Agricultural and industrial progress in Canada

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Agricultural and Industrial
PrQ^ress in Canada

UNIVERSITY OF B.'c^ librX^ "^^ Agrxcultural and Industrial progress in Caruida,

\ [ '11 11 I 11 lliliililli^^ intent of Colonization and Development of th9

I'l i'lillililllinlllilin^^ 1^^ y at Montreal, Canada.

3 9424 00406 3811

Vov. 2— No. 7

MONTREAL

July. 1920

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A Matter of Acres HJ>B.Ci \Jl

DURING the past couple of months,
conflicting statements regarding the
available acreage of good farming land
within a radius of fifteen miles of existing rail-
roads ia Western Canada have been made, and
though the matter of five or six thousand acr^
in a total of approximately 30,000,000 at this
stage of settlement, is not one of great impor-
tance, nevertheless, from a statistician's point
of view, it is of considerable interest. Col, J. S.
Dennis, addressing the Alberta Industrial Con-
gress, placed it at
thirty million acres ;
the Western Can-
ada Colonization
Association in their
recent announce-
ments at twenty
million ; while
Mayor Brown of
Medicine Hat, in
his speech to the
Canadian Manu-
facturers Association, returns it at twenty-five
million; and other authorities range from twenty
to thirty-five.

It is of particular interest to know, then,
that one of the ablest statisticians, and best-
known old-timers in the West, Mr. William
♦»-'» figures at 33,818 000, and in
figures he has produced some
the acreage under cultivation
inces. They are based on his
dence in the West and first-
Df the country, and in this
Mr. Pearce, as a surveyor,
snoan and business man, is better
ith the whole of these provinces
ir single individual.

The mformation on hand in our main Reference Library
at headqaarters, Montreal, and in our Bureaus of
Canadian Information at New York, Chicago and London,
Eng., is at your service, Inqniries are invited and will be
promptly answered by personal letter. Please do not
hesitate to write if you desire information about Canada
or its resources. Addresses are shown on back cover.

ORAGE-ITEM
CMILLAN LP1

1-K13B

U.B.C. LIBRARY

S 1

A2

V.2

N.7

1920

idopted to Determine Ar««

I adopted todetermine the quantity
: Taking the area within 15 miles
tablished railway lines and those
obably be constructed within the

near future, and using a statement prepared
sometime ago, the* Federal Electoral Districts
were taken as a unit to show the total popula-
tion; the rural population; the area avaUable
for settlement; the area cultivated; the number
of farmers or farms; the number of acres
cultivated per farm, and the population per
farm, etc. Having that data, the next step was
to prepare maps showing all the land open for
settlement outside of the 15 mile radius. As-
certaining that, by subtracting it from the
total, the balance is the land available for
settlement within the 15 mile radius.

Tlie next step
was to find out how
many settlers, as
given in the Census,
were residing on
land outside of the
15 mile radius.
There is absolutely
no reliable data
from which this
could be accurately
determined. By re-
ferring to Table 25 in the Census of 1916, where
information is furnished by municipalities, a
close approximation could be obtained, but it
was noted that the boundaries of said munici-
palities are not coterminous with those of the
Federal Constituencies, and in many cases not
with the township boundaries. To correct this,
therefore, would have involved a much greater
amount of work than the attainment of abso-
lutely accurate boundaries warranted, so it was
assumed that every settler would have 320
acres of land; and taking the Department of
the Interior Homestead Maps, showing the lands
which are now patented, and which, of course,
must have been entered and resided on at the
date of the Census, there is no doubt that it is
sufficiently close for the purpose required.

Having estimated them, they were subtracted
from those given in the Census of each Federal
■"Constituency, which indicated the number of
settlers residing within the 15 mile radius, and
allfrving for each settler an area of 32(X acres, for

MCM

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«■

[CANADIAN]
iPACiriCy

Agricultural and Industrial
Progress in Canada

A monthly review of Agricultaral and Industrial progress in Canada,
published by the Department of Colonization and Development of the
Canadian Pacific Railway at Montreal, Canada.

Vov. 2— No. 7

MONTREAL

July, 1920

A Matter of Acres

DURING the past couple of months,
conflicting statements regarding the
available acreage of good farming land
within a radius of fifteen miles of existing rail-
roads in Western Canada have been made, and
though the matter of five or six thousand acres
in a total of approximately 30,000,000 at this
stage of settlement, is not one of great impor-
tance, nevertheless, from a statistician's point
of view, it is of considerable interest. Col. J. S.
Dennis, addressing the Alberta Industrial Con-
gress, placed it at
thirty million acres;
the Western Can-
ada Colonization
Association in their
recent announce-
ments at twenty
million ; w h i 1 e
Mayor Brown of

Medicine Hat, in

his speech to the
Canadian Manu-
facturers Association, returns it at twenty-five
million; and other authorities range from twenty
to thirty-five.

It is of particular interest to know, then,
that one of the ablest statisticians, and best-
known old-timers in the West, Mr. William
Pearce, places the figures at 33,818,000, and in
working out these figures he has produced some
interesting data on the acreage under cultivation
in the Prairie Provinces. They are based on his
long years of residence in the West and first-
hand knowledge of the country, and in this
respect probably, Mr. Pearce, as a surveyor,
engineer, statistician and business man, is better
acquainted with the whole of these provinces
than any other single individual.

Method Adopted to Determine Area

Themethod adopted todetermine the quantity
was as follows: Taking the area within 15 miles
of already established railway lines and those
which will probably be constructed within the

The infoTmation on hand in our main Reference Library
at headquarters, Montreal, and in our Bureaus of
Canadian Information at New York, Chicago and London,
Eng., is at your service. Inquiries are invited and will be
promptly answered by personal letter. Please do not
hesitate to write if you desire information about Canada
or its resources. Addresses are shown on back cover.

near future, and using a statement prepared
sometime ago, the* Federal Electoral Districts
were taken as a unit to show the total popula-
tion; the rural population; the area available
for settlement; the area cultivated; the number
of farmers or farms; the number of acres
cultivated per farm, and the population per
farm, etc. Having that data, the next step was
to prepare maps showing all the land open for
settlement outside of the 15 mile radius. A,s-
certaining that, by subtracting it from the
total, the balance is the land available for
settlement within the 15 mile radius.

The next step
"^ ' was to find out how

many settlers, as
given in the Census,
were residing on
land outside of the
15 mile radius.
There is absolutely
no reliable data

from which this

could be accurately
determined. By re-
ferring to Table 25 in the Census of 1916, where
information is furnished by municipalities, a
close approximation could be obtained, but it
was noted that the boundaries of said munici-
palities are not coterminous with those of the
Federal Constituencies, and in many cases not
with the township boundaries. To correct this,
therefore, would have involved a much greater
amount of work than the attainment of abso-
lutely accurate boundaries warranted, so it was
assumed that every settler would have 320
acres of land; and taking the Department of
the Interior Homestead Maps, showing the lands
which are now patented, and which, of course,
must have been entered and resided on at the
date of the Census, there is no doubt that it is
sufficiently close for the purpose required.

Having estimated them, they were subtracted
from those given in the Census of each Federal
Constituency, which indicated the number of
settlers residing within the 15 mile radius, and
alli 'ving for each settler an area of 32D acres, for

reasons hereinbefore stated, gives the area
occupied within this radius.

Percentage of Lands Available

The next question was what percentage of
those lands available would likely be settled.
That involved a decision on which, of course,
there may be very great difference in opinion. By
settling is meant, would probably be settled upon
within the next 15 or 20 years. The lesser the
percentage remaining to be settled in the older
constituencies, of course, the less of it would be
settled, from the fact that the lands left were
not the most desirable tracts, and it is particu-
larly noticeable in the percentages given for
Manitoba, that in the very best constituencies
so far at least as grain growing lands are con-
cerned, such as Souris, Neepawa, Brandon and
Lisgar, the percentage of that available for
settlement that will be so settled is placed
very low.

Again, some of the constituencies in Saskat-
chewan are placed as high as 90% and five at
80%. This favorable showing regarding Saskat-
chewan will not continue as settlement is
extended outside of the 15 mile radius. Manitoba
averages 39.5%, Saskatchewan 70.1%, and
Alberta 37.1% of the lands available for settle-
ment that will probably be so settled.

There are two other elements in connection
with the percentages that have to be considered.
One is in the way of muskegs, sloughs, etc., and
another what might be called the semi-arid
portions of the countr^^ such as Medicine Hat,
Lethbridge, Swift Current, etc. They had to
be placed low on account of deficiency in rainfall.
It will be noticed, however, that in those
constituencies, the most arid of the lands are
outside of the 15 mile belt.

Irrigated Land Supports Larger Population

There is one thing to be borne in mind in
connection with that phase and that is, where
any considerable area of land can be irrigated,
as there is no doubt it will be in the near future,
by reason of the increased production of the
irrigated portions, the district as a whole would
support a larger population than those portions
where very many now anticipate irrigation
would not be beneficial.

In Manitoba, the number of acres cultivated
per farm varies from 16.07 in the Constituency
of Selkirk to 276.19 in Souris. For the province
the average is 125.2 acres and the rural popula-
tion per farm is equivalent to 6.78.

In Saskatchewan, the number of acres
cultivated per farm varies from 69.05 in Prince
Albert to 284.34 in Assiniboia. The province
averages 152.6 acres per farm and the rural
population per farm is 4.67.

In Alberta, the number of acres cultivated
per farm varies from 34.51 in Edmonton West
to 156.7 in Macleod, an average of 83.5 acres
per farm, while the rural population per farm
is 4.65.

Summarization

Worked out on the foregoing basis, the results
are as follows: —

% that will

Area

Province Area likely be

Available settled

Manitoba... . 10,214,981 39.5 4,032,000

Saskatchewan 24,493,786 70.1 17,186,000

Alberta 33,921,752 37.1 12,600,000

68,630,519 49.27 33,818,000

In the three Provinces combined 68,630,519
acres, of which 49. 27% or 33,818,000 are likely
to be settled. For convenience say 34,000,000.

Canada's 1920 Crop Acreage

A total of 16,921,000 acres has been sown
to wheat in Canada this spring, according to the
preliminary estimate of the Dominion Bureau of
Statistics. Compared with last year's acreage
of 19,126,000 acres this shows a decrease of
2,205,000 acres or twelve per cent. The area to
be harvested from fall wheat is 740,300 acres,
which leaves a spring wheat acreage of 16,180,700
as compared with 18,453,175 acres in 1919.

The total estimated area sown to oats is
15,291,000 acres as compared with 14,952,000
acres last year, an increase of 339,000 acres or
two per cent. Barley has an acreage of 2,574,900
acres in 1920 as against 2,645,509; rye 730,100
as against 753,081 ; peas 219,065 against 230,351 ;
mixed grains 900,800 against 901,612; hay and
clover 10,492,900 against 10,595,383; and alfalfa
220,800 as against 226,869. With the exception of
oats, these crops all show a decrease, barley, rye
and alfalfa of three per cent., peas of five per
cent, and hay and clover of one per cent. Mixed
grains are practically equal to last year.

The preliminary estimate of acres planted,
or to be planted to potatoes is 802,500 acres as
against 818,767 last year, a decrease of 16,267
acres or two per cent.

Area Sown in Western Canada

The area sown to wheat in the three Prairie
Provinces totals 15,502,700 acres, as compared
with 17,750,167 acres, a decrease of 13 per cent.
Oats extend to 9,613,700 acres, or 2 per cent,
above last year's area of 9,452,386 acres. Barley
has an area of 1,751,500 acres, as against
1,800,745 acres, a decrease of 3 per cent., and
rye 562,100 acres, as against 573,218 acres, a
decrease of 2 per cent.

By provinces the areas in 1920 and 1919
(the latter year being in brackets) are: Wheat —
Manitoba, 2,563,500 acres (2,880,301); Saskat-
chewan, 9,422,800 acres (10,587,363); Alberta,
3,516,400 acres (4,282,503). Oats— Manitoba,
1,884,200 acres (1,847,267); Saskatchewan,
4,934,400 acres (4,837,747); Alberta, 2,795,000
acres (2,767,372). Barley— Manitoba, 876,100
acres (893,947); Saskatchewan, 477,800 acres

lU

(492,586); Alberta, 397,600 acres (414,212).
Rye— Manitoba, 272,000 acres (298,932); Sas-
katchewan, 203,800 acres (10,482); Alberta,
86,300 acres (83,804).

The June Crop Situation

Crop prospects from coast to coast, in regard
to grain, fruit and vegetables, give reasonable
ground for optimism as to Canada's agricultural
and horticultural production for the coming
summer, and a brief glance at the following
summary will indicate the conditions prevailing
in the different provinces, as reported by them,
on June 30th.

The various pests are making themselves
felt — cut-worms and grasshoppers are being
fought with every weapon known to agricultural
science. There is still danger from frosts — there
has been hail at a considerable number of points
— and the help problem is ever in sight, but so far
as agricultural growth is concerned the crops are
in a most favorable position.

