement  rapide  que  je  n'ai  pu  surprendre  un  de  ces  champ 
gnons  dans  un  demi  developpement." 

§  One  author  seems  to  think  that  the  soil  of  South  America  is  wonderfully 
prolific  in  producing  "new  species."  At  least  everything  is  a  "new  species"  that; 
he  finds. 


SYNONYMS. — The  plant  was  originally  called  Dendromyces  Stevenii.  I  can 
not  note  any  distinction  in  the  type  of  Battarrea  Gaudichaudii  f'rom  Peru,  Battarrea 
Muelleri  from  Australia  or  Battarrea  lacinita  from  California. 

SPECIMEN'S  ix  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Russia,  A.  Jaczewski. 

California,  L.  G.  Yates,  L.  A.  Greata. 

BATTARREA  LEVISPORA  (Plate  75). -On  comparison  of  the  spores  of 
this  plant  with  those  of  the  previous  forms  they  are  found  to  be  notably  smoother, 
and  hence  I  consider  it  a  good  form.  This,  however,  seems  to  be  the  only  dif- 
ference. The  type  specimen  has  a  shorter  stem  than  the  form  Stevenii  and  a 
thicker  stem  than  the  form  phalloides.  It  is  known  only  by  one  collection  from 
India. 

BATTARREA  GUICCIARDIXIAXA  (Plate  74).— Volva  ample, 
large,  tardily  breaking,  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  kind  of  secondary 
volva,  an  inner  membrane  which  remains  clasping  the  base  of  the  plant 
as  a  subglobose  ball.  (See  Plate  74.)  Upper  half  of  the  periclium 
adnate  to  the  volva  and  falling  away  early.f  Stem  with  coarse,  thick, 
appressed  scales.  Gleba  with  more  "slender  (120x5-6)  anntilated  cells 
but  otherwise  same  character  as  typical  Battarrea  phalloides. 

HISTORY. — As  far  as  I  know  only  a  single  collection  of  this  species  has 
been  made,  in  a  garden  at  Florence,  Italy,  about  1880.  described  by  Cesati  and  the 
specimens  taken  to  Paris  for  exhibition  as  a  botanical  congress"  and  were  then 
given  to  the  Museum  at  Paris  where  they  are  now  preserved.^  Since  this  page 
has  been  in  type  I  have  received  from  Walter  Gill,  Australia,  specimens  undoubt- 
edly Battarrea  phalloides,  which  have  the  same  "secondary  volva"  as  shown  on 
Plate  74.  We  are  therefore  induced  to  doubt  this  character  as  a  specific  dis- 
tinction of  B.  Guicciardiniana. 

BATTARREA  DIGUETI  (Plate  75).— Periclium  entirely  free 
from  the  volva.  the  upper  portion  remaining  on  the  mature  specimens. 
Stem  scaly,  fibrillose.  Gleba  characters  as  in  Battarrea  phalloides. 

This  plant  differs  from  all  other  known  species  in  the  persistent 
peridium.  It  has  been  collected  in  lower  California  and  in  Arizona 
and  was  described  by  Miss  White  as  Battarrea  Griffithsii.§  ( We  would 
merely  remark  in  passing  that  "Battarrea  arenicola.  new  species," 
described  by  E.  B.  Copeland  in  Annales  Mycologici  (1904),  neither 
from  his  description  nor  his  figure  has  any  resemblance  whatever  to 
the  genus  Battarrea  nor  more  to  the  genus  Padaxon  to  which  he  sug- 
gests it  may  belong.) 


i  The  specimen   shown   in  our  plate   still  retains   the   upper   portion    (which  has 
been  fastened  with  a  pin)    of  the  peridium   with  a   fragment   of  the  adnate   volva. 
>  trace  of  it  remains  on  any  of  the  other  specimens  of  the  collection. 

}  Should    our    readers    be     inquisitive    to    know    how     it     received    the    name 

Guicciardiniana,"    the    explanation    is    that    the    Countess    Paolina    Guicciardini- 

herriston  owned  the  garden   in  which  she  condescended  to  let  the  plant  come  up. 

the  fUS-  be   thankful  k  was   not  Siven   her  full  name   as   a  token   of  recognition   of 

§  Personally  we  would  much  prefer  to  retain  this  name  which  is  that  of  a 
well-known  American  botanist  and  very  appropriate  for  an  American  plant. 
Unfortunately  the  "rights  of  priority"  forbid. 


The  Genus  Battarreopsis. 

This  genus,  very  close  to  the  previous  in  general  appearance,  is 
quite  different  in  gleba  structure.  This  is  composed  of  cells  filled  with 
spores,  somewhat  of  the  nature  of  a  Polysaccum,  hut  the  cells  seem 
to  be  formed  of  plates  with  partitions.  The  color  of  the  gleba,  the 
general  habits  of  the  plant  and  the  spores  are  similar  to  those  of  Bat- 
tarrea,  but  there  is  no  capillitium  or  "annulated  cells." 

BATTARREOPSIS  ARTIXI  (Plate  22).— Only  one  specimen  of 
the  plant  is  known  which  was  found  at  Alexandria,  Egypt,  and  is  pre- 
served in  the  museum  at  Berlin.  It  grew  under  abnormal  conditions 
and  was  probably  modified  by  its  surroundings.  A  full  history  of  the 
specimen  is  given  on  page  194  of  Mycological  Notes. 

The  Genus  Chlamydopus. 

This  genus  seems  to  me  to  be  very  close  to  Tylostoma  and  is  still 
included  by  some  authors  in  that  genus.f  It  differs  from  Tylostoma 
in  having  the  peridium  seated  on  the  broad  apex  of  the  stem ;  in  Tylos- 
toma the  stem  in  inserted  in  a  "socket"  in  the  base  of  the  peridium. 
Besides  there  is  a  basidial  difference  and  I  think  probably  a  difference 
in  the  volva. f 

CHLAMYDOPUS  MEYENIANUS  (Plate  10).— Volva  (nor- 
mally) persisting  as  a  cup  at  the  base  of  the  plant.  (Usually  absent  in 
herbarium  specimens.)  Peridium  globose,  dehiscing  by  a  torn  mouth, 
borne  on  the  broad,  concave  apex  of  the  stipe.  Stem  long,  tapering  to 
the  base,  smooth,  silicate.  Capillitium  subhyaline,  branched,  sparingly 
septate.  Spores  subglobose,  6  mic.,  granulose. 

HISTORY. — The  plant  was  originally  collected  in  Peru  and  described  and 
figured  as  Tylostoma  Meyenianum.  Next  it  was  found  in  New  Mexico  by 
Wright  and  correctly  referred  by  Berkeley.  Type  specimen  from  Peru  is  pre- 
served at  Berlin  and  Wright's  specimens  are  at  Kew  and  Cambridge.  Spegazzini 
(1899)  figured  what  is  unquestionably  the  same  plant  as  a  new  genus  and  "new 
species,"  Chlamydopus  clavatus,  from  Buenos  Aires.  A  single  specimen  is  known 
from  Australia  and  at  Kew  I  have  seen  a  specimen  labeled  "Battarrea  guicidineana." 
The  specimen  is  very  old  and  the  locality  is  not  clearly  stated.  I  am  told, 
however,  that  it  came  from  the  North  African  desert  region.  Prof.  C.  V.  Piper 
has  collected  Chlamydopus  Meyenianus  in  recent  years  at  Pasco,  Washington, 
and  gives  an  interesting  account  of  its  habits.  (See  Myc.  Notes,  page  134.) 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Washington,  C.  V.  Piper. 

t  We  cite  an  example  of  how  mycologists  differ  on  such  things.  Holl6s  and 
Fischer  include  the  genus  in  Tylostoma.  Monsieur  Patouillard  tells  me  that  in  his 
opinion  it  should  not  be  classed  in  the  same  tribe  as  the  genus  Tylostoma. 

t  When  the  life  histories  of  these  plants  are  known  I  think  it  will  be  found 
that  Chlamydopus  has  a  true  volva  and  Tylostoma  never. 


The  Genus  Tylostoma. 

This  is  the  largest  genus  and  the  smallest  individuals  that  belong 
to  the  tribe  Tylostomeae.  It  is  spread  over  the  earth's  surface  and 
every  locality  has  probably  one  or  more  species.  The  genus  is  more 
common  in  sandy  countries.  All  species  with  the  exception  of  two  or 
three  grow  in  the  ground.  Tylostoma  exasperatum  (and  perhaps  a 
couple  of  others  that  are  little  known)  always  grow  on  branches  of 
logs. 

The  genus  can  be  thus  described.  Exoperidium  of  the  nature  of 
a  cortex,  separating  more  or  less  from  the  upper  part  of  the  mature 
plant,  but  usually  remaining  more  or  less  persistent  at  the  base  of  the 
peridium.  Endoperidium  opening  by  a  definite  mouth  (in  a  few  species 
by  several  mouths).  There  is  a  depression  or  "socket"  at  the  base  of 
the  peridium  into  which  the  stipe  is  inserted.  Gleba  of  branched,  sep- 
tate, capillitium  mixed  with  the  spores.  Stipe  distinct  from  the  peridium 
and  inserted  into  a  "socket"  at  its  base. 

CORTEX. — We  call  the  exoperidium  of  a  Tylostoma  a  cortex.  Usually  it 
is  in  the  nature  of  a  sand  case  that  separates  more  or  less  according  to  the  age 
and  exposure  of  the  plant,  but  generally  partially  remains  at  the  base  of  the 
peridium.  Sometimes  it  is  more  of  a  distinct  membrane,  the  remains  forming  a 
cup  at  the  base  of  the  peridium;  often  it  is  smooth;  usually  it  is  more  or  less 
granular  with  adhering  sand.  In  a  few  species  it  bears  distinct  warts  or  granules 
(not  sand)  of  the  nature  of  scales,  and  in  one  species  (exasperatum)  these  are 
strongly  developed  forming  spines. 

MOUTHS. — Tylostomas  vary  more  in  the  nature  of  the  mouths  than  in  any 
other  one  character,  and  we  have  used  this  as  a  basis  of  our  classification.  We 
would  divide  the  species  into  sections  with  five  distinct  types  of  mouths. 

Tubular  Mouths  (Fig.  2). — Many  species  of  Tylostoma  are  characterized  by 
having  naked,  round,  tubular,  definite  and  usually  slightly  (sometimes  strongly) 
projecting  mouths.  Such  mouths  are  often  called 
mammose.  (The  species  Tylostoma  mammosum  is 
named  from  the  mouth  character.)  However,  in  the 
literal  signification  of  the  term,  the  name  could  be 
better  applied  to  such  mouths  as  are  shown  in  Fig.  5. 
Irregular  Mouths  (Fig.  3). — In  a  few  species  the 
mouths  are  naked,  and  usually  slightly  projecting, 
and  instead  of  being  round  and  tubular  are  elongated 
openings.  The  few  species  having  this  type  of  mouth 
often  have  several  mouths  on  the  same  peridium,  and 
frequently  they  are  confluent.  Species  with  the  other 
types  of  mouths  never,  to  my  knowledge,  have  but  a 
single  central  mouth. 

Torn  Mouths  (Fig.  4).— A  few  species  dehisce  by 
a  single  torn  aperture,  not  furnished  with  fibrils  as  in 
the  following,  and  not  definitely  marked  as  in  the  pre- 
F.      2  ceding.     All  (excepting  one)  of  the  species  with  such 

mouths  that  have  come  to  my  notice,  are  Australian. 

Fibrillose  Mouths  (Fig.  5). — Many  species  have  the  mouth  aperture  sur- 
rounded by  a  layer  of  fibrillose  tissue.  This  layer  is  built  up  on  the  peridium, 
around  the  mouth,  and  is  not  merely  a  fibrillose  opening  as  is  the  following  type. 
The  fibrillose  layer  is  variously  developed  in  different  species,  more  strongly  in 
Tylostoma  pocufatum  than  in  any  other  species  to  my  knowledge.  In  old  speci- 
mens this  fibrillose  layer  is  often  worn  away  and  then  the  mouth  becomes  simply 
a  round,  naked  opening.  (See  Figs.  5,  6  and  7,  Plate  82.)  Sometimes  this 
fibrillose  layer  takes  from  the  imprint  of  the  cortex  a  granular  appearance  as  in 
Tylostoma  granulosum. 


Fimbriate  Mouths  (Fig.  6).— A  few  species  (mostly  South  American)  have 
mouths  appearing  fibrillose,  which  is  the  texture  of  the  peridium  walls  form- 
ing the  mouth.  This  is  a  different  structure  from  the  preceding  type  in  which 
the  fibrillose  layer  surrounding  the  mouth  is  adnate  to  the  peridium.  These 
mouths  we  would  call  fimbriate,  and  although  the  term  is  inaccurate,  it  is  the 
term  applied  to  Geasters  with  such  mouths.  There  is  a  tradition  in  Europe  that 
there  is  a  fimbriate  mouthed  species  in  Europe,  and  such  a  species  (Tylostoma 
fimbriatum)  is  usually  carried  in  their  books.  I  am  satisfied  no  such  species 
occurs  in  Europe  and  that  it  is  purely  an  error.f 

COLOR. — In  practice  I  find  that  the  color  of  the  peridium  is  an  important 
character  to  distinguish  species,  and  most  specimens  can  be  readily  distinguished 
as  "colored"  or  "uncolored."  The  term  "uncolored,"  of  course,  does  not  mean 
white,  but  pale  and  not  marked  witli  shades  of  reddish  brown  as  the  "colored" 
species  have.  Rarely  we  note  specimens  the  same  in  all  other  characters  but 
varying  as  colored  and  uncolored.  In  such  cases  we  consider  color  subordinate, 
but  usually  color  is  a  constant  and  strong  character.  Stems  also  vary  in  degrees 
of  color  but  not  as  markedly  as  the  peridium. 

CAPILLITIUM. — The  capillitium  of  Tylostoma  is  always  composed  of 
branched,  hollow,  septate,  tubular  threads.  Usually  it  is  subhyaline  under  the 
microscope  or  slightly  colored.  I  think  the  color  varies  according  to  the  condi- 
tions, age,  etc.,  of  the  specimens.  The  color  is  rarely  enough  developed  to  form 
a  marked  character — in  but  three  species  to  my  knowledge,  viz. :  volvulatum.J 
obesum  and  the  allied  Schizostoma  laceratum.  Recently  elaborate  articles  have 
been  written  on  the  septation  of  Tylostoma  capillitium  and  it  is  claimed  that 
constant  characters  for  each  species  can  be  drawn  from  such  septation.  I  do  not 
deny  that  septation  varies,  sometimes  rounded  at  the  ends,  sometimes  squarely 
joined,  sometimes  swollen,  sometimes  not.  but  I  have  frequently  noted  more 
than  one  character  on  the  same  slide  and  I  have  not  found  it  of  service,  in 
practice,  to  distinguish  species.  I  have  noted  the  septation  characters  as  I  see 
them  in  my  descriptions  but  I  do  not  place  much  stress  on  them. 

SPORES. — The  spores  of  Tylostomas  are  generally  very  uniform  in  size, 
usually  5-6  mic.  Tylostoma  Longii  has  very  small  spores,  2^-3  mic.,  but  as  it 
agrees  with  albicans  in  all  other  characters  I  hold  it  to  be  a  variety.  The  surface 
of  spores  affords  better  characters.  Some  species  have  smooth  spores,  most  have 
granular  spores  and  a  few  have  aculeate  spores.  Smooth  spores  when  dry  often 
appear  rough  because  of  the  shrivelling  of  the  surface.  It  is  therefore  well  to 
treat  spores  with  warm  lactic  acid  to  swell  the  epispore  in  order  to  be  sure  of 
their  character.  Even  then  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  decide  if  the  spore  is 
smooth  or  slightly  granular.  In  all  such  cases  we  have  noted  the  spores  as 
smooth. 

STEMS. — Internally  the  stems  of  Tylostomas  are  very  similar,  usually  hol- 
low, with  some  loose,  central  fibrils.  Externally  the  bark  or  cortex  often  affords 
good  characters.  Frequently  it  is  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate ;  often  it  is 
broken  into  little  scales ;  sometimes  it  develops  or  is  torn  into  large,  generally 
caducous,  scales.  Species  having  these  scales  are  strongly  marked  when  grow- 
ing but  can  not  always  be  recognized  from  the  herbarium  specimens  as  the 
scales  generally  fall  away.  A  few  species  of  Tylostoma  have  a  distinct  sheath 
surrounding  the  stem.  In  one  species  (volvulatum)  the  sheath  breaks,  part 
forming  a  collar  at  the  base  of  the  peridium,  part  a  cup  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 
In  this  case  it  is  known  (not  correctly  I  think)  as  a  volva.  To  my  knowledge 
two  other  species  have  distinct  sheaths  hut  of  a  more  fibrillose  nature,  breaking 
irregularly  and  forming  a  torn  collar.  In  reality  all  species  of  Tylostoma  have 
stem  "sheaths,"  but  in  most  species  it  is  closely  adnate  to  the  stem  and  forms 
the  cortex  or  "bark"  of  the  stem. 

t  Dr.  Hollos  in  his  recent  work  shows  an  enlarged  drawing  of  the  mouth  of 
•Tylostoma  fimbriatum."  I  think  the  Doctor  either  imagined  a  mouth  to  fit  the 
name,  or  got  his  ideas  from  some  of  the  misnamed  specimens  from  South  America 
to  be  found  in  the  museum  of  Berlin.  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  from  Europe 
with  such  a  mouth  and  I  do  not  believe  it  occurs. 

t  To  show  how  observers  often  differ  on  such  subjects  it  may  be  cited  that 
Fetri  describes  the  capillitium  of  volvulatum  as  hyaline. 

10 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


11 


Forms. 

The  genus  Tvlostoma  exhibits  more  species  or  forms  than  any  other  family 
of  "puff  balls"  (except  perhaps  Lycoperdon).  Some  of  the  forms  are  of  wide 
distribution  constant  as  to  character,  and  are  of  course  good  species  Others 
seem  very  local  or  rare  and  we  have  received  a  number  of  specimens  that  do  not 
accord  with  the  following  described  "species."  We  have  felt  it  advisable  in 
most  instance  not  to  describe  "new  species"  from  a  single  collection  unless  ,t 
Presents  very  marked  characters,  and  there  are  a  number  of  unnamed  collec- 
tions in  our  museum,  awaiting  additional  material,  and  if  it  is  not  received  they 
will  not  be  determined  by  us.  A  list  of  these  is  given  on  page  11 . 

Geographical   Distribution. 

In  Europe  there  are  only  three  frequent  species,  viz. :  mammosum,  granulo- 
sum and  squamosum.  Mammosum  is  by  far  the  most  common  and  is  the  only 
onT known  in  England.  In  the  south  (Italy)  it  seems  to  give  way  to  granulo- 
-um  A  number  of  species  or  forms  have  been  recently  described  which  are 
evidently  rarTor  local  viz. :  pallidum,  Bresadolae,  brevipes,  armillatum,  G,o- 
vanellae  Beccarianum,  Pctrii,  Vittadinii,  fulvellum. 

In  the  United  States  there  is  only  one  species  that  is  at  all  common,  viz.: 
campestre.  which  is  the  American  form  of  granulosum      It  extends ifrom  coast 
to  coast,  but  is  most  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of   the  Great   Lakes 
forms  of   mammosum,  viz.:     simulans  and  rufum    are  much   rarer.     Tylostoma 
atoicans   (and  the   form  Longii),  pygmaeum.  Floridanum  and   Berkeleyn   are  of 
southern  distribution,  the  latter  only  occurring  as  far  north  as  southern  Indiana     , 
Tylostoma    occidental,    Americanum.    poculatum,    tubercu  atum,    subfuscum    and   j 
Purpusii  are  western   species.     Tylostoma  verrucosum,   Lloydn   and  < 
very  rare  ^n^loca^^orms.^^   remainder   Q{    the   wodd   are   very   scantily   known,   j 
From  South  Africa  we  have  cyclophorum,  and  from  North  Africa  caepitosum, 
moTanum  and  volvulatum.     Australian  species   are  not  well  known.     We  have 
Tcantv  knowledge  of   McAlpinianum,  Readerii    egranulosum,  albicans  -  ^fuscurn  j 
and  Purpusii.    The  latter  three  occur  also  in  America.     Prom  South  America  we 
have  one  (Rickii)  ;  from  Asia  two   (Bonianum  and  mussoonense)  ;  from  Hawaii 
one  (Leveilleanum)  ;  from  the  Philippines  one  (pusillum).     In  addition  exaspera- 
tum  seems  widely  distributed  in  warm  countries  (Cuba,  Brazil  and  1 

THE  SPECIES  OF  TYLOSTOMA. 

For  convenience  in  classification  we  have  divided  the  Tylostomas  | 
into  little  groups  according  to  the  most  prominent  characters,  as  follows : 

Mouth  definite,  tubular,  round,  naked,  more  or  less  protruding 

Spores  smooth Group  1 

Spores  not  smooth.  « 

Cortex  granular  or  tubercular  or  scaly Uroup  <£ 

Cortex  not  granular  or  tubercular  or  scaly. 

Stipe  with  strong  scales Group  o 

Stipe  without  strong  scales. 

Peridum  uncolored Group  4 

Peridium  colored Group  5 

Mouth  definite,  naked,  elongated,  sometimes  several  on  same 

peridium •     •    Group  6 

Mouth  with  an  indefinite,  torn  aperture,  not  surrounded  ivith  o 

fibrillose  layer •     Group  / 

Mouth  surrounded  with  a  fibrillose  layer. 

Spores  smooth Group  8 

Spores  granular Group  9 

Mouth  "fimbriate" GrouP  10 

12 


Group   1. 

TYLOSTOMA  OCCIDENTALS  (Plate  76).— Peridium  white, 
with  a  small,  tubular,  circular,  protruding  mouth.  Cortex  adhering, 
separating  imperfectly,  largely  adhering  in  patches  to  the  peridium,  not 
strongly  thickened  at  the  base.  Stem  pale,  not  scaly,  strongly  longi- 
tudinally striate,  white  internally,  hollow  with  a  central  fibril.  Capilli- 
tium  slightly  colored,  with  plane  or  oblique  unthickening  septa.  Spores 
4-5  mic.,  almost  smooth. 

This  species  is  very  close  to  Tylostoma  albicans,  but  on  comparison 
is  quite  different.  The  peridium  is  much  whiter,  the  stem  strongly 
striate,  the  spores  smoother. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Washington,  W.  N.  Suksdorf. 

(Tylostoma  armillatum  of  Europe,  which  I  only  know  from  what 
is  published,  evidently  belongs  to  this  section.) 


Group  2. 

TYLOSTOMA  VERRUCOSUM  (Plate  76) .—Peridium  globose, 
deeply  colored,  reddish  brown,  with  a  protruding,  tubular  mouth.  Cor- 
tex thin,  adnate,  verrucose,f  persistent.J  Stem  deeply  colored,  covered 
when  growing  with  long,  spreading  scales  which  mostly  fall  away  from 
dried  specimens  leaving  the  stems  with  short  scales.  Capillitium  faintly 
colored,  freely  septate,  not  swollen  at  the  septa.  Spores  5-6  mic., 
aculeate. 

This  is  evidently  a  very  rare  and  local  plant.  I  collected  it  once  in  com- 
pany with  Prof.  Morgan  who  told  me  it  was  the  first  time  he  had  seen  it  since 
the  original  collection  some  ten  or  fifteen  years  before.  I  have  received  it  from 
no  correspondent  save  Mr.  Long,  Texas,  who  sent  two  small  specimens,  but  evi- 
dently the  same  species.  Tylostoma  verrucosum  is  very  close  to  Tylostoma 
squamosum  of  Europe,  having  the  same  mouth,  color,  spores  and  stem  scales, 
and  is  in  my  opinion  the  American  expression  of  the  European  plant.  It  differs 
in  its  verrucose  cortex  and  more  robust  habits. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Ohio  (Preston),  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Texas,  W.  H.  Long.  (Note.— We  have  from 
Geo.  G.  Hedgcock,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  two  specimens  that  are  very  close  to  this 
species  and  yet  in  some  characters  are  quite  different.  We  do  not  wish  to  defi- 
nitely refer  them  to  this  species,  nor  for  the  present  to  describe  them  as  different, 
so  we  pass  them,  hoping  that  other  collections  may  be  received  that  will  throw 
more  light  on  them.) 

t  The  only  other  species  we  know  having  this  verrucose  cortex  is  Tylostoma 
Leveilleanum  of  Hawaii.  It  is  very  much  the  same  plant,  with  same  spores,  cortex 
warts,  color  and  stem  scales.  We  would  conclude  the  two  to  be  synonymous  were 
it  not  that  Leveilleanum  is  illustrated  with  a  different  mouth.  None  of  the  type 
specimens  now  preserved  show  this  feature  definitely. 

1 1  have  never  noted  any  evidence  that  it  "becomes  smooth  with  age." 

13 


TYLOSTOMA  BOX1AXUM  (Plate  76).— Peridium  reddish 
brown,  covered  with  little  granular,  tubercular  warts  which  in  old  speci- 
mens fall  away  leaving  the  peridium  scarred.  Mouth  small,  round, 
tubular,  slightly  projecting.  Stem  long  with  a  deeply  colored  cortex 
disposed  to  tear  into  scales.  Capillitium  hyaline,  rarely  septate,  nodes 
slightly  swollen.  Spores  5  mic.,  granular. 

This  species  was  described  from  Tonkin,  China,  by  Patouillard, 
but  seems  to  be  of  wide  distribution.  Berkeley  had  previously  referred 
the  same  plant  from  Cuba  (Wright — Xo.  500)  to  Tylostoma  exaspera- 
tum.  and  1  have  seen  what  I  take  to  be  the  same  plant  from  India  in 
the  herbarium  at  Kew. 

TYLOSTOMA  MUSSOORIEXSE  (Plate  76).— Peridium  red- 
dish brown  with  very  small,  granular  warts.  Mouth  small,  round, 
tubular,  slightly  projecting.  Stem  very  slender,  dark  colored,  with 
small  scales.  Capillitium  hyaline,  rarely  septate,  nodes  not  swollen. 
Spores  5  mic..  aculeate. 

This  plant  was  described  by  Dr.  Hennings  from  specimens  sent 
from  India  by  Wm.  (iollan.  It  is  close  to  previous  species,  but  has 
much  more  slender  stem  and  much  rougher  spores. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLFXTIOX. 
India,  part  of  the  type  given  me  by  Dr.  Hennings. 


Group  3. 

TYLOSTOMA  SOUAMOSUM  (Plate  77).— Peridium  dark  red- 
dish brown.  Cortex  dark,  rough  (but  not  truly  granulose  as  in  the 
previous  section),  sometimes  separating  entirely  from  the  peridium. 
Mouth  small,  tubular,  round,  same  color  as  remainder  of  peridium  or 
sometimes  lighter  color  ( never  darker  color  as  the  mouth  of  T.  mam- 
mosum).  Stipe  long,  dark  colored,  with  large  scales  (which  are  usually 
caducous).  Capillitium  hyaline,  with  many  septa  and  swollen  at  the 
nodes.  Spores  5-6  mic..  aculeate  or  strongly  granular. 

This  species  is  not  a  rare  plant  in  the  "Midi"  of  France,  but  seems  more 
common  in  Germany.  It  is  strongly  characterized  by  its  scaly  stem,  and  deep 
color,  and  there  are  no  grounds  to  consider  it  a  form  of  Tylostoma  mammosum, 
as  frequently  found  in  books.  Micheli  gave  a  crude  figure  of  it  on  which  Per- 
soon  based  the  name  Tylostoma  squamosum.  Quelet  has  given  a  good  figure 
of  it  and  called  it  a  new  species,  Tylostoma  Barlae,  but  like  all  other  "new 
species"  of  (iastromycetes  of  Quelet,  the  work  was  well  done  but  the  species 
is  not  new. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION'. 

France,  E.  Boudier.  L'Abbe  Hue. 
Belgium,  Madame  Rousseau. 
Austria,  Rev.  G.  Bresadola. 
Hiitif/ary,  Dr.  L.  Hollos. 


14 


TYLOSTOMA  MONTANUM  (Plate  77).— Pileus  dark  reddish 
brown,  large.  Cortex  dark,  usually  persistent  on  lower  portion  of 
peridium.  Mouth  small,  tubular,  round.  Stem  dark  colored,  obese,  with 
a  dark  cortex  forming  large  scales.  Capillitium  hyaline,  of  slender 
threads,  rounded  and  swollen  at  the  septa.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  aculeate. 

This  plant  was  described  by  Prof.  Patouillard  from  specimens  col- 
lected by  himself  in  the  higher  altitudes  of  Tunis.  It  seems  to  me 
to  be  a  large  edition  of  Tylostoma  squamosum  of  Europe,  quite  dis- 
tinct in  its  large  size  and  obese  stem. 

(Tylostoma  Bresadolae,  recently  described  from  Italy,  evidently  belongs  to 
this  group.) 

Group  4. 

TYLOSTOMA  ALBICAXS  (Plate  77).— Peridium  uncolored. 
dirty  white,  with  a  small,  tubular,  circular,  protruding  mouth.  Cortex 
adherent,  separating  imperfectly,  particles  adhering  to  the  peridium. 
at  the  base  of  the  peridium  thickened  and  subpersistent.  Stem  pale  or 
slightly  colored,  rough,  striate  but  not  scaly.  Internally  white,  with 
central  fibrils.  Capillitium  hyaline,  slightly  swollen  at  the  joints,  with 
a  plane  septum.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  slightly  asperate. 

The  prominent  features  are  the  uncolored  peridium,  the  tubular 
mouth,  the  partly  adherent  cortex.  The  plant  is  never  "smooth"  and 
does  not  seem  to  us  to  be  well  described  or  figured  by  Miss  White. 
However,,  we  are  assured  from  our  study  of  the  type  specimens  and 
the  photographs  we  have  made  of  them  that  it  is  the  same  plant  that 
reaches  us  from  Texas  and  hence  use  the  name.  We  have  received 
Australian  specimens  from  J.  G.  ().  Tepper  that  we  can  not  separate 
from  the  Texan  species. 

SPECIMENS  ix  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Texas,  W.  H.  Long,  four  collections,  also  one  collection  with  spores  slightly 
larger,  6-7  mic. 

TYLOSTOMA  LONGIL— This  plant  has  all  the  general  characters  of  the 
previous  and  from  an  exterior  examination  we  can  not  tell  them  apart.  The 
spores,  however,  are  very  small,  from  2y2-?>  mic.  Those  who  place  much  stress 
on  microscopic  characters  will  see  in  it  a  strong  species.  For  us  it  is  only  a  form. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OTR  COLLECTION. 
Texas,  W.  H.  Long   (six  collections). 

TYLOSTOMA  McALPIXIAXUM  (Plate  78).— Peridium  nn- 
colorcd,  with  a  circular,  tubular,  slightly  protruding  mouth.  Cortex 
thick,  subpersistent  at  the  base  of  the  peridium.  Stem  (relatively) 
thick,  pale,  slightly  scaly.  Capillitium  hyaline  with  a  very  few  swollen 
septa.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  almost  smooth. 

15 


While  it  is  very  difficult  to  draw  up  a  diagnosis  of  the  difference 
between  this  plant  and  Tylostoma  albicans,  the  plants  are  not  the  same, 
and  our  photograph  will  show  it  better  than  our  description  can.  This 
plant  in  general  appearance  very  much  resembles  mammosum,  but  is 
uncolored  and  has  almost  smooth  spores.  Albicans  belongs  to  a  differ- 
ent type  of  plants  in  shape  and  cortex  from  mammosum. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  D.  McAlpine,  J.  G.  O.  Tapper. 

TYLOSTOMA  PYGMAEUM  (Plate  78).— Peridium  uncolored, 
dirty  white  with  a  small,  tubular,  circular,  protruding  mouth.  Cortex 
adhering,  separating  imperfectly,  particles  adhering  to  the  peridium, 
thickened  and  persistent  at  the  base.  Stem  slender,  pale,  rough,  longi- 
tudinally striate  but  not  scaly.  Capillitium  hyaline,  swollen  at  the  joints. 
Spores  5  mic.,  strongly  asperate. 

This  little  species  is  of  a  southern  range  in  the  United  States,  and 
in  general  appearance  could  be  described  as  a  pygmy  Tylostoma  albi- 
cans. It  differs  from  that  species  in  its  small  size  and  rougher  spores. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Texas,  W.  H.  Long  (three  collections). 
Florida,  Theo.  L.  Mead,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble. 

Group  5. 

TYLOSTOMA  MAMMOSUM  (Plate  78).— Peridium  pale  cas- 
taneous  color,  u'ith  a  darker  mouth,  smooth.  (The  cortex  in  the  type 
form  usually  peels  away  entirely  from  the  peridium ;  sometimes  it  is 
partly  adherent.)  Mouth  small,  tubular,  protruding,  always  (in  the 
type  form)  darker  than  the  remainder  of  the  peridium.  Stem  slender, 
pale  or  dark  castaneous,f  smooth  or  striate,  ver\  slightly  if  at  all  scaly. 
Capillitium  subhyaline,  with  frequent  strongly  swollen  septa.  Spores 
5  mic.,  granular. 

The  typical  form  of  Tylostoma  mammosum  with  its  small,  smooth 
head  and  dark  mouth  is  the  most  frequent  species  in  Europe.^  hut  does 
not  occur  in  America. § 

It  is  the  only  species  that  I  know  in  England,  and  is  frequent  in 
France,  Germany,  Sweden  and  northern  and  central  Europe  generally. 
In  Italy  it  appears  to  be  replaced  mostly  by  other  species. 

t  In  some  collections  notably  darker  than   others. 

}  We  have  received   twelve   collections.     There   are   twenty-one    in    the  general 
herbarium,  Museum  of  Paris,  thirty-one  at  Kew,   nineteen  at  the  British  Museum, 
{"1,  y"9ne  at  Berlin,  a  dozen  sheets  in  Persoon's  herbarium,  all  typically  this  same 
;ie  plant,  which  is  quite  common  and  very  constant   in  Europe. 

!Jtr,Jlfls   beon    tne    custom    in    America    to    call    everything    with    a    portruding 
'"*"    1  y'ostoma    mammosum.      No    plant   grows    there    that    corresponds    entirely 
to  the  European  plant.     Miss  White  industriously  collects  the  records  and  presents 
showing    that    Tylostoma    mammosum    occurs    in    sixteen    different    states, 
is  doubtful    if  she   ever   saw   a   specimen    from   America   that   could   not   bo   dis- 
tinguished from  the  European.     A   form  does  occur  in   America  that   is  close  to  the 
European,  but  it  is  very  rare.     The  usual  form  in  America  is  quite  different. 

16 


SYNONYMS. — This  plant  is  exactly  Tylostoma  brumale  of  Persoon,  as 
evidenced  by  numerous  specimens  in  his  "herbarium.!  Tylostoma  melanocyclum 
(Ann.  Myc.  1904,  page  415)  appears  to  me  to  be  this  plant.  Tylostoma  peduncula- 
tum  is  purely  a  juggled  name.J 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

France,  X.  Gillot,  M.  Barbier,  Rev.  H.  Bourdot,  E.  Boudiere,  L'Abbe  Hue, 
N.  Patouillard. 

Italy,  M.  Bezzi. 

Austria,  Rev.  G.  Bresadola,  J.  Brunnthaler. 

Switzerland,  D.  Cruchot. 

Hungary,  Dr.  L.  Hollos. 

Belgium,  C.  Van  Bambeke. 

FORMS  OF  TYLOSTOMA  MAMMOSUM. 

There  are  several  plants  closely  allied  to  Tylostoma  mammosum  in  general 
size,  habits,  etc.,  but  which  differ  on  comparison.  I  fear  that  I  shall  not  be  able 
to  make  the  difference  clear  even  with  the  aid  of  the  camera. 

EUROPEAN   FORMS. 

TYLOSTOMA  BREVIPES.— This  is  a  unicolored  form,  both  stipe  and 
peridium  differing  from  Tylostoma  mammosum  principally  in  color  and  in  not 
having  a  different  colored  mouth.  The  septa,  as  in  the  type  form,  are  strongly 
swollen.  It  was  originally  described  from  Italy,  and  while  I  have  seen  no  authentic 
specimens,  it  seems  to  me  that  the  plants  I  have  received  from  France  agree  with 
the  description,  but  I  may  be  mistaken  and  therefore  do  not  present  a  plate  of  it. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

France,  Capt.  Pyat  Felix. 

TYLOSTOMA" PALLIDUM  (Plate  79).— This  form  has  a  unicolorous  pale 
pileus,  and  more  adnate  cortex.  It  has  also  a  larger  peridium  and  a  relatively 
thicker  stem.  The  capillitium  is  quite  different  from  the  type  form  (hence  to 
those  who  place  stress  on  capillitium  characters,  it  is  a  new  species).  The  septa 
are  rare  and  very  slightly  swollen. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

France,  Capt.  Pyat  Felix. 
Italy,  Prof.  C.  Massalongo. 

t  While  we  use  the  name  Tylostoma  mammosum,  that  being  the  name  under 
which  the  plant  has  been  generally  known  since  the  appearance  of  Fries'  Systema, 
and  (use  makes  language),  the  just  name  would  be  Tylostoma  brumale.  There 
is  not  in  the  history  of  modern  name  changing  a  more  unjust  change  than  that  of 
Fries  when  he  proposed  Tylostoma  mammosum.  When  Fries  wrote  his  Systema 
the  plant  was  commonly  known  as  Tylostoma  brumale,  as  is  evidenced  in  all  the 
old  herbaria  and  in  the  illustration  that  he  cites.  If  Fries  did  not  know  it  he  could 
easily  have  found  it  out.  To  cite  "Lye.  mammosum!  etc.;  Mich,  gen."  as  an  excuse 
to  justify  the  change  was  simply  a  pretext  for  Micheli  never  called  the  plant 
"Lycoperdon  mammosum"  or  anything  "mammosum."  It  was  only  one  of  seven 
descriptive  adjectives  Micheli  applied  to  it,  neither  the  first  nor  the  last,  and 
apparently  to  Micheli's  mind  an  unimportant  one  for  he  puts  it  intermediate  and 
m  parenthesis. 

t  While  it  is  possible,  even  probable,  that  "Lycoperdon  pedunculatum"  is  this 
plant,  Linnaeus  left  no  specimen  and  it  is  not  sure.  Besides  there  is  no  reason 
to  displace  a  name  that  has  been  generally  applied  to  the  plant  for  eighty  years  in 
favor  of  an  old,  doubtful  name,  dug  up  from  Fries'  synonyms  with  a  date  dictionary. 

17 


AMERICAN*    FORMS. 

TYLOSTOMA  SIMULANS  (Plate  79).— Peridium  pale,  castaneous  color, 
with  mouth  unicolorous.  Cortex  thin,  separating  imperfectly.  Stem  slender, 
pale,  slightly  striate  and  sometimes  slightly  scaly.  Capillitium  rarely  septate  with 
thickened  nodes.  Spores  5  mic.,  asperate. 

This  is  the  nearest  approach  we  have  in  America  to  Tylostoma  maminosum 
of  Kurope,  and  it  is  a  rare  plant.  On  comparison  it  differs  in  its  unicolorous 
and  more  deeply  colored  peridium,  more  adnate  cortex  and  paler  stipe. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Ohio  (Granvi'lK-).  \V.  W.  Stockherger  ;   (Sandusky),  H.  C.  Beardslee. 
Tf.ras,  \V.  II.  Long. 

TYLOSTOMA  RUFUM  (Plate  79).— Peridium  deeply  colored,  reddish 
brown,  with  a  circular,  tubular,  strongly  protruding  mouth.  Cortex  thin,  adher- 
ing, but  separating  perfectly  from  old  specimens,  leaving  the  peridium  perfectly 
smooth.  Stem  deeply  colored,  covered  with  short  scales,  internally  white  with 
central  fibrils.  Capillitium  faintly  colored,  not  swollen  at  the  septa.  Spores  5  mic., 
granulose. 

This  species  has  been.  I  am  sure,  usually  determined  as  Tylostoma  mammo- 
sum  in  the  United  States.  Miss  White's  Fig.  1.  Plate  31.  is"  very  good  of  it. 
It  differs  from  Tylostoma  maminosum  of  Europe  in  its  more  deeply  and  uni- 
formly colored  and  larger  peridium,  its  short,  thick,  scaly  stem  and  in  its  capil- 
litium  nodes. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OfR  COLLECTION*. 

YY.ra.v,  \Y.  II.  Long   (four  collections). 
Florida,  Mrs.  Delia  Sams. 
Alabama,  A.  S.  Bertolet. 
Iowa,  Prof.  T.   II.  McBride. 

TYLOSTOMA  PURPLISH  (  Plate  79). --Peridium  pale,  castaneous 
color,  darker  at  the  mouth,  with  a  circular,  tubular,  protruding  mouth. 
Cortex  partly  adherent  at  the  base  but  mostly  freely  separating,  leaving 
the  peridium  smooth.  Stem  colored,  rough  but  not  scaly.  Capillitium 
subhyaline.  the  septa  rare,  those  of  the  smaller  branches  swollen  but 
of  the  large  branches  very  slightly.  Spores  5  mic.,  asperate. 

This  species  can  easily  be  taken  as  a  giant  form  of  Tylostoma 
mammosum.  It  is  a  rare  plant  and  I  have  seen  from  America  only  the 
type  specimens  at  Berlin,  which  were  collected  in  Colorado  by  a  Mr. 
Purpus.  We  refer  here  (  for  the  time  at  least,  rather  than  make  a  new 
species)  plants  from  Australia  with  the  same  general  characters,  but 
which  differ  in  more  persistent  cortex  and  the  spores,  which  in  the 
Australian  specimens  vary  from  4  to  7  mic. 

SPECIMENS  IN  Oi'R  COLLECTION. 
Colorado,  type  from  museum  at  Berlin. 


(.  oloraao,  type  from  muse 
Australia,  D.  McAlpine   ( 


ipecimens  collected  by  V.  M.  Reader). 


TYLOSTOMA  FLORIDANUM  (Plate  80).— Peridium  dark 
castaneous  color,  with  a  small,  tubular,  circular,  protruding  mouth. 
Cortex  separating  imperfectly,  particles  adhering  to  the  peridium.  thick- 

18 


ened  and  subpersistent  below.  Stem  slender,  dark  reddish  brown,  sub- 
smooth,  substriate  with  no  trace  of  scales,  white  within,  hollow  with 
central  fibrils.  Capillitium  subhyaline,  sometimes  waxy  with  septa  both 
swollen  and  even.  Spores  5  mic.,  strongly  asperate. 

This  little  species'  seems  to  be  of  a  southern  range,  reaching  me 
only  from  Florida.  The  slender,  very  dark  colored  stem  and  the  col- 
ored peridium  distinguish  it  from  all  related  species. 

SPECIMENS  ix  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Florida,  Mrs.  Delia  Sams,  Mrs.  M.  A.   Noble,  Theo.  L.  Mead. 

(Tylostoma  Giovanellae  and  Tylostoma  Beccarianum,  rare  plants  in  Europe. 
Tylostoma  Wrightii  of  New  Mexico  and  Tylostoma  Wrightii  of  India,  all  imper- 
fectly known  to  me,  belong  to  this  section,  I  think.) 

Group  6. 

The  three  following  species  are  very  close  to  each  other  (if  not  the  same). 
They  are  distinguished  by  their  obese  habits,  pale  color  and  the  mouths  which  are 
naked,  very  slightly  protruding  and  usually  not  circular  but  elongated  in  form. 
The  plants  usually  do  not  have  a  single  central  mouth,  as  other  species,  but 
many  specimens  develop  several  mouths,  irregularly  disposed. 

TYLOSTOMA  VOLVULATUM  (Plate  81).— Peridium  uncol- 
ored,  usually  very  pale,  with  a  naked,  slightly  protruding,  usually  irregu- 
lar mouth.  Sometimes  (  I  am  told)  it  develops  more  than  one  mouth, 
though  I  have  never  noted  such  specimens.  Stem  obese,  pale,  usually 
rough  with  adhering  sand.  Capillitium  colored.^  Spores  smooth, 
5  mic. 

This  species  is  well  named  and  is  often  well  marked  by  remains 
of  the  stem  volva  adhering  as  a  distinct  collar  at  the  base  of  the  peridium 
and  also  at  base  of  stem  as  shown  in  Plate  81,  Fig.  4.  It  is  an  abundant 
plant  in  northern  Africa  and  well  represented  in  the  museums  of  Paris 
and  Berlin. 

SYNONYMS. — Tylostoma  tortuosum  (Fr.  Syst.  Myc.  3-43)  much  the  prior 
name,  which  was  not  adopted  but  referred  to  his  synonymy  by  Dr.  Hollos,  no 
doubt  because  it  did  not  make  a  "new  combination."  Tylostoma  volvulatum, 
which  is  in  general  use,  is  a  much  better  name  for  it.  The  following  are  also 
synonyms  according  to  Prof.  Patouillard :  Tylostoma  Boissieri  (Rev.  Myc.  T. 
xv,  f.  2),  Tylostoma  Barbeyanum  (Bull.  Bois.  1,  99).  Also  in  my  opinion  Tylos- 
toma Ruhmeriana  (Hedw.  "98,  288). 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Africa,  collected  by  Schweinfurth  and  given  us  by  Dr.  Hennings. 

TYLOSTOMA  CAESPITOSUM  (Plate  80).— Peridium  uncol- 
ored,  pale,  usually  with  several  naked,  irregular  mouths.  Stem  obese, 
colored,  striate.  Capillitium  hyaline.  Spores  slightly  granular. 

t  The  s'leba  of  this  species  is  notably  darker  in  color  than  that  of  most 
Tylostomas  and  the  Capillitium  is  distinctly  colored,  not  "hyaline"  as  stated  by 
Petri. 

19 


of  a  lighter  color  and  (under  the  microscope)  is  by. 
SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION- 

Tunis,  Doctor  X.  Gillot,  "In  the  sand  close  to  the  sea  near  Tunis." 
TYTOSTOMA  AMERICAXUM    (Plate  80).— Peridium  uncol- 

i  great  abundance  in  the  vicinity^ of  Den- 
Sterling.    In  my 


with    Prof.    Peck.      They    form Mheir    °g  ™' rf     kcr   jn 

of  T.  Kansense  as  described. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OI:R  COLLECTION. 
Colorado   E.  B.  Sterling,  in  great  variety  and  abundance. 

ed  by  Prof.  Peck  as  Tylostotna  Kansense). 


Group  7. 
TVTOSTOMA    RICKII     (Plate    81 ).— Peridium    dark,    reddish 


Collected  in  Brazil  by  Rev.  ].  Rick. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OrR  COLLECTION. 
Brazil,  Rev.  J.  Rick. 

TVT  n«sTf  )\T\  Al'STRM  TANUM  (Plate  81).— Peridium  uncol- 
orer^^i^s^^  irregularly  peeling  off  and  Distent  ^ 
the  hase.    Mouth  an  irregular,  torn  aperture.     Stem  §hort  with  a  daj 
rough    not  scalv  cortex.     Capillitium  hyaline,  slender  threads 
few,  strongly  swollen.     Spores  4-5  mic.,  smooth. 

20 


This,  judging  from  the  collections  I  have  received,  is  the  most 
common  species  in  Australia.  It  has  a  large  head  and  a  short  stipe, 
and  in  general  appearance  is  the  same  as  Tylostoma  album  (type  speci- 
men at  Kew),  but  it  has  smooth  spores  (strongly  granular  in  T.  album). 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  Prof.  D.  McAlpine    (four  collections). 

TYLOSTOMA  READERII  (Plate  82).— Peridium  uncolored, 
firm,  white.  Cortex  of  the  nature  of  a  sand-case,  peeling  off  imper- 
fectly and  persistent  at  the  base.  Mouth  an  elongated,  torn  opening. 
Stipe  long,  dark,  rough,  but  not  scaly,  frequently  with  mycelial  fibrils. 
Capillitium  hyaline,  broad  threads.  Septa  rare  with  rounded  ends  and 
not  swollen.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  granular. 

This  plant  has  a  general  resemblance  to  Tylostoma  granulosum, 
but  has  not  the  same  mouth.  Specimens  collected  by  F.  M.  Reader 
at  Casterton,  Australia. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  F.  M.  Reader. 

TYLOSTOMA  EGRANULOSUM  (Plate  82).— Peridium  uncol- 
ored, with  an  irregular,  torn  aperture.  Cortex  as  a  sand-case  imper- 
fectly separating,  thickened  and  persistent  at  the  base.  The  cortex 
does  not  separate  as  freely  as  most  species  but  adheres  with  a  "pitted" 
effect  on  the  peridium.  Stipe  dark,  rigid.  Capillitium  subhyaline,  with 
rare  but  swollen  nodes.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  granular. 

This  plant  is  very  close  to  Tylostoma  granulosum  of  Europe,  but 
the  mouths  of  these  specimens  are  not  furnished  with  "granular  fibrils." 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  D.  McAlpine,  F.  M.  Reader. 

Group  8. 

TYLOSTOMA  POCULATUM  (Plate  83).— Peridium  smooth, 
pale,  with  a  strongly  raised,  shield-shaped  fibrillose  mouth.  Cortex 
thick,  breaking  away  perfectly  from  the  peridium  which  it  leaves  per- 
fectly smooth  excepting  at  the  base  where  the  thick  cortex  persists  as 
a  kind  of  cup.  Stem  pale  or  slightly  colored,  sulcate,  striate,  not  scaly, 
usually  thickened  below  (sometimes  strongly)  with  the  mycelial.  adnate 
sand.  Capillitium  subhyaline,  or  sometimes  distinctly  colored,  sparingly 
septate,  with  slightly  thickened  septa.  Spores  5  mic.,  smooth. 

This  is  a  most  peculiarly  marked  species,  both  in  its  mouth  and 
cortex  characters  and  we  know  no  other  species  having  either  of  the 
characters  so  strongly  marked.  It  occurs  chiefly  in  our  western  states, 

21 


but  we  have  it  also  from  Australia.     Xo  form  is  known  in  Europe. 
Tylostoma  minutum  is.  in  my  opinion,  based  on  a  small  specimen  of  it. 
It  varies  in  two  features,  color  and  roughness  of  the  spores,  and  plants 
so  varying  have  been  called  species,  but  to  my  mind  they  are  so  close, 
that  they  may  better  be  called  forms. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLI.ECTIOX. 

Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates. 

Colorado,  E.  B.  Sterling   (four  collections). 

FORMS  OF  TYLOSTOMA  POCCLATUM. 

TYLOSTOMA  TUBERCULATUM  (Plate  83).— We  find  specimens  agree- 
ing with  Tylostoma  poculatum  in  general  characters,  and  so  close  to  it  they  can 
not  be  distinguished  except  by  the  microscope,  that  differ  in  having  spores  not 
smooth,  but  granular.  For  us  it  is  a  form,  but  for  those  who  give  their  species 
no  latitude  as  to  spore  variation  it  is  a  strong  species.  We  are  not  sure  it  is  Miss 
White's  plant,  as  we  would  describe  the  spores  as  "granular"  instead  of  with 
"occasional  tuber-like  warts."  but  we  prefer  to  use  her  name  rather  than  to 
propose  a  new  one. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Washington,  C.  V.  Piper. 
Illinois,  A.  S.  Bertolet. 
Texas,  W.  H.  Long. 

TYLOSTOMA  SUBFUSCUM  (Plate  83).— The  usual  color  of  Tylostoma 
poculatum  is  pale  tan  but  sometimes  collections  are  dark  chocolate  brown.  Some- 
times both  colors  occur  in  same  collection  and  I  have  noted  all  shades  of  con- 
necting colors.  The  extreme  color  form,  however,  is  very  marked.  Spores  are 
granular  in  all  we  have  examined. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates. 

Minnesota,  Minn.  Bot.  Survey. 

Florida.  C.  E.  Pleas   (two  collections),  Theo.  L.  Mead   (a  very  small   form). 

We  have  this  exact  plant  also  from  Australia.   Prof.  D.  McAlpine. 

TYLOSTOMA  LLOYDII  (Plate  83).— Peridium  dark,  reddish- 
brown,  with  a  thin,  closely  adnate  cortex,  which  separates  perfectly 
above  but  persists  closely  adnate  at  the  base.  Mouth  at  first  raised, 
shield-shaped,  fibrillose,  In  old  specimens  these  fibrils  are  worn  away, 
leaving  the  mouth  a  naked,  round,  plane  opening. f  Stem  long,  slender, 
with  a  dark,  scaly  cortex.J  Capillitium  slightly  colored,  subhyaline, 
narrow  threads  with  slightlv  thickened  nodes.  Spores  smooth,  4  mic. 

This  is  apparently  a  very  rare  and  local  form  but  is  strongly  dif- 
ferent from  any  other  species  known  to  me.  Prof.  \V.  H.  Aiken  col- 
lected the  plants  several  years  ago  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati.  (  )hi<>, 
and  brought  the  specimens  to  me.  I  sent  some  to  Rev.  Bresadola  who 
decided  it  to  be  undescribed  and  published  it  recently  (Ann.  Myco- 

h    f  Ti!?e  .fisurer. in    Petri's   paper   was   made   from   an    old    specimen    and    do.-s   not 
show  the  true  character  of  the  mouth. 

t  The  only  collection  known  was  old.   wintered   specimens  and   the   stem   scales 
e  small,  but  I  think  fresh  specimens  will  be  found  to  have  a  strongly  scaly  si.  in. 

22 


logici,  1904,  page  423 ).f     I  have  never  received  specimens  from  any 
other  collector. 

TYLOSTOMA  OBESUM  (Plate  83).— Peridium  uncolored  with 
a  raised  fibrillose  mouth.  Cortex  separating  freely,  leaving  the  periclium 
smooth.  Peridium  with  a  marked  collar  at  base.  Stipe  thick,  obese. 
Capillitium  strongly  colored.  Spores  smooth. 

Known  from  a  single  collection  from  Colorado.  The  type  is  at 
Kew  but  a  better  specimen  (Plate  83,  Fig.  7)  is  in  Ellis'  collection  at 
New  York. 

(Tylostoma  fulvellum,  a  recently  described  plant  of  Europe,  Tylostoma  Mac- 
Owani  of  South  America  and  Tylostoma  gracile,  which  I  have  been  unable  to 
recognize,  from  United  States,  all  evidently  belong  to  this  group.) 


Group  9. 

TYLOSTOMA  GRANULOSUM  (Plate  84).— Pileus  nncolorcd.t 
Cortex  of  the  nature  of  a  sand-case,  separating  above,  leaving  the 
pileus  smooth,  persistent  at  base  of  peridium.  Mouth  with  a  small 
development  of  fibrils,  usually  torn  and  granular  in  appearance.  Stipe 
dark,  striate-sulcate,  usually  rather  short  and  thick.  Sometimes  numer- 
ous mycelial  fibrils  adhere  to  stems  as  collected.  Capillitium  subhya- 
line,  with  few  septa,  not  swollen.  Spores  5-6  mic..  granular. 

We  refer  to  Tylostoma  granulosum  all  collections  we  have  seen 
from  Europe  that  do  not  have  a  tubular  mouth.  The  European  plants 
all  agree  in  the  main  characters,  viz.:  an  uncolored  peridium;  the  same 
mouth  surrounded  at  first  by  a  slight  development  of  fibrils  which 
usually  from  the  impress  of  the  sandy  cortex  are  granular  in  appear- 
ance and  in  old  specimens  usually  disappear,  and  granular  spores.  The 
plant  varies  chiefly  in  stature.  The  usual  form  as  shown,  Plate  84, 
Fig.  4,  corresponds  to  Leveille's  figure.  Sometimes  it  is  more  obese, 
Plate  84,  Fig.  3.  and  rarely  it  is  more  slender.  Plate  84.  Fig.  2.  The 
slender  form  appears  to  me  to  be  the  plant  that  has  been  figured  under 
the  name  Tylostoma  Petrii.  The  capillitium  of  the  latter  form,  under 
the  microscope,  is  slightly  colored.  Tylostoma  granulosum  is  widely  dis- 
tributed and  fairly  frequent  in  Europe,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens 
from  England.  In  Italy  it  appears  to  be  the  most  common  species.§ 

t  Rev.  Bresadola  kindly  named  the  plant  Tylostoma  Lloydii  and  sent  me  a 
diagnosis  for  publication  in  Mycological  Notes.  After  filing  it  for  a  couple  of 
years  I  returned  it  to  Rev.  Bresadola  statins  it  would  embarrass  me  to  publish  it. 
There  will  be  no  more  "Lloydii's"  published  in  Mycological  Notes. 

t  The  word  "brunneo"  in  Saccardo  seems  to  have  been  added.  It  is  not  in 
the  original  description  and  Leveille's  drawing  and  specimens  are  uncolored.  The 
plant  of  Europe  is  in  my  observation  always  uncolored.  and  I  have  not  the  source 
of  the  opinion  so  prevalent  that  Tylostoma  granulosum  has  a  colored  peridium. 
as  shown  in  Petri's  recent  drawings.  I  am  well  satisfied  there  is  no  species  in 
Europe  with  a  fibrillose  mouth  and  a  colored  peridium. 

§  Vittadini  (usually  very  accurate  in  his  work)  gave  an  illustration  of  Tylos- 
toma granulosum  under  the  name  Tylostoma  mammosum  (which  has  an  entirely 
different  mouth),  and  his  misnamed  picture  has  been  copied  by  Fischer  in  Engler 
and  Prantl  as  Tylostoma  mammosum.  It  belongs  to  a  different  section  of  the 
genus.  At  the  British  Museum  I  found  seven  exsiccatae  (mostly  Italian)  with 
specimens  of  Tylostoma  granulosum  misnamed  Tylostoma  mammosum. 

23 


SYNONYMS.— Leveille  gave  a  beautiful  figure  of  the  plant  and  we  adopt 
the  name  as  we  are  certain  of  it  and  it  impresses  us  as  being  appropriate  on 
account  of  the  "granular  mouth."  Fries,  we  think,  called  the  same  plant  (at  a 
prior  date)  Tylostoma  fimbriatum,  but  we  are  not  certain  of  it,f  and  the  name 
has  no  application  to  any  European  species.^  It  is  quite  probable  that  Czer- 
niaiev's  illustration  Tylostoma  brachypus  refers  to  this  species,  though  to  us  it 
seems  a  better  illustration  of  the  American  form  (Tylostoma  campestre). 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

France,  E.  Boudier  (also  obese  form),  L  Rolland,  L'Abbe  Hue,  N.  Patouil- 
lard,  Capt.  Pyat  Eelix  (we  have  also  from  Capt.  Pyat  Felix  the  slender  form, 
T.  Petrii). 

Germany,  Dr.  Hennings,  Prof.  Magnus,  Prof.  Plottner  (also  from  Dr.  Hen- 
nings  an  obese  form). 

Austria,  Rev.  G.  Bresadola. 

Hunyary,  Dr.  Hollos. 

TYLOSTOMA  CAMPESTRE  (Plate  84).— I  do  not  feel  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  consider  this  as  other  than  the  American  form  of  Tylostoma  granulosum. 
I  do  not  know  of  a  single  character  to  distinguish  it.  And  yet  on  comparing  col- 
lections of  the  American  and  European  plants  a  general  difference  is  usually 
seen.  The  American  plant  is  more  robust,  the  heads  are  globose  and  firmer, 
the  cortex  peels  off  more  freely  in  the  American  plant  and  does  not  adhere  to  the 
base  so  strongly.  While  we  believe  we  could  in  most  cases  guess  correctly 
whether  a  collection  was  American  or  European,  we  would  not  guarantee  to  do 
it  in  all  instances.  A  plant  that  does  not  typically  present  a  single  marked  char- 
acter by  which  it  can  be  known  is  not  a  species.§  We  have  a  few  collections 
that  grew  in  the  sand  and  have  more  slender  stems  with  mycelial  strands  strongly 
developed.  This  we  take  to  be  Tylostoma  fibrillosum,  but  for  us  it  is  a  condition 
not  a  species.  A  form  collected  by  Mr.  Bartholomew,  Kansas,  is  closer  to  the 
European  plant  in  stature  than  to  the  American,  and  some  specimens  have  little 
depressions  in  the  peridium.  It  was  called  Tylostoma  punctatum.tt 

Tylostoma  campestre  is  the  most  common  species  in  the  United  States  and 
the  only  one  that  is  at  all  frequent  east  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  most  abundant 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Great  Lakes.ft: 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

California,  A.  P.  Morgan  (type),  L.  A.  Greata. 
Colorado,  E.  Bethel. 

Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates   (five  collections). 
Kansas,  E.  Bartholomew   (labeled  T.  punctatum). 

t  Fries'  type  specimen  is  misplaci  d  now  and  we  were  unable  to  find  it  at  I'psala. 
It  was  sent  to  Paris  a  few  years  ago  and  I'atouillanl  who  lias  seen  it  tells  me  that 
In  his  opinion  it  is  the  same  plant.  Besides,  we  have  no  other  species  in  Kurope  it 
can  possibly  be.  Uoth  species  are  carried  in  most  European  works,  but  recent 
authors.  Hollos  and  Petri.  get  their  ideas  of  "ttmbriatum."  we  think,  not  from 
Kuropean  plants  but  from  American  specimens. 

t  The  name  "fimbriatum"  is  a  misnomer  as  applied  to  any  Tylostoma;  but  in 
the  sense  in  which  it  is  applied  to  Geaster  mouths,  there  are  such  species  from 
South  America  but  none  in  Europe.  I  am  sure  there  is  no  such  plant  in  Europe 
with  a  mouth  as  shown  in  Holl6s.  enlarged  illustration.  I  think  he  drew  the  picture 
to  suit  the  idea.  Petri's  recent  picture  was  made  (I  think)  from  American  material. 

§  The  key  character  given  in  Miss  White's  paper  "mouth  plane"  and  shown  in 
her  figure  is  evidence  that  she  only  knew  old  mouths.  The  normal  mouth  is  exactly 
the  same  as  typical  granulosum. 

tt  The  "irregular  shallow  pits"  on  the  peridium  are  imprints  of  granular  particles 
of  the  sandy  cortex  and  are  present  and  absent  in  the  same  collections,  both 
American  and  European.  They  are  shown  grossly  exaggerated  in  Miss  White's 
drawing. 

tt  I  collected  it  very  abundantly  one  season  close  to  Lake  Michigan.  It  grow 
m  a  sandy  pasture,  in  one  spot  only,  covering  only  a  few  feet,  but  as  thick  us 
they  could  stand.  Horses  had  evidently  been  in  the  habit  of  resting  there  in  the 
shade.  Czerniaiev  states  that  the  Russian  plant  grows  in  soil  impregnated  with 
urine  and  the  only  time  I  collected  the  plant  the  circumstances  tended  to  confirm 

24 


Michigan,  B.  O.  Longyear  (two  collections),  David  L.  James  (two  collections), 
C.  G.  Lloyd  (very  abundantly). 

Illinois,  L.  H.  Watson   (three  collections),  W.  S.  Moffatt    (two  collections). 

Wisconsin,  R.  H.  Denniston. 

Minnesota,  Mary  S.  Whetstone. 

Canada,  J.  Dearness   (three  collections),  A.  S.  Bertolet. 

Maryland,  Chas.  Mcllvaine.  I  have  also  seen  specimens  on  Hollis  Webster's 
table  from  Massachusetts  (if  I  remember  rightly). 

TYLOSTOMA  BERKELEYII  (Plate  84).— Peridium  colored. 
reddish  brown.  Cortex  nature  of  a  sand-case,  separating  usually  imper- 
fectly and  much  more  strongly  adnate  than  the  previous  species.  Mouth 
surrounded  by  a  few  granular  fibrils  (the  same  as  the  previous  plant). 
Stem  slender,  dark  reddish,  often  slightly  scaly,  usually  strongly  sul- 
cate,  striate.  Capillitium  light  colored  with  slightly  swollen  often  oblique 
septa.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  granulose. 

This  plant  occurs  in  the  southern  United  States,  and  is  the  species 
referred  to  in  American  literature  as  Tylostoma  fimbriatum,  surely  a 
misnomer,  for  no  similar  plant  grows  in  Europe.  It  was  Berkeley,  I 
think,  who  first  thus  determined  the  American  plant,  and  hence  we 
name  it  in  his  honor. f  This  species  corresponds  to  the  European  only 
in  its  mouth  and  spore  characters.  It  differs  in  being  a  colored  plant 
and  having  a  large  head  and  slender  stem.  A  splendid  illustration  of 
the  plant  was  given  by  Petri  (Ann.  Mycologici,  1904,  Plate  6)  under 
the  name  of  Tylostoma  fimbriatum,  and  drawn,  we  think,  from  American 
specimens. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Florida,  Theo.  L.  Mead  (two  collections),  H.  C.  Culbertson. 
Alabama,  F.  S.  Earle. 
Washington,  D.  C.,  F.  J.  Braendle. 
Indiana,  H.  B.  Dorner. 

TYLOSTOMA  CYCLOPHORUM  (Plate  85).— Periclium  light 
brownish  color,  with  a  raised,  shield-shaped,  fibrillose  mouth.  Cortex 
thin,  separating  perfectly,  leaving  the  peridium  smooth.  In  old  plants 
very  little  of  the  cortex  remains  attached  at  the  base  of  the  peridium. 
Stem  slender,  dark,  with  a  strong,  fibrillose,  dark  cortex,  which  becomes 
lacerate  and  strongly  persists  at  the  base  of  the  peridium,  forming  a 
lacerate  collar.  Capillitium  colored,  thick  (3-4  times  diameter  of  spores), 
with  thick  walls  and  numerous  slightly  swollen,  colored  nodes.  Spores 
4-5  mic.,  granulose. 

These  specimens  were  received  from  Miss  B.  Stoneman,  South 
Africa.  The  plant  is  very  similar  to  Tylostoma  Rickii  of  South  America 
in  general  apearance  and  particularly  in  the  strong,  fibrillose  cortex  of 
the  stem  remaining  as  a  conspicuous  collar  at  base  of  the  peridium. 
It  differs  in  all  its  other  characters. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
South  Africa,  Miss  B.  Stoneman. 

t  The  custom  of  naming  plants  after  authors  who  misname  them  is  a  kind  of 
back-handed  compliment  frequently  handed  out  in  mycology. 

25 


Group  10. 

TYLOSTOMA  EXASPERATUM  (Plate  85 ) .— Peridium  fur- 
nished with  large,  black,  conical  warts,  which  fall  away  leaving  the 
peridium  scarred  with  circles  of  small  warts  which  surround  the  large 
ones.f  Mouth  raised,  fibrillose.  Stem  with  strong  scales.  Capillitium 
slender  (not  exceeding  diameter  of  spores),  hyaline,  rarely  septate  with 
unswollen  nodes.  Spores  6-7  mic.,  very  strongly  aculeate,  and  (in  some 
species)  faintly  reticulate. 

This  species  is  very  different  from  all  that  precede  in  its  strong, 
warty  peridium,  its  strong,  spinulose  spores  and  in  its  habitat.  It  grows 
on  branches  and  rotten  wood  (sometimes  in  the  ground)  and  was 
originally  described  from  Cuba,  but  is  probably  widespread  in  the 
tropics.  We  have  seen  specimens  from  Cuba,  India  and  Brazil.  It 
has  also  been  reported  from  Australia  but  we  have  seen  no  specimens 
from  Australia.  Tylostoma  Ridleyi  ( Kew  Bulletin,  99,  173)  is  a 
synonym. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OCR  COLLECTION. 

Brazil,  Rev.  J.  Rick. 

(Tylostoma  pusillum  [Hook,  Jour.  46,  157]  is  evidently  a  very  similar  plant 
as  to  habitat  and  spores.  The  cortex  warts  are  much  smaller  and  the  mouth 
we  were  unable  to  make  out  from  the  type  specimens.  It  was  collected  in  the 
Philippines.) 

TYLOSTOMA  LEYEILLEAXUM  (Plate  85).— Peridium  col- 
ored, with  a  thin,  adnate  cortex,  breaking  up  into  little  scale-like  warts. 
Mouth  (  ?)4  Stem  thick,§  strongly  scaly.  Capillitium  stibhyaline. 
with  rare,  unswollen  septa.  Spores  5-6  mic.,  strongly  aculeate.  This 
plant  was  collected  in  Hawaii  many  years  ago  by  Gaudichaud.  and 
was  described  and  named  by  Leveille.ff  The  type  specimens,  dry  and 
in  alcohol,  are  in  the  museum  at  Paris.  There  are  some  better  speci- 
mens collected  in  Hawaii  by  Drummond.  at  the  British  Museum. 

Sl'F.CIMENS    IN    Ol'R    COLLECTION. 

Hawaii,  part  of  the  type  collection   by  (iaudichaud,   given   us  by    P.   Hariot. 


t  This  is  exactly  the  same  general  nature  of  cortex  as  I.ycoperdon  gemmatum. 
though  very  different  warts. 

t  None  of  the  specimens  at  Paris  now  show  the  mouth  character,  but  in  the 
original  drawing  it  is  depicted  as  being  simply  an  irregular  aperture. 

§  In  the  original  drawing  the  stem  is  shown  much  thicker  than  in  the  alcoholic 
specimens  from  which  our  plate  has  been  prepared.  There  are  also  some  mounted 
specimens  at  Paris  with  thicker  stems. 

tt  The  claim  has  been  made  that  the  plant  was  named  by  (laudichaud  which 
does  not  seem  possible  to  me.  He  was  not  a  mycologist  and  would  not  have  known 
a  Tylostoma  from  a  Peziza.  Besides  his  original  drawing  has  today  the  sole  name 
"Fungus  Isles  Sandwich." 


26 


APPENDIX. 

The  genus  Tylostoma  seems  to  be  the  most  plastic,  and  is  the  most  difficult 
genus  in  the  puff  ball  world.  Many  collections  reach  us  that  we  do  not  feel 
justified  in  naming,  either  because  the  specimens  are  old  and  characters  have 
disappeared,  or  they  do  not  accord  with  any  species  that  we  know.  Some  of 
them  are  strongly  marked,  but  we  feel  it  is  not  advisable  to  unduly  multiply 
the  species  nor  to  base  "new  species"  on  a  single  collection  unless  it  is  ample  in 
number  and  presents  marked  characters. 

At  the  present  time  the  following  collections  remain  unnamed  in  our  museum : 
W.  H.  Long,  Texas  (13)  ;  T.  L.  Mead,  Florida  (2)  ;  Geo.  G.  Hedgcock,  Missouri 
(1);  F.  K.  Vreeland,  Colorado  (1);  F.  K.  Vreeland,  New  Mexico  (2); 
D.  Griffiths,  Arizona  (2)  ;  R.  H.  Stevens,  Colorado  (1)  ;  J.  M.  Bates,  Nebraska 
(1)  ;  Chas.  Mcllvaine,  New  Jersey  (1)  ;  John  W.  Harshberger,  Pennsylvania 
(1)  ;  W.  S.  Moffatt,  Illinois  (2)  ;  C.  F.  Brown,  Wisconsin  (1)  ;  Minn.  Bot.  Survey, 
Minnesota  (1):  J.  G.  Lamison,  Ohio  (1);  W.  C.  Dawson,  Ohio  (1);  L.  R. 
Waldron,  North  Dakota  (1)  ;  S.  B.  Parish,  California  (4)  ;  Mrs.  Blanche  Trask, 
California  (1);  L.  A.  Greata,  California  (1).  Total,  38. 


27 


INDEX. 

(Those  marked  *  are  better  called  forms  or  varieties.) 

PAGE 

Battarrea  Digueti 

"         Guicciardiniana 7 

''         levispora  * 7 

"         phalloides 6 

"          Stevenii  * 6 

Battarreopsis  Artini 8 

Chlamydopus  Meyenianus     . 

Dictyocephalos  curvatus  . 

Queletia  mirabilis 3 

Schizostoma  laceratum 4 

Tylostoma  albicans 15 

Americanum 20 

Australianum       20 

Berkeleyii 25 

Bonianum 14 

brevipes  * 

caespitosum 

campestre  * 

cyclophorum 

egranulosum 21 

cxaspcratum 26 

Floridanum 18 

granulosum 23 

Levdlleanum       26 

Lloydii 22 

Longii* 15 

mammosum 16 

McAlpinianum 15 

montanum        15 

Mussooriense       14 

obesum 23 

occidentale 13 

pallidum* 17 

poculatum 21 

Purpusii 18 

pygmaeum       16 

Readerii 21 

Rickii 20 

rufum  *       18 

simulans  * 18 

squamosum 14 

subf  uscum  * 22 

tuberculatum  * 22 

verrucosum 13 

volvulatum 19 

28 


PARIS,  July,  1906. 

DEAR  SIR, — I  am  sending  you  by  this  mail  a  copy  of  "  The 
Tylostomeae,"  a  complete  account  of  the  known  species  of  the  world. 
-I  trust  it  will  arrive  safely. 

I  hope  I  am  not  imposing  on  you  in  asking  that  you  will  send  to 
me  this  season  such  specimens  of  the  Polyporii  as  may  come  to  your 
notice.  There  are  no  special  directions  for  collecting  Polyporii  ex- 
cepting that  ample  specimens  should  be  collected  (not  little  frag- 
ments), and  if  moist  they  should  be  well  dried.  If  growing  on  wood 
it  is  well  to  enclose  a  ticket  with  each,  giving  the  name  of  the  wood, 
as  "oak,"  "maple,"  etc.,  on  which  you  find  them.  Also  make  a 
memorandum  on  the  ticket  if  you  note  any  decided  odor  when  fresh, 
as  "  fragrant,"  "anise,"  etc.,  or  if  you  note  any  change  of  color  when 
touched  or  in  drying.  There  are  species  of  Poria  that  are  yellow 
when  fresh,  but  change  to  red  when  dry ;  also  those  which  are  white 
when  fresh,  and  change  to  red  when  bruised. 

While  I  expect  to  devote  the  next  few  years  to  a  study  of  the 
Polyporii,  I  shall  be  glad  to  receive  from  you  any  specimens  of  a 
hard,  firm  nature,  such  as  Corticium,  Stereum,  Thelephora,  or  of  any 
fungi  of  a  firm,  cartilaginous,  or  woody  nature.  I  do  not  claim  to 
know  all  these  plants  now,  but  any  specimen  that  preserves  its  char- 
acters when  dry  will  be  gladly  received  and  preserved  in  our  museum 
for  the  benefit  of  future  study. 

I  ask,  however,  that  you  do  not  send  specimens  of  the  fleshy 
fungi  such  as  Agaricus,  Boletus,  Clavaria,  etc.,  unless  they  are  of  a 
tough  nature  and  preserve  their  characters  when  dried,  as  Lentinus, 
Panus,  etc. 

I  hope  you  will  lay  aside  such  specimens  as  you  may  note  the 
present  season,  and  at  the  close  of  the  season  seud  them  to  my  ad- 
dress as  below.  I  expect  to  remain  in  Europe  during  the  collecting 
season,  but  shall  return  to  America  at  the  close  of  the  season,  where 
I  trust  I  may  find  a  shipment  from  you.  It  is  well  to  number  your 
specimens  and  keep  a  duplicate  to  correspond,  and  when  they  come 
into  my  hands  I  will  advise  you  the  names  as  far  as  I  may  know  them. 

Yours  truly, 
C.  G.  LLOYD, 

Court  and  Plum  Sts., 
K.  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  74. 


Fig.   1. 
Plant  partially  enclosed  in  the  volva.    Type  specimens  in  museum  at  Paris. 

BATTARREA  GUICCIARDINIANA. 


A  mature  plant.     Type  specimen  in  museum  at  Paris. 

BATTARREA  GUICCIARDINIANA. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  75. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  1. 

Fig.  1,  type  specimen  in  museum  at  Paris.    Figs.  2  and  3,  specimens  in  collection 
of  Professor  L.  M.  Underwood  (type  of  Battarrea  Griffithsii). 

BATTARREA  DIGUETI. 


Fig.    4. 


,.        ...     ^"' 


Type  specimen  and  label  from  a  photograph  given  by  Professor  George  Massee. 
BATTARREA  LEVISPORA. 


Issued  hy  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  76. 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

Fig.  1,  enlarged.    Fig.  2,  specimens  from  W.  N.  Suksdorf,  Washington. 
TYLOSTOMA  OCCIDENTALE. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  3,  enlarged.     Figs.  4  and  5,  specimens  from  near  Cincinnati. 

TYLOSTOMA  VERRUCOSUM. 


Fig.  6. 


Figs.  6  and  7,  enlarged.     Fig.  8,  natural  size.     All  type  specimens  in 
herbarium  of   Professor  Patouillard  and  Museum  of   Paris. 

TYLOSTOMA  BONIAXUM. 


Fig.   10. 


Fig.   11. 


Fig.  9. 


Figs.  9  and  10,  natural  size.     Fig.   11,  enlarged.     Type  specimen 
museum  at  Berlin. 

TYLOSTOMA  MUSSOORIEXSE. 


Issued  bv  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  77. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.   1,   enlarged.     Fig.  2  specimens   from   E.   Boudier,   France,  and   Rev.   G. 
Bresadola,  Tirol. 


TYLOSTOMA  SQUAMOSUM. 


Fig.  4. 
Fig.   3. 

Fig.  3,  enlarged.    Fig.  4,  type  specimen  in  herbarium  of  Professor  Patouillard. 
TYLOSTOMA  MONTANUM. 


Fig.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Fig.  5,  specimens  from  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  Texas.    Fig.  6,  enlarged. 
TYLOSTOMA  ALBICANS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  78. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  1,  enlarged.    Fig.  2,  specimens  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine  and  J.  G.  O. 
Tepper,  Australia. 

TYLOSTOMA  McALPINIANUM. 


Fig.  3.  Fig.   4. 

Fig.  3,  enlarged.     Fig.  4,  specimens  from  Theo.  L.  Mead,  Florida. 
TYLOSTOMA  PYGMAEUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.   6. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  7. 

Fig.  5,  enlarged.     Figs.  6,  7  and  8,  specimens  from  eight  different  collections 
from  various  parts  of  Europe. 


TYLOSTOMA  MAMMOSUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  79 


Fig.  1. 
Specimens  from  Captain  Pyat  Felix,  France. 

TYLOSTOMA  PALLIDUM. 


Fig.  2.  Fig.  3. 

Fig.  2,  enlarged.     Fig.  3.  specimens  from  W.  \V.  Stockberger,  Ohio. 

TYLOSTOMA  SIMULAXS. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  4. 

Fig.  4,  a  plant  enlarged.    Fig.  5,  specimens  from  W.  H.  Long,  Texas.    Fig.  6, 
from  T.  H.  McBride,  Iowa. 

TYLOSTOMA  RUFUM. 


Fig.  7 


Fig.  9. 

Figs.  7  and  8,  type  specimens  in  museum  at  Berlin.     Fig.  9,  plant  enlarged, 
specimen  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Australia. 

TYLOSTOMA  PURPUSII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  80. 


Fig.   1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  1,  enlarged.    Fig.  2,  specimens  from  Mrs.  Delia  Sams,  Florida. 
TYLOSTOMA  FLORIDANUM. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  3. 
Fig.  3,  enlarged.     Fig.  4,  specimens  from  Dr.  X.  Gillot  collected  in  Tunis. 

TYLOSTOMA  CAESPITOSUM. 


Fig. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  8. 

Fig.  5,  enlarged.    Figs.  6,  7,  8  and  9,  all  from  E.  B.  Sterling,  Denver,  Colo. 
TYLOSTOMA  AMERICANUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  81. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.    3. 


Fig.   4. 


Fig.    2. 


Fig.  5. 

Fig.  1,  enlarged.    Figs.  2,  3,  4  and  5,  specimens  in  museum  at  Berlin,  collected 
in  Africa  by  Schweinfurth. 


TYLOSTOMA  VOLVULATUM. 


Fig.  6.  Fig.  7. 

Fig.  6,  enlarged.     Fig.  7,  specimens  from  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil. 
TYLOSTOMA  RICKII. 


Fig.   8. 

Fig.  10. 

Fig.  8,  enlarged.    Figs.  9  and  10,  specimens  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Australia. 
TYLOSTOMA  AUSTRALIANUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  82. 


Fig.   1. 


Fig.  2. 

Fig.  1,  enlarged.     Fig.  2,  specimens  from  F.  M.  Reader,  Australia. 
TYLOSTOMA  READERII. 


Fig.   4. 


Fig.   3. 

Fig.  3,  enlarged.     Fig.  4,  specimen  from  F.  M.  Reader,  Australia. 
TYLOSTOMA  EGRANULOSUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Figs.  5,  6  and  7.  enlarged,  showing  the  mouth  at  three  periods  of  age.     Fig.  8, 
specimens  collected  near  Cincinnati  by  Walter  H.  Aiken. 

TYLOSTOMA  LLOYDII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  83. 


Fig.   2. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  1,  enlarged.    Fig.  2,  specimens  from  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates,  Nebraska. 
TYLOSTOMA  POCULATUM. 


Fig.   3. 
Fig.  3,  specimens  from  C.  V.  Piper,  Washington. 

TYLOSTOMA  TUBERCULATUM. 


Fig.   4. 


Tit 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.   6. 


Fig.  4,  specimens  from  Prof.  D.  McAlpine,  Australia.    Fig.  5,  from  Rev.  J.  M. 
Bates,  Nebraska.    Fig.  6,  a  small  form  from  Theo.  L.  Mead,  Florida. 

TYLOSTOMA  SUBFUSCUM. 


Fig.   7. 

Type  specimen  in  the  Ellis  collection,  New  York  Botanical  Garden 
TYLOSTOMA  OBESUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  84. 


Fig.   3. 


Fig.   4. 

Fig.  1,  enlarged.  Fig.  2,  a  slender  form  from  Captain  Pyat  Felix,  France. 
Fig.  3,  an  obese  form  from  E.  Boudier,  France.  Fig.  4,  the  usual  form,  speci- 
mens from  Rev.  Bresadola,  Tirol;  Dr.  Hollos,  Hungary;  N.  Patouillard,  France, 
and  Professor  Magnus,  Germany. 

TYLOSTOMA  GRANULOSUM. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5,  enlarged.    Figs.  6  and  7,  specimens  from  J.  Dearness,  Canada. 
TYLOSTOMA  CAMPESTRE. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  8. 
Fig.  8,  enlarged.     Fig.  9,  specimens  from  F.  S.  Earle,  Alabama. 

TYLOSTOMA  BERKELEYII. 


sued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  85. 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

Fig.  1,  enlarged.    Fig.  2,  specimens  from  Miss  B.  Stoneman,  South  Africa. 
TYLOSTOMA  CYCLOPHORUM. 


Fig.   3. 
•Fig.  3,  enlarged.     (See  over.) 

TYLOSTOMA  EXASPERATUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  4.  specimens  from  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil.     Fig.  5,  specimens  from  India 
in  Herbarium  at  Kew. 

TYLOSTOMA  EXASPERATUM. 


Fig.  6. 
Fig.  6,  enlarged.    Fig.  7,  type  specimen  in  alcohol,  museum  at  Paris. 

TYLOSTOMA  LEVEILLEANUM. 

Reprinted  1925 


THE 

NIDULARIACEAE 


OR 


"BIRD'S-NEST  FUNGI  ' 


ILLUSTRATED 

WITH  TEN  PLATES  AND  TWENTY  FIGURES 


By 

C.  G.  LLOYD 


CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  U.  S.  A. 
DECEMBER,  1906. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


L.  R.  TULASXE. 

Who  first  made  a  thorough  study  of  the  Nidulariaceae,  and  wrote  the  I 
first  monograph  on  the  subject,  and  whose  careful,  accurate  work  will! 
always  remain  as  the  highest  authority. 


NIDULARIACEAE. 


The  Nidularjaceae  are  well  known  as  the  "Bird's-nest  fungi"  so 
called  because  the  little  cups  filled  with  little  "eggs"  are  likened  to 
miniature  bird-nests.  In  mycology  they  are  classed  as  Gastromycetes! 
-it  to  me  they  seem  to  have  very  little  in  common  with  other  Gastro- 
mycetes.  They  are  found  all  over  the  world,  and  there  is  probably  no 
country  that  does  not  have  several  species. 

We  have  been  particularly  interested  in  these  little  bird's-nest 
fungi  for  several  years,  and  have  persistently  importuned  our  corre- 
spondents especially  those  in  the  tropics,  to  send  us  specimens.  That 
our  appeals  have  not  been  m  vain  the  two  hundred  and  more  collec- 
lons,  as  acknowledged  in  detail  in  this  pamphlet,  are  in  evidence 
We  wish  to  thank  each  individual  who  has  aided  by  sending  speci- 
mens. The  work  on  this  pamphlet  was  done  in  the  museum  of  crypto- 
gamic  botany  at  Pans,  France.  We  had,  however,  previously  made 
studies  of  the  material  at  Kew,  and  most  of  the  historic  specimens  in 
this  family  are  preserved  either  at  Paris  or  Kew. 

