jrumicauoiu
9G
SESSIONAL PAPEKS
VOLUME X. PART I.
SGiJ
THIRD SESSION OF THE THIRD PARLIAMENT
OF THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
fission 1878.
Volume X.
10 913
TORONTO :
HUNTED AND BOUND BY HUNTEK, ROSE & CO.
41 Victoria.
List of Sessional Papers.
A. 1878
LIST OF SESSIONAL PAPEES.
VOL. X. SESSION 1878.
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.
Agriculture
Agricultural School
Arbitration
Art, School of
Asylums
Beck, Rev. S. W. R
Births
Bonds
Canada Southern Railway
Carleton License Commissioner
Central Prison ,
Crown Lands
Crown Witnesses
Division Courts
Education
Estimates
Free Grants ... ...
Hays, G. 0
No.
1
6,23
42
25
4
16
8
17
43
13
12
17
45
20,41
5,11,
22, 29.
7
30
15
Immigration
Insurance Companies
Kushog Lake
Library
Lincoln Election .
Mercer, Andrew
Municipal Statistics
Public Accounts
Public Works
Railways
Railway Accidents
Registrars' Fees
Scott, W. A
Short-Hand Writers
Statutes of Ontario
Tavern and Shop Licenses
Timber Licenses
University College
University of Toronto
No.
35
27
31
3
32
34,38
44
2
9
26
14
40
21
37
10,19
28
24
33
35,36
39
41 Victoria.
List of Sessional Papers.
A. 1878
SESSIONAL PAPEES.
ARRANGED NUMERICALLY.
CONTENTS OF PART I.
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts for the year 1877.
No. 1 . .
No. 2..
No. 3..
No.
4.
No.
5..
No.
6..
No.
7..
No.
8.
No.
9.
No.
10.
No.
11.
No. 12
No. 13
Public Accounts of the Province of Ontario for the year ending 31st December,
1876 ; also, Statement of Receipts and Expenditures on account of the
Province of Ontario, for the year 1877.
Report of the Librarian on the state of the Library.
CONTENTS OF PART H.
Report of the Inspector of Asylums, Prisons and Public Charities for the year
1877; also, Supplementary Report.
Report of the Normal, Model, High and Public Schools of Ontario, for the year
1876.
CONTENTS OF PART HX
Report on the Ontario School of Agriculture and Experimental Farm, for the
year 1877.
Estimates for the service of the Province, for the year ending 31st December,
1878.
Report of the Registrar-General of Ontario, for the year ending 31st December,
1876.
Report of the Commissioner of Public Works, for the year 1877.
Final Report of the Commissioners for Consolidating the Statutes.
Report of the Honourable C. S. Patterson, Commissioner, to the Lieutenant-
Governor, on the Central Committee Enquiry, with Report of Evidence
taken before the Commissioner.
Report and evidence taken before the Royal Commission appointed to inquire
into the value of the Central Prison Labour. (Printed for distribution to
Members only.)
Correspondence between the Government and the License Commissioners for
the County of Carleton, or any other parties, with reference to the grant-
ing of a tavern license in the Township of March, after the adoption in
said Township of a bylaw for the purpose of prohibiting the sale of in-
toxicating liquors under the Temperance Act of 1864.
41 Victoria.
List of Sessional Papers.
A. 1878
Return of all accidents and casualties, whether to life or property, which have
occurred on the Railways in Ontario under the jurisdiction of the Legis-
lature, for the years 1874, 1875, and 1876.
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
No. 17
Do
No. 19
No. 20
No. 21
No. 22
No. 23
Correspondence between George 0. Hays and others, and the Government, or
any of their officials, relating to the discovery of gold on the west half of
Lot No. 9, in the 9th Concession of the Township of Marmora, and also in
reference to the claims of the discoverers, and to the subsequent purchase
and sale of such lands. (Not Printed.)
Correspondence relating to the application of the Reverend J. W. R. Beck, for
indemnity in respect of the purchase of Lot No. 6, second broken front
Concession of Haldimand ; also copy of so much of the Return from the
Crown Lands Department to the Registrar of Northumberland, pursuant to
Con. Stat. U. C, cap. 89, sec. 80, as relates to the lot. (Not Printed.)
CONTENTS OF PART IV.
Report of* the Commissioner of Crown Lands for the year 1877.
Detailed Statement of all Bonds and Securities recorded in the Provincial Re-
gistrar's Office since the last Return submitted to the Legislative Assembly
upon the 10th day of January, A.D. 1877, made in accordance with the
provisions of Statute of Ontario, 32 Vic, Cap. 29.
Return from Queen's Printer relating to the disposal of the Ontario Statutes
for 1877. (Not Printed.)
Report of the Inspector of Division Courts for the year ending the 30th No-
vember, 1877.
Copies of the Order in Council passed for the appointment of a Commission
under 31 Victoria, cap. 26, to inquire into the claims of the representatives
of the late William A. Scott against the Province ; the Commission issued
thereunder ; the instructions (if any) to the Commissioners ; the evidence
taken before the Commission, and the Report of the Commissioners. Also,
Copies of Correspondence between the Honourable the Attorney-General,
or any other Member of the Government, and the representatives of Wil-
liam A. Scott, or any other person, with reference to the re-opeuing of the
said inquiry.
Copies of all Correspondence between the Minister of Education or his Depart-
ment, and the Publishing House of Adam Miller & Co., and all other pub-
lishers, and also with any member of the Central Committee, relating to
the discontinuance of the Journal of Education, and the establishment and
publication of the Canada School Journal, and the granting of any sum of
money to the said Adam Miller & Co., connected with the last-mentioned
publication, together with Copies of all Orders in Council passed relative
to the Journal of Education and the Canada School Journal.
Return of all Students attending the Agricultural College from the commence-
ment of the Institution to the present time, such return to give the names
of the students in full, together with the residence of their parents or
guardians, and their profession, trade or occupation, also to show the
present place of residence and occupation of all such students as shall have
left the College ; also, the length of time each student has remained in the
Institution.
41 Victoria.
List of Sessional Papers.
A. 1878
No. 24
No. 25
No. 26 ,
No. 27
No. 28
No. 29
No. 30 ..
No. 31 ..
No. 32..
No. 33 ..
No. 34..
Return showing the number of Timber Licenses sold during the year 1877, to
whom sold, the price per square mile, and also the amount paid on each
license, and the amount in arrears, if any.
Report of the Ontario School of Art for 1877.
Return of Correspondence and Papers relating to the following Railways : —
Hamilton and North Western ; Erie and Huron ; Kingston and Pembroke ;
Lake Simcoe Junction ; North Simcoe ; Port Stanley, Strathroy and
Port Franks ; Prince Arthur's and Kamanistiquia ; Sarnia, Chatham and
Erie ; South Western, Stratford and Huron ; Toronto, Grey and Bruce ;
Victoria.
Return of the names of the Insurance Companies, which have made a statement
showing the condition of their affairs to the Government for the year
1877-8, under the provisions of section 26, of the Act respecting Insurance
Companies. (Not Printed.)
Report of the Honourable the Provincial Secretary on the working of the
Tavern and Shop License Acts for the year 1877.
Return of the number of pupils attending the different County Model Schools
in 1877, the number who successfully passed the examinations and obtained
certificates ; also the number of passed candidates who are now engaged in
teaching ; and the number of them holding third-class certificates who are
now attending High Schools.
Return showing the number of persons located under the Free Grants Act, the
number of acres located ; the number of patents issued ; and the number
of acres cleared upon the lands patented at the time they were so patented.
Correspondence between John Stotherd or others and the Government, or any
Member or Department thereof, relating to the construction or mainte-
nance of a dam at the foot of Kushog Lake, in the County of Haliburton,
and to the lands thereby submerged. (Not Printed.)
Report of the Commissioner appointed to inquire into the abstraction of Ballot
Papers and other public documents from the Election Court for the trial
of the Election Petition for the County of Lincoln, and other documents
relating to the same. (Not Printed.)
Report of the Council of University Colle^
1877. (Not Printed.)
for the year ending 31st December,
Return of all moneys received by the Government, or any agent of the Govern-
ment, from sales of property, or collections from debts, belonging to the
estate of the late Andrew Mercer; specifying (where the amount received
is on account of a debt due to the estate) the amount of the original debt,
with the name of such debtor ; also, a statement in detail of all moneys
paid out of the said estate, with dates since date of last Return, specifying
services rendered ; also, a statement of any investments made on account
of said estate ; also, copies of all Correspondence and Orders in Council
passed, relating to said estate ; also, of all leases made of the said estate,
or any part thereof, and the rents received thereon. (Not Printed.)
41 Victoria.
List of Sessional Papers.
A. 1878
No. 35
Do
No. 36
No. 37
No. 38
No. 39
No. 40
No. 41
No. 42
No. 43
No. 44
No. 45
Report of the Immigration Department for the year 1877.
University of Toronto. — The Bursar's Statements of Cash transactions, &c, for
the year ending 30th June, 1877.
Return of Receipts and Expenditures in detail relating to the Endowment Fund
of the University of Toronto, and University or Upper Canada College,
since date of last Return ; also, a statement of moneys spent on additions
or permanent improvements to the Upper Canada College buildings, and
of moneys advanced to the Upper Canada College (if any), and on what
security, in connection with said Institutions respectively during the same
period ; also, copies of all Orders in Council passed by the Government
relating to said Institutions, and of the Reports referred to therein, since
date of last Session ; also, a statement showing the annual number of gra-
duates of the University sent up from University College, and the annual
number of pupils who have passed through each of the forms of Upper
Canada College since 1867 ; and a Return of the residences of such pupils ;
also, a statement showing the number who have entered the University of
Toronto, or other Universities.
Copies of the Regulations adopted by the Executive Government, and of the
Rules or Orders of the Superior Courts, respecting short-hand reporting in
the Courts ; also, a statement of the fees collected for short-hand notes of
evidence during 1876 and 1877.
Papers relating to the estate of the late Andrew Mercer.
Report of the University of Toronto for 1876-7. (Not Printed.)
Statement of the Returns forwarded to the office of the Provincial Secretary of
all fees and emoluments received by the Registrars of Ontario for the year
1877, made in accordance with the provisions of the Statutes of Ontario,
31 Vic, cap. 20, s. 74.
Report on the Inspection of Division Courts in County Towns during 1877.
Correspondence between the Government of the Province of Quebec, and that
of the Province of Ontario, in relation to the award of the Arbitrators of
the 3rd of September, 1870, as to the adjustment of the credits, liabilities,
properties and assets of the Provinces, pursuant to the British North
America Act.
Correspondence and other papers relative to the Government aiding the Town-
ships of Anderson and Maldon, and the Town of Amherstburg, in the pay-
ment of the Railway Bonuses granted by these Municipalities to the Can-
ada Southern Railway.
Municipal Statistics of the Province of Ontario for the year 1876. (Not
Printed.)
Statement applicable to the Counties of York, Grey, Huron, Middlesex and
Wentworth for the number of persons who during the year 1877 have
received payment as Crown witnesses ; also, the amounts paid ; also, the
number of such witnesses or persons who gave evidence in obedience to
recognizances or subpoenas, but who have not received pay therefor during
the same period, distinguishing those who reside in county towns or within
one mile thereof. (Not Printed.)
41 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
ANNUAL EEPOKT
OP THE
(fommtMoner of Agriculture anb %x\s
FOR THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
FOR THE YEAR
1877.
printed fog <DnUv of the p&pstattoe %$$tmb\\j.
(Toronto :
PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & CO., 25 WELLINGTON-STREET WEST.
1878.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Commissioner's Report vii
APPENDICES.
Appendix A :
Analysis of Agricultural and Horticultural Societies for the year 1876* 2-189
Appendix B :
Report of the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association 190
Results of the Exhibition of 1877 193
President's Address 195
Appendix C :
Report of the Association of Mechanics' Institutes of Ontario 198
Annual Meeting and Report 199
Statistics for the past year 200
Evening Class instruction 202
Treasurer's Financial Statement 204
Analysis of Reports of Mechanics' Institutes, (arranged alphabetically) 207-229
Appendix D :
Report of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario 230
Proceedings at Annual Meeting 231
Financial Statement 232
President's Address 233
Auditors' Report 241
Winter Meeting. — Irrigation, by P. E. Bucke 242
Most profitable Apples for European Markets 244'
Summer Meeting. — Plum culture, Strawberries, Blight, &c 247
Fall Meeting.— Varieties of Apples best adapted to cultivation, &c 251
* The names of Electoral District Societies are arranged alphabetically and printed in capitals, with their
respective Township and Horticultural Societies in italics.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
PAGE
Report of Seedling Committee 253
Report of Committee on other Fruits on Exhibition 254
Report on the Seedling Peaches, and other Fruits grown by B. Gott, Arkona
Nurseries 255
Our Fruits for 1877- 257
Cultivation of Nuts 266
Report on Muskoka District 268
Report on W. H. Mills' Hybrid Grapes 269
Report of Secretary on Prize Essays 270
First Prize Essay on the " Distribution of Trees and Plants," by the Association,
by John M. McAinsh 270
First Prize Essay on the " Best Method of acquiring Statistics on quantity of Or-
charding and Average Product, by Rev. R. Burnet 272
First Prize Essay on " Most Profitable Fertilizer for Fruit Growing" 276
First Prize Essay on "Hybridization, and its Canadian Results," by D. W,
Beadle 280
Second Prize Essay on " The most profitable Fertilizer for Fruit Growing, by
Re\ . B. Burnet 283
Second Prize Essay on "Hybridization, and its Canadian Results," by P. E.
Bucke 291
Second Prize Essay on " The Results accruing from the Trees and Plants distri-
buted by the Association," by Rev. R. Burnet 297
Report ( n the the Nut-bearing grove of G. H. M. Johnson 305
Distribution of Fruit Trees, Annual Prizes, &c 307
Report of Committee on Hybrid Seedling Grapes of W. H. Mills 309
Appendix E :
Report of Entomological Society of Ontario —
Annual Meeting and Financial Statement 313
Report of Council for 1877 314
President's Address 315
Annual Meeting of the London Branch 318
Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch 319
Experiments on the Potato Beetle 320
Proceedings of the Entomological Club of the American Association 322
A new Lepidopterous Insect Injurious to Vegetation, by A. R. Grote 324
United States Entomological Commission 325
Notes on Larv.e— Hints to Beginners 328
How to destroy Cabinet Pests 329
Recent Entomolgical Works 330
Catalogue of the Lepidoimkka op America North of Mexico, by W. H. En-
WABD8 330
A Few Common Wood-Bojung Beetles, by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A 333
The Aphides, or Plant Lice, by \V. Saunders 342
Report on Soke <>f oub Fr< it Insect-Enemies f<>k 1877, by B. Gott 351
On Gkape-Yine Galls, by Joseph Williams 359
iv
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
PAGB
Dragon Flies, by Joseph Williams 363
The Hessian Fly, by Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A 367
Appendix F :
Amounts Expended for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Arts in 1877
Amounts paid to Agricultural Societies in 1877 372
Amounts paid to Mechanics' Institutes in 1877 373
Total payments for Encouragement of Agriculture and Arts for 1877 374
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
ANNUAL KEPORT
OF THE
Cummissioncr of Agriculture ana %xi%t
FOR THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO,
FOR THE TEAR 1877.
To His Honour the Honourable Donald Alexander Macdonald, Lieutenant-
Governor of the Province of Ontario, doc., dec.
May it Please Your Honour:
In presenting a brief introductory statement relative to the condition and working
of the different classes of Societies in connection with the Department of Agriculture and
Arts, I have much pleasure in being able to congratulate Your Honour on the improved
prospects of this Province, and of the Dominion generally, as compared with the previous
year, which will be long remembered as a disastrous one to large numbers engaged in
agriculture and commercial pursuits. In 1876, the early promise of a bountiful wheat
crop became suddenly changed by unfavourable climatic influences, and the result in most
instances proved a comparative failure, thereby greatly intensifying the severe commercial
depression in which Canada, in common with other countries, largely participated. The
wheat crop in particular, of last year, with but few exceptions, was unusually abundant,
and the quality was, at least, an average. Barley, which of late years has become an im-
portant staple in many parts of the Province, was below an average, both as regards quan-
tity and quality, and from various causes prices have ruled unusually low. Root crops
were very variable, arising mainly from differences in culture and the amount of moisture.
Hay and the coarser grains yielded satisfactorily, so that live stock will be amply provided
for during winter, which has proved, as yet, unprecedently mild and open. The effects of
the late abundant harvest are already beginning to be manifest in the prevalence of a
firmer and improved tone imparted to business generally, and there are now hopeful signs
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1378
that the worst has been passed, and that our various industries will, if not rapidly, surely
regain their wonted activity and prosperity. It is desirable that this revival should not
be too sudden, but gradual, and therefore more enduring, and that people will use it with
wisdom and moderation. The increase which has taken place in the exportation of meat
to England during the past year, indicates that the trade will progressively advance and
become a permanent source of profit. Horses, too, in considerable numbers are now
being exported ; and a demand has just arisen for our barley, the excellent quality of
which, for malting purposes, is beginning to be appreciated. Notwithstanding the severe
depression which of late has characterized our manufacturing industry, and therefore
seriously affected the condition of agriculture, it is note-worthy what a number of farms
have of late been sold at considerably advanced rates, and that so many of the sons and
daughters of our old and enterprising farmers are seeking new homes in the remoter parts
of the Province, recently opened for settlement. The amount of immigration has un-
doubtedly been of late greatly diminished, but what has been lost in quantity is probably
being made up by an improved quality, as the more recent comers seem, as a class, to be
better adapted to the requirements of the country. In consequence of the present severe
depression of British agriculture, we shall soon have in all probability, an unusual amount
of immigrants of means and skill, seeking fresh homes in various parts of this new and
vast Dominion.
Agricultural and Arts Association.
This important and long established organization continues to pursue its great objects
with its usual measure of success. It will be seen from a brief report of the Secretary
(Appendix B.), that the Exhibition held at London, in September last, was a splendid
success. The weather throughout the week was remarkably fine, and the number of
visitors and amount of receipts have only been a little excelled when the show was last
held at Toronto, in 1874. Every department of the exhibition was fully represented, and
the implements and machinery in particular, as regards both amount and quality, were
never, perhaps, equalled, certainly not surpassed on any previous occasion. Those who
witnessed the Provincial Exhibitions of some twenty years ago might well feel astonished
at the vast progress which this Province has since made, not only in agriculture, but also in
manufactures, mechanics, and the other industries of life. Whether we look to horses and
live stock generally, grains and roots, implements and machines, arts and manufactures,
dairy and horticultural productions, each and all tell the same pleasing story, and form a reli-
able criterion by which to measure the progress of the country, and the industry and ability
of the people. The influence of these annually recurring Provincial Exhibitions, rotating
through the country, has unquestionably been highly beneficial, and the advantages that
have flowed from them have been immensely more valuable than all the labour and expense
which they have involved. With continued efficient management, and wise adaptations
to varying conditions as they arise, there is no reason to doubt that the old Provincial Ex-
hibition will continue in the future as it has in the past, to quicken the industry and pro-
mote the wealth and well-being of the country. It may be stated in this connection, that
the sectional ploughing matches which have been held for a few years past, subsidized b
the Association, have on the whole been very successful, and those of 1877, particularly
viii
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
so. The interest felt by the public in these displays of skill in this the most important
agricultural operation, has been clearly evinced by large attendances and increasing con-
tributions.
The Veterinary Collec4e, in connection with the Council of the Agricultural and
Arts Association, continues to make steady progress. In this Institution, young men
desirous of being qualified for the practice of the Veterinary profession have ample facili-
ties for acquiring the necessary information on the theory and practice of this important
art. During the teaching term the pupils have daily access to the Hospital, and receive
practical instruction relating to the character and treatment of diseases, to prepare medi-
cines and perform surgical operations. The College in its recently enlarged and improved
condition comprises a capacious, well-lighted, and ventilated dissecting room, which is daily
resorted to by students for anatomical instruction and demonstrations, with lecture hall,
pharmacy and other rooms, for different purposes. A library and museum have been com-
menced, and already furnished with a large number of suitable books, models and specimens,
from the grant made by Parliament for these special objects The whole arrangements
may now be considered very complete, and the Iustitution, as a whole, is not surpassed on
this continent. It is a wise and beneficial regulation that students during the long summer
vacation should attend the private practice of some duly qualified Veterinary Surgeon,
thereby usefully filling up the whole of their time, and affording them excellent opportunities of
becoming proficients in the art. The Institution may now be fairly regarded as having be-
come permanently established, with encouraging prospects of increasing usefulness under its
zealous and well qualified President. A Veterinary Medical Association has recently been
formed by a large number of graduates, for the purpose of advancing the profession both in
Canada and the United States, to protect it against empiricism, and secure for it a proper
place in public estimation.
»
Agricultural Societies.
It will be found by a reference to the analysis of Agricultural Societies (Appendix A),
that the number of township societies continues much the same. Fresh ones it is true are
every year bt ing formed in the newer districts j while in the older ones the tendency of the
township societies is to unite with each other, or with the parent Society, at least for exhibi-
tion purposes. This is a movement in the right direction. The number of Electoral District
Societies remains, of course, constant; as each Electoral Division never fails to maintain its
agricultural organization. It has for some time been felt by many of those whose opinions
and experience on this matter entitle them to respect, that our agricultural societies, or rather
their shows, have become too numerous, and that their practical efficiency has thereby been
greatly impaired. It is, therefore, a matter for congratulation to find an increasing tendency
among the smaller, and sometimes even the larger, societies, to unite with one another
for exhibition purposes ; and, judging from their reports, wherever this union has been based
upon just and reasonable principles, the results in almost every case have been mutually satis-
factory. It is worthy of remark that generally in agricultural shows, there has of late years
been a marked improvement in the character of live stock of all descriptions, as well as other
material, and this will apply more especially to the larger exhibitions. Quality rather than
mere quantity is the true test of merit.
ix
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
I cannot help thinking, however, that among the numerous societies scattered over all
the settled parts of the Province, there remains much to be done after the usual show and
annual meeting have been held. These organizations should be made more than they have
yet been — powerful instruments in promoting a knowledge of scientific cultivation among their
members. To accomplish this object there is scarcely any additional machinery required :
the societies as present constituted are quite adequate for the purpose. Farmers need to be
reminded that the holding of an exhibition is only one function of an Agricultural Society,
though an important one ; and that its members, by having only a few meetings during our
long winters for considering their local agricultural wants and resources, comparing notes
founded on individual experience, and fostering a higher taste for acquiring scientific in.
formation in relation to the art of culture, and the raising and management of live stock, these
societies would eventually become the means of diffusing an ever-increasing amount of sound
knowledge in regard to the theory and practice of agriculture, and of rural matters in general.
Meetings of this character would have a powerful tendency to call out our young men, who
are the hope of the future, and who would learn by degrees that farming need not be the mere
physical drudgery as it is too commonly regarded ; but on the contrary, when intelligently
pursued, it is both an art and a science of a high intellectual order, and in daily practice the
most healthful, independent, and important occupation in which a rational being can possibly
engage. I trust that these few hints may be received in the spirit in which they are given
by those whose interests they are intended to promote ; and that our agricultural societies will
by degrees attain a higher status by welcoming the aids which science is now able and willing
to impart. The motto of every agricultural and horticultural society should be, " Practice
'with Science."
The Association of Mechanics' Institutes.
In the report of this Association (Appendix C) will be found some useful information
relating to the condition and working of Mechanics' Institutes, at present in connection
with the Department of Agriculture and Arts. The number of these institutes continues
steadily to increase ; and although their practical efficiency, as might be expected, varies
much, some doing a very successful work, while others are nearly or quite stationary, yet
few, perhaps, are actually retrograding ; and that on the whole a good work must have
already been done, and is still doing, in promoting the intelligence and improvement of
such of the operative classes as have come within their influence. The association wisely
resolved to present to each duly qualified institute of the past year, a copy of that very
valuable technical work, " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," which
will doubtless prove of great value as a reliable standard for reference.
The Analysis of Mechanics' Institutes is by no means so full and particular as
is desirable, but in future there is reason to expect that these little irregularities and
omissions will be corrected and supplied. The late amended " Agriculture and Arts Act,"
requiring that all institutes shall terminate their financial year on the 1st of May, their
reports will hereafter be more uniform and complete than has hitherto been the case in
some instances ; and as the requirements of the law become better understood, several of
the difficulties that have occasionally been felt in the past will be obviated, and the reports
present more clearly the actual condition and work done by each institute during the year.
x
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The desire among people in towns and villages to possess a public library and the facilities
for promoting social intercourse and mental and moral improvement is evidently increas-
ing ; the natural outcome of our improved and efficient system of public instruction.
Several institutes have lately been organized in purely rural districts, and notices of the
formation of others have been received. At Prince Arthur's Landing, in the District of
Thunder Bay, an institute has very recently been established, with encouraging prospects.
The Fruit Growers' Association.
The report of this Society (Appendix D) will well repay a careful perusal. Its able and
accomplished President gives in the annual address, in his characteristic style, clear and
forcible, a popular account of the depredations of insects, which farmers as well as gar-
deners may readily turn to a good account. The past year cannot be said to have been favour-
able tofruit in general, the Forest Tent Caterpillar having been fearfully destructive in some
localities. It is true that peaches, strawberries, and some of the smaller fruits produced
abundantly in certain localities, but the staple fruit of the Province — the apple — must be
pronounced a failure, except in a few small areas. This crop was poor, both as regard
quantity and quality, having suffered severely from blight and insect depredation. The
falling off in this important crop will abridge the comforts of many people, and in some
sections the local revenue will be materially abridged. The export of the choicer varieties
of apples from our more favoured fruit districts has of late become a source of consider-
able income. It is therefore most desirable that everything that is practicable should be
done to diffuse sound information on matters relating to fruit growing among all classes
of the people, as the humblest cottager in the country or the owner of a suburban lot may
thereby become benefitted.
The discussions on fruit-culture, at the quarterly meetings of the Association, — ac-
counts of which are given in the Report, — are fraught with information of a practical
character. A careful and discriminating perusal of the information thus furnished will
often be of inestimable value to fruit-growers in general, and especially so to young and
inexperienced farmers who are desirous, as everyone should be, to raise a productive orchard
of the best kinds of fruit, the comfort and blessing of which posterity even may in some
measure partake. The Report contains also several papers that possess a scientific as well
as a practical value. The delicate and interesting processes of hybridizing fruits and
grains continue to engage the attention of several prominent members of the Association,
and the contributions that have appeared in its annual reports on these intricate and difficult
matters have attracted the notice and received high commendation from eminent authori-
ties, both in Europe and America.
The Association set out with the new and happy idea of furnishing its members an-
nually with some new or improved kind of fruit-trees, including the grape and strawberry,
and the results of this procedure are beginning to shew the wisdom and advantages of
the proceeding. Notwithstanding partial failures in the carrying out of such a scheme,
arising from delays now and then in the prompt delivery of the articles, and other causes,
— difficulties always more or less incidental to the execution of plans and enterprises in a
new and extensive country, notwithstanding all this it must be acknowledged that the
xi
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1S78
Association by this procedure has, so to speak, placed a large portion of the Province
under experimental fruit-culture : and notwithstanding failures here and there, — and fail-
ures to the thoughtful always contain important lessons which are necessary to be learnt.
— the results, on the whole, as far as they can at present be ascertained, are of a satisfac-
tory and encouragiug character. The Association, at all events, has already, by these and
other means, demonstrated that the raising of choice fruits in the open air, including the
vine, can be successfully carried on over a much larger area of this Province than could have
formerly been anticipated. It is much to be desired that the Association should continue
the prosecution of this important work.
The Entomological Society.
It will be seen from the Report of this Society (Appendix E) that it continues to prose-
cute its interesting and important work with ability and success. The annual address of its
accomplished and energetic President clearly indicates an increasing desire to diffuse Entomo-
logical knowledge in a popular and practical form as applying to the work of the farm, the
orchard and the garden. Most of the articles in the present Report are of this character, and
the paper on the much dreaded Hessian Fly, from the pen of one of the foremost of our
Canadian Entomologists, will well repay the careful perusal of farmers, for whose special use
it has been reproduced. It is consoling to be assured on scientific authority, that nature
usually provides appropriate checks to the spread of these insect enemies of our field and
garden crops, and that the skill and attention of the cultivator cm often materially aid the
work of amelioration. Clean culture, judicious manuring, draining, and careful selection of
sound, healthy seed will be found in the generality of cases, if not to prevent insect depreda-
tions altogether, yet will materially mitigate the serious evils of which we commonly complain.
The ancient practice of steeping seed grain in some mineral solution previous to sowing, has
been shown by long experience to be beneficial, and by the general adoption of such pre-
cautionary measures as science and practice suggest, there is good reason to hope that the in-
calculable amount of injury that of late has been produced by insects, will, in future be greatly
reduced.
It is satisfactory to find that the Ontario Entomological Society, which originated with
only some half dozen individuals a very few years ago, has been ever since gradually extend-
ing and consolidating its infiueuce. It h is succeeded in elicitating a taste for this interesting and
useful study, by showing its practical applications to some of the most important industries of
life. The Canadian Entoinologist, a monthly publication issued by the Society, continues to
maintain a high character as a scientific journal, and it is frequently referred to in a compliment-
ary manner by writers eminent in the science on both sides of the Atlantic.
Dai hymen's ASSOCIATIONS.
It has been deemed expedient to separate the Dairymen's Association of Ontario so as
to form two distinct organizations ; one having its headquarters at Ingersoll, comprising the
western portion of the Province, and the other at Belleville, representing the central and
eastern sections. This division it is anticipated will more effectually meet the wants of the
dairymen of the Province than the former system, under which the annual meetings and
xii
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
exhibitions alternated between the two above mentioned centres. As this change has only
been effected during the past year, no report but of a preliminary character has yet been re-
ceived from either society, but it is anticipated that as both are now getting into efficient work-
ing order, much valuable information of an encouraging character will be found in their reports
for 1878. The original Association did a vast amount of valuable work during the compara-
tively short period of its existence, and as it has now become divided, each society having a
large and separate area for its operations, it is confidently expected that the dairy interests of
the Province will thereby be more effectually promoted.
The principle of association in the manufacture of cheese, although but recently intro-
duced, has been attended by results of a very gratifying character, by improving agricultural
practices, and of adding in no small degree to the resources and wealth of the country. The
production of Canadian cheese of factory make has within a few years obtained a very
prominent position as a branch of agricultural industry, and has largely supplied our home
and foreiycu markets with an article that is now acknowledged to be of first rate quality.
It is much to be desired that similar efforts should be put forth to iucrease the quantity,
and particularly to improve the quality of butter ; an article, — like cheese formerly, — that
occupies but a low rank iu the general market. I have no official information that any attempts
have yet been made to manufacture butter on the factory-system ; but it is encouraging to be
assured that the matter is engaging the earnest attention of several of our enterprising dairy-
men, and we may reasonably anticipate that in this marked age of progress, much that will
prove highly advantageous will be achieved in this direction.
The School of Agriculture.
It would be quite superfluous for me in this place to do more than simply allude in
general terms to the present state and future prospects of this valuable institution, since an
elaborate report has been prepared by the President and the Professor of Agriculture, which
affords all ueedful inclination on the various branches of the subject. To that report ail who
feel an interest in the welfare of the School may readily refer ; and a careful and candid
perusal of its pages cannot fail to show that the laudable efforts which have been made to afford
practical and scientific instruction to young people intending to engage 'in farming as a
pursuit, has been, already, far more successful than could have been reasonably anticipated two
or three years ago. The difficulties, usually more or less incidental to the commencement of
new enterprises, — and to which the School of Agriculture has not certainly been an exception
— have, at length been overcome, and growth duriug the past year in particular has been
rapid, with the characteristics of healthy endurance. With a cordial public sympathy,
especially among the important class of farmers, and a continued liberal support by the
Legislature, there seems now to be no reasonable doubt that this Institution will prove a
blessing and an honour to the people of this Province, and that its beneficial influences will
in due time be more widely extended.
Iu my last aunual Report mention was made of the inadequate amount of accommodation
for resident students, large numbers were applying for admission, who were necessarily
refused. Duriug the past \ear this great drawback has been to a large extent removed. A
new and capacious wing has been erected and is already occupied by upwards of forty
xiii
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
additional students, and thus doubling the previous number in a single year. The report
informs us that even now, with all this addition to the buildings, applications are continually
being received from candidates for admission. Improvements have been going on in the various
appliances of education, suited to the wants of young men specially preparing for agricultural
pursuits. Whether in the class rooms, or in the fields, the garden, the stable, or the work-
shop, the teachers both in and out of doors have worked harmoniously together, and,
therefore, with increased efficiency ; and the lesults of the examinations may safely be pro-
nounced, on the whole, to have been entirely satisfactory. The means of teaching agriculture
practically, as an art, have been made more effectual, and the numerous experiments with new
kinds of cereals and vegetables, detailed in the Report, must have proved highly interesting
and instructive to the pupils.
The domestic department is characterized by neatness, comfort and order, and those who
are placed in charge of it have evidently studied to make it a " Home" in the true sense of
that hallowed name, as far as is practicable in a large public institution. Parents may
therefore send their sons to this place of instruction under the pleasing conviction that their
health, social comfort, and moral welfare will be properly attended to.
I will conclude these remarks with two quotations from the Report, one by the President
and the other from the Professor of Agriculture, which cannot fail to enlist earnest and
respectful public attention : —
" Such are some of the data whereby 'present success or failure may be judged, and
we leave them in the hands of any impartial and honest critic, knowing full well the
character of the decision that will be rendered. And I see no reason why the future
should not be more successful than the present. Should the same measure of support at
present granted by the representatives of the people be continued, in other two years the
farm will be a model farm ; a system of experiments, popular, practical, and scientific, will
be established, our College building, solid, massive, and imposing, will be finished ; the
College course will be as thoroughly systematised in its practical training as it is at pre-
sent in its theoretical class-work ; and we will be doing what no other educational institu-
tion in the Province can attempt — sending eighty per cent, of our graduates back with a
fair amount of higher education, to be classed amongst the most intelligent producers from
the soil. And should the suggestions I have had the honour to make be carried out, with
the payments by the students, and from a revenue fund a large portion of the objectionable
part of our expenses will be abolished, and we will take rank no longer as a ' Public In-
stitution ' in the same category as Hospitals and Asylums, but will have attained the
position of one of the most prominent of our Provincial educational institutions, coming
after, if not before, our Normal Schools, and looked upon with pride as one of the most
promising of all the Technical Colleges affiliated to our Provincial University. Such can
be our near future, the horizon that bounds the view. What may be beyond I know not,
nor do I care to know, for I am certain that when it is reached a wider area stretches far
in the distance. But of one thing I am sure, that if during the last two decades of this
century, the inhabitants of this Province, with an impoverished soil, under the full oper-
ation of the law of diminishing return, with the want of accumulated individual capital,
and under a system of peasaut proprietorship, are going to place our agricultural exports
on which at present the national wealth depends, on the world's market, in competition
with those of other countries, where capital is abundant and whose labour supply is more
limited and always cheap, then such competition can only be rendered successful by the
increase throughout the great body of producers of the general intelligence and the special
agricultural knowledge and skill which is at present possessed only by those who form the
van-guard of the farming community of the Province. Within that educational sphere,
in the not distant future, lies the work of this institution, and within that sphere I am
confident of its success."
xiv
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Professor Brown observes : —
" What the position of the outside departments of the School of Agriculture now is,
may, it is fairly presumed, be gathered from the foregoing report.
" With the tacit understanding, in 1876, that five years would be allowed in which
to undertake the various improvements deemed necessary to place the whole in a condition
deserving of imitation — that will stand as a model — it is our duty to ask if, during the
past year, progress has been made in accordance therewith.
"To summarise : an indefinite mode of cropping has given place to one that is at least
systematic and based on sound sense, supported by practical and scientific experience ;
new lands have been brought under the plough by the removal of obstructions in the form
of tree-stumps, stones, and water ; and old lands, by drainage, have been made amenable
to modern cultivation ; fencing, with the view to the economy of space, utilization of old,
and examples of various forms of the same and different materials, now sub-divide two-
thirds of the farm.
" We have already on record, for future use by our own cultivation, the characteris-
tics of some 230 kinds of wheat, oats and barley, besides over twenty sorts of turnips and
mangolds, and numerous other agricultural products. By special experiment in modes of
cultivation, uses of manures, and other conditions affecting vegetable growth, some im-
portant facts hitherto doubtful, unknown, or disbelieved, in ordinary practice, have been
established or laid open as interesting for further investigation ; and similar points in
animal life have received careful attention, as from time to time illustrated in the feeding
of cattle, sheep, and pigs.
" The general management of live stock in all possible forms, with all the leading
breeds, is a subject of daily study, wherein we should be gathering valuable information,
acclimatization, breeding, crossing, upbringing of young, soiling, riding, milking, wool-bear-
ing, and others : — in practical proof of part success at least, the recent sale of surplus stock,
after two years' management, stands as a fair beginning, under considerable commercial
depression.
" We are in possession of many more horticultural and arboricultural subjects than
the largest and best of farmers in any country requires, and more than many professional
establishments could catalogue as personal property ; and our mechanical appliances, while
not complete, have kept pace with the requirements of a progressive plan, whereby any-
thing outside the needs of an extensive first-class farmer, is not recognized.
" These, in their innumerable detail and connections, go to make the whole subject
of outside work and education in which the Government of Ontario have now an invested
capital of over $100,000.
" The public question therefore should be, — Is a fair interest being realized on this
investment in the shape of, — education thoroughly applied and appreciated, — in products,
economically and successfully matured for national distribution, and in special enquiries
on the relations of animal and vegetable life ] The country answers in the affirmative by
her one hundred sons now here or waiting for admission — not in patronage of any begin-
ning nor by special solicitation, but solely as the natural response to a want thus so liber-
ally supplied, and now established upon its own merits.
" Such being the case, the future of the Ontario School of Agriculture ought to take
a proud place in the annals of the country — big with associations, in the individual ex-
perience of our future Legislators, who will recall the pleasant and profitable time of their
early manhood at Guelph, as they support the liberal and unanimous estimates of the
coming year — big with profitable reminiscences to the aged farmer as he reminds his son
of the purchase at The Experimental Farm, from which the valuable herd that now fills
his stalls was established — and big in the experience of others who wdl in many ways
speak kindly of their Alnui Mater.
" Two of the five years have gone, — what the remaining may record will depend, not
only on the farmers themselves, through whom supplies are virtually y,ood, but the teachers
must be wary, that not one essential is allowed to fall off, or even stand still, — there must
be a moving forwards, or there may be death.
" I wish to express the many obligations under which 1 lie to Mr. Johnston, the Pre-
xv
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
anient of the Institution, in special duties during my occasional absence, and in general
help freely given when wanted, — as also to the several foremen, who have all aloug, under
difficulties and worries, evinced an undeviating interest in our work — emulation and har;
mony always ruling.
" To Messrs. Campbell, Sangster, and Carpenter, superintending students of the ex-
perimental plots, and Mr. Davies, of feeding experiments, I beg to tender thanks for as-
. distance well and faithfully done."
Respectfully submitted.
S. C. Wood,
Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts.
Toronto, January, 1878
•:\ i
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
omrttieglonep of S6g»icuBte an& §^1§,
APPENDIX (A).
ANALYSIS OF REPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETIES FOR 1870.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
AN VLYSIS OF REPORTS
OF
^grkulmral antr Jportitdtural Societies,
FOR THE YEAR 1876.
ADDINGTON.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 22 19
" Members' Subscriptions 113 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
Cr. 835 19
By Prizes for Horses, ^52.50 ; Cattle, $48 ; Sheep, $38 ; Pigs,
si (i; Poultry, $6.25 . 160 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. 831 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15 ; Dairy Products. $14.50 ; Fruits, $5 ; Ve-
getables. 86 ; Agricultural Implements, 854 ; General
Manufactures, 879.50 ; Fine Arts, 818; Ladies' Work,
$12 235 00
" Grants to Tow ship Societies
•' Printing and Advertising ,
•' Working Expenses
395
75
350
00
12
75
59
27
817 77
Balance in hand 17 42
Camden.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 1 95
" Members' Subscriptions 106 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 176 00
Cr. 283 95
By Prizes for Horses, 816.50 ; Cattle, 837 ; Sheep, .$27 ; Pi^s,
$15 125 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 823 ; Roots and other lined
crops, 812; Dairy Products, 89.50 ; Fruits, 85 ; Ve-
getables. $13 . Agricultural Implements, $26 ; Cener.il
Manufactures, $15 ; Ladies' Work, $8.50 112 00
By Printing and Advertising.
•' Working Expenses
237 50
6 25
20 25
264 00
Balance in hand 19 95
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Loughborough.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 15 70
" Members' Subscriptions 50 00
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society . . 87 00
" President's Prize ... 2 00
Cr.
By Prizes for horses, $32.25; Cattle, $16; Sheep, $23. _5:
Pigs, $4.75 76 2.3
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $17.65 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.90 ; Dairy Products, $7 ; Growing Crops,
$8.85 ; General Manufactures,$3.75 ; Ladies' Work, $7. 52 15
" Printing aid Advertising
" Working Expenses
< r.
By Prizes for Horses, $18.25 ; Cattle, $18.10 ; Sheep, $8.25 ;
Pigs,$4.25 48 85
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $2.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $2.60 ; Dairy Products, $2.60 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $5.50 ; General Manufactures, ol3.50 ;
Ladies' Work, $4 33 85
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
82
70
6
00
31
60
154 70
128 40
6 50
19 00
•
153 90
Balance in hand 80
Portland.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 29 15
" Members' Subscriptions 50 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 87 00
166 15
120 30
Balance in hand 45 85
ALGOMA.
Dr. $ cts. % cts. $ cts.
To Balance in han/i, as per last Annual Report 299 03
" Members' Subscriptions 167 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" SaleofSeeds 90 92
Cr. 1256 95
By Prizes for Horses, $24.50 ; Cattle, $38.50; Sheep, $26 ;
Pigs, $16 ; Poultry, $7.50 112 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $40.50; Roots and other hoed
crops, $26.50 ; Dairy Products, $28 ; Growing Crops,
$100 ; Fruits, $3.00 ; Vegetables, $37 ; Agricultural
Implements, $8 ; General Manufactures, $34 ; Fine
Arts, $6 ; Ladies' V, < rk, $38 '. 321 00
433 50
3
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. S cts. $ cts.
140
00
141
55
120
00
39
00
82
•62
148
37
1105
(11
dv Legislative Grant to Township Society
Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds
'• Purchase of Seeds
" for Agricultural Publications
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
Balance in hand 151 91
Rowland.
j)r. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, asper last Annual Report 94 49
•■ Members' Subscriptions 36 00
•• LegisUitive Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
■ Municipal Grant 20 00
O. 290 49
By Prizes paid
" Paid on purchase of Live Stock
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
362 42
109
00
189
35
14
00
50
07
Balance due Treasurer 71 93
BRANT, NORTH.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, asper last Annual Report 862 55
" Members' Subscriptions ... 414 50
Admission Fees to Exhibition 295 31
" Legislative Grant 700 00
Municipal Grant 200 00
Miscellaneous 8 00
Cr. 2480 36
By Prizes for Horses, 8145 ; Cattle, 8152 ; Sheep, §143 ; Pigs,
862 ; Poultry, $47.50 549 50
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds. $2 1.51 i ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 825.75; Dairy Products. 825.75 ; Fruits, 854 ;
Plants and Flowers, 830.75 ; Agricultural Implements,
-.51) ; General Manufactures, 848.50 ; Ladies' Work,
846.75 321 50
By Prizes for previous year paid
• Exhibition Buildings and Grounds .... ...
■' Portion of Legislative Grant to Township Societies
" Printing rind Advertising. $61.50; Musical Bands, $20...
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and As-istants
871
00
274
50
59
00
272
00
81
50
269
91
1827 91
Balance in hand 652 45
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPOP.T.
Your Directors have again the pleasure of meeting you and presenting their Annual
Report.
Twelve months ago the Directors were enabled to state that the prosperity, which for a
number of years had attended the progress of the North Brant Agricultural Society was still
on the increase, and we are now once more able to state that during the year 1876, it has not.
been less successful than formerly, as regards the number of its members, and the attractive-
ness of its exhibition. Only in one important item did it come short of preceding years, but
this was owing to circumstances beyond the control of the Poird of Management.
The Annual Exhibition which was held on the 5th and 6th of October, was, in the number
of entries, and the descriptions and value of the animals, and the articles displayed in the vari-
ous departments, one of the most successful shows hitherto held in this county. Unfortunately,
the weather on the second day was wet and unfavourable, and was the means of keeping many
visitors away, a circumstance which told heavily on the receipts, which amounted to $295.31,
being- $208.60 less than those of the preceding years, and somewhat damped the pleasure
afforded by a large and otherwise successful Exhibition. The entire number of entries was
2,429, being 311 in excess of those of 1875, and may be enumerated as follows, viz. :
Horses, 329 ; Cattle, 126 ; Sheep, 198 ; Pigs, 83 ; Poultry, 238; Grain, 88 ; Dairy,
121 ; Roots and Vegetables, 197 ; Plants and Flowers, 146 ; Fruits, 395 ; Carriages and
Implements, 81 ; Harness and Leather, 33 ; Ladies' Department, 243 ; Mechanical Work,
52 : Extras, 99— in all, 2,429.
The show of Horses was large, and some fine animals entered the ring, and the competi-
tion between them was very keen. The Cattle were numerous and showed the increasing in-
terest which our farmers are taking in the improvement of their stock. The same may be
said of the sheep, which would compare favourably with any in the Province.
The exhibition of Poultry was the largest and most attractive held here, and contained
many excellent breeds. Carriages and Implements made a fine display, and attracted much
attention.
The appearance of the hall, taken as a whole, was equal to anything hitherto seen in this
Riding. The quantity and variety of Fruits were so great, that there was considerable difficulty
in finding room for all that was brought forward. The Dairy department was fully up to
the mark, and the Grain show contained a number of excellent samples. Roots and Vege-
tables showed a falling off, but were very good, considering the unfavourable season. Plants
and Flowers for the same reason, were not as attractive as in former years.
The Harness and Leather department was fully represented, and showed a great im-
provement over the Exhibition of last year. The display of Ladies' work and factory goods
was very large and attractive, and received marked attention from the numerous visitors on
both days of the Exhibition.
As the lease of the Agricultural Grounds expired in the month of April last, the atten-
tion of your Directors was turned to the necessity of securing a piece of land at a fair valua-
tion, for Exhibition purposes. Owing to the high price asked for such portions of land as
they considered eligible, they have deemed it prudent to delay proceedings for a time, and
have made an arrangement with the executors of the Capron estate to hire the Agricultural
Grounds for an annual rental of thirty dollars. And your Directors would strongly urge
that some expression of opinion should be elicited at the annual meeting, with regard to
the question of securing an eligible site for the erection of buildings at as early a date as
possible.
Onondaga.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 73 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition., 12 05
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society... 140 00
" .Municipal Grant 20 00
Cr. 245 05
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 3 70
" Prizes for Horses, $53.00 ; Cattle. $47.00 ; Sheep, $35.00 ;
Pigs, $9.25 144 25
5
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
215 75
5 00
20 82
245 27
$ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Grains & Seeds, 821.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.75 ; Dairy Products, $8.50 ; Fruits. 83.00 ;
Agricultural Implements, $6.50 ; General Manufactures,
$11.25; Ladies' work, $12.50 71 50
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasuier 22
REPORT.
The Directors of the Onondaga Township Agricultural Society, in accordance with the
Act, beg leave to submit the following Report of their proceedings for the year now past.
The Annual Exhibition of the Onondaga Agricultural Society was held at Onondaga Village,
on the tenth day of October. 1876. The day being favourable, the attendance was good.
The show of Horses was about as good as usual ; there being about the usual number of
entries ; and, as a class, they would compare favourably with that of any previous year. The
classes in Cattle were perhaps not so well represented as they have been at our previous shows,
although some fine thorough-bred stock was shown by Mr. W. Douglas ; but in this line com-
petition does not run high. In the Grades we had a fair show. In Sheep the classes were
about as well represented as usual. Some fine specimens of Leicesters were shown by Messrs.
Wm. Douglas, Wm. Burrill, and Walter Allan. Some very fine Pigs were exhibited, and in
this our exhibit may be classed as fair. In Grain and Roots the exhibit, in common with
that of our adjoining societies, on account of the prevailing drought, fell short in quantity and
quality, and was not good. In Farming Implements the show was small, but some good
Ploughs were shown by Mr. A. Mitchell, of Onondaga. Domestic Manufactures, Dairy, &c.
— the show was somewhat superior to that of the previous year, many of the articles of
u Ladies' Work" having been new to the show ; whereas the complaint has been frequent that
the exhibit from year to year has shown too much of a sameness, the exhibitors in the
class as a rule running to the limit of the rule in entering their manufactures.
We do not, however, feel much encouraged in the prospects of our Society, as there does
not appear to be sufficient interest taken in its welfare by the mass of agriculturists in our
Township, and anything that could be devised by way of improvement of its condition is at
present very desirable. The usefulness of the organization as at present conducted, may
fairly be called in question. Financially we are not embarrassed, although we are not in a
p isition to enlarge in any way, from or by reason of any balance on hand.
Paris Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per list Annual Report 7-1 34
" Members' Subscriptions 44 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 29 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 132 00
" Municipal Grant 25 00
Cr. 304 34
By Prizes f.r Fruits, $21 25; Plants and Flowers, $38 50;
Vegetables, $30 75 90 50
" Prizes for Fine Arts, $6 ; Ladies' Work, $31 25 37 25
" Prizes for Dairy Products 14 00
141 75
" W irking Expenses ... 67 59
209 34
Balance in hand $95 00
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT.
The President and Directors of the Paris Horticultural Society in presenting this their
Ninth Annual Report, beg to state :
That your Society held only one exhibition in 1876, being the usual July exhibition,
held this year on the fourth day of July on account of Dominion Day falling on a Saturday.
That the exhibition was in no way inferior to the exhibition of any previous year, both
as to the number of entries and the quality of articles exhibited.
That the number of entries was as follows : Plants and flowers, one hundred and thirty ;
fruits, one hundred and twenty four ; vegetables, one hundred and twenty-seven ; dairy pro-
ducts, fifty-five ; fine arts, fourteen j ladies' work, eighty-six ; in all five hundred and thirty-
six entries
The display of fruit was large, of excellent quality and flavour. The vegetables in a
more forward state for exhibition than for mnny years past. The flowers on the whole good,
especially the geraniums and roses. The display of fine arts was smaller and inferior in sub-
ject and artistic execution than in any previous year, but was amply compensated by the large
display of really useful anrl well finished lad;es' work. * *
Your Directors on retiring congratulate you on the success your society has gradually
attained to, and would suggest tliat a Fall exhibition as well as a July one be held during the
current year.
BRANT, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 74 42
" Members' Subscriptions 431 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ,... 704 99
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant 200 00
" Miscellaneous 3.775 00
Cr. 5,885 41
By Prizes for Horses, $122 ; Cattle, $125 ; Sheep, $178 ; Pigs,
$88; Poultry, $49.75 562 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $39.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $23.25; Dairy Products, $59.50 ; Fruits, $43.75 ;
Plants and Flowers. $10.50 ; Vegetables, $17 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $59.50 ; General Manufactures,
$65.50; Fine Arts, $17 ; Ladies' Work, $47 382 50
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds, for rent, lighting, fit-
ting up &c
•' Paid on erection of Exhibition Buildings
" Portion of Legislative Grant to Township Societies
" Paid borrowed money and interest
" Printing and Advertising ....
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treas-
urer and Ass'stants
Balance in hand Ill 26
REPORT.
Gentlemfa*,— In presenting the Annual Report of the operations of our Society for
the year 1876, we deem a few observations, in matters of general interest, not out of place.
Every observer must be convinced of the fact that in agricultural, as in every other
7
945
25
23
00
186
43
3,370
00
280
00
539
00
38
25
392
22
5774
15
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
department of business, the year has been an unfavourable one ; while at one period in the
summer every promise was given of an abundant harvest, yet, in a few days that promise
was dissipated, and the agriculturist, like men in trade and commerce, had to accept the in-
evitable, and rest satisfied with a partial return for his labour.
Elay was an abundant crop, and fruit was unusually abundant and of excellent quality, but
wheat, barley, oats, peas, and roots were sadly deficient, not only in weight but quality ;
potatoes were more nearly a complete failure than ever known in our history.
While the outlook is, therefore, not a very hopeful one, yet, as a Society, the year ha?
been one of the most important in our experience, and one in which the Board feel that they
have reason for self congratulation.
For years past we have felt that the old exhibition building was a standing disgrace to the
Soci ty, and totally unfit for the purpose for which it was erected, and, therefore, early in the
year we resolved to proceed at once to the erection of a suitable hall, and in view of the
cheapness of material, proceeded to build of brick.
Mr. Turner was the architect, and Mr. Tutt the contractor, and we feel we can refer with
satisfaction to both pric and quality of the work done.
Although much has been done to make our grounds worthy of a rich and intelligent
community, yet we feel that further improvements are needed. It would add much to the
efficiency of our Annual Exhibition, if the live stock and implements could be possibly
sheltered, and thus make it possible for the Exhibition to ba continued two or more days.
To effect this, the erection of sheds is indispensable, and this we trust, will be accomplished
soon.
Not only was our Fall Exhibition much more satisfactorily arranged in the new build-
ing, but in many departments there was a gratifying increase in quality and quantity. The
aggregate number of entries iu all classes for 1876, was 2,376, being about 400 higher than
in 1875.
All will admit that in view of the uncertainty of the grain crops, our stock interest becomes
of paramount importance, and us recent events have given assurance that a profitable trade
can be carried on with the English market, in fact it is already inaugurate! under the most
hopeful circumstances, it is only reasonable and prudent that every farmer should consult the
demands of that trade, and guide his course accordingly.
The cattle needed for the English market are of a class in weight and condition as yet
'not generally in stock, and we earnestly hope that attention will be given to the improved
breeds needful to the supporting of the new demands.
Of course, the improvements made will involve a large expenditure of money. This
has been temporarily provided for, but for permanent liquidation we look confidently to the
support of every well-wisher of the Society in town and county.
Bur for J.
Dr. ets. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 31 86
" Members' Subscriptions 195 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition. 157 63
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
For Special Prizes 68 25
Ur. 590 74
By Prizes for Horses, 88."). 7-") ; Cattle. $38.75 ; Sheep, 810;
Pigs, $31; Poultry. 821.25 216 75
': Prizes for Grains and Seeds. 827 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $16.25 : Dairy Products, $27.75 ; Fruits, $9.25 ;
Agricultural Implements. $21.75 : General Manufac-
tures, $10; Fine Arts, $5 : La lies' Work, $31 148 00
364 75
Unpaid 22 00
Prizes for previous years paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
34 2
7.")
9
7">
124
00
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Printing and Advertising 10 00
" Working Expenses 80 91
567 41
Balance in hand .. 25 33
Brantford Horticultural Society,
Dr. 8 cts. % cts. % cts-
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 155 84
" Members' Subscriptions 139 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 30 75
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 25 00
:- Special Prizes 56 50
• Miscellaneous , 4 00
Cr. 551 09
By Fruits, $109.75; Plants and Flowers, $94; Vegetables,
874
" Fine Arts
" Exhibition Buildings
" Special Prizes
" Printing and Advertising, 846 ; Musical Bands, $10.50
'■ Working Expenses
277 75
27 00
304 75
42 54
6 00
56 50
78 33
488 12
Balance in hand 62 97
REPORT.
The Directors of the Brantford Horticultural Society feel a pleasure in presenting to its
membership the Ninth Annual Report since its incorporation. In favourable contrast to
two or three past years, the success of this year's exhibition has imparted a new life and
impetus, which it is hope! will tell effectually in reviving a more extensive interest and sup-
port in its welfare, both in town and surrounding neighbourhood. The good impression
made upon the public by the press and other influences at the time it took place, has en-
couraged the Directors to hope that not a few of the former active members of the Society
would venture to its ranks and give their assistance and patronage as in years past, when it
was in the zenith of its fame and popular estimation. There is one feature in the exhibitions
of late years which compares unfavourably with those of its early existence, and that is the
falling off of receipts in the admission of non-members ; as, for instance, in the year 1871,
July "show, there was $70.33 collected at the door, and for the Fall show, same year, the sum
of *4S.10 was realized, making a total of $118.43 ; and for the following ye;r, 1872, a total
sum of $130.72 was received from the same source, while this year only $30.75 came to the
funds in this way. The Directors think there should be a little more effort put forth to
increase the income from this source, and commend the matter to their successors in office,
who may by a little more contrivance and attention strengthen the cords of the organization.
The Directors were well pleased with the painstaking and skilful adjustment of the
several awards by the. appointed judges to each class. They are not aware of two opinions
on their conduct, or the whisper of a suspicion of any act of theirs at the time but what was
wholly honourable and impartial.
The enlarged list of exhibitors in each department of productions at the show this year
was very cheering and gratifying to the Directors, being so far beyond those of recent years,
and in the estimation of many, especially in flowers, exceeding any former occasion in this
respect. Though the season has been very unfavourable for nearly all garden productions,
and the display was, in consequence of this, perhaps somewhat less abounding than it would
9
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A 1878
have otherwise been under the auspices of more seasonable weather ; yet notwithstanding
this, the total number of entries this year exceeds that of last by 491
The number of entries in each division was as follows : —
Flowers 281
Fruits 278
Vegetables 261
The am ^unt offered in prizes was as follows : —
Flowers 8124 50
Fruits 159 25
Vegetables 89 25
Specials 61 50
The Directors adhered to last year's arrangements of having only one show, circum-
stances rendering it, in their judgment, undesirable to have two ; though it is true there was
a strong feeling entertained by some of our members that if the public would only more
generously patronize the Society, two exhibitions in the year could be had with greater ad-
vantage, and this arrangement would bring out a little more varieties of horticultural produc-
tions, and tend to develop more enthusias i in their scheme.
As stated before, the Directors were much encouraged by the interest taken in the last
exhibition and felt much gratification in its success, still it by no means reached the lmit of
prosperity they are anxious the Society shall attain, though they are confident there is a per-
manency established of its existence, which by persistent working in its behalf it may yet
attain, as was expressed in last year's report, '• an honourable reputation amongst the accre-
dited institutions of the town and surrounding neighbourhood.'' The diligent exertious of
our friend, Mr. Russell, which were referred to at our last annual meeting, have to a con-
siderable extent wrought up the success of this year, and to such efforts alone can the worth
and usefulness of our Society become known by all lovers of flowers and fruits, which wonder-
ful products show the wisdom and goodness of our Creator, who is great and marvellous in
all His Works.
The attention of the public was called in the last Report to a special effort the Society
had made to supplement their show of fl >wers, fruits and vegetables, by inviting the skill and
performances of pen and pencil. In this department they have felt to some extent their
intention and efforts this year again disappointed. The educational institutions of the town
have not felt it to be their vocation to support this scheme, which the Directors arc convinced
could be made most interesting and profitable to all parties concerned. The Blind Institution
and the Public Schools were the only institutions that responded to the appeal then made,
and with what effect is known by those who visited Wickliffe Hall durirjg the time of the
exhibition ; such competitive display in intellectual attainments we feel assured could be
made by a lawful emulation for superiority in the several branches of art. conducive for good,
especially to the young, and ought by all means to be encouraged and promoted
Our financial position is not so strong as it was last year and the year before ; but this
arises to some exten' from the fact that an extra outlay has been made in providing a better
and fuller equipment lor the yearly Exhibition. Some 840 or $50 have b en spent in this
way. which will not be required for some time to come. We have again to thank the County
Council for their annual grant of $25, and dulv appreciate the same, and anticipate with
grateful pleasure the appropriation in the same liberal manner in the year ensuing.
In conclusion, the Directors feel more hopeful with regard to the continuance of the
Society thin on any occasion for several years past. They feel full assurance in the utility
and benefit of such an organization, and are persuaded, too. that it can eminently be made to
promote industrious habits, and an acquaintance with nature's laws regarding the fruits of
the field, on which man and the whole animal creation are dependent for their existence and
pleasure. They earnestly hope an appreciative public w:ll this year more largely than ever
support t:ieir enterprise and enabl" its executive to carry on its business more successfully
tian in any former year.
10
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
BROCKV1LLE.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 261 80
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant... 100 00
"Miscellaneous 23 50
Cr. 1,085 30
By Balance due to Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 42 38
" Prizes for Horses, $137.50 ; Cattle, $147 ; Sheep, $106.50 ;
Pigs, $44 ; Poultry, $46 48100
'• Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $64.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $34.30 : Dairy Products, $73.45 ; Growing crops,
$109.50; Fruits, 22.25; Vegetables, $21.50; Agri-
cultural Implements, $58.25 ; General Manufactures,
$54.45; Fine Arts, $19.50; Ladies' Work, $61.50;
Ploughing Match, $60 ; Discretionary, $31 610 18
1,091 18
Unpaid 225 12
Prizes for previous years paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
866
06
5
20
20
00
46
26
148
28
1,128
18
Balance due Treasurer 42 88
BRUCE, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 2 10
" Members' Subscriptions 54 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 37 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 700 00
" Proceeds of Service 41 00
" Discounts at Bank 224 35
Cr. 1,058 45
By Prizes for Horses, $80 ; Cattle, $80 : Sheep, $30 ; Pigs,
$10; Poultry, $3 203 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $20 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10 ; Dairy Products, $10 ; Fruits, $4 ; Vege-
tables, $4 ; Agricultural Implements, $20 ; General
Manufactures, $10; Ladies Work, $2.38 80 38
283 38
Prizes for previous years pail 24 00
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 14 20
Discounts at Bank 140 00
Livestock 43 00
Portions of Grant to Township Societies 419 90
Printing and Advertising .. 24 18
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants 103 62
1,052 28
Balance in hand 6 17
11
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT
* * * * *
The Spring Show held at Paisley, in the month of April, was largely attended, and the
different classes of animals were well represented. The quality of such, on exhibition, is good
evidence of the growing inclination of our farmers to become possessed of better breeds.
As you are aware, your Directors amalgamated with Elder slie Branch Society for the
holdinz of the Fall Show at Paisley. This show promised to be one of the best ever held in
the Riding, and the number of entries exceeding that of any former year. Owing, however,
to the unfavourable weather, which lasted throughout the entire day, the exhibition was not
quite so successful as anticipated, the total number of prizes awarded being in the neighbour-
hood of (8400 00) four hundred dollars.
The display of stock, on the whole, was good, and much superior to any former exhibi-
tion. The variety of grain was not extensive, but samples were good for the season. Roots
good. Dairy productions extra, especially butter.
Agricultural andotherimplements, not many shown, all however of excellent workmanship.
# * * * *
Having: now given a brief outline of the nature of the Society's operations during the
rear, we shall endeavour to shortly review the agricultural position of our county. The
past year has been one of much anxiety, exceptionable times and equally exceptionable wea-
ther. The depression of all kinds of trade, through which our country is passing, made it a
m itter of momentary importance that we should have a goo 1 yield of crops. During the
spring, in many portions of the country, the wet weather greatly retarded farming operations,
and the planting of seed was consequently late. This, followed by the intense heat of sum-
mer, proved rather disastrous to our growing crops. Hay was gathered in good state, and
proved to be of an average quantity. We have good reason to believe that there will be an
ample supply of this important product to meet the wants of every farmer.
Wheat, the staple production of our country, compared with former years, must be con-
sidered much below the average. In some places fall wheat was almost a total failure, and
premature ripening of spring wheat has, in many cases, made it an inferior sample, the grain
being shrivelled. The root crops were good, and save a fair return, so, ;dthough a defect
exists in the wheat, the deficiency is compensated by the abundant yield of other cereals.
Aloncr with the other growing interests of our country may be mentioned the progress
made in the growth of fruit of late years. A better culture, a larger interest seems to be
taken in fruit matters, and seems to characterize our section of country, which bids fair to be
suitable for the growth of some of the finest fruits. With all the arts summed up there is
none to compare with agriculture ; it is clearly proven to be the only stable, permanent, an 1
sure investment for capital. Commerce, in each of its varied relations, is subject to grave
fluctuations ; but well-cultivated and improved lands have been seen to be a source of wealth,
and capital invested in this form is beyond the reach of commercial failures. When all other
efforts of industry have yielded in a sense to time, our farms, hewn out from the forest, will
remain unchanged, and the capital invested in them as permanent riches, and will prove to be
the beginning and end of our wealth.
.! /// 1<; I and AJhe/marle.
Dr. | cts. $ cts. | cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 34 27
' Members' Subscriptions 78 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society..
" Municipal Grant
'• Miscellaneous
71
00
18
00
1
75
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses $15 ; Cattle. 816 ; Sheep. $6.50 ; Pigs.
-12.50 , 50 00
12
203 52
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts..
By Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.50 ; Dairy Products, $6.75 : Fruits, $4.75 ;
Vegetables, $10.50, Agricultural Implements, $1.75;
General Manufactures, $9.25 j Ladies' Work, $8.50 ;
Ploughing Match, $12 69 50
119 50
" Prizes for previous years paid ,....,..., 3 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 6 00
" Amount lost on notes 6 75
" Printing and Advertising 6 45
" Working Expenses 29 50
171 95
Balance in hand 31 57
A 1 ran.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 28 95
" Members' Subscriptions , 149 40
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 11 05
" Legislative Grant to Electoral Division Society 112 00
" Miscellaneous 3 00
Cr. 304 40
By Prizes for Horses, $45 ; Cattle, $34.50 ; Sheep, $16 ; Pigs,
$8 ; Poultry, $7.50 Ill 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $27 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $8 ; Dairy Products, $12.50 ; Fruits, $9 ; Plants
and Flowers, $2.50; Vegetables, $6.25; Agricultural
Implements, $30; General Manufactures, $11.50;
Fine Arts; $1.50; Ladies' Work, $9.75 .' 118 00
229 00
By keep of Live Stock 8 00
" Printing and Advertising , 15 55
" Working Expenses 46 55
299 10
Balance in hand ... 5 30
Bruce.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 18 65
" Members' Subscriptions 122 30
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 7 05
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Divisou Society 85 00
" Municipal Grant 25 00
Cr. 258 0O
By Prizes for Horses. $26.25 ; Cattle, $37.50; Sheep, $13;
Pigs, $4.50 ; Poultry. $3 00 84 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $26 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15.75; Dairy Products, $13.25; Fruits, $6 ;
Agricultural Implements, $28.25 ; Ladies' Work,
$28.50 117 75
202 00
Unpaid 50 00
152 00
13
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts.
$ cts.
4 00
6 00
6 00
33 01
201 01
$ cts.
By Prizes for previous years paid
'• Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
• Working Expenses
Balance in hand , .. <>6 99
Elderslie.
jjr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 84 59
• Metnbers's Subscriptions 132 00
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 100 50
" From County Society for prizes of Union Show 201 22
518 31
Or.
By Prizes for Horses, 895 ; Cattle, 895 ; Sheep. §54 ; Pigs,
816; Poultry, 83.75 , 263 75
'■ Prizes lor Grains and Seeds. 821.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10.75 ; Dairy Products. 819; Fruits, $7.75;
Vegetables, 84.75 ; Agricultural Implements, 819 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, 834.25 ; Ladies' Work, $15 134 75
398 50
Unpaid 38 50
Prizes for previous years paid.
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses ....
360 00
31 75
17 63
18 25
427 63
Balance in hand 90 68
Saugtcn.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 43 23
'• Members' Subscriptions 90 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 16 50
" Legislative Grant fruin Electoral Division Society 49 50
199 23
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, 82:5 ; Cattle, $26.50 ; Sheep, $23 ; Pigs,
$6.50 ; Poultry, $2 ...^. 81 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $16 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$13; Dairy Products, $7.25; Fruits, $2.25; Agricul-
tural Implements, $15.50; General Manufactures, $4.50;
Ladies' Work, 87.88 66 38
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses ,
147
6
38
00
26
36
l:
'9
7 [
Balance in hand 19 49
14
532
25
8
50
37
01
418
93
31
10
93
35
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
BRUCE, SOUTH.
Dr. S cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions ... .... 141 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 98 90
" Legislative Grant 698 25
" Grant from Brant Township Society 108 20
" Special Prizes for Christmas Show 44 25
<'r. 1,090 85
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 1 74
" Prizes for Horses. 81U.50 ; Cattle, $127.50 ; Sheep, $70 ;
Pigs, 23.75; Poultry, $8 339 75
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds $50.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $13.25 ; Dairy Products, 818 : Fruits, 815.25;
Plants and Flowers, 82.50 ; Vegetables, $10.75 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, 843 ; General Manufactures,
814.50; Fine Arts, 82.50; Ladies' Work, |22 192 50
By Prizes for previous years paid
'• Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Paid portions of Grant to Township Societies
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, &c
1,122 88
Balance due Treasurer 32 03
B rant.
Dr. $ c*s. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 13 97
" Members' Subscription* 79 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 34 30
" Miscellaneous 7 75
Cr.
By Amount paid County Society for Union Show
" Printing and Advertising
;- Workiug Expenses
122 40
Balance in hand 13 12
Carrick.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report ...
" Members' Subscriptions
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
u Municipal Grant
" Miscellaneous
Cr. 37o- 88
By Prizes tor Horses, $54 ; Cattle, $57.25 ; Sheep, $38.50 ;
Pigs. $14 25; Poultry, $4.75 168 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23.75 ; Hoots and other hoed
crops, 810.5(1 ; Dairy Products, $9.75 : Fruits, 81<>.7.">;
Vegetables. $4.50; Agricultural Implements. .$17;
General Manufactures, 830 ; Ladies' Work, $6.50.... Ii2 <5
135
52
no
00
l
40
n
00
9
CIS
31
217
50
6
50
92
88
30
30
20
69
s8i .:>()
15
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
1 ; v Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
242 60
24
50
8
50
9
50
18
60
34 28
Dr.
To
Culross.
$
Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 57
Members' Subscriptions for 1876 31
Admission Fees to Exhibition 10
Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 33
Members' Subscriptions for 1877 42
Prizes for Ploughing Match 58
Cr.
By
Prizes for Horses, $34.50; Cattle, $23.50 ; Sheep, $25 ;
Pigs, $7.50 ; Poultry, $2.25 92
Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $7.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8 ; Dairy Products, $7.75 ; Fruits, $5.25 ; Vege-
tables, $6.25 ; Agricultural Implements, 81.50 : Gen-
eral Manufactures. 89.75; Ladies' Work, 87.75;
Ploughing Match, 865
cts.
27
75
60
10
25
14
Printing and Advertising,
Working Expenses
70
118 75
8 cts. $ cts.
211
50
8
50
10
62
233 11
230 62
Balance in hand
2 49
Greenock.
Dr.
To
s
Cr.
By
Prizes for Horses, 829.75; Cattle, 819.75 ; Sheep, 88.75 ;
Pigs, 85.25: Poultry, 82.75 ...
Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $17.25 : Roots and other hoed
crop-. $10.50; Dairy Products, $9.50; Fruits. 85; Plants
and Flowers, 81.50; Vegetables, 84.25; Agricultural
Implements $8.25 : General Manufactures, $6 ; Ladies'
Work. $9.75
Exhibition Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
Balance in hand .
cts.
31
Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 27
Members' Subscriptions 103 00
Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 35
Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 43 50
Miscellaneous 18 25
66 25
■2 00
cts. » cts.
203 41
138 25
3 00
8 25
18 82
168 32
35 09
16
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Kinloss.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 207 55
" Members' Subscriptions 194 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition... 73 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 87 05
" Municipal Grant 10 00
" Special prizes 34 00
" Miscellaneous 38 00
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $28 ; Cattle, $22; Sheep, $19 ; Pigs,
$5; Poultry, $3.50 77 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.50; Roots and other hoed
crops, $13 ; Dairy Products. $14.50 ; Fruits, $8 ; Plants
and Flowers, $5 ; Vegetables, $6 ; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $20.50 ; Fine Arts, $9.50 ; Ladies' Work, $12 . . 104 00
643 60
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
181 50
28 00
71 39
280 89
Balance in hand 362 71
West Bruce Agricultural and Arts Association.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 12 10
" Members' Subscriptions : Kincardine Township, $38 ;
Huron Township, $60; Town of Kincardine, $265.75 363 75
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 114 26
" Huron Society, $26.75 ; Town of Kincardine, $101.35.... 128 10
" Miscellaneous 41 50
659 71
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $34.50; Cattle, $24.50; Sheep, $22;
Pigs, $12.75; Poultry, $48.85 142 60
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $33.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15.25 ; Dairy Products. $14.85 ; Fruits, $39.80 ;
Plants and Flowers, $25.50 ; Vegetables, $48.50 ; Ag-
ricultural Implements, $45; General Manufactures, $37;
Fine Arts, $11.25 ; Ladies' Work, $21.75 292 65
435 25
" Buildings and Grounds. 71 38
" Printing and Advertising 41 10
" Working Expen&es, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer,^ : 78 47
626 20
Balance in hand 33 51
Note. — The West Bruce Agricultural and Arts Association is composed of the Town
of Kincardine Horticultural Society, the Township of Kincardine Agricultural Society, and
the Township of Huron Agricultural Society ; the show being held in the Town of Kincar-
dine.
2 17
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Kincardine Horticultural Society.
J)r $ CtS. $ Ct8. $ CtS.
To Members' Subscriptions 265 75
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 101 35
Cr. 367 10
By West Branch Association for Union Show . 367 10
'• Working ^Expenses 6 65
ok F 373 75
Balance due Treasurer 6 65
Note. — This Society united with the West Bruce Association for the purposes of an
Union Show.
CARDWELL.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 179 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 116 12
« Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous....; 138 68
Or.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Beport 37 03
" Prizes for Horses, $100.95 ; Cattle. $58.00 ; Sheep, $34.50 ;
Pigs, $25.75; Poultry, $15.00 134 20
u Prizes for Grains & Seeds, $64.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, SI 6.75 ; Dairy Products, $19.50 ; Fruits, $11.25 :
Vegetables, §13.00 ; Agricultural Implements, $47.00 ;
General Manufactures, $10.75 ; Fine Arts, $8.25 ; Ladies'
Work, §38.50 329 00
1,133 80
Prizes for previous years paid
Portion of Grant to Township Societies.
Borrowed money and interest
Working Expenses
463
20
31
03
420
00
53
75
55
56
1,060
57
Balance in hand 73 23
Adjala.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 148 10
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 41 45
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 93 00
" Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 43 79
351 34
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 91 42
" Prizes lor Horses, 856.00 j Cattle, $38.50 ; Sheep, $29.00
Pigs, $18.00 HI 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 820.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $20.75 ; Dairy Products, $2.50 ; Fruits, $5.75 ;
Plants and Flowers, $0.75 ; Agricultural Implements,
18
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$18.00; General Manufactures, $16.00; Fine Arts,
$3.75; Ladies' Work, $10.50 98 75
cts. $ cts. $ cts.
240 25
Unpaid 26 00
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Miscellaneous Expenditure
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasurer. . . .
A 11)1071
Dr.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report.
" Members' Subscriptions
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
" Municipal Grants
" Miscellaneous
Or.
By Prizes for Horses, 8103 ; Cattle, $58 ; Sheep, $30 ; Pigs,
$22 ; Poultry, $4.50 217 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $6 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $9 ; Dairy Products. $12 ; Fruits, $7.25 ; Plants
and Flowers, $1.50 ; Vegetables, $8.25 ; Agricultural
Implements, $12 ; General M-tnufactures, $18.50 ; Fine
Arts, $6.25 ; Ladies' Work, $23.75 ; Bread, $1.50 106 00
214 25
9 00
119 19
15 25
10 00
459 11
107 77
$ cts.
$ cts.
$ cts.
8 11
153 00
147 45
103 00
65 80
20 50
AU7 R«
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Printing; and Advertising
" Working Expenses
323 50
56 00
20 25
83 01
482 76
Balance in hand 15 10
Note. — The Exhibition on the whole was very satisfactory, and the Society is pro-
gressing. Oniy another payment of $50 has to be made on exhibition grounds.
Caledon.
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 271 07
" Members' Subscriptions 182 00
" Admission Fee to Exhibition 382 78
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 126 00
" Municipal Grant... 138 90
" Miscellaneous 58 70
Cr. 1,159 45
By Prizes7for Horses, $59 ; Cattle, $53 ; Sheep, $49 ; Pigs,
$24.50; Pouttry, $5.50 191 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $44.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $26.50 ; Dairy Products, $19.75 ; Fruits, $17.25 ;
Agricultural Implements, $44 ; General Manufactures,
$32.75; Fine Arts, $14.75; Ladies' Work, $32.50;
Discretionary, $13.75 245 75
436 75
19
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ CtS. $ Ct8. $ CtB
By Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 1 30 00
" Miscellaneous 42 18
" Printing and Advertising, $38.25 ; Musical Bands, $18 .. 56 25
" Working Expenses 87 75
5 F 752 93
Balance in hand 406 52
Tecumseth.
Dn $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 14 04
" Members' Subscriptions 149 50
u Admission Fees to Exhibition 83 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 84 00
"Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 49 50
Cr. 405 04
By Prizes for Horses, $99 ; Cattle, $80 ; Sheep, $45 ; Pigs,
$15 - 239 00
" Prizes for Grains, Roots, Dairy, &c 83 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds ,
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
322
75
45
00
15
88
16
10
399 73
Balance in hand $5 31
CARLETON.
Dr. $ cts. $. cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 300 71
" Members' Subscriptions 347 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 325 33
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant 500 00
"Miscellaneous 45 50
Cr. 2,219 04
By Prizes for Horses, $211 50 ■ Cattle, $175 ; Sheep, $84 ;
Pigs, $40; Poultry, $13 50 524 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $49 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$93 50; Dairy Products, $51 ; Growing Crops, $82;
Fruits, $3 ; Vegetables, $17 ; Agricultural Implements,
$139 ; General Manufactures, $51 ; Ladies' Work, $136
50 ; Field Sports to $29 50 651 50
" Fencing Exhibition Grounds
" Portion of Grant to Township Societies
" Interest on Loan
" Printing and Advertising, $69 97 ; Musical Bands, $22
" Workiug Expenses, including services of Secretary-Treasurer
Balance in hand 258 61
20
,175
50
129
28
280
02
100
00
91
97
183
66
1,960
43
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Fitzroy.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 67 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 93 34
160 84
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 2 01
" Prizes for Horses, $38.25 • Cattle, $52.50 ; Sheep, $8.75 j
Pigs, $14.50; Poultry, $3.75 117 75
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $13.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $21.50 ; Dairy Products, $6.50 ; Growing Crops,
$32.50 ; Fruits, $4.50 ; Vegetables, $12 ; Agricultu-
ral Implements, $4 ; General Manufactures, $24.50 ;
Ladies' Work, $7.25 126 00
243 75
Deducted as per By-law 165 65
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Paid arrears to County Society . . .
" Printing and Advertising
'■ Working Expenses
78
10
3
00
40
00
4
25
30
25
157 61
Balance in hand 3 23
Gower, North.
Dr. $ cts. | cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions .. , 125 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 93 34
" Municipal Grant 40 00
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $42.50 ; Cattle, $42.50 ; Sheep, $15.50 ;
Pigs, $9.50 11100
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $4.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.75 ; Dairy Products, $4.75 ; Growing crops,
$32.75 ; Agricultural Implements, $8 ; General Manu-
factures, $4.50 ; Fine Arts, $13 ; Ladies' Work, $7.75 ;
Plouehinsc Match. 89 9100
258 34
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
202
12
00
00
12
00
226
00
Balance in hand ....* 32 34
March.
Dr. $ cts. $ ot^. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 1 29
" Members' Subscriptions 77 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 93 34
171 63
21
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
$ cts. 8 cts.
Cr. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, $36.60 ; Cattle, $32.69 ; Sheep, $16.52 ;
Pigs,$11.78 97 59
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $4.13 • Roots and other hoed
crops, $14.74 ; Dairy Products, $7.65 ; Growing; crops,
$20.65 47 17
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand.
144 76
26 00
CORNWALL.
Dr. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 184 00
" Legislative Grant 350 00
248 00
Sale of Stock, $150 ; Proceeds of Service,
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer as per last Annual Report
" Prizes for Horses, $52.75; Cattle, $45 50; Sheep; $28 ;
Pigs, $13 ; Poultry, $6.50 145 75
" Prizes for Grain and SeedR, $33 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $19.25 ; Dairy Products, $26 ; Fruits, $7 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $55.50 ; General Manufactures,
$33.50 ; Ladies' Work, $24 ; Discretionary, $7 205 25
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including expenses of stallion " Sultan,"
Delegates to Provincial Exhibition, &c
$ cts. $ cts.
13 95
351
00
2
00
31
50
293
68
782 00
692 13
Balance in hand
89 87
DUFFERIN.
Dr. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 131 83
" Members' Subscriptions 200 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 550 00
" Legislative Grant... 700 00
" Municipal Grant 800 00
" Borrowed * 900 00
" Miscellaneous .. 600 00
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $375 ; Cattle, $300 ; Sheep, $200; Pigs,
$100 ; Poultry, $71 1,046 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $205 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $83; Dairy Products, $76 ; Fruits, $93 ; Plants
and Flowers, $54 ; Vegetables, $51 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $97 ; General Manufactures, $55 ; Fine Arts,
$62 ; Ladies' Work, $134 910 00
22
cts. $ cts.
3,881 83
1,956 00
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Portion of Grant to Township Societies 420 00
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds, and the erection
of buildings 1,306 01
" Printing and Advertising, $130 ; Musical Bands, $90 220 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 100 00
-1,002 01
Balance due Treasurer 120 18
DUNDAS.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 97 13
" Members' Subscriptions 248 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 162 15
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 28 50
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $86.40 ; Cattle, $146.33 ; Sheep, $67.95 ;
Pigs, $14.22; Poultry, $5.40 320 30
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $45.36 ; Dairy Products,
$12.46 ; Plants and Flowers, $5.94 ; Vegetables, $25.29;
Agricultural Implements, $30 ; General Manufactures,
$42.66 ; Ladies' Work, $30.17 ; Miscellaneous, $14.58 206 97
1,235 7S
Portion of Grant to Township Societies
Exhibition Building and Grounds..,
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
527
27
370
00
120
68
52
87
145
25
- 1
.216 0'
Balance in hand 19 71
REPORT.
* * * # ij*ne Annual Exhibition was well attended, while the entries were equal
to that of any former year.
The Directors must congratulate the inhabitants of this County on the marked improve-
ment in stock both in horses and cattle.
The exhibition of cereals was good, and in farming implements the variety was greater
than usual.
The dairy products evinced the zeal now shewn in this department, and the packages of
butter fully justify the Directors in saying that this County will favourably compare with any
in Ontario in the production of these products.
The agricultural products were above an average.
The Directors have nothing further to submit than to express thanks to Divine Provi-
dence for the blessings of peace and plenty so bountifully bestowed on this country during the
past year.
23
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Matilda.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 27 91
" Members' Subscriptions 127 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 72 30
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 115 00
Cr. 342 21
By Prizes for Horses, $20.50 : Cattle, $31 ; Sheep, $10.50 ;
Pigs,$9.25 71 25
[ u Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $10.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $18.25; Dairy Products, $9.25; Agricultural
Implements, $43.50 ; Ladies' Work, 820.50 102 25
Unpaid
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
173 50
18 00
155 50
23 25
87 20
22 85
37 73
326 53
Balance in hand 15 68
Willi amsburgh.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 18 17
" Members' Subscription 121 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 13 13
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 115 00
"Miscellaneous 5 00
Cr. 272 30
By Prizes for Horses, $22.25 ; Cattle, $60.80 j Sheep, $11.75,
Pigs, 82.75 97 55
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.20; Dairy Products, $5.50; Fruits, $3.20;
Vegetables, 85; Agricultural Implements, $19.75 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures. $15.90; Ladies' Work, $15.40 83 20
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Printing and Advertising
"Working Expei.cs
180
75
19
70
55
00
26
25
15
35
297 05
Balance due Treasurer 24 75
I "TE. — Notwithstanding unfavourable weathei the exhibition proved a success ; and in
point of quality most of the departments were superior to former occasions, except horses, of
which, however, several fine animals were shown.
Winchcsti r,
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. | cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 198 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Miscellaneous . 40 00
378 00
24
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts-
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 33 64
" Prizes for Horses, $60; Cattle, $37.55; Sheep, $13.25 ;
Pigs, $6 ; Poultry, $1.25 118 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.75; Dairy Products, $23.50 ; Fruits, $1.75;
Vegetables, $6 ; Agricultural Implements, $18.25 ; La-
dies'Work, $22 88 00
Exhibition Buildiugs and Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
378 00
206
05
14
45
16
00
107
86
420 00
175 00
200 00
7 00
23 00
825 00
DURHAM, EAST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 71 99
" Members' Subscriptions 55 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
826 99
Cr.
By Portion of Grant to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Appropriated to Central Association, No. 5
" Printing and Advertising
'•' Working Expenses
Balance in hand 1 99
REPORT.
This Society did not hold an Exhibition during the year, on its own account.
In the spring of 1875, an arraugement was entered into between the Riding Societies of
East and West Peterborough, East Durham, Wast Northumberland, South Victoria, and
several of the Township Societies within these counties for exhibition purposes. The first
Exhibition of this Association was held at Peterborough, in the fall of 1875, and was very
successful. Two thousand five hundred dollars were offered in premiums, and $1,786.25
awarded. The second show, held at Port Hope last fall, was still more successful.
Encouraged by the results of the previous year, the committee offered the sum of $3,500
in premiums ; of this sum $2,526.75 was paid for premiums.
During the past year the West Riding of Durham joined this Association. The East
Riding of Durham and Township of Hope Societies have expended about $3,000 in pre-
paring the grounds and erecting the buildings.
The grounds contain six acres adjaceut to the town. A year ago it was a dense forest ;
a great number of trees have been allowed to stand, affording splendid shelter and shade. A
very nice and commodious exhibition building has been erected. Stalls for upwards of one
hundred horses, with a proportionate amount of covered sheds for cattle, sheep and pigs ;
also a spacious building for poultry. It seems to be the opinion generally, that this Asso-
ciation, and kindred ones, are far better calculated to meet the requirements of the Agricul-
tural community than the small local societies.
25
248
20
50
00
32
75
44
13
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cavan.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 22 13
" Members' Subscriptions 126 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 152 58
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 114 70
Cr. 415 41
By Prices for Horses, $68 ; Cattle, 836.50 ; Sheep, $21 ; Pigs,
816; Poultry, $1.50 143 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $14.25 ; Dairy Products, $5.75 ; Fruits, $5.75 ;
Plants and Flowers, $2 ; Vegetables, $8.50 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $10 ; General Manufactures, $5 ;
Fine Arts, $12; Ladies' Work, $21.20 105 20
Paid to Central Exhibition
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
375 08
Balance in hand 40 33
Hope.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 143 20
" Members' Subscriptions 499 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 300 00
" Miscellaneous 549 25
Cr. 1.631 95
By Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds and erection of
buildings 1,514 39
" Working Expenses 25 00
1,539 39
Balance in hand 92 56
Dr. Manvers. $ cts $ cts g ctg>
To Members' Subscriptions 123 40
"Admission Fees to Exhibition 77 23
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 106 05
" Special Prizes 57 50
Cr. 364 18
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 00 56
" Prizes for Horses, $104 50 ; Cattle, 822 50 ; Sheep, $25 50 ;
Pigs, $14 50; Poultry, $7 25 174 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $16 ; Dairy Products, $6 50 ;
Fruits, $2 ; Plants and Flowers, $2 ; Vegetables, 814 50 ;
General Manufactures, $10 ; Fine Arts, $7 ; Ladies'
Work, 825 50 83 00
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Central Exhibition
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
— 393 09
Balance due Treasurer 28 91
26
257
25
9
50
10
00
50
00
13
00
52
78
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Port Hope Hortioultxiral Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 96 92
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 62 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 59 25
Cr. 218 17
By Prizes for previous year paid 7 25
" Paid Central Committee of East Durham Exhibition 100 00
107 25
Balance in hand $110 92
DURHAM, WEST.
Br. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 108 42
" Members' Subscriptions 113 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 976 67
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Darlington Society for Union Show 259 50
Cr. 2,157 59<
By Prizes for Horses, $306 ; Cattle, $165; Sheep, $99 ; Pigs,
$60; Poultry, $37.25 667 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $42 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $36.75 ; Dairy Products, $20; Growing Crops,
$16; Fruits, $43.50; Plants and Flowers, $30.87;
Vegetables, $52; Agricultural Implements, $83 ; General
Manufactures, $47.50 ; Fine Arts, $12 ; Ladies' Work,
$68.75 452 37
1,119 62
" Portion of Grant to Township Societies 386 13
" Exhibition Buildings 29 93
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 428 00
" Port Hope Central Exhibition 50 20
" Printing and Advertising 40 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary-Trea-
surer 75 45
2,129 33
Balance in hand 28 26
REPORT.
Your Directors in submitting the statements of the operations of the Society for the
past year, required by the Statute, desire to call attention to the gratifying fact, that not-
withtanding the general failure of the crops in this locality last year, and the great depres-
sion pervading all kinds of business, this United Society still maintains its high state of effi-
ciency and progression.
There has been an increase in the membership, and the total receipts were nearly $200
in advance of any former year.
Your Directors have been able to pay $110 more in prizes than ever before ; they have
paid $428, on account of purchase of Exhibition Grounds — entirely extinguishing that debt —
they have contributed $50 to the Port Hope Central Exhibition, and after meeting every
demand against the Society, your Treasurer has a small balance on hand to carry over to
next year.
The Union of the two Societies continues to work to entire satisfaction, and your
Directors recommend that it be continued.
27
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Carticright.
jyr $ cts. $ cts. S cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 70 00
" Members' Subscriptions 196 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 159 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 122 88
Or. 547 88
By Prizes for Horses, $127.50 ; Cattle, $60.50 ; Sheep, $54 ;
Pigs, 827; Poultry, $3.75 272 75
Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $22.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 88.25; Dairy Products, $12; Fruits, $12.25;
General Manufactures. $2; Ladies' Work, $46.25 103 75
Prizes for previous year paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
376
50
6
50
12
00
12
75
33
13
440 88
Balance in hand 107 00
Clarke.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report . 238 76
" Members' Subscriptions 274 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 292 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 84 00
" Miscellaneous 25 00
(Jr. 1.053 76
By Prizes for Horses, 8118 ; Cattle, $52 ; Sheep, $51 ; Pigs,
$28 ; Poultry, $22 271 00
Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 833.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 812; Dairy Products, $21.75; Fruits, $14;
Plants and Flowers, 87.25 ; Vegetables, $15.50; Agri-
cultural Implements, $43 ; General Manufactures, $38 ;
Fine Arts, $6.50; Ladies' Work, 854; Ploughing
Match, 836 281 50
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses ..
552
50
16
00
227
36
33
50
74
17
903 53
Balance in hand 150 23
Darlington.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 165 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 107 25
Cr. 272 25
By Paid County Society for Union Show 259 50
" Printing and Advertising 2 00
' Working Expenses 10 75
27^ 25
28
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT.
Your Directors respectfully submit herewith a list of members of the Society, and a
statement of receipts and disbursements for the past year.
As the operations of this Society continue to be carried on in connection with the West
Durham County Society, a full statement of which will appear in the Report of the Joint
Board, it is unnecessary further to refer to them here.
Your Directors may remark that the said Union continue to work to the entire satis-
faction of all ooncerned, and they therefore recommend that it be continued during the ensu-
ing year.
Bmvmanville Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 24 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 24 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 16 35
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 10 46
" Prizes for Fruits, $5.00 ; Plants and Flowers, $25.25 ;
Vegetables, $16.75 m 47 00
64 35
47 00
Printing and Advertising 7 75
Working Expenses 4 00
69 21
Balance due Treasurer 4 86
REPORT.
Your executive officers for the year 1876 beg to report, that though the success of the
society has not been all they could desire, still our direction has been onward. There can
surely be no argument needed to convince anyone of the manifold benefits of societies like
this. The leading Horticultural Societies of the world have for a long period past been con-
ferring incalculable blessings upon mankind by the almost yearly introduction of new vege-
tables and fruits for our sustenance or gratification, and rare and beautiful plants and flowers
to adorn our homes and delight our senses with their brilliant tintings and delicate perfumes.
And though our own humble Society can lay claim to no such lofty pretensions as the above,
still it is cheering to know that in our own legitimate sphere its labours have not been in
vain. Our summer exhibitions having displayed flowers, plants, fruits and vegetables not
hitherto seen here, created a desire on the part of the public to possess and cultivate them,
and the result has been that delicious fruits and beautiful flowers now occupy the places for-
merly usurped by the burdock and thistle, while the stern rigour of our sterile winters are
roVibed of half their terror by the many choice and lovely plants that adorn our windows and
gladden our homes. Everything associated with the object of our Society has an elevating
tendency. No one can be wholly depraved who appreciates the beautiful in nature or art.
What better influence then can surround ourselves or our families than the beauty, the inno-
cence and the fragrance of flowers. And they are everywhere. As the millions of stars
bespangle the canopy of heaven, so the countless varieties of flowers form a rich garniture
to the surface ot the earth. In the sunny dale, in the shady dell on the mountain top, in
the torrid zone, in the frigid north, wherever man can make his home, there will the
flowers spring up to gladden his heart. And as the stars so the flowers are " forever singing
as they shine, the hand that made them is divine." When the All-wise Creator banished our
fuvt parents from Paradise, He must have permitted them to take with them the seeds of the
flowers, and while the earth was cursed for man's sake, the flowers were spared. Seeing,
then, that our objects are so intimately associated with home life, and its refining influences
let us with redoubled energies devote ourselves to the interests of our Society for the coming
year.
29
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
We regret that we cannot report the Society as wholly free from debt, but we rejoice
that a good approximation has been made toward that desirable end. We are happy to
report also that a more general competition has obtained in the different departments of our
exhibitions, and an increased number of entries from year to year. Some new and choice
flower plants and vegetables have been introduced at every exhibition. We feel confident
therefore, gentlemen, that unfaltering courage, untiring zeal and unremitting effort will yet
land our society on the full tide of prosperity.
ELGIN, EAST.
j)r# $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscription 103 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 131 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 700 00
" Money borrowed 400 00
Or. 1,334 00
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 156 04
« Prizes for Horses, $104; Cattle, $121 ; Sheep, $95 ; Pigs,
838.60 ; Poultry, $14.50 373 10
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $48.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $14 ; Dairy Products, $17 ; Fruits, $18.7#; Ve-
getables, $8.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $21.50 ;
General Manufactures, $17 ; Fine Arts, $10 j Ladies'
Work, $24 179 25
Unpaid
By Prizes for previous year paid
" By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Portion of Grant to Township Societies
" Agricultural Publications
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
552
35
28
87
523
111
48
36
59
40
419
99
5
00
58
00
75 40
1,408 67
Balance due Treasurer 74 67
Bayham.
Br. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 88 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 56 27
" Miscellaneous 50
Cr. 144 77
By Balance due the Treasurer as per last Annual Report 6 29
" Prizes for Horses, $30.75 : Cattle, $24 ; Sheep, $7 ; Pigs,
$6.75 ; Poultry, $2.53 71 03
' Prizes lor Grains and Seeds, $13.21 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $17.55 ; Dairy Products, $7.86 ; General Manu-
factures, 82.75; Ladies' Work, $12.13 53 50
Amount of Prizes for 1876 unpaid 124 53
By Prizes for previous years paid 23 25
" Printing and Advertising ...... 21 00
" Working Expenses 24 23
74 77
Balance in hand 70 00
30
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dorchester, South.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. | cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 45 00
" Members' Subscriptions 88 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 57 84
" Miscellaneous 6 00
Cr. 196 84
By Prizes for Horses, $33; Cattle, $19.25; Sheep, $16.25;
Pigs, $6.75 ; Poultry, $7.50 82 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $14.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.50 ; Dairy Products, $3.75 ; Fruits, $4.50 ;
Vegetables, $4.50 ; General Manufactures, $3 ; Ladies'
Work, $16.75 , 58 50
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds ,
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses ,
141 25
16 23
6 23
15 00
178 71
Balance in hand 18 13
Malahide.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 330 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 208 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 202 44
" Municipal Grant 150 00
" Miscellaneous 46 81
Cr. 938 10
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 2 61
"Prizes for Horses, $114; Cattle, $112.50 ; Sheep, $35 ;
Pigs, $47 ; Poultry, $5.50 314 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $40 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $29.50 ; Dairy Products, $10 ; Fruits, $25 ;
Plants and Flowers, $7 ; Agricultural Implements,
$17.75; General Manufactures, $35; Ladies' Work,
$39.90 204 15
518 15
Unpaid 20 75
" Prizes for previous year paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Miscellaneous
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
497
40
20
55
141
20
144
29
20
55
45
50
54
04
926 14
Balance in hand 11 96
Yarmouth.
Dr, $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 11 20
" Members' Subscriptions 162 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 103 19
276 39
31
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (So. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. | cts
By Prizes for Horses, $49 ; Cattle, $32.19 ; Sheep, 21.50 j
Pigs, 819 ; Poultry, $6 127 69
" Prizes" for Grains and Seeds, $12,50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, §5.50; Dairy Products, $12.75 ; Fruits, $8;
Plants and Flowers, $6.25 ; Vegetables, 85 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $2.25 ; General Manufactures, $1.
50; Ladies' Work, $17 70 75
By Prizes for previous years paid.
" Printing and advertising
" Working Expenses
198 44
5 64
14 00
36 33
254 41
Balance in hand 21 98
ELGIN, WEST.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts $ eta
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report ' 23 50
" Members' Subscriptions 187 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition... 372 95
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 59 30
1,342 75
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $117.25 ; Cattle, $123.75 ; jSheep, $91.
50; Pigs, $38.25; Poultry, $15 385 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 844.55 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $22; Dairy Products, $38 80 ; Fruits, $10.70;
Agricultural Implements, 849 ; General Manufactures,
$41 ; Fine Arts, $5; Ladies' Work, $20.75 232 70
Prizes for previous year paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Portion of Grant to Township Societies
Printing and Advertising, 847.20 ; Musical Hands, $25.
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer, &c
1,41.3 4.")
618
45
14
75
280
91
280
00
72
20
149
14
Balance due Treasurer 72 70
Aldborough.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Iieport 54 40
" Members' Subscriptions Ill 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 19 90
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Sale ofStock 25 00
350 30
32
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers 1N0. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, $31 : Cattle, $19.75 ; Sheep, $18.75 ;
Pigs, $6.12 ; Poultry, $2 20 77 82
,: Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $9.90 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.15; Dairy Products, $3.15: Fruits, $2.78;
Vegetables, $0.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $4.50 ;
General Manufactures, $6.45 ; Ladies' Work, $9 40 18
Prizes for previous year paid ...
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Paid on purchase of Live Stock
Paid for Agricultural Publications .
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
118
00
21
73
28
00
97
35
13
86
19
08
28
25
326 27
Balance in hand 24 03
Southioold and Dunwich.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report . ...... 83 05
'' Members' Subscriptions 191 00
:i Admission Fees to Exhibition . ... . 42 25
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
-' Proceeds of Service of Stock 631 00
,; Miscellaneous 26 15
1,123 45
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses. $48.50 ; Cattle, $56.80; Sheep, $13.50 ;
Pigs, $16.75; Poultry, $9.31 144 56
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $12.80 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.75 ; Dairy Products, $18.70 ; Fruits, $6.70 ;
Plants snd Flowers, $1.65 ; Vegetables, $5.10 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $11.50; General Manufactures,
$14; Fine Arts, $9; Ladies Work, $21 104 24
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
•' Livestock '.
' Keep of Live Stock ..
" Printing and Advertising, $12 ; Musical Bands, $15
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 74 30
248
80
18
40
307
00
349
95
27
00
98
00
1,049
15
ESSEX, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in lu.nd, as per la- 1 Annual Report 33 85
" Members' Subscriptions . 83 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 15 70
'•Legislative Grant , 700 00
3 33
832 55
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
347
16
420
08
7
25
9
90
57
85
Qr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
Bv Prizes for Horses, $84.50 ; Cattle, $57.50 ; Sheep, 834.50 ;
Pigs, $25; Poultry, $4.70 206 20
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $40.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.75; Dairy Products, $23; Fruits, $20;
General Manufactures, $29.96 ; Ladies' Work, §15.50. 140 96
" Portion of Grant to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
842 24
Balance due Treasurer 9 69
REPORT.
The Fall Exhibition, as you are all aware, was held at Maidstone Cross, according to a
resolution passed in the month of June. The Exhibition was in some respects very gratify-
ing in its results, while in some cases the display was not, as good as was wisbed.
The thorough-bred and grade cattle shown gave evidence of a marked improvement in
that class of stock ; the horses were fair, both in quality and number ; the sheep, limited in
number, were excellent, and the swine superior to what was ever shown in Essex before, ex-
cept when professional breeders entered the lists.
In various grain classes, the samples, too few in number, were of excellent character.
The display of roots was very creditable, notwithstanding the hindrances elsewhere
alluded to.
In dairy produce, the samples were of first-rate quality.
The departments of the finer domestic manufactures and ladies' work were not as well
filled as usual.
A fine display of light and heavy vehicles, contributed by Essex manufacturers, were
equal to anything of a like character to be seen at a country show anywhere, and surpassed
expectation.
Financially, we regret to say. the Exhibition was not successful. The total number of
entries was 534. The number of members enrolled was 83, against 117 in 1875. The re-
ceipts at the gate, owing to the building and show grounds being separated by a considerable
distance, only amounted to $15.70, notwithstanding the weather on both days was all that
could be desired. At the show of 1875 both days were exceedingly wet, and yet the gate
money reached $35. and $51 additional was paid in by individuals as special prizes. These
causes together rendered it necessary that the Treasurer should, in paying the premiums
awarded, deduct 20 per cent, of the amount in every case, a reduction which the prize-winners
under the circumstances readily acceded to. The Treasurer's statement will show a deficit of
$9.69, notwithstanding the precaution taken.
'1 be crops throughout the Hiding fell largely short of expectation ; very heavy rains, im-
mediately followed by intensely hot weather, when the grain was about half filled, preventing
their development.
Spring wheat, oats, barley, and iudiau corn were all thus injuriously affected. Fall
wheat, which was badly injured by the unfavourable weather of Maich, only threshed about
two-thirds of an average crop. Roots, in the main, were a failure, from the same causes that
mditated against the spring grains. When underdraiuing shall command more attention,
and be something like generally adopted, the influences of heavy rains or excessive heat will
be much less felt, and your Directors would strongly urge upon members that they are losing
much money annually by neglecting to underdraiu their lands.
Your Directors desire to place their opinion upon record, that it is absolutely necessary
that the exhibition building and show grounds should be together, and the latter be sur-
rounded by a good, high fence, for unless those advantages can be had, anything like fair
returns for admission of visitors is simply impossible.
34
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Maidstone and Sandwich.
i»r. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 164 48
" Members' Subscriptions 110 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
" Sale of Stock
Miscellaneous
Or.
By Live Stock
•' Workiug Expenses ,
169
10
56
50
1
83
220 00
129 00
501 91
349 00
Balance in hand 152 91
Note. — The Society held no Exhibition, as the District Society's show took place in
'icinity. Continued attention is being given to the improvement of live stock, with en-
the vicinity,
couraging results.
Rochester mid Maidstone.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 132 00
" Members' Subscriptions 89 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 158 42
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $8 ; Cattle, $11 ; Sheep, $4.50; Pigs,
$2.50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $3 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$1.50; Dairy Products, $1
" Prizes for previous year paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Paid for keep of Live Stock
" Sundry expenses
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
26 00
5 50
31 50
21 50
2 00
45 75
13 95
3 25
20 00
379 42
137 95
Balance in hand 241 47
Note. — The Society continues to pay special attention to the introduction of improved
male animals, as far as its limited means afford.
ESSEX, SOUTH.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. $ ots.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 81 78
" Members' Subscriptions 152 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 216 30
" Legislative Grant 700 00
1,150 08
35
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Qj $ cts. .$ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, $92.50 ; Cattle, $91.25 ; Sheep, $56.00;
Pi-s, $32.00; Poultry, $6.85 278 60
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $50.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.62; Dairy Products, $16.75 ; Fruits, $33.50 ;
Vegetables, $2.37 ; General Manufactures, $45.37 :
Ladies' Work, $34.20 190 31
Portion of Grant to Township Societies.
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
468
91
419
97
39
23
86
00
1,014 11
Balance in hand 135 97
HE PORT.
The Directors of the South Biding of Essex Agricultural Society beg leave to report
as follows : —
That, in accordance with the wish expressed at the last Annual Meeting, the
Secretary caused a petition to be presented to the County Council, asking aid to the Society's
funds in order to enable the Directors to offer the same prizes as heretofore, but that august
body, in their wisdom, not seeing the advantages that the community would receive by such
encouragement of agricultural associations, refused our very modest request, and so we were
thrown upon our own resources, and in consequence of the funds being low, the Directors
were obliged to curtail the amount offered for prizes.
The Annual Exhibition was held in the town of Amherstburg, and notwithstanding
the small amount offered for prizes, it was not only a decided success, but was superior to
any ever held in the county.
The number of entries made was about seven hundred and sixty ; the number of ex-
hibitors was one hundred and forty ; of these, forty-two were from Maiden, twenty-seven
from Amherstburg, twenty-seven from Colchester, twenty from Anderdon, seventeen from
Gosfield, five from Mersea, and the remainder from the North Biding. From this it will be
seen that every township was represented, and although the Township of Mersea furnished
only a small number of exhibitors, yet the articles exhibited by them formed a most attrac-
tive and important feature of the show.
Several enterprizing gentlemen of Amherstburg and vicinity offered special prizes for
various articles, which contributed, no doubt, much to the success of the show.
As the number of entries is annually increasing, it is our opinion that some change
should be made in the manner of making the same, and thus avoid the hurry and confusion
caused by our present system.
One of two modes seems quite feasible — all of the entries might be made some days pre-
vious to the show, and the show could be held for three days, instead of two as at present.
Objections against either will, no doubt, be urged — againt the first, on the ground that
the farmers would not like to take the trouble to send their lists of entries to the Secretary
previous to the show ; so that many would not exhibit at all, and thus injure the show.
The trouble, however, might be lessened in a great measure by the Secretary providing
blank lists of entries, and causing them to be distributed at certain convenient points through-
out each municipality, so that all could procure them with little difficulty.
The only objection against the second that could be urged would be the additional day,
and the increased expense attending the fair. This we think might be remedied in a great
measure by the Society providing sufficient provender for the stock shown, so that the ex-
pense to the exhibitor would not be much in excess of the expense which he is put to at
present.
3G
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Colchester.
Br. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 47 14
" Members' Subscriptions 51 00
'•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Bivision Society 57 50
" Sale of Stock... 245 91
Or. 401 55
By Paid on purchase of Live Stock 255 00
" Bivision Court Expenses 6 00
" Printing and Advertising i 20 00
" Working Expenses 32 00
313 00
Balance in hand 88 55
Note — The Society has devoted its principal attention to the improvement of live stock,
and would desire to do more in this dh-ection if funds would admit. "With a view of increasing
its membership, and the improvement generally of agriculture, quarterly fairs for the sale of
live stock, etc., were commenced ; but the experiment did not prove sufficiently successful to
justify their continuance.
Gosfield.
Br, % cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 35 13
'• Members' Subscriptions 108 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 20 10
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Bivision Society 99 20
" Sale of Stock 73 50
Cr. 336 43
By Prizes for Horses, $16.25; Cattle, $7.50; Sheep. $6;
Pigs, 84 33 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 88.15 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $3.75 ; Bairy Products, $1 ; Fruits, $6.25 ;
Plants and Flowers, IGcts. ; Agricultural Implements,
50cts j General Manufactures, 87.65 ; Fine Arts, $1.25 ;
Ladies' Work, $9.60 38 55
72 30
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 49 72
" Paid on Live Stock 20 00
" Printing and Advertising 13 90
" Working Expenses . 19 84
175 76
Balance in hand 160 67
Mersea.
Br. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 124 82
" Members' Subscriptions 205 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 77 25
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Bivision Society 180 40
« Sale of Stock 27 25
" Miscellaneous, on account of Notes, Sales, &c 183 95
Cr. 798 67
By Prizes for Horses, $36.75 ; Cattle, 812.75 ; Sheep, $9 ; Pigs,
$8.75 67 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $9.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $3.95; Bairy Products, $1.25 ; Fruits, $10;
Vegetables, 82.61 ; Agricultural Implements, $2.50 ;
37
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
General Manufactures, $9.50 ; Ladies' Work, $7.35 ;
Miscellaneous, $0.50 47 46
By Prizes for previous years paid
'• Exhibition Building and Grounds
" Live Stock
'•' Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
114
71
29
04
18
80
373
50
42
70
74
95
653 70
Balance in hand 144 97
Maiden and Anderson.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balanoe in hand, as per last Annual Report ... 35 49
" Members' Subscriptions 73 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 82 87
« Sale of Stock 18 08
Cr. 209 91
By Live Stock 40 00
" Agricultural Publications 47 08
" Printing and Advertising 1 50
« Working Expenses 20 80
109 38
Balance in hand 100 53
FRONTENAC.
(Midland Central Exhibition.)
Dr. $ cts. % cts. | cts.
To Balance io hand, as per last Annual Report 900 04
" Members' Subscriptions 737 75
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 811 82
" Legislative Grant , 700 00
" Miscellaneous 21 30
Cr. 3.170 91
" Prizes for Horses, $239.50 ; Cattle, $156 ; Sheep, $137 j
Pigs, $61; Poultry, $121 714 50
'• Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $64 ; Roots and oth3r hoed
crops, 832.25 ; Dairy Products, 867.75 ; Fruits, $48.50;
Plants and Flowers, $31.75 ; Vegetables, $59 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $64 ; General Manufactures, $168.50 ;
Fine Arts, §83.75; Ladies' Work, $149 768 50
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Paid on Insurance, $16. 50 ; Postage, Stationery, &o., 816.16.
" Forage, $27.74; Judges' Expenses, $88.08
" Expenses of Deputation to Ottawa about Fair Ground
" Printing and Advertising, $207.40; Musical Bands, $1
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
Balance in hand 816 89
38
1,483
00
35
50
43
42
32
66
115
82
75
72
211
40
35G
50
2
354
02
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A 1878
GLENGARRY.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 6 60
" Members' Subscriptions .... 175 00
' Admission Fees to Exhibition . 69 40
" Legislative Grant 700 00
951 00
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $86 ; Cattle, $93 ; bheep, $66 ; Pigs,
$15.50; Poultry, $2 262 0
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $55 : Roots and other hoed
crops, $16; Dairy Products, $38.50; Fruits, $4.50;
Vegetables, $8 ; Agricultural Implements, $75 ; General
Manufactures, $69 ; Fine Arts, $15.75 ; Ladies' Work,
$31.40; Ploughing Match, $48 360 15
622
65
2
00
22
00
140
00
43
00
18
00
120
50
" Prizes for previous years
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Portion of Grant to Township Society
" Miscellaneous
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
968 15
Balance due Treasurer 17 15
Lochiel and Kenyan.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report . 1 17
" Members' Subscriptions 53 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
194 17
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses. $25.55 ; Cattle, 23.45 ; Sheep, $15.40 ;
Pigs,$12.60 ' 77 00
" Prizes for Roots and other hoed crops, $8.05 ; Dairy Pro-
ducts, $12.20 ; Growing Crops, $32.08 ; General Manu-
factures, $16.09 ; Ploughing Match, $10.50 ..... 78 92
155 92
" Working Expenses 18 20
174 12
Balance in hand 20 05
GRENVILLE, SOUTH.
Dr, $ cts. $ cts. | cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 11 93
" Members' Subscriptions ....
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant
" Municipal Grant
" Miscellaneous
301
00
461
65
700
00
200
00
113
70
1,788 28
39
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. 8 cts. 8 cts.
By Prizes for Horses, 847 : Cattle, 885 ; Sheep. 844; Pigs, $9 ;
Poultry, 813 198 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $72 ; Eoots and other hoed
crops, 883 ; Dairy Produ sts, |20 ; Fruits, $25 ; Plants
and Flowers. 818 ; Agricultural Implements, $32 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, 827 ; Fine Arts, $46 ; Ladies'
Work, $01.02 .' 384 02
582
02
125
00
65
50
140
00
62
35
95
00
405
00
182
20
115
67
" Prizes for previous years
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Portion of Grant to Township Society
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
" Paid Mortgage and Interest
" Sports, $125; Watchmen. 857.^0
" Miscellaneous
1,772 74
Balance in hand 15 54
REPORT.
Your Directors, in laying before you their Nineteenth Annual Report, would express
their gratitude to the Beneficent Being who in His goodness has given us a bountiful harvest,
and while we have full barns and cellars, let us not forget those who, through sickness or
misfortune in business, are suffering for want of the necessaries of life, but let us with liberal
hand endeavour to supply tbeir need, remembering that every one in affliction is our brother.
Your Directors, in taking office, found a heavy debt, being: a mortgage upon the Society's
grounds of 81,300, besides other liabilities to the amount of $120. The Annual Fair was
held on tbe 3rd, 4th, and 5th of October, and was as successful as could be expected, con-
sidering the difficulty of getting all classes to unite cordially together. The number of entries
was about 1,000 ; the number of members upwards of 300. Receipts at the gate consider-
ably in advance of last year. The total receipts from all sources were $1,617.28, and ex-
penses, including amount paid on account of principal and interest ou mortgage, 8522,
$1,601.74, thus leaving the mortgage, $1,025.
The show of horses in their several grades of draught, general purposes, brood mares
and colts, was good, particularly in the class of blood horses. There were some that would
compare favourably with any in Ontario or the United States.
In cattle, some very good animals were shown, particularly in the Durham and Ayr-
shire classes.
In sheep and hogs, the quantity shown was not large, but very fair in quality.
In grain and roots, the display was very good in quality, though not in as large quanti-
ties as on some former occasions, though better than last year. There were some excellent
samples of wheat, barley, and peas ; also in potatoes and roots, some would compare favour-
ably with those shown at the Provincial Exhibition.
The mechanical department was much better than last year ; there was a good show of
reaping and mowing machines, ploughs, harrows, cultivators, &c. ; also some beautiful double
and single carriages.
The ladies' department, in home made and fancy work, was well represented, showing
an increased interest in that which is both useful and ornamental.
Although your Society has increased its membership during the past year, it is still to
be regretted that it does not get that cordial support from all classes to which it is entitled.
Some will actually calculate the amount they are to receive in return, before giving their
names as members. No doubt such persons are to be found in other places, but let us hope
th# it number will decrease as Agricultural science advances.
40
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Edwardsburgh.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 77 81
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 49 05
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
<>• 266 86
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 34 00
" Prizes for Horses, $20.50; Cattle, $26; Sheep, $14.75;
Pigs, $5.25; Poultry, $8.25 74 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $25.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $30.74 ; Dairy Products, $9.75 ; Fruits, $8.25 ;
Vegetables, $13.25; General Manufactures, $20,26;
Ladies' Work, $11 118 50
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
193
25
13
00
27
48
267 73
Balance due Treasurer 87
REPORT.
The Officers and Directors of the Township of Edwardsburgh Agricultural Society, in
presenting their Annual Report, have much pleasure in stating that the financial position of
the Society is much better than the previous year, although there is still much room for im-
provement. The Society's Annual Exhibition was held at the Village of Spencerville, on the
1 0th and 11th days of October, and, notwithstanding; the unfavourable season which preceded
it, the Show might be fairly called a success, there being a good display in most of the de-
partments.
The show of horses, especially horses for general purposes, was good ; the show of cows,
being mostly grades, was also good.
The show of sheep was fair,but deficient in regard to breeding. The swine, although not very
plentiful, were of a superior class, being mostly Berkshires. The cereal crops were scarcely
as good as at former exhibitions. The hoed crops were excellent in quality ; roots and pota-
toes could hardly be surpassed. In dairy produce we had a good exhibition ; cheese good, but
deficient in number of entries. The display of fruit was very creditable to this part of the
country. The domestic manufactures were not large, but were of very good quality. The
ladies' department was extremely good, and contributed much to the interest of the show.
GREY. NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 95 39
" Members' Subscriptions 141 50
'•' Admission Fees to Exhibition 50 60
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant ' 200 00
Cr. 1,187 49
By Prizes for Horses, $58.50 ; Cattle, $83.50 ; Sheep, $43 ;
Pigs, $13; Poultry, $12.50 210 50
" Ptizes for Grains and Seeds, $67.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $31.75 ; Dairy Products, $19; Fruits, $22 ;
Vegetables, $19.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $33.50 ;
(reneral Manufactures, $16; Fine Arts, $5 ; Ladies'
Work, $32.50 246 50
— 457 00
41
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
8
cts.
$ cts. 8 cts.
88 Go
420 00
54 60
32 40
78 00
1,130 65
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising ...
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 56 84
REPORT.
To the Member* of the Electoral Division Agricultural Society of the North Riding of the
County of G, ey :
The Directors for the year 1876 beg to submit the following Report : —
The operations of the Society for the past year extended to the holding of a Seed Fair
on the 22nd of March, a spring show on the 28th of April ; the annual fall show on the 4th
of October ; and the Christmas show on the 16th of December.
At the Seed Fair there were 12 entries of wheat, 3 of barley, 5 of oats, and 3 of peas.
At the Spring Show there were entered for exhibition in all, 13 stallions and 4 bulls.
At the Fall Show, entries were made as follows : Horses, 66 ; cattle, 70 ; sheep, 82 :.
Swine, 15 ; Poultry, 32 ; Grain and Seeds, 100 ; Roots and Vegetables, 223 ; Fruits. 58 '
Dairy and other Produce, 45 ; Manufactures, 24; Domestic Manufactures and Ladies' Work'
110 ; Special, 23 ; in all, 848, as against 804 in 1875. * * *
An opportunity having arisen of getting a floor laid in the drill shed, on terms favour-
able to the Society, it was determined that such improvement should be made, at a cost not
to exceed fifty dollars, and it was effected for that proportion of cost from the Society. The
advantage of having a floor in the building, must have been apparent to all who have attended
former shows, and who were present at the late exhibition ; and the expenditure referred to,
although trenching considerably on the Society's resources, will doubtless meet general
approval.
The attention of the members is again requested to the matter of endeavouring to secure
the holding of a Central Show for the Riding, and in the event of that project again failing,
it is recommended that an effort be made to get up a sho>^ o be held over two days at least,
and on as extended a scale as practicable.
Grey.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. % cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport 67 70
'• Members' Subscriptions 106 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 8 15
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 81 68
" Municipal Grant 25 00
"Miscellaneous 6 25
Cr. 295 28
By Prizes for Horses, $24.50 ; Cattle, $28.25 ; Sheep, 814.75 ;
Pigs, $2; Poultry, 83 72 50
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, S18.50 : Roots and other hoed
crops. $14.50; Dairy Products, $6.25; Fruits,.^?:
Agricultural Implements, 85.50 ; General Manufac-
tures, $5 ; Ladies' Work, 87.50 ; Ploughing Match. $25. 89 25
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Kxpenses
161
75
11
25
37
73
210 73
Balance in hand 84 55
12
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Keppel.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 2 69
" Members' Subscriptions ; 68 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 80
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 51 94
Cr. 123 43
By Prizes for Horses, $12.75; Cattle, $16.50; Sheep, $8;
Pigs, $5 ; Poultry, $2.75 45 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $7 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$8; Dairy Products $5; Fruits $2.25 ; General Manufac-
tures, $8.83 ; Ladies' Work, $3.12 34 20
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising
'■ Working Expenses
79 20
2 25
14 38
17 12
112 95
Balance in hand 10 48
Dr. SL Vin<*nt- $ cts. $ cts. % cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report .... 96 38
" Members' Subscriptions 157 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 11 43
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 25
''■ Municipal Grant 40 00
"Miscellaneous ... 18 95
Cr. 428 51
By Prizes for Horses, $44 ; Cattle, $42 ; Sheep, $4 90 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $26.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.25 ; for Dairy Products, $6.75 ; Fruits, $3.75 ;
Vegetables, $2; for Agricultural Implements, $8.50;
General Manufactures, $16.50 ; Ladies' Work, $10.25;
Ploughing Match, $39 118 75
By Prizes for previous year paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Dynamometer .. ,
" Printing aud Advertising
" Working Expenses
208
29
75
00
10
45
15
00
15
83
26
58
305 61
Balance in hand 122 90
„ Sullivan. ~ ~
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. s cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 10 23
" Members' Subscriptions 78 25
" Admission Fees to Inhibition 5 91
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 44 66
" Municipal Gnnt 30 00
Cr. 169 05
By Prizes for Horses, $18.25 ; Cattle, $24.25 ; Sheep, $9.50 ;
Pigs, $6.25 ; Poultry, $2 60 25
" Prizes for Dairy Products, $24 ; Growing Crops, $23.25 ;
Fruits, $2.75; for Agricultural Implements, $2; General
Manufactures. $6; Ladies' Work, $15.75 80 7.)
141 00
43
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts.
$ cts.
13 75
10 50
15 00
180 25
| cts.
By Prizes for previous years paid <
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasurer 1120
Sydenham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report
" Members' Subscriptions .. ,
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
" Municipal Grant ,
Cr. 206 32
By Prizes for Horses, SI 6. 75 ; Cattle, $15 ; Sheep, S13.50 ;
Pigs, $1.25 46 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $10 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $2.75 ; Dairy Products, $4.50 ; Fruits, $6.75;
Plants and Flowers, $0 75 ; Vegetables, $4.75 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $1; Ladies' Work, $1.75 32 25
$
cts.
93
00
47
00
5
42
35
90
25
00
78 75
Unpaid 23 50
55 25
Prizes for previous years paid 32 75
Agricultural Publications 5 60
Printing and Advertising 8 86
Working Expenses 27 03
129 49
Balance in hand 76 83
Note. — The exhibition on the whole was satisfactory, particularly in Live Stock and
Fruits, the quality of the latter being quite superior.
Owen Sound Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Keport 32 00
" Members' Subscriptions 145 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 96 25
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 101 57
" Miscellaneous . ... 2 75
Cr. 377 57
By Prizes for Fruits, $26.25 ; Plants and Flowers, 563.50 ;
Vegetables, $60 149 75
" Prizes for Ladies' Work 29 00
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings
" Printing and Advertising, $26.63 ; Musical Bands, $12
" Working Expenses
178 75
15 00
51 35
38 63
67 64
351 37
1 26 -JO
1 15 00
Balance in hand 41 20
44
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
GREY, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions . 140 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 25 5o
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, 8200 900 00
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Keport 56 86
" Prizes for Horses, $79; Cattle, $86; Sheep, 873; Pigs,
11] ; Poultry, 88.50 . 257 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 855 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 820.50- Dairy Products. $27 ; Fruits, 811.25;
Vegetables, 812 ; Agricultural Implements, 830; Gen-
eral Manufactures. 830.75 : Ladies' Work. $15 ; Reap-
ing Match, 834.98 .' 236 48
Unpaid
1,065 55
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
Exhibition Buildings
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
1,076 82
493 98
7 00
486 98
420 00
4 53
25 25
83 20
Balance due Treasurer 11 27
REPORT.
Your Directors have nothing of special importance to notice in this their Annual Report
for 1876.
The promise given of an abundant crop in the spring and early summer was succeeded
by a harvest of disappointment generally.
Within the bounds of your Association much of the fall wheat failed to return the seed,
and more was inadequate to the payment of harvesting and threshing. Consequently the
samples were fewer in number and inferior in quality in comparison with the average of former
years. One fine sample of the Egyptian variety was exhibited by Mr. Lynch, of Normauby,
and some fair specimens of the Treadwell variety were shown.
Of spring wheat, a few ordinarily good samples of Glasgow, Red Chaff, and Club varieties
were on exhibition.
Oats weie fair, but scarcely up to former averages. Some good samples of peas were
shown ; a small white pea — a fine sample — said to yield well and a thrifty grower — was ex-
hibited by Mr. Andrew Pack.
Turnips were small, and roots in general had suffered from the long-continued drought.
Butter was exhibited in larger quantities than has been usual heretofore, and the quality
well sustained the character that this section has attained for excellence in that article.
Plums were a complete failure in this Riding ; some attractive specimens of apples o
different varieties were exhibited, but on examination the fruit as a general thing was
wormy.
The show of horses in their several ranks was tolerably good. The thorough-bred
cattle were, as u^uai, good ; and the grades give evidence of improvement.
Of sheep s<jme Cotswolds were of superior excellence.
The show of male animals, horses and cattle in the spring was well attended. The show
of horses before the travelling season commences, may be of service to those desirous of an
opportunity of judging by comparison of animals to breed from ; but in reference to bulls it
is doubtful whether any useful purpose is served by showing them in the spring, but at the
general Fall show nf cattle they add greatly to the general interest.
45
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
Bentinck.
Dr. $ cts.. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 80 0()
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 1 65
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 91 61
" Municipal Grant 20 00
Cr. 193 26
By Prizes for Horses, $28.50 ; Cattle, $31 ; Sheep, $30 ; Pigs,
92 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5 ; Dairy Products, §12.50 ; Fruits, $3 ; Vege-
tables, §5. 50 ; Agricultural Implements, §11; General
Manufactures, §7; Ladies' Work, 83.75 63 25
" Printing and Advertising,
" Working Expenses
155
75
8
00
30
56
194 31
Balance due Treasurer 1 05
Eg remont.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 36 76
" Members' Subscriptions 123 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 115 41
Or. -27 o 17
By Prizes for Horses, $46 ; Cattle, 840.50; Sheep, $17.50 ;
Pigs, $9; Poultry, 81. 50 114 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 822.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 814.50 ; Dairy Products, $17.50 ; Fruits, $3.75 ;
Agricultural Implements, $3 ; General Manufactures,
$12.50; Ladies' Work, 818.25 . 92 25
206
75
4
50
5
00
31
35
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
• Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, aQd Judges
247 60
Balance in hand 27 57
Glenelg.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cte.
I o Members' Subscriptions 89 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 40
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 70 20
" Municipal Grant 20 00
■ Miscellaneous 2 00
Cr. 191 GO
By Prizes for Horses, $23.50 ; Cattle, $15.25 ; Sheep, ,$14.50 ;
Pigs, $8 ; Poultry, $2 . 63 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 815 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.75; Dairy Products, 83; Fruits, 83.75;
Vegetables, $7,50 ; Agricultural Implements, 823.25 ;
General Manufactures, $6.50 ; Ladies' Work, $13 .... 77 75
141 00
46
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ otp,
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 17 84
" Printing and Advertising 15 50
" Working Expenses 4 00
178 34
Balance in hand.... . 13 26
Normamby.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 71 33
" Members' Subscriptions 129 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 21 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 142 78
" Municipal Grant 25 00
Cr. 389 11
By Prizes for Horses, $19.00 ; Cattle, $38.00 ; Sheep, 24.00 ;
Pigs, $7.50; Poultry, $0.50 89 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.00 ; Dairy Products, $17.25 ; Fruits, $5.75 ;
Plants and Flowers, $1.75; Vegetables, $9.25; Agri-
cultural Implements, $16.75 ; General Manufactures,
629.50; Ladies' Work, $19.50 128 25
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
292 25
Balance in hand 96 86
GREY, EAST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 42 63
" Members' Subscriptions 165 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 15 36
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $200 900 00
"Miscellaneous 10 00
Cr. 1,132 99
By Prizes for Horses, $49.50; Cattle, $39.50 ; Sheep, $74.00 ;
Pigs, $32.50; Poultry, $12.50 208 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $112.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $51.00 ; Dairy Products, $25.50 ; Fruits, $7.00 ;
Agricultural Implements, $35.00 ; General Manufactures,
$25.00 ; Fine Arts, $7.00 ; Ladies' Work, $40.50 .... 303 00
217
25
7
00
8
00
60
00
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer ..