British Columbia. — Prospects for the biggest crop
in the history of the province are held out by the Minister
of Agriculture of the province who states: "The season has
been late but crop prospects are exceptionally good,
growers are optimistic, and a larger acreage will be under
cultivation this year."

Alberta. — Alberta has experienced most favorable
moisture conditions with continual light showers. Wheat
acreage has decreased about 10 per cent, but the oat and
barley acreage has increased. Pastures are in excellent
condition, and livestock thriving. Warm weather is
bringing on the late grain. A large supply of hay and
green feed is anticipated. In the south a slight loss of
seed has been experienced from drifting.

Saskatchewan. — The most favorable crop reports
ever sent out are being issued. There has been abundant
precipitation, the ground is saturated, the soil bed is
excellent and seed has germinated with exceptional
rapidity.

Manitoba. — The situation in the province is stated
to be the best since reports on crop conditions were first
issued in 1904. Farmers are optimistic and looking for an
exceptional crop.

Ontario. — There has been abundant moisture and
grain fields are in fine shape. Hay is somewhat thin and
the crop is apt to be light. Pastures are showing luxurious
growth and cattle assuming fine condition. Fruit is
looking unusually well and a large harvest is predicted,
in spite of heavy wind on the 23rd which in the Niagara
District shook quantities of fruit to the ground. Trees
were overloaded and growers are not alarmed.

Quebec. — The province is generally reported to be in
a very favorable condition. Periodical showers have
brought all crops along wonderfully, and indications are
for bountiful yields.

New Brunswick. — Ideal weather and splendid crop
progress is reported. Grain and potato crops appear
sturdy and promising. High cost of seed restricted area
this year. Hay crop will be light.

Nova Scotia. — The outlook in the province is for
excellent crops. Prospects in the apple orchards are
bright, the blossoms having set well upon the majority
of trees, and a record harvest expected.

Saskatchewan Aids Livestock Industry

Reference has sometimes been made in this
Bulletin to the extensive and unceasing as-
sistance rendered by Federal and Provincial
governments in the promotion of agriculture and
specific aid to farmers throughout the Dominion.
This is clearly exemplified in the last report of the
work of the livestock branch of the Saskatchewan
Department of Agriculture covering the year
1919, and which work was performed in addition
to its routine operations.

During the autumn and early winter certifi-
cates were issued for the free shipment of 509
carloads of hay-cutting outfits and for the
return of 317 carloads of these outfits to assist
in cutting and baling hay to relieve the feed
situation. A total of 10,827 tons of hay, straw,
and feed were shipped free into sections where
the harvests had not proved as heavy as others.

Beneficial Work of Department

Some of the most beneficial work of the
branch was in the purchase and distribution of
pure bred sires and grade females. The depart-
ment purchases suitable sires for cash and sells
them to farmers who realize the necessity for
their use, on credit terms. A new record in this
work was created in 1919, and the following
figures will show how this work has increased.
In 1913, 19 bulls were handled; in 1914, 41; in
1915, 84; in 1916, 150; in 1917, 158; in 1918, 135;
in 1919, 195. About 50 per cent, of the purebred
bulls sold on credit terms were Shorthorns, 25
per cent. Herefords, 15 per cent. Angus and the
balance Holstein, Ayrshire, and Red Polled.

The grade females are sold to farmers on the
same terms, and 1919 saw a greater number
handled by the branch than any previous year
since the system was adopted. In 1913, a total
of 345 grade females were placed; in 1914, 483;
in 1915, 368; in 1916, 342; in 1917, 1,322; in
1918, 1,725; and in 1919, 2,014. This means
that more than 2,000 breeding females were
saved from slaughter last year which would
otherwise have gone to the stockyards.

Establishment of Sheep Herds

To assist in the establishment of sheep herds
throughout the province last year the livestock
branch placed 3,491 grade ewes on provincial
farms. Much work was also done in the
distribution of rams, carloads being brought
from Eastern Canada and importations made
from Great Britain.

A valuable work was done by the provincial
veterinarian in travelling about the province
assisting the veterinary surgeons and stockmen
in various troubles which arose. Much effort was
put into laboratory and bacteriological work and
a vaccine evolved, which was distributed ex-
tensively to farmers.

115

Canadian Flax for Ireland

According to Trade Commissioner J. Vernon
McKenzie, Canadian-grown flax seed has proved
a great favorite with the farmers of Ireland
where good flax is appreciated. Much seed was
imported from Canada during the past two
seasons which gave universal satisfaction, and
there is ever>^ indication that exports from
Canada this year will be much heavier. It is
the general opinion of a large number of those
in touch with the flax trade in Ireland that —
provided Canadian flax yields the same result as
last year — it will efi'ectually put Dutch seed out
of the market and supersede it on Irish farms.
Canadian flax seed has met its stiff'est competi-
tion in Ireland from Holland and Japan. In
fact during the past season, the only other
varieties of seed grown in Ireland included some
of Russia's 1917 output, and Irish seed from
County Antrim and County Cork.

Canadian Fibre in Demand

As regards the value of scutched flax for
sowing, Canadian fibre seed held a pre-eminent
position according to government figures which
included returns from five principal centres. All
supplies in Belfast last year were quickly
exhausted, and in the opinions of the leading
importers in that city the results obtained in the
last tw'o seasons from Canadian seed have been
satisfactory and at least equal to those obtained
from seed from any other country. They believed
that granted the season in Canada is favorable
this year there will be a great increase in
importation, and that Canadian seed, by the
progress it is making, will oust Dutch seed from
the large market it now holds among the farms
of Ulster.

The majority of the Canadian seed used in
Ireland came from south-western Ontario, the
soil and climate of which region are very
favorable to the production of high-grade fibre
flax. The flax of the prairie provinces whilst
producing great quantities of flax seed suitable
for crushing for the manufacture of linseed oil
and stock foods, the fibre is not generally
suitable for the manufacture of linen of fine
quality. Experiments, however, have shown
that a high quality of paper can be made from
the flax straw produced in the prairie provinces.

Western Wool Production

Approximately three hundred and seventy-
five contracts have been entered into this season
by growers in the province of Saskatchewan and
the Canadian Co-operative Wool Growers, Ltd.,
under which the growers' clips will be marketed
through the association. These contracts
represent over 31,000 sheep and over 221,000
pounds of wool already definitely in sight.
Approximately one hundred and fifty contracts
have been received from Manitoba. This
showing is as good, and possibly better, than the

average at this time of the season in past years,
according to the district manager of the Co-
operative Wool Growers for Manitoba and
Saskatchewan. "I anticipate an increase of
100,000 pounds of wool handled this year over
last year," he states.

The association is encouraging the wool
growers of the western provinces to get together
this year and ship in car lots (e.g., 20,000
pounds) from local points. Wherever they will
do so, a special representative of the Co-operative
will be sent to take delivery of the wool as it is
loaded and ship it direct to the warehouses.
The object of this procedure is to materially
lessen freight charges and handling expenses.

How Paper is Made

":>

In an article written for the Grain Growers
Guide by Mr. J. N. Stephenson, M.S., Editor of
the "Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada," an
interesting description of paper making from
the tree to the finished product is given. As the
subject is one of very special interest at this
time of pulp and paper controversy, it is here
reprinted : —

" To tell how paper is made in the space of a
brief article is a difficult problem, but it will be
possible to describe at least some of the more
important and interesting features of the
manufacture of Canada's most important manu-
factured product. Canadian paper mills manu-
facture every standard grade and many special
varieties of paper, but the kind which makes
up the greatest part of the production is news-
print paper. The annual output of newsprint
is now at the rate of 8 0 0,000 tons, and
within another year will be 900,000 tons, or
more. It is this kind of paper which doubtless
is most interesting to readers, because about
15 per cent, of the output is used for printing
the news of the day in Canadian newspapers, and
the rest is exported principally to the United
States at a rate which practically amounts to
the shipment of $5,000,000 of gold each month,
with a consequent stabilizing effect on the rate
of exchange. It will be appropriate, therefore,
if this description is limited to the manufacture
of newsprint paper, although the making of other
grades involve processes and machinery of a
most interesting character which cannot be
explained here.

The manufacture of newsprint paper begins
with the tree, so that it is of the greatest impor-
tance to take good care of Canada's forests,
whose spruce and fir form the foundation of the
paper industry. When the wood arrives at the
mill, either by floating down the rivers or hauled
by rail, it must be sawed into blocks from two
to four feet long, and the bark removed. For
newsprint paper this is usually done by tumbling
the blocks in huge barrels made of steel angle
irons. Part of the barked blocks go to the
groundwood mill and the rest to the sulphite

116

Agricultural and Industrial Progress

in Canada

QUARTERLY INDEX

APRIL— JUNE, 1920

• INDEX

Agricultural

Beets, Sugar Beet Cultivation 96

Crops, Field Crops, 1919, Canada's 55

Crops, Western Crop Situation 93

Drainage, Give the Sun a Chance 103

Farms, Value of Canadian Farms Increases. ... 55

Farm Loans Association, Manitoba 83

Fruit, What Becomes of Your Small Fruit 95

Fruit and Vegetables, Okanagan Valley, Year's

Output 76

Grain, Canadian Grain Handling Plant 61

Irrigation, New Irrigation Scheme 76

Maple Sugar Industry 63

Sheep, Karakul Sheep in Canada 96

Stock, Co-operative Livestock Marketing 67

Stock, Export of Pure Bred Stock 78

Tractor, First Western Tractor Manufactured . . 82

Wheat, Windfall for Prairie Farmers 94

Wool, Canadian Wool Production 58

Alberta

Alberta Government Irrigation Report 58

Calgary, News Item 70-90

Edmonton, News Item 70-90

High River, News Item 70

Lethbridge, News Item 70-90

Lloydminster District 66

Medicine Hat Gas Field 68

Medicine Hat, News Item 70-90

Morley, News Item 70

Telephone Operation, Government 83

Tractor, First Western Manufactured 82

British Columbia

Clays, British Columbia 89

Chilliwack, News Item 110

Cloose, News Item 110

Creston, News Item 110

Duncan, News Item 90

Fruit, Okanagan V'alley, Year's Output 76

Kelowna, News Item 110

New Westminster, News Item 90

Sicamous, News Item 90

Stewart, News Item 70

Talc Deposits, Vancouver Island 107

Vancouver, News Item 70-90-110

Victoria, News Item 70-90

Water Power VV'ealth of British Columbia 82

C.P.R.

Canadian Pacific Annual Bancjuet 53

Fisheries

Aircraft in Fisheries 88

Hut Fishing on Lake Erie 69

Inland Fisheries of the Northwest 107

Sea Fish Catch of 1919 87

Sea Mussel, a Novel Industry 69

Seal, War on the Hair Seal 108

Forests

Forest Conservation Urged 88

Forestry and Irrigation Interdependent 109

Lumber Industry, British Columbia 79

Pulp and Paper Industry 59

Wood Alcohol 100

Furs and Game

Fox Ranching Industry 102

Fur Industry Conference 64

Fur Industry in Quebec 102

Montreal Fur Sale 78

Muskrat Ranching 82

Geology and Minerals

Clays, British Columbia 89

Gas Field, Medicine Hat 68

Mining In 1919 86

Mineral Production, Estimates of 1919 69

Mineral Production, Manitoba 68

Mining in Quebec Province 106

Nickel, Story of Canadian IDS

Talc Deposits, Vancouver Island 107

History

History of Battleford

Manitoba

85

Brandon, News Item 70-1 10

Deloraine, News Item 83

Farm Loans Association 83

Portage La Prairie, News Item 110

Selkirk, News Item 70

Telephone Operation, Government 83

The Pas, News Item 70-90

Winnipeg, News Item 1 10

Nova Scotia

Forest Wealth 89

Halifax, News Item 71-91-110

Sydney, News Item 71-91-110

QUARTERLY INDEX

INDEX

ew Brunswick

Development 87

Devon, News Item 71

Edmundston, News Item 91

Fredericton, News Item 71-91-111

St. John, News Item 71-91-111

St. Peters, News Item .^ 91

Dntario

Chatham, News Item Ill

Fort William, News Item Ill

Guelph, News Item 71

Kitchener, News Item 71-91

Ottawa, News Item 71-91-110

Ranching in Ontario 77

Toronto, News Item 71-91-111

Political and Social

Ancestors of To-morrow's Canadians 84

Courses for Soldiers' Wives 104

Immigration, National Conference on 72

Immigration for Women 104

Know Your Own Country 85

Labor Situation 65-85-105

Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment in Canada ... 89

Soldier Settlement 59

Prince Edward Island

Island Development 57

Quebec

Berthier, News Item Ill

Colonization, Quebec's Aggressive 66

Deschenes, News'Item Ill

Housing Problem, Sherbrooke's 67

Mining in Quebec Province 106

Montreal, News Item 71-91-111

INDEX

Quebec — Continued

Shawinigan, News Item Ill

Sherbrooke, News Item 71-91

St. John, News Item Ill

Quebec, News Item 71-91-111

Saskatchewan

Battleford, News Item • 70

Battleford, History of 85

Big Game, Saskatchewan's 65

Lloydminster District 66

Moose Jaw, News Item 70-90

Regina, News Item 70-90-110

Saskatoon, News Item 70-90-110

Telephone Operation, Government 83

Trade and Commerce

Automobile Industry, Canada's 61

Bakery and Confectionery Industry 98

Canada's Wealth Increases 81

Canadian Made Records 100

Cotton Textile Industry 81

Customs Collections, Canada's 59

Evidence of Canada's Progress 93

Exports of Pure Bred Stock 78

Electrical Apparatus Industry 80

Insurance in Canada, 1919 97

Shipbuilding 99

Sugar Imports, Canada's 98

Textile Industry 99

Trade for May, 1920 ^ 97

Value of a Settler to Canadian Railroads 56

Wool Textile Industry, Canadian 81

Year's Trade, 1919, Canada 80

Water and Water Powers

British Columbia's Water Power Wealth 82

Water Power Development in Canada 100

MU

mill, since newsprint paper contains approxi-
mately 80% of groundwood pulp and 20% of
sulphite pulp."