DEFINITION  OF   TERMS 


EPIPHRAGM.  —  The  thin  membrane,  covering  the  mouth  of 


'  layer  stretched  across  the  mouth  of  the  cup  like  the  head  of  a 


PERIDIOLES—  The  little  "eggs"  that  are  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
cups  we  call  pendioles.  Usually  they  are  called  sporangiales  but  "like  the 
term  pendiole  better.  They  are  always  lenticular  in  shapf,  usually  one  or  two 
(rarely  three)  millimeters  in  diameter.  The  color  of  the  peridioles  is  chTr- 
actensic  of  the  genera.  Cyathus  has  black  peridioles;  Nidularia  with  one 
anomalous  exception)  Nidula  and  Sphaerobolus  have  brown  peridioles;  Cruci- 
bulum  has  black  peridioles,  but  covered  with  a  thick,  white  tunica  so  that 
they  appear  white.  The  peridioles  contain  the  spores  of  the  plant  which  are 


. 


plintSVlrnadw?o"erife\rnedSOaneic°lfsthe  °th   bot??ists  ^^  th-at  the  peridbleTwere  the  seed7o7 


THE  FUNICULUS. — In  the  genera  Cyathus  and  Crucibulum  the  peridioles 
are  attached  to  the  cups  by  elastic  cords  called  ftmiculi.     When  dry  they  are 

^^^^^  v      brittle,   but   when  wet  they  are   elastic 

^flMjII^^,     V  J^T~^^:;^tr:===::;::=:::N\      an<^   caPable   of   long   extension.      It    is 

^H       ...    ^m      /^/^.        IT     l//y      easy  to  stretch  them  five  or  six  inches, 

H  BP       (LjL  \^^U\  I)  ///I      and    wnen    extended    they    appear    like 

I^HIC  /  x    ''11       threads    of    cob-web.      Our    figure    (i) 

W  vTv^  /^l[    Jj        shows  a  peridiole    (enlarged)    with  the 

/^vv    ll  Mi    \&  funiculus     attached.      The     microscopic 

\  u          vJ L/iS5c^^v       structure  of  the  funiculus  is  very  com- 

)  (L    ((       iifeO^^      \\      plex,   and   Tulasne  has  explained   it   at 

r  V^  V\     /W/y^^    ll      length.     It  is  more  simple  in  the  genus 

^L^lvY\C^     Uw       Crucibulum  than  in  Cyathus.    The  struc- 

'C  ^TvlT^Mr^       ture  cons'sts  °f  hyaline  filaments  which 

\  ^=^^  are  nodular  at  intervals.    Our  figure  (2), 

Fig   i.  Fig   2  taken  from  Tulasne,  will  illustrate  the 

ordinary    appearance    of    these    threads 

under  the  microscope.  Genera  are  based  on  the  presence  or  absence  of  funiculi. 
Thus  Cyathus2  and  Crucibulum  have  funiculi ;  Nidula,  Nidularia  and  Sphaero- 
bolus  have  none. 


THE  TUNICA.— Surrounding  the  peridioles  of  most  species  is  a  thin,  while 
membrane,  called  the  tunica.  In  most  species  the  tunica  is  so  thin  that  when  dry 
it  is  seen  with  difficulty,  but  it  swells  and  is  more  evident  when  the  peridiole 
is  soaked  in  water.  Crucibulum  vulgare  is  the  only  species  with  a  relatively 
thick  and  evident  tunica.  In  our  cross  section  of  a  section  of  the  peridiole  of 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 

Crucibulum  vulgare  (Fig.  3  enlarged)  the  tunica  is  readily  seen  surrounding  the 
(black)  peridiole  wall.  In  figure  4  (peridioles  of  Crucibulum  vulgare.  enlarged) 
a  broken  tunica  is  evident  on  one  of  the  peridioles.  In  the  genus  Cyathus 
the  tunica  is  often  an  uncertain  factor,  for  it  is  so  thin  it  is  often  difficult  to  de- 
cide whether  it  exists  or  not.  Where  it  exists  it  is  always  more  evident  \\licn 
the  peridiole  is  soaked  in  water.  In  some  species  (notably  the  common  Cy- 
athus stercoreus)  I  am  satisfied  there  is  no  tunica  whatever.  Cyathus  strialus 
(the  European  form,  not  the  American  form)  has  the  most  evident  tunica  in 
the  genus  Cyathus. 

THE  WALLS  OF  THE  PERIDIOLES.— The  outer  wall  of  the  peridiole 
is  of  a  hard,  horny  nature,  and  must  be  soaked  (about  twelve  hours)  in  water 
before  it  is  practicable  to  section  it.  Two  very  different  structures  are  found 


2We  have  rarely  seen  collections  of  Cyathus  stercoreus  where  the  upper  peridioles  in  the  cups 
are  not  attached  by  funiculi.  We  have  considered  it  only  as  a  kind  of  lapsus  for  in  the  same  collec- 
tion we  find  cups  with  all  the  peridioles  attached  and  otherwise  the  plants  have  all  the  characters  of 
the  species.  It  was  Miss  White,  in  reality  who  first  discovered  that  Cyathus  stercoreus  does  not  al- 
ways have  funiculi  (Cfr.  her  article  "  Cyathia  ?  Sp."),  but  she  was  so  unfamiliar  with  the  character  of 
the  species  that  she  was  unable  to  correctly  interpret  her  discovery.  It  is  a  feature  of  inexperience 
that  anything  out  of  the  ordinary 


ily  be  explained  by  the  theory  of  a  "  new  spec 

4 


(in  different  species)  which  character  we  have  used  in  arranging  the  species  in 
groups.  In  one  section  (of  which  the  common  Cyathus  stercoreus  is  a  familiar 
example)  the  peridiole  wall  consists  of  two  layers  with  coarse,  deeply  colored 
filaments  intervening.  If  a  peridiole  is  slightty  soaked,  these  filaments  seem  to 
be  placed  between  the  layers,  but  after  a  prolonged  soaking  in  water,  four 
or  five  days,  the  outer  layer  swells,  and  a  section  then  shows 
that  the  filaments  are  imbedded  in  the  tissue  of  the  outer 
layer.3  Our  figure  5  (an  enlarged  section  of  a  peridiole  of 
Cyathus  stercoreus)  plainly  shows  this  outer  layer  partially 
detached.  Tulasne  applied  the  term  "tunica"  to  this  layer 
in  the  species  when  he  noted  it,  but  to  us  this  is  a  misappli- 
cation of  the  term,  as  the  nature  is  very  different  from  a 
tunica,  and  we  feel  the  term  should  only  be  applied  in  the 
sense  we  have  indicated  under  the  previous  heading.  Usu- 
ally these  colored  filaments  are  simple,  unbranched  or 
slightly  branched  and  form  (apparently)  a  kind  of  woven 
tissue.  In  Nidula  emodensis  they  are  peculiar,  having 
many  short,  sharp-pointed  branches,  a  structure  we  have 
noted  in  no  other  species.  I  think  the  structure  of  the 
walls  of  the  peridioles  of  all  species  of  Nidulariaceae  are  of  the  same  general 
nature,  but  many  species  do  not  have  these  coarse,  deeply  colored  fibrils.  They 
are,  on  the  other  hand,  much  thinner,  pale-colored  or  sub-hyaline,  so  that  the  sec- 
tions appear  quite  different,  and  the  character  can  be  readily  used  in  classification. 

THE  INNER  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  PERIDIOLE.— A  section 
of  the  peridiole  of  any  species,  shows  the  interior  filled  with  a  white 
or  sub-transparent,  hard,  horny  .  substance.  '  This  is  always  in  two  lay- 
ers, clearly  differentiated  by  a  distinct  line  as 
shown  in  figure  6  (a  section  of  the  peridiole 
of  Cyathus  pallidus,  strongly  enlarged).  The 
tissue  under  the  microscope  is  composed  of 
irregular,  angular  granules,  somewhat  elon- 
gated and  very  irregular  in  shape.  I  do  not 

p.     6  feel  that  the  word  "filament"  should  be  applied 

to  this  tissue,  for  it  has  led  to  a  very  erroneous 

statement  of  facts."    The  outer  layer  of  tissue  is  mostly  (if  not  entirely)  sterile. 
The  spores  are  imbedded  in  the  tissue  of  the  inner  layer. 

SPORES. — The  spores  of  all  Nidulariaceae  are  hyaline.  Usually  ellipti- 
cal, they  are  sometimes  subglobose,  and  vary  much  in  general  size  in  different 
species.  Thus,  there  are  species  with  large  spores  (30-50  mic),  species  with 
small  spores  (4-8  mic.)  and  species  with  medium  spores  (12-25  mic).  The 
general  size  and  shape  of  spores  characterize  species,  but  the  particular  size  is  of 
no  value  whatever,  and  much  latitude  must  be  given  to  all  spore  measure- 
.ments.  Spores  not  only  vary  in  size  in  the  same  collection,  but  in  the  same 
peridiole,  and  I  have  noted  two  spores  side  by  side  differing  more  than  ten 
jnic.  in  length.  One  finds  the  spores  very  abundant  in  the  peridioles  of  the 
small-spored  species.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  usually  scanty  (or  often 
wanting)  in  most  of  the  large-spored  species.  If.  in  examining  for  spores,  one 
has  trouble  in  finding  them,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  the  plant  belongs  to  a 
large-spored  species.  The  spores  of  Nidulariaceae  are  said  to  be  borne  on 


3  Reminding  me  of  the  fibres  one  notes  in  the  pith  of  the  stem  of  the  corn  stalk. 

4  When  De  Toni  compiled  the  Nidulariaceae  in  the  seventh  volume  of  Saccardo  he  distinguished 
the   genus   Cyathus    from    Crucibulum,   the  former    having  "  sporae    filamentis   immixtae,"    the    latter 
"sporse  nullis  filamentis  immixtae."     Miss  White  has  copied  apparently  the  same  error  in  her  paper. 
It  originated,  I  think,  in  a  misreading  of  what  Tulasne  states  on  the  subject,  for  while  this  inference 
might  be  drawn  from  Tulasne's  work,  I  do  not  believe  he  ever  intended  to  convey  such  an  idea.     The 
internal  structure  of  the  peridioles  of  all  genera  of  Nidulariaceae  is  practically  the  same,  and  affords 
no  generic  differences  and  none  of  them  have  any  threads  mixed  with  the  spores. 


basidia,  but  in  the  mature  specimens  no  evidence  of  the  attachment  can  be  noted 
such  as  is  usually  very  noticeable  on  basidia-spores.  They  have  more  the  general 
'appearance  of  asci-spores.5 

HISTORY.— The  early  history  of  Nidulariaceae,  as  of  all  fungi,  is  vague, 
owing  to  the  multiplication  of  names  by  the  early  mycologists.  There  are  only 
three  common  species  in  Europe,  but  Tulasne  has  shown  that  they  were  il- 
lustrated and  described  under  more  than  twenty  different  specific  names,  and 
double  that  number  of  different  combinations.  But  one  real  original  mono- 
graph of  the  subject  was  ever  written,  viz:  by  Tulasne  in  1844.  When  lulasne 
took  hold  of  the  subject  all  was  confusion.  He  made  a  careful  and  thorough 
study  of  the  structure,  established  the  genera,  and  selected  the  best  name 
for  the  species  as  they  appeared  to  him.  Since  this  monograph  appeared,  my 
cologists  in  general  have  shown  their  appreciation  of  his  work  by  using  his 
names  We  have  done  so  in  every  instance  without  any  juggling  whatever. 

When  Tulasne  wrote  his  monograph,  excepting  the  three  common  species 
of  Europe,  he  had  but  scanty  material,  only  seventeen  collections  from  foreign 
lands  which  he  referred  to  thirteen  species.  We  have  studied  all  of  this  material 
(and  many  times  as  much  more),  and  we  think  that  Tulasne's  species  are  prac- 
tically all  "good."  Since  Tulasne's  day.  sixty  years  ago,  very  little  additional, 
systematic  work  has  been  done.  The  usual  number  of  "new  species  has  been 
added  some  very  good,  and  some,  in  our  opinion,  very  bad  Miss 
Violet  S.  White,  a  young  lady  of  New  York,  has  recently  published  (Bull,  of 
the  Torrey  Club,  May,  1902),  an  account  of  the  American  species.  It  was  a 
good  paper  (barring  the  name  juggling")  and  brought  out  a  number  of  new 
facts,  the  most  important  being  the  genus  Nidula. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION.— The  species  of  Nidulariaceae  of  the 
temperate  world  are  relatively  few,  and  there  are  but  three  common  species 
in  Europe,  viz:  Cyathus  striatus.  Cyathus  vernicosus  and  Crucibulum  vul- 
gare.  In  the  United  States,  in  addition  to  these  three,  we  have  another  common 
species,  Cyathus  stercoreus,  which  is  rare  in  Europe.  In  Australia,  Cyathus  verni- 
cosus, Cyathus  stercoreus  and  Crucibulum  vulgare  are  common,  but  Cyathus 
striatus  (as  far  as  I  know)  appears  to  be  wanting.  In  addition  to  these  common 
species  there  are.  to  my  knowledge,  only  five  rare  species  in  Europe  and  Amer- 
ica, viz:  Nidularia  pisiformis,  Nidularia  Heribaudii,  Nidula  Candida,  Nidula 
microsperma  and  Cyathus  pygmaeus.  We  do  not  include  in  the  above  summary 
(the  anomalous  genus)  Sphaerobolus  stellatus,  which  is  fairly  common  in 
Europe  and  America,  and  probably  also  in  Australia.  The  species  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  world  are  relatively  scantily  known.  In  the  tropics  the  species 
appear  more  numerous,  and  all  different  from  the  temperate  region  species. 
From  the  relatively  few  collections  that  are  known  more  species  probably 
have  been  made  than  will  be  maintained  when  the  plants  are  well  known.  1 
is  the  experience,  I  think,  of  every  one  that  the  more  material  he  has  the  fewer 
"species"  he  finds. 

5  I  would  not  have  it  thought  that  1  question  the  accuracy  of  Tulasne's  statements  on  the  spores 
of  the  Nidulariaceae  being  basidia-spores,  for  I   am  not  inclined  to  question  Tulasne  on  subjects  con- 
cerning which  I  know-  nothing.     I  would  only  state  that  they  do  not  appear  the  same  as  ordinary  basidia- 
spores. 

6  As  a  striking  example  of  how   easy  it  is  to  juggle  botanical  names,  Miss  White  takes  the  syn 
onyms  in  Tulasne's  monograph,  and  with  a  date  dictionary  shuffles  up  a  "  new  combination      for  every 
known  species  of  Nidnlariacete  she  considers.     Tulasne,  who  did  all  the  work,  does  not  have  a  single 
name  left.     If  this  juggling  was  not  done  with  Tulasne's  synonyms  it  could  have  been  in  fifteen  min- 
utes' time,  but  it  seems  to  have  been  so  done  for  questions  of  "  priority  "  not  explained  by  Tulasne  are 
not  considered  in  her  paper.     I  do  not  question  but  that  Miss  White  acted  conscientiously  and  to  the 
best  of  the  limited  light  under  which  she  worked.     She  was  young,  inexperienced,  under  bad  advisers 
who  ought  to  know  better,  and  she  could  not  realize  at  what  a  low  standard  such  work  is  generally 
held  ia  the  mycological  world.     Since  her  paper  appeared  two  publications  considering  the  Nidulan- 
aces  have  been  issued.    Saccardo  takes  recognition  of  her  new  genus  Nidula,  which  is  really  meritor- 
ious, but  completely  ignores  her  other  names.     Dr.  Holl6s,  who  is  i|uite  expert  himself  when  it  comes 
to  concocting  "new  combinations"  for  the  purpose  of  adding  "  Holl6s"   to  them,  sees  no  merit  in 
such  work  when  done  by  another.     He  t»rns  down  every  one  of  Miss  White's  juggled  name«. 


THE  GENERA  OF  THE  NIDULARIACEJE. 

There  are  only  five  known  genera  of  Nidulariaceae,  and  excepting 
the  genus  Cyathus,  each  embraces  a  very  few  species.  The  genera  are 
distinguished  by  the  following  characters : 

Peridium  cup  shaped,  with  walls  of  three  layers.  Peridioles  attached 
by  funiculi.  Tunica  thin  or  wanting Cyathus. 

Peridium  cup  shaped,  of  a  single  layer.  Peridioles  with  funiculi. 
Tunica  thick7 Crucibulum. 

Peridium  cup  shaped,  of  one  (or  two)  layers.  Peridioles  without 
funiculi  Nidula. 

Peridium  globose,  friable,  of  a  single  layer.  Peridioles  without  funi- 
culi   Nidularia. 

All  the  above  have  numerous  peridioles,  while  the  following  genus  has 
a  single  peridiole  in  each  cup Sphaerobolus. 


THE  GENUS  NIDULARIA. 


Peridium  globose,  of  a  single  layer,  without  an  epiphragm,  de- 
hiscing by  the  regular  breaking  away  of  the  walls  or  sometimes  by  a 
circumscissile  opening.  Peridioles  numerous,  filling  the  cavity,  and 
imbedded  in  a  mucilaginous  substance  (when  moist).  Not  attached 
by  funiculi. 

The  genus  Nidularia  (in  my  opinion)  embraces  one  rare,  but  widely 
distributed  species,  Nidularia  pisiformis,  three  other  species,  each 
known  from  a  single  collection,  N.  australis  (Chile),  N.  Duriaeana 
(Mauritius)  and  N.  fusispora  (Australia),  also  one  anomalous  species, 
N.  Heribaudii  (France).  All  are  very  different  from  the  other  Nid- 
uariaceae  in  not  having  cup-shaped  peridia.  The  peridia  are  globose, 
with  brittle,  fragile  walls,  which  often  break  away  entirely,  leaving  a 
pile  of  naked  peridioles.  The  peridioles  of  all  (excepting  Heribaudii) 
are  brown. 

NIDULARIA  PISIFORMIS  (Plate  '102).— Peridium  globose, 
filled  with  small  brown  peridioles.  Walls  of  the  peridium  of  a  single 
layer,  breaking  irregularly  or  (sometimes,  I  think)  in  a  circumscissile 
manner.  Sometimes  the  peridium  breaks  away  entirely,  leaving  a  pile 
of  naked  peridioles.  Surface  of  the  peridium,  particularly  when  young 
(see  Plate  102,  Fig.  6),  cinnamon  brown,  flocculent,  pulverulent*, 
becoming  lighter  color  and  smoother  when  old.  Usually  the  peridium 
is  tubercular  from  pressure  on  the  peridioles.  Peridioles  small,  i  to 


7  The  distinction  between  Cyathus  and  Crucibulum  is  not  one  marked  difference  that  can  be  used 
as  a  key  character,  but  rather  the  sum  of  a  number  of  slight  differences,  which,  taken  together,  make  a 

1    good  genus.     Thus,  they  do  not  have  exactly  the  same  peridia,  epiphragms,  tumcae,  or  funiculi. 

8  The  name  of  the  American  plant  Nidularia  pulvinata  means  "  cushion  shape,"  and  does  not 
refer  to  the  pulverulent  surface  as  I   have  always  (through  a  confusion  of  the  two  words)  supposed. 


il/2  mm.,  brown,  imbedded  (when  moist)  in  a  mucilaginous  substance, 
and  have  no  funiculi.  When  dry  they  are  rugulose,  but  when  moist 
are  smooth.  Spores  broadly  elliptical,  5-6  x  6-8,  sometimes  relatively 
a  little  broader,  6-7  x  8. 

HISTORY.— This  species  seems  to  be  widely  distributed,  but  rare.  We 
have  it  from  Europe,  United  States  and  Brazil.  It  grows  on  rotten  wood. 
It  appears  to  me  that  whenever  one  of  the  old  botanists  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  last  century  found  this  rare  plant,  he  gave  a  picture  of  it  and 
called  it  something  new.  We  have  looked  up  all  these  old  pictures,"  and  there 
is  nothing  to  indicate  they  are  not  the  same  plant.10  We  have  neither  re- 
ceived from  our  correspondents  in  America  or  Europe,  nor  have  we  seen  in 
any  of  the  museums  at  Paris  or  London  similar  specimens  of  the  genus 
Nidularia  that  we  can  distinguish  as  more  than  one  species.  We  feel  then 
there  is  but  one  widely  spread  species  of  this  genus,  and  that  it  occurs  very 
rarely  in  Europe,  United  States,  Brazil,  and  probably  other  countries. 

SYNONYMS. — If  the  above  position  proves  to  be  true,  and  all  the  evi- 
dence we  have  points  to  it.  the  following  names  will  form  its  synonymy. 
We  have  studied  authentic  specimens  of  those  followed  with  a  star,  or  they  are 
*based  on  figures  wre  have  seen,  and  there  is  little  question  as  to  them  in  our 
mind.  Cyathus  farcta,*  Nidularia  farcta,*  Nidularia  radicata,  Nidularia  farcta 
var.  radicata,  Nidularia  confluens.*  Cyathus  corrugattts.  Nidularia  corrugata, 
Cyathus  globosus,*  Nidularia  globosa,*  Nidularia  denudata,  Cyathus  denudatus, 
Nidularia  pulvinata,*  Cyathus  pulvinatus,*  Nidularia  Berkeley!,*  Nidularia  pisi- 
formis  var  Broomei.*  Miss  White  states  that  Nidularia  Alabamensis  is  a 
synonym  for  Nidularia  pulvinata,  and  the  "description"  certainly  would  so  in- 
dicate. "Granularia  pulvinata"  is  a  juggled  name.11 

RESUME. — While  we  do  not  assert  that  all  the  foregoing  are  demonstrated 
to  be  the  same  plant,  we  are  unable  to  learn  what  real  differences  exist 
between  them,  if  any,  and  it  is  our  opinion  that  they  will  all  prove  to  be  the 
same  species.  In  all  the  specimens  we  have  seen  we  have  noted  only  the 
following  differences,  but  whether  they  are  specific  or  merely  due  to  condi- 
tions, we  are  not  prepared  to  state.  Any  one  who  finds  these  rare  plants 
will  perform  a  real  service  if  they  will  carefully  note  the  following  points: 

First,  Color  and  Surface.  Two  forms  are  found  in  our  specimens,  smooth, 
whitish  plants  and  pulverulent,  brownish  specimens.  The  latter,  which  is  the 
condition  usually  found  in  my  specimens  from  America,  is  no  more  evident  in 
the  American  form  than  it  is  in  many  collections  of  Europe.  I  have  thought 
that  it  may  be  the  natural  character  of  all,  and  that  the  smooth,  pale  collec- 
tions may  be  due  to  age  or  wet  weather  conditions. 

Second,  Dehiscence.  I  note  two  types 
of  dehiscence.  Most  plants  we  have  seen 
and  most  descriptions  and  plates  seem  to 
show  that  the  peridia  break  irregularly, 
falling  away  and  leaving  sometimes  a  pile 
of  naked  peridioles.  Specimens  that  we 
have  from  Dr.  Herbst  (Fig.  7,  enlarged 
four  times)  clearly  show  a  circumscissile 
dehiscence.  Sometimes  we  note  indications 
of  both  these  types  in  the  same  collection, 
but  we  would  be  glad  to  .learn,  from  those 
who  have  an  opportunity  to  observe  the 
plant  growing,  what  arc  its  natural  methods 

Fig  i  of  dehiscence.     No  final  conclusions  can  be 

reached  as  to  whether  one  or  two  species 

are  involved  until  these  questions  are  settled.  As  to  spores  and  peridioles,  all  are 
practically  the  same. 


Notes 


9,  10, 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Germany,  Otto  Jaap. 
Denmark,  Rev.  J.  Lind. 
Canada,  A.  ].  Hill. 

United  States.  Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Wm.  Hcrbst ;  Minnesota.  Dr.  J.  E.  Crewe; 
Louisiana.  Rev.   A.   B.   Langlois. 
Brazil.  Rev.  J.  Rick. 

NIDULARIA   AUSTRALIS    (Fig.   8,   enlarged    four   times).— 
Pcridium  cinnamon  brown,  subpulverulent,  subglobose,  dehiscing12  in  a 

circumscissile  manner.  Peridioles 
small,  about  I  mm.,  brown,  rugulose 
when  dry.  Spores  10-11x4^  (Tu- 
lasne's  measurement) . 

But  one  collection  of  this  species 
is  known,  made  in  Chile  by  Gay,  and 
preserved  in  Tulasne's  herbarium.  It 
grows  on  rotten  wood,  and  in  many 
of  its  features  -strongly  reminds  us  of 
the  previous  species.  The  spores,  ac- 


Fig.  8. 


cording  to  Tulasne's  measurements,  are  relatively  longer  and  the  de- 
hiscence  (of  the  only  specimen  that  shows  it)  is  more  regularly 
circumscissile. 


NIDULARIA  DURIAEANA  (Fig.  9,  enlarged  4  times).— Peri- 

dium  globose,  brown,  friable,  scarcely  exceeding  i  mm.  in  diameter. 

. Peridioles  small,  brown,  about 

l/3   mm.     Spores  65^-7x4^2-5 
( Tulasne's  measurement) . 

This  unique  little  species  is 
only  known  from  a  single  col- 
lection, made  by  Durieu  in 
Mauritius  and  now  preserved  in 
Montagne's  herbarium.  It  is 
characterized  by  its  very  small 
size,  the  largest  peridia  meas- 
uring less  than  \y2  mm.  in  di- 
Fj  9  ameter.  It  grew  on  the  naked 

ground  in  a  little  moss.     From 

Tulasne's  figure  it  would  appear  to  grow  on  a  piece  of  wood,  but  that 

is  an  error. 


'.'Viz  :  Roth.  Catal.  Bot.  T.  7,  f.  2 ;  Ehrb.  Sylv.  f.  8;  Roth.  Ust.  Ann.  Bot.  T.  i,  f.  i. 

10  Excepting  Holmsk.     Beata  Rur.  T.  4,  f.  2,  which  we  think  is  a  Nidula,  not  a  Nidularia. 

11  Neither  Roth   who  proposed  the  name  Granularia,  nor  Miss  White   who  juggled    Tulasne' 
genus  Nidularia  under  Roth's  name  seem  to  have  had  a  very  clear  generic  idea  of  Tulasne's  genus. 
Both  of  them  refer  here  Micheli's  figure  T.  102,  f.  4,  which  clearly  shows  an  epiphragm,  and  Micheli 
states  the  peridioles  haye  funiculi  and  indicates  them  in  his  figure.     The  genus  Nidularia  has  neither 
an  epiphragm  nor  a  funiculus. 

12  The  only  specimen  that  clearly  shows  this  character. 

9 


NIDULARIA  FUSISPORA.— The  only  specimen  of  the  genus 
Nidularia  that  ever  reached  Europe  from  Australasia  was  collected 
by  Rod-way  in  Tasmania,  and  is  now  preserved  at  Kew.  It  is  only  a 
little  fragment  of  naked  peridioles,  but  they  present  characters  differ- 
ent from  those  of  the  European  species.  In  size  they  are  only  about 
half  as  large,  barely  measuring  y2  mm.  The  spores  present  the  most 
marked  difference,  being  narrower  than  those  of  other  species.  The 
largest  of  them,  according  to  my  measurements,  are  5x12  mic. 

NIDULARIA  HERIBAUDII  (Figs.  10  and  11).— Peridium  sub- 
globose,  light  color,  friable,  containing  a  feiv  large,  black  peridioles. 


Fig.  10.  Fig.  11. 

Peridioles  varying  in  size,  the  largest  3  mm.  in  diameter,  black,  smooth. 
Tunica  thin.    Spores  broadly  ovate,  6x8. 

This  species  of  Nidularia  differs  entirely  from  all  others  in  the  large,  black 
peridioles  that  are  more  of  the  nature  of  the  peridioles  of  Cyathus,  excepting 
that  they  do  not  have  funiculi.  The  peridioles  seem  closely  packed  in  the  cup 
and  are  irregular  in  shape  and  size.  The  peridiole  that  we  show  enlarged 
(Fig.  ii )  appears  to  have  a  scar  as  though  it  had  been  attached  by  a  funiculus, 
but  we  have  carefully  examined  all  the  peridioles  of  the  specimen,  and  are 
assured  of  the  complete  absence  of  funiculi.  The  type  specimen  (Fig.  10, 
enlarged  four  times)  is  very  scanty  and  was  collected  in  the  central  part 
of  France  on  pine  branches.  It  is  now  in  the  museum  at  Paris.  We  think 
that  Nidularia  rudis.  which  was  described  from  scanty  material  from  California 
(under  the  name  Granularia  rudis)  will  prove  to  be  the  same  plant,  and  it  is 
an  earlier  name.  We  have  seen  no  specimens,  but  should  we  examine  them 
and  find  them  the  same  as  those  at  Paris,  will  adopt  the  name  (specific,  not  the 
juggled,  generic  name).  Our  figure  (10)  is  the  type  specimen,  all  that  exists 
at  Paris  (enlarged  4  diameters).  Fig.  n,  a  peridiole  enlarged  10  diameters, 
but  few  are  as  regular  as  this  one. 


THE  GENUS  NIDULA. 

Peridium  cup-shaped,  opening  by  a  thin  epiphragm.  The  walls  of 
the  peridium  consist  of  two  layers,  the  inner  thin,  which  is  continuous 
with  the  layer  that  forms  the  epiphragm.  In  young  specimens  the 
outer  (thick)  layer  is  readily  peeled  away  from  the  inner  (thin)  layer, 
but  in  old  cups  it  is  difficult  to  differentiate  them.  Peridioles  free, 
imbedded  when  moist  in  a  mucilaginous  substance  and  not  attached 
by  funiculi.  The  genus  Nidula  is  an  excellent  genus,  recently  pro- 
posed by  Miss  White.  It  has  the  cup  and  epiphragm  of  a  Crucibulum 


and  the  peridioles  of  a  Nidularia.  The  genus  was  overlooked  by  both 
Berkeley  and  Peck,  who  had  previously  worked  with  it.  Tulasne 
never  saw  a  specimen  in  his  life.12  The  genus  Nidula  seems  to  be  of  a 
northern  range.  It  reaches  me  abundantly  from  one  correspondent 
(Albert  J.  Hill)  Xew  Westminister,  Canada,  and  from  Northwestern 
United  States.  I  have  it  scantily  from  Japan  and  Australia,  and  Berke- 
ley had  an  ample  collection  from  the  Himalayas,  India.  It  does  not 
seem  to  occur  in  warm  countries,  or  over  the  greater  portion  of  the 
United  States  or  Europe.13 

XIDULA  CANDIDA  (Plate  103).— Peridium  cup-shaped,  with  a 
spreading  mouth,  i  to  il/2  cm.  high.  Outer  surface  shaggy-tomentose, 
the  tomentum  tufted.  Peridioles  il/2-2  mm.,  broad,  light  brown, 
smooth  (not  wrinkled),  with  a  thin  tunica.  Spores  4-6  x  8-10,  ellip- 
tical, smooth,  with  granular  contents. 

This  plant  reaches  me  only  from  Albert  J.  Hill,  New  Westminster, 
B.  C..  Canada.  It  grows  in  damp  places  in  the  woods,  usually  on 
rotten  sticks,  twigs. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Canada.   A.    J.    Hill    (3    collections). 

NIDULA  MICROCARPA  (Plate  103).— Peridium  cup-shaped, 
with  a  straight  or  slightly  spreading  mouth.  About  l/2  cm.  high. 
Outer  surface  appressed-tomentose.  Peridioles  y2-i  mm.  broad,  red- 
dish brown,  rugulose  when  dry.  Spores  5-6  x  7-8,  elliptical,  smooth. 

This  plant  is  very  close  to  the  preceding  and  grows  in  similar  local- 
ities. I  was  at  first  disposed  to  think  it  was  only  a  variety.  The  peridia 
are  smaller  and  smoother,  peridioles  smaller  and  darker  color,  and  the 
spores  are  relatively  broader.  The  cups  of  young  specimens  have 
a  general  resemblance  to  those  of  Crucibulum  vulgare,  but  the  plants 
can  be  easily  distinguished  as  this  has  brown  peridioles,  and  Cruci- 
bulum white  peridioles. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  Albert  J.  Hill    (2  collections)  ;   Washington,  T.   C.  Frye,  C.   V. 
Piper    (2  collections). 

A  FORM  FROM  AUSTRALIA.— I  have  received  from  F.  M.  Reader, 
collected  in  the  County  of  Follett,  a  rather  scanty  collection,  which  for  (he 
present  I  refer  to  Nidula  microcarpa.  It  has  the  same  cups,  but  the  peridioles 
are  smaller  (about  l/2  mm.),  and  the  spores  are  slightly  longer,  5-6x8-10.  It  is 
the  only  collection  of  the  genus  Nidula  known  from  Australia.  We  have  also 
a  single  cup  of  a  Nidula  from  Japan,  but  the  material  is  so  scanty  we  would 
not  wish  to  say  anything,  other  than  to  record  the  genus  in  Japan. 

12  It  might  appear  that  the  section  Scutula  "  Peridium  regulariter  apicc  dehiscens  "  of  Ttrlasne's 
genus  Xidularia  is  the  same  as  Nidula.     The  only  specimen  of  this  section  Tulasne  saw  wra»  Nidula- 
ria  australis,  which  is  a  true  Nidularia  as  to  its  cup,  and  has  no  epiphragm. 

13  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  from  Europe,  but  I  am  satisfied  the  old  figure  of  Ho'raskjold 
(Beata  Rur.  T.  4,  f.  2   represents  this  genus. 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Australia,   F.    M.   Reader. 
Japan,  T.  Yoshinaga. 

A  LARGE  FORM  FROM  WASHINGTON  (Fig.  12). 
We  have  from  T.  C.  Frye  what  we  consider  a  large  form 
of  Nidula  microspora,  although  the  cups  are  more  than  twice 
as  large  as  the  usual  form,  and  some  spores  are  consider- 
ably larger,  measuring  6  x  12.  We  hardly  feel  that  the  form 
is  worthy  of  a  name  even  as  a  form,  as  the  size  of  the  cups 
is  a  much  varying  factor  in  most  species  of  Nidulariaceae. 

Fig.  12.""  SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Washington,  T.  C.  Frye. 

NIDULA  EMODENSIS  (Plate  103).— Peridium  cup-shaped,  with 
a  somewhat  spreading  mouth,  white,  shaggy-tomentose.  Peridioles 
about  i  mm.  in  diameter,  reddish  brown,  wrinkled  when  dry.  Outer 
peridiole  wall  thick,  of  rigid,  woven,  colored  fibrils,  which  have  many 
short,  spiny  branches.  (We  have  not  met  this  structure  in  any  other 
species  of  Nidulariaceae.)  Spores  ovate,  4x8. 

There  is  an  abundant  collection  of  this  species  from  Sikkim,  in 
the  Himalayas,  India,  in  Hooker's  herbarium  at  Kew.  It  has  a  close, 
general  resemblance  to  Nidula  Candida  of  Canada,  but  differs  from 
all  species  known  to  me,  in  the  peculiar,  spiny,  branched  fibrils  of  the 
outer  peridiole  wall.  It  was  described  as  Cyathus  emodensis,  and 
while  the  discovery  of  the  "new  species"  was  of  interest,  it  would  have 
been  of  more  general  interest  had  the  author  discovered  that  he  had 
a  "new  genus,"  very  different  in  the  nature  of  the  peridioles  from  the 
genus  Cyathus  in  which  it  was  placed. 

NIDULA  GRANULIFERA.— While  we  have  never  seen  a  specimen  of 
the  genus  Nidula  from  Europe,  we  feel  confident  that  the  plant  illustrated 
in  Holmskjold's  Beata  Rur.  (T.  4,  f.  2),  about  a  hundred  years  ago,  was 
drawn  for  a  Nidula.  As  to  species,  of  course,  the  plate  tells  nothing,  and  it 
will  probably  prove  to  be  one  of  the  species  recently  described  from  America. 

THE  GENUS  CRUCIBULUM. 

Peridium  cup-shaped,  composed  of  a  single,  thick,  uniform  layer, 
lined  on  the  inner  side  with  a  very  thin,  often  silvery  lining,  which 
is  said  to  be  the  "remnant  of  the  mucilaginous  matter  that  fills  the  ' 
cup,"  but  appears  to  me  to  be  a  distinct,  but  very  thin  membrane. 
When  young  the  mouth  is  covered  with  an  epiphragm,  yellow  tomen- 
tose  on  the  surface.  Peridioles  numerous,  filling  the  'cup.  attached 
to  the  cup  by  a  simple  funiculus,  which  can  be  extended  at  length 
when  moist.  Tunica,  a  loosely  woven,  thick,14  easilv  ruptured  mem- 
brane. Peridioles  (deprived  of  tunica)  black.  The  walls  of  the 
peridiole  are  90-100  mm.  thick,  closely  woven,  black  externally,  but  the 
inner  portion  subtransparent.  The  interior  of  the  peridiole  is  hyaline, 

14  Compared  to  the  tunica  of  all  other  Nidulariaceae. 
12 


about  200  mm.  thick  at  the  broadest  part,  consisting  of  innumerable  el- 
liptical, hyaline  spores,  imbedded  in  irregularly  shaped,  hyaline  tissue. 

The  genus  Crucibulum  consists  of  a  single  known  species,15  very 
common  in  Europe,  America  and  Australia,  and  reported  from  North 
Africa,  Mauritius  and  other  countries.  I  have  never  seen  specimens 
from  the  tropics  proper. 

CRUCIBULUM  VULGARE  (Plate  104).— Peridium  bell-shaped, 
usually  about  8  mm.  high  and  broad  at  the  mouth.  When  young  with 
a  yellowish  velvety  tomentum  externally,  but  soon  becoming  smooth 
and  brown,  when  very  old  often  bleach- 
ing white.  Even  without  and  within. 
The  mouth  covered  when  young  with 
an  epiphragm,  which  is  a  continuation 
of  the  walls  of  the  peridium.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  a  yellowish  tomentum  on  the 
upper  surface,  consisting  under  the  mi- 
croscope of  peculiar  hairs  with  numer- 
ous short,  sharp  branches.  (Fig.  13, 
taken  from  Tulasne.)  The  normal  pe- 
ridioles measure  about  2  mm.  in  diam- 
eter. They  vary  in  size,  and  peridioles 
measuring  1%  to  2,y$  mm.  are  some- 
\  r~i^J  times  found  in  the  same  cup.  The 

<=^r^  tunica  is  light  colored,  usually  white  in 

old  specimens,16  and  consists  of  a  loosely 
F'9<  13-  woven  membrane  which  frequently  rup- 

tures. The  peridiole  (deprived  of  this  tunica)  is  black.  The  funiculus 
is  a  simple,  elastic,  thin  cord,  capable  of  long  extension  when  wet.  It 
is  attached  to  a  little  nipple-like  protuberance  on  the  peridiole. 

The  spores  are  very  numerous,  and  fill  the  interior  of  the  peridiole, 
imbedded  in  an  irregular,  angular  tissue.  They  are  hyaline,  elliptical, 
and  measure  4-6x8-10  mic.  Crucibulum  vulgare  is  probably  the 
most  common  and  widely  spread  bird's  nest  fungus  that  grows.  It 
occurs  over  Europe,  America  and  Australia,  and  probably  other  coun- 
tries. It  grows  on  twigs,  chips,  old  mats  and  debris  of  various  kinds, 
and  sometimes  on  dry  manure  cakes.  It  rarely  (if  ever)  occurs  grow- 
ing on  the  earth  or  on  large  logs.  Very  often  the  cups  grow  inside 
of  old  cups  of  the  same  species,  as  shown  in  figs.  2  and  4,  plate  104, 
and  this  is  the  only  "bird's  nest  fungus"  I  have  ever  noticed  with  this 
habit.  A  very  small  form  (Plate  104,  fig.  3)  is  often  met,  particularly 
in  Australia,  frequently  on  dry  cakes  of  manure,  which  has  cups 
3-4  mm.  broad  and  proportionately  small  peridioles. 

15  Two  other  species  have  been  "  described  "  but  they  are  both  errors.    Miss  White  has  examined 
Crucibulum  juglandicolum  and  states  its  synonymy  with  Crucibulum  vulgare.     I  can  state  the  same 
as  to  Crucibulum  simile.     The  latter  was  based  on  supposedly  smaller  spores,  but  my  measurements 
show  them  to  be  exactly  the  same  as  the  normal  plant. 

16  And  by  this  character  Crucibulum  vulgare  can  be  readily  recognized  as  it  is  the  only  "bird's 
nest-fungi"  known  with  white  "eggs." 

13 


SYNONYMS. — Tulasne,  who  straightened  out  the  subject,  gives  the 
following  synonyms :  Cyathus  crucibuliformis,  Nidularia  Crucibulum,  Nid- 
ularia  leucosperma,  Cyathus  ericetorum,  Cyathus  cylindricus,  Nidularia  levis, 
Cyathus  Crucibulum.  Peziza  crucibuliformis,  Peziza  lentifera,  Peziza  Pyxis, 
Peziza  levis. 

These  were  mostly  based  on  the  vagaries  of  the  old  botanists  who  seemed  to 
think  every  time  they  considered  the  plant  they  had  to  give  it  a  new  name. 
In  addition  (see  Note  15,  page  13),  Nidularia  juglandicola,  Crucibulum 
j  uglandicolum,  Crucibulum  simile,  Cyathus  fimetarius,  Cyathus  fimicola,  Cy- 
athus pezizoides  and  Cyathus  pusio  are  all  synonyms.  The  latter  three  from 
Australia  are  all  the  same  plant,  small  specimens  of  Crucibulum  vulgare.  And 
then,  as  if  this  poor,  little  plant  did  not  have  enough  burdens  to  bear  in  the 
way  of  useless  names,  Miss  White  recently  added  another  to  the  load,  Cruci- 
bulum crucibuliforme,  pure  name-jugglery. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  CQLLECTION. 

Canada,  J.  Macoun. 

Minnesota,  Dr.  Mary  S.  Whetstone,  Dr.  J.  E.  Crewe;  Wisconsin,  Chas. 
E.  Brown;  New  Hampshire,  C.  E.  Montgomery;  Massachusetts,  G.  E.  Morris, 
Clara  E.  Cummings,  R.  B.  Mackintosh ;  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Charles 
Mcllvaine,  Mrs.  Dallas;  Washington,  D.  C.,  A.  Hrdlicha;  Illinois,  H.  C.  Beards- 
lee;  Ohio,  Walter  H.  Aiken,  Thomas  Bell,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Kentucky,  C.  G.  Lloyd; 
Maryland,  W.  T.  Lakin ;  Georgia,  H.  N.  Starnes ;  North  Carolina,  Miss  Mary 
Fitzgerald;  Missouri,  P.  Spaulding;  Colorado,  Ernest  Knaebel ;  California, 
Edw.  P.  Ely. 

Ireland,  Greenwood  Pirn ;  Scotland,  Mary  L.  Miles ;  England,  C.  Crossland, 
Mrs.  A.  Montague,  E.  W.  Swanton. 

France,  N.  Patouillard,  G.  Renaudet,  Capt.  Pyat  Felix,  L.  Rolland,  Rev.  H. 
Bourdot.  Dr.  X.  Gillot. 

Spain,  T.  de  Aranzadi. 

Belgium,  Madame  Rousseau. 

Germany,  Otto  Jaap.  Wm.  Kriiger,  C.  Engelke,  Prof.  Plottner,  Dr.  O. 
Pazschke,  Madame  Schultze  Wege. 

Bohemia,  F.  Bubak,  A.  Weidmann. 

Sivitzerland,  Denis  Cruchet. 

Denmark,  J.  Lind,  Rev.  A.  Breitung. 

Sweden,  L.  Romell,  L.  Neger,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

Russia,  A.  Jaczewski. 

Australia,  Melbourne,  F.  Reader. 

(NoTE. — There  are  at  Kew  several  collections  of  this  species  from  Aus- 
tralia.) 


THE  GENUS  CYATHUS. 

Peridium  cup-shaped,  composed  of  three  distinct  layers.  When 
young  the  mouth  is  covered  with  a  thin,  white,  smooth  epiphragm.18 
Peridioles,  usually  rilling  only  about  one-half  the  cup,  always  black, 
attached  to  the  cup  by  funiculi.  Tunica  usually  very  thin,  on  some 
species  none,  white,  but  so  thin  it  hardly  masks  the  black  color  of 
the  peridiole  wall.  Spores  hyaline,  varying  much  in  size  (from  6  to  40 
mic.)  in  the  different  species,  imbedded  in  irregular,  angular,  hyaline 


18  The  epiphragm  of  Cyathus,  in  some  species  at  least,  when  very  young  is  covered  with  lo 
hau-s,  which  early  fall  away  leaving  the  usual  epiphragm  a  very  thin,  white  membrane  stretch 
tensely  over  the  mouth  of  the  cup  like  the  head  of  a  drum. 

14 


tissue.  The  genus  Cyathus  includes  more  species  than  all  the  other 
genera  of  Nidulariaceae  combined.  But  two  common  species  occur 
In  Europe  (Cyathus  striatus  and  Cyathus  vernicosus)  and  in  America 
in  addition  to  these  two,  we  have  another  common  species  (Cyathus 
stercoreus).  Most  of  the  species  are  of  warm  countries,  and  very 
•different  from  the  above  three.  The  genus  Cyathus  is  readily  divided 
into  two  sections  :19 

EUCYATHUS.— Cups  striate  inside. 
OLLA. — Cups  even  and  smooth  inside. 

The  greatest  difference  that  is  found  in  the  species  of  Cyathus  is 
the  size  of  the  spores.  Some  species  have  very  large  spores,  others 
very  small  spores,  and  most  of  the  species  have  medium-sized  spores. 
We  would  divide  the  genus  into  five  sections  according  to  the  general 
nature  of  the  cups  and  peridioles. 

Section  i. — Eucyathus — Cups  striate.  Tunica  none  or  very  thin.  Outer 
peridiole  wall  thick,  of  coarse,  colored  fibrils. 

Section  2. — Eucyathus — Cups  striate.  Tunica  none,  or  a  thin  membrane. 
Outer  peridiole  wall  not  strongly  different  from  the  inner. 

Section  3.— Olla — Cups  even,  with  strigose,  shaggy  hairs.  Tunica  none. 
Outer  peridiole  wall  with  coarse-colored  fibrils. 

Section  4. — Olla — Cups  even,  with  hirsute,  hispid,  coarse  hairs.  Tunica  a 
thin,  soft  membrane.  Outer  peridiole  wall  not  strongly  different  from  the  inner. 

Section  5. — Olla — Cups  even,  rigid,  comparatively  smooth,  with  fine  subap- 
pressed  hairs.  Outer  peridiole  wall  not  strongly  different  from  the  inner. 


SECTION  i. 

CYATHUS  POEPPIGII  (Plate  105).— Cups  conic,  bell-shaped, 
8-io  x  5-6  mm.,  dark  brown,  strigose,  hirsute,  striate  within  and 
strongly  striate  externally.  Peridioles  black,  lJ^-2  mm.  in  diameter, 
with  a  thick,  fibrous,  outer  peridiole  wall.  Tunica  none.  Spores  very 
large,  varying  much  in  size,  even  in  the  same  peridiole,20  but  always 
large.  Usually  24-28  x  30-42  mic.  We  have  noted  them  as  large  as 
32  x  50  mic. 

This  is  a  frequent  species  in  warm  countries,  and  probably  occurs 
throughout  the  warm  regions  of  the  earth.  We  have  it  from  four 
widely  distant  localities,  and  have  seen  many  others  at  Paris  and  Lon- 
don. It  seems  to  replace  Cyathus  striatus  of  temperate  regions,  and 
to  have  very  much  the  same  habits.  In  Samoa  we  found  it  growing 
densely  caespitose  on  a  piece  of  rotten  cloth. 


19  We  include  in  "  Eucyathus"  only  those  species  that  are  distinctly,  strongly  striate.     Some  of 
the  species  placed  in  "  Olla  '    when  old  have  faint  striae,  but  we  feel  they  are  better  placed  in  "  Olla  " 
than  "  Eucyathus." 

20  We  give  the  measurements  of  six  spores,  all  averaging  small,  from  the  same  peridiole  of  a 
•Samoan  specimen  :  16  x  32  ;  12  x  28  ;  12  x  20 ;  12  x  16 :  12  x  34  ;  14  x  40. 

2  15 


SYNONYMS.— Poeppig  distributed  it  from  Cuba  as  Cyathus  plicatulus, 
which  name  was  changed  by  Tulasne  when  he  published  it.  Fries  claims  that 
Cyathus  plicatus,  "published  by  him  "priorly"  is  the  same  plant.21 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Mauritius,  Chas.  A.  O'Connor. 

German  East  Africa,  Dr.  K.  Braun. 

Australia,  Brisbane,  J.  H.  Simmonds. 

Samoa,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

Berlin  Botanical  Garden,  Dr.  Hennings    (adventitious). 

CYATHUS  LIMBATUS  (Plate  105).— Peridium  7-10  mm.  high, 
conic,  bell-shaped,  dark  brown,  strigose,  hirsute,  often  becoming 
smooth  in  old  specimens.  Striate  within,  but  the  external  striae  are 
hidden  by  the  hirsute  covering  when  young.  Old  specimens  where 
this  external  hirsute  layer  has  fallen  away  are  strongly  striate  exter- 
nally. Peridioles  black,  1^/2-2  mm.  in  diameter,  with  a  thick,  outer 
wall.  Spores  elliptical,  8-iox  16  mic.  (in  type).  I  refer  here,  how- 
ever, specimens  having  spores  10-12  x  16-22. 

This  seems  to  be  a  frequent  species  in  the  West  Indies,  growing 
usually  on  the  bare  ground.  Mr.  W.  Harris  sends  it  to  me  in  quan- 
tity from  Hope  Gardens,  Jamaica.  It  often  develops  a  brown  mycelium 
at  base,  as  many  species  do.22  Old  specimens  lose  the  external,  hirsute 
covering,  and  become  smooth  and  striate,  hardly  appearing  like  the 
same  plant.  (Cfr.,  Plate  105,  figs.  9  and  10.)  Tulasne  compares  it  to 
Cyathus  Poeppigii  as  to  cups.  The  cups  are  not  so  strongly  striate 
as  Poeppigii,  and  the  striae  are  coarser. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Jamaica,  W.  Harris  (in  quantity),  Wm.  Cradwick. 

NOTE. — We  have  received  from  A.  Thibou,  Antigua,  a  related  plant, 
which  we  do  not  publish  on  account  of  the  paucity  of  material  (4  cups).  It 
is  apparently  distinct,  however,  in  its  narrow  spores,  6  x  20  mic.  We  hope 
for  additional  material. 

CYATHUS  GAYANUS  (Plate  105).— Peridium  about  \y*  cm. 
high,  5-6  mm.  broad,  narrow,  conic,  dark  brown,  striate  within  and 
faintly  without,  strigose,  hirsute.  Peridioles  black,  large,  3  mm., 
with  thick  outer  wall.  Spores  subglobose,  large,  varying  from  20  to 
32  mm.23. 

21  After  Tulasne  had  published  his  magnificent  monograph,  showing  how  the  species  of  Nidula- 
iraceae  can  be  distinguished.   Fries  came  out  with  the  claim  that  Cyathus  Poeppigii  was  Nidularia 
plicata.      We  do  not  know  whether  it  is  true  or  not,  and  to  our  mind  it  is  immaterial.      If  it  is  true, 
Tulasne  gave  the  characters  by  which  the  plant  can  be  recognized,  and  Fries  gave  not  a  single  char- 
acter by  which  it  can  be  distinguished  from  any  similar  species.     When  a  boy  I  used  to  p\ay  a  game 
where  the  chief  argument  was  "  That  is  mine,  I  saw  it  first,"  and  I  think  the  argument  is  equal  \y  childish 
as  applied  to  nomenclature.     No  man  should  attempt  to  displace  careful,  accurate,  thorough    work  that 
can  be  correctly  interpreted,  solely  on  the  strength  of  vague,  indefinite  work  on  the  same  subj  ect,  done 
at  a  previous  date.     Authors  should  realize  that  they  have  obligations  to  mycology  other  than  "seeing 
new  species  first,"  and  that  they  should  not  only  "  see  "  them,  but  should  describe  them,  and  partic- 
ularly should  illustrate  thtm  so  accurately  that  others  can  "see"  them.     Then  only  should  a  man 
have  the  assumption  to  claim  recognition  for  his  "new  species"  on  the  ground  of  priority.     I  have 
great  respect  for  the  priority  of  good  work. 

22  On  this  account,  perhaps,  Mr.   Harris"  specimens  have  been  determined  as  Cyathus  byssise- 
dus,  described  by  Junghuhn  from  Java.     I  dp  not  feel  that  any  one  is  justified  in  deciding  a  plant  to 
be  Cyathus  byssisedus  on  either  the  description  or  figure.     Certainly  not  this  plant  which  differs  in 
habits  from  those  shown  by  Junghuhn. 

23 Tulasne  gives  the  measurement  "  15-17  x  20-22  mic."    In  the  type  I  find  some  as  large  as  32  mic. 

16 


But  one  collection  is  known  from  Chile  by  Gay,  which  is  now  in 
Tulasne's  herbarium.  It  was  said  to  grow  on  horse  manure,  but  it 
appears  to  me  as  though  it  grew  on  rich  earth.  Its  large,  subglobose 
spores  and  habitat  (if  true)  would  ally  it  to  Cyathus  stercoreus,  but  it 
belongs  in  a  different  section  on  account  of  its  striate  cup. 


SECTION  2. 

CYATHUS  STRIATUS  (Plate  106).— Peridium  obconic,  cup- 
shaped,  dark  brown  (in  some  forms  much  darker  than  others),  hirsute, 
strigose,  with  coarse,  shaggy  hairs,  which  are  disposed  to  bend  down- 
ward. Externally  the  cups  are  even ;  internally  they  are  regularly  and 
strongly  striate.  Epiphragm  a  thin,  white  membrane,  at  first  strigose, 
but  the  hairs  soon  fall  away,  leaving  the  epiphragm  smooth.  The  epi- 
phragm  soon  breaks  around  the  edges  and  falls  away.  Peridioles 
about  2  mic.  in  diameter,  with  a  soft,  pale  tunica,  which  is  thin  on  the 
margin  and  top  of  the  peridioles,  thicker  below,  where  it  usually  re- 
mains attached,  forming  a  kind  of  pad  (when  wet  and  swollen).  The 
tunica  rarely  ruptures  in  the  typical  form  of  Cyathus  striatus,  but  is 
generally  seen  entirely  surrounding  the  ripe  peridiole.  Spores  ellip- 
tical-ovoid, rounded  at  the  ends,  but  slightly  more  narrow  at  one  end 
than  the  other,  8-10  x  18-20  mic. 

The  type  form  of  this  plant  is  very  common,  but  occurs  only  as 
far  as  I  know  in  Europe.  The  American  form  is  quite  different,  par- 
ticularly in  its  tunica  characters.  I  have  seen  no  form  from  Australia.24 

SYNONYMS. — This  plant,  like  all  common  plants,  has  received  a  great 
many  names  through  the  vagaries  of  the  old  botanists.  _  Tulasne>  has  given 
the  following  synonyms :  Peziza  cyathiformis,  Peziza  striata,  Peziza  hirsuta, 
Nidularia  striata,  Nidularia  hirsuta.  The  latest  juggled  name  for  it  is  Cyathia 
hirsuta. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Sweden,  L.  Romell,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 
England,  Chas.  Crossland,  Mrs.  A.  Montague. 
Ireland,  Greenwood  Pirn. 
Switzerland,  Denis  Cruchet. 
Belgium,  Madme  Rousseau,  Dr.  O.  Pazschke. 

Germany,  W.  Krueger,  Fritz  Noack,  Prof.  Plottner,  Otto  Jaap,  Dr.  O. 
Pazschke,  C.  Engelke. 

Austria,  A.  Weidmann. 

France,  J.  Lagarde,  Rev.  H.  Bourdot,  L.  Rolland. 

Portugal,  Rev.  C.  Torrend. 

Italy.  Dr.  C.  Massalongo. 

CYATHUS  SCHWEINITZII  (Plate  106).— I  think  that  this  plant  should 
be  considered  as  Tulasne  has  it,  a  variety  of  Cyathus  striatus  of  Europe,  al- 
though many  "species"  are  made  on  much  less  differences.  Most  American 
botanists  who  were  probably  not  aware  that  it  differs  from  the  European  plant, 
have  called  it  Cyathus  striatus  without  distinction.  Peridium  pale  brown, 

24  Which  is  somewhat  surprising  to  me  as  the  other  three,  common  species  of  "  bird's-nest-fungi " 
of  Europe  and  America  are  frequent  in  Australia  also. 

17 


rarely  dark  as  the  European.  Externally  strigose,  hirsute,  but  not  so  coarse 
as  the  European.  Generally  growing  on  twigs  and  branches  to  which  it  is 
attached  by  a  brown,  mycelial  pad.  Rarely  in  the  ground.  Sometimes  I 
have  found  it  on  brush  heaps  far  above  the  surface  of  the  ground.  (The  Euro- 
pean plant  usually  grows  in  the  soil  unattached  to  wood,  sometimes  on  buried 
or  half-buried  wood,  but  never,  I  think,  truly  epixylous.  Tunica  very  thin, 
early  rupturing  and  mostly  disappearing  from  the  ripe  peridiole.  (The  strong- 
est point  of  difference  between  the  American  and  the  European  plants  is  the 
nature  of  the  tunica).  Spores  6-8x18-20,  averaging  slightly  smaller  than 
the  European  form.  The  form  "Schweinitzii,"  which  was  pointed  out  by  Tul- 
asne  is  the  common  form  that  I  have  always  found  in  America.  All  that 
have  reached  me  from  American  correspondents,  with  one  exception,  grew 
on  wood.  L.  L.  Perrine,  North  Dakota,  sends  me  a  collection  that  grew  in 
the  ground,  but  which  agrees  with  the  usual  American  form  in  the  thin 
tunica.  At  Trexlertown,  Pennsylvania,  I  made  a  collection,  dark  like  the  usual 
European  form,  but  otherwise  as  the  American. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada.  J.  Dearness,  T.  N.  Willing. 

North  Dakota,  L.  L.  Perrine;  Wisconsin,  C.  E.  Brown;  Minnesota,  Dr.  J. 
E.  Crewe,  Dr.  M.  S.  Whetstone;  Massachusetts,  Clara  E.  Cummings;  New 
York,  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.  ;  Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Miss  E.  Hodges,  C.  G. 
Lloyd;  West  Virginia,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Ohio,  David  L.  James,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Ken- 
tucky, C.  G.  Lloyd;  North  Carolina,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble;  Missouri,  Dr.  N.  M. 
Glatfelter;  Iowa,  R.  E.  Buchanan,  J.  F.  Clarke;  Washington,  C.  V.  Piper. 

CYATHUS  A1ONTAGNEI  (Plate  107).—  Peridium  obconic,  cup- 
shaped,  8-10  mm.  high,  8  mm.  broad  at  mouth,  internally  striate,  ex- 
ternally woolly,  hirsute,  tawny,  ferruginous  color,  attached  to  the 
matrix  by  a  pad  of  tawny  mycelium.  Peridioles  about  2  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, black  with  a  thin  tunica.  Spores  about  12x20,  elliptical  in  the 
type.  (In  specimens  from  Rev.  Rick  they  are  rather  ovate.) 

This  species  is  only  known  from  Brazil,  and  is  marked  in  color 
and  habitat,  growing  scattered  on  rough  bark,25  to  which  it  is  attached 
by  a  pad  of  mycelium.  We  have  plants  from  Rev.  Rick  that  correspond 
to  the  type,  excepting  the  spores  are  more  ovate.26  The  external  striae 
are  not  so  marked  as  in  most  species  of  this  section,  but  are  evident 
in  the  type  specimen,  and  very  distinct  in  one  collection  I  have  from 
Rev.  Rick. 

CYATHUS  NIGRO-ALBUS  (Plate  107).—  Peridium  conic,  cup- 
shaped,  6-7  mm.  high,  4-5  mm.  broad  at  mouth,  externally  strigose, 
hirsute,  even,  dark  brown,  almost  black  color.  Internally  silvery  white 
(hence  the  name),  faintly  striate.  Peridioles  \y2  mm.  in  diameter,  with 
a  thin  tunica.  Spores  elliptical,  12  x  16-22. 

I  collected  this  species  in  Samoa  on  rotten  wood.  It  grew  densely 
caespitose,  and  is  strongly  marked  by  its  dark  (almost  black)  color. 
In  a  general  way  it  is  related  to  Cyathus  Montagnei.  The  spores  vary 


iginal  collection,  as  well  as  most 


25  The  specimen,  fig.  i,  plate  107,  grew  on  a  stick,  but  the 
have  received  from  Rev.  Rick,  grew  on  the  rough,  tree  bark. 

26  We  are  unable  to  confirm  Tulasne's  note  that  there  is  no  line  of  division  of  the  spore-bearing 
tissue.     The  line  in  the  type  peridiole  seems  as  distinct  to  me  as  in  the  other  species.     If  we  were  guess- 
mg,  we  would  judge  from  the  figure  that  this  plant  is  Cyathus  byssisedus  as  illustrated  by  Jun.uhuhn, 

18 


much  in  length  in  same  peridiole,  some  measuring   12  x  16,   others 
12  x  22.     It  is  a  rare  plant  in  Samoa,  and  I  saw  it  but  once. 


CYATHUS  NOVAE-ZEELANDIAE  (Fig.  14, 
enlarged  4  times,  from  the  type). — Peridium  8-10 
mm.  high,  cylindrical,  cup-shaped,  dark,  almost  black, 
striate,  appressed  tomentose.  Peridioles  2-2*^  mm., 
black,  with  thin  tunica.  Spores  6x12  mic.,  el- 
liptical. 

The  type  specimens  grew  caespitose  on  rough 
bark,  and  were  collected  by  Raoul  in  New  Zealand. 
The  cups  are  darker,  smoother,  more  cylindrical  than 
others  of  this  section.  We  have  seen  only  the  type 
specimens  that  we  feel  sure  should  be  referred  here. 
We  have  a  very  similar  plant  from  K.  Miyabe,  Japan, 
but  the  material  is  so  scanty  we  would  prefer  not  to 
decide. 


CYATHUS  AMBIGUUS.  (Fig.  15.— 
This  species  is  known  from  very  scanty  type 
material.  The  cups  are  of  the  same  general 
nature  as  those  of  Cyathus  limbatus,  but  the 
outer  peridiole  walls  are  not  formed  of  coarse 
fibrils,  hence  it  is  put  in  another  section.  It 
differs  from  all  the  section  in  its  very  large 
spores,  stated  by  Tulasne  to  be  33  x  22  mic. 
We  have  not  found  any  spores  in  such  perid- 
ioles  as  we  have  examined.  Fig  15  from  the 
type,  enlarged  four  times.  This  species  was 
evidently  doubtful  to  Tulasne,  as  its  name 
indicates.  It  is  also  very  dubious  to  us. 


Fig.  15. 


CYATHUS  BERKELEYANUS  (Plate  107).— Peridium  6-8  mm., 
high,  strongly  striate  externally,  strigose  hirsute.  Peridioles  il/2-2  mm. 
in  diameter,  black  with  thin  tunica.  Spores  very  small,  4-5  x  6-8  mic. 
(In  Mr.  Millen's  specimens,  which  we  refer  here,  they  are  almost 
globose. )  , 

No  material  is  now  to  be  found  in  the  Tulasne  herbarium,  but  the 
types  are  at  Kew.  They  were  collected  at  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  by  Chas. 
Darwin.  They  are  strongly  striate  and  resemble  small  specimens  of 
limbatus.  The  plant  differs  from  all  other  species  in  the  striate  sec- 
tions in  its  very  small  spores.  It  was  called  by  Tulasne  Cyathus  micro- 
sporus  var.  Berkeleyanus,  and  while  it  has  the  peridiole  and  spores  of 
Cyathus  microsporus,  the  cups  are  quite  different,  and  I  think  Miss 
White  was  perfectly  correct  in  holding  it  as  a  distinct  species.  We 
have  an  abundant  and  fine  collection  from  H.  Millen,  Tobago,  which, 
however,  has  spores  more  globose  than  the  type. 

19 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Tobago,  H.  Millen. 

SECTION  3. 

CYATHUS  STERCOREUS  (Plate  108).— Cups  varying  from 
cylindrical,  bell-shaped,  to  more  or  less  infundibulifonn,  sessile  or 
stalked  at  the  base,  light  brown  in  color,27  covered  with  shaggy,  woolly, 
matted  hairs.  Old  specimens  become  smoother,  and  the  matted  hairs 
are  not  so  marked.  Within  the  cups  are  even  and  not  striate.  Tunica 
none.  Peridioles  black,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  with  a  thick,  rigid, 
outer  wall,  consisting  largely  of  rigid,  deeply  colored  fibrils.  The 
peridioles  are  usually  attached  to  the  cups  by  funiculi,  but  rarely 
specimens  occur  that  have  only  a  few  of  the  lower  peridioles  attached, 
those  in  the  upper  part  of  the  cup  being  destitute  of  funiculi.  Spores 
large,  subglobose,  varying  much  in  size,  even  in  the  same  peridiole. 
In  the  United  States  the  average  size  is  30  to  40  mic.  In  Jamaica 
and  India  they  run  from  26  to  30  mic.,  and  in  Japan  they  are  still 
smaller,  from  1 6  to  24  mic. 

This  is  probably  the  most  common  species  that  grows  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  a  manure-loving  plant,  and  is  found  sometimes  on  dry 
cakes  of  manure.  Usually  it  grows  in  such  manured  places  as  lawns, 
gardens,  soil  in  hot  houses,  rubbish,  etc.  I  have  seen  the  manured 
soil  under  currant  bushes  literally  covered  with  the  little  cups,  ex- 
tending yards  in  extent.  It  is  of  wide  distribution  in  the  world,  and 
probably  occurs  in  every  country  where  manure  occurs.  It  is  common 
in  Japan  and  Australia.  I  have  seen  it  from  Mexico,  Madagascar, 
Jamaica,  Africa,  Antigua,  India  and  South  America.  It  occurs  in 
Europe,  but  strange  to  say,  is  a  very  rare  plant  in  Europe.28.  While 
there  is  no  real  resemblance  between  this  plant  and  Cyathus  vernicosus, 
it  is  often  confused  with  vernicosus.29  However,  there  are  no  good 
reasons  whatever  for  confusion  with  vernicosus  if  attention  is  paid 
to  the  spores. 

FORMS. — It  is  very  constant  in  its  leading  characters,  viz :  the  nature  of 
the  shaggy  coat  of  the  cup,  the  thick,  peculiar,  outer  peridiole  wall,  the  large, 
subglobose  spores.  It  varies  so  much  as  to  size  and  shape  of  the  cups  that 
scarcely  two  collections  are  the  same.  The  form,  with  a  stalked  cup,  slender 
and  infundibuliform,  was  called  by  Tulasne  Cyathus  Lesueurii.  Taking  our 
idea  of  this  form  from  Tulasne's  specimens,  we  would  consider  the  other 
extreme  form,  which  grows  on  cakes  of  manure  and  is  unstalked,  short  and 


27  The  specimens  I  received  from  G.  A.  Gammie,  Poona,  India,  were  of  so  light  a  color  that  I  did 
not  recognize  them  at  first. 

28  I  have  it  from  but  three  of  my  correspondents  in  Europe.    At  Kew  there  is  but  a  single  collec- 
tion made  in  Europe,  and  at  Paris  not  one. 

29  Thus  Ravenel's  herbarium  has  many  collections  of  Cyathus  stercoreus  labeled  Cyathus  ver- 
nicosus.    It  was  twice  distributed  thus  misnamed  by  Ravenel  and  twice  by  Ellis.     Miss  Marshall's  il- 
lustration of  vernicosus  is  evidently  stercoreus.     The  photogravure  that  we  sent  out   (No.  7)  many 
years  ago  as  Crucibulum  vulgare  was  made  from  Cyathus  stercoreus.      See  correction,  p.  88,  Myc. 
Notes.) 


subcylindrical  as  the  type  form  of  Cyathus  stercoreus.     So  many  intermediate 

forms  occur,  however,  that  the   larger  part  of  the  collections   we   receive   we 

^^^^^^^  would   not   know    whether   to   call   stercoreus   or   Le- 

£l  sueurii.     There  are  many  small  forms  which  Tulasne 

B^         called    "var.    minor,"   but   there   is   no    such   thing   as 

separating   the   various   collections.      Plants   from   the 

extreme  South,  from  Florida  and  Texas,  are  usually 

jjjy  the  small  form. 


SYNONYMS.— The  following  we  consider  syn- 
onyms: Cyathus  melanosperma  (Nidularia  mela- 
nosperma,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  4-253),  based  on 
specimens  where  the  spores  average  large.80  Cyathus 
affinis  (Madagascar)  based  on  specimens  where  the 
spores  average  small  and  not  so  globose  as  usual. 
Cyathus  Wrightii  (Grev.  2-34)  based  on  sterile*1 
specimens  (Fig.  16,  type  X  4),  Cyathus  rufipes  (Bull. 
Torr.  97-125),  based  on  specimens  with  spores  aver- 
aging rather  small,  and  with  slight  development  of 
brown  mycelium  at  base.32  Cyathus  Baileyi  (Grev. 
21-3). m  Cyathus  Puiggarii,  one  of  Spegazzini's  pro- 
ductions from  South  America,  we  have  not  seen, 
but  the  description  and  habitat  is  exactly  that  of 
F\g  ie.  Cyathus  stercoreus,  and  we  have  Cyathus  stercoreus 

from  the  same  section. 


FORMS  OF  CYATHUS  STERCOREUS. 

CYATHUS  LESUEURII  (Plate  108).—  As  we  have  previously  stated  this 
form  (typically)  differs  from  Cyathus  stercoreus  in  its  shape,  but  so  many 
intermediate  forms  occur  that  it  is  not  practicable  in  naming  specimens  to 
keep  it  distinct.  In  our  plate  we  give  photographs  of  the  type  material,  which 
is  abundantly  preserved  at  Paris. 

CYATHUS  RUFIPES  (Plate  108).—  The  type  specimens  of  Cyathus  rufipes 
have  the  brown  mycelium  at  the  base  hardly  developed  out  of  the  ordinary,34  and 
were  this  the  only  collection  we  had  seen  with  this  character,  we  would  not  con- 
sider it  with  a  separate  name.  We  have  received  specimens  from  C.  E.  Pleas, 
Florida,  with  such  a  strong  development  of  this  mycelium  that  it  forms  a  large 
ball  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  and  as  it  is  the  same  idea  (in  an  intensified  form) 
that  Ellis  had  when  he  named  the  Kansas  specimen,  we  use  the  name.  The  plants 
are  stalked,  more  slender  than  the  form  Lesueurii  and  each  at  its  base  has  a  large 
ball  of  reddish  brown  mycelium,  y2  cm.  in  diameter.  The  spores  are  imma- 
ture, but  from  the  nature  of  the  cup  and  the  structure  of  the  peridiole,  I  do 
not  hesitate  to  refer  it  to  a  form  of  stercoreus.  Two  species  have  been  pre- 
viously named  from  the  habit  that  Cyathi  have  of  developing  a  pad  of  brown 
mycelium  at  the  base  !  Cyathus  byssisedus  from  Java,  and  Cyathus  subiculosus, 


stercoreu 


30  We  can  note  no  difference    in    the    general    size   of   spores    from    type    material  of  Cyathus 
reus  and  Cyathus  melanosperma.    While  in  the  latter  there  are  many  large  spores  there  are  also 


31  We  have  examined  two  peridioles  from  the  type  specimens  and  found  them  both  sterile.     Pro- 
fessor Farlow,  at  our  request,  has  kindly  made  an  examination  of  the  co-types  in  the  Curtis  collec- 
tion and  finds  them  all  sterile.    We  are  unable  to  explain  the  spore  measurements,  10  x  15  mic.  as  given, 
but  think  it  is  an  error,  for  with  the  same  cups,  peridioles  and  peculiar  outer  peridiole  walls  of  Les- 
ueurii we  have  no  doubt  of  its  identity.     In  addition  peridioles  of  the  large  spored  Cyathi  are  fre- 
•quently  sterile,  while  it  is  a  character  of  all  small  spored  species  that  the  spores  are  always  abundant. 
Miss  White  has  given  a  really  comical  drawing  of  Cyathus  Wrightii.     Compare  fig.  16,  photograph  of 
the  type  specimen  with  her  figure. 

32  All  species  of  Cyathus,  I  think  without  exception,  if  they  grow  on  a  hard  matrix,  such  as  a 
piece  of  wood,  straw,  etc.,  develop  brown  mycelium  at  the  base.    Growing  on  the  earth  this  is  not  usu- 
ally developed.     Taken  alone  the  brown  mycelium  at  the  base  of  a  Cyathus  is  no  character  whatever. 

33  I  found  no  specimens  so  labeled  at  Kew.     The  only  collection  from  "  Bailey,  on  manure,"  is 
labeled  Cyaihus  fimetarius  and  is  Cyathus  stercoreus. 

34  See  note  31  above. 

21 


which  was  adventitious  in  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Bruxelles,  on  some  earth 
from  Mexico.  In  the  former  plant  the  development  of  mycelium,  I  judge  from 
the  picture,  was  not  out  of  the  ordinary,  but  in  the  latter  plant  the  mycelium 
forms  a  large  ball  about  twice  the  diameter  of  the  little,  subglobose  cup  that 
is  seated  upon  it.  Neither  is  accompanied  by  any  spore  or  other  characters- 
from  which  any  idea  can  be  obtained  of  the  relationship  of  the  plants. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Canada,  T.  N.  Willing. 

Vermont,  E.  A.  Burt;  Nezv  Hampshire.  C.  E.  Montgomery;  Connecticut \ 
E.  P.  Ely,  C.  E.  Preston;  Minnesota,  Dr.  M.  E.  Whetstone;  Massachusetts^ 
Clara,  E.  Cummings;  New  York,  W.  N.  Clute;  Pennsylvania,  C.  H.  Baker; 
New  Jersey,  H.  A.  Bird,  F.  K.  Vreeland ;  Washington,  D.  C..  Flora  L.  Pat- 
terson, F.  J.  Braendle;  Ohio,  A.  P.  Morgan,  Mrs.  A.  J.  Wolfert,  Frank  Hunts- 
man. W.  C.  Dawson,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  Kentucky,  C.  G.  Lloyd;  South  Dakota,  L. 
W.  Carter ;  North  Dakota.  J.  F.  Brenckle ;  Nebraska,  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates ;  Kansas , 
E.  Bartholomew  (type  of  Cyathus  rufipes)  ;  North  Carolina.  Miss  Mary  Fitz- 
gerald;  Florida,  Mrs.  M.  A".  Noble,  Theo.  L.  Mead  Mrs.  Sams,  C.  E.  Pleas- 
(Cyathus  rufipes,  see  Plate  XXX);  Texas,  W.  H.' Long,  Jr.,  J.  W.  Stiles; 
California.  S.  B.  Parish. 

Italy,  M.  Bezzi.  Dr.  C.  Massalongo. 

France,  Capt.  Pyat  Felix. 

Japan,  T.  Ichimura,  Toji  Nishida,  J.  Yoshinaga  (2  collections),  K.  Miyabe 
(2  collections),  S.  Kusano  (3  collections). 

South  America,  Argentine.  Theo.   Stuckert. 

Jamaica,  W.  Jekyll   (3  collections). 

Antigua.  A.  Thibou. 

Madagascar,  Ex.  Herb,  N.  Patouillard  (type  of  Cyathus  affinis). 

Africa,  Zambesi  Falls,  from  Professor  Massee. 

Australia  (While  I  have  received  no  specimens,  there  are  a  number  at  Kew). 

British  India,  G.  A.  Gammie. 

SECTION  4. 

This  section  only  occurs  in  the  tropics.  The  plants  are  very  much  alike  as  tx> 
cups,  having  pale-colored  cups  with  spreading,  hispid  hairs.  The  difference 
is  chiefly  in  the  spores,  and  while  this  difference  is  very  marked  in  the  few 
collections  we  have,  it  will  probably  prove  that  when  abundant  material  is  re- 
ceived the  spore  sizes  and  shapes  run  into  each  other,  so  that  it  is  not  practi- 
cable to  maintain  "species"  on  spore  characters  alone.  At  the  same  time  we 
would  not  feel  justified  in  throwing  them  together  from  the  collections  that 
we  have. 

CYATHUS  PALLIDUS  (Plate  109) .— Peridium  pale- colored,  cam- 
panulate,  6-7  mm.  high,  5-6  mm.  broad  at  mouth,  blotched  with  spread- 
ing hairs  at  first  dense,  but  at  length  becoming  thinner  and  scattered. 
Cups  even  within  and  without.35  Peridioles  about  2  mm.  in  diameter 
with  very  thin  tunica  and  thin,  single  walls.  Spores  small,  elliptical, 
largest  about  7  x  10  mic.,  smallest  about  5x8  mic.36 

Originally  described  from  Cuba  (Wright,  684),  we  have  the  plant 
also  from  Jamaica  and  Antigua.  Miss  Barrett's  specimens  (Plate  109,. 
figs.  3  and  4)  from  Jamaica,  have  notably  smaller,  more  urn-shaped 

88  The  specimens  I  have  from  Jamaica  are  perfectly  even  within.  The  type  specimens  appear 
•very  slightly  striate,  but  the  plant  belongs  in  the  section  "  Olla,"  not  in  Eucyathus  as  found  in  Sac- 
card  o. 

36The  spores  are  described  as  "subglobose,  10  mic."  but  my  examination  of  the  type  which 
agrees  with  Miss  White's  measurements  of  the  co-types  shows  them  rather  elliptical. 


and  more  hispid  cups  than  usual,  but  we  do  not  feel  like  separating, 
them  under  a  distinct  name.  Cyathus  pallidus,  while  well  named, 
would  be  better  named  if  it  were  called  hispidus,  for  the  strong  char- 
acter is  the  rigid,  spreading,  hispid  hairs. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Jamaica,  H.  C.  Cox,  Miss  Barrett,  Wm.  Harris.  (I  find  a  few  cups  of  this 
species  mixed  with  a  very  abundant  collection  of  Cyathus  limbatus  sent  by 
Mr.  Harris.) 

Antigua,    A.    Thibou. 

CYATHUS  INTERMEDIUS  (Plate  109).— Peridium  broad, 
campanulate,  5-6  mm.  high  and  broad  at  the  mouth,  even  within  and 
without.  (Sometimes  faintly  striate  within.)  Pale  fawn  color,  cov- 
ered when  young  with  appressed,  tomentum,  collected  in  nodules.  This 
character  largely  disappears  from  old  specimens.  Peridioles  thin, 
about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  tunica.  Spores  in  the  type  col- 
lection, elliptical,  10  x  16  mic.37 

The  type  specimens  are  found  in  Montague's  herbarium,  and  were 
collected  in  Cuba,  and  called  by  Montague  Nidularia  intermedia.  It 
is  a  peculiar  species,  well  characterized  by  the  pale,  nodular  tomentum 
when  young.  When  old  the  cups  resemble  Cyathus  pallidus,  from 
which  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  larger  spores.  Tulasne  placed 
the  species  in  the  section  "Eucyathus,"  but  the  striae  are  absent  in  most 
specimens,  and  when  present  are  so  faint  that  I  think  the  plant  should 
go  in  "Olla." 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Bahamas,  L.  J.  K.  Brace. 

Cuba,  F.  S.  Earle  ("on  dirt  and  sides  of  an  old  seed  box"). 

CYATHUS  TRIPLEX  (Plate  109).— Cups  5-6x5,  even  within 
and  without,  with  connivent,  spreading,  somewhat  scabrous  hairs.  In- 
ner surface  even,  silvery  white.  Peridiole  2  mm.,  with  a  very  thin, 
adnate  tunica.  On  soaking  in  water  the  tunica  swells  and  becomes 
white  and  loosens  up.  Cortex  thick,  evidently  double,  but  subhomo- 
geneous  and  the  fibrils  slender.  Spores  elliptical,  12-14  x  16-22. 

These  specimens  are  from  Mauritius,  and  grew  caespitose  attached 
to  twigs  and  roots.  It  is  a  doubtful  species  to  me,  being  too  close  to 
both  the  preceding.  The  cups  are  those  of  pallidus,  but  darker  and 
the  hairs  more  scabrous.  The  spores  are  close  to  intermedius,  though 
larger,  but  the  tomentum  of  the  young  cups  is  quite  different. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Mauritius,  Chas.  A.  O'Connor. 

CYATHUS  SPHAEROSPORUS  (Plate  109.)— Cups  small 
urn-shaped,  5x4  mm.,  contracted  at  the  base,  and  attached  to  the 

87  Specimens  received  from  L.  J.  K.  Brace  agree  with  the  type  both  as  to  cups  and  spores. 
Specimens  from  F.  S.  Earle  have  typically  the  same  peculiar  cups,  but  the  spores  vary  much.  Most  of 
them  are  elliptical,  8-10  x  18  mic.  but  many  occur  much  shorter  and  some  subglobose  about  9  x  10  mic. 

23 


matrix  with  a  pad  of  pale-colored  mycelium.  Externally  even,  pale,  and 
clothed  with  somewhat  matted  hairs.  Even  within.  Peridioles  2  mm., 
with  thin  tunica.  Cortex  single.  Spores  sub  globose,  15  x  16  mic.  Some 
more  elliptical. 

This  plant  resembles  the  small  form  of  Cyathus  pallidus  so  closely 
it  can  hardly  be  distinguished  by  the  cups,  save  the  hairs  are  not  so 
rigid  and  hispid.  It  has  much  larger,  more  globose  spores.  In  the 
first  peridioles  I  examined  I  found  all  the  spores  subglobose,  but  in 
examinations  since,  from  same  cups,  I  have  found  other  spores  de- 
cidedly elliptical. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Jamaica,  W.  Jekyll. 

SECTION  5. 

CYATHUS  VERNICOSUS  (Plate  no).— Cups  broad,  campan- 
ulate,  10-15  x8-io,  often  flaring  at  the  mouth,  thick,  rigid.  Externally 
even,  smooth,  gray  fawn  color,  with  fine  appressed  hairs.  Within 
smooth,  even.  Peridioles  large,  2^-3^/2  mm.,  with  a  thin,  uniform, 
closely  adnate  tunica.  Cortex  thin,  a  single  layer.  Spores  ovate,  6-8  x 
10-14. 

In  Europe  this  is  the  most  common  species.  In  the  United  States 
it  is  frequent,  but  not  so  common  as  stercoreus.  It  occurs  also  in  Aus- 
tralia, South  Africa,  South  America,  and  doubtless  many  other  coun- 
tries. It  generally  grows  on  the  ground,  sometimes  on  chips,  etc., 
but  it  is  the  only  species  likely  to  be  found  in  temperate  regions  in  un- 
manured  ground.  It  is  easily  recognized  by  its  smooth,  even,  rigid 
cups  and  large  peridioles. 

SYNONYMS. — The  old  botanists  illustrated  the  plant  many  times,  each 
usually  giving  it  a  new  name.  Tulasne  has  collected  these  together,  and  cites  the 
following  synonyms.  Peziza  tertia,  Peziza  lentifera,  Peziza  cyathiformis,  Peziza 
sericea,  Peziza  olla,  Cyathus  laevis,  Nidularia  vernicosa,  Nidularia  campanulata, 
Cyathus  olla,  Nidularia  plumbea,  Nidularia  olla,  Cyathus  campanulatus.  These 
references  in  extenso  were  copied  in  a  recent  monograph,  but  I  do  not  think  they 
are  worth  rehearsing  in  detail.  They  should  have  died  and  been  forgotten  after  Tu- 
lasne had  pointed  them  out.  Since  Tulasne's  monograph,  mycologists  have  mostly 
quit  discovering  that  it  was  a  new  species,  and  have  generally  taken  Tulasne's 
name,  Cyathus  vernicosus.  Every  now  and  then  some  one  gets  out  his  little  date 
dictionary  and  calls  the  plant  Cyathus  olla,  Cyathus  campanulatus  or  Cyathus 
laevis,  according  to  the  degree  of  a  priorist  he  happens  to  be.  Having  passed 
the  "new  species"  era,  the  plant  is  just  entering  the  name-juggling  era.  The 
latest  in  that  line  is  Cyathia  lentifera.  Miss  White  states  that  Schweinitz's 
species  Nidularia  fascicularis  (Cyathus  fascicularis)  is  a  synonym.  I  have  seen 
only  a  very  poor  specimen,  but  the  peridioles  have  the  same  structure  and 
spores  as  C.  vernicosus,  and  I  do  not  question  the  correctness  of  it.  Cyathus 
similis  was  said  by  the  author  to  be  very  close.  It  seems  so  to  me,  so  close  1 
can  note  no  difference. 