511
00
418
71
28
98
30
48
*
100
84
1,090
01
Balance in hand 42 98
47
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT.
Your Directors congratulate the Society upon its prosperous condition. We have much
pleasure in stating, although this Society has only been organized two years, the operations of
the present year have been a success.
Your Directors hope the means offered for the advancement and improvement of agricul-
ture in its various branches will be fullv appreciated.
We held a Spring Fair tor the exhibition of seed grain. There was a very good com-
petition, but we think more of our farmers should avail themselves of the advantage of inter-
changing or buying pure seed. It is by so doing, and thorough cultivation of the soil, they
can expect to increase the quantity, and improve the quality, and realize a higher price for
their grain.
The Fall Exhibition was held in the Village of Flesherto-i, in the beginning of October,
which we are pleased to report a success, being well attended. The number of entries for
exhibition was much in excess of last year, which, we think, is satisfactory proof of in
creasing interest in this Society. We hope to see every farmer in this Riding a member of
the Society, and competing for prizes, thereby becoming benefited by his neighbour's ex-
perience
Although this year has not been a remunerative year for the agriculturist, we should be
thankful to the Giver of all good, that we have enough for our own consumption, and a rea-
sonable amount to spare.
Wheat an average of twelve bushels per acre.
Barley and oats are average crops.
Peas very good. Roots and vegetables abundant crops. flay more than an
average.
The stock at the Fall Exhibition was in fine condition — some fine horses on exhibition
competing for prizes.
Cattle, mostly of grade class, were very good ; but we would advise a greater effort for
the raising of Thorough Breeds, which are now being introduced in this Riding. A
few fine animals were on exhibitioo. Sheep and pigs, a marked improvement over last
year.
Before closing this Report, your Directors deem it not out of place, here to thank the
business men of the Village of Flesherton for so liberally offering special prizes to be com
peted for at the Fall Exhibition.
Artemesia.
Dr. $ cts. $ ets. $ .cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 47 26
" Members' Subscriptions 62 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 43 47
" Municipal Grant 20 00
172 73
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, .$16 ; Cattle, $14 ; Sheep, $7.50 ; pigs,
s;> ; Poultry, $3 45 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $5.50 ; Prizes for Dairy Products, $4 ; Vege-
tables, $6.25 ; Prizes for General Mauui'actures, $5 ;
Prizes for Ladies' Work, $6.64 42 39
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
87 89
7 11
12 00
107
00
balance in band 65 73
48
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. J.) A. 1878
410 25
1 80
69 2~*
47 77
529 07
Collingwood.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 90 23
" Members' Subscriptions 189 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 73 21
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 134 38
" Municipal Grant <i<> <»<>
" Special Prizes 45 00
" Donations 25 00
" Miscellaneous' 12 5U
(Jr. 629 82
By Prizes for Borses, 872.50 ; Cattle, $50.50 ; Sheep, $30 ;
Pigs, $18 ; Poultry, $12 189 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $46.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.25; Prizes for Dairy Products, $15 ; Fruits,
$10.50; Vegetables, $8.50; Prizes for Agricultural
[mplements. $40 ; General Manufactures, $19.25 ;
Prizes for Fine Arts, $6.50 ; Ladies' Work, $17.50 ;
Ploughing Match, $25 ; Reaping Match, $J4 221 25
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising, $29.25 ; Musical Bands, $10...
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 100 75
Euphrasia.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 88 73
" Members' Subscriptions 122 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 15 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 94 65
" Municipal Grant 40 00
" Miscellaneous 51 50
Or. . 411 88
By Prizes for Horses, $79.50 ; Cattle, $22.25 ■ Sheep, $15 ;
Figs, $7 123 75
" Prizes for Grdns and Seeds, $14.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.75 ; Prizes for Dairy Products, $16.50 ;
Fruits, $4.75 ; Vegetables, $4 ; Prizes for Agricultural
Implements, $19.50; General Manufactures, $22.25;
Prizes for Ladies' Work, $12.75 ; Ploughing Match, $35 135 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 86 31
Holland.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, -is per last Annual Report 13 25
" Members' Subscriptions 90 50
'; Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 64 81
" Municipal Grant 20 00
258 75
26 00
11 75
29 07
325 57
188 56
4 49
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
( r | cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, 821 ; Cattle, §21 ; Sheep, $14.50 ; Pigs,
$5.25 61 75
'• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 820.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $19.25 ; Dairy Products, 83 ; Fruits, $6; Gen-
eral Manufactures, 80 ; Ladies' Work, $15.75 70 75
'■ Printing and Advertising. 8 90
" Working Expenses ••• 15 74
237 00
45
50
725
00
26
69
132 50
175 14
Balance in hand. 31 42
Proton.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report. 37 78
" Members' Subscriptions 112 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 2 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society .. 81 43
Cr, 233 21
By Prizes for Horses, $35 ; Cattle, $32 ; Sheep, $15 ; Pigs,
815; Poultry, $6 103 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $8 ; Roots and other hoed
Crops, $18 ; Dairy Products, $20 ; Growing Crops, $10 ;
Fruits, $10 ; Plants and Flowers, $10 ; Vegetables, $16 ;
Agricultural Implements, $24 ; Ladies' Work, $8 134 00
" Working Expenses 15 00
_ >ZS>2 00
Balance due Treasurer 18 79
HALDIMAND.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 182 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $25
" Miscellaneous
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $141 ; Cattle, $85.50 ; Sheep, $78 ; Pigs,
$30.50; Poultry, $3 338 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $31 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.25; Dairy Products, $24; Fruits, $8.25;
Plants and Flowers, $1.50 ; Vegetables, $4.50 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $24.50 ; General Manufactures,
$-14.75 ; Fine Arts, S3; Ladies' Work, $22.25 160 00
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies.
" Exhibition Building and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
'■ Working Expenses
498
00
420
00
28
00
29
50
57
55
1,033 05
Balance due Treasurer 53 86
50
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A 1878
Cayuga, North.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report... 17 55
" Members' Subscriptions 159 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 75 04
" Municipal Grant 25 00
Cr. 276 59
By Prizes for Horses, 836.50 ; Cattle, $32 ; Sheep, $17 ; Pigs,
$8.50 ; Poultry, $3.75 97 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $18.20 ; Roots and other
hoed crops. $6.95 : Fruits, $2.50 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $7.50; General Manufactures, $12.65;
Ladies' Work, $8.10; Ploughing Match, $39 94 90
" Printing and Advertising.
" Working Expenses
192
65
16
00
25
45
234 10
Balance in hand 42 49
Dunn, and Cayuga, South.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions Ill 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 4 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 51 18
" Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 46 80
Cr. 238 23
By Prizes for Horses, $58.50 ; Cattle, $30.75 ; Sheep, $36.50 ;
Pigs, $5.50; Poultry, $3.75 135 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $10.76 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6; Dairy Products, $4.75; Fruits, $4.25;
Vegetables, $5 ; Agricultural Implements, $6 ; General
Manufactures, $8.75 ; Ploughing Match, $7.50 53 00
188 00
Printing and Advertising ,. 22 00
Working Expenses 32 69
242 69
Balance due Treasurer 4 46
Rainham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 54 85
" Members' Subscriptions 87 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 3 60
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 48 76
" Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 6 38
Cr. 225 59
By Prizes for Horses, $46.50 ; Cattle, $16.75 : Sheep, $29.50 ;
Pigs, $9 10175
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $8 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$6 ; Dairy Products, $2.50 ; Fruits, $2.75 ; Agricultu-
ral Implements. $12.25 ; General Manufactures, 85 ;
Ladies' Needle Work, $6.30 42 80
144 55
51
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
By Prizes for previous years paid 20 45
" Printing and Advertising 10 00
" Working Expenses 17 48
& 192 48
Balance in hand 33 11
Seneca and Oneida.
D,. $. cts. $. cts $ cts.
To .Members' Subscriptions 202 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition . 24 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 123 12
" Municipal Grant 45 00
" Donation ••• 5 00
399 97
Or.
By Balance due Treasurer, per last Annual Report 5 50
" Prizes for Horses, $88.50 ; Cattle, §73 ; Sheep, $34 ; Pigs,
8-0; Poultry, $7.25...... 222 75
" Prizes for Grains, $24.50 ; Roots and other hoed crops. ^\
Dairy Products, $10; Fruits, $10.50; Vegetables,
82.25: Agricultural Implements, 830.50; General
Manufactures. 816.50 ; Ladies' Work, $24.50 ; Miscel-
laneous, $2.50 126 25
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
349
00
30
00
48
16
432 66
Balance due Treasurer 32 69
Walpole.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 167 99
" Members' Subscriptions 260 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 213 20
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 121 90
• Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 8 00
796 09
Cr.
B) Prizes for Horses, 8134 ; Cattle, 893 ; Sheep, $113; Pigs,
$37; Poultry, $25.50 402 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 817; Dairy Products, $12.50; Fruits, $11;
Vegetables, 81.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $52 ;
General .Manufactures, $39.75 ■ Ladies' Work, $36.50 ;
Miscellaneous, $6 204 00
(iOii 5<>
" Printing and Advertising, $25 ; Musical Bands. $10 35 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer. &c 60 50
702 oil
Balance in hand ... > 09
52
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
H ALTON.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 347 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 700 00
" Legislative Grant, $700 • Municipal Grant, $100 S00 00
" Miscellaneous 38 50
1,886 00
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 42 64
" Prizes for Horses, $244 ; Cattle, $127 ; Sheep, $100.50 ;
Pigs, $48; Poultry, $35 554 50
'« Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $36.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $30 ; Dairy Products, $32; Fruits, $21.50;
Plants and Flowers, $9 ; Vegetables, $9.75; Agricul-
tural Implements, $50 ; General Manufactures, $93.25 ;
Fine Arts, $69 ; Ladies' Work, $57,75 409 00
963 50
Unpaid 30 00
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Woiking Expenses, including services of Secretary-Trea-
surer and Assistants
933
50
45
00
420
00
161
36
34
75
170
45
1,807
70
Balance in hand 78 30
Esquesing.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. % cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 108 89
Members' Subscriptions 262 50
Admission Fees to Exhibition 188 13
Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 95 98
655 50
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $89 ; Cattle, $74 ; Sheep, 62 ; Pigs,
$21 ; Poultry, $18.25 264 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $35 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $16.50 ; Dairy Products, $11 ; Fruits, $20.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $3.25 ; Vegetables, $3.25 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $19 ; General Manufactures, $29 ;
Fine Arts, $5 ; Ladies' Wcrk, $28 ; Ploughing Match.
$51.80 217 30
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising, $32.15; Musical Bands, $25
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
481
55
3
00
57
15
82
66
624 36
Balance in hand 31 14
53
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
N assagaiveya.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 12 58
■• Members' Subscriptions 126 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society ... 63 90
• Miscellaneous 41 10
Cr. 244 08
By Prizes for Horses, 854.50; Cattle, 840.50 ; Sheep, 821 ;
Pigs, 817 ; Poultry, 33.25 136 25
" Prizes" for Grains and Seeds, 817.25 ; Roots and other
hoed crops, 88 ; Dairy Products. 823.25 ; Fruits. 80.50 ;
Plants and Flowers. $2.75; Vegetables, 85.50 ; Agri-
cultural Implements^ 88.75 ;' Ladies' Work, 821.50 97 25
Printing and. Advertising .
Working Expenses
233 50
16 00
18 69
268 19
Balance due Treasurer 24 11
Nelson.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. 8 cts
To Members' Subscriptions 314 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 42 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 128 00
" Municipal Grant 40 00
Cr. 524 00
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 38 33
" Prizes for Horses, 8100 ; Cattle, $138 ; Sheep, $51 ; Pigs,
$24; Poultry, 813.50 326 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 832.50 ; Roots and other
hoed crops, 817; Daily Products, 832.50; Fruits,
$17.50 ; Agricultural Implements, 815 ; Ladies' Work,
$23.50 138 00
464 50
•' Working Expenses 41 16
543 99
Balance due Treasurer 19 99
Trafalgar.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions . 332 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition .. 83 60
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 132 00
" Municipal Grant 125 00
"Miscellaneous 11 75
Cr. 684 35
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 69 06
" Prizes for Horses, 883 ; Cattle, $81 ; Sheep, 872 ; Pigs,
$42.50; Poultry, 328 306 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 826 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $28; Dairy Products, $21; Fruits, $22.25;
Plants and Flowers, 814.25; Agricultural Implements,
$29.50 : General Manufactures. $27.25 ; Fine Arts,
$14; Ladies' Work, $54.50 236 75
543 25
54
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses ... .
Balance in hand 14 89
cts.
$ cts.
14 75
17 75
24 65
$ cts.
669 46
HAMILTON.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 1,356 02
" Members' Subscriptions 126 00
" Legislative Grant 350 00
"Interest 62 94
Or. 1,894 96
By Provincial Agricultural Association 126 00
" Working Expenses 99 00
225 00
Balance in hand 1,669 96
Note. — This Society held no separate Show, the Provincial Exhibition having been
held in the City of Hamilton.
HASTINGS, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts, $ ots.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annua! Report 280 14
" Members' Subscriptions 37 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 3 70
" Legislative Grant 675 00
Cr. 995 84
By Prizes for Horses, $74.70 ; Cattle, $47.35 ; Sheep, $36.50 ;
Pigs, $16.75 ; Poultry, $5.55 180 85
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $41.05 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $12; Dairy Products, $16.10; Fruits, $3.15;
Vegetables, $11.10; Agricultural Implements, $32.25 ;
General Manufactures, $67.95 ; Ladies' Work, $5.19... 192 75
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies....
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 267 11
REPORT.
The sudden demise of our late Secretary, J. J. Ryan, has left a blank in our Society
which we find difficult to fill ; and if our reports at this time are not so satisfactory as they
should be, it will be owing to our want of knowing what is required.
Our Annual Show was not so good as on former years, especially in the grain and root
departments, owing to the long-continued drought and midge in our wheat. Our crops ranged
55
373
60
290
75
14
16
8
97
41
25
728
73
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1ST I
about as follows : — Wheat was only about a quarter crop ; barley crop two-thirds ; oats very
light, not more than two-thirds crop ; peas, an average crop, good quality ; rye, half a crop ;
hay, very light crop ; clover and timothy seed, very little ; potatoes almost a failure ; turnips
and other root crops, including garden produce, much below the average.
There was a decided improvement in our horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, showing that
our farmers are introducing Durham and Ayrshire cattle, Leicester sheep, and Berkshire
hogs. Could we but give more liberal prizes, it would be a great inducement to the improve-
ment of our stock, which we cannot give while the Branch Societies take so large a share of
our Legislative Grant.
It was unanimously resolved at our Annual Meeting that the present division of the
County of Hastings is not what it should be for the benefit of all concerned ; but that the
following division be recommended, viz. :- —
No. 1 to consist of the Village of Trenton, Town of Belleville, and Town-hips of Sid-
ney, Thurlow and Tyendenaga. No. 2 to consist of the Village of Stirling, and Townships
of Rawdon, Huntingdon, and Hungerford ; and No. 3, of all the Townships north of the last
named range of Townships.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Rawdon.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report
" Members' Subscriptions
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
" Special Prize
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, 840 ; Cattle, 847.75 ; Sheep, 824 ; Pigs,
80 ; Poultry, ?4.80 ... 122 55
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, SI 7.65 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 87.10 ; Dairy Products, $11.75 ; Vegetables,
$6.30; Agricultural Implements, 821.25: General
Manufactures. 812.05; Ladies' Work. 80-20; Miscel-
laneous, 84 89 30
$
cts,
27
00
97
00
139
50
5
00
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising
M Working Expenses
211
85
2
70
9
40
62
35
286 30
Balance due Treasurer 17 80
Tudor, WooUaston, Limerick and Cashel.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 20 85
" Members' Subscriptions 36 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 60 00
Cr. 116 85
By Prizes for Horses, $16.50; Cattle, 819.50; Sheep, .-7:
Pigs, 82.50 45 50
'* Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 810 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.30 ; Dairy Products, 85.40 : General Manu-
factures, 86.45 30 15
75 65
• Working Expenses ... 17 73
93 38
Balance in hand 23 47
50
367
65
67
95
280
00
8
24
18
00
15
25
63
45
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
HASTINGS, EAST.
Dr. 8 cts. $ eta $ cts.
To-Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 115 44
" Members' Subscriptions 144 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition .., 32 65
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous ... 50
Cri 992 59
By Prizes for Horses, $76.50 ; Cattle, $72.25 ; Sheep, .$44.50 •
Pigs, $28.75 222 00
il Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $54.95 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $21.55 ; Dairy Products, $15.50 ; Fruits, $6.75 ;
Agricultural Implements, $50.75 ; General Manufac-
tures, $20.50; Ladies' Work, $31.75; Miscellaneous,
$11.50 213 25
135 25
Unpaid 67 60
Prizes for previous years paid
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Miscellaneous
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
820 54
Balance in hand 172 05
Tlnviiow.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 54 54
" Members' Subscriptions 75 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 5 10
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 274 64
By Prizes for Horses, $39.50 ; Cattle, $27.75 ; Sheep, $31.25 ;
Pigs, $19.75; Poultry, $3.75 122 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20.25 ; Dairy Products,
$14.50 ; Fruits, $3 ; Vegetables, $6.50 ; Agricultural
Implements, $22 ; General Manufactures, 82.'i.75 ; Fine
Arts, $24.35 114 35
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
•' Printing and Advertising ,
■' Working Expenses
Balance in hand 7 29
Tyendinaga.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 13 24
" To Members' Subscriptions ... 64 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Specinl Subscriptions 5 00
236 35
10 00
9 00
12 00
267 00
222 24
57
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, $25.38; Cattle, 832.43 ; Sheep. $20.21 ;
Pigs, $9.40 ; Poultry, $0.60 88 02
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23.55 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 86.58 ; Prizes for Dairy Products, 86.35 ; Fruit3,
$2.12; Plants and Flowers. 81.25 ; Vegetables, $1.79;
Agricultural Implements. 813.63; General Manufac-
tures, 817.66 ; Ladies' Work, 88.74 ; Ploughing Match,
assistance to Provincial, 85 86 67
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 3 53
174 69
12 27
4 50
27 25
218 71
HASTINGS, WEST.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 20 59
" Members' Subscriptions 62 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 523 40
" Legislative Grant 700 00
Cr. — 1,305 99
By Prizes for Horses, 838.75 ; Cattle, 854.50 ; Sheep, .$33.50 ;
Pigs. 818.50 ; Poultry, $16 161 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20.25 ; Prizes for Dairy
Products, $11 ; Prizes for Agricultural Implements,
823.50; General Manufactures, $61.25; Prizes for
Fine Arts, $9.75 ; Ladies' Work, $21.50 ; Ploughing
Match. $20 167 25
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, &c
328
50
380
00
414
80
69
34
85
22
1,277 86
Balance in hand 28 13
Sidney.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. S cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 62 68
" Members' Subscriptions 159 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 29 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
•• Miscellaneous 25 00
Cr. 416 18
By Prizes for Horses, 834.75 ; Cattle, $66.75 ; Sheep, $9 ; Pigs,
$3.25; Poultry. $3.50 117 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $16.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10.95; Dairy Products, $8; Fruits, $6.7"> :
58
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ Cts. $ cts. $ cts.
Vegetables, $0.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $10 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, $23.25 ; Fine Arts, $2.60; Ladies'
Work, $14 92 80
210 05
Unpaid 43 48
166 57
" Prizes for previous years paid 8 30
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 6 30
" Printing and Advertising 28 26
" Working Expenses 55 03
264 46
Balance in hand .... 151 72
Belleville Horticultural Society.
\}v\ $ cts. s cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 121 66
" Members' Subscriptions... 130 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition (Summer Show) 62 12
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" County Agricultural Society, for Exhibition 100 00
Cr. 553 78
By Prizes for Fruits, $74 ; Plants and Flowers, $198.75 ; Ve-
getables, $46.25 319 00
Unpaid 46 50
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising
•• Working Expenses, including services of Sec. -Treasurer, &c.
Balance in hand.
Trenton Hortiadtural Society.
Dr. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 38 98
" Members' Subscriptions 91 00
Cr.
By Paid for Prizes
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasurer 7 02
272 50
5 00
49 75
75 83
403 08
150 70
$ cts.
$ cts.
129 98
102 on
35 00
137 00
HURON, EAST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 236 69
" Members' Subscriptions . 43 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 254 00
" Legislative Grant. $700 ; Municipal Grant, $100 '800 00
" Canada Company's Grant for 1875 14 88
" Donations 24 50
From Township of Grey Society for Exhibition 132 09
1.505 16
59
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
O. 8 cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, 8208.50 ; Cattle, 8100; Sheep, $59;
Pigs, 826.50; Poultry, 87 401 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $37.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 813.50; Dairy Products, $23; Fruits, $9.25 ;
Plants and Fiowers, $5.50 ; Vegetables, $8 ; Agricultu-
ral Implements, $39; General Manufactures, $11.50;
Fine Arts, $2.50; Ladies' Work, $10.75 190 50
591 50
Unpaid ... 233
•'.-.
358
25
90
00
419
94
38
62
120
00
137
55
1 161
36
Prizes for previous years paid
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies . . .
Exhibition Building and Grounds. . —
Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds ..
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
Balance in hand 340 80
Grey.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. 8 cte.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 33 19
" Members' Subscriptions 72 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 54 09
Cr. 159 28
By Paid County Society for Union Show 132 09
" Working Expenses, including services of .Secretary and
Treasurer 27 00
159 09
Balance in hand 19
Tumberry.
Dr. $ cts 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 124 62
" Members' Subscriptions 273 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 152 76
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 122 41
" Loan on Directors' Note 292 25
'• Miscellaneous 17 75
Cr. 982 79
By Prizes for Horses, $30; Cattle, $41 ; Sheep, $44.50; Pigs,
$23 ; Poultry, $5.25 143 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $18 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $17; Dairy Products, $15; Fruits, $7.50;
Plants and Flowers, $3 ; Vegetables, $6 ; Agricultural
Implements, $14.50 ; General Manufactures, $7 ; Fine
Arts, $8 ; Ladies' Work, $8 ; Prizes at Spring Show,
$31 135 00
278 75
Unpaid 98 50
GO
180 25
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for previous years paid 8 00
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 568 00
" Printing and Advertising, $32.25 ; Musical Bands, $12 ... 44 25
" Working Expenses 30 84
831 34
Balance in hand 151 45
Houick.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Keport 0 75
" Member's Subscriptions . 124 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 12 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 88 65
225 40
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $44.75 ; Cattle, $25 ; Sheep, $19.25 ;
Pigs. $4.75; Poultry, $1.80 95 55
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.30; Dairy Products, $5.25 ; Fruits, $3.35 ;
Vegetables, $3; Agricultural Implements, $4.50 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, $7.90 ; Fine Arts and Ladies' Work,
$16.95 58 75
154 30
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer .. 52 00
206 30
l.alance in hand 19 10
Nulled.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 104 00
" 31 embers' Subscriptions 310 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 155 25
569 25
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, 8141 ; Cattle, $75.50 ; Sheep, $63 ;
Pigs, $41; Poultry, $7 327 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $3 j Dairy Products, $26.25 ;
Fruits, $14.50; Vegetables, $18 ; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $20.50 ; General Manufactures, $19.50 ; Fine
Arts, $3.25 ; Ladies' Work, $50.25 155 25
482 25
Unpaid 83 75
399 00
" Wurking Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 129 75
528 75
Balance in hand 40 50
61
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
HURON, WEST.
Dr. - cts. $ cts. | ets.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 21 41
" Members' Subscriptions 255 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 65 78
" Legislative Grant. 8700 ; Municipal Grant, $100 800 00
" Canada Company's Grant 29 88
•' A. M. Ross, Esq.. M.P. P., donation 50 00
" Colborne Society for amalgamation 45 28
1,267 35
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, 8137; Cattle, $82 ; Sheep, $58.50 ;
Pigs, 835.50; Poultry, 817.50 330 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 863.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. 826; Dairy Products. $25.25 : Fruits. $31.75 ;
Plants and Flowers, 81.50 ; Vegetables, 817 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, 830.50 ; General Manufactures, 826 ;
Fine Arts, 83.25 ; Ladies' Work, $57.75 282 00
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds — ,
" Amount withdrawn by Ashfield and Wawanosh Society ...
" Agricultural Publications -.
" Printing and Advertising >
•■ Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
Bilance due Treasurer 72 03
Ashfield and Wawanosh.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. § cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 140 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 70 45
" Municipal Grant 10 00
■' Miscellaneous 12 85
233 30
612
50
24
75
420
00
79
25
44
00
13
00
37
50
108
38
1,339
38
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $18.25 ; Cattle, $18 ; Sheep, $12 ; Pigs,
$5; Poultry,S5.25 58 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 815 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 85; Dairy Prodncts, 812 ; Fruits, 814; Plants and
Flowers, 87.50 ; Vegetables, 812.50 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, 87.50 ; Ladies' Work, 813 86 50
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
145
00
6
;,u
26
00
177 50
Balance in hand 55 80
GolbSrne.
Dr. s cts. $ cts. s cts.
To Members' Sub er'.ptio is 100 00
•; Miscellaneous 05 35
i65 35
02
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Balance due Treasurer, as per last Annual Beport
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Paid E. D. Society for amalgamation
" Working Expenses ..
Wawanosh, East.
Dr.
To Balance on hand, as per last Annual Beport 61
Members' Subscriptions
Admission Fees to Exhibition
Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
Miscellaneous
fir. 289 56
By Prizes for Horses, $40.50 ; Cattle, $33 ; Sheep, $21 ; Pisrs,
$12.50 ; Poultry $3. 110 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11 ; Dairy Products, $17.50;
Fruits, $9.50 j Vegetables, $11; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $7.50 ; General Manufactures, $6 ; Ladies'
Work, $19 81. 50
$ cts.
$ cts.
110 37
8 25
45 28
1 45
$ cts.
$ cts.
61 81
92 00
9 00
86 00
40 75
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Spring Show
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
191
50
11
45
34
00
6
no
8
00
250 95
Balance in hand 38 61
Goderich Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts^ $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport 84 53
" Members' Subscriptions 121 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 60 56
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 71 90
" Municipal Grant 100 00
Cr. 438 24
By Prizes for Fruits, $82 ; Plants and Flowers, $23.85; Vege-
tables, $39.05 144 90
" Ladies' Work 30 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Horticultural Publications
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
174
90
12
50
n
00
17
00
46
50
261 90
Balance in hand 176 34
BEPOBT.
The Directors have much pleasure in stating that the Society is in a more prosperous and
better financial position than at any time heretofore. The Town Council have kindly given
the Society their usual donation ; and the county and townspeople have also liberally patron-
ized it b. increasing its members, and also by visiting the Exhibition in large cumbers. A
very pleasing feature of the Exhibition of this year, was that the premiums offered by the
Society were divided amongst the exhibitors in more equal proportions than on any former
63
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
occasion, thus showing the iucreased interest taken in fruit-growing by the members generally.
The show of apples was excellent, the competition very keen, and the different varieties were
generally correctly named.
The show of plums was not so large or of such go id quality as in former years. The
curculio and the extremely dry weather we had in this vicinity, in some of the gardens, com-
pletely destroyed the plum crop. The experience of the past season has, however, shown that
plums can be successfully grown, notwithstanding the ravages of the curculio.
The show of pears was very good, — perhaps not so large in size as those shown in former
years, but still a very creditable display.
The show of peaches was very meagre, and of inferior quality.
The show of grapes was very good, both those grown under glass and in the open air.
Some splendid bunches of seedlings were shown by Mr. J. H. Williams, which deservedly
took the first prize in that class.
The show of flowers was very inferior, on account of the long-continued drought. The
greenhouse plants were, however, very fine, and very much admired.
The show of vegetables was inferior, as the heat and drought prevented their growth.
Some very fair collections of potatoes were shown. Mr. A.llan, of the Signal, showed a new
variety, called " Allan's Hybrid ; " and Mr. Hayden, of Ashfield, showed some very fine seed-
lings, which attracted considerable attention.
The show of ladies' work was not large, but it was of excellent quality. We trust to
find more competition in this department next year, as we intend to extend our list of pre-
miums. The show of photographs was very good, and creditable to our town artists.
HURON, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts 8 cts. § cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 34 74
'• Members' Subscriptions 75 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition . 450 00
" Legislative Grant, 8700 ; Municipal Grant, 8100 800 00
" Sale of Seeds, 823 ; Miscellaneous, 870.50 93 50
Cr. 1,453 24
By Prizes for Horses, 8237 ; Cattle, $125.50 ; Sheep, 8^2 ;
Pigs, 833; Poultry, 814.50 492 00
' Prizes, for Grains and Seeds, 846.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 818 ; Dairy Products. $20; Fruits, 824 ; Plants
and Flowers, 83.75 ; Vegetables, 813.50 ; Agricultural
Implements, $40 ; General Manufactures, 833 ; Fine
Arts, 84.75; Ladies' Work, 88*2; Extra prizes, 832.... 317 50
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies....
" Sundries
" Priuting and Advertising
': Working Expenses, including services of Secretary -Treas...
Balance in hand . . 44 34
REPORT.
The officers of South Huron Agricultural Society in presenting the ninth annual report
have pleasure in stating that the affairs of the Society are iu a satisfactory condition. The
general interests of the farming community are also prospering in a moderate way. In early
summer the prospects were unusually cheering, but a contiuued drought in July and August
seemed to dry or parch the grain before maturity ; the consequence is a light yield of light
64
809
50
395
81
20
00
37
13
146
46
1,408
90
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
grain. Wheat averages about twelve to sixteen bushels per acre ; barley, twenty to twenty-
five per acre ; and oats, thirty to thirty-five per acre ; the root crop is a failure.
Your Directors held a spring show of stallions and bulls. A finer disphy of animals was
never seen in Huron ; — we doubt if it is surpassed in any county in the Dominion.
Of horses no less than thirty entries were made ; of these eleven were imported and of
great excellence. We refer with pride to the noble position Huron has been able to take at
the great fair held at Philadelphia during 1876, in the matter of horses as well as in other
departments of industry. Of the stallions shown at our spring show seven were singled out
for distinction at that great fair ; this excellence is largely due and easily traced to the
stimulus afforded by our Agricultural Societies.
The low price realized for cattle for the last years has had a depressing effect upon
this branch of farming j yet we have several herds of excellent Short horns and a few
Ayrshires.
We think that the dawn of a better day is come. Experiments have proved that our
surplus of horses, cattle and sheep can be shipped to Britain and find ready sale in the popu-
lous cities of that busy island, at prices that will surely encourage and develope this import-
ant branch of our interest.
The Fall Show was held at Exeter in union with Stephen and Usborne Branch Society,
on the 5th and 6th of October. Though the weather was not propitious the show was
a success.
The number of visitors was estimated at two thousand ; entries about one thousand, —
by two hundred and fifty exhibitors ; about $450 were collected at the gate.
A marked advance in excellence was perceptible in the young stock, especially in horses ;
whilst in cattle and sheep the competition was keen and the display large and excellent.
The fruit department was particularly good, comprising apples, pears, plums, peaches,
grapes, etc., as well as a creditable display of preserved fruits of many kinds.
A profitable trade is springing up in apples, notwithstanding the many insect enemies
we have to contend with. Huron exported to Britain the past autumn 3,500 barrels of very
fine apples, -calizina; to producers about $1.20 per barrel.
Notwith tanding the partial failure of our finer grains and our roots we have still a o-ood
measure of prosperity, and abundant reason to thank a kind Providence who has blessed us
with plenty.
Hay.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. % cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 58 85
" Members' Subscriptions 139 00
u Admission Fees to Exhibition 75 15
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 59 66
332 66
Or.
By Prizes for Horses, $59.75 ; Cattle, $24.50 j Sheep, $33.50 j
Pigs, $19; Poultry, $1.75 138 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 822.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $1.75 ; Dairy Products, $8.50 ; Fruits, $11.90 •
Vegetables, $9.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $3 ;
General Manufactures, $16.75 ; Ladies' Work, $15.10 ;
Sundries, $6 94 75
" Prizes for previous years paid ...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasurer 19 54
Qo
5
232 75
47 95
30 37
7 00
34 13
352 20
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
232
75
7
50
46
15
Stanley.
Dr. S cts. $ cts. $ .
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 23 22
" Members' Subscriptions 180 00
'• Admission Fees to Exhibition 26 00
'' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 64 90
" Donation 5 00
" Interest 1 45
Cr. 300 57
By Prizes for Horses, $53 ; Cattle, $16 ; Sheep, $31.50 ; Pigs,
815 115 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $30.50 ; Dairy Products, $7.50 ;
Fruits, $6.50 ; Vegetables, $12.75; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $16; General Manufactures, $19.75; Ladies'
Work, $10 ; Discretionary Prizes, $14 117 25
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
286 40
Balance in hand 14 17
Stephen and Usborne.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cct.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 156 63
'• Members' Subscriptions 361 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 447 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 131 25
" .Municipal Grant 20 00
" Miscellaneous 80 75
Cr. 1,197 48
By Prizes for Horses, $90 ; Cattle, $42 132 00
" Exhibition Buildings 103 66
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds .. 322 00
" To County Society for Exhibition 452 00
" Printing and Advertising 19 38
" Working Expenses 72 75
1,101 79
Balance in hand 95 69
Tuckersmith.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. %. cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 214 39
4< Mem I iers' Subscriptions 588 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 468 00
" Legislative <; rant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 513 25
Cr. 1,948 64
By Prizes for Horses, $210; Cattle, $131 ; Sheep, $101 ; Pigs,
$50; Poultry, $20 512 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $55 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $33 ; Dairy Products, $21 ; Growing Crops, $25 :
Fruits, $40.50 ; Plants and Flowers, $6 ; Agricultural
66
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
Implements, $84 ; General Manufactures, $20 ; Fine
Arts, $5.50 ; Ladies' Work, $53 ; Fat Cattle Show,
$15.50 ; Miscellaneous, $126 ; Special Seed Show,
cts. $ cts. $ cts.
533 50
1,045 50
By Prizes for previous year paid 15 00
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 642 25
" Miscellaneous 98 92
" Printing and Advertising, $80 ; Musical Bands, $10 , 90 00
" Working Expenses, including service.* of Secretary and
Treasurer 150 00
_^ 2,041 67
Balance due Treasurer........ ... 93 03
KENT, EAST.
Dr.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 309 62
" Members' Subscriptions 215 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 254 15
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $350 1050 00
"Donations 195 50
"Refunded 8 00
Cr. 2,032 27
By Prizes for Horses, $140 ; Cattle, $99 ; Sheep, $113 ; Pigs,
$69; Poultry, $13 434 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $36.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $16.25 ; Dairy Products, $23 ; Fruits, $25.50;
Plants and Flowers, $2.50; Vegetables, $6.25 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $21 ; General Manufactures, $36.75 ;
Fine Arts, $7.50; Ladies' Work, $43.00 ; Ploughing
Match, $43 261 25
695 25
420 00
40 00
834 24
54 95
97 55
,166 99
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies . .
" Exhibition Buildings
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
Balance due Treasurer 134 72
REPORT.
The Directors of the East Kent Agricultural Society, in presenting their Annual Re-
port, are gratified in being able to congratulate the Society on the growing interest by all
classes of the community in everything which pertains to the furtherance of the objects which
Agricultural Societies have in view, and which tends to the iuterest of the agriculturist and
manufacturer.
In regard to the crops of the past year, there was an abundant yield of hay ; but, on
on account of the excessive heat which prevailed at the time wheat was maturing, the yield
was not so large as might have been expected from the appearance of the straw.
Your Directors report that they availed themselves of the opportunity of sending sam-
ples of the various kinds of grains, seeds, and flour to the Centennial Exhibition, which en-
07
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 187S
tailed considerable additional work on the Secretary and Committee appointed for that purpose ;
and they are pleased to say that quite a number of medals were awarded to members of this
Society, both to manufacturers and farmers.
A spring fair and ploughing match in connection with the Society was held at the Vil-
lage of Thamesville, on the 25th day of April. The entries of Stallions were creditable,
better horses being exhibited than at any former year. The ploughing match was well repre-
sented both in first and second-class men, and the work done was deserving of the utmost
praise. We regret to say that there were no competitors in the boys' class, the more so as the
prizes offered were large, and we would urge upon the members generally to take a deeper
interest in matters of this kind, and induce their sons to compete, as we can never expect the
country to turn out good ploughmen unless attention is given at an early age to this important
department of agriculture.
The Fall Show was held on the 29th and 30th of September, and was in every depart-
ment as successful as any of the County Shows of the season, and greatly in advance of former
years. The number of horses on the ground was large, some of which showed very superior
breeding. The Cattle department was well represented, a number of thorough-bred Durhams
and Ayrshires and splendid grades being; exhibited. The show of Sheep was also large and
of a superior kind. Pigs were up to the mark, especially Berkshires, Suffolks, and Chester
Whites. The latter is deserving of especial notice, since to one of this class a medal was
awarded at the Centennial Exhibition. In Poultry the Show was fair, but not, what it should
and might have been were a little more attention paid to this important branch. Carriages
and Implements were numerous and well represented.
In the Hall the Grain aud Dairy products were somewhat deficient, owing to the season.
The show of Roots was good, but not so large as might have been expected. The exhibition
of Fruits, Plants, and Flowers, was very large, and made a fine display ; and last, though not
least, the Ladies' Department afforded ocular demonstration that the wives and daughters of
the members of your Society have not retrograded either in industry or taste.
It is gratifying to your Directors to be able to report that they have erected a new build-
ing aud pens this season, at a considerable cost, as the annexed statement will show. The large
amount expended- for this purpose has entailed quite a debt on the Society.
Your Directors further submit, that in order to enable the Board to offer greater induce-
ments in premiums to exhibitors in every department of their shows, an effort should be made
to induce the different municipalities more immediately interested, to contribute such sums
as will wipe off the mortgage indebtedness of the Society. They therefore suggest that an
application be made by the incoming Board of Directors to the Municipal Corporations of
Harwich, Howard. Orford, Zone. Camden, and also to the Village Incorporations and County,
for the objects mentioned, and hope that members will personally interest themselves iu this
matter.
In conclusion, your Directors would express their gratitude to the members of the
County Council for their liberal donation, and also to D. McCraney, Esq., M.P.P., for his
very handsome donation of one hundred dollars. All of which is respectfully submitted.
Orford.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 4 03
" Members' Subscriptions 130 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 39 00
• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 93 00
• Municipal Grant 100 90
Cr. 366 28
By Prizes for Horses, 840; Cattle, 840; Sheep, $20; Pigs,
815: Poultry, $5 120 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seed*, $25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 814; Dairy Products, $8; Fruits, $10; Plants
and Flowers, $2.65 ; Vegetables, 86 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, 81": <''ii nd Manufactures, 85; Ladies'
Work, $15 95 65
215 65
G3
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
cts.
8 cts.
52 32
27 CO
3G 41
$ cts.
331 38
6
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising, $17 ; Musical Bands, $10
u Working Expenses
Balance in hand 34 90
Harwich.
Dr.
To Balance in hand, as per last Aunual Report 108 05
" Members' Subscriptions 226 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 147 87
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 64 25
" Municipal Grant 50 00
"Loan 600 00
"Cashon Notes 232 55
" Miscellaneous 3 25
Cr. 1,431 97
By Prizes for Horses, $31.25; Cattle, $38.50; Sheep, 32;
Pigs, $19.50 121 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $16.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.75 ; Dairy Products, $3.50 ; Fruits, $5 ;
General Manufactures, $34.25 ; Ladies' Work, $4 ;
" Ploughing Match $27 97 75
219 00
By Prizes for previous years paid 41 75
** Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds and the erection
of Buildings 506 86
" Loan and Interest 506 86
" Printing and Advertising 44 95
11 Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer _ 95 47
1,414 89
Balance in hand 17 08
REPORT.
Your Board, in presenting their Annual Report, congratulate themselves on having to
report the greatly increased progress of the Society. The last annual exhibition was a most
successful one, and highly encouraging. Tlie show of Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Pigs was
good, showing a gradual improvement at each successive exhibition, quite a number of tho-
rough-breds having been purchased by the farmers ; and a much larger number of entries
made than formerly, in almost every class, made the show decidedly superior to any former
one. The domestic manufactures and ladies' work showed a great improvement. The sbow
of roots, fruits, and dairy produce was excellent. We regret to say that grain crops were not
as good as usual in previous years, having been much affected by heat and dry weather, after
the heavy spring rains.
In accordance with a resolution passed at a meeting of the Board in February last, your
Directors made an arrangement for a semi-annual Sales-Fair to be held on the Society's
grounds in the fore part of May and November, which we regret to say has not been attended
with the success anticipated.
A Ploughing Match was held on the farm of William White, Esq., under the auspices
of the Society, which was a successful one in all its details.
Under the increased business of the Society, your Board found it necessary to make
some improvements to the fair grounds. A gallery was built in the Hall in order to make
room for the better display of Fine Arts and Ladies' Work ; a ticket office erected ; a well
69
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
sunk ; a large number of new pens built, and other improvements, which have added greatly
to the convenience and attractions of the grounds.
Howard.
Dr. $ ets. $ cts $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 9 22
" Members' Subscriptions 151 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 122 45
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 90 89
" Miscellaneous 60 00
433 56
Cr.
Bv Prizes for Horses, 855.75 • Cattle, 862 ; Sheep, 816 ; Pigs,
$16; Poultry, $2 00 151 75
'•' Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 818 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15; Dairy Products, 85.25 ; Fruits, 87 50;
Plants and Flowers, $0 75 ; Vegetables, 84 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, 813 75 ; General Manufactures, $12;
Fine Arts, 81 50 f Ladies' Work, $23 25 103 00
" For Agricultural Publications ...
" Printing and Advertising.. ,
" Musical Bands.,...
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
254
75
1
00
20
40
12
00
182
16
470 31
B dance due Treasurer 36 75
Note.— The fall show was well attended, and the amount of Exhibits was greater than
on previous occasions.
Zone.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 51 15
" Members' Subscriptions 124 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 42 93
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 70 53
" Municipal Grant 30 00
318 61
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, 836 50 ; Cattle, 828 ; Sheep, 815 ; Pigs,
816; Poultry, 84 25 99 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 812 25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7 50 ; Dairy Products, 85 65 ; Fruits. $11 55 ;
Plants and Flowers, 83 75 ;Vegetables, $10; Agricul-
tural Implements, 83 25 ; General Manufactures, 825 25 ;
Fine Arts, 81 25; Ladies' Work, $17 00; Miscella-
neous, 86 75; 107 20
By Prizes for previous year paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
*: For Agricultural Public itions
" Printing and Advertising. $10 00; Musical Bands, $15 00;
" Working Expenses
206
95
6
55
20
20
11
80
25
00
37
15
307 65
Balance in hand 10 96
70
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
1,094
50
20
00
280 00
650
50
264
39
681
80
130
00
3,121
19
KENT, WEST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 602 02
" Members' Subscriptions 379 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 732 04
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $600 1300 00
" Sale of Seeds, $469 79; Miscellaneous. $216 50;. 686 29
3,699 53
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $77 00 ; Cattle, $71 00 ; Sheep, 872 00;
Pigs, $72 00; Poultry, $38 00 330 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $108 00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $42 : Dairy Products, $45 ; Fruits, $40 00 ; Ag-
ricultural Implements, $220 50 • General Manufactures,
$18 50; Fine Arts, $35 00; Ladies' Work, $61.50;
Spring Fair, $118 00; 764 50
By Prizes for previous year paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds,
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds,
" On purchase of Seeds, ...
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
Balance in hand 578 34
REPORT.
The Society held its Annual Spring Fair for the exhibition of entire horses, at which a
large number of very good animals was exhibited, one animal in particular, imported from the
County of Halton, which carried oft" the Forty Dollar Prize offered by the Directors, and your
Directors strongly recommend the same course be adopted for the year 1877, and also offer a
special prize for imported stock, as most of our farmers are aware that all of our best horses
are purchased by foreign dealers and taken principally to the United States, leaving us with
the dregs of what is raised in this section, to breed from.
In the spring a quantity of Seed Grain was bought, also another lot in the fall ; although
a small loss to the Society, still your Directors, believe that the introducing yearly fresh seed
will more than recompense for any loss the Society may sustain.
Your Directors thought it advisable to test the different Mowing and Reaping Machines
which seems to have met with the approval of the manufacturers ; two trials were had which
were quite a success judging from the number of competitors, and the result must be a great
benefit to the farmers as it gives those who want to purchase, unaccustomed to the different
improvements in machines, the benefit of the judges' experience.
The fall fair was held and the result was in many departments quite a success. We
believe if the time was extended much greater results would be achieved by our annual compe-
titions, as it is now, animals get on the ground about 10 o'clock, and the judges commence
their duties at 1 o'clock, P. M., and in three hours the owners commence to remove them
from the ground.
Our annual shows are for the purpose of showing and allowing farmers to see the stock
of their neighbours, and of examining their good points and consulting together on their merits. ,
Under the present one-day system there is no time for that, a hurried glance beinur all that
is obtained.
Your Directors believe that a three days fair would be a decided improvement, the
animals to be brought on the grounds the second day, so that dealers and others wishing to
purchase, would make it an object to attend, and farmers in consequence reap the benefit of
disposing of their stock. * * *
71
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
* * * Now that there has been opened a market in England, and our Canadian cattle
have headed the markets in several instances, although it is a new thing, nevertheless it is an
established fact, and as it is a business full of promise, the question therefore of the farmers
of this county should be, " shall we be exporters or not, if yes, we must improve our stock,"
for there is no better county in Ontario in which to raise stock.
The brilliant prospects of a bounteous harvest in the early part of the season were
somewhat changed by climatic influences.
The entries of grain shewn scarcely compared with previous years, although some samples
were very good.
The display of roots was an extraordinary one for this county, the quality being better,
and the quantity larger than in previous years, shewing our farmers the land is thoroughly
adapted for the cultivation of winter feed for stock. Our orchards shew quite an increase in
their products this year, judging from the number of entries and the splendid samples exhi-
bited, which forms an important part of the farmer's industry.
There was quite an increase both in quantity and quality of dairy products over former
years in this department, which, we think, goes to prove how well suited our county is for
dairy purposes. The show of cheese and butter exceeded the 'most sanguine expectations, with
the ready market and high prices we realize here, in this our " Garden County of Ontario,"
our farmers ought to be the richest and and most happy class of people in the Dominion.
The advancement made in Agricultural Implements over former years is surprising,
a much larger number of all kinds were shewn than ever before, which goes to prove that our
mechanics are alive to their own interest, judging from the quantity and quality of ploughs,
harrows, cultivators, grain drills, etc., etc.
The show of horses at the Fall Fair we are sorry to say was slim in comparison to other
years, still there was some fine stock on the grounds
Cattle and sheep shewed a decided increase in number and quality.
Pigs were the best ever shewn, the number and quality far exceeding previous years, the
superior breeds are fast attaining an enviable notoriety among our farmers.
The carriage and waggon department was well represented by the different establish-
ments in Town and county.
Your Directors, in consequence of the drill-shed having become too small for the Exhi-
bition, were compelled to make an addition of sixty-feet at a cost of $300, which answered
the purpose for the time-being, still the building could not admit the visitors at night, a
great many being obliged to go away for want of room.
The display made in the drill shed by the different exhibitors was very creditable
In conclusion, now that there is a prospect of having a railway to connect us with the
County of Lambton, we urge upon the incoming Directors to use every endeavour in order
that Kent, Essex and Lambton should unite, and hold an annual fair at Chatham ; if this could
be accomplished we have no doubt but success would be the result.
At a meeting your Directors passed a resolution, asking the Government the privilege
to sell the County grounds, the same being altogether too small for the purpose of holding
our annual fairs. Fifteen to twenty acres would not be any too large when we take into
consideration the rapid rate at which our county is growing.
The weather was everything that could be desired. The Exhibition for 1876 may be
considered a decided success, judging by the extra number of entries and visitors.
Your directors also had the usual fall ploughing match at which some excellent plough-
ing was done in all the classes. The were eighteen entries and the sum of $76 given as
prizes, which had a tendency to bring out a number of crack ploughmen.
Raleigh.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 30 04
" Members' Subscriptions 61 00
" Legislative Grant to Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Loan 300 00
" SaleofSeeds 368 42
899 4G-
72
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. | cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, $24.75 ; Cattle, $40. 75 ; Sheep, $18.50;
Pigs, $23 ; Poultry, $3.75 110 75
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $16.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $3.55 ; Dairy Products, $8.75; Fruits, $2.55;
Plants and Flowers, $3.00 ; Vegetables, $3.40 ; Gene-
ral Manufactures, $11.35 ; Ladies' Work, $5.60 54 95
165 70
" By purchase of Seeds 355 27
" Paid on Loan 179 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary-Trea-
surer. 50 32
750 29
Balance in hand 149 17
REPORT.
* * * In the beginning of the year your Directors purchased a
quantity of seed peas, barley, and oats, also a quantity of red chaff wheat from the County of
Perth, which was given to the members at cost, and gave universal satisfaction, especially the
red chaff wheat.
The past year has been very discouraging to farmers, their crops suffering severely by
rust, and very much shrunken while ripening. The prospects for the coming year, however,
are much brighter, our fall wheat was sown in good season and looks extra well, and by all
appearance of the winter we shall reap an abundant harvest.
Your Directors still notice the creeping in and spreading of that hurtful weed, the
Canada Thistle. We earnestly hope that the Council of this Township will put the law
rigidly in force or we will soon be overrun like our eastern farmers.
Your Directors held their Show at the Town Hall, which was not as well attended as
usual. * * *
Tilbury, East
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Supseriptions... 74 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 214 00
By Balance due Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 15 84
" Prizesfor Horses, $34.25; Cattle, $23.25 ; Sheep, $12.50;
Pigs, $9.75..... 79 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $18 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.25; Dairy products, $9; Fruits, $5.25;
Agricultural Implements, $6 ; General Manufactures,
$8.75; Fine Arts, $9.75 68 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Livestock ,
" Working Expenses
147 75
28 40
66 00
5 00
262 99
Balance due Treasurer 48 99
KINGSTON.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 67 94
" Members' Subscriptions 229 55
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 44 43
73
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
S cts. S cts. $ cts.
To Legislative Grant 350 00
Cr. 691 92
By Prizes for Poultry 30 00
" Prizes for Fruits, §11.25 ; Plants and Flowers, $61.25;
Vegetables, $35. 75 108 25
" General Manufactures, $0.50 ; Fine Arts. $15 ; Ladies'
Work, $59.75 ' 75 25
213 50
Unpaid 2 50
211 00
" Printing and Advertising 70 99
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 125 79
407 78
Balance in hand 284 14
REPORT.
The officers and Directors of the Electoral Division Society of the City of Kingston,
again submit their annual report. In doing so they have to express their regret that a warmer
interest is not taken by the citizens in exhibiting more largely in the various classes in which
liberal prizes are offered, at the spring and autumn shows. It is to be hoped that a new spirit
of competition will prevail at the future exhibitions.
In consequence of the Central Agricultural Exhibition being held in Kingston last Sep-
tember, it was considered by the Directors advisable to dispense with the holding of the usual
autumn sbow, in order that exhibitors might prepare to exhibit more extensively at the Cen-
tral Exhibition ; consequently the spring show only was held by this Society, which was well
represented, and numerously attended in the City Hall * * *
LAMBTON, EAST. cts
Dr. $ cts. 8 . S cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 70 53
" Members' Subscriptions 268 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 136 70
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $200 900 00
" Miscellaneous 88 50
Cr. 1,463 73
By Prizes for Horses, $99.50 ; Cattle, $83.50 ; Sheep, $55.50 ;
Pigs, S15.50; Poultry, $12.50 266 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $69.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $21.60 ; Dairy Products, $29.60 ; Agricultural
Implements, $21.75; General Manufactures, $31.75;
Fine Arts and Ladies' Work, $34.00 269 35
Prizes for previous years paid
Portions of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Paid Accounts of last year ,
Printing and Advertising. .
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treasu-
rer, Assistants, Judges, &c
60
Balance in hand 118 13
74
535
85
22
50
396
79
156
16
61
40
30
05
142
85
.—
1,345
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT.
In presenting the second Annual Report of your Society, allow us to congratulate you
on the successful issue of the spring and fall fairs, and the pleasing prospects and general good
standing of your Society.
In reviewing the proceedings of the past year, and comparing them with the former, we
find that the spring show at Wyoming was a complete success, many fine stallions being shown.
The grain and seed exhibition (the first of the kind in this section of the country) was a suc-
cess, the sum of $48 being appropriated for premiums. We would urge those interested in the
success of spring shows to throw out greater inducements to attract purchasers.
Unfortunately the weather was unpropitious on the last day of our fall show — snow falling
till two o'clock in the afternoon, and deterring many from attending. The entries of stock
were large, being 483, and 65 pairs of poultry, but on account of the cold disagreeable day,
a comparatively meagre display was the result. The inclemency of the weather, however, did
not deter the villagers from pouring in by hundreds after two p.m., and the handsome sum of
$136. 70 was realized at the entrance. This, no doubt, would have been more than double
had the day been favourable.
The display of grain and roots was excellent, showing that the agricultural resources of
the district are of no mean order. The display made by the ladies was really creditable, many
who had visited the western fair at London, the previous week, assserting that our fruit,
butter, and everything requiring ladies' handiwork, compared favourably with the exhibit at
that fair. Your directors would here suggest to their successors that a more varied list, and
better premiums be awarded the ladies' department in future. It is a fact that a majority of
the paying visitors go purposely to see the ladies' work, giving the outside show a mere casual
notice.
Cheese has during the past year been quite an industry in this riding, and we believe it
has been profitable. Outside of the three great cheese centres of Ontario, viz. : In^ersoll,
Stratford and Belleville, no other riding has done so much in this product as East Lambton.
Regarding agricultural implements, we cannot look for a large display, as there are no
establishments of any account in the riding, but we anticipate that this will not be said in the
next annual report. Three new and extensive establishments are beimj built, one in Forest,
and two in Watford. The field for this enterprise is wide, and no doubt success will attend
well directed efforts.
Your directors would suggest to the new board (if funds will admit), to grant prizes for
male animals in the horse, cattle, and sheep class at the spring show, and that silver medals
be given for first prize animals and leading articles, such as butter, cheese, &c, instead of cash
as at present. Medals are cheaper, and regarded by winners as more valuable. We would also
BUggest that the Hereford class prize-list be dispensed with, as no entries have been made at
either of the shows. We would further suggest that the offices of secretary and treasurer be
combined, and that one party discharge the duties, as the two offices are almost inseparably
connected.
One serious item in our expenditure is the erection of buildings and fitting up of grounds
every year, and yet we have little or no accommodation. We are very differently situated in
regard to this matter from our adjoining east, and west sister societies. The west riding
society have their buildings, and their prize-list being kept small, they are able to have a
surplus, and can easily, without apparent detriment to their Society, pay the award made by
the arbitrators. This arbitration has, after a good deal of correspondence and expense, been
finally settled. The west riding pays the east $375, in the following manner : — §75 in 1876 ;
$100 in 1877 ; $100 in 1878 ; and $100 in 1879.
The western district ploughing match was held in our riding, in Plympton, to which $50
was donated by your board. $16 of this, however, has been returned, being our share, pro rata,
of unused funds. The match was a complete success, and we believe that in future a county
match should be organized, with the different Townships assisting.
Special prize offerings worked admirably. These premiums were not paid into the
Society's funds, but an order was given on the donor to the party to whom the judges awarded
the prize, and we have every reason to believe that they were paid in all cases. Your directors
hope that they will be continued and increased the coming year.
Your managing committee proposed and carried out the plan of having the prize-lisfc
75
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1875
printed in pamphlet form, with advertisements interspersed through it, and have to state that
500 of these were printed and judiciously distributed by mail, &c, through the riding. The
cash realized for the advertisements more than paid the cost. * * * *■
Had we a permanent place for our fall show, and thus have saved the money expended
in building and fitting up for the past two years (over $280), together with a prize list simi-
larly small to the adjoining societies in the west ridings of Lambton and Middlesex, it would
go a long way in procuring permanent and suitable accommodations, and we would be in a
better position than we are. Still, we look hopefully to the future, and feel confident that
should no unforeseen influences be brought to bear against us, the year 1877 will prove a
turning point in our favour ; and more especially, if the adjoining Township Societies would
amalgamate with the county. This would save a great amount of time, and by uniting the
funds, an extended prize list could be presented, and larger premiums offered in the different
Bosanquet.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report Ill 46
" .Members' Subscriptions 101- 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 41 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 56 89
" Miscellaneous 17 15
Cr. 331 25
" Prizes for Horses, $30.25 ; Cattle, $25.00 ; Sheep, $19 75 j
Pigs, $11.50; Poultry, $9 25 95 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $36.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $12.50 ; Dairy Products, $19.75 ; Fruits, $4.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $2.65; Agricultural Implements,
$11.25; General Manufactures, $10; Ladies' Work,
$20 50 117 90
213 65
2 00
10 00
22 70
248 35
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance iu hand 82 90
Brooke.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 298 68
" Members' Subscriptions 136 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 11 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 56
" Sale of Stock, $45 ; Proceeds of Service, $2 47 00
Cr. 598 09
By Prizes, for Horses, $50.75 ; Cattle, $43.40 ; Sheep, $33 ;
Pigs, $12 ; Poultry, $7 146 65
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11.65 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.90 ; Dairy Products, $5.85 ; Fruits, $10.25 ;
Agricultural Implements, $3 ; Ladies' Work, $20.75 ;
Ploughing Match, $24 80 40
•' Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
283 88-
Balance in hand 314 21
7G
227
05
2
00
12
50
42
33
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
Warwick.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 30 22
" Members' Subscriptions 58 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 8 60
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 52 08
" Miscellaneous 4 00
€r. 152 90
By Prizes for Horses, $23 ; Cattle, $14.75 ■ Sheep, $9 ; Pigs,
$5.50; Poultry, $3.05 55 30
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13.85 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.20; Dairy Products, $8.10 ; Fruits, $5.85;
General Manufactures, $9.45 ; Ladies' Work, $9.80.... 54 25
By Prizes for previous year paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds ,
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
143 06
Balance in hand 9 84
109
55
1
55
1
05
7
66
23
25
LAMBTON, WEST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 315 38
" Members' Subscriptions 97 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 56 35
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant $200 900 00
" Donations 76 50
" Enniskiilen Society for Union Show 284 00
" Miscellaneous 31 50
Or. ' 1760 98
By Prizes for Horses, $154.85 ; Cattle, $101 ; Sheep, $109.50 ;
Pigs, $43 ; Poultry, $9.74 418 09
"■ Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $52 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $19.57 ; Dairy Products, $35 ; Fruits, $20.80 ;
Vegetables, $10 ; Agricultural Implements, $26.50 ;
General Manufactures, $21.73 ; Ladies' Work, $38.35 ;
Ploughing Match, $51 275 75
By Prizes paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant to Township Societies
■" Paid on Award to East Lambton Society
" Cost of Arbitration
11 Agricultural Publications
u Printing and Advertising
-' Working Expenses, including services riof Secretary and
Treasurer ,
693
94
29
80
418
70
75
00
35
81
33
75
41
35
111
31
1,439
56
Balance in hand 321 42
Enniskiilen.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in band, as per last Annual Report , 210 34
" Members' Subscriptions 147 00
77
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
27
J
85
1,004
34
138
90
501
50
284 00
46
06
998
31
8 CtS. 8 CtS. § Ct;
To Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society. 137 00
•• Municipal Grants 510 00
Cr.
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds, for fitting up, etc. . .
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" West Lainbton Society for Union Show
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 6 03-
Note. — This Society united with that of the West Riding in having a Fall Show.
Moore.
pr, 8 cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 5 38
" Members' Subscriptions ... 114 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 15 81
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 50
" Municipal Grant 25 00
Cr. 265 19
By Prizes for Horses, 826.25; Cattle, 847 ; Sheep, $27.50 ;
Pigs, 89.50; Poultry, 81.80 112 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 819.15 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.67; Dairy Products, 813.05; Fruits, 84.05 ;
Agricultural Implements, 87.75; Ladies' Work, 86.35. 56 02
168 07
Unpaid 59 66
Prizes for previous years paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
Agricultural Publications
Prin t ing and Advertising
Working Expenses
108
41
2
92
15
61
18
69
31
75
63
19
240 57
Balance in hand 24 62
Sarnia.
(Agricultural and Horticultural Union.)
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 228 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 72 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 100 00
Cr. 541 00
By Prizes for Horses, 852 ; Cattle, 852.50 ; Sheep, 867.50 ; Pigs,
31250; Poultry, 812.11 194 61
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 855.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 816 ; Dairy Products, $15.20 ; Fruits, 817.15;
Plants and Flowers. $3.25 ; Vegetables, 812.05 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, 833.15 ; General Manufactures,
|21.24 ; Fine Arts, 86 ; Ladies' Work, $19.65 198 94
393 55
78
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
By Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and Trea-
surer 81 40
cts. $ cts. $ cts.
to
- 474 95
Balance in hand 66 05
4
LANARK, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 318 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 375 82
" Legislative Grant, $700 j Municipal Grant, $175 875 00
" Rents for Ground, Hall and Stalls 126 00
" Miscellaneous....; 10 74
Cr. 1,706 06
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 9 66
" Prizes for Horses, $123.50 ; Cattle, $115.25 ; Sheep, 837.75 ;
Pigs, $30.75; Poultry, $60.75 368 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $69 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $30 ; Dairy Products, $39.25 ; Growing Crops,
$124.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $104.25 ; General
Manufactures, $64.00 ; Fine Arts and Ladies' Work,
$72.75 ... 503 50
871 50
" Discount on Prizes as per By-law 263 25
608
25
8
00
401
434
00
59
61
25
85
32
228
34
— 1,836
41
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings, erection of.
" Agricultural Publications
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, Assistants, Crop Viewers and Judges
•
Balance due Treasurer 130 35
Note. — Notwithstanding the deficiency in the crops, the fall show was a decidedly good
one, both as regards the amount and the quality of the exhibits, and the accommodationhas
been materially increased.
Dalhousie.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 104 40
" Members' Subscriptions 118 90
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 121 00
'•' Borrowed 284 00
" SaleofSeeds 531 57
Cr. 1,159 87
By Prize for Horses, $22 j Cattle, $11 ■ Sheep, 13.75 ; Pigs,
$2.50 49-25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.65 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5 ; Dairy Products. $5.75 ; Fruits, $1.05 ; Ve-
getables. $1.56 ; Agricultural Implements, $12.50 j
General Manufactures, $1 1.50 ; Ladies' Work, $13.25. 66 26
115 51
79
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Purchase of Seeds
" Freight, bank charges, &c.,on Seeds
" Paid, borrowed money and interest ... ..
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
$ cts. 8 cts. S cts.
32
28
542
13
138
08
287
81
11
10
50
28
1,177
19
Balance due Treasurer 17 32
Lanark.
Dr. 6 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 23 36
" Members' Subscriptions 146 20
" Admission Fees to Exhibition e 33 46
u Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
"Sale of Seeds 305 41
" Miscellaneous 5 02
Cr. 653 45
By Prizes for Horses, §27; Cattle, $22.50; Sheep, $11;
Pigs, $7; Poultry, 85 72 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $19.95 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.75 ; Dairy Products, $10.50; Fruits, $9.75 ;
Vegetables, $2.60 ; Agricultural Implements, $14.85 ;
General Manufactures, $17.70; Ladies' Work, $14.05 99 15
Prizes for previous years paid
Paid on Freight on Seeds
On Purchase of Seeds
Agricultural Publications
Printing and Advertising .
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, &c . ..-.
171
65
6
00
30
68
303
92
23
10
3
75
50
90
590 00
Balance in hand 63 45
Pakenham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 7 22
" Members' Subscriptions 117 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 25 00
" Miscellaneous 10 95
Cr. 300 67
By Prizes for Horses, $40.25 ; Cattle, $29.75 ; Sheep, $20 ;
Pigs, $16; Poultry, $8.50 114 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.93 ; Dairy Products, $10 ; Growing Crops,
$15 ; Fruits, $3 ; Vegetables, $5 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $10 ; General Manufactures, $6; Fine Arts,
$10; Ladies' Work, $13.45 90 38
204
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 16 00
Agricultural Publications 50 00
80
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Printing and Advertising 8 00
" Working Expenses 29 79
308 67
Balance due Treasurer 8 00
LANARK, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 222 51
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 136 40
•' Legislative Grant 700 00
" Subscriptions for Ploughing Match 37 75
" Rent of Grounds 3 00
" Advertisements in Prize List 66 00
Cr. 1,165 66
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 43 11
" Prizes for Horses, $66; Cattle, $84; Sheep, $48.50;
Pigs, $19.50; Poultry, $12 230 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $37 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, SI 8 ; Dairy Products, $26 ; Fruits and Flowers,
$8.25 ; General Manufactures, $24.75 ; Ladies' Work,
$31.25 ; Ploughing Match (not including implements),
$39; Dogs, Games, &c, $21.50 .". 205 75
Unpaid
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing during 1874 and 1875
" Printing and Advertising, $70 ; Musical Bands, $12
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
Balance in hand ...... 10 51
REPORT.
The usual Annual Fall Exhibition was held on the grounds of your Society, on the 5th
and 6th October, 1876, and was, on the whole, highly successful. Although the whole morn-
ing of the second day was extremely wet and most uninviting, still the entrance money
realized at the gates amounted to $136.40, being within a small sum of the amounts taken
in during either of the two preceding years; this, notwithstanding the fact that the admission fee
was only 10 cents, while in the former years it was 25 cents and 15 cents respectively, showing
that there must have been a much larger number of spectators on the grounds, and that the
interest taken in the Society by the general public is increasing.
The number of entries was large, and compared most favourably with that of former
years, with the exception, perhaps, of the grain department, in which, owing to the almost
total failure of the crops, the entries were limited; most of the successful prize-takers in for-
mer years in this class being this year non-exhibitors. In the horses [and cattle classes, the
show was very good, particularly in the latter, the number of pure-bred animals exhibited
being most gratifying and encouraging. We trust there will be more attention paid in the
future to this branch of the farm, and that the day is not far distant when our farmers will
6 81 ,
435 75
42 50
393 25
16 50
280 00
67 79
179 00
82 00
93 50
1 1^5 15
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
produce animals suitable for the English market from which they are at present entirely
fchut out.
The annual ploughing match was held, under the auspices of your Society, on the farm
of Captain Michael Bell, adjoining the Town of Perth, on the 7th day of November last, and
was most successful, the number of competitors being large, and the quality of the wore
done unsurpassed by that of any previous match held here. A very large amount in cash
and implements, &c, was subscribed towards the prize list, thus causing the outlay of the
Society to be comparatively trifling, and we would hereby tender our hearty thanks to the
gentlemen who so liberally contributed.
Your Directors have to regret that the farming community generally do not evince the
interest they should do in the working of your Society, the number of members not being
nearly as large as it ought to be. They are satisfied that an incalculable amount of good
might be done by your Society, and they would strongly urge that each individual member
put forth renewed exertions to increase the membership, and consequently the ability of the
Society to meet its engagements. It would not be too much to expect, with a little exer-
tion, at least 500 permanent members. * *
Drummond.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 142 50
" Members' Subscription 51 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Sale of Stock 46 00
" Sale of Seeds 26 50
Cr. 406 OO
By Live Stock, 8243.50 ; on Purchase of Seeds, $26.50 270 00
" Printing and Advertising 6 00
" Working Expenses 16 25
292 25
Balance in hand 113 75
Montague.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ ts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 115 11
" Members' Subscriptions 129 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 32 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 416 11
By Prizes for Horses, 832.50 ; Cattle, 815 ; Sheep, $25 • Pigs,
84 ; Poultry, 82.50 79 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 828.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. 815.75 ; Dairy Products, $11.75 ; Fruits, 86 75 ;
Vegetables, 85.25 ; Agricultural Implements, 813.00;
General Manufactures, §26.50 ; Ladies' Work, $12.75.. 120 50
Paid for keep and service of Live Stock
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
199
50
69
50
15
00
53
90
337 90
Balance in hand 76 21
82
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
489
50
316
00
36
40
59
82
57
98
LEEDS, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscription 187 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 168 25
' ' Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $ 1 00 800 00
" Amount received from late Treasurer 553 85
" Miscellaneous 50 00
O. 1,759 10
By Prizes for Horses, $91.50; Cattle, $78.50 j Sheep, $44.50 ;
Pigs, $18; Poultry, $13.25 245 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $32.25 j Dairy Products, $32 ;
Fruits, $4.50; Vegetables, $23.75; Agricultural Im-
plements, $74 ; General Manufactures, $63.75 ; Ladies'
Work, $58 288 25
534 00
'* Unpaid 44 50
" Portion of Legislative Grant to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings aod Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
« Working; Expenses
959 70
Balance in hand 799 40
Bastard and South Crosby.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 26 09
" Members' Subscriptions^. ... — 110 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 137 50
Cr> ° 273 59
By Prizes for Horses, $20 ; Cattle, $15 ; Sheep, 15 ; Pigs, $10; 60 00
Grains and Seeds, $20 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$15 ; Dairy products, $8 ; Growing Crops, $20 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, $5 ; Miscellaneous, $6.44 74 44
" Printing and Advertising
" Working expenses
Balance in hand 98 00
Crosby, North.
Dr. $ fits. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions . ,„« , 221 79
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 178 50
" Miscellaneous 30 00
Cr. 430 29
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report. . . . 182 64
" Prizes for Horses, $39 ; Cattle, $65 ; Sheep, $63 ; Pigs,
$11 178 00
" Prizes for (jrains and Seeds, $65 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $52 ; Dairy products, $22.50; Growing Crops,
$60; Fruits, $14 ; Vegetables, $27.25 ; General Manu-
factures, $48.75 j Ladies' Work, $20.14 309 64
134 44
11 35
29 80
175 59
487 64
83
41 Victoria. (Sessional Papers No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Printing and Advertising 7 00
'• Working Expenses 23 89
° 1 701 17
Balance due Treasurer 270 88
Lansdown.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. 6 cts.
By Members' Subscriptions 122 90
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 133 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 28
" Borrowed .. 200 00
" Miscellaneous 17 25
O. 578 28
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 125 48
" Prizes for Horses, $22.25 ; Cattle. $19.75 ; Sheep, $13.25 j
Pigs, 89 ; Poultry, $6 70 25
" Prizes'for Grains and Seeds, $9.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 810.82 ; Dairy products, 815.75 ; Agricultural
Implements, 812 ; General Manufactures, $20.29 68 61
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds . .
Miscellaneous
Prizes for Agricultural Publications
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
138
86
237
20
53
27
9
00
11
00
10
00
584 81
Balance due Treasurer 6 53
LEEDS AND GRENVILLE, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 87 12
" Members' Subscriptions 161 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 300 00
« Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant 100 00
" Proceeds, sale of Hall 4 00
Cr. 1,352 12
By Prizes for Horses, $60 ; Cattle, $40 ; Sheep, 30 ■ Pigs,$30 ;
i'oultry, $10 170 00
Grain and Seeds, $30; Roots and other hoed crops,
$10; Dairy Products. $10; Growing Crops, $30;
Fruits, $10; Vegetables, $20; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $20 ; General Manufactures, $20 ; Fine Arts,
20; Ladies' Work, $16 186 00
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising T
" .Vorking Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
356
00
27
21
380
77
6
00
42
00
308
84
1120 82
Balance in hand 231 30
84
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Elmsley.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 60 05
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 100 69
Cr. 160 74
By Prizes for Horses,$17.67 ; Cattle, $23.93 ; Sbeep, $20.50 ; 62 10
Dairy Products, $25.80 ; Domestic Manufactures and
Ladies' Work, $12.97 38 77
100 87
By Purchase of Live Stock 27 75
" Working Expenses 31 72
160 34
Balance in band 40
Oxford.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. % cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report , 9 08
" Members' Subscriptions , 92 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 24 97
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
"Miscellaneous 8 00
Cr. ' 274 05
By Prizes for Horses, $35.75 ; Cattle, 60.25 ; Sheep, $15 ;
Pigs, $12.50; Poultry, $5.25 128 75
Grain and Seeds, $40.25 ; Roots and other hoed crops,
$10.20 ; Agricultural Implements, $20.50 ; Ladies'
Work, $33 103 95
232 70
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 21 31
" Printing and Advertising 13 00
" Working Expenses 17 00
284 01
Balance due Treasurer 9 96
Wolford. a
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts]
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 1 34
" Members' Subscriptions 103 22
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 00
Cr. 244 56
By Prizes for Horses, $48.30 ; Cattle, $27.30 ; Sheep, $15.90 ;
Pigs, $10.50; Poultry, $4.30 106 30
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $16.55 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.14 ; Dairy Products, $12.48 ; Fruits, $4.20 ;
Vegetables, $4.20 ; Agricultural Implements, $10.25 ;
General Manufactures, $12; Fine Arts, $10.29;
Ladies' Work, $21.63 102 74
Cr. 209 04
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 8 25
" Agricultural Publications 5 00
" Printing and Advertising 10 00
■" Working Expenses 8 85
211 14
Balance in hand 3 42
85
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
LENNOX.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 102 70
" Members' Subscriptions 247 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous , 7 00
Cr. 1,056 70
By Prizes for Horses, $127.50; Cattle, 895 ; Sheep, 886;
Pigs, 828.50 ; Poultry, $10.30 347 30
': Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $28.75 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $3.25; Dairy Products, $13; Fruits, $4.40;
Vegetables, $17.40 ; Agricultural Implements, $119.65 ;
General Manufactures, $42.25; Fine Arts, $13.25;
Ladies' Work, $56.87 298 82
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
Balance in hand 45 52
Amlierst Island.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport 9 59
" Members' Subscriptions 52 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 52 00
Cr. 113 59
By Prizes for Horses, 820.75 ; Cattle, $20 25 ; Sheep, $51.39 ;
Pigs, $11.09; Poultry, $4.19 77 67
By Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $15.67; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.12; Dairy Products, $6 27 69
105 36
By Working Expenses 7 50
646
12
41
20
200
00
26
50
97
36
1,011
18
112 86
Balance in hand * 73
Ernestown.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 46 15
" Members' Subscriptions 61 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 60 00
"Municipal Grant.. 10 00
" Special prizes 12 00
Cr. 189 15
By Prizes for Horses, $26.25 ; Cattle, $20.34 ; Sheep, $19.70;
Pigs, $7.12; Poultry, $3.41 76 82
By Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $13.03 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $3.85; Dairy Products, $2.10; Fruits, $3.80;
Plants and Flowers, $2.35 ; Vegetables, $3.95 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $7.25 ; General Manufactures, $8.75;
Fine Arts, $2.78 ; Ladies' Work, $4.85 52 71
129 53
86
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for previous years paid . 5 00
" Exhibition Building and Grounds 5 67
li Printing and Advertising 6 00
" Working Expenses 14 25
160 45
Balance in hand 28 70
Fredericksburg, Noiih.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 4 33
" Members' Subscriptions 88 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 88 00
Cr. 180 33
By Prizes for Horses, $36.25; Cattle, $22.50; Sheep, $18;
Pigs,$7; Poultry, $3.75 87 50
By Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $12 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4 ; Dairy Products, $4 50; Fruits, $2.25;
Vegetables, $4.12; Ladies' Work, $24.62 51 50
139 00
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 5 00
" Printing and Advertising 4 00
" Working Expenses 18 78
166 78
Balance in hand 13 55
LINCOLN.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 1032 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 648 65
li Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, §475 1175 00
" Proceeds of Mortgage and amount from Grantham Sooiety, 2827 61
Cr. 5683 26
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 2 25
" Prizes for Horses, $211 ; Cattle, $113 ; Sheep, $153; Pigs,
$78; Poultry, $58.25 613 25
" Prizse for Grain and Seeds, $55.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $32.75 ; Dairy Products, $24 ; Fruits, $124.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $28 ; Vegetables, $18.50 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $21:50; General Manufactures, $79 ;
Fine Arts, $16 ; Ladies' Work, $105.75 - 505 50
1,118 75
Unpaid 39 50
1079 25
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 419 98
" Paid on Purchase ot Exhibition Grounds and erection of
buildings 3367 86
" Printing and Advertising 76 50
" Working Fxpenses, including services of Secretary and As-
sistants 506 55
5452 39
Balance in hand 230 87
87
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Clinton.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 206 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition , 136 10
■• Legislative Grant, 892.57 ; Municipal Grant, 850 142 57
• Donation, J. C. Rykert, Esq 10 00
Cr. 494 67
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 59 01
•' Prizes for Horses, 87-4.50; Cattle, 819.50; Sheep, §38 ;
Pigs, $10; Poultry, 812.25 154 25
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, 81S.55 : Roots and other hoed
crops, 89.50 ; Dairy Products, $16.25 ; Fruits. 819.75 ;
Agricultural Implements, 81 ; General Manufactures,
36.50: Ladies' Work, $16.75 88 30
242 55
" Printing and Advertising 26 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 131 20
458 76
Balance in hand 35 91
Grantham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. cts.
To Balance in hand, as per hst Annual Report 37 79
•■ Members' Subscriptions 659 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 241 08
Cr. 937 87
By Paid County Society for Union Show 900 08
Balance in hand 37 79
Grimsby.
Dr. | cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 2 18
" Members' Subscriptions 59 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 40
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 39 52
" Municipal Grant 50 00
Cr. 161 10
By Prizes for Horses, 833 ; Cattle. 819 ; Pigs, 86.50; Poultry,
83.30 61 80
By Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $14.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 86.55; Dairy Products, 83.25 ; Fruits, 818.80 ;
Ladies' Work, 89.50 52 35
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand
114 15
3 00
7 25
17 75
142 15
18 95
Louth.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 25 19
" Members' Subscriptions 78 00
" Legislative Grant f rom Electoral Division Society 46 83
88
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Miscellaneous 40 00
Cr. 190 02
By Prizes for Horses, $67; Cattle, $26 ; Sheep, 824.75 ; Pigs,
$3.50; Poultry, $6.25 127 50
By Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $11.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.50 ; Fruits, $10.50 Ladies' Work, $24.75 52 00
179 50
By Working Expenses 12 32
191 82
Balance due Treasurer 1 80
LONDON.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report. 81 97
'• Members' Subscriptions 987 00
" Legislative Grant 350 00
" Interest 15 78
Cr. 1,434 75
By Paid Treasurer of Western Fair for Union Show 1,300 00
" Printing and Advertising 6 00
11 Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 100 00
1,406 00
Balance in hand 28 75
Note. — This Society united with that of East Middlesex in holding the Great Western
Fair in the City of London.
REPORT OF THE WESTERN FAIR ASSOCIATION.
In presenting the Annual Report to the friends and patrons of the Western Fair for
1876, your Directors find they have little to say in addition to what has been said in former
years.
That the Western Fair is rapidly growing in importance, and is gaining a stronger hold
on the sympathies and good will of exhibitors generally, as well as of those who only visit;
such exhibitions in order to mark the visible advances made year by year in the improved and
increased exhibits of our Western industries, is evident from the increased number of entries,
as well as the increased receipts for the past year.
Since the organization of the Western Fair in 1868, seven exhibitions have been held,
and the following reference to the first and last of these will mark our progress and render
comment superfluous, viz ;
Number of Entries in 1868, 2,037. Amount of Prizes offered, $ 2,500.
« " 1876, 9,328. " " 12,000.
The amount of Prizes offered by the Western Fair has been large for a local and unaided
enterprise of the kind, and receipts have been contingent to a great extent upon a favourable
state of weather or otherwise during the week of Exhibition. During the past Exhibition the
weather was most unpropitious, and the result a material diminution of receipts ; but even
with this serious drawback the Western Fair of 1876 has proved more successful than any
previous one.
The Provincial Agricultural Association having decided upon holding their next Annual
Exhibition in this City, no Western Fair will be held this year.
The Directors thank the various Railway Companies for the facilities afforded by them
during the past, as in former years, for carrying Stock, Implements, etc., at reduced rates.
89
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 187$
The Treasurer's statement as annexed, will show the receipts and disbursements for the
past year.
A. S. Emery,
President.
TREASURER'S ACCOUNT.
Receipts. Disbursements.
Balance from 1875 $ 3,526 52
Interest to 30th November, 1876 159 45
Admissions to Exhibition 6,788 00
Wm, McBride, Secretary 875 50
Refreshment Booths and rights
tosell 448 00
Superintendent of Grounds 254 25
Sundry receipts 58 12
J. B. Lane, Treasurer East
Middlesex Society 800 00
J. B. Smyth, Treasurer City
Society 1,300 00
$14,209 84
Sundry Accounts from 1875 8 34 47
Construction Account 630 86
Judges „ 284 00
Prizes.... 7,869 00
Advertising and Printing 581 83
Superintendent and Assistants.. 234 50
Horticultural Department 130 25
Poultry 51 83
Gate Committee 60 00
Crystal Palace Department 145 50
Forage Account 209 04
Secretary and Assistants 567 00
Treasurer and Assistants , . 182 00
Sundry Accounts 397 85
Balance in Federal Bank 2,831 71
$14,209 84
MIDDLESEX, EAST.
Cr. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 318 60
u Members' Subscriptions 259 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 291 37
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 420 00
" Paid on Western Fair account 800 00
" Printing and Advertising 20 80
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 118 00
Balance in hand
$ cts. 8 Ct:,
1,568 97
1,358 80
210 17
Note. — This Society, as heretofore, united with that of the Electoral District of London.
in sustaining the great Western Association.
REPORT.
It is the duty of your Directors to put on record in their Annual Report a short ac-
count of the past season, and its effect on the Agriculture of this county, and also to give you
all the information in their power respecting their proceedings in the past year, and the pro-
spects of your Society in the future.
The inhabitants of this highly-favoured country have great reason to be thankful for a
continuance of the blessings of peace and plenty. Farmers have especial reason to be grateful
that they have, in a great measure, escaped the anxieties and losses that have affected nearly
every other class of the community during periods of depression in trade, such as we have
lately experienced.
90
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878'
The year 1876 has been an extraordinary season ; the spring and seed time were favour-
able, and in the month of June crops of all kinds looked well, and there was every prospect
of an abundant harvest, but the extreme heat of the first two weeks of July did an immense
amount of damage ; we think it safe to say that it reduced the grain and root crops at least
one-third, and in many cases more than one-half. The hay crop was excellent, having come
to maturity before the great heat commenced. We believe the dairy business, and the mar-
ket that has recently been opened in Europe for our live stock and their products, will very
much increase the profits of the farmers of this country, both directly and indirectly, as it
will tend to prevent the too frequent raising of grain crops, which has so much impoverished
the land in many of the older settlements.
We are glad to observe that many farmers in this county are becoming aware of the ad-
vantage of draining their land, and also that a great number have constructed buildings to
keep the manure made on the farm under cover until it is required for use, thereby prevent-
ing the waste consequent upon its exposure to the weather.
We have every reason to be satisfied with the improvement that is taking place in the
live stock of our country. Canada has become so noted for the excellence of her live stock
that our breeders find a profitable market in supplying all parts of the American Union with
superior animals for breeding purposes.
The exhibit made by the Dominion at the Centennial placed Canada in the first rank,
not only for live stock, but for all the various Agricultural and Horticultural porductions of
our country, and this, too, in spite of the apathy and indifference with regard to the project
that was so generally manifested, and of which we had an example at our last annual meeting,
when it was impossible to get either the Directors or members to wait one half-hour to concert
measures for the proper representation of our country at the Show. We have great reason to
sincerely thank those who, in spite of discouragements, succeeded in placing Canada iu the
proud position she occupied at the Centennial, thereby dispelling a vast amount of prejudice that
had existed with regard to our country, and disseminating correct views with regard to the
capabilities of our soil and climate to all parts of the earth.
It may not be out of place to mention, as one of the good signs for the future, that an
organization of farmers has been established in Ontario for the express purpose of studying
and discussing questions relating to their own interests, and of uniting to defend their rights.
It is not three years since this society was first established in this country, and their rapid in-
crease is sure evidence that farmers are not satisfied with the subordinate position in society
that has hitherto been assigned to them. One year ago this society nunbered 6,500, now they
have 17,500 members, and if, as seems probable, they continue to increase at the same rate, it
will not be long before the majority of the farmers in Ontario will belong to their ranks. If
they succeed, by meetings and discussions, in arousing farmers to pay more attention to public
questions relating to their own interests, so that they may acquire wisdom in proportion to
their strength, it cannot fail to increase our influence and elevate the agricultural community,
both intellectually and socially, in the scale of society.
With regard to our Exhibition at the Western Fair last fall, we have reason to be per-
fectly satisfied. The number of entries was larger than ever before, and the display on the
grounds, taken as a whole, was certainly superior to anything we have had at any former
show. We are sorry to inform you that our receipts for the past year were not equal to our
expenditure.- You will see by the Western Fair accounts that have been distributed amongst
you, that the Treasurer of the Western Fair had to draw on our surplus to the extent of
$700. We think this may be reasonably accounted for by the wet weather on two days of
the show. There is no doubt also that the Centennial diminished the receipts very consider-
ably at all other exhibitions this year. Taking all things into consideration, we do not think
there is anything discouraging in our financial prospects. As there will not be a Western
Fair this year, we shall have a chance to recruit our surplus to at least the same amount
that we had at the beginning of last year, before the time comes for the Western Fair in 187S.
We have received a communication from the Secretary of the Provincial Association
requesting the opinion of this meeting on the subject of extending the time of holding the
exhibition, we think it well that the proposition should be discussed, and a resolution passed
in accordance with the views of this meeting. Our own opinion is, that it would not do to
hold the Fair two weeks, but we think something should be done to make the most of the
time in one week, by getting things on the ground earlier.
91
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) , A. 1878
The price of the land formerly owned by our society on Talbot Street is still lying un-
touched to our credit, the interest only has been used for our current expenditure. By a re-
solution passed at the annual meeting, which authorized the sale, it was provided that no part
of the principal should be expended without the direct sanction of the members at the annual
meeting, or at a special meeting called for that purpose. But as a resolution passed at one
annual meeting may not be considered binding on succeeding Directors, it was thought
advisable that a clause to the same effect be inserted in the Report at each annual meeting ;
accordingly we recommend that the above resolution be still adhered to, as we do not think it
judicious for any Boai-d of Directors to take in hand a matter of so much importance as the
dis; osal of your property without first consulting the members.
You were told in the Directors' Report last year, that if our possession of the whole of
the present Exhibition Grounds could be secured, we would cheerfully recommend that the
whole of our funds should be expended in their improvement. But, as you are aware, the
streets that intersects the Grounds were closed by a .by-law of the City Council, and we can-
not forget that they may be opened by the same authority. Still, we believe there will be no
trouble on this account for some time to come, as wherever the question was brought up at
the late city elections, the feeling of the citizens seemed to be decidedly in favour of keeping
the Grounds intact. Although this is satisfactory for the present, still the arrangement has
not that permanent character which would warrant us in investing our funds in the buildings
and improvements required.
We think it likely that the question of the Exhibition Grounds will be settled in some
shape during this year. As the city is pledged to provide the necessary accommodation for
the Provincial Show, to be held this year in London, it would surely be good policy to secure
the site before they incur the large expense necessary to erect the buildings.
Your Directors can only watch events as they arise, and use their best endeavours to
protect your interests, and secure the continued existence of our Exhibition. The Western
Fair has now become a necessity to this part of Ontario, and is an emphatic testimonial to
the sound judgment and enterprise of those who had the courage to inaugurate an independ-
ent Exhibition like the Western Fair, without an example for their guide, and nothing but the
public spirit of the community to rely upon for support. And now after eight years experi-
ence it is certainly gratifying to be able to show that their reliance was not misplaced, and
that their calculations and even their hopes, have been more than realized. Your Directors
for the time to come, are not likely to meet with such difficulties as were encountered, and
overcome in the first establishment of the Western Fair, they have now, as it were, a beaten
path to tread, and with prudence and economy, success in the future seems certain.
Dorchester Worth.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 107 17
'' Members' Subscriptions 147 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 73 50
'• Interest 6 00
Cr. 334 17
By Prizes for Horses, §54.50 ; Cattle, §48.75; Sheep, $32.50 ;
Pigs. $4.06 139 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, §13.00 ; Dairy products, §8.75 ; Ladies' Work,
813.25 5100
" Printing and Advertising
ft Working Expenses
190
75
14
05
42
50
247 30
Balance in hand 86 87
92
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
London.
J)T $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 62 63
" Members' Subscriptions 229 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 121 40
" Municipal Grant 20 00
433 03
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $133.00 ; Cattle, $79.75 ; Sheep, $36.50 ;
Pigs, $13.00 ; Poultry, $4.00 266 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $22.50 ; Roots aod other hoed
crops, $8.75 ; Dairy products, $6.50 ; Fruits, $5.50 ;
Agricultural Implements, $9.00 ; Ladies Work, $15.75 ; 68 00
Printing and Advertising.
Working Expenses .. .
334
25
19
55
40
18
393 98
Balance in hand 39 05
Nissouri, West.
Br. $ cts. % cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 59 19
" Members' Subscriptions .. . 140 50
" Legislative Grant 96 90
Cr. 296 59
By Prizes for Horses, $44.75 • Cattle, $49.00 ■ Sheep, $32.25 ;
Pigs, $25 151 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10 ; Dairy Products, $1.25 ; Fruits, $3.75 ;
Agricultural Implements, $9.25 ; General Manufac-
tures, $11.25 51 25
202 25
Working Expenses , 15 75
218 00
Balance in hand 78 59
Westminster.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 309 00
" Legislative Graut from Electoral Division Society 128 20
Cr. 437 20
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report...
" Paid prizes at Fall Show.
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising ,
" Working Expenses
232 99
11
78
375
00
5
00
12
00
29
21
Balance in hand 4 21
93
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
MIDDLESEX, WEST.
Dr $. cts. S. cts $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 229 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition , 218 13
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 45 37
1,192 50
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer as per last Annual Report. . . 89 46
" Prizes for Horses, §88 ; Cattle, 869.50 ; Sheep, $73.75 ;
Pigs, $32.75; Poultry, $25.90 289 90
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $21 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $13,75 ; Dairy Products, $21.70 ^Fruits, $24.55 ;
Agricultural Implements, $20.55; General Manufac-
tures, $17.25 j Fine Arts, $2.25 ; Ladies' Work, $31. 15. 152 20
442 10
Unpaid 62 00
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies....
" Exhibition Buildings
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Printing and Advertising, $41 ; Musical Bands, $12
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary & Trea-
surer .
380
10
42
25
411
00
32
87
125
76
53
00
125
06
1,259 50
Balance due Treasurer 67 00
REPORT.
Herewith are submitted the names of 229 members of the Society for 1876, at $1 each,
the names of 24 lady members at 25 cents each, and the Treasurer's statement of receipts
and disbursements duly audited. Believing them to be correct, your directors would recom-
mend their adoption.
In accordance with the recommendation contained in last Annual Report, the Fall Show
was held for two days, and the results were so satisfactory, that your Directors would recom-
mend its continuance. Notwithstanding very unfavourable weather on the second day of the
Show, the attendance was large, the Show allowed to be the best yet held, and the financial
results as satisfactory as could be expected.
The Spring Show held on the 20th of April was also quite successful, and your Directors
would recommend its continuance, in the Spring of 1877.
Your Directors recommend that the power given to them to sell the rear fourteen and
three-fourths acres of the Agricultural Grounds, if they could advantageously be continued
to their successors. i
;The feature of Special Prizes was still more prominent in 1876. than in 1875, your
Directors believe that they had an excellent effect, and recommend that efforts be made to con-
tinue and increase them during the coming year.
The winter of 1875-6 was remarkable for being the mildest experienced in Canada for
many years. The spring was backward, but during the months of May and the early part of
June, the weather was so favourable that the crop prospect seemed excellent. The intense
heat, however, in the latter part of June, and the early part of July had a most disastrous
effect, and on the whole the harvest of 1876 was much below the average.
The following is an approximate estimate of the yield of the various crops : Fall wheat,
quality poor, average yield 15 bushels per acre. Spring wheat, quality fair, average 15
bushels per acre. Oats light, 30 bushels per acre. Barley poor, 20 bushels per acre. Peas
94
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
fair, 15 bushels per acre. Hay, a splendid crop, average 2 tons per acre. Corn good, 40
bushels per acre. Potatoes fair, 75 bushels per acre. Turnips good, 400 bushels per acre.
Carrots fair, 300 bushels per acre. Mangel Wurzel good, 800 bushels per acre. Most of the
cereals were greatly injured by extreme heat. Fruit was generally a good crop.
In conclusion your directors have much pleasure in saying that the Society has been pros-
perous, and they believe useful during the past year, and they trust under the management
of their successors it may go on and prosper during the coming year.
Caradoc.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report , 53 61
" Members' Subscriptions 117 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 20 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 109 27
" Miscellaneous t 4 15
Cr. 304 53
By Prizes for Horses, $45 : Cattle, $41.75 ; Sheep, $15.75 ;
Pigs, $18 ; Poultry,' $9.25 129 75
•• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $12.30; Dairy Products, $9: Fruits, $13.50;
Vegetables, $8.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $24.75 ;
Ladies' Work, $13.95 95 50
225 25
Unpaid 52 20
173 05
" Special Prizes 7 70
" Printing and Advertising 13 31
•" Working Expenses 23 50
217 56
Balance in hand 86 97
Delaware.
Dr. $ cts. $ I cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 11 12
" Members' Subscriptions 123 25
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 84 99
219 36
% Prizes for Horses, $17.25 ; Cattle, $13.50; Sheep, $10.50 j
Pigs, $9; Poultry, $8.25 58 50
*' Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.90 ; Dairy Products, $5 ; Fruits, $7 ;
Vegetables, $7.55 ; Agricultural Implements, $8.25 ;
General Manufactures, $2.75 ; Ladies Work, $7.85.... 55 30
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 70 03
Ekfrid.
Df- $ cts. cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 40 45
■• Members' Subscriptions 84 50
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 74 72
113 80
14 50
21 03
149 33
9
199 67
D
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Or. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, $33 ; Cattle, $22.50 ; Sheep, $13.75 ;
Pigs, $4; Poultry, $0.90 74 15
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10.50 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $4.25 ; Dairy Products, $5.50 ; Fruits, $6.95 ;
Agricultural Implements, $3.75 ; Ladies' Work, $18.10 49 05
123 20
Unpaid 29 25
" Prizes for previous year paid.
" Printing and Advertising . . .
" Working Expenses ,
93
95
1
00
6
00
21
01
121 96
Balance in hand 77 71
Metcalfe.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Keport 160 47
'' Members' Subscriptions 80 75
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 62 57
Cr. 303 79
By Prizes for Horses, $35.15 ; Cattle, $37.25 ; Sheep, $23 ;
Pigs, $7.25 ; Poultry, $2.40 105 15
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $14.30 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $5.05 ; Dairy Products, $5.60; Fruits, $6.15 ;
Agricultural Implements, $11 ; Ladies' Work, $12.05. 54 05
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
159
20
11
50
32
00
202 70
Balance in hand 101 09
Mosa.
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 100 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 79 45
179 45
Cr.
By Balance due Treasurer, per last Annual Beport 1 13
" Prizes for Horses, $29.25 ; Cattle, $19.50; Sheep, $8.50;
Pigs, $5.50 ; Poultry, $3.20...... 65 95
" Prizes for Grains, $13.25; Boots and other hoed crops, $8.45;
Dairy Products, $3.50 ; Fruits, $7.35 ; Plants and
Flowers, $1.40 ; Vegetables, $2.20 ; Agricultural
Implements, $6.75 ; General Manufactures, $9 ; Fine
Arts, $2.25 ; Ladies' Work, $12.20 66 35
132 30
" Printing and Advertising 12 75
" Working Expenses 28 75
174 93
Balance in hand 4 52
96
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT.
* * * * The show held in the Village of Wardsville last October we are sorry to
say was not equal to the shows held by this society heretofore, owing, no doubt to the farmers
not taking that interest in the society that they should do, as also many members whose names
are in the society's books that do not pay in their subscriptions yearly.
Your Directors are of the opinion that it would be for the benefit of this society to unite
with some one of the neighbouring societies so that we might be able to get up a much better
show, and would be a great saving of time to the farmers, as we think there are too many
small shows and too much time lost in attending them. The Agricultural and Arts Act pro-
vides that any two or more societies may unite their funds for annual shows or ploughing
matches, or for any other purpose to promote the welfare of any society.
MIDDLESEX, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cte.
To Members' Subscriptions ..... 460 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 636 85
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Loan 300 00
" Lobo and East Williams Societies for Union Show 211 95
" Special prizes 1000 00
" Miscellaneous 4 00
Cr. 3,312 80
By Balance due Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 44 90
" Prizes for Horses, $185 ; Cattle, $144; Sheep, $77 ; Pigs,
$55; Poultry $33.50 494 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $54.50 ; Roots and other
Hoed Crops, $41.50 ; Dairy Products, $22 ; Fruits,
$39.50 ; Agricultural Implements and General Manu-
factures, $95; Fine Arts, $39 ; Ladies' Work, $96.25. 388 25
882 75
Unpaid 95 00
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies. ..
" Exhibition Buildings
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Special prizes
" Printing and Advertising . ...
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
" Paid Loan and interest..
" Omission in prize list, 1875
787
75
133
75
420
00
143
19
294
84
1000
00
122
24
185
00
218
25
21
50
3,371 42
Balauce due Treasurer 58 62
Adelaide.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 28 00
" Members' Subscriptions 109 00
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 45 45
" Sale of Grass 5 00
187 45
97
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts- $ cts- 8 cts.
By Prizes for Horses, §47.60; Cattle, $25.60 ; Sheep, $17;
Pigs, 85; Poultry, $4.40 99 60
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 81 1.30 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $6.40 ; Dairy Products. $2.25 ; Fruits, $4 ;
Vegetables, 80.70; Agricultural Implements, 82.25;
Ladies' Work, 84.30 31 20
130 80
" Prizes for previous years paid 33 68
" Printing and Advertising. 9 25
" Working Expenses 20 25
193 98
Balance due Treasurer 6 53
Biddulph. >■■
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts 8 cts-
To Balance in hand, as per last Annua! Report 14 49
" Members' Subscriptions 148 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition II 95
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 65 35
Cr. 240 29
By Prizes paid 43 75
" Prizes for previous years paid 38 75
" Printing and Advertising 7 25
" Working Expenses 29 55
119 30
Balance in hand., 20 99
Lobo.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 184 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 82 00
••Miscellaneous 10 00
Or. 276 00
By Amount paid County Society for Union Show 266 00
"Working Expenses 10 00
276 00
McG&Mvray.
Dr. c cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balauce in hand, as per last Annual Report lu 00
" Members' Subscriptions 62 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 26 10
" Miscellaneous 34 65
Cr. 132 75
By Prizes for Horses, 837.00 ; Cattle, 813.75 ; Sheep, $1 1.25 ;
Pigs, S4.50; Poultry, $2.75 69 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $10.00; Roots and other hoed
crops, 83.00; for Dairy Products, 8125; Fruits, 81-50
Vegetables, $1.50; Ladies' Work, $9.00 26 25 95 50
•• Working Expenses 11 50
_ 107 00
Balance in hand 2557
98
41 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Williams, East.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions. 287 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 129 15
" Miscellaneous 10 00
Cr. 426 15
By Paid County Society for Union Show 416 15
" Working Expenses 10 00
426 15
Williams, West.
Dr. $ cts.. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 172 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 81 30
" Municipal Grant 70 20
" Miscellaneous 20 79
Cr. 344 J 9
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 9 79
" Prizes for Horses, $48; Cattle, $14.25 ; Sheep, $25.70 ;
Pigs, $4; Poultry, $1.75 -. 93 70
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.70 ; Dairy Products, $5 ; Fruits, $3.30 ;
Agricultural Implements, $5.70 ; Ladies' Work, $16.50 54 20
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Draining Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
147
90
17
75
78
00
21
45
21
25
39
70
335 84
Balance in hand 8 45
MONCK.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 152 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 240 00
"Legislative Grant 700 00
"Borrowed 225 00
"Miscellaneous 57 75
Cr. 1,374 75
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 17 36
" Prizes or Horses, $100.00 ; Cattle, $66.00 ; Sheep, $70.00 ;
Pigs, $42.00 ; Poultry, $17.00 295 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $41.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15.50; Dairy Products, $15.25; Fruits,
$33.63; Vegetables, $16.00 ; Agricultural Implements,
§24.00 ; General Manufactures, $10.00 ; Ladies' Work,
$27.00 182 88
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Paid borrowed money and interest..,
99
477
88
3
00
419
93
130
00
95
00
137
50
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Printing and Advertising 17 25
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, and
Treasurer, 103 85
1,401 77
Balance due Treasurer 27 02
REPORT.
* * * We congratulated the members and friends of the society upon its general
prosperity, considering the failure of crops and the scarcity of money.
We have made some improvements on the grounds, having built a good board fence
along the front of the fair grounds at a cost of $120.00. * * *
The Spring Show was held on the 2 9th of April, the entries and competition for Stallions
was creditable, especially in general purpose stallions and heavy draught horses. The road-
sters were not so good as at previous shows. There were but six Durham bulls, all consid-
ered very fine animals.
The Fall Show was held on the Society's lands at Wellandport, on Friday and Saturday,
the sixth and seventh days of October. The entries for the show numbered about 1,200,
being the average for previous years. Fully one-third of the articles entered for competition
were not brought as it was raining very hard on the morning of the first day of the Show.
The second day was quite cold which made it very disagreeable to be out. * * *
Caistor.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report . 84 45
" Members' Subscriptions 61 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 37
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 91 84
" Municipal Grant „ ... 40 00
" Miscellaneous 5 50
Or. 293 16
By Prizes for Horses, $34.50 ; Cattle, $37 ; Sheep, $23 ;
Pigs, $16 ; Poultry, $3.50 114 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $8.85 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.45 ; Fruits, $3.55 ; Ladies' Work, $13.60... 32 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balancein hand 108 58
Carnboro'
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance on hand, as per last Annual Report „ 47 89
,( Members' Subscriptions 54 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 5 55
" Municipal Grant . .. 10 00
• Grant from County of Haldimand ■>■ 25 00
•• Miscellaneous 1 60
Cr. .144 04
By Prizes for Horses, $30.25 ; Cattle, $22; Sheep, $21.25; Pigs,
$10.25; Poultry, $4.30 88 05
100
146 00
8 50
8 75
21 33
184 58
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A 1878
By Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13.10 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.15; Dairy Products, $3.50; Fruits, $2.70;
Agricultural Implements, $9.20; Ladies' Work, $13.20 45 55
cts. $ cts. $ cts.
" Printing and Advertising 9 00
Working Expenses 7 50
133 60
9 00
7 50
150 10
Balance due Treasurer 6 06
Gainsborough.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts*
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 31 68
To Members' Subscriptions 63 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 12 25
" Legislative Grant, from Electoral Divison Society 101 68
" Municipal Grant 60 00
" Miscellaneous 0 75
269 36
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $35.75 ; Cattle, $25.00 ; Sheep, $29.00 ;
Pigs, $7.25; Poultry, $7.59 104 59
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.58 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.33 ; for Dairy products, $6.10 ; Fruits, $11.69 ;
Vegetables, $5.85 ; for Agricultural Implements, $3.00 ;
General Manufactures, $4.47 ; Ladies' Work, 19.32 75 34
179 93
Printing and Advertising 9 00
Working Expenses 20 68
209 61
Balance in hand 59 75
Pelham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 9 01
" Members' Subscriptions 88 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 131 20
" Miscellaneous 00 75
228 96
Cr.
Prizes for Horses, $50.00 ; Cattle, $23.75 ; Sheep, $18.75 ;
Pigs, $7.75; Poultry, $4.05 104 30
Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $22.96 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.00; Dairy products, $4.91; Fruits, $8.74 ;
Vegetables, $6.29 ; General Manufactures, $15.09 ; Fine
Arts. $3.76 ; Ladies' Work, $4.93 74 68
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, &c.
178
98
2
50
24
50
205 98
Balance in lmud 22 98
101
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Wainjleet.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 50 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society, 94 73
Cr. 141 73
By Prizes for Horses, $24.00 ; Cattle, $25.00; Sheep, $22.75 ;
Pigs, $9.00; Poultry, $2.35 83 10
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $12.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8 ; Dairy Products, $3.50 ; Fruits, $3.00 ;
Vegetables, $2.00; Ladies' Work, $1.50 30 00
113 10
By Printing and Advertising 4 58
•• Working Expenses 13 00 130 68
Balance in hand 14 05
MUSKOKA AND PARRY SOUND.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 96 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition , 12 51
" Legislative Grant. $700 ; Municipal Grant, $100 800 00
" Miscellaneous.....' 25 70
Cr. 934 46
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report.... 4 88
By Prizes for Horses, $59.00 ; Cattle, $63.00 ; Sheep, $54.00 ;
Pigs, $21.00; Poultry, $5.25 202 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $42.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $19.75 ; Dairy Products, $14.00 ; Fruits, $2.50 ;
Vegetables, $12.25; Agricultural Implements, $9 50;
General Manufactures, $6.50 ; Ladies' Work, $44.00 150 50
By Prizes for previous years .,
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer, .
Balance due Treasurer 116 21
REPORT.
Your Directors, anxious to promote the interests of Agriculture in this section of the
country, held a Spring Show on 27th April, 1876, for the exhibition of live stock, of horses
and cattle, and also for seed-grain. The result was far from satisfactory. They regret to
say that but small interest was taken by the farming community in this exhibition, and they
deplore the want of energy evinced in a matter of such vital importance to the country
at large.
Your Directors have erected, on the Society's show ground, a building 60 feet long by
24 feet wide, for exhibition purposes. This, on account of the limited means at the disposal
of the Society, was not effected without considerable difficulty and anxious forethought.
Much still requires to be done at the Show Ground, and although, no doubt, the energies of
the gentlemen who will this day be selected as Directors for the ensuing year, will be taxed to
the utmost in endeavouring to improve the grounds for the future exhibitions, still your
Directorscannot but think that sufficient public spirit will .be evinced by the Members of the
102
352
68
75
80
419
64
138
00
10
00
56
60
1,050
67
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Society, by using all efforts in their power to increase the number of Subscribers, and by the
force of their own example, to incite their neighbours to shake off the apathy which has
hitherto existed among them, so as to strengthen the hands of the incoming Board, and
enable them to carry out the necessar;, improvements, as well as the other business of the
Society with success.
The Society's Fall Show was held at their New Grounds, on Wednesday, the 27th of
September last. It was in every respect a decided success. The attendance, larue as it was,
would no doubt have been mnch greater, but for the unfavourable weather, usual on such
occasions. *
Those of the Township Societies, which have sent in their returns, appear to be in a de-
cidedly flourishing condition. The amount of money paid in prizes exceeds, in each case,
that paid in the preceding year, and the balance in favour of the Society is also greater.
This speaks volumes, and your Directors consider further comment on this satisfactory
state of things unnecessary.
In conclusion, your Directors earnestly call upon you individually, to take an active
part in making this Society what it should be — a model to the different Township Societies
which are, in a measure, looking to it for support, a credit to the districts from which it de-
rives its name, and a Society of which, in years to come, many here present may pride them-
themselves on being members. * * *
McKellar, Hagerman, and Ferguson.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 52
" Members' Subscriptions 50 00
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 78 00
Cr. 128 52
By Prizes for Horses, $11 ; Cattle, $21.50 ; Sheep, $10.75 ;
Pigs, $8.50; Poultry, $3.25 55 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $10.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.50; Dairy Products, $2.75; Fruits, 0.75;
Vegetables, $4.25 ; General Manufactures, $6.25 ;
Ladies' Work, $3.75 35 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
113 25
Balance in hand 15 27
Meclora and Wood.
Dr. $ cts. % cts. % cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 8 04
" Members' Subscriptions 60 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 3 35
" Legislative Grunt from Electoral Division Society 79 56
Cr. 150 95
By Prizes for Horses, $2 ; Cattle, $33.75 ; Sheep, $8 ; Pigs,
$3.50; Poultry, $4 7.. 51 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $17.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10.75; Dairy Products, $4.50; Vegetables,
$10.25; Ladies' Work, $7.25 50 25
" Printing and Advertising..
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand....... 15 56
103
90
75
3
00
4
50
15
00
101 50
10 55
23 34
135 39
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Morrison and Ryde.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 29 55
" Members' Subscriptions 60 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 78 63
Cr. 168 18
By Prizes for Horses, $20 ; Cattle, $18.25 ; Sheep, $10 ;
Pigs, $5.75; Poultry, $3.25 57 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $5.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6 ; Dairy Products, $2.50 ; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $0.75; Ladies' Work, $5.25 . 20 25
" Printing and Advertising
'■ Working Expenses
Balance in hand.
77 50
5 00
12 00
94 50
73 68
$ cts.
$ cts.
Stephenson.
Dr. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 25 87
" Members' Subscriptions 50 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 6 70
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 78 00
Cr. 160 57
By Prizes for Horses, $8.50 ; Cattle. $30.50 ; Sheep, $14.50 ;
Pigs, $7.50; Poultry, $1.75 62 75
" Prizes for grains and Seeds, $ 25.70; Roots and other
" hoed crops, $7.25 ; Dairy products, $7.75 ; Fruits, $3.00 ;
< Ladies' Work, $7.05 50 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
113
50
5
25
8
00
6
30
133 05
Balance in hand 27 52
Watt.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 15 18
' Members' Subscriptions 69 75
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 2 08
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 52 »
Cr. 191 53
By Prizes 0r Horses, $18.50 ; Cattle, $23.25 ; Sheep, $15.50;
$8.00; Poultry, $3.00 68 25
" P li Graios and Seeds, $21.50 ; Roots and other hoed
$10.50; Dairy Products, $4.50; Vegetables,
■A cneral Manufactures, $8.75 ; Ladies' Work,
$7.75 58 25
" Printing and Advertising
'• Working Expenses . ..
126
50
6
25
21
19
144 94
Balance in hand 46 59
104
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
NIAGARA.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report . 138 80
" Members' Subscriptions 122 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 16
" Legislative Grant 350 00
" Municipal Grant 160 00
780 96
Cr.
" Prizes for Horses, $83.00; Cattle, $84.00 ; Sheep, 49.00 ;
Pigs, $26.00; Poultry, $17.00 259 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $38.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $25.00 ; Dairy Products, $14.00 ; Fruits, $56.00 ;
Plants and Flowers, $18.00 ; Vegetables, $30.00 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $6.00 ; General Manufactures,
$24.00 ; Fine Arts, $12.00 ; Ladies' Work, $16.75 239 75
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Paid for Agricultural and Horticultural Publications
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary & Trea-
surer
629 65
Balance in hand 151 31
498
75
28
80
8
85
23
75
69
50
NORFOLK, NORTF1.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
" Members' Subscriptions 145 00
" Admission fees to Exhibition 408 60
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Rent of Show Grounds 145 00
" Rent of Booths 24 25
" Amount from South Riding Society for Union Show ... 200 00
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 421 14
" Prizes for Horses, $98.50 ; Cattle, $64.25 ; Sheep, $99.00 ;
Pigs, $51.50; Poultry, $28.60 341 85
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds $52.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $24.25 ; Dairy Products, $9 50 ; Fruits, $18.25 ;
Plants and Flowers, $10.50 ; Vegetables, $10.75 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $43.20 ; General Manufactures,
$68.65; Ladies, Work, $38.25 275 35
1,622 85
617
20
386
00
29
29
31
50
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Towuship Societies ...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" For Interest
" Printing and Advertising . 35 0 0
'' Working Expenses, including services of Secretary & Trea-
surer 210 24
1,730 37
Balance due Treasurer 107 52
105
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Middleton.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. S cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 3 40
" Members' Subscriptions 188 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 70 20
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 402 10
By Prizes for Horses. $53.25 ; Cattle, $54.40 ; Sheep, $25.25 ;
Pigs, $16.50; Poultry, 84.60 15400
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $32.30 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $14; Dairy Products, $5.50; Fruits, $7.52;
Vegetables, $5 ; Agricultural Implements, $5 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, $28 ; Fine Arts, $5 ; Ladies' Work,
$25 122 32
276 32
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 70 20
" Printing and Advertising 25 00
"Working Expenses 30 58
— 402 10
Toumsend.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report. 287 55
" Members' Subscriptions 197 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 97 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Miscellaneous , 4 00
Cr. 725 55
By Prizes for Horses, $78.50 ; Cattle, $48.75 ; Sheep, $91.50 ;
Pigs, $11 ; Poultry, $4.50 :. 234 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $27.50; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.60 ; Dairy Products, $7.50; Fruits, $7.50 ;
Vegetables, $4.60 ; Agricultural Implements, $11 ;
General Manufactures, $28.60 ; Fine Arts, 85.75 ;
Ladies' Work, 821.70 120 75
355 00
Unpaid 55 20
299
80
47
95
24
57
2
45
200
00
27
90
18
98
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Extra Prizes
" Endorsed on Secretary's note
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses ..
621 65
Balance in hand 103 90
Windham.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 114 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 56 30
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 106 00
27 6 30
Cr.
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report. ... 18 75
106
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Qr $ Cts. $ CtS. $ CtS.
By Prizes for Horses, $29.50 ; Cattle, $25.75 ; Sheep, $21.50 ;
Pigs, $17.25 ; Poultry, $3 97 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20.75 ; Roots and other hoed
Crops, $15.75 ; Dairy Products, $6 ; Fruits, $6.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $1.75 ; Vegetables, $5 ; Agricultur-
al Implements, $10; General Manufactures, $18;
Fine Arts, $2.50 : Ladies' Work, $11.25 07 50
O, 194 50
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 42 50
" Printing and Advertising 9 33
" Working; Expenses 3 25
268 33
Balance in hand 7 97
NORFOLK, SOUTH.
Br, $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 10 26
" Members' Subscriptions 82 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
Cr. 792 26
By Amount paid to North Riding Society for Union Show 200 00
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 342 00
" Exhibition Building and Grounds... — 31 50
" For Agricultural Publications 13 00
" Printing and Advertising 6 13
" Working Expenses 77 50
670 13
Balance in hand 122 13
Charlotteville.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 75 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 75 00
Cr. 150 00
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 25 66
" Prizes for Horses, $19.50 ; Cattle, $25 ; Sheep, $17 : Pigs,
$14; Poultry, $2.75 78 25
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $16.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.12 ; Dairy Products, $4.25 ; Fruits, 83.50 ;
Vegetables $2.02 ; General Manufactures, $6 ; Ladies'
Work, $3.65 41 29
119 54
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 4 00
" Printing and Advertising 8 13
" Working Expenses 23 78
1 181 11
Balance due Treasurer 31 11
107
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Houghton.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 35 47
" Members' Subscriptions 56 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 56 00
Cr. 147 47
By Prizes for Horses, $27 ; Cattle, $16.25 ; Sheep, $11 ; Pigs,
$4; Poultry, $2.40 60 65
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13.97 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.48; Dairy Products, $4.05 ; Fruits, $5.30 ;
General Manufactures, $1.65 ; Ladies' Work, $4.35... 37 80
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
98 45
5 80
20 97
125 22
Balance in hand 22 25
Walsingham.
Dr. $ cts. % cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report... 12 25
" Members' Subscriptions 101 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 101 00
" Miscellaneous 7 00
Cr. 221 25
By Prizes for Horses, $32.50 ; Cattle, $31.75 ; Sheep, $18.00 ;
Pigs, $8.50; Poultry, $4.50 95 25
„ Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $27.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.00 ; Dairy products, $5,00 ; Growing Crops,
$6.25 ; Fruits, $4.00; Agricultural Implements, $9.75 ;
Ladies' Work, $21.25. ...T 81 00
176 25
By Prizes for previous years paid 12 25
" Working Expenses 12 00
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $32.00 ; Cattle, 40.00 ; Sheep, $34.50;
Pigs, $13.00; Poultry, $2.50 122 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20.55 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.65 ; Dairy products, $3.87 ; Fruits, $4.60 j
Vegetables, $3.70; Agricultural Implements, $1.20;
General Manufactures, $4.90 ; Ladies' Work, $8.55 57 02
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
179
02
4
00
22
40
200 50
Balance in hand 20 75
Wood house.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 4 65
" Members' Subscriptions .. 100 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 8 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 100 CO
212 65
205 42
Balance in hand 7 23
108
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
NORTHUMBERLAND, EAST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Members' Subscriptions 85 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Cash from Treasurer Brighton Agricultural Society 44 00
" Miscellaneous 6 25
Cr. 835 25
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report. ... 24 21
By Prizes for Horses, $59 ; Cattle, $85.50 : Sheep, $37.05 ;
Pigs, $15.50; Poultry, $10 '. 207 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $29.50; Dairy Products, $12.25;
Fruits and Roots. $19.70; Agricultural Implements,
$4.75; General Manufactures, $20.60; Ladies' Work,
$60.70 147 50
By Portion of Grant paid to Township Societies.
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
354 55
372 46
18 00
53 00
822 22
Balance in hand , 13 03
REPORT.
The Directors of the East Riding of the County of Northumberland Agricultural
Society, in presenting their Annual Report have nothing special to call the attention of the
Members to during the past year, but are happy to say the Society is still in a prosperous
condition. The annual show held at Brighton in October last was equal to former years in
the number of entries.
The display of horses was very fine indeed, and they appeared in prime condition.
The horned cattle show was hardly equai to former years, nevertheless some choice ani-
mals were on exhibition.
In sheep and swine the numbers were not as large as at former exhibitions, but amongst
those shown were some tine specimens.
Grain and seeds were well represented, however the quality was not as good as on former
occasions, owing no doubt to the dry season. The show of garden vegetables was not so ex-
tensive as could be wished, but of good quality.
Dairy products also was well represented and H was a difficult task for the judges to de-
cide who should be entitled to the different prizes.
The display made by the ladies was never more conspicuous than on this occasion.
The richness of the embroidery work, the neatness and artistic skill displayed in all branches
of their department, far outshone in beauty and brilliancy their former efforts.
In addition to the premiums awarded by the Society, a number of special prizes were
given by the Union Joint Stock Company of Brighton, and by private individuals, which
had the effect of giving greater stimulation to competitors and added much to the attraction
of the exhibition.
Brighton.
To Balance in hand 121 32
" Members' Subscriptions 51 00
Cr.
By Paid Treasurer of County Society
" Working Expenses
45 00
172 32
11 00
56 00
Balance in hand 116 32
109
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 187b
Cra make.
Dr. $ cts. § cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 46 36
" Members' Subscriptions 134 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 44 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 119 97
Cr. 344 83
By Prizes for Horses, $21.75 ; Cattle, $30.25 j Sheep, $16.50 ;
Pigs, $5.50 ; Poultry, $2.50...., 76 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 87.25 ; Roots and other
hoed crops, $3. 10; Dairy products, $3.00 ; Fruits, 82.50 ;
Vegetables, 5.15 ; Agricultural Implements, 83.75 ;
General Manufactures, $24.25 ; Fine Arts, $3.40 ;
Ladies' Work, §12.85 65 25
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Paid for Agricultural aud Horticultural Publications
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
141
75
5
66
79
20
8
75
17
27
252 63
Balance in hand 92 20
REPORT.
Your Directors in presenting their Report would desire to gratefully acknowledge the
blessings of a bountiful Providence, that has supplied our wants, caused the earth to yield
its increase, and afforded means by which our Society has increased its members and its
finance-.
The Annual Exhibition of your Society was held in Colborne, on Friday, October 13th,
and was considered by those in attendance to have been one of the best exhibits ever made by
this Society, the number of entries being more than one hundred in excess of last year.
In Horses, the display as usual, was very creditable, a new feature in this class being
stallions, of which there were some fine animals shown.
The Show of Cattle was not as large as we have seen at some former exhibitions ; that
handsome class, the Devons, for some cause unknown to your Directors, failed to have even
one representative, but those that were shown, considering the very unfavourable weather we
had for pasture, were a credit to their owners.
Sheep were well represented both as to number and quality.
The same may also be said of the Swine, some truly fine animals being exhibited.
Your Directors introduced a new class in the Prize Bill, viz. : Poultry, which, for the
first year was really a good display.
Grain and Roots considering the dryness of the summer were better than could have been
expected.
The Horticultural display though perhaps not equal to some former years was still very
creditable.
3Iechanics' work was not as fully represented as we could have wished, especially in farm
implements of which there was but a meagre show ; yet there was a display in some sections
that showed a considerable amount of skill in construction, we hope that in future this class
will be better represented.
Domestic Industry and Dairy Products, both as regards quantity aud quality made a
good display, nearly every section being exceedingly well represented.
Of the Ladies' Department it would be almost impossible to give a true description, as
by personal examination only could the workmanship and exquisite taste in design of the
different articles displayed be appreciated, and your Directors would recommend that in future
this department be so enlarged as to give the ladies a wider sphere to exhibit their handi-
work. * * *
110
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Your Directors would recommend that in future more general interest be taken in the
use of thorough-bred animals, for the improvement of the stock of the township, so tbat we
may be able to successfully compete with those in other townships. We would also advise the
frequent change of seed grains as one of the means of success in that branch of agriculture.
Your Directors would recommend to you for your favourable consideration the Society
known as the Patrons of Husbandry or the Grange, believing that we might be a mutual help
to each other. * * *
Murray.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 2 57
" Members' Subscriptions 105 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 25 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 94 00
Or.
By Prizes for Horses, $27.00 ; Cattle, $32.50 ; Sheep, $8.45 ;
Pigs, $7.75; Poultry, $3.62 79 32
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $14.85 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.63 ; Dairy products, $6.87 ; Fruits. $4.96 ;
General Manufactures, $30.75 ; Ladies' Work, $18.65.. 87 71
227 07
Printing and Advertising.
Working Expenses
167
03
11
55
22
00
200 58
Balance in hand 26 49
Percy.
Or- $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 2 67
" Members' Subscriptions Ill 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 19 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society Ill 50
Cr.
244 67
Prizes for Horses, $31.72; Cattle, $54.15 ; Sheep, $16.4 I ;
Pigs, $3.72 .' 106 00
Prizes for Grains and SeeJs, $15.66 ; Dairy products, $8.75 ;
Roots and Fruits, $10.76; General Manufactures, $7.85;
Ladies' Work, $22.62 65 56
Prizes for previous years paid
Paid for Agricultural Publications
Printing and Advertising ,
Working Expenses
171
56
1
85
33
00
10
00
28
26
244 67
REPORT.
The Annual Exhibition of the Township of Percy was held in Warkworth, on October
18th, 1876, and in most cases was a grand success.
In the class of Horses, there was a grand display, Carriage Horses being in advance of
former years.
In Cattle also there was a fine show, a number of thorough -breds were on exhibition.
Sheep were by far the best ever shown in this locality, in long wool there was a marked
improvement, the same taking first prizes at the County Exhibition.
Pigs were few, nevertheless good.
Ill
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
In Grains and Seeds the entries was numerous, but the quality was not as good as
previous years.
Roots and Fruit were well represented, also Dairy Products.
In the Ladies' Department there was strong competition, which added much to the
interest of the Exhibition and manifested considerable skill in the design and manufacture of
the various articles exhibited.
In conclusion your Directors would suggest the propriety of a double exertion to be
made to procure suitable grounds and erect buildings suitable for coining years. The
inconvenience and insufficient accommodation being quite visible to the throng of visitors
who thronged our thoroughfare at our Inst Exhibition, should cause our community to exert
themselves to the above named object.
Seymour.
Or. $ cts $ cts- $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 45 76
" Members' Subscriptions 65 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 8 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 52 00
170 76
Or.
By Prizes for Horses, $11.60 ; Cattle, §5.15 ; Sheep, $4.75 ;
Pigs, 81.55 23 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $5.85 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $3.35 ; Dairy Products, $3.05 ; Fruits, $2.50 ;
Vegetables, $2.05 ; Agricultural Implements, $2.60 ;
General Manufactures, $4.20 ; Ladies Work, $3.50.... 27 10
50 15
Unpaid 16 90
33 25
' Prizes i or previous years paid 32 25
' Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 4 00
' for A gricultural Publications 37 10
' Printing and Advertising 3 50
' Working Expenses 12 69
122 79
Balance in hand 47 97
REPORT.
Your Directors regret to say that the Fall wheat in the Township so signally failed last
year that there were no entries in white winter wheat at the show, the plants being weak and
delicate in the fall, and the absence of snow during the winter mouths exposing it to the ex-
treme cold, unprotected, so ii jured the roots that considerable portions were ploughed and re-
sown in the spring; and when it escaped the winter it was struck with rust so as to render it
nearly worthless, and the Spring wheat, even where the appearance was good, did not yield
more than half a crop from the same cause.
A "-ood breadth of Barley was sown in good order and promised to be extra, but the ex-
treme heat and drought causing it to ripen prematurely, thereby reduced the weight so as to
bring the crop below an average.
Oats and Peas were similarly affected.
Turnips very small, and Potatoes nearly a total failure.
Hay was fair, which with the increased attention given to Dairying iu the Township is
an indispensable crop
Of stone fruit there was little or none, and the apple, though very promising, did not
eventually yield very largely.
112
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
NORTHUMBERLAND, WEST,
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report... 87 15
" Members' Subscriptions 182 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 427 15
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Rent for Show ground 15 00
" Miscellaneous 8 00
" Hamilton Township Society for Union Show 199 50
Cr. 1,618 80
By Prizes for Horses, 865.25 ; Cattle, $159.50 ; Sheep, $77.25 ;
Pigs, $22.00; Poultry, 817.00 341 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 892.00; Roots and other hoed
crops, $43.75 ; Dairy products, 821.00 ; Fruits, $26.50 ■
Agricultural Implements, 869.75 ; General Manufac-
tures, 23.25 ; Fine Arts, 7.75 : Ladies' Work, 819.25... 383 25
724 2a
395
50
22
126
49
200
00
4
50
39
95
88
88
1579
79
By Prize for previous year paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Port Hope Central Exhibition
" Paid for Agricultural Publications
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer, &c
Balance in hand 39 01
REPORT.
The past season has been unfavourable to Agriculture in this District. We had a wet
spring, followed by a very dry summer, causing grain to ripen prematurely, and not to fill, as
in former years, causing a deficiency in the yield per acre by fully a third below the average.
The show of this Society was held on the 19th and 20th October, and proved successful,
giving allowance for the unfavourable season. Horses, cattle, and other live stock were good,
but not so many in number as on other occasions. Grain was even better than expected but
not so many samples.
It was found necessary on account of the limited space on the old Show ground, to sell
it, and purchase a new ground, which has been accomplished, and preparations made to fence
it preparatory to the coming fall show.
The potato beetle has made havoc with that crop the past year, and in connection with
the dry weather it was a complete failure.
Apples have been much affected by a worm causing them to fall before getting ripe.
Financially the Society is in a prosperous state, and we still hope for future success.