Making Pulp on a Grindstone

" In the groundwood mill the blocks are held
by hydraulic pressure flat against a revolving
grirtdstone, and the fibres are rubbed off.
Everything that was in the wood — and often
other things besides — remains in the pulp. The
pulp from the grinders is mixed with water and
screwed through strainers to remove big slivers,
knots, etc., and most of the water is then
removed to make less material to handle. In
some plants the thick pulp is pumped directly
to huge storage tanks in the paper mill or further
dewatered and formed into sheets which are
folded into bundles or 'laps' containing about
35%o fibre."

Wood is Cooked to Make Sulphite Pulp

" The first operation in the sulphite mill is to
chip the blocks into small pieces to facilitate the
penetration of the cooking liquor. The liquor
is prepared by burning sulphur and dissolving
gas in lime water or in water which is trickling
over limestone in a tower. The solution is
bi-sulphite of calcium, hence the name ' sul-
phite ' for this kind of pulp.

The chips and cooking liquor are fed into
huge boilers or digesters. The cooking is done
by steam for about eight to ten hours. By this
process about one-half of the solid matter in
the wood is removed, leaving only the com-
paratively pure cellulose fibre. A cord of wood
yields approximately one-half ton of sulphite
pulp, while the same cord would yield about a
ton of groundwood pulp.

When the cooking is complete the chips are
blown from the digester to a blow-pit where
they strike a plate and are broken down to a
pulp form. The pulp is washed to free it from
residues of the cooking liquor, and the non-
cellulose constituents of the wood. After being
washed, the processes of the screwing, thicken-
ing, etc., are practically the same as for ground
wood pulp."

The Paper Mill is an Interesting Place

" One would hesitate to believe that the
milky-looking liquid passing the paper machine
screens, through slats only ten thousandths of
an inch wide, could possibly be formed into a
product which could be used for printing the
daily news or for wrapping a parcel. Yet such
is the perfection of the paper machine and the
skill of the paper maker that this wonderful
result can be accomplished with individual fibres
averaging only an eighth of an inch, or less, in
length.

In the most modern mills, where the produc-
tion is kept high and manufacturing costs low,
the pulps are simply run from the 'slush'

storage, in the proper proportions, into large
mixing tanks, from which it goes to the paper
machines. Many mills still use the original
mixer, the beater, and necessarily so where the
pulp is handled in laps. In the beater the fibres
are brushed and rubbed between a revolving
roll and a stationary plate, a process which,
besides mixing the fibres, improves their paper-
making quality.

The mixed pulps or ' stuff ' is run into
storage tanks, called stuff chests, in the machine
room, and pumped to a regulator which allows
just the right amount to flow continually to the
paper machine, the excess going back to the
chest. Before the stufT reaches the machine it
is again strained or 'screened,' to make sure the
fibres are of uniform size^ and extra water is
added to get the proper interweaving of the
fibres as the sheet of paper is formed.

The machine used for making newsprint,
book, wrapping and writing papers is called the
Fourdrinier, from the name of the two brothers
who bought up and developed the original patent
of Louis Robert, whose invention dates from
1 799, only 1 20 years ago. In that time wonderful
improvements have been made, modern machines
making a sheet of paper 15 feet wide at the rate
of 650 feet or more per minute. Some machines
run more than 800 feet per minute, and the
paper is carried automatically from one end to
the other."

A Marvellous Machine

" The wire part of the paper machine is the
most important and the wire cloth is the most
expensive item of supply, costing as much as
$800 or $900 for 160" machines, and lasting
from three days to three weeks.

As the stuff flows out ©n the endless wire,
it contains about one part of fibre and 200 parts
of water. It flows out on the moving wire at
nearly the same rate as the latter travels. No
sooner does the fluid spread out on the wire than
the water starts to go through. Before this has
proceeded very far, however, the fibres, in
settling, have had a chance to unweave. The
fabric is not of uniform strength in both direc-
tions, because the fibres have a tendency to lie
in the direction the stream is flowing, therefore
the paper is weaker across the machine than
parallel to the direction of flow. Hence the
paper tears more easily one way than the other.
In slower running machines it is possible to
make a paper of nearly the same strength in
both directions.

Due to the speed of the machine and the
limited length of the wire, only a portion of the
water can drain through. An additional amount
is drawn out by suction, applied through suction
boxes with perforated tops, over which the wire
travels. Before leaving the wire the paper
passes between a pair of rollers, called 'couch
rolls' which press the fibres together and squeeze
out more water. In some machines a suction

117

roll is used at this point. It is this roll, or the
lower one of the pair, which drives the wire.

The paper is now made, so far as the inter-
weaving of the fibres is concerned, and it contains
about 90 per cent, of moisture. In order to
improve the firmness, texture and finish and to
remove more water, the sheet is passed through
several pairs of ' press ' rolls, carried by fine
woollen felts."

Evaporating the Water

" Most of the water is removed by evapora-
tion, the paper passing over steam-heated drums
called ' dr>^ers.' This, of course, is expensive,
so as much water as possible is removed by
mechanical means, although the best that can
be accomplished is to deliver a sheet about 35
per cent, dry to the dryers. As the finished
paper will contain from seven to ten per cent,
of moisture, nearly two tons of water must be
evaporated."

Smoothing the Surface

"The finishing, or smoothing of the surface,
is done by the part of the machine called the
calender, a stack of nine to thirteen special steel
rolls. The friction and weight of the rolls on
the paper as it winds down through the stack
really 'irons' out the roughness, presses down
the frizzy fibres and gives a surface flat enough
to take the ink properly from type and cuts in
the press room. The endless sheet is then
wound on reels and from these, in turn, is passed
through a set of rotary shears that divide it into
strips of the proper width, and these strips are
wound on cores in rolls of the correct width and
diameter, for the newspaper presses. Any
breaks are carefully joined and a ' flag ' or
signal is placed in the roll at that point to warn
the pressman of som.e defect in the roll. Wrap-
ping the roll is comparatively simple, yet this
and the loading into the cars must be con-
scientiously and carefully done if the paper is
to arrive in good condition.

Some newspapers require paper in sheets.
To accommodate them the mill must have
another department, where the paper from the
rolls is passed through a cutter, whose revolving
knife cuts the strip into pieces the desired
length. The sheets are then counted by reams
and packed in bundles.

For special effects an extra high finish is
sometimes required. To get this, the strips are
passed through the super-calender, a calender
stack made up of alternate rolls of steel and
compressed paper or cotton. A very high lustre
can thus be obtained, the paper often going
through several times. The product is called
' super-news ' and is largely used for pictorial
sections of the paper.

When it is necessary to produce a special
color or some other effects requiring a funda-
mental treatment of the stock, the necessary
materials, color, sizing, clay, etc., are added in
the mixer or the beater.

For other grades of paper, the operation of
the paper machine is practically the same as
described, but such papers usually require special
additional processes for the preparation of the
raw material and the finishing of the paper.
The selection of stock is of greatest importance,
and more care is required at most points in the
process."

Canadian Canning and Preserving Industries

Although of comparatively recent origin, the
canning and preserving of fruits in Canada have
developed into important industries and are
still growing rapidly. At the end of 1918,
according to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics,
there were throughout the Dominion 253 such
plants in operation.

There are 130 canning plants in Canada
located as follows: — Ontario 88, Quebec 19,
British Columbia 15, New Brunswick 6, Nova
Scotia 2. There are 94 plants in which the
evaporated process is used. Of these Ontario
has 78, British Columbia 8, Nova Scotia 7,
New Brunswick 1. There are also 29 for the
preserving of vegetables, of which Ontario has
18, British Columbia 6, Alberta 2, Quebec 2,
and Manitoba 1.

The total amount invested in the combined
industries is given as $16,252,986, of which
$4,969,105 is in land, buildings and fixtures;
$2,945,016 in machinery and tools; $6,123,809
in materials on hand, and $2,275,056 in cash
accounts, etc. The number of employees is
returned at 4,795 and the wages and salaries
paid for the year $2,834,237. The total cost
at the works of the materials used during the
year was $15,019,746, and the total value of
the products of the plants $23,685,467.

Imports and Exports

Canada's exports of canned and preserved
fruits and vegetables underwent a remarkable
increase during the war period, jumping from
$299,412 in 1915 to $13,730,824 in 1918. It
dropped in 1919 to $9,154,622. France was the
principal importer in 1918, her purchases
amounting to $10,122,681. In 1919 she was
still the best customer with imports of $4,195,545.
Exports to the United States in 1919 amounted
to $2,811,076 and to the United Kingdom
$1,917,597. Canada's imports of these products
are considerable. In 1919 she bought canned
and preserved fruits to the value of $1,152,012,
of which $1,003,550 came from the United
States. She also imported vegetables valued
at $580,881, practically all of which came from
across the border.

Great Development Forecasted

If there is one industry more than any other
that is due to experience a great development in
Western Canada during the next few years, it
is the canning industry. Unlike most other

118

industries in this vast country, its movement
will be from west to east. It has already been
well developed on the Pacific Coast where the
canning of salmon has long been one of the most
important industries. In the interior of British
Columbia, too, the industry has a good start,
and in many parts of the province an ever-
growing business is being built up in the canning
of fruits and vegetables, for here are some of
the largest fruit producing districts on the
continent.

On the eastern side of the great Rocky
Mountains, the industry has not advanced so
far as it has on the western side. But there are
signs that in the prairie provinces are op-
portunities for the building up of a large business
in the canning of fresh water fish, and also
vegetables and small fruits. Already a beginning
is being made in Northern Alberta, where on the
shores of Lake Athabaska a cannery is being
established for the canning of white fish caught
in this and other lakes in the north of the
province.

Irrigated Land Produces Bountifully

Southern Alberta will probably be the scene
of the next advance of the industry. Here are
nearly a million acres of irrigable land on which
a far larger variety of crops can be grown than
in most other parts of the west. Peas, beans
and other vegetables, tomatoes, strawberries,
raspberries, and currants of an excellent quality,
all eminently suitable for canning, can be grown
in large quantities, and only await the establish-
ment of canneries when they will be grown in
such quantities as will surprise those who have
imagined that on the prairies nothing can be
raised but grain and live stock.

Once established in Southern Alberta, it will
not be long before the canning industry is
started in other parts of the Canadian prairies.
Almost everywhere on the rich virgin soil of
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, vegetables
of a size and quality that are astonishing to those
who have not seen them, are grown with little
trouble and expense. In most districts, too,
strawberries, raspberries, black, red and white
currants and small fruits can be grown in
abundance. All that is needed is the incentive
in the way of an outlet for the produce such as
canneries would provide to make the industry
a most important one in Western Canada.

Canada^s Importation of U.S. Coal

Canada now imports $60,000,000 worth of
coal a year from the United States. This was
the value of these imports last year, which, the
war being over, may be considered normal. In
1919, the amount was $70,603,005, and in 1918,
when the manufacture of munitions was at its
height, $74,324,931. Practically all the coal
imported into Canada comes from the United

States, though a little dribbles in from other
quarters in the form of ballast.

The quantity imported last year was
16,643,677 tons, of which 11,552,910 'tons were
bituminous and 5,090,767 anthracite. Coke to
the amount of 381,606 was also brought in from
the United States. Last year the imports of
bituminous fell off to the extent of 5,000,000
tons; while those of anthracite increased by
337,889 tons; imports of coke were only about
one-third those of the preceding year, when
they totalled 1,075,491 tons.

