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TCHE   IfATIOSAL 
1881. 


ROBERT     R  A^E^-^'^''^ 

BlOlttMY  OF  7HS  tRM}UI. 


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^AJIOSAI   ITvHTHlATirE  PCBLICATfOX   DEPOT, 

3»7.    fiXBAI^ri,   TW.C. 


PATTERNS  POST  PBEE. 


SILKS  AND  CASHMERES 

WHOLESALE    PRICES. 

lUPORTAITT  FltllSS  NOTIOB. 
"OarMrrriii'l<niii->ton«iha*Fnutlr(d  Mr.  M'-ireV  id«rtWm*nl«  in  our  wlnmin. 

■ulHBllKil  tk*  Mn|iln  10  llw  iuiliriwHit  ik  a  mnpMi'K  wiih-irtrT,  whn  nvniiicil  ihriu  uii 
HfBiliaRil  thDM  with  iitiDpk**  IniiH  miillvr  bmiKr,  Hr  UiHirv'p  phidri  w«r«  |iromiiinivii  1u 
b^  rrlitintT  to  their  Ciial.  In  mtj  wtf  aaHrtur.  Mr.  Moon  bi  emrthnud  -wr  luiBhl 
■Inmiifaf  Biipmlli4ul— wIvautHtra  !■«  un'rhkaiiui  lilk*,  iwl  ■■  kr  In  aHrtml  to  ktII  lur  ■ 
mult  pruAI,  liu  rUKii-nwii-  knc  >  iln'klrJ  nlii,  M>  hm  m«b  tamt  uf  tlia  tp-i.inndimlH  rnit 
tobim— lbrurlal9*l>,ii"l  iMptpv-tuniciiT  llHH  bfin*  IV»ailadit*ii(  litlr.Hin  ap«k  in  ilir 
UmImM  trririaf  Iha  im;i  la  Hhich  >hn  bare  brrn  xtn'd.  Altrr  Mnne  iaiiiiiiln  bk  tu  tlw 
HWMarihn  bittlim>,  i>mr*pirFn(<riob*ablBtoi»i<h[  thai.  ••>  liu  an  we  hair  bern  aldv 
is  ■'vnl^D.lil'arMUiiil  aad  nuiHiuraUa  rhanctcr.  Iruw  |jdy  mdin,  when  noat  thty 
pan-hwr  a  tUk  drnii,  will  irtv*  Hr.  Monra'a  jt>hal*  a  trinl,  wr  ban  bd  doubl  Ibai  tlicir  ripc- 
riiBct  will  cumiburale  what  we  hara  bure  iaul.''—TU  Fjnm'mn. 

Xaaji  ItJIn  an  MuMtf  SUIn  at  WlialoaU  Priett,  ami  IMrthf  Mru^fin  Vf^ti. 

A  RICH  LYONS  SILK  BRESS  for  31s.  6d. 

A  good  wcarini;  tail  LmdHme  Silk,  mh  and  briKkt. 

BLACK  SILKS. 

AMwdallirirecoiHiitiinifnlof  poMllfacli  Silk,  wear  ftoaruitvd,  it  tt.  II)d.,3i. Old,,  aud 
4i  Bbd.    ThCrf  an  full}  4it  per  ueul.  nndor  riliu. 

BEQULAB  OOOSS  KQW  OH  aALZ. 

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COLOUBED  BILES. 

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ALL-WOOL   FBENCa   CASHMEBE  DBESS  for  10>.  ed. 

mark  and  all  tit  Sf  tUenr,. 

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SAMUEL  MOORE,  Wliolesale  m  Merchant, 

Sa>   PATBSNOSTEB    BOW,    LONDON,   E.G. 


I 


.jp2^  ^"^y 


THE 


|[ati0nal   Cmperaitce  ITeagnes 
A   NNU AL 


FOB 


1881 


I       '  M» 


EDITBD   BY 


I^OBERT     RAE 

Secretary  of  the  League. 


♦»» 


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^SoThc^ 


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APR  IfS 


LONDON: 


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XATIOHf  AX.  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT, 

337,    STRAND,    W.C. 

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-  mi. 


LONDON: 

BABBITT,  SONS  AND  CO.,  PBINTBBS, 

SXBTBING  LANK,  B.C. 


CONTENTS. 


FAOB 


SA3IUEL  BowLY.     By  Johu  Taylor  5 

The  Jubilee  op  Temperance  Reform     8 

Laxdm.vrks  in  British  Temperance  History 16 

literatcrb  of  the  temperance  movement,  1830-1880. 

By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Couling       29 

Fifty  Years'  Consumption  op  Intoxicating  Liquors, 

1S30-1879.     By  the  Rev.  Dawson  Bums,  M.A.  ...      38 

Fifty  Years  op  Drinki|io  ;  and  its  Influence  upon 
THE  Wealth  and  Industrial  Well-being  op  the 
Nation.    By  William  Hoyle      52 

The  Medical  Temperance  Movement.    By  Norman  S. 

■^.cir,  J(L. J-'.  ...  •••  ...  ...  ...  ...         \)0 

Temperance  in  the  Christian  Church.    By  Michael 

X  uuiur  •..         •••  ••*         ...         ...         ...         ...        II. 

EDucAnoN  AND  TEMPERANCE.    By  T.  M.  Williams,  B.A.      79 

Temperance  in  the  Army  and  Navy.    By  Captain  H. 

1/.  (jrant,  ^^.15.       ...        ...        ...        ...        ...        ...      83 

Woman's   Aid  in  the  Temperance   Reformation.    By 

William  Chisholm  88 

Bands  of  Hope  and  their  Results.    By  Isaac  Phillips       91 

Temperance  Legislation — Past  and  Prospective.    By 

W.  R.  Selway,  M.B.W 94 

Results  op   Sunday  Closing  in  Ireland.    By  T.  W. 

A  USBcll  ..>  .1.  ...  ••.  ...  »,,  ,,,       llO 


CONTENTS. 


The    Coffee    Public-house    Movement.     By   Thomcos 

XjL  vI^  LMf  H     •••      •>•      «••      •••      •••      •••      •• 

Seven  Years'  Work  at  the  London  Temperance  Hos 
PITAL.     By  James  Edmunds,  M.D 

Abstinence   in   Relation  to  Health  and  Longevity 

Alcohol  IN  Workhouses  and  Hospitals  

The  International  Temperance  Congress      

The  Temperance  Cause  in  Belgium.    By  John  Taylor 

Gratitude   for  Work  Accomplished.    By  the  Rev.  W 

^XXlvl"XuC/H       ...  ..•  «*•  ...  *.*  >.•  .. 

The  Obituary  of  the  Year.    By  Frederick  Sherlock  .. 
Judicial  and  Criminal  Statistics 
The  Extent  and  Cost  of  Pauperism 

Lunacy  Attributable  to  Drink 

Drink  Licenses  in  the  United  Kingdom 
Licensed  Houses  in  the  Metropolis 
Six-day  and  Early  Closing  Licenses     ... 
Spirit  Consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom  . 

Exportation  of  Spirits       

Statistics  of  Savings  Banks         

Miscellaneous  Statistics  and  Facts 

National  and  District  Temperance  Organisations 

Catalogue  of  the  National  Temperance  Publication 

X/EPOT  «..  ...  ...  ...  ,,a  , 

Advertisements         


p.' OB 

119 

127 
130 
132 
135 
136 

138 
142 
148 
155 
157 
16() 
161 
162 
163 
164 
164 
165 
169 

177 
209 


THE 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE   LEAGUE'S 

ANNUAL  for   1881. 


SAMUEL  BOWLY, 

President  of  the  National  Temperance  League, 
By  John  Taylor,  London. 

George  Cruikshanr  experienced  the  difficulty  of  a  mistaken- 
identity  :  he  was  supposed  to  be  the  son  or  grandson  of  a  some- 
what mythical  George  Cruikshank,  whose  weird  productions  had 
been  known  in  the  dim  past.  To  those  who  may  have  heard  the  story^ 
of  the  great  anti-slavery  struggle  in  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century,  and  of  the  youthful  hero  who  withstood  with  fiuccess 
the  champion  of  the  West  India  slaveholders,  there  may  well  be 
doubts  whether  the  Samuel  Bowly  of  the  present  is  not  the  son  of 
the  Samuel  Bowly  of  that  important  epoch  in  the  history  of  our 
country. 

The  small  but  respectable  body  of  Christians,  as  some  people 
are  pleased  to  style  the  "  Society  of  Friends,'*  have  sent  forth 
champions  not  a  few  on  the  side  of  right  and  justice,  who  have  led 
the  van  in  many  a  noble  struggle  against  ignorance  and  wrong- 
doing. In  the  cause  of  religious  freedom,  of  peace,  the  abolition 
of  slavery,  popular  education,  and  Temperance,  the  iufluence  of 
"  Friends  "  has  been  felt. 

For  a  full  half-century  the  honoured  subject  of  this  notice  has 
been  before  the  country,  labouring  for  his  country's  good  with 
singleness  of  purpose  and  untiring  zeal.  Samuel  Bowly  is  two 
years  younger  than  the  century,  having  been  bom  at  Cirencester 
on  the  22nd  of  March,  1802.  In  this  picturesque  little  town  and 
the  neighbouring  city  of  Gloucester  he  has  resided  all  his  life. 


SAMUEL   BOWLY. 


When  about  twenty-fiye  years  of  age  tlie  anti-Blavery  cause 
engaged  his  sympathies,  and  he  presently  proved  himself  an  able 
and  courageous  debater.  He  had  no  mean  antagonist  in  the 
redoubtable  Peter  Borthwick,  but  coming  to  him  in  the  name  of  the 
Lord,  and  of  suffering  humanity,  Samuel  Bowly  came  off  conqueror. 
On  one  occasion  he  spoke  for  four  hours.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  contest  and  the  abolition  of  West  Indian  slavery  his  share  in 
the  struggle  was  gracefully  acknowledged  by  the  townspeople  of 
Gloucester. 

After  a  brief  period  of  rest  the  Temperance  cause  took 
hold  of  his  heart  and  conscience,  and  for  this  he  still  wears 
the  harness  in  the  prolonged  agitation  to  deliver  the  country 
from  the  evil  drinking  customs  which  have  proved  so  difficult  to 
combat  and  to  change.  But  yesterday  we  heard  him  bright  and 
ready  as  ever,  erect  and  with  clear  unfaltering  voice.  Samuel 
Bowly,  like  a  true  apostle,  does  not  weary  of  repeating  apt  and 
telling  arguments  and  illustrations.  He  has  phrases  and  sentences 
which  he  rings  out  again  and  again,  as  fresh  and  effectively  as  did 
Daniel  O'Connell— 

"  Hereditary  bondsroen  know  ye  Dot, 
They  who  woald  be  free  themselves  must  strike  the  blow  ?  " 

Judge  Talfourd  died  in  the  utterance  of  the  sentiment,  that 
the  great  want  in  English  life  and  in  the  contest  with  evil  was 
"sympathy."  Sympathy  has  been  the  motive  principle  with 
Samuel  Bowly,  and  to  foster  and  bring  out  the  sympathy  of 
others,  his  great  mission  and  the  field  of  his  greatest  success. 
His  mode  of  advocacy  tells  with  every  one  ;  old  and  young,  rich 
and  poor,  gentle  and  simple  alike  own  his  sway.  To  attempt  in 
this  notice  to  give  a  history  of  his  temperance  work  would  be 
impossible,  and  we  can  but  notice  incidents.  On  the  principle 
that  charity  begins  at  home,  Mr.  Bowly  early  exerted  himself  to 
enlist  the  sympathies  of  ''Friends"  in  the  Temperance  cause,  and, 
in  company  with  the  late  Edward  Smith,  of  Sheffield,  he  traversed 
the  country,  holding  private  meetings  in  every  town  where  a 
congregation  of  Friends  could  be  found ;  in  thia  very  practical 
mission  they  had  great  success.  In  addressing  special  meetings 
Mr.  Bowly  h^^m  very  useful,  and  in  the  visitation  of  colleges. 


r^^MOlYi 


SAMUEL   BOWLY. 


training  schooU,  and  the  holding  of  drawing-room  meetings 
The  annual  breakfasts  to  the  members  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  have  moetlj  been  presided  over  bj  him,  and  to  his 
genial  manner  they  have  owed  much  of  their  success.  During  fifty 
years  of  public  life  Mr.  Bowlj  has  not  been  sustained  by  the 
public  purse,  nor  is  he  the  possessor  of  a  large  private  fortune. 
His  income  has  been  drawn  mainly  from  business,  and  it  is  rare 
that  the  successful  merchant  and  the  disinterested  public  advocate 
are  united  in  the  same  person.  In  this  respect  Mr.  Bowly  ha^ 
sacrificed  in  his  service  for  the  public  much  of  what  so  many 
feel  to  be  the  chief  aim  of  life,  and  he  has  made  this  sacrifice 
cheerfully  and  without  complaint  under  circumstances  which  are 
the  severest  test  of  character. 

But  the  confidence  in  Mr.  Bowly's  business  character  has  been 
manifested  by  many  public  appointments.  As  chairman  of  the 
late  Birmingham  and  Gloucester  Railway,  deputy-chairman  of 
the  Gloucestershire  Banking  Company,  director  of  the  Gloucester 
Gas  Company,  and  the  Temperance  and  General  Life  Office,  he 
has  won  confidence  and  esteem,  and  if  Mr.  Bowly  has  not  amassed 
wealth  there  has  been  freely  accorded  him  in  his  town  and  county 
the  position  of  a  gentleman. 

The  cynic  delights  to  depict  men  who  engage  in  public  life  as 
having  no  other  pursuit  to  claim  their  attention ;  but  Mr.  Bowlj's 
great  delight  is  in  the  country  and  in  country  pursuits :  in 
the  laying  out  and  management  of  a  garden  he  is  supreme. 
Mr.  Bowly  holds  the  position  of  a  preacher  of  the  Gospel  in  his 
own  religious  body,  and  in  his  platform  addresses,  especially  of 
late  years,  there  has  been  an  unction  and  a  depth  of  Christian 
feeling  which  has  been  very  impressive.  For  one  still  living  and 
active  amongst  us  this  brief  testimony  to  a  good  man's  life  and 
labours  must  suffice,  and  we  conclude  with  the  earnest  hope  that 
God  has  yet  years  of  service  for  him  before  He  calls  him  to 
Himselil  •'  Not  unto  us,  O  Lord,  not  unto  us,  but  unto  Thy 
name  give  glory,  for  Thy  mercy  and  for  Thy  truth's  sake." 


8        THE  JUBILEE  OF  TEMPERANCE  REFORM. 


THE  JUBILEE  OF  TEMPERANCE  REFORM. 

During  the  past  year,  a  notable  feature  of  the  movement  has 
been  the  celebrations  of  the  Temperance  Jubilee,  which  have 
taken  place  in  several  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Following 
these  celebrations  in  their  chronological  order,  we  should  have 
first  to  deal  with  the  Irish  Jubilee  held  at  Belfast,  which  was 
quickly  succeeded  by  the  National  Jubilee  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  the  Scottish  Jubilee  at  Greenock  and  Glasgow,  and  the 
Jubilees  held  respectively  at  Bradford  and  Leeds.  Other  Jubilees 
will  doubtless  follow,  as  the  time  becomes  fully  ripe  in  the  various 
localities  that  organise  them.  That  of  London  should  take  place 
this  year  (1881),  inasmuch  as  the  first  metropolitan  temperance 
society  was  called  into  being  on  the  29th  of  June,  1831,  although 
the  formation  of  temperance  societies  was  distinctly  suggested  by 
the  Rev.  G.  C.  Smith,  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Sailors'  Society, 
in  a  book  upon  intemperance,  published  by  him  in  1829. 

THE  AMERICAN  JUBILEE. 

Before  dealing  with  these  Jubilees  in  the  United  Kingdom,  it 
-is  of  the  highest  importance  that  we  should  notice  at  some  length 
the  American  celebration  which  took  place  in  connection  with 
the  centenary  of  the  United  States  in  1876  ;  for,  after  all,  it  was 
from  across  the  Atlantic  that  the  first  germs  of  the  temperance 
movement  came  to  these  shores. 

The  facts  connected  with  the  movement  from  its  very  com- 
mencement— not  only  in  America,  but  tiiroughout  the  world — 
have  been  collated  from  a  multitude  of  sources,  and  have  been 
published  in  one  great  work  of  800  pages,  under  the  title  of '^The 
>£!entennial  Volume" — the  most  perfect  record  of  the  temperance 
movement  down  to  1876  that  has  yet  been  published. 

In  America,  as  here,  when  the  evils  of  intemperance  became  all 
but  intolerable,  relief  was  at  first  sought  in  legislation,  without, 
as  now,  the  idea  suggesting  itself  that  if  there  were  no  drinking 
thon^gyd  be  no  drunkenness.    In  this  respect  Great  Britain  was 


THE   JUBILEE    OF    TE]fPER.\XCE    REFOUl.  9 

the  pioneer,  for  we  maj  go  back  to  the  later  dajs  of  Um  Xocnua 
line  and  »till  find  in  old  mnstT  volames  the  leoords  of  the 
pointless  shafU  which  were  directed  at  the  Hqnor  tiaie  br 
of  the  law.  Without,  then,  iaqoinng  too  cloeelr  into  the 
of  our  experience,  America  followed  ns,  and  ao  earir  a*  1631 
people  of  East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  endearonred  to  pat  iocne 
restraint  upon  the  common  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks.  In  17'» 
the  religions  societies  began  to  proteit  against  drinking  at  fonefak, 
and  soon  after  the  Friends— erer  foremost  in  ererr  good  work 
— abolished  this  practice  in  their  commnnitr,  and  clergrnen  bcgaa 
to  refuse  to  officiate  where  strong  drink  was  introdnoed.  The 
first  attempt  at  anything  like  organised  effort  wat  that  made  br 
the  fanners  of  the  Conntr  of  Lichfield,  Connectiaiit,  who  f-jomed 
an  iLseociation  to  discourage  the  use  of  ■{nritnous  liquon,  and 
who  resolred  not  to  use  anr  of  them  in  their  farming  operaiksm 
daring  that  season  of  1789.  A  series  of  discounes  br  Dr.  Roih. 
a  medical  man,  and  the  forenmner  of  such  worthr  descendants  at 
Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  Dr.  James  Edmunds,  Dr.  Norman  S.  Kerr, 
and  mauT  others,  was  published,  and  aroused  such  attention  that  it 
led,  in  1790,  to  a  presentment  on  the  part  of  medical  men,  in  which 
thej  said,  ''  A  great  portion  of  the  most  obstinate,  painfol,  aiid 
mortal  disorders  which  afflict  the  human  bodj  are  |nodn^:cd  bj 
distilled  spirits,  which  are  not  onlr  destructiTe  to  healih  and 
life,  but  impair  the  mind  ;*"  and  thej  went  on  to  aj  that 
"  the  use  of  distilled  spirits  is  whollj  uimeoesauT,  either  to 
fortify  the  body  against  heat  or  cold,  or  to  render  labour  more 
easy  or  more  productiTe."  Four  years  later  Dr.  Ruah  ismed 
his  **  Medical  Inquiries  into  the  effecta  of  Ardent  Spirits  upon  the 
Body  and  Mind,"  and  as  the  Rev.  J.  R  Duim,  in  the  exhatLstire 
paper  he  prepared  to  enrich  the  centennial  rolume,  says,  ^  At  that 
early  day  he  flung  to  the  breeze  the  flag  of  Total  Abstinence,  aa 
the  only  one  under  which  a  succenful  rally  could  be  made  against 
the  foe  of  intemperance.^'  But  Dr.  Rush  stood  almost  alone  in 
this  idea,  for  the  prevailing  impression,  even  of  Temperance 
reformers,  was  that  if  spirit  drinking  could  be  dispensed  with 
the  drinking  of  malt  liquors  would  prove  innocuoua.  The  procc« 
of  reasoning  by  which  this  conclusion  was  arrived  at  would  not 
repay  the  time  or  trouble  of  analysis. 


lO  THE  JUBILEE    OF   TEMPERANCE    REFORM. 