Almcick.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 32 67
" Members' Subscriptions 53 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 28 37
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 65 66
•■ Miscellaneous 75
Cr. 180 45
By Prizes for Horses, $31.25 ; Cattle, $19.50 ; Sheep, $5.27 ;
Pigs, $6.13; Poultry, $3.50 65 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $16.55 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10.00 ; Dairy Products, $2.53 ; Fruits, $3.50 ;
8 113
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
$ cts.
Agricultural Implements, $10 ; General Manufactures,
$2.52 ; Ladies' Work, $21.53 67 63
By Printing and Advertising.
" Working Expenses
$ cts.
133 38
3 00
34 70
$ cts.
171 08
Balance in hand 9 37
Haldimand.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 107 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 87 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 121 42
O. 315 92
By Balance due the Treasurer as per last Annual Report 6 20
" Prizes for Horses, $32.25 ; Cattle, $32.00 ; Sheep, $26.00 ;
Pigs, $11.00; Poultry, $6.25 107 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $20.75 ; Dairy Products, $14.75 ; Fruits, $3.75 j
Agricultural Implements, $14.25 ; General Manufac-
tures, $8.50 ; Fine Arts, $6 ; Ladies' Work, $40.50. ... 132 00
239 50
" Printing and Advertising 10 25
" W or king Expenses 30 52
286'47
Balance in hand 29 45
REPORT.
At our last Annual Meeting the books of the Treasurer shewed a debt standing against
the Society from the year 1875 of $6.20.
The balance in the hands of the Treasurer this day, after paying the debt over from 1875,
and after paying all liabilities for 1876, is $29.45, to the credit of the Society. Your
Directors have to report, a considerable increase in the membership of the Society for the
past year, the numbers being 104, an increase of 29 over previous year ; the attendance of
visitors was large, shewing a continued public interest in our Annual Exhibitions. Your
Directors were pleased to see the improvement in the stock exhibited, especially in Horses,
Sheep, and Pigs, the entries made in these classes, were generally brought forward. In Roots,
the Exhibition was not as large as some former years, owing we presume to the unfavourable
season for crops, those exhibited were a credit to the Exhibitors, and would compare favourably
with any shewn at the larger Exhibitions.
We hope to see a continued interest taken in the improvement of the different classes of
stock in our Township.
Hamilton.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 195 97
" Members' Subscriptions 133 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
468 97
Cr.
By Priees « 30 00
" President's expenses at Peterboro' Central Show 10 00
" County Society for Union Exhibition 199 50
114
109
00
4
00
22
40
374
90
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
" Port Hope Central Exhibition..
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand , 94 07
Cobourg Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ ets. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance on hand, as per last Annual Report 18 07
" Members Subscriptions 59 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibitions 66 31
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 68 14
" Miscellaneous 0 23
Cr. 211 75
By Prizes at Spring Show 70 50
" Prizes at Fall Show 109 75
" Exhibition Buildings 16 50
" Musical Bands 10 00
" Working Expenses 5 00
211 75
ONTARIO, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ eta.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 12 53
" Members' Subscriptions 568 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 1272 90
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Special prizes 45 00
" Rents of Stalls, &c 202 00
" Miscellaneous 51 62
Cr. 2852 05
By Prizes for Horses, .$307 j Cattle, $260 ; Sheep, $125 ; Pigs,
$32 ; Poultry, $33.50 757 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $97 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.25; Dairy products, $73; Fruits, $44;
Plants & Flowers, $6 ; Vegetables, $61.25 ; Agricultu-
ral Implements, $60 ; General Manufactures, $137.75 ;
Fine Arts, $52.50 ; Ladies' Work, $176.50; Miscellan-
eous, $33.25 752 50
1510 00
By Prizes for previous years paid 2 50
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 290 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 117 53
" Miscellaneous 30 83
" Printing and Advertising, $90 ; Musical Bands, $45 135 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treas-
urer and Assistants 406 49
2492 35
Balance in hand 359 70
Pickering.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 17 53
# 115
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No*. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts-
" Members' Subscriptions 247 00
'•' Admission Fees to Exhibition 482 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Miscellaneous 48 50
Cr. 935 03
By Prizes for Horses, $195; Cattle, $90 ; Sheep, $62 ; Pigs,
$45 ; Poultry, $35 427 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $53.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $27.25 ; Dairy products. $19 ; Fruits, $31.75 ;
General Manufactures, 72.75 ; Fine Arts, $14.25 ; La-
dies' Work, $101.25; Miscellaneous, $22.50 342 25
769 25
Printing and Advertising, 841 ; Musical Bands, $3 44 00
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 127 82
941 07
Balance due Treasurer 6 04
Whitby and East Whitby.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 139 33
" Members' Subscriptions 227 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Proceeds of Service of Stallion 9 00
515 33
By Prizes for Horses, $83 ; Cattle, $20 103 00
" Paid Treasurer of County Society, for Union Show 219 00
" Printing and Advertising 10 00
" Working Expenses 15 00
347 00
Balance in hand 168 33
ONTARIO, NORTH.
Dr. I cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balanoe in hand 356 52
" Members' Subscriptions 242 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 458 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
« Donations 172 00
Cr. 1,929 02
By Prizes for Horses, $186 ; Cattle, $134 ; Sheep, $64; Pigs,
$28 ; Poultry, $18 430 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds. $96 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, §20 ; Dairy Products, $45.50; Growing Crops
$26.50 ; Fruits, 830 ; Vegetables, $19.50 ; General
Manufactures, $58 ; Fine Arts, $15.50 ; Ladies' Work,
$173.50; Miscellaneous, $81.50 566 00
996 00
Unpaid 65 00
" Prizes for previous years paid 9 50
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies. . 420 00
116
931 00
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A
.. 1878
Cr.
" Printing and Advertising, §40 ; Musical Bands, $40
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
$
127
80
138
cts.
50
00
11
$
$
376
1
2
57
cts.
1
cts.
50
00
00
10
S cts.
,706 11
$
1
170
96
79
136
cts.
93
50
56
87
50
Brock.
Dr.
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
222 91
I cts.
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, 884 ; Cattle, $61 ; Sheep. $27.50; Pigs,
$13
485 36
185
191
50
00
436 60
48 76
Mara.
Dr. § cts. § cts. 8 cts.
By Members' Subscriptions 176 75
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 79 47
" Municipal Grant 40 00
" Donations 10 00
" Miscellaneous 75
Cr. 300 97
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 19 60
" By Prizes for Horses, $32.50 ; Cattle. .$50 ; Sheep, .$19.50 j
Pigs, $11.50 ; Poultry, 85 118 50
Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $21.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.50 ; Dairy Products, $9 ; Fruits, 75 cts. ;
Vegetables, 85.25; Agricultural Implements, 82; General
Manufactures, $4.50 ; Ladies' Work, $8.25 59 00
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Live Stock
" Printing and Advertising
' ' Working Expenses
177
50
10
40
105
00
15
50
25
51
353 51
Balance due Treasurer 46 54
Reach and Scugog.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 117 13
" Members' Subscriptions 108 00
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 55 87
281 00
117
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. | cts.
By Prizes for Horses, 877 ; Cattle, $30 107 00
" Prizes for Agricultural Implements 16 00
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
$ cts.
$ cts
123 00
16 25
11 00
24 50
174 75
Balance in hand 106 25
Scott.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 40 23
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 182 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 27 82
" Municipal Grant 80 87
"Donations 27 00
Cr. 357 92
By Prizes for Horses, $59 ; Cattle, $52 ; Sheep, $35.75 ;
Pigs, $10; Poultry, $2.75 159 50
11 Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $22.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6 ; Dairy Products, $20 ; Fruits, $6 ; Vege-
tables, $11.75 ; Agricultural Implements, $9; General
Manufactures, $14.25 ; Ladies' Work, $6.25; Honey
and Bread, $1 25 ,. 97 25
Unpaid.
" Prizes for previous year paid
" Printing and Advertising ..
" Working Expenses ,
256 75
6 75
250 00
16 50
15 00
32 54
314 04
Balance in hand 43 88
Thora.
Dr. * $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport 21 54
" Members' Subscriptions 125 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 37 68
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 53 87
" Miscellaneous 9 25
Cr. 247 34
By Prizes for Horses, $33 : Cattle; $21 ; Sheep, $13 ; Pigs,
$7; Poultry, $2 76 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $9.25 ; Dairy Products, $9.75 ;
Fruits, $4; Vegetables, $10; Agricultural Implements,
$10 ; General Manufactures, $15.25 ; Ladies'Work, $12 70 75
Prizes for previous years paid...*.
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising, 89.75 ; Musical Bands, 810.
Working Expenses
146
75
22
50
14
00
19
75
30
08
233 08
Balance in hand 14 26
118
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Uxbridge.
Dr. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 28 77
" Members' Subscriptions 140 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition , 95 86
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 69 82
Cr.
By Amount of Prizes paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising, $13 ; Musical Bands, $5
$ cts. $ cts
Balance in hand...
280 15
334 45
15 00
18 00
313 15
21 30
OTTAWA.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 515 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 1,568 34
" Legislative Grant, $350 ; Municipal Grant $1/700 2,050 00
" Rent of Ground and Dwelling House 260 00
« Rent of Refreshment Booths 345 00
" Loan from Canada Permanent Land and Savings Company
to Consolidate Debt 21,000 00
Cr. 25,738 84
To Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 768 61
By Prizes for Horses, $472 ; Cattle, $581 ; Sheep, $211 ; Pigs,
$164; Poultry, $183 1,611 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $87.50 ; Roots and Vegeta-
bles, $121 ; Dairy Products, $77 ; Fruits, $71 ; Pknts
and Flowers, $198; Agricultural Implements, $160;
General Manufactures, $97 ; Fine Arts, $89 ; Ladies'
Work, $115; Vechicles, $108 1,123 50
2,734
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds, and erection of
Buildings 20,923
" Payment for Sports 175
" Legal Expenses 89
" Printing and Advertising, $250 ; Musical Bands, $60 310
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treasu-
rer, and Assistants, 713
—25,
Balance in hand 24 60
50
63
00
00
00
50
—25,714 24
OXFORD NORTH.
Dr. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 302 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 481 55
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant H!0 00
" Donation from Hon. O. Mowat 25 00
" Blanchard Agricultural Society 180 75
" Prizes of 1875 refunded 10 00
119
cts. $ cts.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. S cts
By Rents of Grounds, Booths, &c 68 10
Or. 1,867 40
To Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report. 61 91
By Prizes for Horses, $256 j Cattle, $162 j Sheep, $117 ; Pigs,
$39; Poultry, $37.50 611 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $40.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $20.50 ; Dairy Products, $29.75 ; Fruits, $32.55;
Plants and Flowers, $7.75 ; Agricultural Implements,
$47.50 ; General Manufactures, $33 ; Fine Arts, $5 ;
Ladies' Work, $52.25; Special Prizes, $2 276 80
" Legislative Grant to Township Societies
" Exhibition Buildings ....
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds
" Paid for Agricultural Publications
" Printing and Advertising, $56.75 ; Musical Bands, $10
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
" Paid Borrowed Money
" Paid Interest ,
" Expenses for Procuring Seed, &c, Centennial Exhibition...
888
30
409
48
30
92
152
00
4
50
66
75
134
75
150
00
49
84
52
00
2
,000 45
Balance due Treasurer 133 05
Blanclford.
To Members' Subscriptions 120 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 60 75
Cr 180 75
By Paid North Riding Society for Union Show 180 75
Blenheim
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts',
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 75 72
" Members' Subscriptions 396 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 232 02
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Subscriptions for Spring Fair 47 75
" Cash loaned for building purposes 100 00
" Miscellaneous 33 45
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $125 ; Cattle, $70 ; Sheep, $69 ; Pigs,
$18.50; Poultry, $25.50 ...... 308 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds,, $44.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $16; Dairy Products, $15; Fruits, $19.50;
Plants and Flowers, $10.75 ; Vegetables, $3.50; Agricul-
tural Implements, $53 ; General Manufactures, $15.50;
Ladies' Work, $30.50 208 25
516 25
By Prizes for previous year paid 114 75
" Exhibition Buildings 53 39
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 113 70
" Dividend on shares 78 00
" Printing and Advertising 55 00
120
1,025 44
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Or. $ cts. $ cts. $ Gts.
By Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 92 92
— , 1,024 01
Balance in hand.... 1 43
JVissouri Hast.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report...... 21 37
" Members' Subscriptions 114 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 11 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 40 90
Cr. 187 27
By Prizes for Horses, $47.00 ; Cattle, $36.50 ; Sheep, 23.75 ;
Pigs, $10.00 ; Poultry, $7 124 25
'• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $9.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.50 ; Dairy Products, $1.25 ; Fruits, $2.25 ■
Agricultural Implements, $10.50 ; Ladies' Work, $19 ; 48 25
172 50
By Printing and Advertising . 7 75
'■ Working Expenses 11 67
191 92
Balance due Treasurer 4 65
Zorra, Bast.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 264 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 13 30
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 101 00
" Donation from Hon. O. Mowat 9 00
''Miscellaneous 2 00
Cr. 389 80
By Prizes for Horses, $116 ; Cattle, $90 ; Sheep, $42.50 ; Pigs,
$13.50; Poultry, $7.25 269 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $17.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $12.25 : Dairy Products, $20.50 ; Fruits, $12.75 ;
Agricultural Implements, $30 ; General Manufactures,
$11.75; Ladies' Work, $15 .* 119 50
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
388 75
21 00
2 00
29 25
22 54
463 54
Balance due Treasurer 73 74
Zorra, West
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 10 04
" Members' Subscriptions 178 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 7 55
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 66 83
" Municipal Grant 40 00
" Miscellaneous 28 00
330 67
121
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. S cts. $ ct~.
By Prizes for Horses, $82.25 ; Cattle, $30.50 ; Sheep, $38 ; Pigs,
$10 160 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $45.75; Dairy Products, $11.25 ;
Fruits, $4; Vegetables, $10.25; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $4 ; Ladies' Work, $33 ... 108 25
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds,.
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
269
00
3
00
11
30
20
00
28
08
331 38
Balance due Treasurer 0 71
OXFORD, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 47 25
" Members' Subscriptions 85 00
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $100 800 00
" North and West Oxford Society for Union Show 727 25
Cr. 1,659 50
By Prizes for Horses, $253.50 ; Cattle, $206 ; Sheep, $122.50 ;
Pigs, $60; Poultry, $37.75 679 75
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $72.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $13.50; Dairy Products, $59 ; Fruits, $21.25;
Plants and Flowers, $6 ; Vegetables, $9 ; Agricultural
Implements, $27.75; General Manufactures, $52.25;
Fine Arts, $9.50; Ladies' Work, $54 324 50
1,004 25
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 420 00
" Centennial Exhibition for Samples 103 50
" Ingersoll N. and W. Oxford Society 160 00
" AVorking Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 117 75
1,805 50
Balance due Treasurer . 146 00
Dereham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 4 78
" Members' Subscriptions 375 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 204 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 80 36
" Rent of Provision Stands 26 00
€r. 690 14
By Prizes, for Horses, $48.50 ; Cattle, $53.25 ; Sheep, $34 ;
Pigs, $21 ; Poultry, $10.25 203 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.50 ; Dairy Products, $20.25 ; Fruits, $9.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $5.75 ; Vegetables, $5 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $16.25 ; General Manufactures,
$23.75 ; Fine Arts, $3.50 ; Ladies' Work, $13.75 129 50
332 50
" Prizes for previous year paid 9 50
122
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. | cts. $ cts.
By Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds, and the Erection
of Buildings
" Paid for Insurance
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
685 21
203
82
18
75
32
60
88
04
Balance iu hand 4 93
Norwich, North.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 95 78
" Members' Subscriptions 374 00
"Admission Fees to Exhibition 208 64
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 106 00
" Miscellaneous 112 17
Cr. 896 59
By Prize for Horses, $108.50; Cattle, $92.50; Sheep, $50;
Pigs, $27; Poultry, $16.50 294 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $12.25 ; Dairy Products, $21.25; Fruits, $17.75 ;
Plants and Flowers, $5.75 ; Agricultural Implements,
and General Manufactures, $44.25 ; Fine Arts, $11.50;
Ladies' Work, $42.75 180 50
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
475
00
31
60
54
23
25
00
85
00
670 83
Balance in hand 225 76
Norwich, South.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 9 90
" Members' Subscriptions 368 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 230 56
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 78 59
" Miscellaneous 82 00
Cr. 769 55
By Prizes for Horses, $12.90 ; Cattle, $116.50 ; Sheep, $53 ;
Pigs, $36 ; Poultry, $19.75 .' 354 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $37.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15.50 ; Dairy Products, $34 ; Plants and
Vegetables, $31.50; Agricultural Implements, $14.75 ;
General Manufactures, $24.25 ; Fine Arts, $12.50 ;
Ladies' Work, $57.50 ; Carriages and Factory Goods,
$18 245 50
599 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 16 06
" Printing and Ad vertisinsr, $37.20 ; Musical Bands. $12... 49 20
123
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. S cts.
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer, 96 61
761 62
Balance in hand 7 93
Oxford, North and West.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. 6 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 311 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 503 90
;' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 136 78
" Prizes not awarded 160 00
" Special Prizes... 203 00
;' Licenses 75 50
" Rent of Grounds 25 00
1,415 18
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 125 62
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 322 32
'•' Paid South Riding Society for Union Show 727 25
" Printing and Advertising, $81.75; Musical Bands, $15... 96 75
" "Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, and Assistants 104 65
1,376 59
Balance in hand 38 59
Note. — The Society united with that of the County in holding a Fall Exhibition.
REPORT.
Our Agricultural Act requires that the Directors of every Agricultural Society should,
before their term of office expires, prepare a full and detailed Report of their proceedings
during the year, together with such remarks and suggestions upon the Agriculture, Horticul-
ture, Arts and Manufactures of the township as they may deem to be useful. These Reports
are intended to give the Government the requisite assurance that the appropriation for the en-
couragement of Agriculture has been faithfully expended for the objects contemplated ; and also
to enable the members to judge their officers by their acts, and decide whether or not they are
worthy of their confidence in the future. But while it is the duty of the Directors to make
and present such Report, it is no less the duty of every member to attend the Annual Meet-
ing, hear the Report, and vote as he sees fit, for or against its adoption.
Annual Reports are not only expected to contain a record of the past year's proceedings,
but also a programme of policy for the future. The past year has been rather unfavourable
for grain crops in general. Wheat in particular is very deficient in quantity and rather
inferior in quality ; and we believe that farmers would do well to keep a larger portion of
their land in pasture, and so prevent that deterioration of the soil which is the sure result of
constant overcropping. We believe also that farmers who have given it a fair trial have de-
rived a larger income from stock-raising or dairy-farming than they ever got from grain in
the best of seasons. In looking at the features of our Society we have nothing in particular
to remark. We may just say that we have fallen a little short of funds, as will be seen by
Treasurer's Report, caused by a cold day on the second day of Show, and the extreme liber-
ality of our Board. Your Directors, with the exception of one, have worked well, and have
added a good number of members to the Society over some of the past years, and we trust
your new Board of Directors for the ensuing year will yet add more, and the fact of this
being our year for the amalgamation of our Society with that of the County will make it
easier to support a good prize-list. We have railway facilities not surpassed by any township,
and grounds fitted for the accommodation of all, we cordially invite neighbouring Townships
to join us.
124
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Oxford, East.
J)r. % cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 1 84
To Members' Subscriptions 68 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 18 27
" Miscellaneous 14 (JO
Cr. 102 11
.By North Norwich Society for Union Show 86 27
" Working Expenses 9 00
95 27
Balance in hand 6 84
Note.- -This Society united with North Norwich Society for holding a Union Fall Show.
PEEL.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 210 93
" Members' Subscriptions , 402 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 923 91
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $290 990 00
"Special Prizes 120 00
" Rent of Grounds and Interest 92 17
" Miscellaneous 110 50
Cr. 2,849 51
By Prizes for Horses, $360 ; Cattle, $154; Sheep, $140 ; Pigs,
$59; Poultry, $29 742 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $76 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $31 ; Dairy Products, $53 ; Fruits, $15.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $18.50; Vegetables, $51; Agri-
cultural Implements, $28; General Manufactures, $101 j
Fine Arts, $47 ; Ladies' Work, $127 ; Musical Instru-
ments, $58; Miscellaneous, $4.. 610 00
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Miscellaneous
" Printing and Advertising...
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
1,352
00
9
00
280
00
18
50
50
07
108
55
186
80
2,004
92
Balance in hand 844 59
REPORT.
The Directors of the County of Peel Agricultural Society would beg leave to congratu-
late the members of the Society on the fair measure of success which has attended their
efforts in behalf of the Society, and to express their satisfaction in finding the Society finan-
cially in a better position than it has been for some years past, mainly arising from having
more favourable weather than in the preceding years.
The number of entries and the receipts from visitors at the exhibition were larger than
any former year, with the exception of the year 1873, which excelled this year in both these
particulars, and your Directors have no doubt whatever but that there is before your Society
a prosperous future, but it will require energy, economy, and determination on the part of
your officers to attain this desirable position.
125
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The Spring Fair was financially successful. The entrance fees amounting to over $80.
The Exhibition of horses was the largest ever made by this Society. There being 236
entries at the Fall Fair.
The entries of cattle were nearly double what they were last year, and showed that the
county will not readily yield the palm in stock raising to any other county.
Th« show of sheep and pigs was also large and of good quality.
The principal falling off in entries was in the classes of roots, garden and dairy produce
and fruit — being no doubt the result of the unfavourable season, as all the other exhibitions
in this section of the country were similarly affected.
The exhibition of animals, agricultural products and general manufactures was exceed-
ingly good.
In the class of carriages the judges had some difficulty in deciding on the merits of the
various vehicles.
In fine arts there was a slight improvement ; but still there should be a larger number
of entries. This will probably be the case when proper provision has been made to
show them to advantage, as the space and light now allotted are not at all suitable for the
purpose.
As usual the show of ladies' work was the great attraction. This branch of the exhibi-
tion also showed signs of improvement.
The subject of a three days' fair and the necessary improvements required to carry out
this step of progress has engaged attention, and a report has ! been prepared on that sub-
ject, which is herewith submitted for your approval, in accordance with the resolution passed
at the last annual meeting.
It will remain with you to decide to-day whether you will keep up to the times or allow
our County Fair to sink into insignificance, while such places as Milton and Orangeville sur-
pass us. * * * *
Toronto.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Eeport 200 87
" Members' Subscriptions 191 10
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 148 70
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 100 00
" Special prizes 60 00
" Miscellaneous 6 66
Or. 847 33
By Prizes for Horses, $129.00 ; Cattle, $62.50 ; Sheep, $53.00 ;
Pigs, $39.00 ; Poultry, $20.50 304 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 839.00 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $8.00 ; Dairy Products, 824.00; Fruits, $18.00;
Vegetables, $17 ; Agricultural Implements, $28; Gen-
eral Manufactures $10 ; Ladies' Work, $25 169 00
Prizes for previous year paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
473
00
3
00
39
92
28
50
70
91
615 33
Balance in hand 232 00
Toronto, Gore.
T)r. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report. 2 05
126
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
])j\ $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 106 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 52 17
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
« Municipal Grant 15 00
" Prizes and forfeits 60 00
« Miscellaneous * 15 00
Cr. 391 22
By Prizes for Horses, $124 ; Cattle, $44 ; Sheep, $55 j Pigs,
$32 ; Poultry, $8 .... 263 00
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $25.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $21 ; Dairy Products, $4.75 ; Fruits, $15 ;
Agricultural Implements, $56 ; Ladies' Work, $46.50.. 168 75
" Prizes for previous year paid
" Miscellaneous
" Printing and Advertising, $24.75 ; Musical Bands, $15.
" Working Expenses
431
75
22
00
17
00
39
75
13
31
523 81
Balance due Treasurer 132 59
PERTH, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts $ cts..
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 162 67
" Members' Subscriptions 431 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 388 70
" Legislative Grant, $700; Municipal Grant, $25 725 00
" Rent of Show Grounds ... ... 52 50
"• Sale of Seeds 11141
" County Grant, $150; Canada Company, $39.75 189 75
Cr. 2,061 53
Bv Prizes for Horses, $127.50 ; Cattle, $160.50 j Sheep, $70.50 ;
Pigs, $26.50; Poultry, $23.50 408 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $163 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $22; Dairy Products, $10.50 ; Fruits, $34.50;
Plants and Flowers, $5 ; Vegetables, $21.50 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $24 ; General Manufactures, $55 ;
Fine Arts, $2.50 ; Ladies' Work, $41.50 379 50
" Prizesfor previous year paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Donated to Stratford Cheese Fair
" Printing and Advertising, $142.72 ; Musical Bands, $20...
u "Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
Balance in hand 131 10
Elma.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 136 19
127
788
00
86
50
510
00
152
28
34
00
162
72
196
93
1,930 4
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts- $ cts- & cts.
T<> Members' Subscriptions 131 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 26 70
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 124 00
" Municipal Grant 10 00
" Rent of Show Grounds.... 3 68
'• Miscellaneous 10 10
Cr. 441 92
By Prizes for Horses, $58.75 ; Cattle, $36.75 ; Sheep, #29 ;
Pigs, $5.50 ; Poultry, $2.25 132 25
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $13.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.50 ; Dairy Products, $8; Fruits, $5.25 ;
Vegetables, $6 ; Agricultural Implements, $10.75 ;
General Manufactures, $10.55 ; Ladies' Work, $22.50. 81 30
213 55
Unpaid 21 80
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising
" "Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
191
75
3
75
18
25
143
18
356 93
Balance in hand 84 99
Logan.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report. ... 38 18
" Members' Subscriptions 69 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 81 00
Cr. 188 68
By Prizes for previous years paid 17 00
" Mitchell Horticultural Society for Union Show 150 83
" Working Expenses 20 85
188 68
Mornington.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 23 36
" Members' Subscriptions ... 112 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 135 00
" Municipal Grant 20 00
Cr. 290 36
By Prizes for Horses, $36.50; Cattle, $39.50 ; Sheep, $30 ; Pigs,
$15.50; Poultry, $4 125 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $16.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9 ; Dairy Products, $6 ; Fruits, $8.75 ; Vege-
tables, $1.75; Agricultural Implements, $19.50;
General Manufactures, $26.50 ; Ladies' Work, $13.50. 101 50
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand
128
227 00
8 25
35 00
270 25
20 11
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Wallace and Ehna.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report. 17 35
" Members' Subscriptions 450 28
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 525 52
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 170 00
" Municipal Grant 100 00
"Miscellaneous 1,L60 36
Cr. 2,423 51
" Prizes for Horses, $116.50; Cattle, $42; Sheep, $51;
Pigs, $14.50 ; Poultry, $18.75 242 75
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $39.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $26 : Dairy Products, $41.50 ; Fruits, $24.75;
Plants & Flowers, $2.25 ; Vegetables, $34 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $77 ; General Manufactures, $67.50 ;
Fine Arts. $23.25 : Ladies' Work, $38.75 ; Ploughing
Match,$42 416 25
659 00
By Prizes for previous year paid 34 51
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds and the erection
of Buildings , 1,363 47
" Paid on old amounts for 1875 84 00
" Printing and Advertising, $110 ; Musical Bands, $12 122 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants 138 00
2,400 98
Balance in hand . ...... 22 53
PERTH, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in baud, as per last Annual Report 324 82
" Members' Subscriptions 252 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 446 43
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $182 882 00
" Sale of Seeds 98 55
" Special Prizes 17 00
Cr. 2,020 80
By Prizes for Horses, $164.50 ; Cattle, $132.25 ; Sheep, $93 ;
Pigs, $24; Poultry, $28.75 442 50
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $124; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15; Dairy Products, $25; Fruits, $21.15;
Plants and Flowers, $3 ; Vegetables, $15.10 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $59.75 ; General Manufactures, $33 :
Fine Arts, $27.25 ; Ladies' Work, $29.75 ' 353 20
795 70
Unpaid 154 35
Prizes for previous years paid
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
Interest on Mortgage
Paid on Purchase on Seeds
Miscellaneous
Musical Bands
9 129
641
35
107
10
419
73
245
93
162
00
117
00
98
85
25
00
4:1 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Or. cts. S cts. $ cts-
By Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treasurer,
and Assistants 189 99
2,006 95
Balance in hand ... 13 85
Blcms/uwd.
j)r. % cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 55 22
" Members' Subscriptions 227 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition , 37 51
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 128 52
" Municipal Grant 47 50
" Miscellaneous ... 4 00
Cr. 499 75
By Prizes for Horses, $94 : Cattle, $55.50; Sheep, $41.25 ;
Pigs, $16 50 ; Poultry, $6.25 213 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $18.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.50 ; Dairy Products, $9.75 ; Growing Crops,
sii ; Fruits, $10 ; Vegetables, $3.50 ; Agricultural Im-
plements. $21 ; General Manufactures, $26 ; Ladies'
Work, $23.25 .... 125 75
339 25
Unpaid.. 147 25
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
339 25
147 25
192 00
100 50
25 96
18 28
48 99
385 73
Balance in hand 114 02
Fullarton.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 112 00
■; Admission Fees to Exhibition 38 96
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 71 19
" Municipal Grant 22 50
Cr. 244 65
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 61 84
" Prizes for Horses. $38.75; Cattle, $25.25; Sheep, $34 ;
Pigs, $18; Poultry, $3.50 119 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.25; Dairy Products, $6.50; Fruits, $6.75;
Vegetables, $5.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $9 ;
General Manufactures, $6.50 ; Ladies Work, $10.25... 62 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
• Working Expenses
182 25
3 00
9 00
31 00
287 09
Balance due Treasurer 42 44
130
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
HUpert.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ ots.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 119 82
" Members' Subscriptions 142 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 19 55
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 109 36
" Municipal Grant 20 00
" Miscellaneous 75 25
Or. 485 98
By Prizes for Horses, $69.25 ; Cattle, $48.75 • Sheep, $21.75 ;
Pigs, $4; Poultry, $3.70 147 45
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11.15 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5 ; Dairy Products, $4.50 ; Fruits, $5.30 ;
Vegetables, $6.70 ; Agricultural Implements, $8.50 ;
General Manufactures, $8.90 ; Ladies' Work, $14.45 64 55
212 00
By Prizes for previous years paid 80 13
" Printing and Advertising , 11 25
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 74 04
377 42
Balance in hand 108 56
Mitchell Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 329 37
;: Members' Subscriptions , 211 25
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 133 08
" Municipal Grant 22 50
Or. 696 20
By Prizes for Fruits, $35.25 ; Plants and Flowers, $50.25 ;
Vegetables, $32.50 ... 118 00
" Prizes for General Manufactures, $46 ; Fine Arts, $9.50 ;
Ladies' Work, $23.25 ; Poultry, $13.50 92 25
liy Prizes for previous year paid , ...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising ,
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treas-
urer and Assistants ....
440 17
■Balance in hand 256 03
210
25
14
75
14
95
39
50
160
72
PETERBOROUGH, EAST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 61 73
" Members' Subscriptions . 24 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ,... 156 40
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Asphodal, Belmont and Dummer Agricultural Society 100 00
Cr. 1042 13
By Prizes for Horses, $39.50; Cattle. $67.50; Sheep, $57 ;
Pigs, $25; Poultry, $4 193 00
131
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
By Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, §16.50 ; Dairy products, §23.25 ; Fruits, £5.50 ;
Plants & Flowers, $0.50; Vegetables, $13.80 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $24.75 ; General Manufactures, $36 ;
Fine Arts, $6 : Ladies' Work, $41.25 192 55
385 55
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 420 00
" Printing and Advertising, $17.88; Musical Bands, $25 . . 42 88
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 85 66
934 09
Balance in hand 108 04
REPORT.
In presenting their annual report, the Directors have much pleasure in congratulating
the members on the continued usefulness and success which still attend the Society, and in
the harmony which, as in former years, has characterized the proceedings of the Board dur-
ing the year just closed.
In taking a brief review of Agriculture in the Riding, and of the results of the past har-
vest, we are pleased to report a steady progress observable towards a better system of farming,
in the proper rotation of crops, and in the extended use of what are not only labour saving,
machines, bnt improved appliances for the more thorough cultivation of the soil. The crops,
however fell much short of the expectations formed in the earlier part of the season. The
luxuriant growth of June was succeeded by a chilling and almost frosty week in July, and a
subsequent continued scorching drouth, which resulted in premature ripening and light yield
of grain. This was specially the case with spring wheat and late sown oats. Barley was
bright in color, but lacking in weight ; and fall wheat, from the unfavourable nature of the
preceding fall and past winter, was in general a total failure. It is, however, gratifying to
find that prices to some extent compensate for shortness in quantity.
The Society's Fall Exhibition was beld in Norwood in October, and in spite of the greater
attractions of the Centennial, Provincial and Central Fairs, the partial failure of the crops,
and the cry of hard times constantly heard, was on the whole very successful. The days
were propitious, and the interest of the yoemanry of the Riding and their families in these ex-
hibitions was pleasingly evinced by the crowd which was in attendance to see the products of
the field and dairy ; the improvements in stock ; the handicraft of the artizan, and the needle-
work of the ladies. The entries were 601, and the receipts at the door amounted to $156.40,
a sum which has been only once exceeded. We consider it unnecessary to enter into a
criticism of the several departments, suffice it to say that the various classes were fairly re-
presented, and, considering the extreme dryness of the season, the specimens of the products
of the field and garden were not much under the average. Of horses there were 52 entries,
some of the draught teams were a credit to the riding, but in the road and carriage classes
there is ample room for improvement in both breed and training. Of sheep the entries were
41, and cattle 38, The other classes were about proportionate to these named, and call for no
particular notice.
The membership of your Society for the past year was considerably under that of pre-
ceding years. This arose from the merging of our Exhibition of 1875 in that of the Cen-
tral Fair held in Peterborough, and as a consequence having our means (except to a very
limited extent) cut off for maintaining our membership through retaining a dollar from every
successful exhibitor receiving a premium to this amount — The whole sum received from the
Treasurer of the Central Fair on account of membership was $7.
Notwithstanding this drawback the state of our finances is exceedingly encouraging. Af-
ter all known expenses have been met, a balance of $108.04 remains in the hands of your
treasurer.
The Cheese Factories which were established in the Riding under the most favourable
auspices, have, during the past season, been only partially successful, attributable to scanty
132
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
pasturage and low pi ices combined, having tended to somewhat discourage their patrons. We
hope, however, that confidence in their success will not be impaired, but that the coming sea-
son will still see them heartily supported.
No ploughing match was held, although a committee was appointed to make arrange-
ments for one. We believe that the failure to carry out their instructions did not arise
through indifference to the duties imposed on them, but because at the time preparations
should have been made, a majority of the committee were absent from home attending one or
more of the important exhibitions of which the past year was so prolific
We have reason to hope that railroad facilities will be extended to this village and that
at no distant day the Huron and Quebec and Grand Junction Railways will traverse the
County, and connect this important part of the Province with the chief seats of commerce,
and give our farmers at all seasons of the year an outlet for their surplus stock and produce.
Asphodel and Belmont.
Dr. $ ots. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 7 38
" Members' Subscriptions « 80 00
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 95 90
" Municipal Grant 40 00
" Sale of Seeds 343 13
Cr. 566 41
By Lumber account 43 50
" Interest 8 00
" On Purchase of Seeds 343 13
" Grant to County Society 100 00
" Printing and Advertising 12 88
" Working expenses 38 54
546 05
Balance in hand 20 36
REPORT.
Your Directors, in presentiug a brief report of their proceedings during the past year,
have much pleasure in congratulating the society on its sound financial position, being now
entirely free of debt, and a respectable cash balance on hand.
An indebtedness of over $40 has been standing against the society since the enclosing
of the Exhibition grounds in 1873, but which, a liberal grant of $40 from the Municipal
Council of Asphodel, in respouse to a delegation who waited upon them, has enabled your
Directors to liquidate.
In doing away with the giving of a bonus to members joining the Society, has been
attended with very satisfactory results. The membership has not decreased, and the resources
of the Society have been considerably augmented.
We would recommend our successors to a contiuuance of the same rule, believing it to
for the interests of the Society, and in accordance with the true intent of the law.
As the Fall Exhibition of the County Society was held within the limits, the usual sum
of $100 was paid by your Treasurer towards its funds.
In conclusion, your Directors congratulate you on the general prosperity of this and
neighbouring Townships, and of the country at large ; and in this connection cannot omit
mentioning the proud position Canada obtained at the Centennial, and that, through the en-
terprise of Mr. F. Birdsall, Asphodel wheat was amongst its not least interesting exhibits.
Burleigh, Anstrutlier and Ckandos.
Dr. . $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 28 15
" Members' Subscriptions 63 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 7 95
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 80 54
179 64
133
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. | cts. 8 cts
By Prizes for Horses, $17; Cattle, $23.25; Sheep, 88.25 ;
Pigs, $4.40; Poultry, 88.50 61 90
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $8.38 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.75 ; Dairy products, $3.75 ; Fruits, $3.89 ;
Plants and Flowers, $0.88; Vegetables, $6.39 ; General
Manufactures, $5.00 ; Ladies' Work, $12.78 47 84
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
Working Expenses
109 74
25 00
15 00
0
149 74
Balance in hand 29 90
Dummer and Douro.
Dr. % cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 154 40
" Members' Subscriptions 196 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 21 11
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Retained on Members' Subscriptions - 35 00
"RentofHall 5 00
" Sale of Seeds 4 76
Cr. 556= 27
By Prizes for Horses, $15.25 ; Cattle, $17.50 ; Sheep, 16.50 ;
Pigs, $11 60 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $13.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.65 ; Dairy Products. $11.25 ; Fruits, $2.40 ;
Vegetables, $5.65 ; Horse Shoeing, $2.75 ; Ladies'
Work, 85.45 50 40
ByjExhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" On Purchase of Seeds
" Central Exhibition
" Prin tins and Advertising-
" Working Expenses
110
65
5
67
213
09
9
00
3
60
13
50
355 51
Balance in hand 200 76
Otonabee.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 123 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 73 84
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 103 56
" Sale of Plaster 73 75
" Sale of Seeds 60 34
Cr. 484 49
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 86 17
" Prizes for Horses, $21.50 ; Cattle, $17.75 ; Sheep, $11.25 ;
Pigs, $8.50 ; Poultry, $2.25 61 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $6.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.25 ; Dairy Products. $6.75; Fruits, $0.50 ; Ge-
neral Manufactures, $6.40 ; Ladies' Work, $7.35 33 00
94 25
Prizes for previous years paid 3 12
Paid on purchase of Plaster 125 00
Agricultural Publications 47 65
134
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
By Working Expenses 41 44
397 63
Balance in hand 36 86
PETERBOROUGH, WEST.
Br. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 98 52
" Members' Subscriptions 93 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 273 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 75
1,165 7T
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $100; Cattle, $109.50 ; Sheep, $58;
Pigs, 811 ; Poultry, 813.75 292 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, .$19.25 ; Dairy Products,
$17.50 ; Fruits, $7 ; Vegetables, $10.75 ; Agricultural
Implements, $19 ; General Manufactures, $26.50 ; Fine
Arts, $10.50 ; Ladies' Work, $41.25 ; Children's
Work, 87.25 159 50
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies
"Port Hope Central Exhibition
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising, $26.35 ; Musical Bands, $4.
" Working Expenses
45 1
75
420
00
100
00
11
25
30
35
25
32
67
Balance in hand 127 10
Smith, Ennismore and Lakeftdd.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 72 76
" Members' .Subscriptions 77 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 42 80
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 332 56.
By Prizes for Horses, $23 ; Cattle, $25; Sheep, $14; Pigs, $10;
Poultry, $2.75 75 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20.50; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.75; Dairy Products, $9 ; Fruit, S'^ ; Bread
and Honey, $1.50; Agricultural Implements, 83;
General Manufactures, $17.75 ; Ladies' Work, $30.50 95 00
By Prizes for previous years paid . .
"^Central Exhibition, Port Hope .
" Working Expenses
170
25
75
33
00
24
13
228 IS
Balance in hand 1 04 43>
135
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Peterborough Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 374 01
" Members' Subscriptions 102 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 17 75
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
<• Interest, &c 19 04
Cr. 652 80
By Prizes for Fruits, $9.25; Plants and Flowers, $47.75;
Vegetables, $24.50 81 50
" Prizes for Poultry 20 50
" Fine Arts, 86 ; Ladies' Work, #27.50 33 50
" Miscellaneous 61 17
202 67
" Grant to Central Exhibition 200 00
'• Working Expenses 20 00
422 67
Balance in hand 230 1
PRE SCOTT.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. § cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 71 31
" Members' Subscriptions 59 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition , 82 15
- Legislative Grant 700 00
'• Special Subscriptions 17 00
Cr. 929 46
By Prizes for Horses, 871.10 ; Cattle, $61 65 ; Sheep, 828.80 ;
Pigs, 816.20 177 75
*' Prizes for Grain and Seeds, 815.52; Roots and other hoed
crops, 89.45 ; Dairy Products, 8-39.15; Agricultural Im-
plements, 81.80; Miscellaneous Prizes, $66.02 ; Ladies'
Work, S12 143 95
321 70
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 420 00
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 87 88
829 58
Balance in hand.. 99 88
Note. — The Society's Fall Show was the best, perhaps, it ever held, and the general
quality of exhibits was exceedingly good, indicating that agriculture is surely making pro-
gress.
Caledonia.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report , 7 72
•• Members' Subscriptions .... 108 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 116 95
Cr. 232 67
By Premiums paid 212 00
" Workino^Expenses 12 00
224 00
Balance in hand 8 67
136
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Mo. 1.) A. 1878
Longueil, Emt and West Huwkesbury.
Dr $. cts. $. cts $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 5 81
" Members' Subscriptions 196 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 205 60
Cr. 407 41
By Growing Crops 319 00
" Working Expenses ■ 60 00
379 0U
Balance in band 2b 4 1
Plantagenet South.
Dr. $ cts. S cts $ cts.
To Balance in band, as per last Annual Report 6 45
" Members' Subscriptions 90 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 97 45
Cr. 193 90
By Prizes for Horses, $27; Cattle, $16.95; Sheep, $10.10 ;
Pigs, $5.60 59 65
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10; Dairy Products, $10.50; Fruits, $2.30 ;
General Manufactures, $3.90; Ladies' Work, $4.70.... 55 15
114 80
" Working Expenses 73 50
188 30
Balance in hand 5 60
PRINCE EDWARD
Dr. $ cts. | cts. | ots.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 416 16
" Members' Subscription 220 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 377 10
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 20 00
Cr. 1,733 26
By Prizes for Horses, $52 ; Cattle, $25 ; Sheep, $47.50; Pigs,
812.60; Poultry, $8.00 145 10
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $26 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.35 ; Dairy Products, $19.50 ; Growing Crops,
$0.50; Fruits, $18.50; Plants and Flowers, $4.25;
Vegetables, $13.25; Agricultural Implements, $7.50;
General Manufactures, $27.05; Fine Arts, $1.45;
Ladies' Work, $18.50 140 75
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
" Exhibition Building and Grounds
" Paid on Purchase ol Exhibition Grounds
" Interest
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and As-
sistants ..,
Balance in hand 277 87
137
285
39
85
40
420
00
181
28
300
00
125
00
34
10
69
76
- 1,455
39
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Ameliasburgh.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report
To Members' Subscriptions
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
" Miscellaneous
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $55.85 ; Cattle, $46.25 ; Sheep, $15 ;
Pigs, 821.75; Poultry, 832.20 172 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.65 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.80 ; for Dairy Products, $7.35 ; Fruits, $7.60 ;
Plants and Flowers. 82.40 ; Vegetables, S3. 45 ; Gene-
ral Manufactures, $18.75 ; Fine Arts, $0.80 ; Ladies'
Work, 819.35 84 15
$
cts.
188
25
135
00
78
30
135
27
2*4
25
Exhibition Buildings
Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds
Agricultural Publications
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
256
2n
20
50
124
00
77
65
13
50
38
92
530 77
Balance in hand .... 30 30
Halloicell,
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report ... 10 70
" Members' Subscriptions 60 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 62 78
Cr. 133 48
By Prizes for Horses, $20 ; Cattle, $23.25 ; Sheep, 89 ; Pigs,
SI. 50; Poultry, 81.65 55 40
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4 ; Dairy Products, $5.90 ; Fruits, 82 ; Gene-
raPManufactures, $1.50; Ladies' Work, $2.70 ; Dis-
cretionary, $7.50 35 10
" Paid on Purchase of Seeds.
" Printing and Advertising..
" Working Expenses
90
50
21
37
3
75
17
86
- 133 48
HiUii /■.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 41 66
" Member-' Subscriptions 73 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 18 59
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 66 94
Cr. 200 19
By Prizes for Horses, $31.25; Cattle, $26.50; Sheep, $18;
Pigs, $6.75; Poultry, $2.70 85 20
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $14.80 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.00 ; Dairy Products, $8.85 ; Plants and
Flowers, $0 90 ; Vegetables, 87 ; Agricultural Imple-
ments, 86 ; General Manufactures, $4. 50 ; Fine Arts,
82.45 ; Ladies' Work, $5.50 58 00
143 20
138
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. S cts.
By Printing and Advertising 8 95
" Working Expenses 19 99
172 14
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses..
160 30
" Working Expenses 23 56
Balance in hand 28 05
Ma/rysbwrgh, South.
$ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report - . 108 49
" Members' Subscriptions 75 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 24 92
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 78 28
Cr. 286 69
By Prizes for Horses, $42.75 ; Cattle, $19.50 ; Sheep, $16.50 ;
Pigs, $13. 44; Poultry, $5.20 97 39
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $14.47 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $13.80; Dairy Products, $7 ; Fruits, $6.76;
Vegetables, $11.50; General Manufactures, $11.49;
Fine Arts, $14.50 ; Ladies' Work, $13.50 92 01
189 40
30 00
5 25
29 64
254 29
Balance in hand 32 40
Sophiashurg.
Dr S cts. $ cts. $ cts.
Tc Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 31 00
" Members' Subscriptions 74 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 45 05
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 76 30
Cr. 226 35
By Prizes for Horses, $32.00 ; Cattle, $36 ; Sheep, $7.25 ;
Pigs, $4; Poultry, $8.80 88 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $15.15 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.45; Vegetables, $10; General Manufactures,
$9 ; Ladies' Work, $25.40 ; Hops and Flour, $6.25. . . 72 25
183 86
Balance in haod 42 49
RENFREW, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 97 25
" Members' Subscriptions 154 50
" Admission Fess to Exhibition 66 40
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 10 50
Cr. 1,028 65
By Prizes for Horses, $85 ; Cattle, $65 ; Sheep, $30 ; Pigs,
$10; Poultry, $5 195 00
139
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. § cts. $ cts. $ cts
By Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $40 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 810 • Dairy Products, 815 ; Growing Crops, $70 ;
Fruits, 85 ; Vegetables, 85 ; Agricultural Implements,
$30; General Manufactures, 830; Fine Arts, 810;
Ladies' Work, 825 240 00
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies . .
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds ,
" Printing and Advertising
•• Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer .
435
00
190
00
175
00
33
00
125
00
958 00
Balance in hand 70 65
Grattan and Wilber force,.
Dr. % cts. 8 cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 139 38
•• Members' Subscriptions 27 00
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 67 00
Cr. 233 38
By Prizes for Horses, 839 ; Cattle, 823 ; Pigs, 84 66 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 811-50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 83.85 ; Dairy Products, 87.50 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, 812.25; General Manufactures, 846.75;
Ladies' Work, 826.50 75 68
141 68
Unpaid . 46 68
•• Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
95 00
3 50
43 18
141 6b
Balance in hand 91 70
Note. — This Society is reported to be in a prosperous condition, and is the means of
doing much good.
Ross.
Dr. § cts. § cts. 8- cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 68 61
•• Members' Subscriptions 55 00
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 263 61
By Prizes for Horses, 838; Cattle, 836 ; Sheep, $11 ; Pigs,
88 00
•' Prizes for Grains and Seed-, $1 .40 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 84.52; Dairy Products, 813.50: Vegetables,
<|8.20 ; Agricultural implements, 814.50 ; General
Manufactures. 818.50 ; Ladies' Work, 83.75 78 37
106 37
Deduct as by rules of Society ... 22 77
U3 70
B\ Prize for previous years paid 75
• 1'aid lor Agricultural Publications 16 80
'• Printing and Advertising 5 50
140
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
O.
By Working Expenses
$
cts.
§ cts.
47 00
$ cts.
213 75
Balance in hand 49 86
Note. — Although the Society in point of numbers cannot be said to be much improv-
ed, yet the amount and quality of the exhibits at the Fall Show clearly indicated progress.
RENFREW, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 22 27
" Members' Subscriptions 158 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 221 65
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 700 00
'; Miscellaneous 60 00
Cr. 1,162 42
By Prizes for Horses, $90.50 ; Cattle, $71 ; Sheep, $46.50 ;
Pigs, $21 ; Poultry, $10 239 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $26 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $20 ; Dairy Products, $23 ; Fruits, $3.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $24.50 ; Vegetables, $2 ; Agricul-
tural Implements, $44 ; General Manufactures, $30.50 ;
Fine Arts, $3; Ladies' work, $20.25 196 75
435 75
Deducted 145 69
Portion of Grant to Township Societies
Exhibition Buildings
Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds and Interest
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
290
06
420
00
15
80
247
52
32
25
109
74
1,115 37
Balance in hand 47 05
Admaston.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 15 95
" Members' Subscriptions 190 36
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Sale ol Seeds 20 11
■• Miscellaneous 2 70
Cr. 369 12
By Prizes for Horses, 813.70 ; Cattle, $13.88 ; Sheep, $5.90;
Pigs, $4.85 r- 38 33
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $9.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $2.50 ; Dairy Products, $6.77 ; Growing Crops,
$18.77 ; Vegetables, $1.85 ; Agricultural Implements,
$5.30 ; General Manufactures, $13.58 ; Ladies' Work,
$10.63 ; Ploughing Match, $16.50 85 07
■ 123 40
By Paid on purchase of Seeds 184 37
• Printing and Advertising 8 00
141
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. ' I cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
By Working Expenses 43 13
358 90
Balance in hand , 10 22
McNab.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Members Subscriptions Ill 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 123 00
" Municipal Grant 50 00
" Ploughing Match 9 00
Cr. 293 85
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 23 81
"Prizes for horses, $18.25; Cattle, 818.75; Sheep, $12;
Pigs, 86.50 ; Poultry, 83 58 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, SI 2. 25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 811.75; Dairy products, $13; Fruits, 82.25;
Agricultural Implements, $11 ; General Manufactures,
$18 ; Ladies' Work, $3.60 ; Ploughing Match, $14.... 85 85
144 35
Deduct as by regulation 26 80
By Paid for Agricultural Publications.
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
117
55
9
25
9
45
40
25
200 31
Balance in hand . 93 54
Arnprior Horticultural Society.
(Tn connection with Agricultural and Mechanical Association.)
Dr, 8 cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 319 75
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 189 90
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 2U0 00
'• Rents of Stalls, Stands, and Grounds 120 00
" Miscellaneous 57 00
Cr> 1,026 65
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 1,249 87
« Prizes for Horses. $104.00 ; Cattle, $168.00 ; Sheep, $20 ;
Pigs, 812; Poultry, 845 349 00
" Prizes'for Grains and Seeds, $20 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 85; Dairy Products, $12; Fruits, $8; Plants
and Flowers, $20 ; Agricultural Implements, $30 ;
General Manufactures, $30 ; Fine Arts, 89.25 ; Ladies'
Work, $50 204 25
553 25
By Prizes for previous years paid ... 38 00
" Printing and Advertising 64 31
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treasurer,
and Assistants 177 37
2,082 80
Balance due Treasurer 1,056 15
142
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
RUSSELL.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 69 66
" Members' Subscriptions 52 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
Cr. 820 66
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 420 00
" Printing and Advertising 7 20
" Working Expenses 66 00
, 493 20
Balance in band 327 46
Note. — The balance was to be expended in purchasing seeds and sheep, with a view to
improvement.
Clarence.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report , 23 93
'v Members' Subscriptions ... 98 00
:i Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 86 00
Or. ,. . , 207 93
By Working expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 17 00
Balance in hand .... 190 93
REPORT.
The Directors in submitting their Annual Report beg leave most respectfully to report,
that at a meeting held in the latter part of June it was resolved to let the Society go down
owing in part to the apathy of the farmers generally who take no interest in it, and the diffi-
culty of getting a paid up membership in time to go on, together with the poor appearance
of crops for the past season.
It was finally agreed to communicate with your indefatigable Secretary-Treasurer, and
await his advice in the premises. After receiving his answers to our queries it was resolved to
keep the Society up, and, if thought best, as suggested, to use our money in the purchase of
improved stock, &c. With this understanding the Society went on ; but the difficulty of
keeping stock without too much expense to the Society arose, and it was finally resolved not
to use the money this year, and thus by keeping one year ahead we could pay the premiums
at the close of the Exhibition, which would, we think, have a tendancy to make the Society
more popular.
This course has been taken after mature consideration, and if it is impracticable to take
this method, we can see no other course open but to cease to exist, as a Society.
Gloucester,
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report. 13 46
" Members' Subscriptions 108 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 96 00
" Interest in part of proceeds of Sale of Society's Show
ground 60 00
Or. 277 46
By Prizes of Fall Show 182 50
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds H qq
" Printing and Advertising y 25
" Working Expenses 53 00
254 75
Balance in hand >£•> 71
143
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Osyoode.
Dr $ cte. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report. 22 68
" Members' Subscriptions 64 00
•f Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 55 00
(jr 141 68
By Live Stock 106 68
" Feeding of Live Stock 35 00
141 68
Russell.
]> $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 196 90
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 175 00
" Sale of Stock 47 25
C,., 419 15
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 1 13
" Prizes for Horses, $70 ; Cattle, $68 ; Sheep, $29 ; Pigs,
|8; Poultry, $4 179 00
•' Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $23; Roots and other hoed
crops, .$20 ; Dairy products, 820 ; Fruits, 810 ; Plants
and Flowers, $10 ; Vegetables, $36 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $20 ; General Manufactures, $45 184 00
363 00
" Working Expenses 47 20
411 33
Balance in hand 7 82
REPORT.
This vear Agriculturalists have not been favourably rewarded for their labour, cold and
rainy season in early spring, followed by drouth and excessive heat, proved very disastrous to
spring crops generally, and fall wheat might be termed a total failure. Root crops not being ex-
tensively cultivated, but very good as far as grown. Potatoes would have been a very exten-
sive crop but for the ravages of the potatoe bug. Our Township is getting quite alive to in-
troducing some very excellent Farming Implements, which will greatly relieve toil to the far-
mer, but in hard times it will be difficult to find money to pay for them.
In the Stock Department there is no cause for complaint, as there seems to be a steady
improvement in all departments. Domestic manufactures seem to be very good, but very
slack in competition. Out of above 50 members, less than half bring anything lor Exhibition .
Great crowds gather on exhibition occasions, but it would appear it is more for fun and fro-
lic than something lasting and substantial.
SIMCOE, EAST.
J)T •-• CtS. § • els. S cts.
To Balance iu hand, as per last Annual Report 77 60
" Members' Subscriptions 116 2.)
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 71 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
« Special Prizes ^8 00
0r ^ 1012 85
By Prizes tor Horses, $121 ; Cattle, $217 ; Sheep, $68 ; Pigs,
$26; Poultry, 811.50 443 50
144
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
(Jr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $22.60 ; Roots and other hoed
crop?, $22 ; Dairy products, $30 ; Fruits, $14 ; Hants
and Flowers, $4 ; Vegetables, $12 ; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $29 ; General Manufactures, $20 j Fine Arts.
$32 ; Ladies Work, $48 '. 233 60
677 10
" Prizes for previous years paid 23 25
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies . . 250 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds . 31 25
" Printing and Advertising, $58.90; Musical Bands, $10 ... 68 90
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 54 85
1105 35
Balance due Treasurer 92 50
Medonte.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 67 82
" Members' Subscriptions 65 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 109 00
" Interest 1 56
Cr. 243 38
By Prizes for Horses, $22 ; Cattle, $38 ■ Sheep. $29.50 ; Pigs,
$10.50 100 00
'■ Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $12; Roots and other hoed
crops, $3.75 ; Dairy Products, $3.25 ; Fruits, $0.75 ;
Vegetables, $1.75 ; Agricultural Implements, $8.25 ;
General Manufactures, $5.50 ; Ladies' Work, $10.25. 45 50
145 50
" Prizes for previous year paid 17 25
" Printing and Advertising 1 50
" Working Expenses 13 47
177 72
Balance in hand 65 66
Oro.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 99 82
" Members' Subscriptions ... 103 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 139 50
" Miscellaneous 32 25
Cr. 375 07
By Prizes for Horses, $43 ; Cattle, 60 ; Sheep, $26 j Pigs,
$13.50 ; Poultry, $11 153 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $29 ; Roots and Vegetables,
$33.50 ; Dairy Products, $18.75 ; General Manufactu-
res, $3 ; Ladies' Work, $35 119 25
" Paid for Agricultural Publications.
" Printing and Advertising ...
" Working Expenses
272 75
5 25
13 25
29 20
320 45
Balance in hand. 54 62
10 145
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. J.) A. 1878
SIMCOE, WEST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 169 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 122 15
« Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous /.. 638 70
Cr. 1,629 85
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 88 24
" Prizes for Horses, $125 ; Cattle, $104 ; Sheep, $70 ; Pigs,
$52; Poultry, $27 378 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $18 ; Dairy Produce, $30 ; Fruits, $20 ; Plants
and Flowers, $2 ; Vegetables, $26 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $50 ; General Manufactures, $20 ; Ladies'
Work, $40 262 00
640 00
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 420 00
" PrintiDg and Advertising, $139.08 ; Musical Bands, $50 ; 189 08
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treas-
urer and Assistants 122 63
1,459 95
Balance in hand — 169 90
REPORT.
The Directors in again meeting the members of the Society and presenting their
report for the year that is past, are glad to be able to state that the financial statement which
the Treasurer is enabled to make is of a much more gratifying character than the one sub-
mitted by your Directors for the year before last, and that the result is that the present year
the Society starts with a balance on hand, all liabilities being paid or allowed for, instead of
there being a deficit.
While, however, this is the satisfactory position of the finances, your Directors have still
to deplore the want of interest that is taken in the Society by the farming community as well
as by the general public— exhibited by the very limited number ot members belonging to the
Society. In this large and growing town where the society's head-quarters are — situate, too,
in the midst of a wealthy farming community — this is a condition of affairs that ought not
to exist, and which, it is to be hoped, will, ere long, be changed to a large increase in the
number' of members of all classes of the community —but more especially from among the
agriculturists, who are chiefly interested in the prosperity of the Society. And your Direct-
ors would urge upon their successors, as well as upon every member of the Society, that its
welfare depends altogether upon the number of those who take sufficient interest in its pros-
perity to aid it by uniting themselves to it, and become members with a higher aim than that
of simply drawing prize money from it.
In accordance with the policy that was foreshadowed at the last annual meeting, your
Directors arranged with a deputation that waited on them from Stayner to hold the Annual
Exhibition at that thriving village, — in the event of its inhabitants complying with the con-
ditions, which were then agreed to. The obligations then entered into by the deputation
from Stayner — your Directors are pleased to be able to announce — were fulfiled to the letter,
and all that had been promised by them was carried out in the most honourable manner.
Accordingly the exhibition was held there — with, as your Directors believe, profit and ad
vantage to the inhabitants of that part of the Riding. It is also to b-3 hoped that the people
of Barrie and the surrounding country will, having experienced the loss as your Directors
think it may be termed, of being without the show for a year, exhibit more zeal in the inte-
rests of the Society for the time to come.
With regard to the show itself your Directors have to report that, while the number of
entries was in most classes not much below that of former years, and was spread over a larger
extent of the country than usual, the number of articles exhibited was very small. This, no
14G
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
doubt, was in a great measure owing to the bad state of the roads and to the extremely in-
clement weather which prevailed, the first day being excessively cold, and the second being
ushered in by a heavy fall of snow, sufficient to deter many from leaving their homes. The
period fixed on this year for the exhibition was certainly too late, though adopted to prevent
the possibility of clashing with any other exhibition. The sitting of the County Council
and the holding of the Assizes during the same week also interfered with the attendance at
the show. Your Directors, however, have no reason to doubt that holding the show away
from the county town, where it has always hitherto been located, will have a beneficial effect
in extending the interest felt in the Society, and making it clear that the Board are not con-
trolled by any purely local considerations.
It is a noticeable feature of the progress that is being made in this part of the Province
in that most important branch of Agriculture — Stock farming — that each succeeding year
adds to the number of herds of thorough-bred cattle that are owned in the county. It is
true that these herds are for the most part small — the nucleus, it is to be hoped, of better
and more prosperous days — yet exhibiting as it does a very praiseworthy enterprise on the
part of those who are thus fostering a branch of Agriculture which perhaps has been too
much overlooked, it is a matter that your Directors feel is deserving of commendation, and a
subject of congratulation among those who are not included in the number of those fortunate
proprietors.
On the other hand the farmers have, for the first time during many happy and prosper-
ous years of plenty, suffered from what cannot but be considered, on the whole, as a very defi-
cient harvest. For the most part the Fall wheat was destroyed by rust, and the Spring wheat
by both rust and midge ; while even oats and peas, although giving promise before the har-
vesting of being productive crops, failed to turn out in accordance with these favourable
indications — and were, on the whole, little better than the wheat crop. This is a result, which
the toiling agriculturalist ought not to delude himself into imagining will not occur at inter-
vals. It teaches this lesson : that the farmer should not wholly depend on the production of
grain, but have another string to his bow in his stock yard — -which he is likely, if he only
has the proper class of cattle, to find a profitable branch of his business in the remunerative
market for it, which it is practically impossible to glut. Your directors allude to the trade in
cattle that has sprung into existence during the past year between the Dominion and the
Mother Country. * * *
Nottawasaga.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts-
To Members' Subscriptions 797 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 230 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 140 00
" Miscellaneous 4 00
Cr. 1312 00
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 41 83
" Prizes for Horses, $229 ; Cattle, $113 j Sheep, $113 ; Pigs,
$42; Poultry, $32 529 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $75 ; Eoots and other hoed
crops, $59 50; Dairy products, $61; Fruits, $47 ; Plants
and Flowers, $32.50; Agricultural Implements, $53;
General Manufactures, $49 ; Fine Arts, $10.50 ; La-
dies' Work, $87.50; Ploughing Match, $30; Bands,
$30 536 00
1065 00
Prizes forfeited 33 00
By Prizes for previous years paid
l> Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
147
32
00
9
00
59
96
56
25
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
O. $ cts. S cts. $ cts.
By Working Expenses 151 15
1350 19
Balance due Treasurer 38 19
Note. — The Exhibition was the best the Society ever held, and a marked improvement
was observable in most of the departments, particularly in Live Stock. Although the wea-
ther was far from being propitious, the keeping open the Show for two days was attended
by satisfactory results.
Sunnidale.
T)r. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport 71 52
" Members' Subscriptions 67 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 84
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 57 38
" Miscellaneous 8 00
O. 214 99
By Prizes for Horses, $38.25 ; Cattle, $14.70 ; Sheep, $6.25 ;
Pigs, $6.50 ; Poultry, $3.40 69 10
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $6.50 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $4.60 ; Dairy products, $8.75 ; Honey, $2.50 ;
Fruits. $2.80; Vegetables, $2.70; Ladies' Work,
$16.40; Ploughing Match, $18 72 50
141 60
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 6 00
" Printing and Advertising ,. 7 50
" Working Expenses 20 10
175 2U
Balance in hand 39 79
Vespra.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport 120 36
" Members' Subscriptions 100 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 114 75
Cr. 335 11
By Prizes for Horses, $24 ; Cattle, $29 ; Sheep, $18 ; Pigs, $8; 79 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, S9 ; Dairy products, $16 ;
Fruits, $6 ; Plants and Flowers, 82 ; Vegetables, $9 •
General Manufactures, 85 ; Ladies' Work, $5 42 00
121 00
Unpaid 50 25
70 75
" Prizes for previous years paid 43 00
" On purchase of Seeds ■ 28 00
" For Agricultural Publications 25 77
" Working expenses, including services of Secretary, and
Treasurer ko 26 35
193 87
Balance in hand 141 24
Note. — The fall exhibition was not equal to several of its predecessors, and the crops
in general were much under an average.
148
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Barrie Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 77 35
" Members' Subscriptions 102 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 26 45
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 107 87
" Miscellaneous 6 20
Cr. 319 87
By Prizes for Fruits, $6 ; Plants and Flowers, $136 ; Vege-
tables, $26 168 00
" Prizes for previous years paid 1 00
" Exhibition Buildings 15 00
" Printing and Advertising, $35.50; Musical Bunds, $18 ... 53 50
" Working Expenses 17 75
255 25
Balance in hand 64 62
SIMCOE, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 71 65
" Members' Subscriptions 779 45
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 319.00
« Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 15 20
Cr. 1885 30
By Prizes for Horses, $200; Cattle, $130; Sheep, $111;
Pigs, $90; Poultry, $30 , 561 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $64 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $40 ; Dairy products, $71 ; Fruits, $45 ; Vege-
tables, $50 ; Agricultural Implements, $80 ; General
Manufactures, $80 ; Fine Arts, $60 ; Ladies' Work,
$100 , 590 00
1151 00
By Prizes for previous years paid 60 GO
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies. 321 30
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 79 20
" Printing and Advertising, $82 ; Musical Bands, $30 112 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 60 00
1784 10
Balance in hand 101 20
REPORT.
. The year 1876 is numbered with the past, and although you have not been blessed with
the bountiful harvests of former years, (the wheat crop being nearly a failure, and all other
crops below an average) yet we are the recipients of very many blessings for which we should
feel very grateful to an all wise Providence, for indeed, few countries are in a more prosperous
condition to-day, than Canada.
In presenting you with our report — the Nineteenth Annual Report of your Society, your
Directory feel proud to be able to congratulate you on its steady advancement and prosperous
condition — no year of its history has been marked with more progressive and happy results.
During the year your Society held two Exhibitions. The Spring Exhibition held at
149
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Bond Head for eDtire Horses and Bulls, was for quality and quantity superior to any of its
predecessors.
The Fall Exhibition held as usual in your Society's Park, Cookstown, on the 6th and
7th days of October last, was, to say the least of it, a grand success. Any person who had
visited former shows, and gone through the several departments of the latter, must have come
to the conclusion that the farmers of Simcoe are a progressive people.
The stock exhibited deserves more than a passing notice. The magnificent Draught —
general purpose, — Carriage and Saddle Horses were superior to any ever before exhibited in
this County. And the Show in Cattle was even more marked. The splendid herds of
Short Horns would have done credit to the Provincial Exhibition, and when you revert back
but a very few years ago, when scarcely one of those noble animals was to be found in Sim-
coe, it is a great cause of thankfulness that our farmers are not only becoming wealthy, but
are keeping pace with the progressive spirit of the age. And the same remarks are applicable
to all branches and classes of your Exhibition. The numerous entries, and the keen compe-
tition manifest in all classes are positive proofs of the happy results your Society is exerting
for good in the country.
Nor were the Ladies one whit behind in their department. It was found necessary to
afford them a much larger space than in former years, yet this they filled with articles rich
and rare, which for neatness, newness of design, and artistic skill far exceeded any display
ever before seen in Simcoe.
Your Society having now attained her nineteenth year, felt like some of our fair maidens
that it was high time to take a partner to her bosom, and your Directorate are happy to say
that she has consummated a most happy union. A short time previous to your Fall Exhibition
she was wedded to the Essa Branch Agricultural Society, and the most fortunate results are
likely to follow — indeed during the last show the benefits of this union were visible to all.
Gwillumbury.
Dr. $ cts. % cts. $ cts.
To balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 69 46
" Members' Subscriptions 260 00
•• Admission Fees to Exhibition 221 84
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
• Miscellaneous 65 35
Cr. 756 65
By Prizes for Horses, S103 ■ Cattle, §56 ; Sheep, $58 ; Pigs,
|20; Poultry, 814 251 00
'; Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $38 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $32 ; Dairy Products, $19 ; Fruits, 820 ; Gene-
ral Manufactures, §140 ; Fine Arts, 817 ; Ladies' Work,
850 316 00
567 00
" Prize paid for previous years 1 00
" Printing and Advertising, $30 : Musical Band, $18 48 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 92 58
708 58
Balance in hand 48 07
Innisfil.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 ct?. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report . 41 26
•■ Members' Subscriptions 142 00
'■ Admission Fees to Exhibition 7 25
' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 72 80
263 31
150
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. ' $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses, .$17; Cattle, $14; Sheep, $15 ; Pigs,
$6; Poultry, $4.50 56 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20 ; Roots and other hoed
crops. $14.50 ; Dairy Products, $6 ; Agricultural Im-
plements, $10.50 ; Prizes at Spring Show, $40.00;
Ladies' Work, $U. 75; Ploughing Match, $16 121 75
Prizes for previous years paid
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
178
25
3
00
3
00
19
75
21
40
22.1 40
Balance in hand 37 91
Tossorontio.
Br. I cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To balance in hand as per last Annual Report 40 39
•• Vlembers' Subscription 155 00
■• Admission Fees to Exhibition 102 32
•• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 108 50
Cr. 406 21
By Prizes for Horses, $44 ; Cattle, $20.75 ; Sheep, $10.50 ;
Pigs, $12; Poultry, $5.50... 92 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $26 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $20 ; Dairy Products, $10 ; Fruits, $12 ; Vege-
tables, $9 ; Agricultural Implements, $60 ; Fine Arts,
$4; Ladies' Work, $30 171 00
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
263 75
20 00
30 00
24 47
338 21
Balance in hand ... 68 00
STORMONT.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ eta.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 4 41
•• Members' Subscriptions 148 00
•L Admission Fees to Exhibition 83 43
•• Legislative Grant 700 00
•' Miscellaneous 22 00
Cr. 957 8
By Prizes for Horses, $106 ; Cattle, $99.50; Sheep, $47 ; Pigs,
$20; Poultry, $9.50 282 00
•• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $41.25 ; Dairy Products,
$28.50 ; Vegetables, $29.75 ; Agricultural Implements,
$66 ; General Manufactures, $45.50 ; Ladies' Work,
253 00
535 00
Prizes for previous years paid 16 25
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 273 53
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 8 00
151
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
" Printing and Advertising 42 00
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 159 73
1,034 51
Balance due Treasurer 76 67
Finch.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 81 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 133 53
Cr. 214 53
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 4 97
" Prizes for Horses. $30.50 ; Cattle, $37.50 ; Sheep, $12.75 ;
Pigs, $6 .' 86 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $18.25 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $12.50 ; Dairy Products, $7.75 ; Agricultural
Implements, $33.25; General Manufactures, $21.25;
Ladies' Work, $8.50 106 47
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising •
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasurer
193 22
8 25
6 00
12 00
219 47
4 94
Osnahruck.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 28 32
" Members' Subscriptions 92 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 260 32
By Prizes for Horses, $40.50 ; Cattle, $46 ; Sheep, $17 ; Pigs,
$13.50; Poultry, $6 123 00
" By Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $18; Dairy products, $11 ;
Vegetables, $10.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $28.50 ;
General Manufactures, $22 ; Ladies' Work, $21 Ill 00
By Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses ....
234
00
6
00
6
50
26
45
272 95
Balance due Treasurer 12 63
TORONTO.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual 143 09
" Members' Subscriptions 953 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 233 30
" Legislative Grant 550 00
1879 39
152
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for Horses ... 243 00
*- Prizes for Roots and other hoed crops, $15.75; Dairy Pro-
ducts, $5 ; Fruits, $184 ; Plants and Flowers, $299 ;
Vegetables, 125 ; Ladies' Work, $123 751 75
994 75
Unpaid 13 50
Prizes for previous years paid —
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds, for rent, lighting, fit-
ting up, etc .... . — ...
For Agricultural or Horticultural Publications
Printing and Advertising, $265.95 ; Musical Bands, $80...
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary-Trea-
surer and Assistants, Judges expenses, postage, &c 313 21
981
25
59
50
93
27
23
00
345
95
1816 18
Balance in hand 63 21
REPORT.
In compliance with the requirements of the Statute, your Directors submit the follow-
ing Report of their proceedings for the past year : —
The Society held its summer exhibition in the Horticultural Gardens — kindly granted
for the purpose — on Thursday, June the 29th ; a few days earlier in the season than usual,
with a view to securing a special display of roses and strawberries, in both of which depart-
ments liberal prize lists were published. The total amount offered in all the classes was
$568.50 ; the amount awarded was $251.25.
Notwithstanding the efforts made to ensure success, the show of roses in pots and of
strawberries, was far below what had been expected ; the display of cut roses, however, was
very fine, and in variety and perfection were almost all that could be desired. The show of
early fruits and vegetables was scarcely up to the average ; but the display of plants and
flowers was fully up to the very high standard ef excellence, so familiar to the visitors at the
Society's exhibitions. *****
The General Superintendent, Mr. John Paxton, reports on the Exhibition as follows : —
" The various productions exhibited were greatly superior to what might have been
expected, considering the protracted drought during the summer months.
" The Floral Department was replete with rare plants and gorgeous flowers tastefully ar-
ranged in the centre of the building. The splendid dahlias and cut flowers from Messrs.
Leslie and Sons, deserve especial mention, as also the exhibits of pot plants from the Gov-
ernment House, the Hon. D. L. Macpherson's, and the Normal School, any of whose plants
would be no discredit to a London Exhibition Table.
'■' Bouquets were of rare excellence, though not so numerous as usual.
" The specimens of fruit were numerous, and every class was well represented. Much
of the prize fruit from the Provincial Exhibition was shown, and, as might have been ex-
pected, carried off a goodly number of first prizes, though some of our local promolgists as-
tonished these Provincial prize-takers by keeping many of the first prizes in Toronto.
"The indoor Grapes exhibited by Mr. Gray, of Brockton, were among the chief attrac-
tions of the fruit tables. Their ripe, highly coloured, and luscious appearance attested the
care and intelligence necessary to the cultivation of such magnificent clusters. Out-door
Grapes were also very fine ; most of the New Hybrids were shown in fine condition, almost
reaching the standard of perfection.
"Pears were plentiful and very fine, particularly the Bartlet's, Beurre Diel, Flemish
Beauty, and some handsome Sickles.
" Apples were in great abundance, and the quality all that could be desired. The col-
lections of Messrs. Leslie & Sons, of Leslieville ; George Murray, of Yorkville, and N.V. Ball,
of Niagara, were highly creditable to these gentlemen, and an honour to the Dominion.
153
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
" The vegetable class was very tine, and it was very pleasing to note the interest and
the spirit of rivalry manifested by our market growers on this occasion. Better vegetables
could not be found anywhere. The special prizes offered by our energetic townsmen, Messrs.
Rennie and Simmers, were keenly contested. In this connection I may remark, that whtu
the citizens of Toronto come to learn the hygienic properties of good, fresh, well grown vege-
tables, such as were exhibited here, tbey will give more than their moral support to a Society
such as yours, whose aim is to encourage and stimulate the raising of good and wholesome
esculents.
" In Implements, the principal exhibitor was William Rennie, Esq., whose display em-
braced almost every implement necessary for the agriculturalist and the horticulturalist, the
whole being of the newest and most approved patterns. Mr. Rennie also exhibited a very
fine collection of Rustic Work for the garden." * * * * *
Within the past few weeks, as you have doubtless learned from the public Press, efforts
have been made to organize a great International Industrial Exhibition to be held in this
city, at an early date. Prior to anything being known of this larger scheme, however, your
Directors had it in contemplation to bring before you a proposition to hold an Industrial Ex-
hibition during the year 1877, similar in its objects and character to those held periodically
and so successfully in the City of Buffalo ; and as it is not now proposed to hold the larger-
Exhibition referred to until the year 1879, it is still a question whether or not the smaller
scheme should be carried out during this year. The matter is now in your hands. * *
VICTORIA, NORTH.
Dr. s cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last annual Report 70 81
■• Members' Subscriptions 62 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 63 00
" Legislative Grant, $700; Municipal Grant, $200 900 00
•• Miscellaneous 2 40
Or. 1098 21
By Prizes for Horses, $83.35 ; Cattle, $40.45 ; Sheep, $38.25 ;
Pigs, $20; Poultry, $2 204 05
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 839.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $28.25 ; Dairy Products, $10.25 ; Fruits, $7.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $2 ; Vegetables, $4 ; Agricultural
Implement?, $7.70; General Manufactures, $31 ; Fine
Arts, $4 ; Ladies' Work, $6.70 ; Ploughing Match,
843 7 163 90
367 95
•• Prizes for previous years paid 32 25
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies.... 420 00
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds, and erection of
buildings 200 00
" Printing and Advertising, $36.55 ; Musical Bands, $10.... 46 55
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary & Trea-
surer 92 40
1,159 15
Balance due Treasurer 60 94
REPORT.
Your Directors in submitting the ninth annual Report of the Society, beg leave to
state with regret, that the harvest of 1876 was in many respects inferior to that of the pre-
vious year, poor as that was. ******
The Fall Show held at Glenarm on the 3rd day of October last, was very successful,
154
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
although not quite equal to some previous shows in the number of articles exhibited, or in qual-
ity of cereals — particularly wheat. The show of Roots and Domestic Manufactures was
quite equal, if not superior to any previous show of the Society, and the show of Live
Stock and Implements was decidedly superior in number and quality : altogether the show
was a decided success. The Ploughing, we are happy to say, was a marked improvement and
altogether superior to any yet held, and your Directors are gratified to see a revival of interest
manifested in regard to this primary and leading branch of agricultural industry.
The gratitude of your Directors and of the Society at large, is justly due to the mem-
bers of the County Council for the continuation of their annual donation of $200; and to
our respected member in the House of Commons, Hector Cameron, Esq., Q. C, for his dona-
tion of $20, and which he promises will be an annual donation to the funds of the Society.
Bexley and Car den.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 34 43
" Members' Subscriptions 61 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 11 77
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 61 55
Cr. 168 75
By Prizes for Horses, $14; Cattle, $13 ; Sheep, $9; Pigs,
$9 ; Poultry, $3.75 48 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $19.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.75; Dairy Products, $6.50; Emits, $2.25;
Vegetables, $6; General Manufactures, $6.50; Fine
Arts, $1; Ladies' Work, $6 57 00
105 75
Balance in hand 63 00
Eldon.
Dr. $ cts.. $ cts. $ cte.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annnal Report 38 92
" Members' Subscriptions 80 00
" Admission fees to Exhibition 93 85
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 92 34
" Borrowed 150 00
" Miscellaneous 1 00
Cr. 450 II
By Prizes for Horses, $40 ; Cattle, $24 ; Sheep, $12 ; Piss, $6 ;
Poultry, $6 88 00
'• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $4.25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $7.00 ; Dairy Products, $7.00 ; Fruits, $4.25 ;
Agricultural Implements, $12.00 ; General Manufac-
tures, $12.00 ; Ladies' Work, $9 55 50
143 50
" Exhibition Buildings 20 63
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds 144 55
" Miscellaneous 2 25
" Printing and Advertising 8 50
" Working Expenses 22 35
341 78
Balance in hand 114 33-
Fe?ielon.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 71 26
" Members' Subscriptions 71 00
155
137
75
18
20
3
30
7
65
18
25
[7
25
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. | cts. | cts. 8 cts.
To Admission Fees to Exhibition 23 15
" Legislative Grant from Electoral DivisionfcSociety 79 40
Cr. 241 81
By Total Prizes at Fall Show
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Miscellaneous... .
" Printing and Advertising, $8.25 ; Musical Bands, ftlO
" Working Expenses
202 40
Balance in hand 42 41
Laxton and Digby.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 32 39
" Members' Subscriptions 52 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition... 1 80
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 59 28
Cr. 145 47
By Prizes for Horses. 816.50 ; Cattle, $15.75 ; Sheep, $11.25 ;
Pigs, 85.75; Poultry, ? 2. 75 52 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. §7.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 87.75; Dairy Products, 84.75; Fruits, 83;
Vegetables, $8.75 ; General Manufactures, 87.75 ;
Fine Arts, $5 ; Ladies' Work, $13.45 57 95
" Pr z for previous years
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
109
95
3
75
4
25
5
00
25
97
148 92
Balance due Treasurer 3 45
S'omerville.
Dr. 8 cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 38 45
" Members' Subscriptions 105 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition... 5 75
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 117 45
Cr. 266 65
By Prizes for Horses, $34.50; Cattle, $26; Sheep, $16.10 ;
Pigs, $4.75; Poultry, $3.. 84 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11.15; Roots and other hoed
crops, $19.25; Dairy Products, $675; Fruits, $5.75 ;
General Manufactures, 88.65 ; Ladies' Work, $11.20. 62 85
147 10
Working Expenses 27 80
__ 174 90
Balance in hand 91 75
156
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
VICTORIA SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annua! Report 366 63
" Members' Subscriptions 142 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 222 64
" Legislative Grant, $ 700 ; Municipal Grant, $200 900 00
" Miscellaneous 49 81
Cr. 1,681 08
" Prizes for Horses, $75.50 ; Cattle, $25.00 ; Sheep, $54.00 ;
Pigs, $12; Poultry, .$4.50 171 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $30.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $14.75 ; Dairy Products, $20.75 ; Fruits, $20.25 ;
Vegetables, $18.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $3.00 ;
General Manufactures, $7 ; Fine Arts, $4.25 ; Ladies'
Work, $33. .; 151 50
" Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies...
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Port Hope Central Fair
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary & Trea-
surer. ,
64
322
50
36
25
420
00
168
12
85
59
86
88
101
50
— 1
220
Balance in hand 460 24
REPORT.
The Directors of the South Victoria Agricultural Society beg to report that the number
of members for the year 1876 was 146, being less by 18 than in the previous year. Of this
146, 62 were residents of the Town of Lindsay, 63 of other municipalities in the South
Riding of Victoria, and 21 beyond the limits of the Riding. At the two shows held in the
Spring and Fall respectively, the various prizes awarded amounted to $353, of which the
sum of $51 was awarded to residents of the Town of Lindsay, $271 to residents of other
parts of the Riding, and $31 to persons residing beyond the Riding. The receipts at the
Spring Show were $31.94, being $1.92 over those of 1875, and at the Fall show $190.70, an
increase of $8.70.
Much inconvenience and dissatisfaction having been experienced on former occasions
owing to the rules respecting the time of making entries and receiving articles for exhibition
having relaxed in favour of certain individuals, it was resolved at the late Fall show that the
Rules and Regulations should be carried out with honesty and impartiality, and the Directors
are happy to report that although a few intending exhibitors may have suffered disappoint-
ment, the convenience of the judges, as well as that of the exhibitors and visitors was greatly
increased.
In the early part of last year, the Directors of the North Riding of Victoria Agricul-
tural Society expressed a wish to hold a united Ploughing Match, but in view of the ap-
proaching Central Fair, it was considered better to husband our resources for the latter
purpose.
The grounds and buildings of this Society being acknowledged to be altogether inade-
quate for present as well as for future purposes, the attention of the Directors has been called
to the selection of other property. The first site selected was a Park lot belonging to Mr. '
Michael Deane ; but as the offer to sell was immediately withdrawn, it was necessary to look
elsewhere. After receiving several offers and making the most thorough enquiry, the Direc-
tors made choice of the property of Mr. William Grace, known as the Cricket Ground. But
in order to make the grounds available tor Exhibition purposes, it was necessary to induce
the Town Council to grant to the Society a certain street which had not hitherto beeu used
157
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
as a thoroughfare. This, after much opposition, the Council very reluctantly consented to
do Mr. Grace having purchased land for another street in lieu of that to be closed.
It is to be regretted that the display of productions from this County at the Centennial
Exhibition, at Philadelphia, was Dot so good as it might have been, had the collection been
undertaken at an earlier date. The articles sent, however, it is satisfactory to know, were
well spoken of.
Emily.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 20 29
•• Members' Subscriptions 147 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 36 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
Cr. 313 29
By Prizes for Horses, $64.50 ; Cattle, $20.50; Sheep, $14.25 ;
Pigs, $7.75j; Poultry, $3.50 ^ 110 50
'• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $9.25; Roots and other hoed'
crops, $20 ; Dairy Products, $6 ; Fruits, 84 ; Vege-
tables. $5.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $10 ; General
Manufactures, $26; Ladies' Work, $15.50 96 25
206 75
" Printing and Advertising 12 00
•' Working Expenses .- 48 00
266 75
Balance in hand 76 54
REPORT.
The Directors of the Emily Branch Agricultural Society in presenting their annual
report lor the year 1876, would congratulate the members on the continued success of the
Society.
A little extra effort has naturally increased the membership of the Society. *
We have had two shows during the year — a Spring show for entire horses and bulls, at
which there were 25 entries, and prizes awarded amounting to $36 ; and a Fall show at
which there were entries divided as follows : — Horses, $49 ; Cattle, $16 ; Sheep, $21 ; Pigs,
$12 ; Poultry, $12 ; Grain, $28 ; Roots, Vegetables, &c, $107 ; Manufactures, $86 ; Ladies'
Work. $68 ; and prizes given amounting to $170.75. * * *
Your Directors would again bring to your notice the fact that we are sadly in need of a
show ground, and hope that some decisive action will be taken by you in the matter.
The Central Exhibition is intended to be held in Lindsay the next Fall, and it is for
you to consider whether it is desirable for us to contribute a part or the whole of our funds
towards the furtherance of that object. * * * * *
Mariposa.
Dr. $ cts. $- cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 49 31
" Members' Subscriptions 90 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition. . . 61 35
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 92 95
Cr. 293 61
By Prizes for Horses, $35, Cattle, $10; Sheep, $45 ; Pigs,
810 ; Poultry, $6 106 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $5 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6 ; Dairy products, $5.50 ; Fruits, $3 ; Vege-
tables, $9; General Manufactures, $7; Ladies' Work,
$i>'j.70 Go 20
171 20
158
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 27 80
" Printing and Advertising 13 25
" Working Expenses 13 15
225 40
Balance in hand 6g 21
REPORT.
The Officers and Directors of the Mariposa Branch Society beg leave to report as
under: —
That this Society expended their funds this year principally as prizes at their Fall show
and are glad to be able to state that an increased interest in the operations of the Society
exists. Their Fall Exhibition being the best for many years, and a large increase in the
number of entries with better articles shown in the various classes, with the exception of
Grain. Roots and Vegetables. This Society now has the use of a first class hall and show
ground.
The Society has greatly increased their prizes, and are pleased to report a balance after
meeting all claims as shown by statement under.
The Society are not able to report as marked an improvement in Horned Cattle as they
would wish, but that, no doubt, is partly owing to the current feeling that the times are
hard. The Society feels proud that our Province was able to hold a first class position in
competition with the whole world, at the late World's Exhibition in the United States, in the
various classes; and although there were no prizes brought home to our Township or Couuty.
we partake of the common joy from the success of our Province and Dominion.
Although this has been a year of short crops, there is no doubt there is great improve-
ment coing on constantly in the system of culture carried out.
We are not able to report any importation of improved Stock by the Society or its
members.
Ops.
Dr. $ cts. % cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual import 112 60
" Members' Subscriptions 4(5 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 52 15
O- 210 75
By Use of Live Stock 40 qo
'* Printing and Advertising 2 25
" Working Expenses 1Q 04
52 49
Balance in hand 158 26
REPORT.
The Directors of the Ops' Township Agricultural Society, beg to report thatdurin"- the
past year, they have directed their attention exclusively to the improvement of the breed of stock
and for this purpose have made arrangements by which members of this Society have the use
of a thorough bred animal, at a cost which does not exceed that of an inferior bull.
During the past year a communication was addressed to the Honourable Provincial
Secretary, with the view to an amendment to the Agricultural Act, relaxing the rule that no
Township Society shall hold a show within five miles of the place in which die Couuty Show
is held, in the same year. The reply received was to the effect that the matter would receive
attention at the coming session of the Legislature, but as yet there is little prospect of such
change being made.
During the present year, the Central Fair, which during the past two years has been
159
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
held at Peterboro' and Port Hope respectively, will be held at Lindsay. This arrangement
will enable the township societies to unite in holding a show in the fall, should they desire to
do so. Whether this Society shall take a part in the Central Fair, and if so the number of
delegates to be sent, will be for its members to decide. That the County Society of the
South Riding will provide the grounds and buildings there seems no doubt, but the extent
of the show and the advantages to be derived by the farmers of this county will, without
doubt, depend much on the assistance afforded by the local societies. * * *
Verulum.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 134 26
" Members' Subscriptions 65 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 27 70
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 68 00
" Sale of Seeds, $90. 3d; Miscellaneous, $15.30 105 69
Cr. 400 65
" Prizes for Horses, $17 ; Cattle, $23.50 ; Sheep, $14 ; Pigs,
$15 50 ; Poultry $2.25 72 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $14; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.25 ; Dairy Products, $8.50 ; Fruits, $2.75 ;
Vegetables, $5.75; General Manufactures, $7.25;
Fine Arts, $2.75 ; Ladies' Work, $10.75 61 00
Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
On purchase of Seeds
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
133
25
3
50
110
41
8
80
19
25
275 21
Balance in hand 125 44
Lindsay Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 94 88
•: Members' Subscriptions 61 00
•• Admission Fees to Exhibition 12 05
•' Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 66 90
" Interest 5 10
Cr. 239 93
By Poultry
" Roots and other hoed crops
" Fruits, 812.50; Plants and Flowers, $46; Vegetables, $28.
" Exhibition Buildings
" Printino- and Advertising, .^25. 10 ; Musical Bands, $13.
'• Working Expenses
0 50
2 75
86 50
89 75
7 00
38 10
26 60
161 45
Balance in hand 78 48
REPORT.
The Directors of the Lindsay Horticultural Society beg to report that during the past
vear they have held two shows, the former in July and the latter in September. Although
the articles exhibited on both occasions were of a very fair quality, the quantity was not
pqual to what nii<*ht have been expected from the improved taste and increasing resources of
t le inhabitants of the Town and neighbourhood.
160
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Owing to unfavourable weather on both occasions, t'.ie attendance was not as large as at
former shows, consequently the receipts were less. To this reason, and not to a falling off
of members may be attributed the reduction in the balance on hand.
In preparing the prize lists, the Directors have endeavoured to divide ihe premiums as
fairly as possible among the various classes of Flowers, Fruit and Vegetables, and the dif-
ferent classes of exhibitors, at the same time they admit that the question as to the propor-
tion that will satisfy the gardeners, and induce the amateurs to exhibit extensively has not
yet been solved.
The number of shows and the best time of holding them have been fully considered by
the Directors, with the result that when the funds of the Society will permit two shows are
desirable. When only one is practicable, the best time for that show is about the middle of
September, as securing the greatest variety of Flowers and Vegetables. A Spring show held
towards the end of June is the most advantageous to the gardeners, while the amateurs pre-
fer it some two or three weeks later,
During the present year, the Central Fair which has been held during the past two years
at Peterboro' and Port Hope respectively, will be held at Lindsay. The Horticultural
Societies of the adjoining counties have united with the County and Township Societies with
mutual advantage. The question of this Society uniting with the Central Show and the
number of delegates will be for immediate and careful consideration. As the advantages to
be derived from doing so would probably tend greatly to increase the membership this year,
there is no reason why there should not be held an independent show of this Society as well
as the general show of the Central Fair. * *
WATERLOO, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Aunual Report 367 23
" Members' Subscriptions 272 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ' 348 78
« Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant 225 00
Cr. 1,913 01
" Prizes for Horses, §194; Cattle, $105; Sheep, $108;
Pigs, $40 ; Poultry, |50 497 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $58.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $20.50 ; Dairy products. $27.f»0; Fruits, $29.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $7.50 ; Vegetables, $17.50; Agri-
cultural Implements, $36 ; General Manufactures, §37 ;
Fine Arts, $10; Ladies' Work, $28.75 273 00
770 00
•' Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies 280 00
•' Printing and Advertising, $51.00 ; Musical Bands, $10 . . 61 00
•' Working Expenses, including services of Secretary Trea-
surer and Assistants „, 327 70
1,438 70
Balance in hand 474 3 1
REPORT.
The Directors of the North Riding County of Waterloo Agricultural Society, beg leave
to report:
That we regret to state, that owing to the failure of the wheat and a portion of the
root crops, our last show has not been as successful in number of entries as compared with
previous years, although the number of entries was less, whatever was exhibited was of a
superior quality, as it could be easily observed the marked improvement in all kinds of live
stock, especially horses and cattle.
11 161
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The Board of Directors did materially increase the last year's prize list, and despite the
increase, we have the satisfaction to state that after paying seven hundred and seventy dollars
in prizes, besides the working expenses during the year, there is still a balance of cash in the
treasurer's hands of four hundred and seventy-four dollars and thirty-one cents, which amount
will enable our successors further to increase the prize list this year.
We would further recommend our successors to use every legitimate means to induce our
members to abolish township shows, that once accomplished and united effort between Berlin
and Waterloo with the assistance of the townships in the riding, we will have in a few years
the proud satisfaction to witness a Central Fair, one that will not stand second to any in the
Province.
Wellesley.
jyr $ cts. $ cts. ' $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 47 71
" Members' Subscriptions 183 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 16 37
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
': Municipal Grant 40 00
Cr> r 427 58
By Prizes for Horses, $119; Cattle, $61 ; Sheep, $38.50;
Pigs, 812; Poultry, 84 234 50
" Prizes fur Grains and Seeds, 823 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $14 50 ; Dairy Products, $15 ; Fruits, $10.25 ;
Plants and Flowers, $0.25 ; Agricultural Implements,
S : ; 1 • General Manufactures, $18; Ladies' Work,
813.75 126 00
Printing ^and Advertising.
Working Expenses
360
50
7
00
33
85
401 35
Balance in hand 26 23
Woolwich.
J)r .-' cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report
" Members' Subscriptions ....
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Graut from Electoral Division Society
" Municipal Grant
Cr# 455 83
By Prizes for Horses, $89 ; Cattle, $76 ; Sheep, $38 j Pigs,
$
cts.
76
83
211
00
8
00
140
00
20
00
212 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. 844 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $23; Dairy Products, 814.50; Fruits, $18;
Vegetables, $5.50; Agricultural Implements, $12.50;
General Manufactures, $24.90; Ladies' Work, 85 147 40
359 40
" Printing and Advertising... 14 50
" Working Expenses 59 73
433 63
Balance in hand 22 20
WATERLOO, SOUTH.
j,r# $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions 265 50
162
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. J.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Admission Fees to Exhibition 230 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Municipal Grant 230 00
" Miscellaneous 13 00
Cr. 1,438 50
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 89 29
" Prizes for Horses, §234 ; Cattle, #1G7 ; Sheep, $127;
Pigs, $36; Poultry, $17 581 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $34 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $12; Dairy Products, $39.50; Fruits, $27.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $7.50 ; Vegetables, $9.50; Agri-
cultural Implements, $49 ; General Manufactures, $30 ;
Fine Arts, $2; Ladies' Work, $59 270 00
851
00
140
00
13
50
30
00
69
45
247
79
1 A 4.1
03
Portion of Grant to Township Society..
Agricultural Publications
Grant to Christmas Fat Cattle Show
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants .
Balance due Treasurer 2 53
Wilmot.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in haud, as per last Annual Report
" Members' Subscriptions
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
"" Municipal Grant
*' Special Prizes ,
" Miscellaneous
Cr.
By Prizes for Horses, $133 ; Cattle, $86 ; Sheep, $91 ; Pigs,
$22; Poultry, $14.25 346 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $37.40 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $16.75 ; Dairy Products, $31.75 ; Fruits, $30.25 ;
Plants and Flowers, $4.25 ; Vegetables, $10.50 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $71 ; General Manufactures,
$32.25; Fine Arts, $2 ; Ladies' Work, $37.50 273 75
$
cts,
182
90
332
00
102
20
140
00
50
00
89
00
34
00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds
" Agricultural Publications
" Printing and Advertising .%
" Workiug Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
620
00
55
01
4
50
24
70
70
59
774 80
Balance in hand 155 30
WELL AND.
Dr S cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 57 9J
1G3
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
To Members' Subscriptions 180 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 328 55
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Miscellaneous 18 00
Cr> 1,284 45
By Prizes for Live Stock 400 32
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $27.50 : Roots and other hoed
crops, 822 41 j Dairy Products, 85.25 ; Fruits, $26.67 ;
Vegetables, 84 ; Agricultural Implements, $42 • Fine
Arts, $6; Ladies' Work, $66.73 200 56
600 88
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 420 00
" Printing and Advertising 25 90
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 158 1*
1204 92
Balance in hand 79 53
REPORT.
Your Directors in submitting this their annual report, would hereby acknowledge their
indebtedness to an enlightened and gei.erous public lor the success which has attended their
labour during the past year.
There was a large and influential gathering of the independent yeomanry of the county
durin"- the Fall Exhibition of this Society, the good roads and auspicious weather both con-
curring to produce this favourable result.
The show as a whole exceeded all its predecessors in attendance, number of entries, and
the fees received at the gates, showing that a growing interest is being taken in agricultural
matters.
The number of entries given in 1875, amounted to 1,095, that of the past year am-
ounted to 1,245, being an increase of 150, which fact is very encouraging indeed.
The amount of fees received at the gate and from grocery stands, amounted in all to
$344.55, against $197.25, received from the same source last year, shewing an increase of
§147.30 which augurs tor good.
The horses exhibited, as usual, were numerous, and in excellent condition, eliciting
general commendation.
The cattle shewn in the Durham class were more numerous than on any previous occa-
sion, and in very fine condition, eliciting praise to their enterprising producers loom a dis-
cerning public.
The sheep in particular made an imposing display both in regard to numbers and con-
dition.
The mechanical department was better represented than usual, and deserved praise lor
the ingenuity displayed in their constiuctiun, and for their superior finish.
The roots and fruits were greatly admired for their variety and excellence.
In grains there was a decided falling off, both winter and spring grains having suffered
severely from rust and drought.
The Ladies' department was better repieseuted than usual, and many of the articles ex-
hibited were such as to reflect credit on their owners for their originality of design and neat-
ness of execution. * * * *
Bertie
L>r# -' cts. $ ets. s cte.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 66 01
" Members' Subscriptio .s 110 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 10 65
164
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 94 50
Cr. 281 16
By Prizes for Horses, $36 ; Cattle, $26.25 ; Sheep, $29 ;
Pigs, $8.25; Poultry, $7.90 107 40
'; Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $8.20 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $1.35 ; Dairy Products, $1.45 ; Fruits, $3.05 ;
Vegetables, $4.70; Agricultural Implements, $3;
General Manufactures, $21.50; Ladies' Work, $17.02. 60 27
167 67
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 39 60
" Printing and Advertising 9 25
" Working Expenses 31 71
- 248 23
Balance in hand 32 93
Crowland.
Dr. $ ets. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report , 9 0C
" Members' Subscriptions 59 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 49 25
Cr. 117 25
By Prizes for Horses, $33.25 ; Cattle, $24-20 ; Sheep, $6.80 ;
Pigs, $2.50; Poultry, $1.65 68 40
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $7.40 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $2.95 ; Dairy products, $1.25 ; Fruits, &2.35 ;
General Manufactures, $1 14 95
" Priuting and Advertising
" Working Expenses
83
3
35
50
14
00
100
85
Balance in hand 16 40
Humberstone.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 46 18
" Members' Subscriptions 61 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 57 25
Cr. 164 43
By Prizes for Horses, $32 ; Cattle, $20.75 ; Sheep, $5 ; Pigs,
$2.75.; Poultry, $2.12 62 62
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $7.37 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.48; Dairy Products, $1.87; Fruits, $3.25 ;
Plants and Flowers, $0.62 ; Vegetables, $1.13 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $1.75 ; General Manufactures,
$17.87; Ladies' Work, $6.23 44 36
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
106
98
5
00
19
63
131
61
Balance in hand 32 82
Stamford.
Dr $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 52 47
165
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts
To Members' Subscriptions 100 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 84 25
" Municipal Grant 30 00
" Donations 7 00
Cr 273 72
By Prizes for Horses, $72.90 ; Cattle, $38.80 ; Sbeep, $27.60 j
Pigs, $6.20; Poultry, $4.60 150 10
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $7.00 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $5.45; Dairy Products, $3.30; Fruits, $4;
Vegetables, $3.95 ; Agricultural Implements, $4.20;
General Manufactures, $2.10 ; Ladies' Work, $10.60... 40 70
" Printing and Advertising.
" Working Expenses
190 80
8 50
20 20
219 50
Balance in hand 54 22
Thorold,
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balauce in hand, as per last Annual Report 53 01
" Members' Subscriptions 88 00
" Legislative Grant, $81.75 ; Municipal Grant, $25 106 75
Cr. 247 76
" Prizes for Horses, $62; Cattle, $40.80 ; Sheep, $36.50;
Pigs, $7.25; Poultry, $5.28 151 83
•: Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11.88 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $8.84 ■ Dairy Products, 82 ; Fruits, 88.51 ;
General Manufactures, $5.61 ; Ladies' Work, $6.37.... 43 21
195 04
i( Prizes for previous years paid 10 00
•< Exhibition Buildings 1 00
••' Printing and Advertising 7 25
••' Working Expenses 13 10
226 39
Balance in hand 21 37
Willoughhy.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 21 35
" Members' Subscriptions 56 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 50 25
Cr. 127 60
By Prizes tor Horses, 835.30 ; Cattle, $15.20 ; Sheep, $11.60;
Pigs, $2.25 ; Poultry, $1.52 65 87
'•' Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $12.08 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $6.78; Dairy Products, $1.80; Fruits, $2.51;
Vegetables, $1 ; General Manufactures, $7.40; Ladies'
Work, $5.16 36 73
102 60
" Working Expenses 16 22
118 82:
Balance in hand 8 78
166
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
WELLINGTON, WEST.
Dr $ cts. § cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as j er last Annu.il Report 166 20
" Members' Subscriptions • 241 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 130 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
" Township of Minto drant 104 00
« Special Prizes 25 00
" Receipts at Ploughing Match 9 00
O * 1375 20
By Prizes for Horses, $80 ; Cattle, $100 ; Sheep, $54.50; Pigs,
$20.60; Poultry, $16 270 60
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $27.25 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $21.25; Dairy Products, $24; Fruits, $5.75;
Vegetables, $2 ; Agricultural Implements, $41 ; Gene-
ral^ Manufactures, $73.25 ; Fine Arts, $3.50; Ladies'
Work, $51.50 259 00
529 60
" Prizes for previous years paid 5 00
'•' Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 420 00
" Exhibition Building and Grounds 76 40
" Ploughing Match 71 00
" Printing and Advertising, $15.50 ; Musical Bands, $10...... 35 50
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treasurer,
and Assistants — 244 57
1,392 07
Balance due Treasurer 16 87
Arthur.
Dr $. cts. $. cts $ cts.
-*0 Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 93
Members' Subscriptions 149 00
Admission Fees to Exhibition 41 80
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 96 00
Cr. & . 287 73
By Prizes for Horses, $43.50 ; Tattle, $36.50 ; Sheep, $26.25 ;
Pigs,$9.25; Poultry, $5.75 121 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $33 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $29 ; Dairy Products, $16; Agricultural Imple-
ments, $26.25; General Manufactures, $27.50 131 75
253
00
3
32
11
00
29
16
Exhibition Buildings
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Judges
?96 48
Balance due Treasurer 8 75
Minto.
Dr $ cts $ cts. $ cts.'
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report... 48 84
" Members' Subscrip'ions 121 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition ... 104 00
;< Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 275 00
" Part payment of Sale of Grounds 500 00
167
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Entrance to Horse and Bull show
" Miscellaneous ,
Or.
West Wellington Society for union show
Prizes for previous year paid
Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds and Buildings.
Prizes at Horse and Bull show
Eastern Fat Cattle show
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
17 00
26 00
1,091 84
225 00
16 20
705 75
37 00
18 00
16 80
21 75
.. — _ 1,04 i 50
Balance in hand 5 1 34
Peel.
Dr. $ cts. § cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 41 00
'• Members' Subscriptions 104 00
;' Admission Fees to Exhibition 11 40
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 104 00
" Miscellaneous 8 00
Cr. 268 40
By Prizes for Horses, $43 ■ Cattle, $30 ; Sheep, .$25 ; Pigs,
$21; Poultry, U 123 00
" Prizes for Grains and S^eds, 812.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 812 ; Dairy Products, $14; Fruits, $4; Agri-
cultural Implements, 810 ; General Manufactures,
$7.25 59 75
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds.
': Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in haud
182 75
9 00
7 50
47 79
947 04
21 36
Mount Forest Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Total Amount of Receipts 572 48
Cr.
By Total Amount expended in Prizes 275 25
" Working Expenses 66 71
341 96
Balance in band 230 52
WELLINGTON, CENTRE.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 221 89
" Members' Subscriptions 93 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 91 15
<' Legislative Grant. 8700 ; Municipal Grant, 8250 950 00
"Amount from Nichol and Pilkington Societies 150 00
168
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 187s
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. s ets.
To Miscellaneous 7 90
Or. 1,513 94
By Prizes for Horses, $119; Cattle. $102; Sheep, $56;
Pigs, $23; Poultry, $9.25 ' 309 25
•• Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $67.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $56.50; Dairy Products, $39; Fruits, $13;
Plants and Flowers, $14 ; Agricultural Implements,
$50.50 ; General Manufactures," $9 ; Fine Arts, $5 ;
Ladies' Work, $90 ; Christmas Fat Cattle shovf, $75 ;
Miscellaneous. $18 437 50
746
75
115
95
315
84
13
00
50
50
163
48
1,405 52
Prizes for previous years paid
Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies....
Paid for Agricultural Publications
Printing and Advertising, $45.50 ; Musical Bands, $5
Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Treas-
urer and Assistants
Balance in hand 108 42
REPORT.
The Directors of the Centre Riding of Wellington Agricultural Society beg leave to
submit the following report of its transactions for the year 1876.
The Township Societies of Nichol and Pilkingtou amalgamated with this Society for
the past year, contributing thereto the sum of $150.00, besides the Government Grant to
each, amounting to $104.16.
The Union Exhibition was held in the Village of Fergus, on the 12th and 13th days
of October, the grain, seeds, roots, fruits, &c, in the Drill Shed, and the stock, implements,
&c, in the Fergus Driving Park. The sum of $841.75 was offered in prizes, of which
$131.75 reverted to the Society for want of competition.
Your Directors have to lament the partial failure of the grain crops, in this section of
the country, last year, the wheat being the worst crop that has been for a long time, in many
cases not more than 5 or 6 bushels to an acre. Barley was in some instances, rather better,
although not so good as in former years. Oats turned out from 25 to 30 bushels an acre,
but the sample is unsuually light. We attribute the deficiency to the intense heat in the
months of June and July, which appeared to have stopped the growth of the grain. The
turnip crop was visited by the green-striped caterpillar, in the months of July and August,
which did considerable damage on high dry lands, but in low lands it did not appear to affect
the crops so much, and some good samples were shown. The show of fruit was good, and ap-
pears to be improving every year. There was a fine display of plants and flowers, which
contributed greatly to the appearance of the hall. In dairy produce the show was excellent ;
and the display of domestic manufactures and fancy work was fully up to former years.
In the outside departments the show was good ; horses especially ; the agricultural class,
some fine specimens of which were shown; carriage and driving horses showed to the best ad-
vantage, owing to the splendid grounds on which the show was held.
The cattle were hardly up to the usual standard, owing, we think, to some of the prin-
cipal breeders in Durham Cattle being absent at the Centennial.
The sheep were not so numerous as usual and although some fine specimens were shown
the whole were hardly up to former shows held here ; pigs and poultry were about the same
as usual.
The show of carriages was the best ever seen here, and the agricultural implements were
above an average.
The Christmas Show of fat stock was held in the Village of Elora, on 12th day of
December, at which there was a large turn out, but prices were not so good as at some pre-
169
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. I.) A 1878
vious shows. The sum of 891.00 was offered in prizes, $16.00 of which fell back to the
societv, there being no competition in some classes.
The shipment of horses, cattle and sheep to Britain, has now become a great trade,
and we are glad to see that this county, in some cases leads the way. We believe that this
trade will be of immense advantage to Canada, and will, in a great measure make up for
the waDt of reciprocity with the United States. * * *
Erin.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 89 22
" Members' Subscriptions 207 60
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 228 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 100 68
;I Miscellaneous 22 50
Cr. 648 50
Bv Prizes for Horses, $54 ; Cattle, $86.50; Sheep, $25.50 j
Pigs, $10.50; Poultry, .$6 232 50
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $29.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $26.50; Dairy Products, $24.50 ; Fruits, $15.25 ;
Agricultural Implements, $26.75; General Manufactures
$15; Ladies' Work, $37.05 159 30
•• Prize for previous years paid
•• Working Expenses
Balance in hand 143 61
Garqfraxa, West.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. % ets.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 5 40
•■ Members' Subscriptions 114 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition - 19 39
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 65 58
Cr. 204 62
By Prizes for Horses, $35; Cattle, $35; Sheep, §10; Pi^s.
S10 90 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $20 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $15; Dairy Products, $15 ; Fruits, $3; Vege-
tables, $4 ; Agricultural Implements, $8 ; General
Manufactures, $5 ; Ladies' Work, $4.25 74 25
391 80
33 70
79 39
504 89
" Exhibits n Building and Grounds
■• Printing and Advertising ...
" Working Expenses
164
25
3
00
9
50
•_'5
46
202 21
Balance in hand 2 41
Xnhol.
Dr. $ cts. S cts. S. cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 9 45
" Members' Subscriptions 93 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 53 50
155 95
170
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Centre Wellington Society for Union Show 80 00
" " " " amount of Legislative Grant. 53 50
" Working expenses 10 30
143 80
Balance in hand 1215
Piikington.
Dr. S cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 65
■• Members' Subscriptions 94 00
Cr. 94 65
By Centre Wellington Society for Union Show .. 70 00
" Working Expenses 18 75
S8 75
Balance in hand 5 90
Elora Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. % cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 68 72
" Members' Subscriptions
" Admission Fees to Exhibition
'• Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
Cr. 268 27
By Premiums
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
215 78
112
50
23
77
63
28
158
55
15
00
42
23
Balance in hand 52 49
Fergus Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. % cts.
" Members' Subscriptions 100 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition... 46 25
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 51 50
Cr. *- 198 25
By Prizes for Fruits, $22.50 ; Plants and Flowers, $50.50 ,
Vegetables, $22.75
" Hoots and other hoed crops
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Printing and Advertising ,
" Working Expenses ..
95 75
7 50
103 25
18 85
14 75
33 57
170 42
Balance in hand 27 83
WELLINGTON, SOUTH.
(Central Exhibition.)
Dr. $ cts. * cts $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions. ... 902 25
" Admission Fees to Exhibition . ... 4,169 72
" Legislative Grant 700 00
171
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
6,071
87
50
00
291
57
75
71
7
00
543
34
1,248
10
3,090
00
180
58
232
50
12.177
35
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. § cts.
To County and Township Grants 1,200 00
" Loan, $1,500; Retire Notes, $1,405 31 2,965 31
■ Special prizes, $887.50 ; Rents of Booths, &c, $735.51.... 1,623 01
•■ Fees Fat Cattle show, $33 ; Suudries, $32.89 65 89
•• Miscellaneous 159 50
Or. 11,785 68
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report.... 350 05
" Prizes for- Horses, $909; Cattle, $1064 ; Sheep, $456 ;
Pigs, $266; Poultry, $252.50 2,947 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $274 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $181.50 ; Dairy Products, $264; Fruits, $386 ;
Plants and Flowers, $166 ; Vegetables, $148.50 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $234 ; General Manufactures,
$877; Fine Arts, $468 ; Ladies' work, $163 3,124 00
.By Prizes for previous year paid
■■ Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
'• Exhibition Buildings and Grounds......
•• Paid on purchase of Seeds
- Printing and Advertising, $443.34 ; Musical Bands, $100...
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants
•• Banking account, $3,000 ; Interest, $90
'• Hay, Straw and Feed .
• ■ Prizes paid for Fat Cattle show ... ;
Balance due Treasurer 391 67
REPORT.
The following report was read by Mr. Geo. Murton, Secretary : —
In making their sixth annual report, the Directors have again to congratulate the mem-
bers on the success of the Central Exhibition, although they cannot boast of a large surplus
on the year's transactions. They, however, have the satisfaction of knowing that the interest
in the institution is not lessened, as evidenced by the number of entries in all classes for
which prizes were offered. This alone gives your Directors confidence that eventually* we
shall be able to clear off the debt now due, and start with a clean sheet.
Your Directors beg leave to tender their thanks to those who so liberally contributed
towards the funds of the exhibition by giving special prizes, the total amount of which, in-
cluding cash and goods, was $901. This your Directors consider a very handsome sum to
be raised for that purpose, and shows the estimation in which the Central is held by those
who know most of the benefits it confers on the Town of Guelph and country at large. Your
Directors also beg leave to tender their thanks to Messrs. Ellis and Hood, for their services
in collecting the same.
In referring to the farming operations for the past year, your Directors are sorry to say
that the season has been one of unexceptionable 'bad results to the farmer, and one of great
disappointment. The spring set in with little or no frost. The early seeding was favourable,
but the latter part very wet, and consequently very late. The rain-fall was abundant, so
that everything promised a bountiful return ; but how soon were all the bright prospects dis-
persed ; for in the month of July a severe drought set in, and continued for ten weeks with-
out one shower to refresh the parched earth. The consequence was that instead of having,
as was anticipated, the finest crops, we had the worst that we have ever seen in this part of
the country. With the exception of hay, which, owing to the early rains turned out very
good^the severe drought not only ruined the cereals, but destroyed the turnips to such an
extent that we may safely say they were the worst crop ever raised in this county. As the
172
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
farmers of Wellington depend so much on this crop to feed and fatten their stock, the failure
of this alone would be severely felt ; but combined with the loss of their grain it may well
be considered one of the worr-t harvests ever seen here.
We have received a circular from the Provincial Association, with reference to a com-
munication from the Directors of the Western Fair, proposing to hold the next Provincial
Fair open for a longer period than usual. As the Board of Agriculture and Arts requests
all County Societies, Horticultural Societies, and Mechanics' Institutes to forward their
views on the matter, so that it may be discussed at the Council meeting in February, your
directors would therefore request an expression of opinion from the members present, so that
the Secretary may return an answer in time for that meeting.
We have been informed through the daily papers that some alterations are about being-
made in the Agricultural Act, but what the amendments are we do not know, not having re-
ceived a copy. We find by the minutes of the last meeting of the Provincial Association,
that one of the amendments contemplated, was to allow the Society of Artists. Arts, and
Manufactures to have their representatives at the Board, viz: — The President, Vice-Presi-
dent aud Secretary, and in case either of them could not attend, they are to have the power to
appoint some other member to fill the vacancy for the time being, so as to insure a triple
vote. This, after some discussion, was, we are happy to say, voted down, as we do not see
why they shouid have three representatives more than either the Fruit Growers' or Dairy-
man's Association.
We had hoped that if the Agricultural Bill was again altered some better provision
would be made for the large Central Fairs; or at least a more liberal sum granted to the
County Societies ; but in looking over the new Bill, a copy having been sent by Mr. Massie,
we find the same miserable pittance of $700, and this to be divided among all the Township
Societies in the County; leaving the County Society the paltry sum of two fifths, or $280.
All must agree that great benefits have been the results of those large Exhibitions, out-ide
of the Provincial, and will own that the aid from Government is not equal to their deserts.
We do not wish to detract from the Provincial, but we think that while that institution gets
its $10,000 a y%ar, we, as well as London, Hamilton, etc., are entitled to greater considera-
tion.
We have been iniormed that the Agricultural College and School of Agriculture have
procureu a large number of samples of grain from the Centennial, with the view of experi-
menting with them so as to prove which are adapted to our climate. We sincerely hope that
institution will make such atrial, and by that means introduce some new varieties of cereals,
especially spring wheat, as it is evident to all farmers that unless some change of see. I is
made, the cultivation of wheat will be greatly lessened, or given up, as it cannot pay to go on.
growing from ten to fifteen bushels per acre with the present prices of labour. *It would
confer a lasting benefit to the farmers of this county if some scientific experiments were made
that would explain the reason why they cannot grow the same crops they did a lew years ago.
It cannot be that the land is not cultivated as well as then, and this will apply with much
force to i his county, as from the rotation of crops and the amount of cattle ted upon the
farms, enabling the farmers to return a very large amount of the best manure to the land,
thereby keeping up the fertility of the soil. We think our Government would do well to
grant .sufficient funds, if not already provided for, to allow our School of Agriculture to make
these experiments at an early date.
In speaking of the late Exhibition, we do so with feelings of pride when we remember
the fine display of stock, poultry, grain, implements, etc., outside of the main building, aud
the great collection of fruit, dairy produce, fine arts and manufactures contained in that
department.
In speaking more particularly of stock, we missed some of our prominent breeders, who
had gone \uth their herds to the Centennial. This, of course, detracted somewhat from the
high standard of the cattle which we are accustomed to see at our Exhibitions, but a large
i..iui her of Durhams, Heiefords, Devons, Galloways, Aryshires, and Grades were on the
gn umls tor competition.
While referring to the cattle we may express our regret that this county was not better
represented at the Centeuuial, as only a few cattle in comparison to the large number owned
in the county were sent there. This, no doubt, was in some measure owing to the inadequate
173
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
arrangements made by the Government or Commission. There was a grand display of fat
cattle^ most of which had taken first honours at the Provincial.
Iu horses theExhibition was not quite equal to those of late years, owing also to the large
number sent to the Centennial, especially stallions. This, of course, lessened the number of
first class animals, as all who had one and could afford it took it there. In carriage horses
the show was better than usual, a large number of spans and single buggy-horses being shown.
In sheep the show was not quite equal to former years, owing to the same cause, al-
► lough many fine animals were in the pens.
"The show of pigs was about as good as in former years. All classes for which prizes
were offered were well represented. •
The grain and roots were beyond anything shown at the Central for some years, and
took the spectators by surprise. Nearly 200 bags of grain were in the shed, the samples of
which could hardly have been beaten. Splendid lots of fall and spring wheat, with barley,
neas and oats equally good. Among the grain was soma spring wheat, sent from Manitoba,
of excellent quality.
The Society collected and sent to the Centennial some fine samples of grain, consisting of
fall and spring wheat, barley, peas, oats, rye, tares, &c.,also various samples of seeds. These were
forwarded to the Government Commissioner, and were to be so placed as to show the product
of this county by itself; but whether any, or what notice was taken of them, we are not
aware Perhaps some of those who visited the Exhibition may be able to tell us if they
were visible among so vast a collection.
[Since writing the above we have been informed that they were put in a conspicuous
place, and made a good exhibit.]
All kinds of roots were shown in abundance, and of such a size as to send forth a general
remark from the public that they could never have believed such roots were in the country
after so severe a drought. They must have been grown in exceptionally good land, or on a
very favourable spot of low damp soil. Be that as it may, they did the growers great credit.
In <peakin°- of roots, the question has been asked why the society gave up the practice of
offerino- a premium for the best field of sweedes, carrots, and mangolds ? We will leave the
question to be answered by' our successors as to whether they will again offer prizes for that
purpose.
The display of fruit was larger than we have seen here before, with the exception of
plums, this variety of fruit being nearly destroyed by a blight and the curculio, but in all
other varieties that we are accustomed to see at our Exhibtions in Canada, the show was a
ore at success.
No doubt the great increase in the show of grain, roots and fruit is owing in some
measure to the more advanced season at which the show was held, giving more time to the
farmers to thresh their grain, and so much longer for the roots and fruit to grow and ripen,
especially in this locality. In speaking of the show of dairy products, we must say that the
quantity and excellence of both butter and cheese was far beyond anything we could have
expected. We have always had a fine display of these products, but certainly nothing to
equal that of 1876. There were fully 200 samples of butter on exhibition, and about 60
cheeses of factory make, besides Stilton and dairy.
In Agricultural Implements, as usual, we had a great display, all the leading manufactu-
rers sending a laro-e amount of machinery, notwithstanding the quantities sent by some of
them to the Centennial, where we are happy to say for the credit of our country, they carried
off a full share of honours, offered at that great centre of competition. We must not forget
to mention the number of steam engines in operation during the show, keeping up a constant
whirl of machinery as they were all attached to some machine or other. This was quite a
new and interesting feature, and created a lively interest in both old and youug, and added
very much to the appearance of that part of the grounds.
Iu fine arts, ladies' work, and domestic manufactures, the show was better than iu 1875, the
articles more numerous and decidedly of greater merit. Among the most attractive things to
be seen in this part of the building was a collection of curiosities shown by Mr. John Mickle
of this town, and collected by him during his stay in Italy, and other parts of the continent
of Europe. Many persons who had a taste for these things, declared they would not have
missed seeing them for twice the admission money.
174
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Eramosa.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 79 21
M Members' Subscriptions 263 00
'; Admission Fees to Exhibition 76 03
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 131 07
" Miscellaneous 31 50
Cr. 580 81
By Prizes for Horses, $74.50 ; Cattle, $83.50 ; Sheep, $53 ;
Pigs, $22; Poultry, $6.25 238 25
" Prizes for Graius and Seeds, $35.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $11.50 ; Dairy products. $20.50 ; Fruits, $20.75 ;
Plants & Flowers, 811.85; Vegetables, $18.75 ; Agri-
cultural Implements, $16.50 ; General Manufactures,
$14.25 ; Ladies' Work, $30 179 60
Unpaid
417 85
24 25
393 60
36 80
47 00
78 53
555 93
" Exhibition Buildiugs and Grounds, for rent, lighting, fit-
ting up, etc
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance in hand 24 88
REPORT.
The annual exhibition was held on Thursday, the 28th of September. At an early hour
the various exhibits came on the grounds, and in a short time there was a deeided appearance
of business activity, and exhibitors seemed to vie with each other in placing their various
products so as to appear to the best advantage. The day, however, was very unfavourable
and the number of visitors consequently small, which made a serious difference in the re-
ceipts of the day.
Horses. — In both heavy draught and general purpose horses, the show was fully up to
former years, the several sections of each class being pretty well represented, and as usual
attracted much attention.
Durham Cattle. — Some very fine animals were shown, several from adjoining Townships,
the cows in particular were favourably spoken of.
Grade Cattle.— Were peihaps more numerous and of good quality.
Sheep. — Competition was keen in the several sections of these classes, and in the various
pens the animals were a credit to their owners.
Poultry.— Not numerous, hardly up to last year, the prizes offered being small may
have something to do with the number of entries.
Grain, &c. — Good samples of Spring and Fall wheat were shown which was more than
was expected, in view of the general blight that prevailed through this section, fall and late
sown spring suffering the m st.
Barley. — Not so good as last year either iu quality or yield.
Peas. — Sample good, but the yield reported less than last year.
Roots. — This part of the show was very satisfactory, the quality being good, the ex-
hibitors numerous, and the display attractive.
Domestic Manufactures. — But few entries in this class, some sections not bein»- repre-
sented at all, showing that much less attention is now paid than formerly to this branch of
home industry.
Dairy Products. — There was a fine show of butter both in firkins fit for exportation and
in baskets of fresh butter, there being 23 entries for the former, and 22 for the latter In
175
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
cheese the show was very meagre, not much attention being paid to its manufacture in this
section.
Leather, &c. — In this class a few sets of good harness were all that was shown.
Implements. — Some sections of this class were well represented, and the articles a credit
to the exhibitors.
Variety. — In this class, flour, hops and home-made bread were shown, the latter was
well represented, and a special given by T. J. Day of Guelph, was keenly contested for by
the ladies.
Fruit. — As usual this class was very attractive and in general the quality good, although
the amount shown was less than last year.
Ladies' Work. — In this part of the show there was a marked decrease in the amount
on exhibition, which may, no doubt, be attributed in a great degree to the unpleasant nature
of the day, the quality was good, showing that there was no lack of skill on the part of the
ladies.
Flowers. — There was a nice show of flowers, and much taste displayed in their arrange
ment.
* * *
Pusliuc/i.
Dr# S cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Members' Subscriptions 172 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 1 48
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 80 25
"Extra Subscriptions 36 15
qt 289 58
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report
" Prizes for Horses, 8-18.50 ; Cattle, 813.50 ; Sheep, $39.50 •
Pigs, $8 ; Poultry, $6 115 50
" prizes for Grains and Seeds, 816.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $14.50 ; Dairy products, 817.50 ; Fruits, 811.50 ;
Vegetables, 84 ; Agricultural Implements, £8 ; General
Manufactures, 88.50 ; Ladies' Work, $7 87 50
■27 73
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
233
00
16
00
52
75
329 48
Balauce due Treasurer 39 60
REPORT.
The directors in presenting their report for the past year, beg leave to state thai the
Society is in a favourable position, and as far as the exhibition is concerned was a decided
improvement on the previous year, the throwing open of the show to all tended in a great
measure to that end, and your directors would strongly urge upon their successors in office the
advisability of continuing the same course. In taking as usual a retrospective view of the
various growing crops throughout the township the past year, we are pleased to hud the c
a greatdeal better than last year with the exception perhapsof fall wheat. Although In.. king
luxuriant while standing, it was found when cut to be either rusted or blighted by som • un-
known cause ; spring wheat was better, especially the red chaff than we have seen it for -nine
years, all other cereals done remarkably good, the hay crop has been far in advance of former
years! Roots have been very good, the display at the general show would be no discredil to a
Provincial Exhibition. Vegetables have not been so good as we have seen them, owing to
the severe drought in the latter part of the season. Fruit has been a grand feature in our
show for the past two seasons. The General Exhibition held on the 12th October last, as
stated above, was a decided improvement on the previous year.
176
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
G-uelph Horticultural Society.
Dr. $ cts- $ ots. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 8 83
" Members' Subscriptions 128 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 109 03
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 80 25
Special Frizes
Miscellaneous
Or. ■ 350 96
By Fruits, $65.50; Plants and Flowers, $121.25 ; Vegetables,
$93,25
" Printing and Advertising, $36.09 ; Musical Bands, $25
" Working Expenses ,
384 27
17 10
7 75
280 00
61 09
43 18
Balance due Treasurer 33 31
REPORT.
The Directors of the Guelph Horticultural Society beg leave to submit this their an-
nual Report to the members thereof, and in doing so would call to mind the transactions of
the past y jar.
At a meeting in February, it was after due consideration resolved to hold a show of
bulbous flowers and pot plants at as early a day iu Spring as the season would allow. At a
subsequent meeting held on the 8th of May, it was decided to hold it on the 30th of that
month. This, the first early Spring show we have held, was a success as regards the show
of pot plants and bulbous flowers, although not so well patronised as it deserved. Most of
the plants were in good condition and gave signs of careful culture. The show of hyacinths
was not very creditable, owing to the show being a week or so too late for those flowers. The
tulips, however, made a much better display. The difficulty is so to arrange the time to suit
all kinds of flowers, for a change of weather may either retard or hasten the time of flower-
ing and put all previoua calculations out of the question.
The second show was held on the first of July, and was one of the best held at that
season of the year for some time, the plants and flowers being very good. Among the pot
plants were some balsams, shewn by Mr. Geo. Sleeman, which were as fine as we have ever
seen, and did the gardener great credit. They were mostly of the Camelia variety. The
cut roses were also good ; in fact better than usual, those shown by Mr. Stone which took the
first prize being exceedingly so.