The Rise in Coal Prices

The value of the bituminous coal imported
last year was $27,424,870; the anthracite
$32,647,759; and the coke $2,476,450. The
trade returns indicate plainly the rise in coal
prices since 1913. The average value per ton
of the 11,049,593 tons of bituminous imported
in that year was $1.84; in 1919, the average
value of the 11,552,910 tons imported was $2.37.
The rise in the price of anthracite has been
much greater. The cost per ton of the 4,208,630
tons brought in during 1913 was $4.81; the cost
per ton of the 5,090,767 tons last year was $6.41.
The price of coke has risen still higher than that
of anthracite, the average cost per ton having
gone from $2.84 in 1913 to $6.40 last year.
It may, however, be said that these figures do
not represent the actual cost to the Canadian
consumer, who must, in addition, pay the
prevailing rate of exchange, which, during the
last year, has been running all the way from
eight to eighteen per cent.

Importation Increasing

The importation of anthracite coal into
Canada, which is used chiefly for heating
purposes, is steadily increasing, the imports in
1912 having been 4,084,407 tons and in 1919-20,
5,090,767 tons. In 1917, they went as high as
5,253,014 tons. In the matter of bituminous
coal, imports from the United States are,
relatively, declining. In 1913, 11,049,593 tons
were brought in, and in the year ending March
31st, 1920, 11,552,910 tons, an increase of but
503,307 tons in eight years, during which time
there has been a phenomenal development in
manufacturing industries using power developed
from either coal or water. In 1919, these
imports reached their high-water mark, 16,568,-
509 tons.

The relatively decreasing demand for bitu-
minous coal from the United States is due to
the rapid development of hydro-electric power
in Canada, the total horse power now actually
in use being 2,220,000. This has taken place
within the last 17 years. Not only is it rapidly
displacing at home, power developed from coal,
but an increasing market for it is being found
in the United States. During 1919 the combined
value of coal and electrical power thus exported
was $20,000,000.

119

Canada also an Exporter

Canada is also an exporter of coal, the
United States during a normal year taking
about 1,250,000 tons. The volume of this trade
varies directly with the home production. In
1912, the quantity exported was 991,558; next
year it was 1,630,468. Since then it has gone
up and down, until last year, when the production
at the mines fell 20 per cent, below that of 1918,
the quantity was but 1,071,772 tons.

The Fur Industry Expands

The fur trade has been an integral part of
Canada's industry since the earliest days of the
French regime when it was a monopoly of the
proprietary companies. Always a source of
profit, the development of the last few years,
the growth of the demand for furs, and the high
prices they have commanded, have increased its
value to Canada very greatly. TJie value of the
present annual production has been estimated
roughly at twenty million dollars.

Until comparatively recently the operations of
the trade in Canada were in the main confined
to the actual trapping of the fur-bearing animals.
Most of the furs were exported in an undressed
state to London or the United States either
for sale at public auctions or consigned to
dealers in those places. A certain proportion
were dressed and manufactured in Canada for
home consumption.

The figures of exports show changes which
the war caused in the world organization of the
industry. Extracts from the statistics of the
fiscal years ending March 31st, 1914, 1918 and
1919 are as follows: —

Export of Undressed Furs from Canada

1914 1918 1919

To England 3,000,000 1,600,000 3,700,000

To United States 2,100,000 6,300,000 9,600,000

Total Exports 5,500,000 8,000,000 13,500,000

Total Imports 2,200,000 2,900,000 3,300,000

In the fiscal year 1914, England received the
greater part of our fur exports. By 1918 she
was importing 20 per cent, only, 78 per cent,
going to the United States. The percentages for
1919 were 27 and 71 respectively, sTiowing
renewed activity in the English fur trade in the
first year of peace. The total value of fur
exports in 1919 as compared to 1918 increased
five and a half million dollars.

Prior to 1915 London was the only place in
the world where furs were sold at public auction.
Since the first sale was held there by the Hud-
son's Bay Company in 1671, the English
industry grew steadily until at the outbreak of
the war the London market dominated the
world's fur trade. The war changed the situation
entirely, and in 1915 sales were commenced at
St. Louis and in 1917 at New York. This form
of international buying and selling of furs at

auction has been found to be the most economical
and effective method of distribution yet
developed.

Montreal Auctions Thrice Yearly

The auction sales which have been inaugu-
rated at Montreal and will probably be held
three times a year, winter, spring, and fall, have
changed the Canadian fur trade outlook con-
siderably. A Canadian market has been provided
to which Canadian trappers and dealers can
send their furs. With Russian furs off the
market, Canadian furs rank higher in the
aggregate than any in the world. Their presence
in quantity at an auction sale is counted on to
attract the most important of the world's
buyers and to ensure a high level of prices,
which is all that is needed to bring furs to
Canada from all parts of the world and to
establish Montreal as an international centre for
this trade.

The Evangeline Memorial Park

George E. Graham, Manager of the Dominion
Atlantic Railway Co., writing in a recent issue
of the Canadian Courier, gives some interest-
ing information on Nova Scotia's historical and
modern progress. Those who are familiar with
Longfellow's poem "Evangeline" — and there
must be but few who are not — will, doubtless,
heartily endorse the project of the Dominion
Atlantic to construct an Evangeline Memorial
Park, for of all the heroines of early Canadian
history, none is dearer to the heart — no story is
more touching — than that of the heroine of
Grand Pre.

Nova Scotia's history is filled with memorable
deeds and drama, with beauty and valor, and
spiritual reverence. We find, too, as in all
history, the products of pride, ambition, revenge,
lust and intemperate zeal. Its early years, torn
with the strife of two great nations, are woven
into a remarkable series of epic and drama,
sounding deep and clear the "marching music
of mankind."

No portion of America has an older or more
fascinating history. California, the Virginias,
Quebec are all predated by the Annapolis Valley.
The Spaniard did not settle and sprinkle Cal-
ifornia with his missions till 1769, a century and
a half after the founding of Annapolis Royal
(1605). The Virginias received their first
expeditions in 1607, and it was not till a year
later that we find the white man finally housed
on the summits of Quebec.

The History of Annapolis

The chief appeal of Nova Scotia's history is
in her romance, beginning with those pages
which relate the arrival of two small craft in
the mouth of the Annapolis Basin, bearing
gentlemen of the French nobility, including
DeMonts and Champlain, garbed m the fashion

120

of the court of Henry of Navarre. The scenic
charm of the country moves the Baron Poutrin-
court with delight, and he determines there to
end his days a feudal baron, surrounded by his
family, the French and Swiss soldiery, the cure
and his fellow priests. Huguenot ministers,
artisans and laborers.

A year later the ship "Jonas" comes swirling
through Digby Gap — now broadside, now stern
first — wind and tide at variance. She brings a
Paris lawyer to become the historian of these
knights errant.

Gladness at the fort, excitement in the
nearby cluster of Indian wigwams — a hogshead
of wine in the court-yard, general rejoicing.
In the same summer, Champlain and Poutrin-
court returned from the hazards of exploring an
uncharted coast, and in their honor "Neptune
and the Tritons," done by Lescarbot in good
French verse, is staged at "Le Theatre De
Neptune en la Nouvelle France," the first play
written and produced in America.

Lady de la Tour

There, too, are the stories of the beautiful
Marquise de Guercheville and the Jesuits, and
of the arrival of their ship "The Grace of God,"
of Lady de La Tour commanding her husband's
troops in defence of the fortress. Such stories
crowd the pages, a host of fascinating, thrilling
episodes, associated with different portions of
the country— till we reach the expulsion of the
Acadians — known to the world — the arrival of
Cornwallis, of the New England Planters, and of
the United Empire Loyalists, who soon followed.

Nova Scotia has a great scenic charm, but
the fertility of its valleys, the fragrance of its
orchards, or the equable character of its climate
are not the sole attractions. It is twice fortunate
in halo of old and romantic associations.

An Idealized Canadian Girl

An interesting development at Grand Pre,
where lies the inspiration for Longfellow's poem
"Evangeline," is being carried on by the
Dominion Atlantic Railway. This company is
constructing a Memorial Park, which, when
complete, will recall the Norman Country from
whence the early Acadians came. Within the
park a chapel of Norman architecture will be
erected by the Acadian French to the memory
of their forefathers. The great Gothic gates of
the main entrance are set in a stone gatehouse
sheltered with a roof of tiles. An enclosure has
been planted with more willow and poplar trees,
located with due regard to ultimate landscape
effects. An ample water garden has been
planted with many kinds of iris, and an unusual
collection of flowering native plants and shrubs.
On a green plot will stand the bronze statue of
an idealized Acadian girl, the work of Henri
Hebert of Montreal. The bronze is now being
cast in Paris. The unveiling will take j)lace this
summer with appropriate ceremonial.

It is contemplated to house at the park a
collection of articles used by the French Acadians
which to-day are scattered over the country in
many private collections, and a library of
documents, pamphlets, and books bearing on the
French and Loyalist history of Nova Scotia is
already being gathered.

Comparative Cost of Living in Canada

Based upon the figures of the Labor
Gazette of Ottawa a comparative chart of the
cost of living in the fourteen principal cities of
Canada has been prepared by the Vancouver
Sun, which furnishes a very interesting record.
After careful computation the average family is
taken to consist of five persons, and the weekly
family budget includes meats, groceries, fuel
and light, clothing and rent.

The statement furnishes some incongruities
in as much as one coast city is almost at the
peak of high prices, another at the base, whilst
certain inland cities occur fairly well down on
the list. The lower amount of fuel consumed,
and of winter clothing necessitated on the
Pacific coast, turn the balance in their favor
and the three British Columbia cities are lowest
in the list. As the Department publishes no
statistics as to the price of clothing, the compiler
must have collected his own figures or some
information on which to base an estimate.
Following is the list of cities in order of cost of
living: — Regina, St. John, Winnipeg, Toronto,
Ottawa, Hamilton, Calgary, Halifax, Quebec,
Montreal, Vancouver, Victoria, Westminster.
No figures are furnished for Edmonton for July,
1919, at which time the figures were taken.

Following is a comparative statement of the
cost of the weekly family budget taken in July,
1918 and 1919:—

1918 1919

Regina $26.49 $28.55

St John 24.06 28.12

Winnipeg 24.13 26.83

Toronto 25.24 26.49

Ottawa 23.85 25.47

Hamilton 24.35 25.26

Calgary.... 24.05 24.98

Halifax 20.58 23.91

Quebec 23 . 02 23 . 69

Montreal 22.01 23.05

Vancouver 21.28 22 . 50

Victoria 19.17 22.38

Westminster 19.54 21.85

Edmonton 21 .45 No figures

Rent in 1919 was highest in Regina with
$8.08 in the family budget and lowest in St. John
with $3.46. The largest increase in rent during
the period was in the city of Victoria where the
weekly amount rose from nS3.23 to $4,61 or
S1.38. Halifax rose $1.15, Toronto .92. West-
minster .82, St. John .46, and Hamilton .30.
Other cities remained the same with the excep-
tion of Ottawa which registered the only drop,
one of 23 cents.

121

Fuel and light were highest in Regina where
they formed an item of S3.43 in the average
family's weekly budget, and lowest in Calgary
accounting for the sum of $2.09 in the expense
account. The average increase throughout the
fourteen cities was 42 cents. The only drop in
expenses of this kind was one of 13 cents in
Hamilton, where this item in the weekly account
fell from S3.51 to $3.38 in 1919.

The grocery bill in 1919 came highest in
Victoria with an item in the family account
weekly of $10.23, though Halifax ran it a close
second with $10.14. Groceries were apparently
lowest in Hamilton with $8.09 only, being
deducted each week from the family income for
the grocery bill. The average increase in the
cost of groceries per week over the fourteen
cities was nearly 65 cents, the highest increase
being $1.30 in Winnipeg and the lowest 41
cents in Calgary. Halifax and Victoria also saw
increases of more than a dollar in this item.

The average cost of the family weekly
budget throughout the Dominion in July, 1919,
was $13.77 as compared with $13.00 in the
corresponding month in 1918. In July, 1914,
it was $7.42 and in May, 1920, $16.65.

Colonization and Peveloptnent in Canada

The second Annual Convention of the Alberta Indus-
trial Development Association was held last month in
Alberta, sessions being held at Medicine Hat, Lethbridge,
Calgary and Edmonton. There was a large attendance
of delegates which included a considerable delegation
from the Canadian Manufacturers Association, who were
en route across the continent to hold their own convention
at Vancouver.

The official opening took place at Calgary, His Honor
the Premier of the Province rendering the inaugural
address. Outstanding addresses were given by Col. J. S.
Dennis, "Development and Colonization in Western
Canada"; F. H. Peters, Commissioner of Irrigation,
Department of the Interior, "The Irrigation Problem in
Western Canada"; Dr. H. M. Tory, President Alberta
University, "Canada versus other open spaces of the
World," and "Banking and Reconstruction by H. B.
McKenzie, Assistant General Manager, Bank of Montreal,
etc. The usual banquets, receptions and sight-seeing
tours were on the program. Col. Dennis, in part, said: —

Colonization an Important Problem

I assume that I was honored with the invitation to
address you to-day on this important subject owing to
the fact that my residence of forty-eight years in the
West and my work during that period in the services of
the Dominion Government, the Hudson's Bay Company,
the old Territorial Government and the Canadian Pacific
Railway Company has given me a somewhat wide knowl-
edge of the location and character of our natural resources
and the methods we must adopt to secure their further
development.