The  first  Total  Abstinence  pledge  was  drafted  by  Micajah  Pen- 
'  dleton,  of  Vii^nia,  and  his  abstaining  example  was  soon  followed 
by  others.  Hitherto  there  had  been  nothing  but  scattered  indi- 
vidual effort ;  but  there  soon  came  to  be  organised  the  Union 
Temperate  (not  Temperance)  Society  of  Moreau  and  Northumber- 
land, which  permitted  its  members  to  drink  at  public  dinners. 
This  Society  met  quarterly  for  fourteen  years,  and  the  members 
were  fined  for  drinking — when  they  were  found  out. 

Meanwhile  sermons  were  preached,  presentments  made,  and 
every  effort  put  forth,  short  of  Total  Abstinence,  to  save  the 
people  from  their  besetment ;  but  as  yet  a  thick  veil  seemed  to 
exclude  the  true  remedy  from  the  sight  of  the  early  reformers, 
though  by  painful  steps  and  bitter  experience  they  were  groping 
their  way  towards  it.  The  various  societies  that  had  been  estab- 
lished down  to  this  time  recommended,  with  but  slight  variation, 
abstinence  from  ardent  spirits  ;  but  in  1812  the  Rev.  Heman 
Humphrey  went  so  far  as  to  tell  the  people  that  if  they  wanted 
to  reclaim  drunkards  they  must  perforce  adopt  total  abstinence, 
though  he  appears  to  have  been  silent  as  to  the  desirability  of 
abstaining  as  a  matter  either  of  example  or  prevention. 

It  would  be  to  no  purpose  to  recount  even  the  names  of  various 
societies  that  were  subsequently  formed,  all  upon  the  anti-spirit 
basis.  The  light  dawned  upon  the  Rev.  Calvin  Chapin  in  1826, 
who  wrote  a  series  of  articles  entitled : — '*  Total  Abstinence  the 
only  Infallible  Antidote."  About  the  same  time  the  question  began 
to  suggest  itself  to  others  :  ''Of  what  avail  is  it  for  a  man  to  abstain 
from  one  kind  of  intoxicating  drink  if  he  can  take  the  same 
quantity  of  alcohol  in  another  ?  '^  As  there  was  no  one  to  answer 
this  question  the  attention  aroused  by  Mr.  Chapin's  articles  led 
the  way  to  better  things.  In  the  same  year  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hewett 
was  sending  his  total-abstinence  arguments  "  like  a  rolling  ball 
among  ten  pins,"  and  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher  was  preaching  his  "  Six 
Sermons,"  from  which  time  the  Americans  date  the  commence- 
ment of  their  temperance  campaign.  In  the  following  year  the 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire  Medical  Societies  passed  reso- 
lutions in  favour  of  temperance,  declaring  water  to  be  the  only 
proper  beverage  for  man. 

We  must  pause  to  notice  the  American  Temperance  Society, 


THE    JUBILEE    OF   TEMPERANCE    REFORM.  II 


which,  even  on  the  old  anti-spirit  basis,  did  an  enormous  work. 
At  the  end  of  1833  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  5,000  tem- 
perance societies,  with  a  membership  represented  as  a  million  and 
a  quarter,  of  whom  ten  thousand  had  been  drunkards.  It  does 
not  say  whether  these  latter  abstained  or  went  upon  the  modera- 
tion plan — a  plan  which  in  this  country  never  works  for 
inebriates,  and  a  plan  which,  as  we  have  shown,  the  Rev.  H. 
Humphrey  said  would  never  work  there.  It  was  reported  that 
4,000  distilleries  had  been  stopped,  and  6,000  persons  had  given 
up  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits,  whilst  over  1,000  vessels  were  sailing 
without  strong  drink  on  board. 

But  it  was  becoming  more  clear  almost  every  day  that  the  true 
remedy  for  intemperance  was  total  abstinence.  Some  of  the 
anti-spirit  societies  began  to  adopt  the  total  abstinence  pledge, 
and  in  1836  the  American  Temperance  Union  was  formed,  at 
which  the  temperance  pledge  was  henceforth  declared  to  mean 
total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors.  A  leading  part  in 
bringing  about  this  change  was  taken  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Delavan,  a 
retired  merchant,  who  gave  his  time  and  money  without  stint  to 
spread  the  new  propaganda,  and  who  died,  universally  regretted, 
in  1871.  In  1842  Mr.  John  B.  Qough  came  upon  the  scene  to 
tell  for  the  first  time  the  simple  story  of  his  own  deliverance — a 
story  with  which  he  has  since  touched  the  hearts  of  countless 
multitudes,  and  awakened  in  the  hearts  of  thousands  the  desire 
after  self-reform« 

From  1845  and  onwards  began  those  various  Orders  with  ritual 
and  insignia  in  which  America  has  been  prolific,  and  the  con- 
tagion of  which  has  spread  in  a  modified  form  to  our  own  shores. 
These  organisations  have  done  a  great  amount  of  good,  though  it 
is  open  to  doubt  whether,  upon  the  original  lines  of  total  absti- 
nence pure  and  simple,  they  would  not  have  done  equally  well 
or  far  better. 

During  all  this  time  the  law  was  not  idle  in  curtailing  the  drink 
traffic.  Instead  of  being  as  here  almost  wholly  against  Tem- 
perance reformers  it  was  quite  the  reverse,  and  a  large  number  of 
very  stringent  measures  have  been  passed,  the  chief  of  which  finds 
its  embodiment  in  the  much-extolled  and  much-abused  Maine 
Law.     According  to  some  it  is  a  perfect  failure,  according  to 


12  THE  JUBILEE    OF    TEMPERANCE    REFORM. 

others  a  conspicuous  success ;  but  perhaps  the  best  commentary 
after  all  upon  it  is  that  the  people  vote  for  its  continuance  by  a 
large  majority  whenever  they  are  asked  to  go  to  the  poll  upon 
the  question.  At  the  present  time  the  lion's  share  of  Temperance 
work  falls  upon  the  National  Temperance  Society  of  New  York, 
which  permeates  the  Union  with  its  splendid  assortment  of  litera- 
ture, one  of  the  most  important  recent  additions  to  which  is  the 
centennial  volume  before  referred  to,  and  to  which  we  are  largely 
indebted  for  the  foregoing  facts. 

THE  IRISH  JUBILEE. 

The  action  that  was  being  taken  in  America  came  in  1829  to 
the  ear  of  Dr.  Edgar,  who  in  that  year  published  his  '<  Call  to 
Battle,"  a  stirring  appeal  in  favour  of  temperance,  in  which 
the  moderate  drinkers  were  told  that  if  they  would  forsake  the 
use  of  strong  drink  they  might  stamp  out  dnmkenness  for  ever. 
Six  days  after  this  paper  was  published,  viz.,  on  the  20th  August, 
1829,  the  Rev.  George  W.  Carr  formed  a  temperance  society  at 
New  Boss,  Co.  Wexford.  Abstinence  only  from  spirits  was 
enjoined.  It  was  the  jubilee  of  this  society  that  the  Irish  friends 
celebrated  with  so  much  ^lat  in  August,  1879  ;  but  it  should  be 
remembered  that  a  society  had  existed  at  Skibbereen  for  several 
yean*,  from  1818,  which  appears  to  have  been  the  first  abstinence 
society  in  the  world,  as  it  required  from  its  members  entire 
abstinence,  "  unless  prescribed  by  a  priest  or  a  doctor."  Thus  to 
Ireland  belongs  the  honour  of  having  been  the  first  portion  of  the 
United  Kingdom  to  enter  upon  organised  effort  for  the  promotion 
of  temperance  reform.  A  month  later  (September  24,  1829)  a 
meeting  was  held  in  the  committee  room  of  the  Religious  Tract 
Society,  Waring  Street,  Belfast  The  number  that  composed  the 
first  meeting  was  only  six — namely,  the  Rev.  Drs.  Edgar  and 
Moigan,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hincks,  then  curate  of  St  Anne's, 
Belfast ;  the  Rev.  John  Wilson,  of  the  Independent  Chapel, 
Donegal  Street ;  Mr.  Alex.  S.  Mayne,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Houston. 
After  earnest  consultation  and  united  prayer,  the  seven  attached 
their  names  to  the  temperance  pledge — to  abstain  from  distilled 
gpirits  themselves,  and  not  to  give  them  to  others  except  for 
medicinal  purposes. 

But  it  was  very  soon  found  that  the  moderation  societies  (as 


THE   JUBILEE   OF   TEMPERANCE    REFORM.  13 

they  came  to  be  called)  whilat  avoiding  the  Scylla  of  spirits,  were 
striking  on  the  Charjbdis  of  malt  liqUors  ;  in  other  words  they 
were  incapable  of  grappling  cfFectively  with  the  evil.  Although 
they  did  a  good  work — a  good  preparatory  work— yet  something 
more  thorough  was  demanded,  and  so  we  find  in  June,  1834,  Mr. 
John  Finch,  of  Liverpool,  forming  the  first  regularly  organised 
teetotal  society  established  in  Ireland  in  the  town  of  Strabane. 

THE  NATIONAL  JUBILEE. 

The  Jubilee  FiU  at  the  Crystal  Palace  on  September  2,  1879, 
was  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  National  Temperance  League 
to  organise  a  celebration  upon  a  general  scale,  and  in  this  they 
were  largely  successful.  Delegates  were  invited  from  every  part 
of  the  kingdom,  and  the  following  organisations  were  represented 
CD  the  programme  of  the  day's  proceedings  : — The  British  Tem- 
perance League ;  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance ;  the  North  of 
England  Temperance  League  ;  the  Western  Temperance  League  ; 
the  Midland  Temperance  League ;  the  Dorset  County  Association ; 
the  Order  of  Rechabites ;  the  two  Orders  of  Good  Templars  ;  tiie 
Sons  of  Temperance  ;  the  Blue-Ribbon  Army  ;  the  Metropolitan 
Open- Air  Mission ;  the  Band  of  Hope  Union ;  the  Baptist  Associa- 
tion ;  the  Congregational  Association  ;  and  the  Church  of  England 
Temperance  Society.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  occasion  was 
a  highly  representative  one.  The  programme  included  a  Jubilee 
Conference,  presided  over  by  Mr.  Edward  Baines  ;  when  historical 
papers  were  read  by  the  Rev.  Dawson  Bums,  M.A.,  on  ^*  Across 
Fifty  Years :  the  Workers  and  Work  of  1829'';  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr, 
on  the  "  Medical  History  of  the  Temperance  Movement"  ;  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  on  "  Temperance  in  Schools"  ;  by  Captain 
H.  D.  Grant,  C.B.,  on  "  Temperance  in  the  Army  and  Navy"  ;  by 
the  Rev.  Canon  Ellison,  on  the  "  Church  of  England  Temperance 
Society";  and  by  Mr.  Michael  Young,  on  ** Temperance  in  the 
Nonconformist  Churches.*'  A  great  meeting  took  place  in  the 
Concert  Room,  where  speeches  were  made  by  Mr.  Qough  and 
Mr.  A.  M.  Sullivan,  M.P.  More  than  32,000  persons  were  present, 
and  the  attendance  would  doubtless  have  been  larger  but  for  two 
other  Temperance  FStes  having  been  held  at  the  Palace  earlier  in 
the  same  year. 


14  THE   JUBILEE    OF    TEMPERANCE    REFORM. 

THE  SCOTTISH  JUBILEE. 

Almost  simultaneouRly  with  the  Irish  Jubilee  the  Scottish  Jubilee 
was  celebrated  at  Greenock  and  also  at  Glasgow  and  other  towns  in 
Scotland.  The  movement  in  this  part  of  the  kingdom  owed  its  com- 
mencement to  the  unwearied  energy  and  labourof  Mr.  John  Dunlop, 
who,  curiously  enough,  like  the  Rev.  George  W.  Carr,  in  Ireland, 
moved  by  the  encouraging  news  he  got  from  America,  was  deeply 
impressed,  and  not  only  held  several  private  conferences  in  1828 
with  friends  in  Glasgow  and  Greenock,  but  in  the  same  year  he 
paid  a  visit  of  inquiry  to  France,  from  which  he  returned  with 
the  conviction  that,  despite  the  religious  advantages  of  Scotland, 
the  French  people  were  more  temperate  and  more  moral.  In 
August,  1829,Mr.Dunlop  spent  two  days  in  personally  calling  upon 
clergymen  in  Glasgow  to  invite  their  co-operation ;  and  during 
the  afternoon  of  the  second  day  about  twenty  gentlemen  spent 
two  hours  with  him  in  discussing  the  subject.  Nearly  all  pre- 
sent were  opposed  to  any  definite  action  ;  but  when  Mr.  Dunlop 
began  to  feel  that  his  case  was  hopeless,  Mr.  William  Collins 
rose  and  delivered  a  powerful  speech,  which  led  to  a  request 
that  Mr.  Dunlop  would  continue  his  investigations  and  report  to  a 
subsequent  meeting.  For  his  first  lecture,  on  September  29, 
1829,  Mr.  Dunlop  could  not  obtain  the  use  of  a  church  or  chapel 
in  Glasgow,  but  was  permitted  by  his  friend  the  Rev.  Professor 
Dick  to  convene  a  meeting  in  the  Secession  Divinity  Hall.  The 
circumstance  of  the  lecture  being  given  in  that  building  led  to 
the  attendance  of  a  large  number  of  theological  students,  some  of 
whom  were  at  first  disposed  to  treat  the  whole  affair  as  a  good 
joke  ;  but  an  excellent  impression  was  produced  by  the  lecture, 
and  at  a  meeting  held  soon  after,  the  students  passed,  by  a 
majority  of  36  to  4,  a  resolution  in  favour  of  Temperance 
Societies.  The  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland  Temperance 
Society  was  instituted  on  the  12th  November,  1629.  Although 
personally  favourable  from  the  first  to  abstinence  from  wine  as 
well  as  spirits,  Mr.  Dunlop  yielded  to  the  advice  of  those  who 
objected  to  start  the  movement  on  the  abstinence  basis,  but  later 
on  the  logic  of  facts  made  him  a  willing  convert  to  the  policy  and 
necessity  of  entire  abstinence  from  alcoholic  liquors.    Mr.  Dunlop 


THE    JUBILEE     OF    TEMPERANCE    REFORM.  I5 


I  '^ly  ackaowledged  hia  original  error,  and  regretted  it  more  par- 
Ucalarly  when  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  House  of  Commons  tried  to 
etreogthen  his  argument  in  flavour  of  light  wines  by  saying  he 
was  only  carrying  out  the  wishes  of  temperance  reformers  !    Mr. 
Danlop  continued  to  be  an  earnest  temperance  reformer  to  the 
last  day  of  Ms  useful  life.     He  was  instrumental  in  obtaining  the 
oft^uoted  medical  certificate  signed  by  2,000  practitioners,  which 
muBt  not  be  confounded  with  the  medical  declaration  signedjin  1871* 
In  Scotland,  as  in  Ireland  and  America,  isolated  attempts  to 
deal  with  drunkenness  preceded  the  modem  temperance  move- 
ment    At  Leadhills,  Lanarkshire,   an  anti-distillation   Society 
was  formed   in   1759  or  1760,    and  there  was   an    association 
in  existence  at  Qreenock  in  1818.    But  it  was  not  till  the  5th 
October,  1829,   that    the   Qreenock  Temperance    Society    was 
oiganised,  a  similar  society  having  been  formed  four  days  before, 
at  ilaryhill,  near  Glasgow,  by  Miss  Graham  and  Miss  Allan — 
friends  of  Mr.  Dnnlop.  From  the  commencement  of  the  Greenock 
Society,  in  1829,  a  few  of  its  members  were  in  favour  of  total 
abstinenoe,  but  it  was  not  till  1836  that  it  was  re-organised  on 
that  basis.    In  the  meantime  abstinence  societies  had  been  formed 
in  1830  at  Dunfermline,  and  at  Paisley,  Glasgow  and  Greenlaw 
(Berwickshire),  in  January,  1832  ;  and  as  the  moderation  societies 
giadaaUy  disappeared,  others,  upon  the  total  abstinence  basis,  took 
their  place. 

PROVINCIAL  CELEBRATIONS. 

The  chief  Provincial  Jubilee  celebrations  have  been  those  at 
Bradford  and  Leeds.  At  Bradford  the  first  English  Temperance 
Society  was  formed,  its  origin  being  due  to  a  visit  paid  by  Mr. 
Henry  Forbes,  of  Bradford,  to  Glasgow,  who  identified  himself 
with  the  movement  which  was  then  proceeding  under  Mr 
Donlop's  direction.  On  his  return  to  Bradford,  Mr.  Forbes  com- 
meuced  by  circulating  copies  of  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher*s  '*  Six  Ser- 
mons," and  convened  meetings  on  February  2  and  5,  1830, 
when  nine  gentlemen  signed  the  anti-spirit  pledge,  and  started  the 
Society.  It  was  not  until  the  14th  June  that  it  held  its  first  public 
inaugural  meeting,  one  of  the  speakers  being  Mr.  William  Collins, 
of  Glasgow  ;  but  in  the  interval  it  had  circulated  17,000  tracts. 


l6       LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY. 

On  the  12th  of  June,  and  succeeding  days,  the  Bradford  Jubilee 
was  celebrated,  with  great  enthusiasm,  in  the  presence  of  large 
and  representative  assemblies.  Bradford  has  now  the  oldest  Tem- 
perance Hall  in  the  kingdom — at  least  the  oldest  that  is  still 
used  for  the  advocacy  of  the  movement. 

The  celebration  at  Leeds  was  likewise  of  a  most  enthusiastic 
kind.  Leeds  was  only  three  months  behind  the  neighbouring 
town,  and  of  this  there  is  day  and  date  in  the  Leeds  Mercury  of 
September  11,  1830.  Seven  years  later  Mr.  Edward  Baines  became 
a  teetotaler,  and  has  done  good  service  ever  since.  Mr.  John 
Andrew  estimates  that  in  the  last  fifty  years  there  has  been 
spent  in  this  town  alone  in  the  advocacy  of  temperance  a  sum  of 
£20.000. 


LANDMARKS  IN  BRITISH  TEMPERANCE   HISTORY. 