FORMS  OF  CYATHUS  VERNICOSUS. 

The  plant  is  quite  variable  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  cups  and  to  a 
degree  the  color.  Tulasne  distinguishes  four  varieties  which  I  have  not  found 
practicable  to  distinguish.  From  England  I  have  a  collection  with  cups  very 
much  like  Cyathus  stercoreus  in  general  appearance,  which  is  the  only  collec- 
tion I  have  seen  that  could  well  be  confused  with  that  species.  From  Rev.  H. 
Bourdot,  France,  I  have  a  collection  whiter  in  color  and  with  softer  hairs  than 
usual. 

CYATHUS  DASYPUS.— Nees  von  Esenbeck  illustrates  a  plant  from 
South  Africa  under  the  above  name,  which  seems  both  from  his  description  and 
figure  to  be  the  ordinarv  form  of  Cyathus  vernicosus.  Tulasne  has  applied  the 
name  to  a  plant  from  Chile,  agreeing  with  Cyathus  vernicosus,  excepting  it  has 
more  irregular  peridioles.  I  hardly  think  it  merits  a  name  even  as  a  variety, 
but  if  it  does  I  see  no  harm  in  applying  Cyathus  dasypus  to  it  in  the  sense  of 
Tulasne,  though  there  is  nothing  in  the  original  to  indicate  that  the  peridioles 
are  irregular. 

CYATHUS  ANGLICUS  (Fig.  17,  en- 
larged 4  times). — At  Kew  I  noted  several 
collections  of  Cyathus  vernicosus,  made  in 
England,  with  large,  silicate  cups.  While 
the  cups  might  well  be  described  as  striate, 
they  have  no  relation  to  the  section  Eu- 
cyathus.  I  think  this  form  is  solely  Eng- 
lish, for  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from 
any  other  locality.  The  plant  Miss  White 
illustrates  from  Colorado  under  the  name 
Cyathus  dura  seems  to  me  very  much  the 
same  nature. 


SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Minnesota,  M.  S.  Whetstone;  Wisconsin, 
Chas.   E.   Brown;   Michigan,  E.  E.   Bogue; 
New  Hampshire,  H.  E.  Warner ;  New  York, 
W.   N.   Clute,   W.   H.   Long,  Jr.;   Pennsyl- 
Fig.  17.  vania,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst;  Washington,  D.  C., 

C.  L.  Shear ;  Maryland,  W.  T.  Lakin ;  Ohio, 

C.  G.  Lloyd;  North  Dakota,  Lura  L.  Perrine;  Colorado,  E.  B.  Sterling;  Nevada, 
P.  B.  Kennedy;  California,  Edw.  M.  Ehrhorn,  Miss  Rose  H.  Lane,  C.  G.  Lloyd. 
Denmark,  Rev.  A.  Breitung,  Rev.  J.  Lind. 
Ireland,    Greenwood    Pim. 
England,  Chas.  Crossland,  Unknown  donor 
Belgium,  Chas.  van  Bambeke,  Paul  Nijpels. 
Switzerland,  Denis  Cruchet. 

Germany,  Otto  Jaap,  C.  Engelke,  Prof.  Plottner. 
Austria.  A.  Weidmann. 

France,   G.   Renaudet,   E.   Boudier,    N.    Patouillard,   Rev.    H.   Bourdot,   A. 
Acloque. 

Spain,  Rev.  L.  Navas,  Prof.  T.  de  Aranzadi. 
Italy,  Dr.  G.  Scalia,  Dr.  C.  Massalongo. 
New  Zealand,  Miss  Jessie  Dunn. 
Australia,  Adelaide,  A.  Zietz. 

(Mr.  Zietz  sends  me  seven  abundant  collections,  and  it  is  surely  the  most 
common  bird's-nest  fungus  in  the  vicinity  of  Adelaide.) 


CYATHUS  COLENSOI  (Plate  no).— Cups  broad,  campanulate, 
5-6  x  6-7,  even,  smooth,  with  appressed,  fine  hairs.  Even  within. 
Peridioles  about  2  mic.,  black  with  thin  tunica  (?).  Cortex  thick,. 
a  single  layer.  Spores  varying  much  as  to  size  and  more  as  to  shape. 
Many  elliptical,  8-10x1012  mic.  Many  subglobose,  9-12  mic.  in 
diameter. 

This  species  has  much  the  same  cups  as  vernicosus,  but  smaller 
peridioles  and  more  globose  spores.  I  saw  a  number  of  collections 
from  Australia  at  Kew,  and  have  received  it  once. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Australia,  F.  M.  Reader. 

CYATHUS  MINIMUS  (Fig.  18,  enlarged  4  times).— 
Cups  very  small,  4-5  x4  mm.,  even,  smooth.  Clothed  with 
subappressed  hairs.  Even  within.  Sporangioles  small, 
about  i  mm.,  with  thin  tunica.  Cortex  thick,  50  mic.,  but 
apparently  a  single  layer.  Spores  elliptical,  10-12  x  18-20 
mic. 

This  little  species  is  known  only  from  the  original  col- 
lection, made  in  China. 

Fig.  18. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
China,  Type  from  Herbarium.     Professor  Patouillard. 

CYATHUS  PYGMAEUS  (Plate  no).— Cups  small  4-4^  x  tf/2-4 
mm.,  grayish  brown,  even,  smooth,  rigid,  clothed  with  appressed 
hairs.  Even  within.  Peridioles  small,  about  I  mm.,  with  thin  tunica. 
Cortex  a  single  layer,  about  30  mic.,  thicker  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
peridiole.  Spores  small,  ovate,  8-9  x  12-14. 

This  little  species  reaches  me  from  C.  V.  Piper,  Pullman,  Wash- 
ington. It  grew  attached  to  twigs  in  moss.  It  is  close  to  the  pre- 
ceding, differing  chiefly  in  its  spores.  It  is  the  only  collection  of 
Cyathus  I  have  ever  received  from  the  United  States  that  can  not 
be  referred  (as  a  form  at  least)  to  one  of  the  three  common  species. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Washington,  C    V.  Piper. 

CYATHUS  EARLEI  (Plate  no).— Cups  campanulate,  rigid, 
7-8  x  6-8  mm.,  dark,  blackish  brown.  Externally  even,  scabrous,  with 
short  tomentum.  Internally  smooth  or  faintly  striate  (but  having: 
no  affinities  with  the  section  Encyathus),  white,  contrasting  with  the 
dark  exterior.  Peridioles  covered  on  the  upper  side  with  a  silvery, 
thin  tunica.  Cortex  thick,  double,  the  outer  thin,  composed  of  small 
fibrils.  Spores  elliptical  or  slightly  oval-elliptical,  12  x  24-32  mic. 

This  species  in  its  shape  and  rigid  cups  is  related  to  vernicosus,. 
differing  much  in  color  and  spores.  We  have  received  two  collections, 
one  from  Cuba,  the  other  from  Hawaii.  They  are  the  same  other- 

26 


•wise,  but  do  not  accord  exactly  in  spores.  The  Hawaiian  specimens 
have  narrow,  elliptical  spores,  mostly  12x32,  some  12x28.  The 
Cuban  spores  are  elliptical-oval,  mostly  12x24,  few  12x28.  We  do 
not  think  it  practical  to  separate  them." 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Cuba,  F.  S.  Earle. 
Hawaii,  F.  W.  Terry. 

CYATHUS  CANNA  (Plate  no).— Cups  campanulate,  rigid,  7-8 
x  6-8  mm.,  dark  brown.  Externally  even,  scabrous  with  short  to- 
inentum.  Internally  smooth,  even,  white  as  if  covered  with  a  thin 
layer  of  whitewash.  Peridioles  covered  on  the  upper  side  with  a 
silvery,  thin  tunica.  Cortex  double,  the  outer,  thin,  composed  of  small 
fibrils.  Spores  small,  globose,  7-9  mic. 

This  plant  grew  in  the  earth,  and  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding 
in  its  cups,  differing  in  its  spores.  It  is  close  to  microsporum,  except- 
ing habitat  and  the  shape  of  the  spores. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 
Barbados,  L.  Lewton-Brain. 

CYATHUS  MICROSPORUS  (Fig.  19).— Cups  7-8x6-7,  even, 
•dark  brown.  Externally  even  with  appressed  hairs.  Internally  not 
striate,  even.  (It  surely  does  not  belong  in  the  section  Eucyathus.) 
Peridioles  1^/2-2  mm.,  with  a  thin  tunica.  Spores  elliptical,  very  small, 
4x6. 

The  type  specimens  (Fig.  19,  enlarged  four  times)  were  collected 
on  the  Island  of  St.  Domingue  by  Mr.  Poiteau  and  grew  caespitose  on 
rotten  wood.  Thev  are  now  in  Tulasne's  herbarium  at  Paris. 


Fig.  19.  Fig.  20. 

SYNONYMS. — Tulasne  called  this  plant  Cyathus  micrpsporus  var.  domin- 
gensis  to  distinguish  it  from  plants  with  the  same  spores  which  he  received  from 


Berkeley,  which  he  called  Cyathus  microsporus  var.  Berkeleyanus.  The  two  col- 
lections have  entirely  different  cups,  and  in  our  opinion  should  be  treated  as 
species.  It  is  an  evidence  of  the  stress  that  Tulasne  placed  on  spore  characters 
more  than  on  the  grosser  characters  of  the  plants,  but  we  are  inclined  to  place 
stress  just  the  contrary. 

CYATHUS  HOOKERI  (Fig.  20).— Cups  thin,  obconic,  strongly 
tapering  to  the  base,  where  they  are  attached  by  a  small  pad  of  my- 
celium. Light  in  color,  with  a  matted  tomentum.  Spores  6x8.  I 
know  this  plant  only  imperfectly  from  the  types  at  Kew  (Fig.  20,  en- 
larged 4  times)  which  are  pressed  flat.  It  grew  on  dead  wood,  on 
moss  and  lichen,  covered  with  sawdust  at  Khasa,  India,  and  was  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Hooker.  It  was  placed  in  Eucyathus,  but  I  can  note 
no  striations.  It  was  described  as  "striate  or  all  even."  I  think  it 
should  go  in  "Olla."  It  seems  to  me  close  to  microsporus,  but  larger 
spores  and  different  cup. 


THE  GENUS  SPHAEROBOLUS. 

This  genus  is  very  different  from  all  that  precede,  and  by  several 
authors  is  not  included  in  the  Nidulariaceae.  The  plants  are  little, 
globose,  sub-fleshy  cups,  each  including  a  single  peridiole.  The  struc- 
ture of  the  peridiole  is  very  similar  to  that  of  others  of  the  family,  and 
to  my  mind  the  genus  should  be  classed  as  a  one-peridioled  Nidular- 
iaceae. The  appearance  of  the  plants,  however,  is  quite  different  from 
others  we  have  considered,  and  would  not  in  the  popular  mind,  at 
least,  be  associated  with  bird's-nest  fungi. 

SPHAEROBOLUS  STELLATUS  (Plate  1 1 1 ) .— Peridium 
fleshy,  globose,  about  1^-2  mm.  in  diameter.  When  fresh,  yellow, 
becoming  pale  or  white  when  dried,  each  containing  a  single  peridiole. 
The  walls  of  the  peridium  are  said  to  be  double,  the  inner  separating 
and  inverting  suddenly,  projecting  the  peridiole  to  some  distance.38 
Peridioles  in  dried  specimens  about  i  mm.  in  diameter,  reddish  brown.3* 
Their  structure,  while  so  analogous  to  that  of  other  Nidulariaceae 
as  to  leave  no  doubt  in  our  mind  as  to  their  classification,  is  different 
in  many  respects.  The  peridiole  wall  is  not  hard  and  horny,  but  rather 
fleshy,  and  not  fibrillose  in  structure.  In  a  section  it  appears  yellowish. 
The  interior  is  one  homogeneous  mass  of  spore  tissue,  not  separated 


38  This  at  least  is  the  usual  explanation  of  the  dehiscence  of  this  plant.  It  is  thus  shown  by 
Micheli,  two  hundred  years  ago,  but  whether  the  popular  idea  is  taken  from  this  old  picture,  or  is. 
based  on  observations  of  the  fresh  plant,  I  do  not  know.  I  never  saw  fresh  specimens  but  once,  and 
then  did  not  observe  them  as  closely  as  I  would  now  if  I  had  the  opportunity.  I  made  a  short  note, 
as  follows  :  "  These  plants  are  globose  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  and  look  like  little  yellow  eggs. 
When  ripe  the  peridium  splits  at  the  top  in  a  stellate  manner  and  ejects  the  single  yellow  peridiole." 
I  can  not  detect  on  the  photograph  I  made  from  these  fresh  specimens  .Plate  in,  fig.  ij  any  evidence 
of  the  "inverted  inner  layer,"  nor  do  I  find  any  on  all  the  dried  specimens  that  1  have.  That  the 
peridiole  is  ejected,  however,  in  some  manner,  I  think  is  well  established.  I  have  seen  somewhere 
where  a  French  author  states  that  he  placed  some  fresh  specimens  in  a  dish  and  covered  it  with  a  pane 
of  glass  at  some  distance  (two  or  three  inches)  and  that  the  peridioles  were  ejected  with  such  force 
that  they  adhered  to  the  glass. 

89  My  note  from  fresh  specimens  gives  their  color  as  "  yellow." 
28 


into  an  outer,  sterile  portion  as  in  all  other  genera.  The  spores  are 
very  numerous,  appearing-  to  compose  the  greater  part  of  the  tissue. 
They  are  elliptical  or  broadly  ovate,  irregular  in  size,  and  vary  from 
5x6  to  6  x  10  mic. 

FORMS. — There  are  a  number  of  forms  (or  may  be  species)  that  seem 
to  differ  chiefly  in  habits  and  habitat.  The  type  form  grows  on  rotten  wood, 
scattered  or  caespitose,  spread  over  the  surface  and  attached  with  a  little 
pad  of  white  (yellow  when  fresh)  mycelium.  This  is  the  most  common  form 
that  reaches  me.  There  is  another  form  that  grows  more  scattered  and  deeply 
immersed  in  the  wood.  This  is  called  Sphaerobolus  tubulosus.  Another  form 
in  which  the  mycelium  forms  a  dense  matrix  in  which  the  little  peridia  are 
densely  seated.  It  forms  over  damp,  mossy  ground  in  woods.  Another  form 
on  manure  (Sphaerobolus  stercoreus)  usually  partially  immersed.  Another 
form  on  bare  ground,  forming  very  little  mycelium  (Sphaerobolus  epigaens). 
Whether  these  forms  are  "species"  or  only  conditions  due  to  various  habitats,  I 
can  not  state.  They  all  appear  very  much  the  same  from  dried  specimens. 

HISTORY. — Micheli  first  illustrated  the  plant  about  two  hundred  years 
ago  under  the  generic  name  Carpobolus,  which  should  have  been  retained,  but 
has  been  lost,  due  chiefly  to  bad  work  on  the  part  of  Linnaeus,  who  placed  the 
plant  in  the  genus  Lycoperdon  (sic),  and  called  it  Lycoperdon  Carpobolus. 
The  plant  is  now  often  called  Sphaerobolus  Carpobolus,  sometimes  Carpo- 
bolus stellatus,  but  more  generally  Sphaerobolus  stellatus.*0  The  following  are 
also  synonyms  Professor  Patouillard  tells  me:  Sphaerobolus  cyclophorus 
(Carpobolus  cyclophorus).  The  following  are  given  as  synonyms  in  Saccardo : 
Carpobolus  albicans,  Carpobolus  stellatus,  Sphaerobolus  impatiens.  (The  latter 
is  given  by  Dr.  Hollos  as  Sphaerobolus  impaticus.  I  have  not  looked  it  up.) 
Sphaerobolus  dentatus  is  the  climax  of  a  series  of  errors.41  When  the  name- 
jugglers  get  to  work,  I  presume  they  will  call  the  plant  Carpobolus  Carpobolus 
or  something  else  equally  absurd. 

SPECIMENS  IN  OUR  COLLECTION. 

Louisiana,  Rev.  Langlois  (on  cow  manure). 

Sweden,  L.  Romell. 

Belgium,  Madame  Rousseau. 

France,  Capt.  Pyat  Felix.  Rev.  H.  Bourdot. 

Germany,  Otto  Jaap   (4  collections),  Dr.  O.  Pazschke,  C.  Engelke. 

Bohemia,  F.   Bubak. 

New  Zealand,  Robt.  Brown  (S.  epigaeus). 


EXCLUDED  GENERA. 

There  are  a  number  of  genera  given  in  Saccardo  that  are  said  to  not  be- 
long to  the  Nidulariaceae.  I  know  nothing  about  them.  Thelebolus  is  said 
to  be  an  Ascomyces ;  Dacryobolus  to  belong  to  the  Hydnaceae ;  Polyangium  to 
be  a  Myxobacteraceae  (whatever  that  may  be)  ;  Atractobolus,  "ist  ganz 
unklar,"  etc. 

40  "According  to  the  principles  of  priority  the  name  of  this  genus  is  Carpobolus  (Mich.  1729),  but 
the  name  Sphaerobolus  (Tode  1790;  is  so  well  established  and  so  widely  spread  in  literature,  that  I  defer 
to  general  usage  and  retain  the  name  Sphaerobolus."— HOLLOS. 

Good  logic,  Doctor  !  If  you  had  always  followed  as  good  judgment,  Mr.  McGinty  would  have 
had  nothing  to  say. 

«  Started  by  Withering  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  it  has  kept  on  growing  through  several 
authors,  each  adding  a  little  to  it  and  making  it  worse,  until  finally  it  was  served  up  in  its  completed 
form  recently  to  the  readers  of  the  English  Journal  of  Botany. 

29 


ADVERTISING  SUPPLEMENT. 


We  have  strongly  opposed  the  prevailing  custom  of  adding  per- 
sonal names  to  the  names  of  plants,  owing  to  the  amount  of  inferior 
work  to  which  it  leads.  We  think  that  a  binomial  name  alone  should 
indicate  a  plant  and  should  have  a  specific  meaning,  and  that  in  select- 
ing names  authors  should  be  influenced  by  no  other  consideration 
than  the  proper  classification  and  the  specific  designation  under  which 
the  plant  is  best  known.  Under  this  system  we  believe  that  in  a 
reasonable  time  botanical  nomenclature  would  become  definite,  as  all 
•ether  languages  have  become  by  a  similar  process.  Under  the  present 
system  each  author  is  mainly  interested,  not  in  using  the  names  used 
before,  but  in  getting  up  new  ones  to  which  to  add  his  own.  It  is  as 
easy  to  shuffle  names,  both  specific  and  generic,  as  to  move  about 
the  men  on  a  checker  board.  The  result  is  an  ever-changing  lan- 
guage, and  almost  every  one  who  writes  on  the  subject  uses  largely 
his  own  names. 

In  the  Nidulariaceae,  the  man  who  brought  system  out  of  chaos 
was  Tulasne,  sixty  years  ago.  Since  his  monograph,  I  feel  that  his 
names  should  be  adopted  so  long  as  his  genera  are  accepted,  which 
will  probably  be  always.  Most  botanists,  even  if  they  get  their  in- 
formation from  Tulasne  and  follow  him,  feel  it  incumbent  to  add  a 
personal  name  taken  from  Tulasne.  To  these  we  indicate  the  proper 
name  to  add  to  the  species  in  this  pamphlet. 

Tulasne  to  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  ambiguus,  Berkeleyanus. 
Gayanus,  intermedius,  limbatus,  microsporus,  Montagnei,  novae-zee- 
landiae,  Poeppigii,  Lesueurii,  Schweinitzii,  Nidularia  australis  and 
Duriaeana ;  Berkeley  to  Colensoi,  Hookeri,  pallidus,  Nidula  emodensis ; 
Patouillard  to  minimus  and  Nidularia  Heribaudii ;  Schu'einitz  to  ster- 
coreus;  Ellis  to  rufipes;  Hudson  to  striatus;  Nees  to  dasypus ;  Peck 
to  Nidula  Candida  and  microcarpa;  Massee  to  Nidularia  fusispora; 
Roth  to  Nidularia  pisiformis  and  Tode  to  Sphaerobolus  stellatus.  For 
the  remainder  it  does  not  matter  much. 

30 


THE  LLOYD  LIBRARY  AND  MUSEUM. 


This  institution,  while  nominally  an  incorporated  organization,  is 
in  reality  dependent  upon  the  support  of  two  brothers,  C.  G.  and  J.  U. 
Lloyd,  who  provide  the  funds  for  its  maintenance,  each  for  his  own 
department;  the  former  Botany  and  especially  Mycology,  the  latter 
Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy.  The  institution  is  located  at  No.  224 
West  Court  St.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  is  a  four  story  building  erected 
by  Mr.  C.  G.  Lloyd  for  this  purpose  in  1902. 

THE  LIBRARY. 

This  is  in  charge  of  Captain  William  Holden, 
Librarian .  It  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  afore- 
mentioned subjects,  and  although  of  compara- 
tively recent  growth,  it  compares  favorably,  in 
number  of  volumes  at  least,  with  such  old  estab- 
lished libraries  as  are  to  be  found  at  Kew.  In 
monetary  value,  or  in  practical  working  value  to 
the  systematic  botanist,  the  Lloyd  Library  does 
not  compare  with  Kew,  for  the  latter  is  a  selected 
library  of  years  of  growth,  devoted  specially  to 
the  wants  of  the  systematic  botanist.  The  Lloyd 
Library  aims  eventually  to  embrace  all  books  re- 
lating to  botany, pharmacy  ,materiamedica  and 
allied  sciences.  With  this  object  such  subjects 
as  physiological  botany,  elementary  text  books, 
technical  botany,  pharmacopoeis,  etc.,  which 
would  not  be  considered  as  in  the  scope  of  Kew 
are  systematically  collected  in  the  Lloyd  Library. 

THE  HERBARIUM. 

This  consists  of  about  thirty  thousand  speci- 
mens (estimated)  which  were  mostly  obtained 
through  exchange  by  C.  G.  Lloyd  during  the  ear- 
lier years  of  his  life.  When  Mr.  Lloyd  became 
interested  in  Mycology,  some  ten  years  ago,  this 
feature  was  practically  abandoned.  Prof.  W.  H. 
Aiken  has  recently  taken  charge  of  this  depart- 
ment and  it  is  expected  that  from  this  time  on 
the  herbarium  will  have  renewed  life  and 
activity. 

THE  MUSEUM. 

One  floor  of  the  building  is  devoted  to  a  museum  of  fungi  and  there  have  ac- 
cumulated many  thousand  specimens.  During  recent  years  Mr.  C.  G.Lloyd  has 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the  study  of  Gastromycetes,  popularly  known  as  the 
puff  ball  family.  With  the  cooperation  of  a  large  number  of  correspondents  from 
every  country  in  the  world,  more  specimens  of  these  plants  have  found  their  way 
to  this  museum  than  can  be  found  in  all  other  museums  in  the  world  combined. 
Each  specimen  is  named,  and  labeled  with  the  name  of  the  collector  and  locality, 
and  is  preserved  in  the  museum,  no  matter  how  well  the  same  species  may  be  rep- 
resented. Some  common  species,  such  as  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  are  represented 
by  over  three  hundred  different  collections. 

ITS  DESTINY. 

This  institution  will  never  be  sold  or  broken  up.  When  the  life  works  of  its 
builders  are  finished,  funds  will  be  provided  for  its  continuance  under  the  care  of 
some  institution  or  university,  best  calculated  to  serve  science.  The  entire  collection 
of  books  and  specimens  is  pledged  by  its  founders  to  be  donated  intact  to  Science. 

31 


Lloyd  Library  and  Museum. 


INDEX. 


(Those  that  are  starred  and  indented  are  better  called  forms.) 


PAGE 

drucibulum  vulgare 13 

Cyathus  ambiguus    19 

Berketeyanus    .....    19 

Canna    27 

"        Colensoi    26 

"        Earlei    26 

"        Gayanus    16 

"        Hookeri    28 

intermedius    23 

I 

"  limbatus    16  J 

"  microsporus    27 

"  minimus    26 

"  Montagnei    18 

"  nigro-albus   18 

"  novae-zeelandiae    .  .    19 

"  pallidus    

Poeppigii    

"  pygmaeus    26 

"        sphaerosporous    ...   23 


22 
15 


Cyathus  stercoreus   

"  Lesueurii     .  . 

"  rufipes   

"        striatus    

"  Schweinitzii 

"        triplex   

"        vernicosus    .  . 
"  dasypus   .  . . 

"  anglicus    .  . 

Xidula  Candida    

"       emodensis 

microscarpa    .  . 

Xidularia  australis    .  . . 

"         Duriaeana    . 

"         fusispora    .  . 

"          Heribaudii    . 

"          pisiformis   . 

Sphaerobolus  stellatus 


THE  PHALLOIDS  OF 
I     AUSTRALASIA 


An  account  of  what  is  known,  or  rather  what 
little  is  known,  of  the  subject,  and  illus- 
trations (more  or  less  accurate)  of  the 
species  that  have  been  figured 


By 

C.  G.  LLOYD 


CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  U.  S.  A 


AT  LOS  AWGELES 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  object  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  state  what  is  known,  or  rather  j 
what  little  is  known  about  the  phalloids  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  I 
Practically   all   that   has   been   published   is   based   on   the   specimens 
now  preserved  at  Kew  and  the  British  Museum  which  were  originally  I 
studied  by  Berkeley.     Excepting  what  he  wrote,  now  forty  or  fifty 
years  ago,  little  has  been  written  on  the  subject.     It  was  brought  \ 
together  in  Cooke's  Handbook  of  Australian  Fungi,  but  the  account 
is  quite  inaccurate,  and  I  think  it  well  to  present  the  subject  in  the: 
light  of  the  recent  knowledge  of  phalloids.    While  very  little  has  been  | 
added  to  our  knowledge  of  Australian  phalloids  since  Berkeley's  daw 
in  other  portions  of  the  world  the  phalloids  have  become  much  better: 
known.    While  we  have  but  little  additional  material  from  Australasia1 
with  which  to  work,  we  can  consider  it  in  the  light  of  what  has  since 
been  learned  of  phalloids,  many  of  them  the  same  species,  from  other 
countries.     In  this  pamphlet  we  shall  not  endeavor  to  give  technical 
descriptions  of  Australian  phalloids.     We  shall  indicate  the   species! 
that  are  reputed  to  be  Australian,  with  running  remarks  on  their  his-j 
tory  and  such  evidence  as  exists  in  Europe  regarding  them.    We  shall 
reproduce  the  figures  that  have  been  made,  and  after  all  a  figure  isi 
the  best  description  that  can  be  given  of  a  phalloid. 

There  are  at  Kew  forty-five  collections  of  Australasian  phalloids;) 
at  the  British  Museum  there  are  six,  not  counting  the  duplicates  of 
collections  at  Kew ;  at  the  Museum  of  Paris  four,  making  a  total  of' 
fifty-five  collections.  These  ar;e  practically  all  there  are  in  Europe! 
and  it  is  needless  to  say  that  the  phalloid  flora  of  a  country  embrac-j 
ing  more  than  three  million  square  miles  is  not  well  known  from 
fifty-five  -collections.  Of  the  thirty- four  species  and  forms  supposed 
to  occur  in  Australia  ten  are  represented  by  a  single  collection  am] 
sixteen  are  known  only  from  descriptions  and  figures,  and  of  most  oi 
them  probably  no  specimens  exist. 


THE  NATURE  OF  PHALLOIDS. 

It  is  not  necessary  here  to  enter  into  any  technical,  botanical 
discussion  as  to  what  constitutes  a  phalloid.  Most  of  the  readers  are 
familiar  with  this  class  of  fungi,  and  those  who  are  not  will  recognize 
them  as  soon  as  they  look  at  our  pictures.  They  are  always  °soft, 
fleshy  fungi  that  often  are  developed  in  a  short  space  of  time,  usually 
during  a  night.  They  assume  most  striking  and  bizarre  shapes,  are 
often  bright  colored,  and  usually  emit  a  most  fetid  and  unpleasant 
odor.  In  short,  any  fungus  that  is  attractive  to  the  eye  by  its  odd 
shape  or  bright  colors  and  is  repulsive  to  the  nose  is  safely  a  phalloid. 

DEFINITION  OF  TERMS. 

In  the  description  of  Phalloids  it  is  necessary  to  use  a  few  botan- 
ical terms,  but  they  are  simple  and  will  be  readily  understood  from 
the  following  explanation. 

VOLVA. — All  phalloids,  at  least  all  considered  in  this  pamphlet,  when  young 
are  enclosed  in  a  siubglobose  membrane  called  the  volva.  In  this  state  a 
phalloid  can  well  be  compared  to  an  egg,  in  fact  it  is  customary  to  speak  of 
young  phalloids  as  "eggs."  The  volva  or  shell,  however,  is  a  soft,  thick,  gelat- 
inous membrane.  When  the  plant  develops  the  volva  bursts  at  the  top  and 
remains,  as  a  cup  at  the  base  of  the  mature  phalloid.  All  our  pictures  of 
phalloids  show  the  volva  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  at  least  all  pictures  that  were 
made  from  perfect  plants.  If  there  is  no  volva  at  the  base  it  is  because  the 
illustration  was  drawn  from  an  imperfect  specimen. 

RECEPTACLE. — This  is.  a  term  that  is  applied  to  the  portion  of  the  plant 
that  bears  the  greenish,  mucilaginous  mass  (called  the  gleba).  In  some 
phalloids  (such  as  Clathrus)  the  entire  plant,  exclusive  of  the  volva,  forms 
the  receptacle.  In  others,  such  as  Simblum,  the  receptacle  is  borne  on  a  stem. 
Some  phalloids  are  a  simple,  stem-like  structure  and  bear  the  gleba  directly 
on  the  upper  portion,  then  of  course  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem  is  the 
receptacle. 

GLEBA. — This  is  a  greenish,  viscid,  fetid  substance  with  which  all  phalloidsi 
are  supplied.  It  is  in  fact  the  fruiting  portion  of  a  phalloid,  for  it  contains 
innumerable,  microscopic  spores  which  are  analogous  to  the  seed  of  flowering 
plants.  It  is  the  gleba  of  a  phalloid  that  is  usually  so  excessively  fetid. 
This  bad  odor,  as  offensive  as  it  may  be  to  us,  serves  a  useful  purpose 
to  the  plants,  as  it  attracts  flies  and  other  insects  that  are  the  means  of  the 
dispersion  of  the  spores. 

STEM. — The  stem  (or  stipe)  of  a  phalloid  needs  no  special  explanation. 
It  is  used  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word.  Some  phalloids  have  no  stems. 

PILEUS.— There  are  some  phalloids  (the  genus  Phallus)  that  have  the 
gleba  borne  on  a  special  membrane  on  the  top  of  the  stem.  This  is  usually 
conical  or  hat-shaped  and  isi  called  the  pileus. 

VEIL. — A  most  striking  feature  in  a  few  species  that  have  pilei  is  a  thin, 
net-like  membrane  that  hangs  from  under  the  pileus  and  spreads  out  as  a  net 
around  the  stem.  It  is  called  the  veil  (or  more  correctly  the  indiisium)  but 
we  prefer  to  call  it  the  veil. 


THE  GENERA  OF  PHALLOIDS. 

There  are  but  a  few  genera  of  phalloids,  and  they  are  all  based 
on  the  general  shape  of  the  receptacle.  The  ideas  of  classification  are 
extremely  simple,  and  will  be  readily  understood  from  the  following 
table  and  references  to  the  pictures  that  represent  the  various  species. 
In  the  following  table  we  give  only  the  genera  that  occur  (or  have 
been  so  recorded)  in  Australasia.  However,  when  the  subject  be- 
comes well  known  other  genera  will  doubtless  be  found  there. 

Phalloids  can  be  divided  into  four  groups  of  genera. 

1st,  The  Simple  Stem  Section — Gleba  borne  directly  on  the  upper  portion 
of  a  sample  stem  or  on  a  pileus  borne  on  the  top  of  a  simple  stem. 

Gleba  borne  on  a  special  pileus Phallus. 

Gleba  borne  directly  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem. 

No  pileus  Mutinus. 

2d.  The  Lobed  Section — Gleba  spread  over,  or  on  the  inner  surface,  of 
free  arms  or  lobes  at  the  apex  of  the  stem. 

Stipe  a  columnar  tube  bearing  free  arm?  at  the  top Lysurus. 

Stipe  a  hollow,  flaring  tube,  the  limb  lobed Anthurns. 

Stipe  bearing  a  disk-like  expansion,   the  limb  divided 

into  lobes  or  segments Aseroe. 

3d,  The  Columnar  Section — Receptacle  consisting  of  simple,  vertical 
columns,  united  at  the  top. 

Columns   sessile    Laternea. 

Columns  united  at  the  base  into  a  distinct  stipe Pseudocolus. 

4th,  The  Clathrate  Section — Receptacle  in  the  form  of  a  clathrate  or 
latticed  structure. 

Entire  receptacle  one  clathrate  structure Clathrus. 

Clathrate  structure  borne  on  columns  which  are  united 

into  a  hollow  tube  at  the  base Coins. 

THE  GENUS  PHALLUS.— This  which  is  the  original  or  type 
genus  of  Europe  is  very  readily  known  from  having  the  gleba  borne 
on  a  conical  or  bell-shaped  pileus  at  the  apex  of  the  stem.  All  species 
have  a  veil  probably,  at  least  rudimentary,  and  some  a  strongly  devel- 
oped veil  hanging  from  under  the  pileus.  The  latter  have  been  erected 
into  a  separate  genus  (called  Dictyophora),  but  to  me  it  seems  simpler 
to  call  them  all  Phallus,  as  formerly. 

Section    1,   Veil    Long,   Conspicuous.      Dictyophora   of    Many    Books. 

PHALLUS    INDUSIATUS     (Fig.     i).— Pileus    broadly    bell- 
shaped,  rugulose-reticulate.     Veil,  long,  white,  spreading  with  large 
meshes.    Stipe  white.    This  is  a  most  striking  plant,  and  occurs  prob-  j 
ably  in  every  warm  country  in  the  world.     It  takes  many  forms  and  j 
has  many  names,  and  we  use  the  first  name  under  which  it  was  well  j 
illustrated,  viz:  by  Ventenat  in  1798.     Its  occurrence  in  Australia  is  j 
based  on  specimens  at   Kew  collected  Endeavour  River  by   Mueller  j 


Fifl.  2 
PHALLUS  MERULINUS. 


Flo.  1. 
PHALLUS  INDUSIATUS. 


and  Brisbane  by  Bailey.  The  veil  in  the  Australian  plant  is  white, 
as  far  as  known,  but  forms  with  pink  veils  occur  in  other  countries 
and  probably  also  in  Australia. 

SYNONYMS. — In  recent  works  the  plant  is  often  called  Dictyophora  phal- 
loidea,  a  name  that  was  invented  by  Desvaux  about  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century.  In  the  Handbook  it  is  also  called  Dictyophora  tahitensis  and  Dicty- 
ophora speciosa,  names  that  are  merely  synonyms  and  not  based  on  any  points 
of  difference.  The  latter  had  its  origin  in  a  grotesque  and  impossible  figure 
that  was  published  by  Klotzsch. 

PHALLUS  MERULINUS  (Fig.  2).— Pileus  narrow,  thimble- 
shaped,  with  elongated  reticulations.  Veil,  long,  white,  cylindrical, 
with  large  hexagonal  meshes,  not  spreading.  Stipe  white. 

This  plant  is  known  only  from  Australia,  a  single  collection  by 
Bailey  from  Brisbane.1  At  best  it  is  only  a  form  of  the  preceding 
and  moreover,  a  doubtful  form.  It  appears  to  me  that  Cooke  has 
given  a  very  good  illustration  of  the  Australian  form  from  the  dried 
specimen,  but  we  would  be  better  satisfied  if  we  had  a  photograph. 

PHALLUS  MULTICOLOR  (Fig.  3).— Pileus  narrowly  bell- 
shaped,  reticulate,  orange  red  color.  Veil  long  with  large  meshes, 
bright  lemon-yellow.  Stipe  bright,  lemon-yelloiv.  Volva  pink.  My- 
celium purple. 

The  type  specimen  of  this  plant  is  in  the  British  Museum.  It 
was  collected  at  Brisbane  by  Bailey,  and  the  color  description  is 
from  notes  by  him  taken  from  the  fresh  plant.  It  differs  from  Phallus 
indusiatus  chiefly  in  being  a  colored  plant.  Penzig  finds  the  same 
species  abundantly  in  Java  and  gives  a  good  photograph  which  we 
reproduce.  The  color  notes  of  the  Javanese  plant  differ  (but  not 
materially)  from  those  given  for  the  Australian  plant.  The  pileus  is 
described  as  a  dark  yellow,  the  veil  as  bright  orange.  Penzig  photo- 
graphed, as  will  be  noticed  (fig.  3),  a  double  plant.  It  is  an  anomaly; 
such  as  is  not  infrequent  among  the  phalloids. 

PHALLUS  CALLICHROUS.— This  species  is  originally  from 
Brazil  and  has  not  been  figured.  It  is  evidently  very  close  to  multi- 
color, but  differs  in  having  a  white  stipe  and  veil  and  an  orange  pileus. 
Similarly  colored  plants  are  also  known  from  Java  and  Africa. 
Whether  or  not  it  will  be  practicable  to  maintain  species  on  the  color 
of  the  parts,  only  time  will  develop.  There  is  at  Kew  a  specimen 


1  The  name  was  originally  vaguely  applied  to  a  plant  of  Java,  of  which  the  type  is  destroyed! 
and  nothing  is  known.  The  few  indications  that  exist  point  to  the  original  being  a  common  plant  of! 
Java  which  is  now  known  as  Phallus  irpicinus.  I  think  there  was  little  reason  at  first  to  so  determinei 
this  Australian  plant,  as  excellent  work  has  been  done  in  recent  years  with  the  Javanese  phalloids,  i 
and  this  form  is  not  known  in  Java.  It  appears  to  me  that  as  its  meaning  has  been  lost  in  connection: 

for  the  Australian  plant.     Professor  McGinty  writes  me  that  this  is  strictly  "against  the  rules,"  and! 
he  proposes  for  the  Australian  plant  the  name  "  Phallus  Rochesterensis,  McGinty,"  in  remembrance  of 


he  propose 
the  village 


lg 


Fig.  3. 
PHALLUS  MULTICOLOR. 

(A  double  specimen.) 


collected  at  Brisbane  by   Bailey,   and  a   sketch   in  which  the  colors 
given  are  the  same  as  those  of  Phallus  callichrous. 

Section     2,     Veil     Short.       Ithyphallus     of     Many     Modern     Works. 

PHALLUS  IMPUDICUS  (Fig-.  4).— Pileus  broadly  campanu- 
late,  reticulate.  Veil  rudimentary,  stem  white. 

But  one  collection  so  referred  is  known  from  Australia.  It  was 
found  by  Bailey  in  some  drift  rubbish  on  "Tringelburra  Creek,  nine 
hundred  miles  north  of  Brisbane."  Bailey  states  he  saw  only  one 
specimen,  and  this  is  the  only  one  that  has  reached  Europe.  It  there- 
fore seems  rare  in  Australia,  which  is  strange,  as  it  is  the  most  com- 
mon phalloid  of  Europe.  Our  illustration  is  from  the  European  plant. 
Bailey's  plant  seems  to  be  correctly  referred,  but  the  dried  plant  is 
more  yellowish  and  the  pileus  more  broadly  bell-shaped  than  the 
European  form. 

PHALLUS  AURANTIACUS.— Pileus  thimble-shaped,  orange- 
red,  smooth  or  rugulose  when  free  of  gleba.  Veil  none,  or  more  prob- 
ably rudimentary.  Stipe  orange-red. 

This  plant  was  originally  described  from  India,  if  it  is  really 
distinct  from  Phallus  rubicundus  of  the  United  States.  If  distinct, 
I  do  not  know  the  difference.  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from  Aus- 
tralia that  are  as  obese  as  those  from  India.  All  I  have  seen  are  the 
next  form. 

PHALLUS  GRACILIS  (Fig  5).— This  has  all  the  characters  of  the  preced- 
ing excepting  it  is  much  more  slender.  There  are  several  collections  at  Kew 
from  Australia  where  it  appears  to  be  frequent.  It  will  be  readily  recognized 
when  fresh  by  having  a  red  stem  and  a  pileus  the  substance  of  which  is  red. 
I  have  also  seen  specimens*  from  South  Africa,  China,  and  Hawaii,  and  it  is 
undoubtedly  widely  spread  in  warm  countries. 

SYNONYMS. — In  Berkeley's  herbarium  are  found  specimens  from  Australia 
labeled  Phallus  libidinosus  and  Cynophallus  Cayleyi,  but  I  think  neither  was 
published.  Phallus  novae-hollandiae  as  figured  by  Corda  is  very  much  the 
same  plant  as  to  stature  but  was  said  to  have  a  white  stem.  Fig.  98  of  the 
Handbook  is  a  reconstructed  figure.  I  have  seen  a  specimen  at  Geneva  so 
labeled,  claimed  to  be  from  Corda,  which  impressed  me  as.  being  Phallus  gracilis. 
It  is  hard  to  state  as  to  the  color  of  the  stem,  for  the  color  of  all  old,  dried 
phalloids  is  very  much  the  same.  Phallus  vitellimis  was  "described"  by  Mueller 


(Phyt.   Aust,   7,    122)    but  never   illustrated.      From  the  "description"   I   judge 
plant.     I  feel  so  sure  that  "Ithyphallus  atrominiatus"  as  named  by 
Bailey  as  a  new  species  is  the  same  plant,  that  I  use  his  figure   (fig.  5)  to  il- 


it  to  be  this  plant.     I  feel  so  sure  that  "Ithyphallus  atrominiatus"  as  named  bj 
Bailey  as  a  new  s 
lustrate  the  plant. 

Doubtful  Species. 

Several  of  the  so-called  species  of  Australia  are  based  on  single  collections 
and  are  extremely  doubtful.  They  were  published  and  "illustrated"  years  ago 
and  nothing  additional  is  known  about  them.  It  is  due  that  observers  in 
Australia  should  furnish  specimens,  photographs,  and  notes  from  which  some- 
thing definite  can  be  known. 

PHALLUS  CALYPTRATUS  (Fig.  6).— This  was  said  to  have  an  orange 
pileus  which  bears  a  portion  of  the  volva  as  a  calyptra.  The  type  from  Bailey 


Flo.  4. 
PHALLUS  IMPUDICUS. 


PHALLUS  GRACILIS. 


is  in  the  British  Museum.  It  is  not  I  think  a  form  of  aurantiacus  as  stated, 
as  the  pileus  is  much  more  strongly  reticulate.  The  "calyptra"  appears  to  me 
to  be  a  mass,  of  gleba  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  pileus  and  not  a  portion 
of  the  volva  as  stated.  In  any  event  it  is  surely  accidental  in  this  specimen  and 
not  a  specific  character.  Only  one  specimen  was  collected  or  is  known. 

PHALLUS  QUADRICOLOR  (Fig.  7).— This  also  is  based  on  a  single 
specimen  and  a  sketch  from  Bailey,  which  are  now  in  the  British  Museum.  I 
have  a  strong  suspicion  that  it  was  a  specimen  of  Phallus  multicolor  that  had 
accidentally  lost  its  veil.  It  is  at  least  curious  that  the  color  notes  of  the 
collection  are  identically  the  same  as  to  both  species :  "pileus  orange,  stipe 
lemon-yellow,  volva  white,  mycelium  purple."  When  a  species  of  Phallus  with 
a  veil  accidentally  loses  its  veil  (as  specimens  often  do)  it  becomes  in  modern 
nomenclature  another  genusi. 

PHALLUS  DISCOLOR  (Fig.  8).— This  is  based  on  a  plant  from  Australia 
and  was  illustrated  by  Kalchbrenner.  If  it  was  correctly  illustrated  it  differs 
from  all  other  phalloids  in  having  a  pileus-like  apex  adnate  at  the  base  to 
the  top  of  the  stem.  It  was  described  as  Phallus  aurantiacus,  var.  discolor,  and 
changed  by  Fischer  to  "Mutinus?  discolor."  The  doubtful  mark  was  well 
placed.  It  is  neither  a  Phallus  nor  a  Mutinus  if  it  is  correctly  shown.  There 
are,  however,  many  "ifs"  to  be  considered  when  it  comes  to  Kalchbrenner's 
work.  I  doubt  much  if  any  such  phalloid  ever  grew. 

PHALLUS  RETUSUS  (Fig.  9).— This  is  also  Kalchbrenner's  work,  which 
when  figured  and  described  he  erected  into  a  new  genus  Omphalophallus  because 
he  states  the  pileus  is  imperforate.  Fischer,  who  has  examined  specimens  at 
Berlin,  states  this  is  all  Kalchbrenner's  imagination  (or  words  to  that  effect) 
and  that  the  opening  is  covered  with  a  fragment  of  the  volva,  hence  Kalch- 
brenner did  not  find  it.  Fischer  also  states  that  Phallus  Muellerianus  (or 
rather  "Omphalophallus  Muelleriana")  is  the  same  plant  and  that  both  are 
better  referred  as  an  obese  form  of  Phallus  aurantiacus.  From  Kalchbrenner's 
figure  the  latter  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  possible. 

PHALLUS  RUBICUNDUS.— An  American  species  has  been  recorded  in 
Australia.  As  previously  stated  I  do  not  know  what  the  exact  difference  is 
between  this  species  and  Phallus  aurantiacus  and  I  suspect  they  will  prove  to 
be  the  same.  Nor  have  I  seen  any  specimens  from  Australia  as  obese  as  the 
American  form. 

THE  GENUS  MUTINUS.— This  genus  does  not  have  a  sep- 
arate pileus  at  the  apex  of  the  stem  as  in  the  genus  Phallus.  On  the 
contrary  the  gleba  is  borne  directly  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem. 
One  species,  Mutinus  caninus,  is  common  in  Europe,  but  little  or 
nothing  is  known  as  to  the  species  in  Australia.  At  Kew  there  are 
but  two  collections. 

MUTINUS  CURTUS  (Fig.  10).— This  is  based  on  a  single 
collection  made  sixty  years  ago  by  Drummond.  It  impresses  me  as 
being  based  on  undeveloped  plants.  A  figure  was  given  by  Corda 
(Fig.  10),  but  I  think  was  largely  imaginary,  and  I  can  see  no  war- 
rant for  the  lobed  volva  r.r.  shown  in  the  figure. 

MUTINUS  PENTAGONUS  (Fig.  n).— At  Kew  there  are  a 
couple  of  specimens  in  Cooke's  herbarium  labeled  "Mutinus  penta- 
gonus,  Bailey,  Mutinus  sulcatus,  C.  &  M."  I  think  it  is  not  "Mutinus 


Fig    6. 


ff 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


?ic,  6.   PHALLUS  CALYPTRATUS.  FIG.  7.   PHALLUS  QUADRICOLOR. 

FIG.  8.   PHALLUS  DISCOLOR. 


sulcatus,  C.  &  M."  which  has  a  cylindrical  stem  and  was  afterwards 
recognized  by  the  authors  (correctly  I  think)  as  being  a  young  con- 
dition of  Lysurus  australiensis.  The  stem  is  sulcate,  pentagonal, 
as  Bailey  well  names  it,  and  the  gleba  portion  is  also  strongly  fluted. 
The  gleba  does  not  uniformly  surround  the  upper  portion  of  the  stem 
as  in  other  species  of  Mutinus,  but  is  borne  only  along  the  channels 
with  a  free  line  along  the  edge.  This  would  indicate  that  the  plant 
is  not  a  Mutinus.  but  a  young  Lysurus,  and  that  in  a  later  state  the 
lobes  may  open  out  along  these  lines.  There  is  such  a  species  of 
Lysurus  in  China  and  Japan  (Lysurus  Mokusin),  and  our  plant  has  a 
close  resemblance  to  the  original  figure  of  this  species.  I  have  ex- 
amined the  Australian  specimens  very  carefully  with  a  hand  glass 
and  the  upper  portion  seems  to  me  to  be  consolidated  in  one  piece,  and 
I  do  not  believe  it  ever  opens  in  lobes.  However,  in  case  it  does  then 
our  plant  becomes  Lysurus  Mokusin. 

Mr.  Bailey  has  published  it  as  a  Mutinus,  and  as  he  has  observed 
it  growing  he  would  undoubtedly  have  noticed  if  it  were  only  the  young 
condition  of  a  Lysurus.1  He  named  it  Mutinus  pentagonus,  "referring 
to  the  five-angled  receptacle.''  Afterwards  he  found  a  specimen  with 
six  angles  which  he  called  Mutinus  pentagonus,  var.  Hardyi.  That 
was  only  an  individual  variation,  not  of  any  importance  in  classifica- 
tion and  not  worthy  of  a  name,  even  as  a  variety.2 

MUTINUS  PAPUASIUS  (Fig.  12).— I  know  the  plant  only  from  the 
figure  given  by  Kalchbrenner,  which  he  drew  from  specimens  sent  him  by 
Mueller.  There  are  no  specimens  either  at  Kew  (or  Berlin,  I  judge  from 
Fischer's  work)  and  it  is  not  really  known  whether  the  plant  is  a  Mutinus  or 
a  Phallus.  If  a  Mutinus  it  is  the  most  slender  species  known. 

MUTINUS  WATSONL— Also  a  very  doubtful  species  "described"  from 
Australia,  but  no  figure  or  type  material  exists.  It  will  probably  never  be  known. 

MUTINUS  (?)  ANNULATUS  (Fig.  I2a).— This  plant  is  only  known  from 
a  figure  (i2a)  published  by  F.  M.  Bailey.  But  one  specimen  was  found  which 
was  lost  in  transit  to  Kew.  The  stipe  is'  white,  the  gleba-bearing  portions  "red- 
ochre"  and  "annulated."  The  plant  therefore  probably  belongs  to  the  genus 
Floccomutinus  of  Java.3 

THE  GENUS  LYSURUS.— This  genus  has  a  columnal  stem 
bearing  free  lobes  at  its  apex.  The  gleba  is  borne  on  these  lobes. 
When  young  the  lobes  are  connivent,  and  then  the  plants  may  be 


'The  early  stages  of  Lysurus  with  the  arms  connivent  have  led  to  some  very  misleading 
pictures.  Thus  Berkeley's  original  picture  of  Lysurus  Gardneri  so  misled  Professor  Fischer 
that  he  transferred  it  to  another  genus,  but  after  he  visited  Kew  and  saw  that  it  misrepresented 
the  plant  he  should  have  transferred  it  back.  Our  American  species  Lysurus  borealis  was 
named  Anthurus  borealis,  but  in  my  opinion  is  a  Lysurus  and  I  think  the  same  as  the  Ceylon 
species.  It  was  originally  illustrated  with  a  drawing  subject  to  the  same  criticism  as  the 
original  drawing  of  Lysurus  Gardneri. 

8  It  is  very  well  established  now  that  the  number  of  arms,  or  lobes,  or  angles,  or  columns, 
is  never  constant  in  any  species. 

'Professor  McGiuty  proposes  as  its  name  "  Floccomutinus  annulatus,  (Bailey)  McGinty." 
12 


f 


A 


Fig.  10. 


Fly.  12. 


Fig.  12a. 

FIG.  10.   MUTINUS  CURTUS. 
FIG.  12.   MUTINUS  PAPUASIUS. 


FIG.  ii.   MUTINUS  PENTAGONUS. 
FIG.  i2a.   MUTINUS  (?)  ANNULATUS. 


thought  to  be  Mutinus  -    When  old  the  lobes  separate  and  spread  out. 
The  genus  is  known   in  Australia  by  only  one  abundant  collection. 

LYSURUS  AUSTRALIENSIS  (Vig.  13).— Stem  white,  cylin- 
drical, four  to  five  inches  long.  It  bears  at  the  top  usually  five  some- 
what irregular,  sulcate.  pointed,  arm-like  lobes.  The  gleba  is  borne 
on  these  lobes. 

HISTORY. — Bailey  first  sent  to  Cooke  a  single  specimen,  which  was  young 
with  the  lobes  connivent,  and  Cooke  described  it  as.  Mutinus  sulcatus.  The 
next  year  Bailey  sent  more  ample  and  better  developed  specimens,  which 
Cooke  called  Lysurus  australiensis.  These  are  the  only  collections  known. 
Cooke  gives  a  very  good  figure  of  it  in  the  Handbook,  which  we  have  repro- 
duced (Fig.  13).  The  lobes  of  this  figure  are  not  as  irregular  as  those  of 
Fig.  133.  made  from  the  dried  specimen.  It  is  my  belief  that  Lysurus  aus- 
traliensis, as  well  as  Lysurus  borealis  of  the  United  States,  are  the  same  as 
Lysurus  Gardneri,3  originally  from  Ceylon.  We  can  note  very  little  difference 
on  comparison  of  the  dried  specimens,  but  we  shall  not  throw  them  together 
until  we  get  more  evidence  on  the  subject. 

THE  GENUS  ANTHURUS.— The  original  idea  of  the  genus 
Anthurus  by  Kalchbrenner,  is  a  flaring  tube,  the  limb  divided  into 
segments.  This  meaning  has  been  entirely  perverted  by  recent  writers 
and  an  entirely  different  definition  given  to  the  name.  We  use  the 
word  in  its  original  meaning,  for  we  believe  it  is  not  good  classification 
to  include  with  the  original  species  several  plants  that  are  now  placed 
in  the  genus.4  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  of  a  true  Anthurus  ac- 
cording to  Kalchbrenners  distinction.5 

ANTHURUS  MUELLERIANUS  (Fig.  14).— This  plant  was 
named  by  Kalchbrenner  from  specimens  received  from  Baron  von 
Mueller.  There  are  no  specimens  at  London,  and  I  know  only  Kalch- 
brenner's  figure  which  was  reproduced  in  Cooke's  Handbook.  It  has 
a  strongly  flaring,  tubular  stem  and  is  described  as  yellowish-red,  but 
the  figure  he  gives  is  bright  red,  which  is  more  probably  its  color. 


2  Indeed  it  is  a  question  if  Mutinus  pentagonus  of  this  pamphlet  is  not  really  a  Lysurus. 

3  Lysurus  Gardneri,   of  Ceylon,   which   was  so  named  and  described   by   Berkeley,   is  a   true 
Lysurus  with  spreading  arms,  and  not  a  "  Coins,"  as  found  in  Fischer's  latest  work.     Fischer  referred 
it  to  the  genus  Coins  on  the  strength  of  Berkeley's  figure,  and  he  was  justified  if  one  is  ever  justified 
in  changing  classification  on  the  evidence  of  a  figure.     When  Professor  Fischer  came  to  Kew,  how- 
is  a  Lysurus,  and  not  a  Coins  in  any  sense  of  the  word.    The  arms  are  entirely  separate  and  spreading 
when  mature.       Like  all  species  of  Lysurus,  they  are  connivent  when  young,  but  they  are  not  joined 
at  the  apex,  however  slightly. 


6  There  are  at  Kew  some  specimens  from  South  Africa  which  Kalchbrenner  called  Anthurus 
Woodu,  but  they  do  not  have  a  flaring  tube  as  Kalchbrenner  shows  in  his  cut,  and  I  should  class  them 
as  Lystirtis. 


dpFU^, 


Fig.  13a. 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  13. 


Fig.  15. 


FIG.  13.   LYSURUS  AUSTRALIENSIS.        FIG.  14.   ANTHURUS  MUELLER- 
IANUS.         FIG.  15.    ANTHURUS  (?)  ARCHERI. 


ANTHURUS  ARCHERI  (Fig-.  15).— This  was  described  by 
Berkeley  in  Flora  Tasmania  as  Lysurus  Archeri,  but  on  the  plate  the 
name  is  written  Lysurus  pentactinus.  There  are  no  specimens  known. 
Fischer  unites  the  plant  with  the  previous,  but  I  can  see  no  resem- 
blance between  the  figures  and  I  think  no  one  knows  anything  about 
the  plants.  Anthurus  Archeri  according  to  the  figure  is  a  very  doubt- 
ful Anthurus,  or  Lysurus  either  as  to  that.  In  the  sectional  drawing 
the  arms  are  shown  to  be  bifid,  and  it  seems  to  me  the  plant  inclines 
towards  the  genus  Aseroe. 

THE  GENUS  ASEROE.0— Stem  tubular,  abruptly  spreading 
into  a  horizontal  limb  which  is  divided  into  from  five  to  eight  or  more 
long  segments.  Usually  the  segments  are  bifid  and  prolonged  into 
slender  points.  The  color  is  usually  bright  red.  It  is  a  very  common 
genus  in  Australia  and  seems  to  take  many  forms  so  that  the  species 
are  all  doubtful.  They  have  all  been  thrown  together  by  Professor 
Fischer  into  one  species,  but  the  various  forms  as  figured  seem  quite 
different.  However,  it  is  probable  that  when  these  forms  are  'well 
known  it  will  not  be  practicable  to  keep  them  distinct.  We  present 
figures  of  the  various  forms  which  tell  the  story  of  the  variation 
better  than  our  words  can.  By  observing  the  plants  as  they  grow, 
those  who  live  in  Australia  can  soon  decide  if  there  is  any  constant 
value  in  these  variations. 

ASEROE  RUBRA  (Fig.  16).— This  was  the  original  form 
known  and  was  from  Australia.7  It  has  short  spreading  rays.  No 
corresponding  plant  has  since  reached  Kew,  but  it  is  curious  to  know 
that  adventitious  plants,  exactly  the  same  as  this  original  form,  have 
tome  up  occasionally  in  the  hothouses  at  Kew. 

ASEROE  PENTACTINA  (Fig.  17).— The  next  form  from 
Australia  has  much  longer  and  narrower  rays.  It  was  figured  in 
Endlicher's  Icones,  Plate  I,8  and  called  Aseroe  pentactina  in  refer- 
ence to  the  number  of  rays  (which  is  of  no  importance  as  the  number 
varies).  Berkeley  (1844)  illustrated  practically  the  same  plant  under 
the  name  Aseroe  rubra,  but  it  had  eight  rays.  Corda  reproduced 
Berkeley's  figure  and  changed  the  name  to  Aseroe  actinobola.  It 


«  The  name  Aseroe  is  generally  spelled  Aseroe  to  indicate  that  the  final  vowels  are  pronounced 
separately.  It  seems  to  me  a  waste  of  energy.  It  was  originally  spelled  Aseroe  by  La  Billardiere. 
Fries  has  it  Aseroe  which  raised  a  protest  from  Montagne. 

7  About  the  beginning  of  the   last  century  the   French   government  sent  out  an   expedition    in 
search  of  scientific  knowledge  under  the  command  of  La  Perouse.     It  came  to  grief  somewhere,  and 
three  years  later  the  government  sent  another  expedition   in   search   of  La   Perouse.     La   Billardiere 
was  the  botanist  of  this  second   company.     He  found  Aseroe   in   "Cape  Van   Diemen,"   and  was  so 
impressed  with  it  that  he  published  a  figure.     It  was  the  only  fungus  that  he  collected  on  the  voyage. 
He  called  it  Aseroe  from  the  "disposition  of  its  rays."     Montagne  corrects  the  spelling  to  Aseroe, 
stating  that  it  was  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  nauseous.     He  seems  to  have  known  more  about  the 
origin  of  the  name  than  the  namer.     Montagne's  corrected  spelling  has  since  been  generally  used 

8  The  reference  is  often  also  given  "  Endlicher  Atakta,  Plate  50."     This  is  an  error,  for  the  work 
contains  only  forty  plates,  and  no  fungi  at  all. 

16 


\      :/ 


N- 


Fig. 


Fig.  17 

FIG.  16.   ASEROE  RUBRA.  FIG.  17.   ASEROE  PENTACTINA. 

FIG.  19.    ASEROE  HOOKERI. 

17 


seems  to  me  the  same  form  as  Endlicher's  plant.  Judging  from  the 
specimens  that  have  reached  Europe,  this  form  with  the  long,  narrow 
rays  is  the  most  frequent  form  in  Australia. 

ASEROE  MUELLERIANA  (Fig.  18).— Kalchbrenner  illus- 
trated under  the  name  Aseroe  rubra  a  form  with  a  broad  limb. 
Fischer  first  changed  it  to  Aseroe  rubra  var.  Muelleriana,  and  after- 
wards referred  it  to  Aseroe  Junghuhnii  of  Java.  The  latter,  accord- 
ing to  the  figures  and  description  is  a  much  larger  and  quite  differ- 
ently shaped  plant.  I  have  seen  no  specimen  corresponding  to  Kalch- 
brenner's  figure. 

ASEROE  HOOKERI  (Fig.  19).— A  very  small  form  with  very 
narrow  rays  reached  Hooker  from  Dr.  Sinclair,  New  Zealand.  Berk- 
eley called  it  at  first  Aseroe  viridis  under  the  impression  that  when 
fresh  its  color  was  greenish.  Afterward  when  he  became  convinced 
that  he  had  been  mistaken  as  to  its  color  he  re-named  it  Aseroe 
Hookeri.9  It  is  the  smallest  form  described  and  appears  quite  dif- 
ferent from  the  other  forms  usually  received  from  Australia. 

ASEROE  LYSUROIDES.— Corda  bases  a  figure  on  a  specimen  which  he 
saw  in  Delessert's  herbarium10  and  called  it  Lysurus  aseroeformis,  which 
Fischer  changed  to  Aseroe  lysuroides.11  I  am  so  well  satissfied  that  Corda's 
figure,  young,  (with  gleba  surrounding  the  arms)  is  not  the  same  as  his 
expanded  figure  (surely  an  Aseroe)  that  I  reproduce  neither.  The  plant  is 
shown  as  having  a  very  long,  slender  stem  and  short,  broad  rays. 

THE  GENUS  LATERNEA.— -This  genus  has  columns,  usually 
three  to  five,  which  are  united  at  the  top.  It  is  a  common  genus  in 
Southern  United  States,  West  Indies  and  South  America,  but  its  oc- 
currence in  Australia  is  not  assured.  In  the  Handbook  (and  most 
recent  books)  the  genus  Laternea  is  united  to  Clathrus,  but  for  me 
there  exist  no  more  distinct  genera  among  the  phalloids. 

LATERNEA  COLUMN  ATA  (Fig.  20).— The  record  of  this 
genus  in  Australia  is  based  on  a  specimen  from  T.  Kirk  to  Cooke 
and  determined  as  Laternea  triscapa.  If  it  is  a  Laternea  it  is  much 
too  obese  to  be  L.  triscapa  and  is  probably  Laternea  columnata.  The 
specimen  is  so  broken  and  twisted  and  imperfect  that  I  am  not  at  all 
sure  even  that  it  belongs  to  the  genus  Laternea. 

THE  GENUS  PSEUDOCOLUS.— This  genus  as  I  conceive  it 
can  be  described  in  a  few  words  as  being  a  Laternea  on  a  stalk.  It 


9  I   am   informed   by  Professor  McGinty   that  this  was   absolutely   contrary   to    the   rules.      If 
Berkeley  called   the  plant  "green,"  it  must  be  "green,"  and  neither  Berkeley  nor  any  one  else,  "ac- 
cording to  the  rules,"  can  change  its  name.     In  nomenclature  "rules"  seem  to  be  much  more  impor- 
tant than  facts. 

10  Now  at  Geneva.     I  did  not  look  up  the  specimen  when  I  was  there. 

11  It  becomes  now  "Aseroe  aseroeformis,  McGinty,"  according  to  his  "rules. 

18 


Fig.  20. 


Fig.  21. 


FIG.  20.   LATERNEA  COLUMNATA. 


FIG.  21.   PSEUDOCOLUS  ROTHAE. 
(Merely  a  crude  sketch.) 


consists  of  columns  (three  always,  as  far  as  I  know)  which  are  united 
at  the  top,  and  into  a  stem  at  the  base.  Usually  these  plants  have 
been  included  in  the  genus  Colus,  but  the  original  of  that  genus  is 
for  me  a  very  different  plant  with  the  receptacle  truly  clathratc. 

PSEUDOCOLUS  ROTHAE  (Fig.  21).— There  are  at  Kew 
two  collections  of  this  plant.  One  from  Miss  Carter.  Moonan  Brook, 
N.  S.  W.,  and  the  other  from  Bailey,  Brisbane.  The  former  has  the 
arm  broken  and  was  referred  by  Professor  Fischer  (2d  Unters.,  p.  23) 
to  Colus  Muelleri.  The  latter  is  more  perfect  and  is  accompanied 
by  a  sketch  from  Bailey  from  which  our  figure  has  been  made.  It 
was  called  by  Professor  Fischer  (1.  c.)  Colus  Rothae,  but  he  consid- 
ered it  a  doubtful  form  of  Colus  Muelleri  and  omits  it  from  his  latest 
work.  If  Kalchbrenner  who  described  and  figured  Anthurus  Muelleri- 
anus  gave  a  correct  figure  of  it  (and  his  figure  is  all  that  is  known. 
see  Fig.  14)  it  is  a  true  Anthurus  with  free  lobes  and  has  no  relation 
or  resemblance  to  this  plant.  Bailey  sent  with  his  sketch  the  follow- 
ing notes :  "Divisions  of  the  receptacle  always  three,  arched,  and 
joined  at  the  apex.  Of  a  rich  orange,  and  obtusely  triangular,  porous- 
celled.  The  entire  portion  (stipe)  very  short  or  not  extending  be- 
yond the  volva."  There  grows  in  Java  a  very  similar  species,  but  more 
robust  and  with  the  arms  strongly  convolute,  crenate  on  the  inner 
sides.  There  is  a  nice  drawing  of  it  at  Kew,  made  by  Zollinger  many 
years  ago.  It  has  never  received  a  name  unless  perhaps  "Laternea  ? 
pentactina,"  Monsunia  p.  23,  refers  to  it,  but  it  is  surely  not  the  same 
as  Berkeley's  plant  under  this  name. 

THE  GENUS  CLATHRUS.— This  genus  is  well  known  in 
Europe,  where  the  original  species,  Clathrus  cancellatus,  is  a  very 
celebrated  plant.  The  genus  has  a  receptacle  which  is  "clathrate" 
or  consists  of  lattice  work.  The  two  common  species  of  Australasia 
belong  in  fact  to  a  different  genus  called  Ileodictyon  and  their  struc- 
ture is  well  known.  We  do  not  maintain  the  genus  Ileodictyon  be- 
cause there  are  so  many  other  species  that  can  not  be  told  whether 
they  are  Clathrus  or  Ileodictyon  from  the  material  in  the  museums. 
The  structure  of  the  arms  of  the  genus  Clathrus  is  cellular;  that  of 
Ileodictyon  is  tubular. 

CLATHRUS  CIBARIUS  (Fig.  22).— This  is  a  very  common 
species  in  New  Zealand.  It  is  rare  in  Australia  and  we  know  of  but 
two  collections  from  Australia.  It  is  a  large  plant  we  judge,  four  or 
five  inches  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded.  The  width  of  the  flat- 
tened branches  is  a  centimeter  or  more.  When  we  published  our 
plate  (91)  we  knew  of  no  photograph  of  a  fresh  plant,  but  have 
since  found  a  photograph  in  the  Economic  Museum  at  Kew.  It  was 
made  by  a  Mr.  Clarke  and  represents  a  number  of  plants.  Our 
cut  (Fig.  22)  is  from  this  photograph,  and  we  do  not  know  how 
much  it  has  been  reduced.  Clathrus  cibarius  appears  to  be  very  com- 

20 


Fig.  22, 

CLATHRUS  CIBARIUS. 
(Reduced  probably  more  than  half.) 


mon  in  New  Zealand  and  rare  in  Australia,  and  it  is  not  confined  to 
Australasia.  It  occurs  in  Chile  and  is  reported  from  South  Africa 
and  a  curious  form  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  296)  is  at  the  British  Museum 
from  Brazil. 

CLATHRUS  GRAC1LIS  (Fig.  23).— In  general  respects  this 
is  very  much  like  the  preceding  plant,  but  is  much  smaller  and  more 
slender  and  the  arms  are  only  about  one-fourth  as  thick.  It  is  an 
Australian  species  and  numerous  specimens  are  at  Kew.  It  is  not 
known  from  New  Zealand.  Berkeley  named  the  species  in  1845  an(l 
gave  what  appears  to  be  a  good  figure  but  devoid  of  volva  which  was 
wanting  in  the  original  specimens,  as  it  is  in  our  figure. 

CLATHRUS  PUSILLUS  (Fig.  24).— This  plant  was  sent 
abundantly  to  Berkeley  by  Drummond,  Swan  River,  sixty  years  ago. 
There  has  been  no  other  collection  received  in  Europe.  Berkeley 
gave  what  seems  to  be  a  good  picture  of  it  (Fig.  24).  The  color  is 
bright  red.  The  arms  are  slender,  forming  above  an  isometric  net- 
work, but  below  they  are  disposed  in  a  somewhat  columnar  manner. 
The  type  specimens  are  in  good  condition  in  the  herbarium  at  Kew. 

CLATHRUS  CRISPUS—  This  is  a  species  of  thd-  West  Indies  and  South 
America.  It  is  included  in  the  Handbook  as  Australian  but  I  know  not  on  what 
ground  as  there  are  no  specimens  at  Kew  from  Australia  that  can  be  so  referred 
nor  any  so  determined. 

CLATHRUS  ALBIDUS. — This  was  described  but  not  figured  in  a  Swiss 
publication  about  thirty  years  ago  (from  Australia).  I  think  nothing  whatever 
is  known  about  it. 

THE  GENUS  COLUS  (Fig.  25). -This,  is  a  peculiar  genus  of  the 
Mediterranean  regions.  The  receptacle  is  clathrate,  borne  on  columns  and  the 
columns  are  united  at  the  base  into  a  stalk.  There  is  but  one  species  known, 
Colus  hirudinosus,  which  is  peculiar  in  its  habits,  among  the  phalloids.  It 
grows  only  on  manure.  It  is  included  in  the  Australian  Handbook  and  a  good 
figure  given  of  it  (as  it  was  copied  from  Tulasne)  but  there  is  no  evidence 
of  any  similar  plant  known  from  Australia. 


22 


Fig.  23. 


Fig.  24 


Fig.  25 


FIG.  23.   CLATHRUS  GRACILIS.  FiG.[24.   CLATHRUS  PUSILLUS. 

FIG.  25.  COLUS  H1RUDINOSUS. 


23 


SOURCE  OF  THE  CUTS  REPRODUCED  IN  THE  PRE- 
CEDING PAGES. 


Fig.  I,  From   photograph   made   in   Samoa. 

Fig.  2,  From  Cooke's  Handbook. 

Fig.  3,  From  photograph  by  Penzig,  Java. 

Fig.  4,  From  photograph  made  in  France. 

Fig.  5,  Original  by  F.  M.  Bailey. 

Fig.  6,  Original  by   Berkeley. 

Fig.  7,  Original   by   Berkeley. 

Fig.  8,  Original  by  Kalchbrenner. 

Fig.  10,  Original  by  Corda. 

Fig.  u,  Original  by  F.  M.  Bailey. 

Fig.  12,  Original  by  Kalchbrenner. 

Fig.  I2a,  Original  by  F.  M.  Bailey. 

Fig.  13,  From   Cooke's    Handbook. 

Fig.  133,  Photograph  of  dried  specimen  at  Kew. 

Fig.  14,  Original  by  Kalchbrenner. 

Fig.  15,  Original  by  Berkeley. 

Fig.  16,  Original    by    Corda    (after   La    Billardiere). 

Fig..  17,  Original  from  Berkeley. 

Fig.  19,  Original  from   Berkeley. 

Fig.  20,  Photograph   from  plants    from    Florida. 

Fig.  21,  Crude   sketch   copied   from   Bailey. 

Fig.  22,  From  photograph  in  the  museum  at  Kew. 

Fig.  23,  From  an  alcoholic  specimen. 

Fig.  24,  Original  by  Corda. 

Fig.  25,  Original  by  Tulasne. 

NOTE. — Some  of  these  figures  which  were  originally  as  stated  above  we 
have  taken  from  the  copy  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  or  as  copied  in  Corda. 

Figs.  9  and  18  (as  originally  intended)  are  omitted  from  the  pamphlet,  as 
we  did  not  succeed  in  obtaining  in  America  a  copy  of  the  pamphlet  from  which 
we  had  intended  to  reproduce  them. 

Fig.  24,  Clathrus  pusillus,  is  from  Engler  and  Prantl,  originally  by  Corda. 
Berkeley's  figure  that  we  had  intended  to  reproduce  is  a  better  representation 
of  the  plant. 


PUFF  BALL  LETTER  NO.  4. 

Cincinnati,  May,  1905. 

The  following  persons  have  kindly  sent  us  specimens  since  our  last 
acknowledgment,  and  will  be  continued  on  the  mailing  list  of  Mycological 
Notes.  This  publication  is  issued  principally  with  the  object  of  interesting 
collectors  in  picking  up  specimens  and  sending  them  to  our  museum,  and 
we  can  not  promise  to  continue  to  send  to  those  who  do  not  take  this  much 
interest  in  the  subject. 

We  have  made  what  we  feel  is  a  very  thorough  study  of  the  "puff  ball" 
families,  not  only  of  the  United  States,  but  of  the  world  as  far  as  known. 
We  have  .seen  and  studied  all  the  specimens  that  are  preserved  in  the  prin- 
cipal museums,  which  embrace  practically  all  that  are  described.  The  genus 
Tylostoma  has  not  been  worked  up,  but  otherwise  we  feel  familiar  with 
practically  all  the  known  species.  Outside  of  these  families,  however,  we 
claim  to  have  no  critical  knowledge,  only  a  general  knowledge  of  tbe  current 
names  of  the  common  species.  We  list  the  specimens  received  that  we  know 
under  these  names.  Others,  when  we  do  not  know  the  species,  are  listed 
under  the  genus  only. 

We  are  glad  to  get  material  of  any  fungus  of  a  firm  nature  that  retains 
its  characters  when  dried  (see  circular  enclosed).  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


LIST  OF  SPECIMENS  RECEIVED  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES 
AND  CANADA  SINCE  LAST  REPORT  (JULY,  1904). 


E.  K.  Abbott,  Salinas,  Cal.: — Calvatia  occidentalis  (note  1),  Geaster 
hygrometricus. 

W.  H.  Aiken,  Knoxville,  Tenn.:— Arachnion  album. 

S.  M.  Bain,  Knoxville,  Tenn.: — Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 

C.  H.  Baker,  Verona,  Pa.:— Geaster  hygrometricus,  Scleroderma  auran- 
tium,  Cyathus. 

C.  H.  Baker,  Grasmere,  Fla.: — Lycoperdon  piriforme. 

J.  M.  Bates,  Red  Cloud,  Neb.: — Lycoperdon  tessellatum. 

A.  S.  Bertolet,  Canada:— Hydnum,  Polystictus,  Polyporus. 

A.  S.  Bertolet,  Fairhope,  Ala.: — Tuckahoe  (note  2). 

Hugo  Bilgram,  Philadelphia,  Pa.:— Lycoperdon  fuscum,  Lycoperdon  sub- 
incarnatum,  Scleroderma  tenerum,  Geaster  velutinus. 

Mrs.  E.  B.  Blackford,  Boston,  Mass.:— Bovista  plumbea,  Scleroderma 
tenerum,  Lycoperdon  dernioxanthum,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Boletus  parasit- 
icus,  Hydnum  aurantiacum,  Hydnum  adustum. 

lilTY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  AKCELES 


F.  H.  Blodgett,  College  Park,  Md.: — Mitremyces  lutescens. 

E.  E.  Bogue.  Agricultural  College,  Mich.: — Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lyco- 
perdon  serotinum,  Cyathus  vernicosus. 

E.  E.  Bogue,  Lansing,  Mich.: — Geaster  hygrometricus. 

Fred  J.  Braendle,  Washington,  D.  C.: — Lycogala  flavofuscum,  Lycoper- 
don acuminatum,  Lycoperdon  subincarnatum,  Clavaria  pistillaris,  Rhizopo- 
gon,  Thelephora  cladonia  (?)  Thelephora  caryophyllea,  Thelephora,  Discina 
reticulata,  Urnula  craterium,  Cortinarius  Braendlei,  (co.  type,)  Gyromitra 
curtipes,  Phallus  imperialis. 

Chas.  E.  Brown,  Milwaukee,  Wis.: — Polystictus  pergameus,  Polystictus 
abietinus,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  brumale,  Polyporus  versicolor,  Meru- 
Jius  tremulosus,  Favolus  europaeus,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  unicolor, 
Panus  rudis,  Stereum  versicolor,  Stereum  complicatum  (?),  Lenzites  betulina, 
Irpex  sinuosa,  Hypomyces  lactifluorum,  Xylaria  polymorphum. 

E.  V.  Burke,  San  Francisco,  Cal.: — Helvella  Californica  (a  fine  col- 
lection). 

L.  W.  Carter,  Peno,  S.  D.: — Catastoma  subterranea,  Cyathus  stercoreus, 
Mycenastrum  Corium,  Calvatia  lilacina. 

J.  F.  Clark,  Fairfield,  Iowa: — Scleroderma  tene'rum,  Scleroderma  auran- 
tium,  Bovistella  Ohiensis  (?),  Calvatia  lilacina,  Cyathus  striatus,  Daldinia 
concentrica,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon, 
Xylaria,  Lycogala  epidendrum. 

W.  N.  Clute,  Binghamton,  N.  Y.: — Polyporus  gilvus,  Trametes  rubescens. 
Polystictus  pergameus,  Foines  leucophaeus,  Fomes  ignarius,  Fomes  fomen- 
tarius,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Daedalea  quercina,  Irpex  lacteus,  Lycoperdon 
Wrightii,  Lenzites  sepiaria. 

C.  S.  Conkling,  Antwerp,  N.  Y.: — Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon 
muscorum,  Lycoperdon  compressum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon 
serotinum,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Scleroderma  aurantium. 

S.  Crosby,  Cambridge,  Mass.: — Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lycoperdon  crucia- 
tum, Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii, 
Scleroderma  tenerum,  Bovista  plumbea  (oval),  Calvatia  lilacina. 

Mrs.  G.  M.  Dallas,  Philadelphia,  Pa.:— Spathularia  flavida,  Xylaria  poly- 
morpha,  Ciboria  echinophylla,  Daldinia  vernicosa,  Thelephora,  Thelephora, 
Cyphella  (?),  Lycoperdon  piriforme. 

Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Dallas,  Mt.  Pocono,  Penn.: — Cyclomyces  Greenii. 

Simon  Davis,  Falmouth,  Mass.: — Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma  tene- 
rum, Bovista  plumbea,  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lyco- 
perdon umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii. 

Simon  Davis,  Stow,  Mass.: — Mitremyces  cinnabarinus. 
Dr.  N.  S.  Davis.  Mississippi: — Daedalea  unicolor. 

R.  H.  Denniston,  Madison,  Wis.: — Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperd< 
Lycoperdon,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Lycoperdon 
umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii,  Geaster  rufes- 
cens,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma  tenerum,  Scleroderma  flavidum,  Bo- 
vista plumbea,  Bovista  pila,  Boletus  sphaerosporus,  Mycenastrum  Corium, 
Phychogaster,  Tylostoma. 

B.  M.  Duggar,  Columbia,  Mo.: — Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum, Geaster  rufescens,  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Seco- 
tium  acuminatum. 

H.  Dupret,  Montreal,  Can.:— Xylaria. 
2 


Miss  Alice  Eastwood,  San  Francisco,  Cal.: — Bovista  plumbea,  Lyco- 
perdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Calvatia  occidentalis  (note  1), 
Calvatia  hesperia  (?)  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  lilacina  (sterile  base), 
Scleroderma  Cepa. 

E.  M.  Ehrhorn,  Mountain  View,  Cal.: — Bovista  plumbea. 

Edw.  P.  Ely,  Monticello,  Minn.: — Bovista  pila,  Lycoperdon,  Lycoperdon 
Wrightii,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Peziza  with  sclerotium. 

Edw.  P.  Ely,  Quincy,  Cal.: — Lycoperdon,  n.  s.,  Lycoperdon,  n.  s.,  Lyco- 
perdon, n.  s.  Lycoperdon,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Crucibulum  vulgare  (form), 
Crucibulum  vulgare,  Trichaster  subterraneus  (type),  Bovista  plumbea, 
Peziza. 

Walter  H.  Evans,  Washington,  D.  C.: — Mitremyces  lutescens. 
C.  E.  Fairman,  Lyndonville,  N.  Y.: — Hydnum  spongiosipes. 

O.  E.  Fischer,  Detroit,  Mich.: — Lentodium  squamulosum  (note  3),  Tylos- 
toma  campestre,  Scleroderma  Cepa. 

Miss  Mary  Fitzgerald,  Waynesville,  N.  C.:— Xylaria,  Helvella,  Leotia, 
Lycogala  epidendrum,  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Sclero- 
derma verrucosum,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Peziza  aeruginosa,  Peziza,  Thele- 
phora  sebacea,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Mitremyces  cinnabarinus,  Auricu- 
laria  auricula-Judae,  Clavaria  pistillaris,  Bovista  pila,  Bovista  minor, 
Hydnum,  Rhizopogon  rubescens,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piri- 
t'orme. 

James  Fletcher,  Grand  Fork,  Can.: — Mycenastrum  Corium. 
James  Fletcher,  Ottawa,  Can.: — Geaster  triplex. 
James  Fowler,  Battersea,  Ont.: — Bovista  pila. 

R.  R.  Gates,  Middleton,  N.  £.: — Lycogala  epidendrum,  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum. 

N.  M.  Glatfelter,  St.  Louis,  Mo.:— Geaster  velutinus,  Bovistella  Ohiensis. 
L.  A.  Greata,  Edge  of  Colorado  Desert: — Montagnites  (note  4). 

M.  E.  Hard,  Chillicothe,  Ohio:— Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma  Geaster 
(?)  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Urnula  Craterium,  Bovista  pila,  Bovista 
plumbea,  Polyporus  arcularius,  Collybia  dryophilla. 

C.  C.  Harmier,  East  Hartford,  Conn.: — Lycoperdou  Turner!,  Urnula 
craterium. 

G.  U.  Hay,  St.  John,  N.  B.:— Lycogala  epidendrum,  Scorias  spongiosa. 
Geo.  G.  Hedgcock,  St.  Louis,  Mo.:— Geaster  rufescens,  Tylostoma. 
A.  J.  Hill,  New  Westminster,  B.  C.:— Granularia  piriforme. 

Miss  E.  Hodg'es,  Pocono,  Pa.: — Lycoperdo*  gemmatum,  Lycoperdou  ei- 
coriatum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Cyathus  striatus. 

Wm.  Holden,  Cincinnati,  Ohio:— Morchella  conica. 

Clara  A.  Hunt,  St.  Helena,  Cal.:— Lycoperdon  subpratense  (?),  Geaster 
giganteus,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Scleroderma  Cepa? 

David  L.  James,  Loveland,  Ohio:— Xylaria. 

David  L.  James,  White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va.:— Geaster  hygrometri- 
cus,  Morchella,  Bovista  pila,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus. 

3 


Joliet  (III.)  High  School: — Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum, Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  picipes,  Poly- 
porus  resinosus,  Polyporus  brumale,  Polyporus  sulphureum,  Bovista  plumbea, 
Xylaria  polymorphum,  Lycogala  epidendrum,  Favolus  europaeus,  Boletinus 
porosus,  Fomes  rimosus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Polyporus  lucidus,  Polystictus 
cinnabarinus,  Polystictus  pergameus. 

W.  A.  Kellerman,  Cedar  Point,  Ohio: — Geaster  saccatus,  Tylostoma. 
Harlan  P.  Kelsey,  Kawana,  N.  C.: — Scleroderma  aurantium,  Bovista  pila. 
P.  B.  Kennedy,  Reno,  Nev.: — Polyporus,  Boletus. 
Ernest  Knoebel,  Denver,  Colo.: — Secotium  acuminatum. 

W.  T.  Lakin,  Leitersburg,  Md.: — Cyathus  vernicosus,  Polyporus  lucidus, 
Polyporus  elegans  (?),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Peziza  occidentalis,  Lycogala 
epidendrum,  Crucibulum  vulgare. 

Thos.  Langton,  Toronto: — Geaster  triplex,  Geaster  limbatus,  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum. 

Miss  Rose  H.  Lane,  Monterey,  Cal.: — Cyathus  vernicosus. 