The show of small fruits, such as strawberries, gooseberries, currants, &c, were also
good, although with regard to the former they did not come up to what we have seen a few
years ago, but on the whole it was a very good display.
In vegetables, the show was excellent, both as regards quantity and quality. All vege-
tables of the season being well represented, and the judges remarked that the show through-
out was a great success.
We have been trying for some time to arrange so as to hold our summer show on Do-
minion Day, but until this year could not succeed, owing to the ladies of Knox church al-
ways holding a strawberry festival on that day, but this year, after some consultation, the
ladies, who undertook the management of the festival, kindly waived their claim to the drill
shed in our favour. This concession was of very great benefit to the Society as we raised
more money at the door than ever before.
The fall show was held ou the 7th September, and it proved a very large and successful
exhibition. The plants were as good as could have been expected at this late season of the
year, while cut flowers were very much beiter than the most sanguine could have looked tor,
owing to the severe drought during: the previous two months.
In fruit the show were large and good. The various classes were filled, and most samples
were very tine and well represented. Apples, as is usually the case, made much the largest
display, and were excellent. Plums were few and far between, owing to a blight at the time
the trees were in blossom and the ravages of the curculio, which pest still hovers round this
12 177
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
part of the country. Although the crops were nearly destroyed in tins locality, we were
pretty well supplied in the market, and at the grocers with very good fruit from Kincardine
and other places along the line of the southern extension of the W. G. & B. Railway. This
shows that even in small articles when the supply fails in any given part of the country, the
deficiency is sure to be made up from the surplus of some more fortunate locality, and this is
owing to the facilities offered by the railway to carry goods at a cheap rate and with despatch.
There was also a good display of vegetables of all kinds, and a great ruauy prizes were carried off
by comparatively .new members. This will give them encouragement and stimulate them to
o-reater efiorts. Nothing gives the young beginner more encouragement than successfully
competing against those he has hitherto looked upon as being invincible, let it be in the gar-
den or any other walk in life.
The most convincing evidence of the great success of the past year's exhibitions is the
large amount ol premiums paid, being some thirty dollars in excess of any other year, but
while we have cause to congratulate the members of this exhibition, we cannot do so on the
amount of subscribers, for here we find a falling off. This is not attributed to lack of interest
in the [Society's welfare, so much as the oft repeated expression of hard times, when persons
look at the out lay of one dollar more than five when business is prosperous. Another reason
is that the town does not get sufficiently canvassed. This is partly owing to the time at which
it is done, at the most suitable time for this very important part of the work. Most of the
directors are busily employed in their own gardens, and cannot spare the time from their own
occupations. This calls for some remedy, for unless the subscription is kept up the Society
must fail in a great measure to do that good which a well conducted and thriving Society is
calculated to do.
WENT WORTH, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts- $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 687 39
" Members' Subscriptions 108 00
" Legislative Grant .. . 700 00
" Miscellaneous , 38 46
Cr. 1,533 85
By Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 370 00
" Paid Treasurer of Provincial Association 388 00
" For Agricultural Publications 5 60
" Printing and Advertising 8 45
" Working Expenses 32 50
804 55
Balance in hand 729 30
]^OTE- The Society held no show, as the Provincial Exhibition took place in the City
of Hamilton.
Beverley.
Dr. $ cts- $ cts- $ cte.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 4 76
" Members' Subscriptions 218 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 130 00
u Municipal Grant 40 00
" Miscellaneous 153 70
Cr. 546 96
By Prizes, for Horses, 8116.25 ; Cattle, $21 j Sheep, $30.50 ;
Pigs, 810 ; Poultry, $7.25 185 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $31.75 ; Roots aud Vegetables,
$23.25 ; Dairy Products, $38.25; Fruits, $24.50 ; Ag-
ricultural Implements, §16; General Manufactures,
$33.25; Ladies' Work, 33.70 200 70
■ 385 70
178
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Or. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
By Prizes for previous year paid 2 25
" Paid on purchase of' Exhibition Grounds 12 88
" Printing and Advertising 40 00
" Working Expenses 48 90
489 73
Balance iu hand 57 23
Flamborouyh, East.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport ,
" Members' Subscriptions
" Admission Eees to Exhibition
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society
" Municipal Grant
Cr. 522 83
By Prizes for Horses, $70 ; Cattle, $93 ; Sheep, $58 ; Pigs,
$12 233 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $25 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $63 ; Dairy Products, $20 ; Fruits, $20 ; Vege-
tables, $30 ; Agricultural Implements, $10 ; General
Manufactures, $15 ; Ladies' Work, $45.50 228 50
" Printing and Advertising.. . .
" Workiug Expenses
57
13
233.
00
42
70
140
00
50
00
461
50
16
25
44
73
522
48
Balance in hand 0 35
Flamborough, West.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Beport
" Members' Subscriptions
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society.
" Municipal Grant
Cr. 309 35
By Prizes for Horses, $86 ; Cattle, $24 ; Sheep, $30.50 j Pigs,
$10 150 50
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $29.75 ; Boots and other hoed
crops, $20 ; Dairy Products, $25 ; Fruits, $9.50 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, $2.75 ; Ladies' Work, $8 95 00
$
cts.
3
60
185
75
100
00
20
00
" Priuting and Advertising
" Working Expenses
Balance due Treasurer
245 50
19 50
51 25
316 25
6 90
WENTWORTH, SOUTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balauce in hand, as per last Annual Report 635 90
" Members' Subscriptions 198 00
" Legislative Grant 700 00
1,533 90
179
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Cr> 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Ploughing Match 40 00
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 380 00
" Paid Treasurer of Provincial Exhibition 198 25
" Printing and Advertising 12 12
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 76 42
706 79
Balance in hand 827 11
Note. The Society held no show, as the Provincial Exhibition took place in the City
of Hamilton.
A?icaster.
Dr. $ cts. 8 cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Keport 70 63
" Membersn' Subscriptions 156 50
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 40 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 50 00
"Special Prizes 15 00
" Miscellaneous 8 00
Or. 480 63
By Prizes lor Horses, $86 ; Cattle, $59.50 ; Sheep, $29 ; Pigs,
89; Poultry, 86.75 190 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $35 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $33 ; Dairy Products, $25 ; Fruits, $25 ; General
Manufactures, $42 ; Fine Arts, $8 ; Ladies' Work,
819.75 187 75
378 00
'■ Printing and Advertising 28 00
" Working Expenses 51 65
457 65
Balance in hand 22 98
Barton and Glanford.
Dr. 8 cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Members' Subscriptions..... 121 50
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 100 00
" Municipal Grant 55 00
Cr. 276 50
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report 4 97
" Prizes for Horses, 839 ; Cattle, $37.50; Sheep, $35; Pigs,
$12 123 50
** Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $26 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $10.25 ; Dairy Products, $11 ; Fruits, $11.75 j
Vegetables, $5.25; Agricultural Implements, $11.00;
Ladies' Work, $20.50 96 25
219 75
" Printing and Advertising 15 93
'• Working Expenses 35 50
276 15
Balance in hand 35
Sultjleet and Binbrook.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Members' Subscriptions 172 50
180
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Admission Fees to Exhibition 33 75
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 95 00
" Miscellaneous 2 75
Cr. 444 00
By Balance due the Treasurer, as per last Annual Report .... 43 89
" Prizes for Horses, $50.50 ; Cattle, $34.75 ; Sheep, $26 ;
Pigs, $12 ; Poultry, $2.25 125 50
" Prizes for Grain and Seeds, $28 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $9.75 ; Dairy Products, $19.50; Fruits, $13.50 ;
Vegetables, $12.25; Agricultural Implements, $3.50 ;
General Manufactures, $18; Ladies' Work, $12.25... 116 75
Prizes for previous years paid.
Printino- and Advertising; ....
Working Expenses
242 25
1 00
19 30
54 65
361 09
Balance in hand 82 91
YORK, NORTH.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts,
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 290 14
" Members' Subscriptions 334 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 816 39
" Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $150 .... 850 00
"Miscellaneous 153 51
Cr. 2,444 04
By Prizes for Horses, $241.25 ; Cattle, $114; Sheep, $103;
Pigs, $38; Poultry, $19.50 515 75
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $67.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $18.25: Dairy Products, $48; Fruits, $32.50;
Vegetables, $19.25 ; Agricultural Implements, $141.50 ;
General Manufactures, $38 ; Fine Arts, $33.50; Ladies'
Work, $62.25 ; Special Prizes, $20.25 476 00
991 75
" Portions of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies... 499 65
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 81 61
" Paid on purchase of Exhibition Grounds . .« 306 25
" Printing and Advertising 62 73
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer 78 23
2,020 22
Balance in han 1 423 82
REPORT.
Gentlemen :— In again meeting you at our Annual Meeting, and in submitting for
your consideration matters of interest, in the estimation of your Directors, connected with the
future of this Society, the retiring Board, in view of the depression which has continued in
financial circles throughout the past year, feel there is abundant room for congratulation at
the measure of prosperity and success which has attended the efforts of those directing the
ffa/rs of the Association.
181
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The financial statement of your Treasurer, audited by the Auditors appointed last
annual meeting, furnishes full information of the operations of the Society with regard to
receipts and expenditures, shewing an increase in the sum obtained from members' subscrip-
tions of eleven dollars over the previous year. Your Board has also paid off the debt <'ue Mr.
Teizley for bind purchased from him of $225, which together with interest on the borrowed
sum and expenses connected with planting ornamental trees, ditching and levelling, added to
the capital account of the Association between 8450 and 8500 during the year. Interest
accruing on the borrowed money due Mr. Monder and Mr. Starr, has been paid ; and the
balance on hand, $423, can be applied to a farther reduction of the Society's indebtedness
alluded to above ; or, what your Directors consider of even more importance, viz : the erection
of suitable buildings in which to exhibit carriages and such farm implements as are liable to
damage by exposure to inclement weather. * *
During the past year your Directors projected an excursion which resulted favourably.
They also arranged and held a " Bee" for levelling the land purchased from Mr. Teizley, and
other parts of the Exhibition Grounds. A large number of the friends of the Society
responded to the invitation of the Board, and did valuable service by way of levelling,
grading, &c.
The Fall Exhibition proved eminently successful, notwithstanding the irclemeccy of the
weather, especially on the first day. 1,639 entries were made with the Secretary — about
100 less than the previous year ; but considering a Union Show was held in connection with
two of the largest Township Societies in the riding, within four miles of Newmarket, the
friends of which Union naturally took a lively interest in, the decrease is not to be wondered
at. The special prizes given by the business people of Newmarket and other friends last
year are deserving of particular notice, which, no doubt, added largely to the entries and num-
ber of competitors on the occasion referred to. * * *
The past year, your Board regrets to report, was an exceedingly unfavourable one for
the agriculturist within the bounds of this Association. From the most reliable information
your Directors have been able to gather, crops generally were a failure. So far as grain
crops were concerned the hot weather in spring and continued drouth during the summer,
together with late frosts were among the attributable causes of much of the failure. The
spring being unfavourable, too, prevented seeding till a later date than usual — which possibly
may have also contributed to this untoward result.
Roots were also almost a failure, it being estimated that scarcely more than one fourth
of a yield was realized. The prevalence of the potato bug and drought are the generally as-
signed causes for the failure of the potato crop the past season.
Your Directors report with satisfaction an increased number of entries in imported and
thorough-bred stock both in horses and cattle. This evidence of increased interest in this
department your Directors note as a favourable sign of progress and improvement.
Reports from the township societies under the jurisdiction of this Electoral Association
have been received. Whitchurch and King societies report a successful Union Show ; and the
financial reports of all branch societies exhibit prosperity. One or two of these reports present
some little inaccuracies, which your Board have ordered to be corrected before being sent to
the Government. Your Directors exceedingly regret that Township Reports are not more
full in furnishing matters of interest regarding the progress of agriculture generally, so that
your Board would be placed in possession of information of importance to engraft in their
Annual Report to the Government. Some of these reports contain simply a financial statment
and the name of the officers elected for the current year, without further note or com exit;
and your Directors take the present opportunity of alluding to this matter in order that more
attention may be given to the preparation of Township reports in the future.
Your Directors would also suggest the desirability of Township Associations holding
their annual meetings as early in each year as the law will permit, and forward their reports
to the County Secretary at the earliest possible date thereafter, to enable the County Board
to examine them before preparing its annual statement. Most of these township reports do
not reach the Secretary of the County Society till the day before the time fixed by law for
holding the annual meeting of the County Association — a period entirely too late to enable
your officers to avail themselves of the information these reports afford, in preparing their
report.
182
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Gcorgina and North Gwillimbury.
Dr. $ eta. $ ots. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 112 81
" Members' Subscriptions 138 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 124 16
« Donations 26 00
" Prizes refunded, &c 32 50
Cr, 433 47
By Prizes for Horses, $86 ; Cattle, $39 ; Sheep, $26 ; Pigs, SI 7. 168 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $11.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $4.50 j Dairy Products, $11 ; Fruits, $4 ; Vege-
tables, $4.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $29.75 ; Gen-
eral Manufactures, $7.25 ; Ladies' Work, $7 79 50
" Printing and Advertising.
" Working Expenses
247
24
50
00
18
61
290
11
i
Balance in hand 143 36
Gwillimbury East.
Dr' $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report ... 48 45
" Members' Subscriptions 110 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 79 20
" Municipal Grant 16 83
" Miscellaneous 170 45
Cr. 424 93
By Prizes for Horses, $76 ; Cattle, $27 ; Sheep, $11 ; Pigs, $12 ;
Poultry, $0.25 126 25
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds. $24.75 ; Roots and other boed
crops, $18.75 ; Dairy Products, $13.50 ; Fruits, $3;
Agricultural Implements, $27 ; General Manufactures,
$4 j Fine Arts, $8.25 ; Ladies' Work, $29.25 ; Miscel-
laneous, $7 134 50
Expenses of Excursion . . .
Printing and Advertising
Working Expenses
260
75
73
00
30
00
24
62
388 37
Balance in hand. ... 36 56
King.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 86 11
" Members' Subscriptions 107 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 88 80
" Municipal Grant 18 87
" Amount from Union of King and Whitchurch... 45 14
Cr.
By amount to King and Whitchurch for Union Show ........
" Printing
' Working Expenses ..
Balance in hand 104 00
183
214 67
7 25
27 00
241 92
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT.
In submitting our Annual Report for the past year we do so in as few words as possible.
Believing it to be a benefit to this Society, we formed a union with the Agricultural
Society at Whitchurch, and held a Union Show in Aurora. The basis of the Amalgamation
was, that each Society to pay into the Union their respective grants and members' subscrip-
tions, also eighty dollars from the Treasurer of each Society if required, and to share equally
in profits or losses. Our Fair was a success as regards the number and quality of the animals
and articles shown. It would have been a financial success also, only on account of the first
day of Show the weather was very unfavourable for visitors.
There was some fourteen hundred entries made, and the amount of Prizes offered was :
Horses, $263; Cattle, $75 ; Sheep, $131 ; Pigs, $36 ; Poultry, $15.50; Grain and Seeds,
$50.50 ; Roots aod Vegetables, $37.50 ; Fruit, $13.75 ; Dairy, $26.50 ; Implements, $116 ;
Manufactures, $50; Ladies' Work, Fine Arts, $56 ; making a total of $934.45 offered as
Prizes. This amount was supplemented to some extent.
Whitchurch.
Dr. I cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report...... 381 15
" Members' Subscriptions 188 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 100 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Donations 33 00
" Miscellaneous 51 07
Cr. 893 22
By paid in prizes , 227 13
" Paid towards expenses of Union 142 45
" Paid Treasurer of Union 97 35
u Working Expenses 33 50
500 43
»
Balance in hand 392 79
Note. — This Society amalgamated its funds with the King Agricultural Society for
the holding a Union Exhibition.
REPORT.
The Directors of the Township of Whitchurch Agricultural Society respectfully report :
That in obedience to the expression of the last annual meeting your Directors amalga
mated the funds of the King Agricultural Society for a fall show which was held at Aurora
on the 10th and 11th days of October.
The first day of the Show proved unfavourable for man and beast which decreased the
competition, but the second day proved more favourable weather, and the result was all that
could have been reasonably expected.
The Directors of the two Societies worked with that harmony for which they have be-
come proverbial and the settling of the accounts were satisfactory to all concerned.
Your Directors would recommend the villagers of Aurora in general, and a few other
friends in particular, to the respect of the society for their contributions, which added much
to the interest of the Show.
The number and quality of horses at our annual exhibitions are illustrated by arithme-
tical progression.
The display of agricultural implements would have done honour to a " Centennial." and
the show in the hall was pleasing, and more especially so, to those to whom were awarded
prizes.
The prospect of the Agriculturalists is a subject which you Directors don't care to dis-
cuss, inasmuch as the Potatoe Bug is the only crop from which the farmer has realized his
expectations the past year.
Notwithstanding the very large amount offered in prizes and the very small admission
184
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
fee at the gates of the grounds, your directors find that the capital of the society is continu-
ally increasing, which may be explained by the economy used by the directors and the success
of the Agricultural Society. Your Directors regret to learn that a company claiming them-
selves to be working for the interest of the farmers having purchased, or at least claim to
have purchased, all the wheat of a certain variety grown in the county, which the company
propose to sell at $12 per bushel.
Your Directors have no faith in the variety of wheat, and do not countenance the kind
of monopoly practised by this ring of speculators, and are of opinion that the farmer who
patronizes the said company is associating with doubtful characters and will pay dear for his
experience.
YORK, EAST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 266 61
" Members' Subscriptions 363 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 1167 58
" Legislative Grant, $700; Municipal Grant, $125 825 00
" Donations and Special Prizes , 385 50
" Rents of stands, stalls, &c 198 50
" Markham Society for Union Show 475 00
Cr. 3,681 19
By Prizes for Horses, $574 ; Cattle, $268 j Sheep, $92 ; Pigs,
$83; Poultry, $142 ' 1,159 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, $86.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $45 ; Dairy Products, $209.50 ; Plants, Flowers
and Vegetables, $77.50 ; Agricultural Implements,
$124 ; General Manufactures, $99 ; Fine Arts, $45 ;
Ladies' Work, $187; Miscellaneous, $42 915 50
2,074 50
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ... 412 50
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds 215 98
" Markham Agricultural Society, half profits 196 65
" Printing and Advertising 163 59
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer and Assistants 250 50
3,313 72
Balance in hand 367 47
REPORT.
The Officers and Directors of your Society herewith present the following report of the
proceedings of the Society for your consideration and approval.
In February your Directors met for the purpose of endeavouring to form a union with
the Markham Agricultural Society, but not being able to agree on terms satisfactory to the
Board, adjourned until March, when a union was formed for the year upon the following
terms and conditions : viz., that each Society contribute all receipts for the year to united
Board, all rents, and receipts from stables, sheds, stands, and tents on the grounds to be
divided equally between the county and township Societies, remaining profits or losses to
be apportioned pro rata on amounts contributed by each Society ; each Society to pav their
respective Secretary's salary- -all special prizes to be considered as given to the united Board.
In the Spring the united board held a Spring fair for the exhibition of stallions and
bulls, also a poultry show. The show of stallions was great in number and good specimensof that
noble animal the horse, taking the show of horses all together was considered equal to any held
in the Riding.
The show of poultry attracted very great attention ; the specimens of poultry being
considered equal to any shown at Provincial Exhibitions.
185
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
In October the Fall fair was held on the Agricultural Grounds in Markham village, the
number of entries being greater than in any previous year, numbering 2385.
The show of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs was very good, sheep and pigs particularly
>.
The show of dairy produce is on the increase ; the competition on butter was very close,
the Judges reported that it was difficult to decide which was best.
_ The show of grain was not up to the standard of last year, neither in the number of
entries or samples exhibited.
The show of roots was not so good as usual, owing to the unfavourable season.
The exhibition of ladies' work, manufactures, and rine arts, showed a marked improve-
ment, the ladies' work was exceedingly good.
Markham.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report. 752 77
" Members' Subscriptions 310 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 165 00
" Share of profits 208 45
Cr.
8y Prizes for previous years paid
" County Society for Union show
" Printing
■ ' Working Expenses
Balance in hand 915 22
Note. — The Society unite 1 with that of the county in holding a Fall show, and a basis
of union has been formed that is mutually satisfactory.
Scarborough.
Br. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 100 05
" Members' Subscriptions 405 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 187 69
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant ... 25 00
Cr. 857 74
By Prizes for Horses, §169 : Cattle, #78 ; Sheep, .$30 ; Pigs,
Pigs, $24; Poultry, $6 307 00
'•' Prizes for Grains and Seeds, §25 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, $21; Dairy Products, $39; Fruits, $12.50;
Vegetables, §7.50 ; Agricultural Implements, $22 ;
Ladies' Work, $61.50 188 50
1,436
22
6
00
475
00
7
00
33
00
521
00
" Tent and Expenses
" Printing and Advertising, $39.08; Musical Bands, $25...
' Working Expenses, including services of Secretary & Trea-
surer
495
50
30
25
64
08
65
55
665 38
Ualauce in hand 202 36
YORK, WEST.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 303 76
186
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ ctr\
To Members' Subscription? 86 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 251 32
•' Legislative Grant, $700 ; Municipal Grant, $125 825 00
* Special Frizes ... 20 00
" Grant by Vaugban Society for Spring Show 40 00
Cr. 1,526 08
By Prizes for Horses, $146 ; Cattle, $68 214 00
" Frizes for Agricultural Implements, $78 ; Ploughing Match,
$60 138 00
Unpaid,
By Prizes for previous years paid
" Portion of Legislative Grant paid to Township Societies ...
" Share of union Fall Show with Vaugban
" Printing and Advertising
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
352 00
44 00
308 00
16 00
412 50
525 25
26 75
81 23
1,369 73
Balance due Treasurer 156 35
REPORT.
In presenting their annual report for the year now ended, the officers and Directors of
the West Riding of York Agricultural Society, beg to congratulate on the prosperity which
has characterized it during the past year.
In the early part of April a union was formed with the Vaugban Township Agricul-
tural Society for the year 1876. In the latter part of 1876, a union Ploughing Match was
held on the farm of Mr. Richard Brown, in Vaugban Township, towards which your Society
contributed sixty dollars. During the same month the annual Spring fair was held at Wes-
ton, and was attended with more than its usual success. The amount of prizes awarded was
$292, being an increase above the prizes awarded at previous Spring fair, and $50 in excess
of last year. The classes of stock and Implements exhibited were very fine.
The union Fall fair was again held in the prosperous village of Woodbridge. And al-
though there were the counter attractions of the Guelph Central Fair, and the North York
exhibition held at Newmarket, the Fall fair here was equally successful with those of former
years both in the number of entries made, and in the number of visitors.
Your Society contributed towards it the sum of $260.93. You will observe that for the
Ploughing Match, Spring and Fall fairs, your Society contributed (including expenses) a total
of $720.91, making a heavier drain on your funds than the receipts for the year, and drawing
from last year's balance nearly $150. This, of course, cannot continue, but the balance on
hand at present, $156.35 is amply sufficient, as it is not necessary to have a large amount
carried over each year.
Your Directors regret to report that the harvest in this county, as well as throughout
this section of the Province generally, has not been so bountiful as usual. The Fall wheat
crop in many parts has been a total failure, while the barley crop has been deficient both in
colour and weight. And as a consequence, business is in such a depressed condition that it
will scarcely be wholly recovered until we have a plentiful harvest which we trust a kind
Providence will give us not later than the coming autumn.
Etobicoke.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To .Balance in hand, as per last annual Report 40 47
•• Members' Subscriptions . 151 00
•; Admission Fees to Exhibition 113 10
187
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society . 165 00
" Municipal Grant 80 00
" Eentof Grounds 32 00
« Special Prizes 252 00
Cr. 833 57
By Prizes for Horses, SI 33 ; Cattle, $66 ; Sheep, 863 ; Pigs,
S26; Poultry, $10 298 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 851.50 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 828.50 ; Dairy Products, 850 ; Fruits, 832.50 ;
Plants and Flowers, $4 ; Vegetables, 828 ; Agricultural
Implements, 839.00 ; General Manufactures, 832.50 ■
Ladies' Work. $50 325 00
" Exhibition Buildings and Grounds...
" Printing and Advertising, $38.90 ; Musical Bands, 830....
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary and
Treasurer
623
00
66
00
68
90
70
32
828 22
Balance in hand 5 35
Vavghan.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. 8 cts.
To Balance in hand, as per last Annual Report 614 50
" Members' Subscriptions 309 00
" Admission Fees to Exhibition 628 30
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Society 140 00
" Municipal Grant 75 00
" Amount from County Society for union show ,. 260 93
Cr. 2,027 73
By Prizes for Horses, $128; Cattle, 869 ; Sheep, $80 ; Pigs,
$50; Poultry, $20 347 00
" Prizes for Grains and Seeds, 843.75 ; Roots and other hoed
crops, 825 ; Dairy Products, 858 ; Fruits, $8 ; Vege-
tables, 85; Agricultural Implements, $59.50; Gen-
eral Manufactures, 851.50 ; Fine Arts, S29 ; Ladies'
Work, $117.50; Ploughing Match, 8123 530 25
877 25
" Prizes for previous years paid 66 00
" Paid on Purchase of Exhibition Grounds, and erection of
buildings 260 82
" Printing and Advertising, $117.25 ; Musical Bands, $25... 142 25
" Working Expenses, including services of Secretary, Trea-
surer, and Assistants , 191 05
1,537 37
Balance in hand 490 36
REPORT.
Your Directors have great pleasure in presenting you with this their annual
report for the year 1876, and in offering you their congratulation on the very re-
markable growth and success of your society, and of the appreciation ot your efforts
by the public at large in the long list of entries and the amount of special prizes
given. During the year past, your Directors held seven meetings, three as a Township
Society and four as a Union Society, with the West York Board of Directors. On
the 29th April last, your society held their usual spring ploughing match on the
188
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
farm of Mr. Richard Brown, which was attended with all the succuss that could be expected.
Nearly $175 of prize money was competed for.
Your society made an effort to increase even this amount of prizes and also the number
of entries by asking the co-operation of the different granges in the municipality, but are sorry
to say that only one grange responded to the call.
Your society formed a union with the West York Agricultural Society in the early part
of April last, and contributed the sum of $40 toward the spring fair held in Weston, on the
25th of the same month. On the 30th October last, your society held their annual fall fair
in union with the West York Society.
The various crops of the township were scarcely up to the original standard, with the
exception perhaps of hay, which was very much in excess of other years ; the fall wheat crop
was a failure.
Barley, taking the township as a whole, would make an average crop, but was lacking in
quality of sample on weight, oats and peas were light. However, farmers generally succeeded
in getting fair average prices.
Your Directors feel that they cannot close this report without a short retrospective view
of the past years. In 1872 and 1873, owing to the building of our large hall your society
was considerably involved. In 1874, matters began to look up at the annual meeting held
January, 10th, 1874, they had a cash balance to report of $331.36. At the annual meeting of
1875, they were able to report a cash balance on hand over liabilities of $408, while at this
present annual meeting after expending $165 on painting your hall, and $35 more as their
share of the expense of getting up a stone for a diploma, they are able to report a cash ba-
lance of $490.36.
York.
Dr. $ cts. $ cts. $ cts.
To Balance in hand as per last Annual Report 4 42
" Members' Subscriptions 62 00
" Legislative Grant from Electoral Division Societies of East
and West York 165 00
Cr. 231 42
By Sundries a 35 00
" Printing and Advertising 4 75
" Working Expenses 12 00
51 75
Balance in hand 179 67
Note.— In consequence of the President and some Directors of the Society being absent
as Exhibitors at the Centennial in Philadelphia, and a local show taking place at Weston, it
was deemed inexpedient for this Society to hold a separate show the past year.
189
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
lOtmttissiimflj of i^riwlta anS Slcf
APPENDIX (B).
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL OF THE AGRICULTURAL A^D ARTS
ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO FOR 1877.
;•*«-
THE PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION OF 1877.
Office of the Agriculture and Arts
Association of Ontario,
Toronto, November, 1877.
To the Hon. S. C. Wood,
Commissioner of Agriculture, &c, &c.
gIR I have the honour, on behalf of the Council of the Association, as required by
statute, to present a brief report of the results of the Provincial Exhibition held at London,
on thrt 24th to the 29th September last, as compared with previous Exhibitions of the As-
sociation.
The Provincial Exhibition of 1877 was one of the most successful yet held in this Pro-
vince, whether we consider the. number, variety or excellence of the exhibits in the various
departments. The entire number of entries in all the classes was 10,618, being an increase of
1 698 over the Exhibition which was held in the same place in 1873, and 611 more than
made at any previous Exhibition.
The amount offered in prizes. $16,320, against $18,237 at Hamilton, in 1876;
$16,996.50, at Ottawa, in 1875 ; $] 6,640 at Toronto, in 1874 ; and $16,016 at London, in
1873.
The amount actually awarded in prizes was $ 14, 387, against $15,631.50 in 18/6;
$14,651 in 1875 ; $14,070 in 1874 ; and $13,797 in 1873.
' I notice briefly the amount of competition in the several leading classes, as compared
with the four previous Exhibition.^.
190
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Horses. — In all the classes there were 1,075 entries against 928 in Hamilton, 1876 ■
429 in Ottawa, 1875 ; 760 in Toronto, 1874; and 847 in London, 1873. There was marked
superiority, especially in the thorough-bred and roadster classes. A number of entries were
from the state of Kentucky.
The thorough-bred and roadster stallions made a magnificent display, greatly excelling
any previous year in numbers and quality. This result was doubtless attributable to the fact
that well-bred Canadian roadsteis, hunters and carriage horses, such as are the produce of
thorough-bred sires, with our well formed Canadian mares, have been in great demand for the
English market during the past year.
Cattle. — In this important class the number of entries was 591 against 484 in Hamilton
in 1876 ; 557 in Ottawa, 1875 ; 595 in Toronto, 1874 ; and 849 in London, 1873. The
high standard of excellence hitherto attained in this class was fully sustained this year.
Sheep. — In all the classes of sheep there were 859 entries against 887 in 1876 ■ 502
in 1875 ; 580 in 1874 ; 868 in 1873.
There weie some recent importations of long-woolled sheep from Great Britain ; while
the show of sheep was excellent, yet it was not considered as coming fully up to the standard
of some of the previous years.
Swim. — The number of entries in pigs in all classes was 532 against 230 in 1876 ■ 208
in 1875 ; 246 in 1874 ; 361 in 1873. There was a most excellent display in these classes.
Some recent importations from Great Britain were considered of unusual merit.
Poultry. — In this class there were 845 entries against 895 in 1876 ; 582 in 1875 • 823
in 1874; and 607 in 1873.
The Poultry interest is steadily increasing. This year shows a continued improvement
in the various kinds of poultry on exhibition.
Implements. — In Agricultural machinery, implements and tools, there Mere 633 entries
against 430 in 1876 ; 349 in 1875 ; 486 in 1874 ; and 466 in 1873. This department of
such great importance to the agriculturalist, was acknowledged to be greatly superior to any
previous exhibition, especially iu the display of harvesters and grain threshers. It is also
worthy of notice that the improvement consisted in the durability as well as the mechanical
construction of the various articles on exhibition.
Agricultural Products. — In Agricultural products, consisting of grains and seeds, field
roots, hops, dairy products and domestic wines, there were 1,393 entries against 1,149 in
1876 ; 1,038 in 1875 ; 686 iu 1874 ; and 1,075 in 1873. The entries in grain were un-
usually large, and the quality better than for many years. The season throughout the country
has been geuerally considered favourable to the grain crops. Small seeds well represented.
Field roots were considered of an average character, excepting a few entries which were ot
extraordinary merit, both for weight and quality.
The exhibition of dairy products far surpassed any such previous display in this Pro-
vince. The space allotted to this department was completely filled. In domestic wines
there is evidence of a growing interest, and improvement upon former years.
Horticultural Products. — In horticultural products, consisting of fruits, garden ve^e-
tables, plants and flowers, the entries were 2,123 against 2,150 in 1876 ; 1,579 in 1875 ■
1,599 iu 1874 ; and 1,858 iu 1873.
The display afforded abundant evidence of the excellent fruit producing capabilities of
this Province. Although there has beeu a partial failure iu the apple crop this year, yet
there was a good display of the different varieties. Iu plums, peaches, pears and open air
grapes, the entries were large and the quality superior, showing evidently, that our Province
is well adapted to the growth of these products. It is worthy of remark, that Canada cau
successfully produce some of the best varieties of peaches.
Arts and Manufactures. — In the Arts and Manufactures departmeut, consisting of
cabinet wares, carriages and sleighs, chemical manufactures, building materials, groceries and
provisions, woolleu goods, flax and cotton goods, saddlery, leather and leather manufactures
furs, ladies' work, fine arts, machinery, manufactures in metals, musical instruments, petro-
leum products, &c, &c, there were 2,567 entries against 2,768 in 1876 ; 2,042 in 1875 ■
2,387 in 1874; and 1,989 in 1873. The exhibition of machinery iu motion was acknow-
ledged to be a grand success, far surpassing any previous display of the kind in this Pro-
vince. In fine arts, oil paintings, water colours, peucil, crayon, photography, &c, the number
of entries was large, and a marked improvement in quality over previous years The dis
191
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
play of petroleum products was very interesting and instructive ; a new feature in this branch
of industry is the utilizing what has hitherto been waste material, into articles of use and
ornament.
For further particulars as to the amount of competition in each class as compared with
previous years, I beg leave to submit the subjoined table, showing the amount offered in
prizes in each class at the late exhibition, the amount actually awarded, and the number of
entries in each class at the late exhibition ; also the number of entries in each class in 1876 ;
1875, 1874, and 1873 respectively.
Financial Results.
Financially the Exhibition was successful. The total amount received from members'
subscriptions, forage, rent of horse stalls, refreshment stands, admission fees, was §21,734.75,
against $13,687.93, in Hamilton, 1876; $12,603.98 in Ottawa, 1875; $22,613.88 in
Toronto, 1874 ; $19,346.36 in London, 1873.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
John E. Craig,
Secretary.
192
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A.* 1878
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PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
(L. E. Shipley, Esq.)
Gentlemen, — The revolution of another year imposes upon me, as president of this
association, the duty of addressing you on some of those matters which we have again met to
promote, by comparisons and competition. In doing so, I shall not occupy your time at any
great length, but simply offer for your consideration a few plain, practical remarks in reference
to the great interests which it is the main object of this association to promote. We often
hear or read of a community comprising different iuterests ; thus the agricultural interest the
mercantile interest, and the manufacturing interest are often referred to as separate and distinct
and often antagonistic. They are, however, in every country, greatly dependent one upon
the other. But in no country is it more apparent than in Canada that neither merchant
manufacturer, nor professional man can prosper except the farmer prosper also. This is the
vocation, then, in which the great mass of our population must necessarily be engaged. We
have an extensive country, not much of it yet densely populated. Much yet is very thinly
settled, and over it some of the primeval forest yet remains. This is the natural channel into
which the chief current of our industry must for some time continue to flow ; and if it be
true that the man who makes two blades of grass grow where one only had grown before de-
serves well of his fellow man, what scope is there here for honourable repute, in bringing still
more extensive regions of wilderness into subjection to the wants of men, and in introducing
a superior system of agriculture. It is true that our forefathers and some of ourselves, have
been engaged in clearing off the forest from our farms and homesteads. We have succeeded
in making for ourselves and families comfortable and independent homesteads.
The farmer is independent. He can stay on his farm from one year to another, and
raise all he needs to sustain life with, and be under obligation to no one. He can have the
pleasure of feeling that on the fruits of his toil depend the nation's strength and prosperity.
Nearly all our great men have been raised on a farm, and it is their especial delight in their
speeches to mention the fact, and afterward allude to it as the happiest period of their life —
how they loved the old farm house and all its surrouudings, and how they look back with
pleasure to the happy da;ys of their boyhood.
In the infancy of our settlements, as the forests were cut down and cleared off, the vir-
gin soil generally produced abundantly under the most crude management, but in the course
of years, by continual cropping, and often one crop after another of the same kind, the pro-
ductive power of the soil has been found to undergo a gradual change, till at last it has ceased
in many places to yield a return sufficient to remunerate the agriculturist for his labour. With
this fact staring us in the face, what can be done to prevent this downward movement 1 The
answer, I believe, is a better, cleaner and more thorough cultivation of the soil, the more ju-
dicious use of manure, and the observance, as far a circumstances will permit, of some prin-
ciple of rotation of crops. I have long been of opinion that farmers in general have been in
the habit of cultivating more land than they had time or means to do well. Good, thorough
under-draining of lands, whenever required, would in a great degree help to develop the natu-
ral resources of the soil. If farmers in general would reduce the number of acres cultivated,
and do the work more thoroughly, with proper attention to manuring and the rotation of crops,
they would produce as much, if not more than they do now, and have more land left for pasture,
in which state it is well known that soil reduced by severe cropping, slowly but surely beeomes
renovated. It is, in my opinion, to the extending of pastures in connection with breeding
and fattening of stock, and of the dairy, that we must mainly depend for the means of re-
novating our exhausted arable lands. The improvement of the live stock is among the chief
objects which this association seeks to promote, and those acquainted with its history need
not be told that this, as in other respects, has been very successful. Still, much remains to
be done by this and other societies.
Though the farmer's position in society is advanced above those of his forefathers, yet
it is apparant that many have not realized the important position in which he is placed in
the country. The sentiments of Englaud's bravest hero, "England expects every man to do
his duty," won him a battle and a name ; but the sentiment has a wider significance. Trans-
ferred to our country it reads, " Canada expects every man to do his duty," and I am pleaded
195
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
to sav that in this respect many of our farmers and mechanics are doing so. When we look
back for the last few years and see the improvement in Canadian farming and manufactures
and machinery, we are inclined to say that, truly, this is the age of progress.
It may seem strange to some to hear of Canadian stock supplying the British market ;
but nevertheless it is, I am happy to say, in some degree the case. There have been during
the last year a good number of our beef cattle shipped to England, and also a large quantity
of beef shipped in a dressed state, and both have found a ready and remunerative sale in the
British market. This should stimulate farmers to raise and feed the best kind of cattle, for
it is only such that will pay to send to the mother country. I also notice a sale of Canadian
Shorthorn cattle within a short time in England, realizing good remunerative prices, averag-
ing nearly two thousand dollars each, and some of them reaching as high as four thousand
guineas ; showing how some of our Shorthorn herds in this country are appreciated by the
breeders in Britain. We have already, thanks to the enterprising importers and breeders,
some as fine animals as can anywhere be found, whether horses, cattle, sheep or swine, which,
if our farmers in general would avail themselves of, the money-value of the live stock of this
province would soon be double.
Fruit culture is a branch of rural economy that is beginning to receive a good deal of
enlightened attention. There is no longer any doubt that in sections of this province many
of the choicest fruits can be successfully raised. For further information on the fruit interest
I would recommend you to the very able report of the President of the Fruit Growers' As-
sociation, delivered here last evening.
Our agricultural exhibitions, properly conducted, well sustained by breeders of improved
farm stock, and properly utilized by visitors, become the very highest type of educators,
because the teachings are demonstrative and cover a large range. Every farmer, before
going to an exhibition, should carefully study the type of live stock kept upon his farm, and
compare them carefully with those at the Exhibition, and by that means he will be able to
arrive at a satisfactory conclusion whether his stock is up to the desired quality or not. In
other departments these exhibitions bring useful and interesting lessons, because it is here
that, more prominently than anywhere else, farm machinery is arrayed side by side, giving
good opportunities for inspection of workmanship and modes of doing their work. It is true
that actual test in the field must still be the proof of merit by which the farmer buys, but
nevertheless he can see upon the show ground such an array which no farm can show. This
may be said of all the departments, including fruit, floriculture, mechanical and domestic
manufacture. As a place for social interchanges, for recreation, instruction and amusement
to the young, agricultural fairs, when really such, should be looked upon by farmers of the
Province as an institution essentially their own ; and their own fostering care should enter
more fully into the management than is usually found to be the case.
The Legislature of this country liave wisely endeavoured to encourage agriculture and
arts, by giving aid to the agricultural societies, which were formed into township and county
societies, and these are the nurseries for the provincial association, and this is our thirty-se-
cond annual exhibition. The benefit of these societies cannot fail to be very great. They
bring together the most energetic farmers and manufacturers, in friendly rivalry, and learn
wherein they are behind in their vocation and where they are ahead, and are stimulated to
make further progress.
The past season has been one of much care and anxiety to the farmers as well as other
professions. As the crops of 1876 were a partial failure, and consequently many of our far-
mers found themselves in straitened circumstances, and the depression of trade made it a matter
of great importance that there should be an abundant harvest this year, which I am happy to
say, under Divine Providence, has been the general result in all parts of the Province. The
crops were generally good, and a good share of the produce will be exported, which will bring
money into the Province, and inspire confidence in our trade. The wheat crop, both spring and
fall is a good sample, and will yield a good return to the acre. Oats are considered to be a good
and plentiful crop, certainly much above the last year's crop. Barley is a fair average yield,
but not quite so good in colour as in some former years. Potatoes are a good yield and of
fair quality. Turnips and mangold wurzel throughout the Province look well and promise a
fair return. Hay has been gathered in good condition. In most parts of the Province there
has been an abundant supply of this important product. On the whole, the Canadian farmer
196
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
never has had more cause to rejoice. Although the fruit crop in this part of the Province is
comparative failure — apples in particular — still in other parts there is a fair supply.
Our position last year at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, has baen the means,
of showing to the world in what position we stand to other countries. In almost all the vari-
ous stock departments we have stood in the front rank. Oar fruit, too, stood a fair compari-
son with our neighbours across the lines. Cheese and butter also received their award, show-
ing to the consumers in Britain and other countries that they can rely on Canada for a good
article in this department, whilst our manufacturers have also gained a name for themselves
amongst other nations, and some of them have secured large contracts to be filled to other
countries.
I may mention, as one sign of our progress, that the Veterinary School that has been
established in Toronto by the Board of Agriculture, for the benefit chiefly of the agricultu-
ral interest, shows that its progress is constant and healthy, and that there have lately been
large improvements added to the building, rendering it very commodious and convenient ;
and that a good number of young men have graduated there, many of whom have settled in
differentpurts of the Province, and who are proving themselves very useful and efficient in
their calling. As our live stock improves in numbers and value there will be more need of
men especially educated for this profession.
It has been advocated by some that it would be advisable to locate the Provincial Ex-
hibition at one central place, so that one set of buildings would answer year after year ; but,
gentlemen, I very much doubt the advisability of such a system, as the benefits sought to be
derived, are to enlighten and instruct the agriculturists and manufacturers of the Province,
in their several vocations. Now, it is well known by those who examine our reports that,
although there are a few enterprising farmers and mechanics who perhaps attend most of our
Provincial Exhibitions, yet the greater part of our exhibitors (and more especially visitors)
are within a short distance of where the exhibition is held. ConsecfStently, wherever our
exhibition is held, that vicinity derives the most benefit, and as all sections of the Province
have the same rights to the benefits derived from this exhibition, it would be unfair to some
parts of the Province to locate the Exhibition in any one place But perhaps it would be
advisable, say once in five years or so, to have a grand Dominion exhibition, by uniting the
different Provincial Associations of the Dominion in some central place, and, assisted by the
Dominion Governmant, where the agriculturists and manufacturers of the different Pro-
vinces might meet and compare their products and articles of manufacture together. I be-
lieve such an exhibition would be the means of allowing each part of the Dominion to see
what the other parts are able to produce, and also of cementing the friendship of the people
of the different Provinces, by mingling together and forming friendship and business rela-
tions. The manufacturers would be able to sell their manufactured articles to the different
Provinces, and the farmers could see and exchange their stock and cereals to their mutual
advantage.
With regard to the present exhibition it is, I believe, admitted to be the best ever held
in the Province, there having been nearly 11,000 entries, or over 1,000 more than ever ex-
hibited in Ontario before. The various classes of horses are all well filled with very su-
perior animals. With regard to cattle the same remark will well apply. The sheep are
perhaps not so numerous in some classes, but are admitted to be a very fine lot of animals.
The hogs are far in advance in numbers ever exhibited at any exhibition before, and also
are a very superior lot, showing the great interest taken in this class of farm animals.
Poultry is perhaps not so numerously represented as on some former occasions, but consists
of a very fine collection Machinery is displayed in great numbers, showing what great
improvements have been made in that department within the last few years. The dairy
products were a very creditable display, more especially the cheese, showing the progress the
dairymen are making in this country. Roots are a very good display and good quality, al-
though not so numerous as on some former occasions. The Horticultural display, notwith-
standing the scarceness of apples in this locality, is a great success — much better than I ex-
pected to see — and the carriage and fine arts display only needs to be seen to be appreciated.
It fell to the lot of the City of London to have the exhibition within its limits this
year ; and I am sure that you will all agree with me when I say that our best thnanks are due
to the people of the city for the exertions they have made to render this exhibition successful.
197
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
iotmtiissiatitf of i^grittttlitw an& f^fs.
APPENDIX (C).
REPORT OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MECHANICS' INSTITUTES OF
ONTARIO, AND ANALYSIS OF REPORTS OF MECHANICS'
INSTITUTES.
Association of Mechanics' Institutes of Ontario.
Toronto, November 27th, 1877.
Sir, — I have the honour herewith to enclose to you, in compliance with the require-
ments of section 75 of the Agriculture and Arts Act, a copy of the proceedings of the An-
nual Meeting of the Association — including the Executive Committee's Report, for the past
year ; as held in the City of London, on Tuesday, the 2bth of September last.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
Wm. Edwards,
Secretary- Treasurer.
The Hon. S. C. Wood,
Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts, for
Province of Ontario.
Association of Mechanics' Institutes of Ontario.
City of London, September 25th, 187"
The Ninth Annual Meeting of the Association was held this evening, at 7.30 o'clock, in
the Court House— James Young, E<q., M.P., President of the Association, in the Chair.
198
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The following gentlemen were approved as Delegates representing their respective In-
stitutes :
Ayr — Henry McLeod and W. D. Watson, Esqrs.
Brussels — -W. R. Wilson and F. C. Rogers, Esqrs.
Durham — Adam Cochrane, Esq.
Elora — David Boyle and Robert Mitchell, Esqrs.
Galt — James Young1, M. P., and Hugh Cant, Esqrs.
Garden Island — F J. Chadwick and F. Graham, Esqrs.
GUELPH — D. McCrae and Wm. Hart, Esqrs.
HESPELER — John A. Shaw, Esq.
Listowel — Rev. Hugh Cooper.
London — Col. John Walker, and T;;os. Green, Esq.
Mitchell — J. H. Flagg, Esq.
Newmarket — Erastus Jackson. Esq.
Paris — James Hackland and John Kay, Esqrs.
Peterboro' — Rev. V. Clementi and W. H. Trout, Esqrs.
Port Hope — Chas. Stuart and Henry Wade, Esqrs.
Preston — Otto Klotz and Peter Bauman, Esqrs.
Sarnia — Joseph Lowrie, Esq.
Seaporth — M. P. Hayes and D. D. Wilson, Esqs.
Stratford — Dr. C. L. T. Campbell and W. K. Knox, Esqrs.
Toronto — Matthew Sweetnam, Esq.
Woodstock — T. H. Parker and Wm. Nasmyth, Esqrs.
WROXETER — Alex. Thomson, Esq.
The President, in his opening address, alluded to the growing interest in the Annua
Meetings of the Association ; to the comparative prosperity of the Mechanics' Institutes
during the past two years of financial depression ; to the beneficial changes made by the
Legislature in the Agricultural and Arts Act ; and, generally, to the business to be brought
before the meeting, and called upon the Secretary to read the Report.
The Report of the Executive Committee for the past year having been printed and dis-
tributed to the Delegates present, it was —
Moved by Mr. Boyle, seconded by Mr. Flagg, and
Resolved — That the Report be received as though read, as follows":
NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Your Executive Committee have much pleasure in meeting you at this the Ninth Annual
Meeting of the Association, to submit to you a Report of their proceedings during the past
year, and to discuss with you any matters which may be brought under consideration tend-
ing to the promotion of the interests of the several affiliated Institutes or the usefulness of
this Association.
Your Committee have pleasure in reporting the enactment of the uew Agricultural and
Arts Bill, by the Ontario Legislature at its last session, and beg to congratulate you on the
fact that the new Statute embraces nearly all the amendments asked for by your Committee
in relation to Mechanics' Institutes.
Changes in the Agricultural and Arts Act.
One of the amendments provides that each Institute shall close its business year on the
1st of May, and hold its Annual Meeting in the month of May in each year. In consequence
of this requirement, the last Reports of a large proportion of the Institutes cover terms of
either more or less than a year, and render it impossible for your Committee to submit a full
analysis showing the progress of the Institutes during the past as compared with previous
years. Your Committee observe, however, that while in 20 Institutes there has been a total
increase of 701 members, in 19 others there has been a decrease of 489 members, since their
previous Reports — leaving a net increase of 212 members for these 39 Institutes. Of the
remaining 15 Institutes affiliated with this Association, 3 have not reported increase or
decrease and 12 did not report in time for this analysis.
199
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Id addition to the new proviso in the Act requiring; the business year of each Institute
to close on the 1st day of May in each year, it also provides that Institutes established in
unincorporated villages may receive legislative aid, a privilege heretofore denied them ; that
Institutes having evening classes organized in accordance with the rules of this Association,
shall, for every fifty pupils over two hundred, receive from the Legislature an additional fifty
dollars, over and above its full maximum grant for the year ; and that official inspection of the
respective Institutions by the several School Inspectors shall be made annually, instead of
semi-annually, as formerly.
Kepresentation in the Council op the Agricultural and Arts Association.
The Act also provides that this Association shall be represented in the Council of the
Agricultural and Arts Association by its President and Vice-President, and one other member
tobe elected by this Association, instead of by its President only, as heretofore has been the case.
It will be for this, the Annual Meeting, to select one of their number to act with the Pre-
sident and Vice-President as representatives of this Association in the Council of the Agri-
cultural and Arts Association ; and as important matters come before that body affecting Arts
ami Manufactures, more particularly at our Provincial Exhibitions, a careful and judicious
.^election should be made.
Presentation to Affiliated Institutes.
During the year your Officers and Executive Committee have taken into consideration
the resolution passed at the last Annual Meeting, held in Hamilton, which authorized them to
expend a portion of the surplus funds of the Association in purchasing " such objects and
appliances as may be suitable for Mechanics' Institutes Evening Class Instruction, or for
suitable Technical Works of Reference for Institute Libraries.1' In accordance with this
resolution, communication was opened with London, New York and Philadelphia, and after
due consideration of different propositions, your Committee have decided to present to every
Mechanics' Institute affiliated with this Association during 1877, a copy of that valuable
Technical Work, " TJre's Directory of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines."
Institutes not already connected with this Association can affiliate by making an appro-
priation or expenditure under the provisions of the Act, and sending an affidavit of such ap-
propriation or expenditure to the Commissioner of Agriculture and Arts, not later than the
1st November next, when they will be entitled ^legislative aid ; and all Institutes which, by
the end of November, shall have paid to this Association the statutary fee upon such aid re-
ceived, will share in the free distribution of the above work.
The Prize Essays.
The publication in pamphlet form of the Prize Essay, and a synopsis of the other Essays
received in competition for the prizes, and which should have been published before the close
of last year, but which have been delayed by causes beyond the control of your Committee,
will t .ke place immediately, and copies thereof will be distributed to the several affiliated
Institutes and to the essayists.
Number of Affiliated Institutes.
Ei<rht Institutes which affiliated in 1875 did not do so in 1876 ; four Institutes which
had affiliated in 1874 but not in 1875, renewed their connection in 1876 ; and four Institutes
affiliated for the first time in 1876 — namely Pembroke, Walkerton, Waterloo and Welland :
thu.~ leaving at the end of the year 1876 the same number as in 1875 — or a total of fifty -
four Institutes in affiliation.
STATISTICS FOR THE PAST YEAR— 1876.
Th«- Institutes which received Government aid for the year 1876, and the two previous
years, with the number of members on their rolls ; the number of volumes in their libraries ;
the expenditure for books, evening classes and reading rooms, as given in their respective
reports for the past year, are as follows :
200
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1 .)
A. 1878
NAME OF INSTITUTE.
Aurora Mechanics' Institute .
Aylmer
Ayr
Barrie
Berlin
Bowman ville
Bracebridge
Bradford
Brantford
Brampton
Brighton
Brussels
Clinton
Collingvvood
Dundas
Dun ville
Durham
Elora
Fergus
Garden Island
Grimsby
Gait
Guelph
Hamilton
Harriston
Hespeler
Kincardine
Listowel
London
Meaford
Mitchell
Milton
Mount Forest
Newmarket
Niagara
Norwood
Paisley
Paris
Parkhill
Pembroke
Port Elgin
Port Hope
Port Perry
Peterborough
Preston
Richmond Hill
Sarnia
Schomberg
Seaforth
Strathiov
Streetsville
Smith"s Falls
Simcoe
Stratf i n'd
St. Catharines
St. Mary's
St. Thomas
Toronto
Thorold
Uxbridge
Walkerton
Waterdown
Waterloo
Welland
Whitby
Woodstock
Wroxeter
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
GRANTS.
1874.
$300 00
1875. 1876
280 00
108 00
400 00
400 00
200 00
400 00
200 00
400 00
400 00
324 00
400 00
120 00
$200 00
320 00
180 00
300 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
104 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
376 00
400 00
250 00
400 00
$70 00
ioo'66
92
92
134 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
240 00
200 00
400 00
400 00
55
176
^ g aJ
P f* v
55 63 m
H £ <
(U S J
* HO
524 $102 00
i76;V|$i59'20'
« O 55 •
c * g e
55 Ed 5 S
fcffHC
120 00
400 00
200 00
400 00
156 00
400 00
400 00
300 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
100 00
400 00
400 00
108 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
130 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
156 00
106 00
400 00'
400 00
200 00
208 64
400 00
400 00
400 00
142 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
200 00
236 00
68 00
400 00
400 00
90
187
228
62
586
2658
877
1332
1952
2813
400 00
300 00
260 00
323 00
400 90
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
155 00
400 00
200 00
160 00
400 00
200 00
400 00
400 00
100 00
400 00
400 00
400 Oo
150 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 oO
400 00
400 00
313 34
247 00
100 00
334 00
400 00
160 00
400 00
50 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
100 00
400 00
128
208
135
86
93
141
210
946
94
70
334
866
3345
1535
766
1222
2306
2209
5881
776
934
141 60
482 63
182 00
122 00
280 87
535 08
338 54
360 75
65 00
$204 00
1355
1049
1662
400 00
400 00
80 00
400 00
400 00
150 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
200 00
400 00
400 OO
400 00
400 00
80
142
156
65
61
122
243
76
48
128
227
73
122
156
223
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
50 00
400 00
200 00
100 00
400 00
38 18
951
177
183
921
2185
788
571
1017
549
17 50
186 87
549 04
611 25
474 09
172 96
478 88
284 26
705 85
241 60
99 63 123 14
145 06
145 73
100 00
93 35
296 96 122 75
119 33
36 00
150 00
150 00
45 10
61 63
67 54
151 00
456 20
280 52
160 86
153 44
43 00
295 87 I 92 (52
360 00
383 81
161 91
205 25
108 18
325 01
125 00
219 94
137 60
6 00
2081 322 19
2059 i 455 00
1126 ! 145 16
453 368 80
236 88 | 264 20
156 00
971 85 43
101 73
131 71
94 15
365 00
150 00
223 41
2274 319 04
2300
2497
2684
8766
2340
1196
202 25
435 11
446 01
393 67
140 54
'207 72
794 84
666 75
601 02 I .
441 00 j 160 00
100 00
'n 00
16
115
93
302
61
1240
726
360
2739
600
637 76
200 85
369 18
156 00
28 50
129 06
150 00
oi
The general depression in business, and the large number of the industrial classes ou
employment, has, doubtless, materially retarded the progress of the Institutes during
201
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
the past year; nevertheless, the outlook is by no means discouraging. Considering every-
thing, these Associations have manifested considerable vigour, and seem to have felt the
pressure of the times less than many other organizations — a fact which speaks well for the
interest taken in them by the general public.
TOTAL GOVERNMENT AID FOR NINE YEARS.
The total amount of Legislative aid received by all the Mechanics' Institutes in the
Province for each year, from 1865 to 1876 inclusive, was in
1868 $ 1,610 00
1869 , 3,307 41
1870 2,947 70
1871 12,598 04
1872 11,405 96
1873 11,134 96
1874 15,143 00
1875 17,946 34
1876 16,424 72
Evening Class Instruction.
No change was made in the total value of the prizes offered by this Association last year,
to Institutes establishing Evening classes : but, in accordance with a resolution passed at the
last Annual Meeting, it was left to the Directors of each Institute to divide the amount into
whatever number of prizes they might deem advisable ; and, as shown by a table hereafter
given, the smallest number of prizes into which the sum was divided was three, and the
greatest number twenty-two,
Only ten Institutes claimed and received prize money for organizing Evening Classes
during 1876-7, as against fifteen during the preceding year. These Institutes showed a total
expenditure of $2,012 on Evening Class Instruction — or an average of $201 for each, and
deserve special and favourable mention ; their names are Bradford, Durham, Elora, Harriston,
Hespeler, London, Peterborough, Port Hope, Toronto and Woodstock.
Your Committee observes, however, that besides these ten Institutes which made re-
turns and received the prizes offered by the Association, the reports received from nine other
Institutes show also that they had conducted classes, and expended therefor the sum of
$1,923, or an average of $174 for each Institute, namely : — Aurora, 24 pupils ; Clinton, 82
pupils; Hamilton, 43 pupils; Milton, 14 pupils; Sarnia, 27 pupils; Seaforth, 73 pupils;
Stratford, 50 pupils; Uxbridge, 118 pupils ; and Waterloo. 25 pupils ; a total of 456 pupils,
or an average of over 50 per Institute ; but your Committee is disposed to believe that in
some instances the same pupils have been counted more than once, in different classes. In
answer to enquiries recently made by your Secretary, of the last named Institutes, your
Committee learns that although classes were organized, examinations were not held, or the
average attendance was below the required number — or, from some other cause, applications
were not made for the prizes offered by the Association,
In addition to the foregoing, the Belleville Institute conducted a class with an average
attendance of 18 pupils, and the Brampton Institute one with an average attendance of 15
pupils ; but not being affiliated, could not be paid the Association prizes.
As your Secretary has only received returns from one-half of the Institutes which es-
tablished Evening Classes last winter — if their statements of expenditure are correct — a com-
parison of the number of pupils, subjects of study, &c, between 1875-6 and 1876-7 would
be misleading ; we therefore content ourselves with giving the following table showing the
result of the Classes in the ten Institutes which reported and received the prize money : —
202
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
INSTITUTE.
Bradford . .
*Durham . .
Elora
Harriston .
Hespeler . .
London . . ,
Peterboro' .
Port Hope.
Toronto . . .
Woodstock
Class
Organized
January, 1877 i
December, 1876
November, "
December, "
January, 1877 i
September, 1876
November, "
October,
November,
m
< $
a Q
> H
21
8
13*
10
24
20
184
14"
150
29
35
27
27
24
25
48
75
65
210
32
Subjects of Programme
Taught.
I. II & III.
II & III.
II & III.
II & III.
II & III.
II, III & V.
II, III & V.
II, III & VI.
I, II, III, VI & VII,
Short Hand. Tele-
craphvand French.
i, ii & in.
°C5
22
3
12
5
11
3
9
11
36
3
*Two-thirds of the whole amount of twenty dollars was paid to the Durham Institute, for an average
attendance of eight pupils, under exceptional circumstances.
The highest average attendance of pupils at any one Institute, was 150, the lowest 12 ;
the average attendance for the whole of the ten Institutes, was 310 ; or 31 pupils for each
Institute. The largest number of teaching meetings held by any one Institute, was 210 ;
the smallest number, 24 ; the total number for all, 568 — or an average of nearly 57 for each
Institute. These results are not so satisfactory as your Committee would like to be able to
report; and they would again press upon the attention of the officers and members of all
affiliating Institutes the great good which might and ought to be done through the means of
Evening Class instruction.
Deficient Returns.
Your Committee have to regret that so few of the Institutes have complied with the re-
quirements of the statute as to sending copies cf their Annual Reports to the Commissioner
of Agriculture and to this Association. Of the 54 Institutes which received Government
aid last year, and one which did not receive such aid, up to the 1st instant only 6 Institutes
had sent their schedules in duplicate, namely : — Durham, Newmarket, Pembroke, Preston,
Waterloo and Welland ; 16 Institutes had sent copies only to the Commissioner of Agriculture,
namely : — Ayr, Bradford, Brussels, Clinton, Collingwood, Grimsby, Milton, Niagara, Paisley,
Parkhill, Seaforth, Smith's Falls, St. Mary's, Thorold, Uxbridge and Waterdown. 21 sent
schedules only to Mr. Edwards, the Secretary of this Association, namely : — Bradford, Dun-
das, Elora, Fergus, Garden Island, Gait, Guelph, Hamilton, Hespeler. London, Mitchell,
Paris, Port Elgin, Port Hope, Peterborough, Richmond Hill, Sarnia, Stratford, St. Catha-
rines, Toronto and Wroxeter ; and 12 had not reporteda t all at that date, namely : Aurora,
Bracebridge, Harriston, Kincardine, Listowel, Norwood, Port Perry, Strathroy, Simcoe,
Walkerton, Whitby and Woodstock. Of such reports as have subsequently been received,
an analysis is given in the table.
Of the reports so received, only seven of them, namely : Elora, London, Pembroke.
Preston, Thorold, Toronto and Welland contain any information more than is given in the
filled up schedules A and B ; although all had received copies of the Act, and a circular of
instructions from the Government Department. Under these circumstances, it is difficult
for your Committee to report as fully on the condition of the Institutes of the Province as
is desirable.
It is hoped that in the future, the officers of all Institutes will close their business years
on the 1st of May, and hold their Annual Meetings during the same month, in accordance
with the requirements of the law ; and that a copy of the complete. Reports will be furnished
to this Association, as well as to the Commissioner of Agriculture.
203
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
State of the Finances.
The Treasurer's detailed and audited Statement shows total receipts, including $1,265.16
balance in hand from last year, $2,165.78 ; expenditure during the year, $367.17 ; balance
— of which 81,000 is invested at interest, and $798.61 is on deposit at call in the Bank of
Toronto, $1,798.61.
All which is respectfully submitted.
James Young, President.
William Edwards, Secretary Treasurer.
London, September 25th, 1877.
TREASURER'S DETAILED STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE
For the year ending September \§th, 1877.
1876. Receipts. 8 cts'
September 19. — Special Deposit at Interest, Bank of Toronto 1000 00
Bal. on dep. at call 265 16
" 21. — St. Catharines Mech. Inst. 5 per cent, on grant for 1876 20 00
October 6.— Hamilton " " " 1876 20 00
10.— Strathroy " " " 1875 15 65
19.— Thorold " " " 1876 20 00
24.— Fergus " " " 1875 20 00
November 3.— Waterloo " " " 1876 20 00
9.— Durham " " " 1875 5 39
17.— Brantford " " " 1876 20 00
Grimsby " " " " 7 15
December 6.— Bracebridge " " « « io 00
22.— Wroxeter " " " " 2 00
26.— Sarnia " " " " 20 00
1877.
Januarv 11.— Peterboro' " " " " 20 00
February 1.— Walkerton " " " " 20 00
22.— Milton " " " " 15 00
March 21.— Simcoe " " " " 20 00
27.— Elora " " " « 20 00
29.— Harriston " " " " 10 00
31.— Richmond Hill " " " " 5 00
April 9.— Paisley " " " " 16 95
17._Collingwood " " " :£ 10 00
26.— Seaforth " " " " 20 00
27.— Hespeler " " •' " 11 80
30.— Pembroke " « " " 20 00
May 4.-Parkhill " " " " 8 00
7.— Durham " " " " 10 43
21.— Uxbridge " " " " 20 00
22.— Guelph " " u " 20 00
31.— Berlin " " " " 20 00
June 4. -Ayr " " " " 5 00
6.— Woodstock " " " " 20 00
8.— Clinton " " " " 20 00
9.— St. Mary's " " " " 20 00
16.— Garden Island " « " " 20 00
22.— Port Hope " " " " 20 00
25.— Waterdown " " " " 2 50
204
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
June 29. — Stratford Mech. Inst. 5 per cent, on grant for 1876 20 00
Niagara " " " " 12 35
July 2.— Bowmanville " " " 1875 20 00
" 27.— London " " " 1876 20 00
August 11.— Fergus '• " " 1877 20 00
« 11. —Mitchell " « " 1876 20 00
14.— Welland « " " 10 00
Paris " " " 1877 20 00
« 30.— Belleville " " " " 20 00
September 5.— Hamilton " " " " 20 00
6.— Gait " " " " 20 00
Toronto " " " " 20 00
8._Preston " " " " 20 00
13, -Waterloo " " " " 20 00
14.— Listowel " " " 1876 20 CO
18.— Port Perry " " " " 20 00
18. — Accrued Interest on Bank Deposit 40 00
19. — Kincardine Mech. Institute, 5 per cent, on grant for 1876 3 40
Total receipts, including balance from last year $2165 78
1876. Expenditure. $ cts.
September 17. — Expenses of Exeoutive Committee attending Meeting at date 20 00
The President, as per resolution of Committee, to cover postage
and stationery disbursements for three years 5 00
November 3. — C. A. Harcourt, Printing Account 16 00
McLeish&Co. " " , 150
1877.
Prizes to Mechanics' Institute Evening Classes.
Elora
Harriston ..
Toronto
Hespeler
Durham
Bradford
Woodstock
Port Hope
Peterboro'
London 20 00
April 11.— Hart & Eawlinson, for "Bookseller" 2 00
September 5. — Secretary -Treasurer's Postage and Sundries Account 10 35
5. — Expenses of Executive Committee attending Meeting at date.... 19 00
5. — Secretary-Treasurer's remuneration for the year 100 00
Balance on Deposit at Interest $1000 00
Call 798 61
20
00
20
00
20
00
20
00
13
32
20
00
20
00
20
00
20
00
/
Total Cash on Deposit 1798 61
$2165 78
Auditor's Report.
I have examined and compared the entries in the Cash Book with the Letter Book, and
have also checked the same by the Vouchers, and have found the whole satisfactory and cor-
205
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
rect ; and have pleasure in testifying to the methodical method of keeping the accounts of
the Association by the Secretary.
(Signed) John Taylor,
Auditor.
Toronto, September 20th, 1877.
It was moved by the Rev. V. Clementi, and seconded by Mr. Jackson,
"That the Report of the Executive Committee be adopted."
In answer to a question by Mr. Boyle, the Secretary explained the cause of the delay
in publishing the Prize Essays and Synopsis of the other Essays, and also stated that the two
thousand copies printed are now ready for distribution.
Mr. Hayes suggested that possibly some of the Institutes now have Ure's Dictionary in
their Libraries. The President explained that in such cases the Institutes will be allowed to
select other works of a similar character.
In answer to an enquiry Ly a delegate, as to whether the expenditure of the Govern-
ment Grants, &c, cover the amount required by law, the Secretary explained that they doubt-
less did, but that was a matter the decision upon which rested with the Honourable the Com-
missioner of Agriculture and Arts, and not with this Association.
The motion to adopt the Report was then carried unanimously.
Mr. Boyle objected to the present mode of Inspection of Institutes, and moved that the
Government be petitioned to appoint an Inspector to inspect the Institutes, and that said In-
spector so appointed shall receive the total amount paid to all the Inspectors under the pre-
sent system.
After a discussion of the subject, Mr. Boyle — with the consent of the meeting — with-
drew his motion.
Mr. Klotz introduced the subject of classifying and cataloguing books in Institute
Libraries, and submitted a plan he had prepared.
Mr. McCrae referred to the paper read by the Secretary on this subject, at the fourth
Annual Meeting of the Association.
Mr. Sweetnam suggested the compiling of a synopsis of different systems in use.
Col. Walker, the President of the London Mechanics' Institute, regretted that this
meeting had not been held in the new building erected by the London Mechanics' Institute.
The Secretary explained why, in the past, it had not been always practicable to hold the
Annu d Meetings of the Association in the rooms of the Mechanics' Institutes.
It was moved by Mr. Jackson, seconded by Mr. McCrae, and resolved, —
" That whenever practicable the Annual Meetings of this-Association, in the future,
shall be held in the rooms of the Mechanics' Institute in the city or town in which the Pro-
vincial Exhibition is held."
Mr. Sweetnam gave a brief account of the changes made, and new subjects of study
and recreation introduced into the Toronto Mechanics' Institute, and of the gratifying results
attending their introduction.
The nominations viva voce of Office-bearers for the ensuing year were then made, and
resulted in the eleetion of the following gentlemen : —
President— James Young, Esq., M. P., Gait.
Vice-President — Otto Klotz, Esq., Preston.
Secretary-Treasurer — William Edwards, Esq., Toronto.
Executive Committee— Erastus Jackson, Esq., Newmarket ; Col. John Walker,
London ; W. R. Knox, Esq., Stratford, and Matthew Sweetnam, Esq., Toronto.
L'tpresentative at the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association — David
McCrae, Esq., Guelph.
On motion of Mr. Sweetnam, it was resolved, " That J. K. McDonald, Esq., of Toronto,
be elected Auditor for the ensuing year, and that the remuneration be the same as last year.
The meeting then adjourned.
WM. EDWARDS, Secretary.
206
\
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
ANALYSIS
OF
REPORTS OF MECHANICS' INSTITUTES,
1876-7.
AYR MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
EXPENDITURE.
$ cts.
28
62
0,9,
Balance in hand
Members' Subscriptions 55
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 7 69
Legislative Grant 100 00
Sale of Piano 15 00
Balance due Treasurer 16 86
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 150
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association .
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 8
Stationery and Postage. 2
Furnishings
Salaries 50
90
5 00
8 35
2 25
95
00
217 45
Note. — Members, 92 ; library, 1,763 vols. ; 3 lectures.
217 45
BELLEVILLE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 332 11
Fees from Classes 90 00
Donations 834 00
Balance due Treasurer 30 80
1,286 91
Expenditure.
i
cts.
Books bought in '[ accordance with
conditions of Grant
504
86
Expenditure for Evening Classes....
90
00
Expenditure on Reading Room ....
129
00
Books bought other than those uu-
174
85
Newspapers and Magazines ditto
107
50
Printing, Stationery and Postage
21
4o
117
25
Salaries
142
DO
1
,jo6
91
207
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note. — Members, 323; library, 663 vols. ; leading-room, 22 newspapers, 9 magazines,
4 reviews ; classes, 18 pupils in elocution ; 3 lectures. Clear Assets, §1,219. Rooms set
apart for recreations and entertainments. This is the first year of the Institute, and the
prospects are very encouraging.
BOWMANVILLE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 83 20
Members' Subscriptions 206 25
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 68 82
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 80 0Q
Miscellaneous 1 49
Balance due Treasurer 12 45
852 21
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 611 68
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 44 25
Fuel, Light and Rent 20 00
Repairs and Furnishings 66 47
Insurance 7 50
Cost of Lectures and Entertainments 41 66
Salaries 30 00
Miscellaneous 10 65
S52 21
Note. — Members, 124 ; library, 1,183 vols. Clear Assets, $1,100.
BRADFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 47 50
Fees from Classes 89 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 6 48
Legislative Grant 400 00
Prizes to Evening Classes from As-
sociation of Mechanics' Institutes. 40 00
Miscellaneous 7 83
590 81
Expenditure.
8 cts.
Balance due Treasurer 7 98
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 141 60
Expenditure for Evening Classes 338 54
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Prizes to Classes from Association of
Mechanics' Institutes 40 00
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 4 80
Iusurance 8 25
Salaries 20 00
Miscellaneous 4 50
Balance in hand 5 14
590 18
Note. — Members, 55 ; library, 586 vols. ; classes, 21 pupils in arithmetic, mathematics,
book-keeping and penmanship ; 20 in elocution and 21 in English grammar and composition ;
1 lecture and 3 readings. Clear Assets, $574.
208
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
BRAMPTON MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand.. 87 18
Members' Subscriptions 77 50
Fees from Classes 50 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 40 00
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Expenditure for Evening Classes ... 185 00
Expenditure on Reading Room 25 00
Insurance, &c 40 00
Balance in hand 4 68
254 68 254 68
Note. — Members, 77 ; library, 1,205 vols. ; classes, 24 pupils in arithmetic, and mathe-
matics ; 22 in book-keeping and penmanship, 2 in drawing and 24 in English grammar and
composition; 1 Dramatic Entertainment. Clear Assets, $1,104.
BRANTFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
Balance in hand
Members' Subscriptions
Net proceeds of Excursion to Buf-
falo and Niagara Falls
Legislative Grant
Fines and extra books
Miscellaneous
$ cts.
82 12
251 50
118 06
400 00
72 79
1 80
926 27
Expenditure.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant
Expenditure on Reading Room
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Ins-
titute Association
Books bought other than those under
the Statute
Newspapers and Magazines ditto...
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
Fuel and Light
Repairs and Furnishing
Insurance.
Salaries
Balance in haiid
$ cts.
384 51
204 00
20 00
•98 13
926 27
Note. — Members, 176 ; library, 2,658 vols.; reading-room, 9 magazines and 10 reviews.
Clear Assets, $3,020.
BRUSSELS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
Balance in hand 61
Members' Subscriptions 90
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments ... 115
Miscellaneous 1
Legislative Grant 120
8 cts.
83
00
20
20
00
Expenditure.
$ cts
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 174
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Association
Books bought other than those under
the Statute
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments
Salaries 100
Miscellaneous. 58
00
6 00
80
41
388 23
Note. — Members, 90 ; library, 877 vols ; Clear Assets,
14 209
50
00
73
388 23
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
CLINTON MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
*p cts.
Balance in hand 33 21
Members' Subscriptions.... 42 25
Fees from Classes 92 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 160 80
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rent of Rooms 7 00
Donations. 106 00
841 26
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 82 00
Expenditure for Evening Classes 360 75
Expenditure on Reading Room 145 06
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Meohanics' Institute
Associations 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute.. 40 00
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 21 70
Fuel and Light 28 26
Repairs and Furnishings 23 29
Cost of Lectures and Entertainments 95 72
Balance in hand..... 24 48
841 26
Note. — Members, 187; library, 1,332 vols.; reading-room, 14 newspapers, 17 maga-
zines, 4 reviews ; 1 concert and 9 exhibitions ; 56 pupils in drawing, 20 in arithmetic and
mathematics, 6 in book-keeping and penmanship, Clear Assets, $1,972.
COLLINGWOOD MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand ... 5 11
Members' Subscriptions 234 65
Grammar School .. 25 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 36 10
Legislative Grant 200 00
Muuicipal Grant 100 00
Sale of papers 28 58
Miscellaneous 9 39
638 83
Expenditure.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant
Expenditure for Evening Classes ...
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association ,
Books bought other than under the
Statute
Rent
Stationery and Postage
Fuel and Light
Repairs and Furnishings
Insurance
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments
Salaries...
Miscellaneous
.$ cts.
225 00
65 00
10 00
55
87
40
00
8
18
19
25
68
47
12
50
25
85
75
00
33
71
638 83
Note. — Members, 228; library, 1,952 vols.; reading-room, 21 newspapers, 6 maga-
zines, 4 reviews ; 1 concert. Clear Assets, $2,030. The teachers and pupils of the High
school are allowed the privileges of the Institute lor $25.
210
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
DUNDAS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 22
Members' Subscriptions 107 50
Legislative Grant 100 00
Donations 351 98
Miscellaneous 20 00
879 70
Expenditure.
Books bought in accordance with
condition of Grant
Expenditure on Beading Room. . ..
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association
Books bought other than under the
Statute
Newspapers and Magazines do
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage
Fuel, Light and Water
Insurance
Miscellaneous
Balance in hand
$ cts.
501 10
145 73
20 00
33
98
16
22
2
70
44
07
17
50
37
00
31
40
879 70
Note. — Members, 62 ; library, 2,813 vols. ; reading room, 11 newspapers, 5 maga-
aines, 4 reviews. Clear Assets, $6,230.
ELORA MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 25 70
Members' Subscriptions 154 00
Fees from Classes „ 14 50
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 102 76
Legislative Grant 400 00
Books sold...., 32 06
Interest 7 20
Association of Mechanics' Institutes
Prize money 20 00
Miscellaneous 1 05
757 77
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 549 04
Expenditure for Evening Classes. ... 17 50
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association, 2 years 40 00
Stationery and Postage 5 83
Repairs and Furnishings 17 50
Insurance ,. 1 50
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 58 56
Salaries 62 39
Miscellaneous 29
Balance in hand... 4 66
757 77
Note. — Members, 208 ; library, 3,345 vols. ; classes, 19 pupils in arithmetic and
mathematics, 21 in book-keeping and penmanship ; 4 readings and entertainments. Clear
Assets, $3,358.
This Institute is in a prosperous state. Its library is extensive, and contains a large
proportion of works of science, history, &c, which are in most demand. The attendance of
the winter classes was good, and entitled the Institute to the sum of $20 offered by the As-
sociation of Mechanics' Institutes, which sum was distributed among the successful pupils
211
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
in books. The entertainments given during the winter were a source of much social interest
to the members and their friends, and of pecuniary advantage to the Institution.
FERGUS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
I
Balance in hand 127
Members' Subscriptions 84
Legislative Grant 400
Donations 211
Balance due Treasurer 205
cts.
99
00
00
30
50
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer 205
y Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 584
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association 20
Books bought other than those under
the Statute 27
. Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 30
Furnishings 6
Miscellaneous 136
Salaries 19
1,028 79
Note. — Members, 135 ; library, 1,535 vols. Clear Assets, $2,512.
50
00
00
25
00
00
54
50
1,028 79
GALT MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
JttECElPTS.
% cts.
Balance in band 364 22
Members' Subscriptions 330 42
Legislative Grant 400 GO
Donations 59 81
1,154 45?;
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant ... 430 09
Expenditure on Reading room 150 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics Institutes
Association 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 4<^ 79
Newspapers and Magazines do 58 28
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 60 05
Fuel, Light and Water 39 46
Furnishings 8 15
Insurance 8 DO
Salaries 63 33
Balance inland 26» 30
1,154 45
Note.— Members, 141 ; library, 2,306 vols Clear Assets, $4,068.
212
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
GARDEN ISLAND MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 260 21
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rent of Rooms 3 00
Donations 188 91
Balance due Treasurer 440 01
1,292 13
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer 432 35
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 474 09
Expenditure on Reading room 119 38
5 per cent, on Legislative grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association 20 00
Fuel, Light and Water - 75 06
Repairs and Furnishings — 60 00
Miscellaneous 2 00
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 59 25
Salaries , 50 00
1,292 13
Note. — Members, 86 ; library, 776 vols. ; reading-room, 28 newspapers, 10 magazines;
1 lecture each on ship-building and the steam-engine ; 10 readings ; 4 exhibitions of Sciop-
tican with astronomical and other slides, and one amateur theatrical. The rooms are open
every evening, except Sunday, for the mutual intercourse and improvement of the members.
Clear Assets, $660.
GRIMSBY MECHANICS' INSTITUTES.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 3 80
Members' Subscriptions 81 50
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 46 38
Legislative Grant , 142 90
Donations 1 94
276 52
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 172 96
Expenditure on Reading room 36 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 7 15
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 32 00
Salaries 24 00
Miscellaneous .... 4 41
276 52
Note. — Members, 93 ; library, 1,222 vols, reading room, 9 magaaines ; 3 lectures
and readings. Assets, $1,650.
213
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
GTJELPH MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
6 cts.
Balance in hand 337 34
Members' Subscriptions 325 87
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 42 50
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 25 00
Savings' Bank 150 00
1,280 71
Expenditure.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant
Expenditure for Evening Classes...
Expenditure on Beading Boom ....
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association
Binding Books, Printing and Sta-
tionery and Postage —
Fuel, Light and Water...
Bepairs and Furnishing
Insurance
Bent
Salaries
Miscellaneous ■ ■
Balance in hand
$ cts.
284 26
100 00
150 00
20 00
35
65
80
19
32
35
18
75
50
00
200
00
8
00
301
51
1,280 71
Note.— Members, 210; library, 2289 vols.; reading-room, 17 newspapers, 12 mag-
zines and 4 reviews ; 1 concert. Clear Assets, $3620.
HAMILTON MECHANICS* INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts
Balance in hand 256 28
Members' Subscriptions 1703 35
Legislative Grant 400 00
Bent of Booms 3289 50
Sale of Newspapers 67 49
Extra Books issued 24 25
Interest 7 95
Bills discounted 1700 00
7448 82
Expenditure.
S cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 542 93
Expenditure for Evening Classes. . . 93 35
Expenditure on Beading Boom 45 10
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Association 20 00
Books bought other than those under
the Statute 163 92
Newspapers and Magazines ditto... 159 63
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 217 50
Fuel, Light and Water 965 80
Buildings, Bepairs and Furnishing. 16 35 21
Insurance 116 98
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 12 30
Salaries 1464 30
Interest on mortgage 1200 00
Bank 187 30
Miscellaneous 122 84
Balance in hand 501 66
7448 82
2U
41 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note — Honorary Members, 36 ; ordinary Members, 910 ; library, 5,881 vols. ; read-
ing room, 69 newspapers, 25 magazines, 5 reviews; classes, 11 pupils in arithmetic and
mathematics, 16 in book-keeping and penmanship, 6 in architectural and mechanical draw-
ing, 3 in elocution, and 7 in English grammar and composition. Clear Assets, $30,609.
The commercial depression naturally led to a diminution of income which the Institute
derives from the rent of its large Hall, but this has been to some extent made up by an in-
crease of members and more strictly economical management. The library and reading-room
continue to be attractive, and a number of standard works are annually being added. The
Directors express deep regret at the popular desire for sensational novels, and with a view of
averting this vitiated taste, they have endeavoured to sup ly in the wide range of general
literature works of a higher and improving character. An increased effort had been made
to impart greater efficiency to evening class instruction, but with only partial success. Con-
tinued perseverance, however, in this direction is strongly recommended.
HARRISTON MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
Balance in hand
Members' Subscriptions
Legislative Grant
$ cts.
67 80
68 77
200 00
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 229
Expenditure on Reading room 61
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute
Newspapers and Magazines do ...
Stationery and Postage
Balance in hand
60
63
00
12
1
2
9
00
75
L2
47
336 57
336 57
Note. — Members, 94 ; library, 776 vols. ; reading room. 18 newspapers, 5 magazines,
1 review. Clear Assets, $766.
HESPELER MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
a
Balance in hand 40
Members' Subscriptions 40
Fees from Classes ... . . 8
Proceeds from Lectures °nd Enter-
tainments 12
Legislative Grant . 236
Donations 37
cts.
80
95
15
27
00
50
375 67
Expenditure.
Books bought in accordance with
condition of Grant
Expenditure for Evening Classes
Expenditure on Reading room
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute
Printing, Stationery and Postage
Fuel and Light
Miscellaneous
Salaries
Balance in hand
$ cts.
74 63
123 14
67 54
11 80
25
00
1
70
1
16
2
50
15
84
52
36
375 67
215
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note — Members, 70 ; library, 934 vols. ; reading-room, 2 newspapers and 13 maga-
zines; pupils in arithmetic and mathematics, 35 in 1876, 32 in 1877; book-keeping and
penmanship, 35 in 1876, 20 in 1877. Clear Assets, $1,552.
LONDON MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Kecetpts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 37 36
Members' Subscriptions 334 00
Fees from Classes 21 00
Rents of Booms 187 77
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 5 00
Notes discounted 12,600 00
Loan on Mortgage 15,000 00
Miscellaneous 90 24
28,675 37
Expenditure.
8 cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 265 36
Expenditure for Evening Classes.. 122 75
Expenditure on Reading room . . 151 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' In-
stitutes Association 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 31 60
Fuel, Light and Water 106 53
Furnishings ., 18 35
Insurance 34 50
Miscellaneous 70 30
Salaries 250 00
Notes 10,073 00
Land 2,527 00
Building 5,832 02
Savings' Bank 9^167 98
Balance in hand 4 98
28,675 37
Note.— Members, 334 ; library, 1,355 vols. ; reading-room, 45 newspapers, 15 maga-
zines, 4 reviews; classes, 32 pupils in arithmetic, mathematics, book-keeping, and penman-
ship in 1876-7, 46 in architectural and mechanical drawing in 1876 and 13 in 1877, 58 in
ornamental drawing in 1876, 24 in elocution, 10 in French and 30 in mutual instruction ;
permanently on Exhibition 150 cases of specimens in natural history. Clear Assets, 87,754.
This Institute may be considered to be in a prosperous state, and its chief impediment
hitherto, the want of sufficient accommodation, will in a short time be effectually overcome.
The corner-stone of a capacious and handsome building, towards which the citizens have al-
ready liberally contributed, was laid with masonic honours on the 1st November last, and
which it was exnected would be ready for occupation in the fall of 1877. It will have a
public hall, 50 by 80 feet, two stores, 20 by 80 feet each, with reading-room and library,
committee and class rooms, museum, gymnasiums &c. Estimated cost of building and site,
£20,000, and $2,000 additional for furnishing. The classes during the past winter have been
well sustained, and have been the means of effecting a considerable amount of good. The
library and reading-room have continued to be attractive, and the Directors are anxious to
make them more so by constantly adding as means admit, the best works and periodicals re-
lating to science, literature and arts. In addition to the 150 cases of natural history, that
have hitherto been so attractive and instructive, some 40 cases more, containing many rare
and beautiful specimens from all parts of the world, will be added as soon as the new build-
ing is ready for occupation. It is confidently expected that the museum under the care of
Dr. Mummery, will, as additions and improvements are made from time to time, increase in
utility for purposes of practical instruction in various branches of natural science, as it can-
not fail to do in general attractiveness and popularity.
216
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
MILTON MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Keceipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 12 51
Members' Subscriptions 53 30
Fees from Classes 80 50
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 75 55
Legislative Grant 300 00
Donations 49 87
Miscellaneous 45
572 18
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 255 77
Expenditure for Evening Classes... 160 86
Expenditure on Eeading Koom ... 43 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Association 15 00
Books bought other than those
under the Statute 24 55
Binding Books, Printing, Station-
ery and Postage... 10 00
Rent of Hall 5 00
Tuning Piano, &c 4 00
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 34 00
Salaries 20 00
572 18
Note.— Members, 77 ; Library, 1,662 vols. ; Reading Room, 4 daily and 3 weekly
newspapers ; 1 Magazine ; 14 pupils in Music ; 1 Concert ; Clear assets, $3,000.
MITCHELL MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 22 58
Members' Subscriptions 49 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 12 52
Legislative Grant 403 00
Donations 100 00
Miscellaneous 83 58
667 68
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 456 20
Expenditure on Reading Room 153 44
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association 20 00
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage... 27 61
Insurance 4 50
Miscellaneous 5 93
667 68
Note. — Members, 74 ; Library, 1,049 ; 1 Lecture and 2 Concerts ; Reading Room ;
29 Newspapers and 6 Magazines; Clear Assets, $1,495.
217
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
NEWMARKET MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 67 50
Proceeds from Lecture 3 85
Association Mechanics' Institute for
cash prizes 20 00
Miscellaneous 4 75
Balance due Treasurer 1 89
97 99
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer 8 18
Prizes for Evening Class pupils of
previous year from Association of
Mechanics' Institutes .... 20 00
Insurance ..... \i 25
Costs of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 29 00
Salaries 21 25
Miscellaneous 5 31
97 D9
Note. — Members, 92 ; Library, 912 vols. ; Clear Assets, $929.
NIAGARA MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
RECEIPT8.
S cts.
Balance in hand 8 62
Members' Subscriptions 98 00
Fees from Exhibition 10 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments .... 23 75
Legislative Grant 247 00
Balance due Treasurer 13 47
400 84
Expenditure.
8 cts
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 290 00
Expenditure on Reading Room 92 62
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 12 35
Books bought other than those
under the statute 5 87
400 84
PARIS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
8 cts.
Balance in hand 364 17
Members' Subscriptions , 204 70
Mechanics' Institutes Association
Prizes 20 00
Legislative Grant 400 00
Interest 42 89
Donations 100 00
Proceeds sale of periodicals 24 80
Miscellaneous 9 45
1166 01
Expenditure.
8 cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 381 72
Expenditure for Evening Classes 95 18
Expenditure on Reading Room 307 68
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association... 20 00
Books bought other than those under
the statute 41 90
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 80 71
Repairs and Furnishings 25 78
Insurance - 20 10
Balance in hand 192 94
1166 01
218
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note. — Members, 144; library, 1958 vols.; reading-room, 1 7 newspapers, 10 magazines ;
classes, 36 pupils in arithmetic, mathematics, book-keeping and penmanship, English grammar
and composition. Clear Assets, $3892.
The Institute is progressive. Reading-room and library open daily. Some books were
worn out and a number had to be rebound. Several new works had been added during the
year on various subjects connected with science, mechanics and general literature.
PARKHILL MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 114 50
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 23 53
Legislative Grant ... 159 60
Rent of Rooms 14 00
Miscellaneous 13 03
Balance due Treasurer 167 57
492 23
Expenditure.
8 cts.
Balance due Treasurer , 135 28
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 161 92
Expenditure on Reading Room 137 60
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Association 8 00
Newspapers and Magazines bought
other than those under the statute. 30 00
Stationery and Postage 1 68
Fuel and Light 10 50
Insurance 7 25
492 23
Note. — Members, 156 ; library, 782 vols. ; reading-room, 3 newspapers, 6 magazines
and 2 reviews ; 3 debates ; 1 literary and musical entertainment and 1 lecture on history.
Clear Assets, $1182.
PAISLEY MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 79 96
Members' Subscriptions 80 00
Legislative Grant 334 00
Donations 3 85
Miscellaneous 50 40
548 21
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 360 00
Expenditure on Reading Room 125 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 16 70
Fuel and Light 6 51
Rent 10 00
Salaries 30 00
548 21
Note. — Members, 80 ; library, 922 vols, j reading-room, 5 newspapers, 1 magazine and
4 reviews. Clear Assets, $1000.
219
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
PEMBROKE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 453 50
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 13 00
Proceeds of Note 227 92
Miscellaneous 18 11
1,112 53
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer ... 0 28
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 205 25
Expenditure on Reading Room .... 6 00
5 per cent on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Notes and Interest paid 555 59
Newspapers and Magazines ditto .... 30 00
Printing, Stationery and Postage ... 24 76
Fuel and Light 52 66
Insurance. 5 00
Rent 67 00
Salaries 141 66
Balance in hand 4 33
1,112 53
Note. — Members, 65 ; library, 571 vols.; reading room, 19 newspapers, 4 magazines,
5 reviews. Clear Assets, 6478.
PETERBOROUGH MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
s cts.
Balance in hand 73 78
Members' Subscriptions 247 50
Fees from Classes" 39 00
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 100 00
Interest 48 85
Miscellaneous 48 00
957 13
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 322 19
Expenditure for Evening Classes ... 156 00
Expenditure on Reading Room 101 73
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 19 50
Fuel, Light aud Water 63 25
Insurance 19 00
Rent and Taxes 59 17
Salaries 24 00
Miscellaneous 25 40
Balance in hand 146 89
957 13
Note. — Members, 243 ; library, 2,086 vols, j reading-room, 11 newspapers, 12 maga-
zines, 4 reviews ; classes, 16 pupils in 1876, and 6 in 1877 in arithmetic and mathematics,
15 in 1876, and 12 in 1877, in book-keeping and penmanship, 13 in 1876 and 8 in 1877, in
architectural and mechanical drawing. Clear Assets, $2,930.
This Institute is reported to be in a prosperous state, well managed, the classes efficiently
conducted and fairly attended, as also the library and reading room.
220
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
PORT ELGIN MECHANICS' INSTITUTE
Receipts.
f
Balance in hand 3
Members' Subscriptions 78
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments . 28
Legislative Grant 50
Miscellaneous
Balance due Treasurer. 8
ets
31
30
20
00
75
27
168 83
Note. — Members, 61 ; library, 1,017 vols. Clear Assets, .$1,087.
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant, 82 15
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 26 03
Salaries ,... 30 95
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 23 55
Miscellaneous Q 15
168 83
PORT HOPE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 88 66
Members' Subscriptions 360 50
Saie of periodicals 52 70
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rent of rooms 12 50
Miscellaneous 15 00
Balance due Treasurer 36 83
966
Expenditure.
with
Books bought in accordance
conditions of Grant
Expenditure for Evening Classes....
Expenditure on Reading room ....
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association, 2 years
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute..,
Fuel, Light and Water
Repairs and Furnishings
Insurance
Miscellaneous
$ cts.
202 04
236 88
264 20
40 00
122
97
51
35
32
17
3
00
13
58
19 966 19
Note. — Members, 122; library, 549 voK j reading room, 26 newspapers and periodicals;
es, 13 pupils in arithmetic and mathematics, 16 in book-keeping and penmanship, 13 in
English grammar and composition. Clear Assets, $774.
PRESTON MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 2 90
Members' Subscriptions 147 00
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 191 71
Miscellaneous 6 95
Expenditure.
748 56
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant ... . . .., 455
Expenditure on Reading Room .... 131
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Association 20
Printing. Stationery and Postage.... 7
Fuel and Light 25
Furnishings. 1
Insurance 11
Salaries 50
Balance in hand.. 46
$ cts.
00
71
00
40
53
20
40
00
32
748 56
221
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note. — Members, 76 ; library, 2,059 vols. ; reading room, 5 newspapers ; 9 maga-
zines ; 4 reviews ; 19 pupils in book-keeping and penmanship; Clear Assets, $3,484. —
The Directors express regret at the want of success in the important work of class instruction
during the past year, but express strong hopes of improvement in this respect in future. The
Institute, on the whole, is in a flourishing condition, out of debt, and possesses an extensive
library containing some of the best treatises in practical science, history and general litera-
ture, of which, and the reading room, the members have freely availed themselves.
RICHMOND HILL MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 28 98
Members' Subscriptions 42 00
Legislative Grant 100 00
Donations 18 50
Balance due Treasurer 1 75
191 23
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 145 16
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Asssociation 5 00
Stationery and Postage 95
Fuel and Light 25 00
Miscellaneous 3 12
Salaries 12 00
191 23
Note. — Members, 48; Library, 1,125 vols.
SARNIA MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 140 00
Fees from Classes 35 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 1 87
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rents of Rooms 303 83
Donations 107 85
Miscellaneous 75
989 30
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer 57 44
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant ... 336 80
Expenditure for Evening Classes ... 94 15
Expenditure on Reading Room 150 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' Insti-
tute Association 20 00
Books bought other than those under
the Statute .. 32 00
Newspapers and Magazines do 20 91
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 54 39
Fuel, Light and Water 64 80
Repairs and Furnishings 45 50
Insurance 3 94
Salaries .. 25 73
Miscellaneous . 29 08
Balance in hand.. 54 56
989 30
222
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note. — Members, 128; library, 453 vols.; 27 pupils in arithmetic, mathematics,
English grammar and composition ; Clear Assets, $1,711.
SEAFORTH MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions.... 218 00
Fees from Classes 214 50
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 40 00
Legislative Grant 400 00
Municipal Grant 100 00
Sale of papers and catalogues 43 70
Miscellaneous 14 34
1030 54
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer 71 58
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 23 20
Expenditure for Evening Classes... 365 00
Expenditure on Reading Room 223 41
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontaeio Mechanies' Insti-
tute Association 20 00
Books bought other th*n those under
the Statute 62 23
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 89 01
Fuel and Light 13 51
Furnishing 3 00
Insurance 13 00
Rent 50 00
Salaries 75 00
Miscellaneous 7 65
Balance in handt 13 95
1030 54
Note. — Members, 227 ; library, 971 vols. ; reading-room, 15 newspapers, 16 magazines,
and 4 reviews ; 1 concert and 2 readings ; classes, — 25 pupils in ornamental drawing; 27 in
elocution and 46 in music. Clear Assets, $1451.
SMITHS FALLS MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 4 76
Members' Subscriptions 120 00
Legislative Grant 200 00
324 76
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant. 316 00
Books bought other than those under
the statute 3 04
Balance in hand 5 72
324 76
Note. — Members, 73 ; library, 2274 vols. ; 1 reading. Clear Assets. $3405.
223
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
STRATFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 203 13
Members' Subscriptions 176 00
Fees from Classes 3 00
islative Grant 400 00
Town Grant , 50 00
Miscellaneous 24 00
856 13
Expenditure.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant
Expenditure for Evening Classes ...
Expenditure on Reading room
5 per cent, on Legislative Gaant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' institutes
Association
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage
Insurance
Salaries
Miscellaneous
Balance in hand
8 cts.
130 25
393 67
140 54
20 00
72 00
10 00
26 25
20 00
2 U0
41 42
856 13
Xote. — Members, 122; library, 2,300 vols. ; reading-room, 16 newspapers, 22 maga-
'zines and 4 reviews ; one lecture and one concert ; classes, 42 pupils in arithmetic and mathe-
matics, and 8 in telegraphy. Clear Assets, 83,011.
ST. CATHARINES MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
| cts.
M embers' Subscriptions 125 !■:■>
Rent of rooms 10 00
-lative Grant 400 00
Muicipal Grant 100 00
Miscellaneous 4 80
Balance due Treasurer 72 57
713 12
Expenditure.
8 cu.
Balance due Treasurer 1 02
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 431 11
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 4 00
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 7 30
Fuel, Light and Water 42 85
Buildings, Repairs and Furnishings. 102 22
Insurance 20 62
Salaries 84 00
713 12
Noie.— Members, 156; library, 2,497 vols. Clear Assets, 83,000
224
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
ST. MARY'S MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 50 17
Members' Subscriptions 223 OU
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 7 00
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rent of rooms ,.. 67 30
Donations 150 00
Miscellaneous 42
Balance due Treasurer.. 8 13
906 02
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 431 01
Expenditure on Reading room 207 72
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 15 00
Printing, Stationery and Postage 5 00
Fuel, Light and Water 27 00
Repairs and Furnishings 24 50
Insurance 30 00
Rent 120 00
Salaries.. 25 79
906 02
Note. — Members, 223; library, 2684 vols. ; reading-room, 12 newspapers, 5 magazines;
I lecture. Clear Assets, $2,385.
STRATHROY MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Members' Subscriptions 120 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 258 05
Legislative Grant 400 00
Donations 100 00
Miscellaneous 19 90
897 95
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer ...- 5 73
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 316 77
Expenditure on Reading Room 75 50
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institute
Association 20 00
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 40 78
Repairs and Furnishings 27 00
Insurance 5 00
Cost of Lectures aud Entertainments 242 80
Salaries 90 00
Balance in hand. 74 37
897 95
Note. —Members, 121 ; library, 1,375 vols. ; reading room, 27 newspapers; 6 maga
zines, 6 reviews ; 2 lectures, 2 readings ; Clear Assets, $1,661.
15
225
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
THOROLD MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 309 44
Members' Subscriptions 157 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 253 28
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rent of Rooms 36 00
Miscellaneous 38 58
1194 30
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of grant 580 13
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute ... 20 89
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 21 12
Fuel and Light 9 00
Insurance 15 00
Cost of Lectures and Entertain-
ments 76 10
Salaries 52 00
Rent 60 00
Balance in hand 340 06
1194 30
Note. — Members, 117; library, 2,340 vols. ; one Excursion and one Festival ; Clear
Assets, $5,440. Notwithstanding the continued [depression in business, the Institute has
made considerable progress during the past year • the library has been increased by a num-
ber of valuable books, and it continues to attract a large number of readers.
TORONTO MECHANICS' INSITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 12,348 73
Members' Subscriptions 2,155 70
Fees from Classes 646 0O
Legislative Grant 400 00
Fines 223 70
Donations 124 33
Newspapers 31 30
Interest 741 65
(^lass Requisites 56 80
Advertisments. 28 75
Mechanics' Institutes' Association. 20 00
Recreation Room Subscriptions.... 299 65
Receipts from Billiard Tables 5 1 7 00
Miscellaneous 16 48
17,610 09
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 269 43
Expenditure for Evening Classes. 794 84
Expenditure on Reading Room ... 100 00
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant
paid to Ontario Mechanics' In-
stitutes Association 20 00
Books bought other than those
under the Statute 397 32
Newspapers and Magazines do ... 127 03
Binding Books, Printing, Station-
ery, Postage and Advertising.. 546 55
Gas 380 37
Buildings, Repairs & Furnishings 685 38
Insurance 49 00
Salaries 1,741 75
Miscellaneous 90 73
Balance in hand 12,407 69
17,610 OH
Note. — Life Members, 64 ; Honorary Members, 10 ; Members, 640 ; Subscribers,
237 ; total, 951 ; library, 8,766 vols.; reading room 65 newspapers, 36 magazines, 9 reviews.
226
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A, 1878
Classes, 35 pupils in arithmetic and mathematics in 1876, and 42 in 1877 ; 41 pupils in
book-keeping- and penmanship in 1876, and 52 in 1 877 j 14 pupils in Architectural and
mechanical drawing in 1876, and 17 in 1877; 16 pupils in ornamental drawing in 1876,
and 21 in 1877 ; 51 pupils in English grammar and composition in 1876, and 69 in 1877 ;
13 pupils in French in 1877; 16 pupils in Phonography in 1876, and 19 in 1877 ; 14
pupils in Teligraphy in 1876, and 15 in 1877 ; 4 pupils in Wax Flowers in 1876 ; Clear
Assets, $26,220.
Notwithstanding the severe Commercial depression, the Institute continues to occupy a
high position, and its financial condition is, on the whole, satisfactory. The library and
reading room are extensively patronized, and the evening classes have been the means of im-
parting much needful information to a considerable number of the operative classes. The
attendance and conduct of the pupils are reported to have been highly satisfactory, some having
obtained 85 per cent, of marks at the final examinations. A new feature of the Institute
consists of a recreation room, which, under proper management, promises to be successful.
It is anticipated that by offering facilities for rational and innocent amusements, the number
of members will be increased, and that the youug in particular will be, in some measure at
least, protected against low and demoralizing influences.
UXBRIDGE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Bnlance in hand 5 18
Members' Subscriptions 171 50
Fees from Classes 135 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 127 25
Legislative Grant 400 00
Rent of Rooms 39 00
Miscellaneous 3 00
Expenditure.
with
Books bought in accordance
conditions of Grant
Expenditure on Evening Classes...
Expenditure on Reading Room
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association
Books bought other than those under
the statutes
Newspapers and Magazines ditto ..
Binding Books, Printing, Stationery
Postage ...
Fuel and Light ....
Repairs and Furnishings
Insurance.
Cost of Lectures and Entertainments
Salaries
Balance in hand
$ cts.
368 00
160 00
71 00
20 0()
73
00
27
15
36
40
16
25
21
00
14
20
27
35
40
00
6
58
880 93 | 880 93
Note. — Members, 183 ; library, 1,196 vols. ; reading room, 18 newspapers, 9 magazines,
4 reviews ; classes, 13 pupils in arithmetic and mathematics, 27 in book-keeping and penman-
ship, 11 in architectural and and mechanical drawing ; 8 concerts and readings. Clear
Assets, $1,547.
WATERDOWN MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
Balance in, hand
Members' Subscriptions
Legislative Grant
$ cts.
10 04
16 00
50 00
76 04
Expenditure.
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association
Stationery and Postage
Fuel and Light
$ cts.
2 50
46
60
Balance in hand 72 48
76 04
227
41 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Note — Members, 16 ; library, 1,185 vols. ; reading room, 2 magazines and 3 reviews.
Net Assets, $1,472.
WATERLOO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance 111 band 25 90
Members' Subscriptions 237 50
Fees from Classes 28 00
Net proceeds from Lectures and En-
tertainments 27 18
Legislative Grant 400 00
Miscellaneous 2 32
720 90
Expenditure.
% ct>.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 578 20
Expenditure for Evening Classes ... 28 50
5 per cent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 59 56
Printing, Stationery and Postage.... 7 43
Fuel and Light 3 00
Insurance 3 00
Rent 8 00
Miscellaneous 4 30
Balance in hand .. . 8 91
720 90
Note. — Members, 115 ; library, 736 vols.; 25 pupils in book-keeping and penmanship;
3 literary and musical entertainments. Clear Assets, $919.
WOODSTOCK MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
$ cts.
Balance in hand 42 32
Members' Subscriptions 339 45
Fees from Classes 62 00
Proceeds from Lectures and Enter-
tainments 28 40
Legislative Grant 400 00
Balance due Treasurer 11 46
883 63
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Balance due Treasurer 11 46
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 314 25
Expenditure for Evening Classes 129 06
Expenditure on Reading-room 150 00
5 per ceot. on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 20 00
Books, Newspapers and Magazines... 54 93
Binding books, Printing, Stationery
and Postage 25 93
Fuel, Light and Furnishings 28 00
Insurance 6 00
[Salaries 144 00
883 63
Note. — Members, 302 ; library, 2,739 vols. , reading-room, 12 newspapers, 21 maga-
incs, 5 reviews ; 1 lecture.
228
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
WROXETER MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.
Receipts.
Balance in hand
Members' Subscriptions.
Legislative Grant
1
cts.
160
59
47
44
38
18
Expenditure.
$ cts.
Books bought in accordance with
conditions of Grant 139 40
5 percent, on Legislative Grant paid
to Ontario Mechanics' Institutes
Association 2 00
Books bought other than those un-
der the Statute 16 6'
Insurance 19 50
Miscellaneous 3 22
Balance in hand 65 40
246 21
Note. — Members, 61 ; library, 660 vols. Clear Assets, $755.
246 21
229
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
83oimttis$iot«iJ of 16ptailf ttra ati& §6ui$*
APPENDIX (D).
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF
ONTARIO, FOR 1877.
EEPORT OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE PROVINCE
OF ONTARIO FOR THE YEAR 1877.
To the Honourable the Commissioner of Agriculture.
Sir) — Jt is again my pleasant duty to hand you the Annual Report of the Fruit Growers'
Association, which will be found to contain a full account of the transactions of this Society
for the year 1877
The past season has been very favourable to the fruit culturist in all the fruits of our
climate, with the exception of our great staple fruit, the apple. Of this there was a fair supply
of those varieties which ripen in the summer and fall : but we have not enough of winter
apples to meet the wants of our own people. The plum crop was very abundant, and the
grapes never were better in flavour or greater in quantity. Small fruits were plentiful and
good, and the crop of peaches larger than usual.
The meetings of the Association have been well attended, and the discussions full of
interest and information The beneficial effect of these meetings in arousing attention and
imparting information, is acknowledged with thanks on erery hand ; and the influence of the
Society in stimulating the propagation of new seedling fruits of good quality, is beginning to
be felt. Many thanks are due to our enthusiastic hybridists for their painstaking efforts to
improve several of our fruits. The Association is actively scattering the results of their labours
through all parts of the Province, so that all who wish can readily and cheaply enjoy the
benefits thereof.
Hoping that you will find by the Reports that the Association is faithfully and success-
fully working out the ends it was designed to achieve,
I have the honour to remain.
Your most obedient servant,
D. W. Beadle, Secretary.
230
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.
The Annual Meeting was held in the City Hall, in the City of London, on Tuesday
evening, the 25th September, 1877.
The President called the Meeting to order at 8 o'clock.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last annual meeting.
The Directors submitted their Report, which was as follows : —
DIRECTORS' REPORT.
Another year of the history of our Association is closing, and your Directors appear be-
fore you with the brief summary of the proceedings of the year. There has been nothing in
the management to bring specially before you. We nave followed very closely in the usual
course of our predecessors, holding our meetings in the manner and about the time observed
in former years. These have been attended by the members residing in the vicinity, with a
few from more distant points ; and the discussions have been animated and interesting. The
winter meeting was held in the City of Hamilton, on the 7th of February ; the summer
meeting at Stratford on the 18th of July ; and the autumn meeting is appointed to be held
on the 30th of October, at Port Hope.
There was unusual delay in the printing of the Report of 1876, though the manuscript
was in the hands of Government in good time, arising from causes over which we had no con-
trol, so that it was not mailed to the members until quite into the summer of 1877. It is very
desirable that our Report should be distributed as soon after New Years' as possible ; and we
hope that the efforts which the Department is making to have it printed earlier in future may
prove successful. It has been decided to illustrate the next Report with a coloured lithograph
of Arnold's new hybrid apple, the " Ontario." a tree of which it is intended to present to all
the members in the spring of 1879.
Arrangements have been made to distribute a plant of the "Burnet" grape to each
member next spring. We believe that this will prjve one of the most valuable grapes ever
sent out ; and that the hardiness of the vine, size, beauty, and quality of the fruit, and early
period of ripening, will place it high in the estimation of our members, — as high as the greatly
esteemed and worthy President himself, whose honoured name it bears.
Xo arrangements have been made for the distribution of any trees or plants beyond the
spring of 1879, hence upon our successors will devolve the burden of selecting some promising
fruits for dissemination in future years, in time to have them propagated in sufficient quantity
for that purpose. Of late years the Directors have recognized the principle of giving prefer-
ence to fruits of Canadian origin, where their qualities were such as gave promise of adapta
tion to our climate, and of their becoming a valuable addition to our list of fruits.
Our membership at present is smaller than it has been for several years past, being now
but a very little over one thousand. The causes of this falling off have been various. While
the hard times has not been without its share in bringing about this diminution, there have
been other causes at work, and prominently among them have been disappointment in the
trees and plants received througli the Association. Some have been disappointed because the
articles sent were not of larger size ; some because they were not in all respects what they
expected ; and more because what they did get failed to grow. One great cause of the failure
to grow, is to be found in the fact that the trees were often most sadly abused after they
arrived at their place of destination. No care was taken to preserve them ; perhaps the per-
son to whom the parcel was addressed, opened the bundle, took out his own tree, and left the
others exposed to dry up and die, without any care for those belonging to his neighbours.
Many instances have been reported to your. Secretary of the trees being found in this condi-
tion, perhaps yet in the Express Office, sometimes in the corner of some store or grocery, or
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41 Victoria, ■ Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
under some tavern-keeper's shed, withered, dry, and dead. How to ohviate these evils has
been a question that has had the serious consideration of several of your Boards of Directors,
and we commend the subject to the thoughtful attention of our successors. It may be that
the best solution will yet prove to be that of sending out only trees and plants of such a size
as may be transported in the mails, and addressing each member's tree to him direct through
the post-office.
We have to call the attention of this meeting to a change that has been made by our
Legislature, at its last session, in the number of the Board of Directors and their mode of
election. By the provisions of the Act now in force, it is made the duty of this meeting to
elect a President, Vice-President, and thirteen Directors, — one for each of the thirteen agri-
cultural divisions, and within which division he shall be a resident ; and the officers so elected
shall elect from amongst themselves or otherwise, a secretary and a treasurer, or a secretary-
treasurer. Hence it will be seen that this meeting has no longer to do with the election of
the Secretary or Treasurer of the Association, but that officer is to be chosen by the officers
whom you elect at this meeting. The President aud Vice-President are not restricted as to
their place of residence, but may reside in any part ol the Province, while each Director must
reside in the agricultural division which he represents.
In compliance with the resolutions passed at the last annual meeting, which instructed
the Directors to require security satisfactory to the Board, from the Secretary-Treasurer, to
the extent of $2,000, your Directors have accepted from that officer the guarantee of the
Canada Guarantee Company to the amount of $2,000, in favour of this Association.
The financial condition of our Association is fully set forth in the Treasurer's Report,
which is submitted herewith.
The Treasurer then submitted his Report, which was as follows :—
TREASURER'S REPORT.
Receipts.
Balance from last year $123 44
Centennial Grant 2 000 00
From sale of Fruit 15 00
From Members' Fees 1,009 00
From Centennial Commissioners for transportation 114 60
Government Grant, 1877 1,000 00
$4,262 04
Disbursements.
Prizes , $105 00
Plants 692 5n
' Coloured plates 320 00
Director's expenses 442 4,:;
Commissions collecting fees ... 35 7S
Mailing reports and postage 38 28
Stationery and printing 54 86
Advertising 7 76
Clerk 50 00
Auditors 20 00
Express and telegraph 16 77
Room for meetings 9 00
Guarantee premium, .. . 20 00
Secy-Treasurer salary 200 00
Centennial expenses, less $84.20 paid last year 1917 05
Balance in Treasury 332 56
$4,262 04
2:^2
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Of the Centennial expenses the sum of $656.33 was expended in defraying the expense?
of delegates to Philadelphia to take charge of the fruit, and see to the arrangement and
display.
The President then delivered his Annual address:
ANNUAL ADDRESS.
The return of the Provincial Fair, and the annual meeting of the Fruit Growers' Associ-
ation, bring with them the recurring 'luty of addressing you on some of the many subjects
connected with fruit culture. Usually annual addresses are full of congratulations, and seo-
erally begin and end with these common themes. For years it has been my good fortune to
be in a position to express not only my satisfaction, but the satisfactory expression of every
member of our association, at the progress and development of the fruit interests connected
with our Society. Similar expressions must be tempered this year, as the climatic changes
have not been auspicious to fruit growing. A most abundant promise in spring has been
followed by a very poor fruit crop, apples being almost a failure. The show of buds and
blossoms were something wonderful. Two occasions of early frost, however, not only destroyed
the buds, but even the branchlets to which they were attached. In some instances the latter
frost destroyed the trees, and especially our pear trees. There can be little room lett for
doubt that the frost acted on the tree as if it had been blighted : a speedy application of the
knife, however, in many cases preserving the limbs. A fond fancy leads to the indulgence of
what may be a conceited notion, that similar causes account for the ordinary blight, viz : frosty
and cold winds.
In some districts our fruit-growers had no cause to complain of the crop of small fruits.
Strawberries were very abundant, and as a rule, very good. Seasonable rains helped them
much. The same may be said of raspberries, currants, gooseberries and pears. They were
very prolific, and made a fair return for outlay and labour. Peaches are abundant almost
everywhere. Had the amount of peach-orchard corresponded in any adequate proportion to
the demand for the fruit, the pecuniary advantages to be reaped would have been very great.
The season's yield has given an impetus to the planting of peach trees, which was greatly
needed — the ill success of peach growing for years past, having damped the ardour of peach
culturists. Grapes are an enormous crop, and early ripe. Plums are extra good, and most
abundant, amply rewarding the toil of the husbandman. Apples are a failure. What of the
crop the frost and caterpillars left has been sadly damaged by the ravages of the codlin moth.
We may add, however, as often happen in years of scarcity, the samples are good. There is
little to find fault with in the specimens of fruit at our Provincial Exhibition, and frequeut
remarks have been heard how agreeably disappointed many have been at the amount of good
fruit at the show. Fruit matters have, as a rule, been quiet during the season. Our inter-
ests have suffered, less or more, with all civil and commercial interests during the continuance
of the hard commercial times through which we have been passing. When one member of
the body politic suffers all the members suffer with it. A lull, too, was to be expected after
the strenuous efforts which, as an association, you put forth at the Centennial. Our members
attention cannot always be on the stretch.
You will allow me, perhaps, to express my regret, which may be considered as a reminder
of our duty, that we did not put in appearance and make any representation of any fruits at
the recent meeting of the American Pomological Society at Baltimore. I had invitation upon
invitation from the venerable and hon. President of the Society, but felt myself unable to
act as I would have liked, under our circumstances.
During the year a notable Act for the Eucouragement of .Agriculture, Horticulture,
Arts and Manufactures passed the Legislature. The formation of Horticultural Societies in
cities, towns and incorporated villages receives a large amount of encouragement, participating
in all the privileges and grants accorded to Electoral District Societies.
We should have liked to have seen in the new Act that the grants to the cities of the
Province had been equalized, and that St. Catharines and Brantford had beeu included in the
beneficent arrangements of the Government. Both St. Catharines and Brautford are famous
horticultural ceQtres.
Our own association comes in for a share of the attention of our legislators.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The Hon. Mr. Wood was always ready to listen to the suggestions of your Direction, and
although the whole of the amendments to the Act brought before his notice have not been
inserted, there are changes introduced which in the long run will greatly benefit your society.
At this annual meeting you shall elect thirteen Directors, one for each of the thirteen agri-
cultural divisions, and within which division the Director elected shall be a resident.
In present circumstances this may seem a hardship, and even a difficulty, but in the
future this arrangement will greatly advance our Provincial horticultural interests. The in-
creased expense connected with the increased number of Directors may lead you to take steps
to ask for an increased legislative grant.
The plans which your Direction have instituted for the well-being of the society meet with
a fair share of success The tree and plant distribution has assumed large proportions, and
is productive of good results. Favourable reports have been received of the plants and trees
already distributed, and of the very general satisfaction they have given to our members.
The Directors of the Association have taken a new departure, and now distribute trees and
plants the creation of our own hybridists. They have been anxious that the proverb shall be
no longer verified, that a prophet is not without honour save in his own country. They now
send out, therefore, and give the preference to, the home productions of our own members.
Glass' seedling plum is proving a good grower, and giving abundant promise. Next spring
Dempsey's seedling grape, " the Burnet." will be distributed. The savans among us declare
that this grapevine is the king of all seedling grapes. Time will tell. We hear of competi-
tors of no mean quality looming up in the distance. We heartily wish all success to all pre-
sent, and to all future hybridists.
We have continued the illustrations of our Annual Report to Government, and although
the strain on the means at the disposal of your Board is great, yet the result enconrages them
to proceed in the good work. People learn almost as much by the eye as they do with the
mind, and. in the end, these illustrations will form a valuable adjunct to the horticultural! st
in serving to help him make a choice of excellent varieties for cultivation.
The discussions at our different meetings seem to gain in interest, and are gradually
acquiring a wider scope. Our summer meeting at Stratford elicited a large amount of valu-
able information, and it will be long before the courtesy of Messrs. Jarvis, Woods, Hanson,
and the other members of the Stratford Horticultural Society are forgotten.
The earnest and indefatigable labours of our hybridists for years past have been leading
our efforts and discussions in the direction of new, hardy, and prolific varieties of fruit trees,
but in vain do we discuss the production of suitable trees, if the circumstances, which sur-
round us render their growth impossible or unproductive. Almost insuperable difficulties in
fruit growing paralyse the efforts of the horticulturist. "Eternal vigilance is the price of
good fruit ; ' say to the contrary who may. In a season during which these difficulties have
singularly abounded, it perhaps will be befitting that I direct your attention to a few of these
difficulties, and the mode and manner in which the best and most devoted of our horticultur-
ists overcome them. What an alarming list they make. The caterpillar, curculio, pear slug,
canker and currant worms, the aphis and red spider, the grasshopper and phylloxera, the cod-
ling moth and borer, and last, but not least, the blight, blackknot, bark louse, frost and
mildew.
Well may the fruit-culturist stand aghast, and almost in despair give up iiis labours in
hopeless prospect of success.
My object is not to treat our insect pests, and their depredations philosophically, or
even entomologically ; that is in abler hands among us ; but briefly to enumerate in one
paper, and shortly to state the most efficient means known for the sure accomplishment of
their destruction.
SMALL FRUITS, AND THEIR INSECT DEPREDATIONS.
First in order come the currants, red, white, and black. None of these are worm proof.
They have all numerous and destructive enemies. The inveterate leader of these hordes is
the currant borer, " a small whitish grub with brown head and legs, which lives in the stems
of the bushes, burrowing up and down, making them so hollow and weak as to be liable to
break with every wind," The eggs are deposited by the parent, which in general appearance
is not unlike a wasp, from the 10th to the 15th of June, which in a few days are hatched,
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
when the small worms eat their way to the centre of the stern, where they burrow up and
down until full grown. A most effectual remedy, and the only one claiming the attention of
the fruit culturist, is to cut out the affected stems and consign them to the fire pile% Another
potent enemy is the currant caterpillar, or measuring worm as it is called, which in its vor-
acity strips the plants of every leaf, and only desists when the tree is under bare poles. The
caterpillar is yellow, marked with rows of black, roundish spots along the back, and in its
movements forms a bow, which it bends and unbends in its forward progress The moth
which is the parent of this caterpillar is of a dull yellow colour, with brownish spots dotted
over the wings. This insect deposits its eggs late in the summer, fastening them to the stems
of the bush, where they do not hatch till the following spring. Hellebore is an effectual cure.
We have always been in the habit of applying the poison with a watering pot. Since Mr.
Van Wagner's " duster " came into our possession, we nave applied the hellebore dry, after
watering the bushes, and have found this mode of application serve every practical purpose.
The gooseberry saw-fly is also an enemy to the currant. Its ravages begin in early
spring. The leaves no sooner appear than this pest deposits its eggs in great profusion on
the underside of the leaves. So speedy is the deatruction of these voracious worms, that in a
few days the leaves entirely disappear. When well gorged they are of a dull yellow colour,
and when in that state hegin to weave their cocoons, from which the flies emerge at the end
of June or beginning of July. They appear less or more throughout the summer, and un-
ceasing vigilance is necessary to counteract their ravages. The same remedy is effectual in
their destruction, viz. : repeated doses of hellebore. In my garden they were singularly
plentiful this spring. On a yellow flowering Ribes in the neighbourhood of a sheltering wall,
they stripped every leaf off in an incredibly short time, and when disturbed actually covered
the ground with a beautiful carpet of yellowish green colour. The pupae of the later broods
remain, as a general rule, in the ground till the following spring, when they emerge as eagerly
bent as ever on the work of destruction, to the infinite detriment of the horticulturist.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.
The roots, canes, leaves, flowers and fruit of the raspberry have all their peculiar enemies.
We have never seen any enemy affect the root, but this arises from the difficulty we have had
in making a proper approach to unearth this evil.
The Red-necked Agrilus attacks the canes of the raspberry and blackberry in early spring.
Their depredations are marked by an ugly swelling, which indicates the presence of the larvae of
this pest. The cane has all the appearance of being slashed, and under the ridges between
the slashings will be found a small borer. The body is slim, yellow, approaching to white,
composed of a chain of bead-like sections, with the anterior ones considerably flattened, adapt-
ing it greatly to carry out its depredations. It bores through the cane into the sap, lives
there, traversing up and down the cane to secure abundance of sap-food. The head is brown,
jaws black, and the whole body is about three-fourths of an inch long. In May the larvae
reach the pith-core, there undergo their change, and early in summer the beetle appears. She
deposits her eggs in July, and thus this circle of destruction is continually kept up.
One. and only one, effectual remedy is at the disposal of the fruit-culturist, and that is
to cut out the affected canes and commit them to the flames. Too great care cannot be
observed when trimming the vines in the spring to see that all the affected stems are
eliminated.
The raspberry cane-borer is another potent, enemy of this culture. The beetle is half an
inch h>ng, long-horned, slim black body, the thorax and breast pale yellow. They first appear
in June, and after pairing, girdle the canes with a double circle about an inch and a half
apart. Between the girdled circles the cane is punctured, an egg deposited, and hatched in
a few days. The wound causes the cane to droop, and as they begin their destructive work
and continue it throughout the most of July, the estimated damage is not easily realized. A
free use of pruning shears is the only effectual remedy, topping the cane, so that the part,
operated on by the beetle is completely destroyed.
THE RASPBERRY SAW-Fl.Y.
This is a four-winged fly, and appears in its winged state about the end or middle of May.
This insect has dark metallic wings, the body is dark, and the abdomen dull red. She
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
deposits her eggs beneath the skin of the leaf by means of a saw-like apparatus, and in due
time the young larvae appear, and when full grown are three-quarters of an inch. They pene-
trate the ground, and construct little oval earthy cocoons, in which they remain until the
following spring.
THE STRAWBERRY LEAF-RO' LER.
They are thus named from rolling up leaves with their web, to form a tent for protection.
1 u_euious!y enough they provide for being disturbed by securing an opening at the open of the
folded leaves, through which they descend to the ground by means of a self-made thread.
Their larvae attain their full size at the end of May or beginning of June, then line the
twisted leaf in which they live with their web, and undergo their change. After the lapse of
a few weeks they make their egress in the form of a perfect moth. The effectual remedy is
to crush the leaf with clippers in the shape of butter prints from the middle to the end of
June. There is no need to make examination of the death of the chrysalid, being1 satisfied
that the chrysalids have not escaped in the moths ; a slight squeeze completely destroys the
inhabitant.
THE RASPBERRY NEGRO BUG.
In eating raspberries we are sometimes disgusted with a disagreeable bugyy odour. The
insect that causes this uninviting flavour, is black, with a white stripe on each side. He is a
compact, dutchy fellow, seldom seen till it is too late to give him a wide berth. A sucker of
rather singular construction enables him to fir^t pierce and then suck the juices from the fruit.
June and July are the seasons favoured with the countless increase of these noxious pests.
We have never heard of any effectual plan of lessening these pestilential fellows. They are
not very fastidious in their likings attacking not only the valuable and cultivated varieties of
raspberries, but also the wild sorts ; and they luxuriate on other plants of a less profitable
nature, such as Purslane, Speedwell, and the like.
THE ENEMIES OF THE STRAWBERRY.
The strawberry false-worm has been very destructive to the strawberry-plants during the
past summer. Mr. A. M. Smith, of Drumm.ndville, sent me along on trial some new variety,
and they completely riddled the leaves, and finally killed three-fourths of the plants. The
average length of the larvae when full grown is about six-tenths of an inch, pale white-greenish
skin, semi-transparent, and eight pairs of prolegs. These creatures also form cocoons by
-ticking together small fragments of earth, and in these make their change.
THE BLACK STRAWBERRY BEETLE
Is another pest of common occurrence, very active and destructive. The beetle is " about
three twentieths of an inch long, dark body, and wing covers spotted with black, and orna-
mented with regular rows of punctures which disappear towards the tip." We are not aware
that any remedy has been found readily destructive of the insect.
A CUT WORM.
This enemy is a uight worker, and requires careful watching. A patch of Xicanor of
mine, at Hamilton, once nearly disappeared, until I had a visit from the late Mr. Mesten, who
unearthed the caterpillar, and taught me how to destroy him. In many respects he is not
unlike in his habits to the cut-worm that attacks young cabbage-plants newly set out. and
nips them off just on a level with the ground, and buries himself in the day-time. He is an
inch and a half long, coiled up when at rest, and when jerked from his hiding-place rolls along
like a perfect ring. The colour is dull-green, and semi-transparent. They enter the chrysalis
state at the end of June, and the moths appear about the middle of August. The only remedy
is to search and unearth them in their caterpillar state — a sure guide to the discovery being
the leaves of the vine being either partially or wholly cut, and dropping on the ground.
23fi
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
THE INSECTS AFFECTING THE CHERRY.
The greatest enenjy the cherry has is the white and black Aphis. They breed in vast
numbers under the leaves, which curl, it seems, for their protection The insect is small
transparent, bright-eyed, and long-legged. Its eggs are deposited under the leaves at the end
of June and the first of July. Their food is the juices of the leaves, and their ravages are
often to such an extent that the trees are killed outright.
Having killed oue of my cherry-trees, after its death they attached themselves to the
places where I had severely pruned and grafted a yellow Bellfiower. iSo remedy is known to
me worthy of mention but that of destroying them by hand, whenever the clusters begin to
appear.
THE CHERRY CURCULIO
Is most destructive to the fruit. It not unfrequeutly happens that the caterpillar is found by
twos and threes in the same fruit. They render the cherry worthless, and, uudestroyed, soon
increase to such an extent as frustrates the whole labour of the cultivator.
INSECTS AFFECTING- THE PLUM.