First  Decade,  1830-1839. 
The  new  crusade  against  intemperance  was  carried  on  with 
vigour  and  energy  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  during  the  year  1830. 
In  Scotland  there  was  a  liberal  distribution  of  publications,  many 
of  them  emanating  from  the  press  of  William  Collins ;  and  at  the 
close  of  the  first  year  149  societies  had  been  formed  with  17,590 
members,  the  twelve  associations  in  Glasgow  reporting  a  member- 
ship of  5,072.  By  the  end  of  1831,  the  number  of  members  had 
increased  to  44,076,  including  the  Youths'  Associations,  which 
then  numbered  53,  and  had  a  membership  of  2,989.  The  aggre- 
gate numbers  gradually  rose  to  54,744  in  October,  1833,  and  then 
began  to  decline.  In  Ireland,  after  a  year's  work,  it  was  stated 
that  there  were  100  Temperance  societies  in  Ulster,  with  10,000 
members,  and  about  5,000  adherents  in  other  parts  of  Ireland, 
one-half  of  the  number  being  in  Dublin.  The  English  movement 
began  at  Bradford,  in  February,  1830,  and  the  inaugural  meeting 
took  place,  as  already  described,  on  June  14th  in  the  same  year. 
Between  the  formation  and  the  public  inauguration  of  the 
Bradford  Society  similar  organisations  sprang  up  at  Warrington, 
Manchester,  Thirsk,  and  other  towns ;  and  early  in  the  following 
year  the  movement  reached  the  Metropolis,  where  the  British 


LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY.         I7 

and  Foreign  Temperance  Society  was  organised,  chiefly  through 
the  earnest  and  persevering  exertions  of  Mr.  Collins,  of  Glasgow. 
At  the  inaugural  public  meeting  held  in  Exeter  Hall,  on  June 
29th,  1831,  it  was  stated  that  30  Temperance  societies  had  then 
been  formed  in  England  ;  a  year  Inter,  the  formation  of  55 
auxiliaries  was  reported  ;  and  at  the  second  annual  meeting  it 
was  stated  that  90  more  auxiliaries  had  been  established,  and 
that  the  number  of  societies  in  England  and  the  Channel  Islands 
was  301,  with  a  membership  of  53,433.  Although  the  British 
and  Foreign  Society  was  patronised  by  several  bishops  and  other 
persons  of  distinction,  its  influence  upon  the  public  mind  was 
comparatively  limited  ;  and  it  was  not  until  the  teetotal  principle 
was  promulgated  at  Preston,  that  anything  like  enthusiasm  was 
manifested  in  behalf  of  Temperance  reform.  It  was  on  the  23id 
of  August,  1832,  that  Joseph  Livesey,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
Preston  Temperance  Society,  drew  up  the  teetotal  pledge,  and 
nine  days  later — on  the  Ist  September— it  was  signed  by  the 
"  seven  men  of  Preston,"  some  of  whom  at  once  went  forth  in  an 
apostolic  spirit  to  the  neighbouring  towns  and  villages,  and  gained 
many  converts  to  the  new  doctrine.  In  January,  1834,  Mr. 
Livesey  commenced  the  publication  of  the  Preston  Temiyeranct 
Advocate^  which  soon  made  its  influence  felt  in  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom.  In  June,  1834,  he  visited  London,  and  delivered  his 
celebrated  "  Malt  Lecture  "  in  an  obscure  chapel  in  Providence 
Rjw,  Finsbury  ;  and  in  September,  1835,  during  a  second  visit 
to  the  metropolis,  he  spoke  on  teetotalism  in  a  Lecture-hall  in 
Theobald's  Road,  Holboni.  At  this  meeting  a  society  was  formed 
— "  The  British  Teetotal  Temperance  Society  " — which  had  for  its 
president  Mr.  James  Silk  Buckingham,  M.P.,  who,  in  1834,  had 
8uccee<led  in  obtaining  the  sanction  of  the  House  of  Commons  to 
the  appointment  of  a  Select  Committee,  who  presented  an  elabo- 
rate Report  upon  "  The  Extent,  Causes,  and  Consequences  of 
National  Drunkenness."  In  the  following  year  (August  17th, 
1836)  this  Society  merged  into  the  **  New  British  and  Foreign 
Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Intemperance  "  ;  and  its  name  was 
again  altered,  in  May,  1837,  to  the  "  New  British  and  Foreign 
Temperance  Society,**  with  Earl  Stanhope  as  president.  Up 
till  1839    thia    Society  had    two  pledges  —  the  short  pledge, 


l8      LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY. 

requiriDg  personal  abstinence  only  ;  and  the  long  pledge,  in- 
volving a  promise  not  to  give  or  offer  alcoholic  liquors  to 
others — but  at  the  annual  meeting  of  1339  the  short  pledge  was 
abolished,  and  this  led  to  the  secession  of  Lord  Stanhope  and 
otherB,  who  forthwith  formed  another  society,  bearing  the  name  of 
the  "  British  and  Foreign  Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Intern- 
perance.'^  Whilst  these  changes  were  going  on  in  London  the 
British  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Temperance  (now  the 
Biitish  Temperance  League)  had  been  organised  at  Manchester, 
on  the  15th  September,  1835  ;  the  Western  Temperance  League 
had  been  formed  at  Street,  Somerset,  on  June  19th,  1837  ;  and 
the  Scottish  Temperance  Union,  at  Q]asgow,in  September,  1838  ; 
the  last  named  being  divided  in  the  following  year  into  two 
societies— the  Western  Scottish  Temperance  Union,  and  the  East 
of  Scotland  Abstinence  Union.  A  lecture  on  teetotalism  was 
delivered  by  Mr.  Edward  Morris  at  Glasgow,  in  October,  1834, 
and  in  1836  the  teetotal  movement  completely  superseded  the 
old  "  moderation "  societies  in  all  the  principal  towns  of  Scot- 
land. Meanwhile  the  work  was  growing  in  Ireland.  An 
abstinence  society  was  formed  at  Strabane,  in  June,  1834,  and 
teetotalism  gradually  found  its  way  to  other  places  ;  but  it  was 
not  till  1838,  when  Father  Mathew  became  the  ''Apostle  of 
Temperance,''  that  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Irish  people  was 
thoroughly  roused  upon  the  question.  With  wonderful  rapidity 
the  once  despised  cause  spread  far  and  wide  throughout  Ireland, 
and  it  was  computed  that  before  the  close  of  1839  not  fewer  than 
1,800,000  persons  had  enrolled  themselves  as  soldiers  in  the 
Temperance  army  of  Father  Mathew.  In  1839  there  was 
issued  the  first  Medical  Declaration,  prepared  by  Mr.  Julius 
Jeffreys,  and  bearing  the  signatures  of  seventy-eight  medical  men. 
In  the  same  year  the  ^£100  Prize  Essay,  "Bacchus,"  by  Dr. 
Grindrod,  made  its  appearance,  and  did  much  to  enlighten  many 
of  those  who  have  since  that  early  period  taken  a  prominent 
part  in  advancing  the  temperance  reformation. 

Secoitd  Decade,  1840-1849. 

The  year  1840  witnessed  the  formation  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institution,  whose  statistics 


ulni>ica2j:s  ts  British  teitfejulxce  histoet.       zg 

of  moTtalitj  mre  beccixdsg  xxKxeftSfi^^T  i»efc]  to  rht  &lTo=sr«s 
(^  Abstxneiioe.  In  1>41  there  ^ere  f^dll  Two  l&i^  »Ddti.K  in 
Ixudon,  neiths>  cf  then  vcskii^:  villi  ikit  efBaesrr  iluj  itas 

two  societies  vere  ami^taiieO'iadT  diwc'lred,  sad  tit  Xti5:.T:il 
Ttmperuice  Sodetj  m-A«  fc^nzAed  on  tie  23rd  SzTtSLi^tr.  ZrA±, 
\>r  a  oombxBAtion  of  tie  lejuiisg  &iex»df  of  l<«:^  cr^uisktiioF. 
This  sodetT  exliibited  greater  esjo^  tban  tar  c4  in  z^t- 
deceasore.  One  of  its  lofjist  UBpcrUst  mtu  wa  to  cr>iiTei.«-  1l-» 
Worid*s  Tempezasee  Cc^roktica,  hM  is  LcsMca  i:::  Anpif^ 
1546w  wlxen  twentr-fire  iziil::efitial  ddegalcs  were  presett  fr.zn 
t2ie  United  States,  in  &dditicc  to  ^TT  from  Tuiini  ^^arniiis 
n(  the  Britis]!  deminions.  and  ahhonrb  modi  good.  rtFuIu^i  froon 
tie  Urge  demoii&tra2ir>r^  that  va%  Ltld.  the  practical  rUise  c€ 
the  CooTention  did  not  &pp«sr  tc  be  ccsimexiFiiskie  viui  the 
expense  and  laboiu-  it  inrolreL  The  Xatic«nal  TeiLTienn^ 
Society  was  the  means  of  biingizig  Father  llalhew  to  Lc<sidc-n  in 
Jaly,  1S43  ;  and  it  was  e&timaUd  that  6S>.446  penccs  sipK-i  iLe 
pledge  during  the  six  weeks  that  he  itanained  in  the  is4:Ux«p:Iis. 
Father  Ifathew  visited  Glasgow  in  Axiz^isl.  1542,  where  he  h^-S  a 
most  enthniiastic  reception ;  l«Qt  his  Irish  Mcieties  l^-gax^  t? 
decline,  chiefSr  from  the  want  cf  efficient  GrpaniaatiGn,  azia  Falber 
Mathew  became  inToIred  in  peccniarT  dil&cnllief  that  fici^r 
impeded  the  raecess  cf  his  great  and  bcseficent  misEion.  In 
Scotland,  dniing  this  period,  the  morement  made  oonsderable 
progre»,  bnt  organisational  changes  were  somewhat  nnmercozjw 
The  Eastern  Union  was  dioolTed  in  lb43.  and  thow  who  atten  jod 
its  last  annnal  Conference  were  ccmpelled  to  oontiibnte  Isr^ 
Ecms  towards  the  payment  cf  its  debts.  The  Western  Scottish 
Temperance  Union  continued  in  actire  existence  till  July.  1>46, 
when  it  was  diflsolTed  in  faroiir  of  the  Scottish  Temperance 
League,  which  had  been  formed  en  the  5th  KoTember,  1844, 
and  still  holds  its  place  as  the  mc»t  pcwerfnl  organisation  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  Personal  Abstinence 
Sodetj  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland  was 
formed  in  liay,  1&45  ;  and  in  October,  1649,  it  was  followed  bj 
the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  Abstainen'  Sodetj.  In  April.  Ib4$, 
the  first  Minislenal  Temperance  Confemoe  of  a  ostional  character 


22       LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY. 

■  ■ 

Gougli's  first  visit  to  Great  Britain,  as  an  advocate  of  temperance. 
He  came  with  the  intention  of  remaining  a  few  weeks,  but  his 
valuable  labours  continued  for  two  years,  and  rendered  signal 
service  to  the  movement.  He  paid  his  second  visit  to  this  country 
in  July,  1857,  and  for  three  years  devoted  his  marvellous  powers 
to  the  advocacy  of  temperance.  In  May  1858,  the  cause  lost  one 
of  its  most  liberal  and  enlightened  supporters  by  the  death  of 
Joseph  Eaton,  of  Bristol,  who  signally  manifested  his  apprecia- 
tion of  the  Temperance  Reformation  by  leaving  the  greater  portion 
of  his  limited  fortune  for  its  promotion.  Mr.  Eaton  empowered 
his  executors,  under  certain  conditions  which  were  afterwards 
fulfilled,  to  hand  over  railway  stock,  valued  at  '£7,500,  to  the 
British  Temperance  League ;  and  as  an  equal  amount  was 
bequeathed  to  the  National  Temperance  League,  that  association 
was  enabled  for  some  years  to  carry  on  important  aggressive 
measures  for  the  advancement  of  temperance  that  had  long  been 
postponed  for  want  of  the  necessary  funds.  Towards  the  close  of 
this  decade,  when  the  Tempeiance  movement  was  steadily  gaining 
strength  amongst  Christian  professors,  the  Rev.  Stopford  J. 
Ram,  M.A.,  then  a  young  and  vigorous  clergyman,  made  the 
first  attempt  to  ascertain  the  number  of  abstainers  amongst  the 
clergy  of  the  Church  of  England  ;  and  about  the  close  of  1859 
an  address  to  the  clergy  in  favour  of  total  abstinence,  and 
bearing  the  signatures  of  160  of  their  own  number,  was  pub- 
lished and  circulated.  The  first  name  on  the  list  was  the  Dean 
of  Carlisle's,  and  the  second  that  of  Canon  Babington  ;  both  of 
whom  are  still  permitted  to  rejoice  in  the  results  of  their  early 
labours.  About  the  same  time  an  address  of  a  similar  character, 
signed  by  212  Baptist  ministers,  and  thirty-six  theological  students, 
was  issued  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Rev.  Dawson  Bums. 

Fourth  Decade,  1860-1869. 

About  the  commencement  of  this  stage  in  their  hintory 
Temperance  Reformers  began  to  reap  the  fruits  of  persistent  effort, 
and  to  realise  the  advantages  of  improved  organisation.  The 
movement  developed  with  increasing  rapidity,  and  many  new 
modes  of  action  w*ere  adopted  by  the  National  Temperance 
League  and  other  large  organisations.      In   I860    the  Ladies' 


LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY.        23 

N&tional    AsBoeiation   for  tbe   Promotion    of   Tempemnoe  was 
le-organisedy  and  a  great  work  was  accomplished  bj  Mrs.  FiioD, 
▼ho  held  nnmeioas  drawing -room  meetings,  and  enlisted  the  sjmpa* 
Uiieaofmanj  ladies  movingin  the  middle  and  upper  circles  of  sodetr. 
Special  efforts  to  promote  temperance  in  the  armr,  the  naTj  an«l 
the  mercantile  marine  were  then  commenced  b\  the  National  Tempe- 
rance League  ;  Mr.  Spriggs  devoting  himself  to  the  militarr,  and 
Mr.  Mollison  to  seamen  frequenting  the  port  o!  London  ;  and 
both  continued  their  useful  efforts  for  many  years.   In  December, 
1661,  a  moTement  to  promote  Temperance  amongst  young  men 
in  the  city  of  London  was  inaugurated  by  a  great  meeting  at  the 
3Jaiiaion  House,  under  the  presidency  of  Lord  Mayor  Cubitt,  which 
was  followed  by  numerous  important  gatherings  of  young  men  in 
city  warehouses  and  public  halls,  continued,  with  marked  success, 
for  several  years  ;   the  work  being  greatly  aided  by  the  sympathy 
and  help  of  Lord  Mayor  Hale,  who  presided  over  large  meetings 
held  in  the  Guililhall  and  at  the  Mansion  House  during  his  year  of 
office  in  1864-5.  The  year  1862,  when  the  second  great  International 
Exhibition  took   place  in  London,  was  characterised  by  much 
activity,  energy,  and  progress.  Early  in  the  year  the  National  Tem- 
perance League  sent  Mrs.  Wightman*s  admirable  volume — *^  Haste 
to  the  Rescue  " — by  post  to  upwards  of  10,(XK)  of  the  clergy,  who  were 
thus  effectively  prepared  for  the  advent  of  the  Church  of  England 
Total  Abstinence  Society,  which  nvas  organised  on  May  2nd,  1862, 
and  gradually  gained  strength  until  1868,  when  it  had  700  clerical 
members.    In  the  same  month  that  witnessed  the  formation  of  the 
Church  of  England  Society,  a  conference  of  clergy  and  ministers 
of  all  denominations  was  convened  by  the  National  Temperance 
League  ;  several  large  public  meetings  and  a  Conversazione  were 
held,  and  many   sermons   were   preached ;    the    more    private 
gatherings  including  an  influential  medical  Conference,  at  which 
valuable  help  was  rendered  by  Professor  Miller,  of  Edinburgh. 
The  <' Temperance  Congress  of  1862"  assembled  during  three 
successive  days  in  August,  and  the  papers — forty-five  in  number — 
were  shortly  afterwards  published ;  as  were  also  those  read  at 
the  "  International  Prohibition  Convention,"  held  a  few  weeks 
later  by  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance.      It  was  at  the  close 
of  the  Congress    referred    to    that    the    National  Temperance 


24       LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY. 

League  held  its  first  Fete  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  when  19,140 
visitors  attended ;  bat  that  was  not  the  first  Temperance  Fete 
at  the  Crystal  Palace,  as  one  had  been  held  by  the  United 
Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  on  June  5,  1860,  when  there 
was  an  attendance  of  7,681.  Another  feature  of  the  Exhibi- 
tion year  was  the  completion,  by  George  Cruikshank,  of 
his  wonderful  picture,  **  The  Worship  of  Bacchus,''  which  was 
first  publicly  exhibited  in  August,  1862,  ^  and  was  privately 
described  and  explained  to  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  at  Windsor 
Castle,  by  Mr.  Cruikshank,  in  April  of  the  following  year. 
About  the  end  of  September,  1863,  a  Continental  Temperance 
Congress  was  held  at  the  city  of  Hanover,  at  which  300  delegates 
were  present,  including  representatives  of  the  principal  tempe- 
rance organisations  in  this  country.  About  this  time  the  National 
Temperance  League  held  several  conferences  with  Day-school 
Teachers,  and  sent  numerous  deputations  and  lecturers  to  Training 
Colleges  and  Schools,  one  result  of  these  efforts  being  the  forma- 
tion of  abstinence  societies  at  the  universities  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  A  conference  was  held  in  September,  1865,  with 
350  members  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  at  Birmingham  ;  and  in  that  and  the  following  year 
the  League  commenced  a  series  of  conferences  with  Wesley  an. 
Congregational,  and  Baptist  ministers  during  the  assembling  of 
their  annual  conferences,  which  ultimately  led  to  definite  tem- 
perance action  in  connection  with  each  of  those  denominations. 
A  census  taken  in  the  spring  of  1866  showed  that  there  were 
then  2,760  abstaining  ministers  of  religion  in  England  and  Wales; 
and  a  remarkable  meeting,  addressed  by  abstaining  presidents  of 
the  principal  Christian  denominations,  was  held  in  Exeter  Hall, 
in  December,  1868.  The  League's  first  annual  sermon  at 
the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  was  preached  on  May  17,  1864, 
by  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Chown,  and  the  first  at  Westminster 
Abbey  by  the  Rev.  Robert  Maguire,  on  July  7,  1867  ;  and 
the  Rev.  Canon  Ellison  preached  in  Chichester  Cathedral, 
in  February,  1869  ;  a  great  many  sermons  in  parishes  churches 
and  influential  chapels  having  also  been  arranged  by  the  League. 
A  boon  of  great  value  was  conferred  upon  the  movement  in 
1869  by  the  publication  of  the  able  and  comprehensive  Report 


LANDMARKS     IN     BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY.        25 


on  Intemperance  iwliicli  was  presented  to  the  ConTocation  of  the 
Province  of  Canterbury  by  the  Venerable  Archdeacon  Sandford. 
Tbe  Medical  Temx>eTaiice  movement  began  to  assume  a  definite 
form  in  1869.  In  May  of  that  year  the  League  held  a  Conference 
with  medical  abstainers  at  the  Cannon  Street  Hotel,  and  resolved 
at  their  lequest  to  start  the  Medical  Temperance  Jmimal,  which 
hu  since  been  published  quarterly,  and  to  commence  a  series  of 
tnnual  breakfasts  to  the  members  of  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion in  the  towns  where  their  annual  gatherings  might  be  held; 
anl  the  results  of  these  efforts  have  amply  justified  the  wisdom 
of  the  suggestions  then  made.  During  these  years  the  National 
Temperance  League  was  holding  public  meetings,  select  con- 
ferences, and  drawing-room  meetings,  in  many  of  the  larger 
towns ;  and  kindred  organisations  were  also  active  and  vigorous. 
In  November,  1865,  the  Scottish  Temperance  League  celebrated 
^  its  majority ;"  and  in  1868  the  Independent  Order  of  Gk)od 
Templars  was  planted  in  England  by  Mr.  Joseph  Malins.  In 
Parliament  during  this  period  there  was  much  agitation,  but 
little  apparent  progress.  The  mischievous  results  of  Mr.  Glad- 
^ne's  Refreshment  Houses  and  Wine  Licenses  Act  of  1860  had 
become  more  obvious  year  by  year.  The  Sunday  Closing  move- 
ment had  been  persistently  pushed  forward  by  the  Central 
Association,  which  was  re-organised  at  Manchester  in  1866,  and 
the  Permissive  Bill  was  first  introduced  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson 
in  1864.  The  License  Amendment  League  and  the  National 
AEK>ciation  for  Promoting  Amendment  in  the  Laws  relating  to 
the  Liquor  Traffic,  with  other  societies,  did  what  they  could  to 
create  a  wholesome  public  opinion  against  the  licensing  system, 
but  the  only  practical  result  worth  naming  was  the  Wine  and 
Beer-house  Act,  promoted  by  Sir  H.  Selwin  Ibbetson,  which  was 
passed  into  law  in  the  Session  of  1869. 