E.  A.  Lehman,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C.: — Polyporus  obtusus,  Polyporus 
intybaceus,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Polyporus  Berkeley!,  Polyporus,  Poly- 
porus, Polystictus  versicolor,  Pleurotus  sapidus,  Fomes  Curtisii,  Hydnum, 
Hydnum  adustum,  Lenzites,  velutina,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Geaster  sac- 
catus. 

Rev.  P.  Lemay,  St.  Phillipe  de  Nere,  Que. : — Bovista  pila,  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  subincarnatum,  Lycoperdon  fuscum,  Lycoperdon, 
Lycoperdon,  Bovistella  pedicellatum. 

E.  D.  Lordley.  Chester,  N.  S.: — Calvatia  lilacina  (dark  form),  Bovista 
pila,  Lycoperdon. 

Milwaukee  Museum,  Milwaukee,  Wife.: — Bovista  plumbea  (oval  spored 
form),  Secotium  acuminatum,  Geaster  saccatus. 

E.  R.  Memminger,  Flat  Rock,  N.  C.: — Scleroderma  tenerum,  Pyreno- 
mycetes. 

Chas.  Mcllvaine.  Cambridge,  Md.: — Pleurotus  nidulans. 

John  MacSwain,  Charlottetown,  P.  E.  I.: — Scleroderma  Cepa,  Polyporus, 
Peziza,  Helvella,  Fomes. 

R.  B.  Mackintosh,  Peabody,  Mass.:— Scleroderma  c£pa?  (Thin!!!), 
Scleroderma  tenerum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Geaster  Schmidelii,  Hydnum 
aurantiacum,  Trametes  rubescens,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Boletus  parasiticus. 

W.  S.  Moffatt,  Chicago,  III.: — Bovisia  pila,  Geaster  triplex,  Lycopenlon 
Wrightii,  Tylostoma  campestre,  Scleroderma  tenerum. 

C.  E.  Montgomery,  Portsmouth,  N.  H.: — Cyathus  stercoreus. 

Willard  Moore,  McConnellsville,  Ohio: — Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lyco- 
perdon Curtisii,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  Turneri,  Lycoper-lon, 
Lycoperdon  Wrightii,  Secotium  acuminatum,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Calvatia 
craniiformis. 

Wm.  L.  Moore,  Pilot  Point,  Tex.:— Lepiota  Morganii. 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble,  Lake  Helen,  Fla.: — Geaster  arenarius,  Geaster  hygro 
metricus,  Tylostoma,  Scleroderma  Geaster. 


Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble,  Linville  Mountain,  N.  C.: — Cyathus  striatus,  Xylaria. 

J.  J.  Newbaker,  Steelton,  Pa.: — Amanita  muscaria,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum. 

C.  R.  Orcutt,  California: — Fuligo  septica  (?),  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Poly- 
l»orus  volvatus. 

S.  B.  Parrish,  San  Bernardino,  Cal.: — Galera,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Catas- 
toma  subterraneum,  Bovistella  dealbata,  Tylostoma,  Lycoperdon  pusillum, 
Geaster  floriformus,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma  venosum  (note  5). 

Hugo  A.  Pauly,  Cedarburg,  Wis.:— Bovista  pila,  Clavaria  pislillaris, 
Geaster  rufescens.  Geaster  minimus. 

Mrs.  M.  S.  Percival,  Rugby,  Tenn.: — Mitremyces  lutescens,  Mitremyces 
Ravenelii. 

C.  E.  Pleas,  Chipley,  Fla.: — Tylostoma. 

Chas.  C.  Plitt,  Baltimore,  Md.: — Schizostoma  commune,  Daedalea  con- 
fragosa,  Daedalea  quercina,  Fomes  lucidus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Polyporus 
picipes,  Polyporus  resinosus,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  dichrous,  Poly- 
porus gilvus,  Lenzites  betulina  (note  6),  Lenzites  betulina,  Polystictus  hir- 
sutus,  Polystictus  versicoior,  Polystictus  pergameus,  Stereum  versicolor, 
Stereum  complicatum,  Hymenochaeta  corrugata  (?). 

F.  R.  Rathbun,  Auburn,  N.  Y.: — Amanita  solitarius,  Lactarius  indigo, 
Lactarius  vellereua,  Lactarius  volemus,  Lactarius  hygrophoides,  Psalliota 
placomyces. 

P.  L.  Ricker,  Lake  Simcoe,  Ont.: — Fomes  carneus,  Fomes  leucophaeus, 
Lenzites  sepiaria,  Stereum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Trametes,  Trametes, 
Trametes  trabea,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  pergameus,  Polystictus 
versicolor,  Polystictus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Poly- 
porus, Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Favolus  europaeus, 
Schizophyllum  communis. 

P.  L.  Ricker,  Florida: — Stereum  lobatum. 

P.  L.  Ricker,  Orono,  Maine: — Pleurotus  applicatus,  Pleurotus  nidulans, 
Folystictus  radiatus,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Poria  suba- 
cida,  Marasmius  rotula. 

P.  L.  Ricker,  Maryland: — Polyporus  arcularius,  Polystictus  hirsutus, 
Irpex  sinuosus. 

P.  L.  Ricker,  Washington,  D.  C.: — Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon 
piriforme,  Bovista  pila  (from  Piper,  Washington). 

J.  Schneck,  Mt.  Carmel,  III.: — Lentodium  squamosum  (note  3). 
S.  L.  Schumo,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: — Phalloid  egg. 

S.  L.  Schumo,  Adirondacks,  N.  Y.: — Bovista  pila,  Bovista  plumbea,  Lyco- 
perdon piriforme,  Lycoperdon  subincarnatum. 

C.  L.  Shear,  Garland,  Colo.: — Catastoma  nigrescens  (type). 
C.  L.  Shear,  Washington,  D.  C.:— Cyathus. 

T.  L.  Smith,  Worcester,  Mass.:— Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  cru- 
ciatum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Mitremyces  cinnabarinus,  Geaster  hygromet- 
ricus. 

T.  L.  Smith,  E.  Mad-son,  N.  H.: — Lycoperdon  subincarnatum,  Lycoper- 
don cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  excoriatam,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon 
compressum,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoper- 
don nigrescens,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Calvatia  elata. 

5 


NOTE. — These  specimens  were  in  a  box  that  had  enclosed  the  card  of 
Miss  Alice  Theobald,  Madison,  N.  H.,  and  were  supposed  to  have  been  re- 
ceived from  her.  They  are  so  acknowledged  in  Mycological  Notes,  No.  20. 
They  were  collected  by  Theodate  L.  Smith,  Worcester,  Mass.,  who  has  ad- 
•\  ised  us  of  the  error  in  a  letter  from  Berlin. 

H.  N.  Starnes,  Experiment,  Ga.: — Crucibulum  vulgare. 

E.  B.  Sterling,  Trenton,  N.  J.: — Urnula  craterium,  Peziza,  Scleroderma 
tenerum,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycogala  flavo-fuscum, 
Coprinus  arenatus  (co-type). 

E.  B.    Sterling,    Denver,    Colo.: — Geaster   minimus,    Geaster   striatulus, 
Geaster  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii. 

Prof.  F.  L.  Stevens,  Raleigh,  N.  C.: — Strobilomyces  Strobilaceus,  Sclero- 
derma  tenerum. 

J.  W.  Stiles,  Huntsville,  Texas: — Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon 
Wrightii  (very  ?),  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Polysaccum  crassipes,  New  genus 
close  to  Arachnion,  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Calvatia  lilacina. 

Mrs.  Hannah  Streeter,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: — Geaster  minimus.  Lycoperdou. 
Miss  Sutliff,  Pacific  Grove,  Cal.: — Rhizopogon. 

Mrs.  Blanche  Trask,  Catalina  Island,  Cal.: — Geaster  minimus,  Geaster 
floriformis,  Catastoma  subterraneum,  Catastoma  circumscissum,  Bovista 
plumbea,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Calvatia  pachyderma,  Tylostoma. 

Mrs.  Blanche  Trask,  San  Jacinto  Mountains,  Cal.: — Polysaccum  crassipes. 
Calvatia  occidentalis,  Montagnites  (note  4),  Lycoperdon  (note  7),  Geaster 
hygrometricus,  Catastoma  subterraneum. 

Dr.  H.  L.  True,  McConnellsville,  Ohio: — Hydnum  septentrionale,  Polv- 
porus  Pilotae,  Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  sulphureum,  Secotium  acumina- 
lum  Volvaria  umbonate. 

A.  L.  Voigt,  Detroit,  Mich.: — Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  rimu- 
latum,  Lycoperdon,  atropurpureum,  Lycoperdon,  Scleroderma  aurantium, 
Scleroderma  Cepa,  Urnula  Craterium. 

Fred  K.  Vreeland,  Hickory  Gap,  N.  C.:— Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Geaster 
hygrometricus,  Mitremyces  lutescens,  Lycoperdon  piriforme.  - 

Fred  K.  Vreeland,  New  Orange,  N.  J.: — Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Bo- 
vista  pila. 

F.  K.  Vreeland,  Smithfield,  Va.:— Calvatia  craniiformis. 

L.  R.  Waldron,  Towner,  N.  D.: — Tylostoma,  Catastoma  subterraneum. 

Miss  I.  M.  Walker,  Lake  of  Bays,  Ont. — Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Bovista. 
pila,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum 

Miss  I.  M.  Walker,  Hamilton,  Ont.: — Geaster  saccatus,  Lycogala  epiden- 
drum,  Bovista  plumbea,  Peziza,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum. 

Miss  I.  M.  Walker,  Lake  St.  John,  Ont.:— Bovista  plumbea  (oval  spores), 
Bovista  pila,  Favolus  europaeus,  Lentinus  lepidaeus,  Lycoperdon  piriforme, 
Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  Turneri, 
Xylaria  polymorphum,  Scleroderma  tenerum. 

H.  E.  Warner,  Washington,  D.  C.: — Lentodium  squamulosum  (note  3). 

Mary  S.  Whetstone,  obtained  from  Japanese  Department  of  Forestry:  — 
Pleurotus  Bretschneideri  (Peck  Det.). 

Mary  S.  Whetstone,  Minneapolis,  Minn.: — Lentodium  squamulosum  (note 
3),  Lentinus  obconicus  (co-type). 


T.  N.  Willing,  Regina,  Assiniboia: — Mycenastrum  Corium,  Lycoperdon 
pusillum,  Lycoperdon,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Cyathus,  Cyathus.  Calvatia 
caelata,  Geaster  rufescens. 

Mrs.  Daisy  F.  Wolfert,  Toledo,  Ohio: — Scleroderma  Cepa. 

NOTE  1. — There  grows  in  our  western  states  a  little  globose  form  of 
Calvatia  lilacina,  devoid  of  sterile  base.  Vittadini's  figure  of  Calvatia  fragilis 
shows  a  very  scanty  sterile  base  but  the  plants  I  have  seen  from  Europe  all 
approximate  the  usual  form  of  Calvatia  lilacina.  When  we  publish  the 
genus  Calvatia,  whether  we  shall  accept  this  name  occidentalis  for  our  west- 
ern plant  or  use  Vittadini's  name,  we  have  not  fully  decided. 

NOTE  2. — "Tuckahoe"  is  a  mysterious  growth  that  occurs  underground, 
and  mostly  attached  to  hickory  roots  in  our  southern  states.  It  has  been 
called  Sclerotium  Cocos  and  Pachyma  Cocos  (cfr.  Saccardo,  8-908).  It  has 
been  claimed  that  it  is  the  sclerotium  of  a  polyporus,  but  no  one  ever  found  a 
polyporus  growing  from  it.  It  is  also  said  to  be  an  exudation  from  the  host 
root  which  seems  to  me  to  be  improbable.  If  any  one  can  give  an  explana- 
tion of  the  origin  and  nature  of  this  growth,  I  hope  to  hear  from  him. 

NOTE  3. — Lentodium  squamulosum  was  described  by  Morgan  who 
claims  it  to  be  a  good  genus.  It  is^  generally  considered  a  diseased  form  of 
Lentinus  tigrinus.  Whether  it  is  of  is  not  a  distorted  form  of  Lentinus  tigri- 
nus,  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  it  is  frequent  in  this  county  and  the  normal  form 
very  rare,  while  in  Europe,  the  home  of  Lentinus  tigrinus,  no  such  form  is 
known.  The  name  Lentodium  squamulosum  is  convenient  in  any  case. 

NOTE  4. — Our  western  species  of  Montagnites  only  occurs  in  the  deserts. 
Harkness  referred  it  to  Montagnites  Candollei  of  the  Mediterranean  regions, 
[t  is  a  smaller  plant,  but  scantily  known,  and  I  do  not  know  whether  or  not 
it  is  the  same  as  the  European.  The  genus  Montagnites  is  a  curious  genus, 
very  close  to  Gyrophragmium,  but  has  gills  lamellate. 

NOTE  5. — At  least  the  '"veins"  on  the  specimen  were  very  noticeable.  I 
am  inclined  to  think  the  species  is  only  an  aberrant  form. 

NOTE  6. — This  plant  corresponds  to  the  ordinary  form  of  Lenzites  betu- 
lina  excepting  that  the  pileus  was  most  beautifully  "fluted."  I  do  not  know 
of  any  description  of  such  a  form. 

NOTE  7. — This  specimen  seems  to  be  a  "new  species,"  and  we  have 
labelled  it  Lycoperdon  Calit'ornicum.  It  is  close  to  atropurpureum  and  um- 
brinum.  We  did  not  "describe"  it  in  our  recent  Lycoperdon  article  as  we 
would  prefer  to  have  more  collections  before  describing  it,  to  decide  if  the 
plant  is  constant  or  not. 


PUFF  BALL  LETTER  NO.  5. 

Paris,  May,  1905. 


When  we  went  to  Paris  in  the  spring  of  1903  we  requested  our  corre- 
spondents to  send  in  Gastromycetes.  So  many  have  kindly  complied  with 
our  request  that  we  feel  that  we  now  have  a  very  fair  knowledge  of  the 
species  that  occur  in  Europe.  The  results  are  published  (partially)  in 
Mycological  Notes  No.  19,  "The  Lycoperdons  of  Europe."  This  paper  will 
be  followed  by  others  until  the  field  is  covered.  At  the  time  we  received 
the  specimens,  our  opinion  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon  was  only  in  a  formative 
stage.  This  list  is  our  mature  decision  in  regard  to  each  specimen.  Plants 
not  belonging  to  the  section  Lycoperdaceae  are  not  acknowledged  in  this 
paper. 

We  beg  to  advise  our  friends  and  correspondents  that  we  shall  spend 
the  present  summer  in  Europe.  The  most  of  the  season  we  shall  be  in  the 
woods  of  Sweden,  but  we  shall  return  to  Paris  (107  Boulevard  St.  Michel) 
at  the  close  of  the  collecting  season,  when  we  shall  be  glad  to  receive  such 
specimens  as  our  friends  may  send  us.  We  shall  take  up  a  special  study 
of  Nidulariaceas  and  Hymenogasters  (and  perhaps  the  Tuberaceae)  and  shall 
be  glad  to  receive  specimens  of  these  families  particularly,  but  any  Gastro- 
mycetes will  be  very  acceptable.  Our  publications  are  sent  regularly  to 
those  who  favor  us  with  specimens.  C.  G.  LLOYD, 

107  Boulevard  St.  Michel, 

Paris,  France. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT  OF  THE  LYCOPEEDACEJ]  EECEIVED 

FEOM  COEEESPONDENTS  IN  EUEOPE,  SEASON  OF 

190 3  AND  1904. 

ACLOQUE,  A.,  France: 

Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  gemmatum,  pratense,  spadiceum,  Sclero- 
derma  Cepa. 

ARANZADI,  T.  de,  Spain: 

Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  cupricum,  umbrinum. 
BARBIER.  M..  France: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  pratense. 
BEZZI,  MARIO,  Italy: 

Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  hungaricum,  pratense,  pusillum, 
umbrinum,  Scleroderma  verrucosum.  Tylostoma  mammosum. 
BOUDIER,  E..  France: 

Geaster  fimbriatus,  pectinatus,   Lycoperdon   echinatum,  nigrescens, 
Scleroderma  Cepa,  Tylostoma  granulosum,  mammosum,  squamosum. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


BRESADOLA,  G..  Austria: 

Geaster  coronatus,  fimbriatus,  pectinatus,  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon 
candidum,  atropurpureum,  gemmatum,  hiemale,  pusillum,  pratense,  umbri- 
num,  Tylostoma  mammosum,  squamosum. 

BRUNNTHALER,  J.,  Austria: 

Geaster  cororatus,  fimbriatus,  pectinatus,  Lycoperdon  piriforme, 
gemmatum,  polymorphum,  Tylostoma  mammosum. 

CROSSLAND.  C..  England: 

Geaster  Bryantii. 
CRUCHET,  D.,  Suisse: 

Geaster  fimbriatus,  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  Desmazieres,  echi- 
natum,  gemmatum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  verrucosum,  Cepa,  Tylostoma 
mammosum. 

EYRE,  WM.  L.,  England: 

Geaster  fimbriatus,  Lycoperdon  echinatum,  gemmatum,  piriforme. 
FAUTREY,  F.,  France: 

Geaster  coronatus,  Lycoperdon  piriforme. 
FERRY,  RENE,  France: 

Geaster  fimbriatus. 
GILLOT,  X.,  France: 

Geaster  fimbriatus,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  echinatum. 
HAGLUND,  ERIK,  Sweden: 

Geaster  coronatus,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  hungaricum,  nigrescens, 
umbrinum,  Scleroderma  cepa. 

HARIOT,  P.,  France: 

Lycoperdon  polymorphum,  Polysaccum  crassipes. 
HENNINGS,  Dr.,  Berlin: 

Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Tylostoma  granulatum. 
HOLLOS,  L.,  Hungary: 

Geaster  coronatus,  fimbriatus,  floriformis,  fornicatus,  striatulus, 
rufescens,  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  echinatum  gemmatum, 
piriforme,  polymorphum,  hiemale,  pusillum,  spadiceum,  umbrinum,  Secotium 
acuminatum,  Tylostoma  granulosum,  mammosum,  squamosum,  Myriostoma 
coliforme. 

HOLMES,  E.,  England: 

Geaster  Bryantii. 
HUE,  L'ABBE,  France: 

Geaster  asper,  floriformis,  Tylostoma  mammosum,  squamosum. 
JAAP,  OTTO,  Germany: 

Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  gemmatum,  piriforme,  pratense,  pusillum, 
umbrinum,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  verrucosum. 

JACZEWSKI.  A.,  Russia: 

Lycoperdon  spadiceum,  Myriostoma  coliforme,  Battarrea  Stevenii. 
KRUEGER.  W.,  Germany: 

Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  gemmatum. 
LAGARDE,  J.,  France: 

Geaster  fimbriatus,  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  fuscum,  gemmatum, 
spadiceum,  atropurpureum,  echinatum,  Scleroderma  Cepa. 

2 


LIND,  J.,  Denmark: 

Lycoperdon  cupricum,  gemmatum,  pratense,  spadiceuin,  Scleroderma 
aurantium.  . 

LUDWIG,  J.,  France: 

Geaster  Bryantii. 

MAGNUS,  P.,  Germany: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  piriforme,  hiemale,  Tylostoma  granulosum, 
Geaster  saccatus. 

MAINGAUD,  E.,  France: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  umbrinum. 

MATTIROLO,  O.,  Italy: 

Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  umbrinum,  gem- 
matum, marginatum,  pratense,  Scleroderma  Geaster,  aurantium  verrucosum. 

MILES,  MARY  L.,  Scotland: 

Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  piriforme. 

NEGER,  F.  W.,  Sweden: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  nigrescens. 

NOACK,  FRITZ,  Gernsheim  a/Rhein: 

Scleroderma  aurantium  Cepa. 
PATOUILLARD,  N.,  France: 

Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  cruciatum,  gemmatum,  hiemale,  pratense, 
pusillum,  spadiceum,  umbrinum,  velatum,  Tylostoma  brumale. 

REA,  CARLETON,  England: 
Geaster  fornicatus. 

RENAUDET,  G.,  France: 

Geaster  hygrometricus. 
RICK,  REV.  J.,  Portugal: 

Geaster  asper,  minimus,  triplex. 
ROLLAND,  L.,  France: 

Geaster  hygrometricus,  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum, 
cepaeforme,  pratense,  gemmatum,  Desmazieres,  spadiceum,  umbrinum,  ni- 
grescens, piriforme,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Tylostoma  granulosum. 

ROM  ELL,  L.,  Sweden: 

Geaster  Bryantii,  coronatus,  pectinatus,  rufescens,  saccatus,  triplex, 
Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  gemmatum,  nigrescens,  piriforme,  polymorphum, 
pratense,  serotinum,  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Cepa. 

ROMPEL,  JOS.,  Austria: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  umbrinum,  nigrescens,  pratense. 
ROUSSEAU,  MADAME,  Belgium: 

Lycoperdon    cepaeforme,    Desmazieres,   fuscum,    gemmatum,    spadi- 
ceum, Scleroderma  aurantium,  Tylostoma  squamosum. 
SCHULTZE-WEGE,  J.,  Germany: 

Geaster    coronatus,    pectinatus,    rufescens,    Schmidelii,    Lycoperdon 
atropurpureum,    pratense,    cupricum,    Desmazieres,    elongatum,    gemmatum, 
umbrinum.  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Cepa. 
SMITH,  ANNIE  LORRAINE,  England: 

Lycoperdon  Desmazieres,  pratense,  echinatum,  gemmatum.  J 

3 


STUDER,  B.,  Switzerland: 

Lycoperdon  piriforme. 
SWANTON,  E.  W.,  England: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  verrucosum. 
TORREND,  FATHER,  Portugal: 

Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  elongatum,  delicatura,  fuscum,  gemma- 
turn,  hungaricum,  polymorphum,  pratense,  umbrinum,  Scleroderma  aurantium 

VAN  BAMBEKE,  C..  Belgium: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  hungaricum,  piriforme,  pratense,  spadiceum. 
Tylostoma  mammosum. 

WEIDMANN,  A..  Bohemia: 

Geaster  fimbriatus,  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  atropur- 
pureum, cupricum,  gemmatum,  nigrescens,  piriforme,  pratense,  pusillum, 
spadiceum,  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  aurantium,  Polysaccum  areuarium. 


LKTTRE     N 


Paris,  Juin  1905 

J'ai  1'honneur  d'aviser  mes  amis  et  corrcspondants  que  je  me  trouve  de 
nouveau  a  Paris  ou  je  resterai  quelques  semaines  pour  aller  ensuite  passer 
.1'ete  en  Suede.  Je  reviendrai  a  Paris  a  la  fin  de  la  saison  des  champignons,  et 
me  ferai  alors  un  plaisir  d'indiquer  les  noms  de  celles  des  Gasteromycetes 
dont  mes  amis  m'auront  gratifie,  au  cours  de  la  presente  saison.  J'aime  a 
croire,  que  les  personnes  qui  recoivent  mes  publications,  se  rappellent  que 
celles-ci  leur  sont  envoyees  pour  encourager  la  recolte  de  specimens.  Ce 
^n'est  que  par  1'etude  d'abondants  materiaux  provenantdelocalites  differentes, 
que  Ton  est  a  me'me  d'arriver  a  des  conclusions  correctes  en  ce  qui  concerne 
iles  especes  trouvees  et  leur  distribution. 

Voici  les  specimens  d'Europe  qui  m'attendaient  a  mon  retour  a  Paris  : 

De  Madame  A.  Montague,  Angleterre  :  Scleroderma  cepa,  Calvatia 
jsaccata,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Crucibulum  vulgare, 
iCyathus  striatus,  Daldinea  concentrica. 

De  M.  Ghas  Grossland,  Angleterre  :  Calvatia  saccata  (lacunose) 
•  Calvatia  saccata  (even),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Geaster  triplex  (unopened). 

De  M.  OttoHarz,en  Baviere  :  (Recolte  faite  dansle  Tyrol  meridional). 
Calvatia  saccata,  Calvatia  caelata,  Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Bovistaplumbea: 
Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum.  La 
derniere  est  une  espece  rare  en  Europe.  (Voir  Myc.  Notes  n°  19).  Mais 
evidemment  le  Dr  Harz  1'a  trouvee  en  abondance,  puisqu'il  en  a  envoye 
3  collections.  Le  Dr  Harz  a  envoye  egalement  3  collections  de  Lycoperdons 
qui  me  sont  inconnus  et,  je  crois,  inedits.  Us  seront  decrits  et  figures  en 
detail  dans  les  Mycological  Notes.  Le  fait  que  le  D«-  Harz  a  trouve  ces 
nouveautes  est  remarquable,  car  les  Vesse-de-loups  d'Europe  sont  genera- 
lement  bien  connues.  Je  crois  cependant  que  les  regions  montagneuses 
renferment  encore  quelques  nouveautes. 

Du  Rev.  P.  Meriano,  d'Espagne :  De  bons  specimens  de  Polysaccum 
crassipes,  Scleroderma  cepa,  Scleroderma  Geaster  et  Bovistella  Ohiensis. 

Bovistella  Ohiensis  est  une  espece  tres  commune  aux  Etats-Unis. 
Elle  a  ete  recoltee  il  y  a  longtemps,  par  Montagne,  en  Algerie  et,  plusrecem- 
ment,  par  le  professeur  Patouillard,  egalement  en  Algerie. 

Ces  specimens  n'ont  pas  la  meme  couleurqueles  n6tres  en  Amerique,  et 
vu  1'absence  de  cortex,  je  ne  suis  pas  sur  qu'elles  sont  identiques.  Mais  1'espece 
du  Reverend  P.  Meriano  est  surement  la  m6me  ;  c'estdu  reste  la  premiere  fois 

queue  est  rtcoitee  JSWfmZlTY OF CALIFOHZ-HA 

AT  L03  ANGELES 

JAN  9.  mq/i9 


Du  Rev.  P.  D.  G.  Navas,  d'Espagne:  Rovista  plumbea  (et  quelques 
Polyporees  et  autres  families  que  je  n'ai  pas  specialement  examinees). 

Du  Rev.  P.  A.  Breitung,  Danemark :  Trogia  crispa,  Panus  stipticus, 
Discina  venosa,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Xylaria  polymor- 
phum,  Scleroderma  cepa,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense, 
Geaster  triplex,  Calvatia  caelata. 

Le  Rev.  P.  Breitung  m'a  envoye  deux  champignons  d'un  grand  interet, 
les  premiers  quej'en  ai  rec.us  d'Europe:  1°  Une  forme  bronzee  de  Lycoperdon 
piriforme.  Elle  a  les  memecaracteres,  quant  aux  spores,  au  cortex  etc.,  que  la 
forme  habituelle  de  cette  espece,  mais  en  differe  par  sa  coloration  cuivree  ; 
son  aspect  general  est  celui  du  Lycoperdon  cupricum  mais  il  a  les  spores 
lisses  et  un  cortex  different.  2°  Une  petite  espece  que  je  suppose  etre  Bovis- 
tella  ec/iinella,  mais  qui  necessite  d'autres  investigations  et  comparaisons 
avant  que  j'en  sois  sur.  Elle  a  primitivement  etc  decrite  de  1'Equateur  sous 
le  nom  de  Bovista  ec/iinella,  mais  je  1'ai  rarement  recue  et  seulement  de 
stations  tres  distantes  1'une  de  1'autre,  des  Etats-Unis  et  du  Mexique. 

Get  echantillon  est  le  premier  qui  m'est  soumis  d'Europe. 

De  M.leDr  Otto  Pazschke,  Leipzig:  Myriostoma  coliformis,  cham- 
pignon en  general  rare  en  Europe,  Geaster  striatulus  (specimens  plus  grand 
que  d'habilude),  Geaster  (imbriatus,  Geaster  rufesrens,  Geaster  coronatus. 

De  M.  Ch.  Panau.  France:  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Geaster  lim- 
brialus,  Lycoperdon  spadiceum  (specimen  beaucoup  plus  grand  que  celui  que 
represenle  ma  planche  de  cette  espece  dans  Myc.  Notes  n°  19). 

Du  Rev.  P.  A.  Luisier,  Tyrol :  Geaster  rufescens,  Lycogala  Epiden- 
drum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  polymorphum,  Lycoperdon  spadi- 
ceum,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  (?  —  a  1'etat  jeune),  Geaster  fimbriatus  (forme 
habiluelle),  Geaster  fimbriatus,  forme  que  je  n'avais  pas  encore  vue  et  qui 
peut-elre  meriterait  un  nom  special.  Avec  les  caracteres  generaux  de  1'epece, 
1'exoperidium  est  beaucoup  plus  lisse,  plus  mince  et  plus  pale  que  d'habitude; 
I'endoperidium  est  egalement  plus  pale  de  couleur. 

Du  Rev.  P.  Paul  Bovier-Lapierre,  Angleterre  :  Bovista  plumbea, 
Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lycoperdon  pratense. 

Du  Rev.  P.  T.  Zimmermann,  Angleterre  :  Lycoperdon  piriforme. 

Les  Mycological  Notes  n°  19  contiendront  une  monographic  des 
especes  europeennes  de  Lycoperdons ;  le  n°  20,  celle  des  Etats-Unis. 

Ces  deux  numeros  etaient  entre  les  mains  de  rimprimeur  quand  j'ai 
quitte  I'Amerique  et  parviendront  sous  peu  &  mes  correspondants. 

C.  G.  LLOYD 

101,  Boulevard  Snint-Michel 

PARIS,  FRAM  i 


iT.iuqiBH  IE 

LETTER  No.  7. 


PARIS,  June,   1905. 

On  my  return  to  Paris  I  found  a  number  of  packages  from  correspond- 
ents in  Europe  which  have  been  acknowledged  in  detail  in  Letter  No.  6. 
There  were  also  many  interesting  specimens  from  foreign  countries. 

Mr.  D.  McAlpine,  Australia,  sends  a  large  assortment  of  specimens, 
fully  half  as  many  as  have  reached  Europe  in  previous  years  combined. 
Among  them  are  the  following  which  have  been  considered  in  the  Lycoper- 
daceae  of  Australia :  Mitremyces  fuscus,  Mycenastrum  Corium,  Geaster 
rufescens,  Scleroderma  flavidum,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum,  Geaster  Drummondii,  Geaster  floriformis,  Arachnion  Drummondii, 
Catastoma  hypogaeum,  Lycoperdon  nigrum,  Geaster  minimus,  Lycoperdon 
pusillum,  Geaster  striatulus,  Geaster  simulans,  Calvatia  Candida,  Battarrea 
phalloides,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  polymorphum.  There 
are  also  a  number  of  plants  that  I  wish  to  study  further,  and  which  will  be 
considered  in  detail  in  Mycological  Notes  :  undescribed  species  of  Meso- 
phellia,  Scleroderma,  Bovistella,  and  Arachnion,  as  well  as  a  number  of 
fine  collections  of  Tylostoma  (3  species)  and  Catastoma. 

Mr.  F.  M.  Reader,  Australia,  sends  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Cal- 
vatia Candida,  Bovistella  aspera,  Phellorina  australis  (young),  Lycoperdon 
nigrum,  and  two  collections  of  Tylostomas.  The  fine  collections  of  Tylos- 
tomas  from  both  Messrs.  Reader  and  McAlpine  will  give  a  better  knowledge 
of  this  genus  in  Australia  than  all  the  fragmentary  specimens  that  have 
hitherto  reached  Europe. 

Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Pennsylvania,  sends  Mitremyces  Ravenelii.  The 
statement  on  page  126  of  Mycological  Notes  that  Dr.  Herbst  has  found 
Mitremyces  cinnabarinus  in  Pennsylvania,  but  that  I  have  not  seen  his 
specimens,  is  an  error.  Mitremyces  Ravenelii  is  the  only  species  that  oc- 
curs with  him. 

Mr.  K.  Miyabe,  Japan,  sends  Geaster  saccatus,  Mitremyces  Raven- 
elii, Geaster  rufescens,  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum, 
Scleroderma  tenerum,  Geaster  minimus,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Lycoper- 
don pratense,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  serotinum ;  also  an  unde- 
scribed species  of  Bovistella,  which  I  shall  call  Bovistella  Miyabei,  and  sev- 
eral collections  of  Lycoperdon  and  Cyathus  that  will  require  further  study. 

Mr.  T.  Yoshinaga,  Japan,  sends  Scleroderma  flavidum,  Lycoper- 
don gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  and  three  collections  of  Lycoperdon 
that  will  have  further  study,  viz.:   Lycoperdon  (cfr.  cruciatum),  Lycoper- 
don (cfr.  pusillum ),7j;jcoperdon  (cfr.  cepaeforme).  ,"" A 
AT  L03  : 


Mr.  Thos.  H.  Norton,  United  States  Cousui  at  Harput  Turkev 
(now  consul  to  Smyrna,  Turkey),  sends  a  collection,  valuable  chiefly  as  an 
evidence  of  his  good  intentions  to  aid  me  in  the  work.  Unfortunately  it 
consists  mostly  of  dried  agarics  and  other  families  that  I  do  not  study  Mv 
sincere  thanks  are  extended  to  my  friend,  Professor  Norton,  for  the  trouble 
he  has  taken  in  the  matter. 

Rev.  A.  Boulomoy,  Syria,  sends  me  Lycogala  flavofuscum,  Daldinea 
concentrica,  Scleroderma  cepa,  Geaster.  hygrometricus,  a  form  of  Sclero- 
derma aurantium,  not  exactly  the  same  as  occurs  in  Europe  and  the  United 
States;  also  a  form  of  Scleroderma  cepa,  differing  from  the  form  that  oc 
curs  in  Europe  by  having  the  base  prolonged  into  a  stipe  almost  two 
inches  long. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Cox,  Jamaica,  a  dried  specimen  of  Phallus  phalloidea 
Mr.  Geo.  S.  Jenman,  British  Guyana,  a  specimen  of  Cyathus  in 
alcohol. 

Mr.  J.  Medley  Wood,  Natal,  sends  a  Lycoperdon  that  seems  to  be 
restricted  to  Africa.  It  is  a  Lycoperdon  agreeing  with  Lycoperdon  crucia- 
tum  ,n  everything  except  the  color  of  the  gleba,  which  is  purplish  It  has 
received  certainly  two,  and  probably  three,  names.  Lycoperdon  djurensis 
Lycoperdon  entotephrum  (Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  02-38)  are  surely  the 
plant;  also,  I  think,  probably  Lycoperdon  natalense  (J.  R  Mic  Soc 
87-709).  At  the  time  I  examined  the  latter  I  thought  it  was  Lycoperdon 
pratense  (a  very  closely  related  species),  which  I  have  since  learned  is  the 
common  species  in  South  Africa  ;  hence  I  presume  this  will  turn  out  to 
be  the  same. 

Mr.  E.  W.  Foster,  Lagos,  sends  Calvatia  lilacina,  which,  notwith- 
iing  it  is  a  common  species  in  many  countries  of  the  world,  is  of  much 
merest  in  extending  our  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  this  species 

Mr.  Wm.  Gollan,  British   India,  sends   a   number  of    interesting 
plants  which  I  have  not  had  time  to  study  in  detail. 

Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil,  sends  three  packages.     I  have  as  yet  had  time 

to  merely  look  through  them.     They  will  prove  most  interesting  to  study 

Among  others  I   note  a  curious  Geaster,   the  exoperidium   covered  with 

»arse,  stngose  hairs  such  as  is  possessed  by  no  known  species.     I  shall  call 

it  Geaster  Rickei. 

I  beg  to  advise  my  friends  and  correspondents  that  I  shall  spend  the 

next  four  months  in  the  woods  in  Sweden,  and  shall  return  to  Paris  about 

mber  tst.      [  expect  then  to  publish  in  detail  regarding  the  numerous 

terestmg  speamens  with  which  I  have  been,  and  may  in  the  meantime 

be,  favored  by  my  correspondents. 

C.   G.   LLOYD, 

107  BOULEVARD  ST.  MICHEL, 

PARIS,  FRANCE. 


PUFF  BALL  LETTER  NO.  8. 

Paris,  December,  1905. 

We  are  particularly  anxious  to  obtain  specimens  of  puff  balls  from 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  for  although  these  countries  are  probably  the 
richest  in  these  peculiar  growths  yet  less  is  known  concerning  their  puff 
ball  flora  than  of  any^ other  portion  of  the  world.  We  are  grateful  to  those 
who  have  collected  and  forwarded  specimens,  for  as  a  result  more  has  been 
learned  about  Australian  forms  from  specimens  received  by  me  in  the  last 
two  years  than  all  that  was  previously  known  of  the  subject.  Still  only  a 
beginning  has  been  made.  It  is  the  simplest  matter  in  the  world  to  pick 
up  specimens  when  you  notice  them,  and  if  those  who  receive  our  circular 
will  do  so  and  forward  them  to  me,  only  a  few  years  will  pass  until  we 
shall  have  a  satisfactory  knowledge  of  the  subject.  In  that  case  we  promise 
to  give  Australian  botanists  an  illustrated  work  on  the  subject,  by  means 
of  which  the  Australian  species  can  be  determined.  Will  you  not  aid  in  this 
work?  Every  specimen  received  will  be  acknowledged  in  the  publication. 

We  have  received  to  date  specimens  from  the  following  contributors, 
and  express  herewith  our  thanks  to  the  senders.  In  addition  to  the  speci- 
mens listed,  we  have  received  a  number  of  Phalloids  and  Nidulariaceae, 
which  are  families  we  have  not  as  yet  studied.  Also  from  Messrs.  Reader 
and  McAlpine  a  fine  lot  of  Tylostomas  which  will  receive  careful  attention 
at  an  early  date. 

In  April,  1905,  we  issued  a  preliminary  pamphlet  entitled  "The  Lycoper- 
dacese  of  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Neighboring  Islands."  This  will 
be  gladly  sent  to  those  interested  in  the  subject,  upon  receipt  of  a  request. 
In  the  next  issue  of  Mycological  Notes  will  be  found  an  extended  article 
concerning  specimens  received  since  that  pamphlet  was  issued. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
107  Boulevard  St.  Michel, 

Paris,  France. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT   OF   SPECIMENS   RECEIVED   FROM 

CORRESPONDENTS  IN  AUSTRALIA  AND  NEW 

ZEALAND,  SEASON  OF  1904  AND  1905. 

BAKER,  R.  T.,  Sydney,  Australia: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Catastoma  anomalum,  Geaster  plicatus,  Lycoper- 
don  cepaeforme,  Podaxon  segyptiacus,  Polysaccum  crassipes,  Scleroderma 
Cepa  (?). 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


BROWN,  ROBERT,  Christchurch,  N.  Z.: 

Bovistella  australiana,  Calvatia  cselata,  Calvatia  gigantea,  Geaster 
saccatus,  Lycoperdon  cepseforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  pusil- 
lum,  Mycenastrum  Corium,  Scleroderma  Cepa  (?),  Secotium  erythro- 
cephalum. 

DUNN,  MISS  JESSIE,  Wellington,  N.  Z  : 

Calvatia   lilacina,   Geaster  floriformis,   Lycoperdon   cepaeforme,   Ly- 
coperdon polymorphum,  Lycoperdon  pratense,    Scleroderma  verrucosum  (?). 
GILL,  WALTER,  Adelaide,  Australia: 

Calvatia  Candida,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Poly- 
saccum  pisocarpium,  Scleroderma  flavidum. 

GUILFOYLE,  W.  R.,  Melbourne,  Australia: 

Geaster  saccatus,  Lycoperdon  polymorphum,   Mycenastrum  Corium, 
Polysaccum   pisocarpium,   Polysaccum   crassipes,  Scleroderma  flavidum. 
LAING,  ROBERT  M.,  Christchurch,  N.  Z.: 

Calvatia  caelata,  Catastoma  hypogseum,  Lycoperdcn  pratense. 
McALPINE,  PROF.  D.,  Melbourne,  Australia: 

Arachnion  album,  Arachnion  rubrum,  Battarrea  phalloides  (?  rem- 
nant), Bovistella  bovistoides,  Bovistella  Gunnii,  Calvatia  Candida,  Calvatia 
olivacea,  Catastoma  (sp.  ?),  Geaster  Drummondii,  Geaster  floriformis, 
Geaster  minimus,  Geaster  Readeri,  Geaster  striatulus,  Lycoperdon  cepse- 
foime,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  nigrum,  Lycoperdon  polymor- 
phum, Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Mitremyces  fuscus,  My- 
cenastrum Corium,  Scleroderma  flavidum,  Scleroderma  Geaster,  Scleroderma 
radicans. 

PAUL,  J.  T.,  Grantville,  Australia: 

Bovistella  australiana,  Bovistella  scabra,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Geaster 
floriformis,  Geaster  plicatus,  Geaster  saccatus,  Geaster  velutinus,  Lycoper- 
don pratense,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Polysaccum  tuberosum,  Scleroderma 
flavidum. 

READER,  F.  M.,  Casterton,  Australia: 

Battarrea   Stevenii    (?   remnant),    Bovistella   bovistoides,    Bovistella 
scabra,  Calvatia  Candida,  Geaster  Readeri,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoper- 
don   nigrum,    Lycoperdon    polymorphum,    Myctnastrum    Corium,    Phellorina 
australis,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Scleroderma  flavidum. 
TENNANT,  J.  S.,  Ashburton,  N.  Z.: 

Lycoperdon  pratense. 
TEPPER,  J.  G.  O.,  Norwood,  Australia: 

Bovistella    scabra,    Calvatia    Candida,    Calvatia    gigantea,    Geaster 
minimus,  Geaster  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Mycenastrum  Corium. 
WATTS,  W.  W.,  Sydney,  Australia: 
Bovistella  aspera. 


LETTER  No.  9. 

Kew,  England,  February,  1906 

Since  my  last  letter  of  acknowledgment  was  issued  (June,  1905)  1 
have  received  at  my  Paris  address,  107  Boulevard  St.  Michel,  the 
following  list  of  specimens.  Many  of  them  from  Australia  and  Europe  are 
of  such  special  interest  on  account  of  rarity  that  they  will  be  considered  in 
detail  and  illustrated  in  the  next  two  issues  (No.  21  and  No.  22)  of 
Mycological  Notes,  which  are  now  in  the  printer's  hands.  I  am  advised  that 
a  large  number  of  specimens  have  been  sent  during  the  past  season  to  my 
Cincinnati  address.  These  have  been  shipped  to  Paris,  and  I  shall  probably 
find  them  on  my  return  to  that  city  next  month.  They  will  be  acknowledged 
in  detail  in  the  next  letter. 

AUSTRALIA  AND   NEW  ZEALAND. 

BROWN,  ROBERT,  New  Zealand: 

Geaster  saccatus,  Hysterangium  carneum,  Secotium  erythrocepha- 
lum. 

GILL,  WALTER,  Australia: 

(Collected   at   Tumby  Bay,   Australia).      Battarrea   phalloides    (rare  in 
Europe,  but  seems  to  be  more  common  in  Australia),  Geaster  Smithii  (only 
previously  known  from  Florida,  United  States). 
GUILFOYLE,  W.  R.,  Australia: 

Scleroderma  flavidum. 
PAUL,  J.  T.,  Grantville,  Australia: 

Bovistella,     australiana,     Bovistella     scabra,     Geaster     floriformis, 
Geaster  plicatus,  Geaster  saccatus,  Geaster  velutinus,  Lycoperdon  pratense, 
Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Scleroderma  flavidum. 
READER,  F.  M.,  Australia: 

Battarrea  Stevenii  (remnant),  Bovistella  scabra,  Calvatia  Candida, 
Geaster  Readeri,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  nigrum,  Polysaccum 
pisocarpium,  Scleroderma  flavidum. 

TEPPER,  J.  G.  O.,  South  Australia: 

Bovistella  bovistoides,  Geaster  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  pusillum, 
Tylostoma  albicans. 

MISCELLANEOUS    FOREIGN. 

GILLOT,  DR.  X.,  Tunis: 

Phellorina  Delestrei,  an  abundant  and  fine  collection,  more  and  bet- 
ter specimens  than  are  now  in  all  the  museums  of  Europe  combined.  Tylo- 
stoma caespitosum  (a  very  rare  species,  known  from  only  a  few  localities 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


in  Northern  Africa.     These  are  the  first  good  specimens  I  have  ever  seen. 
They  have  been  used  for  illustration  in  the  forthcoming  pamphlet  on  the 
genus  Tylostoma,  now  in  the  printer's  hands.) 
HARIOT,  P.  (From   Museum  of  Paris.) 

Calvatia    lilacina    (Java),    Geaster   triplex    (collected   by    M.   Gode- 
froy,  Cambodge,  Asia),  Lycoperdon  ostiolatum  (type  from  Java),  Tylostoma 
Leveilleanum  (type  from  Hawaii). 
KUSANO,    S.,    Tokyo,    Japan: 

Cyathus  (three  collections,  not  yet  studied  critically),  Mitremyces 
Ravenelii. 

LABESSE,  DR.,  Angers,  France: 

(From  the  Congo,  Africa).  Clathrus  cameroensis  (?),  Guepinia 
spathularia.  ..  . 

MILLE,  REV.  LOUIS,  Ecuador,  South  America: 

Lycoperdon  cruciatum.     (A  common  plant  in  North  America,  but  this 
is  the  first  time  it  is  known  from  South  America  under  its  proper  name.    It 
probably  figures  as  one  of  Spegazzini's  "  new  species." 
NAMBU,  N.,  Tokyo,  Japan: 

Scleroderma  tenerum. 
WINKLER,  DR.,  Kamerun,  Africa: 

Calvatia   (undescribed),  Geaster  Archerii,  Geaster  saccatus,  Lycoperdon 
pusillum. 

FRANCE. 

ACLOQUE,  A.,  Abbeville,  France: 

Cyathus   vernicosus,    Lycoperdon    pratense,    Lycoperdon    spadiceum, 
Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Scleroderma  verrucosum. 
ARNOULD,  LEON,  Ham,  France: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Scleroderma  ver- 
rucosum. 

BARBIER,  M.,  Dijon,  France: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense, 
Scleroderma  Cepa,   Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Tylostoma  mammosum. 
BIGEARD,  RENE,  Nolay,  France: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  saccata,  Lycoperdon  cru- 
ciatum, Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  piriforme, 
Lycoperdon   spadiceum,   Lycoperdon   umbrinum,   Scleroderma  verrucosum. 
BOURDOT,  REV.  H.,  Allier,  France: 

Battarrea  phalloides  (specimen  from  Ernest  Olivier,  the  discoverer 
of  the  only  known  station  in  France),  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  lilacina, 
Catastoma  subterraneum  (this  is  the  second  known  collection  in  France), 
Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  striatus,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Cyathus  (sp.  ?), 
Geaster  elegans  (rare),  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Geaster  rufescens,  Lyco- 
perdon gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lycoperdon 
velatum  (a  form  closely  approaching  Lycoperdon  floccosum  of  the  United 
States,  cfr.  plate  59),  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma  tenerum  (the  form  of 
verrucosum  which  is  only  common  in  the  United  States),  Sphaerobolus  stel- 
latus,  Tylostoma  mammosum,  Tylostoma  Petrii  (?). 

2 


FELIX,  CAPTAIN   PYAT,  Angers,  France: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  saccata,  Crucibulum 
vulgare,  Cyathus  stercoreus  (rare  in  Europe),  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Ly- 
coperdon  echinatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Lyco- 
perdon piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lycoperdon 
umbrinum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Sphaerobolus  stel- 
latus,  Tylostoma  brevipes  (?),  Tylostoma  granulosum,  Tylostoma  pallidum. 
GILLOT,  DR.  X.,  Autun,  France: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum, 
Scleroderma  Cepa,  Tylostoma  mammosum. 
GRELET,  L.  J.,  Savigne,  France: 

Bovista   plumbea,   Calvatia   caelata,   Calvatia   gigantea,    Lycoperdon 
cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum. 
HARIOT,  P.,  France: 

Elaphomyces    asperulus,    Elaphomyces    echinatus,    Geaster    triplex, 
Polyporus  nodulosus,  Tuber  melanosporum,  Tuber  rufum. 
KLINCKSIECK,   PAUL,   Dauphine   France: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  lilacina,   Lycoperdon 
cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  pratense. 
KLINCKSIECK,  PAUL,    Eure,   France: 

Calvatia  saccata,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 
KLINCKSIECK,  PAUL,  Paris: 

Calvatia   saccata,   Geaster   triplex,    Lycoperdon    atropurpureum    (?), 
Lycoperdon    gemmatum,    Lycoperdon    umbrinum,    Scleroderma    aurantium, 
Scleroderma  verrucosum. 
LUDWIG,  T.,  Paris: 

Mr.  Ludwig  has  kindly  sent  me  a  fine  collection  of  Hymenogasters, 
which  will  be  of  great  service  should  I  take  up  the  study  of  this  order.  The 
specimens  have  been  named  by  Mr.  Ludwig. 

Cenococcum  geophilum,  and  the  following  species  of  Elaphomyces: 
anthracinus,   asperulus,   echinatus,  granulatus,   leucosporus,   Leveillei,   mac- 
ulatus,  mutabilis,  variegatus,  and  Geaster  asper,  Geaster  asper  (?  departing 
from  the  usual  from),  Geaster  pectinatus. 
MAIRE,  R.,  Nancy,  France: 

Bovista    plumbea,    Calvatia    saccata,    Geaster    coronatus,    Geaster 
fimbriatus,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  (obese  form),  Lycoperdon  echinatum, 
Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22). 
OLIVIER,   ERNEST,  Allier,   France: 

Battarrea  phalloides.     Mr.   Olivier  is  the  only  collector  in  France 
to  find  this  species.     He  has  found  it  in  one  locality  for  several  years.     A 
full  account  will  be  given  in  the  Tylostoma  pamphlet  now  in  press. 
PANAU,  CHARLES,  Verdun,  France: 

Calvatia  saccata,  Geaster  rufescens,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lyco- 
perdon umbrinum,  Scleroderma  aurantium. 

PATOUILLARD,  N.,  Paris: 

(From  his  herbarium).  Cyathus  afflnis  (type),  Cyathus  minimus 
(type),  Tylostoma  Berkeleyii.  (See  forthcoming  pamphlet  on  the  Tylo- 
stomae.  It  is  a  frequent  species  in  the  United  States,  usually  misnamed 
Tylostoma  fimbriatum.) 

3 


ROBERT,  DR.,  Nice,  France: 

Lycoperdon  umbrinum. 
ROLLAND,   L.,   Paris,   France: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  striatus,  Geaster 
flmbriatus,  Geaster  mammosus,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  echina- 
tum,  Lycoperdon  excoriatum  (a  form  of  gemmatum,  vide  Myc.  Notes,  plate 
60,  the  first  specimen  I  have  from  Europe),  Lycoperdon  piri forme,  Lyco- 
perdon umbrinum,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma 
verrucosum. 

ROLLAND,  L.,  South  of  France: 
Clathrus  cancellatus. 

GERMANY. 
ENGELKE,  KARL,  Hanover: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  striatus,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Geaster 
coronatus,    Geaster    fimbriatus,    Lycoperdon    echinatum,    Lycoperdon    gem- 
matum, Lycoperdon  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22),  Mutinus  caninus,  Scleroderma 
aurantium,  Sphaerobolus  stellatus. 
JAAP,  OTTO,  Germany: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia  caelata,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus 
striatus,  Nidularia  pisiformis,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  echi- 
natum, Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Lycoperdon  piri- 
forme,  Lycoperdon,  spadiceum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Sphaerobolus  stel- 
latus. 

KRIEGER,  WM.,  Koningstein,  Germany: 

Polysaccum  crassipes. 
PLOTTNER,    PROF.,   Rathenow,  Germany: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Bovista  plumbea,  Bovistella  Ohiensis  (the  second 
collection  known  in  Europe),  Bovistella  pedicellata  (a  rare  plant  in  Europe), 
Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  striatus,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Geaster  saccatus, 
Geaster  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  hungaricum,  Ly- 
coperdon pratense,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Sclero- 
derma aurantium,  Tylostoma  granulosum. 

SCHULTZE-WEGE,   MADAME,  Weimar,  Germany: 

Calvatia  saccata  (?),  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Geaster  Bryantii, 
Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Lycoperdon  echinatum,  Lycoperdon  fuscum,  Ly- 
coperdon piriforme  (?),  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lyco- 
perdon spadiceum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes, 
No.  22). 

ENGLAND. 
EYRE,  W.  L.  W.,  England: 

Lycoperdon  echinatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  poly- 
morphum  (form?),  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  velatum  (a  rare 
plant  in  England,  recently  illustrated  in  Trans.  Myc.  Society.  It  has  also 
been  found  in  England  and  recorded  recently  under  the  misdetermination 
of  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  a  species  which  has  never  been  collected  in 
England). 

GARDNER,  FRED,   Newport,   England: 
Scleroderma  aurantium. 


MILES,  MISS  M.  U  Perth,  Scotland: 

Bovista  nigrescens. 
SWANTON,  E.  W.,  Surrey,  England: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Lycoperdon  echinatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 
TORREND,    REV.   C.,    Milltown    Park,    England: 

Bovista    plumbea,    Calvatia    (?),    Lycoperdon    pratense. 
UNKNOWN   DONOR,  "Vale  of  Chuyd,"  North  Wales: 

Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  saccata,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  spadiceum,  Lycoperdon  tur- 
binatum  (a  form  of  L.  gemmatum,  illustrated,  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22). 

(ITALY. 
BADET,  REV.  L.,  Salussola,  Italy: 

Arachnion  album  (the  first  collection  ever  made  in  Europe),  Geaster 
giganteus  (a  form  of  hygrometricus,  rare  in  Europe),  Geaster  uygrometricus, 
Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Sclero- 
derma  Cepa. 

BEZZI,  PROF.  MARIO,  Torino,  Italy: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Bovista  plumbea,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  (?), 
Lycoperdon  cruciatum,   Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lycoperdon    (cfr.  Myc.  Notes, 
No.  22),  Scleroderma  verrucosum. 
CAVARA,  PROF.  F.,- Sicily: 

Lycoperdon   spadiceum,   Mycenastrum    (?)   too  young  to  determine, 
but  surely  a  new  plant  for  Europe,  if  not  undescribed.    An  illustration  and 
detailed  account  will  be  found  in  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22. 
MASSALONGO,  PROF.  C.,  Italy: 

Bovista  brunnea,  Calvatia  saccata  (?),  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Ly- 
coperdon   pratense,    Lycoperdon    spadiceum,    Lycoperdon    umbrinum,    Lyco- 
perdon (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22). 
SCALIA,  DR.  G.,  Sicily: 

Cyathus  vernicosus,  Myriostoma  coliformis  (an  infrequent  plant), 
Tylostoma  (species  not  known  to  me). 

BELGIUM. 
NIJPELS,  PAUL,  Bruxelles,  Belgium: 

Cyathus  vernicosus. 
ROUSSEAU,  MADAME,  Belgium: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  striatus,  Geaster  coronatus,  Geaster 
fimbriatus,  Geaster  rufescens,  Geaster  Schmidelii,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum, 
Lycoperdon  pratense,  Sphaerobolus  stellatus. 

VAN   BAMBEKE,   PROF.  CHARLES,   Belgium: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Calvatia  saccata,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Lycoper- 
don gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  spadiceum. 

EUROPE— MISCELLANEOUS, 
de  ARANZADI,  PROF.  T.,  Barcelona,  Spain: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  (undescribed,  cfr.  Myc. 
Notes,  No.  22),  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Lycoperdon  atro- 
purpureum, Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  polymorphum,  Lycoperdon 
spadiceum. 

5 


BRESADOLA.   REV.   G..  Tirol: 

Bovista  tomentosa. 
BUBAK,   PROF.  DR.  FR.,  Tabor,  Bohemia: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Gautiera  graveolus,  Gautiera  morchellaeformis, 
Geaster  flmbriatus,  Geaster  triplex,  Hysterangium  clathroides,  Sphaerobolus 
stellatus. 

LIND,  J.,  Viborg,  Denmark: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Geaster  triplex,  Sclero- 
derma  Cepa. 

LUISIER,  REV.  A.,  Innsbruck,  Tirol: 

Geaster  saccatus,  Lycoperdon  piriforme. 
MAI  RE,  R..  Greece: 

Bovista  nigrescens  (bronzed  form),  Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Lycoper- 
don umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22). 
MERINO,  REV.  B.,  Spain: 

Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum, 
Scleroderma   aurantium,    Scleroderma    verrucosum. 
PEETERS,  REV.  L.,  Holland: 

Lycogala   flavofuscum,   Lycoperdon   spadiceum? 
RICHEN,  REV.  P.  G.,  Feldkirch,  Austria: 

Calvatia  caelata,   Lycoperdon   piriforme. 
ROMPEL,  PROF.  JOS.,  Kanton  Wallis,  Switzerland: 

Bovista  brunnea,  Bovista  nigrescens,  Calvatia  saccata  (?),  Lyco- 
perdon (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22). 

WEIDMANN,  A.,  Trebon,  Austria: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Cyathus  striatus,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Ly- 
coperdon cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  macrogemmatum 
(cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  No.  22),  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Sclero- 
derma verrucosum. 

Specimens  of  Gastromycetes  will  be  gladly  received  and  named  for  cor- 
respondents. Those  who  reside  in  Europe  or  foreign  countries  will  kindly 
send  them  to  C.  G.  LLOYD, 

107  Boulevard  St.  Michel, 

Paris,  France. 


LETTER  No.  10. 

Paris,  July,  1906. 

A  list  of  specimens  received  from  our  correspondents  during  the  past 
season  will  be  published  in  our  next  letter.  As  many  of  them  are  common 
species,  and  have  been  received  a  number  of  times,  we  submit  a  few 
remarks  on  those  that  are  most  frequent.  At  the  present  time,  excepting 
as  to  Gastromycetes,  we  claim  no  critical  knowledge  of  fungi.  There  have 
been  about  tireiity-eight  hundred  polyporoids  "described,"  not  counting  the 
several  hundred  "synonyms"  given  by  Fries.  To  get  even  a  general  knowl- 
edge of  the  subject  will  require  years  of  study  and  investigation.  From  the 
United  States  alone  there  are  about  five  hundred  "species"  recorded.  Fungi 
are  widely  distributed  plants.  The  fungi  of  Europe  and  the  United  States  are 
practically  the  same.  We  do  not  question  but  the  larger  part  of  these 
twenty-eight  hundred  are  synonyms,  but  it  is  a  large  task  to  find  out  what 
they  are  and  to  learn  the  species  that  are  "good."  We  shall  devote  most 
of  our  time  in  the  immediate  future  to  work  on  the  European -species,  for 
it  is  self-evident  that  as  the  first  and  most  of  the  work  has  been  done  with 
European  species,  and  as  the  American  species  are  largely  the  same,  one 
must  first  acquire  a  knowledge  of  what  occurs  in  Europe  in  order  to  be  in 
position  to  judge  as  to  those  of  America. 

There  has  been  so  much  changing  of  names  lately  in  the  Polyporii 
that  we  feel  it  well  to  state  our  position  in  this  regard.  The  most  and 
best  systematic  work  on  Polyporus  was  done  by  Fries.  His  system  and 
names  have  been  in  general  use  for  two  generations,  and  are  familiar  to 
all.  We  therefore  feel  that  no  attempt  should  be  made  to  change  them 
excepting  in  very  exceptional  cases.  It  has  become  quite  a  fad  lately  to 
look  up  dates  of  synonyms  and  shuffle  the  names  around  on  such  evidence. 
There  is  no  merit  in  such  work,  and  it  produces  nothing  but  confusion. 
One-half  of  the  old  "synonyms"  are  not  true  or  are  so  vague  that  the  truth 
can  not  be  ascertained,  and  the  other  half  are  of  no  importance  if  they  are 
true.  This,  of  course,  applies  to  the  species  considered  by  Fries  in  his 
latest  work.  As  to  the  extra  European  species,  some  two  thousand  or  more, 
they  have  been  mostly  described  at  four  centers — Upsala,  Berlin,  London, 
and  Paris.  There  are  without  question  many  reduplications  of  names.  The 
only  thing  that  can  be  done  as  I  see  it  is  to  hunt  up  and  study  these  speci- 
mens  where  they  exist,  and  then  take  the  first  name,  unless  there  are  good 
reasons  for  not  taking  it.  As  to  genera,  the  question  is  not  so  simple. 
The  genus  Polyporus  is  too  large  and  should  be  broken  up,  but  I  feel  that  as 
much  of  the  old  should  be  retained  as  possible,  particularly  the  four 
leading  sections  with  which  we  are  all  familiar.  Also  the  allied  genera, 

1 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


Trametes,  Daedaiea,  etc.,  notwithstanding  that  the  same  plant  often  ex- 
hibits forms  that  "throw  it  into  another  genus."  The  leading  ideas  of  the 
genera  are  simple  and  well  known,  and  no  system  of  classification  can  be' 
devised  that  does  not  have  its  objections  and  "exceptions." 

In  Europe  for  the  last  twenty  years  there  have  been  three  men  work- 
ing on  dividing  the  polyporoids  into  new  genera.  First,  Karsten,  then 
Quelet,  then  Patouillard.  Each  has  proposed  his  own  system  and  his  own 
names,  and  neither  has  met  with  much  general  favor,  because,  in  my  opinion, 
of  the  vast  array  of  new  names.  Mycologists  in  general  refuse  to  learn  a 
new  language  in  order  to  work  with  old  plants.  I  think  many  good  ideas 
are  expressed  in  their  work,  but  they  would  have  been  better  received 
had  they  been  used  to  subdivide  the  old  genera,  not  to  replace  them.  In 
America,  Mr.  Murrill  is  a  little  late  in  taking  up  the  work,  for  most  of  it  has 
been  done  before — at  least  three  different  ways.  To  rechristen  the  ideas  of 
his  predecessors  and  further  add  to  (he  Babel  of  new  names,  is  only  mak- 
ing a  bad  position  worse.  As  the  European  work  has  mostly  failed  to  meet 
with  favor  for  this  very  reason,  1  can  foresee  no  other  fate  for  the  American. 
Most  of  my  past  work  on  the  Polyporii  has  been  in  'the  line  of  collecting 
specimens,  and  sending  them  to  authorities  in  both  Europe  and  America  for 
names.  I  have  received  so  many  conflicting  opinions  concerning  the  same 
plant  that  in  many  instances  I  do  not  know  which  to  accept.  I  think  that 
can  only  be  decided  by  working  out  the  problem  in  the  museums  of  Europe. 

We  hope  that  our  correspondents  in  America  will  continue  to  send  to 
our  Cincinnati  address  all  the  Polyporii  they  find.  It  is  only  from  an 
abundance  of  material  that  any  subject  can  be  learned.  We  do  not  learn 
"species"  in  the  museums  of  Europe.  We  learn  them  by  studying  them  and 
comparing  them  and  handling  them.  After  they  are  learned  we  often  recog- 
nize them  from  very  inadequate  specimens  preserved  in  the  museums.  As 
at  the  present  time  we  have  such  an  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
the  following  remarks  are  not  offered  as  being  of  any  critical  value  even  on 
the  most  common  species.  However,  as  the  work  proceeds,  we  hope  and 
expect  to  learn  more. 

Auricularia  auricula-Judae  or  Hirneola  auricula-Judae. — Probably  our 
most  common  tremelloid.  Grows  throughout  the  world  and  is  eaten  by  the 
Chinese.  The  common  name,  "Jew's  ear,"  is  a  slander  on  the  Israelitish 
nation. 

Daedaiea  ambigua. — Frequent  at  Cincinnati  on  sugar  maple  trees.  It  is 
claimed,  probably  correctly,  to  have  many  names.  I  think  the  worst  one  yet 
proposed  for  it  is  "Aesculi,"  because  a  specimen  so  labeled  is  found  in 
Schweinitz's  herbarium,  undoubtedly  through  some  mistake.  If  descriptions 
count  for  anything  it  ca'n  not  be  "Aesculi,"  for  not  one  syllable  of  the  de- 
scription of  "Aesculi"  applies  to  it  At  Cincinnati  it  is  always  daedaloid, 
but  Trametes  incana  is  said  to  be  the  same  thing. 

Daedaiea  confragosa. — This  is  very  common  on  willows  and  at  Cincin- 
nati on  Crataegus.  It  is  variable  as  to  color  and  particularly  as  to  the 
hymenium,  being  sometimes  polyporoid,  sometimes  daedaloid,  and  some- 
time lenzitoid.  It  has  more  names  than  a  Parisian  Apache.  Most  of  them  are 
certainly  only  conditions,  but  there  is  a  little  thin  form  that  seems  to  me 


ought  to  have  a  separate  name,  and  probably  has  several.  In  France  it  Is 
usually  called  Trametes  Bulliardil  or  Trametes  rubescens.  In  America 
it  has  many  names  (cfr.  Peck's  30th  Report).  I  believe  most  mycologists 
now  call  it  Daedalea  confragosa,  though  that  species  is  reported  to  have 
"ferruginous"  context,  and  the  old  plates  so  referred  do  not  seem  to  be  our 
plant. 

Daedalea  Juniperina. — Always  called  by  Professor  Ellis  "Daedalea  Kan- 
sensis,  E.  &  E.,"  though  I  believe  not  published.  The  specific  name  "Juni- 
perina" is  much  more  suitable  for  it,  but  it  would  require  more  than  date 
dictionary  evidence  to  convince  me  it  is  an  "Agaricus"  as  recently  stated. 

Daedalea  unicolor. — A  very  common  plant  and  quite  variable  at  differ- 
ent ages  as  to  color,  hence  the  name  is  not  always  appropriate. 

Daedalea  quercina. — Very  common,  especially  in  chestnut  oak  regions. 
It  does  not  grow  at  Cincinnati  on  the  red  or  white  oaks.  In  Sweden 
it  is  also  common.  Some  one  has  recently  discovered  that  it  should  be 
called  Agaricus  (sic)  quercinus,  which  is  the  source  of  much  amusement,  and 
I  have  heard  a  number  of  mycologists  in  Europe  making  sport  of  it. 

Favolus  europaeus. — I  learned  this  plant  as  Favolus  Canadensis, 
but  when  I  sent  it  to  Europe  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  59)  and  learned  that  it 
grew  in  Europe,  and  was  there  called  Favolus  europaeus,  I  employed  that 
name.  It  has  the  advantage  of  having  been  adopted  by  Fries,  though  neither 
name  is  very  appropriate  for  a  plant  that  grows  in  both  codntries,  and 
Canadensis  is  "prior." 

Femes  carneus. — This  is  readily  recognized  by  the  rose  color  of  the 
cortex.  Whether  Fomes  roseus  is  the  same,  as  is  claimed  by  some  and  dis- 
puted by  others,  I  do  not  know.  It  always  grows  on  coniferous  wood. 

Fomes  Curtis!!. — This  plant  has  more  of  a  Southern  range,  though  I 
frequently  get  it  from  New  Jersey.  It  is  claimed  to  be  only  an  unvarnished 
form  of  P'omes  lucidus,  but  has  always  appeared  to  me  very  distinct. 

Fomes  fomentarius. — Fries  states  it  is  common  on  beech.  I  think  it 
does  not  occur  at  Cincinnati,  where  the  beech  is  very  prevalent.  I  have 
only  collected  it  on  birch,  both  in  the  United  States  and  Sweden^ 

Fomes  fraxinophilus. — Grows  only  on  ash,  and  not  in  Europe.  Fomes 
uimarius  of  Europe,  which  McBride  suggests  may  be  the  same,  is  widely 
different. 

Fomes  fulvus. — Found  by  me  frequently  at  Cincinnati,  only  on  the  wild 
or  "Chickasaw"  plums.  Recorded  also  on  related  trees,  peach  and  cherry. 
It  was  determined  for  me  by  American  mycologists  as  "Fomes  supinus,"  and 
by  Bresadola  as  "Fomes  fulvus,  Scop,  not  Fries."  From  its  habitat  it  can 
not  be  "Fomes  fulvus"  of  Fries's  latest  work,  but  I  do  not  know  what  name 
he  called  it. 

Fomes  ignarius. — In  Sweden  the  most  common  Fomes  on  deciduous 
wood,  but  otherwise  has  no  choice  of  host.  It  is  likewise  common  in  the 
United  States. 

Fomes  leucophaeus. — The  very  commonest , Fomes  in  our  country.  It 
is  so  close  to  Fomes  applanatus  of  Europe  that  I  do  not  believe  that  any 
one  would  note  the  difference  on  a  casual  examination  of  the  two  plants, 
and  it  is  not  strange  that  the  plant  has  been  universally  called  Fomea 

3 


applanatus  in  most  all  American  literature.  European  mycologists  have  been 
using  the  microscope  on  the  spores  of  Fomes,  and  when  I  sent  the  plant 
there  it  was  noted  that  it  had  smooth  spores,  while  the  spores  of  Fomes 
applanatus  are  rough.  It  was  published  in  Mycological  Notes  in  1901  (page 
60),  which  I  think  was  the  first  time  attention  was  drawn  to  this  popular 
error  which  had  persisted  in  American  mycology  up  to  that  date.  Recently 
it' has  been  announced  that  Leveille  first  called  the  plant  "megaloma,"  but 
I  think  that  is  largely  guess  work,  and  I  have  thus  far  been  unable  to  find 
any  confirmatory  evidence,  but  have  found  positive  proof  that  Leveille  de- 
termined and  published  the  plant  as  "Polyporus  applanatus." 

Fomes  pinicola. — Well  named,  as  it  grows  usually  on  coniferous  trees. 
Also  has  been  the  victim  of  a  date  dictionary  and  a  very  inappropriate  name 
has  been  dug  up  for  it. 

Fomes  rimosus. — At  least  as  it  has  always  been  known  in  Ahierican 
mycology  and  always  so  determined  when  I  sent  it  to  Europe,  but  it  is  now 
disputed,  and  I  have  no  opinion  on  it.  It  grows  very  commonly  at  Cincin- 
nati on  the  locust,  but  has  never  been  found  at  Paris,  where  the  locust- 
tree,  known  to  the  French  as  "Acacia,"  is  the  most  common,  introduced 
shade-tree  there. 

Hydnum   adustum. — Frequent  in  America,  not  in  Europe. 

Irpex  pachylon. — I  learned  this  plant  as  Irpex  crassus,  the  name  ap- 
plied to  the  American  plant.  Specimens  I  have  sent  to  Europe  have  been 
referred  to  Irpex  pachylon  by  both  Patouillard  and  Bresadola.  I  do  not 
know  the  European  plant. 

Irpex  tulipifera. — Called  also  Polyporus  tulipiferus  and  Poria  tulipifera. 
Said  to  be  the  same  as  Irpex  lacteus  and  Poria  sinuosa,  concerning  which 
I  do  not  know.  It  is  a  very  common  plant  at  Cincinnati,  particularly  on 
the  tulip-tree. 

Lenzites  betulina. — A  frequent  plant  in  many  localities  where  "birch" 
does  not  grow.  Sometimes  it  is  red-zoned.  Usually  it  is  the  host  of  a 
minute  species  of  greenish  .algae,  which  colors  the  pileus.  Rarely  I  have 
received  a  beautiful,  striate  form  that  has  been  mentioned  by  Prof.  Peck. 

Lenzites  sepiaria. — This  is  a  common  species,  but  always  on  pine  and 
other  coniferous  trees.  The  name  is  well  established  and  generally  used. 
Sometimes  it  takes  a  polyporoid  form,  or  rather  condition,  I  think.  It  can 
readily  be  recognized  by  its  color. 

Lenzites  trabea. — This  is  readily  recognized  from  the  habitat,  as  it 
always  grows  on  deciduous  wood.  I  learned  it  under  the  name  Lenzites 
vialis,  which  has  been  mostly  used  in  the  United  States.  Daedalea  pallido- 
fulva  is  said  to  be  the  same.  European  mycologists  to  whom  I  have  sent 
the  plant  are  in  accord  that  it  is  Lenzites  trabea  of  Europe,  a  statement  that 
has  recently  been  disputed.  I  do  not  know. 

Panus  rudis. — A  frequent  plant  in  the  United  States;  a  rare  plant  in 
Europe.  It  generally  passed  in  American  mycology  under  the  name  Len- 
tinus  Lecomtei  until  the  error  was  pointed  out  (Myc.  Notes,  p.  CO). 

Polyporus  adustus. — A  most  abundant  plant  at  Cincinnati  on  fallen 
beech.  Very  common  everywhere,  I  think.  1  doubt  if  Polyporus  fumosus  is 


distinct.  A  fragrant  form  is  called  Polyporus  fragrans.  The  same  form  oc- 
curs in  Europe,  but  there  it  has  not  been  thought  worthy  of  a  separate  name. 

Polyporus  arcularius. — A  very  common  plant  around  Cincinnati  in  the 
spring. 

Polyporus  Berkeley!. — The  largest  polyporus  we  have,  usually  at  the 
base  of  oak-trees.  It  does  not  grow  in  Europe. 

Polyporus  betulinus. — In  birch  regions  a  frequent  plant  and  well  named, 
for  I  think  it  is  confined  to  the  birch. 

Polyporus  brumal  is. — This  plant  reaches  me  very  often  from  correspond- 
ents, but  I  have  never  collected  it  at  Cincinnati. 

Polyporus  elegans. — Frequent  in  northern  stations    (not  at  Cincinnati). 

Polyporus  giganteus. — As  generally  known  in  the  United  States,  though 
now  disputed.  My  American  plants  have  been  so  referred  in  Europe. 

Polyporus  gilvus. — Very  common  and  somewhat  changeable.  Wide- 
spread in  the  world,'  and  tropical  forms  have"  received  many  names. 
Strange  to  say,  it  is  not  surely  known  from  Europe,  though  Fries  claims  to 
recognize  it  as  one  of  Sowerby's  pictures. 

Polyporus  intybaceus. — It  has  always  been  a  puzzle  to  me  whether  this 
is  Polyporus  intybaceus  or  Polyporus  frondosus,  or  whether  these  two  are 
the  same  or  different.  Atkinson  gives  a  good  photograph  of  it  under  the 
former  name.  It  is  Polyporus  anax  of  Morgan's  flora,  but  Polyporus  anax, 
the  type,  is  Polyporus  Berkeleyi. 

Polyporus  lucidus. — The  correct  genus  to  which  this  plant  belongs  is 
now  known  as  Ganoderma,  consisting  of  species  with  "varnished"  pilei  and 
colored  spores.  Most  of  them,  I  think,  are  better  called  Fomes,  but  this 
species  with  us  is  not  perennial,  hence  not  properly  a  Fomes.  It  is  there- 
fore a  question  whether  to  call  it  Polyporus  lucidus,  Fomes  lucidus  or  Gano- 
derma lucidus.  It  has  been  known,  however,  under  the  specific  name 
"lucidus"  for  more  than  a  hundred  years,  and  it  is  purely  chimerical  to  try 
to  change  that. 

Polyporus  nidulans. — Rather  a  rare  plant  in  my  experience.  A  curious 
fact  that  is  not  generally  known  is  a  "chemical"  test  for  it.  Touch  it  with 
a  drop  of  ammonia,  and  the  spot  at  once  takes  a  bright  violaceous  color. 

Polyporus  obtusus. — Frequent  and  injurious  on  oak.  A  marked  species 
with  large  pores.  The  late  Professor  Ellis  told  me  it  could  be  found  in 
Schweinitz's  herbarium  under  the  name  Polyporus  unicolor,  which  I  con- 
firmed. Schweinitz  badly  described  it,  and  gave  it  a  worse  name.  When 
one  has  a  choice  between  two  names  for  a  plant,  one  very  good,  the  other 
very  bad,  and  neither  much  used,  I  believe  in  adopting  the  better.  Of  more 
interest  than  the  name,  however,  is  the  structure  of  the  plant,  for  it  is  a 
Tnimetcx,  not  a  Polyporus. 

Polyporus  picipes. — As  I  have  always  known  it  in  the  United  States. 
Claimed  now  to  be  different  from  the  European  plant,  which,  if  true,  is 
unfortunate,  as  Polyporus  picipes  is  an  excellent  name  for  it. 

Polyporus  resinosus. — Usually  known  under  this  name  as  found  in  Fries, 
though  I  believe  modern  •excavators  have  dug  up  older  names  for  it.  Very 
common  at  Cincinnati. 


Polyporus  sulphureus. — So  called  for  many  years  and  much  the  best 
name  that  can  be  applied  to  It.  Common,  late  in  the  season. 

Polystictus  conchifer. — A  most  peculiar  species,  named  by  Schweinitz. 
It  occurs  only  on  elm,  and  does  not  grow  in  Europe. 

Polystictus  hirsutus. — A  very  common  and  a  very  variable  plant.  Around 
Cincinnati  it  is  quite  uniform,  but  many  forms  (?)  reach  me,  an,d  I  do  not 
know  but  that  I  am  confusing  more  than  one  species. 

Polystictus  perennis. — A  frequent  species  growing  in  the  ground.  A 
form  in  the  Southern  States  has  larger  pores,  and  is  known  as  Polystictus 
parvulus.  I  doubt  if  it  can  be  kept  distinct. 

Polystictus  pergameus*. — A  very  common  plant  in  the  United  States, 
usually  growing  on  oak.  It  is  claimed  that  as  the  original  grew  on  pine  it 
is  not  the  same  as  the  common  species  in  the  United  States,  and  the  name 
Polystictus  pseudo-pergameus  has  been  proposed.  However,  the  plant  is 
generally  known  as  Polystictus  pergameus.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  this  is 
a  very  rare  plant  in  Europe,  and  it  was  recently  brought  into  the  museum 
at  Paris  as  a  great  rarity.  It  is  called  in  France  "Polystictus  simulans, 
Blonski." 

Polystictus  sangulneus. — This  is  the  bright-red  species  of  the  Southern 
States,  and  is  close  to  Trametes  cinnabarinus  (which  see).  It  is  common 
throughout  the  warm  regions  of  the  world. 

Polystictus  versicolor. — The  most  frequent  Polystictus  that  occurs  and 
the  most  variable.     New  species  hunters  are  wasting  their  opportunities.    I 
They  should  devote  themselves  to  this  plant,  for  they  can  make  a  "new 
species"  out  of  every  specimen  they  collect. 

Trametes  cinnabarinus. — The  only  red  polyporoid  in  the  northern  United 
States.  It  is  a  question  whether  it  should  be  called  Trametes  or  Polystictus, 
and  it  is  given  both  names  in  Saccardo.  (Cfr.  Polystictus  sanguineus.) 

Schizophyllum  commune. — A  very  common  species  all  over  the  world 
and  in  every  country,  hot  and  cold,  where  I  have  ever  been.  At  Cincin- 
nati it  has  a  special  liking  for  the  maple.  It  has  been  known  as  "commune" 
for  two  generations,  but  recent  date  dictionary  investigators  have  called  it 
Schizophyllum  .alneum,  in  my  opinion  a  stupid  change  for  a  plant  that  is 
the  most  common  species,  that  occurs  everywhere,  and  grows  in  many 
countries  and  thousands  of  localities  where  alder  does  not  grow. 

Stereum  albobadium. — A  very  common  plant  at  Cincinnati,  but  does  not 
occur  in  Europe,  I  think.  The  margin  is  generally  so  slightly  recurved  it  is 
more  liable  to  be  taken  for  a  Corticium. 

Stereum  frustulosum. — If  this  plant  does  not  have  another  generic  name 
it  ought  to  have.  One  who  is  familiar  with  other  stereums  would  never  sus- 
'pect  its  relation  to  that  genus. 

Stereum  ochraceoflavum. — It  is  of  a  Southern  type.  Common  in  Florida, 
but  I  have  received  it  from  New  Jersey  and  once  from  Connecticut. 

Stereum  versicolor. — As  I  have  always  known  the  plant  and  as  it  is  gen-  . 
erally  known.     I  think  Professor  Burt  told  me  he  had  decided   to  c:ill   it 
another  name,  but  I  have  forgotten  what  it  is. 


THE  MYCOLOGICAL  SITUATION   IN  AMERICA. 

I  have  to  write  so  many  letters  to  my  correspondents  in  reply  to  in- 
quiries as  to  what  literature  to  buy  in  order  to  study  mycology  that  I  feel 
it  will  save  time  to  issue  a  printed  letter  on  the  subject. 

Unfortunately  there  is  no  one  book  of  much  service.  I  always  advise 
my  correspondents  to  first  buy  Atkinson's  "Mushrooms,  Edible,  Poisonous, 
etc."  It  is  the  best  book  we  have.  It  is  only  a  primer  and  does  not  consider 
one  out  of  twenty  of  the  agarics  you  will  meet  every  season,  but  you  can 
derive  from  it  a  general  idea  of  classification.  It  is  a  difficult  matter  to 
get  a  "start"  in  American  mycology,  and  I  have  reason  to  know  that  Atkin- 
son had  a  hard  enough  time  to  learn  what  he  knew  at  the  time  he  wrote 
the  book.  So  I  believe  he  should  have  all  praise  for  what  he  has  done,  not 
hiding  the  fact  that  there  is  a  great  deal  of  room  to  do  much  better  as  he 
learns  more  of  the  subject. 

The  next  book  of  service  is  Miss  Marshall's  "Mushroom  Book,"  chiefly 
on  account  of  the  pictures  which  are  much  better  than  the  text.  Like  the 
preceding  it  is  purely  elementary  and  considers  only  a  few  common  species. 

Dr.  Herbst's  "Fungal  Flora  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,"  Pennsylvania,  is  a 
very  useful  book  because  it  considers  many  common  plants  that  every  one 
will  meet.  Unfortunately  the  illustrations  are  very  poor. 

When  you  have  begun  to  get  an  insight  into  the  genera,  buy  Steven- 
son's "British  Fungi."  It  is  chiefly  a  translation  of  Fries,  but  it  is  all  the 
more  valuable  on  that  account.  Fries  was  the  great  master  of  agarics  in 
Europe,  and  universally  held  to  be  the  best  authority,  but  his  writings  are 
in  Latin,  and  while  they  are  the  court  of  final  resort,  you  will  not  need 
them  until  you  reach  the  "new  species"  stage. 

Massee's  "British  Fungus  Flora,"  four  volumes,  is  the  latest  English 
work  and  is  largely  used  in  England.  The  arrangement  of  the  genera  de- 
parts from  all  other  works  and  it  is  so  difficult  to  find  anything  in  it  that 
I  rarely  use  it.  It  always  reminds  me  of  a  house  I  saw  on  the  Midway 
where  everything  was  upside  down. 

The  fungi  of  Europe  and  America  are  for  the  most  part  the  same 
species,  and  thus  any  European  work  will  be  of  service  in  America.  It  is 
my  firm  belief  that  the  greater  part  of  the  plants  in  America  that  have 
been  described  as  new  species,  are  European  plants  not  recognized.  Fail- 
ure to  identify  the  American  plants  from  the  conflicting  accounts  and  illus- 
trations that  have  been  given  of  them  in  Europe  is  to  no  man's  discredit. 
To  reach  conclusions  when  working  with  agarics  in  Europe  is  a  task  diffi- 
cult enough:  in  America  it  is  impossible.  If  American  mycologists  had 
any  practical  way  of  learning  the  American  names  for  the  agarics  they 
meet  it  would  be  a  great  help.  There  is  but  one  man,  in  my  opinion,  to-day, 
who  has  a  practical  field  knowledge  of  most  American  agarics  and  who 
could  write  a  manual  that  would  be  of  real  benefit.  That  man  is  Professor 
Charles  Peck,  of  New  York.  Most  of  his  past  time  has  been  spent  in  issuing 
isolated  descriptions.  They  are  of  very  little  service,  and  it  is  my  experience 

7 


in  America  thai  about  two  out  of  three  plants  one  meets  agree  with  the 
descriptions  just  enough  so  that  one  thinks  it  may  be  the  species,  and 
differ,  just  enough  so  that  one  doubts  it.  So  that  you  are  in  a  more  un- 
certain position  when  you  finish  your  determination  than  when  you  l>rt;;in 
it.  This  is  the  fault  of  the  way  in  which  the  matter  is  presented.  Professor 
Peck  knows  the  New  York  plants  and  could  write  systematic  work,  pre- 
senting the  plants  by  constrast  and  pointing  out  the  differences  between  them 
so  that  they  could  be  recognized.  I  think  I  reflect  the  wish  of  every  Amer- 
ican mycologist  when  I  express  the  hope  that  he  may  undertake  A  Manual 
of  New  York  Agaric*.  I  use  the  word  "New  York"  because  it  is  the  New 
York  species  that  Professor  Peck  knows,  and  fungi  are  such  widely  spread 
plants  that  it  would  serve  as  a  manual  for  the  entire  country.  American 
mycology  is  embarrassed  with  a  lot  of  "dried  specimen"  descriptions  of 
agarics  which  for  the  most  part  are  rubbish  and  should  be  crossed  off  the 
"literature."  It  is  impossible  for  a  man  to  draw  up  live  characters  from 
dead  plants  that  lose  the  most  of  their  real  characters  in  drying.  Such 
work  only  confuses"  the  facts  and  should  be  ignored  in  any  work  that  wishes 
to  be  of  real  service. 