The greatest insect enemy of this fruit is the curculio, a " little Turk," as he has been
termed from the crescent-like wounds on the. fruit. This beetle is of a deep grey colour,
approaching to black, about two-tenths of an iuch in length. It is in its general contour as
like the seed of some of the tine varieties of grapes as it can well be. The formidable instru-
ment which renders him so destructive is his snout or proboscis. With this the beetle pierces
the tender skin of the plum, and therein deposits the ova. I have, with the point of my pen-
knife often removed the egg immediately after the operation, and thus saved the plum.
The insect " undergoes transformation in about fifteen or twenty days, in the month of
June or beginning of July. The larvse that uo into the earth as late as the 20th of July,
remain there in the pupa state until next spring.
The only successful tight that can be made against the enemy is "jarring " A curculio
catcher is a simple but efficient instrument, consisting of a sheet stretched by a framework on
a common haud-barrow without the sides, leaving a space in front at the wheel for the admis-
sion ot the trunk of the tree. A ball of rubber or rags, and a wooden mallet complete the
outfit, and the cultivator is ready to make his appearance. A sudden stroke with the mallet
on the rubber laid on the trunk, brings down the curculio in an apparent dead state, during
which he is readily captured.
Black knot of late years has become a serious evil to the plum-grower. Some years a^o it
was unknown in Western Canada ; now it is everywhere common except in a tew favoured locali-
ties,such as Owen Souud and Meaford. It is understood to be formed by a fungus, which appears
as a vegetable goitre, aud to save the tree requires immediate application of the knife. No
particular plum-tree is proof against black knot. On the common blue plum it is siugularly
abundant. What a melancholy sight it is for one to see certain fruit-growers preparing a rod
to pickle for themselves, by allowing the black-knotted trees to stand in their orchard year after
year without the least attempt to rid themselves of the evil. Fungoid forms are produced from
spores, these spores ripen every season just as regularly as other seed-bearing plants, and
warmth, winds and rains disseminate the germs, which being deposited in convenient resting-
places, are ready next season to develop and ruu over again their destructive course. Cut
out unsparingly black knot, whenever itkppears, and burn with all convenient speed.
ROT
is another difficulty with which the plum-grower has to conteud. No truly philosophical or
reasonable account has been presented of its origin. Conditions of rot have been amply des-
cribed, but no certainty as regards its true origin has ever been presented. Speculations are
rife. Horticulture is an ample field for speculation. The only remedy known to us is to
thin out the affected specimens and destroy them. Leaving the injured fruit ou the tree
or ou the ground almost equals the folly of allowing blackknot to develop aud spread its pro-
pagating spores.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH.
Foremost is the peach borer. This insect is Dot unlike a wasp — the markings are similar.
Tt is unnecessary, however, to be very particular in the description of the perfect insect, as I
know of no means to entrap him for his destruction. The only effectual means of destroying
this pest is to use the knife, when he is doing the damage under cover of the protecting bark.
The eggs are deposited, generally between wind and water, ju-t at the neck of the tree. The-e
deposits are made at the end of July and beginning of August. The pupa state lasts in warm
summer weather about three weeks. Their whereabouts is easily seen by their faeces, and
the exudation of gum from the injured part. Having carefully removed the larvae, if any.
by means of the knife, wrap round the neck of the tree a piece of cotton cloth, covering the
trunk to the extent of three or four inches, and reaching closely to the ground Better
still would this appliance be if made from the period the tree is planted, and anterior to the
deposition of the eggs in the tender bark.
For trial by our peach culturists, I may mention a plan successfully pursued by growers
on the other side of the lines, viz : — The mounding system, in which a bank of earth is made
around each free, tor three successive years to the height of about a foot each year, the
mound averaging a width of about six.
INSECTS AFFECTING THE VINE.
The list of the many insect foes which attack the foliage and fruit of the vine, as given
by Mr. Saunders, London, is most alarming. The green grape-vine sphinx, the beautiful
wood nymph, the pearl wood nymph, the grape-vine leaf roller, ?the grape vine plume moth,
the grape cidaria, the common yellow woolly bear, the spotted pelidnota. the grape vine flea
beetle, the grape vine seed insect, the thrips, the grape leaf gall louse, the tree cricket, and
last not least the honey bee. We spare you, gentlemen, in not giving the jaw-breaking tech-
nical terms of these depredators — the vernacular is enough, and after giving them are ready
to draw a long breath.
THE GREEN GRAPE-VINE SPHINX
caterpillar is a determined enemy of the vine, and is easily recognized by a horn on his hinder
extremity. The moths of the grape vine sphinx appear about the 20th of May, and begin in
a few days to deposit their eggs upon the leaves. They are developed in about a week. The
caterpiller is most ravenous, and in an incredibly short time destroys the leaves. The remedy
is to hand pick and destroy them. If allowed to remain and develop they descend the vine
and bind a few leaves together with their filmy cords, and there remain in their chrysalid
state till they change into a beautiful green moth, large and powerful on the wing. It enters
on its destructive work like other evil workers, in the dark.
THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF ROLLER
is well known to all grape growers. This moth is double brooded, and first appear in June
and August, and secondly in July and September. The eggs are deposited on the leaves,
and whenever they develop they roll the leaf as one would a bit of paper into a match, and
make it their hiding place. Is requires no little dexterity to catch them, being exceedingly
active, they are apt to escape by end of the rolled leaf before the searcher is aware of it-
THE GRAPE VINE FLE.\ BEETLE.
has been very destructive of late years in Essex. They penetrate and suck the fruit buds and
render the grape entirely barren. These beetles appear in April and continue their evil
habits till May. Their orange coloured eggs are deposited under the leaves, which hatch in
a few days, and pierce the leaves with innumerable small holes, in June they descend into
the ground, burrow and there make their change into chrysalids. No definite plan has yet
been discovered to get rid of these|pests.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Mo. 1.) A. 1878
THE THRIPS
are the best known of the vine pests, The eggs are deposited on the leaves in June, and when
hatched, the young insects puncture the leaves and suck the sap. The yellow spots on the
leaves speedily testify to their diligence, and the destruction of the crop is the consequence.
The remedy in and around Cincinnati, and at Stooey Creek, is to shake the vines in the
stillness of a summer night, and walk up and down the rows with lighted torches. The com-
plete removal of all leaves, or other roughness, in the neighborhood, either late in the fall or
early spring, will also lesson their numbers, as the survivors are destroyed by exposure o
the cold.
THE PHYLLOXERA OR ROOT LOUSE.
This creature attacks the roots of the vines. In France whole vineyards have been de-
stroyed throughout laree districts by these hostile pests, and much attention is now bestowed
on its ravages, both in Europe and America.
The winged insects appear in July, August and September, but the work of destruction
proceeds with unabated pace from early spring till late autumn. The root-louse, as the phyl-
loxera is sometimes called, punctures the tips of the rootlets, and thus cuts off the regular
supply of sap needed for the plant. No remedy has been yet propounded which meets the
urgency of the case. Soot mixed with the soil has been thought of benefit, but vine growers
have been more indebted to predacous parasites than to any particular artificial means of
destruction yet discovered for the annihilation of these pests.
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR AND APPLE :
THE CODLING MOTH.
This is, perhaps, the most pernicious of all the injurious insects with which the fruit
culturist has to contend. Its ravages have become so clamant that the united efforts of hor-
ticulturists everywhere should be put forth for its diminution.
It would tend greatly to enhance the law of compensation, if the small apple crop of the
present season should amply repay apple growers for their present anxiety for the shortness
of the apple crop, by its proving the ruin of the codling moth. It may prove a simple but
natural way of stamping out its ravages. The loss of fruit buds ensures the loss of the eggs
of the codling moth. Next season we may be comparatively free from this pest.
The codling moth appears as a winged insect just as the apple blossoms begin to opeu.
She deposits her egg in the calyx of the apple, and the larvae grow with its growth ; their
presence always prematurely ripens the apple, and the same may be said of the pear.
We are persuaded that the best and easiest way to overcome this evil is to turn the pigs
into the orchard. Mr. Ritchie, of Bayfield, has done this for years, and has almost ceased
to fear the ravages of the codling moth.
Mr. Springer, Wellington Square, employs bands of empty salt bags, tied around the
trunks, and examines the bands once or twice a week for the pupge and unchanged larvae.
He has almost got rid of this destructive pest.
CANKER WORMS.
We are not concerned about the different kinds of canker worms — it is enough for us
that we and others have to lament their cruel ravages. Lately, at the New York State Fair
at Rochester, in conversation with a veteran horticulturist, he declared that a fresh tar band
around the apple tree trunks effectually checked the larvae. The female is wingless, and if
the tarry band is freshened with repeated applications, a stop is put to the depredation.
These bands should be applied after the apple crop is secured in the fall, and kept up till the
month of June.
THE " FOREST TENT CATEPILLAR " (C. Sljlvatica).
The ravages of this caterpillar have been most destructive over a large portion of On-
tario during the present season. Had a fire passed through our orchards it could not have
2:39
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. Ib78
left our apple trees under more barren poles. Tne eggs of this pest are dexterously glued
to the terminal branches of the trees in the month of July, and continue there till the loth
or 20th of May. At the first approach of genial weather they develop into perfect caterpil-
oar<. and commence the work of destruction. At night they congregate in a crotch or fork,
and c m easily be destroyed by an application of the spirits of ammonia. This may be done
by means of a sponge or other convenient appliances.
THE PEAR TREE LEAP SLUG.
This offensive pest may be destroyed with a home made sand or dry earth pepper box.
A thorough application once or twice in spring, and again in September, when the second
brood appear, will effectually rid the orchard of this pest.
BLIGHT ON THE APPLE AND PEAR TREE.
For some years this disease has been very prevalent throughout Ontario, and in some of
the Northern States of the Union. Its characteristics this season have been entirely differ-
ent from those of former years. It has attacked the tips of the young apple trees, the fruit
buds of the pear, and has generally ceased its ravages after penetrating the branches a few
inches beyond the first affected parts. We may truthfully affirm that most people are in en-
tire ignorance of the causes of this disease. We are inclined to lay the burden of the offence
on Boreas. His cold winds injure the tender stems, disorganize the sap vessels, and leave
tiie limbs a blighted mass. If proof were needed, it might be found in the double blight-
ness of the past spring, accompanying two frosty nights. Fungus may be a philosophical
word, and men may use it philosophically enough, but to me it would seem when the vital
organisims of the apple and pear are injured by the cold, that the matter of which the
branches are composed, assumes other shapes, develops other organisms, and appears to our
inspection as fungoid excrescences, which, for want of better terms, we call fungus.
I have again greatly trespassed on your patience and forbearance by my lengthened
address. My only apology is a desire to further the interests of horticulture, not so much
among the members of the F. G. A. of Ontario now present, who are intimately acquainted
with these matters, as among a large and increasing class in our Province, who are acquiring
town and country lots, to whom the pleasures and profits of horticulture are little known and
less appreciated. If any of you think it a queer way to do this by exhibiting the difficulties
attaching to truit culture, I merely answer, to be forewarned is to be forearmed. Difficulties
overcome add to the zest of the pleasures realized. There are few valuable and pleasurable
occupations without corresponding drawbacks.
Pursue, gentlemen, your laudable and successful efforts for the furtherance of fruit in-
terests, and your self-denying labours will in the end be crowned with the plaudits of an en-
riched, happy, and contented people. Flag not, until you have diffused the civilizing
influences of Pomona throughout the length and breadth of our land ; remit no effort to bring
horticulture into favourable repute, until every farmer and possessor of land derives the ad-
vantages which you so fully estimate, and which are to be so successfully obtained from the
cultivation of fruit and fruit trees. Many portions of our Province have as yet scarcely
heard of your efforts. Cease not to agitate horticultural questions and interests until every
township has its show, and at every Provincial Exhibition the tables groan with the rich and
luscious products of Pomona.
Kobert Burnet,
President.
The address was listened to most attentively. At its close, —
Mr. Win. Saunders, of London, moved a hearty vote of thanks to the Chairman, and
spoke very highly of its general excellence. He also added the request that the Report be
furnished the Secretary, and published in the annual proceedings of the Association.
Mr. H. M. Switzer, of Palermo, seconded the motion, which was unanimously passed.
Mr. Legge, of St. Mary's, gave his experiences as to the eradication of caterpillars, saying
in his district they were the greatest pests in July, and if overcome then they were easily got
the better of.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
Mr. Mackenzie-Bowell, M. P., proposed there-election of Dr. Burnet, coin [iliinenting kini
highly on his abilities.
Mr. W. Mackenzie Ross, of Chatham, seconded the motion, which was carried unani-
mously.
Mr. Wm. Saunders moved, seconded by Win. Roy, the election of Mr Win, Haskins as
Vice-President. Carried.
The following Directors were elected : — District No. 1, John Croyle, Aultsville ; No. 2
P. E. Bucke, Ottawa ; No. 3, F. H. Hora, Glen Lawrence ; No. 4, P. C. Dempsey, Albury ;
No. 5. C. B. Salter, Port Hope ; No. 6, Geo. Leslie, jr., Toronto ; No. 7, Oliver Springer,
Wellington Square ; No. 8, A. M. Smith, Drummondville ; No. 9, Chas. Arnold, Paris ; No.
10, Wm Roy, Owen Sound : No. 11, Wm. Saunders, London ; No. 12, W. Mackenzie Ross,
Chatham ; No 13, Henry Robertson, Collingwood.
The Directors subsequently met, and re-elected D. W. Beadle, of St. Catherines, as
Secretary-Treasurer.
AUDITOR'S REPORT.
lo the President and Directors of the Fruit Growers' Association, of Ontario.
Gentlemen, — We, the undersigned Auditors, have carefully examined the account-book
of your Secretary-Treasurer, aud compared each item with the voucher therefor, and have
found the same correct. We find the balance in the treasury to be $o32.56.
Respectfully submitted.
Robert Roy, ) ....
Angus Sutherland, \ am™-
REPORT OF COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO EXAMINE THE TREASURER'S
DISBURSEMENTS.
lo the 1'resident and Directors of the Fruit Growers' Association.
Gentlemen, — Your Committee has carefully examined the Treasurer's payments, and
with much pleasure report that they have all be^n made in strict accordance with the
instructions of the Board.
R. Burnet.
W. Saunders.
REPORTS OF DISCUSSIONS.
WINTER MEETING.
The Winter Meeting was held at Hamilton, on the 7th of February, 1877. The Presi-
dent not beiug able to attend, the Vice-President, Judge Macpherson, took the Chiir. The
Secretary read the Report of the last meeting, and then gave au account of the part taken by
16 241
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
our Association in the Centennial Exhibition ; setting forth the magnitude and excellence of
our display, the praises bestowed upon it by the American press and people, and the number
of medals awarded to our fruits.
The following subjects were proposed for discussion : —
1. What varieties of trees are best adapted for the shelter of orchards, and what is the
best time to plant ?
2. Which are the most profitable apples to ship to the European market?
3. Which are the best six varieties of out-door grapes suitable for amateur cultivation ?
4. What is the best soil for the raspberry, and the best mode of cultivation ?
Upon the discussion of the first subject, Mr. Jobn Reed, of Hamilton, named the Arbor-
Vitae and Norway spruce.
James Taylor, St. Catharines, spoke of an orchard in that neighbourhood belonging to
Mr. Pawling, which was protected by a willow hedge or screen.
Col. John McGill, Oshawa, had used for this purpose the yellow poplar. Had planted
evergreens, and preferred to plant them in the spring, after they had made a little growth.
W. Saunders, London, had succeeded in growing a good shelter-belt, composed of Nor-
way spruce and maple trees, with Scotch and Austrian pine. The outer row is of maple, the
middle row of Scotch pine mixed with Austrian pine, and the inner row of Norway spruce.
Dr. Watt, Niagara, suggested that such a belt required a large breadth of ground. He
had ibund the roots of the common white pine to extend a distance of from thirty to forty
feet. His neighbour, Mr. Ball, had used silver poplar mixed with white pine, but the poplar
proved to be a nuisance, because of the numerous sprouts thrown up fioni the roots.
Chief Johnson, Tuscarora, had sheltered his orchard by leaving a belt of the natural
forest.
P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, plants pine trees among the apple trees through the orchard.
L. Wolverton, would take the Norway spruce for a shelter belt in preference to any other
one tree ; this keeps thick and close to the very ground, while the balsam fir becomes thin
and poor with age. gradually losing its lower limbs.
Mr. Arnold would plant evergreens just as the buds are beginning to burst.
Mr. Quinn, planted last spring a thousand Norway spruce and lost only four. Also re-
moved some in the middle > f September, and they all grew well.
The hour for recess having arrived, the meeting adjourned. After dinner, business was
resumed, and the members listened to the following paper from Mr. Bucke : —
IRRIGATION.
A Paper on Irrigation read before the Winter Meeting of the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario, at Hamilton, 1th February, 1877, by E. E. Bucke, Esq., of Ottawa.
Mr President and Gentlemen, — A great deal has been said of late with regard to
the use of ardent spirits : I therefore propose to say a few words to-day on water. So confi-
dent am I that before many years will elapse we shall have a practical system of irrigation in
this country, when the matter is properly brought before the cultivators of the soil and
Government, that I offer no apology for bringing the subject before this meeting for its con-
sideraii 1.
The average rainfall of the last thirty-five years in Canada, has only been 2Sh inches per
annum ; and the principal part of this falls in the months of May, September and October.
It will ihus be men that in the greater part of the hot growing season, when water is most
required to assist vegetation, it is in a great measure wanting. Everyone knows, who has
practised farming in this country or the States, one of the greatest drawbacks is the lack of
moisture, not the superabundance of it, that is so ruinous to our crops. How often do we
hear men speaking reproachfully of the Author of the Universe because the required rain is
not given ; but how true is the maxim that " God helps those who help themselves." We are
bouutifully supplied with both lakes and rivers — in fact never was country so well watered —
and yet we have not sufficient enterprise to applv it to our soil. The beneficial heat of June
and July is quite thrown away— nay. it is rendered worse than useless by drying up the land,
b( cause there is no water to moistt n the around. Any one who has seen the luxuriance and
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
rank growth that is obtained by heat and moisture in southern or tropical swamps, may easily
conceive what might be arrived at by our genial summer sun. If this country is ever to enter
into the profitable trade of exporting cattle to the old world, irrigation must be the keynote to
the enterprise. The animals already sent have been largely ted upon the offal of distilleries ;
but this is only a limited mode of raising fat beasts. Our pastures, with the aid of water,
could put on a perpetual green from the 1st of May to the end of November, if a proper sup-
ply could be run over them. One crop of hay could be turned to three by the aid of water,
and the cut of which would be considerably more than that now secured from one. By the
same means our fruits, vegetables, and vines would be materially benefitted. The finest
strawberries it is possible to grow, both in size and flavour, cau be produced in the dryest sea-
son on land that can be flooded between the rows. The summer of 1874 was an unusually dry
one. In the States it is reported that apples were in some places a third under the usual
size through drought. Pears could be seen in almost every garden with their leaves flagging,
and the fruit was correspondingly small and gritty. Plums were in the same sad plight
where the crop was at all heavy. People would do well in selecting a spot for a garden to
secure a place where an ample supply of water could be introduced. All that is required is
to have good drainage, so that there may be no spots where the water will become stagnant
in the subsoil. Convey it to the highest point and let it run under proper directions. The
want of rain will then be rather an advantage than otherwise. It is doubtful, however,
whether individual enterprise can ever inaugurate a proper ystem of irrigation otherwise than
by raising water with windmillls ; and unfortunately wells become diyest when the water is
most needed, but wind-engines would be of much utility near lakes or large streams to
raise water to a higher level. Thomas Meehan, in the Gardener^ Monthly, says :
" To have water when nature does not favour us is one of the roads to fortune. It is sur-
prising more people do not guard themselves from injury by contrivances to secure water when
nature is in a wayward mood." Government aid is necessary to build canals and supply
water, or at all events to enable parties to cross farms with irrigating ditches and aqueducts.
Bcforo, however, anything is done in this direction, it will probably be necessary to show, by
actual experiment, that irrigation is necessary for the best interests of the country ; or per-
haps the Government could be induced to test the matter themselves at their Model Farm at
Guelph. One would scarcely think it necessary to show that irrigation is required in a dry,
hot country, with only twenty-eight inches of rainfall, when England, with a comparatively
cool temperature, and with a rainfall of forty inches, can double her grass crop by an addi-
tional supply of water. The principal countries now using irrigation are British India, Spain,
Holland, France, Italy, South America, California, Japan, China, Persia and Norway. I am
satisfied, on examination of the subject, that the sediment derived from the use of the Ottawa
River water would be quite sufficient, without any other fertilizer, to keep grass lands in per-
fect heart for any length of time, as it holds in solution a large quantity of vegetable matter
— so much so that its current is noticeable by its dark shade for many miles after it enters
the St. Lawrence at St. Ann's. The rainfall of Spain is thirty inches, being two inches more
than Canada, without our heat, and yet an eminent writer says: " Irrigation in a country so
exposed to droughts as Spain is of the greatest importance, and is carried on to a large extent.
In Mr. President Burnet's annual address to our Association in 1871, the following
passage occurs : — " The severe drought had tested many of our choice varieties of fruits," —
and I heard many remarks at the Centennial at Philadelphia, that fruit would have been much
finer, had Canada and the States been favoured with a larger rainfall. 760 years before the
Christian era, in order to picture a state of desjlatiou, Isaiah writes : " Ye shall be us an oak
whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that hath no water." The Jews, no doubt, derived their
system of irrigation from the Egyptians, who we learn from history and other monuments,
practised it 4,000 years ago, and are still practising it at the present day. The climate of
this interesting country is remarkably equable ; the atmosphere is dry and clear. At Cairo,
there is generally but one heavy storm a year, which occurs in the winter, and there is a shower
or two besides. At Thebes, in upper Egypt, they have a storm only every four years, and
a light shower about as frequently ; and yet with the crudest kind of means for raising water
above those parts of the country not sufficiently low to catch the overflow of of the Nile,
they raise abundant crops and generally three on the same piece of land each year. The
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
population of Egypt is now only about 3,000,000, but in days gone by it was many times
that number.
The vineyard is the most valuable part of nn Egyptian estate ; but other fruits are
cultivated, especially the palm tree. The gardens were often exclusive and laid out with
great formality : they were intersected with numerous small channels, which were filled by
one or more water wheels. By these channels the water is spread over the garden, which is
divided by them into many square compartments ; these are edged with ridges of earth, and
flooded as occasion requires.
Two methods seem to have been generally adopted for raising water. One was with a
bucket attached to a stick, which was suspended to a long pole held up by a crotched stick
set up in the ground, similar to those often seen at the present day in many parts of Canada
j r lifting water out of wells \ the other was by means of a horizontal wheel, turned by oxen
or mules, and connected with a vertical wheel which is on the same axis as another, around
which are earthen pots in which the water is raised and poured into a trough.
The canals of Egypt for irrigating purposes are very extensive, and on them has de-
pended the life of the country, which has been in a state of more or less civilization for up-
wards of 4,000 years. In lower Egypt we find the Mahmuodee-yjh Canal 50 miles long
and 160 feet broad, and the great canal called Bahr Yoosaf or river Joseph, 350 miles long.
This work was probably executed under the Pharaohs, and some historians attribute it to the
patriarch Joseph himself. This used to form an important highway for shipping, as well as being
used for irrigating purposes. At the preseut day the grape is a common fruit, but no wine
is made from it, owing to its being prohibited by the Mahommedan religion.
In no country in the world is agriculture carried on more thoroughly than in Japan.
The British Isles cannot compare, in point of production, with that of the Island of Nip'ion,
the largest and most central of this archipelago. We find the rainfall here, 75 inches per
annum, nearly three times that of Canada. This, however, principally falls in the summer
nionths ; but in the winter, when wheat and kindred products are grown, the average rain-
fall is only twenty-two inches per month, or nearly as much as is deposited in Canada in an
average year. This amount of moisture, although they have the influence of the sea air, which
adds considerably to the humidity of the climate, is considered totally inadequate to the wants
of ao-rieulture, and, consequently a vast net work of canals and artificial streams are made to
intersect the whole of the country ; so that on the settled part of the Japanese Islands,
which are not much larger than the New England States of America, they maintain without
any imports, a population of 35,500,000. In Japan but two crops are grown in the year —
in summer, rice, tobacco and the sugar-cane ; in winter, whent and other kinds of grain.
The fruits are semi-tropical — such as oranges, limes, grapes aud blackberries. Former ex-
clusiveness restricted the introduction of new sorts, but as this has been partially removed, a
grand field is now open for tlte ubiquitous tree pedlar! It is estimated that as much is
grown on one acre in Japan in one season as can be grown in Canada in four. The Japanese
have a wonderful skill in dwarfing fruits, which they train to small bamboo poles which are
tied to stakes forming a horizontal network at the height of from four to six feet. The
agriculture of China is similar to Japan ; I will not. therefore prolong the paper in its dis-
cussion. The irrigation of India is one of the most magnificent monuments to science of
the present day. One canal in that country is one thousand five hundred miles in length,
and has probably been the means of preserving the lives of millions from starvation. The
peaceful spirit of this continent appears to indicate that it will eventually become the granary
of the old world. The vast standiug armies kept up for defence, or protection, by which means
agriculture there is deprived of her husbandmen, will call forth all our energies to provide
food for these non-producers; this will tax the ingenuity of our farming communities to the
utmost, so as to produce fruits, meats and breadstuff's for exportation, and I see no way in
which these productions can be more greatly augmented than by a carefully and well devised
system ot irrigation.
After the reading of Mr. Bucke's paper, the consideration of the second question was
proposed, namely :
" Which are the most profitable apples to ship to the European Market ? "
Dr. Watt, Niagara, named the Baldwin, Esopus Spitzenberg and Northern Spy. The
Newton Pippin is a good variety to send to that market when it can be grown clean and free
from blemishes. The Mann Apple also promises to be a good apple for that market. The
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Wagner is n>t sufficiently spherical, it is too irregular in form. I the Ribston Pippin is
got away early it sells well, the trouble seems to be to get enough of this sort to make a
shipment. Any apple of good quality and high colour will sell.
P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, Coxe's Orange Pippin sells well in the English Marke^ but I
cannot say whether it can be profitably grown here.
L. Woolverton, Grimsby, would name the Baldwin, Greening and Spy. Thinks the
Spy during the first twenty years will yield as much or more than the Baldwin.
G. Barnes, Hamilton, in my experience, the Baldwin will yield two barrels to one of
any other sort.
Mr. Osborne, Beamsville, the Baldwin sells well at 16s. Sterling. In a lot of five thou-
sand barrels, a few barrels of Cranberry Pippin brought 18s. 6d. Sterling. Good se'ection
of fruit, and good, careful packing are both very important in shipping to the Ey opean
Mark fc.
Chas. Arnold, Paris, remarked that Europe wants red apples.
W. T. Taylor said that at the meeting of the Western New York Society, the preference
had been given to the Baldwin, \lann, Spitzenberg and Spy.
The third subject : " Which are the best six varieties of out door grapes suitable for
amateur cultivation," being introduced :
James Taylor, St. Catharines, thought that the Rogers' Hybrids posses- the most satis-
factory qualities. He had found the No. One to be too late in ripening. No Three was
early. No. Four not so fine in quality. To number nine he is very partial, esteeming it as the
best light coloured grape. No. Fourteen is also a favourite, thinks it better than No. 15. Num-
ber Fifteen is good, but the vin? is very subject to mildew. His opinion of No. Nineteen is
not so favourable as of many other sorts. Number Thirty is a light grape of peculiar flavour.
Salem is a good grape. Would select as the most desirable numbers, 9, 3, 14, 33, 41 and
22. The Diana is the best wine grape. He mulches his vines with stable manure.
Chief Johnson, Tuscarora, has found No. 3 to be the earliest. No. One ripened with
me last season.
W. Saunders, London, has had his best success with No. Four. For eating prefers the
Canada ; to tbose named would add Concord and Clinton, especially the Clinton.
Col. McGill, Oshawa, prefers Salem to Delaware, yet, would plant both these and the
Concord, and Rogers' No. 4. The Champion is a hardy and early sort, but not of first
quality.
S. Woodley, Hamilton, names Delaware, Salem, Rogers' No. Four and Nine, Allen's
Hybrid and Eumelan. I am aware that Allen's Hybrid does sometimes mildew, but not
with me. I use sulphur freely in the Spring on the ground under the vines.
James Taylor, St. Catharines, uses sulphur, but applies it to the berries when small
with a bellows.
H, M. Switzer, Palermo, likes Rogers No. 15 remarkably well, and thinks highly of the
Chippewa, Delaware, Concord, Hartford- Prolific, Northern Muscadine, Rogers 15 and 14.
W. H. Mills, Hamilton, named Concord, Delaware, Creveling, Hartford Prolific, and
Rogers Nos. i and 15.
Geo. Barnes, Hamilton, named Hartford Prolific, Delaware, Bogers Nos. I and 4 and
Salem ; also Diana, if grown on poor gravelly soil. The Eumelan did not do well on
sandy soil.
Matthew Bell, Hamilton, suggested Delaware, Aliens' Hybrid, Rebecca, Crevelinir,
Eumelan, Concord, Hartford Prolific or Champion, and Bogers Nos. 4, 7, 9 and 15.
The fourth subject, What is the best soil for the raspberry, and the best mode of culti-
vation ? was opened by A. M. Smith, Drummondville, who said he had found the Clarke to
be more hardy than the Franconia. For a home market I consider the C larke to be very
valuable, nearly as hardy as the Philadelphia, not as productive, but larger in berry and of
better quality and colour, selling at Drummon Iville and Niagara Falls for two and three
cents per quart more. The Mammoth Cluster and Davison's Thornless are the best of the
black caps. Elm City is small, but early. Herstine has impressed me favourably.
S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., remarked thar there was a gain pecuniarily when we could
secure earliness and productiveness, even though it be at the expense of quality. The Highland
Hardy bore shipment well, was very early, came next to the strawberries, was fine in appear-
ance, was very productive, very hardy, and the quality fair to good, not the highest, not quite
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
so good as Franconia. The Brandywine comes next after it and will give the largest picking,
and so far has proved hardy • in size, style and quality it is like the Highland Hardy.
Chief Johnson, Tuscarora, raises the Philadelphia, and yellow Antwerp ; mulches with
wood ashes.
Mr. Osborne remarked that at Montreal they raised fine Briuckles' orange, that here is
called too tender to endure the winters without protection.
S.. D. Willard cuts in the young wood in the summer, thereby obtains numerous branches
which shade the ground and bear fruit.
After the discussion on grapes, a vote was taken upon the different varieties with the
following result : —
Delaware received
37
Concord "
33
Rogers No 15 "
22
Rogers No 4 "
19
Salem "
17
Clinton "
16
The Chairman having appointed a Committee to examine and report upon the seedling
and other fruits on exhibition, they brought in the following report :
The committee on seedling and other fruits, beg to report as follows : —
There were on the table the following seedling apples : —
No. 1, Russet, exhibited by Mr. Bradt, of Glanford.
No. 2, Seedling, exhibited by Daniel Wismer, Jordan Station.
No. 3, Seedling, named li London Beauty,'' exhibited by William Russell, London, Ont.
No. 4, Seedling, exhibited by A. Moyer & Co., Jordan.
No. 1 is exhibited for the prize of $50, to be awarded by this Association. It is a russet
of medium to large size ; of fine, smooth, nearly round shape, possessing evidently many good
qualities, though the specimens have not been well kept, being somewhat " wilted." The
prize is to be awarded to a " late winter " apple, and your Committee have no satisfac-
tory evidence before them that this apple properly belongs to this season. Your Committee
think it an exceedingly promising fruit, but cannot take it upon themselves to award the prize
of $50 without being further satisfied as to its claims thereto. We would recommend that a
Committee be appointed to visit the locality, examine the original tree, and report thereon at
the next winter meeting ; and that the exhibitor be requested to place in the hands of this
Committee next fall, a number of specimens to be tested personally by the Committee, as to
the keeping and other qualities of this fruit.
No. 2. A large and handsome apple, fiattish, with a red cheek. The specimens have
been tainted in keeping in the cellar, so that your Committee cannot fairly judge of its flavour,
but in this respect consider it to be of second quality ; but from its large size and handsome
appearance we adjudge it a prize of $5.
No. 3 resembles the Gravenstein in colour and markings, and somewhat in shape. The
specimens are past their prime, and your Committee cannot judge of the merits of the fruit
when at its best.
No. 4 is a pretty striped apple of medium size, and evidently a good keeper ; quite tart,
core large, hardly up to the necessary standard of excellence.
Of the other fruit on the table we would say that Mr. Jno. Freed, of Hamilton, exhibits
the following, which were picked before they were ripe, and shown at the Provincial Exhibi-
tion, viz. : Grime/ Golden, Ortlcy, lien Davis, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Ohio Nonpariel, Haas,
Titter's Red, Mammoth Pippin, King of Tomkins County, Rymal's Favourite, and Oswego
Beurre pear. This fruit was grown by Warren Holtou, Esq
Wm. Calder, of the Reservoir Water Works, exhibits some fine specimens of Graven-
stein, in a splendid state of preservation.
Moyer & Co., of Jordan Station, show some fair specimens of twelve varieties of apples
of established sorts ; and A. M. Smith, of Drummondville, also contributes some specimens of
established kinds of apples.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Samuel Woodley, of Hamilton, shows four kinds of grapes, viz. : Salem, Rogers' No. 4,
Eumelau and Catawba. These are good bunches, and in a fine state of preservation.
Matthew Bell contributes specimens of Rogers' grapes, kept openly in baskets in a cool
room with temperature somewhere about 50 degrees. The varieties are No. 4, No. 33, No.
15, No. 44, and Salem. The berries have almost become raisins, and are quite palatable, the
best flavoured amongst them being the No. 33.
[Geo. Leslie, Jr.
I John Freed.
Committee \ A. M. Smith.
j S. D. WlLLARD.
[John M. Denton.
SUMMER MEETING.
This meeting was held at Stratford, on Wednesday, the 18th of July, 1877, at ten
o'clock, A M.
The President called the meeting to order, and the Secretary read the minutes of the
last meeting, which were approved.
The following questions were submitted for discussion : —
First. — Plum culture. Can it be made profitable in "Western Ontario, and what are the
most desirable market sorts *?
Second. — Twig blight in the pear, over what extent of country has it prevailed this
season 1
Third. — Strawberries, what mode of culture, in hills or thick rows, is found most pro-
fitable, and what are the best varieties 1
Fourth. — Can the grape be profitably grown for market in Western Ontario 1
Fifth — Injurious insects. How best to counteract the ravages of the codl in moth. Is
the forest tent caterpillar likely to continue troublesome ?
Sixth. — Can any of the nut bearing trees be grown with profit, and, if so, what
varieties 1
The meeting proceeded to the consideration of the first question.
Mr. Stitt, Stratford, thinks the plum can be profitably grown in that section. Has
grown very fine Washingtons and Smith's Orleans, but finds the Lombard to be the most
profitable.
P. H. Jarvis, Stratford, has grown plums for twenty years, and has been very successful.
The frosts have sometimes killed the blossoms, and during the last three or four years
the curculio has thinned the fruit rather too much. I believe that jarring the trees and
catching the insects is the only effectual mode of getting rid of the troublesome creatures The
English Green Gage, Lombard, Smith's Orleans, and a large blue plum do well here.
Mr. Buchan remarked, when I lived in Fullerton, the Lombard did well, and was a
great favourite on account of the certainty of the crop. I have only resided here about a
year, and therefore have but just planted plum trees in Stratford.
Chief Johnson, Tuscarora, I think highly of Lombard, Victoria, and Washington. Am
very careful to gather the plums as soon as they fall, and burn them in the fire. Have found
fresh slacked lime mixed with ashes and scattered over the trees as soon as the blossoms fall
to be very beneficial.
Mr. Mitchell, St. Marys, for some time I found plum culture the most profitable of all,
but for the few last years the curculio has made the crop so light as to render it unprofitable.
I tried hanging up corn-cobs, soaked in molasses, in my plum trees, but found it quite use-
less to prevent the plums from being stung. I have also tried jarring, but did not save enough
to pay for the trouble. I grow the Washington, General Haud, Imperial Gage, Reine Claude
de Bavay, and Lombard For size and good quality I mention Washington, but for flavour
prefer the Reine Claude de Bavay when thoroughly ripened The curculio does not work
so bad in the Orange Egg and Reine Claude de Bavay. For real downright profit the Lom-
bard is the best variety. We want the heavy bearers so that the curculio can not destroy all.
I have doubts whether jarring will pay, but favour hens and small pigs. My soil is a clay
loam with gravel sub-soil. It does not pay to keep old trees when growing plums for profit,
say beyond twelve years; but we should put out yo ling orchards. Have not suffered from
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
black knot, but have seen it on the common blue plum, and think that variety is rapidly
spreading the black knot.
Mr. Legge, St. Marys, doe? not grow many, but thmks highly of Reine Claude de Ba-
vay, McLaughlin, Lombard and Blue Plum,
Mr. Smith, Dewnie, the black knot is bad on the blue plum. Bleecker's Gage gives
me a good crop and seems to be nearly curculio proof. I believe plum raising would pay
well. My sod is clay. The curculio came within three or four years.
Mr. Lambunr, Clinton, the curculio is not yet so bad in Clinton as it is here. Prefer
Smith's Orleans, Imperial Gage, and Lombard, especially the two last named. Soil a sandy
loam.
Mr. Miller, the Lombard is a favourite variety, selling for a dollar and a half per bushel.
My soil a heavy clay loam. Am also partial to the yellow gage. The curculio has become
very troublesome.
Mr. Stitt stated that one of his neighbours thinks that the fowls have relieved his plum
trees of curculio. fi .r this year there are none where the fowls have the run.
31 r. Roy, Owen Sound, the plum crop this year has been very heavy in the neighbour-
hood of Owen Sound ; we have no curculio, but we have the black knot, and it seems to be
increasing. Plum trees need to be renewed after a few years, for they bear themselves to
death. I grow quite a number of varieties, but almost all sorts are grown in the vicinity.
The black knot is mostly confined to the old trees.
Col. McGill, Oshawa, grows some twenty-five varieties. The Lombard is the most pro-
fitable, followed by Yellow Egg, Duane's Purple, and Bradshaw. The Washington is a fine
dessert sort. I always have plenty of plums in spite of the curculio, though T do nothing to
prevent them stinging the fruit, but just let them have their way. I prefer the blue plum
for preserving. Soil is a sandy loam. The m st money can be made from the Lombnrd.
Have not had any black knot for twenty years, except on Puane's Purple.
Mr. Grey, Woodstock. — I have quite a variety of plums, and am pretty successful with
them all. I find that the black knot affects the dark plums the most. Prefer the Green
Gage and Imperial Gage, and of these I have usually a good crop, despite the curculio. The
top soil is loamy, the sub-soil very heavy clay.
Mr. Parker, Woodstock, succeeds best with the Lombard ; has plenty of black knot and
curculio. He jarrs the trees, and catches and kills the curculio, else he w< uld not have any
plums. The Blue Damson is excellent for preserving, — indeed the best for this purpose.
Fev. Chas. Campbell, Niagara. — My neighbours have been planting plums largely. The
small blue damson is the favourite. The black-knot was formerly very bad, but has now
nearly disappeared from us. The Blue Damson and Lombard are immense croppers.
Mr. Kettlewell. London. — The plum can be made profitable : some labour is necessary,
but it pays. It is necessary to shake the trees and kill the curculio as they fall ; we Cana-
dians can catch and kill the Turk if the Russians cannot. I cultivate the Washington, Brad-
shaw. Imperial Gage, Coe's Golden Drop, McLaughlin, and Green Gage. For quality I pre-
fer the McLaughlin. Imperial Gage, and Green Gage. It will not pay to let the curculio alone.
I caught 846 curculios this year, and saved my crop — indeed had to thin out the fruit. My
little boy said to me, " Papa, you curculioed them too much."' However, I don't want the
little turks about. For quality the McLaughlin is the best, but the Bradshaw will sell for
more money than the McLaughlin on account of its size. The Lombard is the greatest
cropper of all.
Mr. Mitchell. — I have caught over a thousand curculio a day, day after day, and after
all I did not save my crop.
Lev. W. F. Clarke, Guelph. — I believe plums can he grown profitably, and that the
Lombard stands at the head for profit. Next to the Lombard I find the Bleecker's Yellow
Gage to rank as a cropper, and it is hardy. Thinks the blue plum to be the source of the
black knot, for he has done away with his blue plum trees, and with them abolished the black
knot.
P. E. Bucke, Ottawa. — I have tried the Lombard, Washington, Yellow Egg, etc.. etc.,
but none of them would fruit. Only the wild plums will bear fruit, and of these we have
some very good varieties.
C. Arnold, Paris. — I have often caught the curculio by the thousand, and yet did not
set enough fruit to pay for the labour. However, this vear I have a good crop of plums, and
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
hope to get fruit enough to pay. Think Pond's Seedling will pay me the best, — get from
three to four dollars j er bushel. Prince's Yellow Gage is early, and sells well. '1 he reason
why it will not pay me' to catch the curculio is that I have so many neighbours who take no
pains to destroy them, so that before I can secure a crop I have to catch my own and theirs
too. The Washington is a fine plum, but a very uncertain cropper, and the fruit is^very sub
ject to rot. The English damson is the best preserving plum, and it sells well ■ the V ild
Goose plum is worthless. I have grown and fruited it for a number of years ; its only value
is as a stock for grafting good plums upon. Cannot see much value in the Italian prune ; all
prunes with me are too much skin and bone and too little pulp.
W. Srunders, London. — We want size and colour in a fruit for market ; the light vari-
eties are not as good for marketing as the dark. The Bradshaw sells very well ; Pond's
Seedling also commands a good price. Guthrie's Apricot Plum is my favourite dessert plum,
but it is a poor cropper, and insects are very fond of it. I believe the curculio can be fought
successfully, and in the end profitably.
By request the Committee took up the consideration of the fifth subject : Injurious
Insects — How best to counteract the ravages of the Codlin Moth 1 Is the Forest Tent Cater-
pillar likely to continue troublesome ?
Mr. Stitt has not found it very difficult to keep the caterpillar in subjection.
Judge Scott, Brampton — searches for the eggs of the caterpillar in the winter, and takes
them off. If any escape then, he finds the young caterpillars in the spring when they have
hatched out and begun to make their web.
Chief Johnson said he killed the caterpillars in their web while young.
Mr. Mitchell would get rid of the codlin moths by burning lights in the orchard in
summer, so that they can fly into them and perish. The codlin moth worm often crawls
under the scales of rough bark, so that I frequently find them there. I would clean off this
bark in the early spring, and let the pigs run in the orchard during the summer to devc ur
the fallen apples,
John Feed, Hamilton, knows of no way of getting rid of either of these insect pests
but by catching and killing them.
Mr. Honsberger — In order to kill the codlin moth, I gather and feed to my hogs all the
fallen apples. Have had very little experience of the tent caterpillar until this year. I have
an orchard of 350 young trees, from which I shook the worms off and trampled them to
death, and so saved my trees.
Mr. Stephenson. — There are a great many tent caterpillars this year ; the best way to
get rid of them is to begin early in the spring and gather the eggs or kill the worms as soon
as they are hatched.
Col. McGill, Oshawa, scrapes the rough bark off his trees, and ties a rag around the
trurk of the tree, and catches the worms of the codlin moth in the folds of the rag. He
was troubled with worms on his currant and gooseberry bushes; to get rid of them his man
coal-oiled them, and succeeded in killing the bushes if he did not the worms.
Mr. Kettlewell, London, advises to pick up all the fallen fruit frequently, and feed it to
the pigs, or burn it, or in some way destroy the worn s that are in it. He would turn in the
pigs among the trees, if there were no other things that they could get at and injure. The
forest tent caterpillars come down on to the body of the tree during the heat of the day, and
then is a good time to catch and kill them. But the best way is to get the eggs.
Rev. W. F. Clarke, Guelph, thinks the tent caterpillars are likely to continue trouble-
some, because they breed on the wild cherry and other trees in the forest. We are much
indebted to the students of Entomology for the information they have given us of the habits
of these insects. Many think that the studies of the entomologist are of a very tri fling
nature, but they are by no means so, he is really the orchardists best friend.
W. Saunders, London. — This forest caterpillar does not make a tent like the one with
which we are most familiar, but the worms collect on the trunk or large limbs in the middle of
the day. They are destroyed in various ways. A military man shoots them with a charge
of powder, but the best way is to gather the eggs in winter, and failing to get them in that
way, search for them as soon as hatched. Fires in the orchard will destroy the moth of this
insect, but they are not likely to catch many of the codlin moth. The codlin moth has two
broods in the year. It is the first brood that causes the apples to fall in midsummer. The
second brood is found in the apples in the fall and winter. It is very serviceable to put ban-
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
dages around the trunks of the apple trees in June, for as most of the worms leave the apples
before they fall, they will creep under these bandages to make their cocoons and pass into the
chrysali- state. These bandages should be examined as often as once«in every ten days, and
all the worms found under them or in the folds of the cloth destroyed.
3Ir. Baker, London. — I find that the codlin moth is getting worse every year. Believe
the pigs are very serviceable when allowed to run in the orchard and eat the fallen fruit.
D. Shoff, McGillivray. — The tent caterpillars are stripping the trees completely. Trees
denuded of their foliage do not always die, but it injures them for some time. Coal-oil will
kill them.
Mr. Legge, St. Mary's, succeeded in saving his orchard by sweeping down the cater-
pillars and killing them, and then tarred the trunk of the trees to prevent any new comers
from going up.
Mr. Searle, Clinton, exhibited a simple contrivance for cutting off the twigs and small
branches with the eggs of the caterpillars on them.
Mr. Saunders, London, gave a minute description of the difference between C. Ameri-
cana, the common tent caterpillar of our orchards, and C- Sylvatica, the forest tent cater-
pillar, which was this season unusually abundant in that section. Members who have the
report for 1875 will find in the entomological part at page 20 and 21, very good drawings of
both of those caterpillars, with full descriptions. Mr. Saunders thought that t hey would not
long continue to be troublesome, that from some cause not yet fully understood, they seldom
appeared in such great numbers for two consecutive seasons.
Mr. Mitchell has destroyed them in his orchard by sending the boys into the trees who
jarred the limbs, whicdi caused the worms to let themselves down, when he caught them in a
pan and killed them. He remarked that usually when they begin to travel they have nearly
done eating, and are then searching for a convenient place to build their cocoons.
Rev. President Burnet, London, I found them on my trees from the 7th to the 10th of
May ; by the 21th of May they had made a net over the leaves. Afterwards they went into
a fork of the branches, where they wove a web and cast their skins.
P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, remarked that last year they were very abundant in that vicinity,
but that this year there were none.
The sixth subject was then considered, viz : Can any of the nut-bearing trees be grown
with profit, and if so, what varieties'?
John Freed said that in Hamilton the English Cob-nut or Filbert, fruits well.
W . Saunders, London, — I have not much experience with nut trees. Some seven years
ago I bought a few Hickory-nut trees, and now they are only about twelve feet high. There
is a row of Filberts in the grounds of the Lunatic Asylum but not much fruit as yet, though
they have been growing there for six or seven years. Butternut trees that I planted at the
same time with the Hickorynut trees are bearing.
P. E. Bucke, — Filberts kill down every year at Ottawa.
Judge Scott remarked that the Butternut grew much faster thau the Hickorynut, that
the Hickory made a very handsome tree.
Mr. Stitt remarked that the Canadian Hazelnut growing in a shady place fruited well.
P. Jarvis, Stratford, — Butternuts gathered at the proper time make a very fine pickle,
and in that state might be made an article of commerce.
President Burnet thought that the winter killed the catkins of the European Filbert,
and that hence they fruit seldom and sparsely.
Col. McGill stated that the Native Canadian Hazelnut and Butternut grew well at
Oshawa.
Mr. Baker said both Walnuts and Butternuts grow well about London, and thought that
the Chestnut should be profitable fo the nuts sold at four to five dollars per bushel.
John Symmonds, London, thought that the English Filberts would fruit well if they
were only properly pruned. Each tree should be pruned with a clear stem of twelve inches,
which must be kept free from all shoots as well as suckers from the root. The head should
be kept in an open cup-like form, and the centre preserved open and free from branches.
All the short spurs which are produced on the branches should be preserved, but if the
laterals exceed six inches in length they should be cut back so as to form spurs. The great
object is to have the branches thickly covered with fruit bearing spurs.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) • A. 1878
The thanks of the meeting were tendered through the President to the kind friends in
Stratford, and especially to Mr Jarvis for his kind attentions which had made our meeting so
pleasant.
Mr. Jarvis and Mr. Hanson replied, thanking the members from a distance for taking
the trouble to come to Stratford and contribute so much to the interest of the meeting.
Thanks were also most cordially tendered to Mr. O'Loane for the use of his office in
which the meeting was held, and thereupon the meeting broke up.
FALL MEETING.
Held in the Town Hall, Port Hope, on Wednesday, 31st October, 1877.
President Burnet called the meeting to order, and the Secretary read the minutes of the
Summer Meeting.
The President appointed Messrs. Leslie, Arnold and A. M. Smith, a committee to ex-
amine and report upon the seedling fruits on Exhibition, and Messrs. Hora, Bucke, Salter
and Dempsey a committee to examine and report upon all other fruits exhibited.
The meeting then proceeded to the consideration of the following subject, viz : Varie
ties of apple, which of them are proving most worthy of cultivation 1
Wm. Roy, Owen Sound. — The Ribston Pippin is fine for home use and for export, Gol-
den Russet is very valuable, Red Astracan is early and very desirable. The Snow Apple is
a first class fruit, the Pomme Grise is hardy and very fine, one of the best for market, Scarlet
Pearmain is a very valuable, early autumn fruit, Baldwin does well and bears good crops.
The apple crop this year is about one third of the usual quantity and of very fine quality.
Mr. Salter. Port Hope, has just been planting, mostly old standard winter sorts The
Baldwin is preferred by the fruit dealers. There is considerable fruit raised about this sec-
tion, which finds a market at Montreal, Ottawa and Lindsay.
Mr. Coleman, Bowmanville. - There are thousands of barrels of fruit sold from about
Bowmanville. The orchards extend to lake Scugog, about eighteeu miles distant, and they
are splendid. There are from eight to ten thousand barrels sent from Bowmanville alone.
We begin with the early sorts, the Early harvest, Golden Sweet, &c, and for winter sorts the
Northern Spy, Baldwin, Russets and R. I. Greening. The Greening does not do as well as
it used to. I have a Baldwin tree that is twenty years old, it is vigorous and healthy.
Early apples bring $1.25, late apples, $1.50 per barrel for the fruit, the buyer picks the
fruit and supplies the barrels.
Mr. Roberts. Cobourg, remarked that the Talman Sweet brought only 80 cents per
barrel, while other sorts brought $1.25, that is for the fruit alone, the buyer picking and
packing. The barrel used, is the ordinary flour barrel. Mr. E. C. Beman, of Newcastle, has
a large fruit orchard, comprising pears, apples, plums, &c. I have planted three hundred
pear trees. My best apples are the Golden Russet. Yellow Belleflower and Northern Spy.
The Belleflower is not shipped to Europe because of its want of colour. In that market
only high coloured fruit is in demand. The Snow apple does not spot much in my orchard.
Mr. Edwards, Peterboro. — The kinds best suited to that locality are the Snow, St.
Lawrence, Yellow Belleflower, Red Astracan, Duchess of Oldenburg, Golden Russet and
Northern Spy. There is not much fruit shipped from Peterboro'.
James Clark, of Canifton, grows chiefly seedlings, some of them are very fine. He re
sides in Thurlow, six miles north of Belleville. I have over twenty varieties of seedlings,
lour or five of these are more fruitful, more hardy, and on that account more profitable than
the kinds usually grown. Some of them keep until February and March. He exhibited to
the meeting one of his seedlings, it was a conical striped apple, sub-acid and keeps well un
til the first of February. It sells well. It was suggested that he name it the Clarke apple.
Mr. Trenbeth, Port Hope, shewed to the meeting a sample of the Grim js Golden Pip-
pin which he plucked from the tree sent to him by the association. The Northern Spy is
one of the apples most highly esteemed, it is sought for by the fruit dealers. The Yellow
Belle Flower is also very much thought of. I sold this year about forty barrels of apples,
for which I received $2.10 per barrel, packed in coainiou flour barrels. The barrels cost me
30cts each. I picked and packed myself. He shewed to the meeting very fine samples of
Blenheim Orange, Yellow Belleflower, R. 1. Greening, Cabashea, and Golden Russet.
Geo. Smith, Port Hope, remarked that fruit growing is increasing about Port Hope.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
A. Hood, Guelph, called attention to a seedling dessert apple not unlike a crab in ap-
pearance, sweet and pleasant.
After dinner the subject of pear culture was taken up and the varieties which had proved
most successful.
Mr. Roberts has not fruited any new varieties yet, but has imported a number of pear
trees from France, some nineteen new sorts of pear, besides plum, cherry and apple. Has
fruited the plum, Belle de September, and found it large and fine.
Mr. Coleman. — Our soil is strong, rich and dry, trees do well in it, yea, splendidly ; it
is a clay soil but not stiff. I plant ray dwarf pe ;rs with the place of union a little be'ow the
surface. .After they have been growing a few years, I remove the earth from the trunk in
the latter part of July, cut the bark of the pear and returu the earth to its place. I do this
in order to make roots grow out from the pear above its junction with the quince. The best
variety of all is the Flemish Beauty. I like the Summer Bon Chretien ; do not think much
of Napoleon. The Bartlett is rather tender, particularly if exposed to the north west wind.
Clapp's Favourite does remarkably well, fruits evenly and abundantly, but the fruit will not
keep The White Doyenne is good, the fruit does not crack and the tree bears every year.
Duchess of Angouleme is not the most profitable. Winter Nelis is a fine variety. Louise
Bonne is an enormous cropper, and dies splendidly.
Mr. Clark, Canifton, grows good .apples and grapes, but cannot do anything with the
pear.
Mr. Edwards, Peterboro'. — The Flemish i'eauty is the best pear we have in our sec-
tion.
Mr. Roy, of Owen Sound, named Bartlett, Summer Franc Real. Beurre Diel, Duche-.- of
Angouleme, Flemish Beauty, Lawrence, Louise Bonne, Seckel, Sheldon, Beurre Clairgeau,
Beurre Superfin, Glout Morceau, and Whiter Neiis. His favourite of them all is the Flemish
Beauty ; it is healthy and productive. The pear trees have not shewn any blight this season.
He uses wood ashes liberally about his pear trees.
Wm. Saunders, Lom'on. — I used to fancy that the Flemish Beauty was free from
blight, but now I must say that I have lost nearly all of my trees ot this variety by the
bliuht. My Clapp's Favourite are also badly mutilated. B< urre d'Anjou has suffered the
least ; the fruit of this variety is large and good. My trees of the Lawrence have been
blighting during the last two years. I have failed with dwarf pear trees, owing to the killing
of the Cjuince roots by the frosts of winter. The Duchess d' Angouleme has succeeded the
best of any of the dwarfs. Dana's Hovey is a very nice fruit, and as yet has not suffered in
my grounds from the blight. I am very partial to the Tyson. The Jalousie de Fontenay
is sweet and of fine flavour.
Mr. Simpson, grows Clapp's Favourite, Flemish Beauty and Bartlett ; gives the prefer-
ence to Clapp's Favourite. As yet has not been troubled with the blight.
E. A. Powers, grows pears ; thinks highly of the Flemish beauty and Winter Nelis.
Has been troubled with the blight, but thinks he has prevented it by driving rusty nails into
the roots, for since then he has not been troubled with blight.
Charles Arnold, Paris, is very favourably impressed with the Goodale ; the tree is a
good grower ; the fruit is of good flavor, though not equal to the Seckel or Tyson in quality.
I am satisfied there is more money to be gained by growing the Goodale than by raising pears
of the Flemish Beauty. The fruit is large. General Xegley is a fine showy fruit. Duchess
de Bordeaux is a splendid keeper.
Mr. Rose. — My soil is a medium heavy soil, and deep. Would name Flemish Beauty,
Bartlett, Clapp's Favourite, Vicar Winkfield, White Doyenne and Duchess d' Angouleme.
A. M. Smith, Drummondville. — Have fruited the Mount Vernon; it is a fruit of fine
cpiality.
Rev. R. Burnet. — The Brockworth Park is a spiendid pear, and well worthy of culti-
vation. It is much like a large Louise Bonne.
The meeting then proceeded to the consideration of the subject of plum culture, and
the best varieties.
M. Coleman said that he grew the Washington, Smith's Orleans, Lombard, Yellow Egg,
Prince's Yellow Gage, and many more. I like the Smith's Orleans. Lombard is an enor-
mous cropper, and pays immensely. Reine Claude de Bavay and Coe's Golden Drop both
require a sheltered situation. Guthrie's Apricot bears well. Smith's Orleans is a capital
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
plum. Local buyers take niy crop and ship the plums to Montreal, paying me a dollar per
box, holding three pecks !
J. D. Roberts, Cobourg, grows early Prolific, Victoria, Belle de Septenibre, Diamond.
Yellow Egg, Goliath, Mitchelson, Ajc. Lombard is one of the best, a great cropper, sure
be irer, and of 20od fl tvor. Diamond is a very large black plum, not best quality. Am
pleased with Belle de Septenibre ; it is large an i of good quality ; a first-class market plum,
in colour a beautiful bright red. My ground is all made soil, a black loam.
Mr. Bull, Weston.— The Lombard is the principal one I grow, but I think there is
more money in the Columbia. The Washington is a fiue plum. The Green Gage grows
well and fruits well. The Bradshaw kills back. My soil is a heavy clay.
Mr. Rose said, my plums have nearly all died out.
^""!™W. Roy, Owen Sound. — I have had an enormous crop of plums this year. I grow Coe's
Golden Drop, which I esteem very highly ; also the Imperial Gage, the Lombard, and, by the
way, more money can be made out of this than out of any other sort. Pond's Seedling is very
large, showy, and sells well ; Fellemberg is very sweet and luscious, and fine for "drying ;
Victoria is a very showy fruit, of medium quality ; the Diamond is large, fine for exporting;.
I find on inquiry that those dealing in plums have exported this season upwards of four thou
Band five hundred bushels of this fruit, of which three fourths were Lombard. Probably
two-thirds of the shipment went to Chicago. The price ranged from 75 cents to $1.50
per bushel. With us, plum-trees do not last more than seven or eight years after they come
into bearing, — they literally bear themselves to death ; hence it is? necessary to plant a new
orchard as soon as the old one begins to fail. We have nocurculio ; there is some appearance
of black knot, but we are all trying to keep that down.
P. C. Dempsey, Albury. — I had no fruit this year to speak of, just a few specimens of
the Lombard, Prune, Victoria, and Pond's Seedling. I value the Prune and Victoria. Plums
vary very much in price, ranging from two to five dollars per bushel.
J. Clarke named Washington, Yellow Egg, and a large blue plum, probably the Purple
Eersr
Mr. P. C. Dempsey remarked that in his section the country is full of blue damsons,
growing in al nost every fence corner. The fruit was sweet, of very fine flavour, and the tree
is hardy and reliable.
Mr. Beadle remarked that through the kindness of Mr. Dempsey he had received a
bushel of these damsons, which came to him in excellent order, and proved to be the best plum
when cooked of any he had seen canned.
Mr. Powers grew the Lombard, Washington, Imperial Gage, and Yellow Gage. For
the market ho had found the Lombard the most reliable.
P. E. Bucke, Ottawa. — We cannot grow your cultivated plums, the trees do not fruit in
our climate. We have some very fine wild sorts which are hardy and productive.
Rev. Mr. Bethune, Port Hope. — I have a few plum-trees in my garden, but do not know
the names of them. The trees are healthy, and bore some fruit thi- year.
Wm. Saunders, London. — I had a good crop of plums this year, and they paid well —
better than any other fruit I have grown.
The Committee on Seedling Fruits brought in their Report, which is as follows : —
REPORT OF SEEDLING COMMITTEE.
Port Hope, October 31st, 1877.
Mr. J. C. Wilson, of Whitby, exhibits two varieties of seedling apples, and oie of crabs.
No. 1, a medium sized striped reddish app'e, ripening in fall ; fair quality, but not equal to
ninny cultivated varieties of same season.
No. 2. A seedling, in size, appearance, and all its quali ies, much resembling the Maiden's
Blush, but probably earlier.
The crab is a seedling from the Red S berian but later, beiag now in season Might be
valuable upon further trial for its lateness.
253
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers .No. 1.) A. 1878
Mr. J. Burrows, of Druuimondville, shows a seedling apple, season winter, medium size,
greenish-yellow, with a slightly reddish cheek, mild sub-acid flavour. We would be glad to
see it at the Winter Meeting, when its merits can be more fully tested.
Mr. Roy, of Owen Souud, has a handsome seedling of medium to large snze, splashed and
mottled with red on a yellow ground, thy flesh now coarse, but as it would seem to be a good
keeper we would like to see it at the Winter Meeting, when it will be more nearly ripe.
Mr. Wm. Brown, Sydenham, Co, Grey, one specimen of seedling winter apple of large
size, not sufficiently ripe to judge of its qualities.
Mr. John E. Bull, of Weston, exhibits five varieties of apples, two of them of consider-
able excellence. No. 1, a large, light-yellow fruit, slightly striped, strongly resembling the
Colvert in appearance and season, but of much better quality ; flesh white, flavour good to
very good, sub-aciu.
No. 2. a handsome, oblong apple, season fall, beautifully striped and splashed with carmine
red on a light-yellow ground ; quality, first-rate, flesh very white, fine grain, flavour a sprightly
sub-acid resembling the Fameuse, but richer. We award it a prize of $>5.
Jas. M. Anderson, of Guelph, shows an apple in size, colour, and qualities strongly
resembling the Benoni, if not identical.
Mr. Jas. Clarke, of Canifton, submits a showy, striped, red and yellow apple, sweet,
and of fair quality. Might be prized by those who desire a sweet fall apple. Also a large
oblong striped apple, of fair sub-acid quality, season early winter. Recommended for trial,
especially in the colder parts of our Province. And a pretty, medium-sized crab, red, and of
good, nearly sweet, flavour. We are unable to say if it will prove useful for cooking purposes.
Messrs. Leslie & Son exhibited a fair seedling pear, much resembling in appearance a
medium-sized Beurre Bosc, of fine quality, buttery, free from grittiness, and worthy of exten-
sive trial.
Mr. S. Greenfield, of Ottawa, sends a grape, said to be a seedling from the Concord,
resembling the Hartford Prolific and of the same season, but not equal to these standard sorts.
P. C. Dempsey, of Albury, places on the table his No. 25 Seedling White Grape, a
hybrid which has formerly been before the Assuciation and received a first prize. It is supe-
rior in size of both bunch and berry to most of the white grapes heretofore introduced, of
good flavour, and entirely free from foxiness. We would express the hope that the Society
may some time be able to distribute it to the members of the Association.
A. M. Smith.
Charles Arnold.
Geo. Leslie, Jr.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO EXAMINE THE OTHER
FRUITS ON EXHIBITION
Mr. Geo. Leslie, showed pears — Flemish Beauty, fine sample ; Jamiuet' , Beurre
Haines, good specimens ; White Doyenne, fine specimens ; Beurre Langlier, well-grown •
Beurre Superfin, Mount Vernon, a good new winter pear, likely to succeed in Canada, and
a profitable one to grow ; Beurre Gris, Easter Beurre, a good keeper ; Sheldon, a magnificent
specimen ; Beurre de Waterloo, Beurre Hardy, Winter Nelis, Doyenne Sieulle, Bergamot
Cadette, a new variety ; Brewn Beurre, good ; Buerre Diel, Beurre Clairgeau, Vicar of
Wiokfield, fine ; Duchess d'Angouleme, a very superior collection in every respect. Apples
— Stotts Russet a fine russet apple, seedling not yet ripe, but has been proved to be a good
keeper, heavy cropper, and a fine strong grower, has received a prize from the Fruit Growers'
Association. Jeffries, a new apple of much excellence ; Kentish Filbasket, king of Tonikius
county ; St. Lawrence, Cornish Gilliflower, a very handsome apple without much flavour,
Hertfordshire pear- main, light-coloured, medium-sized fruit, of very good flavour, well
worthy of a more extended cultivation :— a fine display.
William Roy. — Flemish Beauty, very superior specimens; Winter Nelis, fair size;
Glout Merceau, handsome speeimens ; Sheldon, good ; Beurre Diel, Lawrence, Duchess
d'Angouleme, Beurre Superfin, excellent specimen ; Graslin, Beurre Clairgeau, Easter
Beui i Tins collection is of great excellence, proving the Owen Sound district is specially
suited to the growth of this fruit.
254
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
A. M. Smith displays a magnificent specimen of King of Tompkins, and a fair sample
of Maryland Red Streak.
Peter Coleman, of Bowmanville, showed some exceedingly fine Duchess d'Angouleme
pears of extraordinary size, one weighing 18 oz., also a fair specimen of Beurre d'Anjou.
William Simpson, Port Hope, had some Flemish Beauty well coloured, of extra fine
size and flavour.
William Roy, Owen Sound. — Apples — Ribstone Pippins, Fameuse, Baldwin, Yellow,
Belleflower, Golden Russet, Fall Pippin, good specimens, free from codlin moth, the Snows
being unusually fine.
H. M. Rose, Port Hope, showed pears — Buffam, White Doyenne, Napoleon, and apples
— Fameuse, Yellow Belleflower.
Charles Arnold, Paris, shewed again two varieties of his Hybridized Grapes, Canada
and Othello. Of the latter it is perhaps again necessary to say that it requires a good touch
of the frost, as some may not have taken this precaution and so have been disappointed at its
flavour. Of Canada the same may be said, as this alone brings it to its proper excellence.
George Smith, Port Hope, lona grapes, well-coloured and ripened.
Richard Trenbeth, Port Hope. — x\pples. A superior lot of Blenheim Orange would
sell well in the English market. Golden Russet, Greening, Cabashea, extra fine specimen ;
Yellow Belleflower, Northern Spy, Ribstone Pippin, Rambo, Grimes Golden, a goodfcdisplay.
P. E. BUCKE,
F. H. Hoka,
P. C. Dkmpsey,
G. B. Salter,
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO EXAMINE THE SEED-
LING PEACHES AND OTHER FRUITS GROWN BY MR. B. GOTT. AR-
KONA, ONTARIO.
To the Directors of the Fruit Growers Association.
Gentlemen, — Your Committee appointed to visit the grounds of Mr. B. Gott, of
Arkona, and to examine his seedling peaches and other fruits, beg to submit the following
report : —
We left London by the early morning train of the 14th of September, and reached
Watford Station on the Great Western Railway about 9 a. m. Arkona is situate in the
midst of a belt of fertile country, midway between Watford and Parkhill, the latter beino-
on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway j Arkona is about 12 miles from either place, and
about 7 or 8 from Lake Huron. Having secured a conveyance at Watford, and the day
being fine, we had a very pleasant drive, reaching Mr. Gott's farm and nurseries about a
mile and a half beyond the village in a little more than two hours.
As our visit was somewhat unexpected, we found that Mr. Gott was absent from horn.'.
He had gone to Parkhill, one of his market outlets, with a load of peaches. We found
however, no difficulty in getting all the information we needed, and were shown every attention
by his good wife who seemed to take an equal interest with her husband in all that was
grown on the place, knew the history of almost every tree and was quite familiar with all
the different varieties of fruit.
We were soon among the peach trees which were so heavily laden as to threaten
their destruction, indeed some of the more weakly branches had given way, broken down
with the weight of fruit. The orchard of seedling peaches first claimed our attention. In
this there were about 240 trees in all ; the great bulk of them with an abundance of fruit of
fair size, ruddy in appearance, of good average quality and remarkably uniform in character.
But there were among them several of superior excellence, the characteristics of which we
shall give in detail indicating the fruits by numbers.
No. 1. — Large ; seven and three-quarter inches in circumference; colour, whitish yellow,
with a brilliant red cheek ; flesh white ; very juicy ; melting, and of a rich flavour ; stone
25.5
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
free, with the flesh surrounding it of a deep red colour. The foliage of the tree is large and
vigorous, the young wood deep red. The fruit ripens about a week after Hale's early.
No. 2. Lars* ; nearly eight inches in circumference ; color, pale yellow, almost covered
with splashes and dots of deep red ; flesh rich and juicy ; white with reddish dots and red
flesh about the stone ; stone medium sized, free ; foliage vigorous and glossy.
No. 3. Is an excellent seedling peach, very closely resembling No. 2.
No. 4. Large • yellowish white, mottled almost entirely over with bright red. Flesh
juicy, melting, and of good flavour ; white, much stained with red ; stone free. The origin
of these seedlings is unknown.
Adjoining the seedling orchard there were a goodly number of trees of some of the
standard varieties. There were 50 Crawfords Early with a fine crop of very handsome and
high-coloured fruit, specimens of which measured eight and a half inches in circumference.
These peaches were now ripe and being marketed.
There were also, besides other varieties, 10 Mountain Rose, an excellent and high-
flavoured white peach, some of which measured eight inches in circumference, and bore some
resemblance to the seedlings Nos. 1 and 2. The suture on the Mountain Rose is visible en-
tirely arjuud the fruit, although more prominent on the one side than the other. Mr. Gott's
crop of peaches this season was over two hundred bushels, for which he realized from $1.75
to 84 a bushel.
His soil is a rich, deep sandy loam, with a subsoil of white sand. It was formerly a
favourite Indian camping ground, evidence of which is furnished by the number of arrow
heads and pieces of Indian pottery found by Mr Gott on the premises ; indeed we picked up
several pieces of this pottery ourselves while walking over the grounds.
Grapes, we found, were very forward here ; even as early as this the greater part of the
cro > had been marketed. The vines were planted eight feet apart and ten feet between the
rows : in one vineyard they were planted from east to west, in the other from north to
south. The excellent character of the soil, and the sunny situation of the vineyards on a
gentle slope facing south, resulted here in the fruit being unusually high coloured with a re-
markable development of saccharine matter. Among other varieties we observed the fol-
lowing : —
Iona, good crop, not cpuite ripe.
Concord, heavy crop, scarcely ripe ; bunch and berry unusually large.
Hartford Prolific, quite ripe, nearly all the crop had been gathered.
Delaware, quite ripe, highly coloured, fiue bunch and berry.
Rogers 4, scarcely ripe.
Rogers 3, quite ripe ; most of this variety had been marketed.
Eumelan, ripe and goue ; the crop had been good.
Rogers 19, ripe ; a h avy bearer, with large berry and fine bunch.
Rogers 43 (Barry), nearly ripe.
R gers 44, almost ripe ; large bunch and berry.
Rogers 9, ripe, and deeper in colour than usual.
Salem, ripe ; fruiting well.
Rebecca, nearly ripe; fair bunches, fruiting moderately well.
His pear trees are young and not many of them fruiting yet. We saw some good Bartletts
fiue fair fruit. Flemish Beauties very large and handsome ; also fine examples of Beurre
d'Anjou and Seckel. The cherry trees, both on inazz ird and mahaleb stocks had made re-
markably healthy and vigorous growth, but had not fruited yet. The apple trees were also
young but healthy, and making good growth
Mr. Gott is also successful with small fruits. His raspberry canes had made strong
growth, and yielded good fruit in their season. He cultivates Philadelphia, Clarke, Yellow
Antwerp and Brandy wine ; also gooseberries, currants, and strawberries, finding a ready mar-
ket for all his fruit in his own district
By the time we had made a careful tour of the orchards and partakeu of a lunch, kindly
provided for us, Mr. Gott had returned from market, and with him during the afternoon we
visited again the different points of interest on his place, and returning to Watford in time
256
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
for the evening train, we reached London about ten P.M., much pleased with the experiences
of the day.
Wm. Saunders,
Robert Burnet,
Charles Arnold,
OUR FRUITS FOR 1877.
By B. Gott, Arkona.
Being shut out from the pale of competition for your annual prize essays by inexperience
and a want of skill in the subject to be treated, I shall content mysell, and deem it a privilege
and a pleasure to report as briefly as possible upon some of our common fruits for the very
encouraging season just passed ; and this I shall hasten to do before the exquisite and delight-
ful flavour of our excellent grapes and aromatic peaches has wholly passed from the delicate
and sensitive touch of our palate ; or before the sweeping, blustering, pinching and merciless
winds of approaching winter have driven the pervading and pleasant fragrance of them far
away from our gardens and orchards. Allow me to note firstly —
Our Grapes,
By which term I should like to be understood to mean to designate Canadian grapes, those
grown, fostered, and matured on the soil and within the boundary of British Canada, — or, if
you please, Ontario. And further 1 should like to be understood to mean not grapes that are
the product of vines carefully nursed and protected within walls of brick and mortar, and
covered with transparent glass, and tended with the hand of matured experience and skill, but
those grapes that are the products, the spontaneous fruitfulness of vines firmly rooted in the
open fertile soils of our hills ; wafted and fanned by the pure and invigorating breezes of our
delightful atmosphere, and warmed and invigorated by that energetic and life-giving principle
derived directly from our brilliant Canadian snn. (I hope to be excused for the use of this
seemingly selfish and ridiculous expression, as I am led to believe that the inteuse brightness,
the extreme purity, and the vigour of our sunshine, is a peculiarity of Canada.) By our
grapes I may be understood to mean further, not the wild, austere, and uninviting products of
our native indigenous species of grape vines, found clambering in our native forests and on the
banks of our beautiful streams (although some of these are not altogether bad to take), but
grapes that are the abundant products of vines that were originated and nursed by the indus-
trious, careful, skilled, and experienced Canadian and American hybridists and cultivators.
Amon^r those vines we have the highest, the best, and the latest improved types of the species,
vie., Arnold's Hybrids, Dempsey's Hybrids, Mills, and others of Canadian origin ; also
Roger's Hybrids, Ricket's, Campbell's, and many others of great excellence of American
origin. These valuable fruits of highest and purest excellence, are found growing and thriving
as luxuriantly and satisfactorily on our open borders as the most enthusiastic grape-lover could
well desire. It is very pleasing and instructive to carefully uote the growing importance to
the masses of this branch of horticultural industry in this country. A few years ago, people
among us of some considerable intelligence, would startle us in the most abrupt manner on
grapes being presented to their notice, with the inquiry, " Yes, very nice ; but what are they
good for '? How shall we use them 1 What are they used for]" and many other such ques-
tions of like ridiculous import. How changed are the inquiries of the present time, and all
through the late grape season, instead of the foregoing, people would curiously and interest-
edly ask what is the name of this or the other variety when presented to their notice. Have
you any vines of this or the other varieties to dispose of] etc., etc., thus showing the deepest
intelligent concernment, and evincing at once a desire to possess the fruitful vine that would
only promise to produce for them like precious fruits. Again, a short time ago it was not
safe to offer a hundred-weight of grapes upon some of our country markets for fear of a stagna-
tion, and an utter failure to dispose of the stock in anything like a reasonable and satisfactory,
mannner. To day, in those same markets, thousands of pounds can be safely offered, and
can be easily and satisfactorily disposed of, and with very encouraging results. The grapes
17 257
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
both of Canadian and American origin, consumed in this country during the past season
among all classes of our people, must have amounted to an enormous aggregate ; and so the
demand is multiplied and extended in this remarkable manner from year to year. It would
not be very unsafe to one's reputation for veracity, or require any superhuman intellect to pre-
dict that in this country this remarkable consumption of this valuable fruit will go on increa-
sing, and its popularity extending ; and if the demand is not amply met at home, and by the
industries of home growers, it must come from abroad, and foreign growers in other lands will
be called upon to supply our people with a fruit they will not do without : and which we can
safely, abundantly, and profitably produce at home. We have sunshine and showers as sub-
limely and as plentifully as any people ; we have hill and dale as picturesque and as fertile as
any land can boast, where we can produce bunches that will gladden the heart and elevate our
native pride of country and home. The original wild grape-vine, and its near relative
the Clinton, being only one remove from it, are fast disappearing, and are being rapidly and
successfully supplanted by the far more valuable and excellent Othello, Agawam, Concord,
Delaware, and many other valuable sorts of undoubted and established superiority. As for
sorts and varieties and their characteristic points of difference and excellence, it appears to me
that we are, as a people, merely experimenting , and our work at present accomplished and
accomplishing is trial and testing. Although we have many varieties of grapes of the best of
quality, and of established repute in their favourite localities, but as yet we have not a perfect,
untarnished grape, resolutely coming up to all demands and fulfilling all requirements. We
have not a arape that we can safely and confidently recommend to all classes of growers, and
under all the various circumstances of their tastes and soils. This, however, I never expect
to see ; and it seems to me to be preposterous to ask for such a grape. It is not obtained in
any other fruit of which we have any knowledge, and why should it be presistently asked for
or so perseveriugly studied and laboured for in our grapes. Each variety has its individual
and characteristic peculiarities of nature and constitution ; and he who originates a variety of
yrape of even an established local merit, is a benefactor to his country. Those varieties now
existing and propagated freely among us, are, very fortunately, almost endless in their diver-
sities, and are individually suited and well adapted to every man in his various tastes and
requirements, to his circumstances and his relationships ; and all he has to do is to find out,
to test, to observe, and thus come to the knowledge of the variety or varieties best adapted to
his individual peculiarities. All are good and useful in their proper places, and under proper
and congenial conditions ; and all are excellent and serviceable to men in their proper time
and season. To say unqualifiedly that one variety is better than all others is a task not
easily defined. It is very true, notwithstanding, that at the present time and under present
existing circumstances of climate, soil, and season on this continent — I mean, of course, the
grape-growing regions of it, — grape-growers, through the utmost extent of the regions, unhes-
itatingly confer an overshadowing and a proud pre-eminence upon the prevailing and uncon-
querable excellencies of one variety, and that variety is the Concord. On every list, north
and south, east and west, it stands pre-eminently and emphatically as The Grape for the Million.
But how lojg this high and sweeping verdict may continue to hold good, it is at present im-
possible for any ordinary intellect to predict. It is quite possible, and not at all improbable,
that some new and aspiring grape of better inherent qualities shall be originated and produced
among us that will take the dignified and coveted position, and leading the van shall leave its
favoured rival far in the distant past. Just think of the extent and grandeur of the work
that is here open for investigation and competition. How our hybridists and originators may
ponder and work, and what fond and aspiring hopes may well animate their exertions with this
urand conception and this cherished object before their vision. Remember, friend, that you
aim at nothing less than to beat the Concord. Work away Arnold, and Saunders, and Demp-
sey ; work away Rogers and Rommel, Campbell and Rickets of American renown. Your
already heavy and justly celebrated work is yet unfinished ; though you have bestowed
trophies upon us your highest ambition is not attained. To beat the Concord in its glorious
perfections, will require your utmost and concentrated abilities; your best and continued
exertions, and your highest and best possible ripened experience. This popular and national
variety originated with one E. W. Bull, of Concord, Mass., about some thirty years ago. The
vine is very hardy, a good grower, and very healthy and productive. The wood is strong and
rather long-jointed, and the leaves are large and deeply lobed. The fruit is large, globular,
black, and thickly covered with a beautiful blue bloom ; skin thin, and very easily cracks :
258
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
fruit sweet, pulpy, tender ; colours about two weeks before tbe Catawba, but should be allowed
to hang long to develop all its excellencies ; bunches large-shouldered and compact. The
hardiness, productiveness, and popularity of the Concord have induced many attempts to raise
seedlings therefrom, some of which have attained considerable note, but none surpassing the
renowned parent. During the past favourable and encouraging season for grape-growinc in
this section, we have been enabled to fruit and properly mature some thirty distinctive and
representative varieties of noted Canadian and American grapes on our grounds. All these
have uniformly done well, and given the best of satisfaction, excepting perhaps Agawam
Roger's No. 15, which suffered much in wood, leaf, and berry from sunscald and mildew ■
but whether this was caused by, or is the result of, internal weakness of nature and constitu-
tion, and thus an inability to withstand the trying vicissitudes of our peculiarly trying Cana-
dian climate, or whether it was merely from the improper acclimatizing, that may be better
affected or removed entirely after a few years residence among us, I am at present unable to
state, but from some cause it failed to ripen its fruit. Wilder, Rogers' No. 4, and Herbert
Rogers' No. 44, are either and each of them most certainly remarkable and highly valuable
varieties, and may be justly estimated as boons to the people. Where they do well they may
be very safely encouraged and liberally planted. The vines are so vigorous, such strong, free,
and rampant growers ; make such fine, heavy, and healthy wood, and are clothed with such
large, fine and handsome leaves, that they are at once captivating in their very appearance.
But when the large compact bunches of rich, black, and deliciously-flavoured fruit is seen and
tasted, the argument is conclusive : it is more than the most exacting and the most critical
can withstand.
As for Delaware, we most sincerely think that the high and proud position so long and
so extensively gained by this favourite variety is very much shaken by competition with the
newer and very promising variety of Dr. G. W. Grant's on the Iona Islands, near Peekskill,
N. Y., and hence called Iona from the place of its nativity. With the single exception of
earliness of maturity this is a peer, a successful competitor for the national laurels so Ion"-
held by the old standard variety, Delaware. Its vine, on gaining some root force is a re-
markably heavy and strong grower, stout jointed and thickly covered with a large healthy
and beautiful foliage. The fruit is large, oblong or oval, and of a beautiful, captivating,
redish colour marked with deep, red veins longitudinally, and hangs pendant from a lar°-e,
long and loosely clustered, heavily shouldered bunch. The capabilities of the vine for en-
durance in our climate is good, and for production and fruitfulness, wonderful. For excel-
lence, pure and simple excellence in internal value, Mr. Rogers' No. 9, Lindley, stauds at
the present, among out-door and tested grapes without a successful rival. The vine is hardy
and enduring in our colds, but not so unflinching in our heats, and on some soils, and in
some locations a little liable to mildew. It makes a good growth in favourable circumstances
and an abundance of strong healthy wood. The fruit is large, round, of a brick-red colour,
pulp, soft, sweet, sprightly and of a peculiarly aromatic flavour, and of very high excellencies',
the bunch is large, compact and heavily shouldered. The leaf is large and fine and the pro-
perties of the vine for early and abundant bearing are very satisfactory. This season we
have had the extreme and unexpected satisfaction of fruiting the much talked of Early
Champion or Talman as it is differently denominated in various localities ; it has one pre-
dominating point of merit viz : that of earliest maturity, the first grape of the season, (and
we all have an extremely keen relish for that) and is not otherwise an inferior grape, the
wood and leaf much, very much, resemble those of Perkin's or Hartford Prolific (but rather
closer jointed than the latter) and the growth is strong and very healthy, and endures our
climate well. The fruit is medium, round and of a bright, deep black colour, and without
bloom, and is thickly set on a simple bunch, and of a rich, mild, sugary flavour. The vine is
very hardy and prolific, and from the fact of the very early maturity of'its fruit would be very
acceptable and profitable ; and should be largely planted and encouraged among us. The Hart-
ford Prolific, it seems to me, is striving hard, very hard for a place and name among the early
varieties, it is really a very valuable and serviceable variety and well adapted to the popular
want for an early, good grape. The vine is hardy and an excellent grower, and an early and
abundant fruiter, the wood is heavy and healthy, and long jointed, and covered with a fol-
iage at once fine, healthy and abundant, and I think, the finest and most spreading leaves
found on any of our out-door grapes. The fruit is medium, round and of a dark, black
colour with slight bloom, the flesh is semipulpy and of a sweet, sprightly fl ivour. The bun ch
259
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
is large, loose and heavily shouldered ; and the vine (true to name) is very prolific, and com-
mences to show fruit very young. Our highest hopes and expectations were, from a very
ear'y time raised to their utmost capacity by the reports of the good qualities we everywhere
got from the Eumelan, one of Dr. G. W. Grant's new valuables, but rather two highly praised
varieties. Well, we had it heavily fruiting on our grounds this very season, and are some-
what at rest as to its real place and intrinsic merits. That it is a valuable, and in some
localities and respects an excellent variety, cannot be denied, but that it will attain a popu-
larity or an eminence equal to some that are already in the market is very questionable.
The vine is a good grower and very hardy, and the bluish-coloured wood is covered
with a beautiful bloom, and a fine large showy foliage and is very close jointed. The fruit is
medium, round, and of a bluish black colour, covered with a showy bloom and is of a
miid, soft sweetness, somewhat resembling the elder berry, and without good grape character.
The berries with us this season were much and seriously affected by a sort of dry rot that
appeared on them in spots like a red scab or blotch, and eventually resulted in the berry
shrivelling and totally drying up to the skin ; and this singular disease spread rapidly from
berry to berry through the entire bunch, and in some cases to every bunch on the vine. Whether
this manifestation is a peculiarity of our soil and climate, or whether it is an internal weak-
ness of the vine I am not at present able to say, but if it should continue it will terminate
in the condemnation of this promising and largely expectant variety. What bunches were
perfect and well matured, however, were excellent, and extremely admirable. Last, but not
least, of our newly acquired and promising varieties of grapes this year was the Rebecca.
Well, now, I cannot say that Rebecca has, after all, so very much real sterling merit in it ;
but like many of her fair and famed namesakes has much, if not most, of her goodness in
the name But still it has some good qualities, and I believe if it were properly grown, and
well matured (which might not have been the case with us this season), it would be a very
fair grape, and then it is a white grape. The vine is a delicate slow grower, especially when
young, but very hardy and close jointed. The leaf is small, delicate, and very deeply lobed.
but very healthy ; the fruit is small to medium, oblong, and of a sweetish sprightly flavour ;
and of a clear ureenish whiteness : the bunch is small, simple and very compact. For ama-
teur culture this variety would make a very nice addition where a man can afford time and
expense to gratify a fine taste.
Of the other varieties we have fruited upon our ground and of whose merits or demerits,
as far as our soil, location, and climate are concerned, we are at least capable of offering an
opinion, I shall at the present content myself by simply giving a short and plain description.
Massasoit, Roger 's No. 3. — Vine healthy, strong grower, and early and abundant bearer.
Wood very hardy, strong, and close jointed ; leaves large, fine and healthy, and deeply lobed.
Fruit medium to large, round, and of a reddish brown colour with a bluish bloom ; flavour
excellent, and of a very inviting and pleasant aroma ; bunch large and shouldered. This is
a very profitable and promising variety.
Mrrrimac, Rogers No. 19. — Although it much resembles Wilder in its habits and general
characteristics, yet it is scarcely so good or so valuable a variety. It is, however, well worthy
01 our best attention for amateur culture.
Barn/, Rogers, No. 43. — Vine very strong and rampant grower; hardy, healthy, and a
gjod and early bearer ; leaves abundant, large and healthy. Fruit large round, and of a
bright black colour ; flesh sweet, tender and good, and about two weeks later than Wilder in
maturing. Bunches medium to large, compact and shouldered. This is a very showy and
very promising grape.
Delaware. — Of this famed variety so much has been said and written of late, that most
growers perfectly understand its good and excellent qualities ; and I need scarcely detain the
patient reader with a description of either it or its fruit. Sufficient to say, however, that
with us durinu the past season it has well retained its everywhere excellent qualities.
Salem, Rogers X". 53. — Some authorities, however, have this numbered 22. but I have
very good reason to believe the first number to be correct. (The Bushberg's catalogue, page
72 ) The vine ate; reaching some age is a strong and vigorous grower, healthy and hardy,
and promising to be an early kind ; good flavour ; the wood is heavy and close jointed ; foli-
age healthy and beautiful, and deeply lobed. The fruit is large to very large, round, and of
a mild red coiour covered with bloom. The flesh is tender semipulpy, sprightly, aromatic and
260
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
very agreeable ; bunches medium to large, shouldered, and is a very valuable acquisition
and wherever tried appears to be quite a popular favourite.
Of the late ripening varieties that we were enabled to fruit, and very nicely to mature
by the 5th of October, were the following, viz :
Goethe, Roger's No. 1. — The vine is a strong and very good grower, heavy wood and
close jointed, and has a disposition to show fruit quite early ; it is hardy, healthy, and abund-
antly covered with a showy foliage. Fruit large, oblong, and adheres firmly to the bunch
and of a whitish red colour ; flesh tender, sweet and rich, and possessing many of the charac-
teristics of the celebrated Originator's Grapes. Bunches are large, long and loose, and simple.
Where this grape can be properly grown and matured it would doubtless be very valuable.
Clinton. — This old sort is so well and generally known that a description of it seems
needless, it is esteemed lightly, and of little internal value.
"Catawba. —This old and popular variety seems to well retain its much renowned and
valuable characteristics, and they have been partially brought out by us the past favourable
season. Where it can be properly grown and matured, it is, without doubt, a number one
grape, Ohio to the contrary notwithstanding. Vine a moderate grower at least while younc,
but very hardy, vigorous and healthy, and a good and early bearer. Fruit medium to large
round, red, with a soft lilac bloom ; flesh tender, somewhat pulpy, with a very rich vinous
and spicy flavour of the best and most pleasant quality ; bunches large, lono-, loose and
shouldered. If we can raise and mature Catawbas we ought to be proud, and much more
deeply patriotic.
Perkins. — Vine very much resembling Hartford, but rather more woolly and leaves far
more deeply lobed ; a healthy and good grower, and early bearer. Fruit medium oblong,
and of a soft whitish red colour ; flesh pulpy, not highly flavoured but pleasant ; no definite
character claiming attention. Bunches small to medium, very compact, but does not hold
the berry well, and slightly shouldered. I see no very good points to recommend Perkins to
our friendly consideration.
Alvey or Hagar. — Vine very rapid and strong grower; wood heavy and long jointed
hardy and healthy. Fruit excessively small, round, and ot a bright black colour ; flesh no
pulp, juicy mild and of a dark blood red, seeds large. Bunch small, shouldered, loose, and
uninviting. This variety with us this season is of no value excepting merely as a curiosity,
and to swell the list.
Isabella, — This old and well-tried variety has still some good points, but it is not always
certain that they are going to be realized. The character is so well known that a description
is useless. One of the best qualities of the fruit, if it is matured well, is its keeping
qualities ; nicely and securely put away the fruit can be made to retain its plumpness and
character long after most others are done, and so materially prolong the pleasant grape sea-
son, a point of no small value.
Israella. — This is one of Dr. Grant's puffs, and brought extensively into notice some few
years ago, by that over sanguine and enthusiastic gentleman. With us this season it is a
great sell, and a great disappointment. The vine, however, is a strong grower, and pretty
hardy, wood heavy and short jointed ; foliage healthy and good. Fruit small, round, and of
a bright black colour ; flesh tender, and of no decided character. Bunch small and loosely
scattered. Its excellencies are yet to appear.
Of those varieties growing and doing well with us, but which have not as yet presented
us a sample of their fruit for inspection.
Othello, Arnold's No. 1 — A good grower and hardy, with a deeply lobed, healthy and
delicate leaf.
Autuchon, Arnold's No. 5. — Quite promising.
Martha. — Very slow and delicate grower while young, but possessing a good name from
abroad, we hope great things from it.
Adirondac. — This is also a remarkably slow and delicate sort, while young. Hardy,
but difficult to start ; it may, however redeem itself.
Crevelling, also hardy, but delicate while young.
Croton. — On account of the preciousness and extensive popularity of this promising
variety, I have tried hard to get it started and fairly under way • but as yet have made but
very slow progress. Ive's seedling good grower, hardy.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Walter. — Good grower, hardy, and very satisfactory so far. We hope much from this
variety.
Lady. — Aye this is the variety inestimably precious. It is Mr. Campbell's speciality
from Delaware, Ohio. It may do well with us, unsympathizing, incredulous Canadians, but
it has not done much as yet with me. I hope, however, as for the times of ripening, the fol-
lowing notes taken on the grounds may be of service. And be it distinctly understood, that
these times refer exclusively to this location on our own grounds, and that this season and
open exposed culture are meant.
August 9th, 1877. — Examined grapes today; found Agawam Roger's 15, badly af-
fected with mildew in wood, in leaf and in fruit, much of the latter making no advancement
towards ripening. Found Eumelan extensively and badly affected with red scab, a disease
affecting the berry in spots, and causing it to shrivel and entirely dry up to the skin, no seed
in these matured. The fruit that was healthy, and not thus affected, was fine, and maturing
very nicely, bunch very large. Talman and Israella appear slightly affected also with the red
scab, but not very largely. Talman quite ripe and of good flavour ; all others look healthy
and promising but not ripe.
August 29th, 1877.— Entered to-day into an extended and more thorough inspection of
our grapes.
Agawam. — Those bunches and berries that are matured and healthy, are of most excel-
lent flavour, about § of the crop is lost. Massasoit, Roger's No. 3, ripening very nicely ; pro-
mise to be excellent. Merrimack, Roger's 19, just turning, fine. Wilder, Roger's No. 4,
ripening nicely.
Lindley, Roger's No. 9, just ripening ; very fine.
Barry, Roger's No. 44, not yet changed.
Herbert, Roger's No. 44, well advanced in ripening.
Eumelan, ripe and all harvested.
Delaware, just commencing to turn for ripening.
Rebecca, well advanced in maturity, fine flavour.
Salem, Roger's No. 53, not yet changed.
Perkins, not ripe ; yet unchanged.
Goethe, Roger's No. 1, no signs of ripening.
Cawtaba, not changed.
Champion, quite ripe, mostly gathered.
Israella, yet unchanged.
Hartford Prolific, changing for ripening.
Iona, just colouring.
Isabella, no signs of maturity.
Clinton, just changing.
Concord colouring very rapidly, these are very healthy and exceeding!}' promising.
October 5th, 1877. — Of the late ripening varieties still on the trellises, the following arc
now well ripened, viz. : Cawtaba, Goethe, Roger's No. 1, Perkins, Alvey, Isabella, Clinton,
Israella, &c.
October 13th. — -To-day we clipped the last of our grapes from the trellises, for this sea-
son. It is with feelings of eagerness we linger about the trellises, anxious to spy the last
missed berry , and the idea of their being all gone is repugnant and unwelcome ; we have
cultivated a familiarity for them that is hard abruptly to break off. Of the last in good
condition, were Cawtaba, Isabella, Perkins, Goethe, and Iona. Concord also is still good,
and in the highest condition of excellence, but the over ripe and extended berries will burst
their skin on the slightest pressure. Iona keep best.
October 23rd. — I he foliage of our grapes are yet untouched by frost, and they still
present an appearance almost as brilliant as summer ; and scarcely an indication of approach-
ing winter is upon them.
November 1st. — Although considerably scored and yellowed, there is yet an abundance
of fine natural foliage upon the Grape trellises.
This circumstance has not before been noticed here for many years in the past.
Thus I have attempted to give as briefly as possible, what I know about our grapes, and
although this has been very hurriedly, imperfectly and incompletely done, I must dedicate it
to the fruit growers of this country, hoping at least that it may be of some humble service
262
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
to them in their arduous work and in their honest and persistent attempts to supply this needy
country with good and perfect home grown grapes. May their laudable efforts abundantly
succeed.
Having drawn so largely on my space in my observations on our grapes, I must of ne-
cessity condense my remarks on the other fruits of this very fruitful season. (Note in this
last reference to the season, I wish to be understood that it is applicable only and truthfully
to the cultivation of varied crops ; that the man who relies on one crop, and that crop apples,
cannot readily endorse this description of the season.) This brings me secondly to
Our Peaches.
The day when Canada would become able to grow and be noted for her fine peaches,
at one time seemed very far in the future ; and it seemed to those essaying it, that the
realization of them would necessitate some radical and essential changes in the physical
laws, by which our seasons and climate are governed. Notwithstanding those great dis-
couragements and obstacles, however, we have been enabled this season to grow, mature,
and harvest as fine and as lucious peaches as are the boasted product of any clime. Peach-
growing this season received an impetus, a decided demonstration that will influence our
growers and very sensibly affect the future destiny of this crop in this country. Cousin
Sam ! boast not of your exalted and exclusive control of American peach growing ; for
we in Icy Canada, may yet become recognized as an ally of no mean pretensions in this
matter. The extraordinary and regular size, the beauty and completeness of outline and
the exquisitely tinted and beautiful colours of our peaches this season were truly won-
derful ; and the surprisingly astonishing manner in which the trees were laden, and their
slender and elastic branches weighed to the ground, was something to be talked about,
and something worthy of a long journey to behold.
But the flavour, the delicate tender richness of juice and flesh, and the exhaling and de-
lightful aroma of the ripened fruit, are recollections not quickly or easily forgotten.
Could the man with disparaging notions of Canadian peach-growing have witnessed and
inspected the demonstrations this season, we feel satisfied that the result would have been
enough, and more than enough to have forever banished his scepticism to the winds, and
firmly established him in the belief of this country's future greatness, and in her ample
ability to supply her inhabitants with the best and richest of fruits.
Peach-growing seems to be no longer an experiment among us, but it has arrived to
the standing and position of a permanent and remunerative industry ; and our people can
now plant and cultivate their peach orchard with as much confidence and assurance of
satisfaction and success, as they have been long taught to exercise towards their apple
orchards. Furthermore, we are reminded by this season to provide for emergencies, by
planting fruits in variety, in large varieties, for it is an established law of nature to com-
pensate, to preserve an equilibrium in this as in other matters and interests. When one
of our precious fruits fails us, it is with feelings of no small satisfaction and delight that
we look at the bending loads of another sort of fruit to compensate the loss. The idea
of total failure in any of our staple industries, is very painful, but a partial failure is en-
durable. Such was our position this season. Apples, nil ; peaches, very plentiful ; plums
scarce, and in great request ; pears and cherries tolerably plentiful. This arrangement
Providential.
Again, certain insects prey upon a sort of fruit to its almost total devastation, but
others were left untouched for the use of depending man. Thus, by planting out liberally
and plentifully of various sorts and kinds of fruits, we every year have some to cheer us, and
in some years we have the greatest profusion and richest abundance of nutritious fruit pro-
ducts to feast our longing appetites, As for the differences of varieties of peaches now
claiming our attention, we have not, as yet, experimented very largely, but have contented
ourselves mostly, with a few of the most prominent; and of these we feel abundantly satisfied •
with the superexcillence of Early Crawford or Crawford Early. This is a truly remarkable
variety of fruit destined for national honours and supreme domain ; and standing in the same
relation to all other peaches as the grape Cone rd holds to all other grapes ; and on every
catalogue, north or south, through the entire length and breadth of this extensive country it
stands pre-eminent as a standard and popular variety. It was originated some few years ago
2(33
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
by one William Crawford Esq., of Middletown N.Y., U.S. The late A. J. Downing in his
excellent and valuable work on the fruits and fruit trees of America, page 490, 1847, makes
the following careful and judicious remarks on this sterling fruit. " This " says he, " is the
most splendid and excellent of all early yellow fleshed peaches, and is scarcely surpassed by
any other variety in size and beauty of appearance. As a market fruit it is perhaps the
most popular of the day ; and it is deserving of the high favour in which it is held by all
growers of the peach." This enconium upon Crawford's peach we must decidedly endorse.
The tree is very vigorous, very fruitful and tolerably healthy and hardy, and makes a fine
orchard tree. The leaves are large and abundant. The fruit is large too, very large, oblong,
swollen point at the top, very prominent, and the suture shallow. Skin, a deep yellow with
a fine deep, red, cheek and is very enticing. Flesh, deep yellow, melting, sweet, rich and
very excellent, accompanied by a marked and very pleasant aroma, and ripens about the
first week in September. Flowers small. In last season's notes on this excellent variety I
was induced to make statements derogatory to the bearing qualities of the tree ; but after
this season's experience, and by further acquaintance with our American friend, 1 beg leave,
most decidedly, to revise that verdict. The crop was everything that could well be desired,
and the bearing qualities of the trees all that the most exacting and unscrupulous could
conscientiously wish. To develop the best results, however, with this as well as all other
varieties of peaches, the tree must attain some maturity and stand on soil and in locations
somewhat favourable to its urgent demands and necessity. Smock's Free we have also found
to be very excellent and not inferior to Melocoton. Crawford's Late is also fast growing in
popular favour, and bids fair to be one of our standard, and most valuable and profitable
sorts. Mountain Rose has good and excellent qualities both in tree and in fruit, and in this
section its excellence and its beautiful appearance has won it much respect. As usual our
seedling peaches this year have been very abundant, very excellent and very profitable ; many
of them attaining equal size and beauty of appearance as well, also as excellent internal qual-
ities as has the Mountain Rose and other renowned American varieties.
The Committee appointed by the President of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association
to visit our grounds and examine those seedling peaches this season, have reported, I believe
upon four of them as having valuable qualities worthy of recommendation. And thus we are
encouraged to raise peach trees from selected seed that are perfectly hardy and adapted to
our climate and our necessities, and having excellent qualities of tree and fruit that may be
worthy of dissemination, and that can be confidently recommended to our people. We have
also several highly praised named sorts that we have not as yet fruited, all of which are pro-
mising, and so far, very encouraging, and shortly we hope to be able to report upon their
several good qualities and estimable fruits. The most prominent of these names are Early
York, Early Beatrice, Alexander, Foster, Stump the World, Hales Early, Lemon Cling, Old
Mixon Free, and others ; but we must notice
OUR APPLES.
This staple fruit crop was exceedingly scarce this season, and not alone with us, but the
complaint was very general, not only in this country but throughout the whole Western States
as well, as also, the North West country. In the East, I believe, there was a medium crop
and in some sections a good yield ; but taking the country as a whole, and the crop as an in-
dustry and a dependence, it was this year a general failure. The causes of this singular and
wide-spread scarcity of apples have given rise to many speculations, and are doubtless
varied and not overly well defined. Insect depredations and an over-abundant and gen-
eral crop last year may have exerted an influence in this result ; but it is more than likely
that the last was the true and potent cause of injury, as it was noticed that the trees in
the Spring failed to show their blossoms. There were, however, in this section and
neighborhood some happy and cheering exceptions to this general and lamentable scarcity
of apples on our trees. Some of our neighbours had a hundred and some two hundred
bushels ; and in the case of Mr. James Johnson on the lake shore, in the Township of
Bosanquet, whose orchard of 200 trees is 29 years old and had, this season, 700 bushels
of very superior apples. Others in this section also have had good crops which were
readily disposed of at remunerative and encouraging prices. Let us hope, however, that
this severe failure in this staple crop of fruit and which we so deeply feel, may bring us
2G4
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878-
instead, good and profitable results which we may keep after many days ; as first a better
and higher estimate of the real intrinsic value of this fruit and its true place in our economy,
and second, a better and more general immunity from the devastations and depredations
of the Codling Moth and other apple eating insects. Surely Ave may reasonably expect an
equivalent.
OUR PEARS, PLUMS, AND CHERRIES.
The crops of these valuable fruits are improving in interest from year to year and
this season these fruits have been tolerably plentiful throughout the country, and in cer-
tain favoured sections they have even been abundant. It is very clear, however, that
considering our very favourable conditions for raising them, and the constant and in-
creasing demand for them ; that the half that should be provided are not produced
among us.
OUR SMALL FRUITS.
These, without any exception, as far as I am aware, have been most abundant and
very encouraging to their cultivators and admirers. Much interest is being annually de-
veloped in these fruits, and many are heard enquiring for plants of Strawberries, Rasp-
berries, etc. from which to grow those welcome and delicious summer fruits so easily and
abundantly produced. I have thus attempted to sketch the history of the fruit products
of this encouraging and bountiful season, conscious of our dependence upon the " Giver
of all Good " for those and all other mercies. I have done this for the double purpose of
review, and to increase the interest in fruit growing among those who are less highly
favoured ; how far I have or am likely to succeed in those purposes I leave you, patient
and attentive reader, to determine, assuring you at the same time that my wish and earnest
desire is for the best interest of fruit culture in this country. And further, allow me to
say, I firmly believe the day is not far in the distant future when we may become noted;
as a people for the beauty, the abundance and value of our fruits.
DAVID BRADT'S SEEDLING RUSSET.
To the President and Board of Directors of the
Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario.
Gentlemen. — I hand to you Specimens of my Seedling Apple.
The Tree is about forty years old, a Chance Seedling, and stands well exposed, grow-
ing in a line fence and at the present time very healthy, and has borne good crops, the
best crops are produced in alternate years, but a light crop other years, the soil is a strong
loam, the tree growing in sod without any cultivation. The tree is pruned regularly
every year. In 1876 the crop was about 12 bushels picked apples, and many fell without
counting. Their keeping qualities are quite equal to any other apple with which I am
acquainted, some of them I had in good condition as late as June.
It is also a capital desert fruit, and for cooking I think is quite equal to the very best.
DAVID BRADT.
North Glandford, 7th February, 1877. -
REPORT FROM J. J. GREGORY.
St. Thomas, Ont.,
February 17th, 1877.
D. W. Beadle, Esq.,
Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association.
Sir — As the season is now apparently opening with its anxieties respecting the fruit
265
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
crop of 1877, we naturally turn to matters of interest in connexion with fruit growing in
Ontario.
The Glass's Seedling Plum, Flemish Beauty Pear and Swayzie Pomegrise Apple, are all
growing well, and bid very fair at present, to stand our Canadian weather, although in a
very poor dried up condition when received from the agent of the Association.
We have a new raspberry, a chance seedling taken from an uncultivated field, so nearly
resembling Mr. Saunders' Hybid Raspberry (which is to be distributed to members of the
Fruit Grower's Association this year) in description, that we would like you to see the two
plants growing together, and will send you one in the spring, if you will accept it, to be shewn
by you to a Committee of the Association, if you think it is worthy after seeing the fruit.
We have fifteen bearing bushes of this variety, propagated from one plant. Habit robust,
perfectly hardy, fruit, deep purplish red, nearly a black ; flavour much like the wild native
red raspberry ; plant nearly thornless, and prolific, does not sucker, but roots from the tips of
the cane, like Mammoth Cluster ; fruit larger and a few days later ; a good market fruit.
Very respectfully yours,
John J. Gregory-.
P. S. — Those native and seemingly Hybrid plants are plenty, with but little variation in
colour of fruit, but generally not yery prolific through this Township of Yarmouth and
Southwold, in the County of Elgin.
J. J. G.
Note. — The Secretary received from Mr. Gregory a couple of these raspberry plants.
Que of them is growing, and may show fruit this year, 1878.
DANIEL WISMER'S SEEDLING APPLE.
Jordan Station, Feb. 6th, 1877.
To the Members of the Fruit Growers' Association now assembled in the City of Hamilton.
I again present you with my seedling apples. I again give you a description of them.
The tree came up alongside of a pig-pen, where I fed my "pigs apple cores. It in the first
place was a very ordinary-looking tree, but I trimmed it up nicely and it became a fine
thrifty tree. The soil is a sandy soil, not very light. The apple is a fine cooking apple, and
a very good keeper, and a good eating apple • also a splendid apple for frying. The tree is a
hardy one and bears every year, which makes it very good where a person cannot have many
trees. I trust you will examine them, and if they are worthy of anything I know you will
do them justice.
Respectfully yours,
Daniel Wisme,r.
CULTIVATION OF NUTS.
Visit to Chief Johnson's, in Onondaga.
Walnuts, Butternuts and Hickory Nuts in abundance.
fruit growers' association advocate their culture.
From the Weekly Spectator, Hamilton, Nov. &th, 1877.
At the summer meeting of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, held at Strat-
ford in July last, one of the subjects for discussion was " The nut-bearing trees of the
Province ; and their adaptability for ornamental purposes, as well as a source of financial
266
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
profit to the farmer." The discussion which then took place was animated and in:erest~
ing, and resulted in the appointing of a committee to visit the groves of Chief Johnson*
of the Six Nation Indians, situated on the river between the villages of Middleport and
Onondaga, in the Township of Onondaga. The Committee consisted of Mr. Charles
Arnold, of Paris, and Mr. John Freed, of Hamilton, who with a representative from the
Spectator paid the visit on Wednesday.
The gentlemen named took the 8 o'clock train of the H. & N. W. Railway, arriving
in Caledonia in due time. Here one of Leith's spanking teams was hired for the drive, a
delightful one along the banks of the Grand River — and although some of the farms pre-
sented a sterile appearance, without exception the late sown wheat looked well. In fact,
it was more than once remarked that in some instances there were fears of the growth
being too forward.
The company was augmented at Caledonia by Mr. W. T. Sawle, of the Caledonia
Sachem, and on arriving at the residence of Chief Johnson, the party were received in
the most courteous manner possible, and offered the hospitality of his household.
The worthy chief has many curiosities which it gives him pride to exhibit to visitors,
and his guests were shown without parley a magnificent silver calumet (or pipe of peace)
which was, prior to the revolutionary war, presented to the Mohawk Indians by the nine
European patentees of the tract near Schoharie, granted in 1769, as a testimony of their
sincere esteem. The bowl of the pipe is beautifully carved, there being a representation
of an English army officer and an Indian chief linked together by a chain. Directly
above is the sun, and beneath a fire, the former carrying out the idea that no dark misunder-
standing should come between them, and the latter that their friendship should ever be
warm. On the stem was engraved " E. Milne fecit." This valuable relic was given the
chief by his father, who is still alive, rejoicing in the ripe old age of 84. Chief Johnson
says that this mark of appreciation on the part of the settlers towards the Mohawks had
a decided influence upon their actions in the American revolution.
After the rebellion of 1837, Chief Johnson opposed vigorously the passage of a bill
to indemnify those who took the part of Mackenzie against the Canadian Government,
and his course was met with such favour among his fellow-Indians that the Cayugas pre
sented him with a magnificently-finished tomahawk, and an old British officer made him
the recipient of a sword, properly engraved. Both of these momentoes of the stormy
times of '37 were shown the guests. An hour or so was most pleasantly spent in the in-
terior of the residence, in examining these and other Indian relics, after which the com-
mittee had an opportunity of visiting the groves.
The farm, two hundred acres in extent, and of the richest sandy loam, is delight-
fully situated on the banks of the Grand River. Twelve or fourteen acres are comprised
in the nut groves, which are without exception the most extensive in the Dominion. On
his grounds, standing singly, are most magnificent specimens of the black walnut trees,
and the yield this year is said to be immense. Wagon load after wagon load have been
driven off by friends of the chief from Brantford, Caledonia, Ancaster and elsewhere,
and still there are thousands upon the ground.
There are also a great variety of hickory and butternut trees. These have borne
immensely this season, and the cmality of the fruit is fine.
Little doubt exists but the committee were impressed with the desirability of en-
couraging nut-planting, and from what one can see at chief Johnson's groves it could cer-
tainly be made a profitable investment for the farmer.
A great many homesteads throughout the country would be much improved in ap-
pearance by the planting out of walnut, butternut or hickory trees, and besides the shade
afforded, a rich profit could be made in a few years from the products therefrom.
The committee purpose preparing a report which will be submitted at the next meet-
ing of the Association, and it will be looked forward to with interest.
The Association are deserving well of the country, and our only wonder is that there
is not a much larger membership, as the society sends out annually one or more new or
choice plants to the subscribers. Next year a grapevine will be sent out — " The Burnet "
— a hybrid between the black Hamburg and Hartford prolific, said to be the best grape
in the country. The subscription to the society is only $1. Mr. D. W. Beadle, St. Cath-
arines, is the Secretary, and when the annual report is published, the observations taken
267
41 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
by the Committee yesterday at chief Johnson's, will appear therein, together with a large
amount of other interesting matter.
REPORT ON THE MUSKOKA DISTRICT.
BY WJ1. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT.
During the latter part of September it was my privilege to visit this interesting section
of our province where free grants of land have of late attracted many settlers. Leaving To-
ronto by the early morning train, Gravenhurst, the terminus of the Northern Railway is
reached about one P. M. The station is situated nearly a mile from the town in a small bay
at the southern extremky of Lake Muskoka. Here taking the Steamboat Nipissing, the
traveller is taken across Muskoka Lake to Muskoka River, up the river six miles to Brace-
bridge, down the river again to the lake and up Lake Muskoka to its head, where, passing
through the lock at Port Carling, the higher waters of Lake Rosseau are entered. From
thence the boat touches at several settlements or post offices on the borders of the Lake
reaching the head of Lake Rosseau about nine P. M. 1 do not know of a more delightful
day's travel during the summer season than this. The air of the lakes is very bracing and
the scenery is perfectly charming as the boat threads its way among the numerous prettily
wooded islands of every conceivable size and form.
During the two or three days spent at the head of Lake Rosseau, I took occasion to
visit several of the farms in the neighbourhood, and more especially those of two of the mem-
bers of our Association, Mr. W. L. Laurason and Mr. Coate, both of whom reside on the
shores of Lake Rosseau about three or four miles from its head. At Mr. Laurason's place
was found Glass' Seedling, the plum sent out by the Association two years ago, thriving
tolerably well, also several other varieties of plums which gave more or less promise of suc-
cess, some of them had stood the winter's cold fairly well, while others had suffered. We
found wild plums abundant, fully ripe and of very fair quality. There were no signs of
curculio marks on any of them, and no traces of this pest were observed anywhere in the
district.
Mr. Laurason had been less successful with a small apple orchard. The St. Lawrence,
Gravenstein, Red Astrachan, Fameuse and some other varieties, the names of which were
not obtainable, had all suffered from the extreme cold of winter as was evidenced in the kil-
ling back of the wood and in the stunted appearance of the trees. I could not learn that
there were any wild crab apples in this district.
Of pear trees only one Bartlett and one Flemish Beauty were seen, both young trees, the
Bartlett had been killed nearly to the ground last winter, and the top of the Flemish Beauty
partly killed, but in each instance they were making fresh shoots.
Houghton's Seedling Gooseberry does well here and is perfectly hardy. The green
worm of the saw-fly which attacks the leaves has found its way this far and become trouble-
some, but the fruit worm is as yet unknown.
Tomatos ripen well ; there were also fine nutmeg melons ripe at this date, September 10th.
On Mr. Coate's farm an excellent spot had been selected for an orchard, elevated and
sheltered by a rocky ledge covered with wood on three sides. In this spot 100 apple trees
had been planted two years previous including many varieties, the names of which in Mr.
Coate's absence, could not be obtained. About one third of the number had lived and of
these some had made but little headway, while others had made fair growth. The only
fruit seen was a few examples of the large Red Siberian Crab, which were of good size, on a
tree making very thrifty growth. We learnt here, that the Transcendant and Soulard Crabs
also do well and fruit nicely.
Mr. Coate has succeeded remarkably well with strawberries, Wilson's Albany and Tri-
omph de Gand, the uninterrupted snow during the winter forms so perfect a protection for
the plants that they come out in fine condition in spring and produce very large crops. He
was carefully nursing Arnold's new seedling strawberries distributed this year by the Associa-
tion, and had succeeded in raising quite a number of young plants from the two he received.
Wild gooseberries were reported as very abundant, and wild blackberries and raspberries
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
so plentiful and fine that no efforts have been made to introduce the cultivated sorts.
Huckleberries are extremely abundant in season, the bushes were to be seen anywhere in the
woods.
REPORT ON W. H. MILLS' HYBRID GRAPES.
To the President of the Fruit Growers Association of Ontario.
The Committee appointed by you to visit and report upon the hybrid grapes of Wm. H.
Mills, of Hamilton, beg leave to submit the following :
We met in Hamilton according to your instructions, on September 15th, and at once
proceeded to the grounds of Mr. Mills where we found doubtless, the largest and fiuest col-
lection of hybrid grapes in Canada. First in order was the Augusta, a large, black grape, a
cross between the Bowwood, Muscat and Rodgers No. 4. This grape shows unmistakably its
foreign element, the foliage and clusters strongly resembling the Muscat, and though hardy
and vigorous, it is unfortunately too late for this climate, but we believe it would prove val-
uable under glass or in more southern localities.
Ella is a dark coloured grape, a little larger than the Delaware, and perhaps a little ear-
lier, it has a fine vinous flavour though not very sweet.
Excelsior. — Very much in every respect like the Delaware, though perhaps, a little
earlier, as it was sweeter than that variety grown by the side of it.
La Vega.— A cross between the Diana and Rose Chaselas. This, we think, is one of
the sweetest and best flavoured out door grapes we have ever tasted, colour, red • berries
medium size ; bunches, compact and shouldered ; fully as large or larger than the Diana ■
foliage healthy, vine apparently hardy, ripens with the Delaware. We consider it a great
acquisition.
Muscatel. — A fine looking white grape, but too late for this climate.
Pomona. — Another fine looking grape of decided foreign character, Diana flavour is
rather late, but we doubt not would succeed further South,
Otonell. — Very similar to the Catawba, but, perhaps a week earlier.
The " Sultana " is a cross between the Muscat Hamburg and the Concord, and we think
as a market grape, this will prove the most valuable of the whole collection. Berries size of
Concord ; bunches, large, compact and shouldered, the berry adhering remarkably to the
stem, so much so, that a large cluster can be lifted by a single berry ; skin, remarkably tou»h
which makes it a long keeper. It has a rich aromatic flavour and is free from pulp, ripens
with the Delaware ; the vines seem very vigorous and hardy.
We saw several other promising varieties, but Mr. Mills prefers not to bring them into
notice till he has tested them farther. We congratulate him on his great success in hybrid-
izing and believe his fruit only needs to be seen by the public to have his labours amply
rewarded.
A. M. Smith.
Peter Murray.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ESSAYS.
To the secretary 0/ the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario.
Dear Sir. — The Committee appointed by the Directors to read the essays received by
you and to award the prizes report that they have made their awards as follows : —
" On the results accruing from the trees and plants distributed by the Association : "
First Prize to the Essay bearing the motto, " For the Public Good."
Second Prize to the Essay with the motto, " Alere Flammam."
"On the best methods of acquiring statistics with regard to the quantity of orcharding
in Outario, and the annual average product : "
First Prize to the Essay having for its motto, " Experto. Crede."
Second Prize to the Essay indorsed with the motto, " Order is Heaven's first Law "
" On the most profitable fertilizer for fruit growing."
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
i'irst Prize to the Essay accompanied with the motto, "1 can call spirits from the
vasty deep."
Second Prize to the Essay with the motto, " Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute."
" On Hybridization and its Canadian results."
First Prize to the Essay bearing the motto, " Yielding fruit after its kind."
Second Prize to the Essay having the motto. " Male and Female created he them."
Yours truly,
Wm. Roy,
Wm. Saunders,
Geo. Leslie, Jr.,
C om?n ittct .
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY ON PRIZE ESSAYS.
Tu the President and Directors.
G.ENTLEMEN, — Having received the Report of the Committee appointed to read the
Essays which were received in competition for the prizes offered by this Association, which is
herewith submitted, I have the pleasure of stating that the Essay having for its motto, " For
the public good " was written by John M. McAinsh, St Mary's. Ont.. and the one with the
motto, " Alere Flammam " was written by the Rev'd. R. Burnet, London, Ont., as were
also the Essavs bearing respectively the mottoes, " Experto, Crede " and " Ce n'est que le
premier pas qui coute."
The Essay with the motto, " Order is Heaven's first Law," is from the pen of George
Mill, Warwick. Ont.. that inscribed with the motto, " I can call spirits from the vasty
Deep " was written by A. Hood, Fergus, Ont.
The Essay bearing the motto " Yielding fruit after its kind " is from D. W. Beadle, St.
Catharines, and the one having the motto '; Male and Female created he them " was written
by Mr. P. E. Bucke, Ottawa, Ont.
Respectfully submitted,
L\ W. Beadle,
Secretary.
St. Catharines, 1st December, 1877.
FIRST PRIZE ESSAY ON THE RESULTS ACCRUING FROM THE TREES
AND PLANTS DISTRIBUTED BY THE 0. F. G. ASSOCIATION.
Motto. — "For the public good."
By John M. McAinsh, St. Mary's.
The benefits accruing to the interests of Canadian horticulture from the annual distri-
bution of trees and plants by the 0. F. G. Association, is greater than what, perhaps, at
first sight appears. To a great extent, the very existence of the Society depends upon it. For,
while there are a few zealous fruit growers who would be willing to support the Society for
the sake of the information to be derived from it, it must be confessed, that the large majority
of those who are interested in fruit growing would be unwilling to contribute their dollar un-
less they received some more tangible equivalent in return ; therefore, we must consider the
increased membership as one of the results accruing from the distribution of trees and plants.
We will briefly notice the object sought to be attained by the Society.
The object of the 0. F. G. Association is to collect and disseminate information on
fruit culture, "By holding meetings every year in different localities, of which all members
receive notice by circular ; by reporting and preserving discussions ; by procuring and pub-
lishing valuable essays by skilled fruit-growers ; by appointing committees to make personal
examinations of different sections of the Province, and report upon the peculiar characteristics
270
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
ot the soil, climate, and special conditions of fruit culture therein." These discussions and
reports are carefully arranged and published in the " Annual Report," a copy of which is
distributed to every member. As the Association is composed of the leading and most intel-
ligent fruit-growers of the Province, its " Reports " will be found to coniain a large amount
of valuable information on fruit growing, which it would be difficult, if not impossible, to ob-
tain from any other source. The " Horticultural Annuals," published in the United States
although written by men of ability, are not always adapted to Canada, from the fact that the
modes of culture, and especially the varieties of fruit suitable for cultivation in some parts
of the States, are not always adapted to the pecularities of our Canadian climate. But al-
though the information derived from the discussions and reports of the Society, and embodied
in the " Annual Report," is acknowledged to be very valuable to the Canadian fruit-°rower
yet the probability is that if the Society presented no other inducement, it would not receive
a very general support. But when, in addition, every member receives some valuable tree or
plant, it must be generally admitted to be a sufficient equivalent in return for the member's
fee. In some instances the trees and plants distributed in former years could not be obtained
lor less than that sum. 1 notice that some of our leading nurseries are now selling the Good-
ale pear and Eumelan grape at one dollar each. But perhaps the greatest benefit resultino
from the distribution of trees and plants is, that it is calculated to awaken and foster
an interest in fruit-growing. Over large sections of the country the interest in fruit-growing
may be said to be yet in its infancy. To a very large extent, farmers and owners of war-
dens are satisfied with raising a few apples, and, perhaps, some of the more common
small fruits, when, in addition, they might be liberally supplied with the rich and melt-
ing pear, the lucious grape, and other tine fruits. An idea prevails in some parts of the
United States and elsewhere, that Canada is a bleak and inhospitable country, where only
more common and hardy varieties of fruit can be grown. But stubborn facts prove that
this is not the case. The splendid exhibit of fruit made by the Ontario Fruit-Growers'
Association last year at the Centennial, which caused so much surprise and admiration
was well calculated to dispel this idea. And the large and varied display of fine fruit annu-
ally made at our provincial and local fairs, proves the adaptibility of the country for fruit-
growing. For while good fruit can be grown over a large extent of Canada, the milder parts
of Ontario especially, will ever hold a foremost place as a fruit-producing country. And yet
judging from the scarcity of fine fruit in some localities, we might be led to conclude that the
country was poorly adapted for fruit-growing. In years gone by I remember gathering wild
grapes from the woods, which were then considered a luxury, but now, after partaking of
such grapes as the Salem, Delaware, Concord, or even the Cliuton, they appear to be poor
sour things. And yet there are many who have plenty of land on which to grow them, who
seldom or never taste a fine grape. Again, in many parts of the country, where many of our
fine cheries, especially the hardier varieties, such as the Elton, Mayduke, Belle Magnifique,
Plumstone, Marrello, and Early Richmond, can be successfully grown, we find the common
sour red cherry the only kind grown to any great extent. And, again, while excellent
varieties of nearly all the small fruits can be grown in abundance, they are very much
neglected. During their season, a plate of delicious, tempting strawberries, on the tables
of people generally, is the exception, not the rule. If a lively interest in fruit-growin«- ex-
isted, the country at large could be liberally supplied with good fruit in abundance. In the
efforts of the F. G. Association to help to develop this interest in fruit-growing, probably
no other means can be found more efficient than the distribution of choice trees and plants.
There is yet another benefit accruing from the distribution of trees and plants,
which must not be overlooked. By distributing some choice promising variety of fruit to
every member, scattered as they are all over the Province, its merits, and especially its hardi-
ness and adaptation to the various parts of the country, can be pretty thoroughly tested.
A good deal of valuable information in this way has already been obtained. The Direc-
tors have need, however, to be very careful not to send out anything until they are pretty
certain that it will succeed well throughout the country. For, however instructive it
might be, it would not be very encouraging to a member to pay his annual fee, and, after
planting and cultivating the tree or plant, to find out that it was worthless.
But, perhaps the most important point in connection with this subject is, whether any
improvement could be made on the present system of distribution. The practice has been
to give to every member one or more trees or plants, all receiving the same variety. Now,
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
while there are some good reasons for this course there are also some weighty reasons against
it. Sometimes members get something with which they are already supplied. And again,
although they have not got it, it is, perhaps, what they do not want. For instance, a mem-
ber remarked to me this year that he did not care anything about the strawberry and rasp-
berry plants which he got, but that he would have liked to have got a grapevine of some
good variety. If arrangements were nnde with some reliable nursery, so that the members
could have a choice of, say, a dozen different articles, it would probably give better satisfac-
tion. A good assortment could be made of grape-vines, small fruits, and ornamental shrubs
and plants, which could be sent by mail. An assortment of this kind, composed of approved
varieties which are known to succeed well throughout the country, would probably be better
calculated to further the interests of horticulture than sending out any one new variety for
trial. But it would not be well to discard these new, promising varieties, but rather, give
them a place in the assortment so that any member who choosed could have them for trial.
Each member could give notice of what he wanted to the Secretary at the time he paid his
annual fee. If this plan of distribution were adopted the Directors would, doubtless, devise
the best way of carrying it out.
In the distribution of trees and plants it would be well to give some attention to orna-
mental planting. If it is not included in its objects, I think the time has fully come when
the society ought to take a " new departure " in this respect. The love of ornamental plant-
ing is one of the few earthly pleasures which tend to elevate and purify the mind, and ought
to be encouraged by every person of pure and refined taste. It ought ever to go hand in
hand with fruit growing to which it is closely allied. If it were generally carried out through
the country it would tend very much, to dispel the idea that rural life is a dull routine of
slavish toil, unrelieved by any pleasant enjoyment. The choice of a few fine flowering shrubs
or plants would be hailed with delight by many, especially the wives and daughters of mem-
bers, who are generally far more interested in those things than men. And it would, doubt-
less, tend to strengthen the influence of the society in carrying out its objects.
I have thrown out these few hints and suggestions, not with the design of casting any
reflections on the managers of the Society, who, so far as I am aware are faithfully trying to
advance its interests. But rather, while acknowledging the good work which has been done
so far, I have tried to aid them in making the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association yet far
more prosperous and effective than it ever yet has been.
FIRST PRIZE ESSAY, ON THE BEST METHOD OF ACQUIRING STATISTICS
WITH REGARD TO THE QUANTITY OF ORCHARDING IN ONTARIO,
AND THE AVERAGE ANNUAL PRODUCT.
Motto. — "Experto, Crede."
By Rev. R. Burnet, London.