Fifth  Decade,  1870-1879. 

The  Temperance  Reformation  was  now  making  its  way  steadily 
tmongst  all  classes,  and  gradually  gaining  an  influential  position 
amongst  the  public  movements  of  the  time.  Early  in  1870 
(February  20),  the  first  Temperance  Sermon  in  St  Paul's  Cathe- 
dnl  was  preached  by  Canon  Ellison,  and  the  interest  of  the 


26       LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY. 


occasicfti  was  enhanced  by  the  delivery,  on  the  same  day,  of 
sermons  in  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  and  the  City  Boad 
Wesleyan  Chapel,  all  the  services  being  arranged  by  the  National 
Temperance  League.  The  close  of  1871  was  marked  by  the 
publication  of  the  ''  Medical  Declaration  respecting  Alcohol,'* 
drawn  by  the  late  Dr.  Parkes,  which  was  signed  by  269  of  the 
most  distinguished  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  day,  and 
produced  a  powerful  impression  upon  the  public,  as  well  as  upon 
the  medical  profession.  This  important  document  was  obtained 
through  the  efforts  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  which 
followed  it  up  by  numerous  medical  meetings  and  conferences 
in  London  and  the  provinces,  in  which  effective  aid  was  ren- 
dered by  many  devoted  medical  abstainers  ;  and  the  fruits 
of  those  efforts  were  speedily  seen  in  the  discussions  that 
ensued  in  the  societies  and  journals  officially  connected  with  the 
profession  ;  the  onward  movement  receiving  a  powerful  impetus 
from  the  delivery,  in  1874-5,  by  Dr.  Richardson,  at  the  Society  of 
Arts,  of  his  celebrated  *^  Cantor  Lectures  on  Alcohol,''  as  well  as 
from  his  subsequent  labours  on  the  platform  and  through  the 
press.  The  British  Medical  Temperance  Association,  organised 
in  April,  1876,  has  now  about  250  members.  Corresponding 
progress  was  made  in  religious  circles.  A  valuable  report  was 
presented  to  the  Convocation  of  York,  in  February,  1872  ;  the 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  was  re-organised,  on  its 
present  double  basis,  in  February,  1873,  when  it  received  the 
sanction  of  a  large  majority  of  the  Episcopal  bench,  and  two 
years  later  was  patronised  by  Her  Migesty  the  Queen  ;  and  about 
the  same  time  a  vigorous  movement  was  commenced  amongst 
the  Roman  Catholic  population  by  Father  Nugent,  Cardinal 
Manning,  and  other  priests  connected  with  that  church.  In 
1874  steps  were  taken  by  the  League  to  promote  the  formation 
of  abstinence  associations  in  connection  with  the  Baptist  and 
Congregational  denominations,  which  were  inagurated  in  April 
and  May  of  the  following  year ;  and  the  Wesleyan  Conference 
appointed  a  Committee  which  reported  in  favour  of  Connexional 
action ;  while  the  Presbyterians  and  several  other  denominations 
resolved  to  take  definite  steps  in  the  same  direction.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1874,  a  Ministerial  Conference  for  the  Northern  Counties  was 


UliDMKRKS    IN     BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY.        27 


co&Teiied  at  'Manchester    by   the  Bridsh  Temperance  Leagne, 
vbiek  was  attended  by  about  900  ministers  ;  and  in  April,  1875, 
the  liiational  Temperance   League  was  the  means  of  bringing 
together  several  hundred  ministers  at  a  similar  Conference^  held 
by  permifision  of  the  Lord  Mayor  in  the  Egyptian  Hall  of  the 
Mansion  House.     The  growth  of  public  interest  in  educational 
progress  led  the  Committee  of  the  National  League  to  put  forth 
increased  exertions  to  advance  Temperance  in  connection  with 
edncation.     Several  large  public  meetings  were  held  in  Exeter 
Hall,  one  of  them  being  presided  over  by  the  Bishop  of  Exeter  ; 
Gonferencea  were  held  at  Westminster  Abbey  and  elsewhere  with 
associated  bodies   of  teachers  of  all  grades  ;  the  **  Temperance 
Lesson  Book,"  by  Dr.  Kichardson,  and  the  "  Temperance  Primer," 
by  Dr.  Ridge, were  published,  and  have  been  extensively  used ;  and 
educational  publishers  are  gradually  introducing  Temperance  lessons 
into  their  ordinary  school-books.  Meanwhile,  legislative  measures 
vere  exciting  increased  interest.      The  introduction  and  subse- 
quent withdrawal  of  the  Licensing  Bill,  promoted  by  "blr,  Bmce 
(now  Lord  Aberdare)  in  1871,  prepared  the  way  for  a  Government 
measure  with  several  restrictive  clauses,  which  was  passed  in 
1872  ;  but  when  the  "  Publican's  Parliament"  of  1874  came  into 
power,  an  Amendment  Bill  was  speedily  carried  through,  which 
permitted  public-houses  to  remain  open  half-an-hour  later  than 
was  allowed  by  the  Act  of  1872.    The  Sunday  Closing  question 
was  persistently  pressed  forward,  and,  after  many  vexatious  delays, 
the  Irish  Bill  was  passed  in  Augujst,  1878.     In  May,  1876,  a 
memorial  was  presented  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  signed 
bj  13,500  clergymen,  asking  their  official  head  to  move  in  the 
House  of  Lords  for  the  appointment  of  a  Select  Committee 
upon   Intemperance.      His  Qrace  complied  with   the  request; 
the  Committee  was  appointed,   and   twice  re-appointed;    and 
on  March  18,  1879,  after  four  bulky  volumes  of  evidence  had 
been  laid  before  the  House,  the  Report  of  the  Select  Committee 
was  presented,  but  no  action   has   yet   been  taken  with  the 
Tiew  of  carrying  out  its  recommendations.      A    Royal  Com- 
mianoa    upon    Grocers'  Licenses   met    in    Scotland    in    1877, 
and  serenl  useful  recommendations  were  made  in  the  Report, 
but  no  alteration  has  taken  place  in  the  law.    Numerous  attempts 


28       LANDMARKS    IN    BRITISH    TEMPERANCE    HISTORY. 

have  been  made  to  obtain  an  act  to  restrain  and  confine  habitual 
drunkards,  but  although  Dr.  Dalrymple^s  Select  Committee  pre- 
sented a  valuable  Report  in  1872,  nothing  was  done  for  seven 
years,  when  the  present  Act  was  passed,  which  is  virtually  a 
dead  letter.  Temperance  work  in  the  armj  and  navy  continued 
to  receive  attention,  and  a  successful  effort  was  made  in  1S73-4 
to  establish  coffee  canteens  at  Dartmoor,  Cannock  Chase,  and 
Aldershot,  the  arrangements  being  effectively  carried  out  by  Miss 
Robinson,  and  the  expense  of  the  experiments  (£700)  was  met  by 
the  National  Temperance  League.  In  1872  the  League  succeeded 
in  abolishing  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  at  their  annual  Fetes  at 
the  Crystal  Palace ;  and  they  also  held  Fetes  under  the  same  con- 
dition at  the  Alexandra  Palace,  the  Royal  Horticultural  Gardens, 
and  the  R(%^al  Albart  Hall ;  a  temperance  banquet  on  a  large 
scale  being  held  at  the  Crystal  Palace  in  1876.  The  Crystal 
Palace  Fete  of  1878  was  organised  by  the  United  Kingdom  Band 
of  Hope  Union,  and  in  1879  Fetes  were  held  by  the  Good  Templars 
and  the  League  of  the  Cross,  as  well  as  by  the  National  Temperance 
League.  The  largest  number  of  visitors  reached  was  in  1871, 
when  63,069  passed  the  turnstiles  of  the  Palace.  Mr.  Cough's 
third  visit  to  this  country,  which  extended  from  July,  1878,  till 
October,  1879,  was  attended  with  great  success,  and  his  elo- 
quent and  impressive  lectures  proved  exceedingly  useful  to 
the  cause.  Other  notable  events  were  so  numerous  during 
this  period  that  many  of  them  must  be  passed  over;  but 
mention  should  be  made  of  the  establishment  of  the  London 
Temperance  Hospital  in  1873  ;  of  the  League's  Conference  with 
managers  and  directors  regarding  railway  refreshment  room?,  held 
in  1872;  the  Ladies'  National  Temperance  Convention,  held  by 
the  League  in  London  in  187G,  and  the  formation;  of  the  British 
Women's  Temperance  Association  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  in 
the  same  year  ;  the  appearance  at  the  League's  Annual  Meeting  of 
1877  of  the  Teetotal  Arctic  voyagers  ;  the  great  Exeter  Hall  meet- 
ing against  "  Moderate  Drinking,"  in  February,  1877,  which  was 
addressed  by  Sir  Henry  Thompson,  Dr.  Richardson,  Canon 
Farrar,  and  other  eminent  speakers  ;  the  commencement  at 
Leamington  in  1877,  of  a  series  of  annual  conferences  with  mem- 
bers of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Great  Britain  ;  Dr.  Richardson's 


TEMPERANCE    LITERATURE,    183O-1880.  29 

remarkable  tour  through  Ireland  in  the  same  year ;  the  Dublin 
Total  Abstinence  Society's  breakfast  to  members  of  the  British 
Association,  and  the  International  Temperance  Congress  at  Paris, 
in  1878  ;  and  the  dinner  of  the  British  Medical  Temperance 
Association  at  the  Langham  Hotel  in  1879.  The  various  national 
and  district  Temperance  organisations  were  busily  at  work  in 
their  several  spheres  during  this  decade,  and  their  success  was 
generally  encouraging. 


LITERATURE    OF    THE    TEMPERANCE     MOVEMENT, 

1830-1880. 

By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Co u lino, 

Amlkor  of  tk*  "  HUioiy  q/  tkt  Temperanet  Mo9ement.'* 

It  was  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  who  declared  that  *•'  No 
entertainment  was  so  cheap  as  reading,  nor  any  pleasure  so  last- 
ing." But  true  as  this  may  have  been  nearly  two  centuries  ago 
when  the  accomplished  lady  gave  to  the  world  tliose  brilliant 
Uit^n,  which  have  handed  her  name  down  to  posterity,  it  is  much 
more  true  now  when  books  are  multiplied  so  rapidly  and  pur- 
chajted  so  cheaply.  "  Reading,"  says  Lord  Bacon,  "  makes  a  full 
man,"  and  it  is  probably  in  accordance  with  tlus  that  Henry  Wanl 
Beecher  has  said,  "  Books  are  the  windows  through  which  the 
soul  looks  out.  A  house  without  books  is  like  a  room  without 
i^indows.  It  is  a  man's  duty  to  have  books  ;  a  library  is  not  a 
luxury,  but  one  of  the  necessaries  of  life."  This  theory  about 
books  is,  doubtless,  noble  ;  and,  to  a  great  extent,  it  is  recognised 
as  such,  and,  more  or  less,  put  into  practice  by  all  civilised 
nations.  There  were  twelve  booksellers'  shops  and  public  libra- 
ries in  ancient  Rome,  and  the  wealthy  patricians  were  as  careful  to 
supply  their  country  villas  with  the  works  of  their  philosophers 
and  poets  as  to  adorn  their  extensive  gardens  with  beautiful  statues 
and  ivy-girdled  trees.  Yet  we  find  that  there  was  little  of  the 
living  diffusion  of  literattire  that  forms  such  a  striking  charac- 
teristic of  the  present  age. 

The  British  printing  press,  like  the  wheel  of  Ixion,  rolls  its 


3©  LITERATURE   OF   THE 

eternal  toubcI  ;  and  ever  anil  anon  issues  forth,  in  almost  coirnt- 
lesd  numbers,  Standard  Libraries  and  Ckseical  Libraries  ;  Papeis 
for  tlie  People,  and  Libraries  for  the  Times  ;  together  with 
Bailway  and  Parlour  Libraries,  and  Sea-side  Books ;  until  the 
wonder  alxuoat  ia,  not  that  there  should  be  found  books  enough 
for  the  people,  but  people  enough  for  the  books. 

Now  that  the  Terapcriince  movement  has  within  the  tost  half- 
Ciiitury  undoubtedly  created  and  established  a  literature  of  its 
own,  of  which  it  has  no  reason  to  be  ashamed,  and  which  will 
favourably  compare  with  any  otiier  class  htemture,  must  1ie  at 
once  apparent  to  every  observant  mind.  It  has  books  adapted  to 
a  great  variety  of  tastes.  The  term  literature  ia,  indeed,  one  of 
wide  acceptation,  being  not  infrequently  used  to  denote  wh.itever 
is  contained  within  the  covers  of  a  hook.  Hence  the  Temperance 
press  has  produced  literature  of  every  description.  It  lias,  tor 
example,  its  History  and  its  Biography ;  it  has  the  i^cieiitific 
Gs.^ay,  and  the  graphic,  if  not  sensational,  talc  or  novel ;  and  if  it 
has  not  yet  poetry  that,  in  order  of  merit,  can  compare  with  Milton 
in  the  past,  or  with  Tennyson  in  the  present,  it  has,  at  L-aet, 
rhyme  and  rea'ion  for  those  who  are  poetically  inclined ;  while  its 
periodical  litemture  is  equal  to  most,  and  far  superiar  to  many, 
of  the  papers  and  magazines  of  the  day. 

With  regnrd  even  to  quaiUity,  it  may  be  said  that  thousands  of 
volumes  and  pamphlets  ai-e  annually  sent  forth  from  our  press  ; 
that  millions  of  pnges  of  temperance  truth  are  continually  being 
scattered  throughout  the  land  ;  and  that  tons  of  Teniperance 
literature  find  ready  sale  in  the  houses  of  our  London  and  pro- 
vincial publiflheis.  It  is  not,  however,  the  quantity  so  much  as 
the  qaality  that  merits  commendation.  Contributions  to  what 
may  be  called  the  literature  ot  alcohol,  properly  speaking,  began 
with  the  Temperance  movement ;  and  it  is  to  John  Dunlop  that 
we  unhesitatingly  award  the  honour  of  commencing  in  the  United 
Kingdom  our  permanent  and  standard  literature,  as  it  wbb  in 
1829  that  he  published  his  first  edition  of  the  "  PhitoBophical 
Enquiry  into  the  Drinking  Usages  of  Society,"  and  also  in  the 
same  year  a  pamphlet,  now  very  scarec,  "On  the  Extent  and 
Remedy  of  National  Intemperance."  James  Silk  Bnekingham, 
who  died  in  1860,  vu  a  native  of  Cornwall,  tnd  after  a  loi^  life 


TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT,    183O-1880.  3 1 

spent  in  travelling  in  the  East,  he  became  M.P.  for  Sheffield. 
He  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  select  committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  '^  to  inquire  into  the  causes  and  extent  of  the  evils  of 
intemperance,  with  a  view  of  recommending  some  safe  and  efficient 
remedv."  The  evidence  taken  before  this  committee  was  after- 
wards  published  in  1834,  €uid  has  long  formed  an  important  text 
1x)ok  on  the  subject.  He  also  published,  not  long  before  his 
death,  a  "  History  of  the  Temperance  Reformation/'  The  History 
of  the  Temperance  Movement  has,  however,  yet  to  be  written.  In 
18^2  an  attempt  was  made  to  supply  what  was  felt  to  be  a  want 
in  this  direction,  in  the  *'  History  of  the  Temperance  Movement 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Couling,  who 
was  at  that  time  an  official  in  connection  with  the  National  Tem- 
perance League.  Mr.  Lythgoe,  '*  in  his  Temperance  Reformers ; " 
Dr.  F.  R.  Lees,  in  his  "  Text  Book  of  Temperance  in  Relation  to 
Morals,  Science,  Criticism,  and  History,"  1871 ;  and  Mr.  William 
Logan,  in  his  "  Early  Heroes  of  the  Temperance  Reformation," 
1873,  have  all  added  valuable  contributions  for  the  use  of  future 
historians. 