Colonization is the most important problem with
which we are to-day faced in Canada. By colonization
I mean, not only obtaining of the farmer to cultivate our
vast unoccupied area of good agricultural land, but the
increasing of our population by the immigration of
desirable citizens who will undertake the development of
all our other natural resources by providing the necessary
capital and labor. Development is not possible without
additional capital and labor, and these can only be provided
through the medium of increased population secured by
proper immigration and colonization efforts.

We are naturally proud of the fact that our participa-
tion in the late war has given Canada a standing among
the nations of the world and that to-day the name
"Canadian" is recognized as distinguishing a citizen of
a progressive and virile country, but our share in that
great struggle has involved us in financial obligations
which can only be met and discharged by increasing our
population and developing those natural resources which,
while potentially ample security for many times our
national debt, can only be made productive of wealth
through development.

War's Effect on Immigration

It is not possible to quote any definite figures as to
the total population of Canada until completion of the
1921 census, but assuming that the published estimate
of 8,500,000 is somewhat near the mark, it will be of
interest to note our immigration returns for the past
fifteen years. The total immigration for the period 1905-
1914 amounted to 2,530,799, and for the period 1915 to
end of 1919, to 503,197. The falling off in the latter
period was, of course, due to the war, but the figures
quoted will serve to emphasize the necessity for speeding
up our immigration and colonization activities if we are
to reach the total of an increase of, at least, 500,000 per
year, which is certainly the minimum we should aim at.

The larger proportion of the immigration to Canada
during the fifteen-year period above referred to has been to
the four Western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
Alberta and British Columbia, and basing my estimate
upon the census taken in these provinces in 1916, it is
safe to assume that they now have a total population of
two and one half million. What have we to offer the
prospective immigrant to Western Canada to justify our
expectations of a marked movement of desirable colonists
to these Western provinces this year and a rapidly
increasing number from year to year until our population
reaches at least ten millions ?

What we have to offer, as I see it, in the order of
their importance are as follows: —

Good Agricultural Land

In the four Western provinces we have an area of at
least 225,000,000 acres of good agricultural land. Of this
vast area, not more than 35,000,000 acres are at present
occupied and cultivated, and of the balance of 190,000,000
acres of unoccupied land, 30,000,000 acres lie within
fifteen miles on each side of constructed railway lines.
Think of it, thirty million acres of good and cheap agri-
cultural land lying idle within fifteen miles of our con-
structed railway lines in the West and the world crying
out for food. Do we need any other excuse for an active
colonization policy ?

The suitability of our vast unoccupied areas for
successful agricultural, horticultural and animal industry
has been conclusively proved by the prizes won in com-
petition with the world for our grain, fruit and livestock,
the product of the occupied areas of these four Western
provinces, and we can therefore confidently assert that at
the present time Western Canada offers to the land-
seeking colonist an opportunity to obtain good land at a
low price within reasonable reach of transportation
facilities, which does not exist anywhere else in the North
American continent.

Excellent Available Fuel

The question of fuel available for domestic and
industrial use is, of course, a vital matter in the develop-
ment of any new country and is of primary importance
in Western Canada where such a large part of our agri-
cultural areas consist of open prairies. Fortunately in
this matter Nature has been exceedingly kind to us.
The provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta and British
Columbia contain about 17 per cent, of the known coal
resources of the world, and these coals cover all the
different qualities from lignite to bituminous, bituminous
coking and anthracite. The province of Alberta alone

122

contains known coal resources to the enormous extent of
one thousand and seventy-five billion tons, and these
facts will indicate that without depending upon the fuel
obtainable from the natural gas and timber, referred to
later on, our coal requirements for domestic and industrial
needs are taken care of for many centuries to come.

Vast Supplies Natural Gas

During your trip so far through this province, you
have had some opportunity of seeing something of the
natural gas development, but it may interest you to
know that natural gas has been developed in the province
of Alberta within an area extending from the national
boundary north for about 700 miles and from the Rocky
Mountains east for 200 miles.

This natural product is now being utilized both for
industrial and domestic purposes, and the possibility of
its extensions as a fuel in generating heat, light and
power is almost beyond measure.

You no doubt will also be interested to know in
connection with our natural gas supply that we are at
present producing gasoline from it, and the opportunities
of extending this feature of development, so as to increase
the supply of this widely used fuel for power purposes,
are very marked. It is also interesting to note that
investigations have proved the possibility of extracting
from our natural gas the character of gas required for
use in balloons.

Associated with our vast coal and natural gas areas,
referred to, it may, in my opinion, be accepted that nature
has also blessed this Western country with a vast deposit
of petroleum.

Prospects for Petroleum

It is true that we are not justified at present in claiming
that we have located and developed this vast oil field,
but the exploratory work so far carried on over an area
extending some 700 miles north to south in the province
of Alberta, and at one or two isolated points in the adjacent
province of British Columbia, and the oil obtained in small
quantities in these widely separated points justifies the
assumption that somewhere within the province of Alberta
there exists one of the vast deposits of petroleum of the
globe, and I personally venture the opinion that, sooner
or later, and in all probability in the near future, a large
producing oil field will be located through the medium
of some of the many test wells that are now being drilled
at widely separated points, and when that time comes
we will not only have this great addition to our fuel
supply but the benefit of the vast number of by-products
resulting from the scientific use of crude petroleum.

Great Undeveloped Timber Areas

Timber has always played an important part in assist-
ing in the development of new countries. This is particu-
larly true of the prairie portions of Western America,
where the first need of every settler is lumber. In this
particular, Nature has again been exceptionally kind to
the four Western provinces of Canada, for while the
prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta
produce a certain amount of lumber, the lumber needs of
the prairie districts of these provinces could not be filled
were it not for the vast timbered areas of the province of
British Columbia. That province diflfers from its three
sister provinces to the east in that it is more or less
mountainous throughout, and only in the valleys is there
opportunity offered for agriculture, horticulture and
animal industry, but the province possesses one of the
great undeveloped timber areas of the world. Conservative
estimates indicate that the commercial standing timber in
the province of British Columbia amounts to 366 billion
feet. This timber comprises cedar, Douglas fir, spruce,
hemlock, white fir, lodgepole pine, western yellow pine,
yellow cypress, western larch, western white pine and
Cottonwood.

This vast timbered area has already been developed
to a certain extent through the medium of sawmills and

allied woodworking industries, but the extension of this
portion of our industrial activity will offer opportunities
for a further investment of capital coincident with our
extension of agricultural settlement east of the mountains
and of our overseas export lumber business. There
would also seem to be an opening for the extension of our
wood pulp and paper making industry in view of the
present great demand for paper and the vast quantities
of suitable pulpwood to be found in all these four Western
provinces, and in this way ensure that this product will
be manufactured at home instead of being exported as a
raw product in the shape of pulpwood.

Clay and Clay Shales

At Medicine Hat you had an opportunity of seeing
one of the large industrial plants engaged in utilizing our
clay products. Throughout all the four Western prov-
inces vast deposits of clay suitable for the manufacture of
products have been located, and the utilization of these
deposits, varying from common brick to fine porcelain,
offers opportunities for wide development extension.

We have also been able to demonstrate the suitability
of certain of our sand deposits in the West for the manu-
facture of glass, and where these deposits are located in
close proximity to our natural gas supply this industry
offers an opportunity for wide development.

Inland and Ocean Fisheries

The many large lakes situated in the provinces of
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta provide quantities
of freshwater fish, but our great fishery resources of
Western Canada is on the coast line of British Columbia.
This coast line covers in extent some 7,000 miles and may
reasonably be claimed to provide one of the greatest
fishing industries of the world. This industr>' has already
been developed to considerable limits as will be indicated
by the fact that the catch of eight kinds of fish during the
year 1918 amounted to 223,000,000 pounds, valued at
$22,000,000. The exiX)rt of a large quantity of this
coast fishing industry, together with fresh-water fish from
the interior lakes, comprises one of our important industries
of the West, but like many other phases of the development
of our natural resources is only in its infancy.

Iron Ore

With unlimited quantities of coal and natural gas as
fuel, and the probable addition of crude petroleum to
this list, it was only necessary for Nature to have blessed
Western Canada with a large deposit of iron ore to insure
her future as one of the richest countries of the world.
In this particular, however, Nature seems to have been
somewhat sparing in her gifts. We have indications of
deposits of ore in the Lake Winnipeg district of Manitoba,
some smaller deposits in the provinces of Saskatchewan
and Alberta, and probably more important deposits at
several points in British Columbia, but, as yet, sufficient
development has not been completed at any of these
points to justify the prophecy as to how far these deposits
can be utilized in connection with our fuel to supply the
steel which is rapidly becoming one of the most widely
used products in the world's development.

Base and Precious Metals

The province of British Columbia to the west of us
is now recognized as one of the most highly mineralized
areas on the Continent, and the production of both base
and precious minerals has already reached important
figures in our national wealth. \'ast areas of that prov-
ince, however, yet remain to be intelligently prospected
and developed. We now know that extensive areas in
Northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan are also precious
and base mineral bearing, and further development in those
and other areas to be prospected will, without doubt,
further extend our important mining industry in the
West.

123

Railway Mileage

The rapid development of any country is dependent
upon transportation facilities. In this matter, the four
Western Provinces of Canada stand in an enviable
position. To-day, we have a greater mileage of railway
per capita in operation than in any other country in the
world.

In the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
and British Columbia there are at present 19,875 miles
of railway in operation, or one mile for each 110 persons.
This fact should bring home to us all the vital importance
of straining every effort to make productive through the
medium of colonization and development our dormant
natural resources, and it may be confidently asserted that
unless we can, through this medium, rapidly and materially
improve the existing conditions, many miles of these
operated railways are not going to show profit for some
years, and the satisfaction of having this exceptional
mileage of operated railways and of being able to point
to our unequalled transportation facilities will be dulled
by having to pay operating deficits through the medium
of taxation.

Having, in the foregoing brief manner, outlined to you
our position in Western Canada and what we have to
offer to the capitalist, the laborer and the immigrant
looking for cheap and good agricultural land, how are we,
through the medium of colonization and development,
going to make these great undeveloped resources known
to the rest of the world, and in this way stimulate their
development ?

In my opinion, what we need is more co-operative and
concentrated effort on the part of the governments,
corporations and individuals if this problem is to be met
and solved in the near future. In this connection it is,
I am sure, gratifying to us all to note that the movement
which originated with this Development Association last
year, has now resulted in the organization of the Western
Canada Colonization Association, which is receiving such
handsome financial support from representative citizens
and corporations all over Canada.

Western Canada Colonization Association

Assuming that meetings like this we are holding to-day,
the organization of the Western Canada Colonization
Association and more co-operative and aggressive action
on the part of the governments and corporations results
in the adoption of a broad and comprehensive policy of
colonization and development, where are we to direct
our efforts to secure the capitalist, the agriculturist and
the laborer which we need if results are to be obtained ?

Of the two and one half million immigrants to Canada
in the period 1905 to 1914, to which I have already
referred, 974,000 came from Great Britain, 875,000 from
the United States and the balance frorn other countries.
Our immigration during the war period 1914 to 1919 of
half a million, also previously referred to, was divided
125,000 from Great Britain, 311,000 from the United
States and the small balance from the other countries.

These figures serve to indicate the countries to which
our new efforts to obtain immigrants should be specially
directed, but we must realize that the war has created
conditions in Great Britain and Northern Europe that
must seriously affect the movement of both capital and
people from those countries for some time, and our special
efforts should, therefore, for the present be confined to
the United States. We know that following every modern
war in Europe there has been an increased movement
of people to this continent, and can feel assured that
as soon as conditions become more stabilized, and the
exchange more favorable, we can expect a very large
movement of both capital and people from Great Britain
and Northern Europe to Canada, but, in the meantime,
we must follow the line of least resistance and stimulate
the already large movement of both ca,jital and population
from our neighbor south of the International Border.
We have the opportunity for the capitalist, the land hungry
settler and the laborer looking for new opportunity; they

have the men and the money, and every inducement should
be offered to stimulate the movement from south of the
line of the capitalist or settler who will help us to speed
up our Colonization and Development.

We may confidently assert that at the present time
Canada and its opportunities stand out in the minds of
the people of Great Britain, Northern Europe and the
United States as a country of opportunity for the capitalist,
the skilled mechanic, the ordinary laborer and the land
hungry settler, but there is a lamentable apathy on the
part of our governments, corporations and citizens gener-
ally to the vital and pressing importance of making our
opportunities better known and of dealing aggressively
and on broad lines with this question of Colonization and
Development, the only medium through which our
Dominion can be made, which in my opinion it is destined
to be, the Key Stone in the Arch of the British Empire.