Statistics, in our day, form a most important item in political economy. Calculations
on the advancement of a people largely depend on the accuracy of the collection of facts and
figures regarding their state or condition. So valuable have these ascertained facts become,
that few politicians speculate with regard to the future without calling to their aid these gen-
eralized facts obtained from the experience and development of the past. This is true of al-
most all the arts and sciences. We have naval statistics, military statistics, commercial
statistics and vital statistics, each, and all of them have attained to marvellous perfection in
there several spheres. It is strange that the agricultural and horticultural statistics of our
Dominion should lag so far behind any other interest in our country. Somewhat has, indeed
been done for Agricultural Statistics, though it be very imperfect and superficial, but abso-
lutely little or nothing has been done for Horticulture. Fruit growers begin to feel the
want of some basis on which to build their claims for attention, and aid. To the question,
what has been done, or what is doing ? no definite answer can be given. Horticulturalists
are entirely in the dark about past, present or future efforts. In a rough way, the amount
of the report of apples has been partially ascertained, but with little accuracy and precision
272
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
A recent and greater interest in Horticulture has given a new direction and impetus to the
acquirement of Horticultural Statistics, and hence, the F. G. A. of Ontario are laudably en-
deavouring to collect every available account of the amount of Horticultural produce raised
and sold in the Province. This question has often arisen during the various discussions on
fruit interests : The want of sufficient data has often been deplored, but up to the present
moment no active measures have been taken to remedy the defect. We have little doubt
that the subject matter of this Essay will engage the earnest attention of many fruit growers
throughout Ontario, and from their united efforts and practical suggestions, great results of a
beneficial nature may be expected to follow.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT.
This can scarcely be over-estimated. It is essential to the welfare of the country. As
a guide to a farmer about to purchase land, few things can be more important. Indeed few
people are aware of the immense value of the annual fruit crop of our Province — fewer still
there are, who are aware of how much greater might be the amount of pecuniary benefit if
means were only used to develope the industries. Fruit growers are few and far between in
Ontario, who make fruit growing a means of livelihood. This partly arises from the uncer-
tainty of the results and rewards of fruit growing. The Association, therefore, is assuming
its due place and proper sphere, when, by every legitimate effort it attempts to remove the
obstacles that lie in the path of successful fruit cultivation. A small beginning may have a
very prosperous ending. Few things are more important to the producer than to know from
time to time the amount of marketable fruit that is produced. It would facilitate equally
his fruit production as well as his fruit sales, and give a sure indication where the best mar-
ket was to be had for his produce. The Government itself, has a deep stake in the securing
of accurate Horticultural Statistics. These statistics serve as an admirable guide to the
number of hands permanently engaged in this industry, and the amount both of the funds
invested in carrying it on, and the amount pecuniarily returned from this outlay. In every
way in which it can be viewed the statistical information sought is valuable, and highly
desirable.
DIFFICULTIES IN THE ACQUIREMENT.
These must not be underrated. From the very nature of the industry there is diffi-
culty. Some fruit-growers do not dispose of their crop to buyers. They dry and preserve
their fruits, or give them gratuitously to their neighbours, nay, sometimes they even feed
their cattle with their overflows of apples. No account can be received, and little reliance
can be placed, of the amount they used. That there is a large amount, no one acquainted
with large districts of our Province can doubt. There are others again who are not de-
sirous that their neighbours should know what they are doing, or how engaged in dispos-
posing of their fruits. We are persuaded that this is largely peculiar to Canadians. Others
again keep no account of outlay and income, as regards their fruit expenditure, and fruit
proceeds. They are satisfied to remember that they sold to one buyer two hundred and
fifty barrels, and to another one hundred. How are these difficulties to be fairly over-
come1?
MANNER OF OVERCOMING THE DIFFICULTY.
Some have thought that the necessary information might be had from the buyers. An
effort has been made in this direction, but with no very profitable results. Indeed, it is a
roundabout manner to attempt to secure information in this way.
There are so many middle men in the business, that there can be no satisfactory reply
received from them. Nor is it to their interest to make known to others the amount of
their transactions. Efforts have been made to collect the information from the sellers at
the prominent depots. This has also failed, from the fact that there is no particular party
appointed to do the work. What is everybody's, or anybody's, business, is not very
thoroughly executed. These abortive efforts, however, indicate pretty clearly the necessity
for some plan to obviate all these difficulties. Of course, the easiest and simplest is the
best and surest plan. The individual who can bring forward a scheme at once easy and
reliable ought, other things being equal, to carry off the palm for his suggestion.
18 273
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
THE ONLY MODE.
The terms of the Essay afford a clew to the mode in which this is to be accomplished.
The subject asks for suggestions for the best mode of acquiring statistics with regard to
the quantity of orcharding in Ontario. This question can only be satisfactorily answered
from one source, i. e., from the men engaged in orcharding. There is a large amount of
orcharding in the Province ; more, perhaps, than even fruitgrowers are aware of. In older
settlements there are very few farms on which there is not planted five or six acres of
apple trees. We are persuaded that in old settlements, as well as in newer districts of
Ontario, there is an average of five acres planted on every farm. If this estimate is any-
thing near the mark, then one-twentieth of all the farming land in the Upper Province is
orchard. We anticipate, however; this information is yet to be secured. We say it must
be got, if got at all, from those who possess orchards. The information must come from
the farmers, amateur fruit-growers, and professional men of Ontario.
The query is, how is such information to be got 1
Another answer sought is, what is the best mode in acquiring statistics in regard to
" the average annual product 1 "
Here again we are shut up to one source for information on this head. Such inform-
ation must come from the producers. Guesses have been, and may be, made on the average
product of years, but without definite statistics, these guesses are all in vain. A broken
reed on which no stable platform can be erected. Having thus narrowed our grounds to
the point, that statistical information can only be satisfactorily sought and secured from
the orchardist and producer, we are in a position further to inquire :
How is this to be done 1 Who is to do it ?
We hold, first, that both the extent and importance of the subject take it out of
private hands. Nor do we think that it can be, or ought to be, undertaken by our Asso-
ciation. A private individual has almost no inducement to undertake such inquiries —
there is no personal benefit to accrue to himself from the labour, and we know how little
is patriotically done in these days in which we live. It is beyond the duties claimed from
our Association, inasmuch as, though intimately connected with horticulture, it is a dis-
tinct branch of economy altogether independent of our exertions. Besides, we question
if the Society with which we stand connected, had the will to carry out such a gigantic
scheme, the money would be forthcoming. Indeed, we know of no one so public -spirited,
no Association so self-denying as would forego their other duties, and give attention and
diligence in the accomplishment of a statistical record of our horticultural interests.
We again narrow our field from which we may expect this work to be done. A re-
sponsible body alone can be supposed to undertake such a work. And this body is the
Bureau of Statistics. Perhaps, for clearness sake, I ought to say that the Government of
the country alone can ask, as they alone can make it legal to demand the desired in-
formation.
HOW TO ACQUIRE HORTICULTURAL STATISTICS.
Statistical information being for the public benefit, the Government should collect
horticultural facts connected with orchards, and the average annual product, at the public
expense. This can be done without increasing the public burden of the Province, by in-
structing the Census Commissioners to include all the necessary queries in their Schedules
for the accomplishment of the decennial census. We fail to see any easier mode than this,
or any one so inexpensive. To the queries already on the Schedules, it would be
necessary to add :
1st. What average have you under apple-tree cultivation ?
2nd. How many acres under pear cultivation ?
3rd. What acreage under vine culture 1
4th. Are there any peach orchards in your neighbourhood, and what is their extent ?
5th. Has the average of the past ten years in productiveness, been good, bad, or in-
different ?
6th. What is the average product of the present year 1
7th. Are fruit interests advancing in your section of the country '*
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
A summary of the replies to the questions would afford ample scope for all the gen-
eralizations desired by the F. G. A., as well as by the Agricultural Department of
the Dominion. A decennial inquiry would be sufficiently frecpient, as progress in
fruit-growing could scarcely have its limits well defined by embracing a shorter period.
What a stimulus would such codified information give to fruit-growing. The success at-
tending one particular district would soon find an echo in another, until, in honest rivalry,
we may look forward to our Province becoming one of the most favoured horticultural
districts in the world. Our farmers and fruit-growers require to know what is being done
elsewhere. It is no£ to our credit that some of the most important fruit marts in our
country is supplied by the producers of the United States. Why should Montreal be sup-
plied with grapes and peaches from Lockport and Rochester 1 We have in the West as
favoured districts as New York can boast of. All we want is enthusiastic fruit-growers,
and means taken to secure railway facilities to market our fruits. On the shores of Lake
Erie, there is an inexhaustible fruit district. We have now and again attempted to guage
the capabilities of this extensive stretch. We are persuaded that there is more fruit
allowed to go to waste in this district than would supply the rest of Ontario. It would
surprise any one, were we to speculate on the amount of the future supply from this
locality, when the people are awakened to a due sense of their geographical advantages
for fruit-growing. The average of fruit-culture would be increased tenfold, if people onlv
knew, and saw how to best market and dispose of their fruits. Systematic effort must be
introduced and acted on. Knowledge must be increased. The people must be led. No
way can sooner accomplish this than that all should know what is being done elsewhere.
A comparison between neighbour and neighbour, between district and district, township
and township, county and county, and to know fully and correctly what, as a whole, we
are doing, can alone come up to the purposes and plans of the Fruit Growers' Association
of Ontario. If in any faint degree the Association can stir up an interest in fruit-growin^
in every corner and favoured spot in our large and extensive country, they will confer a
boon which future generations will not be slow to appreciate. Some might eutertain the
fear that when the knowledge is obtained of the amount of orcharding in Ontario, that
the cultivation of fruit would diminish. There need be entertained by any one no such
fear as this. People require to be educated to the taste for good fruit, and the more o-ood
fruit is produced, the more will be the consumption of the better classes of fruit. Practi-
cally, we believe there is no limit to the production of good fruit, and, practically, there is
no fear of too much being grown to glut the market. When every artizan and mechanic
in the Dominion, and in the United States, partakes daily throughout the year of the rich
and lucious treasures of Pomona, then, and not till then, may there be an outcry against
the production of too much fruit. There is nothing healthier, and nothing better, than a
sufficient supply of fruit for the millions. There are multitudes who seldom or ever taste
fruit as a necessary of life. There are plenty who taste it only as a luxury. In summer,
with our climate, it would be well for our teeming thousands to eat less of butcher's
meat, and more of our fruit products.
Every effort to accomplish an end so desirable must eventuate in good. The time
must speedily come when our farming class with their luxuriant and fruitful orchards,
must club together and have skilled workmen to attend to their fruit interests. Five or
six orchardists might employ one man between them to care for their orchards when
their agricultural interests demanded all their attention. A small increase in the average
under cultivation would go far to equalize the expense and profit. Let this become i*en-
eral, and a bright day will yet dawn on Western Ontario in respect to fruit interests.
As another suggestion worthy the consideration of the F. G. A. of Ontario, we would
remark that the acquirement of statistics on Horticulture might be secured through the
Warden of Counties and the Reeves of Townships. Let the Horticultural queries sug-
gested in this paper for submission to the Census Commissioners, be embodied by the
County Councils in their schedules for the acquirement of general statistics, and as regards
Ontario, the matter would be speedily and cheaply done, for no new staff of officials
would be needed. The organization at present in existence would accomplish the object.
Our suggestions on this fertile and important theme must be brought to a close.
In conclusion, we fuither remind the Executive of our Association that they are not
to rest contented with merely acquiring suggestions on the best method or methods of
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
acquiring statistics with regard to the quantity of orcharding in Ontario, and the average
annual product. Correspondence should be had with the Governments both of Ontario
and the Dominion. They are both ready to lend an attentive ear to all practical sugges-
tions of the F. G. A. Urgent solicitation should be made to them to embody the above,
or other suitable queries in the Govermental Census Schedules. Constant application
and renewed reminders can alone accomplish your purpose. If the mode of acquirement
of Horticultural Statistics has been struck as the key-note of this paper, then some such
course must be followed up and a practical issue given to our Associational efforts. Some
one has said and written that, "eternal vigilance is the price of good fruit," then a simi-
lar vigilance is needed to carry out to a successful issue the good work we have in hand.
In vain we collect statistics of our loved culture unless we actually co-operate in carrying
out the fruits of our knowledge and plans. Mutual encouragement is needed, — unflagging
application in discharging the duties of the Society, — shoulder to shoulder must be our
motto, and then there will be no fear of our Association or of her interests. Let us pur-
sue an undeviating course, having regard to the advancement of horticulture and her
interests, and there need be no fear but that all the wise and good will fully appreciate
the unselfish and patriotic ends of far-seeing and judicious men.
FIRST PRIZE ESSAY, THE MOST PROFITABLE FERTILIZER FOR
FRUIT GROWING.
Motto. — " I can call spirits from the vasty deep."
By A. Hood, Fergus,
In regard to fertilizers applied in the shape of manures it is difficult, perhaps impos-
sible, to say which, among all the kinds used for that purpose may be considered the
most profitable, because as much, perhaps more, depends on the requirements of the par-
ticular soil to which it is to be applied than on the virtues of the manure itself ; and this
again, is greatly modified by the particular kinds of fruit for which it is required, because,
although there may be a general uniformity in the wants of fruit bearing plants and
trees, there are certainly particular differences ; differences not only in different kinds
but in different varieties of the same kind ; a manure, therefore, that might be the most
profitable for one particular fruit would not necessarily be so for another. There are
some manures, it is true, from the use of which benefit is derived in almost all cases, such
as ashes and barnyard manure but it would depend greatly on other conditions which of
the two was most profitable ; this kind may be more easily obtained in some localities,
and that, perhaps, is more abundant in others. But here again, the one most easily
obtained, and therefore the cheapest, may not be the most suitable and consequently not
the most profitable.
The general practice among fruit growers as may be learned from the reports of dis-
cussions at meetings of Fruit Growers' Associations is to use barnyard manure, and a
great many of them use that alone ; it must, of course, be admitted that they know better
than any other body of men can do, what applications are most beneficial, and the fact
that so many of them use barnyard manure is next to a proof that it is the most profitable
fertilizer they can apply. The testimony, however, in favour of ashes is almost universal,
but ashes do not contain all the elements of plant food which barnyard manure does, it
may therefore be concluded that barnyard manure is the most profitable in the greatest
number of cases.
There is, however, another fertilizer not sufficiently resorted to, but which must, when
duly appreciated, be considered the most profitable, and that fertilizer is — cultivation, the
hoe", the plough, the cultivator and draining tools are the implements necessary to secure
the full benefit of this universal renovator, and the air we breathe, the rainfall, the dews
and the minerals that are contained in the soil are the only elements from which these
implements are instrumental in enabling the roots of plants to extract all that is necessary
for their growth and sustenance.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
It is found by analysis that the greater part say ninety per cent of all vegetable sub-
stances is composed of the four organic elements, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and Car-
bon, and these four elements are found in abundance in atmospheric air and in water, the
former containing seventy-nine per cent of nitrogen and a small proportion of Carbon
while the latter is composed of oxygen and hydrogen, here then, we have air and water
two substances which contain far the greater part of the elements which compose the
leaves, wood and fruit of all plants, substances that are everywhere present, and that are
brought constantly into contact more or less, with both leaves and roots of all vegetable
growth, but these elements are not supposed to enter into the organism of plants without
first having formed some other chemical combination to fit them for being taken up by
the roots, for instance : Hydrogen and nitrogen are both required as plant food but they
must first be produced from the decomposition of other substances, animal or vegetable,
to form ammonia which is simply a chemical combination of the above elements in the
proportion of three or four parts of nitrogen to one of hydrogen. The ammonia thus
constituted being a product of decomposition and forming one of the constituent portions
of most manures and is considered so beneficial to vegetation that such manures are val-
ued in proportion to the quantity of ammonia they contain.
This ammonia is only obtained by decomposition and not by a mixture of the two
elements of which it is composed although those elements are constantly in contact with
each other wherever air and water are found because, the nitrogen of the atmosphere and
the hydrogen of the water have %a greater affinity for the elements with which they are
united than for each other. Agricultural chemists therefore, tell us, though they are not
unanimous on that point that plants cannot take their nitrogen as such from earth or air.
The correctness of this theory may, however, be doubted, although supported by the
opinions of many able men for the following reasons :
If the nitrogen of plants could only be taken up in the form of ammonia, and ammonia
is only produced by the decomposition of animals or plants, it would follow of course,
that the amount of vegetable and animal life on the face of the globe could never be in-
creased, because neither can grow or live without the nitrogen, and this nitrogen can only
be fitted for the food of plants by the decomposition of animal or vegetable substances
producing ammonia. This would form a sort of circle which could never be enlarged for
the decaying vegetation could not produce more ammonia than would supply the same
bulk of living vegetation, but this is contrary to our experience.
On the same principle, if nitrogen was only taken up in the form of ammonia, how
would it be possible for a farmer who uses no manure, but what is made on his own
land to increase the productiveness of his farm 1 and yet we know that such is possible.
When analytical chemists understand all the chemical changes and combinations that
take place during the growth of plants, they ma}r be in a position to say that such and
such substances can or cannot be taken up by plants in this or that form, and that plants
are not able to extract certain gasses from one or two elements known to contain them
but, until they can do all this they would be wise not to endeavour to set bounds to na-
ture's recourses, or say what can or what cannot be done in nature's laboratory.
An able agricultural writer says that " peas and beans contain three times as much
nitrogen as wheat, and yet it has been demonstrated that beans and peas require for their
maximum growth far less nitrogen than wheat," of course this means that they require
less nitrogen in the soil, but it certainly follows that the peas and beans must extract
nitrogen from the atmosphere. The same writer says " that peas, beans, turnips, &c, or-
ganize a greater quantity of nitrogen from rain-water and the atmosphere than wheat, we
know to demonstration." This would show that there must be ammonia in rain-water
and the atmosphere, and that the leaves of plants have the power of organizing such am-
monia ; this is, no doubt, correct, but the leaves of some plants possess this power to a
much greater extent than others, and in these last, as in the case of wheat, which has but
little power to absorb nitrogen through its leaves, and yet requires a large supply for its
maximum growth, this office must be performed by the roots, and when the requisite sup-
ply is not present in the soil (as shown in the experiments of Mr. Lawes, referred to fur-
ther on) they must extract them from the air, and moisture; but to enable them to do
this, air and moisture must have free access to them, which is the one important condition
on which this theory of cultivation being the most profitable fertilizer depends.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Every farmer kuows that when heavy rains are followed by a hot sun and the ground
becomes baked, the growing crop will almost certainly be a poor one ; but there are every
few of such farmers that know why such is the case ; the reason is. that the baking of
the ground excludes the atmospheric air and the dews, and thus prevents the roots from
procuring those elements of plant food that under other circumstances they are capable
of obtaining and organizing for the support of the plant. Then, again every practical
cultivator of the soil must have observed how very rapidly potatoes, corn, cabbages, &c.
grow when they are frequently hoed, this hoeing breaks up the baked surface and allows
the air and dews to penetrate and a healthy growth follows as a matter of course ; certain
experiments have been made which show this more fully, for instance : — a committee was
appointed by a Scottish agricultural society for the purpose of ascertaining what advan-
tage, if any, was obtained by drilling grain over broadcast sowing, and it was found that
when the drilled crop was hoed, it had a decided advantage over broadcast ; but where
the drilled crop was not hoed, the advantage was slightly in favour of broadcast sowing —
very conclusive evidence in favour of hoeing.
A celebrated English agriculturalist, Mr. Lawes (it is believed) has made a practice
of sowing wheat annually, as an experiment, on the same piece of land for a number of
years in succession, without applying any manure whatever, the report for the 19th year
was that the average product was 16J bushels per acre per annum for the whole of that
period, and it was found that the annual yield was not decreasing. Those crops were always
drilled in and hoed once, thus showing that the nitrogen and other organic elements extracted
from the air and water were equal to a produce of 16^ bushels annually ; for the organic
elements in the soil when those experiments commenced, must have been long since ex-
hausted. Had these crops been hoed more frequently, the success of the experiment
from this point of view might have been more decisive.
Mr. J. J. Mechi, of Tiptree Hall, England, annually sows one acre of land to wheat
or rather dibbles it in, for that is the way it is done, at the rate of one peck to the acre,
the rows are far apart, say 10 to 14 inches and the crop is regularly hoed, and the yield
is invariably greater than that from the same kind of land manured in the same way, and
sowed or drilled with 6 pecks to the acre. Can anything be more conclusive in favour of
hoeing 1
Let any individual try for himself the virtue of hoeing on a small patch of wheat,
planted or dibbled in rows 10 or 12 inches apart, and 4 inches apart in the rows and hoed
regularly every week, and he will soon become convinced that there is more virtue in
hoeing than in any manure he could apply, and he will at the same time be very much
surprised at the result.
We have raised fruit trees on poor soil without manure, and the trees were healthy
and the growth vigorous ; the soil being generally dug with a fork, and planted with
potatoes or other hoed crops.
A soil that lies loose, and is frequently stirred, never becomes dry much below the
surface in the dryest summers ; while soil that is not so stirred frequently beeomes dry to
a greater depth than the roots of most plants extend; it may also be noticed that a light
sandy soil is always moist a few inches below the surface, while a clay soil, under the same
circumstances, will be as dry as dust, the reason being, that a very light soil cannot bake
or form a crust on the surface, consequently it is always porous, and pervious to both air
and moisture.
It is not intended to argue for one moment, that other fertilizers are useless, for it
must be self-evident that hoeing on an enriched soil will be attended with better results
than on a poor one ; but cultivation will be found both cheaper and more efficatious than
any other application in the shape of manure. The cheapness might, of course, be reason-
ably doubted, since the labour of frequent hoeing will cost more than a dressing of manure ;
this may be so, but if manure is used, hoeing cannot be altogether dispensed with, and is
worth all it costs in keeping down weeds.
It should be remembered that hoeing may be well done, and it may be ill done ; it
may be done with a view of simply cutting down the weeds, and it may be done with the
view, at the same time, of letting in the air and moisture ; and here it may be observed,
tl at e mi workmen have a slipshod method of hoeing or scratching the surface of the
ground, and jusfeutthig off the tops of the weeds ; this sort of hoeing does not break the
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
crust of the ground, and is therefore, of no benefit as a fertilizer ; and it only checks the
weeds for a short time, for they will be growing again from the same roots in less than
a week ; what is wanted is intelligent hoeing, deep enough in all cases to cut up weeds by
the roots, and in all annual crops, such as potatoes, corn, and garden vegetables, it should
be gradually deeper, as the roots penetrate further down ; but cultivation by the hoe in
this manner is not sufficient for full-grown or large rooted trees ; these should have the
soil loosened round them once a year, at least, to a greater depth, with frequent surface
hoeings afterwards with the hand hoe or cultivator ; the best implement for this purpose
is the digging fork, but the plough may be used without material injury to the roots, be-
cause it will be found that when the soil is continually kept loosened, the roots will de-
scend deeper, and generally below the reach of the plough ; indeed, it is found that the
spade, or the digging fork, which go deeper than the plough, seldom come in contact with
the roots of trees in properly-cultivated ground.
The roots of trees require air as well as moisture, hence it comes that they will not
flourish in land so wet that their roots are immersed in water, or water-soaked ground,
for any length of time, because in such situations the air is excluded. It may be observed
in the case of those hardy trees that will grow in wet situations, that the roots never pene-
trate into the subsoil ; the nearer the water is to the surface of the land, the nearer will
the roots be to the surface also. This may be observed in roots upturned by the
wind in any swampy situation, where it will be found that there is a perfect net-work of
roots interlaced in all directions on the surface, but not one penetrating to the subsoil ;
that the whole root, in fact, presents an appearance as flat as though it had grown on the
surface of a rock, or fiat stone, that was only covered with a few inches of soil ; thus it
would appear that roots will not penetrate into a wet subsoil ; that they will only go just
so deep as to be able to reach the moisture sufficiently without being deprived of air, and
this fact seems to show that they require air as well as moisture, which, when immersed
in a water-soaked soil, they cannot get. Obviously, therefore, the way to assist nature in
producing a healthy growth, is to maintain the conditions which surround them, so as to
favour the admission of air and moisture into the soil, so that they can at all times have
access to the roots, and that moisture should never be so abundant as to exclude the air.
This lasi condition must be obtained by natural or artificial drainage ; the first by keep-
ing the soil so loose, and the crust so frequently broken, that atmospheric air, dew, and
rainfall can have easy access.
Another important function performed by the atmosphere when acting on vegetable
mould is the production of Carbonic Acid which is taken up by the roots to form carbon
the largest constituent part of all vegetable substances, composing as it does, more than
one half of the dry matter of all plants. The atmosphere contains a small proportion of
carbon which is decomposed by the leaves when acted upon by the rays of the sun, but
the greater portion is extracted from the vegetable mould by the action of atmospheric
air, showing again how important it is that the soil should be loosened for the purpose of
admitting the air and thus favouring the production of carbonic acid which is so impor-
tant an element in the growth of all vegetation.
There is yet another view of the case, which is, that ammonia is attracted and absor-
bed by the soil from rain-water, the air and the dews, when the soil is so open and por-
ous that those substances can freely penetrate ; Hoskyns says : " This same gas (ammonia)
has one remarkable property among others — it loves those, and falls on those, and blesses
those who prepare for it and receive it kindly, so if you wish to attract its sweet and so-
vereign influence, stir the surface — nay, keep it continually stirred, for on any hard im-
pervious, sunbaked surface, it absolutely refuses to settle." One of Shakespeare's heroes
says, " I can call spirits from the vasty deep," to which the reply was — " But will they
come when you do call for them 1 " This might be questionable, but you certainly may,
with better hopes of success call this gas from the dry land, from every dung-hill and from
every particle of decaying animal or vegetable matter for miles around you, and it will
come if only you will do one thing — keep your soil in a condition to attract, receive and
retain it."
The value of cultivation of the surface is exemplified in a discussion which took place
at a meeting of the W. N. Y. F. G. A. where the name of a gentleman was mentioned who
was said to be justly celebrated for his success in raising grapes, and his method was to
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
rench and manure his vineyard, but the speaker said that a brother of this celebrated
grape grower had just as good success, and he neither trenches or manures, but he cultivates
the surface of the ground some fifteen times during the summer.
It is contended then, that cultivation of the soil enables the roots of plants to obtain
from air and moisture, and from the vegetable mould acted on by those elements, all the
substances that are required to perfect their growth, that they obtain nitrogen from the
the air, oxygen and hydrogen from water, carbon from the atmosphere and from vegetable
mould acted on by the atmosphere, and that all these processes are aided and assisted by
cultivation, — nay, that cultivation is absolutely necessary, in fact, the one important con-
dition that can alone enable growing plants to avail themselves of the benefits to be de-
rived from this food, they may, it is true, without cultivation, consume such supplies as
are stored up in the soil, but, as these supplies are not supplemented by the inexhaustible
treasures contained in the surrounding elements, their growth can never be so vigorous as
it might be, and the stores they are consuming must soon be exhausted. And not only
does cultivation accomplish all this, but it enables the soil to attract and absorb ammonia
and other organic elements necessary for the growth of vegetation and is, therefore, the
most universal and most economical as well as the most profitable fertilizer.
FIRST PRIZE ESSAY OX "HYBRIDIZATION, AND ITS CANADIAN
RESULTS.
Motto — " Yielding fruit after its kind.*'
By D. W. Beadle, St. Catharines.
The law of reproduction impressed by the Creator on all living things is tersely expressed
by the translators of our English Bible "Yielding fruit after its kind." This law has
remained unchanged since that morning of creation, when the sons of God shouted for joy,
and as then, so now, " like produces like." Men observing this law and trusting to it as a
rule of life, early availed themselves of it to perpetuate certain physical peculiarities in the
animal creation, and to bring these into a high state of development. Hence we have today
our various strains of blood in our domestic animals, the fleet hunter and runner, the heavy
draught horse and the lighter roadster ; the fine-wooled and the coarse-wooled sheep ; the
gazelled-eyed dairy cow and the more rotund producer of beef. We have been slower to
avail ourselves of the same rule in the production of vegetables and fruits, but nevertheless
we find the rule to exist, and some progress has been made in the direction of combining in
our fruits and flowers and vegetables those peculiarities which we wish to perpetuate and
develope.
The processes of vegetable reproduction have been carefully studied by but few persons,
and it is only within a comparatively recent period that much attention has been given to the
art of hybridization, with the view of combining in one fruit the excellencies of
several varieties. Those who have ventured into the field of inquiry and experiment, have
found it to be exceedingly fascinating. Comparatively new and untrodden, it affords wide
scope for the exercise of human ingenuity and skill, while at the same time the uncertainty
of the limits which will bound our operations and say to the manipulator " thus far shalt
thou go and no further," gives to the pursuit a zest like that of discovery in an unknown land.
The requirements of our climate and country are offering every inducement to the
Canadian Hybridist to press his investigations and experiments until he shall have supplied
our people with fruits of good quality and hardy constitution. Apples are wanted that will
thrive in the hard climate of our colder sections and yield fruit of fair size and good flavour.
Pears, too, have yet to be produced having sufficient hardiness to grow and bear fruit over a
much larger part of our Dominion than now. Even now grapes may be found growing wild
ar beyond the limits of the successful culture of our garden varieties, but these hardy sons
of the soil needs to have their austerity tempered by the infusion of some gentle blood,
that shall sweeten the juices of the fruit, without impairing the hardiness of the stem. The
blackberry, raspberrv, whortleberry, and all the host of small fruits are waitins for the skilful
280
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
touch of the hybridist to appear in new combinations of form and flavour, adding thereby new
charms to the attractions of our rural homes.
In order to the better understanding of the operations performed in hybridization, it
will be necessary to consider the processes of vegetable reproduction. That organ in the
flower which we call the anther, yields a fine powder, usually of a golden yellow colour,
which is called pollen. These grains of pollen fall upon the stigma, penetrate the ovary,
and, coming in contact with the ovule, impart to it a new vitality, enabling it to develop
into a perfect seed. It is taken for granted that the reader is sufficiently acquainted with
structural botany to understand what is meant by the stamens and pistil of a flower.
Stamens usually consist of a filament or stalk, upon the top of which the anther is placed,
though in some flowers the filament is wanting. The pistil usually consists of the ovary,
style, and stigma, but the style in some flowers is absent, and the stigma rests directly
upon the ovary.
In the figure, a represents the stigma, b the style, and c the ovary, d the
anther, and e the filament. Within the ovary, and connected with its inner
surface by a delicate cord attached to each, lie arranged in definite order the little
ovules. These ovules are rudimentary bodies, which, under certain conditions,
will develop into seeds, having the power of germination and growth. Before
these ovules can develop into seeds, they must be quickened by contact with the
life-imparting pollen. Every gardener knows that unless the pollen of the cu-
cumber is taken from those flowers that yield the stamens to those that bear the
pistil, he will look in vain for fruit ; and hence, if he is growing cucumbers in a close frame,
he will apply the pollen by hand to the stigma, for in this plant the flowers that contain the
stamens with their pollen-producing anthers, do not contain the pistil with its ovary.
In nature we find various arrangements and contrivances designed to secure the contact of the
pollen with the stigma, and thence to the ovule. Were this contact to fail, were the pollen
from any cause to be prevented from reaching the stigma in our grains, and fruit-producing
trees and plants for a single summer, vain would be the toil of the husbandman, the care of
the vine dresser would come to naught, and the orchardist would look in vain for the luscious
fruits.
When the ovule has become formed in the ovary, the pollen grains burst out from the
anthers through little openings that are formed at the proper time for their escape. These
grains are very small and light : they float on the most gentle current of air, they adhere to
the limbs and bodies of insects that visit the flowers ; they are projected, as shot from a gun,
by the sudden bursting of the anthers, so that in one way or another some of them find their
way to the stigma, whose surface is usually coated with a glutinous fluid, thus causing the
little pollen-grains to adhere, when once they come in contact with it. And now the pollen-
grain undergoes a change. Like a seed in congenial soil, it throws out a little rootlet which
pierces through the substance of the stigma, traverses the entire length of the style, penetrates
the ovary, and finds its way to the little ovule.
In the sketch a represents a magnified pollen grain, b, the same
pollen grain with its rootlet or pollen-tube ; c shews the pollen-tube
^ descending the stile towards the ovary, d the end of the pollen-tube after
it has entered the ovary, reached the ovule and is pressing against the
embryo sac e.
By this contact between the pollen grain and the ovule, a new
life and development are imparted to the latter, it begins to take on
new forms ; the germ of a new plant is developed, and the ovule be-
comes a seed.
The art of hybridization, or to speak accurately, the art of sub-hybridization — for the
horticulturist usually seeks to blend varieties of the same species, not to cross different species
of the same genus — consists in applying the pollen of one variety to the stigma of another,
and preventing pollen from any other source coming in contact with the ovule. To accom-
plish this he selects the flower upon which he intends to operate, with delicate sharp-pointed
scissors he clips away all the anthers before the pollen in them has escaped, and having
gathered pollen from flowers of the variety he wishes to blend with it, applies that pollen to the
stigma of the flower which he has deprived of its anthers, and then carefully encloses it in a small
tissue-paper bag, to prevent any other pollen falling upon that stigma and interfering with his
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
■work. If the work has been successfully performed, the pollen grain will throw out its little
pollen-tube, which will grow in the manner already described and impart life and development
to the seed germ, and at the same time impart to it also some of the characters and qualities of
the plant, tree or vine from which it was taken. After this seed, thus fertilized, has ripened,
it must be planted, and when it has grown, and the plant therefrom bears fruit, it will be found
that the fruit will partake to some extent, in a more or less marked degree, of the qualities of
both the parents.
Hitherto the grape has been a favourite subject for experiment in this direction, for while
we possessed grape vines that were hardy and vigorous and ripened their fruit sufficiently
early, yet the quality of the fruit was much inferior to that of the European grape vines,
whose constitution did not seem to be at all suited to our climate, and whose fruit did not
generally mature perfectly in our short seasons. Among the first — if not the first — of our
Canadian Hybridists who turned his attention in this direction is Mr. Charles Arnold, of
Paris, Ont. Taking one of our wild vines that was growing on his place, and which on ac-
count of the austere quality of the fruit was known as the " good-for-nothing " for the female
parent, he sought to turn its hardy constitution and vigorous habit to some good account, by
fertilizing some of its flowers with pollen of several of the European varieties. In this he was
jemarkably successful, and from these crosses has produced several very interesting varieties.
The vines raised in this way retained much of the hardiness, vigour and productiveness of the
wild parent, while the fruit was increased in size, both in berry and bunch, and vastly im-
proved in flavour. These hybrid vines have been disseminated, and some of them are highly
esteemed in Southern Missouri as wine grapes. Since Mr. Arnold's success has become known
others of our hybridists have made the vine the subject of their attention. Mr. Wm. Saun-
ders, of London, has raised a considerable number of crosses of various parentage which are
now just beginning to show fruit. It is greatly to be hoped that in another year he will be
able to give the results of his labours in a special report to the members of our Association.
Mr. W. H. Mills, of Hamilton, has al.-o raised a number of very interesting crosses.
Several of these were exhibited at some of the fairs during the present autumn. Probably
the most promising of them is the one which he has named Lavega, a cross between the Diana
and the Rose Chasselas, the fruit is large both in bunch and berry, sweet and rich, ripening
with the Delaware. Another which he has named Sultana possess many points of great in-
terest. It is a cross between the Creveling and one of the Muscats, large bunch and berry.
The berry is very fleshy, and firm and adheres to the stem with wonderful tenacity. Should
its qualities in other respects prove desirable, it will beyond doubt prove the best shipping
grape we have yet seen.
Mr. Wm. Haskins, also of Hamilton, has been very successful in his hybridizations, and
among other sorts has a white variety that gives promise of far excelling any of the white
crapes now in cultivation. Mr. P. C. Dempsey, of Albury, has also raised a number of var-
ieties in the same way. One of these has been selected by our Association for distribution
among the members next Spring, to which he has given the name of our honoured President,
so that henceforth it will be known as the " Burnet " Grape. This is a cross between the
Hartford Prolific and Black Hamburg, and is beyond question a most promising variety for
cultivation in Ontario. Hardy of constitution, vigorous in habit, and prolific in bearing, at
the same time ripening its fruit even earlier than the Hartford i'rolific, were the quality of
the fruit no better, it would be still an acquisition ; but when to these is added a berry with
the fleshy character of the Black Hamburg, and possessing all its sweetness and even more
than its richness of flavor, we have a grape that promises to be the most desirable of any
variety known.
Bat our Hybridists have not confined their attention to the grape alone. Mr. Arnold's
hybrid wheat has made his name well known far beyond this Canada of ours, and his new
hybrid dwarf peas, combining the excellence of the champion of England, with the dwarf
habit of the little Tom Thumb, will entitle him to the everlasting gratitude of every cottage
gardener. What he has clone for us in our Diadem raspberry, the members of the Association
for 1 X77 will soon be able to tell, and, if he has linked the flavour of Brinckle's orange to the
hardy constitution of the Philadelphia, he has done that for which he well deserves a rich
reward. Of his hybrid apples our members will also shortly be able to judge, for the Ontario
apple, one of bis hybrids, will be given to the members in the spring of 1879.
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But what shall be thought of the daring hybridist who conceived the idea of blending
the apple with the pear. Mr. Dempsey has undertaken to do this, and believes that he has
succeeded. We hope no misfortune will befal the little tree, but that it may grow to
maturity and yield fruit If this can be done, what new flavours await the palates of future
generations. But our witty Colonel says that Dempsey is mistaken, that the pear and apple
cannot be thus united, that the antagonism between them is too great, for, says he, did not
the apple drive the first pear (pair) out of paradise ?
The labours of our hybridists have achieved already some valuable results both for
science and for hum an .comfort, showing that cross fertilization can be effected under hereto-
fore unexpected circumstances, and yielding to us a few valuable grains, fruits, and vegetables.
These results are just sufficient to encourage still further attempts, and stimulate to repeated
experiment. New fruits are needed for our new country, and the careful and persistent
explorer into this part of nature's domain will surely be rewarded by some grand and useful
discoveries, grand because useful, enlarging the list of home comforts and contributing to the
happiness of our people. Of what has thus far been accomplished one can speak, not dogmati-
cally but hopefully ; believing that the Burnet and La Vega grapes, the Diadem raspberry,
Ontario apple, and Champion of Canada pea, will prove to be very valuable acquisitions won
for us by the labour of our Canadian Hybridists. Of the future it may not be wise to boast,
but these results, to any one who has thought on these things, are but the earnest of an in-
heritance yet to be won, more rich and varied, and full of delights, than eve hath vet seen or
heart yet conceived.
SECOND PRIZE ESSAY ON THE MOST PROFITABLE FERTILIZER FOR
FRUIT-GROWING.
Motto. — " Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute."
By Rev. R. Burnet, London.
A friend from the country came on one occasion to see and learn how I grew such fine
pears. At every fresh examination of the beautiful and luscious fruit, his exclamation, ever
and anon, was, " But how do you grow these ?" My reply was, as invariably, by attention to
" first principles." The same exclamation and the same reply were of frequent occurrence be-
fore the object of the visit was finally attained. On going away, he inquiringly implored me
to tell him what I meant by "first principles." I significantly pointed to the " dung heap,"
which, in passing, I may say, I had stolen, and that breach of the commandment was on this
wise. Happening one day to be in company with a member of my church, returning from
the discharge of some duty, we were passing across the Common. Oh ! said I, at the sight
of a manure heap, containing at least a thousand loads, who does that belong to ? Nobody,
was the reply, it was laid there when the Grey Battery were stabled in the Crystal Palace.
The people in the neighbourhood, continued he, complained to the authorities of the smell
and odour arising from the mass, and caused Colonel Peacock to cart quantities of lime and
ashes to cover it. This to all appearance had been most effectually done, as the nut-brown colour
of the manure gave unmistakable signs of the decaying matter. I had carts engaged for
several days, conveying to my premises this truly valuable and rich deposit. Weeks after,
I learned accidentally that the whole belonged to my fellow-citizen, Mr. William Henrie, who
was preparing it for transport across the ice to his farm at Wellington Square. On that oc-
casion I broke the Eighth Commandment, and often since I have, in thought, violated
the tenth, when I have seen a large grand pile in the barn-yards of our yeomenry.
The colour of that pile of manure is worthy of the greatest attention. It was saturated with
ammonia, and this element gave it its richest value — ammonia, in some form or other, being
one of the most important ingredients of plant-growth. Whatever most bountifully supplies
this for plant food is the best fertilizer
The subject matter of this Essay, therefore, will lead us naturally to the treatment of
manures, and how to use them in their application to fruit trees. In fact, the operations
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both of die horticulturist and agriculturist depend much upon the kinds and amount of
manure at their disposal.
In anticipating the production of fruit crops, we must of necessity make some refer-
ence to the use of fertilizing substances. We shall, therefore, in this essay, as succinctly
as we can, enumerate the fertilizers most used by horticulturists — give their sources —
remark on their qualities, and dwell on the modes of using them.
The foremost— because the most accessible of all manures — is dung from the barn-
yard. This source of profit, fully understood and husbanded, is of immense importance to
the fruit-culturist. Indeed, without some such source of fertilization he might despair in
the prosecution of his labours. This dung is composed of the droppings of the cattle —
litter wherewith they are bedded — the remnants of broken food — the collected urine of
the various kinds of cattle. These all gathered together, rotted, or compounded, as it is
called, form the most valuable fertilizer. It is a simply returning to the earth what has
been taken from it, with the exception of the grain and fruit sold, the meat, and the farm
products that have been disposed of. This succession of supply and demand verifies the
old adage, that supply and demand are equal and opposite. The preparation of fertilizers
becomes, therefore, a subject of paramount importance both to husbandry and horticulture.
In my reading, and as far as my practice goes, I have been led to regard this prepara-
tion as best accomplished under covered sheds. Such a plan prevents incalculable waste,
and especially of the most important of the fertilizing elements which the dung contains
— oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia and carbonic acid gas. In Holland and Belgium great suc-
cess has attended the careful preparation of manures. No expense is thought too great to
carry out the enlightened views of these foreign cultivators. Every farm-yard should pos-
sess its liquid tank, and means should be employed to distribute the contents over the
firmer material under the shedding, to aid in the decomposition, and to enrich the mass.
Tanks of liquid manure are now in general use for all garden purposes, and only the fruit-
culturist can adequately enumerate the benefits to be derived from the application of liquid
manures.
An old acquaintance of mine in the old country was noted for the number of prizes
which he took at the local exhibitions for his fruit. On my asking him the secret of his
success, he took me to a neglected but most important part of the premises, behind the hot-
houses, and directed my attention to a large tank filled with a greenish matter, and plenti-
fully supplied with a covering of round black bullets. There, said he, is the secret of my
successful competition. I found that certain persons were employed to gather the drop-
pings of the sheep over the lawn and the home fields, and from this liquid compound, he
found a perfect stimulant to every variety of fruit and flower which he grew.
The scientific application of manures has undergone great changes of late years. It
is now understood that it is unnecessacy to allow the manure heap to decompose its ele-
ments and thus have large portions dissipated. Approved application of manures is to
cart green manures to the fields, speedily plough them in, and depend upon the further
application of guano, superphosphate of lime, and other prepared manures, for stimulating
the growth of plants during their early stage, and thus put them in the best condition for
making gradual use of the slowly dissolving manure. In the neighbourhood of towns,
fruit-growers possess singular advantages in the preparation of fertilizers. The raw mate-
rials, as a general rule, can be obtained cheap. Due preparation in the winter months
would suffice for every demand for fertilizers in the Spring and Fall. The late Mr. George
Barnes, of Hamilton, collec:ed offal from the pork factories, blood from the slaughter
houses, bones from every quarter, dead horses and cattle, and made a compost of the
whole. With the wind from a certain quarter, and travelling down King Street, one can
infallibly tell from the offence of the olfactory nerves, when they come near his thriving
and productive farm. The manure used by Mr. Barnes comes nearest cf anything I know
to a mixture between barnyard dung and the best of all manures that has lately come into
extensive use, I mean guano. While barnyard manure must always remain the great staple
for maintaining the fertility of the orchard, guano claims our next notice.
Guano is the solid excrements of carniverous sea-birds, which is accumulated in great
quantities on the coasts of South America, and other tropical countries. As a manure it
has become world-renowned. It has been used as a manure in Peru from time immemorial,
but the accounts given by the older travellers of its marvellous effects were considered to
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be fabulous, until Humboldt, from personal observation, confirmed all their statements. It
was first imported into Great Britain within my memory, in the year 1840 ; in which year
a few barrels of it were imported, and from that time its importation has rapidly increased.
Although an excellent fertilizer, it should not cause us to lose sight of those valuable
materials which exist on almost every piece of cultivated land. Every ton of guano im-
ported into any country is an addition to the national wealth, but every ton of stable man-
ure, or poultry dung, or night-soil evaporated, or carried away in streams or rivers, is
equally a deduction from our riches. If the imported fertilizer is to really benefit us, we
must not allow it to occasion the neglect, and consequent loss, of our home fertilizers.
The Peruvian guano, which is considered the best, is obtained from Islands off the
coast of Peru. The value of guano differs greatly according to the location from which it is
obtained. That from the rainless districts of Peru contains the ingredients of the dung
comparatively little changed, a considerable portion of the uric acid and ammonia of the
urine existing in some instances in its natural state, and a small quantity only having un-
dergone decomposition. But that from other districts has suffered a more or less complete
decomposition, according to the moisture of the climate, which reduces the quantity of
organic matters and ammonia, until in some varieties they are so small as to be of little
importance. This arises from the loss of uric acid, or rather the urate of ammonia, which
exists in the fresh dung to the extent sometimes of even 90 per cent.
As with farmyard manure, the value of guano is estimated by the quantity of nitrogen
and phosphates which it is capable of yielding to the crop.
Guanos, therefore, naturally divide themselves into two classes, the one, characterised
by the abundance of ammonia, and the other by that of phosphates. Peruvian is charac-
teristic of the former, and Bolivian of the latter — of course, the value of these varieties is
very different. They are bought, however, for different purpores — the ammonical guanos
for their ammonia principally, and the phosphatic for their phosphates. Peruvian, how-
ever, is generally the best, although there are certain soils on which the phosphate guanos
nearly or altogether equal it ; but this is only the case in particular instances, and taken as
a whole, it may be said that Peruvian, notwithstanding its high price, is the cheapest of
all guanos.
The value and use of guano are now so well understood that it will scarcely be neces-
sary to enlarge on the mode of its application. Although owing its chief value to am-
monia and phosphates, it contains also all the other ingredients of the plant, and every-
thing required in a manure except the large quantity of organic matters capable of producing
carbonic acid. It is capable of replacing barnyard manure, and excellent crops of turnips
and potatoes have been raised by it alone, and at less cost than by farmyard manure.
Guano has also been most advantageously employed as a top-dressing to grass land,
to young corn, and to orchards.
In selecting the variety to be employed, several circumstances must be attended to.
It will be found, as a general rule, that on strong soils, under good cultivation, the best
effects are obtained from the ammoniacal guanos, but on light soils these guanos are less
applicable, as the soluble ammoniacal compounds they contain are rapidly washed out,
and much of their effects lost. On such soils the phosphate guanos come up to, or even
surpass, the others. No definite rules can be given for determining the soils on which these
different varieties are most applicable, but each individual must determine by experiment
that which best suits his own land. A very excellent practice is for horticulturists to em-
ploy a mixture of equal parts of the two sorts of guano.
The best fertilizer within easy reach is night soil, or human excrement. The manure
of man consists of those parts of his food which are not retained in the increase of his
body. His food is usually of a varied character, and is rich in nitrogen — in phosphates —
and other inorganic constituents ; consequently, his manure is made valuable by contain-
ing large quantities of these matters. As is the case with the ox and horse, the dung .
contains the indigested food, the secretions of the digestive organs, and insoluble parts of
the digested food. The urine, in like manner, contains a large proportion of the nitrogen
and the soluble inorganic parts of the digested food. When we consider how much
richer the food of man is than of the horned cattle, we shall understand the superior value
of the excrement. Night soil has been used as a fertilizer, for ages, in Japan and China ;
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and herein lies, undoubtedly, the great secret of their success in supporting a dense popu-
lation, for almost countless ages, without impoverishing the soil.
I use much night soil in my gardening operations, using it after rather a novel fashion
I dig a hole two feet deep, and a foot and a half across, and deposit there weekly the con-
tents of a large crock kept for the reception of the excrements of the household, and this
with every possible advantage to the trees and crop. It is rather approaching the comical
for me to affirm that my pears are all the better for the application. This is evident from
the fact that plants have it for their direct object to remake, and put together the refuse
organic matter, and the gases and minerals found in nature, for the use of animals. If
there were no natural means of rendering the excrement of animals available to plants,
the earth would soon be shorn of its fertility, as the elements of growth, when once con-
sumed, would be essentially destroyed, and no soil could survive the exhaustion.
There is no reason why the manure of the human being should be rejected by vege-
tation more than that of any other animal ; and, indeed, it is not, ample experience has
proved that there is no better manure in existence.
In Belgium and Holland, the importance of human excrement for the growth of plants
is singularly verified. Every morning parties call at the residences of the citizens, and
contribute largely for the privilege of removing all night soil from their dwellings.
Night soil may be so kept that there shall be no loss of its valuable gases, and conse-
quently no offensive odour arising from it, while it may be removed, and applied to the
orchard, without unpleasantness. All that is required to effect this wonderful change in
night soil, and to turn it from its disagreeable character to one entirely inoffensive, is to
mix with it a little charcoal dust, prepared muck, dry earth, or any other good absorbent,
thus making what the French call poudrette. The mode of doing this must depend on
circumstances. Several plans have recently been devised, which have for their object the
improvement of privy accommodations in detached houses. One of these, the " Earth
Closet," is at once so cheap, so simple, and so perfect in its operation, that it should receive
general attention. Its action is based on the power of soils which contain clay or organic
matter to absorb all offensive effluvia. This power is so great that not only will a pint of
sifted and air-dried earth completely deodorize the matters of a single evacuation, but
if dried in the air after each use, the same pint of earth may be used over and over again
— losing, apparently, none of its power of absorbtion — until it finally becomes as powerful
a fertilizer as Peruvian guano, although entirely inoffensive to the sight or smell. The
manure thus made is of the most valuable character, and may be used under any cir-
cumstances, with a certainty of a good crop.
The dung of all birds, which more or less closely resembles guano, may be employed
with much advantage as a fertilizer. Poultry dung is nearly equal in value to Peruvian
guano, and it deserves to be carefully preserved and judiciously used. It is as well worth a
dollar per bushel as guano is worth seventy-five dollars a ton. Poultry manure is liable
to as much deterioration from evaporation and leaching as is any other manure, and care
should be taken to prevent such loss. The principle on which the " earth closet " is based
may be very effectively applied to the poultry house. All that is necessary is to sprinkle
their droppings with dry earth. In this manner the floor of the poultry-house, for a depth
of eight or ten inches, may be made to absorb the droppings of a whole summer so as to
entirely prevent offensive smells or disease, while the earth for that depth will be worth
many times the trouble it has cost. My friend, Mr. W. H. Mills, and myself pursue this
plan, with great benefit to our fruits and fruit trees.
The value of this manure should be taken into consideration in calculating the profit
of poultry-keeping. I have a high fancy for the different breeds, and I think every farmer
and horticulturist should indulge a similar taste. A gentleman of much experience, says
in regard to l-aising poultry, that the yearly manure of a hundred fowls applied to previously
unmanured land would produce extra corn enough to keep them for a year. This is pro-
bably a large estimate, but it serves to show that this fertilizer is very valuable, and also
that poultry may be kept with great profit if their excrements are carefully utilized.
Pigeon dung has long been held in the highest repute. Liquid manure made from pigeon
droppings has a most powerful effect on flowering shrubs and fruit trees. In fact, intending
exhibitors at horticultural shows, can scarcely compete unless they are acquainted with
some of these " tricks of the trade." We have had occasion to mention the uses of sheep-
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manure, when converted iuto a liquid application for fruit trees. So much lor animal, and
now a brief sentence on vegetable manure.
In a bighly civilized state of any society, many plans are adopted to improve the arts
and sciences, which are almost unknown in new and advancing states. This is singularly
the case in Canada with regard to the employment of vegetable fertilizers as manures, either
for the farm or garden. In such countries as France and England no expense is spared,
no means unemployed, no available manure untried, to advance the interests of agriculture,
and horticulture. Many such manures are employed as fertilizers ; their value is variable,
and must be estimated in the same way as farm-yard manure, in proportion to the abun-
dance of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Although like farm-yard manure they may be
made to undergo fermentation so as to convert their nitrogen into ammonia ; they are
generally, indeed, almost invariably, conjoined with farm-yard manure.
Rape-dust has long been employed as a fertilizer, and the success which has attended
its use has led to the introduction of the refuse cake of other oil-seeds, such as that of the
castor oil seed, which cannot be employed for feeding. Like the seeds of all plants, these
substances are rich in nitrogen, and their ash, containing of course, all the constituents of
the plant, supplies the necessary inorganic elements. Indeed all these substances contain
as much of nitrogen as is found in about ten times their weight of farm-yard manure, and
a somewhat similar proportion exists in the amount of phosphates, and probably of their
other constituents. Rape-dust makes a splendid top-dressing, both for fruit trees and
cereals. Its effects are most marked on exhausted land. It requires moisture, and hence
it often proves a failure in very dry seasons, and on dry soils.
Malt-dust, bran, and chaff have been applied as fertilizers, and their value depends on
the quantity of nitrogen which they contain. Straw has occasionally been employed for
the same purpose and even as a top dressing on land. It is, however, unsuitable for the
latter application, as it decomposes very slowly, and it is always desirable to ferment it in
the manure heap, so as to facilitate the production of ammonia from its nitrogen. One of
our horticulturists at Drummondville has used it thus with good effect. It will generally
prove beneficial on heavy soils, which it serves to keep open, and so promote the access of
air, and enable it to act on the soil.
Saw-dust. — I have tried saw-dust and have succeeded and failed. Some kinds of saw-
dust ferment, and thus prove detrimental to fruit trees. It is a good mechanical addition
to heavy soils, and diminishes their tenacity. It is a useful absorbent of liquid manure,
and may be advantageously applied to farm-yard manure for that purpose. In towns and
cities saw-dust is sometimes used instead of straw as bedding for horses and cows. It then
becomes a useful addition to the farm-yard pile of manure.
MANURING WITH FRESH VEGETABLE MATTER.
The term green manuring is applied to the ploughing in of green vegetable matter,
which has been grown on the soil for that purpose. The success which attends it, especially
on soils poor in organic matter, is very marked. Its utility is manifestly dependent
upon its affording to the soil a supply of matter, which by its decomposition may yield
carbonic acid to act on the soil as well as nitrogen, and inorganic matters. The action is
not, however, confined to this, for it serves also as a means of bringing up from the lower
parts of the soil the valuable matters which it contains, and of mixing them again with the
surface part. Many of the plants found most useful for green manuring send down their
roots to a considerable depth ; and when they are ploughed in all the substances which
they have brought up are, of course, deposited in the upper few inches of soil.
Plants, when ploughed in the fresh state, also decompose rapidly, and are therefore
able immediately to improve the subsequent crop ; and as this decomposition in the soil
takes place without the loss of ammonia and other valuable matters, which infallibly
occurs when they are fermented on the dung heap, it will be obvious that in no other mode
can equally good results, by the use of these plants, be accomplished.
Many plants have been employed as green manure, and different opinions have been
expressed as to their relative values. In the selection of any one for the purpose, that
should of course be taken which grows most rapidly, and produces, within a given time,
the largest quantity of valuable matters. No general rule can be given for the selection,
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as the plant which fulfils these conditions best will differ in different soils and climates.
The plants most commonly employed in this country are, rye, clover, buckwheat, rape, and
some others. Clover is perhaps the favourite of these with our horticulturists, more
especially with those who desire to fertilize old orchards. Indeed for young as well as for
old orchards a crop of clover ploughed under will amply reward the horticulturist. Buck-
wheat is also another green fertilizer, which, for several obvious reasons, is much employed
by our farmers and gardeners. Its cleaning qualities are not to be overlooked — its close
and thick growth smothers all kinds of weeds — and its own succulent nature singularly
adapts it for immediate use as food for the plant. I have known of turnips sown broad-
cast at the end of harvest, and ploughed in after two months. The effect of this treatment
is such, that the most exhausted land may be made to bear a renumerative crop.
OTHER ORGANIC FERTILIZERS.
Animal substances generally contain a much large quantity of nitrogen than vege-
tables, and as they undergo decomposition and yield it in the form of ammonia more rapidly,
their value is much higher. Flesh is an important fertilizer. If the decomposition of
animal bodies takes place in exposed situations, and without proper precautions, the am-
monia escapes into the atmosphere and much of the mineral portion is leached out by
rains. The use of absorbents, such as charcoal-dust, prepared muck, &c, &c, will entirely
prevent the evaporation, and will in a great measure serve as a protection against leaching.
If a dead horse be cut in pieces and mixed with ten loads of muck, the whole mass will,
in a single season, become a valuable compost.
Blood is a most valuable fertilizer, but it is not much employed in this country, at least
in the neighbourhood of large towns, as there is a demand for it for other purposes, and
it can rarely be obtained by the farmer and horticulturist in any large quantity. It is
best used in the form of a compost with peat or mould, and forms an excellent fertilizer
for turnips, and is also advantageously applied in atop-dressing for wheat. It is a capital
fertilizer for vines.
HAIR, SKIN, AND HORN.
The refuse of manufactories, in which these substances are employed, are frequently
used as fertilizers. They are all highly nitrogeneous substances, and owe their entire
value to the nitrogen they contain. Refuse horsehair generally contains eleven or twelve
per cent, of nitrogen. Woollen rags contain over twelve per cent, of nitrogen, and woollen
cuttings about fourteen. Horn shavings are extremely variable in then- amount of nitrogen,
when pure they contain an amount of over twelve per cent.
All these substances are highly valuable as fertilizers, but as they undei'go decompo-
sition nioro slowly than flesh or blood, they are more applicable to the horticulturist than
to the farmer, and more especially applicable to heavy soils. Woollen rags have been largely
employed as a fertilizer for hops, and are believed to surpass every other substance for
that crop. As a manure applicable to the ordinary purposes of the farm, they have scarcely
met with that attention which they deserve, because their first action is slow, and the
farmer is more accustomed to look to immediate, than to future results. Horticulturists
know that they possess the important qualification of adding permanently to the fertility
of the soil.
BONES.
Bones consist, when dried, of about one-third organic matter, and two-thirds earthy
matter. The organic matter consists chiefly of gelatine — a compound containing nitrogen.
The earthy matter is chiefly phospfiate of lime ; hence bones are excellent, both as organic
and as mineral manure. The organic part, containing nitrogen, forms ammonia, and the
inorganic part supplies the much needed phosphoric acid to the soil.
Bones are applied in every conceivable form. Whole bones are often used in very
large quantities, this is one of the forms in which I apply it to my fruit trees — then* action,
however, is extremely slow — and almost fills the place of a permanent manure.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No". 1.) A. 187S
Ground boues are best for ail fertilizing purposes. They ferment readily, and pro-
duce ammonia, while the asby parts are exposed to the action of the roots. The finer the
bones are ground the more valuable do they become. Not only do they, in this state, ex-
pose much more surface to the feeding action of the roots, but from their fine division they
can be much more evenly distributed through the soil. Even Peruvian guano, soluble as
it is in water, is made much more effective when ground fine before being spread upon the
land.
Composting bones with ashes i-; a very good way of securing their decomposition
They should be placed in a water-tight cask : first, make a layer four inches of bones, then
the same quantity of unleached wood ashes, continuing these alternate layers until the cask
is full, and keeping them alwiys ivet. 'ihe ashes are in themselves valuab e, and this co.n-
post is excellent for almost all crops, agricultural and horticultural, particularly for Indian
corn. A little dilute sulphuric acid, occasionally sprinkled on the upper matter in the cask,
will prevent the escape of the ammonia. The bone dust which I use is prepared at the
pork slaughter houses in our city, and the preparation is rapidly becoming a most impor-
tant item in reducing the expense connected with pork-packing.
T may notice here that guano is believed to encourage a great expanse of foliage, and
to be especially suited for early sowings— and superphosphate to influence the develop-
ment of bulb, and to deserve the preference for a late seed time. The obvious inference
is, that for the turnip crop, at least, these valuable fertilizers should be used in combina-
tion ; and actual experiment has verified its soundness. The use of them is universal and
ever on the increase.
In regard to superphosphate of lime, the prudent and economical plan is for the
farmer and horticulturist to purchase bone-dust and sulphuric acid, and prepare it himself.
Recently, a new source of supply of superphosphates has been discovered, the extent
of which is becoming more apparent as investigation proceeds. We allude to those
phosphoric deposits found in such abundance in the crag, and upper and lower green-
sand in the South-east of England. These deposits consist of animal fossil, remains of
Sharks, gigantic Sea-Lizards, and Whales. These fossil-bones are found in enormous
quantities in Suffolk, Norfolk, and Essex, and are ground by powerful machiuery, and
dissolved in sulphuric acid, to render the phosphate of lime available as manure.
Bone-dust is used by horticulturists and farmers as a top-dressing, both for trees and
grass crops. Two falls ago I gave my garden a thorough top-tressing, with prepared
bone-dust and leached ashes. Sometimes I have covered my garden-patch to the depth
of three inches with leached ashes and bones, in every case with uniform success.
LEACHED ASHES.
Among the earth fertilizers that|have not yet been mentioned — not coming strictly
under any of the preceding heads — is the one known as leached ashes. These, of course,
are much less valuable than ashes from which the potash has been leached out ; still, as
potash is generally made, the leaching is not very complete, and a considerable quantity
of this substance, available for plants, is left in them. In addition to this, they contain
phosphoric acid, and silicic acid, which adds to their value. Practically they are held in
high esteem in all localities where they can be obtained at a moderate cost of transporta-
tion. Boston horticulturists purchase leached ashes in Hamilton, at ten cents per bushel,
carry them to Boston, and make them pay. I have sometimes thought that Canadian
fruit-grower^ repurchase their own ashes under some of the names of fertilizers so common
among ourselves, as phosphates and superphosphates.
The most important and extensively used mineral substance employed for fertilizing
is lime. Lime readily decomposes muck or dung, and is most efficient in accomplishing
this purpose, when mixed with salt. As food for plants, lime is of considerable im
portance. All plants contain it, some in large quantities. It is an important constituent
of straw, meadow hay, leaves of fruit trees, peas, beans, and turnips. It constitutes more
than one-third of the ash of red clover. Most soils contain lime enough for the use of
plants; in others, it is deficient, and must be supplied artificially, it is almost indis-
pensable to choose a limy formation fur the planting of an orchard.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Its effects upon the soil are very marked. It corrects sourness, and is especially
valuable in the reclaiming of moory and boggy lands.
It hastens the decomposition of the organic matter in the soil — it causes the mineral
parts of the soil to crumble ; and, by producing these effects, it prepares the constituents
of the soil for assimilation by plants.
It is said to exhaust the soil. You may laugh at such assertions, for the exhaustion
represents its beneficial action in producing large crops, and is therefore no argument
against its use. Thus we see that it is hardly fair to accuse the lime of exhausting the
soil, when it only improves its character, and increases the yield. It is the crop that
takes away the fertility of the soil, and in all judicious cultivation this loss will be fully
compensated by the application of fertilizers, thereby preventing the exhaustion of the
soil.
I may add that shell lime is the best of all, for it contains no magnesia, and it does-
contain a small quantity of phosphate of lime. Lime should never be mixed with animal
manures, unless in composite with muck, or some other good absorbent, as it causes the
escape of their ammonia.
PLASTER OF PARIS.
Plaster of Paris or gypsum (sulphate of lime), is composed of sulphuric acid and lime
in combination. It is a constituent of many plants. It also furnishes them with sulphuric
acid, and with the sulphur, of which a small quantity is contained in seeds. It is an ex-
cellent absorbent of ammonia, and is very useful to sprinkle in stables, poultry houses,
pig-styes, and privies, where it absorbs the escaping gases, saving them for the use of plants,
and purifying the air, rendering stables and outhouses more healthy than when not so
supplied.
ACIDS.
I have scarcely left myself space to say one word or two on the acids which are bene-
ficed as fertilizers. Sulphuric acid is a very important constituent of vegetable ashes. It
is sometimes known under the name of oil of vitriol, and may be purchased for horticultural
and agricultural purposes at a low price. It may be added in a very dilute firm to the
compost heap, when it will change the ammonia to a sulphate as soon as formed, and thus
prevent its loss, as the sulphate of ammonia is not volatile, and being soluble in water is
useful to plants.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
We come now to the consideration of one of the most important of all subjects con
nected with agriculture and horticulture. Phosphoric acid, which forms about one half of
the ashes of wheat, rye, corn, buckwheat, and oats ; nearly the same proportion of those of
barley, peas, beans, and linseed ; an important part of the ash of milk and turnips ; one
quarter of the ash of milk, and a very large proportion of the bones of animals, often exists
in the soil in the proportion of only about one or two pounds in a thousand. The cultiva-
tion - four whole country has been such as to take away the phosphoric acid from the
soil, without returning it, except in very small quantities. Every hundred bushels of wheat
sold contains, and removes permanently from the soil about sixty pounds of phosphoric
acid. Other grains, as well as the root crops and grasses, remove likewise, a large quantity
of it. This removal of one the most valuable constituents of the soil has been the cause of
the exhaustion of farms. Why is it that our wheat lands are diminishing in their yield
per acre] For no other cause than the removal of the phosphoric acid from the snil.
The enormous waste of the most valuable fertilizers, taking place not only in every city,
but about every residence in the land, can only be arrested when the importance of restoring
to the soil n full equivalent for what is taken from it, is universally realized. Many suppose
that s'ii Is w> ir-h produce sood crops, year after year, are inexhaustible, but time invariably
proves the contrary. They may possess a sufficiently largo stock of phosphoric acid, and
other plant constituents, to last for a lorn: time, but when the stock becomes so reduced that
there is n<- enough left for the use of full crops, the productive power of the soil will yearly
decrease- until it becomes worthless. It may last a long time, — a century or even more, —
but as Ion" as the system is to remove everything and return nothing, the fate of the most
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
fertile soil is certain — a fate, which, with equal certainty, diminishes the dollars in the
pocket of the farmer and gardener.
One principal source from which this phosphoric acid can be obtained, is found in the
bones of animals. These contain a large proportion of the phosphate of lime. They are the
receptacles, which collect nearly all the phosphates in crops, which are fed to animals, and are
not returned in their excrements. For the grain, &c, sent out of the country, there is no
way to be repaid except by the importation of this material ; but nearly all that is fed to
animals, if a proper use be made of their excrement, aod of their bones after death, will be
returned to the soil.
Atmospheric fertilizers consist af ammotjia, carbonic acid, oxygen and water.
Their greatest usefulness requires the soil to allow the rains to pass through it — to ad-
mit of a free circulation of air among its particles, and to contain a sufficient amount of ab-
sorbent matter to arrest and retain all ammonia, and carbonic acid presented to it.
Fertilizers, of whatever sort, should be .supplied with regard to its requirements. At-
mospheric fertilizers cost nothing, and are of great value when properly applied. In conse-
quence of this, the soil which is enabled to make the largest appropriation of the atmospheric
fertilizers, is worth many times as much as that which allows them to escape. In fact it may
be considered to be the object of all cultivation, to use the advantages which the soil and
fertilizers offer for the purpose of consolidating and giving a useful form to the carbonic acid
ammonia and water, which are freely offered to all seekers.
In conclusion, I would say, like a parson, who brings his discourse to a close, much to
the delight of his sleepy audience, ' that no fertilizing can be strictly economical that is not
based on a knowledge of the requirements of the soil, and of the crops, — and of the best
means of supplying them — together with the most scrupulous care of every ounce of evap-
orating or soluable manure, made on the farm, and a return of the earthy matters sold off in
produce."
SECOND PRIZE ESSAY ON "HYBRIDIZATION, AND ITS CANADIAN
RESULTS."
Motto. — " Male and female created He them."
*
By P. E. Bucke, Ottawa.
Part First. — Hybridization.
Hybridization or domestication may, as a general rule, be regarded as synonymous terms
when used in connection with animals and plants, because these in their wild state were kept
apart by climatic and other influences, and it was only when different species of the same
variety were brought together by commerce, or by roving tribes that, they mixed by inter-
breeding, and the wild type became, in many instances, utterly lost in a cultivated one. It is
a very remarkable fact, however, whatever may be the cause, that with regard to plants this
modification of the wild form by crossing, resulting from propinquity, causes such plants to
yield far more abundantly under cultivation than they did in the wild state. Any one may
see this for himself by examining the plant of the wild smooth gooseberry growing about any
of our creek banks, in almost any part of Canada, the wild currant, both black and red, the
wild strawberry, the wild crab, and in fact the list might be continued ad infinitum. The
sparcity of production in the wild plants is accounted for by those who have given this subject
considerable attention to the in-and-in breeding of the same variety, without the mixture of
foreign pollen ; the consequence is that when Hybridization takes place, whether artificially
or naturally, the fruit is increased in size and the fertility and vigour of the plant are greatly
stimulated. Sometimes, however, this gain is compensated for by the new plants produced
losing hardiness of constitution. When once plants have been crossed, their reproduction by
seeds is a matter of great uncertainty ; thus it will be seen that the new varieties produced,
which can be multiplied by cuttings, ruuners, layers, or by grafts, can easily be maintained
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
but to originate any new kind of animal, grain, fruit or flower which reproduces itself by
seeds only is a matter of no small difficulty ; the 'fixing of the variety in this case can only be
performed by selecting ihe seeds from approved specimens for several years in succession,
rejecting any of them from plants showing any variation, and in this way the new plant may
be kept fixed in its character for all time to come. When two wild varieties — the seeds of
which will produce like plants — are crossed by artificial means for the first time, there is al-
most a certainty that the offspring will partake considerably of both parents in the colour and
flavour of the fruit, and in the habit and manner of growth of the plant, but when two plants
that have long been under domestication, not propagated by seeds, are artificially fertilized it
is impossible to predict before hand what the result of such cross will be. In the improvement
of plants or fruits selection plays a very important part in the production of better varieties,
but cross fertilization must first taKe place to alter the original stock, and then there must be
a judicious selection from the seedling produced ; further hybridizing may then be practised
to develop those parts of the plant most valued by man. The whole operation of improve-
ment is much assisted by extra cultivation, which is a third factor in the production of new
and useful plants. Tt will be found by any one who attempts the propagation of plants from
seeds, such as the apple, gooseberry or raspberry, that, for some reason or law of nature, there
is a perpetual tendency of plants so raised to revert to the original wild type. The seedling
whose fruit or vigour of growth is in advance on the parent is comparatively speakiug rare
when matters are left to entire chance, but by the artificial hybridizing of two first-class
fruits of the same species much more success is likely to attend the labours of the propaga-
tor. There are. howover, so many causes which induce variation that no positive rules can
be laid down for success. Among these causes are tha surroundings of climate and its influ-
ences, either as a whole or on certain parts ; other variations are caused through the reproduc-
tive system which is affected by being removed from its natural conditions. Sometimes,
variability is occasioned on the mature organisms, on the embryo, and on the sexual elements
before ever impregnation has been effected. Whether the mind of man will ever be sufficiently
advanced to grapel with these subjects is at present quite uncertain, but the general advance-
ment of the human understanding leads one to imagine that even these at present hidden
mysteries may not be withheld at some future distant day, in the same way that it has been
reserved to quite recent times for man to understand the laws which govern steam, the art of
photography, and although it is admitted only a limited knowledge of electricity has yet been
discovered, it is clearly demonstrated that this wonderful agent, which pervades all nature,
and space, may some day be so easily handled that it will become one of the noblest hand-
maids of civilization .- the main difficulty at present being to bridle and direct its power ; as
a source of light and heat it has but one rival, and that is the sun itself. The telephone is
also as yet in his infancy, and there are hundreds of other thiogs which might be pointed out
to shew the powers of the human intellect are being developed uuder advanced culture.
From experiments made by practical scientists it is found that more than one spermato-
zoon is necessary to fertilise the ovule of the female in some animals. When a small number
of spermatozoa is applied, the ova is only partially impregnated, and the embryo is never fully
developed. With regard to plants it is found that results of nearly a similar nature occur.
Pollen grains of more and more number up to thirty were applied to the stigma of a certain
plant,1 but did not fertilize a single seed, but when forty were applied, a few seeds of small
size were formed. The pollen grain of another plant,- which are of extraordinary size, aud
of which the ovarium contains only a single ovule, was acted upon with the following inter-
esting results: — A flower was fertilized with three grains of pollen with perfect success ;
twelve flowers were fertilized by two grains, aud several flowers by a single grain, and of
these, one flower only of each lot perfected its seeds ; and what is more extraordinary still,
the plants produced by these seeds never attained their proper dimensions, and bore flowers of
a remarkably small size It will thus be seen that the quantity of the peculiar formative
matter which is contained in the pollen grains, or the spermatozoon, is an important element
in the act of fertilization, not only ia the development of the seed, but also in the plants they
produce.
Mr. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ontario, who has probably be^noneof the most active
m^n on this continent in the science of Hybridizing, gives it as his opinion that the age of
the pollen grains, or the state of the maturity of the ovule, materially affects the habit aud
1 Malva— The common Mallow. 2 Mirabilis — Marvel of Peru.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
structure of the future plants, and the fruit and flowers formed on them. Special notes
should therefore be made of the period of the application of the pollen to the female organ
after the flower has been artificially opened, so as to discover, if possible, what effect is exer-
cised on the fruit of the seedling by applying the pollen at various stages of the flower's age.
Of course this would do away with the recommendation given to Hybridists to make several
applications of pollen at different periods to the same flowers. In working with the grape
these observations should be especially made, as the forms and colours of the fruit are not so
varied as in the apple, but are more marked than in the gooseberry or currant. Mr. Arnold
attributes the colour and flavour of the fruits to the state of the sexual organs at the time
impregnation takes place, and there may be, and no doubt is, considerable reason to suppose
that the seedling is effected by the age at which the ovule is impregnated ; and this will more
readily be seen if we look at the new life imparted as a metamorphosis from a previous ex-
istence From this point of view it will be seen that the stage of the previous existence when
this metamorphosis takes place might readily affect the new existence. No one can doubt
that some kind of life exists in the spermatozoon, and in the pollen srains of plants, for if no
life were there, how could life be imparted ? It may exist in a dormant and unconscious
state, or in an entirely new form. No fire is obtained from flint until it is struck with a steel,
and it has been pretty well proved that in no instance has it yet been ascertained that some-
thing has been made out of nothing. After the contact has been effected and the change cr
new life has commenced, the seed is formed. This is the second metamorphosis in plants, and
the third and last is when the seeds are sprouted and the plant takes shape in its beautiful
form which puts on foliage, flowers, and fruits. In this third stage, age again has its effects
on the fruits produced. It is well known that old trees do not perfect as fine fruit as they
did in their younger periods of existence ; we will take as an instance the black enrrant, —
when the wood of this shrub becomes four or even three years old, the fruit is not so large or
so plentiful as if borne on one and two year old branches. The pruning of this plant should
therefore be so conducted as to remove the old wood and allow the new to take its place. Upon
examination it will be found that age affects all male and female forms of life, both in the re-
productive organs and in the offspring produced. Old men, do not, as a rule, beget as healthy
children as those of a man who has attained to full development ; anil the last child of a
female, before she arrives at that age when child-bearing ceases, is often the smallest and most
delicate of the family. It will therefore be well for Hybridists, from the above considerations,
first, to use healthy plants to work on, securing their pollen from the most robust and hearty
stocks ; and in the next place, to see that the female organ is properly matured, yet not too
old to work upon, if the best results are desired. In a state of nature these things to a cer-
tain extent accommodate themselves, and it is probably the forcing of nature that makes the
seed of hybridized plants produce offspring of a dissimilar character to the parent stock, or,
in other words, when impregnation takes place between two plants dissimilar in variety, the
ovule is in some way disarranged when receiving the life-germ from a plant which nature has
not accommodated to it ; this derangement probably takes place at the time of the primal
growth or swelling of the ova — though no difference may be recognized in the seeds produced
— the formative matter being as it were chemically changed by the union of the two organ-
isms which are not complementary in nature. Whatever may be the cause of the change
produced it is clear that different gemules are attracted to build up the plants produced by
seeds affected by hybridizatu n.
The derangement which takes place at the first cross may become inoperative or entirely
disappears by rever.-ion to the original type if not specially preserved, but a cross having seve-
ral times been made, the sports or variations become so wide apart that not only is the original
utterly lost or become quite unrecognizable (seepage 17), but the plants themselves will
not produce like children, by sowing their own seed ; this, however, is not invariably the
case, as some of the new varieties may be made to come true from seed by careful selection
of these from selected plants for several years in succession, whilst others again quite refuse
to re-produce themselves in this way, fortunately the first class of plants are chiefly amongst
the annuals, whilst the latter are principally those which can be propagated in other ways,
such as the apple, &c.
Practical directions for Hybridizing the Grape have been given in previous numbers of
the Report of the " Fruit Growers' Association," but as the members are continually chang-
ing, and as many may not have preserved their old reports, it may be as well to give a short de-
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
scription of the mode of operating. Enlarged figures of the grape flower may be found at
page 49 of the Report for 1872. These instructions relate to the grape only, but as the
structure of all blossoms are. somewhat similar it will also give a key to others as well. A
good-sized bunch of flower-buds should be selected and carefully watched, any ol these found
to be prematurely bursting should be cut off so as to secure as many as possible which would
open at the same time to operate upon, and any that are not sufficiently matured may also be
removed. Having selected those upon which it is proposed to work, and being provided with
a pair of fine pointed forceps, a few camel-hair pencils, and some paper bags sufficiently large
to enclose the bunches, everything is ready to begin. With the forceps the calyax and carolla
must be carefully remoued so as not to bruise the internal organs, the stamen and pistil will
then be exposed, the stamen or mail organ must then be nipped off, leaving the female organ
or pistil in the centre of the flower, all by itself. When all the buds are thus arranged the
paper bag must be put over the bunch and closely secured to prevent the possibility of con-
tact by other pollen in the air or by visits from insects. The next step is to secure the pollen
or male fertilizing matter, which in the grape is very abundant, and may be collected by
holding a piece of blue paper under a branch of the kind required, and by a sharp jar with
the hand a sufficient quantity may be readily secured. The caps of the flowers will also fall
upon the paper, but these should be removed. The yellow pollen will be readily recognized
on the blue paper. When sufficient is secured, transfer it to a small phial to be carefully
labeled and kept for future use. Care should be taken to keep the pollen from the light by
the bottle in dark -colored paper. Where there is a difficulty of jarring to collect pollen, wrapp-
ing up as in the apple, strawberry, &c, it may be obtained by damping the camel hair brush
slightly, the pollen willjthen readily adhere to the pencil, and this must be used at once, as the
moisture will soon dry on the brush and the pollen will then fall off and be lost. The time for
the application of the pollen depends on the maturity of the flowers ; if these are nearly opened
at the time they were operated upon the pollen may be applied the same day or the following,
and a second application should be made two or three days afterwards, which materially in-
creases the chances of success. In no case should the flowers remain a moment uncovered
longer than absolutely necessary. After the pollen grains have been applied to the stigma
they adhere to the necta and the process of germination begins, the pollen sending down a
minute fibre which penetrates to the ovarian cavity which it enters and fertilizes.
Part Second.— '; Its Canadian Results."
The Hybridists of Canada though enthusiastic are not numerous. The foremost
amongst them are Charles Arnold, of Paris, W. Saunders, of London, W. H. Mills, Hamil-
ton, P.O. Dempsey, Albany, and William Haskins, Hamilton. Mr. Arnold is celebrated for
his hybril apples, grapes, wheat, peas, raspberries and strawberries, besides some interesting
experiments on the Indian corn or maize plant. Mr. Saunders for his grapes, raspberries,
gooseberries, and the crossing of wild and native flowers. Mr. Mills chiefly for his hybrid
grapes, which, though not yet sent out, are calculated to take an advanced place amongst our
new variety s Mr. Dempsey in a few years time will probably be placed somewhere near
the head of the list, by his splendid hybrid grape, named after our illustrious President, the
Burnett. It is a black grape, and is a cross between the Hartford Prolific and Black Ham-
burg. Should this magnificent fruit on dissemination to the members of the Fruit Growers'
Association in 1878, prove as successful in other localities as it has in its native County of
Prince Edward, it will indeed be a step in advance for northern grape culture. With the
same pollen applied to the female parent which produced the Burnett, Mr. Dempsey has also
originated a white grape of great promise, at present known under the name of " No. 25."
Not much is yet learned of Mr. Mills' hybrids, except that the grapes produced have been
seen at some of the Provincial Exhibitions, and promise well, but their originator is anxious
they should not be submitted for trial until thoroughly tested. At London, this season, they
made a fine and interesting display, though not shown with a view to competition, but merely
that their merits might be discussed by parties who are interested in such matters. His
" Sultana " is a grape of very high promise, is fleshy and sugary, and it is claimed to be the
only Canadian grape that will make raisins. The bunch is medium to large size, and the
berry a little above the average. Mr. Haskins also runs in the grape groove with his hy-
brids, but more for wine purposes than the table. He has succeeded in produoing a grape
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41 Victoria. Sessional Pupers (No. 1.) A. 1S78
which ripens in August, it is small, black, and of an acid flavour. The wine made fr >m this
berry has been tested by experienced English and Canadian judges, and is pronounced one
of the richest and best flavoured produced on this continent, and closely resembles the best
European port. Amongst Mr. Saunders' fruit Hybrids — he has also been sucoeseful in the
floral line — is a most interesting and intimate cross between the Philadelphia native red
raspberry, and Doolittle native black cap. both of which will produce themselves true from
seed, the former, however, is propagated by suckers, the latter by rooting at the tips of the
canes. At first a difficultv was found to exist in regard to propagating the new hybrids, as
it roots very sparingly at the tips and does not sucker more than sufficient to prolong its own
existence. From experiments made, however, by Charles Arnold, of Paris, and the writer it
is found that plants may be obtained by laying down last year's canes early in spring in a
small trench four inches deep, pegging them down securely to the ground, either with a
hooked stick, small pieces of wood, or bent wire, and as they begin to force shoots at the eyes
cover up the trenches. After a time it will be found they will throw out the fruit-bearing
branches, and also a cane for next year's plant at most of the eyes. The leaves, canes and
berries, as well as the habit of growth, all show the cross. The fruit is a sort of purple in
colour, of a softer and more juicy nature than the Black Cap, the cane is long and trailing,
and the leaves deeply serrated. Should any one be at all sceptical as to the possibility of
crossing two species of the same genus, it would be impossible to doubt his senses on exami-
nation of this new plant. Some of these new varieties are most abundant bearers, and the
berries, though perhaps a little acid, will be highly prized for cooking and preserves. Mr.
Saunders' Hybrids in grapes and small fruits may be counted almost by the hundreds, but
sufficient time has not yet elapsed to fruit anything like all his specimens.
The writer has a most interesting family of seeds taken from the Saunders Raspberry
in 1876 ; these seeds were sown so soon as the berries ripened, and germinated very freely
this spring — 1877. Many of the plants are over two feet high, and represent the red and
black varieties in all their forms of growth, with one exception, and that is, though several are
exceedingly hairy, none are thorny.
Mr. Arnold's experiments in Hybridizing have extended over a large range of fruits and
vegetables, and many valuable results have been obtained. In field grains he h-is two varie-
ties of wheat, for one of which he obtained a gold medal some few years ago, and its cultiva-
tion has been extended over a large area of Canada and the United States. Quite a number
of samples of this grain in glass jars and in the sheaf were on exhibition at the Centennial at
Philadelphia last Autumn, being the growth of both Canadians and Americans. He has also
succeeded in crossing the Champion of England pea with the little gem, the former being
a rampant grower with large pod containing a pea of much excellence, the latter is remarkable
for the dwarfness of the plant. The Hybrid produced is an immense bearer, as many as
twenty-six pods having been counted on one plant. These are of good size containing pe.is of
superior flavor whilst the plant is nearly as short as that of the Little Gem. in tact, it is
scarcely too much to say that the Champion pod has been placed on the Gem plant. Mr.
Arnold's five new varieties of apples are widely known and appreciated. In the Annual Re-
port of the Pomological Society of Michigan U. S., for 1876, page 25, in noticing the Do-
minion display of fruit at the Centennial, the following remark occurs : " Three of Arnold's
Hybrid apples, small in size, but fine in flavour, appeared from the grounds of that noted
and successful Experimenter." I may state that the smallness of size was occasioned chiefly
by the draught as those apples are what is known as " medium."
Mr. Arnold's Hybrid grapes have a Continental reputation and are quoted in the Cata-
logues of nursery men both in Canada and the United States as desirable varieties for cul-
tivation, one of these, the Othelo was distributed by the Fruit Growers' Association of < >n-
tario in the Spring of 1872 and has been fruited over a very considerable part of this Pro-
vince and, 1 believe, has given much satisfaction.
Some new varieties of the raspberry family have also been raised by cross fertilisation fit
the Paris Nurseries which give evidence of much promise.
Anything like a detailed description of new varieties raised by our Native Hybridists
would fill a large volume. Enough has been said to show that the results of Hybridizing in
Canada have been of marked value, many of the new plants named having had sufficient na-
tive elements infused into them to secure a greater degree of hardiness suitable to our rigor-
ous climate, and it may safely be said that, for the short time this art has been practised the
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
results have been exceedingly satisfactory, and a stand point has been gained from which
future results may be largely advanced. Let not the unlearned in this matter look for too
great results, gooseberries cannot be made to grow as large as pumpkins, nor currants as big
as oranges, there is a limit beyond which no human power can extend, but that limit can
only be discovered by actual experiment. The number of forms, however, within a certain
radius are both numerous and valuable. Take for instance, the grape, the different forms in
fruit will be sweet, sour, musky, pulpy, juicy, fleshy, thick skin, thin skin, colour of berry,
early, late, large, medium and small in size. The plant will vary in hardiness, tenderness,
vigorous and slow in growth, size of bunoh, downy leaves and stem, smooth, long jointed and
short jointed canes, leaves of great and endless variety, and many other peculiarities. Be-
sides these variations there is the co-mingling of them in the same plant or fruit which in the'
aggregate already amounts to several hundred different kinds, and as new varieties arise these
will still further be multiplied.
Let no man tire in well doing ; there is very much to be accomplished. The produc-
tion of a free-bearing gooseberry exempt from mildew, of a size equal to those grown in
England, is one of the things yet to be obtained, and that such will be raised in a very
few years we have every reason to expect. Another desideratum is a little more earliness
in the ripening of our cultivated grapes, the wild one turns black by the middle of August,
why should we not have cultivated ones on our tables at the same date 1 It is my belief
the reason is because those already in cultivation have too much of the foreign blood in
them, these have been accustomed to a longer season, and yet the original parents were
probably not much better than our own wild native grapes, of which there are three or
four kinds on this continent, the collection and hybridizing of which would probably,
under high cultivation, produce the most satisfactory results, — though it would take the
best part of a century to obtain varieties equal to foreign grapes which have been under
cultivation for several thousands of years.
In Europe there are cultivated one hundred and fifty-seven eatable plants useful to
man, the origin of thirty-two of which aie quite unknown, owing to their having been so
often crossed and so highly cultivated, that they have become quite dissimilar to the wild
type, and therefore cannot be recognized.
In Australia one hundred and seven plants are used for food, but none of these have
been improved by cultivation by the aborigines.
In New Zealand no plants have been improved by man.
In Mexico, Peru, and Chili, thirty-three have been improved, cultivation having been
carried to a very high state by the Incas, who used irrigation to a large extent.
In Brazil only a few plants are used for food.
On this North American Continent the following plants were cultivated before it was
settled by Europeans : maize, pumpkins, peas, beans, and tobacco.
The spread of cultivated plants and domestic animals, and the gradual extinction of
those which preceded them, is destined to make a marked change on the face of the cul-
tivated globe, and to render its food-producing capabilities so much greater that a larger
population will be more easily clothed and fed than at present. These again in their turn
will give place to higher and better varieties, and, as man advances in number and intel-
ligence, so will those products most useful to him be improved and made more productive,
and it is in this matter the hybridist is playing, and will play, a very important part in
future civilization.
It may possibly be asked by some, why are not fruits when found in the wild state,
equally as rich in flavour, and as large in size as those cultivated ? Why should they not
have been ready made, as it were for use ? The answer is, that originally, these fruits were
required to be spread over a vast area for food for man, animals and birds, and it
requires a hardy constituted plant to endure the climatic changes and different temperatures
under which they have to exist. By cultivation, what is lost in the hardiness of the plant is
gained in the quality of the fruit. Any of our cultivated fruits left to take care of them-
selves would either be destroyed by insect pests, killed by frosts, or revert back to their
former conditions. The care of man alone supports them in fruitfulness, and guards them'
against their enemies.
In Canada, the hybridist has a wide field before him, his usefulness lies in two directions,
on the one hand he has to adapt imported fruits to our tropical summer sun, our northern
296
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878-
winter cold, and such plants as come from a humid climate like Britain, to our dry, bright,
atmosphere. On the other hand to raise our native fruits to as high a standard as those im-
ported, and fit them for the enjoyment of our race.
To the Canadian hybridist in fruits, in cereals, and in the beautiful flowers, our grand
Dominion already owes much, though there are still many leaves of nature's book to be turned
by future aspirants to fame.
SECOND PRIZE ESSAY ON THE RESULTS ACCRUING FROM THE TREES
AND PLANTS DISTRIBUTED BY THE ASSOCIATION.
By Rev. R. Burnet, London.
Motto — " Alere Flainmam."
The Fruit Growers' Association have been fertile in devising, and in putting into effect,
various schemes for the advancement of Horticulture throughout the province. A large amount
of good has accompanied these methods, not only to the members of the Society, but to fruit-
growers at large all over the country. Indeed it may be well said that these benefits have not
been confined to our own province, but have exrended to Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova
Scotia. Among the most efficient of these means for the development of Horticultural inter-
ests, employed by the Fruit Growers' Association, may be mentioned the public discussions
on Fruit interests which have characterized the proceedings of the Society during its past
existence. Few can calculate the good that has ariseu from these means, to the members
attending the meeting, and still greater good has accompanied the publication of the discus-
sions both in the Press of the Province and in the annual report issued by the Honourable the
Commissioner of Agriculture. We are satisfied that very great stress will be put upou these
publications in all future discussions on the Horticulture of Ontario. Prizes for seedling fruits
have been the means of calling into notice a fair share of the best seedling fruits grown iu the
Province. Two or three apples of surprising excellence have been brought to the knowledge
of the Society, and means are in contemplation to fully reward the producers and owners of
such fruits. There has not been any great result in pear- growing through the introduction of
new pears. Perhaps the only new pear worthy of mention is the one from Oshawa, which
cannot be said to be of superior excellence ; indeed it scarcely comes up to the excellence of
its parent, the Flemish Beauty. A seedlingfpeach of rare excellence was exhibited by Mrs.
Colbeck, of Hamilton, which gave great promise, but this variety from some cause or other
has not been prominently brought forward of late.
It is among vines that the greatest success has marked the efforts of the Association.
Here we have a large field of operation, and several distinguished operators, all claiming the
ear of the public. Facile princeps among these is the veteran hybridist, P. C. Dempsey,
County of Prince Edward. The " Burnet" grape will long remain a trophy of his ingenuity,
perseverance, and patience. Nor are the efforts of Mr. C. Arnold, W. H. Mills, and Mr.
Wm. Saunders, to be overlooked in their hybridizations of strawberries, vines, and raspber-
ries respectively. Mr. Arnold's efforts embrace cereals as well as fruits.
Of all these efforts for the dissemination of a taste for horticulture, we question if any
can compare in beneficial effects to the distribution of suitable plants and trees throughout
the length and breadth of Ontario. It was a happy thought that originated this method for
the advancement of fruit culture. It has wrought wonders among our fruit growers. The
increased vitality among our members was not the least benefit. The roll of membership
suddenly rose from hundreds to thousands, and men who had been chary or indifferent in hav-
ing anything to do with the Association, felt it at once to be their duty to join its ranks.
Varyiug success may have attended the advance of the Society since, but it never has altoge-
ther lost the impetus for good which it then received. It brought our Association into more
prominent notice than it had heretofore received. The remotest counties and districts fur-
nished names to the membership, and increased interest and benefit were the result. But this
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
was not all. Increased interest in fruit-growing was a consequence. At first, the Society
was, perhaps, singularly fortunate in their choice of trees for dissemination. There was an
outcry that people knew nothing of the merits of the Eumelan. In fact, there arose what
has ever characterised society at the introduction of anything partially unknown and unde-
scribed, that the Direction had erred in issuing wholly unknown varieties. The proof of the
pudding is the eating of it, however, and soon these fears and outcries were proved ephemeral
as the gnats on our summer breezes. The Eumelan has come into general cultivation, and few
new varieties of grapes are now considered more valuable. In Hamilton the cultivation of the
Eumelan has received a mighty impulse. It is successfully grown by several of our members
who knew nothing of its merits till their attention was called to it by its distribution by our
Society.
Mr. S. Woodley, may be mentioned as a fruit-grower, who has been singularly fortunate
in its cultivation. The samples of this variety exhibited at Guelph, London, and Hamilton
last year, went far to disabuse minds partially prejudiced against its introduction to the pub-
lic, by our society. It is no longer doubtful that the dissemination of the Eumelan has
proved a wonderful success. It has opened the minds of our farming community to the
knowledge of good fruit — fruit of high flavour, a plant marked by hardihood, and capable of
being cultivated over a large area. As a good accruing to the community at large in the
dissemination of our trees and plants, I may mention it as a fact, that since our distribution
commenced, there has been a greater and wider enquiry, and purchase of new varieties than
there was ever before in the history of fruit culture in the Province. People have not been
satisfied in resting contented with one new variety of excellence, they wish to possess all the
market varieties now being issued from the nursery of our professionals. The Isabella, which
was by far the best known variety over the length and breadth of the land, has given place to
earlier and richer varieties. Few people are now found planting this variety. They desire
Rogers' sorts, Rickett's Grants, &c., &c. We maintain as a fair, sure and unmistakable result
of our plant and tree distribution, notable new varieties have been introdnce.l, which it is not
too much to say, will yet bear fruit a thousand fold as a testimony to the far seeing policy of
the Fruit Growers' Association of the Province in their thoughtful dissemination of superior
varieties of fruit-bearing plants. No little good .has been accomplished in bringing multi-
tudes of people into personal contact with good fruit. It is very well to read about good
fruit, to see the exaggerated figures of various sorts of fruit in interested catalogues issued,
or in the extravagant cuts in books and directories on fruit and fruit culture. To grow, handle,
superintend and taste is a very different thing. We almost require to see to believe. It is
true that there are among us, those who believe anything, — -they put nothing to the test but
their own folly. If an individual comes along promising great result from a certain purchase,
which he is ready to guarantee, they at once close with the bargain, showing an immense
amount of credulity, and how easily an individual, blinded by a false zeal, may part with his
usual common sense and his money. The common motto is not a bad one, in reference to
fruit growing, seeing is Relieving. Farmers as a rule, want experimentally to see the fruit before
they invest, Some, indeed unfortunately are satisfied with a showy plate. Give us the man,
who desires to grow good fruit for himself. It is a means to get him to bestir himself to
make enquiry after good fruit, before he invests.
What glowing eulogiums we have heard on the fruit produced by the trees sent out by
the Association ? It has often done us good to hear the well merited meed of praise. The
Society deserves no little or niggard acknowledgement for this bringing our farming com-
munity into the very presence of excellent samples of good fruit. This good fruit is just as
easily thrown as inferior sorts. In reality, easier. It requires attention, it is true, but what
worth having does not require attention, care, and painstaking? In this respect too, in in-
troducing, and serving to cultivate a better species of horticulture, the efforts of the Society
are not without their beneficial result. To make more careful cultivators than they were for-
merly, is not without its reward. It is a curious as well as an instructive sight to see the old
horticultural manner of pursuit, and the new, as developed under the fostering hand of our As-
ociation. Who has not seen the half dead outside row of Kentish cherry trees, the broken and
decayed apple trees, the suckers hiding the base of the original trunk, grass, and disorder
everywhere dominant? Who has not seen all this changed ? The owner has been recently
cultivating the Society's trees, a new view, as well as a new taste, has been infused, and all
298
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
old things have become new. His interest, too, is seen in certain enquiries of our officers, as
to his future planting and cultivation. The horticultural world has been turned upside down
to him.
Provincially, our tree distribution has had a good result. It has constituted the length
and breadth of our fair Province an experimental garden or farm. Instead of a limitation
to the good in a small, and perhaps uncentral locality in the trial of a plant's adaptation to
our soil and climate, bere is a provincial test — in everyway worthy of the broad and en-
lightened views of our fruit growers. It is most remarkable that <rood reports reach us from
every quarter of the most uDvarinjr success of our plants. This, although the limits be most
divergent — here we bave reports from Elgin and Kent, as well as from Simcoe and Ottawa,
each giving no uncertain sound, that where the plants grew from the first planting, there they
have succeeded beyond all-expectation. The future of this initial success, it would be hard
to pourtray, when every farmer throughout the land only cultivates the best and choicest fruits,
when every orchard shall be a sample orchard, when only good fruits shall be sold in our
markets, when a ireneral taste f>r good fruit is diffused -who will be able to make a correct
estimate of the benefits accruing from our dissemination of the best fruits 1
It is not to be expected that all the trees sent out will succeed equally well in every part
of our lengthened country. A beginning however, has thus been made, to give a general
appreciation of the benefits to be derived pecuniary, as a matter of taste, and socially, from
this dissemination. Great results lurk in the future for our fruit-growing interests. When
the farmer learns what variety of apple is best for his soil and climate, what good is to accrue
from growing winter varieties, what ready sale for homogeneous sorts, there will, doubtless,
be a great bouleversement in fruit-growing, and a mighty advance on present modes of culture.
The pioneers who are labouring to introduce these good times must not faint by the way, nor
flag in their efforts. It may be up-hill work, but the issue is certain ; we may not see it.
but it is not far off. The ameliorating influences are at work ; it may be that their onward
march is silent, but it is none the less certain ; there is a good time coming — it is looming
up the depths of time.
Let us take courage, the success that has attended, and is now attending, present efforts,
will not fail of ultimate success. Every fruit-grower has to be informed on the results of all
fruit discussions ; the best mode of cultivation ; the best variety of both large and small
fruits ; the best time and method of planting, and then we need not fear the fruitful and suc-
cessful issue
Nor does the good of these efforts seem likely to simply benefit our own Province of
Ontario. Nothing has been morn marked by us in our intercourse with our American neigh-
bours than to find that they are impressed with the benefits arising from our tree distribu-
tion. We have had frequent remittances from the United States to secure, not so much
membership, as to make certain of receiving our Report and trees. Our Report is valued in
Florida and Nebraska alike, and it even reaches, in its distribution, the Pacific Slope, the
Empire State of the West — California. In all notices of our Report and progress, unfailing
attention is given to the distribution of trees, as practised by our Association. It might not
be amiss for a winter discussion on the methods of making this dissemination more beneficial.
The testing of the qualities of fruit-trees could not possibly be more perfect ; if indeed
the reporters are faithful in the discharge of their work. The future fruitgrowers of our
country have only to peruse the past issues of the publications of our Society to find out what
varieties of fruits are best suited for their locality. What is more heart-breaking to a fruit-
grower than to find that, after cultivating, tending, and watching a fruit-tree for ten or twelve
years, it turns out to be a worthless variety %
Our test is infallible. The fruitfulness of the variety, its hardihood, its adaptation
to the soil, climate, and locality, the amount of winter-kill, its liability to blight, the
ravages of insects, the standard of excellence as shown by its market value, each and all
of these requisites are fully exhibited in our provincial fruit-testing. Of course, these
reported testings are not uniform — they differ as much as the individual faces of the re-
porters, as much as their dispositions and powers of observation. But, on the whole,
there is almost uniform agreement on the essentials. It is just like the issue of any one
of our meetings for fruit discussions — which is the best apple, pear, peach, plum, grape,
small fruits, for cultivation % One or two varieties of each sort, are sure to well up.
Snow, Seckle, Crawford's Early, Lombard, Concord, Black Cap, are sure tob e among the
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
favoured varieties. So it is with our society varieties — -there is pretty uniform agreement ;
hardihood, prolificness, market value, are sure to be much alike in all the reports.
Who would underrate this test and resulting good to the country 1 Just in propor-
tion as our association exercises diligence in the selection, and care in the mode of issuing
these trees, will the benefit accrue to the community. Our present success, as well as our
past failures, must alike make the Society careful in the dissemination of varieties of
known excellence. We have scarcely known any scheme of any society that has been so
exempt from cavilling and fault-finding, as has been this scheme and effort of our Asso-
ciation. Where so many interests are at stake, where there are so many loopholes for
failure, it is remarkable that so little fault-finding has reached'the officers of the So ciety.
In some instances the trees have not taken root, this in one case, at least, has been owing
to the purchase of stript trees. It is almost impossible at all times to guard against this
fraud. The new arrangements, however, of the Society have diminished this difficulty in-
finitesimally ; of late there has been little to desiderate in this mode of dissemination. It
is a matter of fact, that our distribution of small fruits has sometimes acted injuriously on
our members' list. This has been a matter of surprise to those of us, who well know the im-
portance of the cultivation of small fruits in a community. We question if any kind of
fruit cultivation pays the producer better than the production of small fruits. This cul-
ture is but in its infancy. The Association has done well, therefore, to mingle in their
issues, specimens of small fruit plants. The gooseberry dissemination was, from some
cause, a failure, but the same remark is not applicable to that of any of the other small
fruit plants. The Mammoth Cluster and vines have done well, and this may even be said
of the gooseberry in some localities. The profits of small fruit culture are something
enormous ; we know of one case, and it is but a sample of many others, in which a patch
of strawberries, i. e., Wilson's Albany, little over a quarter of an acre, yielded in one
season the enormous sum of over $750. Surely such recitals of matters of fact ought to
encourage a wider acreage of small fruit culture. This cultivation, however, is quietly
but surely progressing. In the neighbourhood of large towns, at Drummondville, at
Windsor, Hamilton, London, and elsewhere, the cultivation has received such an impetus
from various successful growers, that there is no fear but the taste for small fruit culture
will grow, and be developed into somewhat of its just proportions. Of late nut growing
has received the favourable attention of a few fruit growers,* whose tastes are based on the
remembrance of the early days of their nutting rambles in the old land ; we fear that the
precariousness of the crop will always deter the general fruit growing public from largely
• ■mbarking in this cultivation. In some of our favoured districts, you may find nut grow-
ers for a succession of hundreds of miles in extent. Take as an illustration the lake shore
road from Amherstburgh to Welland, and you will find a continuous stretch of country
of hundreds of miles in extent, more or less fruitful in nut bearing trees. We have to
deplore as we have often done, that few people cultivate, or ever think of cultivating, the
different varieties of the cranberry. Might it not be fairly within the province of the
efforts of the F. G. A. of Ontario to disseminate among their members samples of one of
the best varieties of the swamp cranberry, and one of the upland variety 1
The members of our Society have shown themselves singularly interested in the distri-
bution of the apple. This will always be, in Canada, the king of fruits. Hitherto the plant-
ing of innumerable varieties has been the common rage. Farmers have not planted so much
for profit as for fancy. The consequence is, when the buyer comes along, he is puzzled at
the number of varieties, and the seller receives only a small sum for his outlay. One-sort
orchards ought to become the order of the day. Where foresight in this respect has been
shown, it has met with ample reward. Mr. Springer, of Wellington Square, has an orchard
of a thousand Northern Spy, for which he never has any difficulty in commanding the highest
prices going, because they are all op one variety ! What splendid profits would accrue
to our fruit growers from orchards wholly of Swayzie Pomrae Grise, or of Grimes' Golden.
We are bold to say that these two varieties have few or no compeers. They are both A. 1.
apples. Shippers like apples all of one variety. They carry better than mixed sorts, and
bring better prices.
Pear culture, for the present, has received some rude shakes. The terrible blight and
pests have sickened the few enthusiasts who were all soul in the cultivation, and have driven
others to the cultivation of the more profitable business of grape-growing and wine-making.
300
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The Flemish Beauty and Beurre Clairgeau are, however, the king of pears. Wherever they
have been disseminated, they have done well. The Flemish Beauty is adapted for almost
every district in our land. It does well at Hull, opposite Ottawa, and flourishes at Mcaford,
Collingwood, and Owen Sound. The Beurre Clairgeau is a noble fruit. It requires only to
be known to be appreciated. We have never known a tree of the Beurre Clairgeau blight.
This, however, may not be the experience of the larger growers.
In speakiug of the almost uniform success that has attended the distribution of trees by
the Association, and the happy results to fruit-growers and others, it would be unpardonable
not to notice the real source and strength of our efforts in this direction. It is the govern-
mental aid that enables us to make such efforts as we are doing for the good of the fruit
interests of our country. Surely it is a wise provision of our Legislative Assembly. It has
often occurred to us, that seeing the wonderful amount of good being accomplished by the
Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, that the grant is not increased. Surely double the
amount would not be considered too large a sum by the politicians at the helm of affairs, for
the advancement of such an important interest as that of the Association clearly is. What
is the Society doing for an increase of the grant %
It may be possible that our Society is languishing for the want of a vehicle to convey
its doings and its efforts to an appreciative public. In these days of reading and publishing,
the society that overlooks the assistance to be obtained from the use of the fourth estate, will
soon fall in public favour however benificent its aims may be. ,
Let the members of the Association plead with their representatives iu the Legislative
Assembly to urge the claims of our Society, and as the great lever to accomplish their purpose,
let them point to the profitable and truly admirable individual and provincial results that
have accrued from the distribution of plants and trees by the Society. Success demands con-
sideration. Means are wanted to render the Society a still greater and greater success.
Economically administered, the funds are fairly spent for the advantage of the whole constitu-
ency of our Province. Greater means, and thereby increasing responsibility, would meet
with greater consideration and more marked success.
As an omen of good, we notice the reconstruction of the Dominion Board of Agricul-
ture, under the leadership of the Hon. Mons. Pelletier. Great results may be expected to flow
from his patriotic purposes and plans. We trust that an effort will be made by the Dominion
Board for the introduction of foreign, but to us new, fruit trees of all fruitful varieties. We
rest satisfied that the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontaiio has set a fair example of a course
that has been productive of abuudant good in the past, and more than likely to be productive
of increasing good in the time to come.
SECOND PRIZE ESSAY ON THE BEST MODE OF ACQUIRING STATISTICS
WITH REGARD TO THE QUANTITY OF ORCHARDING IN ONTARIO,
AND THE AVERAGE ANNUAL PRODUCT.
Motto : — " Order is Heaven's first Law."
By Geo. Mill, Warwick.
Iu modern times, the science of statistics is applied to almost every kind of business with
beneficial results. The increase or decrease of population, the progress and effects of educa-
tion, epidemics, commerce, agriculture, etc., are all subjects of statistical investigation. Sta-
tistics are the account books of a country, the storehouse from which politicians, historians,
correct thinkers and reasoners draw some of their principal conclusions.
Notwithstanding the obvious advantages of this science, it must be admitted that it has
its difficulties, and in nothing are these more perceptible than iu the statistics of fruit grow-
ing. Although there are certain leading principles recognised by intelligent fruit growers
yet it is not uncommon to fiud them holding opiuions " wide as the poles asunder," on the
culture and general management of orchards. For instance, one fruit grower will insis; on
the necessity of having the ground where apple trees are planted thoroughly underdrained,
while another wiil assert with any amount of confidence that trees planted on the surface with
the ground well ridged up will do equally as well, ir not better, than where the ground is
301
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
underdrained. In order to support his opinions he will, perhaps, bring forward the stubborn
facts that his own orchard, where the trees are planted on the surface of the ground, is more
thrifty and bears larger and better flavoured fruit than the orchard of Mr. So and So, where
the ground is underdrained eighteen or twenty feet apart.
Now, this may be perfectly true, but, when we examine all the facts of the case we may
still have good reason to believe that underdraining is a most essential requisite for an orchard.
After due investigation we will likely find that although in the one case the orchard is well
drained, yet the trees have been planted too deep and neglected, the bark has not been kept
clean, the trees have not been properly pruned, nor the fruit thinned out. In the other case
there may be a gravelly subsoil, and the trees well attended, with manure, careful pruning,
fruit thinned out, etc.
Again, at a meeting of fruit growers, Mr. A. will scientifially point out the benefits of
a liberal supply of manure to fruit trees, how it stimulates their vital forces, supplies them
with nitrogen and carbonic acid, and all these positions supported by clear, cogent reasoning.
Mr. B. will then state that the principal thing for an orchard is to keep the ground loose and
the trees free of grass round the roots, and that where this is done no manure is required. In
proof of his theory, the orchard of Mr. C, who uses manure freely, will possibly be contrasted
with the orchard of Mr. D. who depends altogether on keeping the ground loose and the trees
clean, and who raises fruit fully equal to Mr. C. both in quantity and quality.
When all the facts connected with those orchards are brought to light it will probably be
found that the trees of Mr. C. are large and have been bearing quite a number of years, while
the trees of Mr. D. are young and vigorous and growing in rich soil. Such diversities of
opinion, and tracing of the same effect to different causes, are some of the difficulties of im-
perfect statistics. Every reflecting person will see the necessity of having all the details of
the management of orchards included in the account of the annual product. No doubt the
Directors of the F. G. A. had this object in view.
In order to have sufficient fulness of details it is necessary to have the following particu-
lars, to wit : The name of the owner of each of the principal orchards in the Province of On-
tario, also the name of the Township, County and Post Office. Number of trees, age and
varieties, also the quantity of summer, fall and winter fruit. The nature of the soil, manures,
when and in what quantity applied. Miscellaneous observations on pruning, peculiarities of
culture, etc.
In giving returns of the average quantity of fruit grown in this Province, and particu-
lars connected therewith, it is highly important that all the statements should be strictly
accurate. Large crops of first-class fruit do not depend on one or two causes, but on a num-
ber of causes put together, hence it is self-evident that inaccurate returns may be an evil in-
stead of a benefit.
The success or non-success of experiments in fruit growing not unfrequently requires
several years of a testing process before one can speak with certainty either one way or the
other. Moreover, the quantity and quality of fruit is largely influenced by the seasons. The
injurious effects of a low, moist temperature when fruit trees are in blossom, and, also, the
high flavoured fruit which generally follows a warm summer, have been frequently observed.
Still there are some things connected with the influence of peculiar seasons that will require a
considerable amount of investigation before they are properly understood. For example, a
slight frost when fruit trees are in blossom, will sometimes injure the crop to a large extent in
certain orchards, while others in the immediate vicinity suffer no perceptible damage. Taking
all these facts into account, it is obvious that statistics of fruit growing must have fulness of
details, accuracy, and also be extended over a large number of years before they can be of
real value to the fruitgrower.
To take statistics in this manner, over such a wide field as the Province of Ontario will,
of course, necessitate a large amount of labour. To attempt to pay for all this labour is
almost, if not altogether, impracticable. Consequently, the following method of obtaining
tull and accurate statistics of the quantity of orcharding in Ontario, and the average aunual
product, is respectfully submitted.
Let members of the Fruit Growers' Association throughout the Province, take the sta-
tistics of the townships in which they reside. Supposing tiiere are on an average four
members of the Fruit Growers' Association in each township, it would be an easy matter ror
them to divide the townships into four pares, and each one to take a part. One whole day of
302
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
faithful, systematic labour would io this manner take in the principal orchards of each town-
ship in Ontario. By taking a few sheets of common note paper, and ruling off each page in
three columns, with appropriate headings over each column, there would be no waste of time
as all the entries could be put down under the proper heading in tabular form. The follow-
ing tables may serve for examples. Apples only are taken, but tables on the same plan will
answer for all kinds of fruit.
Statistics op Apples in the Township op C-
September 20th, 1877.
-, County op E-
Owner's Name.
1. A B
2. F G-
3. K L
I.
Locality. Post Office.
Township of C D P.O.
County of E
Township of H- J P.O.
County of I
Township of M N P.O.
County of 0
w
No. op Trees.
Age.
1. 200 Trees 10 vears
2. 160 Trees ... 22 years
3. 384 Trees 18 years
303
Sorts.
Summer Apples.
Early Harvest, 25-
Fall Apples.
Full Pippin, 10.
Snow Apple 15.
Ribston Pippin, 12.
Winter Apples.
R. I Greening, 68.
Golden Russet, 50.
Baldwin, 20.
Summer Apples.
Sweeet Bough, 8.
Red Astracan, 1 7
Fall Apples.
Strawberry, 9.
St. Lawrence, 1 1.
Fall Jenetting, 7.
Snow Apple. 14.
Winter Apples.
Spitzenburgh, 46.
Gravenstein, 30.
Baldwin, 24.
Summer Apples.
Hawley, 6.
Red Astracan, ] 3.
Early Harvest. 1 1>.
Fall Apphs.
Barclay's Seedling, 22.
Hawthornden. 5.
Tart Bough. 4.
Nonesuch, 19.
Belmont, 23.
Ram bo, 3.
Winter A }>}>!<>.$,
King of Tomkins, 26.
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
III.
Roxbury Russet, 34.
Gravenstein, 55.
Northern Spy, 80.
Goldeu Russet, 18.
Quantity of
Fruit
Summer Apples.
Fall Apples.
Winter Apples.
1.
2.
3.
105 Bushels.
72 "
84
112 Bushels.
1G4 "
225
414 Bushels.
376 "
709 "
IV.
Soils.
1.
2.
3.
Calcareous.
Peaty.
Heavy Clay
Dry.
Moist.
Naturally Wet.
V
Poor.
Rich.
Sterile.
Manures.
(
Quantity Applied.
Crops Between Trees.
1. Stable Manure Wagon-load to every 2 trees Turnips.
2. Lime 1 Barrel unslack to every 4 trees. Buck Wheat.
3. Chips and Sawdust Wagon-load to every tree. Clover.
VI. Miscellaneous.
1. Manure applied every year. Half-dwarfs on apple stocks. Underdrained.
2. Lirne applied every second year Roots of 10 Gravensteins pruned Underdrained ; drains
in the fall of '70 to make them 3 feet deep and 40
produce fruit buds. feet apart.
3. Chips and saw-dust applied Trees planted on the surface of the Underdrained ; drains
every third year. Sheltered on ground, with their heads in- 2i feet deep, and
the north-side by a double row clined to the south-west at an 25 feet apart.
of Norway spruce. angle of 70 degrees. Trees
washed with lye every spring.
The plan of these tables is so simple that explanation is altogether unnecessary. It may
perhaps be well to mention that the first entry on No. I. corresponds to the first entry on all
the other tables, and in like manner the secoud and third entries on No. I. correspond to
the second and third entries on the other tables.
Now, although taking statistics in this manner will occasion some labour, yet when it is
divided among all the members of the Association it will be comparatively light. In making
a beginning the only thiug that is required is for the Directors to make a formal requisition
to all the members of the Association to send in the statistics of the townships where they
reside, at a given time, either to the Secretary of the Fruit Growers' Association, or some
person appointed to receive them. In order that the statistics may be sent in at the right
time and iu proper form it would be well for members of the Association in each township to
appoiut one of themselves to look over all the papers before they are sent in. and correct errors
if necessary.
Full and reliable statistics would be a great advantage in various ways to members of
the F. G. A. It has been said that it is a difficult matter for fruit buyers to obtain infor-
mation about orchards and the proper localities to find fruit. Now if statistical tables were
sent in from all parts of the Province by the 20th September each year, fruit buyers could
see at a glance where apples were to be found, and also the sorts and quantitv. Of course
returns of peaches, strawberries, &C, would have to be sent in earlier, but this could in all
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
cases be done by the owners themselves as those fruits are not so extensively grown as ap-
ples. Again, if the returns of fruit were published every year, either in the Annual Report
or in pamphlet form, parties intending to plant out fruit trees would be able to obtain correct
information of the comparative value of the different sorts of summer, fall and winter apples,
and all other kinds of fruit. Further, those gentlemen who endeavour to solve pomological
problems by trying experiments would no doubt receive useful suggestions, and sometimes be
spared the vexation of spending time in going over the same ground that others have gone
over already.
The Association has done much to call the attention of the public to a pleasant and pro-
fitable industry. From the large amount of valuable matter which appears in the annual
reports, it is evident that its members are men of intelligence, and that they have a mind to
work. Judging from the perseverance and enthusiasm which have been shewn during the
past year, there is not the least doubt of the members being quite willing to send in annu-
ally a full statement of the leading facts connected with the principal orchards in Ontario.
As far as fruit culture has been tried in this Province, the results have been quite satis-
factory. It is evident that Canada is well adapted for growing almost all the fruits of the
temperate latitudes to a high degree of perfection. Still it must be borne in mind that our
work is only commencing. Much may be learned from the observations and writings of fruit
growers in other countries, but it is a fact that every country has its own peculiarities of soil
and climate. Consequently the fruit growers of this Province if they would fully develop the
capabilities and resources of their country, must think and act for themselves. This would
be one of the advantages of taking full statistics of fruit growing annually. The opinions,
observations, experiments, effects of different methods of culture, &c, would be all brought
together, and we would thus have a large collection of authenticated facts from which vari-
ous deductions might be drawn. It is possible that some crotchets and pet theories would
have to be set aside, but no matter, every right thinking man is willing to have his work and
opinions thoroughly tested.
REPORT ON THE NUT BEARING GROVE OF G. H. M. JOHNSON, ESQ.
The Committee appointed by the Association for the purpose of examining the var-
ious nut-bearing trees found growing on the property G. H. M. Johnson, Esq., Chief of
Six Nation Indians, beg to report : —
That this lovely native park is situate on the east bank of the Grand River, in the
Township of Onondaga. That the land rises from the river to the commodious dwelling
of the Chief in three broad and beautiful natural terraces of some seventy feet or more
in height. That the various kinds of nut-bearing trees, enumerated below, were found
growing and bearing in equal luxuriance on each of the terraces.
Your Committee were informed, by the Chief and his very intelligent and communi-
cative son, that there were growing on their estate some 800 walnut, 300 butternut, and
about 200 hickory trees of various kinds. Many of these trees were noble specimens —
especially the -walnuts. One upon the terrace below, and almost in front of the house,
was really a majestic tree, with a large massive globular head of some 120 feet in circum-
ference. The lower branches nearly touching the ground, and the head rising to at least
(40) forty feet in height, and every branch drooping with its load of large fruit, some
specimens measuring eight inches in circumference.
Your Committee were informed by the worthy Chief that he sold — or we might say,
gave away — the walnuts at $2 for a waggon-box full, and the butternuts at 50c- per bag.
There are thousands of persons, doubtless, in our large cities and towns who would
be glad to purchase these nuts at a much higher price if it were known where they could
be got. Still there are various1 opinions as to the market value of these nuts as we now
see them in their purely wild indigenous state. But when we consider that all of these
nuts, viz. : walnuts, butternuts, and hickory nuts, show a disposition to vary, so much so
that scarcely two trees bore fruit exactly like its fellow of the same species. And when
we remember also that the English Walnut (Juglans regia) grows and bears fruit in a few
favourite localities in Ontario, surely no one will doubt the value of a walnut that
20 305
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
should be equal in size and in thinness of shell to the English walnut, and as hardy and
productive as our native black walnut. With such materials to work upon, who can doubt,
that in the hands of our skilful hybridist this desideratum beiug achieved.
Let us hope that the above remarks of your committee may induce some young en-
thusiastic hybridist to undertake this work, and we will venture to predict that abundant
success will crown their labours, and an intelligent and appreciative posterity bless their
memory.
It is said, that in some parts of Germany there used to be a law, that no young
farmer was permitted to marry a wife till he prove that he had planted and was the father
of a certain number of walnut trees.
When your Committee consider the rapidly increasing value of the timber of these
trees (if for nothing else), they have no doubt but that it would be a good investment for
many a young man to plant walnut trees on their sloping river banks, that are too steep
for cultivation. That in time the timber alone would lend much to increase the glory and
wealth of the Dominion, and well reward the planter. There are tens of thousands of
farms in Ontario that would be very much improved, both in real value and in appearance,
by the planting of the various kinds of nut-bearing trees we have mentioned. The size
and situation of the house and other buildings. The position of the land and various
tastes of the proprietors will easily decide as to where to plant.
The butternut and the walnut will perhaps be the most prized, but the following named
hickory were growing here and fine healthy trees.
CARYA, HICKORY.
Carya alba, shellbark or shagbark hickory, leaflets five ; fruit depressed globulous : nut
somewhat flattened, nearly pointless, with a rather whitish shell and a large kernel, the
principal nuts of the market, of this species we found some very good varieties.
CARYA SULCATA.
Thick shellbark hickory ; leaflets 7-9. nut strongly pointed, slightly flattened, with, I
think, a yellowish shell, nuts nearly as sweet as carya alba.
CARYA TOMENTOSA.
Mocker nut, white heart hickory : leaflets 7-9 ; a tall tree with resinous scented foliage,
the wood celebrated for its excellence as fuel, nut somewhat six angled, the shell very thick
and hard, light brown, the small kernel is difficult of extraction from the thick and bony nut
CARYA GLABRA.
Pig-nut or broom hickory, leaflets 5-7 ; fruit pear-shaped or roundish obovate, skin split-
ting about half way down into four coriacious valves, nut hard and tough, with a sweetish or
bitterish kernel, exceedingly tough sprouts used as hickory withes, the nuts of variable form.
After partaking of a bountiful repast provided by the good lady and daughters of our
host, and had examined numerous valuable presents to his forefathers, various implements of a
savage warfare — relics of a bygone age, and smoked a valuable silver pipe of peace ; your
committee returned home, much gratified with their visit to the Chief of Six-nations of
Indians, who two hundred years ago owned a large portion of this continent.
Respectfully submitted.
(Signed) Charles Arnold,
John Freed.
MEETINGS FOR 1878.
The Winter Meeting will be held in Hamilton, on Wednesday, the 6th day of February,
1878, at Ten o'clock A.M.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The Summer Meeting will be held in St. Catharines, on Wednesday, the 10th day of
July, 1878, at Ten o'clock A.M.
The Fall Meeting will beheld in Sarnia, on Wednesday, the 11th day of September,
1878, at Ten o'clock, A.M.
DISTRIBUTION OF FRUIT TREES, VINES, &c.
There will be sent to all who may be then members of this Association in the spring of
1878
THE CELEBRATED BURNET GRAPE.
This grape was raised by Mr. Peter Dempsey, in Prince Edward County, Ontario, by
hybridizing the Hartford Prolific with the pollen of the Black Hamburg. The vine is vigorous,
productive, and hardy. The fruit is large in both bunch and berry, purplish black, sweet
and rich, ripening earlier than the Concord. Any one can secure two vines of this grape bv
sending to the Secretary the names of nine persons as members, with his own name and $10.
1879.
The new Canadian Hybrid Apple " Ontario," raised by Mr. Charles Arnold, of Paris,
a picture of which fronts the title page of this Report.
PRIZE LIST.
Permanent Prizes.
First. — An Honorary Medal to the originator of any new fruit, which, having been
thoroughly tested for a number of years, is found to be worthy of being placed among the
fruits of its class for cultivation in Ontario.
1 V Second. — Fifty Dollars for the best Canadian Seedling Late Winter Apple, to be at
least equal to the old popular varieties now in cultivation.
' Third. — Thirty Dollars for the best Canadian Seedling Harvest Apple of like merit.
I Fourth. — Twenty Dollars for the best Canadian Seedling Autumn Apple of same
excellence.
ANNUAL PRIZES.
Prizes for 1878.
First. — Awards may be made by the Committee on Seedling Fruits of sums not exceed-
ing Ten Dollars for any seedling fruit that may be submitted to them during the year, which
they may deem worthy, although they may not yet be prepared to advise the Directors to
bestow either of the permanent prizes. Such award shall not in any measure disqualify the
exhibitor from eventually receiving, for the same fruit one of the permanent prizes.
Second. — Five Dollars for the best Winter Seedling Apple, fruit to be grown in
1878, and exhibited at the succeeding winter meeting of the Association.
Third. — Five Dollars for the best Autumn Seedling Apple, to be shown at the next
Provincial Exhibition.
Fourth. — Five Dollars for the best Summer Seedling Apple, to be sent when in con-
dition for examination, to the President, Rev. R. Burnet, London, all charges prepaid, and
to be by him submitted to the Committee on Seedling fruits.
Fifth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedliug Winter Pear, fruit grown in 1878, and
exhibited at the succeeding Winter Meeting of the Association.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Sixth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Autumn Pear, to be shown at the Provin-
cial Exhibition, or sent to the President.
Seventh. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Summer Pear, to be sent, when in con-
dition to be examined, to the President, Rev. R. Burnet, London, carriage prepaid, for sub-
mission to the Committee on seedling fruits.
Eighth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Plum, to be sent to the President when
in season.
Ninth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Peach, to be sent to the President when
in season.
Tenth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Grape, of any colour, to be sent to the
President when ripe.
Eleventh. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Strawberry, to be sent, if possible, to
the Summer Meeting ; if not possible, then to the President.
Twelfth. — Five Dollars for the best Needling Raspberry, to be sent, if possible, to
the Summer Meeting ; but if that be impracticable, then to the President, when in season.
Thirteenth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Gooseberry that is not subject to
mildew, whether of European or American parentage, or a cross between them ; to be sent
to the Summer Meeting, if possible, otherwise to the President.
Fourteenth. — Five Dollars for the best Seedling Blackberry sufficiently hardy to
endure the climate of Ontario. Fruit to be sent to the President, when ripe.
Should two or more Seedlings of equal merit be shown, the prize shall be awarded to
each. The Committee shall in all cases withhold the prize altogether, if they do not deem
the fruit worthy.
A Seedling to which one of these annual prizes has been awarded cannot compete a se-
cond time in this class, but may compete in the class of Permanent Prizes.
A Seedling Apple which has received one of the money prizes in the class of Permanent
Prizes cannot again receive a money reward, but may be offered in competition for the
Honorary Medal.
Certificates of Merit.
Seedling fruits which have received any of the foregoiug money prizes may be offered in
competition for certificates of merit.
The Committee on Seedling Fruits will report to the Directors those fruits which they
think to be worthy of a Certificate, of Merit. The Directors will then make full enquiry
and examination concerning the character of the fruit, including size, appearance and quality,
the habit, vigour, health, hardihood and productiveness of the tree or plant, and its general
adaptation to the climate of Ontario ; and bestow such Certificate, if any, as they may think
it worthy to receive.
A fruit which has received a Certificate of Merit may be offered in competition for the
Honorary Medal.
The Honorary M edal may be given any number of times to the same person for different
fruits, but only once for any one fruit.
Conditions of Competition.
Seedling fruits offered in competition for these prizes must be shown in quantities of not
less than half a dozen specimens of each sort, if they be Apples, Pears, Plums or Peaches •
if Grapes, not less than three bunches ; if Berries, not less than one pint. Each sort or
variety must be accompanied by a statement, signed by the person sending the fruit, setting
forth the origin of the tree or plant, if known ; if the origin be unknown, then so much of
the history of the tree or plant yielding the fruit sent, as may be ascertained — its vigour,
hardihood and productiveness, the character of the soil in which it is growing, and what, in
the estimation of the sender, are the peculiar excellencies of the fruit. This rule must be
observed in all cases, whether the fruit be shown at the meetings of the Association or sent to
the President for the examination of the Committee.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP.
The annual fee is one dollar, payable on the first day of January in each year, and
may be sent to the Secretary-Treasurer, D. W. Beadle, Esq., St. Catharines.
Any person remitting the fees of old or new members, with their names and post-office
address, may retain ten per cent, of the amount for his trouble. This arrangement is in lieu
of the extra allowance in trees formerly given for each club of five members.