There  is  no  series  of  plates  illustrating  the  agarics  of  America.  Such 
as  have  been  issued  in  the  New  York  Reports  are  poor  and  of  but  littie 
utility.  In  Europe  there  are  many  illustrated  works,  so  badly  executed  they 
help  but  little.  Boudier's  magnificent  plates  unfortunately  include  but  very 
few'  agarics.  Boudier's  special  study  is  the  little  Pezizas,  a  specialty  of 
very  little  general  interest.  If  he  had  devoted  his  talents  to  the  agarics  and 
issued  six  hundred  plates  of  European  agarics  it  would  have  been  a  prac- 
tical solution  of  the  agaric  situation.  And  it  would  have  been  a  popular 
work  and  have  had  a  large  sale.  Nine  out  of  ten  mycologists  are  interested 
in  agarics,  and  every  one  knows  how  poor  the  usual  plate  is. 

Not  counting  Boudier,  the  best  illustrations  of  the  agarics  of  Europe 
in  my  opinion  are  the  old  works  of  Bulliard,  Sowerby,  and  Greville,  and  in 
the  Flora  Danica.  The  most  useful  series  is  Cooke's  plates  because  it 
embraces  all  common  species  and  for  the  most  part  is  fairly  well  done. 
If  you  have  funds  to  buy  but  one  series  of  illustrations,  buy  Cooke's.  They 
cost  about  one  hundred  dollars.  With  all  Cooke's  faults,  he  did  a  great 
deal  to  popularize  mycology  in  England,  and  I  wish  we  had  a  Cooke  in 
America. 

Many  years  ago  in  Professor  Gray's  time,  it  was  announced  tha;  the 
cryptogams  of  America  would  be  worked  up  by  Professor  Farlow.  It  is  an 
cpen  secret  that  some  excellent  plates  have  been  prepared  under  Professor 
Farlow's  directions,  but  whether  or  not  they  will  ever  be  published  I  do 
not  know.  We  can  only  live  in  hope. 

But  all  this  is  departing  from  the  Polyporus  subject.  Favor  me  by 
sending  such  specimens  as  you  find  this  season  and  I  will  advise  you  what 
I  may  know  about  them,  and  will  try  to  learn  more,  and  in  time  hope  to 
present  a  work  that  will  enable  you  to  learn  for  yourself. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
Court  and  Plum  Streets, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


LETTER  tfo.  ii. 

Paris,    June,    1906. 

List  of  specimens  received  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  during 
the  season  of  1905.  For  general  remarks  on  the  names,  see  Letter  No.  10 
of  this  date.  We  list  here  only  the  specimens  we  recognize.  (In  a  few 
instances  the  names  were  furnished  by  the  senders.)  We  have  received  quite 
a  number  of  other  specimens,  Pezizas,  Xylarias,  and  some  Polyporii,  etc., 
that  we  do  not  know,  and  these  are  all  omitted  from  this  list. 
AMES,  FRANK  H.,  New  York: 

Polystictus  versicolor,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Trametes  cinna- 
barinus. 

BAKER,    C.    H.,    Florida: 

(Genus  unknown,  to  me.) 
BATES,  REV.  J.  M.,  Nebraska: 

Cyathus  stercoreus,  Irpex  tulipifera,  Scleroderma  Texense,  Tylo- 
stoma  campestre. 

BERTOLET,   A.    S.,   Alabama: 

Clavaria  pistillaria. 
BERTOLET,  A.  S.,  Ontario: 

Fomes  carneus. 
BOGUE,   E.   E.,   Michigan: 

Geaster    saccatus,    Lycoperdon    gemmatum,    Lycoperdon    piriforme, 
Lycoperdon  Turned,   Morchella  esculenta,  Scleroderma  Cepa. 
BRENCKLE,  J.  F.,  North  Dakota: 

Calvatia    (the  largest  sterile  bases  I  ever  saw,  one  six  inches  in 
diameter,   eight  inches  high,   I   think  probably   Calvatia   caelata),   Cyathus 
stercoreus,    Lycoperdon   cepaeforme,    Mycenastrum   Corium. 
BURGIN,  CAROLINE  A.,  New  York: 

Mitremyces  cinnabarinus  (the  most  northern  station,  I  think,  for 
this  species). 

BURNHAM,  STEWART  H.,  New  York: 

Lycoperdon   gemmatum,    Lycoperdon   piriforme,    Panus   rudis. 
CARTER,  L.  W.,  South  Dakota: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Calvatia  occidentalis,  Catastome  subterraneum, 
Cyathus  stercoreus,  Geaster  asper,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon 
cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii,  Mycenastrum  Corium,  Secotium  acu- 
minatum,  Trametes  Peckii. 

UNIVERSITY  0$  CALIFGSNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


CHESTER,  F.   D.,  Delaware: 

Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  Turner!. 
CHESTER,  F.  D.,  Ithaca,   N.  Y.: 

Tylostoma  campestre  (?) 
CLARKE,  JAMES   F.,   Iowa: 

Hypomyces  lactifluorum,   Lentodium  squamulosum. 
CLUTE,  W.  N.,  Illinois: 

Bovista  pila,  Bovista  plumbea,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Favolus  europaeus, 
Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  tessellatum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Panus 
stipticus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Tra- 
metes  trabea,  Urnula  Craterium. 
CREWE,  DR.  J.   E..   Minnesota: 

Bovista  pila,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  Schweinitzii,  Daldinea 
vernicosa,  Femes  carneus,  Geaster  saccatus,  Lycoperdon  echinatum,  Lyco- 
perdon gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Nidularia  pisit'ormis  (a  very 
rare  plant  both  in  the  United  States  and  Europe),  Peziza  tloccosa,  Peziza 
occidentalis,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus  obtusus,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Sclero- 
derma  tenerum,  Stereum  versicolor,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Trametes 
cinnabarinus,  Trametes  trabea. 

DALLAS,   MRS.  GEO.   M.,   Philadelphia,   Pa.: 

Bulgaria  rufa,  Craterellus  connucopioides,  Daedalea  confragosa, 
Daedalea  Kansensis,  Humaria  sanguinaria,  Hydnum  septentrionale,  Hyd- 
num  suaveolens,  Hydnum  subsquamosum,  Irpex  cinnamomea,  Irpex  tuli- 
pifera,  Lentinus  vulpinus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  corrugata,  Lenzites 
sepiaria,  Lenzites  trabea,  Peziza  macropus,  Polyporus  varius,  Rhizopogon 
rubescens,  Trametes  funalis  (evidently  exotic).  The  specimens  were  mostly 
determined  by  Professor  Ellis. 

DAVIS,  SIMON,   Massachusetts: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Cordyceps  ophioglossoides,  Elaphomyces  vari- 
egatus. 

DEARNESS,   J.,    Canada: 

Cordyceps  ophioglossoides,    Elaphomyces  variegatus,  Tuber    (which 
I  have  sent  to  Professor  Mattirolo,  Italy,  our  best  authority  now   on  the 
Tuberaceae,  and  which  he  says  is  undescribed;    also  that  he  will  publish 
it  shortly  in  a  paper  he  is  now  writing  on  the  American  species). 
DOBBIN,   FRANK,   New  York: 

Fomes  leucophaeus,  Fulicjo  septica,  Irpex  lacteus,  Lenzites  betulina, 
Panus  stipticus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Trametes  cinna- 
barinus. 

DORNER,    H.    B.,    Indiana: 

Fomes  leucophaeus,  Hydnum  erinaceum,  Polyporus  frondosus,  Poly- 
stictus versicolor. 

DUBOIS,   P.  A.,  California: 

Bovistella  (I  think  new  to  me.  It  has  a  very  thin  peridium,  but  in 
general  appearance  is  more  like  a  /////»  Bovista  than  a  Bovistella.  The  ca- 
pillitium  is  evidently  of  the  xrjmrute  tiiiw,  but  long,  slender,  intertwined 
branches.  The  spores  are  4-5  mic.,  smooth,  apiculate,  but  not  pedicellate). 

2 


DUPRET,  H.,  Canada: 

Cantherellus     floccopus,     Cantharellus     infundibuliformis,     Helvella 
crispa,   Lenzites  sepiaria,   Lenzites  sepiaria   (abnormal),   Polyporus  elegans, 
Polyporus  lucidus,   Polystictus  pergameus,   Scleroderma  tenerum. 
EASTWOOD,  ALICE,  California: 

Bovista    (provisionally  occidentalis).     A  form  evidently  of  Bovista 
pila,  but  the  first  time  any  form  of  this  species  has  reached  me  from  the 
extreme  Pacific  Coast.     Calvatia  occidentalis. 
ELY,  E.  P.,  Minnesota: 

Bovista  pila,  Daldinea  concentrica,  Fuligo  septica,  Lycoperdon  cepae- 
forme,  Polyporus  obtusus. 

ERNST,  FLORA  G.,  South  Dakota: 

Lycoperdon    cruciatum,     Lycoperdon    nigrescens. 
FLETCHER,    JAMES,    Canada: 

Polystictus  perennis,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Sclerotium  (the  first 
time  I  have  seen  it.  Somewhat  similar,  but  very  different  from  "Tuckahoe" 
of  the  Southern  States. 

FRYE,    PROFESSOR   T.   C.,   Washington: 

Nidula  microcarpa;  also  what  I  take  for  a  large  form  of  it,  although 
the  cups  are  much  larger  than  usual. 

CARMAN,    PROFESSOR    H.,    Kentucky: 

Bovistella  Ohiensis. 
GLATFELTER,    DR.    N.    M.,    Missouri: 

Daedalea  ambigua,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  quercina,  Daedalea 
unicolor,  Favolus  europaeus,  Fomes  Curtisii,  Femes  Everhartii,  Fomes  frax- 
inophilus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Fomes  lucidus,  Hydnum  adustum,  Hydnum 
coralloides,  Hydnum  pulcherrimum,  Irpex  pachylon,  Lentinus  lepideus,  Len- 
tinus  tigrinis,  some  of  them  taking  the  form  Lentodium  squamosum,  Lentinus 
ursinus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Lenzites  trabea,  Panus  rudis, 
Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  arcularus,  Polyporus  Berkeley!,  Polyporus  bi- 
ennis,  Polyporus  conchoides,  Polyporus  epileucus,  Polyporus  fumosus  (these 
seem  well  distinct  from  adustus),  Polyporus  giganteus  Polyporus  gilvus,  Poly- 
porus humilis,  Polyporus  intybaceus,  Polyporus  lacteus,  Polyporus  obtusus, 
Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  radicatus,  Polyporus  resinosus,  Polyporus  sul- 
phureus,  Polystictus  conchifer,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  perennis, 
Polystitcus  pergameus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Trametes  cinnabarinus,  Tra- 
metes  Peckii.  Several  of  these  plants  were  not  familiar  to  me,  and  I  have 
recorded  them  by  the  names  as  given  by  Dr.  Glatfelter. 
HAMNER,  C.  C.,  Connecticut: 
Mitremyces  cinnabarinus. 
HARPER,  EDWARD  T.,  Illinois: 

Geaster  Archeri,  Geaster  saccatus,  Geaster  triplex,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Scleroderma  flavidum. 
HERRICK,  GLEN   W.,   Mississippi: 

Lepiota  Morgani. 
HEWITT,  J.   L.  Arkansas: 

Polysaccum  tubercsum.    This  species  (or  form)  is  rare. 

3 


HIGHAM,  ADDIE,  Michigan: 

Panus  levis. 
HILL,  A.  J..  Canada: 

Fomes  carneus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Geaster  triplex,   Polyporus  ad- 
ustus  (?  form),  Polystictus  versicolor. 
HOWELL,  GEO.  T.,  Indiana: 

Peziza  coccinea. 
HRDLICHA,  A.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Bulgaria  rufa,  Calocera  cornea,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Daedalea  quer- 
cina,  Hydnum  adustum,  Hydnum  erinaceum,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Lycogala 
epidendrum,  Merulius  tremulosus,  Panus  rudis,  Peziza  floccosa,  Polyporus 
picipes,  Polystictus,  perennis,  Polystictus,  pergameus,  Polystictus  versicolor, 
Schizophyllum  commune,  Scleroderma  Geaster,  Spumaria  album,  Stereum 
frustulosum. 

HUNT,  MRS.  D.  O.,  California: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia  occidentalis,  Geaster  giganteus,  Geaster 
hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  excoriatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon 
subpratense. 

HUNT,    MRS.   CLARA   A.,   Victoria,   B.   C.: 

Bovista  pila. 
JONES,  MISS  KATE  A.,   New   Hampshire: 

Bovista  pila,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Daldinea  con- 
centrica,  Fomes  carneus,  Fuligo  septica,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Lycoperdon  atro- 
purpureum,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum, Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  subincarnatum,  Panis  rudis,  Poly- 
porus elegans,  Polyporus  lucidus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  perennis, 
Polystictus  pergameus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Schizophyllum  commune, 
Trametes  cinnabarinus. 

KENNEDY,  P.  B.,  Lake  Tabor,  Cal.: 

Catastoma  lutecium.  This  has  the  general  appearance  of  being  yel- 
low specimens  of  Bovista  plumbea  (if  yellow  specimens  occurred),  but  the 
internal  structure  is  that  of  a  Catastoma.  The  exoperidium  is  quite  differ- 
ent from  that  of  all  other  American  Catastomas,  being  thin  and  of  the  nature 
of  the  cortex  of  Bovista  plumbea.  Gleba  bright  olive.  Spores  6  mic.,- 
globose,  smooth,  apiculate,  Capillitium  typically  that  of  a  Catastoma,  short, 
unbranched  threads,  3  mic.  thick.  They  are  pale  yellow  in  a  water  mount, 
but  appear  hyaline  in  lactic  acid.  The  plant  is  very  close  to  Catastoma 
hypogaeum  of  Australia,  which,  however,  has  rough  spores. 
KENNEDY,  P.  B.,  Nevada: 

Cyathus  vernicosus. 
KNAEBEL,    ERNEST,   Colorado: 

Crucibulum    vulgare,    Lycoperdon    gemmatum    in    several    puzzling 
forms,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum. 
LAKE,  E.  R.,  Oregon: 

Lycogala  epfdendrum. 
LANGTON,  THOMAS,  Canada: 

Daedalea  unicolor,  Guepinia  rufum  (a  beautiful  specimen,  and  the 
first  time  I  have  ever  seen  the  species),  Lentinus  lepideus,  Lenzites  sepiaria, 

4 


Panus  stipticus  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Polyporus  elegans, 
Polyporus  gilvus,  Polyporus  nidulans,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Polystictus  Mr- 
sutus,  Polystictus  pergameus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Schizophyllum  com- 
mune, Scleroderma  aurantium. 

LAUGHLIN,    EMMA    E.,   Ohio: 

Craterellus  cantharellus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Irpex  lactus,  Merulius 
incaruatus  (a  rare  and  beautiful  species),  Stereum  spadiceum. 

LEHMAN,  E.  A.,  North  Carolina: 

Favolus  europaeus,  Hydnum  adustum,  Hydnum  erinaceum,  Mitre- 
myces  cinnabarinus,  Pleurotus  nidulans,  Polyporus  obtusus,  Scleroderma 
Geaster. 

MACKINTOSH,   R.   B.,   Massachusetts: 

Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Daedalea,  confragosa,  Dae- 
dalea  quercina,  Favolus  europaeus,  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  cru- 
ciatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  tessel- 
latum,  Lycoperdon  Turneri,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Poly- 
stictus conchifer,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  pergameus,  Reticuaria 
Lycoperdon  (two  of  these  puff-balls  are  here  recorded  for  the  first  time 
from  the  New  England  States),  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Scleroderma  ten- 
erum,  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Secotium  acuminatum,  Tremellodon  gel- 
atinosum,  Urnula  Craterium. 

McGOWAN,  H.  G..  Mississippi: 

Bovistella  Ohiensis  ("this  is  a  common  puff  ball  in  the  cotton-fields 
in  this  section"),  Fomes  reniformis  (since  I  have  become  acquainted  with 
Fomes  applanatus  in  Sweden,  I  am  quite  sure  that  Fomes  reniformis  is  not 
the  same,  as  I  was  advised  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  60),  Geaster  hygometricus, 
Lenzites  betulina,  Mitremyces  Ravenelli  (an  interesting  new  locality  for 
this  species),  Polyporus  gilvus,  Polysaccum  tuberosum,  Polystictus  san- 
guineus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Stereum  versicolor,  Trametes  incanus. 

MclLVAINE,  CHARLES,  Maryland: 

Fomes  Curtisii,  Hydnum  adustum,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii. 

MONTGOMERY,   C.    E.,   New   Hampshire: 

Daedalea  unicolor,   Stereum   purpureum,   Stereum   spadiceum. 

MORRIS,  GEO.  L.,  Massachusetts: 

Boletinus  cavipes,  Boletinus  paluster,  Cordyceps  militaris,  Geaster 
triplex,  Geoglossum  hirsutum,  Hypoxylon,  Howeianum,  Morchella  esculenta, 
Peziza  ancilis,  Peziza  badia,  Polyporus  ovinus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus, 
Sparassis  crispa,  Spathularia  flavida,  Thelephora  terrestris,  Tremella  myce- 
tophila.  Mostly  named  by  Mr.  Morris,  and  several  of  them  not  familiar 
to  me. 

NEAD,  MRS.  J.  D.,  Missouri: 
Calvatia  gigantea. 

NELSON,  N.  L.  T.,  Missouri: 

Hymenochaete  Curtisii,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Polyporus  nidulans. 
Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  versicolor  Stereum  frustulosum,  Stereum 
versicolor. 


NOBLE,  MRS.  M.  A.,  Florida: 

Cyathus  stercoreus,  Fomes  Curtisii,  Geaster  hygrometricus,   Sclero 
derma  Geaster,  Tylostoma  Floridanum. 
PAULL,  LESTER  F.,  Massachusetts: 

Fomes  leucophaeus. 
PERRINE,  LURA   L.,   North   Dakota: 

Cyathus  Schweinitzii  (it  is  not  generally  known  that  the  plant  com 
monly  called  "Cyathus  striatus"  has  a  quite  different  "tunica"  from  the 
species  of  Europe.  Tulasne  called  the  American  form  "var.  Schweinitzii.") 
Cyathus  vernicosus. 

RICKER,  P.  L.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Specimen  received  under  the  name  "Bjerandera  robiniophila." 
It  seems  to  us  we  have  seen  the  name  or  something  similar  in  Scandinavian 
literature. 

ROLFS,  P.  H.,  Florida: 

Polyporus  gilvus,  Polystictus  pinsitus,  Polystictus  sanguineus,  Tra- 
metes  hydnoides. 

SCHRADER,  FRED  J.,  Washington,  D.  C.J 

Rhizina  inflata.     (We  have  collected  this  curious  plant  in  Sweden, 
but  did  not  know  of  its  occurrence  in  the  United  States.) 
SCHUMO,  S.  S..  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 

Bovista  nigrescens  (collected  in  Switzerland).  Had  Mr.  Schumo 
not  advised  me  the  locality  I  should  have  been  truly  puzzled,  for  Bovista 
nigrescens  is  unknown  in  America. 

SEWALL,   MARGARET   L.,   New   Hampshire: 

Daedalea  unicolor,    Fomes    carneus,    Fomes  leucophaeus,    Hydnum 
caput-ursi,    Polyporus  brumalis,    Polyporus   radiatus,    Polystictus    perennis, 
Polystictus  pergameus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Tremellodon  gelatinosum. 
SMITH,  THEODATE  L.,  Worcester,  Mass.: 

Irpex,  paradoxa,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites,  Klotzschii,  Lenzites  sep- 
iaria,  Polyporus  fumosus,  Polyporus  Schweinitzii,  Polystictus  hirstitus,  Ster- 
eum  complicatum,  Stereum  ochraceoflavum,   Stereum   purpureum. 
SPAULDING.    Perley.     Mo.: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Daedalea  ambigua,  Favolus  europaeus,  Geaster 
saccatus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Stereum  albobadium. 
STERLING,   E.   B.,   New  Jersey: 

Arachnion  album,  Cyclomyces  Greeni  (a  very  rare  plant,  which 
has  probably  never  been  collected  more  than  a  dozen  times.  Professor 
Peck  records  it  twice,  I  think,  and  Dr.  Herbst  found  it  once.  Mr.  Sterling's 
specimens  are  the  finest  we  have  ever  seen),  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea 
quercina,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Fomes  rimosus,  Hydnum  ochraceum,  Hypomy- 
ces  lactifluorum,  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Irpex  tulipifera,  Kneiffia  setigera,  Len- 
todium  squamosum,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  lepideus,  Mitremyces  cin- 
nabarinus  (?  old),  Panus  stipticus,  Peziza  badia,  Polyporus  Berkeleyi,  Poly- 
porus betulinus,  Polyporus  giganteus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Polystictus  conchi- 
fera,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  pergameus,  Polystictus  versicolor, 
Schizophyllum  commune.  Stereum  ochraceoflavum. 


STERLING,   E.  B.     (From  his  son  at  Dawson,  Yukon): 

Catastoma  (unknown  to  me),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  also  a  globose 
form  of  it,  which  does  not  occur  in  the  United  States. 
STEVENS,   ROLLIN    H.,   Michigan: 

Helvella  Stevensii  (co-type). 
STILES,  J.  W.,  Texas: 

Arachnion    album,    Holocotylon    Texense    (cfr.   Myc.   Notes,    p.    255, 
plate  73).     (Mr.  Stiles  writes  me:     "These  two  plants  resemble  each  other 
very  much  in  external  appearance  and  habits  of  growth.     They  were  col- 
lected within  fifty  yards  of  each  other,  but  in  entirely  different  groups  and 
unmixed")     Geaster  saccatus   (or  rather  a  form  intermediate  between  this 
species  and  G.  triplex),  Scleroderma  tenerum. 
STONE,  G.  E.,  Massachusetts: 
Mitremyces  cinnabarinus. 
SUKSDORF,  W.  N.,  .Washington: 

Lycoperdon  atropurpureum,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum  (many  forms),  Lycoperdon  glaciale  (undescribed),  Lycoperdon  piri- 
forme,  Lycoperdon  subpratense  (the  first  with  a  cortex  I  have  seen  from  the 
United  States),  Rhizopogon  (two  collections). 
TRASK,  MRS.  BLANCHE,  California: 

Battarrea  Stevenii,  Geaster  minimus. 
WALDRON,   L.   R.,   North    Dakota: 

Calvatia  caelata,  Catastoma  subterraneum,  Geaster  mammosus 
(rarely  received),  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Secotium 
acuminatum,  Tylostoma  Americanum  (?). 

Daedalea  unicolor,  Irpex  lactea,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  sepiaria, 
Panus  rudis,   Polyporus  elegans,   Polystictus  hirsutus,   Polystictus   perennis. 
Polystictus     pergameus,     Polystictus    versicolor,     Schizophyllum     commune, 
Stereum  versicolor,  Trametes  cinnabarinus. 
WALTON,  F.  J.,  New  Jersey: 

Fomes  Curtisii. 
WARNER,  H.  E.,  New  Hampshire: 

Bovista  pila,  Cantharellus  floccopus,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Daedalea 
unicolor,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Lenzites,  sepiaria,  Poly- 
porus betulinus,  'Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versi- 
color, Trametes  cinnabarinus. 

.WATSON,   DR.    L.    H.    Illinois: 

Clitocybe  Picuna  (type),  Favolus  europaeus,  Geaster  triplex, 
Panus  rudis,  Polyporus  arcularius,  Polyporus  picipes,  Polystictus  pergameus, 
Trametes  cinnabarinus. 

WELD,  LEWIS  H.,  New  York: 

Daedalae   confragosa,    Daedalea   unicolor,    Fomes  conchatus,    Fomes 

!  leucophaeus,       Fomes       Novae-Angliae       (?),       Fomes       pinicola,       Fomes 

i  rimosus,  Irpex  tulipifera,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Panus  stipti- 

cus,    Polyporus    adustus,    Polyporus    gilvus,    Polyporus    lucidus,    Polyporus 

picipes,   Polyporus  sulphureus,   Polystictus  hirsutus,   Polystictus   pergameus, 

Polystictus   versicolor,    Poria   cruentata,    Schizophyllum    commune,    Stereum 

versicolor,  Trametes  cinnabarinus. 


WHETSTONE,   DR.   MARY   S.,   Minnesota: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Favolus  europaeus,  Lenz- 
ites  sepiaria,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Scleroderma  tenerum,  Whetstonia  strobili- 
formis.  The  latter  is  a  strange  fact,  that  an  unknown  genus  should  be 
discovered  in  such  a  well-known  field.  The  plant  will  be  illustrated  in  My- 
cological  Notes,  Plate  90. 

WOLFERT,    MRS.   ALBERT   J.,   Ohio: 

Cyathus   stercoreus,   Daedalea   unicolor,   Daldinea   concentrica,    Len- 
zites  betulina,  Polystictus  pergameus. 
YATES,  LORENZO  G.,  California: 

Calvatia  pachyderma  (oval  spored  form). 


LETTER  No.  12. 

Paris,  June,  1906. 

List  of  specimens  received  from  Europe  and  foreign  countries  since  the 
publication  of  the  last  list,  February,  1906.  We  beg  to  thank  our  correspond- 
ents for  the  specimens  received.  Excepting  from  Europe  and  the  United 
States,  the  "puff  balls"  of  the  world  are  very  little  known,  and  I  feel  that 
more  has  been  learned  from  the  specimens  received  by  me  in  the  last  few 
years  than  was  previously  known  on  the  subject.  It  is  a  big  world  and  many 
puff  balls  occur,  and  we  are  gradually  learning  more  and  more  about  them. 
If  our  friends  who  receive  our  publications  will  pick  up  and  send  such  speci- 
mens as  they  notice  we  shall  have  in  the  end  a  general  knowledge  of  the 
subject,  and  the  species  will  be  published  and  illustrated  in  a  systematic 
manner. 

The  postal  laws  of  France  are  very  liberal  regarding  the  exchange  of 
packages  from  other  countries,  and  specimens  can  be  sent  by  package  post 
at  slight  cost.     That  is  one  reason  why  I  make  my  headquarters  at  Paris. 
Respectfully, 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 

107  Boulevard  St.  Michel,  Paris,  France. 
ACLOQUE,  A.,  France: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Lycoperdon  spadiceum. 
de    ARANZADI,  PROF.  T.,  Spain: 

Calvatia  caelata,  Clathrus  cancellatus,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum, 
Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Rhizopogon  rubescens,  Sclero- 
derma  Geaster. 

ARNOULD,  LEON,  France: 

Elaphomyces  granulatus. 
BLANDENIER,  A.   (From   Mariut,  limit  of  the  Libyan  desert.): 

Terfezia  Boudieri. 
BRAUN,  DR.  K.,  German  East  Africa: 

Cyathus  Poeppigii,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii  (The  discovery  of  this  Amer- 
ican species  in  Africa  is  of  interest.  It  does  not  occur  in  Europe),  Sclero- 
derma  verrucosum. 

COBB,  N.  A.,  Hawaii: 

Lycoperdon  pusillum. 
CRADWICK,  WM.,  Jamaica: 

Auricularia  auricula-Judae,  Cyathus  limbatus,  Lentinus  villosus. 
CRUCHET,  DENIS,  Switzerland: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Calvatia  caelata,  Scleroderma  verrucosum. 
1 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIF! 


DAMAZIO,  L.,  Brazil: 

Caivatia  lilacina,  Schizostoma  commune. 
DUNN,  MISS  JESSIE,  New  Zealand: 

Cyathus  vernicosus,  Geaster  saccatus  (tending  toward  Englerianus), 
Lycoperdon   (a  freak,  consisting  entirely  of  sterile  cells),   Lycoperdon  pra- 
tense,  Secotium  erythrocephalum  (spores  8x16,  in  those  previously  received 
they  are  stated  to  be  6x12),  Polyporus  (cfr.  arcularius). 
EARLE,  F.  S.,  Cuba: 

Caivatia  lilacina,  Cyathus  Earlei  (type),  Cyathus  intermedius,  Lyco- 
perdon (sp.). 

HARIOT,  P.,  France: 

Peziza  corona. 
HARIOT,  P.,  (from  Algeria): 

Terfezia  Leonis. 
HARIOT,  P.,  (from  New  Caledonia): 

Auricularia  polytrichum,    Femes   senex,   Ganoderma   australe,   Gano- 
derma  Pisachopani,  Ganoderma  rugosa,  Lenzites  repanda,  Polyporus  scrupo 
sus,  Polystictus  elongatus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,    Trametes  Persoonii. 
HARRIS,   WM..  Jamaica: 

Cyathus  limbatus  (a  very  abundant  collection),  Cyathus  pallidus  (a 
few  specimens  mixed  with  limbatus),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 
HEMET,  L.,  France: 

Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense. 
HIGGINS,  J.  E..  Hawaii: 

Scleroderma  (cfr.  verrucosum). 
JAMES,  HENRY  SPENCER,  Australia: 

Clathrus  gracilis  (in  alcohol). 
JEKYLL,  WM.,  Jamaica: 

Cyathus  sphaerosporus  (type),  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Geaster  saccatus, 
Laternea  pusilla. 

KIRTIKAR,  COL.  K.  R.,  Bombay  Presidency,  India: 

A  .fine  collection  of  Caivatia  lilacina  as  it  grows  in  every  country  in 
the  world. 

KRUEGER,  PROF.  W.,  Germany: 

Bovista  nigrescens,   Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 
LycopercTon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  piriforme  (a  lacunose  form),  Lycoperdon 
spadiceum,  Rhizopogon  rubescens. 
KUSANO,  S.,  Japan: 

Bovistella   (undescribed),   Lycoperdon  gemmatum,   Lycoperdon   piri- 
forme (form),  Lycoperdon   (cfr.  spadiceum),  Scleroderma  verrucosum. 
LEWTON-BRAIN,  L.,  Barbados: 

Scleroderma  Geaster  (a  very  small  form  that  seems  to  occur  only  in 
the  West  Indies). 

LUDWIG,  L.,  France: 

Elaphomyces  asperulus  (showing  the  asci  which  can  only  be  seen  in 
young  specimens  of  Elaphomyces),  Elaphomyces  cyanosporus,  Fomes  anno- 
sus,  Fomes  Euonymii,  Fomes  fraxineus,  Trametes  pini,  Trametes  serialis, 
Trametes  trabea. 


MACHARDO,  M.  A.  D.,  Perak,  Straits  Settlement: 

Auricularia  auricula- Judae,  Ganoderma  australe,  Ganoderma  testaceus, 
Hexagona  albida  (Lenzites  form),  Lentinus  blepharodes,  Lentinus  dactyli- 
ophorus,  Polyporus  auberianus,  Polyporus  cingulatus,  Trametes  cinnabarinus, 
Trametes  lutescens,  Trametes  Muelleri,  Trametes  Persoonii,  Trametes  ver- 
satilis.  (These  plants,  belonging  to  families  I  have  not  as  yet  studied,  were 
named  by  Professor  Patouillard.) 

MILLEN,  H.,  Tobago,  West  Indies: 

Lentinus  villosus,  Lenzites,  applanatus. 
NAVAS,  REV.  L.,  Spain: 

Cyathus   vernicosus,    Lycoperdon   cepaeforme,    Lycoperdon   pusillum, 
L.ycoperdon  subvelatum  (the  first  time  I  have  received  it  from  Europe). 
O'CONNOR,  CHAS.  A.  O.,  Mauritius: 

Cyathus   (close  to  intermedius  but  I  think  not  the  same),  Cyathus 
Poeppigii,  Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Scleroderma  patens  (a  new  form  of  auran- 
tium  which  opens  like  Scleroderma  Geaster). 
PAZSCHKE,  DR.  O.,  Dresden: 

The  specimens  are  from  varied  countries  as  named.  BAVARIA:  Lyco- 
perdon piriforme.  BELGIUM:  Cyathus  striatus.  BRAZIL:  Lycoperdon  veluti- 
num.  GERMANY:  Geaster  Schmidelii,  Gautiera  graveolens.  SAXONY:  Cruci- 
bulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  striatus,  Lycoperdoh  gemmatum,  Scleroderma  Cepa, 
Shpaerobolus  stellatus,  Tylostoma  mammosum.  SOUTH  AFRICA:  Calvatia  Can- 
dida (?  sans  sterile  base),  Calvatia  lilacina,  Geaster  Englerianus,  Geaster 
MacOwani  (only  known  from  South  Africa.  It  is  the  same  as  Geaster  fornica- 
tus  except  it  has  a  sulcate  mouth),  Geaster  minimus,  Geaster  saccatus  (form 
with  a  dark  mouth),  Geaster  saccatus  (typical),  Geaster  (unnamed  as  yet. 
We  have  seen  the  same  plant  at  Berlin  labeled  "Geaster  granulosum,  Fuckel," 
but  that  "species"  is  Geaster  minimus,  and  the  South  African  plant  is  much 
too  large  and  much  too  granular  to  be  included  with  minimus),  Myriostoma 
coliformis,  Scleroderma  verrucosum  (a  form  different  from  the  European 
form).  SWITZERLAND:  Geaster  fimbriatus,  Melanogaster  Broomeianus. 
TIROL:  Corticium  aurantiacum. 

PIERRHUGUES,  MONSIEUR,  France: 

Polyporus  hispidus. 
RICK,  REV.  G.,  Brazil: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Calvatia  rubro-flava  (the  only  collection  I  have  ever 
seen  except  from  the  United  States),  Cyathus  Montagnei,  Entonaema  lignes- 
cens,  Geaster  Harioti  (recently  listed  by  Rev.  Rick  as  Geaster  asper,  also 
the  plant  referred  to  as  Geaster  Lloydianus,  which  name  I  think  can  not  be 
used  as  the  plant  illustrated  under  the  name  is  not  the  plant  so  referred  in 
the  text),  Geaster  Javiacus  (=  Geaster  Lloydii,  Myc.  Notes,  p.  50),  Geaster  pec- 
tinatus  (a  small  form),  Geaster  saccatus  and  Geaster  Englerianus  and  many 
intermediate,  Hydnangium  luteo-carneum  (recently  described  by  Bresadola), 
Lycoperdon  acuminatum  (spores  slightly  rough;  they  are  smooth  in  all  I 
have  previously  seen),  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  gemmatum), 
Lycoperdon  juriensis,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  velutinum,  Simblum 
sphserocephalum,  Tylostoma  exasperatum. 


SIMMONDS.  J.  H.,  Australia: 

Cyathus  Poeppigii   (Previously  unrecorded  from  Australia,  but  that 
is  not  surprising  as  the  Australian  species  have  been  very  poorly  worked). 
TERRY,  H.  W.,  Hawaii: 

Cyathus  Earlei. 
THIBOU,  A.,  Antigua,  West  Indies: 

Cyathus  pallidus,  Cyathus  (close  to  lirabatus  but  with  narrow  spores 
6x20  mic.). 

YASUDA,  PROF.  A.,  Japan: 

Geaster  hygrometricus,  Geaster  saccatus,  Lasiosphaera  Fenzlii   (the 
first  time  ever  collected  except  in  British  India  and  Ceylon),   Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Polystictus  sanguineus. 
YOSHINAGA,  T.,  Japan: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme, 
Mitremyces  Ravenelii,  Nidula  (close  to  N.  microcarpa  and  the  first  specimea 
ot  this  genus  known  from  Japan),  Scleroderma  tenerum. 


LETTER  No.   13. 

Paris,  September,  1906. 

List  of  specimens  received  at  Paris  since  the  last  report  (June,  1906).  My 
thanks  are  extended  to  all  who  have  kindly  sent  specimens.  As  these 
plants  reach  me  from  the  most  remote  and  distant  countries,  it  is  gratifying 
to  find  that  they  are  largely  the  same  species  and  that  the  number  of 
species  is  relatively  few.  I  have  made  no  actual  count  of  the  number  of 
"puff  balls"  that  I  recognize  as  being  good  species,  but  as  a  guess  I 
should  say  that  three  or  four  hundred,  perhaps  less,  will  cover  them  all. 
Many  times  that  number  have  been  proposed,  but  I  think  many  were  based 
on  the  inexperience  of  the  authors  or  on  slight  differences  that  can  not 
be  maintained.  The  principal  question  now  is  the  geography  of  the 
subject  and  the  distribution  of  the  species.  We  are  gradually  learning 
more  in  this  regard  and  every  specimen  received  adds  to  the  knowledge. 
We  hope  those  who  receive  our  publications  will  continue  to  send  such 
specimens)  as  they  note.  No  matter  how  common  they  may  be,  they  aid 
in  the  work,  and  are  all  preserved  in  our  museum. 

ACLOQUE,  A.,   France: 
Calvatia  caelata. 

BAKER,   R.  T.,  Australia: 

Polysaccum  album.  (I  have  questioned  the  validity  of  this  "species," 
but  from  Mr.  Baker's  specimens  I  think  it  is  good  as  far  as  species  of  this 
genusl  go.  They  are  all  dubious.) 

BOTANICAL  GARDEN,  Peradeniya,  Ceylon: 

Geaster  saccatus,  Geaster  subiculosum  (which  is  only  a  large  form 
of  G.  mirabilis),  Geaster  triplex.  The  latter  is  a  form,  new  to  me,  with  a 
somewhat  scaly  exoperidium. 

BRACE,  L.  J.  K.,  Bahamas: 

Cyathus  intermedius,  Geaster  velutinus  (not  typical,  but  tending 
toward  saccatus),  Simblum  sphaerocephalum,  Thelephora  (Sp.). 

BRIQUET,  J.,  Dir.  Jardin   Bot.,  Geneva   (Ex.   Herb.  Fayod.) : 

Favolus  Europaeus,  Fomes  conchatus,  Polyporus  caesius,  Polyporus 
fulvo-hirtus,  Polyporus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  lutescens,  Polyporus  placenta, 
Poria  medulla-panis,  Trametes  abietina,  Trametes  odorata.  (Specimens  are 
listed  as  named  in  Herbarium  Fayod.) 

BROWN,   ROBERT,   New  Zealand: 

Clathrus  cibarius,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  (a  nice  lot),  Scleroderma 
verrucosum  (I  think,  though  mouldy  and  am  not  sure),  Sphaerobolus 
epigaeus  (if  it  is  different  from  Sphaerobolus  stellatus). 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

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DINTER,   DR.   KURT,  German   S.  W.  Africa: 

Broomeia  congregata,  Geaster  asper,  Geaster  fornicatus,  Geaster 
saccatus.  The  first  named  is  a  curious  genus,  known  only  from  South 
Africa.  These  are  the  first  specimens  of  it  I  have  ever  received. 

DONOR    UNKNOWN,  Congo,  Africa: 

Three  species  of  Xylaria,  unknown  to  me. 
DUPAIN,  VICTOR,   Deux   Sevres,    France: 

Queletia  mirabilis.  The  third  time  that  this  rare  plant  has  heen 
found  in  France  in  forty  years  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  185).  Monsieur  Dupain 
sends  me  specimens  in  various  stages,  showing  how  the  stem  is  developed, 
heretofore  unknown. 

ELY,  EDWARD  P.,  Minnesota: 
Catastoma  subterranea. 

FELIPPONE,   DR.   F.,  Argentina: 
Scleroderma  verrucosum. 

GAMMIE,  G.  A.,  Poona,  India: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Cyathus  stercoreus. 

GOTTINGER,  DR.,  Austria: 
Crucibulum  vulgare. 

GUILFOYLE,  W.   R.,   Australia: 

Scleroderma  Cepa(?). 
HARIOT,  P.,  Museum  Crypt.  Botany,  Paris: 

Elaphomyces     granulatus     (Creuse,     France),     Fomes     resinaceus 
(Marne,  France),  Polyporus  lucidus   (Africa). 
HARRIS,  WM.,  Jamaica: 

Lycoperdon  pseudogemmatum  (which  is  only  a  tropical  form  of 
Lycoperdon  gemmatum). 

HINSBY,   GEO.    K.,   Tasmania: 

Lycoperdon  piriforme.  A  very  common  plant  in  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  but  of  rare  occurrence  in  Australasia.  I  have  never  received 
it  from  either  Australia  or  New  Zealand.  Mr.  Hinsby  finds  it  in  great 
abundance  in  Tasmania. 

KLINCKSIECK,  PAUL,  Paris': 

Daedalea  quercina,  Fomes  ignarius,  Polyporus  lucidus.     The  follow- 
ing were  collected  in  the  mountain  regions  of  France:     Bovista  nigrescens, 
Fomes  pinicola,  Geaster  coronatus,  Lenzites  saepiaria,  Polystictus  hirsutus. 
LAING,  W.  H..  New  Zealand: 

.  Clathrus  cibarius,  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Geaster  Drummondii,  Geaster 
triplex,  Secotium  erythrocephalum  (A  nice  collection  of  this  beautiful  species, 
which  is  only  known  from  New  Zealand  and  has  never  been  collected  even 
in  Australia). 

LUDWIG,   L.,   Paris: 

Elaphomyces  Leveilleanum,  Fomes  nigrescens,  Polyporus  dryadeus 
(unknown  to  me  .from  the  United  States),  Polyporus  lucidus,  Trametes  pini. 


MASSALONGO,   DR.   C.,    Italy: 

Cyathus  Lesueuri  (rare  in  Europe),  Cyathus  striatus,  Cyathus  verhi- 
cosus,  Geaster  triplex,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Rhizopogon  rubescens, 
Tylostoma  mammosa. 

MILLE,    REV.    L.,    Ecuador: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  polymorphum, 
Lycoperdon  septimum  (type),  Lycoperdon  Wrightii  (first  time  noted  .from 
South  America),  Schizophyllum  commune. 

MILLEN,  H.,  Tobago: 

Cyathus  Berkeleyanus.     (The  only  time  I  have  ever  received  this 

species.) 

O'CONNOR,  CHAS.  A.,  Mauritius: 

Lycoperdon  endotephrum  (Much  more  characteristic  specimens  than 
the  types.  An  African  species  as  far  as  known,  and  described  in  a  few 
words  as  being  Lycoperdon  cruciatum  with  a  purple  gleba.  I  think  that 
Lycoperdon  djurensis  is  the  same,  probably  described  before  the  color 
change  had  taken  place  in  the  gleba),  Rhizopogon  (Sp.). 

PANAU,   CHAS.,  Verdun,   France: 

Daedalea  biennis.  A  beautiful  specimen,  and  I  was  particularly 
glad  to  get  it  as  it  is,  the  first  I  have  seen.  The  plant  is  usually  referred 
to  Daedalea  by  French  botanists,  following  Persoon,  though  Fries  put  it  in 
Polyporus. 

READER,   F.    M.,  Australia: 

Bovistella  scabra,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Catastoma  anomalum,  Cordyceps 
Gunnii,  "Fomes  rudis"  (not  a  good  Fomes  in  my  opinion),  Hymenogaster 
Moselei  (?),  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Rhizopogon 
(Sp.?)  Scleroderma  Cepa  (?),  Scleroderma  flavidum. 

RICK,  REV.  J.,  Brazil: 

Blumenavia  rhacodes  (and  a  fine  photograph  of  it,  which  will  be 
published  in  Mycological  Notes),  Calvatia  lilacina,  Cyathus  Montagnei, 
Cyathus  Poeppigii  (?  sterile),  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Geaster  Englerianus, 
Geaster  Hariotii,  Geaster  saccatus,  "Lanopila  guarantica"  (The  latter  I 
suspect  is  only  old'Bovista  bicolor),  Laternea  (close  to  columnatus),  Lycoper- 
don cepaeforme  (form  nigrum),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  (?),  Lycoperdon 
velutinum  (Rev.  Rick  writes  me  that  Lycoperdon  velutinum  is  not  the 
same  as  Lycoperdon  fuligineum  as  I  have  published.  I  can  find  no  difference 
in  herbarium  specimens,  excepting  color,  but  he  is  in  better  position  to 
judge  than  I.  He  also  sends  under  the  name  Lycoperdon  tropicale,  "Speg." 
what  is  surely  Lycoperdon  confluens,  and  these  two  species  are  probably 
the  same  and  for  me  the  same  as  the  previous  plant  excepting  habitat 
(on  manure.),  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  cruciatum  too  old),  Michenera  Rompelii  (A 
curious  tropical  genus,  unlike  any  of  the  temperate  world.  It  has  the 
general  appearance  of  being  a  Peziza,  but  the  spores  which  are  very 
similar  to  these  of  the  Nidulariaceae  are  not  in  asci,  neither  are  they  in 
peridioles.),  Nidularia  pisiformis,  Phallus  rugulosus  (as  labeled),  Tylostoma 
Rickii. 


STUCKERT,  THEODORE,  Argentina: 

Cyathus  stercoreus,  Geaster  mammosus,  Lenzites  striatus,  Lycoper- 
don  cruciatum,  Myriostoma  coliformis. 

THIBOU,  A.,  Antigua: 

Cyathus  stercoreus,  Lycoperdon   (sp.  not  recognized  by  me). 

TURNER,   E.  J.,  Australia: 

Geaster  saccatus,  Lycoperdon  pratense. 

VAN    BAMBEKE,   PROF.  CHARLES,   Belgium: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Bovista  plumbea,  Fomes  salicinus,  Lycoperdon 
pratense,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Trametes  Trogii.  Prof. 
Van  Bambeke  writes  me  that  according  to  his  observation  Trarnetes  Trogii 
and  Trametes  hispida  are  conditions  of  the  same  plant,  a  question  that  in 
the  past  has  been  the  subject  of  considerable  diversity  of  opinion  and  dis- 
cussion between  the  French  and  English  mycologists. 

WATTS,   W.   W.,    New   South   Wales: 

Bovistella  bovistoides,  Calvatia  Candida,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Calvatia 
olivacea  (?  young),  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme. 

WILSON,    REV.   JAMES,   Australia: 

Clathrus  cibarius  (Common  in  New  Zealand,  but  the  second  speci- 
men I  have  seen  from  Australia),  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Lycoperdon  nigrum, 
Lycoperdon  pratense,  Polysaccum  crassipes,  Scleroderma  flavidum  (Rev. 
Wilson  states  "very  common  here"  and  it  seems  to  be  the  only  cniiiiiinii 
species  of  Scleroderma  in  Australia).  Also  several  Porias,  Thelephoras, 
etc.,  families  I  have  never  studied. 

WOULFF,   E.,  Crimea,   Russia: 

Calvatia  Candida  (very  rare  in  Europe),  Calvatia  lilacina,  Daedalea 
quercina,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomes  fulvus,  Fomes  ignarius,  Lycoperdon 
atropurpureum,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Schizophyllum 
commune,  Secotium  acuminat.um,  Sistotrema  confluens,  Stereum  hirsutum, 
Trametes  gibbosa  (?  Does  not'  seem  to  be  the  same  plant  I  so  find  in 
France). 

ZIETZ,  A.,  South  Australia: 

Battarea  phalloides  (rare),  Bovistella  scabrum,  Cyathus  vernicosus, 
Geaster  minimus,  Geaster  saccatus  (with  a  dark  endoperidium),  Geaster 
Smithii  (The  third  collection  known  to  me.  -Unfortunately  in  recording  it, 
Myc.  Notes,  p.  292,  Mr.  Zietz's  name  was  spelled  Tietz.),  Lycoperdon 
cepaeforme,  Mycenastrum  Corium,  Polystictus  obtectans  (Compared  with 
the  types,  and  I  am  not  so  sure  it  is  the  same  as  Polystictus  Montagnei 
of  Europe  as  has  been  stated),  Scleroderma  flavidum  (Two  doubtful  forms). 

Specimens   can   be    sent   to   my    address    below,    and    all    will    be    ac- 
knowledged and  place^i  in  our  museum  for  the  benefit  of  future  stu-i"nt-4. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 

107  Boulevard  St.  Michel, 

Paris,  France. 


LETTER    No.    14. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  June,  1907. 

List  of  specimens  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  received  since 
the  last  report  (June,  1906).  We  list  here  only  the  specimens  that  we 
recognize.  Excepting  as  to  the  Gastromycetes  we  do  not  claim  a  critical 
knowledge  of  the  subject,  but  only  a  general  knowledge  of  the  names  cur- 
rent  in  American  literature. 

Our  thanks  are  extended  to  those  who  have  sent  specimens,  and  we 
continue  to  solicit  specimens  of  fungi  suitable  for  "museum  specimens." 
See  circular  enclosed.  C.  G.  LLOYD, 

Court  and  Plum  Streets, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
AMES,  FRANK  H.,  New  York: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  quercina,  Dae- 
dalea  unicolor  Favolus  europaeus,  Fomes  conchatus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Pe- 
ziza  floccosa,  Polyporus  betulinus,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Poly- 
porus  (close  to  gilvus)  and  three  species  unknown  to  me,  Polystictus  cinna- 
barinus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Polystictus  versi- 
color,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Stereum  (two  species),  Xylaria  polymor- 
phum. 

BEARDSLEE,  H.  C.,  Illinois: 

Trametes  obtusus. 
BESSEY,  CHARLES  E.,  Nebraska: 

Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum. 
BITLER,  JOHN,  Kentucky: 

Cordyceps  militaris. 
BLODGETT,  F.  H.,  Maryland: 

Scleroderma  Geaster. 
BRAENDLE,  FRED.  J.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Scleroderma     (form),    Lenzites    saepiaria,    Geaster    hygrometricus, 

Mycenastrum  Corium.      (The  latter  is  a  very  infrequent  plant  east  of  the 

Mississippi,  though  common  west.    This  is  about  the  fourth  or  fifth  station 

known  east  of  the  Mississippi.)  , 

BRENCKLE,  DR.  J.  F.,  North  Dakota: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia    caelata,  Catastoma  circumscissum  Cya. 
thus   stercoreus,    Geaster   floriformis,    Lycoperdon    cepaeforme,    Lycoperdon 
Wrightii,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Tylostoma  mammosum. 
BREWER,  C.  R.,  Ohio: 

Bovista  pila,  Calvatia  craniiformis,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Cordyceps 
ophioglossoides,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Favolous europaeus,  Fomes  leucophaeus, 
Geaster  Archeri,  Geaster  rufescens,  Geaster  saccatus,  Geaster  triplex,  Hel- 
vella  (two  species),  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoper- 
don piriforme,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum  (?),  Peziza  (two  species),  Polyporus 

1 

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BREWER,  C.  R.— Continued.    • 

arcularius,  Polyporus  (sp.),  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polystictus  hirsutus, 
Scleroderma  aurantium  Schizophyllum  commune,  Secotium  acuminatum, 
Thelephora  (three  species),  Urnula  Craterium. 

BREWER,  W.  A.,  California: 
Calvatia  occidentals. 

BROWN,  CHARLES  E.,  Wisconsin: 

Peziza  (Sarcoscypha)  floccosa,  Peziza  (unknown  to  me),  Polyporus 
(abortive),  Polyporus  rufescens,  Pers.,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polystictus  peren- 
nis,  Lentinus  vulpinus,  Forties  fomentarius,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Lycoperdon 
atropurpureum,  Stereum  spadiceum,  Geaster  triplex,  Polyporus  (on  birch). 

BUBNA,  M.,  Ohio: 

Bovista  pila,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  confragosa  (lenzitoid 
form),  Forties  applanatus  (young),  Forties  leucophaeus,  Lenzites  betulina, 
Lenzites  betulina  (form  with  yellow  zones),  Merulius  incarnatus,  Morchella 
conica,  Polyporus  (cfr.  adustus),  Polyporus  Berkeley!,  Polyporus  (cfr.  cuti- 
cularis),  Polyporus  delectans,  Polyporus  flavo-virens  (young),  Polyporus 
gilvus,  Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  radicatus,  Polyporus  resinosus,  Polypo- 
rus resinosus  form  Benzoinus,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Polyporus  (unknown 
to  me),  Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  pergame- 
nus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Stereum  purpuveum, 
Stereum  spadiceum,  Stereum  versicolor. 

BURGIN,  MISS  CAROLINE  A.,  Pennsylvania: 

Daedalea  confragosa,  Hydnum  ochraceum  (?),  Hydnum  spongiosipes, 
Irpex  pachydon  (?),  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Mitremyces  cinnabarinus,  Polyporus 
adustus,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polystictus  hirsutus, 
Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poria  (young),  Stereum  rubi- 
ginosa,  Thelephora  intybacea,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Trametes  funalis 
(surely  exotic). 

BURNHAM,  STEWART  H.,  New  York: 

Calvatia  gigantea,  Hydnum  caput-ursi,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Ly 
coperdon  gemmatum  (large  woods  form),  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon 
umbrinum. 

BURRILL,  T.  J.,  Illinois: 
Calvatia  rubro-flava. 
DAVIS,  SIMON,  Massachusetts: 

Bovista  pila,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  confragosa  (lenzitoic 
form),  Lycogala  epidendrum,  Merulius  tremellosus,  Panus  rudis,  Polyporus 
elegans,  Polyporus  lucidus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polystictus  (cfr.  cin 
namomeus),  Polystictus  perennis  (bleached),  Polystictus  versicolor,  Xylaria 
polymorphum. 

DEARNESS,  JOHN,  Canada: 

Boletinus  palustre,  Boletus  Clintonianus. 
DEMETRIO,  C.  H.,  Missouri: 

Daedalea  confragosa,  Polyporus  (cfr.  delectans),  Polyporus  dis 
tortus,  Trametes  obtusus. 


DOBBIN,  FRA-NK  R.,  New  York: 

Fomes  carneus,  Polyporus  betulinus. 
DUBOIS,  P.  A.,  California: 

Bovista  plumbea.     (This  can  be  said  to  be  a  relic  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco earthquake.    It  was  collected  in  one  of  the  refugee  camps  shortly 
after  the  earthquake,  where  there  were  fully  fifty  or  sixty  people — whites, 
negroes,  Chinese  and  other  races — crowded  in  the  neighborhood). 
EDWARDS,  STAFFORD  C.,  New  York: 

Bovista  pila,  Daedalea  confragosa  (lenzitoid  and  polyporoid),  Fomes 
connatus,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Fomes  ignarius,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Hymeno- 
chaete  Curtisii,  Hymenochaete  rubiginosa,  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Irpex  cin- 
namomeus  (abnormal),  Lenzites  betulina,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lenzites 
sepiaria  (polyporoid  form), Lenzites  sepiaria,  Lycoperdon  (sp.  ?),  Lycoper- 
don gemmatum,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Polyporus  Curtisii, 
Polyporus  gilvus,  Polyporus  lucidus,  Polyporus  (two  species  unknown  to 
me),  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Polystictus  con- 
chifer,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poria  (on  maple),  Ster- 
eum  acerinum,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Scleroderma  cepa,  Scleroderma 
flavidum,  Stereum  complicatum,  Stereum  versicolor,  Thelephora  (sp.). 
BHRHORN,  EDWARD,  California: 

Lycoperdon  pratense. 
ELL,  HERBERT,  Ohio: 
Cyathus  stercoreus. 
ELY,  EDWARD  P.,  Minnesota: 

Daedalea   unieolor,    Lycoperdon   gemmatum,    Polystictus   versicolor, 
Polystictus    pergamenus,    Cyathus   vernicosus,    Scleroderma    cepa   Secotium 
acuminatum,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Tremella   (unknown  to  me). 
FISHER,  G.  C.,  Ohio: 

Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Polyporus  fumosus, 
Lenzites  betulina,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Secotium  acuminatum,  Fomes 
conchatus,  Irpex  tulipifera,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Marasmius  siccus,  Ste- 
reum versicolor. 

FITZGERALD,  MISS  MARY,  North  Carolina: 

Hypomyces  lactifluorum,  Panus  stipticus,  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Len- 
zites sepiaria,  Fomes  annosus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Daedalea  confragosa, 
Trametes  sepiaria,  Favolus  europaeus,  Thelephora  pteruloides,  Daldinea  con- 
centrica,  Xylaria  (sp.),  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Peziza  aeruginosa,  Thele- 
phora pedicellata,  Hydnum  ochraceum,  Polyporus  resinosus,  Panus  rudis, 
Hydnum  imbricatum,  Stereum  complicatum,  Lenzites  betulina,  Polystictus 
pergamenus,  Corticium  salicinum,  Polyporus  flavo-virens,  Corticium  (sp. 
unknown  to  me),  Polystictus  (close  to  hirsutus),  Fomes  (young,  probably 
leucophaeus),  Clitopilus  abortivus,  Lentinus  ursinus  (or  vulpinus,  I  do  not 
know  the  difference),  Thelephora,  Spumaria  alba,  Geoglossum  (sp.), 
Schizophyllum  commune,  Thelephora  (a  most  peculiar  species  that  I  never 
saw  before),  Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Stereum  spadiceum,  Polystictus 
abietinus,  Poria  spissa,  Schw.  (?),  Daedalea  unieolor  (typical),  Daedalea 
unieolor  (sterile),  Thelephora  vialis,  Cordyceps  militaris. 


GREATA,  L.  A.,  California: 

Phallus  imperialis,  Gyrophragmium  Texense,  Lycoperdon  (cfr. 
cruciatum). 

GRIFFITH,  D.,  Arizona: 

Helvella  infula  (?),  Clavaria. 
HAMNER,  C.  C.,  Connecticut: 

Polyporus  flabelliforinis,  Polyporus  rutilans,  Fomes  Everhartii,  Poly- 
porus    Spraguei,    Polyporus    sessile,    Polyporus    galactinus,    Polyporus    per- 
plexus,   Lycoperdon   Turner!,  Tylostoma   campestre    (an   extremely   eastern 
station  for  this  species),  Lycoperdon  muscorum,  Stereum  fasciatum. 
HAPEMAN,  H.,  Montana: 

Calvatia  occidentalis,  Geaster  asper,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii. 
HARD,  M.  E.,  Ohio: 

Polyporus  volvatus. 
HENDERSON,  W.  H.,  California: 

Bovista  plumbea  (a  robust,  western  form),  Bovista  pila  (rare  in 
California),  Phallus  imperialis. 

HIGHAM,  MISS  ADDIE,  Michigan: 

Polyporus  picipes,  Hypomyces  Lactifluorum,  Morchella  conica,  Hyd- 
num  adustum,  Clitocybe  illudens,  Collybia  radicata,  Geaster  minimus,  Hyd- 
num  coralloides,  Mycena  Leaiana,  Pluteus  cervinus. 
HILL,  A.  J.,  Canada: 

Polyporus  volvatus. 
HOLDEN,  CAPTAIN  WM.,  Ohio: 

Polyporus  (on  pine),  Polyporus  sessile  (a  wintered  specimen),  Poly- 
stictus  cinnabarinus,  Polystictus  hirsutus  (wintered  specimens),  Polyporus 
arcularius. 

HOWELL,  GEO.  T.,  Indiana: 

Polyporus  Berkeley!  (thin  form). 
HRDLICHA,  A.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Favolus  europaeus  (old,  bleached  specimens),  Geaster  rufescens. 
HUNTINGTON,  J.  W.,  Massachusetts: 

Polyporus  frondosus,  Polyporus  betulinus  (stalked),  Trametes  suave- 
olens,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Fomes  con- 
chatus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Polystictus  (unknown  to  me),  Polyporus 
bnimalis,  Polyporus  (cfr.  rufescens),  Daedalea  confragosa,  Trogfa  crispa, 
Geaster  coronatus. 

JOHNSTON,  EARL  L.,  Colorado: 

Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Bovista  plumbea,  Lycogala  epidendrum, 
Mycenastrum  Corium,  Calvatia  caelata,  Catastoma  subterraneum,  Secotium 
acuminatum,  Cyathus  stercoreus. 

JONES,  MISS  KATE  A.,  New  Hampshire: 

Polystictus  versicolor,  Panus  stipticus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Polystic- 
tus hirsutus,  Fomes  carneus,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  unicolor, 
Schizophyllum  commune,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Polystictus  pergamenus, 
Polyporus  perennis,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Bovista  pila. 

4 


KAUFFMAN,  C.  M.,  Michigan: 

Polyporus  fraxineus.  (A  very  rare  plant  in  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Kauffman's  specimen  accords  exactly  with  the  European  specimens). 
Fomes  carneus,  Femes  pinicola,  Fomes  conchatus,  Polystictus  abietinus, 
Femes  connatus,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomes  ignarius  (resupinate  and  sub- 
resupinate),  Polyporus  amorphus,  Polyporus  griseus?,  Fomes  (cfr.  ignarius), 
Polyporus  gilvus,  Polyporus  (white  Apus),  Polystictus  biformis  (irpex  form), 
Fomes  ignarius  (very?),  Polystictus  (close  to  velutinus),  Polyporus  (cfr. 
cuticularis),  Polyporus  (cfr.  stipticus),  Polyporus  (cfr.  pubescens),  Poria  (3 
species),  Hymenochaete  tabacina. 

KENNEDY,  P.  B.,  Nevada: 

Tylostoma  rufum,  Podaxon  Farlowi,  Catastoma   (undescribed). 

KNAEBEL,  ERNEST,  Colorado: 

Catastoma  nigrescens  (not  described),  Mycenastrum  Corium 
(growing  with  Catastoma  nigrescens),  Tylostoma  Americanum,  Tylostoma 
campestre. 

LAKE,  E.  R.,  Oregon: 

Lycoperdon  pratense,  Poria  obliquus  (?). 

LANE,  MISS  ROSE  H.,  California: 

Fuligo  septica,  Lycoperdon  pratense.  (I.  am  convinced  now  that 
we  can  not  keep  our  American  plant  distinct  from  the  European,  and  it  is 
curious  that  it  occurs  with  us  only  on  our  extreme  western  and  eastern 
coasts).  Bovista  plumbea  (?,  unusually  large),  Catastoma  (unnamed), 
Geaster  giganteum,  Polyporus  grammocephalus  (as  named  for  me  from 
Samoa), Poria,  Polystictus  xanthopus,  Polystictus.  (Miss  Lane's  polyporoids 
are  of  a  tropical  type,  some  unrecorded  from  the  United  States). 

LANGTON,  THOMAS,  Canada: 

Lycogala  epidendrum,  Myxomycetes  (three  species),  Tremelloid, 
Peziza,  Tremellodendron  gelatinosum,  Gyrocephalus  rufus,  Polyporus  (two 
species),  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Lycoperdon  piri- 
forme,  Xylaria,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Lycogala  epidendrum,  Hydnum, 
Spathularia  flavida. 

LEHMAN,  E.  A.,  North  Carolina: 

Morchella,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Trametes  trabea,  Mitremycea 
cinnabarinus,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus  Curtisii. 

LLOYD,  JOHN  URI,  Ohio: 
Geaster  Archeri. 

MORRIS,  GEO.  E.,  Massachusetts: 

Geoglossum,  Geoglossum  flavum,  Peziza  (3  species),  Helvella  ma- 
cropus,  Helvella,  Leotia,  Geoglossum  hirsutum,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Dae. 
dalea  confragosa  (marked  form),  Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Thelephora 
diaphanum,  Polystictus  tomentosa  (?),  Polystictus  obesus  (?),  Polyporus, 
Tylostoma  campestre  (slender  form),  Polyporus  volvatus. 


NOBLE,  MRS.  M.  A.,  Florida: 

Catastoma     pedicellatum,     Boletus,     Scleroderma     cepa,     Trametea 
liydnoides,    Hypomyces   Lactifluorum,    Polystictus  versicolor,    Lenzites   betu- 
lina,      Lycoperdon     gemmatum,      Polystictus     versicolor,     Polyporus     foetu- 
lina,  Catastoma  circumscissum,  Myriostoma  coliforme. 
NELSON,  N.  L.  T.,  Missouri: 

Polystictus     versicolor,     Peziza     scutellata,     Stereum     frustulosum, 
Myxomycetes,  Lycogala  epidendrum,   Lycoperdon   piriforme. 
PARISH,  S.  B.,  California: 

Calvatia  pachyderma,   Mycenastrum  Corium. 
PECK,  PROFESSOR  CHAS.  H.,  New  York: 

Scleroderma  tenerum. 
PLITT,  CHARLES  C.,  Maryland: 

Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Polyporus  dichrous,  Daedalea  confragosa, 
Fomes  leucophaeus,  Trametes  suaveolens,  Daedalea  quercina,  Polyporus 
sulphureus  (old),  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Sclero- 
derma (immature),  Polyporus  brumalis,  Mitremyces  cinnabarinus,  Sclero- 
derma aurantium,  Urnula  Craterium,  Stereum  frustulosum,  Trametes  cinna- 
barinum,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Hypoxylon,  Scleroderma  (young),  Clavaria 
pistillaris,  Daldinea  concentrica. 

RATHBUN,  FRANK  R.,  New  York: 

Xylaria  polymorphum. 
REDD1CK,  DONALD,  New  York: 

Corticium  salicinum,  Peniophora  allecheri,  Fomes  (on  elm),  Meru- 
lius  tremellosus,  Polyporus  dichrous,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Phlebia  merismoides, 
Hypomyces  lactifluorum,  Stereum  radiatum.  (All  as  named  by  Mr.  Red- 
dick).  ...  ( 

RIDDLE,  LINCOLN  W.,  Massachusetts: 

Polyporus  (cfr.  picipes),  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Daedalea  confragosa, 
Fomes  fomentarius,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomes  carneus,  Lenzites  sepiaria, 
Polystictus  perennis,  Corticium  (two  species),  Stereum  purpureum,  Hymeno- 
chaete,  Solenia,  Stereum. 

RUGG,  ELLEN  M.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 
Polyporus  betulinus. 

SANFORD,  J.  A.,  California: 
Nectria  cinnabarinus. 

SCHUMO,  S.  L.,  Pennsylvania.     (Specimens  from  Newfoundland): 

Bovista  pila,  Hirneola  auricula-Judae,  Panus,  Polyporus,  Polystictus 
aurantius  (very  rare),  Lenzites  sepiaria. 

.      SEWALL,  MISS  M.  L.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Polystictus  versicolor,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  gilvus  (with 
orange  mycelium  strands),  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poria  (cfr.  vaporinus), 
Stereum  sericeum,  Trametes  abietis,  (Polyporus  piceinus,  Pk.),  Hymeno- 
chaete  rubiginosa,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Hymenocha- 
ete  Curtisii,  Irpex  (not  sure). 


SHEPHERD,  DR.  I.  M.,  New  Jersey: 

Polyporus  Berkeley!,  Polyporus  Curtisii,  Polyporus  (cfr.  distortus), 
Polyporus  distortus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poly- 
stictus  brumale,  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Polyporus,  Peziza  vesiculosa. 

SMITH,  G.  D.,  Ohio: 

Fomes  pinicola  (on  birch),  Fomes  ignarius,  Lentinus  lepideus,  Dae- 
dalea  confragosa,  Stereum  versicolor  (?),  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Poly- 
porus brumalis,  Sclerotinia  tuberosa,  Discina  venosa  (Det.  Durand),  Gyro- 
mitra  brunnea. 

SMITH,  THEODATE  L.,  Massachusetts: 

Stereum  rubiginosum,  Poria,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Stereum  hirsutum, 
PolyporJB,  Poria  tulipifera,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Lenzites  sepiaria  (polypo- 
roid  form),  Polystictus  (sp.),  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  adustus,  Poly- 
stictus cinnabarinus,  Polyporus  tsugae,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Stereum, 
Hydnum  vellereum  (very  fragrant  when  received),  Polystictus  obesus,  E. 
&  E.  (?),  Fomes  conchatus,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Daedalea  unicolor, 
Polyporus  elegans,  Daedalea  confragosa. 

SPAULDING,  PERLEY,  Missouri: 

Favolus  europaeus,  Polyporus  arcularius. 

STERLING,  E.  B.,  New  Jersey: 

Thelephora,  Daedalea  ambigua  (young),  Polyporus  (with  parasitic 
species),  Lenzites  betulina,  Daedalea  quercina,  Stereum  versicolor,  Poly- 
porus gilvus,  Polyporus  (four  species),  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Corticium, 
Daedelea  quercina,  Poria,  Panus  stipticus  (old?),  Polyporus  brumalis,  Irpex 
lactea,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Polyporus  gilvus-,  Phallus  Ravenelii  (mycelium 
bearing  liundrcds  of  young  eggs),  Irpex  tulipifera,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Dae- 
dalea confagosa,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Stereum  complicatum,  Leizites  corru- 
gata  (very  peculiar  form),  Panus  stipticus,  Polystictus  (cfr.  versicolor), 
Hydnum,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Lenzites  corrugata,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Poly- 
porus rufescens,  Peziza  vesiculosa,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Schizophyllum 
commune,  Irpex  cinnamomeus. 

STEVENS,  F.  L.,  North  Carolina: 

Cyathus  Lesueurii,  Mitremyces  Ravenelii,  Calvatia  craniiformis, 
Mitremyces  lilacina,  Scleroderma  flavida,  Irpex  cinnamomeus. 

STEVENSON,  WM.  C.,  Pennsylvania: 

Geoglossum   (capitate,  close  to  hirsutum). 

STOCKBERGER,  W.  W.,  Canada: 
Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 

SUTLIFF,  MISS  MARY  L.,  California: 

Polyporus  volvatus,  Tremella  mesenterica,  Tremella  lutescens. 

THOMPSON,  G.  F.,  Ohio: 

Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Thelephora  multipartita  (rare),  Mycena 
Leaiana,  Xylaria  polymorphum,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Polystictus  conchifer, 
Polyporus  picipes  (?),  Polyporus  dichrous,  Stereum  versicolor,  Daedalea 
unicolor,  Panus  stipticus. 

7 


TRUE,  DR.  H.  L.,  Ohio: 
Xylaria  polymorphum. 

WALDRON,  L.  R.,  North  Dakota: 
Fomes  fraxinophilus,  Poria. 

WALKER,  MISS  I.  M.,  Canada: 

Bulgaria  rufa,  Pyrenomycetes  (?,  genus  unknown  to  me;  black 
spores  imbedded  in  the  tissue). 

WHETSTONE,  DR.  MARY  S.,  Minnesota: 

Leotia,  Polystictus  (pores  very  minute),  Helvella,  Polystictua 
pergamenus,  Favolus  europaeus,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Peziza,  Craterellus 
cornucopoides,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Cantharellus  cinereus,  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Stereum,  Polyporus  arcularius,  Polystictus  perennis,  Lenzites 
betulina,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Thelephora,  Polyporus  brumale,  Lentinus 
cochleatus,  Geoglossum,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Panus  rudis,  Polystictus 
obesus  (?),  Reticularia  Lycoperdon,  Polystictus  versicolor  (?),  Geoglossum, 
Geaster  triplex,  Panus  stipticus,  Scleroderma,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Hydnum 
adustum,  Schw.,  Pterula  multifida,  Fr.,  (Thelephora  filamentosa,  B.  &  C.), 
Polyporus  dichrous,  Lycoperdon  polytrichum,  Polystictus  cinnamomeus. 

WILDER,  MRS.  CHARLOTTE  M.,  California: 

Geaster  fornicatus  (this  is  the  third  time  the  plant  has  ever  been 
found  in  the  United  States),  Bovistella  dealbata  (the  spores  distinctly 
rough),  Scleroderma  cepa. 

REMARKS. 

The  copy  for  this  letter  w&s  put  in  the  printer's  hands  in  June,  but  it 
was  slow  in  getting  through,  and  it  was  not  issued  until  August.  In  the 
meantime  a  large  number  of  additional  specimens  have  been  received,  which 
will  be  acknowledged  in  the  next  letter. 

I  often  get  letters  from  correspondents  who  state  they  do  not  know 
the  species,  and  do  not  send  specimen  because  they  fear  they  may  send  only 
common  species.  I  trust  no  one  will  hesitate  on  this  account.  While  the 
greater  part  of  the  specimens  I  receive  are  common  plants,  any  one  who 
picks  up  the  fungi  he  finds  is  likely  to  gather  something  rare.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  I  seldom  get  a  package  of  specimens  that  I  do  not  find  in  it  something 
that  I  am  glad  to  get. 

We  have  an  abundance  of  room  to  preserve  all  the  specimens  that  may 
be  sent,  both  common  and  rare.  A  new  building  is  under  construction  that 
will  be  devoted  entirely  to  books,  and  three  floors  of  the  old  building,  each 
twenty  by  eighty  feet,  will  be  used  solely  as  a  museum  of  fungi.  There  is 
ample  room  in  this  building  to  preserve  a  half-million  specimens,  so  I  hope 
no  one  will  be  backward  about  sending  specimens  for  fear  they  wilf  not 
be  acceptable.  Every  specimen  will  .be  preserved,  whether  it  be  common 
or  rare,  and  will  be  labeled  with  the  collector's  name  and  locality. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
Court  and  Plum  Streets, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

8 


LETTER    No.    15. 

Cincinnati,    Ohio,    May,    19C7. 

List  of  specimens  received  from  Europe  and  foreign  countries  since  the 
last  report  (September,  1906).  My  thanks  are  extended  to  all  who  have 
kindly  sent  specimens.  It  will  be  r.oted  that  many  of  the  plants  acknowl- 
edged in  this  letter  belong  to  the  Polyporaceae.  I  am  just  beginning  a 
study  of  these  plants,  and  at  present  do  not  claim  any  critical  knowledge 
of  the  subject.  Many  of  the  specimens  I  have  received  named,  and  in  such 
cases  they  are  listed  here  under  the  names  as  received.  I  am  now  soliciting 
specimens  only  of  the  Polyporaceae  (viz:  Polyporus,  Fomes,  Trametes, 
Daedalea,  etc.)  from  my  European  correspondents.  So  many  specimens  of 
Gastromycetes  have  been  received  that  I  do  not  ask  others  excepting  from 
those  who  reside  in  extreme  southern  Europe.  However,  I  will  very  gladly 
name  specimens  of  the  Gastromycetes  for  those  who  so  desire. 

Se  voi  avete  residenza  in  Italia,  nel  Sud  della  Francia,  in  Spagna  o 
Portogallo,  voi  non  potreste  farmi  favore  piu  grande,  che  di  mandar  mi  i 
vostri  Gastromiceti.  De  tutte  le  sezioni  d'E"uropa  di  cui  io  non  ho  cono- 
scenza  dei  Gastromiceti  e  1'estrema  porzione  meridonale.  Vi  sono.  species 
di  questi  funghi  nelle  parti  del  Sud  che  sono  assai  poco  conoscinte. 

My  publications  are  sent  to  those  who  favor  me  with  specimens,  and 
I  hope  they  are  a  partial  return  for  the  trouble. 
Yours  very  truly, 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
(Klincksieck)  No.  3  rue  Corneille  (Odeon), 

Paris  VI,  France. 

ARNOULD,  LEON,  France: 

Daedalea  quercina,  Favolus  europaeus,  Fomes  applanatus,  Fomes 
fraxineus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Polyporus  frondosus,  Poly- 
porus numularius,  Polyporus  squamosus,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Polyporus 
varius,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Trametes  gibbosa,  Trametes  suaveolens. 

BADET,  REV.  L.,  Italy: 

Calvatia  saccata,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Poly- 
porus adustus,  Polyporus  biennis,  Polyporus  versicolor,  Polystictus  (sp.), 
Schizophyllum  commune. 

BARBIER,  M.,  France: 

Fomes  fulvus,  Lenzites  flaccida,  Lenzites  sepiaria  (or  Trametes 
abietina),  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  dryadeus,  Polyporus  fumosus,  Poly- 
porus fumosus  (?),  Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  rutilans,  Polystictus  hirsu- 
tus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poria  obduceus  (?),  Trametes  (sp.),  Trametes 
hispida  (form  flavida),  Trametes  hispida,  Trametes  gibbosa. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  AlfCELES 


BATEMAN,  T.  H.,  England: 

Specimen  determined  as  "Femes  vaporarius,  Fr."  No  such  species. 
It  is  an  anomaly  of  some  kind. 

BERNIN,  A.,  Monaco: 

Clathrus  cancellatus   (eggs),  Polystictus  hirsutus. 

BEZZI,  M.,  Italy: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Scleroderma  verru> 
cosum. 

BIERS,  MONSIEUR,  France: 
Polystictus  versicolor  (?). 

BIGEARD,  RENE,  France: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Calvatia  caelata  (smooth  form),  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  spadiceum, 
Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum  (?). 

BOGARD,  CAPITAINE,  France: 

Fomes  applanatus,  Fomes  fraxineus,  Fomes  rubriporus  (vide 
Boud.),  Stereum  hirsutum. 

BOTANICAL  GARDEN,  India: 

Daedalea  elegans,  Lenzites  (cfr.  betulinaj,  Polyporus  (two  species), 
Polystictus  sanguineus. 

BOTANICAL  GARDEN,  Zurich,  Switzerland: 
Bovista  nigrescens. 

BOUDIER,  E.,  France: 

Trametes  confragosa  (?). 

BRACE,  L.  J.  K.,  Bahamas: 

Auricula  auricula-Judae,  Cantharellus "  (sp.),  Hydnum  (sp.),  Hy- 
menogaster  (?),  Panus  Wrightii. 

BRANDIS,  PROFESSOR  ERIC,  Bosnia: 

Lycoperdon  piriforme.  (A  very  peculiar  form  close  to  tessellatum. 
In  its  general  effect  it  resembles  a  Scleroderma  for  which  I  at  first  took  it. 
It  is  surely  entitled  to  a  varietal  name,  and  I  shall  call  it  sclerodermoides.), 
Scleroderma  verrucosum  (?). 

BREITUNG,  REV.  A.,  Denmark: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Geaster  triplex,  Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Poly- 
porus caesius,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Polyporus  "radioperda, 
Hart"  (for  me  a  form  of  annosus),  Polyporus  roburneus! !  (compared  with  the 
type  at  Kew),  Polyporus  varius  (?)  old,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus 
versicolor,  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Trametes  gibbosa. 

BROWN,  JAMES  G.,  Philippines: 

Calvatia  occidentalis,  Calvatia  occidentalis  (sterile  base),  Catas- 
toma  annomalum  (spores  one  to  two  mic.  smaller  than  the  Australian  form), 
Discomycetes  (?),  Lycoperdon  (probably  new),  Lycoperdon  (close  to  pre 
ceding),  Stereum  (sp). 


BUTLER,  E.  J.,  India: 

Bovista  (cfr.  bicolor),  Calvatia  Gardneri  (?),  Cyathus  limbatus, 
Cyathus  microsporus,  Lycoperdon  (?  young),  Lycoperdon,  Bovistella  (section 
Bovista),  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  microsporum),  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  pratense),  Lyco. 
perdon  (cfr.  Wrightii),  Podaxon  pistillaris,  Scleroderma  caespitosum  (new 
form  of  verrucosum),  Sclerodema  dictyosporum. 
COBB,  N.  A.,  Hawaii: 

Phallus  aurantiacus. 
COTTON,  A.  L.,  England: 

Lycoperdon   gemmatum    (form),    Lycoperdon   spadiceum. 
CROSSLAND,  CHARLES,  England: 

Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  saccata,  Lycoperdon  excipuliforme  (?), 
Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  nigrescens,  Lycoperdon  piriforme, 
Lycoperdon  pratense  (?,  same  externally,  but  smooth  and  of  a  different 
shape),  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  spadiceum,  Scleroderma  auran- 
tiacum,  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Sphaerobolus  stellatus. 
CRUCHET,  DENIS,  Switzerland: 

Bovista  nigrescens. 
DONOR,  UNKNOWN,  France: 

Polyporus  hispidus. 
DONOR  UNKNOWN,  New  Zealand: 

Bovista  brunnea,  Calvatia  caelata,  ripe,  Calvatia  caelata   (typically 
the  areolate  form  with  the  largest  areoles  I  ever  saw),  Scleroderma   (sp). 
ENGELKE,  C.,  Germany: 

Forties  ribis,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Polyporus  adustus,  Daedalea 
quercina,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Polyporus  adustus, 
Polyporus  annosus,  Polyporus  varius,  Polystictus  abietinus,  Fomes 
fulvus,  Fomes  applanatus,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Fomes  Euonymi,  Tra- 
mates  gibbosa,  Fomes  nigrescens,  Polyporus  betulinus,  Poria  radula,  Daed- 
alea Poetschii,  Poria  obliquus,  Poria  medulla-panis,  Poria  ferruginosus, 
Poria  nitidus,  Polyporus  albidus. 

FROGGATT,  WALTER  W.,  Australia: 

Bovista  brunnea  (cortex  close  to  cepaeforme),  Catastoma  annoma- 
lum  (?),  Geaster  floriformis. 
GAMMIE,  G.  A.,  India: 

Polyporus  lucidus,   Stereum    (cfr.  obliquus). 
GARDNER,  FRED,  England: 

Calvatia  caelata,  Lycoperdon  pratense. 
GIBBS,  THOMAS,  England: 

Bovista     nigrescens,    "Lycoperdon  excipuliforme"    (as     known     in 
England,  I  think),  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  velatum. 
GILL,  WALTER,  Australia: 

Battarrea  phalloidea,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme, 
Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Scleroderma  flavidum,  Bovista  brunnea,  Thele- 
phora  (sp). 


GONO,  M.,  Japan: 

Lycoperdon  (cfr,  umbrinum),  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Polysaccum 
piscocarpium  (globose  form-tuberosuni),  Geaster  (cfr.  saccatus),  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Cyathus  stercoreus. 

GUILFOYLE,  W.  R.5  Australia: 

Hymenogaster  (n.  s.),  Melanogaster  variegatus  (?)  Scleroderma 
(n.  s.  ?),  (cfr.  cepa). 

HARIOT,  P.,  Africa: 

Polyporus  xanthopus. 

HARIOT,  P.,  China: 

Mitremyces  oriruber. 

HARIOT,  P.,  France: 

Fomes  fraxineus,  teste  Bres.,  Lenzites  flaccida,  Polyporus  numula- 
rius,  Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  tephroleucus  (Det.  Patouillard). 

HARIOT  P.,  Madagascar: 
Cyathus  limbatus. 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM,  Jamaica: 
Bovista  bicolor. 

HOLMES,  E.  M.,  England: 
Daedalea  confragosa. 

HY,  PROFESSOR  F.,  France: 
Tylostoma  mammosus. 

JAAP,  OTTO,  Germany: 

Polyporus  fumosus,  Polyporus  caesius  (Populus  tremula),  Polystic- 
tus  abietinus  (Pinus  sylvestris),Trametes  gibbosa  (Fagus),  Polyporus  amor- 
phus-  (Pinus  sylvestrls),  Polyporus  rufescens  (Salix),  Polyporus  tephroleu- 
cus (on  Picea  excelsa),  Polyporus  lacteus  (Populis),  Polyporus  albidus  (on 
Picea  excelsa),  Lycoperdon  Desmazieres.' 

JAMES,  H.  S.,  Australia: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Geaster  floriformis  (?,  unopened),  Geaster  mini- 
mus, Geaster  saccatus  (tending  towards  triplex),  Mylitta  australia,  Sclero- 
derma flavidum. 

KARASEK,  A.,  Deutsch  Ost.  Africa. 

Lenzites  repanda,   Daldinea  concentrica?,  Corticium,  Xylaria. 

KRUGER,  P"ROFESSOR  WM.,  Germany: 

Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  vernalis  (?)  (old),  Polystictus  peren- 
nis,  Rhizopogon  rufescens  (?),  Scleroderma  cepa  (?),  Bovista  nigrescens, 
Fomes  ignarius,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Polyporus  (sp.),  Polyporus  adustus, 
Polyporus  obduceus,  Trametes  suaveolens,  Calvatia  caelata,  Calvatia  sac- 
cata,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  (?). 

LABESSE,   DOCTEUR,   France: 

Lycoperdon  (cfr.  Wrightii),  collected  in  Congo  Beige,  Africa. 
4 


LAGARDE,  PROFESSOR  J.,  France: 

Polyporus  (sp.),  Polyporus  elegans,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus 
perennis. 

LIND,  JENS,  Denmark: 

Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Fomes  pinicola,  Fomes  sali- 
cinus,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Polyporus  varius,  Polyporus  vulpinus,  Trametes 
Bulliardi. 

LUDWIG,  MONSIEUR  L.,  France: 

Polyporus  varius,   Polystictus  versicolor,  Polystictus  zonatus    (teste 
Bres.),    Mycenastrum   Cerium,   Fomes  connatus,    Polyporus  aclustus,    Polypo- 
rus adustus    (different  from  what  I  know),    Polystictus   Montagnei,    Fomes 
conchatus,  Polyporus  spumeus  (teste  Patouillard). 
MASSALONGO,  PROFESSOR  C.,  Italy: 

Fomes  Ingazae,'  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Polyporus  lucidus,   Polyporus 
varius,  Polystictus  versicolor. 
MERINO,  F.,  Spain: 

Bovista  plumbea,  Lycoperdon  pusillum. 
MILLE,  REV.  L.,  Ecuador: 

Bovista  nigrescens,  Catastoma  subterraneum,   Lycoperdon  Wrightii. 
MILLEN,  H.,  Tobago: 

Hirneola  auricula-Judae. 
MIYABE,  K.,  Japan: 

Nidula  microcarpa.     (Probably  the  plant  that  has  beeen  taken  in 
Japan  as  Crucibulan  vulgare). 
MOISSET,  LEON,  France: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  umbri- 
num. 