In  the  enlightenment  of  the  professional  and  public  mind  on 
the  medical  and  scientific  aspects  of  total  abstinence,  Dr.  W.  6. 
Carpenter's  essays  in  1849,  played  no  mean  part.  This  essay  "  On 
the  Use  and  Abuse  of  Alcoholic  Liquors,"  was  afterwards,  in 
substance,  published  in  a  cheaper  and  more  popular  form,  under 
the  title  of  "  The  Physiology  of  Temperance  and  Total  Absti- 
nence;" and  in  1855,  Dr.  Charles  Wilson  brought  out  his 
"Pathology  of  Drunkenness."  There  was,  however,  still  room 
for  some  more  popular  work,  and  therefore,  at  the  suggestion  of 
the  Scottish  Temperance  League,  Dr.  James  Miller  contributed, 
in  1861,  two  delightful  volumes,  abounding  in  sparkling  honr 
hommie  and  scientific  research,  entitled,  "  Alcohol ;  its  Place  and 
Power,"  of  which  above  30,000  copies  were  speedily  disposed  of ; 
and  "  Nephalism  the  True  Temperance  of  Scripture,  Science,  and 
Experience."  Mr.  Henry  Mudge,  Surgeon,  of  Bodmin,  in  Corn- 
wall, aUo,  about  this  time,  published  two  useful  hand-books  on 
"  Physiology,  Health,  and  Disease,"  and  a  "  Guide  to  the  Treat- 
ment of  Disease  without  Alcoholic  Liquor."  And  in  connection 
with  the  physiological  and  fudentific  literature  of  the  movement, 


32  LITERATURE    OF    THE 

mention  must  be  made  of  the  writings  of  Dr.  F.  R.  Lees,  as  col- 
lected in  three  volumes  and  published  in  1853-4 ;  and  also  to  the 
very  useful  little  compendium  of  fact  and  argument  by  J.  W. 
Kirton,  entitled  "  The  Four  Pillars  of  Temperance."  But  to  Dr. 
6.  W.  Richardson  has  fallen  the  task  of  being  pre-eminently  the 
scientific  champion  of  the  movement.  His  ''  Temperance  Lesson 
Book"  has  not  only  been  circulated  by  tens  of  thousands,  but  it 
has  also  been  introduced  into  a  very  large  number  of  the  Board 
Schools  throughout  the  Kingdom.  This  was  published  in  1878 ; 
and  in  1879,  with  a  somewhat  similar  object  in  view,  Dr.  J.  Jaiiies 
Ridge  issued  his  "  Temperance  Primer  ;  an  Elementary  Lesson 
Book,  designed  to  teach  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Alcoholic 
Liquors,  and  the  Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  body." 

The  Temperance  movement  has  always,  both  directly  and  in- 
directly, greatly  assisted  in  the  education  of  the  people.  Hence 
attention  was  early  called  to  the  importance  of  providing  a  litera- 
ture suitable  for  introducing  our  principles  into  the  schools  of  our 
land.  To  this  subject  Mr.  Thomas  Knox  first  directed  the  public 
mind  in  a  series  of  letters  published  in  the  Commonwealth  news- 
paper^ and  afterwards  collected  and  issued  in  pamphlet  form. 
Mrs.  Clara  Lucas  Balfour's  ''Morning  Dew  Drops"  has  also  done 
good  service  among  the  juvenile  portion  of  the  community.  In 
the  education  of  the  public  in  general,  it  may  be  stated  that  in 
1838  a  prize  of  j^lOO  was  offered  for  the  best  essay  on  Temperance, 
and,  when  the  adjudication  was  made,  it  was  found  that  Dr.  R.  B. 
Grindrod  had  obtained  the  prize.  His  essay  was  published  in 
1839,  under  the  somewhat  inappropriate  title  of  "  Bacchus,"  and 
was  followed  soon  after  by  two  of  the  unsuccessful  essays :  "Anti- 
Bacchus,"  by  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Parsons,  a  man  of  great  natural 
powers,  and  a  master  of  energetic,  racy  composition  ;  and  the 
other  by  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Baker,  entitled  "  The  Curse  of  Britain," 
a  third  edition  of  which  was  published  in  1847.  The  Rev.  Dawson 
Bums  holds  a  prominent  place,  as  an  author,  in  the  movement. 
It  is  sufficient  here  to  mention  only  his  "Temperance  Bible 
Commentary,"  'written  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  F.  R.  Lees,  and 
first  published  in  1868,  and  a  sixth  and  enlarged  edition  of  which 
has  recently  been  issued  from  the  press.  Then,  in  1872,  we 
have  his  ''Bases  of  the  Temperance  Reform ;"  and^  in  1875,  his 


TEMPERANCE   MOVEMENT,    183O-1880.  33 

'^ClirifsUrndom  and  the  Drink  Curse."  Nor  mnst  we  foi^  an 
important  and  interesting  fragment  from  his  pen.  consisting  of 
thirty-four  monthly  numl«ers  of  a  "Temperance  DictionarT." 
LivefrevB  "  Lecture  on  Malt,"  1836 ;  "  Report  of  the  Worid% 
Temj^rance  C<»nvention,"  1S46  ;  Peter  Bume's  **  Teetotaler  * 
Companion,"  first  published  in  numbers  in  IsW;  •*  Temperance 
(Vcl'»pae<lia,"  by  Rev.  William  Reid,  1851  ;  second  and  enlar^ged 
tiJition,  1855  ;  **  Proceedings  of  International  Temperance  and 
Pruliibiiion  Convention,"*  1662;  "The  Temperance  Congre»,  of 
1^62,''  lioth  of  which  last-named  volumes  contained  papers  that 
<-<'m{>are  favourably  with  many  of  thoge  rea<l  before  learaeil  societies, 
and  all  contributing  largely  to  the  removal  of  prejadice  and  to  the 
e<lncation  of  the  public  mind  ;  and  lastly,  the  Rev.  Jame?  Smiths 
*' Temperance  Reformation  and  its  Claims  upon  the  Christian 
Church/  1875,  which  gained  a  prize  of  £100.  The5e  are  all 
uaiaeil,  in  connection  with  our  literature,  as  worlLs  in  everr  wav 
well  adapteil  not  only  to  promote  the  interests  c»f  the  total  absti- 
neuce  cause,  but  also  to  enlighten  and  bless  mankind  in  general. 

lu  biographical  works,  our  Temperance  literature  cannot  Ur 
y&ii\  to  lie  particularly  rich.  But  then,  as  teetotalers  are  essen- 
tially '-men  of  action,"  and  believe  in  "the  literature  of  labour," 
they  regard  the  works  of  the  living  rather  than  the  praise  of  the 
Jca«l.  Nevertheless,  we  have  the  "lives  of  great  men"  who  have 
fallen  in  the  movement,  written  to  "remind  us**  how  "departing" 
like  them  we  also  may 

"  Lsave  behind  ns 
Footprints  in  the  Msdi  of  time.'* 

•*  The  Life  and  Orations  of  John  B.  Gough,"  1855,  for  example, 
records  events  of  thrilling  interest  well  calculated  to  inspire  it^ 
leaders  with  a  holy  faith  and  courage  in  the  cause  they  advocate. 
So  aI:«o  do  the  "  Temperance  Memorials  of  the  late  Robert  Kettle. 
Es(i.,^  by  the  Rev.  William  Reid,  1853 ;  and  "The  Gloaming  of 
Life :  a  Memoir  of  James  Stirling,"  by  Rev.  Alexander  Wallace. 
\MiiIe  "Father  Mathew  :  a  Biography,"  by  John  Francis  Maguire, 
M.P.,  an  ex-teetotaler,  1863 ;  and  "  The  Life  of  Joneph  Stuige,"  by 
the  Rev.  H.  Richard,  a  non-teetotaler,  are  biographies  of  a  still 
liigher  order.     "  The  Life  and  Memorials  of  the  late  Rcr.  W.  R. 


34  LITERATURE   OF   THE 

Baker,"  by  Mr^.  E.  L.  Edmimda,  1865  ;  "  The  Life  and  Labours 
of  the  Rev.  Jabez  Tunnicliff,  founder  of  the  Band  of  Hope  in 
England,"  by  the  Rev.  W.  Marlea,  18S5  ;  and  "Tlie  Life  of  Jsraes 
McCiiirey,  from  1801  to  1876,  containing  thirty-nine  years'  expe- 
rience as  a  Temperance  Advocate  ;"  &c.,  are  all  works  throwing 
much  light  upon  the  progress  tlie  cause  of  total  abstinence  has 
mode  in  difTcrcut  loctlities  and  in  the  face  of  much  opposition. 
The  "  Illuatriona  Abstainers,"  by  Frederick  Sherlock,  1879,  is  a 
work  of  a  far  wider  scope.  It  is  a  series  of  biographical  sketches 
of  men  "of  whom  the  world  was  not  worthy,"  many  of  them 
occupying  exalted  positions  in  society,  and  all  of  them  tnie  adhe- 
rents to  the  Temperance  cause. 

Perhaps  Temperance  works  of  fiction  may  have  increased 
somewhat  too  rapidly,  until  they  have  engrossed  more  than  their 
proper  share  of  the  time  and  money  devoted  to  Temperance 
literature.  Mrs,  Clara  Lucas  Balfour,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall,  Mrs.  Ellis, 
Mrs.  Wood,  "  Fairleigh  Owen,"  and  "  Bruce  Edwards,"  may  be 
considered  as  our  chief  writers  in  this  department  of  literature. 
In  18-17,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall  contributed  a  volume  of  "  Temperance 
Tales,"  which  became  very  popular.  In  1843,  Mrs.  Ellis's  "  Voice 
from  the  Vintage"  led  the  way  to  Other  and  better-known  works 
from  her  pen.  "Ten  NighU  in  a  Bar-room,"  by  T.  S.  Arthur, 
and  Mrs.BalFour's"  Burnish  Family,"  1857,  passed  rapidly  throngU 
many  editions,  37,000  of  the  latter  work  having  been  sold  in  nine 
months.  Mrs.  Wood's  "  Dancsbury  House,"  of  which  90,000  copies 
were  sold,  while  remarkable  for  descriptive  ability,  may,  perhaps, 
lie  said  to  be  the  most  sensational  of  alt  the  temperance  works  of 
fiction  that  have  yet  been  produced.  "Fairleigh  Owen"  produced 
"  Steyne's  Grief,"  and  "  The  Lathams  ;"  while  the  Indy  styling 
herself  "  Bruce  Edwards  "  has  produced  "  Rachel  Noble's  Expe- 
rience," which  gained  a  prize  of  .£100  from  the  Scottish  Tempe- 
rance League.  To  this  same  League  we  are  also  indebted  for 
"  By  the  Trent,"  by  Mrs.  E.  S.  Oldham,  which  gained  n  prize  of 
£21)0 — certainly  the  highest  prize  that  was  ever  given  for  n 
work  of  temperance  fiction.  "  The  Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,"  and 
"  The  Old  Story,"  arc  both  temperance  tales  in  verse,  by  S.  C. 
Hall,  editor  of  the  Art  Journal.  "  Our  Ruthless  Enemy,"  "  The 
Bar-rooms  at  Brantley,"  "  Weary  Rest,  a  Story  of  Life's  Struggles," 


TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT,    183O-1880.  35 

an«l "  Going  with  the  Stream,"  may  also  l>e  referred  to  as  affording 
pleasant  and  profitable  reading  for  the  leisure  hour.  But  as  fact 
is  stranger  tlian  fiction,  we  must  net  omit  to  mention  the  inte- 
resting reconls  of  work  done  and  good  accomplished  in  Mrs. 
Wightmans  "Haste  to  the  Rescue;*'  wiih  "Annals  of  the 
Rebelled,"  1860,  and  "  Arrest  the  Destroyers  March,"  by  the  same 
intlioress,  1877.  Also,  "Ragged  Homes,  and  How  to  Mend 
Tliem,''  18G0,  and  "Workmen  and  their  Difficulties,"  1861,  both 
bj  Mrs.  Bayly. 

Although  our  poetry  is  not  of  the  highest  order,  yet  much  of  it 

L<  far  abore  mediocrity,  and  at  least  equal  to  most  of  that  which  is 

sai«l  or  sung  amongst  us  at  the  present  nay.    A  higher  and  nobler 

tliemg  can  scarcely  employ  a  poet's  pen  than  Temperance,  and  in 

Pailon  HooiVs  "Temperance  Melodies," and  Green's  "Temperance 

Hjmin  Book,"  we  have  many  examples  of  poetic  beauty  and  nervous 

pathos.    In  1840,  i^frs.  C.  L.  Balfour  published  her  exquisite  little 

volume  of  poems,  entitled  "  The  Garland  of  Water  Flowers." 

Goodwin  BarmV-y,  also,  in  his  "  Poetrj*  of  Home,"  and  Mr.  Thomas 

Knox  in  his  "  Rhymed  Convictions,  by  Walneerg,"  have  done  good 

ttrvice  to  the  cause  in  this  department.      But  much  exc<;llent 

Temperance  poetry  may  also  be  found  in  the  writings  of  John 

Critchley  Prince,  Gerald  Massey,  Charles  Mackay,  Mrs.  Sigoumey, 

Eliza  Cook,  and  others  who  Avere  not  immediately  connected  with 

our  movement. 

Of  periodical  literature  tliere  has  always  been  an  abundance. 
In  1830  Scotland  took  the  lead  by  the  publication  of  Tfie  Tern- 
ffrawftf  Society  Recordy  w^hich  was  continued  monthly  until  the 
close  of  1835,  under  the  editorship  of  William  Collins,  of  Glasgow. 
Various  other  periotlicals  speedily  followed,  including  a  Tempe- 
rance Penny  Magazine,  imtil,  in  1834,  Mr.  Joseph  Livesey  started 
Lis  Preston  Temperance  Advocate,  which  was  regularly  published 
till  1838.  In  1836  The  Temperance  Intelligencer  was  commenced, 
first  under  the  editorship  of  Arthur  Conlan,  and  subsequently 
under  that  of  J.  W.  Green  ;  and  in  the  same  year  there  appeared  TJie 
Star  0/  Temperance,  edited  by  the  Rev.  F.  Beardsall,of  Manchester. 
The  London  Teetotaler,  The  Temperance  Recorder,  and  Mingaye 
Sjder's  Temperance  Lancet  speedily  followed.  In  1840  Mr.  Thomas 
Cook,    the     well-known  excursionist,  greatly  helped  the  pro- 

C  2 


36  LITERATURE  OF   THE 


gress  of  Temperance  literature  by  the  publication  of  his  Children's 
Temperance  Magazine,  and  afterwards,  in  1844,  by  a  really  valu- 
able monthly  periodical,  entitled  the  National  Temperance  Maga- 
zine, whicK  was  continued  till  July,  1846.  Probably  no  one  has 
done  more  to  cheapen  literature,  and  to  improve  the  literature  he 
has  cheapened,  than  John  Cassell.  In  1846  he  issued  The  Tee- 
total Times  and  Essayist,  which  continued  till  1851,  when  it  was 
incorporated  with  The  National  Temperance  Chronicle.  In  1841 
Dr.  F.  R.  Lees  commenced,  at  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  a  Standard 
Temperance  Library,  which  included  some  very  valuable  articles. 
The  British  Temperance  Advocate,  Tlie  West  of  England  Temperance 
Herald,  and  The  Alliance  News,  have  each  attained  to  a  large  and 
increasing  circulation  at  the  present  time.  In  1856  The  Weekly 
Record  of  the  Temperance  Movement  was  commenced,  in  London, 
by  the  late  Mr.  William  Tweedie,  and  is  still  continued,  as  the 
organ  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  under  the  title 
of  The  Temperance  Record.  The  Medical  Temperance  Journal,  a 
quarterly  publication  of  great  value,  has  now  reached  its  forty- 
sixth  number,  and  occupies  a  position  in  the  movement  perfectly 
unique.  In  periodical  literature  the  Scottish  Temperance  League 
has  been  remarkably  successful.  The  Scottish  Temperance  Review, 
began  in  1846,  was  continued  till  1851,  when  it  gave  place  to  The 
Scottish  Review^  a  Quarterly  Journal  of  Social  Progress  and  General 
Literature,  This  was  begun  in  January,  1853,  and  continued  till 
January,  1863.  The  Abstainer's  Journal,  a  monthly  publication, 
edited  by  the  Rev.  William  Reid,  was  also  commenced  in  1853, 
and  continued  till  1855.  The  Adviser,  a  monthly  magazine  for  the 
young,  has  always  had  a  large  circulation,  as  also  has  The  League 
Journal,  the  organ  of  the  Scottish  Temperance  League.  The 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Magazine  has  a  work  to  do  pecu- 
liarly its  own.  So  have  also  The  British  Workman  and  The  Band 
of  Hope  Review,  edited  by  Mr.  T.  B.  Smithies.  With  Meliora :  a 
Quarterly  Review  of  Social  Science,  which  was  started  in  1858,  and 
of  which  seven  volumes  were  published,  we  close  our  enumera- 
tion, without,  however,  having  exliausted  the  list,  which  time  and 
space  will  not  enable  us  to  do. 

Undoubtedly  much  valuable  Temperance  literature  has  irre- 
trievably perished  for  want  of  some  means  to  preserve  it  as  it  has 


TEMPERANCE     MOVEMENT,    183O-1880.  37 


appeared.  It  i$  not  many,  we  fear,  that  now  posses^i  c^-mpleic 
sets  of  any  of  our  earlier  Temperance  pnblicatioDSw  Withoat 
great  caie  our  earlier  records  may  soon  be  loet.  Ought  there  n«:'t. 
in  vsme  central  spot  in  London,  to  be  a  National  Temf^-ranre 
LibtaiT  for  the  pieserration  of  all  works  bearing  np^^n  the  Tem- 
peraDce  question,  for  all  published  biographies  of  total  alHtainer^. 
and  for  all  books  written  by  Temperance  authors  ?  We  have  a 
Uterature.  It  ougbt  to  be  extensively  read  and  circulated  ;  and 
it  deserves  to  be  preserved.  "  Librarie*,"  says  Dyer,  *^  are  the 
wardrobes  of  literature,  wbence  men,  properly  informed,  might 
bring  forth  something  for  ornament,  much  ft^-  cariosity,  and 
more  for  use."  And  the  recent  establishment  of  a  National  Ten:- 
peiance  Publication  Depot  in  the  very  centre  of  London  will, 
doubtless,  do  much  towards  both  creating  and  preserving  a  lite- 
rature that  shall  be  no  discreilit  to  the  Temperance  movement. 
while  it  shall  become  the  roean^  of  elevating  and  blessing  man- 
idnd  at  large.  This  new  enterprise  i?  thus  referred  to  in  the  la<t 
Annual  Report  of  the  League : — 

''  Your  committee  had  been  frequently  urged  to  open  an  eaUb- 
lisbment,  at  which  friends  of  the  cause  might  obtain  any  tract, 
journal,  or  book  issued  upon  the  subject  by  the  Tarious  publishers 
and  societies  scattered  throughout  the  kingdom ;  and  cireum- 
stances  haying  arisen  which  rendered  it  desirable  to  make  a 
commencement,  your  committee,  after  mature  deliberatioOy  deter- 
mined that  a  distinct  capital  should  be  raised  for  the  pnrpote  of 
forming  a  fund  for  a  publishing  and  bookselling  department, 
which  should  be  conducted  as  an  integral  part  of  the  League's 
operations,  and  upon  the  same  broad  and  comprehensive  principles 
as  have  heretofore  characterised  its  proceedings.  The  capital 
required  was  estimated  at  from  ^^,000  to  j^4,000,  and  although 
the  whole  amotmt  has  not  yet  been  subscribed,  your  committee 
were  enabled,  without  in  any  way  infringing  upon  the  subscrip- 
tions for  the  ordinary  work  of  the  League,  to  purchase  at  a  fair, 
but  moderate  price,  the  temperance  stock-in-trade  of  the  late 
company  of  W.  Tweedie  &  Co.  (Limited),  which  formed  an  im- 
portant nudens  of  the  new  and  more  enlarged  operations  which 
have  now  been  carried  on  for  seyeial  months,  with  an  eneooiagini^ 
prospect  of  success." 


38        FIFTY   years'    consumption    OF    INTOXICATING 


FIFTY    YEARS'    CONSUMPTION    OF    INTOXICATING 
LIQUORS  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM  (1830-79). 

By  the  Rrv.  Dawson  Bdrns,  M.A.,  F.S.S. 