OBJECTS AND BENEFITS.
This Association seeks to collect, arrange, and disseminate information on the sub-
ject of Fruit Culture.
These objects are secured in the following manner : —
By holding meetings every year in different localities, of which all members receive no-
tice by circular ; by reporting and preserving the discussions ; by procuring and publishing
valuable essays by skilled fruit-growers ; by appointing committees to make personal exami-
nation of different sections of the Province, and report upon the peculiar characteristics of the
soil, climate, and special conditions of fruit culture therein, by illustrating the Annual Report
with coloured lithographs, drawn from nature, of the new fruits raised by our Canadian
hybridists ; by disseminating among the members trees or plants of some new fruit that pro-
mises to be valuable throughout the Province, only exacting that the members will make a
report for a few years to the Secretary, as to the manner these succeed with them ; by re-
warding essayists, and, as far as practicable, the efforts of our hybridists.
In calling the attention of your neighbours to the advantages and benefits derived from
becoming a member of this Association, you will confer a favour on your friends, and receive
ten per cent, of the amount you may collect as a recognition of your services.
Robert Burnet,
President.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO EXAMINE THE HYBRID
SEEDLING GRAPES OF WILLIAM H. MILLS, Esq., HAMILTON.
Your Committee, agreeably to appointment, visited the grounds of Mr. Mills on the
15th September last. The grounds are well adapted to fruit-culture, being well sheltered
and the soil a warm sandy loam, with good drainage. Some of the vines however were
standing in positions not altogether favourable to early ripening. The system of training
pursued for the most part is an adaptation of pole-culture, the vines being trained around
4 poles about 2 feet apart in form of a square, thus leaving a hollow space in the centre
for the circulation of the air. A considerable number of the standard varieties of grapes
are in cultivation on Mr. Mills' grounds, giving your Committee a good opportunity to
make comparisons with the Hybrids raised by Mr. Mills. The vines were growing lux-
riantly, with very little attempt to restrain their growth in any way. ,
Mr. Mills' Hybrids^as shown to the Committee are the " Lavega," "Ella," "Sultana,1
"Augusta," "Excelsior," " Otonel," "Pomona" and "Muscatel." In a note received
from Mr. Mills after the visit, he expressed the desire that the report be made only upon
the 3 first named sorts (Lavega, Ella and Sultan) leaving his other varieties, in the mean
time, for further testing, and we accordingly defered to his wishes.
The " Lavega," — parents Rose Chasselas and Diana — dead ripe at this time and in
comparison with Delaware, in same position, evidently a week to ten days earlier — every
berry ripe, and unlike Diana, one of its parents, in this respect ; unusually sweet and on
this account, said by its originator to be eatable 1st of September ; thin in skin and with-
out pulp ; delicate, without coloring matter — hence should make a white wine without the
addition of sugar — not likely to carry a long distance. — color, red, even in size of berry
309
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
and larger than Diana. Size of clusters, good medium, shouldered, compact, thinning, we
would suppose & necessity. The vine is a free luxuriant grower and short jointed ; foliage,
a deep-green and rather hardier in appearance than Delaware.
Mr. Mills states that the vine has been exposed to winter severities in some seasons
and in others protected, but when exposed came out in spring as sound as any variety
on his ground under similar circumstances.
Subsequent to the Committee's visit they learned that this variety was awarded a
Diploma by the Judges at the Central Fair, at Hamilton.
The " Ella," — parents Rose Chasselas and Delaware — a dark wine-colored grape,
medium in size of berry and bunch ■ appearance of vine and foliage much resembling
Delaware but stronger, prolific ; good flavour without pulp, ripens with Delaware. A
good grape but not equal to the Lavega or Sultana, though, it may possess qualities which
upon further testing will show it to be a desirable sort for cultivation.
The " Sultana," — parents Muscat, Hamburg and Creveling — this is in many respects
a really extraordinary, grape and is quite a surprise even amongst the Hybrids of late
years.
This vine is evidently very productive ; a strong grower with short jointed wood and
dark green foliage, deeply lobed, the whole plant having a hardy healthy look that is very
promising. The clusters are large, heavily shouldered as a rule and exceedingly compact;
berries black, with a thick bloom, even and a little above medium in size, evenly ripened
throughout the cluster ; skin very thick, containing a raisin pulp but not a stringy one ;
flavour good, without any offensive taste in pulp or skin, ripens with Concord. One dis-
tinctive character of this grape is the wonderful tenacity with which the berry adheres
to the peduncle. With this and its thick skin it should be a good shiping grape and a
long keeper.
Mr. Mills states that he had clusters of this variety in good order in the middle of
February after laying on an open shelf after gathering, and that the vine has gone through
several winters unprotected.
These Hybrids of Mr. Mills we consider valuable additions to the onward march of
improvement of our hardy grapes by Hybridization, and are worthy of dissemination and
trial.
All of which is respectfully submitted,
Geo. Leslie, Jun.
A. M. Smith.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
iOtMittetei? of iSgficttllwi an& Sfrfs
APPENDIX (E.)
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, FOR THE
YEAR 1877.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX (E)
ANNTLTAL EEPOET
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ONTARIO,
FOR THE YEAR 1877
INCLUDING REPORTS ON SOME OF THE NOXIOUS, BENEFICIAL
AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
PREPARED FOR THE HONOURABLE THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, ON
BEHALF OF THE SOCIETY
WILLIAM SAUNDERS,
President of the Entomological Society of Ontario ; Editor of Canadian Entomologist.
REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M, A.,
Head Master of Trinity College School, Port Hope.
B. GOTT,
Arkona, Ontario,
AND
JOSEPH WILLIAMS,
London, Ontario.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO, FOR THE
YEAR 1877.
To the Honourable the Commissioner of Agriculture :
Sir, — In accordance with the provisions of our statute of incorporation, I have the
honour to submit for your consideration the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
for the year 1877, in which you will find a detailed statement of the receipts and disburse-
ments of the year, all of which are duly audited.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The annual meeting of the Society was helcLat the City of London, during the time of
the exhibition of the Agriculture and Arts Association, when the various reports were read
and the officers elected for the ensuing year.
The Canadian Entomologist, our monthly organ, appears regularly, and fully maintains
its high standing. Its pages during the past year, have been enriched by many articles of
the highest practical importance from leading entomologists. The numerous learned and
original investigations and discoveries in Entomological science, which have been announced
in the pages of the Canadian Entomologist have gained for it a high reputation in foreign
countries, as is shown by the largely increased list of exchanges.
I have also the pleasure in submitting a Report on some of the noxious, beneficial
and other insects of this Province, prepared on behalf of the Society by Mr. William Saun-
ders, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., B. Gott, and myself. This Report is well supplied with
illustrations of the insects described, and will, we believe, prove valuable and interesting.
I have the honour to remain, sir,
Your obedient servant,
Joseph Williams,
Secretary-Treasurer of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARI
The seventh annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, was held in Lon
don, at the rooms of the Society, on Wednesday evening, September 26th.
The President, W. Saunders, in the chair.
Present : — D. W. Beadle, St. Catharines ; Professor Buckland, Toronto ; P. C. Dempsey
Albury, B. Gott, Arkona ; Rev. R. Burnet, London ; Chas. Arnold, Paris ; David Boyle,
Elora ; Colonel McGill, Oshawa ; E. B. Reed, London ; J. M. Denton. London ; Charles
Chapman, London ; A. Puddicombe, London, and others.
After calling the meeting to order, the President expressed his regret that the Society
had during the year lost the valued services of one of its officers. Owing to pressing busi-
ness engagements, the Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. J. H. McMechan, had found it necesary to
resign. Pending the appointment of a successor, Mr. J. Williams had kindly consented to
act as Secretary pro tern., and in this capacity had rendered most valuable and timely
assistance.
The report of the Treasurer showed a very satisfactory state of the finances, there being
a balance to the credit of the Society at 'the close of the financial year of two hundred and
thirty-six dollars.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE SECRETARY-TREASURER.
^Receipts.
To Balance from 1876 $185 60
" Members' fees 194 55
" Sales of cork, pins, labels, &c 101 17
" Government Grant 750 00
$1,231 32
313
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Disbursements.
By Canadian Entomologist, printing, &c 347 75
" Paper for 102 76
" Printing labels 1175
" Mail list and stamping 13 50
" Travelling expenses to Annual Meeting 6 00
" Sundry small expenses 50 70
" Postage, express and duties 46 82
" Library 77 52
" Engravings 20 04
" Merchandise, pins and cork 89 00
" Insurance 10 63
" Editor's salary , 100 00
" Secretary-Treasurer's salary 50 00
" Expenses of Annual Report 68 00
" Balance 236 85
1,231 32
We certify the above as a correct statement of accounts for the year ending September
26th 1877, as shown by the Treasurer's books, and with vouchers for the same.
John M. Denton, ) . ,._,
Charles Chapman. }-*■**»*
RFPORT OF THE COUNCIL, 1877.
In presenting the seventh annual report, the Council feel highly gratified at the success
that has attended the labours of the Society during the past year.
We are happy to note the return of the Society's Centennial collection of insects, which
reached London in good condition shortly after the close of the International Exhibition.
This collection, which was noticed in your last annual report, is now placed in the Rooms,
where it will in future be available for reference. As this beautiful collection was made up
largely from the cabinets of individual members of the Society, who generously loaned the
insects for the purpose of exhibition, it was thought that if the immediate return of the
loaned specimens was insisted on, the value of the series would be greatly impaired ; but we
are happy to state that the parties concerned have in most cases given their consent to allow
the specimens to remain on deposit in the Society's Rooms, so that we still retain the Centen-
nial Collection of Canadian Insects almost intact, a monument to the zeal and industry of
those members of the Society who were actively engaged in this work.
We may add that this collection was placed on exhibition at the Rooms on several occa-
sions after its return, when some of the members were present to assist visitors, and from the
interest manifested then by the public in the matter, we would recommend that the Rooms
be thrown open occasionally to all who may desire to visit them, and that publie notice be
given of the same
The Canadian Entomologist has almost completed its ninth volume, and fully main-
tains its reputation as a record of the latest investigations and discoveries in scientific and
practical Entomology. We would return our heartiest thanks to all those who have so kindly
contributed to the pages of the Entomologist, and request that they will continue to favour
the Editor with the results of their observations and experiments. Although we have reason
to feel gratified at the efforts of the Society to excite in the general public an interest in En-
tomology, yet we would respectfully suggest that our successors may be able in some measure
to improve on the means adopted in the past to render the Entomologist even more useful
to beginners in this interesting science, either by more frequent descriptions and illustrations
of our common insects, and perhaps by referring to the insects that are likely to appear in each
month of the summer, and the manner of their capture and preservation, or in any other
method that may appear suitable.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
We are happy to note a steady increase in the number of members. The Branch Soci-
eties, especially in London and Montreal, are progressing favourably.
The funds of the Society are in a gratifying state ; by economical management we have
been enabled to sustain and successfully carry out all the operations we have undertaken • for
details we refer to the report of the Secretary-Treasurer.
The Library has been enriched by a number of valuable scientific works, and others of
more general interest, but which bear on Entomological subjects. Among the additions we
may mention the Encyclopedia Britanniea, as far as at present published, which will prove
invaluable as a means of reference. Our stock o engravings and electrotypes has been
slightly increased, but in this line we are greatly restricted by want of means, and are obliged
generally to content ourselves with electrotypes of other illustrations. We believe that a
much larger sum than is annually given for this purpose might be profitably expended in pro-
curing original illustrations.
Submitted on behalf of the Council by
Joseph Williams,
Secretary- Treasurer.
The President read his annual address, which received a vote of thanks. Rev. R
Burnet, in seconding the motion of vote of thanks, took occasion to speak highly of the
value of the labours of Mr. Saunders, and suggested that his address appear in the daily
papers as well as in the Annual Report, which was approved of.
ANNUAL ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT.
Gentlemen, — At the close of another year it is my duty and privilege to offer you
a few remarks relating to our progress as a Society, and also to the general advancement
of that department of natural science in which we all feel so deep an interest.
The progress of the Entomological Society of Ontario during the past year has been
steady and continuous. Every season witnesses an infusion of new blood into our ranks,
mainly from among the young, who, when entering on the pursuit of this charming study,
bring with them all the enthusiasm and ardour of youth. Our membership is thus grad-
ually increasing, and our influence and sphere of usefulness yearly extending. The im-
portance of the study of Entomology is gradually becoming more deeply impressed upon
the public mind. The Entomologist needs no longer to apologize for the trivial character
of his pursuits, for small and apparently insignificant as the operations of the individual
destructive insect may appear, yet when multiplied, as they usually are, by millions, their
work is so disastrous and so desolating that the study of their life and history, with the
view of combatting more effectually their enormous increase, becomes of the most vital
importance.
We have to note the prevalence during the past year of several insect pests. Early
in June our gardens, orchards, and even our forests in the western portion of Ontario were
frightfully devastated with the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Clisiocampa sylvatica. There were
millions upon millions of them, and so enormous were their numbers, and so persistent
their attacks, that after fighting them bravely for a week or two, many gave up the contest
in despair, weary of the slaughter. Many an orchard was rendered bare and leafless, and
in some instances the woods were so void of foliage as to remind one of winter. This
was particularly the case about London, and our orchards and gardens here were saved
from destruction only by the most persistent effort. For several weeks caterpillars were
swarming everywhere, so that the timid scarcely dared venture out under the shade of
trees for fear of bringing them home on their clothing or persons. By the end of June
they had nearly all become chrysalids, and it was interesting to observe the strange look-
ing deformities they occasioned among ornamental shrubs and flowers by twisting the
leaves into suitable forms in which to enclose their cocoons. On the trees the few frag-
ments of leaves remaining were put to a similar purpose, and thus sewed up and hanging
pendant with the weight of sometimes two or three cocoons huddled together, they looked
very odd.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
On examining a number of these chrysalids, a large proportion of them were found
to be infested with parasites, which materially lessens the chances of their being so very
numerous again next year ; still we fear that enough of them passed safely through all
their preparatory stages to give us some trouble another season.
The Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapce, is still progressing westward. This year it has
extended its domain as far as Chicago, where a few of the advance guard have been cap-
tured. In the neighbourhood of London their larvae have been very destiuctive this sum-
mer, so disfiguring and destroying the cabbages in many instauces as to render them en-
tirely worthless. The history of the introduction of this pretty little pest forms an in-
teresting chapter in our Entomological annals. During the time of the Trent difficulty
in 1861, a quantity of fresh vegetables were sent along with other stores to Quebec for the
sustenance of the gallant little army which was despatched to our shores. As the Cabbage
Butterfly is said to have made its appearance shortly after this period, it is presumed that
it was accidentally introduced with the stores for the troops. In 1863 specimens were
sent to us from this district for determination, which was the first intimation we had of
their existence in this country. By 1866 the butterfly had spread further west than
Montreal, and east as far as the Saguenay River. In 1869 it was reported as common in
New Jersey, and by 1871 it had travelled east as far as Halifax, Nova Scotia, and west
to the middle of the State of New York It now embraces an area bounded by the
shores of the Atlantic from the River St. Lawrence to Virginia, and has overrun the whole
country westward as far as Chicago. A few days since, while on a visit to the Muskoka
District, I was surprised to find them plentiful, in company with the Colorado Potato
Beetle, as far north as the head of Lake Rosseau.
The wonderful manDer in which this insect has adapted itself to the varying climatic
characteristics embraced within this wide area, is a matter of astonishment. It seems to
thrive alike in the cold north and sunny south, and in every place where it established itself
it has multiplied so rapidly as to become in a very short time the commonest of all butterflies.
The little parasite, Pleromalus puparum, which has also fortunately been introduced from
Europe, and which is finally destined to keep this pest within reasonable bounds, is on the
increase here, but is not yet sufficiently numerous to fulfil its mission as successfully as we
could wish.
The Colorado Potato Beetle, as predicted, has at last found its way across the Atlantic,
and founded colonies on the Continent and in the British Isles. Their arrival and settlement
has caused a commotion almost as great as would the approach of a hostile army. According
to newspaper accounts, large patches of ground where the enemy has been seen lurking have
been saturated with benzine and fired, while in the search, the whole surface has been turned
over with the spade and shovel as carefully as if each specimen were a nugget of gold or a
diamond. Cargoes of all sorts in which it was suspected the intruders could fiud a hiding
place have been submitted to the most rigid examination by government officials, and various
edicts were promulgated, with a view to strangle this evil in its infancy ; but the beetle is
heedless of enactments, however prohibitory, and we fear that no vigilance, no matter how
persistent, will prevail in preventing the spread of this little intruder, and that before long
the potato grower in Europe will be obliged to regularly adopt measures for poisoning this
pest similar to those so successfully carried out by our own people.
Since I was last privileged to address you, the Congress of the United States, in view of
the enormous losses yearly inflicted on agriculture by destructive insects, have appointed an
Entomological Commission composed of eminent Entomologists, who shall devote their whole
time for several years to a study of the habits of the various insect pests, and the thorough
testing of the efficiency of such remedies as have been or may be devised for their destruction,
and to report progress from time to time. A liberal appropriation to defray the expense of
this work has been made, and the labourers are now actively engaged in the field.
Early in the year, your President was requested by the Chief of this Commission, Prof.
U. V. Riley, to bring this important matter before our Government and ask their influence
towards furthering the objects in view. Accordingly, at a meeting of the Council of Agri-
culture, held in June last, the writer introduced a resolution urging the co-operation of our
Government with that of the United States in this undertaking, which was unanimously
adopted by the Board and transmitted to the proper authorities. I am pleased to be able to
state that the Minister of Agriculture, in his reply, assured us that this subject had aheady
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41 Victoria. Sessional Tapers (No. 1 ) A. 1878
engaged their serious attention, and that every effort would be made to aid the Commission in
its work. This season is being spent by these savans in especially studying the habits and
breeding places of the destructive Locusts of the West, and already they have made extended
observations, not only in the western territories of the United States, but also in some of the
adjoining portions of our Dominion.
The Entomological Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
held its annual meeting in Nashville, Tenn., commencing on the 30th of August, when
many interesting subjects were discussed. An important paper was read by A. R. Grote,
Esq., of Buffalo, N. Y, on a new insect, destructive to* the red and white pine trees, the
sources of our valuable lumber trade. From the details given of the work of this insect
we fear it may prove a formidable foe to the future growth of our pine forests. Our
Society has usually been represented at these annual gatherings, but on this occasion, owing
to other pressing and unavoidable engagements, those of us who have usually attended
were prevented from being present.
We cannot better illustrate the recent progress made in Entomological science than
by referring to one department, namely, that of the study of our night-flying moths. This
has been greatly stimulated by the general practice of sugaring, by which immense numbers
of these insects have been attracted, and their capture in good condition made an easv mat-
ter. This practice in America was but little followed until 1874, when an English Ento-
mologist, Mr. George Norman, visited Canada, and, after having faithfully carried out the
process of sugaring for a season, he published the result of his labours and his mode of
operating, in our journal. His success was so unprecedented, and so many rare, or hitherto
unknown species captured, that collectors everywhere were induced to imitate his example,
and in the short time that has since elapsed an immense number has been added to the list
of known species, and our collections have been enriched by this means with an extensive
series of hitherto rare specimens.
Our monthly journal, the Canadian Entomologist, is still well sustained, its pages
being regularly filled with interesting and original contributions. Did time permit, I might
have occupied your attention at considerable length by referring to the many valuable points
brought out in these papers. I cannot, however, refrain from adverting to the contributions
of Mr. W. H. Edwards, of West Virginia, on the life history of some of our butterflies, in
which it has been shown that not a few of our so-called species are merely dimorphic forms of
other species, and attention drawn to the important influence of cold in modifying these
forms. By exposing the chrysalids to the influence of this agency by laying them for varying
periods on ice, or placing them in an ice house, some of these dimorphic forms have been pro-
duced at will, thus throwing much light on the causes of variation in species.
I would also call your attention to the many recent valuable additions to Entomological
literature in America, especially to the beautifully illustrated work of Dr. A. S. Parkard, on
the Geometrids of North America ; to the continuation of Edwards' magnificent work on
North American Butterflies ; to the learned and elaborate treatise on the Bhyncophora of
America north of Mexico, by Drs. LeConte and Horn ; to the excellent works of Prof.
Townend Glover, of Washington, on American Diptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera ; to the
valuable reports of the State Entomologist of Missouri, and many other excellent works. But
I must not trespass longer on your patience. Thanking you for your kind partiality in hon-
ouring me as you have done,
I have the honour to be,
Yours very sincerely,
Wm. Saunders.
London, Ontario, September 25th, 1877.
The election of officers then took place, with the following results ;— «
President. — W. Saunders, London.
Vice-President. — E. Baynes Beed, London.
Secretary-Treasurer. — J. Williams, London.
Council. — Wm. Couper, Montreal; Rev. C,|J. S. Bethune, Port Hope; J. Pettit
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Grimsby ; J. M. Denton, London ; Rev. R. Burnet, London ; R. V. Rogers, Kingston ; Ja
Fletcher, Ottawa.
Editor of Canadian Entomologist. — W. Saunders. London.
Editing Committee. — Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, Port Hope ; E. B. Reed, London ; and
G. J. Bowles, Montreal.
Library Committee. — The President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and J. M.
Denton.
Auditors. — Chas. Chapman and A. Puddicombe, of London.
During the time allotted for miscellaneous business, Mr. D. W. Beadle, of St. Catha-
rines, spoke of the ravages of the Cabbage Butterfly, Pin is rapes, and of the great benefit that
would be conferred on gardeners by the discovery of some remedy which might be safely used
for this pest. He also referred at length to the great success which had attended the labours
of the Entomological Society, and of the high reputation it had acquired in America and
foreign countries.
The President, in reply, referred to the rapid increase of the small parasite Pteromalus
puparum, which preys on this species, and the gratifying prospect of a speedy diminutioL n
numbers of the cabbage butterfly from this cause.
Mr. P. C. Dempsey, of Albury, stated that hot water had been successfully used in his
neighbourhood to destroy the 1'itris larva ; that experiment had shown that the cabbage
would bear the application of water heated to 200° Fahrenheit, without injury, while water
at a somewhat lower temperature than this would effectually destroy the larva. The hot water
may be applied through a rose sprinkler, or by the use of a dipper. He also stated that a
cold infusion of Quassia, in the proportion of two or three pounds to a barrel of water, had
been found effectual in destroying the worm, and more convenient in its application than hot
water. This solution may give a slightly bitter taste to the vegetable, unless thoroughly
washed, but it is perfectly harmless to the human system.
Mr. Chas. Arnold, of Paris, referred to the increasing ravages of the Codling worm
(Carpocapsa pomontlla), and stated that he had scarcely a sound apple in his orchard this
year. This was, doubtless, partially due to the small crop, and he hoped that the scarcity
of apples this season would so far starve out this insect that we might enjoy some immunity
from its attacks for a year or two.
Rev. Dr. liurnet, President of the Fruit Growers' Association, expressed his pleasure at
being present, and his high appreciation of the labours of the active members of the Society,
and referred to the great benefits which fruit growers had derived from the publication of the
results of their investigations on noxious insects injurious to fruits.
Prof. Buckland, of the Department of Agriculture, Toronto, spoke of the great utility
of the work carried on by the Society in diffusing information in reference to the various in-
sect pests which afflict the farmer and fruit grower, and of the flattering notices he had seen
in foreign journals concerning the Canadian Entomologist. He believed the Society
well deserved the cordial support of all those interested in agriculture.
The President, in confirmation of these remarks, alluded to the fact that the Canadian
Entomologist numbers on its exchange list many periodicals of the highest standing, English,
American, French and German.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE LONDON BRANCH
The Annual Meeting of the London Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario,
was held on January 23rd, 1877, at the rooms of the Society.
The following officers were elected for the year 1877 : —
President. — Chas. Chapman.
Vice-President. — J. M. Denton.
Secretary-Trcasui er. — J . Williams.
Curator. — A. Puddicombe.
Council. —Messrs. H. P. Bock, W. Saunders, and J. Williams.
The Anuual Report of the Secretary-Treasurer w;*s read and adopted ; it showed that a
small balance remained after all expenses had been met.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council of the London Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario, beg to
submit the following : —
The prospects of the Branch are very good ; the meetings have been well attended, ex-
cepting during the heat of the summer, and many valuable additions have been made to
our collections.
The experiment of placing the Centennial Collection on exhibition at the rooms was so
favoxirably received by the public, that it has been decided to take steps to the more frequent
admittance of non-members, and in this way it is hoped and believed something may be done
to create a wider and deeper interest iu our favourite branch of science. This is a matter of
great importance, and we have no doubt our members will acquit themselves creditably in it.
Submitted on behalf of the Council, by
Joseph Williams,
Secretar ^-Treasurer.
MONTREAL BRANCH OP THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
The Fourth Annual General Meeting of this Branch was held on Tuesday, 1st of May,
at 8 o'clock p.m., at the residence of H. H. Lyman, Esq., the President, in the chair.
The following report was read and adopted :
REPORT.
Your Council beg to present the Fourth Annual Report of the Society's operations.
They would refer with pleasure to the satisfactory progress of the Society in the study
of our science, evinced by the steadiness with which the monthly meetings have been kept
up, and the interesting and valuable papers read at these meetings. Solid progress has been
made in the identification and classification of the insects of Montreal, and much preliminary
work has been accomplished, the value of which will appear hereafter. The only cause for
regret is that our number continues so small, bat the zeal and perseverence of the present
members go far to compensate for their paucity in number. Your Council entertaiu the
hope that at no distant day our membership will be augmented by the addition of at least
a few more students of our useful and interesting branch of natural history.
Twelve meetings were held during this year, at which the following papers were read
and presented to the Society :
G. J. Bowles — " List of Eggs and Larvae Described in the Seven Volumes of the
Canadian Entomologist."
H. H. Lyman — "Notes on the Occurrence of Argynnis idalia."
F. B. Caulfield — " List of the Geometridae of Montreal."
W. Couper — " On Phyciodes thaws."
H. H. Lyman — " List of some of the Geometridae of Montreal."
F. B. Caulfield — " Notes on some Species of Chrysomelidce Occurring on the Island of
Montreal."
F. B. Caulfield — " Notes on the Species of Meloe in Canada."
H. H Lyman — " Entomological Rambles, Including Notes on Entomology at the Cen-
tennial Exhibition."
G. J. Bowles—" The Noctuidse of Quebec."
G. J. Bowles — " Notes on D'Urban's Paper in the Canadian Naturalist, Vol. v., with
Identifications of the Species."
Some progress has been made during the year in the compilation of the " Montreal
Catalogue," and the names of 790 identified species are now entered on the list, comprising'
385 Lepidoptera, 367 Coleoptera, 4 Diptera, 15 Orthoptera, 16 Hymenoptera and 3 Hemip-
tera. The earnest co-operation of the members is requested by your Council in this work.
There is no doubt but that it will be of immense value to future students and will form a
lasting memorial of our labours.
The finances of the Society have engaged the earnest attention of your Council. They
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
would recommend that the cash on hand be expended in books for our Library, under the
direction of the new Council.
The whole respectfully submitted.
Geo. Jno. Bowles,
Montreal, 1st May, 1877. President.
The following were then elected to office for the ensuing year :
G. J. Bowles, President, (re-elected); H. H. Lyman, Vice-President; (i. B. Pearson,
jr., Secretary and Treasurer (re-elected); 0. W. Pearson Curator (re-elected); Council —
F. B. Caulfield, Robert Jack, W. Hibbins, jr.
After a pleasant conversation on Entomological subjects, and the examination of nume-
rous specimens, the meeting adjourned.
G. B. Pearson, Jun.,
Secretary.
Experiments on the Colorado Potato Beetle.
By W. Brodie, Toronto.
The following interesting paper giving details of experiments on the Potato Beetle was
read at a recent meeting of the Toronto Entomological Society : —
Gentlemen, — 1 herewith submit for your consideration a synopsis of a series of experi-
ments, conducted by myself, intended to determine certain facts in the life-history of Dorxj-
phora 10 lineata, about which there is a good deal of popular misconception.
The experiments were made in cages, where the natural conditions of temperature, light,
and moisture were maintained as nearly as possible ; the same cages in which I had success-
fully reared larvae of Papilio trolius and other delicate lepidoptera.
To secure greater accuracy nearly every experiment was repeated, or two or more con-
ducted simultaneously, and the results carefully compared and recorded.
The more important propositions supported by these experiments are :
First. — The potato is the only plant in Ontario on which the beetle can feed so as to
become very numerous.
Second. — Food is necessary to the imago, in order to develope the reproductive func-
tions.
Third. — If not supplied with food the imago will die in a short time — perhaps never
exceeding two weeks.
Fourth. — The advent in Toronto of Lydella doryphora, by far the most reliable and
valuable of all the enemies of D. 10 lineata.
It is so generally conceded that D. 10 lineata will not feed on the leaves of any of our
forest trees neither on any of our grasses, nor cyperaceous plants ; that proofs of this need
not be submitted nor discussed. The plants experimented upon, you will see, are mainly
those which have been named as food plants by newspaper men, farmers and others.
Experiment 1. — Thirty mature beetles, after being kept without food for twenty-four
hours, were supplied with leaves of carrot, parsnip, beet, pumpkin, lettuce, sunflower, sage,
Ponicum cms galli, and cabbage, for eight hours • none eaten ; when supplied with potato
leaves, all ate freely.
Experiment 2. — Thirty mature beetles, after being kept without food for thirty-two
hours, were supplied for sixteen hours, — in addition to the plants named in experiment 1. —
with red root, (Amarantus hybridits), sheepbur, (Cynoglossum. officinale), burdock, (Lappa
officinalis), small bur, (Echinospermum lappula), sour dock, (Paimex crispus), Lobelia syphili-
tica and L. inflata, lambs quarter, (Chenopodinm album), mullein, (Verba%cum thapsus);
none eaten ; when supplied with potato leaves all ate freely. This experiment was also re-
peated three times, with uniform result.
Experiment 3. — Thirty mature beetles, after being kept eleven days without food, were,
in addition to the plants used in the second experiment, supplied with leaves of milk weed
(Asclepias comuti), arrow head (tiaggittana variabilis), Canada thistle {Cirsium avvense),
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
water parsnip (Slum lineare), golden rod (Solidago nemoralis), fleabane (Erigeron Ganad.en.se),
cat mint (Nepeta Cataria), common plantain, (Ptantago major), Apocynum androscemifolium.
None were eaten. When supplied with potato leaves, all ate freely.. This experiment was
repeated three times with unvarying results.
The solanceous plants found in Ontario, outside of cultivation, on which it is generally
admitted Doryphora will feed are the Hyoscyamus niger, Physalis viscosa, Nicandra physa-
loides, Solarium niyruin, Solarium dulcamara, Datura stramonium. It is very doubtful if
Doryphora, either in the lavrse or imago state, will feed on the last two named. They are,
however, all late plants, and would afford no food in the spring season, and so scarce that
they would not feed the July brood for one hour.
Experiment 4. — Aug. 8. Took in fifty mature D. 10 lineata larvae, forty-five of which
had changed to beetles on Aug. 2G, while five had died in the pupating stage. These forty-
five beetles were kept without food ; four died on the fourth day, thirty-seven were dead on
the fifth day, thirty-nine on the eighth day, forty-two on the tenth day, forty-five on the
eleventh day. Over 75 per cent, died within five days, the males dying first. No pairing-
took place, no ova were deposited, and no disposition to hybernate was evinced.. This is the
average of three cases conducted simultaneously, and which varied but little.
Experiment 5. — Aug. 8. Took in thirty mature beetles all of which had partaken of
food, and kept them without food. Two were dead in fourteen days ; eight in nineteen days ;
thirteen in twenty-three days ; sixteen in twenty-seven days ; twenty-four in forty-seven
days. Twenty per cent, survived forty-seven days' fasting; pairing occurred, and ova were
deposited to a small extent during the first ten days. This is the average of three cases con-
ducted simultaneously.
There is a very marked difference between this result and that of Experiment -i, where
the beetles had never partaken of food.
Experiment 6. — Aug. 15. Twenty pairs Doryphora, after being well fed were kept in
a dry situation ; thirty two were dead in twelve days ; all dead in twenty-two days : the males
died first ; a few ova were deposited during the first week. This experiment was repeated
three times.
Experiment 7. — As to the rate of feeding, five experiments were tried. The beetles
numbered fourteen to twenty-one, and the times from 3J to 168 hours; the average of the
five trials was, one beetle will eat one square inch of potato leaves in thirty hours ; the max-
imum rate was ten hours, minimum was thirty-seven hours. It may be stated that one beetle
during its ima^o life will defuliate one plant of potatoes.
Experiment 8. — Aug. 20. Took in fifty beetles which had been well fed ; eleven imme-
diately buried themselves in the sand. September 6. All dead above ground ; turned out
the sand and found the eleven alive ; replaced sand, also beetles; eight at once buried them-
selves. September 15. Three remaining on surface dead. September 20. Found all on
surface of sand, which I found quite dry ; on wetting sand all went dowu, are now alive Octo-
ber 16.
Experiment 9. — September 1. Took 100 Doryphora larvae, some immature, fed them
on potato. Sept. 10, all pupating. Sept. 20, 15 beetles out. Oct. 1, beetles all dead. On
turning out the sand found that none had hybernated. This agrees with the results of seven
experiments, and shows that there was no disposition to hybernate until after the middle of
August, and then only by beetles which had fed.
The date of hybernation will vary according as tke season is warm or cold, but I think
it pretty certain that beetles which have not fed will not survive the wiuter.
A result of experiment 4 was the finding of a pupa case of Lydella doryphora under
conditions which were fully narrated to you at our September meeting, and which you all
agreed were conclusive as to the advent of this farmers's friend in Toronto.
It is hoped the publication of this will elicit evidence of its occurrence in other couuties
in Ontario, but it must ba borne in mind that the very general use of Paris green by potato
growers, has hitherto prevented the increase of this as well as other natural enemies of D. 10
lineata ; has, in fact, rendered their existence almost impossible.
21 321
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN AS-
SOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
Room 56, Maxwell House, Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 31, 1877.
Mr. Grote was called to the chair, and congratulated the meeting that there were
found members from the South interested in the science of Entomology, and regretted
the absence of the President of the Club and other officers. A letter was read from Pre-
sident LeConte as follows :
Philadelphia, Aug. 24th, 1877.
Secretary of the Entom. Club Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Nashville, Tenn. :
Dear Sir, — I beg that you will express to the Entomological Club of the Associa-
tion my great regret that I am not able to attend the meeting at Nashville. It was my
intention to be present, but I find now at the last moment that it will be extremely in-
convenient for me to leave this city. I greatly wished to take part in the discussion on
nomenclature, but I have already expressed myself so strongly as against such changes
as are produced by the rehabilitation of forgotten or disused names, that I think my
opinions are fully understood by my colleagues.
Very truly yours,
John L. LeConte.
The Secretary's report of last year's meeting was received and adopted.
The chair drew the attention of the Club to the report of Capt. Dall on the subject
of Zoological Nomenclature made at this meeting, and deprecated any separate action on
the part of the Club.
The following resolutions were then passed :
Resolved — That since the Association has under consideration the subject of Nomen-
clature, the present Committee of the Club on that subject, consisting of LeConte, Riley,
Saunders, Scudder and Grote, be continued to report at next meeting.
Resolved — That a request be made on the part of the Club to the Standing Com-
mittee of the Association, that copies of Capt. Dall's report on Zoological Nomenclature
be printed and distributed to all active members of the Club before the issuance of the
Nashville volume, so that the matter may be duly considered before the next meeting of
the Club.
The meeting then entered into an election for officers for the next meeting, with the
following result :
President: James A. Linter, of Albany, N. Y.
Vice-President: Wm. Saunders, of London, Ontario.
Secretary : B. Pickman Mann, <>i Cambridge, Mass.
Mr. Grote exhibited specimens in all stages of the New Pine Moth, N&plwpteryx
Zimmermani. He referred to Mr. Meehan's remarks after the reading of the paper before
the Association on Thursday last, that this was probably the insect so destructive to the
Scotch Pine about Philadelphia.
Prof. Nicholson stated that he thought from Mr. Grote's description and specimens
that this insect was the one noticed as attacking the Scotch Pine near Knoxville. The
trees had been imported from the north.
Mr. Grote alluded to the migratory habits of the Cotton Worm, and stated that in
his original paper (Hartford Meeting) he had shown that the moth hybernated, but died
before it could find cotton on which it could oviposit the ensuing year. Where the moth
state was not reached the chrysalis perished in cold winters over the cotton belt. The
broods were irregular, occurring in the same locality some years as early as June, some
years as late as September.
Prof. Stubbs stated that in the main Mr. Grote's theory of a progression from south
to north was, he was satisfied, correct. At the same time he called attention to occasions
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
where the moth appeared in small areas, and thought it possible that in some cases the
insect might succeed in holding over.
Mr. Grote stated that he thought that in localities where the circumstances were
favourable, Southern Florida and along the coast of Georgia, that this might occur. He
had in his original paper alluded to this, and he thought it more likely that the irregular
patches on the cotton belt were partial colonizations from the southward or from the sea
coast of Florida or Georgia. The first brood was more irregular in distribution. He
further said that Prof. Tutwiler, of Ala., had told him that the observations made in Ids
locality were to the effect that the south wind brought the worm ; in the present year
the prevailing winds were from the north and they had been free rom the worm in
Northern Alabama. Mr. Grote concluded by urging the creation of a scientific commis-
sion to look into the facts of the case. It was one that was most important to the
agricultural interests of the South.
Prof. Nicholson stated that he had observed a few specimens of the Colorado Beetle near
Knoxville ; the seed had been brought from the north.
Judge Bell stated that this year he had seen the Potato Beetle at Exeter, New Hampshire.
Mr. Grote exhibited some rare Celeoptera collected at Buffalo, N. Y., by Mr. Ottomar
Reinecke. Adjourned.
(Signed) A. G. Wetherby,
Secretary, pro. tern.
323
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
A NEW LEPIDOPTEROTJS INSECT
INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION.
BY A. R. GROTE, BUFFALO, N. Y.
{Bead before the Am. Asso. Adv. Sci., August 30, 1877.)
In the months of June and July the Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) and the White Pine
(Pinus Strobus), show by the exuding pitch that they are suffering from the attacks of an
insect. The wounds occur on the main stem below the insertion of the branch. On cutting
into the bark the injury is found to be caused by a small larva, which, when full grown,
measures 16 to 18 millimetres. The head is shining chestnut brown with black mandible?.
The b"dy is livid or blackish green, naked, with series of black dots, each dot giving rise to
a single, rather stout, bristle, The prothoracic shield is blackish. The larva has three pair
of thoracic or true jointed feet, and four abdominal or false feet, besides anal claspers. This
larva, eating on the inner side of the bark, and making furrows in the wood, causes the bleed-
in0- which, when the depletion is excessive or continuous, and especially in the ease of young
trees, has proved fatal.
In July the worm spins a whitish, thin, papery cocoon in the mass of exuding pitch,
which s^ems to act as a protection to both the larva and tlie chrysalis. The chrysalis con-
tained in the cocoon is cylindrical, smooth, narrow, blackish brown, about 16 millimetres in
length. The head is pointed, there being a pronounced clypeal protuberance ; the segments
are unarmed ; the anal plate is provided with a row of four spines, and two others, more
slender, on either side of the mesial line, below the first. It gives the moth in ten to fourteen
days. The perfect insect expands on an average 30 millimetres. An examination of the
veins of the wing show that vein 7 of the primaries is wanting, while vein 1 is simple. On
the hind wing the cell is closed or very nearly so. It belongs thus to the Phycidce, a sub-
family of the PyraUdae. The male antenuae are bent a little at the base, the joints incon-
spicuous ; the maxillary palpi in the same sex are not brush-like, and the hind wings are 8
and not 7 veined. We may refer the moth, then, to the genus Nephopteryx. Veins 3, 4 and
5 spring nearly together from the outer extremity of cell of the hind wings (though 5 seems
to be nearly independent while running close to 4) ; vein 2 is not far removed from 3. On
the primaries veins 4 and 5 spring from a common st Ik. so that we must refer the moth to
the sub genus Diorydria of Zeller. In colour the moth is blackish gray, shaded with reddish
on the basal and terminal fields of the fore wings, There are patches or lines of raised scales
on the basal field and on the anterior and darker portion of the medium space. The median
lines are prominent, consisting of double black lines enclosing pale bands. The inner line at
basal third is perpendicular, W -shaped or dentate The outer line at apical fourth is once
more strongly indented below costa, The black component lines do not seem to be more dis-
tiucton one side than on the other of the pale included b nds or spaces. The median field is
blackish, becoming pale towards the outer line, it shows a pale, sometimes whitish cellular spot,
surmounted with raised scales. It can be seen that these raised scales (easily lost in setting
the insect) accompany the median lines as well as forming the discal mark and the linear patch
on the basal field. The terminal edge of the win^ is again pale or ruddy before the terminal
black line. The fringes are blackish The hind win^s are pale yellowish white, shaded
with fuscous on costal region and more or less terminally before the blackish terminal
black line ; the fringes are dusky. Beneath the fore wings are blackish, marked with pale on
costa ; hind wings as on upper surface. Body blackish gray, with often a reddish cast on
thorax above and on the vertex. The eyes are naked, the labial palpi long, ascending with
moderate terminal joint. Tongue rather long. The gray abdomen is aunulated with dirtv
white, the le»s are pale (lotted. The species differ from the European ahiekUa by the raised
324
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
scale tufts on the wings, and Prof. P. C. Zeller, who has kindly compared examples for me,
declares it to be quite distinct from any European species. The pupa seems to differ from
that of abietella by the clypeal prominence, which appears entirely absent in the European
species, judging from Ratzbnrg's excellent figures. The larvae is found to attack also various
imported conifers ; for this reason I supposed it might be an imported parasite. It has been
noticed on the Scotch, Austrian and Russian Pine, and it will be iound, I fear, a grave enemy
to the cultivation of this genus of trees.
Since the insect is not noticed yet in any scientific publication, I propose to name it
Nephopteryx (Dioryctria) Zimmermani, after Charles D. Zimmerman, of Buffalo, who has
made many excellent observations on our noxious insects, and to whom I am greatly in-
debted for help in getting the present facts with relation to the species. He has kindly
spent much time in climbing large trees and cutting out pupae and larvae and rearing the
perfect insect.
The larvae abietella is described by Ratzburg as living in the cones chiefly of various
species of Pinus. Nevertheless he speaks of one instance in which it is found under similar
circumstances to those which are usual with Zimmermani, which latter I have not yet
noticed attacking the fruit. The European species is said to winter in pupa state. In the
vicinity of Buffalo our species seems to be single brooded. I have not yet ascertained the
winter state. Ratzburg recommends cutting off infested branches, but especially on small
trees. I find the larvae of Zimmermani usually infesting the main stem at the insertion of
the branches. From the fact that the pitch of the trees offers a protection, I do not think
that any washes would reach the insect. The knife, then, seems the only remedy.
Our species has a natural enemy in a small hymenopterous parasite with which I
have found cei'tain of the chrysalids to be filled.
THE UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
The enormous losses occurring yearly to agriculture in America from destructive in-
sects are gradually awakening public attention in this direction, and also to the necessity of
careful observations on the habits of these pests, with a view to their destruction or limita-
tion. We were much gratified to learn that the late Congress of the United States,
recognizing the importance of this subject, made a liberal appropriation to provide for the
appointment of a commission of practical Entomologists to investigate and study the habits
and life history of these insect pests, and thoroughly test such measures as have been or
may be suggested with a view of lessening their ravages, the investigations to be carried
on for several consecutive years. The Government has been particularly fortunate in
securing the services of three eminently practical Entomologists to undertake this work,
Prof. Riley, State Entomologist of Missouri, Dr. A. S. Packard, of Salem, Mass., and Prof.
Thomas, State ^ntomoligist of Illinois. Prof. Riley has been designated Chief; Dr.
Packard, Secretary, and Prof. Thomas, disbursing agent. While the destructive Rocky
Mountain Locust, Caloptenus spretus, will specially engage the attention of the Commission
during this year, careful observations will at the same time be made on other destructive
pests. We desire to call particular attention to Dr. Packard's request in this present
issue, for specimens in all stages of the Hessian Fly, Joint Worm and Wheat Midge, and
trust that all our members will endeavour to aid the Commission in their labours in every
possible way.
The headquarters of the Commission will be at St. Louis, Mo. ; there will also be an
office, with a clerk to attend to certain routine business, at the rooms of the Geological and
Geographical Survey of the Territories, at Washington, D. O, Dr. F. V. Hayden in charge.
The locust area assigned to each Commissioner the present year is as follows: —
1. Prof. Riley takes for his field the region east of the mountains and south of the 40th
parallel, the west half of Iowa, and, conjointly with Dr. Packard, British America west of
the 9-fth meridian, where the principal source of the devastating swarms will probably be
found.
2. Dr. Packard will take for his field West Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Idaho, and the
Pacific Coast.
325
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
3. Prof. Thomas takes all the region east of the mountains not enumerated, including
Nebraska, Minnesota, etc.
The publications will consist of circulars, bulletins, memoirs, and the annual report of
doings and results of the work of the Commission.
To Prof. Kiley are assigned more particularly the following divisions of the subject :
Biology, or Natural History ; Insect Enemies and Parasites ; Remedies and Devices for De-
struction.
To Dr. Packard : Anatomy and Embryology.
To Dr. Packard and Prof. Thomas, conjointly : Meteorological Bearings and Migrations.
To Prof. Thomas : Geographical Distribution, Enemies not Entomological, Agricultural
Bearings of the Subject.
The Commission expects to secure co-operation with the United States Signal Bureau
in affording meteorological data in connection with a study of the migrations of the locust;
also, hopes to secure the aid of the Canadian Government in co-operating with it in its inves-
tigation in British America.
It is the determination of the Commission to confine its operations more particularly to
the practical bearings of the subject, with a view to ascertain all possible remedies against
these destructive insects. AH else will be made subservient to the great object for which the
appropriation was made, to wit : —
1. The best means of fighting the plague as it occurs in the States to which it migrates,
but in which it is not indigenous.
2. The thorough investigation into its habits in its native home, with a view of prevent-
ing, if possible, its migrations therefrom.
The following are the topics on which data are requested from observers in all parts in
reference to the destructive locust : —
1. Date, and time of day of the arrival of swarms.
la. Direction and force of the wind at the time.
lb. Temperature and character of the weather at the time (clear or cloudy).
lc. Direction of the flight, density, height and extent of the swarms.
2. Date and time of day of the departure of the swarms.
2a. Direction and force of the wind at the time.
2b. Temperature and character of the weather at the time.
2c. Direction of the flight, density and extent of the swarms.
3. Date when the first eggs, if any, were deposited the present year.
4. Date when the eggs were most numerously hatching the present year.
5. Date when the eggs were most numerously hatching in previous years.
6. Proportion of eggs that failed to hatch the present year, and probable causes of such
failure.
7. Nature of the soil and situations in which the eggs were most largely deposited.
8. Nature of the soil and situations in which the young were most numerously hatched.
9. Date at which the first insect acquired full wings.
10. Date when the winged insects first began to migrate.
11. Estimate the injury done in your County and State.
12. Crops which suffered most.
13. Crops most easily protected.
14. Crops which suffered least.
15. The prevailing direction in which the young insects travelled, and any other facts in
relation to the maiching of the young.
16. The means employed in your section for the destruction of the unfledged insects, or to
protect crops from their ravages, and how far these have proved satisfactory.
17. The means employed in your section for the destruction of the winged insects, or to
protect crops from their ravages, and how far these have proved satisfactory.
18. Description, and, if possible, figures of such mechanical contrivances as have proved
useful in your locality for the destruction of either the young or the winged insects.
19. If your section was not visited in 1876, please state this fact.
20. If visited any previous year, please give the dates.
326
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
21. To what extent have birds, domestic fowls, and other animals, domestic or wild, been
useful in destroying these insects ?
As the successful prosecution of this work is as deeply important to the western portions
of our Dominion (where immense damage is often inflicted by this destructive foe) as to any
part of the United States, it is hoped that our Government will render all possible aid to the
work of this Commission, either by instructions to parties engaged in surveys and other Gov-
ernment work in the western regions, to make the necessary observations, or otherwise by ap-
pointing suitable co-operating agencies to aid in the work.
No official report of the results of the labours of this important Commission has yet ap-
peared, but the following telegraphic summary of the work of the season has lately been
printed in the public newspapers : —
U. S. ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
Eeport of its Labours in the North-West.
The Rocky Mountain Locust — His Parasites and Winged Enemies.
how the grasshopper plague may be stopped.
St. Louis, Nov. 12.— The labours of the United States Entomological Commission,
appointed by Secretary Shurz last spring, to investigate the grasshopper plague, are drawing
toward a conclusion. The Commission consists of Prof. C. V. Riley, State Entomologist of
Missouri ; Cyrus Thomas, State Entomologist of Illinois ; and Prof. A. S. Packard, Jr., a
Professor in the Peabody Academy of Science, of Salem, Mass.
The commissioners were appointed on the 20th of March, and a couple of weeks later the
three members were out on their exploring tour. Prof. Riley took the States of Texas,
Kansas, Iowa, and Colorado, and the British possessions as far north as the Saskatchewan Val-
ley, and his investigations were to be directed more particularly to the biology of the grass-
hopper, generally called Rocky Mountain locust by entomologists, its entomological enemies
and parasites, and remedies and devices for the prevention of the grasshopper plague. Prof.
Packard's field was Montana, Utah, Idaho, the Western part of Wyoming, and the Pacific
Coast, and he made a study of the anatomy and embryology of the grasshopper. The terri-
tory assigned to Prof. Thomas, embraced Minnesota, Nebraska, the eastern part of Wyoming,
and. all the other states and territories west of the Mississippi not taken by Profs. Riley and
Packard : and the special subjects assigned to him were the geographical range of the grass-
hopper, his enemies not entomological, and the agricultural bearings of the subject. The
original bill prevailed for a commission of five, and an appropriation of $25,000. Congress
cut the money down to $18,000, and reduced the number of commissioners to three Prof.
Riley says all the commissioners met with unexpected success in their investigations, They
met with the most cordial receptions among the people of the west and south-west every-
where, and were furnished by the farmers with a vast amount of valuable information which
they never could have obtained if the in formants had not felt themselves personally interested
in the work of the commission. The U. S. signal bureau also aided the commissioners ma-
terially in furnishing them with accurate meteorological data, very necessary in the study of
the migrations of the grasshoppers and their ova-deposits, as also the effect which climatic
changes have upon them. Prof. Riley spent six weeks in the country in which the principal
armies of grasshoppers are hatched, and which they leave as soon as the short, dry grass of
the country, on which they principally subsist, is gone. The country is very thinly settled,
but the professor was afforded every possible assistance in his investigations by the authori-
ties of the Canadian Government, including Governor Morris and the Ministers of Agricul
ture and the Interior. Remaining in the British possessions about six weeks, Professor Riley
closed his investigations and returned to Chicago, where he again met his tellow commis-
sioners, Profs. Packard and Thomas, just returned from the districts visited by them Notes
were again compared, views interchanged, and statistical and other matter exchanged, and the
commissioners separated once more, returning this time to their respective homes to write up
the results of their investigations. Prof. Riley has been at home now five or six weeks, and
has been engaged on the report ever since his return. He expects to complete the report by
327
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
the middle of next month, and Profs. Packard and Thomas are to have theirs completed about
the same time, when the commission will convene again aod submit their labours as one work
to the Government.
The result of the investigation of the commission has verified previous reports of Prof!
Riley's individual investigations, and the commissioners are all of the opinion that a recur-
rence of the grasshopper plague can be prevented. They have found the native home of the
insects ; they know on what they feed, and when and under what conditions they migrate, the
direction they take, and the distance they go, and the length of time they remain before they
commence their homeward flight again. They know, also, the fatal effect that heavy rains
and sudden changes of weather have on them, and that smoke will kill them as quickly as
fire. They know, too, the parasites which live on the grasshoppers, and the birds — particu-
larly the grackle and the English rook — that feed upon them. Knowing all this, they believe
that the migration from British America can be, in a great measure, stopped, and that in
case they do visit the fields of Missouri, Kansas, and other States of the union, the farmers
can be forewarned in time to prepare for them with fire and water. The commission will
recommend measures to Congress, looking to a Governmental treatment of this plague at its
next recurrence.
NOTES ON LARViE— FONDNESS FOR WATER— HINTS TO BEGINNERS.
BY C. U. SIEWERS, NEWPORT, KY.
[From the Canadian Entomologist.)
Last spring, while collecting beetles under the bark of decayed logs, I met with numbers
of the larvae of Arctia Isabella (hairs brown in the middle, black at each end of larva), about
to spin up. Not knowing their hybernating habits, they had always baffled me, and under
the impression that they would require another season to mature, had been turned loose. I
collected some twenty, put them into a box with cotton and paper scrap, and they at once
spun up, all but four. These wandered up and down for a week, having some want, and
wasting away. It struck me they might want water. Wetting a sable, I proffered a drink.
They all drank greedily, grasping the brush with their fore-legs, and even following it around,
I watered them two or three days, but tired of this and threw them out. The same day they
were found spinning up on the fence. This spring I collected another lot, and gave them
some curved bark to spin in. About one-half refused to spin. I soused them with wTater.
Two remained contumacious, but another wetting brought them to terms. The black larva
of the Great Leopard Moth, Ecpantheria, hybernates also, spins up about the first of June,
and emerges about the loth with us. Feeds on Poke-berry plant, and will eat cabbage. I
failed to winter some twenty this season. Either they dry up in the house, or mould in the
cellar. They should be wintered out-doors, in a box without bottom placed on the ground
and half filled with leaves and brush, exposed to the weather, but having proper drainage.
They come out of the leaves in the spring distended by moisture. Whether they feed be-
fore spinning is uncertain. I collect them in the fall at the foot of willow trees, when dig-
ging up the pupa of Smerinthus g&minatus.
It is generally claimed that moist leaves will induce scouring in the Bombix mori, but
out-door larvae get abundance of rain and dew, and may require it. In confinement they fail
t get their full growth. Their food should be sprinkled daily. The great difficulty of keep-
r g the food fresh deters many from rearing larvse. To such I would say, try tin boxes or
glass jars. Clean daily and keep moist. Two or three drops of water are sufficient. I have
had a lot of empty fruit cans capped, and have kept food fresh in them for ten days. WThen
the nearest food riant is three miles distant this is some object. 1 find that they do not re-
quire light, and but little air. When they cease feeding, remove to spinning or ground
boxes. The ground must be kept moist, or the larva will be unable to remove the skin
around the thorax, and strangle. If they find it too dry they will come out and try to es-
cape. Many wander about for a day or two before burying themselves. Covering the ground
with sod often expedites matters. When ten days have passed they may be sifted out to
give place for others, and laid out in another ground box on top, as it is preferable to have
328
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1S78-
them in sight, an account of vermin. Never pull larvae from their food, especially when
moulting in changing food. Clip the old food off around them, and they will change them-
selves. Placing some hungry Apalura clytons three inches from fresh food, they struck a bee
line for it.
Raising larvae is by far the most instructive feature of Entomology, and very interesting,
Entirely too little attention is paid to it. We want the whole life. How utterly ignorant
we are, for instance, about the larvae of Caiocalae ? Let all faulty females be ccufined, and
they may lay impregnated eggs : try the young on willow, walnut or oak leaves. The female
is known by the heavy body tapering to a point ; the male terminates in a pair of claspers.
Some species aie readily determined by their antennae, the males being more broadly> pecti-
nated than the females.
The larvae of wood-boring beetles can be raised in tin or glass on wet saw dust (not pine) ;
any mixed hardwood or poplar will do. I have kept them so six and eight months, changing
the saw-dust once a mouth. But they are very tiresome, as one may have to keep them a
year or two.
HOW TO DESTROY CABINET PESTS.
By Prof. James T. Bell, Belleville, Ont
From the Canadian Entomologist.
There is nothing more annoying to the experienced, or more discouraging to the young
collector, than to have his specimens destroyed by mites, by the Anihrenus, or by the larvae
of Dermestes. Against the ravages of these enemies there is no security. Paste and paper
fail to exclude them ; camphor is only a partial protector ; and the only safeguard of our
cabinets is constant vigilance, and the instant destruction of the offenders when observed.
For this purpose many methods have been suggested — saturation with turpentine,
immersion in alcohol or benzine, exposure to a heat of 210 degrees in a drying closet or
oven, &c. ; but most of these ways are apt to'injure, or even destroy, the specimens, while
the last is often ineffective. Having, however, found a certain and rapid method of deal-
ing with these intruders, I desire, through your pages, to make it known to my brother
naturalists.
Some two years ago I had a magnificent female Flatysamia (Saturnia) cecropia, measur-
ing 6| inches across the wings when set out, which came out of a chrysalis in my breeding
box. 1 succeeded in killing and stretching it without damage, and when dry, transferred
it to my interim box, which hung against the wall. In about a fortnight I was annoyed
to see its antennae cut off, the head and thorax denuded of most of their dcwn, and some
large holes made in the abdomen. After some consideration, I placed a gallipot, contain-
ing about 25 grains of cyanide of potassa roughly bruised, with a very little water, in the
bottom of the case. I then introduced six drops of sulphuric acid, and let down the glass.
In less than a minute I had the satisfaction of seeing a tine, stout Dermestes larva writhing
in the death agony on the bottom of the box. Since that time I have tried the same sev-
eral times, and always with the same success. It is equally applicable to the destruction
of moths, &c. in stuffed birds and quadrupeds, as no animate being can inhale this gas and
live.
James T. Bell,
Belleville, Ont.
[Note. — Great caution would be necessary in using this remedy, not to inhale any
of the highly poisonous gas which, by the use of the ingredients named, would be rapidly
generated. — Ed. C. E.l
329
-41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.
The following brief notices of some of the most valuable Entomological publications
which have appeared during the past year, are from the pages of the Canadian Entomo-
logist : —
Economic Entomology, by Andrew Murray, F.L.S., London, England. Aptera, Svo.,
pp. 433, profusely illustrated with wood-cuts.
This useful volume is the first of a series of hand-books which are intended to serve
as guides to the different departments of the collection of Economic Entomology in process
of formation at the Bethnal Gi^een branch of the South Kensington Museum, and also as
practical treatises for the use of the public generally. In order the better to serve its primary
purpose of guide to the collection, the contents of the several cases are described in this
volume in the order in which they present themselves to the visitor, containing iu some
instances other specimens than insects. The work opens with a short chapter on Crusta-
ceans likely to be mistaken for insects ; for example, species of Oniscus, Porcellio, and Ar-
madillo. Next in order are the Myriapods — Julidae and Scolopendridae ; then Scorpians
and their allies ; Spiders, Mites, Lice, Thysanura (Spring-tails) and Lepismidae. Three
new genera and thirteen new species are described in this volume.
The descriptions are briefly and plainly written, and the habits and life history of the
species are delineated in a pleasing and popular manner. The work is well printed in good,
clear type, and most of the illustrations are excellent. Already we have found it very use-
ful, giving in a condensed form a vast amount of information not otherwise readily obtain-
able. We heartily commend this work to our readers, and trust that the talented author
may be spared to complete the series proposed, which will appear in the following order : —
2nd vol. Bugs ; 3rd, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Cockroaches, and Earwigs ; 4th, Two-winged
Flies ; 5th, Bees, Wasps, &c. ; 6th, The Dragon Flies and May Flies ; 7th, Butterflies
and Moths, and lastly, the Beetles.
Ninth Annual Report of the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of
Missouri. By Chas. V. Riley, State Entomologist, March, 1877 ; 8vo., pp. 129 with
33 illustrations.
We welcome the ninth of this series of valuable reports with much pleasure The
following are the subjects treated of in the order in which they appear : The Gooseberry
Span Worm ; the Imported Currant Worm ; the Native Currant Worm • the Strawberry
Worm ; Abbott's White Pine Worm ; LeConte's Pine Worm ; the Colorado Potato
Beetle ; the Army Worm ; the Rocky Mountain Locust ; the Hellgrammite Fly, and the
Yucca Borer. The bulk of the report, sixty-seven pages in all, is occupied with details
in reference to that terrible scourge of the West, the Rocky Mountain Locust, Caloptenus
spretns, the other and less important subjects being much more briefly treated of. These
reports contain an immense fund of valuable information, and have done much to popu-
larize Entomology in America.
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.
By W. H. Ed warps.
Part I — Diurnals. (Published by the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, 8 c<>. pp.
68 Price §1 ; interleaved for additions, $1.30.)
This work of Mr. Edward's is conservative in its character, and as such is most re-
freshing ; after having tried in vain to fathom the innovations with which we have for
the past few years been perplexed, this excellent catalogue comes to our rescue, and will,
we feel sure, be appreciated by all who do not believe in the excessive multiplication of
genera and their establishment on minute and often variable characters. Here the dear
old familiar names are nearly all in their places again, and we go back to the time-hon-
oured method of heading our collections with Papilio, and embracing in it some 22 species.
330
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
For ourselves, we have for some time past been literally at sea in reference to names for
butterflies, wandering about without chart or compass to direct us ; we scarcely knew the
name of any species, and didn't expect ever to have the time or disposition to master the
new names proposed, and hence we have been so discouraged that we have done really
nothing to our collection of buttei flies for a long time past. We are not disposed to ob-
ject to changes in nomenclature where it can be made to appear that a necessity for such
modifications exists, but we have been unable to see any good reason for adopting the
wholesale changes which have been proposed, and we believe that the great bulk of work-
ing Entomologists hold the same view. With a catalogue now more to our mind, suffi-
ciently progressive, and, at the same time, a most convenient help, we shall be able to
classify our species under genera we can comprehend, and go to work with a will again.
In the general arrangement the author, while adopting and incorporating some of
the work of later systematists, adheres mainly to the order of Doubleday and his asso-
ciates in the " Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera," and where the genera have numerous spe-
cies, as in Colias, Argynnis, Thecla, Lycaena, Pamphila, &c, they are for the sake of con-
venience divided into sections. In crediting genera the author strictly follows the rules
adopted by American Entomologists at the recent meeting in Buffalo, and appends the
name of the party who first gave the genus a proper definition. For this reason Hiibner's
genera are excluded and two of the genera made by Mr. Scudder in the Hesperidse,
Amblyscirtes and Pholiosora, have been credited to Dr. Speyer because his definition of
them is the first published. With regard to Mr. Scudder, genera, we think he should
have had credit for them. We all know what pains-taking and unsparing effort he has
bestowed in labouring to introduce what he conscientiously believes to be needed reforms
in Entomological nomenclature, and although the present generation of Entomologists is
not disposed to adopt such wholesale reform as he proposes, he is undoubtedly deserving
of full credit for any of his material which may be used. His work on New England
Butterflies, in which all these genera are minutely defined, has long been written, but its
expensive character has been an obstacle in the way of its publication. Uuder these cir-
cumstances, which are very exceptional, we regret that Dr. Speyer's references of these gen-
era to Scudder have not been followed.
There are 506 species enumerated in this list, embraced in 64 genera. There are
also references by the use of a system of special signs to all writers who have treated of
the preparatory stages of our butterflies, no matter how briefly ; we regard this as an ex-
cellent and valuable feature in the work. The catalogue is in every way well got up, and
we hope all our readers will procure a copy of it, and if, after they have given it a careful
perusal, they think as well of it as we do, they will set to work and arrange their collec-
tions in accordance with it, feeling profoundly thankful to the author for the timely relief
he has afforded.
The Rhyncophora of America, north of Mexico, by John L. LeConte, assisted by George
H. Horn. From the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 15.
This work, which fills a volume of 455 pages, is probably the most important contribu-
tion which has been made to the Entomology of America for many years. Its production
must have been attended with immense labour and long and careful study. In addition to
the work of classifying this numerous and difficult group of insects, a very large number of
new species are described. We teuder our sincere thanks to the authors for their kindness
ia sending us a copy of this useful and long-needed memoir.
Manuscript Notes from my Journal, or Illustrations of Insects Native and Foreign ;
Order Hemiptera, sub-order Heteroptera. By Townend Glover, Washington, D. C.
In the 12th No. of Vol. vi., we called the attention of our readers to the issue of a
valuable work by the same author on Diptera. The volume now at hand on the Hemiptera
is published in similar form and style, quarto, on heavy paper, printed on one side only, and
the text a facsimile of the author's handwriting. In this volume there are ten excellent
plates, nine of which are devoted to the illustration of the species to which the notes refer,
and one to the figuring of those portions of the insects on which their classification is based.
Tiiere are figures of 238 species, many of the smaller ones in duplicate, one showing the
insect magnified, the other of the natural size. In addition to the plates and their explana
tory matter, there are 134 pages of text, 2 explanatory, 17 devoted to the classification of the.
Hemiptera, and the remainder to notes on the insects themselves, their habits, the animal and
331
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.) A. 1878
vegetable substances they injure, the remedies used for destroying them, &o., all being referred
to in alphabetical order.
This work is another evidence of the indomitable perseverance of this energetic Ento-
mologist, and will be a valuable aid to those who desire to study this hitherto much neglected
order. The author has again placed us under deep obligation for his kind remembrance of us.
The Rocky Mountain Locust ; being report of proceedings of a conference of the Gov-
ernors of several western States and Territories, together with several other gentlemen, held
at Omaha, Oct., 1876, 8vo., pp. 58.
We are indebted to our esteemed friend. C. V. Riley, for a copy of the above pamphlet,
which contains much valuable information on the habits of this destructive pest, as well as a
summary of the best means yet known for counteracting its ravages.
Packard's Half Hours with Insects, Boston, published by Estes & Lauriat, 1877, 12 mo.,
pp. 384, illustrated. $2.50, which was originally issued in twelve numbers, has lately been
published in book form. We desire to correct some typographical and other errors of import-
ance. Page 187, in explanation of Fig. 187, for Bucculating read Bucculatrix ; page 289,
line 23, for Disippus read Arckvppus, and in line 25, for Arch ippus read Disippus ; page 305 ?
line 13, for sumac, read cottonvvood, and on page 306, in explanation of Fig. 236, for sumac
gall read vagabond gall. We cheerfully commend this useful work to our readers.
Report upon the Orthoptera collected by the Wheeler Expedition, by Samuel H. Scud-
der ; 8vo.. 17 p. In this paper the author gives much valuable information in relation to
the Orthopiera occurring on ihe eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains ; 17 new species are
described, ~r.:l definitions of 8 new genera given. Report of the Hayden Expedition, from
the Department of the Interior, containing Brief Synopsis of North American Ear-wigs, with
an appendix of the fossil species ; 8vo. , 12 p. List of Orthoptera collected by Dr. A. S.
Packard, in Colorado, &c, during 1875 ; 8vo., 7 p. Notice of a small collection of Butter-
flies made by Dr. Packard in Colorado and Utah. All by S-imuel H. Scudder. We tender
our best thanks to the author for copies of these papers.
Harpalux caliginosus from Nature, by Franklin C. Hill ; two plates. We are indebted
to Mr. Franklin C. Hid, of Princeton College, N. J., for copies of these excellent plates,
recently published. They are beautifully finished and conveniently mouuted on cards, 5 x 8,
with all the organs and divisions both of the under and upper surface, distinctly name 1.
They will prove a valuable help to beginners, and indeed to all who are not already familiar
with the names of the different portions of the body of Coleopterous insects.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (Xo. 1 ) A. 1878
A FEW COMMON WOOD-BORING BEETLES.
BY THE REV. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M.A., PORT HOPE, ONT.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.
Tig. 1. M onohcvm/rrvus scutdlatus Say — A Pine-tree Borer.
Fig. 2. Clytus speciosus Say. — The Maple-tree Borer.
Fig. 3. Orthosoma cyHndricwm Fab. — A Pine-tree Borer.
Fig. 4. Clytus robiniae Forst. — The Locust-tree B"ier.
Fig. 5. CJvrysdbotJwis femorata Fab. — The Buprestis Apple-tree Borer.
Fig. 6. Saperda Candida Fab. — The White-lined Apple-tree Borer.
Fig. 7. Monoham/rrwbs confusor Kirby. — A Pine-tree Borer.
Fig. 8. Oberca tripunctata Fab. — The Raspberry Twig Girdler.
Our Canadian wood-boring beetles, with the exception of a iew somewhat minute species,
belong to the two great families of Buprestidoe and Cerambycidae. These include an im-
mense number of different genera and species ; in Crotch's List of the Coleoptera of North
America (north of Mexico), there are enumerated the names of no less than 1 89 species of the
former family and 552 of the latter ; about one-third of these are found in this country. It
is evident, then, that to give a bare list of all our Tanadian species of woe! borers would oc-
eupy no little space, while a detailed description of them, if one were competent for the task,
would fill m.my issues of this Report. We propose, therefore, on the present occasion to merely
give a brief account of the eight species depicted on the accompanying plate. These we have
selected on account of their frequent occurrence in almost all parts of the country, and the
consequent familiarity of their appearanee even to uon-Eutomologists. ' 'ur readers will, we
are sure, be pleased with the beauty of the figures, which have been admirably drawn upon
stone by Mr. L. Tronvelot, of Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Taking the species in the order in which they are numbered on the plate, we come first to
I. MONOHAMMUS SCUTELLATUS SAT — A PiNE-TREE BoRER.
This beetle, which derives its specific name from its conspicuously white scutellum, is of
a shining black colour on both the upper and under surfaces, thickly punctured with irregu-
1 ir impressions; on the wing cases there are, as shown in the fiirure, a number of scattered
whitish spots of various shapes and sizes; tli.j.se, on close inspection, are found to be com-
posed of dense short white hairs, which often become rubbed off and disappear ; the thorax is
armed on each side with a thick triangular spine ; the antennae are uiany-jointed, and about
the same length as the body in the male, while in the female they are about twice that pro-
portion. The size of the beetle varies from less than half an inch in the male to over three-
quarters of an inch (exclusive of the antemne) in the female. The larva is a large thick
white grub, destitute of legs, divided into a number of well-marked segments ; the head armed
with a strong pair of jaws. The larva infests the pine, after the timber has been cut or newly
fallen, and often causes serious injury to it by boring large oval shaped holes which extend
for long distances through the interior of the log. The perfect insects appear iu June, and
are sometimes very abundant ; we have occasionallv fouud them swarming in ^reat numbers
on fallen pine trees. The insect is commou throughout Canada and the neighbouring States.
The following general account of the larvae of the family '(Gerambycidce), to which
this beetle belongs, taken from Harris's Injurious Insec s. page 93-4, will be of interest,
and will enable the reader the more readily to understand the structures and habits of these
borers in their earlier stages. " Tne larvae hatched from the eggs — which are laid by the
parent beetle in holes and chinks of the bark — are long, whitish, fleshy grubs, with the
transverse incisions of the body very deeply marked, so that the rings are very convex or
hunched above and below. The bxly tapers a little behind, and is blunt-pointed. The head
is much smaller than the first ring, slightly bent downwards, of a horny consistence, and is
provided wi&li short but very powerful jaws, bv means whereof tne insect can bore, as with
;33
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
a centre-bit, a cylindrical passage through the most solid wood. Some of these borers have
six very small legs, namely, one pair under each of the first three rings, but most of them
want even these short and imperfect limbs, and move through their burrows by alternate
ex 'Elision and contraction of their bodies, on each or on most of the rings of which, both
above and below, there is an oval space covered with little elevation*, somewhat like the
teeth of a fine rasp ; and these little oval rasps, which are designed to aid the grubs in their
motions, fully make up to them the want of proper feet.
" Some of these borers always keep one end of their burrows open out of which,
from time to time, they cast their chips, resembling coarse sawdust ; others, as fast as they
proceed, fill up the passages behind them with their castings, well known by the name of
' powder post.' These borers live from one year to three or perhaps four years before they
come to their growth. They undergo their transformations at the furthest extremity of their
burrows, many of them previously gnawing k passage through the wood to the inside of
the bark, for their future escape. The pupa is at first soft and whitish, and it exhibits all
the parts of the future beetle under a filmy veil which enwraps every limb. The wings
and legs are folded upon the breast, the long antenna? are turned back against the sides of
the body, and then bent forwards between the legs. When the beetle has thrown off its
pupa skin, it gnaws away the thin coat of bark that covers the mouth of its burrow, and
comes oitt of its dark and confined retreat, to breathe the fresh air, and to enjoy for the
first time the pleasure of sight, and the use of the legs and wings with which it is pro-
vided." This account of the larval and pupal state of the long-horned beetles, applies more
or less closely to all the insects described in this paper, with the exception of Xo. 5, Chryso-
bothris f&morata, which belongs to the Buprestidoe, a totally different family of beetles.
II. Clytus speciosus Say (genus Glycobvus Lee.) — The Maple- tree Borer."
The colours of this very handsome insect are deep velvety biack aud bright yellow. The
figure represents its shape and markings so accurately that further description is unneces-
sary; the size depicted, however, is decidedly above the average. This wasp-like beetle is not
very abundant, but may occasionally be found on Maple trees, winch its larval infest both
when growing in the forest and also when cut into cord-wood. The eggs are laid by the
parent beetle on the trunk of the Sugar maple during the middle of summer; when
hatched the grubs penetrate througli the bark and make long winding borings through the
solid wood. Occasionally they ar^ very destructive to young Maple frees, but on the
whole they are not sufficiently numerous to be objects of dread. Should they at any time
threaten injury to these favourite shade tre^s, the larva; may be goi rid of by passing a
somewhat flexible wire into their burrows until it reaches the grub within. The entrance
may be discovered by the sawdust that they cast out.
111. ORTHOSOMA CYLINDRICUM Fab. — A Pl.NE BoREE.
Tills large beetle is toe commonest and best known of our wood-borers ; its habit
of flvinc: through open windows into lighted rooms during the warm evenings of July,
usuallv to the great alarm of the inmates, has caused its appearance to be very familiar
to every one. It is one of our largest beetles, measuring oftentimes as much as an
inch and a half in length by over a third of an iuch in breadth. Its general colour
* A full account of this Insect, by Mr. E. B. Eeed, will b- found in the Report of the Entomological
Society for 1872.
334
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
is a chestnut brown, approaching black on the head and antennae. The thorax is armed
with three sharp spines on each side ; each wing-case has three slightly elevated ridges
running lengthwise for nearly the whole length ; the eyes, which are situated behind
the antennae, are enormously large and ver}' conspicuous. The larva (Fig. 1) is a large
fat white grub, with powerful jaws of a darker colour ; it feeds upon the wood of the
Pine, and from its size often injures the timber very materially. It will, no doubt, how-
ever, be considered a decidedly beneficial insect by some of our. readers who live in newly-
cleared settlements, when we mention that it affects pine- stumps especially, and often
aids materially in reducing them to a state of rottenness.
The perfect insect, like most of the long-horned beetles, posesses the power of mak-
ing a curious creaking noise. In the generality of species this is produced by rubbing
the joints of the thorax together, or against the base of the wing-covers ; but this spe-
cies, according to Professor Piley (Canadian Entomologist, vol. iv. p. 140), "is a true fid-
dler, stridulating, like the Orthopterous Locustidai, by rubbing the hind femora against
the elytra. If a specimen be carefully examined, the inside of these femora will be found
rasped from the base to near the tip by a number of short longitudinal ridges, which,
when played against the thin and sharp emarginations of the elytra, produce the rather
loud creaking so peculiar to this beetle." •
IV. Clytus robinle Forst — The Locust Tree Borer.
(The synonymy of this insect has been rather perplexing ; it is now included in the
genus Cyllene Newm. ; for a long time we were accustomed to call it Clytus fiemwsus Fab.,
but the specific name given above has the priority. It was also long considered to be
identical with C. pictus Drury, that bores into the Hickory, but the late Mr. Walsh
proved satisfactorily that the two species are distinct.) The general colour of this insect
is deep black with light yellow stripes ; on the head and thorax these stripes form narrow
transverse bands, but on the wing-covers there is first of all a narrow yellow anterior
edging (not shown in the figure) ; then a slightly flexuous stripe (not straight as in the
figure) ; this is followed by a narrow zig-zag band forming a letter W across the wings,
and three irregularly wavy and broken stripes ; there is also a yellow dot at the tip, and
broader stripes on the sides of the abdomen of the same colour. The antennae are long
and many-jointed, and of a dark brown colour ; the legs are long and of a tawny hue.
The larva is a whitish coloured grub, about an inch long and the thickness of an ordinary
goose-quill, and is furnished with six very minute legs. When young it appears to bore
chiefly into the sap-wood, but afterwards strikes off into the solid wood of the tree,
perforating it in every direction. Its presence is early indicated by the little heaps of
sawdust extruded from the holes, and accumulated about the base of the tree.
The following account of the habits of this insect, by Dr. Harris, (Injurious Insects,
page 103), is so excellent and coincides so exactly with our own observations that we can-
not forbear quoting it, though it may be familiar to some of our readers. " In the month
of September," he says, '• these beetles gather on the locust trees, where they may be seen
glittering in the sunbeams with their gorgeous livery of black velvet and gold, coursing
up and down the trunks in pursuit of their mates, or to drive away their rivals, and
stopping every now and then to salute those they meet with a rapid bowing of the
shoulders, accompanied by a creaking sound, indicative of recognition or defiance
Having paired, the female attended by her partner, creeps over the bark, searching the
crevices with her antennae, and dropping therein her snow-white eggs, in clusters of seven
or eight together, and at intervals of five or six minutes, until her whole stock is safely
stored. The eggs are soon hatched, and the grubs immediately burrow into the bark,
devouring the soft inner substance that suffices for their nourishment till the approach of
winter, during which they remain at rest in a torpid state. In the spring they bore
through the sap-wood, more or less deeply into the trunk, the general course of their
winding and irregular passage being in an upward direction from the place of their
entrance. For a time they cast their chips out of their holes as fast as they are made ;
but after a while the passage becomes clogged and the burrow more or less filled with
the coarse and fibrous fragments of wood, to get rid of which the grubs are often obliged
to open new holes through the bark. The seat of their operations is known by the oozing
335
41 Victoria Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
of the sap and the dropping of the sawdust from the holes. The bark around the part
attacked begins to swell, and in a few years the trunks and limbs will become disfigured
and weakened by large porous tumours, caused by the efforts of the trees to repair the
injuries they have suffered."
The history of this insect is rather a curious one. For a little over a hundred years
it has been known to inhabit the State of New York, its appearance and habits being
recorded by some English Entomologists of the last century. About thirty years ago it
was found as far west as Chicago, whence it spread throughout the State of Illinois, but it
was not till 1863 that it reached Rock Island, about two hundred miles further west,
where — Mr. Walsh relates — it suddenly appeared in great swarms and utterly destroyed
all the Locust trees. The first record we have found of its appearauce in Canada is by
Mr. Couper, who states (Can. Journal, 1855, p. 377) that he observed some Locust trees
attacked by this insect in Montreal in September, 1855. In 1862 it began to be very
destructive to the Locusts in Toronto, and for several years was excessively abundant
there. In 1867 we found it at Credit, about twenty miles west of Toronto ; it almost en-
tirely destroyed all the Locust trees in the neighbourhood. In 1873 Mr. Reed relates its
appearance in enormous numbers at London, Out. ; now it appears to be generally dis-
tributed throughout this province, and occasionally becomes very injurious to these orna-
mental trees. The perfect insect, in the localities it frequents, may usually be found in
September on the flowers of the Golden-rod (Solidago), of which it eats the pollen, as well
as upon the trunks of the trees it infests.
It is not easy to apply a remedy for an insect of this kind, still much may be done
to save favourite trees in one's garden, provided they are not very large. The most satis-
factory plan seems to be to rub over the trunk and large limbs of the tree with strong
soap about the end of August ; this will prevent the mother-beetle from laying her eggs
upon the bark in September. Of course the application will have to be renewed after
heavy showers. Dr. Harris suggests that whitewashing, or covering the trees with graft-
ing-wax, would be effective in repelling the female. It would be of benefit also to gather
and destroy the beetles wherewr they may be found ; children might be employed for
this purpose to search the flowers of the Golden-rod as well as to carefully examine the
trunks of the trees ; should they be too high up to reach, a sharp blow with a stick on
the trunk of the tree will cause them to fall to the ground. A little familiarity will soon
overcome the natural :epugnance to handling so wasp like a creature.
V. Chrysobothris femorata Fab. — The Buprestis, or Flat-headed
Apple-tree Borer.
This insect belongs to the family Buprestidse, while all the others on our plate be-
long to the Cerambycida? ; the difference in shape and structure, and especially in the
length of the antenna?, is very noticeable in the figures. The accompanying woodcut
(Fig. 2), when compared with that of the pine-borer given above (Fig. 1), will show our
readers how this insect differs in this larval state, also from the long-horned beetles. The
larva is shown at a, the chrysalis at b, the head and first segments of the larva at c and
the perfect beetle slightly enlarged at d.
The natural history of the insect may be briefly related, as
follows : The egg is deposited by the female beetle in the chinks
and crevices of the bark some time during the early part of sum-
mer; from this the young grub soon hatches, and works its
way into the soft sap-wood immediately beneath. Here it eats
away, while the cavity inside becomes larger and larger, and it
increases in size itself, gradually working upwards until it be-
comes pretty well grown, when it bores into the solid heart of the
wood, and forms a flattish burrow, corresponding to its own flat
form. When several attack the same tree, as is generally the
case, their burrows, of course approach very near each other,
and cause its death; in any case, they very much injure its
vitality and bring on decay. In the spring of the. year the grub
Tig. 2. assumes its pupa state, and comes out as a perfect beet." in the
336
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
end of June, or during July, when it may be found basking on the tree trunks in the
hot sunshine. It is very lively when danger threatens, and will take wing instantly if
an attempt is made to catch it. Its blackish colour above so much resembles the bark
of the tree that it readily escapes the notice of an ordinary observer ; but beneath it is of
a beautifully burnished dark copper colour, looking as if it were made of metal, beneath
the wing covers it is bluish. While the figure gives the shape of the insect very correctly,
it much exaggerates its size, which seldom exceeds three eighths of an inch ■ the light
spots on the wing-cover are also erroneous in being very much too conspicuous.
The presence of the grub in the tree may be detected by the discolouration of the
bark, and its flattened, dried appearance. All such spots should be opened with a knife,
and the insect at once despatched. The burrows may be discovered by the presence on
the bark of the fine sawdust cast out by the larva.
The insect attacks not only the apple, but also different kinds of oak, especially the
white oak, and according to Prof. Riley, the mountain ash, linden or bass-wood, box-elder,
beech, plum, pear, cherry and peach.
With regard to remedies, one important fact — we quote from Prof. Riley, (7th Mis-
souri Report, page 76) should be borne in mind. The natural breeding place of the insect
is undoubtedly in the old decaying oaks of our woods, and I have known it to swarm in
old post-oak stumps from which the tops had been felled for a number of years. In fact
it prefers partially dead or injured trees to those which are thrifty and vigorous, and
partly for this reason, and partly because rough, cracked bark forms a better nidus to lay
her eggs, in the species is most abundantly found on the south-west side of young apple
trees where they are most apt to get injured by sun-scald. Sickliness in the tree, or
injury from any cause predisposes to its attacks. It is for this reason that transplanted
trees, checked as they are in their growth usually fare badly. But there is yet one other
predisposing cause which few people suspect, and that is reckless and careless pruning,
especially of the larger branches. Many a fin© orchard tree, and many more city shade
trees, receive their death shock from the reckless sawing off of limbs without eftort being
made to heal the wound by coating with grafting-wax, clay or other protecting substance.
Around such an unprotected sawed limb, as around the frustum of a felled tree, the rain
and other atmospheric influences soon begin their work of causing decay between the bark
and the solid wood ; and this is but the forerunner of greater injury by insects which are
attracted to the spot, and which, though hidden meanwhile from view, soon carry the de-
struction from the injured to the non-injured parts. Among the insects thus attracted,
the Chrybothris plays no mean part, where, had the wounded limb been protected, its
presence would never have been known. It thus becomes of the first importance in
treating this insect, to keep the young trees vigorous and healthy, and the bark as smooth
and as free from injury as possible. Young trees are far more liable to be attacked than
old ones, and consequently require greater care."
" As a preventive against the insects attack's there is nothing better than coating the
trunks and larger branches with soap at least twice a year, once toward the end of May,
and again in July or August. The soap is not only obnoxious to the beetle, but it tends
to keep the bark clean and smooth, so as to offer no attraction to the female, and is withal
beneficial to the tree. The trees should also be examined carefully late in the fall. At
this season, or even in the winter time, the young borers which have just commenced
work, are easily detected and destroyed by a knife before they have done much harm.
VI. Saperda Candida Fab. — The Two-Striped Apple-Tree Borer.
This insect, which rivals the foregoing species in the injuries it inflicts upon Apple
trees, is a pale-brown beetle with two chalky-white longitudinal stripes running from the
head to the apex of the wing-covers ; its under side, legs and face are also chalky-white,
and its antennae a little darker ; its length is about three-quarters of aninch. The larva
is of a pale yellow or whitish colour, with a brownish polished head and black jaws ; it
is destitute of legs, but like other larvae of the same family, it is enabled to move in its
burrows by the contraction and expansion of its well-defined segments ; when fully grown
it is about an inch long. It may readily be distinguished from the preceding species by
22 337
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (Xo. 1.)
A. 1878
its cylindrical and more symmetrical shape, as is apparent from the accompanying figure
(Fig. 3). The larva is shown at a, the pupa or chrysalis at b, the perfect beetle at c.
The perfect insect (to quote from our Report for 1870) makes its appearance in June
and July hnt is seldom s- >en. -• it usually remains in concealment during the day, and
flies only at high t. The females
deposit their eggs upon the
I >ark of the tree near the base
>f the trunk, or collar as it is
termed. From the eggs are
soon hatched out tiny whitish
grubs, which penetrate the
'•ark and leave a hole so
minute that it soon closes up.
For the first year the grub
feeds only upon the sap-wood,
in which it excavates a round
smooth cavity immediately beneath the bark, generally nearly filled, when opened, with
the saw-dust-like castings of the worm. These castings may very frequently be observed ex-
truded from the burrow and on the ground at the base of the tree; whenever they arenoticed
search should at once be made for the borer within. As this borer does not occur in any
part of Canada in which we have resided, we have had but little opportunity of investi-
gating its habits, we therefore quote the following excellent account from our friend Mr.
Beadle's Prize Essay on the Apple (Fruit Growers' Report, 1868, p. 172): "When the
grub has become about half-grown it ceases to cast the dust out of its cavity, and proceeds
to fill it up, at the same time boring a passage or gallery upwards into the heart of the
tree. This gallery is continued upwards, of varying length, sometimes not more than
two inches, and sometimes twelve inches, and is gradually brought outwards again to the
bark of the tree, but not through it. When the grub has completed this gallery, it turns
round and returns to that part which is nearest to the heart of the tree ; this part it now
enlarges by tearing off the fibre from the walls, and with this fibre carefully and securely
closes the entrance, so that if some insect enemy should find its way through the hole in
the bark at the collar into the chamber where it passed the first part of its life that enemy
could not enter the gallery to its present abode. Meanwhile it crowds its sawdustdike
castings into the upper extremity of the gallery against the bark, thus, at the same time,
diminishing the danger of attack from that quarter, and keeping its chamber tidy. Hav-
ing thus perfected its arrangements, it again turns round so as to have its head upward,
passes the winter in a torpid state, and in the spring casts off its skin and becomes a pupa,
from which in June the perfect insect hatches, climbs to the upper end of the gallery, tears
away the fine sawdust, gnaws a hole through the bark and creeps forth." When several
of these borers are at work in the same tree, their excavations approach each other so
closely as often to girdle the tree and cause its destruction.
Many modes have been proposed for the destruction of this noxious insect, some of
them essentially absurd, such as plugging up the holes in the trees which are made by the
beetle when taking his departure from the scene of his early life, after he has finished his
work of mischief. The simplest and most effectual remedies are : (1) the application of
soap (cold made soft soap is especially recommended) to the trunk of the tree early in
June and again in July j rub it well over, especially near the base of the trunk, and place
a portion in the fork of the tree that it may be washed down into the crevices of the bark
by the rains. (2) If the Borer has already taken up his abode in the tree, cut into his
burrows with a sharp knife and get him out ; his presence may generally be detected near
the collar of the tree by the discoloration of the bark and by the sawdust castings. This
is the most effectual, and by no means difficult remedy ; much benefit, however, may also
be derived from washing this part of the tree with lye, or any strong alkaline solution,
which will penetrate the interstices of the bark and kill any young grubs that may be
commencing to make their way inwards. The trees should be carefully examined — especi-
ally if young and not long planted out — at different times during the year, as well as in
i tie Spring.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Thus far this most injurious insect has only been found in certain portions of this
country, being very abundant in the Niagara district, and in the neighbourhood of Mon-
treal and Quebec, but happily rare, or eutirely absent, from almost all other parts.
Prof. Bell (in the Fruit Growers' Report for 1875) relates that a specimen was captured in
the year 1873 near the Town of Belleville ; no .doubt it was imported, probably in the
larval state, in trees from the United States or some other district infested by the insect
VII. MONOHAMMUS CONFUSOR KlRBY — A PlNJS TREE BORER.
This fine beetle, which is especially remarkable for the extraordiuary length of its antennae,
is, in our pine regions, one of the most common and destructive of our insect enemies. Its
general colour is an ashen grey, mottled with variable darker spots ; the scutellum is white •
there are also patches of whitish colour on the head, thorax and abdomen. These variations
of colour, being due to a covering of very fine short hairs, which oftentimes are rubbed off,
are not to be depended upon in the determination of the species. As in M. scutellatus (fi<*.
1), each side of the thorax is armed with a short thick spine. The length of the insect
varies from three-quarters of an inch to an inch and a half — the average size being over an
inch ; the antennae of the males vary in length from one and a half to three inches, ; those of
the female are somewhat shorter. The larva is a large, white, somewhat cylindrical grub
destitute of feet. During the summer the female lays her eggs in crevices of the bark of
the white and red pine, selecting for the most part timber that has been scorched by fire, or
felled by the wind or the lumberman's axe ; the larva when hatched soon eats its way into
the wood, and before this period of its existence is closed it often burrows immense o-alleries
through and through the solid interior. As it lives a long time in the larval state, the per-
fect insect is frequently only developed after the timber has been built into a house and then
suddenly emerges from its concealment to the great consternation of the inhabitants of the
dwelling. The larva, when burrowing in the wood, makes a loud noise like the borino- of an
auger, which on a still night may be heard for a considerable distance. The species is very
generally distributed throughout Canada and the Northern States ; in the pine growing re-
gions it is often excessively abundant.
A very interesting and valuable account of this insect is given by the late Mr. E. Billings
of the Canadian Geological Survey in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, for December,
1862, (vol. vii. pp. 430-438). As the work is not likely to be in the hands of more than a
very few of our readers, we cannot do better than give some extracts from it. Mr. Billings
from his long residence in the lumbering districts of the Ottawa valley, had more than ordi-
nary opportunities of observing the life and habits of the insect, and may therefore be justly
considered an excellent authority upon the subject. " These insects," he relates, " attack
dead timber, and also trees which have received some injury, and are in an unhealthy condi-
tion. I have never seen the female laying her eggs on a perfectly healthy and sound pine
tree. Timber newly fallen is always attacked by them. The first dwellings constructed in
the new settlements are generally made of logs with either the whole or a portion of the bark
remaining on them. The inside is not plastered, except in the crevices between the logs •
if these latter happen to be pine, the Monohammus lays her eggs in the bark, on the outside
of the house, and for months afterwards the larva may be heard in the stillness of the night
making a noise like the boring of a small auger. The perfect insect sometimes comes out on
the inside of the wall, and suddenly drops down upon the floor, the table, or the bed, to the
great alarm of the inmates, who imagine that an insect with such great horns must bite or
sting with proportionate severity."
" For the manufacture of boards or planks, the pine trees are cut up into lengths of from
twelve to eighteen feet, and are either drawn or floated to the mill. The logs are got out
during the winter, and if they remain in the mill-yard one season, they are invariably found
to be bored through in all directions by larva? of these beetles, and the boards greatly deterio-
rated in value. Where extensive operations are carried on, a single lumberman will some-
times have a license giving him possession of over a hundred square miles of pine forest. In
the months of May and June it often happens that great fires sweep through the woods
burning up all the fallen trees and dry branches strewn over the ground, and so scorching
the living pines that most of them wither at the top and die during the season Trees thus
injured are soon attacked by both M. Confusor and M. Scutellatus, and within one year are
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
so greatly bored that they are unfit for the manufacture of timber. Those experienced in
the business, however, well understand the habits of the insect in this respect, and hasten to
make the timber before it is destroyed. Pines scorched by the spring fires must be cut
down and made into lumber the next autumn. After one of these fires it generally happens
that there is a regular race between the lumberers and the beetles, the prize being a grove of
white or red pine. I was told that Messrs. Egan & Co., lost £40,000 worth of timber by
some unavoidable delay of a few months. Pine trees, when scorched, would be sound enough
for timber five years afterwards, if it were not for the attacks of these formidable destroyers.
" When there are only a few pines, as in the neighbourhood of Montreal, it is rare to
meet with more than one or two of these beetles together. But in the great forests of the
Ottawa it is not unusual to find fifteen or twenty on a single tree. On one occasion I saw
an extraordinary number, and entered an account of the circumstances in my note-book on
the spot. It was on the 11th of September, 1857. I was at that time making some
geological observations in the neighbourhood of Lake Clear, in the County of Renfrew.
Following on the lumber road through the woods, I came to a place which had been burned
over some time during the preceding spring. There was one large white pine standing on
the sunny side of a small gently sloping hill. The height of this tree was about 120 feet,
and its diameter nearly 3 feet. About 30 feet at the base was scorched ; it was 60 feet
to the lowest branch, and as nearly as I could judge, the foliage for 20 feet at the very
top had turned yellow. The remainder was green, and apparently healthy. This tree
was swarming with M. Confusor, and many of the females were occupied in laying their
eggs. I think there were at least 300 of both sexes, and I saw several flying from other
trees thirty or forty yards distant. In flying, the body is not horizontal, but inclined
at an angle of only fifteen or twenty degrees from the perpendicular. The insects were
on all parts of the tree, and they did not appear to take a firm hold of the bark, for a
heavy blow with the hammer, at the base, would bring down a dozen at a time, some of them
falling from near the top. While falling, they did not attempt to fly. I had fifty or sixty
crawling around me at once, and had a fine opportunity to observe the very considerable
variation in the size of the individuals, and the length of the antennas. When two of them going
in opposite directions, met face to face, a clumsy kind of fight took place, in which they reared
up and pushed against each other, until one or other fell over backwards. They bit each other
with their mandibles, but with no effect that I could perceive. The females fought with each
other, or with the males, indifferently There can be little doubt but that this tree was,
during the next twelve months, totally destroyed. If there were 150 females, and each laid
200 eggs, and half of these produced a healthy larva, then in one year this tree must have been
perforated by 15,000 galleries. I examined other trees in the neighbourhood, and on a few
only did I see any of the beetles, usually from one to four or five on each. 1 can only
account for the preference given to this particular tree, by supposing that it was in a better
condition for the nourishment of the larvae than the others, and that the instinct of the females
directed them to it. It is probable that nearly all the females for a considerable distance
around were thus brought together on one tree, and were followed by the males."
"I cannot say whether or not these insects ever attack a perfectly healthy and sound
tree. I think they do not, and yet their ravages are certainly injurious to the commerce of
this country, as they destroy a vast deal of fallen or scorched timber, which otherwise might
be brought to market at any time during several years after the trees have received a
death-blow by fire or storm. I think also that thousands of trees, only sufficiently injured
by fire to throw them for a while into a weakly or unhealthy condition, would recover were
it not for the attacks of these formidable creatures."
The only means of warding off the attacks of these destructive insects is to manufac-
ture without delay, all scorched or fallen timber, and to strip the bark off all saw-logs
that are left over a summer before being cut up in a mill. When the bark is removed
the female has no convenient and safe place in which to deposit her eggs, and thus the
timber escapes her attacks.
VIII. Oberea tripunctata Fab. — The Raspberry Twig-Girdler.
We now come to the last insect on our plate ; the figure is a good deal exaggerated in
size, the length of the beetle being under half an inch, and its width one-tenth of an inch.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Its colour is deep black, with the exception of the thorax above and the front part of the
breast beneath, which are rusty yellow ; on the thorax there are three small elevated black
dots, arranged in a triangle (not two only, as in the figure), whence is derived the specific
name of the insect. The antennae are nearly, if not quite, as long as the body. The beetles
are usually found in July and the beginning of August ; they attack all the varieties of
raspberry, and come into gardens from the fields and clearings, where we have often taken
specimens and observed their work. The mode of attack is peculiar : the first appear-
ance of injury is usually manifested by the withering and drooping of the ends of the
young shoots. On inspection, it is found that at the base of the affected part there are
two rows of punctures, half an inch apart, running completely round the canes, and so
girdling them that the supply of sap is stopped and the tops necessarily soon wither and
break off. The parent insect begins by cutting with its jaws a series of small punctures
side by side around the cane, six or seven inches from the top. As soon as the first row
is completed, it turns round, and facing the other way, cuts a second row, measuring the
length of its own body. These two girdles being completed, it makes a small hole a little
way above the lower girdle and deposits in it its small yellow egg. The whole operation
occupies an hour or more. From this egg there hatches out in a few days a small, yellow,
footless grub, which proceeds to burrow downwards, eating the pith of the cane and even-
tually causing its destruction.
In our Entomological Report for 1873, Mr. Saunders gives a full, scientific descrip-
tion of the larva of this insect and many other interesting particulars to which we beg to
refer the reader. Though certain that the girdling of the raspberry canes was caused by
this insect, he states that he had " not yet seen the bettle in the act of depositing their
eggs " and making the girdles. We are glad to be able to complete the life history of the
insect by the account we have given above, which is taken from repeated observations that
we made ourselves several years ago at Cobourg, the substance of which we embodied in
an article in the Canada Farmer of 1869, (page 338.) The object of this singular girdling
operation is, in all probability, to check the growth of the cane, and so prevent the crush-
ing and destruction of the egg or larva by the rapid increase of cells and tissues in the plant.
An obvious remedy for the injuries inflicted by this insect is to break off at the lower
girdle and burn the affected twigs, as soon as possible after they are observed to wither ;
the egg or newly-hatched larva will thus be destroyed and the increase of the species
checked.
In the foregoing description of the wood-boring beetles figured on our plate, our aim
has been, not to write an original dissertation upon the insects, but to gather together
from various sources, as well as from our own observations, all the information respecting
them that we have thought would be of interest or value to the readers of these Reports.
We hope that the beauty and graceful forms of the insects will lead many of our country
friends to collect for themselves, and then study the life history of these wonderful deni-
zens of our groves and forests.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
THE APHIDES OR PLANT LICE.
By W. Saunders, London, Ont.
Under the common term aphis or plant louse, is embraced a number of distinct species,
belonging sometimes to different genera, but all resembling each other so closely in appear-
ance or habits as to lead to their being grouped under one common name. So closely do
many of the species resemble each other, that their distinguishing features cannot be made
out without the use of a magnifying lens. There are very few plants, shrubs, ornamental or
fruit trees, but are more or less affected by these insects, and on many of them they luxuriate
and thrive to such an extent as sometimes to threaten their destruction. These plant lice are
not restricted to any particular part of a plant j often they are found on the leaves, but some-
times on the stems, or again on the roots of plants, while other species roll up the leaves, or
form gall-like swellings on them. This troublesome tribe of insects holds a position in regard
to the vegetable world somewhat analagous to that of some well-known parasites on animals ;
hence the popular name plant lice. They belong also to the same great order of insects,
Hemiptera, all of whom obtain their livelihood in a similar manner, viz., by suction. They
are all furnished with a beak-like mouth, sometimes hard and solid, which is thrust into the
plant or animal they are feeding on, and used to extract its fluids.
Plant lice are remarkable for their fecundity. People are often puzzled at finding their
plants or trees swarming with plant lice, where a week or two before there was scarcely one to
be found. As a general rule an aphis, during the summer season, reaches maturity in ten
or twelve days from birth, after which it produces every day two young ones, which, contrary
to the general rule with insects, are born alive. This rate of increase is maintained for a con-
siderable period, from fifteen to twenty days or more ; the young begin to produce in like
manner in from eight to ten days, and so on through the third, fourth, and sometimes up to
the twentieth generation in one season. Some idea may be formed of the numbers which in
a short time this rate of increase would produce, from a calculation of Curtis, a celebrated
English Entomologist, who has computed that, from one egg only, there would be produced
in seven generations, taking thirty as the average of each brood, the enormous number of
seven hundred and twenty-nine millions, so that were they all permitted to live, everything
on the face of the earth would in a short time be covered with them. Indeed, sometimes the
possible rate of increase is even greater than this. Dr. Fitch, late State Entomologist, of
New York, has ascertained by actual experiment that in the case of the grain aphis, the wing-
less females become mothers at three days old, and thereafter produce four little ones every
day, so that even in the short space of twenty days the progeny of one specimen, if all were
preserved from destruction, would number upwards of two millions.
It may be urged in objection to these calculations, that no allowance is made for a cer-
tain percentage being males, but strange to say, all through the summer there are no males
born, but all are fertile individuals, giving birth to others, and these to others still, inde-
pendent of any influence from the opposite sex. With many species, some individuals of each
brood acquire wings, while others are wingless ; the wingless ones remain, of course, upon the
plant on which they were produced, while the winged specimens fly to other plants, where
they establish new colonies. About the middle of September the last generation for the year
is produced, which consists of males and females, the males generally becoming winged. On
reaching maturity, the sexes pair, when the females no longer bring forth young, but lay eggs,
which are able to resist the severe cold of winter, and these hatching in the following spring,
produce mothers which bring forth their young alive. The individuals composing the late
brood having provided for the continuation of their race, generally die on the approach
of winter.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
It appears that there are, however, exceptions to this general rule. In the case of the
grain aphis, Dr. Fitch says that he has watched it the year round so closely that he is
perfectly assured that no eggs were laid and no males produced, and he further states
that in the autumn the mature lice continued to produce young ones until they and their
young became congealed upon the leaves of the young grain by the advancing cold of the
season, and in this state they were buried beneath the snows of winter and with the warmth
of the ensuing spring they were thawed and returned to life again. Prof. Cyrus Thomas
also found living lice upon young fall wheat in South Illinois in the middle of winter, and
after much sleet and rain had fallen. Eren so far north as Connecticut, Prof. Verrill found
numbers of wholly plant lice of all sizes on the branch of an apple tree so late in the year as
December 11th, and this after two snow-storms and many cold rains and freezing nights.
Indeed those who cultivate plants in their houses or otherwise under glass during the winter,
will not require much evidence further than their own experience to convince them that plant-
lice, tiny, tender looking, and juicy as they are, are endued with such perennial vitality and
hardihood as to require great watchfulness and the frequent use of remedies for their destruc-
tion in or to keep them within due limits.
In figure 4 we give a highly magnified view of
the apple aphis; aphis mali, both in the winged and
wingless forms ; the hair lines along side of the
figures show the natural size of the insects. At the
tip of the abdomen is seen a little projection ; this
is the ovipositor or egg laying instrument, and on
each side of this is another little horn-like projec-
tion. These latter are called the honey tubes, and
through them a sweet liquid is produced which is
sometimes discharged upon the leaves of the infested
plant, which drying up, forms a sweet glutinous
*~ substance known under the name of honey dew.
Fig. 4. In olden times the origin of this honey dew was
shrouded in mystery, and many theories were advanced by sage philosophers to account for
the strange phenomenon. Pliny, the great Roman naturlist, hesitates whether to call this
honey dew the sweat of the Heavens, the saliva of the stars, or a liquid produced by the
purgation of the air. Thanks to the careful observations of entomologists, philosophers have
no longer any reason to puzzle themselves as to its origin.
In this connection another strange feature deserves explanation. Most attentive
observers will have noticed that where trees or plants in the open ground are infested by
plant lice, they are also much frequented by ants who are busy running up and down
the trunk or stem the whole day long. This association of these insects has led some to
suppose that the aphis are in some way produced from the ants, and we have heard of various
ingenious devices being resorted to, to prevent the ants from ascending the trees, under the
idea that in this manner the aphis might be in some measure got rid of. A. slight examinr-
tion will suffice to show the fallacy of this view, and reveal the real object the ants have in
their visits. It is a well established fact, as most housewives know to their cost, that ants
are very fond of sweet things. Examine closely one of the groups of plant lice which are
being visited by the ants and you will see one or more ants walking about among them ;
apply a magnifying lens to the group, and you will presently perceive an ant drumming
gently on the back of a plant louse with its flail-like antennae until it coaxes the aphis to emit
from its honey tubes a drop of the sugary liquid. This the ant absorbs and passes on to an-
other,which is subject to similar treatment, and so on until having filled itself, it descends to
the earth and having regained its nest, discharges the sweet fluid into the mouths of the help-
less maggots, the larvae of the future ants, which are entirely dependent for their sustenance
on these industrious, working ants. Linneus, one of the earliest entomologists, and a most
careful investigator, truly observes, "the ant ascends the tree that it may milk its cows, the
plant lice." These honey tubes are shown more prominently in fig. 5, which represents a
wingless aphis.
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
That the ants value their useful cattle, and carefully watch
over them, there is abundant evidence ; they regularly visit them
for the purpose of milking them, and, according to Dr. Fitch,
" some of the ants remain constantly by them night and day to
protect these small, weak creatures from being molested by their
insect or other enemies. Thus, before we are able to inspect a
colooy of plant lice, we are first obliged to brush off or destroy
the ants which are guarding theni.'" The late Dr. Walsh says,
"It is certainly true that the ants, if they can help it, will not
allow any winged fly to visit their milch kine, being probably
afraid that such flies come to rob them of the sugary fluid in
which they take such delight. Thus, unconscious of what they
are really doing, they often drive off Ichneumon flies, that would
otherwise deposit their eggs in the bodies of the plant lice, and
Fig. 5. thereby cause their death, and Syrphus flies that would otherwise
lay their eggs among the plant lice. But I have repeatedly seen them gathering in crowds
round one of the fat fleshy aphis-devouring larvae of the Syrphus flies, pulling him about in
every direction, as if to ascertain whether he had got any honey in his body, like their friends
the plant lice, and then, having apparently satisfied themselves that the fat gentleman was
not in the grocery business, and not knowing that he butchered daily hundreds of their
honey-producing friends, turn away in despair, and leave him, unharmed and unwounded, to
his own devices, as a hard case that nobody could make anything of. It is apparently for the
same reason, namely, to prevent sugar-loving flies from robbing them of their own private and
peculiar honey dew, that ants occasionally construct a kind of tent round a little flock of
their plant lice, but only where those plant lice are located on a twig, and never, so far as I
have observed, where they are located on a leaf."
Notwithstanding all the care the ants may take to repel intruders, thousands of flies
share in the sweets produced by the plant lice, and often the location of a colony of these in-
sects, which would perhaps otherwise escape observation, may be detected by the loud buzz
occasioned by the disturbance of the attending flies.
But there is seldom a rule without its exception, and while the details given above ap-
ply correctly to hundred of different speeies of plant lice, yet in the case of the grain plant
louse, Aphis avenae, although the honey tubes are well developed, yet they emit no honey, and
in consequence of this, as has been remarked by Dr. Fitch, this species is not attended by
ants. To use the words of the late Dr. Walsh, " as this peculiar breed of cows gives no milk,
the milk maids do not think it worth while to"visit them.
Having now given our readers same idea of the general habits and immense fecundity
of these interesting insects, we shall refer in some detail to a few of the most troublesome
and destructive species reserving what we have to say in regard to the remedies which
nature has provided or man invented for their destruction until we have completed the
enumeration.
The Apple-plant Louse (Aphis mali).
This insect which is represented in fig. 4 is the same as that which similarly infests
the orchards in Europe and has doubtless been introduced on the trees imported into this
country from across the Atlantic. The insects of this species of the previous year deposit
in the fall in the cracks and crevices of the bark of the apple tree large numbers of their
small oval black shining eggs. A large proportion of these are dislodged by the
cold, driving rains and snows of winter, and destroyed ; doubtless also, multitudes are de-
voured by the smaller insectiverous birds. The survivors hatch quite early in spring be-
fore the buds are fully expanded, when the young lice locate themselves on the small,
tender leaves displayed by the bursting bud, and there inserting their sharp leaks into the
tissues of the leaves, pump out their juices. The wingless specimens are of a pale, yellow-
ish, green colour with a yellow head and black eyes and are less than the tenth of an inch
in length. The winged specimens have the head antennae and thorax black, and the body
green.
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Fig. 6.
The Apple-root Plant Louse (Eriosoma pyri).
This species is a woolly louse which
works under ground and produces upon the
roots of the apple tree swellings or excresences
(see fig. 6, a) of varying shapes and sizes ;
diseased growths which interfere seriously
with the free circulation of the sap, an inter-
ference which often results in the death of the
parts involved, and sometimes when these in-
sects are very numerous their united efforts
will occasion the death of the tree. In the
more northerly parts of the Northern States
this pest is very abundant and with us it is
rare to receive a lot of young apple trees either from our own nurserymen or from those
of the United States without finding some of them thus affected.
The mature louse (fig. 6, b) is about the tenth of an inch long including the closed
wings of a dull colour with transparent wings and black legs, and with a peculiar downy or
frosted look produced by the exudation from its body of a bluish white, cottony matter by
which character it can often be readily recognised. When the wings are expanded the
insect measures nearly ^-ths of an inch, (fig. 6, c).
As this species, situated as it is under ground requires diffierent methods of attack from
those which infest the leaves of plants and trees we will refer to them here. The only arti-
ficial remedy yet suggested for the destruction of this pest is hot water used plentifully so
as to scald the roots, or, at least, the larger ones over their entire area. To accomplish this
successfully, it will be necessary to carefully remove the earth from about the surface of the
roots so as to lay them bare. No danger need be apprehended from using the water scalding
hot as the application has often been made without injury. This remedy is not so applicable
to large trees as it is to young trees in the nursery row or those lately planted. As a prepar-
atory measure, mulching the tree has been recom mended, which brings the insects nearer to
the surface where they can more readily be reached by the hot water.
Nature's remedies are, however, in this instance, probably more effectual than any
which man can devise. In the first place, these lice are subject to the attacks of a very
minute parasitic fly ; and secondly, they are destroyed by the larva of the " Eoot-louse
Syrphus Fly," Pipiza radicans, fig. 7 (after Kiley). This latter friend is a fat, footless
grub, fig. la, which lives underground among the lice and devours large numbers of them ;
in the fall it changes to a chrysalis, fig. lb, and appears in the perfect form as a fly, fig. 7 c,
in the following spring.
Fig. 7.
The Cherry-plant Louse, Aphis cerasi.
Probably no species of tree is so regularly infested by aphides as the cherry, and no
species included in this large family of pests is more disgusting in appearance than this
cherry-plant louse, for, while most others are of a more or less lively green colour,
this is nearly black.
These insects begin to appear soon after the leaves have expanded, hatching from eggs
deposited the previous year. They multiply with amazing rapidity, the young ones hud-
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
dling around their parents so closely as to entirely cover the twig, leaf-stem, or portion of
the leaf on which they are feeding ; indeed it is not uncommon to find them two deep, a
portion of the crowded host standing upon the backs of others, all intent on the one
business namely, that of absorbing the juice of the tree, which they do by inserting their
beaks into the succulent portions. They seem never to suffer from over-crowding. Dr.
Fitch estimates — his calculation being based on actual count — that the two surfaces of a
small leaf, but an inch long, would furnish ample space to accommodate a thousand of
these insects.
When we consider the rapid rate of increase which prevails among the aphides, some
details of which we have already given, it is not astonishing that the leaves, leaf-stalks,
tender twigs, and even the fruit-stems are so soon found to be swarming with these pests,
their black bodies literally covering every succulent portion, while all around flies, wasps,
and other insects are swarming, keeping up a constant buz and hum about the infested
tree, to which they are attracted by the sweet liquid which exudes from the bodies of
these aphides. By the end of June they have usually attained their maximum numbers,
for by this time their numerous enemies, which we shall hereafter refer to more in detail,
have become so multiplied as to begin to get the better of them, and when once the scale is
turned against them they are sometimes destroyed so rapidly and entirely that in a few
days not a living specimen can be found, the empty skins of the slain being the only remain-
ing relics of the vast hordes but recently seen. Dr. Fitch well remarks, " It is by looking at
the works of nature in a definite manner, aud tracing out her operations specifically and
in their minute details that we arrive at some faint conceptions of their magnitude and
grandeur, and become vividly impressed with the truth that no other agency than that of a
Creator infinite in wisdom and power could have peopled the world which we inhabit with
such countless numbers, and such an endless variety of objects animate and inanimate, each
occupying its appropriate sphere, and all so arranged as to fulfil the objects for which they
were called into existence. Has the reader as he has passed a forest ever attempted to
conjecture the number of trees which it contained 1 and has his mind passed onward to a
surmise of the probable number of leaves growing upon each tree, and onwards still to
the number of insects which may be drawing their sustenance from each one of these
leaves ; and still further to the number of miuute and infinitesimal parasites which may
be subsisting upon these insects 1 " Such reflections could scarcely fail to lead the thought-
ful observer " from nature up to nature's God."
During July the cherry tree generally enjoys some respite from the attacks of these
tiny foes, but early in August they usually appear again to increase and multiply until
being again overtaken by their enemies they are a second time overcome, this later brood
is seldom as numerous as the first one. This black aphis seems to be restricted to the
cultivated cherry, for we never find them invading any of our native or wild cherry trees,
and these in turn seem each to have a species of plant louse peculiar to them, which sel-
dom if ever attach themselves to the foliage of other kinds. Dr. Fitch has described in
his first report on the noxious insects of New York, a green species Aphis cerasifolice which
affects the undersides of the young and tender leaves of the choke cherry, and refers to
another which infests the wild black cherry.
Thus we might go on enumerating and describing species after species to the exhaustion
of the patience of our readers, for there is scarcely a tree, shrub, or plant, which is not at
some period or other in the year infested with them. We would, however, particularly
mention the currant plant louse Aphis ribis, which swarms on our currant bushes, and
which has probably been imported into this country from Europe ; the Cabbage-plant
louse Aphis brassicce, also introduced from Europe ; the Hop-plant louse Aphis hamuli, and
the Grain-plant louse Aphis avence., since these from their great abundance frequently
attract general attention.
We now propose to refer to the remedies which nature lias provided, and man has
devised for the destruction of these tiny foes, and beginning with the more important and
most effective, we shall first advert to the natural enemies of the plant lice. It has been
truly said, " the plant louse has but one friend — the ant, but its enemies are legion ; and
wisely is it so arranged, for were they permitted to increase and multiply at their natural
rate without material check, ere a few months had elapsed every green thing on the face
of the eartli would be so coverpd with them •!<? to cause general destruction.
:j4(i
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
Fig
Foremost in the list of enemies we must place the lady-birds which feed on little else
than aphis either in the larval or perfect states. Probably the commonest species is that
known as the nine spotted lady-bird Coccinella 9 notata fig. 8, a nearly round insect, of a
brick red colour, with nine black spots, fig. 9, shows the same in the
larval condition. Another common species is the two spotted lady-
bird Coccinella bipunclatav ery similar in form and colour to the pre-
vious species, but smaller and with two black spots instead of nine.
The spotted lady-bird Hippodamia maculata fig. 10, is also
frequently met with, and being found both in Europe and America has prob-
ably been imported from one country to the other. The colour of this
is pink withlarge black spots. The thirteen spotted lady-bird Hippodamia 13
punctata fig. 11, is rather larger than either of the preceding species
" and has thirteen black spots on a brick red ground.
w- The trim lady-bird Coccinella munda, Fig. 12, maybe readily I1
distinguished from most of the other species by its having no black spots on its
red wing cases. The convergent lady-bird Hippodamia convergens, Fig. 13, is
\ W/ if**" or> a deep orange red colour, marked with black and
jas* white. Its larva a, is blue, orange and black in colour,
|Vj|i ill-** b, shows the pupa or chrysalis suspendep by the tail,
Jl\iJ||r W and c, the perfect beetle. This insect is also very useful
Fig. 12. in destroying the eggs and young larvae of the Colorado
potato beetle.
The fifteen spotted Mysia, Mysia 15 punctata, Fig. 14, is one of
Fig.
Fig
the largest species. The perfect
insect varies much in colour
from a light grey to a deep
chestnut brown. An ordinary
observer might readily conclude
that the different forms belonged
to those of distinct species, the
more prominent of these varia-
FlG- 14- tions are shown at d, e, /, g, in
the figure. This predacious species also devours the young of the Colorado beetle, at a, the
larva of thislady-bird is represented in the act of devouring one of these young enemies. In
addition to those we have enumerated, there are a number of other less common species, in
colour mostly yellowish or reddish with black spots or bands. In the larval state they all
resemble each other very much, being elongated in form and active in habit, usually of a
dull colour withmore or less yellowish or bluish markings. Fig. 9 may be referred to as a
type of the whole.
There is still another species, belonging to another genus of lady birds, which, from its
abundance and great usefulness deserves mention, we refer to the twice-stabbed lady-biid
Chilochorus bivulnerus, Fig. 15, a highly polished black insect with two red
spots, and which in form much resembles the half of a split pea. This species
preys more particularly upon bark lice, and hence is most commonly found on
the trunks and branches'of trees. The larva, Fig. 16, is a verycurious,
prickly looking creature, extremely active and voracious in its habits.
Its chrysalis may often be seen on thetrunk of trees partly covered
by the prickly larva skin.
F^rominent also among the insects which subsist upon plant lice, are the aphis
lions, the larvae of the golden-eyed and lace-winged
flies. The perfect insects are very pretty and delicate-
looking creatures, with prominent fiery eyes, slender
bodies, ?,nd two pairs of large, beautifully netted, pale green wings
Many of them, however, when handled, impart an intensely dis-
Fig. 17. agreeable odour to the fingers, and one of a remarkably permanent
character, Fig. 17 represents this insect in theperfect state.
Fig. 15.
347
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The eggs of this insect are curiously placed upon stalks as shown in Fig. 18. Dr. Fitch
says, " Nature has furnished these insects with a fluid analagous to that with which spiders
are provided for spinning their webs, which possesses the re-
markable property of hardening immediately on being ex-
posed tothe air. When ready to drop an egg, the female
touches the end of her body the surface of the leaf, and
then elevating her body, draws out a slender and cob-web-
like thread half an inch long or less, and places a little
oval egg at its summit. Thus a small round spot resembling
• mildew is formed upon the surface of the leaf from the
middle of w hich arises a very slender glossy white thread, which is sometimes split at its
base, thus giving it a more secure attachment than it would have if single. The egg at its
summit is of a pale green colour when newly deposited, but before it hatches it becomes
whitish and shows two or three faint dusky transverse bands. The larva leaves it commonly I
think in less than a week from the time it is deposited, through an opening which it gnaws
in the summit, and the shell remains empty supported on its stalk, somewhat shrivelled and
of a white colour.
The young larva begins at once to seek its food, and if it finds itself in the midst of a
colony of plant lice, many of these speedily fall victims to its enormous appetite, but if not
so favourably situated, a vigorous search is generally rewarded by the finding of a cluster of
insects' eggs or some newly hatched catterpillars, either of which will furnish our young tra-
veller with a dainty meal. The larvae of the different species vary somewhat in colour and
ornamentation, but in most instances the ground colour is of a dull reddish brown, and there
are whitish markings along the sides, and a dark central stripe. They all have long, narrow
bodies, and are furnished with six rather long legs, and two long and slender, but powerful
jaws curved like a sickle, and down each side of the body is a row of tubercles, each tubercle
being tipped with a cluster of spreading hairs or spines. Fig. 18 will give a good idea of
their general appearance. In some species the bristly clusters of hairs are so multiplied as to
almost cover the surface. L>r. Fitch mentions a novel use to which these hairs are put, he
says that these voracious creatures aften conceal themselves from view by placing the empty
skins of the victims they have devoured, between their radiating bristles so that they adhere
and thus completely hide the insect frem view. It is the skins of the woolly plant lice that
they mostly employ for this purpose, and thus covered they resemble a little mass of white
down adhering to the bark of the tree, presenting just such an appearance as does a little
colony of woolly plant lice. By this device they are enabled to approach their victims without
exciting their alarm and to quietly devour them one by one.
After accpiiring full growth the ant-lion having made a hearty meal, remains for a time
torpid, and then begins to spin its cocoon, which is formed from a glutinous fluid supplied
and distributed by the hinder extremity of the body, a fluid which hardens as it is spun into
threads. In a few hours the insect spins enough of its cocoon to hide itself from view, and
when completed the threads composing the cocoon are so closely compacted as to give the sur-
face a papery look. During the operation the larva contracts much in size and bandages
itself so tightly within its enclosure that the cocoon appears very small in comparison with the
size of the larva constructing it. Here the insect changes to a chrysalis of a pale green colour
and remains in this condition in summer a fortnight, but if the insect belongs to the later
brood, it remains in the chrysalis state all winter, appearing as a perfect fly the following
spring.
Other enemies to the plant lice are to be found among the larvae of the various species
of Syrphus flies. These flies vary in size, some being smaller, others larger than the common
house fly, and usually more slender in form, they are also handsomer, their bodies being of a
bright yellow colour, banded and spotted with black. Fig. 19 represents one of the species.
They are very swift of flight, darting about with great rapidity, again
hovering with poised wing in the bright sunshine, or alighting upon
flowers These flies place their eggs singly, fastening them to a leaf or
twig infested by plant lice, usually placing them in the midst of a colony
where the young larvae may not have long to search for appropriate food.
Fig. 19. One cannot go far in summer in the careful examination of groups of
plant lice without meeting with those small white oval eggs. The \0un2; larva when hatched
348
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
is not unlike a leech, both in appearance and movements. Having no eyes, it appears to be
placed at a great disadvantage in the search tor food, but fixing the hinder extremity of its
body to the surface on which it is placed, it reaches as far as it is able to stretch first on oue
side, then on the other. If no food is reachtd, it moves a little further, and then repeats the
same motions, and so on until it reaches a plant-louse, when at once it seizes its prey, hoiding
it up in the air, as shown in fig. 20. until having sucked it empty, nothing remains of the
louse but a shrivelled skin, and all this occupies scarcely more than a moments
time ; indeed it has been asserted that a medium sized larva will thus consume
a hundred plant lice in an hour. These larvae are semi-transparent, so much so
that the movements of some of the internal organs are plainly discernible through
the skin in one of the larger specimens. Their usual colour is whitish or green-
Fig. 20. ish, with white, yellow or dull reddish markings, or with a combination of these
down the centre of the back. When they have completed their growth, they fix themselves
to the surface of a leaf or a piece of bark and contract themselves to an oval form, which
gradually becomes hard and horny, and of a blackish colour, and within this shell the change
to a chrysalis takes place, and in due time, from it the perfect fly escapes.
But the aphis has foes which attack it from within, as well as from without. Almost all
insects are infested more or less by parasites, and the aphides are no exception to this general
rule. There are several genera of tiny parasites which thus befriend man, all of which are
included in one group named Aphidiides. Dr. Fitch's remarks on this interesting group are
so much to the purpose that we quote them entire. He says : " These are all exceedingly
small insects, little exceeding the twentieth of an inch in length, and mostly with black bodies,
variously adorned with bright tawny yellow, and pale sulphur yellow bands and other marks.
One of these small Ichneumon flies, resembling a winged ant in appearance, may occasionally
be discovered busily at work among a colony of aphides. With her long thread-like antennae
stretched out in front of her, and rapidly vibrating, she approaches an aphis and touches it
gently, much like an ant when nursing these creatures. By this slight touch, she at once
ascertains whether the aphis has been previously visited. If it has not, she curves the tip of
her abdomen forwards under her, puncturing the body of the aphis and inserting an egg
therein. She then passes to another and another. From this egg hatches a minute worm,
which resides within the aphis, subsisting upon the juices which the latter extracts from the
plant. Thus it grows with the growth of the aphis, which furnishes the exact amount of sus-
tenance which the worm requires for bringing it to maturity. It is singular that the pareut
Ichneumon fly knows if two eggs were deposited in the aphis the worms from them would
die for want of a due supply of food, and that by a mere touch with her horns, she is able to
ascertain which individuals have already been impregnated. Some of the species of Aphidius
are larger than others, and their offspring consequently require a larger quantity of food ; but
each parent has tho instinct to select an aphis of such size as will yield the amount of suste-
nance which its young requires.
" By the time the worm has attained its growth, the aphis becomes so exhausted that it
dies. If it should now drop from the leaf to the ground, it would be liable to be found and
devoured by centipedes and other insects which feed upon the carcases of animals of this
class, and thus the worm within it would be destroyed. Nature has, therefore, so constituted
the aphis that in these circumstances it dies without a struggle or a spasm, with its beak in-
serted, and its claws clinging to the surface of the leaf, standing with its antennae turned
backwards, and its whole aspect so life like that in the infancy of my studies, I supposed these
were one of the varieties natural to the species with which they occurred. Their bodies are
remarkably plump and smooth, commonly clay-coloured, or the hue of brown paper, and the
aphis lions and other insects, which destroy the aphides, appear to pass by those which have
these parasites within them. Hence, where a leaf or twig has recently been cleared of plant
lice by their enemies, several of these ichneumonized individuals may frequently be found re-
maining upon it, dead and unmolested. In other instances, the whole colony of aphides ap-
pears to be exterminated by these parasites alone, the dead swollen bodies of their victims
covering the surface of the leaves or twigs as closely as they can stand. The worm remains
within the body of the dead aphis during its pupa state. It then cuts a circular hole through
the dry hard skin, and comes out in its winged and perfect form."
" These parasitic; insects, which feed internally upon the aphides, are as efficient in de-
stroying them as the aphis-lions or any other class of their enemies. And it is truly wonder-
349
41 Victoria, Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
ful. that whilst every kind of tree and plant appears to have one or more species of aphis in-
festing and blighting it, each species of aphis seems to have a particular parasite preying upon
and devouring it ; for each kind of aphis, from which I have reared these insects, has fur-
nished a species differing from all the others, and, in some instances, two species have been
obtained from one kind of aphis."
How complicated and how wonderful are the marvels of Nature. There seems a provi-
dence in all these arrangements. Kirby has well said that it is strange that among the in-
numerable species of insects, many of them extremely fragile and exposed to dangers and
enemies without end, no link should be lost from the chain, but all be maintained in those
relative proportions necessary for the general good of the system ; that if one species for a
while preponderate and instead of preserving seem to destroy, yet counter-checks should at
the same time be provided to reduce it within its due limits ; and further, that the operations
of insects should be so directed and overruled as to effect the purposes for which they were
created, and never exceed their commission ; nothing can furnish a stronger proof than this,
that an unseen hand holds the reins, now permitting one to prevail and now another, as shall
best promote certain wise ends, and saying to each " Hitherto shalt thou come and no further."
A few words will suffice to indicate the remedies which man has devised to lessen the
numbers of these destroyers of vegetation. It is universally conceded, that where the remedy
can be conveniently applied there is nothing more effectual than tobacco smoke. To exter-
minate them in green-houses, smoking — by strewing a few leaves of tobacco on hot coals — is
regularly resorted to, and, if thoroughly done, is very effectual. A few favourite plants may
be similarly treated by enclosing them in a light paper-covered frame and smoking under it,
or by placing them under an inverted barrel or box ; after such treatment the plants should
be immediately washed with luke-warm water from a syringe or watering-pot. Where this
remedy cannot be applied, drenching with tobacco-water has been recommended, also the ap-
plication of strong soap-suds, or weak lye, sprinkling it freely on the plant, and even dipping
the succulent ends, where the aphides cluster, into the liquid.