Settlers from Tulip Land

The great European invasion Canada has
been experiencing since shipping was released is
very general and drawing immigrants from a
large area. Every continental country of ally
and neutral is contributing its quota to this
persistent stream. Every steamer sailing from
European ports for the Dominion is crammed to
capacity and the class of the new Canadian
settler was never higher nor of a better type.
The vessels of the Canadian Pacific Ocean
Services alone handled 26,126 passengers in the
months of April and May, and of this total
15,350 avowed their intention of settling in the
Dominion and making their homes here.

A Staunch Stalwart Type

The land of d^^kes and tulips recently
contributed a party of 65 big husky Hollanders
who travelled out to Canada under the escort
of the Canadian Pacific Railway and went
through to Alberta where they are taking farms.
The majority of them were accompanied by
their families, the industrious careful households
of rural Holland, and the party represented
among them capital to the extent of $80,000
which is being put into Western land. Every one
of these Dutch immigrants, without exception,
had spent his entire life farming in the low-lying
fields and meadows of his native country, and
in addition to being a staunch, stalwart type,
the party represented a wealth of experience in
many lines of agriculture.

Agriculture is an industry of prime impor-
tance in Holland, large flocks of sheep being
raised there and numerous cattle brouse in the
luxuriant meadows. Wheat, oats, barley and
rye are successful crops on the small intensive
farms, whilst Dutch flax and dairy products are
world-renowned. Sugar beet, tobacco and hemp
are also grown extensively, whilst market
gardening and fruit culture are very profitable
and have large followings. With experience in
these diversified lines of agriculture these new
settlers are a splendid asset to Canada and
cannot fail to make good in mixed farming,
which line it is their intention to pursue.

124

Future Canadians

Passing through on the train the little band,
which had put behind it irretrievably the dykes
and tulip gardens of its native home, was
frankly delighted with the Canada seen from
the train windows. All waxed enthusiastic at
the large farms with their vast possibilities,
viewing in anticipation their own homesteads
in the west, so different from the small holdings
v/ith their limited acreage to which they had
been accustomed. They were already planning
out homes for them.selves on the great western
expanse where there is room for so many settlers.
They come as homebuilders, adopting the land
that adopts them, readily assimilable, soon to
be Canadians and bring up their children true
sons and daughters of the Dominion,

The University on Wheels

Agriculture is the Dominion's premier in-
dustry. Back of Canada's progress stands the
farmer, and the country's advancement in
agriculture is reflected in every phase of the
Dominion's activity. The settlement of lands,
better farming and every progressive move of
agriculture is the concern of every resident in
Canada no matter what his profession; the
railways, the governments, industries and manu-
factures, and the consuming public are alike
interested. The federal and provincial govern-
ments and the railways with a keen realization
of this, have ceaselessly worked for the progress
and development of this industry through the
establishment of experimental farms, the circula-
tion of literature and other propaganda matter,
and many other methods. They have never
ceased to advocate better farming, the scientific
study of soils, crops and systems, land conserva-
tion and all that tends for greater and healthier
production, enrichment of land, and improve-
ment in living and social conditions in rural
settlements.

No Better System of Education

No better system of education and aid to
more successful farming has been devised than
the "better farming train," or as it has come
to be popularly termed "the University on
Wheels," which journeys through the prairie
provinces of the west under the auspices of the
provincial Departments of Agriculture and
Education and the Canadian Pacific Railway.
It is in truth, a travelling university of agri-
culture bringing an agricultural course to the
farmer's home with its intensive classes and
demonstrations of the highest educational value.

The train has two large machinery cars
carrying the livestock and feed, and two large
fiat cars, one fitted up with pens to carr>' sheep
and hogs, and the other for use as a demonstra-
tion car. These were equipped in Winnipeg
under the direction of Professor A. M. Shaw,

Professor in Animal Husbandry at Manitoba
University. Three large coaches are used in
displaying field husbandry exhibits and another
car for the dairy, mechanical, building, and
poultry displays.

Moving Pictures and Nurseries

A ver\^ popular feature of the train is the
moving picture car, in which films of an enter-
taining character are shown as well as those of
an educational value. There are lecture cars
for men and another for women. A nursery car
is provided which contains sandpiles, slides and
cribs, in charge of capable nurses, with whom
mothers may leave their children whilst attend-
ing lectures or visiting the exhibits.

The train and entire equipment is furnished
free by the Canadian Pacific Railway, which has
spared no pains to make the better farming
train of the greatest possible service and
assistance to Canada's agriculturists.

That the train of exhibits and its attendant
lectures and demonstrations is keenly appreci-
ated is indicated from the fact that the daily
attendance in rural sections has exceeded one
thousand, in one week as many as 7,500 being
present.

Immigration of Children to Canada

The Manchester Guardian, commenting on
the report of the Canadian Government's in-
spector of British immigrant children, expresses
gratification that the migration of children from
orphanages to the Dominion appears shortly to
be resumed. Since 1916 this migration was
practically suspended, the report shows.

The paper outlines the unusual opportunities
offered in Canada, both in industries and agri-
culture, and points to the increased number of
children now in institutions as a result of the
war as an argument for again opening the gates
of Canada to the youthful emigrant.

More than ten thousand applications for
children have been received by the child-saving
institutions in England since the annual migra-
tion was suspended. Many of these applications
are from agricultural districts, it is said, and a
large portion of the applicants are childless.

The Labor Situation

The increase in the total volume of emplo>'-
ment recorded in April was continued during
the month of May, activity in building and
railway construction being again a large con-
tributing factor. Gains were steadily maintained
in Ontario, Quebec, and the Prairie Provinces;
the Maritime Provinces noted fluctuations,
whilst British Columbia registered a slight
average decline. At the beginning of May the
percentage of unemployment among members
of trades unions was 2.83, as compared with 3.44
at the beginning of April. According to returns

125

received from nearly 5,000 firms, the increase in
employment recorded in the latter half of April
was conlinued during May. There were in
existence during the month 73 strikes, involving
about 12,005 workpeople, and resulting in a
time loss of 145,168 working days. This was
greater than in the previous month but less
than in May, 1919.

Individual Trades Adversely Affected

Among the individual trades, metal, ma-
chinery and conveyances were adversely affected
during the month. In foods, increases were
recorded in the staffs of meat packing plants,
abattoirs, and dairies, but sugar refineries
showed less activity owing to shortage of raw
material. The anticipated seasonal decline was
exhibited in textiles and clothings, and leather
workers were somewhat less active. General
activity prevailed in the pulp and paper trades
and in woodworking. A decline in clay, glass
and stone in the earlier part of the month was
followed by a recovery later, whilst conditions
remained stationary in paint, oil, chemical and
explosive factories. There was great activity in
mining with the exception of coal which re-
gistered a slight fall. Railway construction
made marked and heavy gains in every prov-
ince. Logging operations declined as is expected
at that time of year, but there was a correspond-
ing gain in the employment at sawmills.

Family Budget Moves Upward

In prices, the general movement continued
upward with increases in grain, fodder, live stock,
fuel, building materials, and furnishings slightly
offsetting decreases in eggs, milk, hides, textiles
and raw furs. In retail prices, the average cost
of a family budget of staple foods was $16.65
at the middle of the month, as compared with
$15.99 in the middle of April and $7.42 in May,
1914.

Gold and Silver Production, 1919

In the year 1919, the British Empire produced
11,686,342 ounces of gold valued at £49,659,686
in comparison with the 1918 production of
12,012,633 ounces worth £51,006,696. Canada's
output in 1919 was 767,167 ounces worth
$3,260,459 and was the only country of the
Empire to show an increase in output, her 1918
production being 699,681 ounces worth £2,973,-
644. The world's total production for 1919
valued $354,044,489, of which the British
Empire accounted for $241,556,689 and the
United States $58,488,890. There was a drop
in the total amount of gold mined from the 1918
figures of $373,494,624 and likewise from the
British Empire's output of the previous year
of $248,301,124 and the United States figure of
$68,493,500.

For the nine months ending December 31st,
1919, the Dominion exported gold to the value

of $3,384,952, as against $7,549,862 in the
corresponding period in 1918. The bulk of
this, $2,786,907, went to the United States, and in
previous years practically all of Canada's gold ex-
port has been across the border. When it is con-
sidered that the Dominion's production of 1900
was only 1,350,057 ounces worth $27,908,153,
and that in a year when other countries fell off
in their production, the Dominion made head-
way, prospects for future development are very
bright, especially as there is a tendency on every
side to reopen old mines and develop new
properties.

Production Declined, Prices Increased

Canada's silver production for the year
1919 was 15,675,134 ounces, as against 21,383,-
979 ounces in 1918 worth $20,693,704, and
22,221,274 in 1917 valued at $18,091,895. Prices
thus have been increasing rapidly whilst produc-
tion declined. Of the silver produced in 1919,
7,609,509 ounces were exported to the United
States, as against 10,845,059 ounces sent in
1918. To the United Kingdom there was sent
2,912,055 ounces valued at $3,210,960, or about
one-third of the previous year's.

Iron Ores in Canada

One of the most potential and least developed
industries of Canada is the mining of iron ore,
and instead of use being made of the vast
deposits of the ore which underlie the part of
the continent Canada occupies, the Dominion
is importing about 96 per cent, of the iron ore
used in Canadian blast furnaces or over two
million tons per year.

Deposits of iron ore, according to official data,
are widely distributed over Canada and in the
main unexploited, only the conveniently situated
and comparatively cheap mined ores of New-
foundland and the south shore of Lake Superior
being developed to any large extent.

The Maritime Provinces and Quebec

In the province of Nova Scotia, the principal
iron ore deposits are those at Clementsport,
Nictaux, and Torbrook in Annapolis county;
Brookfield and Londonderry in Colchester
county; and the Pictou iron range in Pictou
county. Some of the ore in this province is
mined and blasting done at Sydney and North
Sydney, where plants have been erected by
the Dominion Iron and Steel Company and the
Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company.

Iron ores are found in New Brunswick in
Carleton county near Woodstock. Other occur-
rences of iron have been noted at West Beach
and Black River on the Bay of Fundy, neat
St. John, and also in Charlotte county near
Lepreau. The most important deposits, how-
ever, yet found in this province, are those of the
township of Bathurst, county of Gloucester.

126

Along the north shores of the St. Lawrence
river in Quebec, beds of magnetite have been
discovered at many points, and thousands of
tons have been shipped from here for their
titanium content. Deposits of ilmenite or
titaniferous ore also occur north of Montreal at
St. Jerome, St. Lin, Ivry and other points.
Limonite or bog iron ores have been mined for
nearly 200 years in the St. Francis river district.
Magnetite ores have also been found in the
townships of Grenville, Templeton, Hull and
Bristol, Leeds, Inverness, South Ham and
Ascot.

Eastern Ontario

In eastern Ontario, chiefly in the counties of
Hastings, Frontenac and Renfrew, numerous
deposits of the ore are found. The four northern
districts of Sudbury, Algoma, Thunder Bay and
Rainy River are rich in iron possessions. Any
one district contains enough low grade ore to
warrant profitable commercial development. At
Moose Mountain in the district of Sudbury,
100,000,000 tons of ore have been proven by
diamond drilling. The Helen Mine in the
Michipicoten range is the largest iron ore
producer in Canada, the output approaching
1,000 tons per day. The deposit is some 1,400
feet long with an average width of 400 feet.
Other known rich deposits are in the Atikokan
range, the Lake Nipigon range, and ranges in
Nipissing and Timagami.

The Prairie Provinces and B.C.

The prairie provinces of PJanitoba, Saskat-
chewan and Alberta have as yet furnished no
production of iron, but there are in these
provinces a number of known occurrences of
hematite, limonite and clay ironstone.

In the province of British Columbia, some
iron ore has been mined on Texada Island, but
here too the iron industry can hardly be said
to have got a footing. A num.ber of occurrences
of ore have been noted on Vancouver Island,
mainly at Head Bay, Klaanch River, Quinsam
River and Gordon River. In the interior of the
province occurrences of iron have been noted at
Kamloops, Kitchener, Bull Run, Burmis, and
elsewhere.

The development of Canada's iron deposits
means a good deal to Canadian national and
industrial development. It implies the con-
tinuous flow of freight traffic, the erection of
blast furnaces, and steel plants, by-products
plants, alloy furnaces, rail mills and all subsidiary
forms of iron works usually found where such
plants exist. More and cheaper agricultural
implements would be the result, a general
benefit to the Dominion.

Canadian Fisheries Convention

The Canadian F"isheries Association held its
annual meeting in Vancouver last month when

Mr. A. Hager was elected President. Repre-
sentatives were present from all the provinces
of Canada, and as a final result of the meeting
the following resolutions were adopted: —

(1) That owing to the fact that development of
Canada's fishery resources depends upon the demand
in foreign markets, the Government would be well
advised to enact legislation pro\'iding for standard-
ization of the names of the various kinds of fish.