From  the  first  of  Januar}-,  1830,  to  the  31st  of  December,  1679, 
is  a  period  of  fifty  years  ;  aud  this  is  the  period  selected  for  statis- 
tical review  in  the  present  paper,  in  regard  to  the  consumption 
of  intoxicating  liquors.    We  shall  have  to  go  back  a  century  from 
the  earliest  of  these  dates,  in  order  to  find  a  period  of  similar 
interest  from  a  Temperance  standpoint ;  nor  would  the  changes, 
legislative  and  social,  as  to  drinking  in  the  fifty  years  from  1730-79 
prove  to  us  equal  in  instruction  to  those  changes  which  have  charac- 
terised the  half-century  chosen  for  our  inspection.    Not  only  are 
we  more  immediately  affected  by  the  more  proximate  eventa,  but 
the  que&tion  is  of  peculiar  importance  as  nearly  coinciding  with  the 
rise  and  development  of  the  Temperance  Reform  in  this  country, 
and  as  distinguished  by  legislation,  the  injurious  effects  of  which 
have  been  conspicuous  on  every  hand.     In  order  to  diminish  the 
monopoly  of  the  brewers,  and  to  curtail  the  temptations  of  the 
public-house,  the  Beer  Tax  was  repealed  in  1830,  and  the  Beer 
Act  came  into  operation  on  October  10th  of  the  same  year.     The 
disastrous  results  have  entitled  that  measure  to  be  known  as  the 
"greatest  legislative  blunder"  of  the  century.    In  Scotland  a 
judicial  decision  opened  the  floodgates  of  drinking  on  the  Lord's 
day  about  the  same  time  ;  nor  was  it  till  1854  that  that  super- 
added cause  of  mischief  was  again  closed.    Wholesome  Acts  of 
Parliament  have  been  passed  in  the  fifty  years  ;  but  the  year  18G0 
witnessed  a  repetition  of  the  error  of  1830,  leading  to  a  larger 
influx  of  foreign  wines  and  spirits,  with  an  extensive  off-liceneo 
system  productive  of  domestic  tippling  and  intemperance. 

Against  these  auxiliaries  to  drinking  habits,  and  the  powerful 
inducement  to  indulgence  afforded,  from  1871  to  1875,  by  a  period 
of  unusual  commercial  prosperity,  the  Temperance  movement  has 
been  called  upon  to  contend  ;  and  if  the  figures  that  follow  are 
suggestive  of  a  woeful  misdirection  of  national  resources,  and  a 
loss  beyond  calculation  of  national  wealth  and  welfare,  they  may 
also  call  up  the  thought  of  vastly  larger  figures  which  bat  for 


LIQUORS    IN    THE    UNITED   KINGDOM,    183O-79.         39 


the  Temperance  Keform  would  have  testified  to  a  deeper  indul- 
gence, a  heavier  loss,  and  a  sadder  degradation.  The  evils  incurred 
should  be  deplored  ;  but  those  averted  ought  not  to  be  forgotten, 
nor  should  the  deliverance  pass  without  a  grateful  appreciation  of 
the  means  bv  which  it  has  been  effected, 

We  propose  to  place  before  the  reader  a  series  of  Returns  dealing 
vith  the  consumption  of  Malt  (beer),  British,  and  other  Spirit?, 
shoiring  the  amount  yearly,  and  in  decennial  terms,  with  tlie 
annail  average  in  each  term.  Our  figures  comprehend  the  United 
Kingdom,  as  similar  statistics  for  each  of  the  three  kingdoms 
voald  extend  this  paper  beyond  the  limits  assigned  it. 


I.— Malt  (Beer). 


KilllS  OP   MALT   FATING   DUTY,   AND   RRTAINED    FOK    IIOM 

TlOX    AS  BEER. 

Butbels. 

\m       82,962,454  1850  

IWl        89,25i,269  1851  

188i        37.390,455  1852  

1M3        40,075,895  1853  

18S4        41.145.696  1854  

1W5        42,892,054  1855  

18S6        44,387,719  1856  

1M7        40,551,149  1857  

liSS        40,505,566  1858  

1S33        89,930,941  1859  


^1m0%\^.!^  ^'*":  !   8^«.094,098 
AuQilaTerage  ...         39,909,410 


18*0        ... 
lUl 

1*42 
1S« 

m5 

!*♦? 
1848 
\M 

Total  for  10  j 
1S40.9 

AamlBTerige 


".■] 


Boibdt. 
42,456,862 
36,164,448 
35,851,394 
85,693.890 
37,187,186 
36,545.990 
42,097,085 
35,307,815 
87,545,912 
88,985,460 

877,7^6,042 

87,778,604 


Total  for  10  years,  ) 
1850-9 J 

Annual  average  ... 


1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1861 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 


Total  for  10  yearr, 
1860-9     ... 

Annnal  average  ... 


] 


E    CONS' :  Mi>- 

Bashel*. 
40.744,752 
40,316,7^2 
41,021,326 
41,877,766 
86,619,705 
29,400,308 
86,666,977 
38,876  521 
40,036,452 
42,437.601 

388,038,410 

38,803,8*1 

BofhclK. 
37,155,414 
42,856,y08 
39,618,725 
4i,392,U86 
46,959,23('> 
47,029.521 
60,096,774 
46,219,017 
48,035.194 
47,600  C74 


449,904,449 
44,996^ 


40         FIFTY  years'   CONSUMPTION   OF   INTOXICATING 


Boshcls. 

1870   ... 

•  •• 

»       •*• 

51,264,718 

1871 

•  •  • 

•  •• 

48.976.916 

1872   ... 

•  •  • 

1       *  *  * 

55,526,285 

1878   ... 

■  ■  • 

•  •  • 

57,239,952 

1874   ... 

•  •  • 

•  *• 

56.775,096 

1875   ... 

•  •  • 

•  •• 

56,397,843 

1876   ... 

•  •  • 

t                 •  •  • 

59,253,082 

1877   ... 

•  •  • 

1       *  *  * 

56,748,515 

1878   ... 

*  •  • 

•  •  • 

57,228,066 

1879   ... 

•  •  • 

•  %  • 

49,886,254 

Total  for  10 

years, 

1870-< 

9   ... 

549,296,727 

Annual  arer 

8 

ag6 ... 

UOAR  USED  L 

•  •  • 

^f  BRKWIKG 

54,929.673 

• 

Cirte. 

CwU. 

Cwti. 

1847 

72,453 

1859 

34,521 

1871   ... 

271,483 

1848 

24,887 

1860 

92.415 

1872   ... 

336,367 

1849 

16,421 

1861 

78,710 

1873   ... 

599.357 

1850 

9,869 

1862 

84,376 

1874   ... 

828,408 

1851 

6,689 

1868 

80,292 

1875   ... 

884,241 

1852 

7,277 

1864 

38,338 

1876   ... 

860,228 

1853 

13,251 

1865 

55,292 

1877   ... 

870,577 

1854] 

1866 

145,437 

1878   ... 

1,128,2126 

1855 

86,036 

1867 

381,980 

1879   ... 

1,666,687 

1856 

1868 

351,742 

1857 

1869 

342,678 

Total   ... 

9.673,891 

1858 

33,945 

1870 

270,873 



The  totals  give  an  aggregate  of  2,164,179,726  bushels  of  malt, 
a  decennial  average  of  216,417,972  busheU  ;  and  an  annual 
average  of  43,283,594  bushels. 

The  beer  made  from  the  malt  used  in  brewing  is  calculated  by 
the  Excbe  at  one  barrel  from  two  bushels  of  malt ;  but  down  to 
August  14th,  1855,  all  malt  was  charged  duty  whether  used  for 
brewing  or  distilling  ;  a  drawback  being  afterwards  allowed  on 
the  spirits  made.  It  would,  therefore,  be  wrong  to  regard  all  the 
malt  charged  duty  from  1830  to  1855  as  used  for  beer.  It  is 
impossible  to  say,  with  precision,  how  much  malt  was  used  for 
distilling,  but  an  annual  average  of  3^  million  bushels  may  be 
regarded  as  an  approach  to  the  real  amount.  It  is  necessary 
therefore,  to  deduct  3^  million  bushels  for  each  year  1830-55, 
or  ninety-one  million  bushels  of  malt  from  the  aggregate  of  malt 
charged  duty.    This  leaves  a  total  of  2,073,179,726  as  malt  for 


UQUOBS  rs  Tsx   Trvrr 


the  atu.  <£  ss^ir  Kr 
91,673.501  :    fr 
bazng  ei|2i!L 


r4CL,*X4.       A^ftrT*^   ^lui  tflHlIlX?  At 


of  ?ia€T.117l«2Ttii. 
As  to  t^  akokcJ 

kzrels  d    beer 


ISQi  cmBfiTTT  of 


'j*ar..    "lit* 


0^17.793  bttTfck   of  ajrAiiL   sr  i&:<rEr    lJt>:>  ifrTiiiii    p^^mf 
flf  ilouhoL 

pot  ai  -iSs.  m  bazrd,  a^  fnai  IS^I*  ti>  IrTS*  c 

The  toCil  cost  vill  that  hacrt  bca  £^4^4L?:^Ll>: 

arec^e  o£  X43.68d^C  froB  1*3.'^  :&  I>4>  ;  and   if  .£szL.(t2J-; 

frOBL  lS5i>  to  1^7^. 

IL — Bgr^fiF  S?aca. 


TnrBKx  or  cftU^^s  or 


i^:< 

I«4l 
1^42 

jfa 

1U4 

l^iS 

1*47 
lU^ 
1S4» 


iSW 



1831 

. 

l«f 

18» 

■                                         m    m   m 

isw 

1SJ5 

ISU 

•  •« 

1»7 

. 

IMS 

•                                          *  •  « 

1S39 

*•« 

ToUl  for  1< 

D  jemxs,  ) 

1830-9.. 

...  4 

«,:m*71 

21^&U,«» 
fl^U€,7i4 
fl^4  4Si 
2SS97,7«0 


2«,74»>W 


«Mav,?y7 


2i,11«>a 


238,8S»,0SC 


Total  for  1!^ 
l^l^^-» 


1  5it>4»c: 


_      tljtbkyyl 


42  _ 

FIFTY 

YEARS     CONSUMPTION   OF 

INTOXICATING 

Gullons. 

QallocP. 

1S50 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

23.b02,5S5 

1860 

•  ■  • 

21,404,088 

1851 

•  ■  • 

•  ■  • 

23,076,596 

1861 

•  •• 

19,698,792 

1852 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

25,200,879 

1862 

•  •  • 

19,128,284 

1853 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

25.021,317 

1863 

•  •  • 

19,388,082 

1854 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

25,883,584 

1864 

•  •  • 

20,496,100 

1855 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

21,967,275 

1865 

•  •« 

21,005.826 

1S56 

•  •  • 

•  « » 

28,300,566 

I8r.6 

•  •  • 

2^516.338 

1S57 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

24,150,486 

1867 

•  •  • 

21,689,969 

1S58 

•  •  • 

■  ■  • 

23,212,612 

1868 

•  •  • 

21,341,449 

1^50 

•  •  •                      •  <  • 

for  10  years,  ) 
O-'J j 

average  ... 

23,878.688 

18C9 

Total  for  10 
1800.9  ... 

Annual  a?cni 

21,9*1,779 

Tot^l 
185 

240,444,528 

^^"''1    208,495,667 

Anneal 

24.0U.453 

go   ...         20,849,566 

Gallons. 

1870 

•  •  •                  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  • 

22,613  490 

1871 

•  •  •                 •  •  • 

. « • 

•  • 

24,163,644 

1872 

• « •                 •  •  • 

... 

•  •  1 

26,872.183 

1873 

•  •  •                 •  ■  • 

•  •  • 

•  • 

28.908,501 

1874 

•  •  «                  •  >  • 

... 

•  • 

29.875,401 

1 875 

•  •  •                 •  .  • 

... 

•  • 

30,106,107 

1876 

•  •  •                  •  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  1 

29,950,288 

1877 

•  •  •                 •  ■ « 

•  •  • 

•  • 

29,888,176 

1S78 

... 

•  •  • 

•  • 

29,358,715 

1879      

Total  for  10  years,  1S70-9 
Annual  averoge 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  m 

•  • 

•  • 

27,936,651 

279.673,150 

27,967,315 

The  total  number  of  gallons  of  British  ppirits  consumed  in  the 
eiitii;^  period  was  1,181,308,382,  or  an  annual  average  of 
23,026,167. 

As  the  duty  is  levied  on  each  gallon  of  proof  spirit,  which  is 
about  one-half  the  strength  of  pure  alcohol,  the  alcohol  contained 
in  these  gallons  of  British  spirits  was  equal  to  590,654,191  gallons, 
an  annual  average  of  11,813,084  gallons. 

The  duties  on  British  spirits  were  unequal  in  the  three 
kingdoms  until  1860,  and  in  1861  they  were  equalised  by  a  tax 
of  lOs.  per  gallon  of  proof  spirit  manufactured  in  each  kingdom. 
It  may,  therefore,  be  a  sufficient  approximation  to  accuiacy  to 
e&timatc  the  retail  price  of  British  spirits  from  1830  to  1859  at 


LIQUORS    IN    THE    UNITED  KINGDOM,    1830-1879.        43 

15a.  per  gallon,  and  from  1860  to  1879  at  203.  On  this  reckoning, 
the  price  paid  for  British  spirits  during  the  whole  period  of  fifty 
jears  was  upwards  of  a  thousand  million  pounds  sterling 
(£1,008,025,984),  an  annual  average  of  £20,160,520. 


III. — Foreign  and  Colonial  Spirits, 

(fating    nUTT    AND    BKTAINEO   FOR    HOME    CONSUSfPTlOIf). 


Gallons. 

Gallons. 

1S30 

•  •  • 

4.975,728 

1850 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

4.805.176 

1831 

■  •  • 

4,89i,795 

1851 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

4,783,^28 

1S32 

•  •  • 

5,171,444 

1852 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

4,866.260 

1833 

•  •  • 

4,879,988 

1853 

•  •  ■ 

•  •  • 

5,142,616 

1834 

•  »  • 

4,765,340 

1854 

•  •  ■ 

•  •  • 

5,128,143 

1835 

•  •  « 

4,765,706 

1855 

•  «  • 

4,788,087 

1836 

•  •  • 

4,617,020 

1856 

•  •  • 

5,003.310 

1837 

•  •  • 

4,424,465 

1857 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

4,73l,l>76 

1838 

•  •  • 

4,368.225 

1858 

•  •  ■ 

•  •  • 

4,582,313 

183U 

•  •  • 

4,025,417 

1859 

•  « • 

•  •  • 

4,932,048 

ToUl  for  10 
1830.9 

year^,  | 

46,886,137 

Totol  for  10 
1850.9 

years 

•  •  • 

48,764,757 

Annasl  sTorage  ... 

4,688,613 

Annaal  STcrage 

•  •  • 

4,870,476 

GalloM. 

Galloni. 

1840 

8,644,410 

1860 

•  •  » 

5.521,923 

1841 

3,464,074 

18G1 

•  •• 

5,193,070 

1842 

3.201,015 

1802 

•  •  • 

5,lV3,6i2 

184S 

8,161,957 

1863 

5,574.258 

1844 

8,242,606 

1864 

*  •  • 

6,298,270 

1845 

3,549,889 

1865 

... 

6.732.217 

1846 

4,245,830 

1866 

«  •  • 

7,797,470 

1847 

4.903,053 

1867 

•  •  • 

8,339,155 

1848 

4,635,363 

1863 

•  •  • 

8.398,817 

1849 

•  • •                  •  •  • 

i  for  10  years  ) 
409            ...  i 

Lsl  sTerage ... 

5,268,925 

1869         

Total  for  10  years   ) 

I86O.9          ...  5 

Annaal  ftTcr.ige  ... 

8,172,816 

Total 
18- 

89,316,622 

67,221,037 

Anni: 

3,031,662 

0,722.103 

44 


].         FIFTY  YEARS 

CONSUMPTIOh 

[  OF 

INTOXICATING 

G&  lions. 

1870 

•  •  • 

•  •  •          •  •  • 

•  •  • 

8,439,386 

1871 

1  •  • 

•  >  •          •  •  • 

•  •  • 

8,926,733 

1872 

•  •  •          •  •  • 

•  •  • 

9.068,829 

1878 

•  •• 

•  •  •          •  •  • 

•  •  • 

10.259,798 

1874 

•  •• 

•••          •• . 

•  •  • 

10,675,475 

1875 

•  •  • 

••  •          •  •  • 

•  •  • 

11,853,423 

1870 

•  •  • 

•  •  •          ••• 

•  •  • 

11,546,986 

1877 

•  «  • 

•  •  •          » •  • 

•  •  • 

10,732,071 

1878 

••f 

•  •            ••• 

•  •  • 

10,545,774 

187« 

•  •  • 

•  •  •          •• • 

•  •  • 

9,582,307 

Total  for  10 

yeari,  1870-9 

•  •• 

101,630,282 

Annual 

average 

•  •  • 

10.163.028 

The  aggregate  total  consumption  of  foreign  and  colonial  spirits 
wc^  303,789,435  gallons,  an  annual  average  of  6,075,788  gallons. 
The  alcohol  in  these  gallons  was  151,894,717  gallons,  an  annual 
average  of  3,037,894  ^illons  of  alcohoL 

The  price  paid  for  these  foreign  and  colonial  spirits  may  be 
estimated  at  24s.  per  gallon  to  1859,  and  at  22fl.  per  gallon  from 
1860  to  1879.    In  the  first  period  the  cost  was  ;£  16 1,601, 01 9,  and 


^347,338,129. 

r^--^" 

IV.-^ 

Wine. 

—o   - 

„Q — ^- 

The  foreign 

and  colonial  wine 

entered 

for  home  consumption 

was  as  follows 

• 

Oalloni. 

Gallons. 

1880 

•  •  • 

5,676,771 

1840 

•  •  • 

6,840,587 

1831 

•    •    • 

5.453,689 

1841 

•  •  • 

6,184,960 

1832 

•  •  • 

5,265,542 

1842 

•  •  • 

4,815,222 

1888 

•  •• 

6,207,770 

1848 

6,068,987 

1834 

•  •  • 

6,480,544 

1844 

•  •  • 

6,838,684 

1835 

•  •• 

6.420,842 

1845 

•  •• 

6,736,131 

1836 

•   •  • 

6,809,212 

1846 

•  •  • 

6,740,816 

1837 

•  •• 

6,568,182 

1847 

•  •  • 

6,053,847 

1838 

•  •  • 

7,200,876 

1848 

•  •  • 

6,136,547 

1839 

•  •• 

7,289,567 

1849 

•  •  • 

6,251,862 

Total  for  10  j 
1830.9 

""1 

J... 

63,317,445 

Total  for  10  yeari ) 
1840.9           ...     t 

Annual  aTerage... 