MOREAU,  DR.,  France: 

Ganoderma  applanatus,  Ganoderma  resinaceum,   Polyporus  adustus, 
Polystictus  versicolor,  Queletia  mirabilis. 
MUNDT,  DR.  C.,  Denmark: 
Polyporus   Schweinitzii. 
•NAVAS,  REV.  L.,  Spain: 

Polyporus  nidulans,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Scleroderma  cepa,  Tra- 
metes hispida. 

NISHIDA,  TOJI,  Japan: 

Cyathus  stercoreus,'  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  Tur. 
neri),  Mitremyces  Ravenelii,  Scleroderma  (sp.),  Scleroderma  (cfr.  verru- 
cosum). 

NOACK,  FRITZ,  Germany: 

Polyporus  betulinus,  Thelephora  terrestris,  Fomes  annosus,  Len- 
zites  sepiaria,  Fomes  applantus  (very?),  Fomes  annosus,  Trametes  odorata, 
Polyporus  (sp.),  Polyporus  dichrous  (?),  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Polyporus  stipti- 
cus,  Polyporus  giganteus  (?),  Trametes  gibbosa,  Polyporus  Schweinitzii  (?), 
Lycoperdon  spadiceum. 


O'CONNOR,  CHAS.  A.,  Mauritius: 

Anthracophious  rhizopognoides  (new  species  as  determined  by 
Mattirolo  and  so  named  by  him.) 

PANAU,  DJl.  CHARLES,  France: 

Daedalea  biennis,  Daedalea  quercina,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Fomes 
uigricans,  Fomes  pinicola,  Fomes  ribis,  Fomes  pomaceus,  Polyporus  cal- 
ceolus,  Polyporus  imberbis,  Trametes  Bulliardii,  Trametes  gibbosa,  Trametes 
suaveolens,  Polyporus  adustus  (?),  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Polyporus  adustus, 
Geaster  coronatus,  Geaster  fimbriatus,  Polyporus  betulinus,  Polyporus  fumo- 
sus  (Det,  by  Bresadola  as  imberbis,  Bull.),  Trametes  mollis(?). 
PATOUILLARD,  N.,  France: 

Septobasidium  Cerestianum,  Tuber  excavatum. 
PAZSCHKE,  Dr.  O.,  Germany: 

Trametes  Trogii,  Trametes  odorata,  Trametes  gibbosa,  Fomes  aus- 
tralis  (?),  Fomes  ignarius,  Polyporus  betulinus,  Polyporus  giganteus,  Poly 
porus  dryadeus,  Polyporus  squamosus,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Polyporus 
brumalis,  Polyporus  umbellatus,  Polystictus  abietinus,  Polyporus  frondosus, 
Polyporus  hirsutus,  Fomes  annosus,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versi- 
color,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  fumosus,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomea 
pinicola,  Fomes  ignarius,  Fomes  Euonymi,  Polystictus  zonatus,  Polyporus 
Weinmanni,  Poria  corticola,  Poria  chrysoloma,  Polyporus  amorphus,  Polypo- 
rus Braunnii,  Polyporus  zonatus  (?),  Poria  Vaillantii. 
FETCH,  T.,  Ceylon: 

Cyathus  Poeppigii,  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Cyathus  triplex,  Cyathus 
(imdescribed),  Nidula,  n.  s.  ?,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  purpu- 
rascens,  Lycoperdon  n.  s. 

POTTER,  M.  C.,  England: 

Fomes  annosus,  Daldinea  concentrica,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Dae- 
dalea quercina, Ustulina  vulgaris,  Helvella,  Fomes  ignarius?,  Hirneola  auric- 
ula-Judae,   Fomes    (sp.    ?),    Cyathus   vernicosus,    Daedalea    quercina,    Lyco- 
perdon gemmatum,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Pers.,  Thelephora. 
REA,  CARLETON,  England: 

Poria  (two  species). 
ROLLAND,  L.,  Corsica: 

Polysaccum  pisocarpium  (or  rather  the  form  "crassipes."  It  is 
probable  that  "Polysaccum  Cranium,  Lev.,"  described  from  Corsica,  is  this 
same  plant). 

ROLLAND,  L.,  France: 

Daedalea  biennis,  Daedalea  quercina,  Fistularia  hepatica,  Fomes 
conchatus,  Geaster  mammosus,  Polyporus  betulinus,  Polyporus  lucidus, 
Polyporus  rutilans,  Polystictus  perennis,  Trametes  Bulliardi,  Trametes  gib- 
bosa, Geaster  fimbriatus,  Calvatia  saccata,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum..  Lyco- 
per'don  piriforme. 

SHAW,  MISS  STELLA,  Jamaica: 
Geaster  saccatus. 


SMITH,  MISS  ANNIE  LORRAIN,  England: 

Daedalea  unicolor?,  Fomes  applanatus,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Poly- 
porus biennis  (or  as  known  in  England,  rufescens),  Polyporus  radiatus. 

S WANTON,  E.  W.,  England: 

Daedalea  confragosa,  Daedalea  confragosa  (lenzitoid  form),  Daeda- 
lea confragosa  (polyporoid  form),  Daedalea  quercina,  Polyporus  frondosus, 
Polyporus  nidulans,  Polystictus  perennis,  Trametes  gibbosa,  Polyporus  nodu- 
losus.  ..  *  , 

VAN  BAMBEKE,  PROFESSOR  CH.,  Belgium: 

Calvatia  saccata,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Polyporus  adustus,  Sclero- 
derma  Bovista  (Historic),  Trametes  Trogii. 

WEIDMANN,  ANT.,  Austria: 

Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  versicolor,  Trametes  pini  (?),  Tra- 
metes suaveolens,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Fomes  applanatus,  Polyporus  (sp), 
Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomes  applanatus,  Lenzites  betu. 
lina,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Polyporus  tubarius  (?),  Poly- 
stictus hirsutus,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Trametes  pini, 
Calvatia  saccata,  Daedalea  quercina,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Polyporus 
frondosus,  Polyporus  giganteus,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Polyporus  sulphureus.  • 

WESTERVELT,  MRS.  CAROLINE  CASTLE,  Hawaii: 

Catastoma  (I  think  unnamed,  and  the  first  collection  of  this  genus 
made  in  Hawaii),  Lycoperdon  Wrightii,  Schizophyllum  commune. 

WULFF,  E.,  Austria: 

Polystictus  perennis,  Fomes  annosa  (resupinate),  Lenzites  sepiaria 
(polyp.oroid),  Trametes  odorata  (?),  Trametes  hispida,  Lenzites  sepiaria, 
Geaster  pectinatus,  Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  (?),  Trametes  odorata,  Dae- 
da  lea  quercina. 

WULFF,  E.,  Russia: 

Calvatia  lilacina,  Lycoperdon  pratense. 

REMARKS. 

As  our  work  thus  far  with  the  polyporoids  has  been  largely  introduc- 
tory, the  names  used  are  to  an  extent  tentative.  For  the  European  polypo- 
roids we  expect  to  adopt  in  the  main  the  names  used  by  Fries,  for  they 
are  definite,  well  known,  and  well  established.  Fries  did  most  excellent 
work  with  the  polyporoids,  as  he  did  with  all  Hymenomycetes,  and  I  can  see 
no  object  in  pulling  down  his  structure  for  the  purpose  of  substituting  an- 
other that  probably  would  not  be  half  as  good.  When  I  do  not  adopt 
Fries'  names,  it  will  be  in  cases  where  I  find  that  he  has  been  mistaken  as 
to  facts,  for  Fries  did  not  have  the  opportunities  to  get  specimens  that  we 
have  now.  He  drew  his  conclusions  regarding  the  plants  of  Europe  (with 
the  exception  of  Sweden)  largely  from  books,  and  no  doubt  he  has  included 
some  errors.  Personally,  I  do  not  approve  of  the  work  of  the  class  of  mod- 
ern name-jugglers,  who  work  over  the  so-called  synonyms  and  shuffle  the 

7 


names  around,  putting  it  forth  as  original  work,  when,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
nine-tenths  of  it  is  pure  piracy.  One-half  of  these  old  synonyms  are  not 
true,  and  the  other  half  are  of  no  importance  if  they  are. 

I  have  never  been  able  to  learn  the  difference  between  Polyporus  fron- 
dosus  and  Polyporus  intybaceus.  Several  mycologists  with  whom  I  have 
talked  claim  to  know  a  difference,  but  none  of  them  have  been  able  to 
explain  it  to  me.  I  know  only  one  plant,  which  I  am  satisfied  should  be 
called  Polyporus  frondosus.  If  you  know  them  both,  will  you  not  favor  me 
by  sending  specimens  showing  the  difference? 

I  should  appreciate  any  specimens  of  any  polyporoids  that  you  may 
send  me.  I  ask  only  that  they  be  ircll  dried  before  wrapping,  for  they  will 
be  delayed  before  reaching  me,  and  if  sent  moist  will  spoil  before  I  get 
them. 

Send  to  the  following  address,  and  .they  will  reach  me  in  time: 
C.  G.  LLOYD  (Klincksieck), 
No.  3  rue  Corneille  (Odeon), 

Paris    VI,    France. 


LETTER     No.    16. 

Cincinnati,    Ohio,    November    1,    1907. 


List  of  specimens  received  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  from 
the  last  report,  June,  1907,  up  to  the  first  day  of  September. 

We  list  these  specimens  as  they  may  be  known  to  us,  though  we  claim 
no  critical  knowledge  of  the  subject  other  than  concerning  the  Gastromy- 
cetes.  We  have,  however,  a  general  knowledge  of  the  names  of  fungi  that 
occur  in  American  literature. 

Our  thanks  are  extended  to  those  who  have  sent  specimens,  and  we 
continue  to  solicit  specimens  suitable  for  museum  specimens,  as  per  circular 
enclosed.  Yours  very  truly, 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 

Court  and  Plum  Streets, 

Cincinnati.   Ohio. 
ALLEN,   MISS.   Massachusetts: 

IMelanogaster  ambiguus. 
BARTHOLOMEW.  E..  Kansas: 
Calvatia  lilacina  (a  form  with  the  peridium  cracked  into  areoles). 
BATES,  Rev.  J.  M..  Nebraska: 
Hirneola    auricula-Judae,    Irpex  '(cfr.    tulipifera),    Polystictus    (un- 
known to  me),  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Irpex  (sp.). 
BOGUE,  E.  E.,  Agricultural  College,  Michigan: 

Thelephora  Schweinitzii  (?  young),  Isaria  (?). 
BRAENDLE,  F.  J..  Washington,  D.  C.: 
Polyporus  rufescens,  Pterula  (sp.) 
Hydnum  pulcherrimum,  Xylaria  (conidial  state). 
BRENCKLE,  Dr.  J.  F.,  North  Dakota: 

Tylostoma    mammosum,    Morchella    esculenta,    Lenzites    saepiaria, 
Calvatia  caeJata,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Physarum  (sp.). 
DALLAS,  MRS.  GEO.  M.,  Pennsylvania: 

Daedalea  juniperina,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Guepinia  spathulata. 
DAVIS,    SIMON,   Massachusetts: 

Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Irpex  pachydon 

<A  little  known  plant  in  Europe — more  common  in  this  country  where  it 

is  called  Irpex  crassus.)     The  only  figure  (Gillet)  is  very  badly  colored.    It 

Is  a  white  plant.     I  found  it  only  once  in  France.    Around  Cincinnati  it  is 

more  frequent  and  surely  the  same),  Hydnum  adustum,  Polyporus  lucidus, 

ij  Polyporus   elegans,   Daedalea   confragosa,   form   Trametes   rubescens,   Poly- 

;i  porus   rufescens,   Lachnea  helvelloidea    (spores,   elliptical,   smooth,    12x24, 

with  a  large  gutta),  Lachnea  macropus?,  Polyporus. 

Polyporus  elegans,  Polystictus  cinnabarinjus,  Polyporus  (unknown  to 
me),  Polystictus  pergamenus. 

DENNISTON,  R.  H..  Wisconsin: 

Fomes  (cfr.  conchatus),  Fomes  salicinus  (?),  Fomes  ribis  (?),  Fomes 

J  conchatus,  Fomes  igjaarius  (3  collections),  Fomes  Everhartii  (3  collections), 

Fomes  pinicola  (pale  form),  Fomes  pinicola  (dark  form  on  hemlock),  Fomes 

'AT  LOS  AMGELES 


pinicoja  (typical  form,,  but  these  grew  on  birch),  Fomes  Ohiensisr 
Daedalea  unicolor,  Fomes  roseus,  Polyporus  dichrous,  Trametes  ob- 
tusus,  Daedalea  confragosa  (marked  form),  Daedalea  confragosa  (another 
form),  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Favolus  europaeus,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Merulius 
tremellosus,  Fomes  connatus,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Favolus  rhipidium, 
Polyporus  lucidus,  Lenzites  trabea,  Polyporus  frondosus,  Polyporus  gigan- 
teus. 

DOBBIN,  FRANK,  New  York: 

Daedalea  confragosa,  Odontia  lateritia  (Phlebia  hydnoidea  is  said 
to  be  an  earlier  name,  but  it  is  not  a  Phlebia,  and  lateritia  is  a  much  better 
specific  name.  It  is  a  fine  chance,  however,  for  a  "new  combination"), 
Daedalea  quercina,  Polyporus  adustus,  Odontia  (unknown  to  me),  Lenzites 
saepiaria,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Hydnum  pulcherrimum,  Fomes  connatus  (re 
supinate,  said  to  be  Poria  obducens),  Stereum. 

DUPRET,  H.,  Canada: 

Lepiota   naucina,    Stereum   sericeum,    Stereum    (Hym.)    tabacinum, 
Gyromitra  esculenta,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Craterellus  cornucopoides,  My- 
celium (probably  of  a  Pplyporus,  forming  a  thick,  matted  layer). 
FINK,   PROFESSOR   BRUCE.    Ohio: 

Poria  , (yellow  when  fresh),  Stereum  complicatum,  Corticium 
Oakensii  (?). 

FISHER,  G.  C.,  Ohio: 

Lenzites  betulina,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Lycoperdon  cruciaturn,  Lyco- 
perdon  (sp.),  Polystictus  fccicola  (This  species  is  usually,  but  erroneously, 
known  in  American  mycology  as  "Polystictus  parvulus,  Klotz"),  Polystictus 
focicola  (old,  weathered). 

Polystictus  sanguineus,  Polystictus  (yellow — unknown  to  me). 
FISHER,  G.  C.,  Florida: 

Lenzites  betulina,  Fomes  connatus,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Polyporus 
arcularius,  Trametes  (cfr.  hispidus). 

Auricularia  (cfr.  auricula-Judae)  (Much  larger  and  otherwise  ap- 
pears different  from  the  usual  form  of  this  species),  Lenzites  saepiaria 
Geaster  hygrometricus,  Polystictus  focicola,  Fomes  reniformis  (spores  are 
echinulate). 

GRIFFITH,  D.,  Florida: 

Polyporus  gilvus,  Fomes  zonatum. 
HARD,  M.  E.,  Ohio: 

Crucibulum  vulgare,  Poria  tulipifera,  Geaster  minimus,  Geastdr 
rufescens,  Stereum  fasciatum. 

HENDERSON,  Dr.  W.  H.,  California: 

Bovista  pila  (a  very  abundant  collection),  Bovista  pila  (a  small 
uncolored  form  that  only  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast),  Bovista  plumbea 
(abundant  collection),  Catastoma  (sp.)  a  single  specimen),  Lepiota  (sp. 
cfr.  procera). 

HOLDEN,  CAPTAIN  WM.,  Ohio: 

Polyporus  (White,  anoderm.  A  species  I  have  never  been  able  to> 
determine.  Spores  subglobose,  4-4Vj  x  5-6  with  a  large  gutta. 

Polyporus  (cfr.  Schweinitzii).    Growing  at  base  of  pine  tree. 


HONE,  MISS  DAISY,  Minnesota: 

Morchella  tjrassipes,  Peziza  repanda,  Geoglossum  Walteri,  Morchella 
-esculenta,  Geoglosslm  hirsutum,  Helvella  infula,  Helvella  lacunosa,  Lachnea 
scutellata,  Sarcoscypha  coccinea,  Sclerotlna  tuberosa,  Tympanis  pinastri. 
Hymenoscypha  cyathoidea,  Karschia  lignyota,  Dasyscypha  agassizia,  Chlo- 
rosplemium  aeruginoscens,  Dermatea  cerasti,  Peziza  vesciculosa,  Bulgaria 
inquinans,  Rhizina  inflata,  Verpa  bohemica,  Verpa  conica,  Spathularia 
flavida,  Spathularia  Neesii,  Leotia  lubrica,  Gyromitra  esculenta,  Urnula 
Craterium,  Morchella  conica.  These  specimens  are  all  as  determined  by 
Miss  Hone. 

HRDLICHA,  Dr.   A.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Polyporus  distortus  (Very  abundant  and  fine  specimens),  Poly  poms 
gilvus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polyporus  dichrous, 
Polyporus  (unknown  t'o  me),  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Lycogala  Epiden- 
drum,  Scleroderma  Geaster  (unopened). 

Pyrenomycetes,  Favolus  europaeus,  Thelephora  Sehweinitizii, 
Hydnum  erinaceum,  Bulgaria  inquinans,  Bulgaria  rufa,  Fuligo  septica,  Poly- 
porus distortus  (One  an  ordinary  abortive  specimen,  the  other  unusually 
well  developed.  The  latter  is  very  similar  to  Polyporus  rufescens  of  Europe 
or  as  known  in  France  "Daedalea  biennis,"  and  strongly  points  to  the  con- 
clusion that  our  American  plant  called  P.  distortus  is  an  abortive  form  ol 
P.  rufescens). 

HUNTINGTON,   J.  W.,   Massachusetts: 
Polystictus  conchifer. 

JACKSON,  H.  S.,  Illinois: 

Urnula  Craterium,  Stereum  bicolor,  Corticium,  Stereum  sericeum. 

KBLLERMAN,  PROFESSOR  W.  A.,  Ohio: 

Odcntia  lateritia. 
KILLGORE,  ANTHONY,  New  Jersey: 

Xylaria  polymorphum. 
LA  KIN,  W.  T.,  Maryland:  * 

Poria  mutans,  Paxillus  pannoides  (?),  Geoglossum  glabrum  (— G. 
simile,  Pk.  The  paraphyse*s  are  not  well  shown  either  in  Massee's  01 
Cooke's  figures,  and  the  name  as  Peck  has  already  pointed  out  is  very, 
very  bad  for  the  plant),  Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Stereum  sericeum,  Fomes 
leucophaeus,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Cyclomyces 
Greenii  (This  is  an  extremely  rare  plant),  Polyporus  flavo-virens,  Polyporus 
rutilans  (Mr.  Lakin's  specimen  has  smaller  pores  than  the  plant  that  I 
found  common  in  France,  but  they  are  the  same  species,  I  think,  without 
question),  Poria,  Polyporus  gilvus,  yellow  form  (These  specimens  have  the 
spore  characters  of  fulvotinctus  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Murrill,  but  I  con- 
sider them  a  form  of  gilvus.  The  type  of  fulvotinctus  is  a  little  fragment, 
totally  inadequate  to  base  a  species),  Irpex  paradoxa?,  Hydnum  repandum?, 
Xylaria?,  Morchella  esculenta,  form  conica,  Morchella  conica,  true,  accord- 
ing to  Boudier's  plate,  Morchella  crassipes  (as  known  in  American  my- 
cology), Morchella  (sp.  unknown  to  me),  Morchella  (Sp.  unknown  to  me, 
very  peculiar  with  a  slender  stipe  and  small,  globose  head),  Poria,  Poly- 
stictus (cfr.  tomentosus),  Mutinus  (eggs),  Stereum  fasciatum,  Daedalea 


confragosa  (very  peculiar  form),  Lenzites  corrugata,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii 
(?)  (If  it  is  not  a  different  species  it  differs  from  the  ordinary  form  oi 
Thelephora  Schweinitzii),  Polyporus  (cfr.  squamosus)!  This  differs  from 
squamosus  in  its  much  stronger  scaly  pileus  and  meruloid  pores),  Femes 
carneus,  Gyromitra  Caroliniana  (A  rare  find.  Not  recorded,  I  think,  since 
the  days  of  Schweinitz),  Xylaria  polymorphum,  Daedalea  confragosa  (Tra- 
metes  form),  Fomes  graveolens,  Polyporus  Tsugae,  Crucibulum  vulgare. 
Leotia  lubrica,  Daedalea  confragosa  (brown,  lenzitoid  form),  Favolus  euro- 
paeus,  Phallus  egg.  (This  egg  is  contracted  as  is  shown  on  page  83  Myc. 
Notes.  I  have  several  times  noted  dried  phalloid  eggs  like  that  "strange 
phalloid  egg"  which  puzzled  me  so  much  at  that  time.  I  am  now  con- 
vinced, as  Mr.  Long  recently  states,  that  its  peculiar  shape  is  due  to  uneven 
contraction  in  drying),  Lenzites  betulina,  Hydnum  vellereum,  Gyromitra 
eurtipes,  Panus  rudis,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Polystictus  versicolor  (un- 
usual form),  Hydnum  (young,  very?),  Cantharellus  cinereus,  Hypoxylon. 
Daedalea  unicolor,  Urnula  Craterium,  Guepinia  spathulata,  Hydnum  septen- 
trionale,  Clavaria  pistillaris,  Lenzites  saepiaria,  %Hydnum  adustum,  Poly- 
stictus cinnabarinus,  Polyporus,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Panus  stipticus, 
Fomes  (young),  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  elegans  (unusually  large 
specimens),  Xylaria  corniformis,  Clavaria  amethystina,  Peziza  (5  col- 
lections), Wynnea  Americana,  (recently  described). 

LAUGHLIN,  EMMA  E.,  Ohio: 

Polyporus  lucidus. 
LEHMAN,  E.  A..  North  Carolina: 

Daedalea  confragosa  (form),  (A  most  peculiar  form  of  this  ex- 
tremely variable  species.  It  is  strongly  rigid,  zonate,  and  the  pores  have  a 
yellow  cast,  the  first  I  ever  saw  with  a  yellow  cast.)  Geaster  hygromet- 
ricus  (Reddish,  so  that  at  first  I  did  not  recognize  it.  Probably  colored  by 
the  soil  in  which  it  grew),  Schizophyllum  commune,  Urnula  Craterium, 
Crucibulum  vulgare,  Cyathus  Lesueurii  (typical),  Scleroderma  aurantium. 

MACKINTOSH,  R.  B.,  Massachusetts: 

Stereum  spadiceum,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Trametes  sepium,  Lyco- 
perdon  stejlare,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  (form),  Len- 
zites saepiaria,  Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Lycoperdon  muscorum,  Sclero- 
derma '  tenerUm,  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Polyporus 
lucidus,  Hydnum  adustulum  (if  it  is  really  distinct  from  adustum),  Poly- 
stictus cinnamomeus,  Polyporus  brumale,  Trametes  (cfr.  serpens),  Lyco- 
perdon muscorum,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  piriforme) ,' Lycoperdon  (cfr.  tessella 
turn),  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  atropurpureum),  Scleroderma  Texens.e,  Scleroderma 
Cepa,  Hydnum  Morganii  (A  much  larger  example  than  the  types  from 
Professor  Morgan),  Hydnum  cristatum  (or  mirabile  as  Peck  determines  it), 
Hydnum  (two  species  unknown  to  me),  Polystictus  (cfr.  tomentosus). 

NELSON,  N.  L.  T..  Missouri: 

Thelephora  Schweinitzii,  Fomes  fulvus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Poly- 
stictus perennis,  Polystictus  pergamenus. 

Xylaria  (conidial),  Polystictus  conchifer,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus, 
Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Stereum  fasciatum,  Myxomycetes. 

Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Stereum  fasciatum,  Fomes  leucophaeus. 


NOBLE,  MRS.  M.  A.,  Connecticut: 
Hypomyces  Lactifluorum. 

PIERCE,  MRS.  F.  A.,  Massachusetts: 

Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  sepiaria, 
Hydnum  adustum,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Lenzites  corrugata,  Daedalea  quer 
cina,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  (cfr.  nidulans). 
Polyporus  (cfr.  nidulans). 

PLEAS,  C.  E.,  Florida: 

Geaster  triplex  (small  form).  I  call  this  triplex,  as  it  has  the 
general  appearance  of  triplex,  although  as  to  size  it  is  Geaster  saccatus. 
Scleroderma  (A  new  species  or  rather  a  new  form  of  S.  Geaster.  It  grows 
densely  caespitose  and  is  very  coarsely  scaly).  Geaster  minimus  (A  very 
tiny  little  specimen),  Scleroderma  (sp.),  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Scleroderma 
flavidum,  Geaster  hygrometricus,  Polystictus  focicola,  Lycoperdon  crucia- 
tum  (peculiar  form),  Polystictus  sanguineus,  Polysaccum  pisocarpium,  Ly- 
coperdon (sp.),  Fomes  Curtisii,  Fomes  Curtisii  (abortive  stems). 

SHEPHERD,  Dr.  I.  M.(  New  Jersey: 
Cyathus   stercoreus. 

SMITH,  G.  D.,  Ohio: 

Peziza  nebulosa  (?),  Merulius  (sp.  unknown  to  me),  Lycoperdon 
gemmatum,  Clavaria  pyxidata,  Tremella  fusiformis  (The  first  time  I  have 
seen  it.  It  has  the  "basidia"  of  the  genus  Tremella,  but  in  general  appear- 
ance is  quite  different  from  all  others  I  know.  It  is  white  and  may  be 
compared  to  a  large,  gelatinous  Clavaria  cristata.  The  branches  of  this 
specimen  are  much  sharper  than  shown  in  Atkinson's  picture). 

Polyporus  arcularius,  Favolus  europaeus,  Peziza. 

Wynnea  Americana  (The  first  time  I  have  received  this  rare  plant): 
Hydnum  adustum,  Calvatia  elata  (In  sphagnum  moss.  The,  most  western 
station  I  have  known). 

SPAULDING,    PERLEY,    New    York: 

Polystictus  abietinus,  Fomes  roseus  (on  Picea  rubra),  Polystictus 
pergamenus  (on  Betula),  Fomes  pimcola  (on  Picea  and  on  Tsuga),  Trametes 
abietis  (on  Picea),  Polystictus  versicolor  (on  Prunus),  Favolus  europaeus: 
(on  Acer),  Poria  (unknown  to  me),  Fomes  ignarius  (?)  resupinate,  on 
Betula),  Fomes  leucophaeus  (?,  infested  with  some  parasitic  species  that 
has  turned  the  context  white). 

TRUE,  Dr.  H.  L.,  Ohio: 

Hydnum   (cfr.  adustum). 

WESTGATE,  J.   M..  California: 

Podaxon  Farlowii  (The  only  species  of  Podaxon  known  from  the 
United  States). 

WHETSTONE,  Dr.  M.   S..  Minnesota: 

Polyporus  squamosus,  Tremella  foliacea  (as  I 'suppose),  Pleurotus 
nidulans,  Morchella  conica  (true,  I  think,  or  Morchella  angusticeps,  which 
appears  to  me  very  much  the  same  thing),  Morchella  Bohemica  (or  Verpa 
Bohemica,  as  often  called.  Called  also  in  this  country  Morchella  bispora 


but  the  type  form  in  Europe  is  also  "bispored"),  Bovista  Pila,  Favolus  euro- 
oaeus,  Ustulina  vulgaris,  Scleroderma  Cepa.  Peziza,  Xylaria  polymorphum. 
Spathularia  flavida,  Lycoperdon  polytrichum. 

Polystictus  cinnabarinus  (2  collections),  Hypoxylon,  Hydnum,  Ly- 
cogala  epidendrum,  Polyporus  resinosus,  Polyporus  picipes,  Lycoperdon  pul- 
cherrimum,  Fomes  connatus,  Panus,  Fomes  leucopnaeus,  Corticium  (?), 
Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Pterula  multiflda,  Xylaria,  Hydnum  adustum, 
Polyporus  elegans,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Geoglos- 
sum  (2  collections),  Cyathus  vernicosus,  Clavaria,  Helvella,  Clavaria 
cinerea,  Xylaria,  Stereum  (cfr.  spadiceum),  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Urnula 
Craterium,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Hydnum  ochraceum)  Xylaria,  Poly- 
porus pubescens,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Fomes  roseus),  Helvella,  Lenzites 
betulina,  Lenzites  trabea  (truly  mesopode  and  the  first  specimen  I  have  so 
seen),  Polyporus  gilvus,  Favolus  europaeus,  Favolus  (cfr.  europaeus), 
Stereum  spadiceum,  Thelephcra,  Xylaria,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Tremella 
foliacea,  Boletinus  porosus,  Polyporus  arcularius,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Thele- 
phora  (2  collections),  Cantharellus. 

WILCOX,  Gen.  T.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 
Scleroderma  Cepa. 

PLANTS    RECEIVED    DURING    SEPTEMBER,    1907: 

ALLEN,  MISS  L.  C.,  Massachusetts:^ 

Trametes  rubescens,  Lenzites  corrugata,  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Poly- 
stictus versicolor,  Polystictus  velutinus,  I  think.  (The  mouths  of  the  pores 
are  yellowish,  hence  a  satiny  effect  as  you  view  them  from  different  angles. 
This  is  the  distinction  I  make  between  the  plant  and  versicolor.)  Poly- 
stictus conchifer,  Daedalea  quercina,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polyporus 
adustus,  var,  carpineus  (At  least  it  seems  to  agree  with  Sowerby's  figure. 
It  is  a  rare  form,  thin,  yellowish  and  soft,  velvety  pileus),  Lycoperdon 
(cfr.  muscorum)  on  a  pine  cone,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Peziza  (cfr.  Acetab- 
ulum). 

BATES,  REV.  J.  M..  Nebraska: 

Polystictus   versicolor,    Pistillaria  Batesii    (Co-type    specimens!). 

BENSON,  BERRY,  Georgia: 

Amanita  solitaris  (A  "button"  with  a  stem  2J  inches  thick,  8  inches 
high). 

BLACKFORD,   MRS.   E.   B.,   Massachusetts: 

Polyporus  betulinus,  Hygrophorus  ruber,  Hypoxylon  coccineum, 
Coprinus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Polyporus  elegans,  Nau- 
coria  Christianae,  Stereum  spadiceum,  Hydnum  Earleanum  (very  ?),  Poly- 
porus adustus,  Polyporus  adustus  (young),  Cordyceps  capitata,  Polyporus 
volvatus,  Poria  (?  undeveloped),  Hydnum  repandum,  Boletus  Roxanae  (as  la- 
beled), Trametes  pini  (poorly  developed),  Polyporus  caesius  (Bright  blue  when 
young),  Fomes  connatus,  Stereum  rubiginosum,  Polyporus  lucidus,  Daedalea 
confragosa,  Urnula  Craterium,  Peziza,  Leotia  chlorocephala  (as  labeled),  Poly- 
porus (unknown  to  me),  Cyclomyces  Greenii  (Formerly  supposed  to  be  a 
very  rare  plant,  but  it  has  reached  me  a  number  of  times),  Polyporus 
griseus  (Sent  as  leucomelas.  Whether  or  not  it  is  the  same  as  the  European 


species,  I  do  not  know,  as  I  am  unacquainted  with  the  latter),  Trametes 
abietis    (a  form  of  pini),   Daedalea  unicolor,   Leotia  chlorocephala    (as  la- 
beled, with  yellow  stem^),  Daedalea  quercina,  Clavaria   (?),  Hydnum  vele- 
reum  (?),  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Merulius  lacrymans. 
BRANDEGEE,  T.  S.,  Mexico: 

Catastoma  circumscissum   (Same  exactly  as  the  U.  S.  forms). 
COONS,  G.  H.,  Illinois: 

Calvatia  rubroflava  (in  a  garden),  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Geaster 
rutilans,  Scleroderma  tenerum,  Helvella  crispa,  Fomes  connatus,  resu- 
pinate  (probably),  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Poria  tulipifera,  Bovistella  Ohiensis, 
Stereum  fasciatum,  Polyporus  adustus,  Fomes  reniformis,  Pojyporus  (un- 
known to  me). 

DAVIS,  SIMON,  Massachusetts: 

Lenzites  corrugata  (?)  (pigmy,  if  true),  Hydnum  caespitosum  (?)„ 
Panus  stipticus,  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Daedalea  quercina, 
Favolus  europaeus,  Polyporus  betulinus,  Polystictus  conchifer,  Polystictua 
pergamenus,  Polystictus  velutinus  (?),  Calvatia  elata?,  Polyporus  (Twa 
species  unknown  to  me). 

DONOR  UNKNOWN,   United   States: 

Lycoperdon   stellatum,    Clavaria    pistillaris,    Clavaria    (sp.). 
EDGERTON,   C.   W.,   New  York: 

Polystictus  pergamenus,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polystictus  hirsutus, 
Favolus  europaeus  (one  specimen  an  unusual  form),  Daedalea  quercina, 
Fornes  connatus,  Polyporus  (sp.  unluibwn  to  me),  Polystictus  versicolor, 
Polyporus  adustus,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Hydnum 
Morganii  (?),  Polyporus  gilvus,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Fomes  leucophaeus, 
Trametes  suaveolens. 

FESSENDEN,  GEO.  B.,  Massachusetts: 

Lysurus  borealis   (Nicely  dried  specimen). 
FISHER,  G.  C.,  Florida: 

Geaster  hygrcmetricus,   Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Lycoperdon  cruciatum 
(old),  Scleroderma  Cepa  (?),  Mutinus  Ravenelii   ?. 
GARMAN,  PROFESSOR  H.,  Michigan: 

Tylostoma  campestre. 
HANMER,   C.   C.,   Connecticut: 

Mutinus  elegans  (Fresh  eggs.  In  transit  one  of  them  developed, 
breaking  a  hole  through  several  thicknesses  of  tissue  paper  in  which  it 
was  wrapped,  showing  the  strength  that  phalloids  have  in  development). 
Polyporus  tsugae. 

HARD,  M.  E.,  Ohio: 

Leotia   lubrica,    Cordyceps    militaris. 
HAY,  G.  U.,  New  -Brunswick: 

Pclyporus  adustus,  micro-fungus,  very  curious  structure,  Myxomycetes, 
Ilydnum  aurantiacum?,  Corticium  amorphum,  Helotium  citrinum,  Poly- 
porus picipes,  Boletinus  palustris,  Stereum  tabacinum,  Fuligo  septica,  Can- 
tharellus  tubaeformis,  Thelephora  terrestris,  Xylaria  polymorphum, 
Stereum  fasciatum,  Polyporus  elegans  (unusually  large  specimen),  Poly- 


porus  (unknown  to  me),  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Merulius  tremellosus,  Fuligo 
ocliracea,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Helvella  lacunosa,  Hydnum  zonatum, 
Fomes  roseus,  Peziza  Acetabulum  (or  close),  TJrametes  abietinus,  Poly- 
porus  caeruleoporus — "Very  rare  and  local,  under  spruce  trees,  but  one 
station  known  here." — G.  U.  Hay.  (It  is  the  first  time  I  have  received  it), 
Marasmius,  Lenzites  betulina,  Polyporus  (on  Polytrichum,  sp.  unknown  to 
me.). 

HILL,  ALBERT  J.,  Canada: 
Daedalea   confragosa. 

HOLDEN,   CAPTAIN   WM.,   Ohio: 
Polyporus  robiniophila. 

HRDLICHA,  DR.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Scleroderma  Geaster,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Stereum  frustulosum,  Poly- 
porus distortus. 

HUMPHREY,  C.  J.,  New  York: 

Lenzites  betulina,  Porystictus  conchifer,  Stereum  fasciatum,  Len- 
zites trabea,  Lenzites  saepiaria,  Merulius  tremellosus,  Polyporus  galac- 
tinus  (?),  Polyporus  (sp.),  Polyporus  adustus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Phlebia 
radiata,  Stereum  sanguinolentum. 

HUNTINGTON,  J.'W.,  Massachusetts: 

Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus  (sp.  unknown 
to  me),  Polystictus  cinnabarinus,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Fomes  connatus 
(nice  specimen),  Polyporus  Schweinitzii  (Mr.  Huntington  says  "Very  com- 
mon." It  reaches  me  very  rarely.),  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Lenzites  betulina, 
Lenzites  saepiaria.  "Thelephora  dendritica,"  as  it  has  been  determined 
by  Cooke  for  Morgan.  No  such  species  published  unless  Cladoderris  den- 
dritica is  intended,  to  which  it  has  no  resemblance. 

JONES,   MISS   KATE   A.,   New    Hampshire: 

Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Daedalea  unicolor, 
Lenzites  betulina. 

KELLERMAN,  PROFESSOR  W.  A.,  Ohio: 

Fomes  leucophaeus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Fomes  fomentarius,  Fomes 
graveolens,  Poria  mutans,  Polyporus  lucidus,  Polyporus  lucidus  (As  always 
considered  in  American  mycology,  but  so  different  in  its  nature  and  de- 
velopment that  I  think  it  will  some  day  have  a  distinctive  name.),  Poly- 
stictus biformis,  Hydnum  adustum,  Polystictus  (sp.),  Fomes  salicinus  (In 
the  sense  of  Morgan  at  least.),  Fomes  rimosus,  Cyathus  striatus,  Polyporus 
(Unknown  to  me),  Polyporus  pocula  (This  plant  reached  Montagne  from 
French  Guiana,  and  he  discovered  it  was  a  "new  species."  The  fact  not 
having  been  published,  however,  it  was  omitted  from  the  recent  compila- 
tion of  alleged  synonyms  that  were  gathered  together). 

Note. — Packages  were  also  received  from  the  following  correspondents: 
Laughlin,  Emma  E.,  Ohio;  Miller,  James,  Ohio;  Morgan,  Professor  A.  P., 
Ohio;  Noble,  Mrs.  N.  A.,  Connecticut;  Pleas,  C.  E.,  Florida;  Smith,  G.  D., 
Ohio;  Sterling,  E.  «B.,  New  Jersey;  Vroom,  J.,  New  Brunswick;  Walker,  Isa- 
bel, M.,  Canada.  Detailed  acknowledgment  will  be  made  in  the  next  letter. 

8 


LETTER     No.     17. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  November  1,  1907. 


List  of  specimens  received  from  Europe  and  foreign  countries  since  the 
last  report,  May,  1907. 

We  list  the  plants  here  under  the  names  as  we  have  labeled  them  in 
the  museum  at  the  time  they  were  received.  Some  of  the  species  received 
from  foreign  countries,  where  the  subject  is  little  known,  do  not  have 
names,  or  impress  us  as  being  marked  forms  or  varieties  of  known  species. 
In  these  cases  we  think  it  is  better  to  not  specify  the  plants  by  definite 
names  until  we  make  a  comparative  study  of  the  subject  in  connection 
with  other  forms  known  from  these  countries. 

I  beg  to  thank  my  correspondents  for  the  very  liberal  contributions  they 
are  making  to  the  museum.     All  specimens  received  are  carefully  labeled 
and  systematically  preserved.    My  publications  are  sent  to  those  who  favoi 
me  with  specimens,  and  I  trust  are  a  partial  return  for  their  trouble. 
Yours  very  truly, 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
(Klincksieck)  No.  3  rue  Corneille  (Odeon), 

Paris  VI,  France 
ACLOQUE,  A.,  .France: 
Bovista  nigrescens. 
ASTON,   P.   C..   New   Zealand: 

Cyathus  stercoreus. 
BAKER,  R.  T.,  Australia: 

Catastoma  anomalum   ("Sent  in  formalin,  and  some  are  an  inch  in 
diameter.    It  is  much  larger  than  I  had  supposed  this  species  grew). 
BARBIER,  M.,  France: 

Fomes  conchatus   (Growing  on  the  horn-beam   (Charme),  Lenzites 
abietina,  on  Aesculus  hippo.),  Polystictus  velutinus  (?). 
BEZZI,  PROFESSOR  M.,  Italy: 

Polyporus  perennis,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  versicolor 
(typical,  on  Robinia),  Trametes  suaveolens  (on  Salix),  Polyporus  amorphut 
(in  moss),  Trametes  hispida  (on  Salix,  said  now  to  be  Trametes  lutescens  ol 
Persoon),  Polyporus  hispidus  (on  Tamarix,  hence  I  suppose  it  is  Polyporus 
tamaricis  if  that  is  different  from  hispidus),  Polystictus  (unknown  to  me,  on 
Robinia),  Polyporus  lucidus,  Polystictus  (unknown  to  me,  on  Robinia),  Poly- 
stictus (same  as  preceding,  but  on  alder). 
BLANDENIER,  PROFESSOR  A.,  Egypt: 

A  saprophytic  ~phaenogam. 
BRACE,  L.  J.  K.,  Bahamas: 

Clathrus — egg  (Unable  to  identify  the  species,  but  it  belongs  to  the 
Clathrus  section),  Reticularia  Lycoperdon,  Hirneola  auricula-Judae. 
BRANDEGEE,  T.   S.,  Mexico: 

Holocotylon  mexicanum  (We  have  labeled  these  specimens  with 
a  new  name,  for  they  do  not  appear  to  be  the  same  as  either  of  the 
species  described  on  page  254  and  255  of  Myc.  Notes.  The  peridium  is  so 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


thin  that  the  gleba  mass  appears  naked  at  first  view.  The  spores  are' 
small,  4  mic.,  and  do  not  have  the  strong  pedicels  of  the  other  two  known 
species.  At  the. same  time  it  is  hard  to  decide  as  to  the  specific  value  ol 
these  "species"  of  Holocotylcn  from  the  few  collections  that  are  known). 

BREITUNG,  REV.  A.,  Denmark. 

Fomes  Pfeifferi  (Compared  with  the  type  specimens,  and  I  think 
surely  the  same,  though  this  grew  on  beech  and  the  species  was  describee. 
from  Abies.  Characterized  by  the  strong  resinous  pileus  (which  looks  like 
a  piece  of  resin)  and  verrucose  spores.  Rev.  Breitung  sends  it  under  the 
name  resinosus,  a  name  as  a  Fomes  I  can  not  trace.  There  is  a  Fomes 
resinaceus  which  has  much  paler  context  and  smooth  spores.),  Fomes  fomeri- 
tarius,  Fomes  annosus.  Fomes  ribis. 

BUTLER,  E.  J.,  British  India: 

Podaxon  pistillaris  (Agrees  well  with  the  type  in  the  Linnean 
herbarium  which  came  originally  from  India),  Scleroderma  aurantium 
(same  as  the  European  plant),  Tylostoma  (cfr.  squamosum),  Lycoperdon 
piriforme,  Geaster  (unopened,  unnamed  I  think.  Closest  to  Geaster  Sclero- 
derma, cfr.  Myc.  Notes  p.  316),  Lycoperdon  pusillum  (We  have  to  so  refer 
it,  though  it  is  larger  than  the  European  plant.  Excepting  the  size,  how- 
ever, we  find  no  character  on  which  we  could  base  a  species),  CyathuE 
Poeppigii  (though  the  peridioles  are  sterile  I  do  not  question  the  species), 
Geasters  (unopened,  velutinus  section),  Lycoperdon  (close  to  gemmatum)i 
Scleroderma  verrucosum  (caespitose  form.  I  have  gotten  the  same  forir 
before  from  India),  Tylostoma  (4  collections),  Cyathus  limbatus  (?)  It  has 
the  same  characters  as  limbatus,  but  not  the  habits.  -It  resembles  Mon 
tagnei  as  to  habits,  spores  7-9x16-20),  Scleroderma  Cepa. 

CAVARA,  DR.  FR.,  Italy: 

Scleroderma  Bovista.    In  the  sense  of  Dr.  Hollos  and  of  Fries  (?). 

CAVE,  GEO.  H.,  British  India: 

Scleroderma  columnare  (A  strongly  marked  species  of  Scleroderma 
with  a  slender  stem,  well  named  columnare.  It  is  known  only  from  lmli;i 
and  Ceylon),  Scleroderma  (species  not  sure). 

DAMAZIO,  L.,  Brazil: 

Polyporus,  Fomes,  Polystictus.  (These  specimens  all  unknown  to 
me.  All  strongly  marked,  and  easily  recognized  if  I  knew  the  foreign 
polyporoids.) 

DRAPER,  W.,  Egypt: 

Fomes   (Ganoderma). 

EYRE,  REV.  W.  L.  W.,  England: 
Polyporus  melanopus. 

FROGGATT,  WALTER  W.,  Australia. 

Scleroderma  Cepa  (in  a  garden),  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme  (in  a 
paddock  among  grass  under  Sheouk  (Cassaria)  trees,  Catastoma  (Un- 
named, new  for  Australia.  Close  to  hyalothrix  in  general  characters,  but 
having  very  long  pedicels),  Mycenastrum  Corium  (Fine  specimens.  No  one 
of  my  correspondents  sends  nicer  or  better  specimens  than  Mr.  Froggatt). 


GILL,  WALTER,  South  Australia: 

Scleroderma  flavidum  (which  seems  to  be  the  most  common 
Scleroderma  in  Australia). 

HAMILTON,  A.  G.,  New  South  Wales: 

Polyporus  arcularius,  Thelephora  (sp.),  Polysaccum  pisocarpium 
(form  tuberosum),  Polyporus  (sp.),  Lycoper.don  (2  collections),  Geaster. 
Scleroderma  Cepa. 

HAY,  P.,  England: 

Cyathus  vernicosus,  Lycogala  Epidendrum,  Calvatia  caelata,  Bovista 
nigrescens,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  Lycoperdon  gem- 
matum  var.  excipuliforme,  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Scleroderma  (immature) 
Lycoperdon  spadiceum. 

HILL,  ALBERT  J.,  British  Columbia: 
Fomes  pinicola. 

JAAP,  OTTO,  Germany: 

Polystictus  versicolor  (9  collections),  Lenzites  betulina  (3  collec- 
tions), Polystictus  euonymus,  Polystictus  perennis,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Poly- 
porus varius,  Fomes  applanatus,  Fomes  fomentarius,  DaetJalea  unicolor, 
Polyporus  adustus  (3  collections),  Daedalea  quercina,  Fomes  annosus,  Poly- 
poms  rufescens,  Lenzites  abietinus,  Fomes  fulvus,  Poria  rancida,  Poria  con- 
sobrina,  Polystictus  velutinus,  Polystictus  zonatus,  Poria  contigua,  Fomes 
ignarius  (3  collections),  Poria  mucida,  Trametes  subsinuosa,  Poria  sub- 
fuscoflavida,  Polyporus  fragilis,  Polyporus  crispus  (?). 

LORDLEY,  E.  D.,  Nova  Scotia: 

Morchella  esculenta,  var.  conica. 

MACHADO,  A.  D.,  Perak: 

Polyporus  (sp.  unknown  to  rne).  Genus  unknown  to  me  (This  is 
a  most  curious  thing  with  a  sclerotium,  a  long  black  stipe  and  a  white, 
capitate  head.  I  can  not  make  out  a  hymenium,  and,  in  fact,  I  am  in  doubt 
whether  it  is  a  fungus  or  not.  I  have  sent  it  to  Professor  Patouillard  for  an 
opinion). 

MENEZES,  C.,  Madeira  Islands: 

Cyathus  Poeppigii  (Not  as  black  as  usual  nor  as  strongly  striata 
and  spores  are  smaller  (20x26). 

MILLE,  REV.  L.,  Ecuador: 

Arachnion  Bovista  (Doubtful  if  distinct  from  Arachnion  album 
(cfr.  Myc.  Notes  p.  253).  This  specimen  has  brownish  gleba  and  the  firmest 
peridium  I  ever  noted  on  an  Arachnion.  Before  I  cut  it  I  took  it  for 
Bovista  plumbea),  Bovistella  echinella  (This  unique  little  species  rarely 
readies  me  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes  p.  286).  It  was  originally  from  Ecuador.  The 
spores  are  described  as  smooth,  but  these  were  very  slightly  rough), 
Geaster  triplex  (An  abundant  and  typical  collection,  save  the  endoperidium 
is  darker  than  in  our  United  States  form),  Lycoperdon  polymorphum,  Mor- 
chella (species  unknown  to  me),  Cyathus  stercoreus  (spores  32x36,  subglo- 
bose),  Cyathus  stercoreus  (A  sub-cylindrical  form.  No  spores  found,  but  1 
do  not  question  the  species). 

MILLEN,  H.,   Tobago: 

Clavaria  (sp.),  Lycoperdon  Wrightii. 


O'CONNOR,  CHAS.  A.,  Mauritius: 

Phallus  gracilis  (the  slender  form  of  Phallus  aurantiacus.  Mr.  O'Con- 
nor sends  dried  specimens  and  a  drawing  from  which  there  is  no  trouble  in 
identifying  his  plants.  The  pileus  is  acute  (not  truncated),  otherwise  the 
same  as  the  Hawaiian  plant),  Scleroderma  tenerum  (Exactly  the  same  plant 
that  we  have  so  common  in  the  United  States),  Scleroderma  tenerum  (mixed 
with  another  species  (?),  Lycoperdon  Wrightii  (We  have  already  recorded 
this  plant  in  North  and  South  America,  Africa  and  Java.  Its  occurrence  in 
Mauritius  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  its  distribution),  Lycoperdon  pusillum 
(The  largest  specimens  of  this  little  species  we  have  seen.  Some  were  an 
inch  in  diameter,  but  as  they  have  no  sterile  base  we  must  call  them 
pusillum,  not  cepaeforme,  which  at  first  sight  they  appear  to  be),  Calvatia 
(undescribed)  close  to  rubro-flava  as  to  color  of  ripe  gleba  (we  can  not  say 
as  to  the  unripe)  spores  rough,  and  shape  and  habits  entirely  different. 

PATTERSON,  W.  H.,  St.  Vincent: 

Lycoperdon  pusillum,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii  (Another  station  for 
Lycoperdon  Wrightii  which  gives  promise  of  encircling  the  world). 

FETCH,  T.,  Ceylon: 

Almost  nothing  is  known  of  the  Gastrornycetes  that  occur  in  Ceyloh. 
but  Mr.  Fetch  has  on  several  occasions  sent  me  nice  collections,  and  I  hope 
in  time,  through  his  kindness,  to  get  enough  material  so  that  a  connected 
account  of  the  Ceylonese  forms  can  fce  given.  In  the  last  package  are  a 
number  of  new  forms,  but  not,  i'n  my  opinion,  new  species,  though  I  do  not 
question,  that  each  one  of  them  would  figure  as  a  new  species  if  sent  to 
those  who  are  hunting  this  kind  of  game. 

Matula  poroniaeformis  (A  curious  genus  allied  to  the  Nidulariaceae. 
Through  an  error  the  genus  was  mentioned  in  Letter  13  under  the  name 
Michenera.  While  that  letter  was  written  at  Barbizon  away  from  text 
books  and  the  plant  listed  under  the  name  under  which  I  received  it,  1 
should  have  known  better,  for  I  am  acquainted  with  the  genus  Michenera 
and  knew  that  it  belonged  to  the  Thelephoraceae  and  had  no  relation  to 
Matula,  though  Berkeley  confused  it  under  two  generic  names,  Michenera 
and  Artocreas,  both  errors).  i 

Cyathus  striatus  (form).  Differs  from  the  European  plant  in  having 
larger,  narrower,  more  scabrous  cups  and  much  smaller  spores — 7  x  12.  The 
spores  of  the  type  form  are  8-10  x  18-20,  hence  for  those  who  base  new  species 
largely  on  spore  measurements  it  is  a  marked  species.  I  can  see  nothing  in 
it,  however,  but  a  form  of  striatus. 

Geaster  coronatus  (form).  A  most  curious  form  that  could  well 
be  made  a  new  species,  and  certainly  entitled  to  a  name  as  a  form  ot 
coronatus.  The  inner  peridium  has  at  its  base  a  ring  somewhat  like  the 
ring  on  Geaster  Bryantii,  which  never  occurs  on  the  European  plant. 

Lycoperdon  cepaeforme.  Very  close  to  the  European  plant,  but 
differs  in  its  larger  mouth  and  general  aspect  and  habits.  The  essential 
points — cortex,  capillitium  and  spores — are  the  same. 

Bovistella  scabra  (Myc.  Notes,  page  248,  plate  70).  A  single 
specimen  which  is  the  same  as  the  Australian  species,  excepting  that  I  note 
the  spores  are  slightly  rough,  and  in  the  type  they  are  smooth. 


READER,  F.  M.,  Australia- 


RICK,  REV.  J.,  Brazil 

Cyathus  Poeppigii    (No   spores  found,  but  feel   rather  sure  of  'it) 
Cyathus  (sp.)   (No  spores  found,  and  I  do  not  recognize  the  cups)    Lycoper 

"(   Rick  says  '"'bona 


3"),  Arach- 

Geaster   (An  albino   (?)   of  the  pectlnatus  section) 
ROBERT,  DOCTEUR,  France: 

Femes    rubrlporus,    Trametes    pini,    Polyporus    lucidus,    Polystictus 
hirmitUB   (form),  Rhizopogon    (sp.  unknown  to  me),   Trametes    (')    Fomes 
bis    Lycoperdon  umbrlnum   (?  old),  Calvatia  caelata   (bright  yellow  forrr 
|  which  very  rarely  reaches  me). 

HOLLAND,  MONSIEUR.  Corsica: 

Polysaccum  pisocarpium  (globose  form=tuberosum). 
SCHUPP,  REV.  A.,  Brazil: 

Clathrus  chrysomycelinus    ("Mycelium   non   semper  aureum!") 
SMITH,  J.  T.  Tasmania: 

Mycenastrum  Corium  (a  nice  specimen),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum  (a 
fine    cluster),    Lycoperdon     (I    can    not    place.     'Root    thick,    cortex    dark 

olive,  cup  deep,  colored,  spores  apiculate,  distinctly  rough). 
THOMSON,  GEO.  M..  New  Zealand: 

Scleroderma  (immature),  Thelephora  (?)  fetid  when  fresh. 
VAN  BAMBEKE,  DR.  CH.,  Belgium: 

Fomes  applanatus,  Polyporus  hispidus,  Polyporus  sulphureus    Poly- 
poms  squamosus,  Polyporus  cuticularis. 

VANDERYST,  HYAC,  Congo,  Africa: 

I  A  fine  lot  of  specimens  from   a  section  little  represented   in   our 

museum.     Six  collections  of  Cyathus  which  we  are  particularly  glad  to  get. 
}  tropical  Cyathi  give  promise  of  being  the  most  puzzling  proposition 
that  we  are  working  on.     Hardly  any  two  of  them  have  the  same  sized 
1  spores. 

Cyathus  Poeppigii    (typical).     Spores  28x40. 

Cyathus  limbatus.    Spores  10x20.     This  is  the  first  record  of  the 
species,  excepting  in  the  West  Indies,  and  it  agrees  very  closely. 

5 


Cyathus  limbatus  (?).  Another  collection,  spores  a  little  broader. 
12  x  20.  The  habits  are  not  typical,  but  it  is  too  close  to  separate. 

Cyathus — close  to  pallidus  as  to  cups,  but  larger  spores  (9x16) 
and  not  so  large  as  triplex.  The  pallidus  section  of  Cyathus,  when  we 
get  many  collections  of  it,  will  prove  troublesome  on  account  of  the  spore 
variation. 

Cyathus — close  to  Cyathus  Montagnei.  Spores  12  x  16-20.  It  does  not 
have  the  mycelial  pad  at  the  base  that  we  have  associated  with  Montagnei. 

Cyathus,  surely  the  same  as  the  preceding. 

Lycoperdon  guttatum,  as  1  shall  call  it.  It  belongs  to  the  poly 
morphum  section,  but  has  no  sterile  base.  The  peridium  is  reddish  brown 
closely  resembling  Bovista  brunnea.  The  cortex  dries  up  in  little  areas 
as  it  often  does  in  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme.  The  capillitium  is  colored  anc 
typical  of  this  section.  The  spores  are  5-6  (larger  than  usual  in  this 
section)  smooth,  strongly  apiculate,  and  have  a  character  I  never  noticed 
before  in  Lycoperdon  spores.  They  are  guttate  in  a  water  mount,  as  ard 
many  spores  of  agarics. 

-  LjQCOperdon,  a  scanty  collection  which  resembles  Wrightii,  but  haa 
colored  capillitium.    It  has  not  the  same  cortex  as  pusillum. 
*   Geaster   (probably  young  saccatus). 

Geaster  velutinus  (form).  This  is  a  new  form  to  me  of  the  variable 
species  velutinus  (cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  315).  It  is  light  colored  (tropical 
forms  usually  are  dark)  and  differs  from  the  type  form  in  having 
a  short  stipe  at  the  base.  It  is  a  connecting  form  between  Geaster  velutinus 
and  Geaster  stipitatus.  Mr.  Vanderyst  has  sent  more  than  thirty  specimens, 
all  unopened  except  one.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  when  these  unopened 
epigaean  Geasters  strayed  into  European  mycologists  they  were  made  into  a 
"new  genus,"  Cycloderma? 

YOSHINAGA,  T.,  Japan: 

Lycoperdon  (unnamed).  It  grew  densely  caespitose  and  resembles 
Lycoperdon  compressum  of  the  United  States  in  its  size  and  habits.  It 
belongs,  however,  to  the  Pratense  section,  and  has  hyaline  capillitium. 
Gleba  olive,  spores  slightly  oval,  4  mic.,  apiculate  and  slightly  rough), 
Cyathus  minimus  (which  is  probably,  I  think,  the  oriental  form  of  Cyathus 
striatus.  The  spores  are  exactly  the  same,  and  it  differs  only  in  having 
small  sub-even  cups.  There  are,  however,  faint  indications  of  striae  in 
the  cups.)  Crucibulum  vulgare  (form)  (Differing  from  the  usual  form  in 
the  cups  which  are  not  so  cylindrical  but  more  tapering.  Also  in  having  the 
cups  only  half  full  of  peridioles  so  that  at  first  sight  it  appears  quite 
different.  It  is  the  first  collection  of  this  genus  I  have  seen  from  Japan, 
and  is  well  entitled  to  a  name  as  a  variety  if  not  as  a  species.  The  spores 
and  peculiar  peridiole  structure  are  exactly  the  same  as  the  type  form.) 
Crucibulum  vulgare  (not  so  old  as  other  collection,  hence  more  brownish) : 
Cyathus  stercoreus  (which  is  the  common  Cyathus  in  Japan,  and  the  only 
one  that  has  heretofore  reached  me). 

ZENKBR,  G.,  West  Africa:: 

Lycoperdon   pusillum,   Cyathus   Poeppigii. 


PLANTS  RECEIVED  DURING  SEPTEMBER,   1907: 

CRADWICK,  WILLIAM,  Jamaica: 

Clathrus  crispus  (This  is  a  phalloid  that  has  never  been  illustrated 
by  a  photograph,  though  Turpin  seems  to  have  given  a  fairly  good  cut  of  it). 

DONOR  UNKNOWN,  New  South  Wales: 

Scleroderma  (It  has  the  aspect  to  me  of  being  something  peculiar. 
The  peridium  is  thin,  yellow,  wrinkled,  smooth). 

DUMEE,    PAUL,    Switzerland: 

Fom.es  officinalis  (growing  on  Larix). 

GREEN,  ALBERT,  Australia: 

Stereum,  Peziza,  Corticium  (?),  Genus  unknown  to  me.  Fine 
collection  of  Stereum,  Peziza,  Corticium,  etc.,  genera  of  which  I  am  not  at 
all  informed  as  to  the  foreign  species. 

HAMILTON,  A.  G.,  New  South  Wales: 

Scleroderma  flavidum,  Bovistella  (genus  ?)  (Of  a  type  unfamiliar 
to  me.  Gleba  purplish.  No  sterile  base.  Capillitium  long,  intertwined, 
but  I  think  separate  threads..  Spores  globose,  smooth,  not  pedicellate  or 
even  apiculate.  Unfortunately  a  single  specimen.  Mt.  Kenibla.  Old  and 
does  not  show  cortex  characters.  I  know  no  puff  ball  that  even  approxi- 
mates this  combination  of  characters.),  Clavaria,  Polysaccum  crassipes 
(more  typical  than  usual  from  Australia),  Polysaccum  tuberosum  (Globose, 
stem! ess  form.),  Aseroe  Muelleriana  (The  broad  limbed  form,  cfr.  Phalloids 
of  Australasia,  page  18.  It  is  the  first  specimen  of  this  form  I  have  seen. 
Heretofore  I  have  only  known  Kalchbrenner's  figure.),  Geaster  saccatua 
(Much  deeper  base  than  usual  to  the  saccate  exoperidium). 

HINSBY,  G.  K.,  Tasmania: 

;  New  genus!!  (Peridium  double,  the  inner  separate  from  the  other, 
and  of  a  felty  nature..  Dehiscence  doubtful,  both  unopened.  Gleba  olive,  a 
mass  of  powdery  spores  without  capillitium.  Spores  hyaline,  elliptical 
7  x  12.  I  have  seen  at  Kew  unnamed  specimens  of  this  same  genus,  but 
not  the  same  species.  It  belongs  to  a  little  known  but  interesting  group 
of  genera,  characterized  by  elliptical,  hyaline  spores.  This  section  includes 
Castoreum  and  Mesophellia  and  at  least  two  other  unnamed  genera,  now 
in  my  collection,  from  Australia.  Also  I  would,  include  Protubera  of  Brazil. 
The  position  of  the  group  is  doubtful.  Some  appear  to  be  hypogaeal, 
though  different  in  gleba  structure  from  the  Hymenogasters.  Others — 
Castoreum — closer  to  the  Gastromycetes,  and  Protubera  has  been  doubt- 
fully compared  to  phalloids.),  Schizophyllum  commune,  two  species  of 
Polyporus. 

KLINCKSIECK,  PAUL,  France: 

Trametes  hispida  (on  poplar,  in  the  Pyrenees),  Polyporus  rutilans 
(on  beech,  Fontainebleau),  Polyporus  varius  (Fontainebleau). 

NOACK,   F.,   Germany: 

Polyporus  fumcsus  (on  willow),  Lenzites  betulina  (This  is  typical 
betulina  according  to  Fries'  description — rigid,  "firm."  Compared  to  it  the 


ordinary  plant  we  call  betulina  is  Lenzites  flaccida),  Geaster  fimbriatum, 
Geaster  Schmidelii,  Polyporus  (?)  unknown  to  me,  Geaster  hygrometricus, 
Polyporus  (unknown  to  me). 

O'CONNOR,  C.  A.,  Mauritius: 

Three  interesting  phalloids  in  alcohol:  Phallus  gracilis  (The  slen- 
der form  of  Phallus  aurantiacus  with  an  acute  pileus.  This  is  the  only 
common  species  Mr.  O'Connor  finds  in  Mauritius,  and  it  is  undoubtedly  3 
widely  spread  species  in  the  tropics),  Phallus  indusiatus  (The  ordinary, 
typical  form  with  coarse  meshes  to  the  veil  and  the  broad,  campanulate 
pileus.  Mr.  O'Connor  found  but  a  single  specimen,  but  it  is  the  most  fre- 
quent species  in  most  tropical  countries),  Phallus  duplicates  (Very  close 
to  the  form  in  the  United  States,  but  differs  slightly  in  the  nature  of  the 
reticulations  of  the  pileus.  We  shall  have  an  article  in  Mycological  Notes 
shortly  with  an  illustration  showing  this  difference.  This  is  the  first  time 
I  think  that  Phallus  duplicatus  is  recorded  outside  of  the  United  States. 
Professor  Fischer  places  this  species  with  Phallus  indusiatus,  but  could  he 
see  these  two  specimens  from  Mr.  O'Connor  side  by  side,  I  think  he  would 
concede  the  difference).  This  is  the  first  record  of  either  of  these  three 
species  from  Mauritius.  The  only  phalloid  heretofore  recorded  from  this 
island  is  Simblum  periphragmoides,  which  Mr.  O'Connor  has  not  yet  found. 

PANAU,  CHARLES,  France: 

Polyporus  squamosua  (a  fine,  large  specimen),  Fomes  nigricans  (in  the 
sense  of  Boudier),  Polyporus  fragilis,  on  pine  stump,  Polyporus  Forquignoni 
(Very  glad  to  get  this,  as  it  is  the  first  specimen  I  have  seen.  As  to 
color,  texture,  pores,  and  spores,  it  might  be  taken  for  a  small  central 
stiped  specimen  of  Polyporus  squamosus,  but  the  stipe  is  not  black,  and 
the  scales  not  so  pronounced),  Polyporus  rufescens. 

PATTERSON,  W.  H.,   St.  Vincent: 
Cyathus   Poeppigii. 

PAUL,  J.  T.,  Australia: 

Lycoperdon  pratense,  Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  cepae- 
forme,  but  with  large  sterile  base  cells),  Bovistella  scabra,  Bovistella  Aus- 
traliense,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  piriforme),  Lycoperdon,  sp.  (Gleba  with  a  pur- 
plish cast),  Geaster  (probably  minimus,  old  and  large),  Xylaria  (sp.). 

Note. — Packages  were  also  received  from  the  following  correspondents: 
Fetch,  T.,  Ceylon;  Pujuila,  Jaime,  Austria;  Rick,  Rev.  J.,  Brazil;  Schupp, 
Rev.  F.  A.,  Brazil;  Tepper,  J.  G.  O.,  South  Australia;  Thomson,  Geo.  M.,  New 
Zealand;  Yasuda,  A.,  Japan.  Detailed  acknowledgment  will  be  made  in 
the  next  letter. 


Letter  No.  18. 

Cincinnati,   Ohio,   January   1,    1908. 

List  of  specimens  received  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  during  the 
ast  four  months  of  1907,  and  a  few  that  were  crowded  out  of  Letter  No.  16. 

We  list  these  specimens  as  they  may  be  known  to  us,  though  we  claim  no 
ritical  knowledge  of  the  subject  other  than  concerning  the  Gastromycetes.  We 
ave,  however,  a  general  knowledge  of  the  names  of  fungi  that  occur  in  American 
terature. 

Our  thanks  are  extended  to  those  who  have  sent  specimens,  and  we  continue 
j  solicit  specimens  suitable  for  museum  specimens,  as  per  circular  enclosed. 

Yours  very  truly, 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
Court  and  Plum  Streets, 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

CONTINUATION   FROM   LETTER  No.  16. 
Emma  E.  Laughlin,  Ohio: — Daldinea  concentrica. 
James  Miller,  Ohio: — Fuligo  septica  (nice  specimen). 

Professor  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio: — Mycenastrum  Corium  (collected  by  G.  C. 
sher  at  Troy,  O.),  Polyporus  robiniophila,  Mutinus  Ravenelii  (Prof.  Morgan, 
itio  was  very  familiar  with  Mutinus  elegans  and  its  habits,  told  me  that  Ravenelii 
I  very  distinct,  not  only  in  the  general  form,  size,  and  shape  of  the  plant,  but  in 
I;  habitats.  Mutinus  elegans  is  a  woods  plant,  growing  usually  around  or  on  rotten 
I?s.  This  collection  of  ,Mutinus  Ravenelii  was  made  in  an  old  corn  field  with 
iiyey  soil  and  no  humus  at  all.  The  habitat  of  fungi,  generally  neglected  by 
Ideologists,  is  often  the  very  best  specific  character  a  species  has. 

\     Mrs.   M.  A.   Noble,  Connecticut: — Fomes  leucophaeus. 

'-  C.  E.  Pleas,  Florida: — Polyporus  sublilacinus?  (Pores  have  a  lilac  tinge,  but 
lloiibt  if  it  is  not  gilvus),  Fomes  marmoratus  on  hickory  (I  have  gathered  it  in 
l)rida  only  on  this  host),  Bovistella  Ohiensis  (a  common  puff  ball  in  the  South), 
lleroderma  flavidum,  Calvatia  lilacina,  Bovistella  Ohiensis  (with  abnormal  cor- 
jx),  Scleroderma  Geaster,- Lentinus  lepideus. 

c  G.  D.  Smith,  Ohio: — Tremellodon  gelatinosum,  Hydnum  Caput-ursi,  Tremelloid 
|.nt  related  to  genus  Dacryomitra  and  Calocera  (as  to  basidia),  but  departs  from 
I.h  genera  otherwise.  Has  been  identified  for  me  in  Europe  as  Dacryomitra 
gssoides,  but  this  is  surely  wrong.  Calvatia  elata,  Lepiota  granosa,  Polystictus 
•  nabarinus,  Pleurotus  niger,  Fomes  pinicola,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Polyporus 
Uidus,  Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  dryophilus  (?),  Hydnum  septentrionale  on 
|!ch.  Poria  tulipifera,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  radicatus,  Polyporus  resinosus, 
ftdnum  adustum,  Polystictus  biformis  on  elm,  Polyporus  (Apus  Carnosi),  Thele- 
p>ra  Schweinitzii,  Helvella,  Polyporus  Berkeleyi,  Peziza  hemisphaerica,  Poly- 
psus  (unknown  to  me.  Section  Mesopus  Carnosi.  A  dark  plant  with  rather 
iJ.ge,  shallow  pores.  Close  to  radicatus,  but  without  its  black  stem),  Pleurotus 
lulans,  Lycoperdon  subincarnatum,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me.  Yellowish 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFOHNIA 


when  fresh,  but  turns  red  on  bruising.  Belongs  I  judge  to  Apus  Carnosi.  Per- 
haps young  sulphureus),  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Lycoperdon,  form  of  gemmatunol 
which  has  no  valid  name,  but  should  have.  It  was  called  var.  papillatum  in  Peek's! 
excellent  monograph,  but  this  species  of  Europe  evidently  a  very  different  plant 
Panus  conchatus,  Helotium  herbarum,  Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  (sp.  unknown 
to  me),  Trametes  sepium. 

E.  B.  Sterling,  New  Jersey: — Polyporus  flavo-virens,  Sparassis  spathulata  (A 
fine  specimen  of  a  rare  plant.  It  was  named  by  Schweinitz,  Stereum  spathulata, 
changed  by  Fries  to  Sparassis  spathulata,  and  renamed  by  Peck  Sparassis  Herbstilj 
It  seems  to  me  to  be  coriaceous  rather  than  fleshy,  hence  a  Stereum  according  tc 
Fries'  definition.  It  has  the  general  aspect  of  a  Sparassis,  and  differs  in  its  general 
appearance  from  all  other  Stereums),  Sclroderma  Geaster,  Lycoperdon  tessellaturn 
Hypomyces  lactifluorum,  Craterellus  cornucopoides,  Peziza  vesiculosa,  Lycogala 
epidendrum,  Daldinea  concentrica,  Crucibulum  vulgare,  Lycogala  flavo-fuscum 
Polyporus  gilvus  (abnormally  developed  on  a  small  branch.  It  encircles  the  branch 
and  takes  a  thin,  conchoid  form),  Myxomyces  (plasmodium),  Favolus  europaeus 
Bulgaria  rufa,  Thelephora  Cladonia,  Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Geaster  hygrornetri 
cus,  Fistulina  hepatica,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Hirneola  auricula-Judae,  Lenzites 
betulina,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Scleroderma  flavidum 
Scleroderma  Cepa,  Scleroderma  verrucosum  (not  typical),  Scleroderma  tenerum 
Scleroderma  aurantium. 

J.  Vroom,  New  Brunswick: — Polyporus  caeruleoporus  (very  rare  plant.  "Wheuj 
fresh  as  blue  as  any  Cortinarfus  I  ever  saw." — J.  Vroom.) 

Isabel  M.  Walker,  Canada: — Gyromitra  esculenta  (?),  Fomes  leucophaeus. 
Fomes  fomentarius,  Fomes  nigricans  (in  sense  of  Boudier)  (of  Fries?),  Xylaria! 
polymorphum,  Morchella  (sp.),  Stereum  fasciatum,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Panus 
rudis,  Daldinea  concentrica,  Panus  (sp.),  Polystictus  cinnamomeus,  Polyporui 
elegans,  Polystictus  hirsutus. 

Received  September,  October,  November  and  December,  1907. 

t 

Miss  Lizzie  C.  Allen,  Massachusetts: — Calvatia  rubroflava,  a  rather  rare  and 
our  only  truly  yellow  puff  ball.  Lysurus  borealis.  Another  station  (Newtonville, 
Mass.)  for  this  phalloid. 

Frank  H.  Ames,  Massachusetts: — Lenzites  corrugata,  Fomes  leucophaeus, 
Polystictus  pergamenus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Lycogala  Epidendrum,  Poria  Tulipifer^j 
Genus  unknown  to  me.  Spores  globose,  hyaline,  smooth,  4  mic.  Conidial  Pyren- 
omycetes?. 

Mrs.  E.  B.  Blackford, — Polyporus  caesius. 

Fred  J.  Braendle,  Washington,  D.  C.: — Tricholoma  equestris  (aurea),  Tricho-i 
loma  transmitans  (argentea).  Both  of  these  plants  are  edible  and  largely  em- 
ployed as  food  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington.  Mr.  Braendle  is  doing  good  work 
in  disseminating,  locally,  popular  knowledge  of  the  edible  species  of  agarics  about 
Washington. 

T.  S.  Brandegee,  California: — Gyrophragmium  decipiens,  Geaster  hygrometra 
cus,  Calvatia  occidentalis,  Tylosoma  albicans,  Calvatia  (unnamed).  It  belongs  toi 
a  type  departing  from  all  others  known.  Cortex  a  thin  membrane,  breaking  up  into) 
areas.  Peridium  reddish  brown,  brittle.  (None  of  the  plants  have  dehisced,  but 
from  the  nature  of  the  peridium  it  is  evident  it  breaks  in  fragments  in  dehiscence.)i 
Sterile  base  none,  but  the  plant  is  contracted  at  the  base,  not  globose  as  are  almost! 
all  puff  balls  that  have  no  sterile  bases.  Gleba  dark  umber.  Capillitium  branched) 

2 


I  n>] 


eads,  but  in  the  ripe  gleba  broken  up  into  little  fragments,  deeply  colored, 
three  to  eight  mic.  thick.  (This  is  the  type  of  capillitium  one  finds  in  Cal- 
vatia  caelata,  very  different  from  the  true  typical  capillitium  of  the  genus  Calvatia.) 
Spores  globose,  4  mic.  in  diameter,  almost  smooth  but  very  slightly  rough.  Plant 
from  two  to  three  inches  in  diameter,  growing  in  woods  earth  in  the  Giant  Forest 
Tulare  County,  California. 

Professor  T.  S.  Brandegee,  Mexico:— Lycoperdon  pseudogemmatum,  Sclero- 
derma  (cfr.  Cepa),  Pyrenomycetes  (Genus  unknown  to  me).  Daldinea  concentrica. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Brenckle,  North  Dakota:— Polystictus  conchifer,  Lycoperdon  Wrightii, 
Lycoperdon  cepaeforme,  Geaster  limbatus  (typical).  Myxomyces. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Brenckle,  Wisconsin: — Lycoperdon  piriforme  (young),  Polystictus 
hirsutus,  Lycogala  Epindendruin,  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Scleroderma  Cepa, 
Daedalea  unicolor,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Lycoperdon  gemrnatum. 

Chas.  O.  Chambers,  Oregon: — Geaster  giganteus,  Bovista  Pila,  Bovista  plumbea, 
Lycoperdon  subpratense.  (These  specimens  do  have  colored  capillitium! !  in  which 
character  alone  the  American  plant  seems  to  differ  from  the  European  Lycoperdon 
pratense.) 

Simon  Davis,  Massachusetts: — Lenzites  betulina,  Polyporus  brumalis,  Poly- 
porus (sp.),  Polpstictus  hirsutus,  Corticium  (sp.),  Hydnum  ochraceum  (subresupin- 
ate)  Polyporus  dichrous,  Calvatia  elata,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Polyporus 
brumalis,  Hydnum  (resupinate). 

Miss  Alice  Eastwood,  California: — Bovista  Pila  (on  the  road  to  Yosemite,), 
Mycenastrum  (?),  species  (?)  Probably  new.  Closest  relation  is  to  Mycenastrum 
fragilis  as  the  specimen  exists  at  Paris.  Has  same  spores  and  capillitium,  but, 
ike  that  specimen,  the  capillitium  is  devoid  of  the  peculiar  spines  characteristic 
of  the  type  species  of  Mycenastrum  Corium.  Miss  Eastwood  found  the  specimen  at 
Tioga  Lake,  Yosemite  National  Park. 

E.  P.  Ely,  Minnesota:— Polyporus  Schweinitzii  (a  rather  rare  species),  Poly- 
stictus cinnabarinus,  Polyporus  gilvus  var.  scruposus,  Polyporus  adustus,  Daedalea 
unicolor,  Polystictus  hirsutus. 

Professor  W.  G.  Farlow,  New  Hampshire: — Nidularia  pisiformis. 

G.  C.  Fisher,  Florida: — Polystictus  focicola,  Lenzites  rhabarbarina  (only  a 
Sright  colored  southern  form  of  saepiaria),  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Stereum 
subpileatum,  Polystictus  abietinus,  Polystictus  conchifer,  Corticium  (sp.),  Lenzites 
porrugata,  Polyporus  fumosus,  more  ligneous  than  northern  'forms.  Polystictus 
parbatulus,  Tremella,  (cfr.  mesenterica),  Lenzites  betulina,  Geaster  hygrometri- 
bus,  Lenzites  saepiaria,  Fomes  carneus  (?),  Stereum  fasciatum,  southern  form. 
JDiffers  some  from  the  usual  northern.  Stereum  (sp.),  Rhizopogon  rubescens, 
Kmanita,  coccinea.  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Polyporus  gilvus,  Polyporus  (cfr.  caesius), 
fetereum  caperatum,  Stereum  subpileatum,  Stereum  versicolor,  Stereum  compli- 
patum.  Better  developed  and  not  so  "complicate"  as  more  northern  forms.  Merul- 
jus  tremellosus,  -Tylostoma  Floridanum,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Geaster  annulatus, 
Its  I  shall  call  it.  It  is  a  new  form  or  apparently  a  very  distinct  species.  It  has 
ji  ring  at  the  base  of  the  endoperidium  as  does  Geaster  Bryantii  of  Europe,  but  has 
kn  even  mouth  (sulcate  in  Bryantii).  This  is  the  third  species  or  form  character- 
ized by  a  similar  ring  that  has  reached  me.  (Cfr.  also  Geaster  coronatus,  form,  of 
Ceylon,  Letter  No.  17.)  Lycoperdon  cruciatum,  Geaster  hygrometricus  (unopened), 
Btereum  complicatum,  Polyporus  adustus,  Stereu  mochraceoflavum  (Beautiful, 
iresh  specimens),  Tylostoma  albicans,  Clavaria,  Thelephora  terrestris,  Polystictus 


versicolor.  Cyathus  stercoreus,  Cauloglossum  transversarium,  Merulius  Corium,  j 
Polyporus  arculariellus,  I  think.  It  is  very  close  to  Polyporus  arcularius,  but  very 
small  and  has  a  setiform  stem.  Bovistella  Ohiensis,  Scleroderma  Geaster,  Polystic-  j 
tus  versicolor?  An  abnormal  scutellate  form.  Merulius?  White.  Species  un- 
known to  me  and  genus  uncertain.  Either  Merulius  or  Poria.  Poria  (sp.),  Tylos- 
toma  albicans,  Phallus  duplicatus,  Phallus  Ravenelii,  Lentinus  Berterii?  Polystic- 
tus  hirsutulus.  Too  close  to  Pol.  versicolor.  It  is  the  plant  I  have  referred  several 
times  to  Polystictus  velutinus  (?).  Schweinitz's  specimen  is  small  and  scanty, 
but,  knowing  the  form,  I  think  I  recognized  his  specimen  as  what  I  have  been 
calling  "Pol  velutinus?"  I  am  glad  to  get  a  name  for  it.  Geaster  saccatus,  form 
with  dark  endoperidium,  Geaster  saccatus  with  pale  endoperidium,  Scleroderma 
Cepa,  Rhizopogon  (sp.). 

Dr.  W.  M.  Glatfelter,  Missouri: — Morchella  esculenta,  Thelephora  palmata, 
form  Americana  (as  named,  but  same  form  grows  in  Europe),  Helvella  elastica, 
Peziza  vesiculosa,  Stereum  fasciatum,  Craterellus  cantharellus,  Bulgaria  rufa, 
Hydnum  erinaceum,  Stereum  spadiceum,  Stereum  complicatum,  Merulius  tremel- 
losus,  Polyporus  Spraguei,  Hirneola  auricula-Judae,  Hydnum  imbricatum,  Peziza 
badia,  Hydnum  zonatum,  Xylaria  flabelliformis,  Xylaria  polymorpha,  Craterellus 
cornucopioides,  Stereum  diaphanum,  Irpex  pachylon,  Thelephora  vialis,  Sebacina 
pallida,  better  known  as  Thelephora  Schwenitzii  in  American  mycology,  and  as  fe 
have  always  called  it.  As  we  were  all  informed  by  Bresadola  years  ago,  it  does 
not  belong  to  the  genus  Thelephora.  The  name  Tremellodendron  has  been  proposed 
for  the  section  of  Sebacina  with  erect  habits,  but  as  the  best  authors  do  not  sepa- 
rate the  incrusting  from  the  erect  species  of  Thelephora,  I  can  not  understand 
how  they  can  consistently  adopt  different  views  as  to  Sebacina.  The  form  that 
Dr.  Glatfelter  sends  was  by  Schweinitz  himself  called  "Thelephora  cristata  Fr."  as 
evidenced  in  his  herbarium,  but  is  certainly  only  a  form  of  his  own  "Thelephora 
pallida."  Sebacina  merismatoides,  as  is  evident  from  the  general  nature  of  thC 
plant,  this  belongs  to  the  same  genus  as  the  preceding,  though  put  in  Clavaria  by 
Schweinitz  and  in  Pterula  by  others.  Professor  Burt  tells  me  it  has  the  same 
"basidial  structure"  which  Bresadola  first  informed  American  mycologists  wafi 
characteristic  of  the  preceding  plant.  Scleroderma  aurantium,  Scleroderma  tenerum, 
Scleroderma  Cepa,  Poria  obliquus,  Irpex  cinnamomeus,  Fomes  rimosus  ( ?), 
Xylaria  (sp.).) 

Miss  Daisy  Hone,  Minnesota: — Morchella  esculenta,  Peziza  fusicarpa,  Plicaria 
repanda,  Sarcoscypha  coccincea,  Verpa  bohemica,  Urnula  Craterium,  Leotia  lubrica, 
Morchella  conica,  Sclerotina  tuberosa,  Dermatia  cerasti.  All  the  preceding  are  as 
determined  by  Miss  Hone.  Helvella  lacunosa,  Polyporus  gilvus  (form),  a  very 
peculiar  form,  thin  rugulose,  more  yellow  than  usual.  Hydnum  Caputursi,  Favoluij 
europaeus,  mixed  with  "Favolus  microporus  n.  s."  which  is  only  a  small-pored 
form  of  it.  Scleroderma  Cepa,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Poly? 
porus  betulinus,  Calvatia  craniformis,  Hydnum  coralloides  (?),  Polystictus  perga- 
menus (?),  Fornes  connatus,  on  ironwood  (usually  it  is  on  maple),  Polystictus' 
cinnabarinus,  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Panus  rudis,  Trametes  obtusus,  Polystictus  (cfr. 
pubescens),  but  too  yellow,  Geaster  limbatus,  with  the  exoperidium  inclined  to 
become  fornicate,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Irpex  lactea  (?),  Daldinea  concent  rica, 
Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  pubescens,  Polystictus  versicolor.  • 

J.  W.  Huntington,  Massachusetts: — Polystictus  (unknown  to  me).     It  has  the] 
same  color,  pores,  texture,  and  peculiar  colored  setae  as  Polystictus  circinatus  and 
is  closely  related.     The  pores  are,  however,  decurrent  to  the  base  of  the  SUMII. 
and  it  grew  on  an  "oak  stump."    Polystictus  circinatus  and  its  allies  are  pine  woods 
species  and  have  no  business  to  grow  on  oak  stumps.     Polyporus  elegans,  Fomes 

4 


omentarius,  Merulius  tremellosus,  Daedalea  quercina,  Polystictus  velutinus  (?), 
3anus  levis,  a  rare  plant.  I  think  the  first  time  I  have  received  it.  It  grew  on  an 
ipple  tree.  Polyporus  radiatus,  young.  Polyporus  adustus,  Daedalea  unicolor, 
Polyporus  Schweinitzii,  Hydnum  coralloides,  Daedalea  confragosa,  Polyporus 
mimalis,  Polyporus  fumosus,  Panus  stipticus,  Stereum  spadiceum. 