(2) The Railway Board was urged to provide
sufficient refrigerator cars for shipment of fish inland.

(3) The Government is requested to com-
municate with the Canadian Fisheries Association
before adopting hasty and ill-advised regulations
affecting the fishing industry.

(4) The Government is asked to increase the
appropriations at the disposal of the Biological
Board of Canada for the purpose of carrying on
fishery investigations.

(5) The Government is advised to send delegates
to the Pan-Pacific Congress to be held at Honolulu
late in the summer.

(6) A treaty between Canada and the United
States establishing closed season for halibut fishing
is suggested in order to conserve the species.

(7) It is also pointed out in a resolution that the
Government should set aside sums of money for the
discovery and opening of new halibut fields.

(8) In training young people for citizenship the
fishing industry has been neglected.

Another resolution suggests that the Govern-
ment should establish fishery schools which
would be financed by the Government and the
industry.

A College of Fisheries

As a result of the plans now under the
consideration of the Maritime Branch of the
Canadian Fisheries' Association, and Resolution
No. 8, adopted at the recent Vancouver Conven-
tion of the Association, as set forth in the
preceding article, a College of Fisheries will be
established at Halifax, N.S. Professor Gill,
director of the $10,000,000 fund voted by the
Canadian government for technical education
and industrial training, will co-operate with the
Fisheries Association in developing and financing
the project, and- he has also recommended that
a substantial grant be made towards the estab-
lishment of a College of Fisheries in British
Columbia.

For some time there has been the realization
in the Federal house of the necessity for a more
aggressive policy in the development of the
Atlantic fisheries and many members have urged
the provision of facilities for the technical
instruction of men engaged in the various
branches of the industry on the Canadian
coasts. The idea is to provide instruction in
seamanship, navigation, operation and con-
struction of motor engines, improved methods
of catching and curing fish and in utilizing their
by-products.

127

Germany, before the war, maintained over
20 fisheries' schools, and Great Britain had a
large school at Grimsby and smaller ones at
other ports, whilst Norway, Japan and other
countries have developed excellent facilities for
the special education of fishermen. Canada's
Atlantic fisheries now yield an annual value of
over SI 6, 000, 000, and there is a growing recogni-
tion that the application of greater technical
knowledge, especially in fish curing, offers
possibilities of development on a very large
scale.

Commercializing the Shark

Sharks, dreaded by sailormen, and hated by
fishermen, have long been the pariahs of the seas,
but now they can be fished at a profit, and
hundreds of Canadian fishermen will be hunting
them this summer. Not only can their skins
be converted into an excellent leather, but their
oil has assumed a commercial value, as a process
has been discovered by which fish oils can be
deodorized. Lord Leverhulme, the British soap
king, has been acquiring interests in the British
and Canadian fisheries, and it is reported that
he has rights in the deodorizing process, and
that his chief purpose in entering the fishing
industry is to secure oils for his factories, one
of which is located in New Brunswick on the
shores of the Bay of Fundy. Sharks pursue the
herring and mackerel schools in great number
along the coasts of the Maritime provinces, in
summer.

In Nova Scotia, the catching of dog-fish,
which belongs to the shark family, has been
carried on to some extent, the dog-fish being
used in the fertilizer factories. Their skin can
also be converted into leather.

Windbreaks for Snow and Sand

By B. M.WiNEGAR, Forestry Inspector, C.P.R.

Railways use two kinds of fences for snow,
a portable one which can be snif ted any distance
from track and a permanent one which is
established on the right-of-way line. The
former fence is taken down in the spring and
piled up until fall. The advantage of this type
of fence is obvious, being built in 12-14 and
16 ft. panels, it is easily handled. The main-
tenance, however, is very high, and the expense
necessary in moving considerable. The tempo-
rary fence, however, is unsightly. Tree fences
recommend themselves on account of their
original cost, the small maintenance expense
involved after plantations have been established
several years, and because of their appearance.
Their disadvantage is their liability to fire.
Extra precautions are necessary on the part of
the track forces to keep fire from getting into
the plantation.

There are some fine examples of tree fences
in the orchard belt of Ontario. Some of these

fences have evidently been located at least fifty
years. On the wind-swept prairies, too, settlers
have found trees an excellent protection both
in winter and in summer.

Tree Fences are now Cheap

Railway officers have been aware of the
practicability and desirability of this type of
fence for some time, but the price of lumber and
posts, until recently, has not made tree planting
very attractive. However, tree planting to-day,
in Eastern Canada, can be done for less than
one half the cost of wooden fences. Live fences
are effective and economical. After the third
and fourth year, no maintenance is required.
They are decorative and do much to make the
right-of-way attractive.

Planting has been done very successfully by
the Intercolonial in Northern New Brunswick,
since 1887. Here the local red spruce has been
dug up from nearby fields and transplanted.
This work is still being carried on.

When the trees reached a height of 9 feet
to 10 feet, the tops are trimmed. Trees from
18 inches to 36 inches in height have been
planted in two rows. From time to time any
failures have been taken out and replacements
made. This is perhaps the most striking example
of just what can be done along this line.

The Canadian Pacific and the Soo line have
been planting for a number of years in the
prairie country. Moisture conditions limit the
varieties to deciduous shrubs and trees. From
six to eight rows of shrubs and trees are required.
Locust, carragana, willow and poplar are the
species used. Attempt is being made after the
plantations have been several years located, to
interplant with spruce.

Pine and Spruce are Best

The ideal snow fence appears to be the
white or red spruce of this country, or the
Norway spruce, planted two or three rows
staggered. The trees hold their foliage well to
the ground. They grow rapidly, making from
10 to 16 inches annually, after having become
established. They make an excellent snow
barricade, atid are striking in appearance.

Balsam, though of a more rapid growth than
spruce, is subject to more enemies, is consid-
erably more brittle, and is not so satisfactory in
holding its lower branches. It should do well,
however, in mixture.

Cedar is used extensively, and although of
slower growth than any of the other species
planted, when once established, does extremely
well. It makes an even more artistic show than
perhaps any of the other species.

North of Lake Superior and west to the
prairies where jack pine predominates, the use
of this tree is to be recommended. It is of
quick growth, but has the drawback of losing its
lower branches quickly, especially when planted
close. It should be used in mixture with spruce,

128

balsam or cedar. Norway pine has the same
growing characteristics, but, like the jack pine,
it will probably do well in mixture. Use of
hemlock has been recommended, but it would
appear the least satisfactory of all trees
mentioned.

Generally it can be stated that the best
conifers to plant in any locality are the trees
which thrive there under natural conditions.

It requires seven years at least to get
sufficient growth to make effective snow breaks.

A factor which affects the cost of planting
trees and on which success of the plantations
depends is the distance which trees have to
be hauled. If it were possible to lift trees
only a short distance, say within half a mile,
the loss would be greatly reduced. It is obvious,
however, that where trees are transported from
wagons to cars and then taken to destination,
drying out of the roots occurs, and the loss is
greatly increased.

Proper weather conditions are necessary for
this work. Trees which are handled in cool,
damp weather have a much better chance than
if transplanted when weather is dry and hot.

When to Plant Trees

There has been much discussion as to the
time when trees should be planted. Successful
work has been done in the spring, and again
from the middle of September till heavy frost
sets in.

Where soil is very heavy and difficult to
work, and where heavy boulders are found, the
expense is greater and the difficulty of establish-
ing plantations much increased. If it is necessary
to use a spade to work the ground, roots of the
trees are much more likely to get insufficient
space than where ploughing is done.

The following methods have been suggested
for establishing tree fences. Trees are planted
from 2 feet to 23^ feet apart in rows. These
rows are from 2 feet to 3 feet apart. Two to
three rows are necessary.

Nursery stock being impossible to obtain at
reasonable figures, we are forced to depend
largely on trees dug from the wood. Greater
loss is anticipated from this class of material.

The smaller the trees planted, the greater
the chance for success. The cost of lifting
smaller trees and planting them is much less
than the expense involved in lifting bigger stock.
It is not practical, however, to use large trees.
The expense would be too great, and handling
and loss very high. Even nurseries do not
handle large conifers except at a prohibitive
rate. Nursery stock is, of course, much more
easily handled than wild grown trees. It appears
to be good practice when natural grown stock
is used to plant trees from 18 inches to 36 inches
in height.

Cultivating the Ground

The ground to be planted is prepared in the
spring or fall preceding the planting. Ploughing

is done and a disc is used. If trees are to be
planted in the fall, the ground should be culti-
vated during the summer season to keep down
the weeds. It appears to be good practice to
plough a strip about 12 feet wide, three feet of
the plantation on either side being left for fire
breaks. It is necessary to keep these fire breaks
maintained for several years. Cultivation should
be done for at least three or four years. Extra
precaution should be taken to see that grass
fires are not let run close to trees.

Departmental Publications

Any of the following publications will be sent
free on request.

Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. — A descriptive
statistical booklet on the three prairie provinces with
full information on the West.

Western Canada. — Booklet devoted to history, progress,
development, and possibilities of Western Canada.

The Park Lands of Central Alberta. — Descriptive of
the area tributary to the Calgary and Edmonton line
of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Alberta. History,
description of soils, development, lands open for settle-
ment, and information for settlers.

Irrigation Farming in Sunny Alberta. — Full descrip-
tion of Alberta's irrigated lands, their progress,
production and possibilities.

Improved Farms in Eastern Canada. — Lists of unoc-
cupied farms in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia, together with area, adaptability and
prices.

List of Improved Farms in the Annapolis Valley. —
Index to farm openings in the beautiful Nova Scotia
valley, extent of holdings, and prices.

Business and Industrial Openings in Western
Canada. — Full listings of industries existing and
business openings in the provinces of Western Ontario,
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Co-
lumbia.

Canadian Pacific Reserve Farm Lands in Lloyd -
minster and Battleford Districts. — Information of
Canadian Pacific lands in these districts, history,
farming information, progress, and possibilities.

What Some Settlers Have Done in Western Canada.
— Stories told by settlers from many lands, of the
success they have achieved on western lands.

Canada's System of Government. — Canadian govern-
ment briefly outlined to portray its democratic traits.

The Story of Canadian Nickel. — History of the nickel
mining industry.

Canadian Oil Exploitation and Prospects.— An
expert engineer's history of Canadian oil development
and future possibilities.

Canadian Water Power Development.— Authoritative
and exhaustive survey of water power reserves and
possible development.

Paper Pulp from Flax Straw. — An investigation en-
gineer shows the possibility of the development of a
new industry in the west.

A Canadian Grain Handling Plant.— How Canadian
grain is stored and shipped. Authoritative article on
Canadian elevators.

Value of a Settler to Canadian Railroads. — Computa-
tion from reliable statistics of a farming settler's
revenue-producing worth to Canadian railroads.

Returned Soldier Land Settlement Scheme. — Details
of settlement conditions of returned soldiers on the
Company's lands in Western Canada.

129

News Jottings

Victoria, B.C. — Agricultural production in British
Columbia was $14,000,000 more in 1919 than in 1918.
Imports increased by less than a million dollars.

To afford more effective protection to loggers operating
in the congested areas of the coast and V^ancouver Island,
wireless telephones will be employed by the forestry
branch of the Department of Lands.

Vancouver, B.C. — The British Columbia pulp and
paper mills produced 189,289 tons of pulp and 130,809
tons of newsprint in 1919, as compared with 139,387 tons
of pulp and 120,483 tons of newsprint in 1918.

The North Pacific Havre-Calais line of steamships
will run from this port serving French, Swedish and
British Columbia ports. The first vessel of the line will
arrive this month.

The Lamb Logging Company of this city purchased
the North Pacific Lumber Company's limits near Sayward
on Vancouver Island for $550,000. There is about
225,000,000 feet of uncut timber on the property.

New Westminster, B.C. — It is estimated that the
raspberry yield of the Lower Fraser Valley will be 1,200
tons this season, as compared with 1,000 last year. Straw-
berries will add another thousand, an increase of 300 tons
over the previous season. Strawberries show about 100
per cent, increase in acreage, and raspberries 50 per cent,

OsoYOOS, B.C. — Work is proceeding on the big re-
clamation and irrigation scheme here. A tract of 22,000
acres has been purchased by the provincial land settle-
ment department, and 12,000 acres will be placed under
water when the scheme is completed, the water being
brought from the Okanagan river. The provincial
government land department is directing the work and has
over 200 men engaged.

Wallsbury, B.C. — British Columbia Spruce Mills,
Ltd., capitalized at $1,000,000, has commenced construc-
tion work on a saw mill and planing mill having a capacity
of 250,000 feet a day, or 35,000,000 to 40,000,000 feet a
year.

Crow's Nest, B.C. — The annual production of the
coal mines in this area is in excess of 3,000,000 tons per year.
In 1919, 534,675 tons worth $2,116,652 were exported to
the United States.