62,667,098 

Annual  aTersgt 

6,331,744 

6,266,710 

LIQUORS    IN    THE    UNITED    KINGDOM,    1830.79.  45 


1850 
1851 
1852 
1858 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1359 


*• 


Oallont. 
6,437^222 
6,279,759 
6,346,061 
6,818,830 
6,776.086 
6.296,439 
7,004,953 
6,601,690 
6,268,685 
6,775,992 


Total  for  10  jcan    )     ^.  annf^^n 
1850.9  ...    {     «MOO,717 

Ananal  aTenge  ...  6,560,072 


1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 


Total  for  10  yean 
1860-9 

Annual  aTerage 


Qalloni. 

0,718,585 
10,698,071 

9,764,165 
10,420,761 
11,397.764 
11,993,760 
13,244,864 
13,673,793 
15,064,575 
14,731,178 


'"I 


117,702,601 
11,770,250 


1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877 
1878 
1879 


Gallon*. 
15,079,854 
16,144,838 
16,765,444 
17,905,129 
17,170,600 
17.243,942 
18,536,336 
17,566,476 
16,171,892 
14,803,207 


Total  foT  10  yeaw,  1870-9    ...       167,386,717 
Annnal  aTerage  


16,738,671 


The  aggregate  gallons  of  wine  thus  consumed  were  476,875,473. 
From  1830  to  1859  —  the  period  of  high  duties  —  the  average 
annual  consumption  was  6,388,176  gallons.  From  1860  to  1879 
—the  period  of  lower  duties — the  average  annual  consumption 
was  14,264,511  gallons. 

The  alcoholic  strength  of  the  wines  consumed  in  the  former 
period  may  be  put  at  20  per  cent.,  and  in  the  latter  at  15  per 
cent.  On  these  averages,  the  alcohol  in  the  whole  of  the  wine  so 
consTimed  would  amount  to  79,122,582  gallons. 

The  coet  of  this  wine  may  be  estimated  at  not  less  than  21s. 
per  gallon  from  1830  to  1859,  and  at  158.  per  gallon  from  1860  to 
1879.  The  expenditure  would,  therefore,  be  from  1830  to  1869 
£201,227,517;  from  1860  to  1879,  £213,967,603;  a  total  of 
£415,196,180. 


46  FIFTY   years'   consumption    OF    INTOXICATING 


V. — Other  Liquors. 

Besides  the  intoxicating  liquora  above  named,  others  are  used 
to  a  certain  extent.  These  include  British  wines  (described  by 
the  Excise  as  "  sweet*,")  and  cyder,  perry,  and  home-made  wines. 
There  is  no  official  statement  as  to  the  quantity  of  such  liquors 
made  and  consumed,  but  it  will  be  a  moderate  estimate  if  we 
put  down  the  British  wines  at  500,000  gallons  annually  costing 
about  15s.  a  gallon,  £375,000 ;  and  containing,  at  15  per  cent., 
75,000  gallons  of  alcohol.  Cyder,  perry,  and  home-made  wines 
may  be  computed  at  12  million  gallons  annually,  costing,  at  9J.  a 
gallon,  £450,000 ;  and  containing,  at  3  per  cent,  360,000  gallons 
of  alcohol.  For  the  fifty  years  the  total  would  be — of  British 
wines,  25,000,000  gallons,  costing  £18,750,000,  and  containing 
3,750,000  gallons  of  alcohol.  Cyder,  perry,  and  home-made 
wines  600,000,000  gallons,  costing  £22,500,000,  and  conUining 
17,500,000  gallons  of  alcohol ;  joining  both  sets  of  figures,  the 
result  would  be,  626,000,000  gallons  of  liquor,  costing  £41,250,000, 
and  containing  20,250,000  gallons  of  alcohol. 

VI. — Fifty  Years'  Consumption  and  Cost. 

Bringing  into  a  focus  the  totals  previously  presented,  the  result 
is  as  under  : — 


Qaantities. 

Co< 

Alcohol  coiit<iined. 

Malt  Liquors    ...  brls. 
British  Spirits  ...gals. 
Foreign  and  Colo- 
nial Spirits  ...    „ 
wine...     ...     ...    ,, 

Other  Liqnora  ...    „ 

1,058,355,867 
1,181,308,382 

303,789.433 
476,875,473 
625,000,000 

2,434.702,191 
1,008,025,984 

347.338,129 

415,195,180 

41.250,000 

Gtillons. 
1,905.040.548 
590,654,191 

151,894.717 
79,122,582 
20,250,000 

Totals       

4,246,511,484 
84,930,229J 

2,746,962,038 

Annual  Ayerage ) 
daring  50  years,  f 

— 

54,939,2401 

These  totals  are  colossal,  but  it  must  be  remembered — 

1st,  That  they  relate  to  direct  expenditure  only,  and  allow 
nothing  for  the  money-loss  entailed  by  the  use  of  the  intoxicating 


LIQUORS    IN   THE    UNITED    KINGDOM,    183O-79.  47 


liquors  consumed  in  the  fifty  yean  to  which  thej  relate ;  nor  is 
any  account  taken  of  the  loss  of  that  interest  which  would  have 
accrued  from  the  saTing  of  the  money  directly  and  indirectly  lost 
bj  the  expenditure  on  intoxicating  drinks. 

2Dd,  That  the  estimates  made  ahov^e  are  generally  lower  than 
those  of  ^[r.  tloyle,  whose  contributions  to  temperance  statistics 
are  of  siognlar  merit  and  value.  Mr.  Hoyle's  totals  are,  there* 
fore,  much  larger  than  mine  as  to  the  direct  expenditure  on 
alcoholic  liquors  in  the  fifty  years  1830  to  1879. 

VI I. — CONSUMPTIOX  PKE  HeAD  OF  THE   POPCLATIOS. 

The  following  table  gives  a  statistical  view  of  the  quantity  of 
intoxicating  liquors  consumed  per  head  at  each  decennial  period, 
and  in  1876  and  1879,  and  also  the  quantity  of  alcohol  contained 
in  the  intoxicating  liquors  so  consumed.  This  is  simply  an  average, 
of  course,  of  the  whole  population,  including  infants  and 
abstainers.  The  table  contains  indications  that,  despite  the  great 
and  increasing  numbers  who  have  joined  the  temperance  cause, 
tbe  drinkers  have  increased  by  increase  of  population,  and  that 
those  who  have  been  drinking  have  in  many  cases  augmented  the 
amount  of  their  potations,  thus  converting  into  an  evil  the  great 
commercial  prosperity  which  has  in  recent  years  been  granted  to 
us  as  a  nation. 


Consamption, ' 

per  annnm, 

,  per  head  of  Popnlation. 

Alcohol 

1 

«  .      1 

1 

Consaised. 

Ytart. 

Halt 

• 

t 

:  Other    1 

Liquors 

1 

1 
GaUi.     1 

SpiribP. 
Pints. 

Wine. 

Liqoort. 

1 

rintg. 

Pints. 

Pints. 

1831      ... 

27       i 

9 

i         2 

4 

IC 

1841      ... 

22      ' 

7 

2 

4 

13 

1851     ... 

24       • 

8 

2 

4 

14 

18CI     ... 

27       i 

7 

1        8 

3 

IS 

1871      .. 

80       ! 

8 

4 

3 

IC 

1876     ... 

;       84       ' 

10 

5 

3 

19 

1879     ... 

30 

9 

t 

3 

17 

1 

*  Inclading  British,  Foreign,  and  Colonial  spirits, 
t  Inclading   **  British  Wines  "   which  are  almost  the  fame  alcoholic 
si^rength  as  Foreign  and  Colonial  wines. 

t  Inclading  cjder,  perrj,  and  home-made  winee. 


48 


FIFTY  YEARS     CONSUMPTION   OF    INTOXICATING 


VIII. — Cost   op   Intoxicating   Liquors  per  Head  of 

Population. 

The  data  on  which  the  following  results  have  been  arrived  at 
were  : — 

That  malt  liquors  were  sold  at  an  average  price  per  barrel,  from 
1830  to  1849  of  45s.,  and  from  1850  of  48s. 

That  British  spirits  were  sold  at  an  average  price  per  gallon 
from  1830  to  1859  of  15s.,  and  from  1860  of  208. 

That  foreign  and  colonial  spirits  were  sold  at  an  average  price 
per  gallon,  from  1830  to  1859  of  249.,  and  from  1860  of  22?. 

That  wine  was  sold  at  an  average  price  from  1830  to  1859  of 
2l8.  a  gallon,  and  from  1860  of  15s. 

That  British  wines  have  been  sold  at  an  average  price  of  1 58. 
per  gallon,  and  cyder,  &c.,  at  an  average  price  of  9d.  per  gallon. 

That  these  are  moderate  estimates  will  be  allowed  by  all  who 
are  conversant  with  the  matters  concerned. 

On  these  data  the  annual  expenditure  per  head  of  the  popula- 
tion are  as  follows  : — 


Foreign 

and 

Colonial 

Spirits. 

8. 

Wine  and 

Yean. 

Malt  Liquors. 

British  Spirits. 

other 
Liquore. 

Total. 

£    8.     d. 

P.      d. 

s.    d. 

£     8.       d. 

1831 

1  13     6 

13     6 

3 

5     6 

2  15     0 

1841 

1     8    0 

11     6 

4 

5     6 

2     9     0 

1851 

1  12    0 

13    0 

4 

5     6 

2   14     0 

1861 

1  15     6 

13     6 

4 

6     0 

2  19     0 

1871 

1  17     0 

16    0 

6 

8     0 

3     7     0 

1876 

2    4     6 

18    0 

7 

9     0 

3  18     6 

1879 

1  17     0 

16    0 

6 

6    0 

3     5     0 

IX. — Comparative  Consumption  op  Intoxicating  Liquors  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
Official  returns  are  not  so  complete  as  to  enable  us  to  affirm 
the  comparative  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors,  of  all  kinds, 
at  each  decennial  period  in  each  of  the  three  kingdoms.  But  a 
return  for  the  years  1871-4  suggests  the  figures  from  which  tables 
may  be  constructed,  showing  the  consumption  of  each  kind  of 
alcoholic  liquor  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  per  head  of  the 
population,  with  cost  per  head,  and  quantity  of  alcohol  consumed. 


UQUORS  IN    THE   UNITED   KINGDOM,    183O-79. 


49 


England. 


•  iBdading  *«  British  Wines. 


t  Cyder,  perry,  fte. 


Coninmption  per  bead  of  Popalation. 

Cost  per 

bead  of 

Liquors 

used. 

Alcohol 

Tun. 

Beer. 

BriUA 
Spirit*. 

Foreign 

and 
Colonial 
Spirits. 

Wine.» 

Other 
Liquors.t 

consumed 
per  head 

in  Liquors 
.  used. 

1871 
1872 
187S 
1874 

1875 

_ 

86 
40 
42 
42 
411 

Pints. 

*i 

5 

64 
5J 
54 

Pints. 
2| 
21 
3 
3 
H 

Pints. 
5 
5 

5 
5 

Pints. 
H 

4iV 

4A 

4 

£    s.     d. 

3  16     0 

4  4     0 
4     7     0 
4    8     0 
4     7    6 

Pints. 
18^, 
20A 
21f 

21| 
2W 

Scotland. 


Conramption  per  head  of  Popalation. 


Porelgni' 
8piritfi. 


Pints.      PinU. 
If  24 

U    I    24 

3}     •     24 
3       ,     2J 


Cost  per 

Aleokol 
consumed 

bead  of 

per  head 

liquors  used. 

1 

in  liqnors 
used. 

£    8.    d. 

Pints. 

3     0    0     i 

134 

3     6     0 

144 

3  10     0 

154 

3     9     0 

15 

3     8     6 

14J 

IRELA.XD. 


CoDsampUon  per  bead  of  Popalation. 

Coat  per 

bead  of 

liquors  used. 

Alcohol 

Ycin. 

British 
BpiriU. 

Foreign 

and 
GoloaisI 
Spirits. 

Pint. 

03 
OS 

Wine. 

consum'd 

per  head 

lu  liquors 

used 

1871  ...     .;. 

187i 

1878 

1874 

1875 

Oal». 

H 
9 

10 

10 

10 

Pints. 

84 

II 

51 

Pints. 
21 

£    8.     d. 
2     0     0 
2     0     0 
2     8     6 
2    4    0 
2    4     6 

PInU. 
81 
81 
94 
91 

50         FIFTY   years'   CONSUMPTION    OF   INTOXICATING 

These  tables  bear  witness  to  the  tendency  of  higher  wages  to 
increase  expenditure  on  intoxicating  liquors ;  and  the  striking 
differences  in  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland  point  to  the  general  law  of  greater  wealth 
and  greater  drinking,  where  the  conditions  are  pretty  equal.  The 
richest  country  spends  most  on  liquor,  the  second  richer  is  next, 
and  the  poorest  last.  It  is,  clearly,  therefore,  not  to  larger  means 
that  we  are  to  look  for  a  diminished  expenditure  on  intoxicating 
drinks.  Unless  affected  by  other  influences',  it  is  plain  that  more 
money  earned  means  more  money  wasted  in  alcoholic  liquors. 

The  wave  of  commercial  prosperity  continued  over  1876,  and 
its  recession  has  diminished  the  national  expenditure  on  the 
causes  of  the  national  degradation.  Let  us  hope  that  the  influences, 
moral,  social,  and  legislative,  which  help  to  elevate,  will  have 
acquired  such  a  restraining  power  before  the  next  period  of 
prosperity,  that  it  will  bring  with  it  a  wiser  application  of  in- 
creased resources  than  was  apparent  from  1872  to  1876. 

These  tables  afford  interesting  evidence  of  the  drinking  tastes 
of  the  three  countries.  The  English  consume  per  head  three 
times  as  much  malt  liquor  as  the  Scotch,  and  four  times  as  much 
as  the  Irish;  also  twice  as  much  wine.  While  the  Scotch  consume 
per  head  nearly  thrice  as  much  home-made  spirits,  and  the 
Irish  are  far  in  excess  of  the  English.  The  English  and  Scotch 
are  nearly  on  a  level  as  to  foreign  and  colonial  spirits  ;  and  in 
this  the  Irish  are  far  behind  them.  On  the  whole  the  English 
pay  per  head  about  ISs.  a-year  more  for  liquor  than  the  Scotch, 
and  £2  more  than  do  the  Irish.  The  consumption  of  alcohol 
corresponds,  the  English  being  in  ignoble  pre-eminence  of  a  third 
more  than  the  Scotch,  and  more  than  twice  above  the  Irish. 

These  figures  are,  of  course,  relative  to  the  population  as  a  whole, 
and  offer  no  clue  to  the  proportion  of  abstainer^  in  each  country, 
on  the  one  hand ;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  to  the  relative  proportion 
in  each  country  of  moderate  and  excessive  drinkers.  It  is  possible 
that  a  great  community  may  spend  more  tlian  another  on  strong 
drink,  and  yet  may  contain  more  abstainers.  Even  among 
bodies  of  those  who  drink  at  all,  the  larger  body  may  consume 
less,  or,  vi<x  versa,  a  smaller  body  having  a  larger  proportion 
of  drunkards  in  it  may  consume  more. 


LIQUORS    IN   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM,    1830-79.  51 

X.— C0MPA.RATIVE  Increase  of  Consumption  in  Intoxicants 

AND  Non-Intoxicants. 

It  may  occur  to  many  as  a  difficulty,  that  the  average  consump- 
tioii  of  intoxicants  should  have  increased  per  head,  in  spite  of 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  Temperance  movement.  This  fact 
has  even  been  made  an  objection  to  that  movement  by  some 
persons  whose  logical  faculty  seems  to  be  smitten  by  paralysis. 
A  candid  observer  will  take  into  consideration  the  special  causep, 
social  and  legislative,  which  have  tended  to  check  the  influence 
of  the  Temperance  cause  ;  and  in  addition  to  other  causes  he  will 
recognise  the  enormous  increase  in  the  last  fifty  years  in  the 
earnings  and  spending  power  of  the  people.  With  regard  to 
great  numbers  this  spending  power  has  taken  the  direction  of 
articles  of  consumption,  as  meat  and  drink  ;  and  there  is  evidence 
that  the  expenditure  on  some  non-intoxicants  has  very  largely 
exceeded  the  increase  which  has  had  reference  to  alcoholic  liquors. 
The  consumption  of  tea  has  increased  from  1  lb.  and  a- third  per 
head  to  4  lbs.  and  two-thirds,  and  of  sugar  from  16|  lbs.  per 
head  to  60^  lbs.  The  consumption  of  imported  butter  has  nearly 
doubled  per  head  since  1861  (3j  —  6J  lbs.),  and  more  than  doubled 
of  imported  cheese  ;  while  the  consumption  of  rice  has  increased 
fivefold  (2^  —  1  If  lbs.).  It  is  obvious  that  the  consumption  of 
narcotics  and  stimulants  has  a  tendency  to  increase  at  a  greater 
ratio  than  the  consumption  of  ordinary  food.  It  is  therefore 
proof  of  the  vitality  and  force  of  the  Temperance  Reform  that 
it  has  been  able  to  limit  so  extensively  the  increased  use  of  in- 
toxicating liquors.  Had  it  been  absent  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  drinking  and  drunkenness  would  have  enormously  augmented, 
and  that  the  drink-bill  of  the  country  for  each  year  of  the  fifty 
under  review  would  have  been  much  greater  than  we  find  it. 

The  tables  we  have  presented,  if  read  aright,  are  a  stimulus  to 
more  general  and  arduous  exertion,  in  order  that  the  liquors 
which  have  no  proper  place  in  the  life  of  the  people  may  cease  to 
be  nsed,  sold,  and  manufactured  ;  so  that  ceasing  to  be  consumed 
they  may  cease  to  consume  the  nation,  and  cease  to  rob  it  of  those 
riches  of  industry,  health,  mind,  and  heart,  which,  when  once  dis- 
sipated, can  never  be  replaced. 


52      FIFTY  YEARS    OF    DRINKING,    AND   ITS    INFLUENCE 


FIFTY  YEARS  OF  DRINKING,  AND  ITS  INFLUENCE 
UPON  THE  WEALTH  AND  INDUSTRIAL  WELL- 
BEING  OF  THE  NATION  * 

By  William  Hoyle,  Tottington. 

Author  of*  Onr  National  Betourcea  and  How  they  are  WoMted** 

The  occasion  upon  which  we  are  met  together  is  to  celebrate 
the  jubilee  of  the  temperance  movement,  and  I  have  been 
requested  to  give  a  brief  epitome  of  the  money  spent  on  intoxi- 
cating liquors  during  the  last  fifty  years,  and  also  to  make  some 
reference  to  the  influence  which  this  expenditure  has  had  upon 
the  material  well-being  of  the  nation. 

The  circumstances  which  existed  fifty  years  ago,  when  the  tem- 
perance movement  came  into  life  were  peculiar,  and  they  were 
of  a  nature  calculated  to  retard  the  spread  of  temperance  truth. 
For  instance,  there  was  virtually  a  universal  belief  that  intoxi- 
cating liquors  were  not  only  useful  but  absolutely  essential  to 
secure  health  and  strength  ;  people  thought  it  was  impossible  to 
live  without  them;  these  drinks  especially  were  favourites  in  all 
festive  and  social  gatherings,  and  they  were  everywhere  regarded 
as  the  national  beverage.  It  will  be  manifest  therefore  that  the 
work  of  the  temperance  refonner  must  have  been  most  difficult ; 
it  was  to  persuade  people  to  abstain  from  beverages  which  they 
thought  they  could  not  live  without,  beverages  that  they  liked, 
and  which  were  especially  fascinating,  and  beverages  which  were 
regarded  with  the  prestige  of  a  national  character. 