Miss  Kate  A.  Jones,  New  Hampshire: — Bovistella  pedicellata,  Lycoperdon 
ruciatum,  Polystictus  pergamenus,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Polystictus  perennis,  Poly- 
>orus  brumalis,  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Polystictus  cinnabarinus. 

Ernest  Knaebel,  Colorado: — Polystictus  circinatus,  Polystictus  versicolor  (very 
).  Referred  doubtfully  as  a  form  of  versicolor  for  the  time  being.  I  am  satisfied 
n  time  it  will  bear  another  name.  It  is  smoother,  more  uniform  in  color,  more 
rigid  than  versicolor.  Poria,  species  unknown  to  me,  Polystictus  pergamenus. 
Stereum  rufum,  Polystictus  hirsutus  (very  ?  form.  Thicker,  more  conchoid,  not  so 
trongly  hirsute),  Polyporus  (unknown  to  me),  Daldinea  concentrica,  Fomes 
gniarius.  Fomes  pinicola,  Lenzites  sepiaria,  Fomes  roseus  (on  birch  and  the  first 
have  received  on  frondose  wood.  It  is  generally  on  acerous  wood),  Lycoperdon 
legans  (found  by  Mr.  Knaebel  at  an  elevation  of  8,500  feet,  near  Mt.  Evans). 
n  my  article  on  American  Lycoperdons  I  have  considered  this  species  as  a  large 
orm  of  Lycoperdon  umbrinum.  But  one  specimen  was  known,  in  Professor  Morgan's 
ollection,  and  I  did  not  feel  like  maintaining  a  species  on  this  one  specimen.  I 
m  convinced  from  Mr.  Knaebel's  specimens  that  it  merits  distinction.  The  species 
s  much  larger  and  more  robust  than  any  true  Lycoperdon  we  have  in  our  Eastern 
Itates.  The  cortex  which  is  absent  from  Morgan's  specimen  is  distinctive  and 
he  gleba  does  not  turn  purple  in  the  ripest  specimens.  Lycoperdon  (unnamed), 
ts  relations  are  entirely  with  Lycoperdon  Wrightii.  Has  same  habits,  spores  and 
tiick,  flaccid,  septate  capillitium,  but  is  a  larger  plant  and  capillitium  is  colored. 
,ycoperdon,  same  plant  as  preceding,  but  with  abnormal  cortex,  Lycoperdon 
usillum,  with  nodular  cortex,  Lycoperdon  (cfr.  cepaeforme),  very  similar  but 
arger  cells  to  sterile  base. 


Lincoln   W.    Riddle,   Massachusetts: — Polystictus   perennis,   Polystictus   cinna-| 
momeus,  Fomes  (cfr.  conchatus),  Clavaria  Ligula  (in  beech  forests.     I  was  under! 
the  impression  it  only  grew  on  pine  needles),  Polyporus  picipes,  Polyporus  elegans,  I 
Fomes  pinicola   (on  birch),  Polystictus  Drummondii    (very  rare.     These  are   the 
first  specimens  I  have  seen  excepting  the  types  at  Kew.     Mr.  Riddle  found  it  on 
Abies.     It  is  our  only  Polystictus,  I  think,  of  the  section  "Membranacei"),  Poly- 
porus aureo-nitans   (—  young  radiatus,  I  think) ,   Polyporus  pocula,  on   quercus, 
Poria  (sp.),  Poria  (?  probably  resupinate  igniarius,  I  think),  Polyporus  adustus, 
Fomes  connatus,  Polystictus  circinatus,  Polystictus  abietinus    (irpecoid  form,   = 
irpex  fusco-violaceus). 

F.  L.   Sargent,  New   Hampshire: — Polystictus  versicolor,   Polyporus   betulina,) 
Polyporus  squamosus,  Lenzites  .saepiaria,  Peziza  aeruginosa,  Polystictus  abietinus, 
Fomes  roseus,  Fomes  fomentarius,  on  Betula,  Polyporus  (sp.),  Daedalea  confragosa 
(Trametes  form),  Fomes  leucophaeus,  Polyporus    (sp.),  Daedalea  unicolor,  Poly-V 
stictus  cinnabarinus,  Lenzites  betulina,  Polystictus  perennis,  Irpex  lactea,  Schizo- 
phyllum  commune,  Polyporus  (sp.),  Daedalea  confragosa  (lenzitoid  form). 

G.  D.    Smith,    Ohio:— Polyporus    cuticularis,    Polyporus    brumalis,    Polyporus 
gilvus.     Professor  Smith  is  past  master  of  the  photographic  art,  and  sends  me  a 
number  of  photographs  of  fungi,  the  finest  I  ever  saw.     When  familiar  with  the 
plants  I  can  recognize  Professor  Smith's  photographs  almost  as  readily  as  I  could* 
the  fresh  specimens.    Polyporus  cuticularis,  Polyporus,  three  species,  all  unknown 
to  me.    Genus  unknown  to  me.     The  plant  is  either  immature  or  abnormal,  as  no 
hymenium  is  developed,  but  does  not  suggest  any  genus  known  to  me. 

E.  B.  Sterling,  New  Jersey: — Lenzites  saepiaria,  Polyporus  adustus,  resupinate, 
Lycogala  Epidendrum,  Schizophyllum  commune,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Polystictus 
pergamenus,  Hypoxylon  (sp.),  Stereum  spadiceum,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poly- 
stictus abietinus  (not  well  developed),  Polyporus  resinosus,  Pleurotus  nidulans, 
Fomes  leucophaeus,  Trametes  (sp.),  Irpex  (cfr.  Tulipifera),  Peziza  (sp.),  Fungus 
(???),  Merulius  tremellosus  (??),  Phallus  Ravenelii  (a  very  abundant  collection, 
fresh.  Mr.  Sterling  finds  this  species  growing  by  the  hundreds  on  an  old  sawdust 
pile),  Phallus  Ravenelii  (a  dense  mass  of  matted  mycelium  with  a  great  many  eggsf 
in  all  stages  of  development),  Lycoperdon  gemmatum. 

E.  B.  Sterling,  Wisconsin: — Lichen,  Polystictus  hirsutus  (?).  If  so,  a  white 
form.  Secotium  acuminatum,  Polystictus  versicolor  (typical),  Polystictus  (sp.  ?), 
Pleurotus  sapidus,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  Polystictus  (cfr.  pubescens),  Polyporus 
adustus,  resupinate,  Polystictus  hirsutus,  pale  form,  Polystictus  zonatus  (?).  Genus 
unknown  to  me.  It  has  the  general  appearance  of  being  an  orange  Tremella,  but 
consists  entirely  of  a  mass  of  long,  curved,  rod-shaped,  hyaline  spores  2%xl6  mic.] 

William  C.  Stevenson,  Pennsylvania: — Peziza  aurantia. 

Miss  E.  D.  Storer,  Pennsylvania: — Geaster  pectinatus  (rare  in  this  country);* 
Geaster  minimus,  Geaster  hygrometricus. 

Dr.  Mary  S.  Whetstone,  Minnesota: — Polystictus  pergamenus,  Merulius  tremel- 
losus, Polyporus  gilvus,  Polystictus  conchifer,  Sebacina  merismatoides,  Polyporus 
elegans,  Cyathus  striatus,  on  the  ground  (an  unusual  habitat)  with  a  mycelial  pad 
at  the  base,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Stereum  fasciatum,  Hydnum  erinaceum,  Trametes' 
hispida,  thin  form  with  large  pores  —  Trametes  stuppea,  Polystictus  cinnamomeus, 
Xylaria  polymorpha,  Xylaria  digitata,  Xylaria  (sp.),  Tremella  reticulata.  Same 
plant  I  received  from  Mr.  Smith,  Akron,  Ohio,  and  which  has  acute  branches  lik«| 
a  Clavaria.  I  sent  Mr.  Smith's  plant  to  Professor  Farlow,  and  he  advises  me  it  is 
same  plant  as  called  "Corticium  tremellinum  var.  reticulatum,"  by  Berkeley.  I 

6 


can  not  understand  how  Berkeley  could  do  such  naming.  Hydnum  (sp.),  Thelephora 
anthocephala,  Polyporus  adustus,  Thelephora  cuticularis,  Thelephora  vialis  (?), 
smaller  pilei  than  usual,  Lentinus  cochleatus,  Lentinus  vulpinus,  Pterula  multifida, 
Daedalea  confragosa,  Cantharellus  infundibullformis,  Craterellus  cornucopbides, 
Lycogala  Epidendrum,  Polyporus  (sp.  unknown  to  me),  Polyporus  (sp.  unknown  to 
me,  cfr.  albiceps),  Helvella  crispa,  Polyporus  frondosus,  young  (I  think),  Sclero- 
derma  Cepa,  Boletus  sphaerosporus.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  we  have  a 
true  boletus  around  Minneapolis  with  globose  spores.  The  only  one  known  in  the 
world,  I  think.  Polyporus  radicatus  (very  ?),  much  too  small,  Sebacina  (very  ?), 
white,  incrusting,  with  exactly  the  habits  of  Sebacina  incrustans,  but  of  a  soft 
texture.  A  section  shows  a  loose  tissue  of  branching  hyphae,  but  I  find  no 
lymenium.  It  is  something  curious. 


CORRECTIONS. 

In  Letter  No.  16  we  reported  a  Tremella  received  from  G.  D.  Smith,  Ohio,  as 
Tremella  fusiformis,  and  commented  on  its  resemblance  to  a  Clavaria.  We  were 
not  satisfied  with  the  determination,  however,  and  sent  the  plant  to  Professor 
Farlow.  He  kindly  advises  us  that  it  corresponds  to  a  specimen  in  the  Curtis 
Herbarium,  named  by  Berkeley  "Corticium  tremellinum  var.  reticulatum"  (sic.). 
We  are  at  a  loss  to  understand  how  it  was  possible  for  Berkeley  to  so  name  it, 
as  it  has  no  relation  to  a  Corticium,  and  is  not  reticulate.  However,  we  would  not 
wish  to  comment  on  it  further  until  we  see  the  plant  so  named  in  Berkeley's 
herbarium. 

Some  of  the  specimens  sent  by  G.  C.  Fisher  and  reported  in  Letter  No.  16 
as  from  Ohio,  were  collected  in  Florida  (the  error  being  ours),  viz.:  Lycoperdon 
cruciatum  and  those  that  follow. 

Some  of  the  specimens  listed  in  Letter  No.  14  from  Miss  Rose  H.  Lane,  Cali- 
fornia, were  collected  in  the  Philippines,  as'  we  have  since  been  advised.  We 
noted  at  the  time  that  they  were  of  a  tropical  type,  previously  unknown  to  the 
United  States. 


LETTER  No.  19. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  January   1,   1908. 


List  of  specimens  received  from  Europe  and  foreign  countries  since 
the  last  report,  November  1,  1907,  and  including  a  few  crowded  out  of 
Letter' No.  17. 

We  list  the  plants  here  under  the  names  as  we  have  labeled  them 
in  the  museum  at  the  time  they  were  received.  Some  of  the  species  received 
from  foreign  countries,  where  the  subject  is  little  known,  do  not  have 
names  or  impress  us  as  being  marked  forms  or  varieties  of  known  species. 
In  these  cases  we  think  it  is  better  to  not  specify  the  plants  by  definite 
names  until  we  make  a  comparative  study  of  the  subject  in  connection 
with  other  forms  known  from  these  countries. 

A  number  of  plants  received  from  tropical  countries  belong  to  families 
that  we  know  very  slightly  as  to  their  tropical  species.  The  best  we  can 
do  in  these  cases  is  to  indicate  the  genus  and  compare  them  to  their 
nearest  allies  in  Europe  and  America.  All  such  specimens  are  carefully 
preserved  and  will  come  into  use  in  our  future  studies.  At  present  we 
claim  no  critical  knowledge  as  to  tropical  species,  excepting  as  to  the 
Gastromycetes. 

I  beg  to  thank  my  correspondents  for  the  very  liberal  contributions 
they  are  making  to  the  museum.  All  specimens  received  are  carefully 
labeled  and  systematically  preserved.  My  publications  are  sent  to  those 
who  favor  me  with  specimens,  and  I  trust  are  a  partial  return  for  their 
trouble. 

Owing  to  the  uncertainty  of  American  foreign  mails  I  would  prefer 
foreign  species  be  sent  to  my  Paris  address  as  follows.  They  will  reach  me 
more  surely,  but  with  some  delay. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
(Klincksieck)    No.    3    rue    Corneille    (Odeon), 

Paris,  VI,  France. 

Continued  From   Letter  No.  17. 

PETCH,  T.,  Ceylon:. 

Bovistella  aspera  (Nice  specimens.  These  have  a  slight  sterile  base. 
I  am  now  convinced  that  Berkeley's  conspurcatum  and  citrinum,  both  surely 
the  same,  are  old  specimens  after  the  cortex  has  fallen),  Lycoperdopsis  arcy- 
rioides  (A  wonderfully  good  genus,  recently  described,  Monsunia,  page  158. 
from  Java.  These  are  the  first  specimens  I  have  ever  received  excepting  a 
small  portion  of  the  type  kindly  given  me  by  Dr.  Hennings),  Nidularia 
unnamed  ("Part  of  Berkeley's  Ceylonese  specimen  of  Nidularia  Duriaeana." 
This  has  no  resemblance  to  the  Mauritius  species;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  cer- 
tainly an  unnamed  species.  It  is  characterized  by  peculiar,  branching, 
spiny  fibrils  of  the  peridiole  walls,  which  are  not  known  in  any  other 
true  Nidularia,  and  only  known  in  Nidula  Emodensis  of  India,  cfr.  Nidu- 
lariaceae,  pp.  9  and  12),  Geaster  saccatus  (with  an  "elongated"  mouth 
which  I  hardly  think  is  natural),  Sphaerobolus  rubidus  (From  these  dried 
specimens  I  could  tell^nothing^butMr.  Fetch  furni8hes_a  most  interesting 

TJ^  OF  CALJFORIxiA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


note  on  it:  "The  unopened  fungi  are  white,  but  have  blackened  in  drying. 
They  grew  on  elephant  dung,  as  did  Berkeley's  specimens.  When  fresh 
they  are  globose,  white,  slightly  tomentose,  about  1.25  mm.  in  diameter, 
opening  with  4-6  small,  almost  upright  teeth,  which  are  reddish-yellow  in- 
ternally. The  open  fungus  is  somewhat  urceolate.  Peridiole  oval,  shining, 
red-brown,  about  1  x  .75  mm.  Spores  oblong,  oval,  5-5.5  x  3  mic.  It  looks 
altogether  different  from  Sphaerobolus  stellatus  as  I  have  seen  it  abund- 
dantly  in  England"),  Lycoperdon  rubeculum  (I  have  obtained  a  much  clearer 
idea  of  this  species  from  Mr.  Fetch's  specimens  than  from  the  type  speci- 
mens at  Kew.  It  is  a  good  species  with  the  thick,  hyaline  capillitium  of 
Wrightii,  the  strong  diaphragm  of  pratense,  and  the  external  appearance  of 
piriforme.  Its  relations  are  closest  with  the  pratense  group.  Spores  small, 
3  mic.,  apiculate,  smooth,  compressed  globose). 
PUJUILA,  JAIME,  Austria: 

Fomes  pinicola,  Polystictus  tomentosus-form  (It  seems  to  me,  al- 
though this  has  two  pilei  superimposed,  as  in  Fries'  picture  of  Schwein- 
itzii),  Hydnum  (sp.  unknown  to  me). 

RICK,  REV.  J.,  Brazil: 

Tylostoma  Berteroanum  (Father  Rick  finds  it  in  great  abundance). 
Tylostoma  verrucosum  (or  T.  Bonianum  if  these  species  are  really  distinct 
from  each  other,  which  I  am  now  inclined  to  doubt). 

SCHUPP,   REV.   F.   A.,   Brazil: 

Hirneola  auricula-Judae,  Xylaria  (sp.),  Itajahya  galericulata,  Poly 
stictus,  Fomes,  Clathrus  (a  nice  dried  specimen  and  photograph  of  a  specie.? 
that  I  do  not  know.  It  surely  is  not  in  Moeller's  Phalloids  of  Brazil.  There 
are  several  species  such  as  Clathrus  crispatus  of  Ceylon  and  Clathrus 
pseudo-cancellatus  of  Africa  that  are  not  illustrated,  or  with  such  figures 
that  no  idea  can  be  obtained  of  them,  and  we  can  not  know  what  their 
real  characters  are),  Simblum  sphaerocephalum. 

TEPPER,  J.  G.  O.,  South  Australia: 

Mesophellia  sabulosa  (This  curious  Australian  genus  was  fully 
considered  in  our  Australian  pamphlet.  It  is  among  the  most  curious  puff 
balls  we  have,  and  the  genus  is  known  from  no  other  country  in  the  world. 
This  is  the  first  specimen  I  have  received,  and  the  specimens  in  Europe 
•ure  principally  at  Kew.  Mesophellia  sabulosa  is  very  close  to  the  original 
species  Mesophellia  arenaria.  They  have  the  same  spores,  which  are 
5-6x12,  rather  than  4  x  12,  as  stated  in  our  pamphlet.  The  only  difference 
is  the  exoperidium.  In  arenaria  this  peridium  is  of  coarse  fibrous  tissue: 
in  sabulosa  it  is  of  the  nature  of  a  sand-case),  Cyatnus  Colensoi  (which 
is  only  an  Australian  form  of  Cyathus  vernicosus,  with  more  globose  spores. 
Very  close  and  otherwise  exactly  the  same). 

THOMSON,   GEO.   M.,   New   Zealand: 
Scleroderma  flavidum. 

YASUDA,  A.,   Japan- 

Fomes  fomentarius  (Not  as  "ungulate"  as  this  species  is  in  Amer- 
ica and  Europe,  but  surely  the  same  species),  Fomes  leucophaeus  (Our 
common  species  in  the  United  States),  Polyporus  volvatus  (Exactly  the 
same  as  our  American  plant.  The  occurrence  of  this  unique  species  in 

2 


•Japan  ought  to  open  the  eyes  of  those  botanists  who  treat  fungi  as  though 
they  were  local  in  distribution),  Polystictus  versicolor,  Geaster  hygrometri- 
cus — unopened,  Cyathus  stercoreus  (surely  the  only  common  Cyathus  in 
Tapan).  Also  six  other  polyporoids  unknown  to  me. 

Received   Since  Letter  No.  17. 

ACLOQUE,  A.,  France: 
Geaster   Schmidelii. 

BADET,  REV.  L.,  Italy: 

Cyathus    vernicosus,    Fistulina   hepatica,    Polystictus    cinnamomeus, 
Lycoperdon  (young). 

BARBIER,  M.,  France: 

Trametes  gibbosa,  an  obese,  abnormal  form,  Fomes  pinicola,  Polyporus 
caesius,  Polyporus  (species),  Polyporus  fumosus  (on  willow). 
BERNARD,  DR.  CHAS.,  Java: 

A  fine  lot  of  phalloids  in  alcohol,  representing  almost  the  entire 
phalloid  flora  of  Java.  We  are  enabled  to  make  photographs  of  several 
species  not  heretofore  represented  in  our  collection.  Detailed  accounts 
will  be  given  in  Mycological  Notes.  The  collection  embraces  the  following 
species:  Phallus  indusiatus,  Jansia  rugosa,  Aseroe  arachnoidea,  Simblum 
gracile,  Mutinus  bambusinus,  Clathrus  Treubii,  Phallus  irpicinus,  and  the 
following  Nidulariaceae,  Cyathus  Poeppigii,  spores  24  x  32.  Cups  are 
smaller  and  lighter  color  than  usual.  Cyathus  (sp.),  material  scanty,  and 
1  find  no  spores.  Also  two  specimens  in  alcohol  belonging  to  genera,  I 
know  nothing  about  as  to  their  foreign  species.  Xylaria  (sp.  ?),  Lach- 
jiocladium. 

BOURDOT,  REV.  H.,  France: 

I  receive  a  great  many  specimens  from  correspondents,  but  I  have 
never  gotten  a  nicer  shipment  than  the  box  1  received  from  Rev.  Bourdot. 
They  were  all  labeled  (evidently  in  keeping  with  the  views  of  Rev.  Bresadola, 
which  greatly  enhances  their  value  to  me).  I  list  them  as  labeled,  excepting 
in  a  few  instances,  and  where  Qufilet's  "generic"  names  were  used.  These 
specimens  from  Rev.  Bourdot  were  all  ample  in  quantity,  excellent  in 
quality,  and  as  a  whole  the  nicest  shipment  Lhave  received  this  season. 
Poria  taxicola,  Poria  vaporaria,  Poria  terrestris,  Poria  reticulata,  Poria 
obducens,  Porio  contigua,  Poria  ferruginosa,  Poria  gilvescens,  "Bres,  in  litt," 
Fomes  nigricans  (This  determination  accords  with  Boudier's  recent  plate 
and  differs  from  the  interpretation  of  Bresadola,  Fungi  Knet),  Fomes 
Euonymi,  seems  to  me  distinct  from  ribis.  Fomes  jasmini  (Rev.  Bourdot 
attributes  this  to  Quelet,  but  I  am  unable  to  find  where  published.  It  is 
a  new  plant  to  me,  somewhat  resembling  Fomes  scutellatus  in  size  and 
general  appearance,  but  its  relations  are  in  a  different  section  of  the 
genus),  Fomes  rubriporus,  Polyporus  pubescens  (We  have  a  plant  in  the 
United  States  that  passes  for  "Polyporus  pubescens,  Fr."  but  it  seems  to 
me  not  the  same  as  the  European  plant.)  Polyporus  betulinus,  Polyporus 
elegans,  Polyporus  stipticus,  Polyporus  dichrous  (A  rather  rare  plant  in 
Europe,  and  these  are  the  first  fresh  European  specimens  I  have  seen. 
The  old  specimens  in  the  museums  of  Europe  have  changed  so  that  1  could 
tell  very  little  about  them.  A  very  common  plant  in  the  United  States,  and 

3 


surely  the  same  as  the  European.)  Polyporus  caesius,  Polyporus  radiatus, 
Polyporus  rufescens  (or  Daedalea  rufescens,  as  labeled),  Polyporus 
Marianii  (Det.  Bresadola!),  Trametes  pini,  Trametes  gibbosa,  Trametes 
rubescens,  Lenzites  tricolor,  Septobasidium  Bagliettoanum,  Hymenochaete 
corrugata. 

I3RANDIS,  E.,  Bosnia: 

Trametes  gibbosa  (on  Abies),  Polyporus  adustus,  on  Abies..  Some 
have  the  typical  "smoky"  hymenium,  but  others  the  hymenium  was  so 
light  color  I  would  have  had  trouble  in  placing  them  had  they  been  sent 
separately.  Polyporus  varius,  on  Abies.  Lycoperdon  piriforme,  Panus 
rudis,  on  Abies.  Exactly  the  same  plant  we  have  in  the  United  States  and 
which  for  so  many  years  was  known  here  as  "Lentinus  Lecomtei."  Our 
plant,  however,  is  usually  on  frondose  wood.  Femes1  fomentarius?  rNot 
characteristic,  if  correct.  I  find  no  spores.)  Lenzites  sepiaria. 

CEPEDE,  C.,  France: 

Lycoperdon  spadiceum,  Daldinea  concentrica. 

DRAPER,  WALTER,  Egypt: 

Poria   (sp.  unknown  to  me). 

DUNCAN,  S.,  New  Zealand: 

•Polystictus  (sp.)  Most  curious  with  a  black  hymenium,  minute 
pores,  colored  setae.  I  can  get  no  trace  of  it  in  the  books,  but  may  be 
able  to  "match  it"  in  some  museum  of  Europe.  Undescribed  genus  close 
to  Protubera,  Calvatia  lilacina  (sterile  base),  Stereum  (sp.),  Geaster  sac 
catus,  Stereum  (sp.),  Lycoperdon  pratense,  Clathrus  cibarius,  Daedalea  (cfr. 
quercina),  Auricularia  (sp.),  Tremellodendron  (?)  sp.,  Secotium  erythroce- 
phalum.  A  unique  and  beautiful  species  that  reaches  me  only  from  New 
Zealand.  The  spores  vary  much  in  size.  These  are  from  6-9x12-18  mic. 
Scleroderma  Cepa?  Fomes  (sp.),  Corticium  (sp.). 

DUPAIN,  VICTOR,  France: 

Lenzites  flaccida,  Polyporlis  rutilans,  Poria  (sp.),  Trametes  (sp.), 
Fomes  Ingelzae,  Fomes  applanatus,  Polyporus  sulphureus,  Polyporus  lucidus, 
Polystictus  (sp.),  Polyporus  hispidus,  Polystictus  velutinus,  Fistulina  he- 
patica,  Polyporus  elegans,  Polyporus  varius,  Daedalea  quercina,  Polystictus 
lutescens?  I  should  judge  from  the  books,  but  I  do  not  know.  Poria  (sp.). 

ENGELKE,  C.,  Germany: 

Fomes  igniarius?  Polystictus  perennis,  Polystictus  versicolor, 
Polyporus  varius,  Scleroderma  verrucosum,  Polyporus  benzoinus,  Fomes 
salicinus,  Poria  purpureus  (as  labeled). 

FAURIE,  REV.  U.,  Japan: 

Three  collections  and  forms  of  Lycoperdon  gemmatum,  which  is  a 
very  common  species  in  Japan,  as  it  is  in  the  remainder  of  the  temperate 
world.  Lycoperdon  polymorphum,  the  true  type  form  of  Europe  with  a 
well  developed  sterile  base,  and  which  does  not  occur  (typically)  in  the 
United  States. 

GREEN,  ALBERT,  New  South  Wales: 

Stereum  hirsutum,  Polyporus,  Catastoma  abnormalis,  Cyathus 
stercoreus,  Boletus,  Stereum  (Hym.)  cfr.  rubiginosum,  Poria  (probably) 
resupinate  Fomes,  cfr.  salicinus.  Panus  (cfr.  rudis).  It  answers  the  de- 

4 


scription  of  Lentinus  dealbata  in  Cooke's  Handbook.  Irpex  (cfr.  pachylon), 
Schizophyllum  commune,  Polystictus  sanguineus,  Trametes  lactinea  (?), 
Hexagona  tenuis,  Hexagona  (sp.),  Sent  with  the  preceding,  but  certainly 
a  distinct  species. 

HAMILTON,  A.  G.,  New  South  Wales: 

Geoglossum  nigritum,  Scleroderma  flavidum,  blacker  than  usual, 
but  too  small  for  S.  Geaster.  Peziza,  Lycoperdon  pus'illum,  Geaster  Readeri. 

ICHIMURA,  T.,  Japan: 
Scleroderma  tenerum. 

JAAP,  PROFESSOR  OTTO,  Germany: 

A  fine  collection  of  interesting  species.  They  were  all  labeled  by 
Professor  Jaap,  and  most  of  them  are  listed  as  labeled.  In  fact,  a  number 
of  the  Porias  I  would  'have  been  unable  to  name. 

Lycoperdon  umbrinum,  Poria  euppra,  same  plant  as  called  in  the 
United  States  Poria  attenuata.  Eupora  is  "prior."  Poria  taxicola,  Poria 
sanguinolenta  "frisch  rein  weiss,  bei  Druck  rot,  dann  braun  werdend." 
Lenzites  trabea,  Polyporus  fragilis,  Polyporus  radiatus,  Fomes  conchatus, 
Polyporus  acanthoides  (??),  Polyporus  giganteus,  Polyporus  elegans,  Poly- 
porus albidus,  Polyporus  fibula,  Polyporus  fragilis,  Polyporus  caesius,  Poria 
nodulosa,  as  labeled  at  least,  Poria  mucida,  Poria  reticulata,  Poria  pur- 
purea,  Poria  subtilis. 

Polyporus  radiatus,  Polyporus  nodulosus.  Prof.  Jaap  gives  as  a 
synonym  P.  polymorphum,  and  on  studying  Rostkovius'  figure  I  think  he 
must  be  right.  But  the  plant  is  a  Polyporus,  not  a  Polystictus,  as  usually 
classed.  Poria  medullapanis,  Poria  taxicola,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Poria 
cbliquus,  Poria  floccosa  (?),  Calvatia  saccata,  Lycoperdon  cupricum? 

KLINCKSIBCK,  PAUL,  France: 

Trametes  Bulliardi  (as  labeled).  Another  marked  form  of  the 
polymorphic  "Daedalea  confragosa."  This  specimen  has  a  surface  not 
"laevi,  glabro,"  as  called  for  in  the  description,  but  rather  "molli  villoso" 
like  Trametes  gibbosa.  Of  the  many  forms  of  this  plant  I  have  seen  .this 
is  the  first  one  with  such  a  surface.  Trametes  hispida,  Stereum  purpu- 
reum  (?).  ;.  ... 

KRUGER,  PROFESSOR  W.,  Germany: 

Polyporus  adustus,  Polyporus  crispus.  This  answers  Fries'  descrip- 
tion exactly,  and  I  think  is  the  true  crispus.  It  differs  from  adustus  in  its 
large,  lacerate  pores.  Polyporus  fumosus,  Polyporus  fumosus,  resupinate, 
Lenzites  betulina,  Lenzites  fiaccida.  The  distinction  between  Lenzites 
betulina  and  Lenzites  flaccida  is  beginning  to  be  plain  to  me,  but  I  think 
they  run  together,  so  that  it  is  not  practicable  to  keep  them  distinct.  Fomes 
igniarius,  Polystictus  versicolor,  Daedalea  unicolor,  Polystictus  zonatus? 
Trametes  (unknown  to  me). 

KRUMBIEGEL,  G.  H.,  India: 

Six  collections  of  polyporoids.  All,  save  one,  belonging  to  the  sec- 
tion Ganoderma.  I  have  never  worked  with  the  foreign  species  of  these 
plants. 

Geaster   Englerianus.     These   are   the   typical   black   forms   that   occur 
only  in  the  tropics. — Phalloid   (unnamed).     It  was  a  dried  specimen  only, 

5 


unaccompanied  by  notes  or  sketch.  I  would  not  like  to  try  to  reconstruct 
the  plant  from  the  specimen,  but  am  confident  it  is  no  known  species 
I  hope  to  get  further  details. 

LAING,  H.  W.,  New  Zealand: 

Secotium  lutescens.  Color  of  the  peridium  "dark  cream  to  pale  yellow 
on  upper  surface,  lighter  color  below."  Spores  colored,  smooth,  elliptical 
7  x  12  mic.  The  plant  is  closely  related  to  Secotium  erythrocephalum,  but 
differs  in  color,  which  is  "pale  yellow"  instead  of  bright  scarlet.  The  plants 
are  not  well  dried,  but  it  seems  to  me  the  peridium  takes  more  of  a  pileate 
form  than  usual  in  this  genus  and  spreads  out  away  from  the  stipe.  It  is 
very  distinct  from  all  species  previously  known  to  me. — Pilacre.  "A  small 
red  plant,  growing  on  a  piece  of  clay."  It  belongs,  I  think,  to  the  genus 
Pilacre,  a  genus  little  known  to  me.  I  find  no  description  of  any  red 
species. — Crucibulum  vulgare.  A  small  form  that  is  more  frequent  in  Aus- 
tralia than  in  Europe  or  America. — Secotium  scabrosum.  This  is  the  first 
collection  I  have  received  of  this  plant,  and  all  previously  known  was  a 
single  head  at  Kew.  It  differs  from  its  allies  in  having  warted  spores.  Color 
"bright  violet"  when  fresh. — Secotium  (unnamed).  Color  "malachite  green 
on  the  upper  surface,  lighter  yellow."  No  green  Secotium  is  described.  It 
differs  from  other  species  also  in  having  strong  apicitlale  spores,  almost 
pedicellate. — Scleroderma  flavida — Clathrus  cibarius.  Mr.  Laing  writes  that 
the  species  is  "plentiful  enough  in  some  localities.  Usually  they  are  three 
or  four  inches  in  diameter,  as  stated  by  you,  but  in  some  cases  they  grow 
even  up  to  six  inches  in  diameter." — Geaster  limbatus.  'Typical  as  to  form 
with  the  English  plant  and  the  first  collection  recorded  from  Australasia. 
There  is  only  one  difference  between  this  collection  and  the  European  plant. 
The  color  of  the  English  endoperidium  is  black,  of  the  New  Zealand  more 
grayish,  even  silvery.  A  "new  species"  might  be  based  on  the  difference, 
but  I  do  not  think  it  advisable  to  thus  needlessly  complicate  matters. — Lyco- 
perdon pratense,  with  abnormal  cortex. 
LUJA,  EDOUARD,  Congo  Free  State: 

Cyathus.  It  does  not  exactly  fit  anything.  Spores  16  x  18.  Coarse 
peridiole  fibrils.  Closest  to  limbatus  and  Montagnei. — Lycogala  Epidendrum. 
The  occurrence  in  Central  Africa  of  this  little  Myxomycetes,  so  common  in 
Europe  and  United  States,  is  another  evidence  of  the  wide  distribution  of  ; 
fungi. — "Xylaria  flabelliformis"  or  very  close.  Almost  the  same  plant 
that  we  have  and  which  Schweinitz  first  called  Thelephora  (Merisma) 
nigripes  and  afterwards  Xylaria  flabelliformis,  claiming  that  it  was  the  con- 
idial  state  of  a  Xylaria,  which  view  was  accepted  in  Ellis'  Pyrenomycetes, 
and  is  current  tradition  in  America.  It  has,  however,  I  think,  never 
been  verified  by  observation.  The  African  plant  is  very  much  the  same 
shape,  but  has  larger  spores,  4x8  (3x6  in  American  form).  Calvatia  lila- 
cina,  as  it  grows  in  every  country  in  1he  world. 

MUNN,  MRS.,  Jamaica: 

Calvatia  lilacina   (sterile   base). 
FETCH,  T.,  Ceylon: 

Lycoperdon   cervinum.     In   the   sense   of   Berkeley's  Ceylon   deter-  j 
mination,  not  of  his  South  American,  which  is  not  a  Lycoperdon. — Lycoper- 
don rubeculum,  a  good  species  as  previously  noted. — Geaster  Archeri  (form). 


Mr.  Fetch  notes,  "Geaster  saccatus  with  a  sulcate  nwutli,  from  the  same 
square  yard  as  my  former  specimens."  It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  Geaster 
Archeri  is  Geaster  saccatus  with  a  sulcate  mouth.  But  "sulcate"  and  "even" 
mouths  are  held  as  the  primary  division  of  the  Geasters,  and  if  we  disregard 
it  we  shall  have  no  character  whatever  on  which  to  base  species  (Cfr.  Ar- 
ticle on  page  7  of  Index  to  Vol.  I,  also  Notes  on  the  Geasters,  page  142). 
Mr.  Fetch's  specimens  also  present  a  new  character  in  Geaster  Archeri. 
The  endoperidium  is  scurfy,  "asperate;"  indeed,  if  it  has  a  pedicel  it  would 
be  Geaster  asper. 

HOLLAND,  L.,  France: 

Polyporus    dryadeus — Polystictus    zonatus. 

SCHINZ,   PROFESSOR  HANS,   Switzerland: 

Cyathus  striatus — Lycoperdon  Desmazieres. 
SILLITOE,  F.  S.,  Khartoum,  Soudan: 

Podaxon  Mossamedensis.     The  species  of  Podaxon  are  all  more  or 
less  doubtful,  for  it  is  difficult  to  decide  as  to  the  specific  value  from  the 
scanty  collections  in  the  museums.    They  differ  in  size  and  shape  of  spores 
and  color  of  gleba,  but  it  is  a  question  if  color  is  not  a  condition  of  ripeness 
instead   of   a   character.     Mr.    Sillitoe's   plant   has   globose,   acajou   colored 
spores  8-10  mic.  in  diameter,  and  agrees  only  with  Mossamedensis,  which 
was  from  Angola,  Africa,  and  the  type  in  the  British  Museum.    It  has  same 
spores  as  pistillaris,  but  is  a  larger  plant. — Fomes   (Ganoderma). 
STEPHENS,  ELLEN,  Jamaica: 
Cyathus  Montagnei. 

TORREXD,  REV.  CAM1LLE,  Ireland: 

Poria  vulgaris,  Poria  eupora,  Poria  sanguinolenta,  Poria  farinella, 
Poria  (unknown  to  me).  It  has  the  texture  and  appearance  of  Merulius 
tremellosus,  but  I  think  a  Poria  not  a  Merulius. — Polyporus  elegans  (?) — 
Poria  (sp.).  It  has  peculiar  colored  setae  tipped  with  a  hyaline  gland. — 
Polyporus  elegans — Fomes  annosus — Poria  (2  spec'es) — Lycoperdon  piriforme 
(form) — Lycoperdon  piriforme  var.  tessellatum — Lycoperdon  velatum  (with- 
out the  veil) — Lycoperdon  velatum — vLycoperdon  piriforme  (form) — Cyathus 
striatus. 

TORREND,  REV.  C.,  Portugal: 

Colus  hirudinosus.  Rev.  Torrend  finds  this  frequent  in  the  sand  and 
not  on  manure,  which  was  the  habitat  of  the  original  specimens  from  Cor- 
sica. He*  also  finds  specimens  without  stipe,  tending  to  invalidate  the  genus 
Colus  by  uniting  it  to  Clathrus.  He  sends  nice  specimens  in  alcohol,  from 
which  I  shall  be  able  to  make  good  photographs.  The  plant  has  never  been 
illustrated  by  a  photograph. — Geaster  Schmidelii — Geaster  elegans  (rare, 
cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  312) — Geaster  minimus — Torrendia  pulchella.  Fine 
specimens  in  alcohol  of  this  unique  genus.  I  will  shortly  have  an  article  in 
Mycological  Notes,  as  I  can  now  illustrate  it  satisfactorily  from  these  speci- 
mens. No  other  related  genus  is  known  in  the  Gastromycetes.  Bovista 
radicata,  a  rare  plant  in  Europe,  cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  pp.  262  and  280.  Lvcoper- 
don  piriforme,  this  specimen  collected  in  Ireland.  Tylostoma  granulosum — 
Lycoperdon  pusillum — Lycoperdon  pratense — Lycoperdon  polymorphum 
(form).  This  differs  from  the  type  form  in  having  slightly  elliptical  spores. 
Lycoperdon  pusillum — Calvatia  lilacina — Gyrophragmium  lus'tanicum  as 
named  by  Father  Torrend.  It  is  a  form  with  a  subterranean  stem,  the  pileus 

7 


resting  on  the  surface  of  the  sand.    Spores  are  subglobose  5x6  mic.,  smooth, 
about  the  same  as  in  the  type  form. 
TURNER,  E.  J.,  Australia: 

Thelephora  (?).  It  has  the  appearance  of  a  Thelephora,  but  the 
spores  do  not  fit.  They  are  globose,  subhyaline,  smooth,  4  mic.  Geaster 
saccatus  (?).  Specimen  old  and  doubtful. 

USSHER,  CHAS.  B.,  Africa: 

Geaster  Javanicus,  fine  specimen  of  a  beautiful  tropical  species. 
Lycoperdon  fuligineum,  form.  Agrees  with  the  type  form  in  habits  and 
dark  peridium,  scanty  sterile  base,  and  particularly  in  thick,  hyaline,  sep- 
tate capillitium.  It  differs  in  spores,  which  slightly  rough,  are  not  as  in  the 
type  form  "strongly  spinulose."  Geaster  saccatus,  small  tropical  form  with 
dark,  inner  peridium.  Xylaria  (Sp.),  conidial  form.  Cyathus  limbatus,  spores 
16  x  20-24.  It  looks  more  like  Poeppigii  as  to  cups,  but  we  must  refer  it  to 
limbatus  on  its  spores.  It  is  really  intermediate. 

VAN  BAMBEKE,  DR.  CHARLES,  Belgium: 

Fomes  connatus — Polyporus  giganteus — Fomes  cryptarum  (as  la- 
beled). I  am  not  familiar  with  it,  but  it  seems  to  answer  Fries'  description 
and  fairly  well  Bulliard's  figure.  Bresadola  refers  cryptarum'  to  Fomes  an- 
nosus,  which  these  specimens  are  certainly  not. — Polyporus  (?) 

OBSERVE    YOUR    PHALLOIDS. 

The  phalloids  of  the  world  excepting  Europe,  Java,  Brazil,  and  the 
United  States  are  practically  unknown.  They  grow  with  you  and  are  such 
striking  plants,  that  they  should  excite  your  curiosity.  They  are  all  foetid. 
We  want  to  learn  them;  we  want  to  learn  what  grows  with  you,  and  it  will 
be  an  easy  matter  if  you  will  aid  us.  When  you  find  a  phalloid,  make  a 
sketch  of  it  (a  crude  one  will  answer),  and  indicate  on  the  sketch  the 
colors  of  the  parts.  Then  dry  the  specimen  and  send  the  sketch  and 
dried  specimen.  Write  us  if  it  is  common  or  rare,  where  it  grows,  any 
local  names  it  may  have,  etc.  If  you  indulge  in  photography,  a  good  pho- 
tograph is  the  best  record  you  can  make  of  the  plant,  and  should  it  prove 
to  be  a  species  not  illustrated  by  a  photograph,  we  will  gladly  publish  your 
photograph  with  due  credit. 

Will  you  not  aid  us  with  dried  specimens,  sketches,  or  phqtographs  if 
possible,  of  your  phalloids?  C.  G.  LLOYD, 

(Klincksieck)  No.  3  rue  Corneille  (Odeon), 

Paris  VI,  France. 


Letter  No.  20. 

List  of  specimens  received  at  Cincinnati  from  American  correspondents,  from 
January  1, 1908,  to  the  date  of  my  departure  for  Europe,  the  latter  part  of  June,  1908. 

The  names  are  according  to  the  usual  nomenclature  of  the  specimens  in 
American  mycology,  but,  as  often  emphasized  in  previous  letters,  I  claim  no  critical 
knowledge  of  the  subject  except  as  to  the  Gastromycetes. 

Professor  G.   F.  Atkinson,  New  York: — Protocoronospora  nigricans   (co-type). 
E.  Bartholomew,  Illinois: — Fomes  reniformis. 

E.  Bartholomew,  Kansas: — Polyporus  alboluteus  (beautiful  specimens  collected 
by  E.  Bethel,  Colorado) — Pleurotus  nidulans— Lycoperdon  pulcherrimum.  A  mam- 
moth form,  three  inches  broad,  and  turbinate  shape.  Had  it  been  sent  separately 
I  should  have  thought  it  something  new,  but  small  specimens  of  the  same  collection 
can  not  be  told  from  the  usual  form  in  our  Eastern  States. 

E.  Bethel,  Colorado: — Dictyocephalus  curvatus  (although  not  a  perfect  speci- 
men we  are  glad  to  get  it  for  our  museum,  as  it  is  a  part  of  the  only  good  collection 
known.  Mr.  Bethel  is  the  only  one  who  has  ever  collected  this  plant,  and  he  has 
found  it  in  good  condition  but  once,  cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  pp.  136  and  411) — Polysaccum 
crassipes — Phallus  imperialis. 

M.  Bubna,  Ohio: — Fomes  leucophaeus — Polyporus  arcularius  (small  specimens) 
— Polystictus  cinnabarinus— Polystictus  pergamenus — Polystictus  hirsutus  (old) — 
Polyporus  elegans — Merulius  tremellosus — Polystictus  hirsutus — Polystictus  con- 
chifer — Polystictus  pergamenus — Polyporus  (sp.) — Polyporus  Spraguei — Polyporus 
adustus — Merulius  incarnatus — Polystictus  versicolor — Daedalea  confragosa — 
Clavaria  pistillaris,  the  form  called  (incorrectly)  Craterellus  clavatus  by  one 
American  author — Lenzites  saepiaria — Polystictus  versicolor — Fomes  fomentarius 
— Hypoxylon  (sp.) — Polyporus  gilvus  (unusually  yellow  form) — Stereum  fasciatum 
—  Polyporus  adustus  —  Daedalea  confragosa  —  Polyporus  gilvus  —  Polystictus 
pubescens  (as  known  in  American  mycology,  but  I  think?) — Polyporus  sessile — 
Polyporus  distortus — Polystictus  hirsutus — Lenzites  betulina — Polyporus  benzoi- 
anus — Polyporus  lucidus — Lenzites  corrugata — Daedalea  confragosa — Lenzites 
saepiaria — Xylaria  polymorpha — Polyporus  (sp.). 

Dr.  J.  F.  Brenckle,  North  Dakota: — Secotium  acuminatum — Geaster  floriformis, 
some  with  indefinite  and  some  with  definite  mouths.  Thus  our  distinction  between 
Geaster  floriformis  and  Geaster  mammosus  fades  away — Geaster  asper — Catastoma 
nigrescens,  an  undescribed  species  which  I  have  had  previously  from  Professor 
Shear  and  Ernest  Knaebel,  both  collections  from  Colorado — Bovista  plumbea,  large, 
robust  form — Cyathus  Schweinitzii,  growing  on  soil — Bovista  (cfr.  dealbata).  The 
color  is  very  dark,  the  size  smaller,  and  it  has  no  adnate  cortex  which  we  associate 
with  dealbata.  It  is  very  close,  however. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Brenckle,  Wisconsin: — Panus  stipticus — Fomes  leucophaeus — Daedalea 
unicolor,  the  thick  form  called  Daedalea  cinerea— Polyporus  resinosus— Hydnum 
ochraceum — Polystictus  versicolor — Fomes  Ohiensis — Polystictus  biformis — Poly- 
stictus pubescens. 


Dr.  J.  E.  Crewe,  Minnesota: — Cyathus  Schweinitzii— Lycoperdon  Wrightii — 
Crucibulum  vulgare — Lycoperdon  piriforme — Geaster  saccatus — Schizophyllum 
commune — Polyporus  gilvus — Trametes  hispida — Fomes  leucophaeus — Polystictus 
hirsutus — Stereum  rufum — Poria  tulipfera — Favolus  europaeus — Irpex  cinna- 
momeus — Polystictus  (sp.) — Panus  rudis — Trametes  obtusus. 

Professor  B.  M.  Duggar,  Missouri: — Secotium  acuminatum — Bovistella  Ohiensis 
— Mycenastrum  Corium — Calvatia  rubroflava — Calvatia  gigantea.  All  fine  speci- 
mens, and  correctly  labeled  by  Professor  Duggar.  When  correspondents  begin 
sending  in  puff  balls  correctly  determined  I  feel  encouraged  concerning  the  puff  ball 
situation. 

Rev.  H.  Dupret,  Canada: — Favolus  europaeus — Hydnum  Schiedermayeri  (?)  — 
Panus  rudis — Polystictus  perennis — Polystictus  versicolor — Lenzites  sepiaria 
(Trametes  form) — Lenzites  sepiaria  (resupinate,  abnormal  form). 

S.  C.  Edwards,  New  York:— Thelephora  coryophylla — Xylaria  corniformis — 
Phlebia  radiata — Poria  (sp.) — Hydnum  adustum — Polyporus  dichrous — Polyporus 
gilvus,  on  cedar,  an  unusual  habitat. 

H.  S.  Fawcett,  Florida: — Fomes  marmoratus  (?),  a  thin,  applanate  form? 
Spores  globose,  5  mic.  h.  s. — Ganoderma,  sp.  unknown  to  me — Peziza  (sp.) — Panus 
rudis — Trametes  hydnoides — Lentinus  Berterii — Polystictus  pergamenus — Stereum 
subpijeatum — Polystictus  hirsutus — Sclerotia  of  Hypochnus  ochroleucus,  teste  Pro- 
fessor Burt,  as  published  by  F.  L.  Stevens — Polystictus  hirsutus,  southern  fulvous 
form — Polyporus  gilvus — Stereum  versicolor — Polystictus  abientinus — Fomes  mar- 
moratus— Mycenastrum  Corium.  The  first  station  for  this  plant  from  our  Southern 
States. 

Professor  Bruce  Fink,  Ohio: — A  set  of  the  lichens  of  Iowa,  122  species,  deter- 
mined and  named  by  Professor  Fink.  We  are  glad  to  get  this  set  in  the  Lloyd 
museum  for  the  benefit  of  future  students  of  the  lichens. 

G.  C.  Fisher,  Florida: — Cordyceps  ophioglossoides — Leotia  lubrica — Trametes 
perpusilla,  large  and  more  perennial  than  the  forms  around  Cincinnati — Polyporus 
hispidus,  on  oak.  Rare  in  the  United  States,  frequent  in  Europe — Polystictus 
dependens,  a  rare  find.  The  third  collection  known  and  the  first  I  have  received 
(cfr,  Pol.  Issue  No.  1) — Polystictus  ectypus  (?) — Polyporus  Schweinitzii — Hypo- 
mycetes  (sp.) — Polystictus  hirsutulus — Schizophyllum  commune — Polystictus  hir- 
sutus— Poria  viticola  (?) — Polystictus  dependens,  on  tulip  tree!!  The  tradition 
has  always  been  that  it  grew  on  pine — "Trametes  serpens"  as  known  in  American 
mycology,  but  I  think  not— Stereum  albobadium — Polyporus  Schweinitzii — Poly- 
porus gilvus  (form) — Trametes  abietis  (?)  (cfr.) — Poria  coruscans  (I  judge  from 
description) — Polystictus  hirsutus  (white  pored) — Lenzites  flaccida — Peziza — Poly- 
stictus hirsutus  (?) — Merulius  Corium,  pale  form — Fomes  (cfr.  marmoratus) — 
Polystictus  versicolor — Septobasidium  retiformis — Hymenochaete  purpurea — Poly- 
stictus hirsutulus  (?) — Hymenochaete  (sp.) — Irpex  pachylon — Rhizopogon  (rubes- 
cens?) — Tubercularia  vulgaris — Geaster  minimus — Polystictus  sanguineus — Poly- 
porus arcularius — Stereum  versicolor — Polyporus  hispidus  (rare  in  the  United 
States  and  usually  reaches  me  from  Florida) — Polyporus  Curtisii — Bovistella 
(unnamed).  A  very  distinct  species,  and  the  only  one  except  the  unique  B. 
trachyspora  of  British  India  that  has  markedly  rough  spores — Polyporus  arcularius 
(depauperate) — Hydnum  pulcherrimum  (young?) — Polyporus  gilvus — Calvatia  lila- 
cina — BovisteUa  Ohiensis  (beautiful  specimens). 

Miss  Mary  Fitzgerald,  North  Carolina: — Stereum  Curtisii  (?) — Polystictus, 
unknown  to  me,  but  related  to  versicolor,  but  I  think  quite  distinct — Polyporus 

2 


picipes — Polystictus  hirsutus — Fomes  annosus — Isaria  farinosa — Cordyceps  militaris 
— Coniophora  (?) — Thelephora  albido-brunnea — Stereum  frustulosum — Stereum 
spadiceum  (?) — Stereum  complicatum — Ozonium  auricomum — Polyporus  gilvus — 
Polystictus  hirsutus— Poria  (3  species)— Xylaria  polymorpha  (very  ?),  young— 
3enus.  A  most  curious  genus,  which  was  sent  by  Miss  Fitzgerald  before.  It  is 
inknown  to  me. 

Professor  H.  Carman,  Kentucky: — Mitremyces  Ravenelii.     (A  rare  station  for 
Mitremyces.) 

C.  C.  Hanmer,  Connecticut: — Trametes  suaveolens— Xylaria  digitata — Xylaria 
istorea  (Det.  Peck). 

H.  S.  Jackson,  Delaware: — Lycoperdon  atropurpureum  (young) — Lycoperdon 
riforme — Lycoperdon  umbrinum — Lycoperdon  Wrightii — Lycoperdon  polytrichum 
Lycoperdon  (sp.) — Calvatia  lilacina — Scleroderma  Geaster— Cyathus  Schweinitzii 
-Cyathus  stercoreus. 

Chas.  W.  Jenks,  Massachusetts: — Polystictus  versicolor — Trogia  crispa — Irpex 
ctea — Polystictus  hirsutus — Stereum  (cfr.  rubiginosum). 

Rose  H.  Lane,  California: — Bovista  plumbea. 

W.  H.  Long,  Texas: — Daedalea  ambigua — Urnula  Geaster,  the  first  specimen 
ever  received — Lysurus  (red  form).  In  my  opinion  only  a  red  form  of  Lysurus 
ardneri — Tylostoma  poculum — Elaphyomyces  (sp.) — Tylostoma  albicans — Poly- 
rus  (cfr.  gilvus) — Trametes  hydnoides — Lycoperdon  cepaeforme — Geaster  flori- 
rmis — Calvatia  occidentalis — Geaster  arenarius — New  genus.  Very  close  to 
rachnion  album,  but  spores  not  in  peridioles  and  capillitium  septate,  nodular.  It 
ay,  however,  only  be  a  modification  of  Arachnion — Lycoperdon  pusillum — 
atastoma  circumscissum — Simblum  sphaerocephalum— Calvatia  lilacina — Arach- 
on  album— Catastoma  subterraneum,  with  small  spores  of  circumscissum — 
atastoma  pila — Geaster  (cfr.  minimus) — Lycoperdon  cruciatum — Trichaster  (?). 
miething  abnormal,  I  think.  It  has  a  sterile  base! — Lycoperdon  Wrightii — 
rachnion  rufescens.  A  color  form  of  Arachnion  album  with  reddish  peridium — 
alvatia  occidentalis — Tylostoma  (sp.). 

Everest  J.  Macy,  Florida: — Geaster  striatulus  (a  very  rare  species) — Tylostoma 
bicans — Geaster  minimus. 

Professor  T.   H.    McBride,  Iowa: — Stereum  spadiceum — Fomes  leucophaeus — 
omes  reniformis  (seems  harder  than  usual,  and  possibly  it  is  perennial,  in  which 
e  it  is  Fomes  applanatus  of  Europe) — Poria  spissa,  in  sense  of  Morgan,  not  of 
chweinitz — Poria  niger   (?) — Battarrea  phalloidea. 

Geo.  E.  Morris,  Massachusetts: — Bulgaria  inquinans— Bulgaria  rufa — Geaster 
ronatus  (rare  form  with  us) — Leotia  chlorocephala — Polystictus  conchifer — 
olyporus  albellus — Merulius  tremellosus — Peziza  macropus — Guepinia  spathularia 
Exidia  (sp.).  (Called  incorrectly  truncata  in  American  mycology.) — Polystictus 
M-sicolor — Panus  strigosus  (very  ?).  This  Is  at  the  best  pubescent,  not  strigose 
I  have  seen  specimens  in  Professor  Peck's  collection — Fomes  pinicola,  form!! 
ith  strong,  sulcate  crust  and  short  annual  layers.  I  do  not  know  that  this  form 
,s  a  separate  designation,  but  it  should  have. 

J.  Hunter  Nead,  Michigan: — Xylaria  polymorphum. 

New  York  Botanical   Garden   (from  various  localities).     Except  when  stated 
s  labeled"  we  list  these  species  under  the  generally  accepted  names. 
Daedalea  unicolor,  confragosa,  quercina,  elegans. 


Polystictus  pinsitus,  perennis,  hirsutus,  sanguineus,  biformis,  micromega* 
versicolor,  membranaceus,  circinatus,  occidentalis,  versatilis,  cinnamomeus  (?j 
ectypus,  licnoides,  pergamenus,  iodinus,  cinnabarinus,  trichomallus,  gibberulosu 
(as  labeled),  arenicolor  (as  labeled),  crocatus  (as  labeled),  conchifer,  abietinus 
mutabilis,  barbatulus,  hirsutus  (?  form). 

Polyporus  pocula,  picipes,  resinosus,  Tricholoma,  volvatus,  lucidus,  hispidus 
adustus,  Berkeley},  Schweinitzii,  frondosus,  brumalis,  sulphureus,  elegans,  arcv 
larius,  rutilans,  betulinus,  gilvus. 

Trametes  hisptda,  pini,  perpusillus,  hydnoides,  obtusus. 

Lenzites  betulina,  saepiaria,  striata. 

Fomes  marmoratus,  fraxinophilus,  connatus,  leucophaeus,  pinicola,  annosui 
fomentarius,  australis,  Everhartii,  rimosus,  conchatus,  roseus,  scuttellatus,  nigr 
cans,  Auberianus  (as  labeled). 

Poria  tulipfera. 

Hexagona  tenuis. 

Irpex  mollis  (as  labeled). 

Specimens  received  from  Mrs.  M.  A.  Noble,  P.  H.  Rolfs,  Professor  W.  A 
Setchell,  Professor  G.  D.  Smith,  F.  L.  Stevens,  M.  L.  Sutliff,  Mrs.  Susan  Tuckei 
H.  H.  Whetzel,  and  Charlotte  M.  Wilder  will  be  acknowledged  in  detail  in  th 
next  letter. 

C.  G.  LLOYD. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio,  June,  1908. 


LETTER  No.  21. 


List  of  specimens  received  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  from  foreign  corre- 
spondents, from  January  1st,  1908,  to  the  date  of  my  departure  for  Europe, 
June  28,  1908. 

On  my  arrival  I  found  a  number  of  packages  that  will  be  acknowledged 
in  detail  in  my  next  letter.  At  the  time  this  letter  is  printed  (August,  1908), 
I  am  located  on  the  historic  collecting  grounds  of  the  illustrious  Elias  Fries, 
at  Upsala,  Sweden.  I  expect  to  remain  here  during  the  collecting  season, 
but  will  return  to  Paris  at  the  close  of  the  season  and  hope  to  find  there 
number  of  packages. 

I  trust  my  European  correspondents  who  receive  my  letters  and 
pamphlets  will  not  forget  me  when  they  note  specimens  of  all  kinds  of 
polyporoids.  I  am  studying  especially  those  plants  of  Europs  and  America, 
and  shall  be  glad  to  receive  specimens,  particularly  of  the  rarer  polyporoids. 
As  I  shall  not  return  to  Paris  until  late  in  the  season,  there  may  be  some 
delay  in  acknowledging  the  specimens,  but  they  will  be  no  less  appreciated 
•when  received. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 

(Klincksieck)  No.  3  rue  Corneille, 

Paris,  France. 

ARANZADI,  T.  DE,  Spain: 

Polyporus  adustus — Phallus  impudicus — Lenzites  betulina — Lyco- 
perdon  umbrinum — Stereum  hirsutum — Trametes  hispida — Polyporus 
rufescens — Geaster  hygrometricus — Lycoperdon  (sp.  unknown  to  me) — 
Cyathus  vernicosus  (the  form  called  Anglicus,  which  I  supposed  only  grew 
in  England) — Tuber  brumale — Polyporus  giganteus — Calvatia  caelata— 
Lycoperdon  atropurpureum — Stereum  (Peniphora),  species  unknown  to  me. 

BARBIER,  M.,  France: 

Trametes  odora — Polyporus  fumosus — Polyporus  adustus — Lenzites 
saepiaria — Merulius  molluscus — Daedalea  quercina — Poria  (sp.) — Stereum 
ferrugineum — Lenzites  flaccida — Trametes  gibbosa  (thin  form). 

BEZZI,  M.,  Italy: 

Polyporus  lucidus — Lenzites  betulina  (form  flaccida) — Polystictus 
vtlutinus? — Polyporus  on  apple,  undeveloped,  but  unknown  to  me. 

CAVARA,  F.,  Italy: 

Polysaccum  pisocarpium. 

CRADWICK,  WM.,  Jamaica: 

Daldinea  concentrica,  very  large  specimens. 


Fomes  applanatus — Polystictus  abietinus — Polyporus  trabeus  (?) — Poria 
resupinata  (as  labeled) — Polyporus  adiposus,  first  specimens  I  have  gotten — 
Polyporus  betulinus — Polyporus  amorphus  (?) — Poria  subspadicea  (?)• — 
Polyporus  giganteum — Fomes  australis  (very  ?) — Fomes  annosus — Poly- 
porus radicatus — Polyporus  adustus,  unusually  black  hymenium— Poria 
mollusca  (as  labeled).  Also  the  following  Boleti,  all  listed  as  labeled  by 
Mr.  Crossland:  Boletus  fulvidus  (?),  badius,  laricinus,  parasiti- 
cus,  flavus,  porphyrosporus,  piperatus,  chrysenteron,  subtomentcsus, 
duriusculus,  edulis  (sp.),  and  Lycoperdon  gemmatum.  (The  form  known  in 
England  (in  error)  as  L.  perlatum)., 

DUMEE,  P.,  France: 

Polyporus  amorphus  (?) — Polyporus  brumale — Polyporus  adustus — 
Daedalea  unicolor — Daedal ea  confragosa,  very  odd  and  unusual  trametoid 
form — Fomes  applanatus — Fomes  pomaceus — Fomes  Euonymus — Polyporus 
lucidus. 

EVANS,  F.,  Trinidad: 

Cyathus  Berkeleyanus,  a  fine  collection.  The  spores  are  8  mic.  and 
perfectly  globose.  Same  plant  that  I  received  from  H.  Millen,  Tobago — 
Schizophyllum  commune — Xylaria  (sp.?)  on  seed — Also  four  fleshy  agarics, 
in  my  opinion  indeterminable  from  dried  specimens. 

EYRE,  WM.  L.  W.,  England: 

Polyporus  Schweinitzii — Fomes  applanatus — Polyporus  spongia,  as 
labeled.  I  am  much  interested  in  "spongia,"  as  it  is  one  of  the  species  I 
do  not  know. 

GIBBS,  THOS.,  England: 

Polyporus  adustus — Lycoperdon  velatum — Fomes  annosus — Fomes 
annosus  (old,  resupinate) — Polyporus  fumosus — Poria  ferruginosa? — Poria 
vaporaria  ? — Polystictus  versicolor. 

GILLOT,  DR.  X.,  France: 

Daedalea  biennis — Daedalea  unicolor— Polystictus  versicolor — Poly- 
porus lucidus — Polyporus  brumalis — Polystictus  velutinus  (as  labeled).  The 
latter  a  species  concerning  which  I  have  never  gotten  any  certain  con- 
clusions. These  specimens  well  merit  the  name  "velutinus,"  for  they  have 
a  surface  like  velvet,  but  Fries  says  "albo  demum  lutescente,"  and  it  does 
not  seem  possible  to  me  these  were  ever  white. 

HAGLUND,  ERIK,  Sweden: 

Polyporus  Schweinitzii — Poria  (sp.) — Polyporus  amorphus — Poly- 
porus melanopus — Polyporus  (sp.) — Polyporus  elegans — Polyporus  ben- 
zoinus — Poria  taxicola — Poria  purpurea  (as  labeled).  It  seems  to  me  to  be 
resupinate  abietinus. — Polyporus  elegans — Poria  reticulata — Da*edalea  uni- 
color— Poria  vulgaris  (as  labeled). 

HAWLEY,  H.  C.,  England: 

Fomes  applanatus,  a  thick,  not  applanate  form — Fomes  pectina- 
tus? — Polyporus  varius  (This  is  an  infundibuliform,  typical  picipes  in  the 
sense  of  Berkeley.) — Polyporus  (sp.) — Poria  ferruginosa  (?) — Polyporus 
rutilans — Polyporus  spumeus  (?) — Poria,  white— Polyporus  radiatus — Poly- 
porus fragilis — Poria. 

2 


HERTER,  W.,  Uruguay: 

Cyathus  stercoreus — Calvatia  iilacina — Tylostoma  Berteroanum — 
Scleroderma  (sp.) 

HILL,  A.  J.,  British  Columbia: 

Polystictus  versicolor. 
KUSANO,  PROFESSOR  S.,  Japan: 

Calvatia  Gardner!  (originally  from  Ceylon)— Lasiosphaera  Fenzlii. 
This  is  the  "giant  puff  ball"  of  Japan,  very  distinct,  but  confused  in  Japan- 
ese literature  with  Calvatia  gigantea  (or  "Globaria  bovista,"  as  called  in  Mat- 
sumura's  Index).  '  Professor  Kusano  also  kindly  sends  me  colored  drawings 
of  five  Japanese  phalloids,  all  so  well  done  that  I  think  I  can  recognize  all 
the  species.  An  article  will  be  devoted  to  them  in  Mycologtcal  Notes. — 
Phalloids  in  alcohol — Phallus  tenuis,  rare  in  Japan — Mutinus  boninensis,  I 
judge  from  the  illustration,  the  common  Mutinus  of  Japan,  and  probably  the 
only  one — Lysurus  Mokusin.  The  arms  are  connivent  and  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  they  open,  but  I  think  they  do  in  time. — Laternea  bicolumnata,  as 
I  shall  call  it  if  Professor  Kusano  does  not  wish  to  publish  it.  It  has  only 
two  columns,  and  while,  of  course,  we  can  not  say  that  it  is  a  specific  char- 
acter from  a  single  specimen,  it  probably  will  prove  characteristic  of  the 
Japanese  plant,  and  in  that  case  it  is  entitled  to  a  name.  It  is  the  first 
time  the  genus  Laternea  has  been  noted  from  Japan. 
LIND,  J.,  Denmark: 

Polyporus  Weinmanni,  as  labeled,  but  not  the  same  plant  I  have  got- 
ten from  Germany  under  this  name.  I  think  this  is  the  correct  one — Lenzites 
betulina — Polyporus  fumosus — Fomes  applanatus. 

LUJA,  EDOUARD,  Congo  Free  State: 

Calvatia  longicaudum  (This  species  was  named  by  Dr.  Hennings 
from  sterile  bases,  as  Lycoperdon  longicaudum.  Mr.  Luja's  specimens  are 
perfect,  with  the  globose,  fertile  heads,  and  are  typically  Calvatias.) — 
Cyathus  Berkeleyanus,  or  an  African  form  of  it.  The  spores,  3^x5,  are 
the  smallest  I  have  ever  seen  in  a  Cyathus.  The  type  form  (otherwise  the 
'same)  has  spores  5x8. — Geaster  saccatus — Fungus  (?) — Scleroderma  niti- 
dum,  a  very  peculiar  species,  otherwise  similar  to  Scleroderma  tenerum,  but 
with  a  Jong  stalk.  The  first  specimen  collected  except  in  the  type  locality, 
Ceylon.  There  are  two  species  of  "stalked"  Sclerodermas,  but  none  known 
from  either  Europe  or  America — Cyathus  (close  to  Montagnei),  other- 
wise same,  but  with  smaller  spores  (8  x  14) — Geaster  mirabilis,  beautiful 
specimens  of  a  unique,  typical  species — Lycoperdon  (cfr.  fuliginsum)  imma- 
ture, but  very  close — Unnamed  species  and  genus  as  well.  The  peridium  and 
habits  are  the  same  nature  as  Scleroderma  tenerum,  but  it  is  very  dark 
color.  The  spores  are  of  a  Lycoperdon  (globose,  smooth,  5-6  mic.),  butj  find 
no  capUlitium — Myxomycetes  (3  collections). 

MANIERE,  LUCIENS,  France: 

Peziza  coccinea  (M.  Boudier  tells  me  that  the  plant  we  have  in 
the  United  States  under  this  name  is  not  the  same  as  the  plant  of  Europe. 
They  do  not  appear  the  same  to  me). 

NISHIDA,  TOJI,  Japan: 

Calvatia  Gardner!  (I  think  it  will  develop  that  this  is  the  most  com- 


mon  species  of  Asia.  It  was  originally  from  Ceylon  and  called  Lycoperdon 
Gardner!  by  Berkeley) — Phallus  rugulosus  (in  alcohol).  There  are  no  color 
notes  with  it,  but  I  have  little  doubt  that  it  is  this  species.  The  pileus  is 
more  conical  than  shown  in  Fischer's  figure,  but  otherwise  agrees  well. 
The  apical  collar  is  small,  like  a  little  knob,  and  is  imperforate. 

RE  A,  CARLETON,  England: 

Polyporus  radiatus — Polyporus  crispus — Polyporus  rutilans,  of  a 
firmer  texture  than  usual,  but  it  responds  to  the  ammonia  test — Polyporus 
chioneus? 

RIVET,  MONSIEUR,  France: 

Polyporus  (cfr.  varius).  It  was  evidently  shipped  fresh  and  may 
have  discolored  in  drying — Polyporus  giganteus  (?).  Bad  condition  on  ac- 
count of  having  been  shipped  fresh. 

SCHUPP,  REV.  A.,  Brazil: 

Lycoperdon  cepaeforme  (or  perhaps  pusillum.  It  is  large  for  pusil- 
lum,  but  has  no  sterile  base) — Mycenastrum  Corium,  as  it  grows  in  every 
country  of  the  world. 

TORRBND,  REV.  C.,  Portugal: 

Pocia  (sp.) — Lycoperdon  atropurpureum — Lycoperdon  gemmatum — 
Polyporus  (unknown  to  me) — Lycoperdon  pusillum  (?).  Cojor  too  dark,  but 
spores  smooth  and  capillitium  the  same — Fomes  rubriporus  (Father  Tor- 
rend  states  very  common  and  attains  a  large  size) — Geaster,  form.  Adventi- 
tious form,  I  think,  with  the  fornicate  exoperidium  of  coronatus  and  the  ringed 
eudoperidium  of  Bryantii — Lycoperdon  gemmatum — Calvatia  saccata — 
fccleroderma  flavidum,  in  reality  a  small,  thin,  yellowish  form  of  S.  Geaster, 
common  in  the  United  States,  but  rare  in  Europe — Polyporus  Schweinitzii 
"Grows  \Vz  feet  broad" — Polyporus  (sp.) — Poria  (sp.) — Geaster  triplex — 
,Polyporus  tubarius  (new  to-  my  collection) — Fomes  Ohiensis,  new 
for  Europe.  Received  as  Fomes  scutellatus,  which  is  close  and 
often  confused,  but  I  feel  sure  a  distinct  species.  In  either  event  its  oc- 
currence in  Europe  is  another  proof  of  the  wide  distribution  of  plants — 
Bovista  plumbea — Polyporus  rheades,  new  to  me,  but  I  judge  it  is  this 
species— Bovistella  Ohiensis — Polyporus  leucomelas.  The  first  I  have  from 
Europe  and  of  much  interest  in  connection  with  the  question  of  the  identity 
of  Polyporus  griseus  of  this  country.  I  think  now  they  are  culur  farms  of 
the  same  species.  The  "structure"  is  the  same. — Trametes  isabellinus  (as 
labeled),  unknown  to  me — Fomes  jasmini — Polyporus  dichrous — Polystictus 
perennis — Poria  ambigua? — Poria  (sp.) 

TORREND,  REV.  C.,  Africa: 

Polystictus  funalis — Lenzites  applanatus — Trametes  rigida?? — Hex- 
agona  polygramma — Fomes  fusco-purpureus,  resupinate  (as  labeled). 

WEIDMANN,  ANT.,  Austria: 

Lenzites  saepiaria,  discolored — Lycoperdon  gemmatum  (form) — 
Fomes  nigricans — Polyporus  (sp.) — Polyporus  Schweinitzii — Fomes  poma- 
ceus,  I  think.  It  differs  from  igniarius  in  the  color  of  the  context— Lenzites 
betulina — Calvatia  saccata? — Lycoperdon  (sp.) — Lycoperdon  umbrinum. 

C.  G.  LLOYD. 

Paris,  France,  June,  1908, 

4 


LETTER  No.  22. 


We  issue  this  »*  »  co.ee,  a  m.staKe  that  « 

occurs  ;  our  pamphlet,  ^^^^*  At  the 

Polystictus  Montane,  as  a  synonym  y  elamination  of  what  we 

time   '    r^«*7STS^!X  *.  herbarium  of  Mon- 
assumed  wore  co-types  ys  remember  them)  that 

taglie  at  Paris.    We  believed  £^f££  &8  Eoly8tictus  parvu.us, 
they  are  the  plant  or.gmally  named  f^™  ^  ^  ^^  ^ 

and  which  (following  Bresadola's  publ,  ews^  a  ^^.^ 

done,  «e  referred  to  **££"££££  by  Qn.et  which  are 
the  original  types,  sent  by  Montagne,  nlied  that  they  can  not 

the  same  plant,  and  as  soon  as  we  saw    hem  »    -og  ^  ^  ^ 

possibly  be  our  Amencan      -V*  „  found  ,„  Fries'  herbarium,  we 

e 


" 


t  any  rate  we  were  surely  in  error  i 
W0r,  on  specimens  found  in  ~  ,         jet  done, 

structure"  <^'L  Montagnei  is  a  good  species, 


t  whene  pubHshed  it  as  ^^^  that  there  is  a  feeling 
ln  th,s  connection  ,    ma    ^"^  „,  eon8idel.  Polj8tictus  Mon- 
it 


, 

creeping  over  me  that  it  Tridentini,  plate  ic«, 

form  of  the  plant  pub,  shed 


tagnei 


not  creditable  to  hide  them. 

Tpsala,  Sweden,  October  14,  1908. 


UNlVESHITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


LETTER  No.  23. 


List  of  specimens  received  at  Paris  from  the  date  of  my  arrival  (July)  up 
to  the  twelfth  day  of  November,  1908. 

I  beg  to  thank  my  correspondents  in  Europe  and  foreign  countries  for  their 
liberal  sendings.  I  am  now  engaged  in  a  study  of  the  polyporoids  of  Europe, 
and  have  been  greatly  aided  by  the  specimens  received.  I  do  not  claim  to 
have  a  critical  knowledge  of  European  species  ;  in  fact  I  am  just  making  a 
good  start.  I  spent  three  months  this  season  in  the  woods  of  Sweden,  and  was 
enabled  to  satisfy  myself  as  to  many  of  Fries'  species,  largely  aided  by  the 
advice  and  kindness  of  L.  Romell,  Stockholm,  who  has,  I  think,  the  best 
knowledge  of  any  one  of  the  Swedish  species. 

As  to  nomenclature — always  a  troublesome  question  owing  to  a  variety  of 
views  on  the  subject — I  have  concluded  to  adopt  the  names  used  by  Elias 
Fries  for  the  polyporoids  of  Europe  in  most  instances  where  I  have  no  doubt 
as  to  Fries'  views.  I  will  explain  my  reasons  for  arriving  at  this  decision  in 
another  letter,  simply  contenting  myself  to  state  here  that  the  great  majority 
of  polyporoids  are  surely  and  definitely  known  by  Friesian  names,  and  that  in 
my  opinion  it  is  not  wise  to  go  beyond  Fries,  and  put  aside  what  in  most  cases 
is  a  certainty  for  an  uncertainty. 

The  American  specimens  that  were  crowded  out  of  Letter  No.  20  will  be 
acknowledged  in  the  next  Letter  devoted  to  American  species.  I  am  advised 
that  a  number  of  packages  have  been  sent  to  my  address  at  Cincinnati,  that 
will  shortly  be  forwarded  to  me  at  Paris. 

C.  G.  LLOYD, 
December,  1908.  63  rue  Button, 

Paris,  France. 

ALLEN,  W.  B.,  England: 

Lycoperdon  (?  to  me,  but  a  form  of  nigrescens,  I  think). 

BADET,  REV.  L.,  Italy: 

Clathrus  cancellatus  (beautiful  specimens). 

BECKER,  DR.  H.,  South  Africa: 

Cyathus  vernicosus.  (The  exterior  hairs  of  the  cup  are  more  strongly 
developed  than  in  the  European  form,  approaching  those  of  C.  striatus,  but 
the  interior  of  the  cup  and  the  spores  are  the  same  as  the  type.  One  can  not 
make  a  [good]  new  species  on  a  character  like  this.)— Genus,  unknown  to 
me— Scleroderma  Cepa— Calvatia,  immature. 

BERNARD,  DR.  CHARLES,  Java: 

Lycoperdon  Wrightii  (Spores  are  not  truly  globose,  but  it  has  all  the 
essential  characters  of  this  species.)— Lycoperdon  (species  unknown  to  me.)— 
Genus  unknown  to  me,  immature— Lycoperdon  (close  to  Wrightii)— Cyathus 
Poeppigii  (as  it  develops  that  this  is  the  most  common  Cyathus  in  the  tropics, 
it  is  unfortunate  that  Tulasne  gave  it  such  an  uncouth  name). 

I 

.  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT  LOS  ANGELES 


BEZZI,  PROF.  DOTT.,  Italy  : 

Rhizopogon  rubescens — Polyporus  squamosus — Polyporus  adustus — 
Polystictus  versicolor  (dark,  bluish  form  on  Robinia,  very  close  to  what  Fries 
called  Polystictus  azureus,  from  Mexico.)— Stereum  hirsutum — Lenzites  betu- 
lina — Lycoperdon  polymorphum,  a  form  with  a  slight  development  of  the 
sterile  base — Daedalea  quercina — Fomes  fraxineus  (on  Robinia). 

BOORMAN,  J.  L.,  Australia: 

(Sent  in  a  package  by  Miss  Margaret  Flockton.)  Polysaccum  piso- 
carpium — Polysaccum  crassipes — Calvatia  olivacea  (the  spores  are  slightly  but 
distinctly  asperate)— Calvatia  rubroflava,  of  much  interest  !  .'  This  species,  as 
several  times  noted  in  my  publications,  is  a  rather  rare  puff  ball  in  the  United 
States.  Then  Father  Rick  sent  it  to  me  from  Brazil.  Recently  I  saw  at  Up- 
sala,  specimens  from  Argentina,  South  America,  collected  by  Robert  E.  Fries. 
Mr.  Boorman  is  the  first  to  find  it  in  Australia. 

BRACE,  L.  J.  K.,  Bahamas. 

Schizophyllum  umbrinum,  at  least  I  judge  it  is  this  species.  It  can 
well  be  called  "umber,"  but  it  is  not  "lobed."  It  is  much  darker  than  the 
usual  species,  S.  commune.  Schizophyllum  multifidum  (only  a  form  I  think 
of  commune)— Polystictus  pinsitus— Microfungus— Calocera  (sp.)— Trametes 
hydnoides — Also  species  unknowrn  to  me  of  Calocera,  Thelephora  and  Cantha- 
rellus — Endogone  macrocarpa,  at  least  I  judge  it  is  this  species. 

BRANDIS,  REV.  E.,  Austria: 

Polys.tictus  hirsutus — Polyporus  varius — Polyporus  brumalis — Dae- 
dalea quercina— Polysticus  pergamenus,  a  thicker,  darker  form  than  we  have 
in  the  United  States — Polystictus  pergamenus,  exactly  the  same  form  we  have 
so  common  in  the  United  States — Pleurotus  ostreatus — Polyporus  adustus — 
Polystictus  versicolor — Trametes  gibbosa— Fomes  applanatus — Lenzites  abio- 
tina  (for  me  it  is  a  form  of  Lenzites  saepiaria)— Fomes  pinicola— Polystictus 
cinnabarinus  (on  Cerasus) — Polystictus  zonatus — Lycoperdon  piriforme  — Cya- 
thus  striatus — Pan  us  rudis — Lycogala  Epidendrum — Polyporus  vulpinus,  on 
Quercus  Ilex.  This  is  a  rare  plant  in  Europe.  It  has  been  found  recently  by 
J.  Linds  at  Copenhagen,  and  by  L.  Romell  near  Stockholm,  but  in  the  north 
of  Europe  it  seems  to  grow  only  on  the  poplar.— Scleroderma  Cepa — Lyco- 
perdon cepaeforme — Bovista  plumbea. 

BRAUN,  DR.  K.,  Deutsch  Africa: 

Lanopila  bicolor  (Doubtful  to  me  as  these  are  young  specimens  and 
have  a  well  developed  cortex.  I  am  very  well  acquainted  with  this  puff  ball 
in  a  mature  state  when  it  lias  a  perfectly  smooth  peridium.  I  can  not  be  sure 
that  these  specimens  with  a  distinct  cortex  are  the  same  species.) 

BUBAK,  PROF.  DR.  FR.,  Bohemia: 

Polystictus  abietinus — Polyporus  amorphus — Polyporus  adustus — 
Fomes  annosus — Poria  chrysoloma  (as  labeled) — Polyporus  leporinus  i.a  form 
circinatus,  as  labeled) — Polyporus  borealis  (?) — Polystictus  velutinus — Poly- 
porus fragilis — Fomes  pomaceus — Stereum  insigne  (too 'close  it  seems  to  me  to 
insignitum) — Polyporus  brumalis — Polystictus  hirsutus— Polyporus  ovinus  — 
Polyporus  radiatus— Fomes  roseus— Fomes  Ribis— Fomes  salicimis— Polyporus 

2 


sulphureus— Poria  taxicola— Polystictus  versicolor— Polystictus  zonatus.     The 
above,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  are  all  as  labeled  by  Dr.  Bubak. 

CEPEDE,  C.France: 

Bovista  plumbea (discolored  from  having  been  sent  preserved  with 
some  liquid) — Lycoperdon  pratense — Daldinea  concentrica. 

CROSSLANI),  CHARLES  (specimens  from  India): 
Polystictus  xanthopus— Favolus  tessellatus. 

DUPONT,  E.,  Reunion  Island: 
Scleroderma  tenerum. 

FLOCKTON,  MARGARET,  Australia: 

Specimens  marked  with  a  :;  were  collected  by  Miss  Betts.  Polysaccum 
pisocarpium— Strobilomyces  (pallidus?)— Calvatia  lilacina*  (sterile  base)  — 
Scleroderma  Cepa*— Sclerolerma  Cepa— Bovistella  rosacea— Bovistellaaustra- 
liensis(?)— Scleroderma  (cfr.  verrucosum)— Lycoperdon  cepaeforme— Clathrus 
gracilis,  a  fine  collection,  preserved  in  formalin,  I  think.  . 

GILL,  WALTER,  Australia: 

Calvatia  lilacina— Calvatia  gigantea,  oval  xpored  form  which  as  far  as 
known  occurs  only  in  Australia. 

GONO,  M.,  Japan: 

Cyathus  stercoreus  tthe  only  common  Cyathus  that  grows  in  Japan)— 
Lycoperdon  "Wrightii. 