Hot water has also been recommended, but this, if not cautiously applied, is very apt to
injure the plant. Some species will bear an application of water heated to 130° Fahrenheit,
indeed, some few will bear a higher temperature than this without injury, but others are more
susceptible in this respect, hence the remedy requires careful handling.
350
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
REPORT
ON
SOME OF OUR FRUIT INSECT ENEMIES,
FOR 1877.
BY B. GOTT, ARKONA, ONT.
It was with much pleasure and satisfaction that I was able to be present for the first
time at our Society's annual meeting, last September, in London, Ont., I then and there
imbibed deeper and wider ideas of the extent and importance of the work in which our
entomologists are so ardently and devotedly engaged, I also had an opportunity of per-
sonal acquaintance with the characters and qualifications of the men who are the founda-
tion and the noble pillars of the Society. The men then present were practical and in-
telligent, and the earnest sympathy they showed in the work and objects of the Society,
could not be otherwise than encouraging to those engaged in this interesting and service-
able study. It is not easy to conceive how any people possessing and supporting such a
Society, whose work and results are so palpable to the masses, can be otherwise than
progressive ; and as far as their productive results are concerned, every way prosperous.
Should we not desire that the effective membership of the Society may largely increase,
and that thus the educating and elevating influences of the study may be extended, and
felt to be not only an assistance but a powerful helper of the people through the length
and breadth of the land. In my own individual case I find my interest in the subject of
entomology annually deepening and widening in proportion to the extent in which my
attention is directed to it. Since being engaged to some extent as I have been for the
last few years in the critical but interesting production and cultivation of fruit in this
western part of Ontario ; I found from the very start that something more was necessary
to success than a mere knowledge of the theory of production. I found insect enemies
to contend with, for which, in my ignorance, I had made but little or no provision. My
combativeness was at once aroused ; but finding progress in a hand to hand right very
slow, and not very encouraging or satisfactory, I began to reflect that prudence was the
better part of valour, and I at once set myself bravely to the task of arriving at some
knowledge of their differences, their habits, their possible numbers, and their possible
use ; with also some data for successful competition. I have not advanced far, but I soon
found that my opportunities, my samples and specimens were not scarce, especially in
our summer and growing season, and that their differences and peculiarities were very
interesting, and their numerical forces sometimes appalling. Some were feeding voraci-
ously on a specific plant, shrub, or tree, or on a class of these ; and others were feeding
as voraciously on their opposites. Some were most injurious and destructive in their im-
mature state, and others needed the complete forces of maturity to do the same amount
of effective execution ; some were most active in their destructive work on the roots in
the ground, some were content with the leaves, and yet others were satisfied with noth-
ing of less value than the fruit. So I concluded that insect depredators were not wanting
more or less for everything that grows. It would almost appear too, that we have pe-
culiar local insect troubles, as though special and individual classes of insects were local-
ized and restricted to sectional divisions ; but by further acquaintance with the subject, I
must suppose this can hardly be. However, it is beyond dispute, and capable of most
positive and convincing proof, that in this department of natural research there is much
to be studied and much to be learned ; there is ample and profitable room for the intel-
lect, and investigation of the most vigilant and the most penetrating.
Moreover, what abundant cause have we for gratitude and thankfulness to those patient,
honoured, and great names whose owners have worked hard and long, and spent their valu-
351
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
able and industrious lives in this interesting field of inquiry, and have freely left us, as a
legacy, the cherished results of their labours — " their works do follow them," — and we are
thereby assisted in those difficult and puzzling problems of insect life and insect diiferences
and relationships ; and although there is yet much to be done, much has already been ac-
complished and vividly portrayed before our vision. The field has already been surveyed
and mapped, and it only remains for us to follow those lines to arrive at rich and desired re-
sults. I propose, therefore, in the following pages, to give as short and concise an account
as possible of some of the most palpable insect enemies of our fruit, &c, for the past
season. And this I do, not with the intention to supplant the able and graphic report of
insect enemies by the President of the Fruit Growers' Association, in his address before that
body last September ; or of that of the President of the Entomological Society, at about the
same time, but rather as an adjunct additional testimony in the same direction. I further
may be allowed to state that I make no pretentions to scientific accuracy, but shall simply
state my observations as they occur to me in my own untutored way. With these prelimi-
naries I come at once to the subject in hand, viz : —
The insect enemies of our Fruits, &c, for 1877.
By this caption I do not mean that I shall confine myself exclusively to those insects
merely which feed alone on our fruits, but shall include also those injurious to the leaves and
even the roots and branches of our fruit trees and shrubs, as equally noxious to our fruit
products and prospects. And first, I may mention the
American Lackey Worm, or Tent Caterpillar (Olisiocampa Americana)
Of Harris. For larva? and eggs see fig. 21 ; the male moth is shown in fig 22, the female in
fig. 23. «■ This insect, by its appalling and unprecedented numbers, and by its voracious and
devastating habits, at least
in this section, for the
last few seasons, has filled
us with the most serious
apprehensions for the safe-
ty of not alone our fruits,
but also for the very life of the trees. So seri-
ous was this damage during the past season that
the aid of legislation was talked of, to compel
people to do what they could for the suppression
of this insect grievance ; because not only the
orchards of the negligent and careless were thus
blighted, but those also of the industrious and
careful were besieged and destroyed by the very
enemies his careless neighbour was rearing and
helping to propagate. People began to ask of
one another, " What is the use of planting and
cultivating or-
chards, they
will only be
devoured and
ruined by the
caterpillars 1"
Aided also by
C. Sylvatica,
the larva of which is shown in fig.
orchards standing in the neighbourhood of forests have suffered very severely ; and although
persistent and industrious, our efforts seem feeble and almost totally unavailing to save our
orchards and our gardens. This latter insect is very active, and is on constant parade over
trees and shrubs, over fields, orchards, and gardens, where anything can be found to gratify
its devouring appetite; and then, it is recruited so plentifully and so frequently that we fairly
sicken of the fight, and despair of the prospect of victory. But there is to this dark picture
352
Fig.
24, those
41 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
^sMill
a cheering ray, a bright prospect of assistance, from
///^|> a small ichneumon fly. On examining a number of
f^|=: the cocoons of clisiocampa, as they were safely nes-
~~ tied in the folded fragments of leaves left on the
trees, we found a large proportion iufested with
maggots or small white grubs. These we found were
of two or three distinct sorts ; one was a largish white grub, and existed in the body of the
caterpillar, sometimes solitary and sometimes in pairs, and entirely devoured the internal por-
tions ; and in other cases they were smaller and closely huddled together, but in each and
every case the destruction of the caterpiller and of the future egg-layiag moth was most
complete.
Our methods for suppressing this grievance and lessening their numbers were not very
effectual, but consisted in entrapping the moths by means of light, and in taking their e°-«-
clusters from the branches of the trees and destroying them. As soon as the youn°- larvae
were hatched in the spring our practice was, as early as possible in the day, while they were
yet very young and closely compacted, to collect them in masses and destroy them. In this
way millions were easily and effectually captured and destroyed, but there are always some
careless neighbours who would do nothing, and declare it was of no use fighting them as they
would eat up the trees anyway, and so by swarming in from the forests, and those neglected
orchards, the trouble was anno^ingly kept up.
Measuring Worms {Geometers) and Leaf Rollers, (Tortrices)
were this year, as usual, very abundant on all our fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs and
plants, but the diligent overseer, by his watchfulness and skill can, with comparative ease so
reduce these troublers that their work on the mass of foliage is scarcely perceptble. The
only way they seem to us damage, and in which we feel them to be a burden is as assis-
tants combined with the already multitudinous forces in the same field of destruction we feel
that we could readily do without their services.
The Currant Bush Borer (supposed to be the European Aegeria TipuUformis, See fig. 25.)
is doing us considerable damage in our currant plantations, and here, too, this
P evil is permitted by the careless and indolent cultivators to increase upon us,
so that eventually, currant growing in this country will become very uncertain
and very troublesome. These insects eat out the heart of the young stem and
so weaken it that it is incapable of ripening its fruit and shortly dies or breaks
off. Of far more serious moment at present, however, is
The Currant or Gooseberry Worm (Nematus Ventricosus).
The larva of
this pest is seen
in fig. 26. The
perfect fly, male
and female, fig.
27 ; and the
eggs as laid on
the leaves in
fig. 2«. This
abundant and
voracious insect
feeds readily in
the larval state
either on the
leaves of the
currant or those
of the goose-
berry, but I pre-
fer to call it by
way of distinction
23
26.
the Currant Worm,
and the insect that feeds on the fruit of the goose-
353
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
berry and currant, the Gooseberry Worm. This in-
sect is very common and very injurious and has been
for many years past, and in all parts of the country,
so that a description is needless as all are thoroughly
familiar with its appearance and its work. It is felt
to be such a severe scourge, however, and so discour-
aging in its effects upon us that it has very sensibly,
suddenly and effectually checked the production of
this refreshing summer fruit. We seem to be help-
less in the matter and have little or no respite for the
incessant attacks upon us of several broods in one
season, will effectually, baffle the most determined
and the most industrious. Our readiest and best re-
medy is applying powdered White Heelebore to the sur-
face of the leaves which is a temporary relief as it
does not agree with the best functional interests ot
their insect constitution. But the thought of poison
among our summer fruits is rather appalling, and not of the most relishable or attractive
character.
1 he Gooseberry Fruit Worm (Fempelia Grossularia).
For a representation of the moth and cocoon of this species, (See
fig. 29). This is, perhaps, the most insidious and annoying enemy
of the gooseberry and the currant. It winters as a chrysalid near
the surface of the ground just under the bush where it was last feed-
ing. In the early spring as soon as the sun has warmed the soil the
active and vigiiant moths appear, and after copulation, commence at once their work of egg
depositing in the young fruit almost before the full and proper expansion of the blossoms.
These e^gs quickly give rise to little white, insidious worms that make their way into the
very heart of the berry and grow and thrive upon its internals. As soon as this berry is con-
sumed and unable, longer, to serve the worm any good and substantial purpose, it leaves and
immediately attaches itself to another by means of its silken cords or web-like productions,
and thus secures itself safely against all danger and loss. In this way it has attacked and
destroyed a dozen or more berries to satisfiy its cravings before it has reached the period of
maturity or the season for change. When this period arrives it falls to the ground by means
of its silken threads, buries itself in the earth and changes to a chrysalis. The remedies are
hand-picking, and the application of noxious substances to the bushes in early spring, but
these are troublesome and partly ineffectual and hence not very satisfactory.
The
May Eeetle (Phyllophaga Quercina. — See Fig. 30).
2 represents the larva, 1 the chrysalis, and
3 and 4 the perfect beetle. The larva of this
active summer evening buzzing beetle stands
charged with many and grievious offences
against the farmer and the fruit grower. A
neighbour of mine said to me the other day
" My corn was only half a crop — those cussed
white grubs eat it so ; it wilted to the ground ; "
but I suppose that in his case, perhaps, some-
thing else did it. However, although our soil
is peculiarly suited to their purposes, and is
liberally supplied with the larva in all stages of
growth. I have but one or two heavy griev-
ances to lay to their charge, one of which I
feel pretty deeply and severely. I had long-
noticed, after planting out young evergreens in
nursery rows in the spring, particularly seed-
lings of spruce, hemlock, and fir, that occa-
sionally several of them just after commencing
354
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
their growth would suddenly wilt and at once give up ; and this Spring this occurred more
extensively than ever. I was in difficulty and could not decipher the cause, as my land I
knew was good and well adapted to their successful growth. Upon pulling them up, however,
I found that every particle of fibrous root was entirely gnawed off ; and besides this, the bark
was taken off almost up to the collar, and the tough naked woody branches of the roots only
left. This last season I lost whole rows in this way, and, on closely investigating the case,
I am pretty well satisfied that the larvae of the May Beetle are chargeable with the whole
trouble ; and worse, I know of no re.-nedy! The other charges are, eating the roots entirely
off from several of our strawberry plants, and also eating large and injurious holes in our
potatoes, &c, &c.
The Hawk Moth, or Sphinges
are growing annually more numerous, but we have no very grievous complaints to make against
the fine and handsome larvae of these beautiful moths. Occasionally, however, the foliage
suddenly disappears from some branch of our apple trees or our cherry trees, or it may be
from our grapes or our potatoes, or perhaps from the tomato vines, and we know from the
character and the abundance of the surrounding droppings that one or more of these diligent
creatures has been at work. These ravages, however, are not burdensome, and then we rea-
dily bear with much from them solely on account of the magnificence and grandeur of their
characteristic appearance. About the second and third weeks iu October last there were a
number of fine larvse discovered among the grass and late-growing green plants in this place.
They were about two and a half or three inches in length, fine green colour, mixed and
striped with yellow ; had the characteristic horn on the last segment, and would curl up as a
crescent on being disturbed. I could not determine it, but I have reason to believe it was
one of the sphinges.
Cut Worms.
With these I sometimes conclude that the very earth is infested, so great are their num-
bers and so active their operations. There are evidently many species of them, but the worst
and by far the most dreaded is the sneaking thief that cuts our cabbage and tomato plants
after they have commenced to grow so finely.
Agrostis Devastator
of Harris, and very correctly labelled. These are the most insidious in their attacks, and
the most annoying in their devastations, apparently, of any of our garden enemies, and we
seem powerless in our defences. They are the most industrious while we are asleep, and like
many another dastardly thief hide as soon as the light appears. Our remedies are, vigilant
searching for them and destroying them by hand.
The Potato Beetle (Doryphora decemlineata ).
No longer maintains the destructive character which it brought with it at the first, nor
are our people so alarmed and troubled by its presence ; it has become now a familiar matter-
of-course arrangement. Although yet pretty numerous, it affects only the careless and the
indolent ; the industrious and the ingenious not only baffle their efforts, but to a very large
extent render them harmless. It is cow well ascertained by our potato raisers that the first
broods are comparatively light, and that the insects best efforts are not made until mid-sum-
mer and after, so by planting largely or altogether early maturing varieties, and these placed
in the ground as early as possible to get their tops and their tubers ripe before the second
brood appears, all danger is out of the way. The beetle is perfectly baffled by this arrange-
ment, and it goes wandering about over the fences and on the streets and roads seeking green
fields where to pasture, and to deposit its myriads of eggs. This season the crop of potatoes t
355
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
at least in this section, has been most abundant and of great excellence, the variety mostly
Early Pose, the best potato that was ever given to the American people. Our remedies lor
the beetle were hand picking ; and occasionally a dose of Paris Green applied as a liquid,
The Grape Vine Beetle (Pelidnota Punctata, see fig. 31.)
as they were at work, which thev readily,
kS
Seems very fond of harboring about our
grape vines, and has this season been pretty
plentiful, but we fail to observe that its presence
is an alarming evil or that its injuries are very
distinctly marked. It rather appears a sort of
harmless case, a pretty creature, whose only
office is to vary and beautify nature. But these
remarks are not in the least applicable to The
Grape Vine Flea Beetle, Fig. 32 larva ;
Fig. 33 the perfect beetle (Haltica Chalybea),
whose numbers in the spring are rather alarming.
This insidious, heartless little arch rogue
attempts to baffle and frustrate our plans in the
very start. This it does by boring into the
swelling: bud and totally destroying its promising
contents, and thus by one offort he flattens our
sanguine hopes by taking the entire product of
the bud, leaf, cane, fruit and all. We this year
hired our children to capture them on the vines
cheerfully and effectually did. In this way their
efforts were greatly lessened. It
is becoming more and more evident
that we also in this country may
yet have trouble from The Grape
Vine Phylloxera (Phylloxera
Vastatrix). I have already seen
Fig. 33, the specimens of it, and it is my most
decided opinion that unless some
effectual remedy is found, our grape vines will
be found to suffer much from the injurious
effects of this tiny insects, upon their leaves and
especially their roots. Grape growers should
seriously study this subject at once ; for should
the evil become established upon their vines,
it would at length be very difficult to eradicate.
For description and very full particulars, see
Rev. Mr. Bethune's very able and instructive
article on the subject in the Society's Report
for the year 1874.
Plant Lice (Aphididae, Fam. Eriosoma),
particularly Although aphidians in great
numbers and different species feed very heavily upon the leaves of our Cherry, Pear, Apple
and other trees, yet this white woolly aphis feeding in immense numbers on the stems and
shoots of our young apple trees seem to be the most injurious, and should |be looked after
most vigilantly. They differ from most insects in one particular, viz.: they attach them-
selves to a certain spot or spots on the trees, and without locomotion attract their food to
them ! An opening is made in the bark of the tree which bleeds freely for their support.
And the accumulation of uuused or unsuited matter forms excresences about the place. It
seems to me they pump very heavily on the vitality of the tree, especially in its young and
tender years ; and should be kept off by means of oil applications, or destroyed by the hand
rubbing them from the spot and crushing them.
356
larva.
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
The Apple Fruit Moth. — (Oarpooapsa pomonella).
commonly called codling moth. (See Fig. 34). As usual, has been very dilligent this
season, and wherever there was fruit upon which to
feed, it has shown that this fruit was not over-
looked. An account of the general and almost un-
paralleled scarcity of the fruit, however, this season, it
is confidently hoped that they have not propagated
to any great extent, and that a comparative immu-
nity from their ravages may be expected in the future.
The apple-grower must ever be industrious, and at
all times on the watch, never forgetting that " eternal
vigilance is the price of fruit.'" This advice also holds
good in the case of plums, for the Plum Curculio
(Conotrachelus Nemiphar, see Fig. 35), has had much
better accommodation for rapid propagation than
that of the apple moth. The plum crop in some sec-
tions was very abundant and good ; but in others it
was totally destroyed by the workings of this industrious
and active beetle. I noticed also that the little Tui'k,
as it has appropriately been called, would not scruple
to attack our peaches, in case a scarcity of plums occurred, and that in this way the
the peach crop this season suffered very severely.
The Cabbage Worm (Pieris rapae), has this season
been at work in full force, and has been very generally
and extensively disastrous to our cabbages. They are very
troublesome, especially to market gardeners, and where re-
medies were not used, the cabbages were totally destroyed.
The parent of this larva seems to have no definite con-
ception of the nature and severity of the changes of our
climate, and in this respect it shows its foreign origin, as
in any fine day in October she may be seen busily flitting
about over the cabbages, &c, apparently eager in the business
of depositing her eggs ; and the young larva may be
Fl£- 35- seen thus late in the season in all stages of development,
'regardless of the severe and destructive changes that are at hand. A sharp Canadian
frost comes as it did this year, Nov. 9, and lays the whole brood motionless on the
ground. Nevertheless there may be some danger of protecting these late worms in our
ellars and cabbage pits, where the crop has been early stored away ; and so the condi-
tions for future broods may thus be secured.
But perhaps there is little need of concern on this
point, as insect nature has usually been found
to carefully and effectually provide for itself.
The Isabella Tiger Moth. — (Arctia Isa-
bella. See Fig. 36 for representation of this in-
sect in its various stages). — As usual, has an
abundance of her hairy larva abroad this fall.
But as these hairy caterpillars are not known to
be very seriously injurious to vegetation, and so
scarcely come under our caption. I therefore
pass them gently by. I have thus hastily glanc-
ed at some of the most common and prominently
destmctive insects that have come forcibly before
my notice this season. I regret, however, my utter
inability to treat the subject more thoroughly,
and to better advantage.
357
Fig. 36.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
The following details were got up for one of our weekly newspapers this summer, and
entitled,
AN INSECT REGISTER FOR 1877.
May 10th. — Tent caterpillars first hatched out.
May 25th. — Gooseberry worms began actively to work into the young fruit.
May 30th. — Forest tent caterpillars began to leave the woods in great numbers.
June 1st. — The currant worms began to work on the leaves, but apparently were not so-
numerous as formerly.
June 18th. — Potato beetle larvae began to hatch out, but not so numerous «s in former years.
June 20th. — Gooseberry worms leave the bushes, and retire into the ground to change. Also
cut worms are not so numerous or destructive as in former years.
June 21st. — Tent caterpillars began to spin cocoons and retire to change.
June 25th. — The plum weevils very numerous, and have destroyed many of our plums and
peaches. Also the apple fruit worm, or codling moth, larva not much to do
this season — no apples.
" — Canker worms, measuring worms, and other larvae of various insects are very
plentiful this season, and we are suffering much from their depredations.
June 27th. — Not many tent caterpillars now abroad.
June 28th. — First swarm of bees this season.
June 30th. — First newly-made tent caterpillar's cluster of eggs. Moths perfected.
'•' — The currant worm moth still propagating, and young hatching out.
July 2nd. — Pea beetle began to deposit eggs in young peas.
Oct. 12th. — The cabbage worm butterfly still depositing her eggs, and the young larva still
hatching out.
Nov. 9th. — Hard frost, completely stopped the cabbage worm from further increase.
Nov. 12th. — Canker worm moths very thickly on the wing, their females clustering on the
branches of the trees.
Nov. 29th. — Musquitoes, black flies, and most of the insect world silently nested away for
this season.
Arkona Nurseries, November, 20th, 1877.
358
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
OS GRAPE VINE GALLS.
COMPILED BY JOSEPH WILLIAMS, LONDON, ONTARIO.
The Grape-Vine Apple Gall. (Vitis pomum) Walsh & Riley, Order, Diptera
Family, Ceciclomyidce.
The following discriptions have been compiled from the valuable reports of Prof. C V.
Riley, St. Louis, Mo.
Besides the leaf-gall caused by the Grape Phylloxera, the Grape Vine is subject to
various other gall-growths or excrescences, the nature of which often puzzles the vine grower.
1 shall give an account of four of the most conspicuous which are found in Missouri. They
are all caused by Gall gnats (Ceoidomyidce), the larvae of which are distinguished by being of
an orange-colour ; but more especially by having on the upper surface, near the head, a horny
process known as a breast-bone.* This process is variable in shape, but more often clove-
shaped, Y-shaped, or oar-shaped. It always has a stem, which is mostly hidden, and termi-
nates in two projections or prongs (sometimes three in those which are oar-shaped), which are
armed with sharp points. It is retractile, and the prongs
may be exerted at will, and are doubtless intended to assist
in abrading the tissues of plants, so as to cause an abnormal
flow of sap, which serves as food for the larvae. That they
have little, if anything, to do in causing the gall growth, we
may infer from analogy, and from the fact that many Ceci-
domyidous galls are formed before the larvae hatches, and de-
pend on something deposited with the egg. The perfect flies
are of a dull black colour, like that represented at figure 37,
(a female, b, antenna? of male), aud many species so closely
resemble each other, that it is next to impossible to distinguish
Fig. 37. them when dry. Those which produce the galls here mentioned,
are difficult to rear, and with one exception not yet known.
The Grape-Vine Apple-gall has been a fruitful source of speculation, and has given rise
to some curious botanical theories, as the following extract will attest :
An Apple Growing on a Grape-vine.
A Vegetable Phenomenon. — Tn the garden of Capt. David E. Moore, Lexington, Va.,
there is growing on a grape vine, a fully developed apple. On one side of the apple is an ap-
pearance of what might have been a grape-bloom. This interesting lusus naturce is, as far
as we know, without precedent, and of course has attracted marked attention, an 1 caused no
little speculation in the circle learned in such matters about Lexington. The prevailing
opinion, we learn, is that an apple-bloom falling accidently upon a grape-bloom, became in-
corporated with it and produced the result ; but, if so, is it not singular that such an acci-
dent has never occurred before ? And, if so, again, does it not teach that the grape and
apple may be grafted on each other ? We hope the pomologists of Lexington will note very
* This process is said by all authors with whom I am acquainted, including Baron Osten Sacken, to be
neutral, for which reason I suppose, it has been called the " breast-bone." I believe myself that it is dorsal.
As, however, it sometimes has a good deal the form of the breast bone, or " wish-bone" of a fowl, the term may
be retained, though conveying a wrong idea. The larvae are also said to differ from all other insect larvae in
having fourteen joints. I have examined a great number of Cecidomyidous larvae without being able to make
out any such abnormal number, while in many species it is difficult to detect mora than twelve and a subjoin r.
Usually, I have been able to clearly make out thirteen joints and a subjoint, which is, the normal number iu
insects. {Rules.)
359
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
carefully all the phenomena of this freak of nature, and that they will have the apple photo-
graphed, with a portion of the vine, before its removal, for engraving and publication in Hor-
ticultural journals. — Richmond Whig.
When growing on vines in the vicinity of hickory trees, it has ridiculously been con-
sidered a hybrid fruit between these two very widely separated plants.
The form of the gall is variable — sometimes being quite flattened or depressed, but more
often spherical, or flattened at base and more pointed at tip. When young it is downy on
the outside, aud succulent, with a pleasant acidu
lous flavour. When mature, it usually has eight
or nine longitudinal lobes, as in a musk-melon, and
is smoother (Fig. 38 a). A transverse section (b)
?hows it to consist of a fleshy outside covering, like
he hull of a walnut, and of a much harder,
roody interior, with numerous longitudinal two-
.iered cells or cavities, the upper tier twice as long
and more regularly separated By harder fibre than
the lower. The yellow larvae are found in these cav
ties, and they have a brown clove-shaped breast
bone. This gall which bears so great a semblance to a fruit, doubtless carries the semblanc
still further by falling to the ground. And, as the seed is released upon the death of the fruit
which surrounded it, and consigned to the bosom of the great mother earth for development,
so the larvae escape from the decomposing and softening gall to consign themselves likewise
to the same great nursery, which seems to be absolutely necessary for their well being and
growth, as I have kept the galls for over a year out of earth and away from her fecund influ-
ence? without getting the perfect gnats.
This gall was first described in the America/) Entomologist, (vol. 1, p. 106.)
The Grape-vine Filbert-Gall, ( Vitis coryloides) W. & E.
(Order, Diptera ; Family, Cecidomyidae.)
as its name implies, bears some resemblance to a large bunch of
•'-) [| filberts or hazel-nuts. It is found more fre-
p quently than the other, and especially on the
River Bank grape (Riparia), in the month
of July. It is an assemblage of separate
galls, more or less coalescent, varying in
number from ten to forty or more, and of
different shapes, being either round, irregu-
larly oval, fusiform or pyriform, but gener-
ally narrowing at the tip. When young,
these galls are densely pubescent or woolly
on the outside, but less so when mature.
The interior is fleshy, juicy, sub-acid, and a
tranverse section shews a single longitudinal
cell in each (Fig. 39 c). The gall is evi-
dently a deformation of a bud, as it springs
from a single point where a bud would be,
and often has quite a stem to it. A stunted
deformed leaf is also sometimes found upon
it, as given in the figure.
The larva is orange-yellow, partly trans-
parent, partly opaque, and has the breast-
bone clove-shaped, as in the preceding (Fig.
39 a), first described in Am. Entomologist,
(I. p. 107).
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
The Grapevine Tomato-Gall, (Vitis tomatos.)
(Made by Lasioptera vibis 0. S.)
(Order, Diptera, Family, Cecidomyidae.)
The following clipping will show that
this gall, which is quite common on the
Eiver Bank grape and its cultivated varie-
ties, has not remained unnoticed by the
curious, and that it has, like the others, its
fruit resemblances.
Freak in a Vineyard. — In gathering
grapes to-day we found one of the clusters
in shape a 2^rfect tomato. It is of quite
large size, and on the outside is divided into
eight segments or lobes, having a seed to
correspond with each segment or lobe. It
was found on a cluster of one of Rogers'
Hybrids, and a peculiarity is, that the grape
is blue, while this is red. In flesh and seeds
and all else it is a perfect grape. President
Wilder's Trophy tomato stands about three
rods from the vine. I call upon President
Wilder to explain with what sort of propa-
gating qualities he has invested his Trophy
tomato, to know, if we continue the cultiva-
tion of that fruit, whether our apples, plums,
cherries, etc., will or will not turn into Tro-
phy tomatoes. I have saved the eight seeds
for the further solution of the problem. If
President Wilder declines an explanation
for fear of the consequences, I call upon all
the horticulturists of America to commence
at once an investigation and I will furnish
them with the hide, which I have carefully
preserved as a testimony against him. —
Rural New Yorker.
Fig. 40.
Dansville, Livigston County, IS.Y. Oct. 6th, 1872.
R, L. Dorr.
It is the most variable gall with which I am acquainted, as it may be found of all sorts
of fantastic shapes, from the single, round cranberry like swelling on a tendril to the large
collection of irregular bulbous swellings on the stem or leaf-stalk ; sometimes looking not un-
like a bunch of currants or a bunch of grapes, but more often like a bunch of diminutive
tomatoes, such as the Cluster Tomato, grown by Mr. J. C. Ingham, of St. Joseph, Michigan.
It was first briefly described together with the fly which produces it, by Baron Osten Sacken
(Diptera of N. A., part I. pp. 201-2). The substance of the gall is soft, juicy and translucent,
the flavour pleasantly acid, and the colour yellowish-green, with rosy cheeks, or else entirely
red. Each swelling has several cells (Fig 40a) in each of which is nursed an orange-yellow
larva, which, upon the dissolution of the gall, enters the ground to transform, and emerge a
pale reddish gnat with a black head and antennae and gray wings.
This gall-maker is subject to the attacks of at least two different enemies — one a species
of Thrips, which invades the cell and destroys its inmate, and one a true Hymenopterous
parasite, belonging apparently to the family Proctotrupidai, and which after killing the gall-
maker, spins a cocoon within the cell.
361
41 Victoria.
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A. 1878
The Gra.pe-leaf Trumpet-gall — (Pitis viticola 0.
Cecidomyidce.
S.) — Order Diptera. Family
This is another, more regular gall, made by a gall-gnat which has not yet been described,
is elongate, conical, and grows more or less numerously from the surface of the leaf, look-
ing something like a small trumpet. (Fig. 41)
I have found it on both wild Cordifolia and
Riparia, and it doubtless occurs on their cul
tivated varieties. It is also found on Labrusca
and Vulpina. (See A. E., II. p. 28.) The
usual colour is a bright crimson, but it some-
times inclines to green ; especially when young
or on the under side of the leaf ; for though
it is more often found on the upper side, I
have met with it antiposed. Upon cutting
into these galls, we shall find them to be hol-
low, and each to contain a pale orange larva,
which probably resembles those already men-
tioned in transforming under ground. The
gall was at first briefly described by Baron
Osten Sacken (Diptera of N. A., part I.,
p. 202). Similar but distinct galls grow on
the leaves of Hickory and Hackberry, but are
always green.
Fig. 41.
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41 Victoria,
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A. 1878
DRAGON FLIES.
By Joseph Williams., London, Ontario.
In the months of July and August there are few insects more abundant than the Dragon
flies, and none which attract more attention from even the most indifferent observer, and a de-
scription of the more common kinds and some account of their habits may not be uninterest-
ing. For the following account we are largely indebted to the graphic description of A. S.
Packard, Jun., in our " Common Insects."
In various countries these insects have received various popular names — the French call
them Demoiselles ; the Germans, Florfliegen or Gauze-flies, or Wasserjungfern or Virgins of
of the Water ; while the English style the Dragon flies, Horse-stingers, or Devil's Darning-
needles. The English terms, although less poetical than those of our European friends, are,
we believe, more appropriate to the private character of these insects.
The accompanying illustration of one of our most common species (IAheUvla trimaculata),
Fig. 42, will give an idea of the appearance
of these insects. Of the general character
of the group Packard says : — " Were we
to select from among the insects a type
of all that is savage, relentless, and blood-
thirsty, the Dragon fly would be our
choice. From the moment of its birth
until its death, usually a twelvemonth, it
riots in bloodshed and carnage. Living
beneath the waters, perhaps eleven months
of its life, in the larva and pupa states,
it is literally a walking pitfall for luck-
less aquatic insects ; but when trans-
formed into a fly, ever on the wing in
pursuit of its prey, it throws off all con-
Ficr. 42. cealment, and reveals the more unblush-
ingly its rapacious character.
" Not only does its horrid visage and ferocious bearing frighten children, who call it the
'Devil's Darning-needle,' but it even distresses older persons, so that its name has become a
by-word. Could we understand the language of insects, what tales of horror would be re-
vealed ! What traditions, sagas, fables, and myths must adorn the annals of animal life
regarding this dragon among insects !
" To man, however, aside from its bad name and its repulsive aspect, which its gay trap-
pings -do not conceal, its whole life is beneficent. It is a scavenger, being like that class ugly
and repulsive, and holding literally, among insects, the lowest rank in society. In the waters
it preys upon young mosquitoes and the larva of other noxious insects. It thus aids in
maintaining the balance of life, and cleanses the swamps of miasmata, thus purifying the air
we breathe. During its existence of three or four weeks above the waters, its whole life is a
continued good to man. It hawks over pools and fields and through gardens, decimating
swarms of mosquitoes, flies, gnats, and other baneful insects. It is a true Malthus' delight,
and following that sanguinary philosopher, we may believe that our Dragon fly is an entomo-
logical Tamerlane or Napoleon sent into the world by a kind Providence to prevent too close
a jostling among the myriads of insect life.
" We will then conquer our repugnance to its ugly looks and savage mien, and contem-
plate the hideous monstrosity — as it is useless to deny that it combines the graces of the
Hunchback of Notre Dame and Dickens' Quilp, with certain features of its own — for the
good it does in Nature.
"Even among insects, a class replete with forms the very incarnation of ugliness and
the perfection of all that is hideous in nature, our Dragon fly is most conspicuous. Look at
its enormous head, with its beetling brows, retreating face, and heavy under-jaws — all eyes
and teeth — and hung so loosely on its short weak neck, sunk beneath its enormous hunch -
363
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
back — for it is wofully round-shouldered — while its long, thin legs, shrunken as if from
disease, are drawn up beneath its breast, and what a hobgoblin it is !
" Its gleaming wings are, however, beautiful objects. They form a broad expanse of
delicate parchment-like membrane drawn over an intricate network of veins. Though the
body is bulky, it is light, and easily sustained by the wings. The long-tail undoubtedly acts
as a rudder to steady its flight.''
While we do not hold the Dragon fly to be the " very incnrnation of ugliness and the
perfection of all that is hideous," as does the author above-named we do not believe its bene-
fits to man have been exaggerated. The rapid flight and enormous range of vision of these
creatures enable them to capture other insects with ease ; while, their taste not being limited,
they destroy moths, butterflies, and other insects without compunction, and they have been
known to destroy and eat each other as well as very small fishes. However, it is this rave-
nous propensity which makes this insect so valuable to man, as they destroy immense numbers
of other insects which are injurious to vegetable and other products, while they do not iojure
these substances themselves. A few of them shut in a house will soon rid it of flies, bugs, and
mosquitoes, and therefore their presence should be welcomed. The popular opinion that they
are dangerous to man is without foundation, as they can neither bite, sting or poison him.
We may now consider the development of Libellvia trimaculata, previously figured, as
it furnishes some curious and interesting information, and maybe taken as representing that
of the group.
When the female is about to deposit her eggs, she attaches herself to some plant growing
out of the water, and pushing her abdomen beneath the surface, glues a bunch of eggs to the
submerged stem or leaf (Uhler). These eggs produce larvae which have a distant and ugly
resemblance to the perfect insect. The larva is active and passes its existence in the water,
feeding on numerous weaker insects. It possesses a curious syringe-like apparatus
situated in the end of the body, by which it discharges a stream of water for a distance of
two or three inches behind it, thereby propelling the insect forward. The motion thus given
is most irregular and appears to be beyond the control of the larva. This curious arrange-
ment serves for respiration as well as locomotion.
The larva soon reaches the pupa state (corresponding to the chrysalis state of a butterfly),
in which it is also active, crawling over the bottom of the stream preying on other insects.
In this state it is longer than the larva and still more resembles the perfect insect. When
about to become a perfect insect, the
pupa climbs up some suitable plant
near the surface of the water, and at-
taching itself firmly awaits the last
great change. In a short time the
skin opens down the back and the
adult Dragon fly, by bending back-
wards and forwards for some time,
emerges. It only requires to remain
--•; a few hours, until its wings attain
their full size and hardness, when it
starts off on a life-long expedition of
j ^/ plunder.
JEf^Z** In Fig. 43 we have a representa-
K0^ tion of three stages in the life of a
foreign LihdhiJa. The figure on the
left shows the larva using its mask to
capture prey ; the figure on the right
represents the perfect insect in the act
of emerging from the pupa case.
The full-grown Libelhda may be
described as follows : — The body is
much elongated and cylindrical, and
attains a length of two inches, in average specimens. The head is large and bears two very
large and prominent compound eyes. These eyes which consist of many thousand facettes
each, are so large that they meet on the upper surface of the head. This great power of vision
364
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
is still increased by three simple eyes, or ocelli, situated on the upper surface of the head.
From the front part of the head project two short tapering antenDas. The mouth occupies
the front surface of the head, and is a most formidable structure. The upper lip is broad
and conceals very powerful toothed organs, called mandibles ; the other organs of the mouth
are also armed with strong teeth which enable the creature to satisfy its carnivorous desires.
The most remarkable portion of the mouth, however, is the lower lip, a large, flat, lobed
organ, closing the mouth from the under side, and which may be projected forward to a
comparatively great distance when attacking other insects.
The thorax, or middle portion of the body, is three or four times as long as the head,
and very much greater in diameter. It resembles the head in colour, being of a medium
chocolate shade, and is sparsely clothed with very short hairs of the same hue.
The abdomen, or posterior part of L. trimaculata tapers very gradually to the end,
and is much smaller than the thorax in diameter, but more than twice its length. The
colour is slightly paler, and is relieved by a line of yellowish blotches along each side,
which gradually becomes smaller in size toward the end of the body. The upper surface
is arched, while the under is flattened.
The legs are six in number, and are attached three to each side of the lower surface
of the thorax.
The wings, which are four in number, are attached two to each side of the upper
part of the thorax, and are about one and a quarter inches long, and three-eighths to
nearly half an inch in breadth ; the front ones being slightly the narrowest. The sub-
stance of the wings is a very delicate network covered by a thin transparent membrane,
having a shining surface. From the place of attachment of each wing, there proceeds a
narrow elongated patch of a deep brown colour, while from about the middle of the wings
there is a large irregular patch of the same colour, which extends completely across. The
structure of the wings combines great strength with lightness, thereby enabling the in-
sect to fly with very great rapidity. Their shining surface, transparency and brilliant
colouring in this and other members
of the same order, combine to give
them a beautiful appearance when fly-
ing in the bright sunshine, and evi-
dently suggested the popular names
given to them by the French and
Germans.
There are several other members
of the same group which are more or
less common in various parts of the
country.
Libellula quadrimaculata, the four-
spotted Dragon fly, (Fig. 44.) is seen
on the wing in June, flying through
dry pine woods far from any standing
water.
Another very common Dragon-
fly is the ruby Dragon-fly Diplax rubicundula, which is yellowish red.
Fig. 45.
365
Fig. 40.
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
'• uother common form is Diplax berenice, (Fig. 45, male; Fig. 46, female). The ac-
companying cut (Fig. 47.) represents the larva, probably of this species, accord-
ing to Mr. Uhler. It is black, the head blue in front, spotted with yellow, while
the thorax and abdomen are striped with yellow. There are fewer stripes on
the body of the male, which has only four large yellow spots on each side of the
abdomen.
Still another specimen is Diplax Elisa. It is black, with the head yellowish
and with greenish yellow spots on the sides of the thorax and base of the
Fig. 47. abdomen. There are three dusky spots on the front edge of each wing, and a
lar^e cloud at the base of the hind pair towards the hind angles of the wing.
Rather a rare form, and of much smaller stature is the Nan-
nophya bella, (Fig. 48.) It was first detected in Baltimore, and was
afterwards found unfrequently by a pond in Maine. Its abdomen
is unusually short, and the reticulations of the wings are large and
simple. The female is black, while the male is frosted over with
a whitish powder.
In the allied genus Agrionina, there are many interesting insects ;
we give an illustration in fig. 49. of one of the most common, Agrion
saucium. This insect is smaller in size than those we have previously
mentioned.
Although in this country we rarely see Dragon-flies gathered in
large numbers at one time, yet it is known that in some countries they
not unfrequently form immense swarms. In Kirby and Spence's En
tomology we find the following : — " Meinecken tells us, that he once
saw in a Village in Anhalt, on a clear day, about four in the afternoon,
such a cloud of Dragon-flies (Libdlulina) as almost concealed the sun,
and not a little alarmed were the villagers, under the idea they were
locusts ; several instances are given by Rosel, of similar clouds of these insects having been
seen in Silesia and other districts ; and Mr. Woolnough, of Hollesley in Suffolk, a most at-
tentive observer of nature, once witnessed such an army of the smaller dragon-flies, (Agrion)
flying inland from the sea, as to cast a slight shadow over a field of four acres, as they passed.
A migration of Dragon flies was witnessed at Weimar, in Germany, in 1816, and one
far more considerable, perhaps the greatest on record, May 30th and 31st, 1839, when cloud-
like swarms of these insects, chiefly (Libellula depressa) were seen at Weimar, Eisenach,
Leipsig, Halle and Gottingen, and the intervening country, extending over a large district."
Although so well known in the adult or perfect state, comparatively little is known
of the transformations of Dragon-flies. They may be easily kept in aquaria where their
various changes may be watched, and any one who can spend the necessary time and
patience in rearing them, so as to trace up the different stages from the larva to the adult
fly, and describe and figure them accurately, will do good service to science (Packard).
The graceful appearance of these insects has not escaped the notice of poets, for
Moore alludes to them as " the beautiful blue damsel flies," while Tennyson, in his poem
of the " Two Voices," gives the following description : —
To-day I saw the Dragon-fly
Come .from the wells where he did lie.
An inner impulse rent the veil
Of his old husk : from head to tail
Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.
He dried his wings : like gauze they grew ;
Through crofts and pastures wet with dew
A living flash of light he flew.
366
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
THE HESSIAN FLY.
(Gecidomyia destructor Say. — Diptera : Tipulidoz.
By the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A.
For many years this Province has happily been almost entirely free from the ravages of
the Hessian Fly. During the present year (1877) however, this very destructive insect has
again appeared in the wheat-fields, and is attracting much attention from farmers and others
specially interested in the culture of this most important cereal. As far as we have been
able to obtain information the Hessian fly has been recently observed in the counties of Grey,
Simcoe, York and Ontario, and also in the County of Oxford. No doubt, if not checked, it will
soon spread over a much wider area, and cause much loss and disappointment to our wheat-
growers.
The subject being one of so great importance, it has beeu considered advisable to repro-
duce here our Report upon this insect, published six years ago {Report of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, 1871, pages 392-5).
The Hessian fly, together with a number of other most destructive insects, has come to
us from the other side of the Atlantic. European entomologists have repeatedly maintained
that it must be a native of America, as no such insect was observed amongst their wheat-
fields during a long series of years ; and Mr. Curtis has even gone so far as to call it " the
American wheat-midge," in contradistinction to what he terms " the British wheat-midge "
(C. tritici). It is now, however, generally admitted that it is of European origin, and it is
almost certain that it was first brought to this continent in some straw used for the purpose
of packing by the Hessian troops, under Sir William Howe, during the American War of
Independence. These soldiers landed on Staten Island, and on the west end of Long Island,
in the year 1776, and in this neighbourhood the fly was first observed ; hence it obtained
its popular name of " Hessian Fly." Having multiplied in these places — as Dr. Harris
relates — " the insects gradually spread over the southern part of New York and Connecti-
cut, and continued to proceed inland at the rate of fifteen or twenty miles a year. They
reached Saratoga (two hundred miles from their original station) in 1789." Proceeding in
this manner, the tiny pest gradually spread over the country, and has been found in almost
every locality where wheat is grown. In the old world also, its depredations have been
sufficiently great to attract notice in England, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland,
Italy, Russia, — in fact in almost every country where this grain is cultivated to any extent.
Our own Dominion, though frightfully devastated in subsequent years, was not invaded
by the pest till about the year 1816, when it became prevalent in Lower Canada. It
appears to have been first noticed in this Province in the year 1846. (For a detailed his-
tory of its progress in this country and the neighbouring States down to the year 1854, see
Prof. Hind's Essay, pp. 42-46.)
So much has been said and written respecting the Hessian fly, and so many descrip-
tions of it have appeared in agricultural and scientific publications, that we feel disinclined
to attempt any new account of it or repeat once more " an oft told tale." As we have no
new light to throw upon the subject, and, with the exception of some specimens received
from Ancaster during the past summer, have had no opportunity for some years of investi-
gating its habits, we shall not hesitate to make free use of the writings of others, especially
those which are not likely to be accessible to the majority of our readers. In every case
we shall, of course, make due acknowledgement of the source from which information is
derived.
The Hessian fly, though known for its destructive qualities for sometime before, was
first scientifically described by Mr. Say — one of the most eminent of the early American
367
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Entomologists — under the name of the Destructive Midge (Cecidornyia destructor). " This
insect — Dr. Fitch relates — as a general rule passes through two generations annually. The
first of these occupy the autumn, winter and fore part of spring, and is reared at the roots
of the young grain slightly under the ground. The second occupies the remainder of the
spring and summer, and is nurtured in the lower joints of the straw. The time when its
several changes occur, however, is not perfectly uniform, being varied by the climate, the
state of the weather and perhaps other contingencies, and it is not improbable that individual
specimens, placed in circumstances unfavourable to their developement, in some instances
have their growth so much retarded as to require even a whole year to complete their meta-
morphoses. In the ordinary course of nature, therefore, our crops of winter wheat are liable
to two attacks of the Hessian fly, one generation reared at its roots produeing another which
occupies the lower joints of the stalks. Thus the larvae and pupa? are present in it almost
continually, from the time the tender young blades appear above the ground in autumn till
the trrain ripens and is harvested the next summer. Our spring wheat, on the other hand,
can rear but one brood of these insects \ they consequently resort to it but little if at all.
Nor can the Hessian fly sustain itself except in districts where winter wheat is cultivated, in
which to nestle during the autumn and winter."
The eggs of the autumn generation are deposited by the female fly generally early in
September, in the young fall wheat, in a crease of the leaf Twenty or thirty eggs are laid
on a single leaf, and these hatch out in about four days if the weather be warm. Mr. Tilgh-
man, of Maryland, has published in The Cultivator, of May, 1841, the following minute and
interesting account of the mode in which the eggs are laid : " By the second week of Octo-
ber, the first sown wheat being well up, and having generally put forth its second and third
blades, I resorted to my field on a fine warm forenoon to endeavour to satisfy myself by
ocular demonstration whether the fly did deposit the egg on the blades of the growing plant.
Selecting a favourable spot to make my observation, I placed myself in a reclining position in
a furrow, and had been on the watch, but a minute or two before I discovered a number of
small, black flies alighting and sitting on the wheat plants around me, and presently one
settled on the ridged surface of a blade of a plant, completelv within my reach and distinct
observation. She immediately began depositing her eggs in the longitudinal cavity between
the little ridges of the blade. I could distinctly see the eggs ejected from a kind of tube or
sting. After she had deposited eight or ten eggs, I easily caught her upon the blade and
wrapped her up in a piece of paper. After that I continued my observations on the flies,
caught several similarly occupied, and could see the eggs uniformly placed in the longitudinal
cavities of the blades of the wheat, their appearance being that of minute reddish specks."
These eggs are computed to be about one-fiftieth part of an inch in length.
When hatched from the egg, the next proceedings of the insect are thus related by Mr.
Herrick : — " The little wriukled maggot or larva creeps out of its delicate membraneous egg
skm, crawls down the leaf, enters the sheath, and proceeds along the stalk, usually as far as
the uext joint below. Here it fastens lengthwise, and head downwards, to the tender stalk,
and lives upon the sap. It does not gnaw the stalk, nor does it enter the central cavity
thereof ; but as the larva increases in size, it gradually becomes embedded in the substance of
the stalk. After taking its station the larva moves no more, gradually loses its reddish colour
and wrinkled appearance, becomes plump and torpid, is at first semi-translucent, aud then
more and more clouded, with internal white spots ; and when near maturity the middle of the
intestinal part is of a greenish colour. In five or six weeks (varying with the season) the
larva begins to turn brown, and soon becomes of a bright chestnut colour, bearing some re-
semblance to a flax-seed." Two or three larva?, thus embedded in a stalk, serves to weaken
the plant and causes it to fall down, or to wither and die.
In this condition, the " flax-seed state," as it is usually termed, the insect remains all
winter. Regarding the structure and formation of this peculiar appearance there has been
much controversy, into which we need not enter here. Suffice it to say, that some have held
the opinion that the larva spins its cocoon which bears this form ; others, that it is the hard-
ened outer integument of the worm, separated from the insect, which remains within j others
again, and notably, the late Mr. Walsh, that the pupal cocoon is exuded from the larva.
Whatever may be the process, in this condition it remains till the warm days of spring arrive,
when the insect completes its pupal state, and finally comes forth as a tiny twe-winged fly.
(Fig. 50.;
368
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
Fig. 50. " The head, antennae, and thorax of this fly are black ; the hind
body is tawny, more or less widely marked with black on each wing, and
clothed with fine greyish hairs. The egg-tube of the female is rose-
coloured ; the wings are blackish, except at the base, where they are
tawny, and very narrow, — they are fringed with short hairs and are
rounded at the tip ; the legs are pale red or brownish, and the feet are
black. The body measures about one-tenth of au inch in leDgth, and
the wings expand one-quarter of an inch or more. After death the
hind body contracts and becomes almost entirely black." (Harris,
Injurious Insects, p. 570.) The antennae of the female are about half
the length of the body ; those of the male three-fourths. The former
are composed of sixteen oval joints twice as long as thick, and clothed
with a number of hairs ; the latter have short, round joints, each with
a chord of rather long hairs.
After these flies eome forth from the pupa state in the spring they speedily, set to work
to lay their eggs on the leaves of the spring wheat, now appearing above the surface of the
ground, as well as^upon that sown the autumn before. From this batch of eggs another brood
is soon hatched, the work of destruction goes on, and late in summer the second generation of
flies comes forth. The larvae of the summer brood are found almost always under the sheath
of the leaf just above the first joint ; their suction of the juices at that point weakens the stalk
so much that a high wind very soon bends it down, and even breaks it off when the straw
approaches ripeness. Of course the size and value of the grain is also immensely lessened by
the absorption of the sap, which ought to go to filling out the ear. The winter brood attack
the young plant lower down, and injure it at the root, frequently killing it outright.
Having now traced the life of the insect from the laying of the eggs in one autumn to the
same point in the following year, we may turn our consideration to the remedies for the foe,
which, as in the case of the wheat midge above, may be classified as natural and artificial.
Natural Remedies. — Though we are, unhappily, so very deficient in natural checks to the
spread of the wheat-midge on this side of the Atlantic, our case is very different as regards
the Hessian fly. It is preyed upon and devoured by a number of parasitic insects, whose
combined attacks are computed to destroy nine-tenths of every generation of this pernicious
foe. Mr. Say described one of the most useful of these parasites under the name of Ceraphron
destructor. It is a shining black four- winged fly, about one-tenth of an inch in length. " In
the month of June, when the maggot of the Hessian fly has taken the form of a flax-seed, the
Ceraphron pierces it through the sheath of the leaf, and lays an egg in the minute hole thus
made. From this egg is hatched a little maggot, which devours the pupa of the Hessian fly,
and then changes to a chrysalis within the shell of the latter, through which it finally eats its
way, after being transformed to a fly. This last change takes place both in the autumn and
in the following spring. Two more parasites, discovered by Mr. Herrick, also destroy the
Hessian fly, while it is in the flax-seed or pupa state." (Harris.) A fourth has been found
by the same observer to attack the eggs of the enemy. " This egg parasite is a species of
Platygaskr. It is very abundant in the autumn, when it lays its own eggs, four or five to-
gether in a single egg of the Hessian fly. This, it appears, does not prevent the latter from
hatohing, but the maggot of the Hessian fly is unable to go through its transformations and
dies after taking the flax-seed form. Meanwhile its intestine foes are hatched, come to their
growth, spin themselves little brownish cocoons within the skin of their victims, and in due
time are changed to winged insects, and eat their way out." — Harris.
It is owing almost entirely to these minute allies that our crops have been preserved to
so great an extent, of late years, from the ravages of the Hessian fly. For a time the pest
inflicted great damage, but its enemies soon increased and gathered strength, and have suc-
ceeded in keeping it within due bounds. Assuredly, we should feel deeply grateful to the
merciful Creator, who has provided such effectual, though apparently insignificant, means to
save the fruits of our fields from destruction.
Artificial Remedies. — These are often attempted, but seldom with entirely satisfactory
results. The best precaution to take — where the insect has shown itself in numbers and
where the wheat-midge is not apprehended — is to sow the next crop of fall wheat as late as
can be done with safety in the autumn — about the middle or towards the end of September.
24 369
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
This course prevents the parent fly from obtaining any young wheat upon which to lay their
eees and destroys the prospects of another generation. A fertile, thoroughly-cultivated, and
well 'drained soil is as effectual a means of escaping loss from the attack of this insect as any,
probably that can be mentioned. Benefit may also be derived from the sowing only of an
approved flintv-stemmed variety of wheat, which is thus more capable of resisting the flys
attacks upon it. But after all the chief reliance for immunity is to be placed upon the
labours of the parasitio insects mentioned above.
370
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 1.) A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
APPENDIX IF)
AMOUNTS EXPENDED FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE AND ARTS IN ONTARIO IN 1877.
41 Victoria,
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
APPENDIX TO REPORT
OF THE
APPENDIX (F.)
AMOUNTS EXPENDED FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE AND ARTS IN ONTARIO IN 1877.
No. 1. — Amounts paid to Agricultural Societies in 1877.
Name of Society.
Addington
Algoma"
Brant, North
Brant, South
Bruce, North
Bruce, South
Brockville, E. D
Carleton '
Cardwell
Cornwall
Dufferin
Dundas
Durham, East
Durham, West
Elgin, East
Elgin, West
Essex, North
Essex, South
Frontenac
Grenville, South
Grey, North
Grey. South
Grey, East
Glengarry
Halton ,
Haldimand
Hamilton, E. D
Hastings, North
Carried forward
Gkaot.
$ cts.
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
350 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
350 00
700 00
Name op Society.
Brought forward.
Hastings, East
Hastings, West
Huron, East
Huron, West
Huron, South
Kent, East
Kent, West
Kingston, E. D
Lambton, East
Lambton, West
Lanark, North
Lanark, South
Lennox
Leeds, South
Leeds, North, and North Grenville . .
Lincoln
London, E. D
Middlesex, North
Middlesex, East
Middlesex, West
Monck
Muskoka
Niagara
Norfolk, North
Norfolk, South
Northumberland, East
Northumberland, West
Grant.
18,900 00
372
Carried foiloard
$ cts.
18,900 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
350 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
350 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
350 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
36,750 00
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
No. 1. — Amount paid to Agricultural Societies in 1877. — Continued.
Name of Society.
Brought foinoard
Ontario, North
Ontario, South
Ottawa, E. D
Oxford, North
Oxford, South
Peel
Perth, North
Perth, South
Peterborough, East
Peterborough, West
Prince Edward
Prescott
Renfrew, North
Renfrew, South
Russell
Simcoe, East
Simcoe, West
Carried forward
Geant.
S CtB.
36,750 00
700 00
700 00
350 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
48,300 00
Name op Society.
Brought forward
Simcoe, South
Stormont
Toronto, E. D
Victoria, North
Victoria, South
Waterloo, North
Waterloo, South
IWelland
! Wellington, West . .
Wellington, Centre
I Wellington, South.
Wentworth, North
IWentworth, South.
i York, North
York, East
York, West
Total
Grant.
cts.
48,300 00^,
700 00
700 00
550 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
700 00
59,350 00
No. 2. — Amounts paid to Mechanics' Institutes in 1877.
Name of Institute.
Gbant.
Name of Institute.
Grant.
$ cts.
300 00
80 00
312 00
400 00
200 28
100 00
100 00
400 00
400 00
250 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
126 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
400 00
200 00
400 00
400 00
200 00
200 00
400 00
300 00
400 00
50 00
250 00
400 00
$ cts
8,668 28'
Aylmer
176 26
400 00
Belleville
Parkhill
389 00
400 00
400 00
Brussels
Port Colborne
200 84
Brantford
Port Elgin
120 00
Blvth
400 00
Bowmanville
60 00
400 00
Collingwood
400 00
Dundas
400 00
Durham
400 00
Smith's Falls
150 00
Fergus
400 00
Gait
400 00
Garden Island
200 00
Grimsby
Thorold
400 00
Guelph
400 00
Hamilton
400 00
Harriston
400 00
Hespeler
400 00
London
400 00
Milton
400 00
Mitchell
80 00
Newmarket
400 00
Niagara
400 00
Norwich
113 20
8,668 28
17,757 58
373
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 1.)
A. 1878
No. 3. — Total Payments for Encouragement of Agriculture and Arts for 1877.
SERVICE.
Electoral District Agricultural Societies
Outlying Districts :— Minden, 8150 ; Dysart, $150
Agricultural and Arts Association
Mechanics' Institutes
Appropriation.
Inspection of Mechanics' Institutes
Poultry Associations
Western Dairymen's Association .
Eastern Dairymen's Association
Fruit Growers' Association
Entomological Society
Ontario Society of Artists
Sundries : — Hamilton Horticultural Society, $150 ;
Arnprior Society, §50 ; Six Nations Indian Society,
850 ; D. Spence, Expenses in attending Meeting of
North Leeds and Grenville Society, 817 95 ; A.
Smith, V.S., inspecting Horse disease in Nichol,
828 ; Veterinary School Prize, 820 ; Printing Agri-
cultural, Fruit Growers', and Entomological Re-
ports, 81,541 02
Total.
Unexpended.
$ cts.
59,350 00
300 00
10,000 00
23,000 00
600 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
750 00
500 00
2,CO0 0O
99,500 00
Expended in
1877.
8 cts.
59,350 00
300 00
10,000 00
17,757 581
650 00 J
600 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
1,000 00
750 00
500 00
1,856 97
94,764 55
Unexpended or
Over-expended.
8 cts.
*4,592 42
*143 03
*4,735 45
374
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
OF' THE
PROVINCE >0F ONTARIO,
FOR THE
YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER,
1876.
sCairt Mm tto $t$MAvt %$$mbl$f by Command
{Toronto :
PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & CO., 'In WELLINGTON ST. WEST.
1877.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2.) A. 1878
To His Honour the Honourable Donald Alexander Macdona/d, Lieuten-
ant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
May it Please Your Honour :
The undersigned has the honour to present to your Honour the Public Accounts
of the Province of Ontario, for the year ending 31st December, 1876.
Respectfully submitted.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, December 31st, 1»76.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2 )
A. 1878
CONTENTS.
Administration of Justice : —
Court of Chancery— Salaries 45
Do of Queen's Bench do - . 46
Do of Common Pleas do 47
Court of Error and Appeal 47
Practice Court 48
Deputy Clerks of the Crown and Pleas —
Salaries 53
Criminal Justice — Criminal Prosecutions 48
Do Administration of... 52
Do Special Services. ... 53
Miscellaneous Justice 53
Seals and other Contingencies 55
Police Service 55
Agriculture : —
Electoral Division Societies, grants to . . 95
Mechanics' Institutes 98
Mechanics' Institutes' Inspection 99
Agricultural Association 97
Fruit Growers' Association, &c 97
Algoma Taxes : —
Statement of moneys l'eceived 19
Balances : —
Balance Sheet, 1876 9
Unexpended 178
Overexpended 178
Open Accounts on 31st December, 1876. 12
Civil Government : —
Government House . . 26
Lieutenant-Governor's Office — Salaries. 26
Executive Council Office do 27
Attorney-General's Office do 27
Treasury Department do 29
Secretary and Registrar's Office do 32
Public Works Department — Salaries 33
Department of Agriculture 35
Inspection Public Institutions 35
Crown Lands Department — Salaries . . 36
Miscellaneous 39
Queen's Printer 39
Inspection of Registry Offices 39
Do Division Courts 39
Do County Offices 39
Departmental Expenses : —
Lieutenant-Governor's Office 26
Executive Council do 28
Attorney-General's do 28
Treasury Department 29
Secretary and Registrar's Office 32
Public Works Department 34
Agriculture 35
Inspection of Institutions 35
Queen's Printer 39
Crown Lands Department 37
Crown Lands Expenditure :—
Salaries and Expenditure of Travelling
Agents 135
Surveys 136
Refunds 142
Inspections 135
Board of Examiners, Land Surveyors . . 135
Agents' Salaries, Commission and Dis-
bursements 135
Colonization Roads : —
Expenditure 126
Consolidated Revenue Fund : —
Statements of account on 31st December,
1876 14
College of Technology : —
Maintenance 92
Drainage Debentures 22
Expenditure :-
Statement of.
Education : —
26
Education Office — Salaries 84
Do. Expenses 84
Normal and Model School — Salaries ... 76
Do. do. Expenses.. 77
Depository— Salaries 83
Council of Public Instruction 85
Libraries, Apparatus and Prizes — De-
tails of Expenditure , 79
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Education — Continued.
High School Inspection 68
Collegiate Institutes 67
Journal of Education 79
Examiners 69
Public School Inspection 65
Public Schools 55
Poor Schools 66
High Schools 67
Separate Schools 61
Superannuated Teachers 70
Museum 78
Normal Schools, Ottawa 86
Hospitals and Charities: —
Aid to 100
Immigration 92
Investments . . 23
Interest on 16
Law Stamps : —
Statement of Moneys received 20
Literary and Scientific Institutions : —
Grants to 100
Legislation : —
Salaries 40
Repair to Buildings 44
Indemnity to Members 40
Sessional Messengers, Writers and Pages 41
Postages and cost of House Post Office. . 40
Stationery, including Printing Paper,
&c 42
Printing, Binding, and Circulating the
Statutes 40
Parliamentary Library 42
Expenses 43
Law Society : —
Account — Statement of 178
Land Improvement Fund
Do. do. Details of.
161
Miscellaneous 101
Municipalities' Fund
Do. do. Details of 151
Municipal Loan Fund : —
Receipts 15
Public Institutions, Maintenance ; —
Toronto Lunatic Asylum 87
London Lunatic Asylum 87
Public Institutions, Maintenance.
Hamilton Lunatic Asylum 88
Orillia Lunatic Asylum 89
Deaf and Dumb Institute 90
Kingston 88
Blind Institute 91
Central Prison 89
Reformatory 89
School of Agriculture 91
School of Practical Science 92
Public Buildings :
Toronto Lunatic Asylum 1 07
London Lunatic Asylum 108
Hamilton Asylum 109
Orillia Lunatic Asylum Ill
Reformatory 113
Central Prison 115
Deaf and Dumb Institute 115
Blind Institute 116
Agricultural Farm 115
Do College, Guelph 115
School of Practical Science 117
Normal and Model Schools, Toronto .. 117
Normal School, Ottawa 118
Osgoode Hall 118
Government House 119
Court House and Gaol, Sault Ste. Marie 120
Do and Lock-up, New Districts 121
Parliament Buildings 119
Public Works : —
Washago Road 126
Muskoka River Works 124
Lock, Mary and Fairy Lakes 121
Roads in Ryerson 125
Surveys and Inspections 125
Maintenance of Locks 126
Drainage Works 146
Colonization Roads 126
Gull and Burnt River 322
.Lindsay Lock 123
Wye River Works 125
Railway Aid Fund 170
Do Subsidy Fund 172
Refunds : —
Education 138
Crown Lands 142
Revenue : —
Casual Revenue 19
Fines and Forfeitures 9
Lunatic Asylums 9
Reformatory 9
Education 8
D< amnion of Canada 1 0
Crown and Clergy Lands 9
Licenses 9
Consolidated Municipal Loan Fund .... 9
Algoma Taxes 9
V]
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Revenue — Continued.
Interest on Investments 9
Law Stamps 9
Stationery : —
Account — Statement of
Supplied the different Departments and
Offices 174
Statement : —
Balance Sheet — Receipts and Payments
during the year 9
Consolidated Revenue Fund on 31st of
December, 1876 14
Balances of Open Accounts on 31st De-
cember, 1876 12
Consolidated Municipal Loan Fund
Receipts — New Account 15
Statement — ConUn ued.
PAGE.
Interest on Investments 16
Casual Revenue 17
Algoina Taxes 19
Law Stamps . . 20
Education Office 21
Drainage Debentures 22
Investments 23
Expenditure 26
East Wing Repairs 30
Municipalities' Fund Account 150
Do Do Distribution 151
Land Improvement Fund 161
Railway Aid Fund 170
Do Subsidy 172
Surplus Distribution 166
Stationery supplied various Departments 174
Law Society 169
Balances ' f Appropriations 178
Unf urseen and Unprovided 176
Comparative Statement 183
Vll
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A. 1878
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A. 1878
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A. 1878
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 4.
Statement of the several amounts received by the Treasurer of the Province of
Ontario on account of the Municipal Loan Fund New Debts during the year
ended 31st December, 1876.
From Whom Received.
SERVICE.
$ cts.
$ cts.
24,388 88
14,666 67
24,388 89
50,000 00
do
Bank of Montreal
113,444 44
W. R. Harris,
Accov/ntant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, December 31st, 1876.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer,
15
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1*78
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 6.
Statement of Casual Revenue Received by the Treasurer of the Province of
Ontario, during the year ended 31st December, 1876.
From Whom Received.
SERVICE.
§ cts.
$ cts.
T. D. McConkey..
E. Martin
W. Ferguson
J. Mercer
N. G. Reynolds . .
G. Taylor
J. Woodruff
R. Gibbons
E. Deedes
F. W. Jarvis
G. Davidson
G. J. Grange . . . .
R. Hobson
J. McEwen
Jas. Thomson . . . .
W. Sutton
J. Smith
J . Maughan
W. Patrick
J. P. Wells
D. E. Mclntyre . ,
C. Hutchinson
A. G. Hill
J. Doran ,
J. Macpherson. . . ,
W. Radcliffe
J. Davidson
Jas. Hough
S. B. Harman . . .
James McFadden
J. M. Savage
H. W. Peterson
C. Hutchinson. .
Joseph Dickey.
C. Hutchinson .
Hon. Commissioner
John Notman
W. Edwards
John Notman
Hunter, Rose & Co.
D. Spence
Fees received
Hon. Pro. Secretary
Sheriff of the County of Simcoe, fines and forfeitures
do Haldimand do
do Frontenac do
do Kent do
do Ontario do
do Hastings do
do Lincoln do
do Huron do
da Norfolk do
do York do
do Waterloo do
do Wellington do
do Welland do
do Essex do
do Lanark do
do Bruce do
do Brant do
do Grey do
United Counties Leeds and Grenville do
do Prescott and Russell do
do
do
do
do Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry do
County Attorney Middlesex
Stipendiary Magistrate Niagara Falls
Justice of the Peace
do
do
Clerk of Assize
Treasurer of the City of Toronto
Deputy Clerk of Common Pleas, Perth
Registrar, Algoma, fees
do
Nipissing
Rama
Strathroy
Silver Islet
Wellington
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
County Attorney, Wellington, estreated recognizance
of Joseph Gavin
County Attorney, Middlesex, estreated recognizance of
G. Magee
86
4 75
47 50
23 75
28 50
4 75
66 50
23 75
36 10
134 15
114 95
43 75
19 00
42 50
4 75
23 75
9 50
18 90
190 00
57 00
33 25
960 00
1210 14
10 00
22 50
5 25
22 50
20 00
50 00
110 00
800 00
96 00
Inspector of Division Courts from J. Burnham, 5th
Division, County Clerk, County of Ontario . . .
F. Grange, Clerk of 4th Division Court, County of
Bruce
County Attorney, Middlesex
J. C. Small. Clerk of Division Court, Strathroy.
For value of stamps omitted to be affixed to papers
in their Courts
. . Of Crown Lands, Refunds sale of Blankets, Pembroke
and Mattawa Road
Accountant, Legislative Assembly, fees received by!
him for Private Bills
Rent of Music Hall
On account of sale of Statutes
On account of Gazette
Cheque in favour of Rev. D. Masson, on account of
Emigration declined
From Insurance Companies
Fees received in Secretary's Office, viz : —
69 Certificates under Great Seal, at $13 00
46 do Privy Seal, " 8 00
03 Judicial Notarial Certificates, " 100
5 Charters of Incorporation, " 60 00
1 do do " 50 00
4 do do " 40 00
88 00
26 80
364 80
24 30
4050 50
325 00
111 75
3500 00
55 00
850 00
897 00
368 00
63 00
300 00
50 00
160 00
Carried forward
1838 00
3338 35
204 54
896 00
479 70
8916 55
13835 14,
17
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 6. — Statement of Casual Revenue received by the Treasurer of the Province
of Ontario, during the year ended the 31st December, 1876. — Concluded.
From Whom Received.
SERVICE.
8 cts.
8 cts.
Brought forward
1838 00
1050 00
120 00
5 00
10 00
32 00
13835 14
35 Charters of Incorporation at 830 00
6 do do " 20 00
1 Certificate of do " 5 00
2 do do " 5 00
8 do do " 4 00
On account of Marriage Licenses
3055 00
2391 45
Hon. Provincial Registrar
Fees received in Registrar's Office, viz : —
5 Exemplifications of Judgment, at 88 25
39 Certified Copies of Patents " 2 50
3 do do " 2 00
1 do do " 3 00
3 do do " 50
33 Searches " 25
In favour of Township of Brudenell, issued in error on
41 25
97 50
6 00
3 00
1 50
8 25
157 50
17 38
76
do
18 14
19457 23
Treasury Department,
Toronto,
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
18
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1S78
No. 7.
Statement showing the several amounts received by the Treasurer of Ontario,
on account of Taxes on Patented Lands in the District of Algoma, during
the year ended 31st December, 1876.
From Whom Received.
SERVICE.
S cts.
$ cts.
Hugh Wilson
16 56
3 36
26 37
11 22
44 64
7 80
491 74
13 88
12 16
44 60
46 72
12 57
5 50
2 00
15 28
63 84
4174 83
do
do
do
do
J. G. Murray
T. H. Perkins
do
do
do
G. D. Fergueson
do
C F. Chapman
do
F. G. Salstonstall
do
Green & Milligan
C. R. Graham
do
do
G. McKeown
do
Pardee & Garvev
do
Consolidated Bank of Canada. . . .
do
J. M. Hamilton
do Collector of Taxes, Algoma
4993 07
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
Treasury Department, Ontario.
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
19
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 8.
Statement of Revenue Received on Account of Law Stamps, during the year
ended 31st December, 1876.
COUNTY.
DISTRIBUTOR.
Paid for
Law Total.
Stamps.
Brant
G. R. VanNorman
$ cts. I cte.
831 25
Bruce
931 55
Carleton
3125 50
Elgin
114 00
Essex
F. E. Marcon
712 50
Frontenac
1045 00
Grey
A. Frost
816 05
Hastings
1002 55 ;
Haldimand
J. R. Martin
190 (in
Halton
380 00
1235 00 ■
855 00
Lambton
J. P. Bucke
595 18
Lennox and Addington
W. A. Reeve ....
659 30 :
1 ^eeds and Grenville
996 55 1
Lanark
684 00
285 00
Middlesex
2941 25
Northumberland and Durham
1496 25 I
Norfolk
527 25 j
Oxford
F. R. Ball
997 50 1
Ontario
932 50 i
Peel
475 00
Prince Edward
Prescott and Russell
Perth
P. Low
J. W. Marston
M. Haves
296 40
427 50
1192 50
760 00
387 70
1187 50
1536 90
471 25
760 00
669 75
1206 00
3354 58
627 00
31350 00
Renfrew
C. A. Weller
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
Victoria
A. P. Devlin
W H. Bowlby
Waterloo
Welland
Wellington
H. \V. Peterson
Wentworth
B. B. Osier
York, Surrogate Court
York
W. W. Baldwin
66055 96
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 187G.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
20
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
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fi 73
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 10.
Statement of Amounts invested in Drainage Debentures during the year ended
31st December, 1876.
1876.
January
12
February
15
March
18
April
3
"
13
May
1
June
5
August
22
October
1
November 20
December 7
To amount paid to Township of Raleigh
do do Tilbury, East
do do Southwold
do do Ekfrid
do do Dunwich
do do Dover
do do Tilbury, East
do do Dover
do do Sarnia
do do Harwich
do do Sarnia
do do Raleigh
do do Camden
do do Romney
do do Sarnia ....
1,235 00
967 95
1,087 00
1,472 00
607 00
954 00
678 72
3,740 00
780 00
845 00
1,280 00
6,492 28
1,670 00 i
2,001 00
1,000 00
24,809 95
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1870.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878'
No. 14.
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, 18th Vic, Cap. 2, and
19th Vic, Cap. 16, being distribution for 1875.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY.
Kate-
payers.
Adelaide (Middlesex
Adi ilphustown Lennox
Amherst Island Lennox and Addington .
Ancaster |Wentworth
Ashfield Huron
Athol 'Prince Edward
Anderdon Essex
Aldl ii trough Elgin
Assignack Manitoulin . . .
Albion Peel
Alice Renfrew
Arthur Village Wellington . . .
Ayhner Village Elgin
Arran Bruce
Adjala Simcoe
Asphodel ] Peterborough .
Ailsa Craig Village | Middlesex
Acton Village Halton
Ameliashurgh Prince Edward
Artemesia Grey
Arthur Village Welllington
Algona South Renfrew
Ashhurnham Village Peterborough
Amabel Bruce
Amaranth Wellington
Augusta Leeds and Grenville
Alnwick Northumberland . . .
Aurora Village York
Amherstburgh Town Essex
Alfred .- Prescott
Arnprior Village | Renfrew
Almonte Village Lanark
Albermarle, Eastnor Lindsay &St. Edmunds Bruce
Admaston Renfrew
Assignach arrears p 74 Manitou'lin Island
Blenheim Village Kent
Brussells Village Huron
Bolton Village ;Peel
Burlington Village Halton
Brighton Village N< athuniberland ...
Berlin Town i Waterloo
Brantf ord Town ; Brant
Barrie Town : Simcoe
Biithwell Town jKent
Belmont and Methuen | Peterborough ....
Bosanquet tLambton
Blenheim j Oxford
Bradford Village ! Simcoe
Biirleigh, Anstruther and Chandos Peterborough ....
Bromlev Renfrew
Biddulph 'Middlesex
Beckwith Lanark
Bexley j Victoria
Bentinck iOrey
Bruce [Bruce
Bayham Elgin
1 1racebridge Village I Victoria
Bertie jWelland
Brooke Lambton
Brudenell, Radcliffe, Raglan and Lynedoch iRenfrew
< ■irriul forward .
Amount.
S cts.
622
37 32
159
9 54
210
12 60
1026
61 56
769
46 14
388
23 28
384
I'M 04
1091
65 46
90
5 40
839
50 34
292
17 52
1060
63 60
292
17 52
713
42 78
504
30 24
534
32 04
129
7 74
175
10 50
749
44 94
835
50 10
161
9 66
101
6 06
24t>
14 94
344
20 64
543
32 58
1250
75 00
198
11 88
335
20 10
5:-;:-:
31 98
417
25 02 '
402
24 12
734
44 04
156
9 36
388
23 28
900
13 50
278
16 68
985
59 10
149
8 94
202
12 12
321
19 26
756
45 36
1701
102 06
900
54 0(1
208
12 48
356
21 36
805
48 30
1112
66 72
281
16 86
197
11 82
299
17 94
596
35 76
411
24 66
160
9 60
880
52 so
786
47 16
111 2
66 72
153
'.* is
721
4:; 26
653
39 18
238
14 28
i.->!
1,869 42
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No, 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, kc. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY,
Rate-
payers.
Amount.
Brought forward
Brougham Renfrew
Brampton Town Peel
Brockville Town Leeds
Barrie Frontenac
Bagot and Blythfield Renfrew
Burford Brant
Brantf ord do
Bastard and Burgess do
Bath Village Lennox and Addington .
Bathurst Lanark
Beverley Wentworth
Brant Bruce
Burgess, North Lanark
Belleville Town Hastings
Barton Wentworth
Binbrook do
Blanchard Perth
Brock Ontario
Bedford Frontenac
Blandford Oxford
Clarendon and Miller Frontenac
Cambridge Russell
< iartwright Durham
Crowland jWelland
Carlo w and Mayo Hastings
Cumberland
Caledon
Carodoc
Chatham, North G-ore
Cayuga, South
Clarke
Clarence
Cornwall
Carrick
Colborne
Clinton
Charlottenburg
Chippawa Village
Caledonia Viilage
Cobourg Town
Chatham Town
Cayuga, North
Colchester
Cramahe
Canborough
v. North
Charlotteville
Caledonia
>r
Collingwood Town
Clifton Town
Cornwall Town
Clinton Town
< lolborne Village
Carleton Place
Clifford
Camden and Gore
•Camden and Dalton
ith
Culross
Collingwood
' '.linden
Chinguacousy
Carried forward
Russell
Peel
Middlesex
Kent
Haldimand
Durham
Prescott and Russell
Stormont
Bruce
Huron
Lincoln
Glengarry
Welland
Haldimand
Northumberland
Kent
Haldimand
Northumberland and Durham
Haldimand
Leeds and Grenville
Norfolk
Prescott and Russell
Lincoln
Simcoe
Welland
Stormont
Huron •
Northumberland
Lanark
Wellington
Kent
Victoria
Leeds
Bruce
( Trey
i and Addington
Peel
152
112
801
2,647
76
185
1,101
1,306
800
115
615
982
903
295
2,097
583
367
644
1,080
280
324
121
231
531
320
114
573
9:36
921
1,052
200
1,039
643
804
803
522
591
1,055
164
2:i7
1,971
1,534
519
r,74
681
318
399
1,015
248
418
880
438
571
469
204
490
15! I
261
451
667
907
1,178
1.177
$ cts.
1,869 42
6 72
48 06
152 82
4 56
11 10
66 06
78 36
48 00
6 90
36 90
58 92
54 18
17 70
125 82
34 98
22 02
38 64
64 80
16 80
19 44
7 26
13 86
31 86
19 20
6 84
34 38
56 16
55 26
63 12
Pi 00
62 34
38 58
48 24
48 18
31 32
35 46
63 30
9 84
17 82
118 26
92 04
31 14
40 44
40 86
19 08
23 94
60 90
14 88
26 28
34 26
28 1 1
12 24
29 40
9 54
36 12
■J7 06
40 02
54 12
70 68
70 62
5,411 08
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY.
Rate-
payers.
Amount.
Brouf/ht forward.
Cavan ..
Cayuga Village
Douro
Dunn
iJorchester, South
Durham Town
Dalhousie, North, Sherbrooke and La-
vant
Draper, Ryde and Oakley
Dereham
Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Har-
burn, Burton, Eyre, Havelock and
Clyde
Dresden Village
Dunwich ...
Delaware
Denbigh, Abinger and Ashby
Dumfries, North
Dawn
Dungannon and Farraday
Dover
Drummond
Dummer
Dorchester
Downie
Darling
Dundas Town
Drayton Village
Dumfries, South
Dunville Village
Darlington
Derby
Ehna
Elziver and Grimsthorp
Ekfrid
Easthope, South ... .
Elmsley, North
Elizabeth town
Elderslie
Euphrasia
Esquesing
Ellice
Embro Village
Elora Village
Escott Front
Eldon
Erin
Edwardsburgh
Elmsley, South
Enniskillen
Emily
Essa
Egremont
Euphemia
Ernesto wn
Etobicoke
Eramosa
Exeter Village
Ennismore
Easthope, North
Flamboro, East .
Fredericksburgh , North
Fort Erie Village ...
Durham
Haldimand ...
Peterborough
Haldimand ...
Elgin
Grey
Lanark ..
Victoria.
Oxford .
Carried forward.
11
Haliburton
Kent
Elgin
Middlesex
Lennox and Addington.
Waterloo
Lambton
Hastings
Kent
Lanark
Peterborough
Middlesex
Perth
Lanark
Wentworth
Wellington
Brant
Haldimand
Durham
Grey
Perth
Hastings
Middlesex
Perth
Lanark
Leeds
Bruce
Grey
Halton
Perth
Oxford ..
Wellington
Leeds ,
Victoria
Wellington
Grenville
Leeds
Lambton
Victoria
Simcoe
Grey
Lambton
Lennox and Addington.
York
Wellington
Huron
Peterborough
Perth
Wentworth
Lennox and Addington..
Welland
1,082
173
429
244
494
192
446
251
873
200
282
905
377
83
708
286
115
630
605
367
757
688
131
840
151
579
367
1,044
380
669
274
578
385
249
1,316
731
594
1,097
673
107
320
334
686
888
1,017
233
375
556
700
702
532
1,041
527
599
260
184
522
858
382
180
8 cts.
4,411 08
64 92
10 38
25 74
14 64
29 64
11 52
26 76
15 06
52 38
12 00
16 92
54 30
22 62
4 98
42 48
17 16
6 90
37 80
36 30
22 02
45 42
4) 28
7 86
50 40
9 06
34 74
22 02
62 64
22 80
40 14
16 44
34 68
23 10
14 94
78 96
43 86
35 64
65 82
40 38
6 42
19 20
20 04
41 16
53 28
61 02
13 98
22 50
33 36
42 00
42 12
31 92
62 46
31 62
35 94
15 60
11 04
31 32
51 48
22 92
10 80
6,285 96
153
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
Brought forward
COUNTY.
Wentworth
Victoria
Carleton
Parry Sound District .
Stormont
Wellington
Siincoe . . .
Renfrew. . .
Lincoln . . .
Huron
Flamboro', West.
Fenelon
Fitzroy
Foley
Finch
Frederickspurgh, South j Lennox and Addington.
Fullarton Perth
Fergus Village
Flos
Griffith and Matawatchan
Grimsby
Grey
Glanford Wentworth
Gosfield Essex
Goulbourn Carleton ..,
Grantham Lincoln
Garafraxa, East Wellington
Georgina
Goderich
Goderich Town
Gananoque Village ....
Garden Island Village
< lower, South
Glenelg
Georgetown Village
York
Hun in
Huron
Leeds and Grenville
Frontenac
Grenville
Grey
Halton
( rreenock iBruce
Glamorgan, Cardiff and Monmouth Haliburton
( ialway Peterboro'
Gwilliml lury , East York
Gwillimbury, West Simcoe
Garafraxa, West Wellington
Gloucester Carleton
Guelph Wellington
Gwillimbury, North York
Gainsborough Lincoln
Grattan Renfrew
Gait Town Waterloo
Guelph Town Wellington
Glencoe Village Middlesex
Gower, North Carleton
Harvey Peterboro'
Harwich Kent
Haldiinand N< irthumberland
Head Renfrew
Hawkesbury, East Prescott
Hibbert Perth
Howard Kent
Howe Island Frontenac
Hullett Huron
Hamilton Northumberland
Harriston Village Wellington
Hastings Village I Northumberland ....
Hespelar Village I Waterloo
Hinchinbrooke Frontenac
Hallowell Frince Edward
Hawkesbury, West Prescott
Hillier Prince Edward
Huntingdon Hastings .-•-;-•
Humphrey Parry Sound District
Horton Renfrew
Hope Durham
Houghton Elgin
Holland Grey
Carried forward . . .
746
610
616
109
504
293
556
368
436
95
712
705
449
740
584
709
468
3S4
749
1510
640
105
196
747
255
640
118
126
1047
571
628
1250
519
502
600
306
1005
1761
158
495
179
1217
1085
33
853
528
1060
82
657
1180
278
162
141
190
886
380
520
540
123
226
976
428
677
8,410 32
154
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c, — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
Brought forward.
Humberstone Welland
Huron Bruce
Hamilton City Wentworth
Hawkesbury Village Erescott and Russell
Holland Landing Village York
Howick Huron
Hungerford Hastings
Huntley Carleton
Hay IHiuon
Inni>ril Simcoe
Ingersoll Town Oxford
Iroquois Village jStormont, Dundas and Glengarry.
Keppell Grey
Kinloss [Bruce
Kincardine
Kingston City |l?rontenac
Kemptville Village Grenville
Kaladar and Anglesea Lennox and Addington
Kennebec Frontenac
Kenyon Glengarry
Kitley Leeds ..
King .York
Kingston Frontenac
London City | Middlesex
Listowel Town IPertb.
Lanark Village
London
Longueil
Loughborough
Leeds and Lansdowne Front
Lutterworth, Anson and Hindon
Louth
Lake
Laxton, Digby and Longford .'
Leeds and Lansdowne Hear
Lochiel
Logan
Luther
London, East, Village
Laketield Village
Lindsay Town Victoria
Lancaster jGlengarry
Lucan Village
Lobo Mi
Lanark ....
Middlesex .
Presc<">tt
enac .
Leeds
Haliburton
Lincoln ....
Has tii
Victoria
Leeds
( rlengarry .
Perth
Wellington
Middlesex
Petei'l -
Lanark
Mara
Mersea
March
Madoc
Marlborough
Metcalfe
Mariposa
Montague
Monck
Mountain I Dundas .. .
Mind en Haliburton
Melancthon ■
Lanark
Essex
'nil
Hastings
Carleton
Middlesex
Victoria
Lanark
Muskoka District
Middleton.
Murray
Moultou and Sherbrooke
Mow ..han
Marysburgh, North
Marysburgh, South
Carried forward.
Northumberland and Durham
Haldimand
Northumberland and Durham
Prince Edward
Prince Edward
Amount.
■- cts
8,410 32
585
35 10
779
46 74
8533
511 98
267
16 02
138
8 28
936
56 16
870
52 20
447
26 82
645
38 70
1200
72 00
1261
75 66
169
10 14
590
35 40
664
39 84
837
50 22
3923
235 38
231
13 S6
179
10 74
158
1 9 48
768
46 08
604
36 24
1390
83 40
87a
52 50
5467
328 02
467
28 02
120
7 20
2022
121 32
309
18 54
449
26 94
741
44 46
167
10 02
356
21 36
36
2 16
164
9 84
537
32 22
820
4ii 20
618
37 OS
528
31 68
662
39 72
214
12 84
968
759
45 -"-4
215
12 90
705
42 30
380
22 80
635
38 10
723
43 38
219
13 14
667
40 02
361
21 66
472
28 32
1205
7_ 30
554
33 24
L29 !
7 74
634
38 04
231
13 86
nil
30 84
741
44 46
674
40 44
404
24 24
202
12 12
376
22 56
507
30 42
11,535 40
155
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of payments made from Municipalities Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
Brought foJwa/rd
{COUNTY.
Macaulay (Victoria
McDougall Parry Sound District.
McKellar Tarry Sound District
McKillop .Huron
Milton Town |Halton
Markham York
Minto Wellington
Malahide Elgin
MacNab jRenfrew
Maidstone Essex . ..
Maiden 'Essex
Manvers
Marmor;:
Marj borough
1 ]
Mosa
Madora aud Wood
Mono
Morris
Monteagle and Herschell
Moore
MonagLan, North
Morrison
Mulmer JSimcoe
Mitchell Town IPerth
Merrick ville Village | Leeds and Grenville
Markham Village York
Merritton Village .Lincoln ..
Mill Point Village Hasting
Durham
Hastings
Wellington
i >undas
Middlesex,
Simcoe
Simcoe
Huron
Hastings
Lambton
Peterborough . . . .
Muskoka District
Morrisburgh Village Dundas
Mount Forest Village Wellington
Movningt. a Perth
Mc< rillivray Middlesex
M ethuen Peterborough
Medonte iSimcoe
Muskoka Simcoe
Niagara Town ! Lincoln
i a i ownship Lincoln
Nissouri East Oxford
Nissouri West Middlesex
Normanby 9-rey
Nottawasaga Simcoe ■ •
Norwich South Oxford
New Edinburgh Village (Carleton
Newcastle- Village Northumberland and Durham
Napanee Town Lennox
Newburg Village [Middlesex
New Hamburgh Village Waterloo
Nassagaweya Halton
Newbur.h Village Lennox and Addington
Nepean Carleton
Nichol Wellington
Newmarket Village lX°l'k
Nelson
Norwich North . . .
Ottawa City
Olden
Otonabee
Osnabruck
Oakland
Osprey
Orange ville Town .
Oil Springs Village.
Halton
Oxford
Carleton ...
Frontenac
Peterboroug
Stonnont ..
Brant
Grey
Wellington
Lambton . .
Curried forward .
Rate-
payers.
Amount.
8 ets.
11,535 40
188
173
98
654
212
1253
788
1072
555
503
294
655
328
794
899
447
126
684
736
160
982
164
136
646
607
196
168
405
204
301
348
722
1033
21
636
168
360
565
616
709
1050
1144
600
195
240
812
103
207
605
198
1289
510
399
810
634
7320
159
722
1246
204
640
619
205
156
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1S78
Statement of payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY.
Rate-
payers.
Amount.
$ cts.
I:! 906 42
Oso
Simcoe
Frontenac . .
501
121
333
554
746
860
641
486
724
493
162
1258
610
530
790
1023
326
145
1751
1457
310
360
357
226
188
577
725
614
765
1340
35
591
386
839
353
657
479
614
354
188
139
310
945
122
1006
491
588
817
345
546
111
545
97
224
697
386
98
890
85
141
180
343
290
30 06
7 26
Oxford North
Oxford
IV) 98
Haldimand
Kent
•;■; 04
44 76
Caiieton
51 60
Ops
Victoria
38 46
Oxford
29 16
Leeds & Grenville
Halton
43 44
29 58
Omemee Village
Victoria
9 72
Oshawa Village
75 48
Orillia & Matchedash
36 60
Oxford West
Oxford
31 80
Oro
47 40
Owen Sound Town
(11 38
1'.! 56
Omemee Village (arrears of 1874)
Victoria
21 75
Peterboro
Northumberland & Durham
105 06
87 42
18 60
Bruee
21 60
21 42
Port Dalhousie Village
Lincoln
13 56
Port Elgin Village
11 28
Welland
:;j 62
Northumber 1 and
4:: 50
Pittsburgh
:..; 84
Puslinch
45 90
Pickering
SO 40
Pelee
2 10
35 46
do
23 16
•Paris Town
Brant
Middlesex
51 54
ParkMil Village
21 18
:;'.( 42
Petrolia Town
Lambton
28 74
Picton Town
36 84
21 24
Portsmouth Village
11 28
Port Stanley Village
8 34
Port Colborne
Welland ,
18 60
Perth Town
56 70
Pembroke
7 32
Peel
60 36
do
29 46
Proton
35 28
Plympton
49 02
Pakenham
20 70
Portland
do
32 76
6 66
Pembroke Village
32 70
Petawawa
do
5 82
Rama
13 44
Rawdon
41 82
Rainham
23 HI
Rolph, Buchanan & Wylie .
5 88
Richmond
53 40
Richmond Village
5 10
Richmond Hill Village. ..
York
8 46
Ronmev
10 80
Ross
20 58
Renfrew Village
do :
17 40
15,892 57
157
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1*78
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNK 'IPALITY,
COUNTY.
?Rate-
payers.
Amount.
$ cts.
15,892 57
Ltox borough
Glengarry
666
444
526
906
1,055
603
708
1,058
112
89
678
503
602
782
780
1,543
278
190
1,250
762
273
136
236
116
154
117
727
138
918
1,125
552
400
513
199
202
612
670
1,075
703
1,021
611
657
542
213
129
88
663
78
665
385
446
675
392
579
2,072
25,457
1,295
280
1,014
1,040
129
576
537
39 96
! i ichester
Essex
Kent
( )ntario
26 64
31 56
54 36
1 Leach
(53 30
i ^av
36 18
mbra
42 48
Elgin
63 48
8 52
do
:. 34
40 US
do
30 18
36 12
Sarnia Town
(I,,
46 92
Strathroy Town
Middlesex
46 80
Stratford Town
Perth
92 58
16 68
11 40
75 00
St. Mary's Town
Perth
45 72
16 38
Peel
8 16
S mthampton Village
14 16
Smith's Falls Village
24 96
9 24
7 02
43 62
Victoria
Northumberland and Durham
8 28
55 08
67 50
Sheffield
33 12
Saugeen
24 00
Storrington
30 78.
11 94
12 12
Sophiasburg
36 72
Saltfleet
40 20
64 50
42 18
York
61 26
36 66
Stanley
39 42
Smith
32 52
12 78
Scugog
Stanhope and Sherbourne
7 74
Haliburton
5 28
Stisted
39 78
Muskoka and Parry Sound
Grey
4 68
39 90
23 10
26 76
Norfolk
40 50
Stamford
Welland
23 ."'2
34 74
124 32
York
1,527 42
Peel
77 70
,1,.
16 80
60 84
62 40
7 74
Tiny .
34 56
Tilbury West
32 22
19,629 07
L5S
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY.
Rate-
payers.
Amount.
s cts.
19,629 07
14 70
245
460
475
630
513
492
160
133
355
522
235
1125
.1317
584
1208
851
602
352
612
603
159
1199
656
838
1223
808
952
848
526
.908
494
1154
773
392
102
158
1130
899
211
486
516
965
528
450
1545
262
420
1468
115
436
101
353
1040
1242
633
760
790
490
605
121
1518
2478
783
499
Tilbury East ..
Kent
27 60
Tliorah
28 50
Tkorold
Welland
37 80
TH(*roldTown
Welland
30 78
29 52
9 60
Kent
7 98
Tay
21 30
31 32
14 10
Norfolk
67 50
79 02
35 (i4
72 48
51 06
36 12
21 12
36 72
36 18
9 54
York
71 94
Perth
39 36
50 28
Norfolk
73 38
48 48
York
57 12
50 88
Wolfe Island
31 56
54 48
29 (14
69 24
46 38
Waterloo Village
23 52
6 12
9 48
Norfolk
67 80
53 94
12 66
29 16
30 96
57 90
31 68
Middlesex. \ .
27 00
Westminster
92 70
Willoughby
15 72
25 20
88 08
Welland Village
6 90
Welland
26 16
6 06
Walkerton Town
21 18
Oxford
62 40
74 52
Whitby Town
37 98
Whitby, East
45 60
Whitby Township
47 40
29 40
Welland
36 30
7 26
Elgin
91 08
York
York
148 68
York
46 98
29 94
22,239 75
159
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Payments made from Municipalities' Fund, &c. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
Brought forv;ard.
Yonge, Front of.
Zorra, West of. .
Zone
Zorra, East
COUNTY.
Leeds . .
Oxford.
Kent . .
Oxford .
Rate-
payers.
366
597
279
794
Amount.
8 cts.
22,239 75
21 96
35 82
16 74
47 64
822,361 91
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
TOO
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
c3
r-1
CO
— S oT
-Hj
1:3
go
6"
on 8
,2 Hi
-Co
O . «5
SgoT
S rf a
pq
5 c
O A
CO
W
o
o
Pn
o
P
o
<
w
PC!
161
CO
h-
X
r- 1
f^"
CD
c
_r
HI
a
<
CD
—
0
1)
p
-1-3
in
OQ
1— 1
g
0
H
-H
-
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<3
O
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<J
W
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H
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 16.
Statement showing the Receipts for the year ending 30th June, 1875, for Sales
of Crown Lands, subject to the Land Improvement Fund, the amount
deducted for expenses and payments made to Municipalities.
TOWNSHIPS.
Total Sales.
Artemesia
Algona, S
Shfield
Arthur
Amaranth
Admaston
Brant ,.
Barrie
Bedford
Beckwith
Bromley
Brougham
Bagot
Brudenel
Culross
Carrick
Chatham
Carden
Colchester
Clarence
Derby
Digby
Dalhousie .
Euphrasia
Elziver
Elma
Eldon
Esquesing
Flos
Glenelg
Greenock ,
Grey
Galway
Holland
Howick
Harwich
Haldimand
Innisfil
Kinloss
Kaladar
Luther
Laxton
Melancthon
Minto
Madoc
Marmora
Mara
Moore
Minden
Maidstone
v
Olden
Ops
Proton
Percy
Paisley
Packenham
Carried forward
One fifth thereof.
S cts.
1,767 78
34 46
240 50
729 77
155 86
785 16
60 50
91 58
2 07
58 75
874 12
44 22
126 81
161! 07
1,304 01
667 30
1,026 34
17--. 10
10 00
40 30
13 28
20 00
265 65
262 99
272 55
37 48
221 00
224 14
50 00
1,554 04
561 55
170 22
1,246 70
728 59
17 50
50 00
50 00
1,717 16
121 37
2,103 27
101 34
1,78
2,108 25
57 55
186 26
48 61
128 44
80 7."")
00 40
2,130 39
59 97
187 "i
7 04
31 10
207 00
129 00
63 90
S cts.
353 55
6 89
48 10
145 96
31 18
157 10
2 10
18 32
0 42
11 75
174 83
8 85
25 37
32 62
426 12
260 81
133 46
205 27
35 02
2 00
8 06
2 66
4 00
53 13
52 60
54 51
7 50
44 20
44 83
10 00
310 81
112 31
34 05
240 36
145 72
3 50
10 00
10 00
343 43
24 27
42D 65
20 26
356 73
421 65
7 51
37 25
9 72
25 68
It; 15
12 08
426 07
11 99
37 40
1 40
6 22
41 40
25 80
12 78
Less 6 per cent.
cts.
Total paid to
Municipalities.
21 22
42
27.526 81 i
L62
5. 195 40
*fi
O 11
4.'. 22
8 79
137 19
1 88
29 30
9 43
147 67
73
11 37
1 10
17 22
03
39
71
11 04
10 49
164 34
54
8 31
1 53
23 84
1 96
30 66
25 57
400 55
15 65
245 16
8 02
125 44
12 32
192 95
2 11
32 91
13
1 87
49
7 57
16
2 50
25
3 75
3 19
49 '.i4
3 17
19 43
3 28
51 23
45
7 05
2 65
41 55
2 68
42 15
59
9 41
18 64
292 17
6 73
105 58
2 04
32 hi
14 96
234 40
8 74
136 98
21
3 29
59
9 41
59
9 41
20 60
322 83
1 45
22 82
25 23
395 42
1 21
21 40
21 29
3H7 36
45
7 06
2 23
35 02
58
'.» 14
1 54
14 14
96
15 19
72
11 36
25 56
410 51
71
11 28
2 25
35 15
8
1 32
37
5 85
2 47
2 48
1
76
12 02
229 19
5.175 26
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878-
Statement shewing the Receipts for the Sales of Crown Lands, &c. — Continued.
TOWNSHIPS.
Total Sales.
One-fifth thereof.
Less 6 per cent.
Total paid to
Municipaliti' 3.
S cts.
27,526 81
209 50
44 51
38 49
72 76
102 40
86 40
391 78
39 51
204 30
3 24
170 90
330 51
496 30
180 70
202 50
119 25
20 00
636 45
88 59
§ cts.
5,495 40
41 90
8 90
7 69
14 55
20 48
17 28
78 35
7 90
40 86
0 64
34 18
66 10
99 26
36 14
40 50
23 85
4 00
127 29
17 71
$ cts.
229 19
2 52
53
46
87
1 23
1 03
4 72
48
2 46
04
2 06
3 97
5 96
2 17
2 46
1 45
26
7 64
1 07
S cts.
5,175 26
39 39
8 37
7 '.'3
Rolph
13 68
19 25
16 26
73 63
7 42
38 41
Stafford
60
32 12
Tudor
62 13
Tilbury, E
Tilbury, W
94 31
33 97
38 04
22 40
3 75
119 65
16 64
30,964 90
6,192 98
371 57
5,822 41
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
1G3
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 17.
Statement showing the Receipts for the year ending 30 th June, 1875, for the
sale of Common School Lands, subject to the Land Improvement Fund, the
amount deducted for expenses, and payments made to Municipalities.
TOWNSHIPS.
Total Sales.
Less 6 per cent.
Expenses.
One-fourth
paid to
Municipalities.
Arran
$ cts.
1,620 53
858 88
3,816 88
1,653 30
7,904 22
50 00
3,216 72
5,056 82
971 40
S cts.
97 23
51 53
229 02
99 19
474 26
3 00
193 00
303 40
58 29
61 72
184 82
4 22
262 72
43 27
S cts.
380 83
Arthur
201 83
Bentinck
896 96
Brant
388 53
Derby
1,857 49
11 75
Egremont
755 94
Elderslie
1,188 35
Elma.
228 27
Glenelg
1,028 52
3,080 30
70 22
241 70
723 87
16 50
Huron
4,378 51
721 20
1,028 94
Kinloss
169 48
Kincardine
1,988 70 | 119 32
1.042 25 62 53
467 34
Morris
244 94
Normanby
3,114 74
303 77
2,145 33
469 90
2,155 20
1,287 50
505 25
902 70
186 88
18 22
128 72
28 19
129 32
77 25
30 31
54 16
731 98
Paisley
71 38
504 15
110 43
506 47
Turnberry
302 56
Wawanosh
118 74
212 13
48,342 84
2,900 57
11,360 56
W. H. Haepjs,
Accountant.
A
DAM CROO
Tn
KS,
'easwrer.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
164
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878"
No. 18.
Statement showing the Receipts for the sale of Grammar School Lands, from
the 1st July, 1874, to the 30th June, 1875, which are subject to the Land
Improvement Fund, the amount deducted for Expenses and Payment made
to Municipalities.
TOWNSHIPS.
Bedford. .
Blandford
Houghton
Proton . .
Sheffield..
Seymour . ,
Total Sales.
S cts.
300 36
1,025 60
1,162 41
3,160 93
383 20
130 00
6,162 50
Less 6 per cent.
Expenses.
S cts.
18 02
61 53
69 74
189 65
22 99
7 80
One-fourth
paid to
Municipalities.
369 73
8 cts.
70 58
241 02
273 16
742 83
90 05
30 55
1,448 19
RECAPITULATION.
Crown Lands $ 5,822 41
Common School Lands 11,360 56
Grammar School Lands 1,448 19
§18,631 16
W. H. Harris, ADAM CROOKS,
Accountant. Treasurer.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
165
tl Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 19.
Statement of Expenditure on account of the Surplus Distribution for the year
ending 31st December, 1876.
MUNICIPALITY.
Asphi .del Peterl k .rough
Augusta Grenville
A ssiganack iManitoulin Island
Ancaster ....
Ameliasburgh
Bolton Village
Bruce Township
Wentworth
Prince Edward
Peel
Bruce
Bothwell Village iKent
Wentworth
Brant
Elgin
Leeds & Grenville
Wentworth
Frontenac
Essex
Waterloo
Lincoln
do
Bruce
Middlesex
Haldimand
Welland
Haldimand
Binbrook ........
Brantford Town . .
Bayham
Bastard & Burgess
Beverley
Bedford
Burford
Berlin
Clinton Township
Caistor
Carrick
( iaradoc
Charlotteville ....
Crowland
Canborough
< !r< isby, North iLeeds & Grenville
Cheppawa Welland
Charlottenburgh Glengarry
( 'linton Village Huron
Caledonia Township [Prescott
Dumfries, North Waterloo
Doiiro iPeterboro
Dunwich Elgin
Dawn iLambton
Dimmer Peterboro
Delaware j Middlesex
Dumfries, South Waterloo
Dorchester, South Elg
Esquesing
Elderslie
Etobicoke
Edwardsburgh
Embro
Egremont
Halton
Bruce
York
Grenville . .
Oxford ....
Grey
Eldon [Victoria. . . .
Erin |
Flamboro', East Wentworth
Fitzr< y Carleton . .
Forest |Victoria
Flamboro', West Wentworth
Georgina 'York
Calt Waterloo . .
Georgetown Halton
Grey Huron
Goderich Township < do . . . .
< 2-ari len Island Frontenac .
Grenville . .
Bruce
Wellington
York
do
Huron
Bruce
Frontenac .
( lower, North
Greenock
Garafraxa, West ....
Gwillimbury, North
Gwillimbury, East
Ho wick
Huron
Hinchinbrooke
Carried forward
Amount.
{ cts.
533 33
9,237 50
381 00
4,000 00
350 00
135 64
1,792 40
1,417 73
725 00
56,548 25
4,703 54
708 00
3, GOO 00
1,250 00
1,108 60
6,879 00
877 29
1,093 27
3,000 00
1,070 00
2,852 11
2,910 75
317 50
3,105 90
300 00
5,000 00
1,528 00
451 0!)
1,289 21
197 18
2,643 00
175 75
150 00
1,184 58
n
1,600 00
12,430 21
2,044 38
758 90
2,169 04
1,029 34
1,885 73
9,108 69
2,350 00
2,682 00
L39 49
2,395 02
700 00
2,081 61
1,500 00
717 42
17,180 00
1,687 04
2,500 00
2,033 26
2,190 73
3,398 32
4,143 23
3,156 91
872 47
96 12
205,580 31
166
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Expenditure on account of the Surplus Distribution, for the year
ending December 31st, 1876. — Continued.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY.
Amount.
a cts.
205,580 31
704 93
Hallowell
6,149 91
320 00
Prescott
Prince Edward
Hillier ....
3,946 80
Hullett
18,729 43
Kent
400 00
Manitoulin Island
Huron
77 04
Hay
1,500 00
Welland
709 56
Carleton
300 03
Oxford
10 62
Lennox and Addington
70 83
829 22
Frontenac
9,275 00
377 35
371 18
Leeds and Lansdown, Front
Leeds
Huron
2,844 47
246 16
3,000 00
2,100 00
2,000 00
400 00
Matilda
3,100 00
130 00
Mill Point Village
203 66
March
Carleton
5,058 68
509 50
Malahide :
3,195 00
Moulton
450 00
York
400 00
8,834 04
6,424 45
3,008 05
York
176 34
1,785 00
59 30
35 00
1,271 55
Oso
1,078 82
2,255 48
Oxford
10,994 85
1,083 60
Oxford, West •
Oxford
S80 00
3,023 36
2,901 51
Oxford, East
Oxford
5,399 54
4,100 83
2,132 80
200 00
800 00
894 00
1,326 22
10,192 63
Paisley
2,844 62
525 00
Kent
1,524 07
2,660 00
454 77
4,615 51
St. Marys
Perth
1,081 37
Smith
565 00
4,616 25
360,873 50
107
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of Expenditure on account of the Surplus Distribution for the year
ended 31st December, 1876. — UoTioluded.
MUNICIPALITY.
COUNTY.
Amount.
8 cts.
360,873 50
2,500 00
1,276 51
13,550 00
8,418 00
1,733 00
Saltfleet
2,500 00
1,691 20
Peel
889 05
852 14
800 28
7,177 96
Thorah
2.215 26
Tay
709 81
Tilbury, East
Kent
1,816 69
Torbolton
118 25
Peel
3,537 43
11,439 33
5,000 00
1,000 00
York
2.625 00 j
2,638 00
Wilmot
5,000 00
Winchester
991 96
Whitby, East
1,500 00
Wolf Island
180 26
Whitby Township
3,140 00
Whitby Town
963 61
3,968 00
358 20
Yonge and Escott, Rear
1,994 60
Zorra, West
697 34
Total
452.155 38
4 10
452,151 28
W. R
Harris,
Accountant.
ADAM
•
CROOE
Tre
asurer.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
168
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No 20.
The Law Society, in account with the Province of Ontario.
1
1
1876. Dr.
i
$ cts.
S cts.
$ cts.
16,000 00
110,423 60
126,423 61
480 00
2,760 58
2,400 45
480 00
2,760 58
" half year's interest on debentures (6 per cent)
June 30
do on open account (5 percent)
" payments made by Ontario, in 1876
" half year's interest on debentures
do on open account
Cr.
135,305 22
14,000 00
Dr.
16,000 00
105,305 22
121,305 22
1877.
Jan. 1
121,305 22
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
12
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No.
Statement of the Railway Aid Fund
Date of Payment.
1876
February 4
June 16 ....
Augustf 30 .
May 13
TO WHOM PAID.
The Canada Central Railway Company —
On account of grant for that portion of the line nor-
therly from Sandpoint, 20'029 miles
On account of grant for that portion of the line nor-
therly from last point, 20 miles
On account of grant northerly from last point, 7 '531
miles
The Port Dover and Lake Huron Railway —
On account of grant for that portion of the line
extending from a point 40 miles from Port Dover
to the Terminus, at Stratford, 23 miles
Total expenditure for 1876 ,
To balance carried down....
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, December 31st. 1876.
$ cts.
$ cts.
,53,000 00
53,000 00
19,957 15
125,957 15
46,000 00
171,957 15
498,762 35
670,719 5
170.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
21.
34 Vic, Cap. 2, and 35 Vic, Cap. 24.
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
171
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No.
Statement of the
Date op Payment.
1876.
February 1 .
June 1
June 30
December 31
June 30
December 31
October 25...
December 11.
December 31.
TO WHOM PAID.
June 30
December 31
June 30
December 31
June 30
December 31
The London, Huron d; Bruce Railway Company—
On account of grant for that portion of the line northerly
from Hyde Park, 45 miles
On account of grant for that portion of the line northerly
from last point mentioned. 24 146 1000 miles
On account of payment of certificates due 30th June, 1876
On account of payment of certificates due 31st Dec. , 1876
The Brantf or d, Norfolk <b Port Bur well Railway Company—
On account of grant for that portion of the line commen-
cing at the Canada Southern Railway, and terminat-
ing at a point one mile west of the Town of Brant-
ford, 30 miles •
On account of payment of certificates due 30th June, 1876
Do do do 31st Dec, 1876
The Victoria Railway Company —
On account of grant for that portion of the line between
the switch on the Midland Railway at the town of
Lindsay to a point 1,659 feet southerly from the
southerly end of Burnt River Bridge, 20 miles
On account of aid to railway under 39 Vic. cap. 22 ... .
On accoimt of grant for that portion of the line extending
from the northerly end of the 20 miles previously
measured, to the westerly side of the Bobcaygeon
Road, in the village of Kinmount, 12 miles
On account of aid to railway under 39 Vic. cap. 22
On account of payment of certificates due 31st December
1876
The Canada Southern Railway Company—
On account of payment of certificates due June 30, 1876...
Do do do Dec. 31
The Midland Railway Company—
On account of payment of certificates due June 30, 1876...
Do do do Dec. 31
The Toronto, Grey, and Bruce Railway Company —
On account of payment of certificates due June 30
Do do do do
Do do do Dec. 31
Do do do do
Total expenditure for 1876
To balance carried down . . .
S cts. $ cts.
34,992 00
18,775 92
6,720 99
6,720 99
23,328 00
2,916 00
2,916 00
26,244 00
20,000 00
17,496 00
12,000 00
2,916 00
6,113 98
6,113 98
2,143 26
2,143 26
3,573 50
831 06
3,573 50
831 06
W. R. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1876.
172
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
22.
"Railway Subsidy Fund.
1876.
January 1. ..
December 31.
By Balance brought forward
" Appropriation for 1876 ...
1877.
January 1 ..
By Balance brought down ,
$ cts.
298,705 60
100,000 00
$ cts.
198,356 10
398,705 60
ADAM CROOKS,
Treasurer.
173
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2 )
A. 1878
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
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41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 24.
Statement of amounts charged against Unforseen and Unprovided during the
year ended 31st December, 1876.
SE RVICE
Amount of Appropriation
Expenditure
in excess of
Appropriation.
Civil Government.
Government House
Executive Council Office — Contingencies, &c
Treasury Department do
Do East Wing, Repairs, &c
Secretary and Registrar's Department — Contingencies
Registrar General's Branch — Payments as to District Registrars
Inspection of Public Institutions — Contingencies
Legislation.
Sessional Writers, Messengers, and Pages
Library
Contingencies
Repairs, Fuel, Light, &c
Administration of Justice.
Court of Chancery — Salaries
Do Contingencies
Court of Queen's Bench do
Practice Court
Crown Counsel Prosecutions
Special Servcies
Education.
Public and Separate Schools
Inspection of High Schools and Collegiate Institutes
Normal School Contingencies
Museum
Libraries, Apparatus and Prizes
Depository — Contingencies
Education Office
Miscellaneous.
Expenses— Law Stamps and Licenses
Municipalities and other Funds
Municipal Loan Fund Debt and Surplus Schemes
Insurance — Public Buildings
Expenses of Contested Elections
Do re Philadelphia Exhibition
Unprovideu Items
Carried -forward.
176
$ cts.
1,053 57
230 59
553 44
801 07
756 66
79 68
1,049 00
5,083 75
405 77
138 79
1,612 34
30 57
181 64
265 53
1,828 15
3,405 03
340 01
1,300 47
376 50
139 40
1,842 93
138 15
4,114 07
507 93
112 01
485 12
34 68
1,268 63
556 33
116 64
263 10
i cts.
4,524 01
$ cts.
50,000 00
7,240 65
6,050 93
2,836 51
8,419 45
29,071 55
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Statement of amounts charged against Unforseen and Unprovided during the
year ended 31st December, 1876 — Continued.
S ERVICE
Brought forioard .
Public Buildings.
Lunatic Asylum, Toronto
Do and Idiot Asylum, London
Do Asylum, Hamilton
Do do Orillia
Reformatory, Penetanguishene
Deaf and Dumb Institution, Belleville
Government House, Toronto
Public Works.
Mary's and Fairy Lakes Works.
Gull and Burnt River
Lindsay Lock
Colonization Roads
Crown Lands Expenditure
Refunds.
Education _
Land Improvement Fund
Township of Wainfleet overpayment re Municipal Loan Fund.
Balance unexpended
Expenditure
in excess of
Appropriation.
$ cts.
57
2,613 30
3,107 80
468 75
14 93
870 13
70 46
218 41
17 29
1,146 31
$ cts.
29,071 55
7,145 94
1,382 01
131 43
179 60
502 83
1 00
l.iiod no
2,103 83
$ cts.
40,014 36
9,985 64
50,000 00
W. H. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1870.
ADAM CROOKS.
Treasurer,
177
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2.) A. 1878
STATEMENTS
OF
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES
ON ACCOUNT OP THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO
DURING THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING 31st DECEMBER,
1877.
$aul Mm tUt $t$i8Utm %$mM\jf by GUoromattrt,
Toronto;
PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & CO., 25 WELLINGTON-ST. WEST.
1878.
41^Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2.) A. 1878
To His Honour the Honourable Donald Alexander Macdonald,
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
May it Please Your Honour :
The undersigned has the honour to present to Your Honour Statement of the
Receipts and Expenditures on account of the Province of Ontario, during the Twelve
Months ending this day.
Respectfully submitted.
S. C. WOOD,
Treasurer.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
Toronto, 31st December, 1877.
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
CONTENTS.
Page
Statem \nt of Cash 9
Do of Investments 10
Do of Receipts 12
Do of Expenditure 14
Civil Government : —
Government House 14
Lieutenant-Governor's Office — Salaries. 14
Executive Council and Attorney-Gene-
ral's Offices, Salaries 16
Treasury Department, Salaries 16
Secretary and Registrar's Department,
Salaries 17
Registrar-General's Branch, Salaries ... 17
Department of Agriculture, " . . 19
Public Works Department, " ... 18
Inspector of Prisons Office , " ... 20
Crown Lands Department, " ... 20
Miscellaneous 22
Crown Lands Expenditure : —
Board of Surveyors 27
Salaries, &c, of Agents 27
Refunds 27
Surveys 27
Colonization Roads 27
Legislation : —
Salaries 23
Sessional Messengers, Writers and Pages 23
Postage and cost of House Post Office . . 23
Stationery, including Printing-papers,
&c 23
Printing, Binding, and Circulating the
Statutes 23
Expense of Elections 23
Parliamentary Library 23
Indemnity to Members 23
Repairs to Buildings 23
Page
Administration of Justice : —
Court of Chancery— Salaries 23
Do of Queen's Bench — Salaries .... 23
Do of Common Pleas " 23
Criminal Justice, Criminal Prosecutions 24
Do Administration of 24
Do Special Services 24
Miscellaneous Justice 24
Public Works and Buildings : —
London Lunatic Asylum 26
Toronto Lunatic Asylum 26
Hamilton Lunatic Asylum 26
OsgoodeHall 26
Government House 26
Deaf and Dumb Institute 26
Blind Institute 26
Reformatory, Penetanguishene 26
Lock, Mary and Fairy Lakes 27
Lock-ups 27
Scugog River Work 27
Surveys and Drainage of Swamp Lands.. 27
School of Agriculture, Guelph 26
School of Practical Science 27
Central Prison 26
Normal and Model Schools 26
Parliament Buildings 26
Lunatic Asylum, Orillia 26
Gull and Burnt River Works 27
Musk oka River Works 27
Wye River Works 27
Balsam River Work 27
Miscellaneous 27
Public Institutions, Maintenance 25
Reformatory, Maintenance 25
Agriculture and Arts 2o
Immigration 25
Miscellaneous 26
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
Page
Hospitals and Charities 25
Literary and Scientific Institutions . . 25
Education 24
Municipalities' Fund 26
Land Impbovement Fund 26
Dkainage 27
Drainage Debentures , 27
Railway Aid Fund 27
Railway Subsidy Fund 27
Surplus Distribution 27
Osgoode Hall, Special 27
Page
Statement of Departmental Expenses : —
Lieutenant-Governor's Office 14
Executive Council and Attorney-Gene-
ral's Offices 14
Treasury Department 16
Secretary and Registrar's Department. . 17
Public Works Department 18
Department of Agriculture 19
Crown Lands Department 21
Queen's Printer 22
Legislation 23
Court of Chancery 23
Court of Queen's Bench 23
Court of Common Pleas 23
Education 24
Statement of Balances of Appropriations 28
Vl
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 2.) A. 1878
STATEMENTS
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.
1877.
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
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Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
No. 3.
STATEMENT of Receipts of the Province of Ontario for the year ended
31st December, 1877.
Dominion of Canada.
On account of Subsidy §1,116,872 80
On account of specific grant 80,000 00
On account of interest on special funds 130,696 62 |
Territorial Revenue.
Special funds — Clergy Lands
Do Common School Lands
Do Grammar School Lands
Crown Lands Revenue
Woods and Forests
Casual fees, etc
Public Institutions Revenue.
Asylum for the Insane, Toronto §25,202 91
Do London 5,452 21
Do Rockwood 2,719 33
Do Hamilton 437 75
Do Orillia 986 74
Central Prison, Toronto 1,184 91
Reformatory, Penetanguishene 2,931 22
Institute for Deaf and Dumb, Belleville 960 00
Investments.
Interest on Investments
Education.
On account of Education Revenue
License Fund Account.
On account of licenses
Law Stamps.
On account of law stamps
Casual Revenue.
On account of fines, fees, forfeitures, etc....
Alyoma Taxes.
On account of patented lands in Algoma . . ,
Carried forward
12
37,465 57
62,039 84
8,949 37
86,750 29
426,556 67
6,951 16
$ cts.
1,333,569 42
628,712 90
39,875 07
183,073 72
57,785 95
79,020 96
67,604 49
29,174 50
1,021 13
2,419,838 14
41 Victoria.
Sessional Papers (No. 2.)
A. 1878
STATEMENT of Receipts of the Province of Ontario for the year ended
31st December, 1877. — Concluded.
$ cts.
$ cts.
2,419,838 14
1,925 71
Agricultural Farm, Mimico.
Drainage Debentures.
29,625 69
570 88
Drainage Assessment.
Settlers' Homestead Farm.
117 16
Advance on Stocks.
Deposited in Ontario Bank $210, 377 78
" Consolidated Bank 171,194 44
381,572 22
725,133 33
3,177,210 91
(Subject to call, bearing interest at 5 per cent.)
W. H. Harris,
Accountant.
Treasury Department, Ontario,
TorOiNTO, 31st December, 1877.
S. C. WOOD,
Treasureir
13
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41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 3.) A. 1878
REPORT
OF THE
LIBRARIAN OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
OF THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
To the Honourable the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario :
The Report of the Librarian on the state of the Library, respectfully represents :—
That the additions made to the collection during the year 1877 have been as numerous
as the special requirements of a Parliamentary Library would seem to justify.
That several new Works have been procured for the section entitled "Constitutional and
Parliamentary History and Practice." For the section devoted to the "History of Great
Br land Yreland," there have been secured the principal Works published during the year,
hav tieference to he subject ; at the same time, standard Authorities of an earlier date have
not been overlooked. Amongst the latter class, special mention should be made of "Camden a
Britannia/' 1 four volumes, folio ; « Carte's Ormonde," in three volumes folio ; and the Irish
Archaeological Society's Publications," fifteen volumes, in small quarto
All the additions possible have been made to the section of "Canadian History and
Tonography'' The nire important Biographical Publications of the year have been pro-
cuTd There have been considerable augmentations in the « Law " Section ; whilst Poll-
Seal and Sodal Science," « Political Economy," Useful Arts," and « Physical Science,' have
n been left unrepresented. For the Department of » Geography, Voyages and Travel,
Jhere has been secured every work of importance published during the year. « In Belles
Lettres /' noticeable additions have been made in the shape of works of high literary character
an^%"teTo^ero^Se of Official Documents as between Ontario certain 0f i the
British ColonTeT in other parts of the globe, the Federal Government of the United States,
and some of the individual States, has worked to satisfaction.
The Federal Government of the United States has been, as usual, the Urges con ri-
butor of Officia Documents. These, as well as the contributions of the individual States
will be found enumerated in their proper place. Special mention should be made of the
lustealasUn CoWs : their exchanges have been prompt and numerous The Maritime
Princes of Canada, in respect to the overtures made for a more satisfactory system of ex-
change have continued silent, and taken no action.
The donations to the Library during the year 1877 were as follows :-
From the Federal Government of the United States :—
r, •„ „i R^nrrl Fnrtv Third Congress. Second Session. Vol. 3. Parts 1, 2, 3.
C°nSreS7Dl 7 lf74-Ch S, 1875 1)° 3 Vol*. Abo Index to the above.
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 3.) A. 1878
Congressional Record. Forty Fourth Congress. First Session. Vol. 4. Parts 2, 3, 4, 5
(and 6, with Appendix.) Part 7, Trial of W. W. Belknap, late Secretary of War,
on A rticles of Impeachment. Also Index to Parts 1-6. Small 4to. Washington,
187(5-
DigGfet of Appropriations, 18/7. Small 4to. Washington, 1877.
United States Congressional Documents. 1874-5.
Senate Documents.
Senate, Miscellaneous.
Senate Reports.
House, Miscellaneous.
Executive Documents, (2 vols.)
Report of Secretary of the Interior. Education. Volume 2.
Report of Committees. N
Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries, for the year 1875. 8vo.
Washington, 1876.
Contested Elections, (Coogress). 8vo. Washington, 1876.
United States Congressional Documents. 1875-6.
Senate Journals. 1875-6.
House Journals. 1875-6.
Senate Reports. 2 vols. 1875-6.
House, Miscellaneous. 5 vols. 1875-6.
Reports of Committee. 5 vols. 1875-6.
Investigation of the Navy Department. 3 vols. 1875-6.
Report of the Secretary of War, (Ordnance). Vol. 3. 1875-6.
Report of the Secretary of the Interior. (Education). Vol. 3. 1875-6.
Report of the Secretary of the Navy and- Postmaster-General. 1875-6.
Labour in Europe and America. A Special He port on the R.ites of Wages, *:he Cost of Sub-
sistence, and the Condition of tbe Working Clashes in Great Britain, Germany,
France, Belgium, &.C.; also in the United States and British America. By Edward
Young. 8vo. Washington, 1876.
Commerce and Navigation. Emma Mine Investigation. Offers for Carrying the Mails. Re-
port of Secretary of the Treasury, (U. S.) Washington, 1875-6.
From the State of Iowa : —
Senate Journals. 1870, 1872, 1873. 3 vols.
House Journals. 1870. 1vol.
Senate Journals. 1874-1876. 2 vols.
House Journals. 1872,1874,1876. 3 vols.
Iowa Documents. 1874. 3 vols.
Census of Iowa. 1875. 1 vol.
Acts of House of Assembly. 1870.
General and Public Acts. 1872.
Private, Local and Temporary Acts. 1872.
Private, Local and Temporary Acts. 1874.
Public Laws. 1874.
Acts and Resolutions. 1876.
From the State of Illinois : —
Laws of Illinois. 1877.
Canal Commissioners, for Illinois Report, 1875, 1876. 8vo. Springfield, 1877.
Insurance Report. Illinois. Ninth Annual Insurance Report of the Auditor of Public
Accounts. Part I. — Fire and Marine Insurance. 8vo. Springfield, 1877.
Railroad and Warehouse Commission. Illinois. Sixth Annual Report of, for year ending
December 1, 1876. 8vo. Springfield, 187b.
Public Instruction. Eleventh Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
of Illinois, for the two years ending September 3Uth, 1876. 8vo. Springfield, 1877.
2
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 3.) A. 1878
Public Charities, Illinois. Fourth Biennial Report of the Board of State Commissioners of
Public Charities of Illinois. November, 187o. 8vo. Spriugfield, 1877.
Illinois, History of. From 1778 to 1833. And " Life and Times of Ninian Edwards " By
Ninian W. Edwards. 8vo. Springfield, 1870.
From the State op New York : —
Senate Journals, 1875.
Assembly Journals, 1875. 2 vols.
Senate Documents, 1875. 7 vols.
Assembly Documents, 1875. 10 vols.
Laws of New York, 1875.
Senate Journals, 1876.
Assembly Journals, 1876.
Senate Documents, 1876. 1-2 vols.
Assembly Documents, 1876. Vois. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Laws of New York, 1876. 2 vols. Vol. 2, " Code of Remedial Justice " (New Revision of
the Statutes).
Fifty eighth Annual Report of the Trustees of the New York State Library for 1875.
(Pamphlet).
From the State of Ohio : —
Ohio Statistics, 1875. Annual Repor of the Secretary of State.
Laws of Ohio, 1876.
Auditor's Beport. Annual Report of the Auditor of State of Ohio for 1875.
Common Schools, Ohio. Twenty-secoud Annual Report of the State Commissioner of Com
mon Schools. For 1875.
From the State of Massachusetts :—
Acts and Resolves, (Mass). 1876.
Auditor's Report, (Mass.) for 1876.
Census of Massachusetts, 1875. Vol. 1. Population and Social Statistics. Vol. 3. Agri-
cultural Products and Property.
Registration Report, (Mass). Thirty -fourth. 1875.
Railroad Commissioners. Eighth Annual Beport of the Massachusetts Board of, 1876.
From the State of New Hampshire : —
Journals of the Senate and House of Bepresentatives of June Session, 1876
Laws of New Hampshire, 1876.
Reports to the Legislature of New Hampshire, 1876.
School Beports. New Hampshire. 1876.
From the Australasian Colonies : —
victoria.
Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria. 1876. 3 vols.
Votes and Proceedings of the Legislatire Council of Victoria. 1876.
Acts of Victoria. 1876.
TASMANIA.
Journals of the Legislative Council of Tasmania : (with Papers). 1876
Journals of the Legislative Assembly of Tasmania : (with Appendices)- 1 876. 2 vols.
3
41 Victoria. Sessional Papers (No. 3.) A. ,1878
NEW SOUTH WALES.
Statistical Register of New South Wales. For the year 1875;
Official Documents. 1876.
From Mr. Fred. Young : —
Imperial Federation of Great Britain and her Colonies. In Letters, edited by Frederick
Young, (one of the writers). 8vo. London, 1876.
From the Royal Colonial Institute : —
Proceedings of. 1876-77. Vol. 8th. 8vo. London, 1877.
The number of Books now in the Library, exclusive of the Official Documents of the
late Proviuce of Canada, the Confederation, and its various Provinces, is 10,000 volumes.
Respectfully submitted,
S. J. WATSON,
Librarian.
\
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