Edmonton, Alta. — Survey work on the south shore
of Great Slave Lake will be carried on during the summer
by Ptofessor A. E. Cameron of the University of Alberta
science department in the interests of the Imperial Oil
Company. Other work will be done in addition to the
oil survey, ond a general report made at the end of the
season as to t\ie general industrial resources of the district.

More than 300 men will be engaged this summer
carr\'mg out the main highways improvement program of
the province, and a considerable mileage of main roads
throughout the province will be put into shape to qualify
for the federal highways grant. Local farmers will be
engaged in some of the work.

Lignite briquettes manufactured from the natural
coal tar and lignite from Alberta coal mines will be placed
on the Manitoba market before another year, according
to the present plans of the Provincial Government.
"Experts are now working on a solution of extraction of
tar from the extensive Alberta sands, and it is hoped that
the result will be to build up a market sufficient to keep the
coal mines running the year round," states the Premier.

Calgary, Alta. — Those in close touch with the coal
industry here state that there will be a larger export
business done than ever before, large quantities of coal
going to Manitoba and Northern Ontario. The output
is confidently expected to be much greater than last year's.

The value of building permits issued during the first
four months of the year totals $809,000, compared with

$603,900 last year. Permits issued during the month of
April valued $317,000 as against $334,000 in the previous
months of the year.

A big lumber business is expected throughout the
prairie provinces this year, with a corresponding increase
in the cut of timber. The sawmills of the United Grain
Growers anticipate cutting 23,000,000 feet, and will
operate all the year round.

Banff, Alta. — Seaplaning is to be one of the chief
sports in the Rockies this summer, and guests at the hotels
here can book for flights over the Rocky Mountains for
views and snapshots. Heavy bookings from tourists on
both sides of the line have already been made and many
have included a plane trip in their reservations.

Regina, Sask. — It is estimated that twenty million
dollars will be spent on building in the province this year.
The rising price of lumber has reduced the margin between
temporary and permanent building, and the increase in
brick construction is more apparent than ever. Among
the buildings to be erected are the briquetting plant at
Bienfait, a new jail at Prince Albert, normal school at
Saskatoon, C.P.R. depot at Moose Jaw, and many school
buildings.

The rural telephone construction program approved
by the Saskatchewan Department of Telephones for this
year will result in the addition of 4,637 pole miles of lines
by rural companies in 1920.

Contracts for four steel bridges, with concrete abut-
ments, involving a total expenditure of approximately
$16,000 have been awarded by the Department of High
ways.

According to recently published government figures,
there are 208 factories in the province, employing 3,177
workpeople, and using 14,500 horse power. Of these, 15
are sash and door factories, 21 machine repair shops, 22
flour mills, 32 printing and publishing businesses, and 15
aerated water works.

Expenditures for road and bridge construction, and
maintenance in the province, involving a total outlay of
$413,900, out of a total appropriation of $1,700,000, voted
by the Saskatchewan assembly, have already been auth-
orized by the Department of Highways.

Winnipeg, Man. — Preparations are under way for the
reception and entertainment of the Imperial Press Con-
ference here in August, and the provincial government,
city council and board of trade are co-operating with the
motoring and athletic clubs and the provincial newspapers
to make the visit of the British journalists entertaining as
well as educational.

The rush of immigrants to the West is unprecedented,
and exceeds the tide of pre-war years. A very high class
of settlers is in evidence both from the United States and
Europe, the distribution being fairly evenly divided over
the western provinces. During the months of March and
April, 10,906 immigrants entered the Dominion from the
British Empire, and 11,494 from the United States. A
total of 1,686 entered from other countries. The greater
part of this number went to the western provinces.

Over two million dollars will be expended this year in
improvements on the schools of the city.

More than 150 new businesses were started in the city
in 1919-20 than in the previous year. The new lines
include 25 manufacturing plants of various kinds.

Neepawa, Man. — The Western Match Company has
decided to locate here, and will erect a factory of solid
brick, 125 ft. by 30 ft., for the manufacture of matches.

Ottawa, Ont. — Five grain elevators are operated or
controlled by the Dominion Board of Grain Commissioners,
with locations at Port Arthur, Moose Jaw, Saskatoon,
Calgary and Vancouver. Those at Moose Jaw and
Saskatoon have a capacity of 3,500,000 bushels, that at
Calgary 2,500,000 bushels, and that at Vancouver, 1,500,-
000 bushels, making a total capacity of 14,250,000 bushels.
The cost of operating these elevators during the fiscal year
ending July 31st, 1919, was $669,545.

130

It is estimated that in 1919 the total Cr Jtput

of condensed and evaporated milk was neai \000

pounds, valued at approximately $20,000,0W. ^ ..^ Jptal
quantity of milk powder produced during the year amounted
to 5,323,537 pounds, valued at $1,662,352. ■

During the four months ending April 30th, Canadian
paper mills produced 291,738 tons of paper, as compared
with 262,672 tons in the corresponding months in 1919.

Toronto, Ont. — The advisability of placing returned
soldiers on small irrigated farms in Ontario has been urged
by Noulan Cauchon, an Ottawa engineer. He claims that
one and a quarter million acres of land could be irrigated
between Windsor and Montreal, and a large amount of
swamp land in the Grand River valley be reclaimed.

The King Edward Hotel has awarded contract for a
500-room extension to cost $2,500,000. The hotel when
completed will be as large as the Biltmore.

Sudbury, Ont. — The L. R. Steel Service Corporation,
which is chartered by the Dominion government, under
a capitalization of $10,000,000, has opened an office here
and will lease a large store in the near future. The com-
pany operates a chain of stores throughout the United
States, Canada and England, and arrangements are being
made for a series of stores in the north country.

London, Ont. — The Ford Motor Company have pur-
chased a block of land adjoining their plant here, and it
is their intention to erect a five-storey factory which will
employ a total of 1,500 men. London will be the chief
distributing centre for Western Ontario.

Copper Cliff, Ont. — The International Nickel Com-
pany have set aside the sum of $600,000 for improvements
at their mine. The sum of $180,000 has been appro-
priated for betterment work, improving conditions for the
workmen generally and renovating their dwellings.

Quebec, P.Q. — Sir Lomer Gouin, Prime Minister of
the province, on his return from Europe, stated that what
was creating most interest overseas was the enormous
wealth of Canadian forests. He added that several large
syndicates were coming to Quebec province to secure
forest lands. He also predicted a large immigration from
France, Belgium and England.

Quebec has leased 40,000,000 acres of pulp wood lands
and still retains 76,000,000 acres.

Montreal, P.Q. — Another extension of the wide
range of the services now operated by the Canadian
Government Merchant Marine has been announced in
the trial of trading with Martinique, Hayti, and Guade-
loupe, the first trip of which will be made by the " Canadian
Runner " this month.

The building activities of the city for the first five
months of the year exceed those of the same period in 1919
by nearly $4,000,000, and it is estimated that the total
construction work for the year should be about $12,000,000,
compared with $10,000,000 last year. Progress in build-
ing is slowly attaining its pre-war status. In the year
1913, the record was $27,032,097 value of construction
work.

Reports from hotels at St. Agathe, St. Faustin, St.
Jovite and Lac Mercier, indicate that these resorts will be
extensively patronized all summer. The reservations at
all the hotels are practically filled and all the cottages on
the lakes tenanted.

The Canadian Consolidated Rubber Company are
making alterations to their factory which will entail an
expenditure of $100,000.

Berthier, P.Q. — The Austin Company, Ltd., match
manufacturers, have their plants in operation with day
and night crews working. They expect shortly to engage
200 additional men.

Fredericton, N.B. — Receipts from motor vehicle
license fees in the province this year already exceed

$150,000 according to a statement of the Minister of Public
Works. The total receipts from this source last year were
$117,000.

A box shook, wood working, and hardwood flooring
factory will shortly be in operation here and much labor
will be employed. A considerable trade in onion shocks
has been established with the West Indies, and this, it is
believed, can be profitably developed.

An expenditure of $750,000 in the development of the
antimony mines of Lake George, 20 miles from here, is fore-
casted by the rnanagement of the North America Anti-
mony and Smelting Company.

St. John, N.B. — Pine Grove, one of the most desirable
farm properties in York County, has been purchased for a
Municipal Poor Farm. It consists of 400 acres, of which
75 acres are in cultivation, and $12,000 was paid for the
land.

The record for the first four months of the present
year shows a big gain in building. Permits issued
totalled $301,950, as compared with $36,000 the same
period last year.

Halifax, N.S. — The town of Imperoyal on the op-
posite side of the harbor is growing rapidly and now has
an estimated population of 4,000. Three years ago it did
not exist. More than 900 men are employed in the Im-
perial Oil Company's plant there, the present capacity of
the refinery being 2,300 barrels of oil per day. By Sep-
tember it is expected that the capacity will be increased to
12,000 barrels daily.

Truro, N.S. — Antigonish has three new lobster
factories, and there are now ten in operation in the county.
Fishermen are receiving $10 per hundred weight, the
highest ever paid on this coast.

DiGBY, N.S. — The Digby County Branch of the United
Farmers of Nova Scotia has been organized to work in
conjunction with other bodies of the association in the
province.

Annapolis Royal, N.S. — A new industry here is the
manufacture of saw and tool handles by Disston and Co.
of Philadelphia, from short boards and planks supplied
them by the Annapolis Hardwood Company. Thousands
of old apple trees are being purchased for this purpose.

St. John's, Nfld. — Engineers and surveyors are en-y
gaged on work preparatory to the erection at St. George/^
of a paper, pulp and saw mill, which is claimed will h^T^
largest plant of its kind on the Island. Works wi^^"'
elude veneer mills to manufacture birch wood and al^'ory
for the making of boxes and barrels. The coBil?^"y '^
composed of British and American capitalists* ^'"O °^'"
and control 2,400 miles of timberland. ''

London, Eng.— The British Trade Commissioners at
Toronto and Winnipeg reporting on Canadian trade,
state that the Dominion's vast resources gn-e reason to
hope that in the difficult times ahead she will create
sufficient wealth to liquidate her hea^-y debt, and play an
important part in the world's econouu-. Special reference
is made to the great expansion in the pulp and paper

industry. . ,. , • • l

The Hon. Duncan Marshall, after arriving here pro-
ceeded to Scotland to purchase a herd of Shorthorn cattle
for his own breeding ranch in Alberta, and for the Asso-
ciated Breeders of Ontario. He is accompanied by J.
Carlyle, manager of the Prince of Wales' ranch in Alberta.
The' record of immigration to British Columbia shows
a particularly heavy number of wealthy settlers during
the last eighteen months, representing an aggregate
capital of tweKe million dollars. In addition there are
hundreds with capital of less than $5,000.

The Empire Theatre, Leicester Square, has been
privately sold at auction to the Allen Theatre Enter-
prises of Canada. The purchase price is nearly half a
million pounds.

131

3,900 last
ill valued $
mths of thf^

ooo'ox^ ^l-

The Department c^^i2?:::ionization
and Development

The Department of Colonization and Development has the following
orfices established in the United States, Great Britain and Europe, whose
representatives, at any time, will be glad to furnish information regarding
Canadian agricultural, industrial and commercial enterprises.

MONTREAL, P.Q.
WINNIPEG, Man.
CALGARY, Alta.
NEW YORK, N.Y.
ST. PAUL, Minn.
CHICAGO, III.
SPOKANE, Wash.
PORTLAND, Ore.
SAN FRANCISCO, Cal.
LONDON, England
BRUSSELS, Belgium
THE HAGUE, Holland
CHRISTIANIA, Norway

E. G. White, Supt.,

335 Windsor St. Station.

J. F. Sweeting, Industrial Agent,
Canadian Pacific Railway.

M. E. Thornton, Supt. U. S. Agencies.
Ninth Ave. and First St. East.

L. F. MowREY, District Representative,
1270 Broadway.

J. N. K. Macalister, Dist. Representative,
Hackney Bldg., 4th and Jackson Sts.

C. P. R. Bureau of Canadian Information,
165 E. Ontario St.

R. C. Bosworth, Dist. Representative,
705 Sprague Avenue.

L. P. Thornton, Dist. Representative,
208 Railway Exchange Building.

C. A. Van Scoy, Dist. Representative,
299 Monadnock Building.

A. E. Moore, Mgr., European Organization,
62-65 Charing Cross, S.W.

Chas. De Mey, Gen'l. Agent, C.P.R.,
77 Boulevard Adolphe Max.

G. L. Boer, Actg. Genl. Agent, C.P.R.,
20 Wagenstraat.

L. D. KiRKWOLD, Special Agent,
4 Jernbanetorvet.

or any agent of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company or Canadian
Pacific Ocean Services, in United States, Great Britain, or Europe.

J. S. DENNIS, Chief Commissioner,

Department of Colonization and Development,

Canadian Pacific Railway Company,

Montreal, Canada.

Ask the ^nadian Pacific about Canada

01

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0661 9 'JVW

' University of British Columbi;i Library

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