HA  RIOT,  P.,  France: 

Polyporus  radiatus,  (on  oak,  Fontainebleau.) 

von  HOHNEL,  PROF.  DR.,  Austria: 

I  have  received  from  Prof.  Dr.  Franz  v.  Hohnel  a  most  liberal  ship- 
ment of  the  polyporoids.  They  were  all  named  by  Prof.  V.  Hohnel  and  most 
of  them  are  listed  here  as  named.  In  a  number  of  instances  they  are  species 
not  familiar  to  me.  Tranietes  gibbosa  (pubescent  form)— Trametes  mollis 
(with  a  reHexed  margin  which  is  contrary  to  Fries'  definition,  but  it  is  surely 
the  plant,  although  I  have  heretofore  only  known  Trametes  mollis  as  a  re- 
supinate  species) — Fomes  fomentnrius — Fomes  marginatus  (For  me  only  a 
frondose  form  of  pinicola) — Fomes  pinieola — Polystictus  biformis  (It  is  a 
curious  fact  in  plant  distribution  tlmt  this  species  which  is  frequent  in  the 
United  States  lias  been  found  to  be  not  rare  in  Eastern  Europe,  as  first  an- 
nounced, I  think,  by  Bresadola.  In  Western  Europe,  I  think  it  is  very  rare. 
I  only  know  of  one  collection,  by  Rev.  H.  Bourdot,  in  France.  Bresadola 
refers  it  now  to  cervinus  of  Schweinitz,  with  which  I  do  not  agree,  but  that 
is  another  story.) — Polyporus  amorphus — Fomes  igniarius — Fomes  borealis 
(the  "thick"  form  called  by  Fries  "montanus")— Polyporus  arcularius— 
Trametes  rubescens — Polyporus  sulphureus— Fomes  annosus — Polyporus  gi- 
ganteus — Polystictus  versicolor — Polystictus  hirsutus — Polystictus  perennis — 
Polyporus  squamosus — Polyporus  cuticularis — Trametes  hispida — Polyporus 
dryadeus— Polyporus  lucidus— Polyporus  frondosus— Trametes  suaveolens 
Favolus  europaeus  — Polyporus  betulinus  —  Polystictus  sanguineus  (from 
Brazil) —Polyporus  rutilans  —  Polyporus  Schweinitzii — Trametes  serialis — 


Polystictus  cinnabarinus — Polyporus  crispus !  This  is  a  rare  plant,  often  con- 
fused with  adustus,  but  I  think  distinct.— Polyporus  benzoinus— Polyporus 
melanopus  —  Polyporus  hispidus  —  Daedalea  unicolor — Polyporus  croceus  — 
Polyporus  Broomei — Polyporus  Braunii — Daedalea  quercina — Fomes  roseus — 
Polyporus  caesius — Polyporus  fumosus — Polyporus  radiatus — Polyporus  ele- 
gans— Polyporus  adustus— Fomes  Kibis— Polyporus  varius— Poria  kymatodes— 
Polyporus  pallescens — Fomes  igniarius  (resupinate)— Poria  sanguinolenta — 
Poria  Vaillantii — Poria  violacea — Poria  contigua — Poria  ambigua — Polyporus 
pubescens — Poria  incarnata— Poria  obducens — Poria  rhodella — Poria  salicina — 
Polyporus  Hohnelianus  (Mss.  name) — Poria  cinerescens— Polyporus  polymor- 
phus— Poria  levis— Poria  umbrina— Poria  ferruginosa— Polyporus  chioneus 
(resupinate) — Polyporus  lacteus — Polyporus  albidus — Poria  eupora — Poria 
mollusca—  Trametes  micans — Fomes  rubriporus — Fomes  applanatus — Fomes 
corrugis,  as  labeled  by  Prof.  v.  Hohnel.  It  is  unknown  to  me  but  seems  very 
close  to  Fomes  fraxineus.  If  correctly  labeled,  the  plant  has  no  relation  to 
Polyporus  lucidus,  as  placed  by  Fries.— Polyporus  confluens  (?  to  me,  for  it  is 
not  as  "red"  as  dried  specimens  of  confluens  usually  are.) — Trametes  odorata 
— Fomes  pomaceus — Fomes  Hartigii  (This  form  which  grows  on  the  Abies  in 
Central  Europe  is  now  held  to  be  the  same  as  Fomes  robustus  on  oak  in 
Sweden.) — Polyporus  ovinus — Polyporus  Marianus  (This  is  a  species  named  by 
Bresadola,  and  as  far  as  I  can  judge  is  a  good  "  new  species."  When  I  first 
saw  Dr.  v.  Hohnel's  specimen  I  thought  of  connatus,  but  it  has  no  cystidia 
and  has  different  spores.) — Fomes  laccatus.  Under  this  name,  which  is  at- 
tributed to  Kalchbrenner,  I  received  this  plant  from  Dr.  v.  Hohnel,  and  not- 
withstanding that  it  is  Fomes  roburneus  of  Fries  I  shall  adopt  Kalchbrenner's 
name.  "A  plant  that  is  well  named  is  half  deter mii/t<!."— Fomes  leucophaeus 
(?) — Polyporus  brumalis  (?  not  the  usual  form) — Poria  obliqua — Polyporus 
leucomelas — Polyporus  osseus  (Nice  specimen,  and  I  think  the  first  I  have  re- 
ceived. It  is  a  species  of  Eastern  Europe,  not  occurring  as  far  as  I  know  in 
Western  Europe.)— Polyporus  rufescens— Polyporus  Weinmanni— Polyporus 
spumeus— Poria  placenta  (as  labeled,  but  I  think  not.  I  do  not  know  it,  how- 
ever.)— Daedalea  unicolor  (form) — Polystictus  pergamenus — Polyporus  tri- 
queter  (of  Fries,  of  which  a  type  is  at  Kew,  I  am  told  by  Mr.  Romell.  I  have 
not  examined  Persoon's  herbarium,  but  I  think  it  can  not  be  his  triqueter, 
which  I  judge  from  his  writings  is  cuticularis)— Polyporus  cristatus  (Without 
having  gone  carefully  into  the  question,  I  venture  that  the  plant  we  know  as 
flavo-virens  in  the  United  States  will  in  time  be  found  to  be  cristatus  of  Eu- 
rope.)— Polyporus  chioneus — Poria  laevigata  (?) — Polystictus  fibula  (A  plant 
imperfectly  known  to  me  in  Europe,  but  if  this  is  correct  I  think  it  is  the  same 
as  I  have  been  calling  Polystictus  hirsutulus  in  the  United  States)— Polyporus 
nodulosus — Trametes  gibbosa. 

JAAP,  PROFESSOR  OTTO,  Germany  : 

Poria  sanguinolenta  (on  earth!) — Polystictus  velutinus — Polystictus 
fibula  (Not  the  same,  I  think,  as  the  plant  I  received  from  Dr.  v.  Hohnel)  — 
Polyporus  rutilans — Polyporus  varius — Polyporus  mollis — Trametes  odorata — 
Polyporus  lacteus.  All  as  labeled  by  Professor  Jaap. 

JARVIS,  EDMUND,  Australia : 

Clathrus  gracilis.  This  species  readies  me  more  frequently  than  any 
other  phalloid  from  Australia. 


KLINCKSIECK,  PAUL,  France: 
Polyporus  resinaceus. 

KRUGER,  PROFESSOR  W.,  Germany: 

Trametes  odorata—  Polyporus  vari  us—  Polyporus  fumosus—  Bovista 
i  nigrescens  —  Polystictus  Montagnei  (small  specimen)—  Polyporus  brumalis 
|  (small  specimen)—  Lenzites  saepiaria. 

LINT),  J.,  Denmark: 

Fomes  laccatus  (This  is  known  in  Denmark  as  Fomes  vegetus.  I  do 
not  think  Fomes  vegetus  of  Fries  is  surely  known,  though  often  annular  strata 
are  interposed  between  the  pore  layers  of  Fomes  applanatus,  and  this  form 
is  supposed  to  be  what  Fries  called  Fomes  vegetus.  The  plant  that  Mr.  Lind 
finds,  Fries  surely  called  Fomes  roburneus  according  to  the  only  authentic 
specimen  known  (at  Kew).  Kalchbrenner  is  said  to  have  named  the  same 
plant  Fomes  laccatus,  which  impresses  me  as  being  a  most  excellent  name  for 
it,  and  I  shall  adopt  it  if  I  find  it  to  be  true.  It  is  a  pity  it  was  not  called 
resinosus,  for  it  is  the  one  plant  in  Europe  that  merits  the  name  "resinosus." 
Usually  it  is  a  rare  plant,  but  Mr.  Lind  finds  it  in  abundance  on  poplar.  Rev. 
Breitung  has  also  found  it  near  Copenhagen.—  Poria  sinuosa  (as  labeled.  Un- 
known to  me,  but  if  it  is  correctly  determined  Poria  sinuosa  is  no  synonym 
for  Poria  Tulipiferae  as  often  stated.)—  Trametes  odorata—  Trametes  sua- 
veolens. 

LUDWIG,  MONSIEUR,  France  : 

Poria  undata  (det.  Bresadola)  —  Polyporus  pubescens  (det.  Bresadola.) 
We  have  a  common  plant  in  the  United  States  which  passes  for  Polyporus 
pubescens,  but  it  appears  to  me  it  can  not  be  the  same  as  this  plant  from  Mon- 
sieur Ludwig.  —  Daedalea  quercina  —  Also  three  Porias  unknown  to  me. 

LUJA,  EDWARD,  Congo  : 

Phallus  indusiatus.  The  form  from  the  Congo  has  the  veil  united  into 
a  membrane  above,  and  the  reticulations  of  the  pileus  are  very  pronounced. 
Mr.  Luja  sends  me  photographs  of  the  fresh  plant,  some  with  pendant  veils, 
others  with  spreading,  bell-shaped  veils.  —  Clathrus,  unnamed,  I  think,  very 
close  to  C.  gracilis,  but  orange,  not  white.  —  Lanopila  bicolor.  There  is  no 
doubt  in  my  mind  that  this  is  the  original  of  Lanopila  Wahlbergii,  which  was 
from  Africa,  but  no  type  exists,  hence  it  can  not  be  proven. 

MAIRE,  PROFESSOR  R.,  France: 

Polyporus  radiatus  —  Fomes  annosus—  Fomes  fraxineus—  Daedalea 
quercina—  Polyporus  rutilans—  Polyporus  caesius  (on  Fagus)  Polyporus  caesius 
(on  pine)  —  Trametes  Bulliardii  (as  known  in  France.  In  America  it  would  be 
called  Daedalea  confragosa)  —  Daedalea  unicolor  —  Fomes  nigricans  (as  known  in 
France.  In  Sweden  it  is  the  usual  form  of  Fomes  igniarius.)—  Lenzites  va- 
riegata  (for  me  only  a  form  of  betulina)—  Polyporus  Schweinitzii-VTrametes 
hispida—  Trametes  rhodostoma  (New  to  me.  Qu<51et  gives  this  as  a  reddish 
variety  of  hispida.  These  specimens  appear  more  rigid  and  the  context  is 
deeply  colored.  It  seems  to  be  a  good  form.)—  Polystictus  zonatus—  Trametes 
•  serpens  (as  named)  —  Fomes  applanatus  (?  young)—  Poria  vaporaria  (as  named) 
—  Lycoperdon  hungaricum—  Lycoperdon  fuscum  —  Lycoperdon  pratense  — 


Scleroderma  Cepa— Lycoperdon  spadiceum— Lycoperclon  umbrinum  (?)—  Ly- 
coperdon gemniatum  (form) — Lycoperdon  nigrescens — Trametes  Trogii  (The 
context  of  this  specimen  is  pure  white) — Porin  terrestris  (in  sense  of  Bresadola,i 
I  think)— Also  three  other  Porias  to  me  unknown,  and  a  Fomes  from  Laconia.i 

MANIERE,  L.,  France: 

Scleroderma  tenerum,  a  rare  form  in  Europe.— Also  dried,  Mi-shy 
fungi,  indeterminable  by  me. 

MASSALONGO,  PROFESSOR  €.,  Italy: 

Favolus  europaeus,  lenzitoid  form  !  !  While  I  feel  sun-  Favolu-  nm>- 
paeus  is  the  same  in  Europe  as  in  the  United  States,  I  do  not  recall  ever! 
having  seen  in  our  country  a  lenzitoid  form. — Boletus  subtomentosus — Bo-i 
letus  purpureus — Boletus  versipellis — Hydnum  imbricatum  — Lactarius  pubcs-, 
cens.  The  fleshy  fungi  are  as  named  by  Professor  Massalongo.— Odoiitin 
tremniacensis  (ad  interim)— Solenia  anomala  —  Himantia  Candida.  (All  as: 
named  by  Professor  Massalongo.) 

MASSOTT,  L.,  South  Africa:  % 

Cyathus  vernicosus   (Cups  more   flaring  than    the  European 
Cyathus  stercoreus— Scleroderma  Cepa. 

NAVAS,  REV.  L.,  Spain  : 

Trametes  hispida  (form  Trogii). 

OLIVIER,  ERNEST,  France ; 

Fomes  pomaceus  (on  Prunus  Mahaleb)  but  doubtful,  as  I  find 
setae. — Polyporus  hispidus  (on  Pommier) — Polyporus  hispidus  (on  Aescul 
Hipp.) — Daedalea  quercina  (on  Quercus) — Fomes  leucophaeus  (mi  Hrtre) 
Scleroderma  verrucosum. 

PETCH.T.,  Ceylon: 

Scleroderma  columnare  (with  a  full  description  drawn  from  tin-  fre 
plant.  The  stalked  Scleroderinas,  true,  of  which  there  are  three  or  four  sp 
cies  in  Asia  and  Africa  are  not  known  from  Europe  or  America). 

P1ERRHUGUES,  DR.,  France: 

Polyporus  elegans — Polyporus  rutilans — Fomes  rubriporus — Polypor 
Schweinitzii — Trametes  rufescens — Fomes  applanatus — Fomes  resinaceus 
Polyporus  liispidus  (on  Murier) — Polyporus  tamaricis  (on  Tamarix) — Pol 
porus  hispidus  (on  Pommier)— Fomes  pomaceus. 

PYAT,  CAPITAINE  FELIX,  France: 

Fomes  applanatus — Daedalea  quercina— Fomes  rubriporusr-Radulu 
quercinum — Fomes  fraxineus — Daedak-a,  unknown  to  me — Polyporus  lucid  us  - 
Lenzites  tricolor,  on  Cerisier  (Lenzites  tricolor  is  for  me  a  deeply  colored  len- 
zitoid form  of  Daedalea  confragosa.  It  does  not  to  my  knowledge  gro\\  in 
America.) — Polystictus  versicolor — Polyporus  biennis — Trametes  hispida  — 
Lenzites  betulina  (typical,  thick  and  rigid) — Trametes  irabea  (??i  Lycoperdon 
spadiceum — Lycoperdon  pusillum  (dark  form) — Calvatia  saccata — Lyeoperdon 
gemmatuin— Lyc'operdun  .abnormal). 


REA,  CARLETON,  England: 

Bovistella  paludosa.  I  am  glad  to  receive  this  plant  from  Mr.  Rea,  as 
it  is  the  first  time,  known  to  me,  that  the  plant  has  been  collected  since 
originally  discovered  in  France  by  L<5veill<5  in  1845.  Heretofore,  the  type 
specimens  were  all  that  were  known. 

RENAUDET,  GEO.,  France: 

Xylaria  hypoxylon  (conidial  form). 

RICK,  REV.  J.,  Brazil:' 

Cyathus  stercoreus  (In  my  opinion,  although  its  habits  are  different. 
m grew  on  rotten  wood,  but  has  the  same  cups,  peridioles  and  spores  as  the 
common  manure  species,  Cyathus  stercoreus— "  Phallus  rugulosus"  as  named 
by  Rev.  Rick— Cyathus  Poeppigii— Laternea  (unnamed  species,  I  think  ;  if 
;not  a  laternea  form  of  Clathrus  chrysomycelinus.  There  is  no  yellow  species 
of  Laternea  known).  Calvatia  (cfr.  lilacina)— Calvatia  (cfr.  craniiformis). 

SCHUPP,  REV.,  Brazil: 

Clathrus  (species  unknown  to  me). 

SCHULTZE-WEGE,  MADAME,  Germany  : 

Fomes  annosus— Trametes  gibbosa — Polyportis  betulinus — Polyporus 
adustus — Polyporus  rutrosus  (as  labeled — unknown  to  me,  but  close  to  stip- 
ticus  I  think)— Polyporus  vernalis  (as  labeled)— Fomes  pomaceus— Polystictus 
jversicolor — Polyporus  amorphus — Polyporus  radiatus — Fomes  applanatus — 
Fomes  leucophaeus — Lycoperdon  perlatum. 

SIMMONDS,  J.  H.,  Australia: 

Calvatia  lilacina  (sterile  base)  — Nidula  (?  young,  sterile)— Geaster 
(intermediate  between  saccatus  and  rufescens). 

S\V ANTON,  E.  W.,  England: 

Polyporus  frondosus — Polyporus  rutilans— Polyporus  radiatus — Dae- 
dalea  confragosa  (Trametes  form)— Trametes  gibbosa— Polyporus  varius— 
Also  two  Porias  and  two  Polyporli  unknown  to  me. 

USSHER,  C.  B.,  Africa: 

Calvatia  lilacina — Phalloid.  Surely  an  unnamed  genus,  I  think.  I 
ban  not  well  make  it  out  from  a  dried  specimen,  but  it  is  surely  something 

novel. 

VAN  BAMBEKE,  DR.  CHARLES,  Belgium: 

Fomes  conchatus— Fomes  Ribis— Polyporus  fumosus— Polystictus  abie- 
fcis — Polystictus  cinnamomeus. 

WILSON,  JAMES,  Australia: 

Calvatia  lilacina— Phalloid  (undeveloped,  genus  doubtful)— Lycoper- 
jlon  pratense— Lycoperdon  cepseforme— Scleroderma  flavidum— Cordyceps 
|(sp.  unknown  to  me)— Polysaccum  pisocarpium— Stereum  lobatum,  I  think. 

WULFF,  E.,  France: 

Cfr.    Dsedale'a    unicolor — Lycoperdon    pratense — Scleroderma   verru- 

losuin. 

7 


NOTK     1. 

Fomes  poinaceus. — The  plant  which  I  have  previously  called  "Fomes 
fulvus,  Scop,  not  Fr."  following  Rev.  Bresadola,  I  have  called  in  this  letter 
and  shall  call  in  future  Fomes  pomaceus.  That  was  the  name  given  to  it  by 
Persooon  and  used  by  Fries,  though  the  latter  considered  it  a  form  of  Fomes 
igniarius.  It  is  a  frequent  plant;  almost  always  in  my  observation  on  species 
of  Primus.  Monsieur  Hariot  tells  me  it  grows  also  on  the  apple  tree  (pommier) 
though  that  it  is  directly  contrary  to  the  testimony  of  Murrill.  The  name 
pomaceus  is  the  usual  name  employed  in  France,  and  taking  it  in  the  broad 
sense  to  mean  fruit  trees  in  general,  it  is  a  good  name  for  it,  for  this  fungus  is 
pre-eminently  the  Fomes  of  the  fruit  tree*.  The  name  Fomes  pyunastri  also  ap- 
plied to  it  would  be  still  better. 

Usually  the  name  "fulvus"  is  a  very  inappropiate  name,  for  the  plant 
rarely  fulvous  even  When  young.    I  have  a  specimen  from  Dr.  v.  Hohnel  that 
could  truly  be  called  "fulvus"  but  it  is  the  only  one  I  ever  sau 

The  name  "fulvus"  has  been  so  bandied  about  in  European  mycology 
that  it  had  better  be  relegated  to  the  dump.  Fries  was  evidently  confused 
to  "Polyporus  fulvus."  His  early  account  was  probably  Fomes  pomaceus. 
though  some  of  his  remarks  do  not  apply  to  it.  His  icones  (Polyporus  fulvus, 
original  at  Upsala)  is  I  think  without  question  the  late  fall  condition  of  Poly- 
porus corruscans,  and  is  not  a  Fomes.  His  icones,  published  posthumously, 
which  was  made  at  Femsjo,  under  the  direction  of  Lindblad,  is  in  my  opinion 
not  the  same  species.  His  account  (Hym  Eur. )  certainly  does  not  apply 
his  icones  (published)  ror  is  there  any  Fomes  known  in  Sweden  to-day 
agrees  with  it. 

It  is  Fomes  fulvus  in  the  sense  of  Bresadola,  not  as  to  Scopoli.     1  am  very 
skeptical  as  to  any  one  knowing  what  Scopoli  called  "  fulvus."     It  is 
"fulvus"  of  Hartig;  not  "fulvus"  of  Schaefer;  not  "fulvus"  of  Marcm 
not  "fulvus"  of  Qutflet,  all  of  which  were  different  plants.    There  are 
many  "knots"  in  it.    It  is  much  better  1  think  to  drop  the  name. 

NOTE  2. 

Polyporus  intybaceus. — "It  has  always  been  a  pux/.le  to  me  whether  tl 
is  Polyporus  intybaceus  or  Polyporus  frondosus,  or  whether  these  two  are  the 
same  or  different.     Atkinson  gives  a  good  photograph  of  it  under  the  for 
name."— Letter  No.  10,  July,  1906. 

The  above  written  from    memory   I   find  to  be   incorrect,    and    the    word 
"latter"  should  have   been  used,  as  Atkinson  called  It  Polyporus  frond< 
which  as  I  view  it  now  is  the  correct  name  Tor  the  only  plant  of  the  two  that 
know.     What  Polyporus   intybaceus    is  I  have  never  been  able  to  find 
though  I  think  it  is  one  of  the  popular  errors  in  England  due  largely  to  Stev- 
enson's cut  to  call  Polyporus  frondosus.  Polyporus  intybaceus.     Fries  was  vt 
positive  that  intybaceus  was  different  from  frondosus,   though  the  distinct 
he  makes  is  not  clear  to  me.  nor  is  the  figure  he  cites,  but  I  have  probal 
never  seen  Fries'  intybaceus  which  he  records  a>  a  rare  plant  found  in 
province  of  Halland,  Sweden. 


LETTER  No.  24. 

PLANTS  PROM  MR.  KOMELL. 

I  count  among  my  best  friends  in  Europe,  Lars  Romell  of  Stockholm. 
During  the  three  seasons  I  have  collected  in  Sweden,  rarely  a  week  passed 
that  we  did  not  spend  a  day  together  in  the  woods.  Mr.  Romell  has  studied 
the  fungi  of  Sweden  for  twenty  odd  years,  and  I  think  he  knows  the  Friesian 
species  as  no  other  man  knows  them  to-day.  I  have  learned  more  from  Mr. 
Romell  than  from  my  own  work.  For  three  months  the  past  season  I  collected 
at  Upsala.  At  the  end  of  the  season  I  spent  three  days  with  Mr.  Romell  in 
his  herbarium,  and  he  kindly  gave  me  specimens  of  everything  he  had  that  I 
had  not  collected  in  abundance.  His  herbarium  is  especially  rich — the  ac- 
cumulation of  twenty  years'  collecting,  and  he  has  many  species  that  I  did 
not  find.  The  list  herewith  is  mostly  the  names  as  given  by  Mr.  Romell, 
though  I  have  incorporated  many  remarks  of  my  own,  and  Mr.  Romell  must 
not  be  held  responsible  for  any  of  them,  if  any  are  wrong. 

Polyporus  giganteus.  In  Northern  Sweden  this  is  a  rare  plant,  and  this 
specimen  grew  on  pine.  In  Southern  Sweden  it  is  more  frequent  on  frondose 
wood.— Polyporus  albidus.  Grew  on  Abies,  and  has  no  red  margin,  and  does 
not  grow  on  Pinus  sylvest.  as  stipticus  should,  otherwise  it  may  be  stipticus. 
(Spores  fyz  x  5) . — Fomes  salicinus.  On  Lonicera,  in  a  park,  Stockholm.  I  find  no 
colored  setse.— Poria  corticola.— Polyporus  lacteus.  Rare  on  Fagus  at  Femsjo. 
— Polyporus  chioneus. — Polyporus  fumosus.  A  thin  specimen,  usually  much 
thicker. — Polyporus  fulvus,  Fries'  Icon,  (not  Hymen.  Eur.)  teste  Romell. 
For  me  it  is  the  late  season's  growth  of  Polyporus  corruscans.  It  grows  on 
oak,  is  rather  rare  in  Sweden,  and  gets  harder  and  longer  pores  as  the  season 
advances.  Mr.  Romell  and  I  found  at  Dalby  (Fries'  favorite  collecting 
grounds)  the  same  plant  on  oak,  soft  and  writh  short  pores.  This  young  plant 
appears  to  me  to  be  exactly  Polyporus  corruscans,  as  described  by  Fries. 
Spores  6x8  mic.,  colored,  smooth.  The  plant  is  very  close  to  hispidus,  where 
Fries  placed  it.— Polyporus  floriformis  (or  stipticus).  On  pine,  rare.="Poly- 
porus  floriformis,  Quel.  in  Bres.  Fung.  Trident., desc.  not  icon,  of  Pol.  trabeus 
in  Rostk.  It  seems  to  me  different  from  this  species,  but  I  do  not  know 
trabeus."— Bres.— Polyporus  leporinus.  Agrees  with  a  specimen  from  Fries 
at  Kew,  teste  Romell.  (It  is  Polyporus  triqueter,  in  the  sense  of  Bresadola 
and  Polyporus  dualis  of  Peck.)  It  is  not  a  rare  plant  on  Abies  stumps,  near 
Stockholm.— Polyporus  fragilis,  on  Abies.— Polyporus  mollis,  on  Pinus  sylv. 
It  seems  difficult  to  find  any  marked  difference  between  mollis  and  fragilis.— 
Poria  vulgaris  var.  calceus,  on  pine.  AVhen  fresh  the  plant  is  white  or 
pale  yellow.  Pores  small,  in  strata  which  would  indicate  to  me  that  it  is 
perennial,  but  Mr.  Romell  claims  not  necessarily  so.— Poria  (sp.)— Poria 
mollusca,  in  the  sense  of  Bres.  Fung.  Kmet.  To  me  it  is  not  in  the  sense  of 
Fries.  Spores  subglobose  3-3}^  mic.— Trametes  micans,  in  the  sense  of  Bresa- 
dola (not  Fries,  I  think)  albo-carneo-gilvus,  Romell.  On  Quercus !— Poria 
ferrugineo-fusca,  in  the  sense  of  Karsten=unita  of  Fries.  This  is  a  rare 
plant  in  Sweden,  found  by  Mr.  Romell  but  once,  but  then  abundantly. 
Spores  unknown— Poria  lenis,  in  the  sense  of  Karsten.— Polyporus  triqueter, 
close  to  leporinus,  except  it  is  a  thick  plant  and  leporinus  is  a  thin  plant 
—Polyporus  cuticularis,  on  beech  in  the  South  of  Sweden.-Poria  mol- 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


lusca,  as  labeled. — Poria  luteo-alba,  as  labeled. — Poria  inconstans — Poly- 
porus  trabeus,  teste  Bresadola.- Polyporus  vulpinus,  from  Dr.  Haglund. — 
Daedalea  unicolor,  from  Lapland.  This  species  from  Northern  localities  is  not 
so  thin  and  pliable  as  the  more  Southern  species.  I  have  noticed  that  even  in 
Sweden. — Poria  spongiosa,  the  Fome*  form,  very  rare,  teste  Romell.  Mr.  Ro- 
mell  gave  me  also  the  "  Poria"  form,  which  it  is  difficult  to  believe  is  the  same 
species. — Poria  incarnata,  as  figured  by  Fries,  teste  Mr.  Romell.  On  Abies.— 
Poria  (sp.) — Porotheiium  fimbriatum,  on  Betula. — Stereum  abietinum. — 
Stereum  pini. — Hydnum  strigosum,  on  Populus,  in  Northern  Sweden  (Umea.) 
I  would  merely  remark  in  passing  that  the  plant  from  North  America,  in- 
cluded in  Mr.  Banker's  paper  under  this  name  (juggled),  based  on  a  specimen 
in  the  herbarium  of  Schweinitz,  has  no  resemblance  to  the  species,  in  fact  is 
not  a  Hydnum. — Lenzites  heteromorpha.  This  is  one  of  those  polymorphic 
species  that  take  hexagonal,  irpicoid,  and  lenzitoid  forms  in  the  same  collection. 
It  grows  only  on  Abies,  and  was  previously  unknown  to  me.  It  seems  to  me 
very  close  to  Polystictus  biformis.  —  Polyporus  velutinus,  form  (for  Mr. 
Romell.)  — Polyporus  croceus,  on  oak— Poria  sp.— Merulius  rufus  on  birch. 
— Solenia  ochracea,  on  frondose  wood. — Dsedalea  unicolor,  on  Abies.  A 
rare  host. — Merulius  species — Solenia  confusa  (from  Otto  Jaap,  Branden- 
berg) — Lenzites  saepiaria,  on  Prunus !— Cyphella  eruceeformis,  on  poplar. 
—  Stereum  odoratum,  on  Abies.  —  Merulius  serpens,  on  Abies.  —  Merulius 
Corium,  not  rare  in  Sweden.  —  Poria  connatn,  on  Acer.  Cystidia  abun- 
dant.— Merulius  crispatus,  teste  Bresadola,  on  Salix  Caprea. — Solenia  urceo- 
lata,  on  birch.— Stereum  ochroleucum,  from  Umea,  Northern  Sweden.  I 
think  it  is  the  same  plant  we  have  so  common  in  the  United  States  ;m<l 
which  we  call  there  Stereum  versicolor  or  fasciatum. — Lenzites  abietina  (from 
Dr.  Haglund) — Polyporus  vulpinus.  This  is  a  rare  plant  in  Sweden,  and  has 
only  been  found  by  Mr.  Romell  on  poplar  in  recent  years.  Fries  says  "fre- 
quent, Upsala"  but  I  did  not  find  it  at  Upsala  at  all. — Poria  cinerescens,  vide 
Bresadola.  (I  am  inclined  to  think  this  is  Poria  molltisca  in  the  sense  of 
Fries=also  the  specimen  of  subfusco-flavida  in  his  herbarium). — Purin  spon- 
giosa, teste  Bri-sadola.  A  rare  plant  in  Sweden,  and  strongly  marked  by  its 
"spongy"  border.  On  Abies. — Polyporus  (sp.)  on  Frnxinus  at  Sandemar.— 
Polyporus  velutinus,  from  Upsala. — Poria  squalens  from  Russia,  on  1'iniis 
sylvestris.  Spores  4x  12,  cyst,  curved.  Is  it  not  callosa  ?— Poria  obliqua,  on 
Tilia,  collected  in  May.— Fomes  vegetus,  on  oak,  near  Stockholm.  Koines 
vegetus  is  supposed  to  be  only  a  condition  of  Fomes  applanatus,  with  annual 
strata  between  the  pore  layers,  such  as  is  the  normal  condition  of  Fomes  con- 
natus. — Poria  purpurea.  on  Alnus. — Trametes  campestri^,  teste  Patouillard, 
who  tells  me  it  is  not  a  rare  plant  in  France.  I  can  not  believe  it  is  the  same 
as  Trametes  micans,  as  has  been  stated. — Polystictus  versicolor,  form,  tit 
Femsjo.  Certainly  a  most  marked  form. — Poria  obliqua.  This  is  a  peculiar 
species  of  Sweden.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  grows  in  the  United  States  or 
not.  What  Berkeley  so  referred  from  Lea  has  no  resemblance.  It  begins 
under  the  bark  of  live  trees,  Betula,  Populus,  Ulmus,  and  ends  by  killing  the 
bark.  -Fomes  salicinus,  on  Viburnum.— Poria  nitida,  on  Fagus,  Femsjo.— 
Poria  obliqua,  on  Ulmus. — Poria  radula,  from  England.  It  is  Poria  vaporaria, 
in  the  sense  of  the  English  mycologists;  surely  not  in  the  sense  of  Fries. — 
Poria  mollusca,  teste  Bresadola,  on  frondose  wood.  — Poria  pnnctata.  on 
Salix.  (Mr.  Romell  thinks  the  type  specimen  is  on  frondose  wood,  not 


Abies,  as  stated  in  Hym.  Eur.)  Moreover  it  is  doubtful  if  it  is  other  than  re- 
supinate  igniarius.— Poria  sanguinolenta,  on  pine.— Polystictus  versicolor, 
pale  form.— Poria  violacea,  in  the  sense  of  Fries  Hym.  Eur.  (for  me).  You  can 
call  it  Poria  taxicola  in  the  sense  of  Bresadola,  Poria  sorbicola  in  the  sense  of 
Weinmann,  Merulius  Ravenelii  in  the  sense  of  Berkeley  (and  also  Peck,) 
Merulius  serpens  in  the  sense  of  Ravenel,  Poria  violacea  in  the  sense  of 
Ellis,  Merulius  petropolitanus  in  the  sense  of  Fries  Icones  at  Stockholm, 
and  the  returns  are  not  all  in  as  yet.— Poria  incarnata,  as  figured  by  Fries, 
teste  Mr.  Romell.  Stockholm,  on  Abies.— Fomes  robustus  (young)  on  oak.— 
Merulius  porinoides,  teste  Bresadola.— Solenia  Candida,  on  Betula.— Pterula 
multifida.  Mr.  Romell  found  it  abundant  in  a  park  at  Stockholm.  Fries 
records  that  he  knew  but  one  station  for  it. 


CONTINUATION  OF  LETTER  No.  20. 

THE  FOLLOWING  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  WERE  CROWDED  OUT  OF  LETTER  No.  20. 

NOBLE,  MRS.  M.  A.,  Florida: 

Polyporus  Curtisii. 
ROLFS,  P.  H.,  Florida: 

Scleroderma  Geaster  (young)  —  Lycoperdon  pusillum  — Tylostoma 
floridanum-  Geaster  texense— Sclerotia  of  Hypochnus  ochroleucus,  teste  Pro- 
fessor Burt,  as  published  by  F.  L.  Stevens  (Science,  vol.  26,  p.  724).  I  am 
inclined  to  be  skeptical  for  I  think  Professor  Stevens  does  not  establish  any 
connection  between  the  fungus  he  finds  on  the  leaves  and  these  scale-like 
masses  on  the  stem. 

SETCHELL,  PROFESSOR  W.  A.,  California: 

Cyathus  vernicosus — Secotium  tenuipes  (co-types!!).  The  plant  is 
quite  distinct  from  the  plant  Mr.  Long  found  in  Texas.  Spores  are  10  x  16 — 
Tylostoma  albicans  (from  Arizona). 

SMITH,  PROFESSOR  G.  D.,  Ohio: 

Polystictus  versicolor — Polyporus  (sp.) — Poria  (sp.) — Auricularia 
auricula-Judae — Trametes  abietis  —  Fomes  conchatus  —  Polyporus  gilvus  — 
Daldinea  concentrica — Peziza  floccosa — Verpa  digitaliformis  (received  fresh) — 
Tremella  foliacea  (at  least  so  called  by  Morgan) — Gyromitra  brunnea — Lyco- 
perdon separans — Poria  (sp.) — Polyporus  fumosus — Lenzites  sepiaria — Poly- 
porus (sp.) — Merulius  (sp.  unknown  to  me)— Polyporus  picipes — Tremella 
clavarioides — Geaster  minimus — Scleroderma  tenerum — Isaria  farinosa — Me- 
rulius tremellosus — Irpex  lacteus — Cordyceps  militaris — Geaster  saccatus — 
Lycoperdon  atropurpureum — Polyporus  pubescens — Polyporus  adustus — Poria 
(sp. )  —  Polyporus  rutilans  —  Lycoperdon  piriforme  —  Polystictus  conchifer  — 
Poria  tulipifera— Polyporus  (sp.l— Lenzites  saepiaria— Fomes  pinicola  (short, 
concentric,  sulcate)— Polyporus  frondosus— Polyporus  arcularius— Polyporus 
brumalis— Hypoxylon  (sp.)— Corticium salicinum— Stereum bicolor— Trametes 
sepium— Calvatia  elata— Lenzites  betulina— Sebacina  pallida— Crucibulum 
vulgare — Polystictus  pergamenus — Lycoperdon  floccosum — Stereum  complica- 
tum — Hydnum  ochraceum— Stereum  versicolor — Cyathus  Schweinitzii — Dal- 
dinea concentrica— Poria  ambigua?— Mould  (?)  on  decaying  agarics— Poly- 
stictus perennis  —  Phalloid  pileus  —  Polystictus  hirsutus  — Hydnum  (sp.)  — 


Lycoperdon  subincarnatum  —  Fomes  fomentarius  —  Favolus  europaeus — 
Fomes  connatus — Lycoperdon  cepaeforme — Daedalea  confragosa  (thin  form) 
— Phlebia  radiata — Polystictus  versicolor  —  Urnula  Craterium  —  Polypovus 
reniformis — Polystictus  bifonnis — Polyporus  cuticularis — Polyporus  adustus 
(cfr.  borealis)— Daedalea  confragosa.  unquestionably  a  form  in  my  opinion, 
but  very  different  from  the  usual  form  in  being  relutinnte.  I  have  this 
same  form  from  Europe,  but  this  is  the  first  specimen  from  this  country 
— Daedalea  unicolor — Polyporus  lucidus — Daedalea  confragosa  (normal  form) 
— Scleroderma  aurantium — Hydnuin  adustum — Fomes  leucophaeus,  with  a 
distinct  stem— Polyporus  dichrous — Geaster  triplez— Hydnum  (sp.)— Stereum 
rubiginosum — Scleroderma  Cepa — Stereum  sericeum — Fuligo  (sp.) — Lycoper- 
don Wrightii — Geaster  rufescens — Polystictus  conchifer — Polyporus  dryadeus. 
This  is  an  exceedingly  rare  plant  in  this  country,  although  it  has  been  recorded 
by  Schweinitz  and  others.  Schweinitz's  work  was  a  bad  determination,  his 
specimens  being  Polyporus  gilvus,  a  species  he  had  "discovered"  himself. 
Professor  Smith  is  the  only  one  to  find  Polyporus  dryadeus  in  this  country  to 
my  certain  knowledge— Polyporus  (unknown  to  me).  I  half  way  suspect  it  is 
an  old  condition  of  Pol.  Pilotae,  but  I  do  not  know — Gomes  conchatus — Poria 
(sp.) — Photographs,  beautiful  photographs  of  Gyromitra  brunnea,  Morchella 
conica  and  Verpa  digitalis. 

STEVENS,  F.  L.,  North  Carolina: 

Thelephora  retiformis  (or  Sept  ibasidium  retiforme  as  now  called  by 
Patouillard). 

SUTLIFF,  M.  L.,  California: 

Lycoperdon  gemmatum — Lycoperdon  cupricum. 

TUCKER,  MRS.  SUSAN,  Washington: 

Geaster  asper— Geaster  floriformis.  Mrs.  Tucker  writes  me  that  this 
species  proves  quite  a  pest  in  her  flower  beds — Rhizopogon  (sp.) — Lycoperdon 
pusilluin — Nidula  microcarpa — Lycoperdon  polymorphum.  This  has  a  \\ell 
developed  base,  same  as  in  Europe,  and  I  think  only  occurs  in  our  Northwest. 
The  usual  form,  with  a  very  scanty,  sterile  base  (L.  cepaeforme),  is  quite 
common  over  the  United  States)— Bovista  plumbea,  a  large  form  that  occurs 
in  the  West — Calvatia  caelata  (form) — Catastoma  subterraneum — Cnlvatia 
occidentalis— Lycoperdon  (sp.). 

WHETZEL,  H.  H.,  Indiana: 
Geaster  saccatus. 

WILDER,  CHARLOTTE  M.,  California: 

Calvatia  occidentalis — Bovistella  dealbala  (Some  of  these  specimens 
are  brown.  Same  color  as  bovista  brunnea  of  New  Zealand,  but  the  cortex  is 
smooth,  and  it  has  recently  developed  that  Bovista  brunnea  has  a  cortex  of 
small  spines.)— Geaster  floriformis. 


Issued  by  C  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  40. 


Fig,  3.  Fig.  4. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  1,  2    &    3    from    alcoholic   specimens   from  A.  S.  Bertolet,  Alabama. 
Fig.  4.     Section.     (Compare  also  Plate  12.) 

CAULOGLOSSUM  TRANSVERSARIUM. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  5. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 
Fig.  5.     Section  enlarged  5  times.     Fig.  6.  Spores  (xlOOO). 


CAULOGLOSSUM   TRANSVERSARIUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  41. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4,  Fig.  5. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  1.  Cortex  enlarged  four  times.  Fig.  2.  Plant  in  herbarium  of  Prof. 
Magnus,  Berlin.  Figs.  3  and  5,  from  J.  Lagarde,  France.  Fig.  4,  from  Win.  L. 
W.  Eyre,  England. 

LYCOPERDON  ECHINATUM. 


t 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Fir.  9. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 
Figs.  6,  7,  8  and  9.     Plants  from  A.  P.   Morgan,  Ohio. 

LYCOPERDON  ECHINATUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  42. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  ] .      Spores    (xlOOO)    Microphotograph   by    Prof.    E.  W.  D.  Holwaj\ 
Fig.  2.    From  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Portugal.    Figs.  3  and  4.    From  J.  Lagarde,  France. 


LYCOPERDON  ATROPURPUREUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig-  9 


Fig.  10. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  5.  From  L.  Romell,  Sweden.  Fig.  (>.  Johanna  Schultze-Wege,  Ger- 
many. Fig.  7.  O.  Mattirolo,  Italy.  Fig.  8.  A.  Weidmann,  Austria.  Figs.  9 
and  10.  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio. 


LYCOPERDON  ATROPURPUREUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  43. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig,  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  1.  Cortex  enlarged.  Fig.  2.  From  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio.  Fig.  3.  Rev. 
C.  Torrend,  Portugal.  Fig.  4.  L.  Holland,  France.  Fig.  5.  M.  Bezzi,  Italy. 
Figs  6,  7  and  8,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  Sweden. 

LYCOPERDON  UMBRINUM.* 


Fig.  11. 


Fig.  .2. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 
Fig.  9.     From   A.    P.    Morgan,   Ohio.       Fig.    10.     M.    Maingaud,    Ftnmv. 
Fig.  11.     C.  G.  Lloyd,  Sweden.      Fig.  12.     N.  Patouillard,  France. 

LYCOPERDON  UMBRINUM .* 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  44. 


Fig.  1. 

Explanation  of  Fig-ure. 
Fig.  1.     Plant  from  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Portugal. 

LYCOPERDON  DEUCATUM.* 


Fig.  2, 


Fig.  3, 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  2.     From  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Portugal.     Figs.  3  and  4.   Johanna  Schultze- 
Wege,  Germany. 


LYCOPERDON  ELONGATUM.* 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  7. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  5  and  6.     Plants  from  N.  Patouillard,   France.     Fig.   7.     Plant   in   her- 
barium Desvaux,  Museum  of  Paris.    Fig.  8.  Type  specimen  from  Vittadini,  at  Kt-\\ . 

LYCOPERDON  VELATUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  45. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 
Fig.  1.     Cortex  enlarged.     All  plants  from  A.  Weidniann,  Austria. 


LYCOPERDON  CUPKICUM. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig-  3. 


Fig  4. 


Fig.  5. 


,  G, 


Fig.  7. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 


Fig.  1.     Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  2.    From  J.  Lagarde,  France.     Fig.  3.  Rei 
C.  Torrend,  Portugal.     Figs.  4,  5,  6  and  7,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  West  Virginia. 

LYCOPERDON  FUSCUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


Fig   1. 


Fig-  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 
Explanation  of  Figures. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  1.    Cortex  enlarged.     Figs.  2  and  5.    From  L.  Romell,  Sweden.     Fig. 
L.  H.  Watson,  Illinois.     Fig.  4.    C.  G.  Lloyd,  Cincinnati. 

LYCOPERDON  GEMMATUM. 


Fig.  8. 


Explanation  of  Figures 


Fig.  10. 


Figs.  6  and  9.     From  C.  G.  Lloyd,  Cincinnati.     Fig.  7.    L.  Roniell,  Sweden. 
Fig.  8.    Annie  L.  Smith,  England.      Fig.  10.    Johanna  Schult/.e-Wege,  Germany. 

LYCOPERDON  GEMMATUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  47. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Explanation  of  Figures, 

Fig.  1,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  2,  Plant  from  Mary  L.  Miles,  Scotland.  Figs. 
3  and  4,  C.  G.  Uoyd,  Sweden. 


LYCOPERDON  NIGRESCENS. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  7, 


Fig-  8. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

All  from  C.  G.  Lloyd,  Sweden.     Figs.  3,  5  and  6  were  photographed  from 
fresh  specimens. 


LYCOPERDON  NIGRESCENS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  48 


Fig.  1. 


Explanation  of  Figure. 
Old  specimens  in  situ,  near  Cincinnati. 

LYCOPERDON  PIRIFORME. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig  4. 


Fig.  7.  fig.  8. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 
Figs.  2  and  3,  Cortices  enlarged.     Fig.  4,  From  Otto  Jaap,  Germany.     Fig. 
6,  From  Mary  L.  Miles,  Scotland.    Fig.  8,  From  Wm.  L.  W.  Eyre,  England.    Figs. 


5  and  7,  From  C.  G.  Lloyd. 

LYCOPERDON  PIRIFORME. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  49. 


Fig.  1. 


Explanation  of  Figure. 
Fig.  1,  Plants  collected  near  Upsala.  Sweden,  by  C.  G.  Uoyd. 

LYCOPERDON   DESMAZIERES.* 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs.  2  and  3,   Plants  From  L.  Holland,   France.      Fig.  4,  From  Johanna 
Schultze-Wege,  Germany. 

LYCOPERDON  DESMAZIERES.* 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  50. 


Fig.l. 


Fig.  2, 


Explanation  of  Figures. 
Fig.  1,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  2,  Plant  from  L.  Romell,  Sweden. 

LYCOPERDON  SEROTINUM. 


4 


Fig  3' 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  6. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  3,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  4,  Plants  from  R.  B.  Mackintosh,  Massachu- 
setts.   Fig.  5,  From  H.  B.  Dorner,  Indiana.  Fig.  6,  From  Rev.  J.  M.  Bates,  Nebraska. 


LYCOPERDON  TESSELLATUM.* 


. 


ued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  51, 


Fig- 3 


Fig.  5. 
Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs.  1  and  2,  Small  plants  enlarged.     Fig.  3,  Cortex  before  breaking.     Fig. 
4,  Cortex  breaking.     Fig.  5,  Plants  from  O.  Mattirolo,  Italy. 

IvYCOPERDON  CRUCIATUM. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig-  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  t5,  Plant  from  France  in  Museum  at  Paris.     Fig.  7,  Plant  from  Germany 
in  Museum  at  Berlin.     Figs.  8,  9,  10  and  11,  from  Cincinnati. 


LYCOPERDON  CRUCIATUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  52. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig- 3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 
Fig.  1,  Cortex  enlarged.     Figs.  2,  3  and  4,  see  over. 

LYCOPERDON  POLYMORPHUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


t 


Fig  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9- 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  7,  Type  from  Vittadini  in  Museum  at  Paris.     Figs.  2,  3,  4.  5,  6,  8,  9,  10 
and  11,  Plants  all  from  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Portugal,  and  all  same  collection. 

LYCOPERDON  POLYMORPHISM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.LLOYD. 


PLATE  53 


Fig-  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fg.3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs.  1,  2  and  3,  From  Hollis  Webster,  Massachusetts.     Fig.  4,  From  L.  R. 
Waldron,  Michigan. 

LYCOPERDON  CEPAEFORME. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 
Figs.  5,  6,  7  and  8,  From  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Portugal. 

LYCOPERDON  HUNGARICUM. 


. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  11. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  9,  Plants  from  M.  Bezzi.  Italy.     Fig.  10,  Young  plant  enlarged  5  times. 
Fig.  11,  Old  plant,  enlarged  5  times. 

LYCOPERDON  PUSILLUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  54. 


Fig. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


V 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  1,  Cortex  enlarged.  Fig.  2,  Cortex  with  lime  deposit,  enlarged.  Fig. 
3,  From  L.  Rolland,  France.  Fig.  4,  From  Dr.  Hollos,  Hungary.  Figs.  5,  6,  7  and 
8,  From  J.  Lind,  Denmark. 

LYCOPERDON  SPADICEUM. 


f 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


Fig.  14. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs.  9  and  10,  Plants  from  Madame  Rousseau,  Belgium.  Fig.  11,  From  Dr. 
Hollos,  Hungary.  Fig.  12,  From  L.  Rolland,  France.  Fig.  13,  From  A.  Weidmann, 
Austria.  Fig.  14,  From  N.  Patouillard,  France. 

LYCOPERDON  SPADICEUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  55. 


Fig.  1. 


Pig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  5. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Cortex  enlarged.     Specimens  are  from  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio. 

LYCOPERDON  ECHINATUM. 


Ffff.  1. 


Fig.  a. 


FIK.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Specimens  from  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio. 

LYCOPERDON  PULCHERRIMUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  56. 


Fig.  1. 


Pig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  2,  Rimulose  cortex  enlarged.     Figs.  3  and  5, 
From  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio.     Figs.  4  and  6,  From  A.  S.  Bertolet,  Canada. 


LYCOPERDON  RIMULATUM. 


Fig.  8. 


Kin.  9. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  7,  From  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  Texas.      Fig.  8,  From  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio. 
Fig.  9,  From  A.  S.  Bertolet,  Canada. 

LYCOPERDON  RIMULATUM. 


FIR.  11. 


Fig.  10. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  10,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  n,  Plant  from  C.  H.  Baker,  Florida. 

LYCOPERDON  SUBVELATUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  57. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Cortex  enlarged.  Fig.  2,  Spores  (Xiooo)  microphotograph  by  Prof. 
E.  W.  D.  Holway.  Figs.  3  and  4,  Specimens  from  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio.  Fig.  5, 
Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Portugal.  Fig.  6,  i,.  Romell,  Sweden. 


LYCOPERDON  ATROPURPUREUM. 


FIK.  8, 


Fl«.  10. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  7,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  8,  From  C.  E.  Brown,  Wisconsin. 
R.  H.  Denniston,  Wisconsin.     Fig.  10,  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio. 


LYCOPERDON  STELLARE. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  58. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  a. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs,  i,  2,  and  3,  Cortices  enlarged.     Figs.  4  and  5,  From  R.  H.  Denuiston 
Wisconsin.     Fig.  6,  H.  C.  Beardslee,  North  Carolina. 

LYCOPERDON  UMBRINUM. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  7,  From  R.  H.  Denniston,  Wisconsin.  Fig.  8,  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Por- 
tugal. Fig.  9,  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Pennsylvania.  Fig.  10,  Type  of  Lycoperdon 
elegans  in  herbarium  of  A.  P.  Morgan. 

LYCOPERDON  UMBRINUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  59. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  3. 

Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  2,  From  C.  G.  I/loyd,  Kentucky.     Fig.  3,  A.  P. 
Morgan,  Ohio.     Fig.  4,  P.  L,.  Ricker,  Maine. 

LYCOPERDON  FLOCCOSUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Explanation  of  Figure. 

Fig.  5,  Type  specimens  from  A.  P.  Morgan. 

LYCOPERDON  DRYINUM. 


Fig.  6. 


Fi«.  8. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs.  6  and  8,  Type  specimens  from  A.  P.  Morgan,  collected  by  Underwood 
in  Alabama.     Fig.  7,  Spores  (Xiooo). 

LYCOPERDON  EXIMIUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  60 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs   i  and  3,  From  Theo.  L.  Smith,  New  Hampshire.     Fig.  2,  F.  K.  Vree- 
land,  Maine.     Fig.  4,  Miss  E.  Hodges,  Pennsylvania. 

LYCOPERDON  EXCORIATUM. 


Fig.  i. 


Fl«.  3. 


Fl».  2. 


Fig.  4. 


FIK.  5. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Cortex  enlarged.     Photographs  by  C.  G.  Lloyd,  in  Sweden. 

LYCOPERDON  NIGRESCENS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  61, 


Fig.  2. 


Vig.  3. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

id.     Fig.   2,  From  L.  Rom 

LYCOPERDON  SEROTINUM. 


Fig.   I,  Cortex  enlarged.     Fig.   2,  From  L.  Romell,  Sweden.     Fig.  3,  C.  S. 
Conklin,  New  York. 


Flff.  4. 

Explanation  of  Figure. 

Fig.  4,  From  B.  O.  Longyear,  Michigan. 

IvYCOPERDON  FAVEOLUM. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  a. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Plants  from  F.  J.  Braendle,  Washington,  D.  C. 

LYCOPERDON  PSEUDORADICANS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  62. 


Fig.  1. 


Pig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs,  i  and  3,  From  R.  B.  Mackintosh,  Massachusetts.     Fig.  2,  From  W.  N. 
Suksdorf,  Washington. 

LYCOPERDON  SUBPRATENSE. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  4,  From  Clara  A.  Hunt,  California.     Figs.  5  and  7,  C.  V.  Piper,  Wash- 
ington.    Fig.  6,  Jos.  W.  Marsh,  Oregon. 

LYCOPERDON  SUBPRATENSE.(?) 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  63. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  From  fresh  specimens,  C.  G.  Lloyd.  Fig.  2,  Same,  cortex  flaking  off. 
Fig.  3,  From  C.  W.  Dawson,  Ohio,  with  cortex  gone.  Fig.  4,  R.  B.  Mackintosh, 
Massachusetts,  unusually  large  plants. 

IvYCOPERDON  WRIGHTII. 


F1K.  6. 


Fig.  5. 


FIK.  7. 


FIK.  8 


Fie 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  5,  Cortex  enlarged.  Fig.  6,  Denuded  surface  of  peridium,  enlarged. 
Fig.  7,  From  Hugo  Bilgram,  Philadelphia.  Eig.  8,  Fresh  specimens  by  C.  G. 
Lloyd.  Fig.  9,  From  T.  L,.  Smith,  New  Hampshire. 


LYCOPERDON  SUBINCARNATUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  64. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  From  F.  J.  Braendle,  Washington,  D.  C.     Fig.  2,  Same  enlarged  four 
diameters.     Fig.  3,  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio.     Fig.  4,  Same  enlarged  four  diameters. 

LYCOPERDON  ACUMINATUM. 


Fig.  5. 


Fl»c.  7. 


FIR.  8. 


FIK.  9. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  5,  From  H.  H.  Hume,  Florida.  Figs.  6  and  9,  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil  (both 
same  collection).  Fig.  7,  Specimen  from  Venezuela  in  Museum  at  Berlin. 
Fig.  8,  Specimens  from  Brazil  in  Museum  at  Berlin. 


LYCOPERDON  FULIGINEUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  65. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  6. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Smooth  cortex  enlarged.  Fig.  2,  Same  broken.  Fig.  3,  From  fresh 
specimens,  Cincinnati.  Figs.  4,  5,  and  6,  Hollis  Webster,  Massachusetts.  Fig.  7, 
Iv.  R.  Waldron,  Michigan. 


LYCOPERDON  CEPAEFORME. 


FlK.  8. 

Explanation  of  Figure. 

Fig.  8,  From  M.  Bezzi,  Italy. 

LYCOPERDON  PUSILLUM. 


FIR.   11. 


Fig.  12 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  9,  Spores  (Xiooo)  from  type  at  Kew.     Fig.  10,  From  Dr.  N.  M.  Glat- 
felter,  St.  Louis,  Mo.     Figs,  n  and  12,  From  L.  Damazio,  Brazil. 

LYCOPERDON  OBLONGISPORUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  66. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs.  I  and  2,  Type  specimens  from  J.  B.  Ellis  in  herbarium,  A.  P.  Morgan. 
Figs.  3  and  4,  F.  K.  Vreeland,  Maine. 

LYCOPERDON  TURNERI. 


FIR.  7. 


FIK 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.   5,  From  W.  C.  Dawson,  Ohio.     Fig.  6,  From   E.  P.  Ely,  Minnesota. 
Figs.  7  and  8,  From  C.  G.  Lloyd,  West  Virginia. 

LYCOPERDON  COMPRESSUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  67. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  5. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Figs,  i  and  2,  From  Chas.  Peck,  New  York.      Fig.  3,  Simon  Davis,  Massachu- 
setts.    Figs.  4  and  5,  From  C.  S.  Conkling,  New  York. 


LYCOPERDON  MUSCORUM. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  7. 


Flgr.  9. 


Fig.  10 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  6,  From  Chas.  Peck,  New  York.     Fig.  7,  H.  C.  Beardslee,  Maine.     Figf 
8,  9,  and  10,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  West  Virginia. 


LYCOPERDON  POLYTRICHUM. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  68. 


iff 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig.  i,  Type  specimens  from  F.  J.  Tyler,  Virginia.     Fig.  2,  Spores  (Xiooo.) 

MITREMYCES  TYLERII. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 


Fig.  3,  From  C.  L.  Shear,  Washington,  D.  C.     Fig.  4,  F.  J.  Braendle,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

MITREMYCES  RAVENEUI. 


tw 

FIR.  8. 


FIK.  7. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Fig-  5,  Spores  (Xiooo.)      Fig.  6,  From    F.  J.  Braendle,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Fig.  7,  C.  L.  Shear,  Washington,  D.  C.     Fig.  8,  T.  Yoshinga,  Japan. 

MITREMYCES  RAVENEUI. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  69. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  1. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Type  specimens  at  Kew. 

MITREMYCES  FUSCUS. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Type  specimens  at  Kew. 

MITREMYCES  INSIGNIS. 


FIK.  5. 

Explanation  of  Figure. 

Type  specimens  at  Kew. 

MITREMYCES  ORIRUBRA. 


Fl».  6. 


Explanation  of  Figures. 

Specimeus  from  India  and  East  Indies  at  Kew. 


MITREMYCES   JUNGHUHNI. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  70. 


Fig.  2. 


'^^^^ 

Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  i,  enlarged.      Figs.  2,  3,  and  4,  natural  size.     All  from  F.  M.  Reader 
Australia. 

BOVISTELLA   BOVISTOIDES. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  8. 


Specimens  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Melbourne. 

BOVISTEUvA'GUNNII. 


I    iu.   10 


FIK.   11. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  9,  cortex  enlarged.     Fig.  10,  specimen  from  J.  T.  Paul,  Australia.     Fig. 
ii,  specimen  from  J.  G.  O.  Tepper,  Australia. 

BOVISTELLA  SCABRA. 


fig.  13. 


FIK.  12 


Fl*.  19. 


Specimens  from  J.  T.  Paul,  Australia. 
BOVISTELLA  AUSTRALIANA. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  71, 


» 


Fig.  2. 


.  3. 


Fl«r.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Figs,   i   and  2,  specimens  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Melbourne.     Figs.  3,  4,  5, 
id  6,  from  Robert  Brown,  New  Zealand. 


IvYCOPERDON  PRATENSE. 


FIB.  8. 


I  'in.  10 


I  .  -    13. 


Figs.  7  and  8,  specimens  from  F.  M.  Reader,  Australia.  Fig.  9,  from  fre*h 
specimens,  Cincinnati.  Figs.  10,  u,  and  12,  from  Hollis  Webster,  Massachusetts. 
Fig.  13,  from  L.  R.  Waldron,  Michigan. 

LYCOFERDON  CEPAEFORME. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


Fig.  4. 


PLATE  72. 


pig.  i. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  5. 


Figs,  i,  2,  and  3.  specimens  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Melbourne.     Fig. 
4,  from  J.  G.  O.  Tepper,  Australia.     Fig.  5,  from  Dr.  Hollos,  Hungary. 


CALVATIA  CANDIDA. 


Fig.  6. 


Specimen  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  collected  by  F.  M.  Reader  at  Dini- 
boola,  Australia 

CALVATIA  OLIVACEA. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  73. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  i,  specimens  from  Rev.  L.  Badet,  Italy.     Fig.  2,  section  enlarged.     Fig.  3, 
gleba  enlarged  X  IO- 

ARACHNION  ALBUM. 


Fig.  4. 

Specimens  from  Professor  D.  McAlpine,  Australia. 
ARACHNION  RUFUM. 


FIK.  5. 


FIB.  7. 

Fig.  5,  gleba  enlarged.     Fig.  6,  gleba  enlarged  X  IO-      Fig. 
from  T.  S.  Hrandegee,  Mexico. 

HOLOCOTYLON  BRANDEGEEANUM. 


7,  specimens 


fin.  8. 

Specimens  from  J.  \V.  Stiles,  Texas. 
HOLOCOTYLON  TEXENSE. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  86. 


l: 


m 


Fig.  1. 


Pig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  i,  a  separate  thread  of  capillitium  (x  100).     Fig.  2,  tissue  of  sterile  base 
(x  100).     Fig,  3,  a  fresh  plant  with  cortex.     Fig.  4,  same  cortex  partially  dried. 


BOVISTELLA  OHIENSIS. 


Fig.  7. 

Fig.  5,  specimens  with  cortex  almost  gone.  Fig.  6,  old  specimens  without 
cortex.  Fig.  7,  an  unusual,  robust  specimen,  collected  by  Gentry  in  Indiana 
and  now  in  collection  of  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

BOVISTELLA    OHIENSIS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  87. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


* 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Figs,  i  and  2,  specimens  from  Rev.  P.  Merino,  Spain.     Figs.  3  and  4,  from  Pro- 
fessor Plottner,  Rathenow,  Germany. 


BOVISTELJ.A  RADICATA. 


Fls.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Type  specimens  at  Kew. 
BOVISTELLA    LYCOPERDOIDES. 


Fig.  7.  FIR.  8. 

Fig.  7,  type  specimen,  museum  at  Paris.  Fig.  8,  type  specimen  at  Kew. 

BOVISTELLA  AMMOPHILA.        BOVISTELLA  PALUDOSA. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOY  D. 


PLATE  88, 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

Fig.  i,  plant  from  Kingo  Miyabe,  Sapporo,  Japan.     Fig.  2,  section  of  same. 

BOVISTELLA  JAPONICA. 


Fig.  3.  Fig.  4. 

Fig.  3,  plant  from  Kingo  Miyabe,  Sapporo,  Japan.     Fig.  4,  denuded  cortex  (enlarged). 
BOVISTELLA  MIYABEI. 


Fl«.  7. 


FlB.  8.  Pig.  9.  FlR.  10 

l?ig-  5-  type  specimen  from  Professor  Peck.  Fig.  6,  specimen  from  ('..  ]•'.. 
Morris,  Massachusetts.  Fig.  7,  another  from  Mr.  Morris,  with  cortex  almost 
gone.  Figs.  8  and  9,  from  Professor  Plottner,  Germany.  Fig.  10,  cortex  enlarged. 

BOVISTELLA  PEDICELLATA. 


.  11. 


.  ia 


Fig.  ii,  plant  from  W.  N.  Suksdorf,  Washington.    Fig.  12,  capillitium  (x  100). 

BOVISTELLA  DEALBATA. 


by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  8 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

Fig.  i,  plants  from  B.  O.  Longyear,  Michigan.     Fig.  2,  a  plant  enlarged  four  diameters. 

BOVISTELLA  ECHINELLA. 


Fig.  a, 


Fig.  4. 

Fig.  3,  plants  from  William  Gollan,  British  India.     Fig.  4,  a  plant  enlarged  four  diameters. 
BOVISTELLA  TRACHYSPORA. 


Fig.  5,  plant  from  British  India,  given  me  by  Dr.  Hennings.     Fig.  6,  cortex 
enlarged. 

BOVISTELLA  HENNINGSII. 


Fig.  7,  plants  from  Simon  Davis,  Massachusetts. 

BOVISTELLA  DAVISII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  90. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Figs,  i  and  2,  plant  and  section  from  type  specimen  from  Dr.  Mary  S.  Whetstone, 
Minnesota. 

WHETSTONIA  STROBIUFORMIS. 


pig-  3.  type  specimen  from  Dr.  Mar}'  S.  Whetstone,  Minnesota.  Fig.  4,  a 
piece  of  the  peridium,  exhibiting  the  manner  in  which  it  breaks.  Fig.  5,  glebe 
enlarged  ten  diameters,  showing  the  gleba  cells. 


WHETSTONIA  STROBILIFORMIS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


Fie.  6. 


Figs,  i  i  nd  2,  alcoholic  specimens  devoid  of  volva.  Fig.  3,  same  (small) 
•with  volva.  Fig.  4,  unexpanded  specimen  (deprived  of  volva).  Fig.  5,  section 
of  same.  Fig.  6,  section  of  the  receptacle  enlarged  (ten  times).  All  from  H.  S. 
James  and  J.  T.  Paul,  Australia. 

CLATHRUS  GRACILIS. 


Fig.  7,  dried,  pressed  specimen  at  Kew.     Fig.  8,  section  of  the  receptacle 
enlarged  (ten  times)  from  alcoholic  (type)  material  at  Paris. 

CLATHRUS  CIBARIUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  92. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fi«.  6. 


Fig.  i,  plant  natural  size.  Fig.  2,  a  small  specimen.  Fig.  3,  a  young  speci- 
men enclosing  the  gleba.  Fig.  4,  an  egg.  Fig.  5,  cross  section  of  an  egg. 
Fig.  6,  vertical  section  of  an  egg.  All  from  specimens  from  C.  E.  Pleas,  Florida. 

LATERNEA  COLUMNATA. 


.  7. 


Copied  from  Engler  and  Prantl.     Figure  by  Professor  Ed.  Fischer. 

CLATHRUS  CAXCELLATUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  93. 


Figs,  i  "and  2,  specimens  from  Cincinnati  (the  top  broken  off  the  latter). 

MUTINUS  ELEGANS. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3,  plant  from  Eglon,  W.  Va.  Fig.  4,  photograph  from  H.  C.  Beardslee, 
Asheville,  N.  C..  The  specimen  shows  a  remnant  of  the  rudimentary  veil  adher- 
ing to  the  stipe.  Fig.  5,  an  egg.  Fig.  6,  section  of  an  egg. 


MUTINUS  ELEGANS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  94. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Figs,  i  and  2,  small  specimens,  unexpanded.  Fig.  3,  section  of  same. 
Fig.  4,  fresh  plant  photographed  in  Samoa.  Fig.  5,  specimen  (dry )  from  A._P. 
Morgan,  Ohio. 

GEASTER    TRIPLEX. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  11. 


Fig.  12 


Figs.  6,  7,  and  8,  fresh  plants,  the  small  typical  form.  Figs.  9  and  10,  dried  speci- 
mens from  Australia.  Fig.  n,  from  Europe.  (This  is  a  type  of  G.  lageniformisj 
Fig.  12,  a  large  specimen,  tending  toward  G.  triplex. 


GEASTER  SACCATUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  95 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2.  Pig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6.  Fig.  7. 

Figs,  i,  2,  3,  and  4,  dried  specimens  from  the  United  States.  Fig.  5,  from 
J.  G.  O.  Tepper,  Australia.  Figs.  6  and  7,  fresh  specimens,  showing  that  it  be- 
comes "  pedicellate  "  in  drying. 

GEASTER    MINIMUS. 


Fig.  8.  ***•  9- 

Fig.  8,  specimen  from  South  Africa  from  Professor  Plottner.    Fig.  9,  endo- 
peridium  enlarged  to  show  the  calcareous  grains. 

GEASTER  CALCEUS. 


Fig.  10  FlR.  11. 

Figs.  10  and  n,  from  type  specimens  at  Ke\v. 
GEASTER  PERUVIANUS. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  15. 


Fig.  16. 


Figs.  12,  13,  14,  15,  and  16,  from  type  specimens,  all  collected  in  the  sand  at 
Jupiter,  Florida. 

.GEASTER  ARENARIUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  96. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  i,  a  very  large  specimen,  received  from  Carleton  Rea,  England. 

GEASTER  FORNICATUS. 


I  iu.  2.  t-'lK.  3. 

Fig.  2,  from  Dr.  L.  Holl6s,  Hungary.     Fig.  3,  from  W.  H.  Long,  Jr.,  Texas. 
GEASTER    FORNICATUS. 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  3. 


Figs.  4  and  5,  from  Professor  Plottner,  from  South  Africa.    Fig.  6,  the  mouth 
enlarged  five  times. 

GEASTER  MACOWANI. 


i!3d  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  97. 


Fig.  3. 


ig.  I,  from  F.  LeRoy  Sargent,  Massachusetts.      Fig.  2,  from  Dr.  L.  Hollos,  Hungary.      Fig.  , 
Professor  T.  H.  McBride,  Iowa. 

GEASTER  UMBATUS. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  4,  type  in  Museum  of  Berlin.     Fig.  5,  endoperidium  surface  enlarged  five  times. 

GEASTER  HIERONYMII. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  8 


Fig.  7. 

Fig.  6,  from  Frank  R.  Rathbun,  New  York  (Cfr.  Myc.  Notes,  p.  144).  Fig.  7, 
from  A.  P.  Morgan,  Ohio.  Fig.  8,  an  unexpanded  plant  from  Dr.  H.  L.  True, 
Ohio. 

GEASTER  RUFESCENS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  98. 


Fig.  1.  Pig.  2. 

Figs,  i  and  2,  type  specimens  in  Montague's  Herbarium. 

GEASTER  AMBIGUUS. 


Fig.  4. 
Fig.  3. 

Figs.  3  and  4,  specimens  from  Dr.  L.  Hollos. 

GEASTER  STRIATULUS. 


Pig.  5.  Fig.  6. 

Figs.   5   and  6,  type  specimens  at  Kew. 

GEASTER  DRUMMONDII. 


I  In.  9. 


I   lu-   11. 


Figs.  7,  8,  and  9,  from  Charles  Grassland,  England.     Figs.  10  and  u.  from 
J.  Dearness,  Canada. 

GEASTER  MAMMOSUS. 


F'g.  13. 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  15. 


» 


Fig.  16. 


Fig.  17. 


Fig.  18. 


Figs.  12,  13,  15,  and  16,  from  A.  P.  Morgan  (type  of  G.  delicatus).  Fig.  14, 
Museum  of  Berlin,  (type  of  G.  Pazschkeanus).  Fig.  17,  Museum  of  Paris  (type 
of  G.  floriformis).  Fig.  18,  from  Dr.  Holl6s,  Hungary.  (Very  rarely  specimens 
show  such  a  protruding  mouth.) 


GEASTER  FLORIFORMIS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  99. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2.  B1K.  3.  Fig.  4. 

Figs,  i  and  4,  expanded  plants.     Figs.  2  and  3,  unexpanded  and  section.     All 


at  Cincinnati. 


GEASTER  ARCHERI. 


Fig.  5.  F'K-  6. 

Fig.  5,  specimens  from  Rev.  Bourdot,  France.     Fig.  6,  a  mouth  enlarged. 

GEASTER  ELEGANS. 


Fl«.   7 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9. 


Figs.  7  and  8,  type  specimens  in  the  Museum  at  Paris.     Fig.  9,  from  Rev.  J. 
Rick,  Brazil. 

GEASTER  HARIOTII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  100. 


FI*.  1. 


Fig.  a. 


Fig.  i,  photograph  from  fresh  specimens  in  Samoa.      Fig.  2,  from  Rev.  J. 
Rick,  Brazil.     Fig.  3,  type  specimens  in  Museum  at  Paris. 

GEASTER  MIRABILIS. 


Fie-  5. 


Fig.  4. 

Figs.  4  and  5,  from  E.  J.  Butler,  British  India. 

GEASTER  SUBICULOSUS. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


FIB.  a 


.  9. 


Figs.  6  and  7,  types  collected  in  Kentucky.      Figs.  8  and  9,  from  C.  H. 
Demetrio,  Missouri. 

GEASTER  CAESPITOSUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  101. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


Figs,   i   and  2,  unexpanded  and  expanded  plants,  Cincinnati. 

GEASTER  VELUTINUS. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 

Fig.  3,  type  specimen  at  Paris.     Fig.  4,  specimen  from  Florida  in  herbarium, 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington. 

GEASTER  WELWITSCHII. 


Fig.  5.  specimens  from  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil. 

GEASTER  JAVANICUS. 


FIK.  6. 

Fig.  6,  type  specimens  in  herbarium  of  Montague. 

GEASTER  SCLERODERMA. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD 


PLATE  102. 


Fig.  a. 


Fig.  4. 


Flgr.  3. 


Fig.   i,  natural  size.     Fig.  2,  enlarged  4  times.     Fig.  3,  enlarged  10  times. 
Fig.  4,  peridioles  enlarged  10  times.     All  from  Rev.  J.  Lind,  Denmark. 


NIDULARIA  PISIFORMIS. 


Fl*.  5. 


f 


Flgr.  7. 


Fig.  5,  natural  size.     Fig.  6,  a  young  specimen,  enlarged  10  times.     Fig.  7,  same  a 
Fig.  5,  enlarged  4  times.     All  from  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil. 

NIDULARIA  PISIFORMIS. 


ued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  103. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  3. 


rig.  i,  plants  natural  size.     Fig.  2,  a  young  specimen,  section  enlarged  10  times.     Fig.  3, 
;cinien  enlarged  4  times.     All  from  Albert  J.  Hill,  Canada. 


NIDULA  CANDIDA. 


Fl|f.  4. 


I  IK.  6. 

Fig.  4,  specimens  from  Albert  J.  Hill.  Canada.     Fig.  5,  young  specimens  h  mi 
C.  V.  Piper,  Washington.     Fig.  6,  specimens  enlarged  four  times. 

NIDULA  MICROCARPA. 


Fl*.  7. 

'8-  7.  type  specimens  (enlarged  4  times)  at  Kew. 

NIDULA  EMODENSIS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD 


PLATE  104 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  i,  growing  on  an  old  mat.      (Most  of  these  have  the  epiphragms  unbroken.) 
CRUCIBULUM  VULGARE. 


F1K.  3. 


Flf.  4. 


• 


Fig.  5. 


FlR.  6. 


Flu.  7. 


FIR.  8. 


Fig.  2,  growing  on  pine  cone.  Fig.  3,  a  small  form  on  manure.  Specimens 
from  C.  E.  Montgomery,  New  Hampshire.  Fig.  4,  growing  on  a  stick.  Fig.  5, 
peridioles  enlarged  (10)  showing  the  broken  tunica.  Fig.  6,  same,  (under  side) 
showing  the  "  nipple."  Fig.  7,  section  of  peridiole  enlarged  (15).  Fig.  8,  a  very 
young  specimen  enlarged  do). 


CRUCIBULUM  VULGARE. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  105. 


Fig. 


Fig.  i,  type  specimen,  Herbarium  Tulasne,  enlarged  4  times.  Fig.  2,  speci- 
mens from  Chas.  A.  O'Connor,  Mauritius.  Fig.  3,  from  Dr.  K.  Braun,  German 
East  Africa.  Fig.  5,  C.  G.  Lloyd,  Samoa  (on  old  mat).  Fig.  4,  section  peridiole 
enlarged  15  times. 

CYATHUS  POEPPIGII. 


Fig.  6. 

Fig.  6,  type  specimens,  Herbarium  Tulasne,  enlarged  4  times. 

CYATHUS  GAY  ANUS. 


«r«  f 

:<^,v~  *^&  ^ 

*« 


Ft*.  7. 


PliC.  8. 


Flic.  9. 


FIR.    11. 


Fig.  7,  specimens  from  William  Harris,  Jamaica.  Fig.  8,  type  iu  Herbarium 
Montague  (enlarged  4  times).  Fig.  9,  a  young  hirsute  specimen  (enlarged  4 
times).  Fig.  10,  old  striate  specimens  (enlarged  4  times).  Fig.  11,  section 
peridiole  (enlarged  15  times). 

CYATHUS  LIMBATUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD 


PLATE  106. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  i,  plants  from  L.  Romell,  Sweden.  Fig.  2,  from  J.  Lagarde,  France. 
Figs.  3  and  4,  from  Rev.  C.  Torrend,  Spain.  Fig.  5,  cup  enlarged  4  times.  Fig. 
6,  external  hairs  enlarged  10  times.  Figs.  7,  8,  and  9,  peridioles  enlarged  10 
times,  the  latter  soaked  in  water  to  swell  the  tunica. 


CYATHUS  STRIATUS. 


Fig.    10. 


rig.  11. 


Fig.   13. 


Fig.   14. 


Figs.  10  and  n,  specimens  at  Cincinnati.  Fig.  12,  cup  enlarged  4  times. 
Fig.  13,  external  hairs  enlarged  10  times.  Fig.  14,  enlarged,  half  the  outer  cup 
removed  to  show  the  peridioles  in  the  inner  cup  at  base. 

CYATHTTS  SCHWEINITZII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  107. 


Fig.    1, 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.   3. 


Fig.  i,  specimens  from  Rev.  J.  Rick,  Brazil.     Fig.  2,  type  specimen  (enlarged 
4  times)  in  Herbarium  Montagne.     Fig.  3,  section  peridiole  (enlarged  15  times) 

CYATHUS  MONTAGNEI. 


•fig.  4.  Fig.  5. 

Fig.  4,  specimens  collected  in  Samoa.     Fig.  5,  enlarged  4  times. 

CYATHUS  NIGRO-ALBUS. 


•""^  ~ ' . 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.   8. 


Fig.  6,  specimens  from  H.  Millen,  Tobago.     Fig.  7,  type  at  Kew  (enlarged 
times).     Fig.  8,  a  specimen  from  H.  Millen  (enlarged  4  times). 


CYATHUS  BERKELEYANUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOY 


PLATt:  108. 


Fig.   1. 


Fig.  5. 


Fin 


Fig.  i,  from  Cincinnati.  Fig.  2,  from  C.  E.  Montgomery,  New  HampsW« 
Fig  3  from  W.  C.  Bawson,  Ohio.  Fig.  4  (enlarged  4  times),  from  M.  Bex.z,,  toly. 
Fig.  5  (enlarged  4  U«eS),  fnnn  Cincinnati.  Fig.  6,  section  pendiole  (enlar 

times)  CYATHUS  STERCOREUS. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  7,  type  (enlarged  4  times)  from  E.  Bartholomew,  Kansas.  Fig.  8,  speci- 
mens from  C.  E.  Pleas,  Florida.  Fig.  9,  same,  young,  (enlarged  4  times)  to  show 
invcelia)  pad  at  base. 

CYATHUS  RUFIPES. 


Fig.    10. 


Fig.   11. 

Fig.  10,  types  in  Herbarium  Tulasne.     Fig.  11  srme  (enlarged  4  times). 
CYATHUS  LESUEURII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  109. 


CYATHUS  PALJJDUS. 


Fig.  6 


Fig.   7. 


Fig.  6,  specimens  from  W.  Jekyll,  Jamaica.     Fig.  7,  same,  enlarged  4  times. 

CYATHUS  SPHAEROSPORUS. 


Fig.   8 


Fig.   11. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.    10. 


Fig.  8,  specimens  from  F.  S.  Earle,  Cuba.  Fig.  9,  type  specimen  1X4)  from  Mon- 
tagne's  Herbarium.  Fig.  10,  specimen  from  F.  S.  Earle,  enlarged  4  times.  Fig.  n,  a 
young  specimen  enlarged  10  times. 

CYATHUS  INTERMEDIUS. 


Fig.   12.  Fig.   14. 

Fig.  12,  specimens  from  Charles  A.  O'Connor,  Mauritius     Fig.  13,  a  peridiole  i-n- 
larged  10  times,  showing  fragment  of  tunica.     Fig.  14,  section  (X  15). 

CYATHUS  TRIPLEX. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  1 10. 


Fig.    1. 


Fig.  2. 


. 


Fig.   4 


Fig.  i,  specimens  from  Cincinnati.     Fig.  2,  upper  side,  and  Fig.  3,  lower  side 
of  peridiole  enlarged  10  times.     Fig.  4,  cup  enlarged  4  times. 

CYATHUS  VERNICOSUS. 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  5,   specimens  from  F.  M.  Reader,  Australia.     Fig.  6,  same  enlarged 
times'  CYATHUS  COLENSOI. 


Fig.  7.  Fig.  8. 

Fig.  7,  specimens  from  C.  V.  Piper,  Washington.     Fig.  8,  same  enlarged  4  times. 
CYATHUS  PYGMAEUS. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.   10. 
Fig.  9,  specimens  from  F.  S.  Earle,  Cuba.     Fig.  10,  same  enlarged  4  times. 

CYATHUS  EARLEI. 


Fig.  11. 


Fig.  12. 

Fig.  n,  specimens  from  L.  Lewton-Brain,  Barbados.     Fig.  12,  same  enlarged 
4  times. 

CYATHUS  CANNA. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  111. 


Fig.   1. 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  i,  fresh  specimens  from  L.  Romell,  Sweden.      Fig.  2,  dried  specimens 
from  Otto  Jaap,  Germany. 


SPHAEROBOLUS  STEIvLATUS. 


rig.  s. 


Fig.   4. 


Fig  3-  specimens  enlarged  6  times,  from  Otto  Jaap,  Germany.     Fig.  4,  dried 
specimen  on  manure,  from  Rev.  Langlois,  Louisiana. 


SPHAEROBOLUS  STELLATUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  m. 


Tig.   5. 


Fig.   4 


Fig.  i,  photograph  of  a  fresh  specimen  from  Auguste  B#rnin,  Monaco. 
Fig.  2,  an  egg.  Figs.  3  and  4,  sections  of  an  egg.  Fig.  5,  section  of  an  egg  with 
the  volva  pulled  away. 

CLATHRUS    CANCELLATUS. 


Fig.   9. 


Fig.   10. 


Fig.  6,  a  plant  with  the  volva  pulled  away.  Fig.  7,  outer  view  of  the  arms. 
Fig.  8,  inner  view  of  the  arms.  Fig.  9,  outer  view  of  arm  enlarged  4  times.  Fig. 
10,  side  view  enlarged  4  times. 

CLATHRUS    CANCELLATUS. 


•• 


ssued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  113. 


Fig.  2. 


Tig.  3. 


Fig.   1. 


Photograph  by  W.  Krieger,  Saxony,  Germany. 

MUTINUS  CANINUS. 


rig.  4. 


Fig.  4,  the  top  of  an  alcoholic  specimen  (in  museum  at  Paris)  enlarged 
4  times. 

MUTINUS    CAN1NUS. 


PLATE  114. 


Fig.    1. 


rig.  2. 


Fig.  T,  fresh  specimen  photographed  in  France.  Fig.  2,  same  devoid 
PHALLUS  IMPUDICUS. 


Fig.    4. 


rig.  e. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.   5. 

Fig-  3»  an  egg-  Fig-  4.  section  of  the  volva  to  show  the  inner  cup.  Fig.  5,  sec- 
tion of  egg.  Fig.  6,  the  inner  face  of  the  pileus.  Fig.  7,  the  outer  face  (the  gleba 
washed  away). 

PHALLUS    IMPUDICUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  115. 


Fig.   2. 


Fig.   1. 

Fresh  specimens  photographed  at  Cincinnati. 

PHALLUS  RAVENELH. 


rig.  s. 


Fig.   4. 


Fig.  S. 


Fig.  3.  a  pileus  with  part  removed  to  show  the  veiL    Fig.  4,  under  surface 
of  the  pileus.     Fig.  5,  section  of  an  egg. 


PHALLI'S  RAVENKLII. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  116. 


Fig.    1. 


I 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  2. 


Photograph  by  W.  H.  Lojig,  Jr.,  Texas. 

PHALLUS  RUBICUNDUS. 


Photograph  of  the  type  specimen,  given  me  by  Professor  Patouillard. 

PHALLUS  IRPICINUS. 


FiS.    I- 
Fresh  specimen  photographed  at  Cincinnati. 

PHALLUS  DUPLICATUS. 


rig.  2. 


Photographed  by  C.  E.  Pleas,  Florida. 

PHALLUS  DUPLICATUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  118. 


Fig.    1. 


Photograph  by  Professor  H.  C.  Beardslee,  Cleveland,  O.     The  photo  is  reduced 
and  is  a  little  less  than  Qne  half  the  natural  size. 

PHALLUS  DUPLICATUS. 


Fig.  3. 


rig.  2. 


rig.  4. 


Fig.  2,  photograph  from  a  specimen  in  alcohol,  the  veil  contracted  and 
shriveled.     Fig.  3,  pilers  with  the  gleba  washed  away.     Fig.  4,  a  piece  of  the  veil. 


PHALLUS   DUPLICATUS. 


PLATE  119. 


Fig.    1. 

Presh  specimen  photographed  in  Samoa. 
PHALLUS  INDUSIATUS. 


m 


Tig.  2. 


Copied  from  the  Rra»ilibche  Pilzhlumen  by  Alfred  Molltr. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  120. 


MS* 


Fig.    1. 


A  cluster  of  young  plants,  photographed  at  Cincinnati. 

PHALLOGASTER  SACCATUS. 


- 


Fig    4. 


rig.  2. 


Fig    S 


Fig.   5. 


Fig.   6. 


Fig.  2,  an  unopened  specimen.  Fig.  3,  same,  section.  Fig.  4,  transverse  section. 
Fig.  5,  a  specimen  just  beginning  to  break.  Fig.  6,  a  specimen  after  dehiscence.  All 
photographed  fresh  at  Cincinnati. 


PHALLOGASTER  SACCATUS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  121, 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.   1. 


Fig.  3. 


Figs.  I  and  2,  photographs  by  Rev.  Pere  A.  Schupp,  Brazil.     Fig.  3,  section 
of  plant,  from  "  Brasilische  Pilzblumen  "  by  Alfred  Moller. 

ITAJAHYA  GALERICULATA. 


rig.  4. 


rig.  e. 


Fig.   5. 


rtg.  7. 


Fig.  4.  from  "Brasilische  Pilzblutnen  "  by  Alfred  Moller.  Figs.  5  and  7, 
photographs  of  dried  specimens  from  Father  J.  Rick,  Bra/il.  Fig.  6,  photo- 
graph of  a  fresh  plant  by  Father  Rick. 


BLUMENAVIA  RHACODES. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


PLATE  122. 


rig.  i. 


rig.  2. 


Fig.  i,  specimen  from  Dr.  Wm.  Herbst,  Trexlertown,  Pa.     Fig.  2,  specimen 
in  museum  at  Paris,  collected  by  A.  Le  Breton,  France. 


QUElvETlA  MIRABILIS. 


rig.  s. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  3,  a  young  specimen.  Fig.  4,  section  of  same.  Fig.  5,  a  young  speci- 
men after  the  stem  has  begun  to  grow  and  the  gleba  has  ripened.  Fig.  6,  sec- 
tion of  same.  All  from  Victor  Dupain,  France. 


QUELETIA  MIRABILIS. 


Issued  by  C.  G.  LLOYD. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.   3. 


PLATE  123. 


Fig.  2. 


Pig.  4 


Fig.   5. 


Fig.   6. 


Figs,  i,  2,  3,  4,  fresh  specimens  photographed  in  Sweden.     Fig.  5,  cortex  en- 
larged 4  times.     Fig.  6,  same  after  the  spines  have  fallen. 


IvYCOPERDON  NIGRESCENS. 


Fig.   8. 


Fig.   7. 


Flf.  10. 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  11. 


Flf.  12. 


Figs.  7  and  8,  fresh  plants  with  cortex.  Figs.  9  and  10,  satce  as  the  cortex 
begins  to  shrivel.  Fig.  n.  same  after  the  fall  of  the  cortex.  Fig.  12,  cortex  en- 
larged 4  times.  All  photographed  at  Barbtzon,  France. 

LYCOPERDON  ATROPURPUREUM. 

2090 


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