And  more  than  this,  at  that  time  Parliament  came  in  and  in- 
creased the  delusion  by  passing  the  Beer  Bill.  The  cause  of  its 
passing  that  bill  was  the  drunkenness  which  abounded,  and  the 
notion  was  that  this  drunkenness  arose  from  the  use  of  spirits, 
and  that  if  the  people  could  only  have  facilities  given  for  readily 
procuring  beer,  then  they  would  cease  to  use  spirits,  and  thus 
drunkenness  would  largely  be  removed. 


*  Bead  at  the  Leeds  Temperance  Jabilee,  September,  1880. 


ON   THE   WEALTH  AND   WELL-BEING   OF   THE  NATION.     53 

The  laws  of  a  country  have  always  a  mighty  influence  upon  the 
minds  of  the  people,  but  the  influence  becomes  all  the  stronger 
when  it  happens  to  confirm  pre-existing  ideas.  It  was  so  in  1830. 
As  I  have  said,  people  almost  imiversally  believed  it  to  be  impose 
sible  to  live  without  alcoholic  liquors,  and  yet  there  was  the  vice 
of  drunkenness  to  be  dealt  with.  The  problem  was  to  remedy 
this  vice,  and  at  the  same  time  to  make  provision  for  this  sup- 
posed want.  This  was  intended  to  be  done  by  the  passing  of  the 
Beer  Bill,  and  thus  the  country  was  flooded  with  beershops.  By 
tliis  action  pre^aous  notions  were  strengthened,  temptations  to 
intemperance  were  largely  midti plied,  and  the  number  of  those 
who  were  previously  interested  in  the  degradation  of  the  country 
were  greatly  increased. 

And,  besides  this,  there  was  the  great  financial  interest  of  the 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  The  revenue  from  drink  has  long 
been  the  source  of  a  large  portion  of  the  nation's  income,  and 
hence  you  >vill  see  that  when  the  people  believed  the  drink 
essential,  when  there  was  an  inveterate  appetite  for  it,  when  so 
many  individuals  were  financially  interested  in  the  trade,  when 
tlic  articles  dealt  in  had  the  prestige  of  being  national  beverages, 
and  when  their  sale  brought  such  an  enormous  revenue  into 
the  Exchequer,  the  difiiculties  to  overcome  were  almost  over- 
whelming. Some  of  these  difficulties  still  remain,  others  have 
vanished.  The  notion  as  to  the  value  or  necessity  of  these  drinks 
is  dissipated,  and  more  than  this,  they  are  proven  to  be  a  great 
source  of  disease  and  premature  death,  and  we  have  further 
arrived  at  the  position  thiit  the  traffic  must  be  put  upon  a  different 
footing  legislatively,  and  Parliament  has  endorsed  the  principle 
in  r^ard  to  it  that  its  existence  shall  hare  relation  to  the  cxprcsse<l 
wish  of  localities. 

Considering  the  many  difficulties  of  the  situation  fifty  years 
ago,  the  progress  made  by  the  temperance  movement  has  been 
marvellous,  especially  when  we  remember  that  this  progress  has 
also  extended  in  a  considerable  degree  to  other  countries.  As  we 
look  back  on  the  work  accomplished  we  may  thank  Gotl  and  take 
courage,  assured  that  the  successes  of  the  past  are  only  earnests  of 
still  greater  victories  in  the  future. 

To  understand  rightly  the  position  of  matters  in  1830  it  will 


54       FIFTY  YEARS  OF   DRINKING,   AND  ITS    INFLUENCE 

be  needful  to  traverse  the  ground  for  some  few  years  prior  to  that 
date.  In  1822  the  malt- tax  was  reduced  from  3s.  7id.  per  bushel 
to  2s.  7d.  This  reduction,  along  with  other  influences,  led  to  a 
slight  increase  in  the  consumption  of  beer,  but  the  main  increase 
was  in  British  spirits.  Between  1823  and  1825  the  duty  on  these 
spirits  was  reduced  from  lis.  8jd.  to  7s.  6il.  per  gallon  in  Engliind, 
in  Scotland  from  6s.  2d.  to  2s.  lOd.,  and  in  Ireland  from  5s.  /^d. 
to  2s.  lOd.  This  led  to  a  great  rLse  in  the  consumption  of  spirits, 
for,  from  the  tables  which  are  published  in  the  report  of  the  Inland 
Revenue,  I  find  that  whilst  for  the  five  years  ending  1823  the  total 
consumption  of  British  spirits  in  the  United  Kingdom  was 
48,745,815  gals.,  for  the  five  years  ending  1830  the  consumption 
reached  100,763,595  gals.,  being  an  increase  of  more  than  120  per 
cent.,  whereas  the  population  had  only  grown  15  per  cent. 

Tliis  increase  in  spirit-drinking  shows  to  what  a  great  extent 
the  action  of  the  legislature  influences  the  habits  of  the  people  by 
aflbrdiug  them  opportunities  for  the  indulgence  of  evil  habits  ; 
for  the  consumption  of  spirits  was  more  than  doubled  by  tlie 
reduction  of  duty,  and  the  history  of  the  drink-trade  throughout 
all  its  stages  proves  how  potent  are  the  influences  which  are  exer- 
cised by  legislation,  whether  those  influences  are  on  the  side  of 
intemperance  or  otherwise. 

A  like  result  followed  the  passing  of  the  Beer  Bill.  For  the 
five  years  ending  1830  the  consumption  of  malt  was  160,992,116 
bushels — for  the  subsequent  five  years,  viz.,  the  five  years  ending 
1835,  the  consumption  rose  to  200,756,269,  being  an  increase  of 
25  per  cent. 

The  benefit  which  the  promoters  of  the  Beer  Bill  hoped  to  realis>e 
was  soon  proven  to  be  a  delusion.  In  the  first  place  the  consumption 
of  spirits  instead  of  decreasing  went  on  increasing,  for  whilst  for  the 
five  years  ending  1830  the  quantity  used  was  104,763,595  gallons, 
for  the  five  years  ending  lt*35  it  reached  113,174,584  gallons,  being 
an  increase  of  8  per  cent.,  whilst,  as  I  have  shown,  beer  had  also 
increased  25  per  cent.,  and  wlulst  great  evils  arose  from  the  in- 
creased consumption  of  spirits,  other  evils  were  engendered  by 
the  beerhouse  pure  and  simple.  So  great  were  those  evils  that 
in  1834  the  Beer  Act  was  amended,  and  the  preamble  began  by 
reciting  **  That  much  evil  had  arisen  from  the  management  and 


ON  THE   WEALTH    AND   WELL-BEING   OF   THE    NATION.    55 

conduct  of  bouses  in  which  beer  and  cider  are  sold  by  retail/'  and 
the  evidence  which  was  afterwards  given  before  the  committee,  of 
which  Lord  Harrowby  was  chairman,  proves  how  baneful  was  the 
Beer  Act  in  increasing  the  crime  of  the  country. 

These  preliminaiy  remarks  will  be  of  use  in  enabling  us  to 
form  a  more  correct  idea  as  to  the  position  of  matters  at  the  time 
when  the  Temperance  Reformation  first  began,  and  the  difficulties 
with  which  it  was  beset,  and  having  made  them,  I  may  proceed 
more  immediately  to  consider  the  subject  of  my  paper,  viz., 
*•  Fifty  years  of  drinking,  its  influence  upon  the  wealth  and  in- 
dustrial well-being  of  the  people." 

In  order  that  we  may  be  better  enabled  to  grasp  the  subject,  I 
propose  to  divide  the  half-century  into  periods  of  ten  years,  the 
List  period  ending  with  the  year  1879.  I  have  already  pointed 
out  that  during  the  period  prior  to  1830  there  was  a  considerable 
increase  in  the  consumption  of  spirits  and  beer ;  but,  notwithstand- 
ing this,  after  the  passing  of  the  Beer  Bill  the  increase  went  on. 
The  extent  of  this  will  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  whilst  the  money 
fpent  ui>on  intoxicating  liquors  in  the  United  Kingdom  during 
the  ten  years  ending  1829  reached  £600,249,155,  or  £60,000,000 
rearly ;  for  the  ten  years  ending  1839  it  reached  £786,662,165,  or 
i7S,0(X),000  per  annum,  being  an  increase  of  30  per  cent. 

If  we  pass  on  to  another  decade,  I  find  that  during  the  second 
ten  years  of  our  review  there  was  a  falling-ofT  in  the  consump- 
tion of  intoxicating  liquors  as  compared  to  the  first,  so  much  so 
that  the  total  amount  expended  during  the  ten  years  ending 
1S49  was  only  £725,656,327,  or  £72,000,000  yearly,  as  against 
£78,000,000  yearly  in  the  previous  decade — a  reduction  of  7  per 
C'  nt.  The  causes  which  led  to  this  were,  first,  trade  had  become 
paralype<l  (and  no  wonder  that  it  should  be  so  after  the  ten  years 
*>f  waste).  Hence  the  terrible  depression  which  existed  in  trade 
during  a  goodly  portion  of  these  ten  years  crippled  the  buying 
powers  of  the  people,  notably  so  in  1841-2,  the  time  of  plug- 
drawing,  and  in  1846-7,  the  yeare  of  the  railway  panic  and  Irish 
famine.  And  then,  too,  we  must  not  overlook  the  growth  of 
temjvrance  principles,  and  especially  so  in  Ireland,  where,  under 
the  teaching  of  Father  Mathew  and  others,  the  consumption  of 
^irits  sank  from  11,000,000  gallons  annually  for  the  five  years 


56       FIFTY  YEARS  OF   DRINKING,   AND   ITS    INFLUENCE 

ending  1839  to  6,000,000  gallons  for  the  five  years  ending  1845. 
The  like  influences  operated  in  England  and  Scotland,  though 
to  a  much  less  extent. 

The  repeal  of  the  Com  Laws  in  1848  led  to  a  large  development 
in  our  foreign  trade,  wages  increased,  and,  under  these  influences, 
coupled  with  the  shortening  of  the  hours  of  labour,  the  con- 
sumption of  intoxicating  liquors  began  to  grow  again  ;  and 
for  the  ten  years  ending  1859,  the  money  spent  upon  them 
amounted  to  ;g8 16,676,092,  or  ;£81,000,000  annually,  being  an 
increase  of  12  per  cent,  upon  the  preceding  ten  years.  This 
increase  would  probably  have  been  greater  but  for  certain  counter- 
acting influences.  First  and  foremost  was  the  passing  of  the 
Sunday  Closing  Act  in  Scotland,  which  reduced  the  consumption 
of  spirits  in  Scotland  from  £34,600,000  for  the  five  years  prior  to 
the  passing  of  the  Act  to  £27,900,000  for  the  five  years  after,  being 
a  falling  off  of  20  per  cent. 

In  addition  to  this,  there  was  some  check  given  to  drink- 
ing in  England  by  the  passing  of  a  partial  Sunday  Closing  Act 
in  1848,  which  closed  public-houses  till  twelve  o'clock  at  noon  on 
Sundays,  and,  besides  these  influences,  there  was  an  increase  In 
the  duties  upon  spirits  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  In  Scotland 
they  were  advanced  from  Ss.  8d.  per  gallon  to  48.  8d.  in  1853,  and 
afterwards,  in  1856,  to  8s. ;  in  Ireland  from  2s.  8d.  to  3s.  4d.  in 
1853,  and  to  6b.  2d.  in  1856.  In  1855  the  malt  duty  was  raised 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom  from  2s.  8d.  to  48.  per  bushel. 
All  these  changes  tended  to  lessen  the  consumption  of  alcoholic 
liquors;  still,  as  we  have  seen,  there  was  an  increase  of  10  per 
cent. 

The  year  1860  saw  the  introduction  of  the  grocers'  licenses  and 
of  the  Wine  Bill,  together  with  several  other  changes,  almost  all 
of  which  were  calculated  to  afford  facilities  for  drinking.  The 
result  of  these  changes  was  a  gi'eat  increase  in  the  consumption  of 
alcoholic  liquors,  which  rose  in  value  from  £816,676,092  for  the 
ten  years  ending  1859  to  £1,023,353,312  for  the  ton  years  ending 
1869,  or  an  average  consumption  of  £102,000,000  yearly  instead 
of  £81,000,000,  being  an  increase  of  25  per  cent  This  increase 
would  have  l)een  greater  but  for  the  fact  that  in  1860  the  duty  on 
spirits  was  increased  from  8s.  per  gallon  to  10s.    As  a  consequence 


ON   THB   WEALTH   AND   WELL-BEING  OF   THE    NATION.    57 


of  this  increase  of  duty,  thongk  the  consumption  of  all  other 
kinds  of  intoxicating  liqaors  increased  considerably,  the  consump- 
tion of  British  spirits  decreased,  being  only  207,000,0(X)  gallons 
for  the  ten  years  ending  1869,  as  against  240,000,000  for  the  ten 
years  ending  1859. 

U  we  pass  on  to  another  decade,  we  find  matters  still  worse. 
For  the  ten  years  ending  1879  the  money  spent  upon  intoxicating 
hquore  reached  a  total  of  ^1,359,887,718,  or  an  average  of  nearly 
il36,000,000  per  annum,  an  increase  upon  the  previous  ten  yearn 
of  about  30  per  cent.,  the  population  in  the  nieantinie  having  only 
grown  10  per  cent. 

1  need  not  enlarge  upon  the  causes  which  led  to  tliis  enonnouH 
increase  in  drinking.  It  resulted  mainly,  if  not  entirely,  from 
the  expansion  of  trade  caused  by  the  enormous  development  in 
our  exports.  Wages  rose,  and  hours  of  labour  were  reduced,  and, 
in  many  cases,  both  nmsters  and  men  having  the  means  of  dissi- 
T>ation  in  their  pockets,  and  the  time  at  their  command,  yielded 
to  the  temptation,  and  the  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors, 
with  all  the  accompanying  evils,  rapidly  increased  until  1876,  when 
the  bill  for  the  same  reached  the  appalling  sum  of  £147,288,760. 
Since  then  there  has  been  a  falling  off,  and  last  year  the  amount 
fell  to  £128,143,864.  This  falling  off  has  arisen  partly,  no  doubt, 
from  the  depression  in  trade,  but  I  believe  largely  also  from  the 
growth  of  temperance  principles,  which  during  the  last  few  years 
have  probably  made  greater  progress  than  at  any  period  in  the 
history  of  the  movement. 

Having  taken  this  hasty  survey  of  the  fifty  years,  I  will  now 
give  a  brief  epitome  of  the  total  results.  Adding  together  the 
money  expended  during  each  of  the  ten  years,  we  get  a  total  of 
£4,712,235,614  as  directly  spent  upon  intoxicating  liquors  during 
the  fifty  years  ending  1879. 

So  far  I  have  dealt  only  with  the  cost  arising  from  the  money 
directly  expended  in  purchasing  these  drinks.  I  have  made  no 
reference  to  the  indirect  cost  and  losses  which  have  resulted  there- 
from, but  these  constitute  an  enormous  addition  to  the  bill,  and 
it  is  the  most  painful  part  of  it.  As  every  one  knows,  habits  of 
drinking  lead  to  pauperism,  crime,  lunacy,  accidents,  disease,  and 
premature  death.     They  lead  to  loss  of  labour,  to  idleness  ;  they 


58      FIFTY   YEARS    OF   DRINKING,   AND   ITS    INFLUENCE 

cause  deterioration  in  the  workmen  and  consequent  incapacity  ; 
and  besides  all  these  material  evils,  they  lead  to  social  evils  which 
are  most  deplorable.  Every  kind  of  social,  moral,  and  political 
progress  is  impeded,  and  thus,  whilst  the  drink  traffic  directly 
wastes  such  a  gigantic  portion  of  the  nation's  wealth,  there  \a 
indirectly  a  large  amount  of  waste  and  lo.«?s,  and  besides  all  tlie.^c 
losses,  there  is  the  lamentable  demoralisation  of  the  people. 

Supposing  that  the  money  thus  spent  had  been  saved  ;  that 
the  paupers,  criminals,  lunatics,  police,  gaolers,  &c.,  instead  of 
being  supported  by  rates  levied  upon  others,  had  been,  as  they 
ought  to  have  been,  engaged  in  useful  labour,  and  that  all  the 
idlers  and  vagrants  who  roam  about  the  country,  or  spend  their 
time  drinking  when  they  should  be  working,  had  been  busily 
employed ;  and  suppose,  further,  that  the  accidents,  disease,  and 
deaths  which  have  resulted  from  drinking  had  been  averted,  and 
that  the  people  who  have  been  prematurely  cut  off,  instead  of 
being  in  their  graves,  had  l>een  producing — what  a  mass  of  wealth 
would  have  been  realised,  qnd  what  boundless  comforts  would 
everywhere  have  been  provided  for  the  people's  wants. 

The  best  judges  are  of  opinion — and,  did  time  allow,  I  could 
give  good  reasons  to  show  that  their  opinion  is  but  too  correct — 
that  the  indirect  cost  and  losses  resulting  from  our  habits  of 
drinking  are  at  least  equal  to  the  money  directly  spent  upon  the 
drinks.  This  would  double  the  jC4,712,0(H),000,  and  give  us  a 
total  loss  of  ;£9,424,000,00().  I  will,  however,  to  be  within  the 
mark,  and  by  way  of  allowance  for  the  revenue,  &c.,  which  is 
derived  from  alcoholic  liquors,  estimate  the  indirect  loss  only  at 
one  half,  or  £2,356,0()0,00(),  and  adding  this  to  the  direct  expendi- 
ture it  still  gives  ;£7,068,000,(K10  as  being  the  cost  and  loss  thus 
resulting  from  the  liquor  traffic. 

But  there  is  another  item  in  this  account  which  cannot  be  over- 
looked ;  it  is  the  loss  of  wealth  which  would  have  been  realised, 
provided  the  money  had  been  rightly  appropriated.  I  will  take  it 
at  5  per  cent,  interest,  not  compound  interest,  but  interest  reckoned 
from  the  sums  lost  up  to  the  end  of  each  decade,  and  terminatiDg 
with  the  year  1879. 


ox  THE  WEALTH    AND    WELL-BEING   OF   THE   NATION.     59 

TnlU  fhovcing  the  loss  of  xcealth  resulting  from  the  drinking  habits  0/ 
the  population  of  the  United  Kingdom,  during  each  d(cadc,f-om 
the  year  1830  to  1879  inclusive. 

One>half  of 
Direct  expenditure.     Indirect  Lou.  Totml. 

inycin«idingl839—  £786,662,165  ...£393.331/ 82  ...£1,179,993,247 

M       „        1S19—     725,656.327  ...  862,828,163  ...    1,088,484,490 

„       „         1839—     816,676,092  ...  408,338,046  ...    1,225,014,138 

„       „         1869—  1,023,353,312  ...  511,676,656  ...    1,535,029,968 

„       „        1879— 1,359,887,718  ...  679,943,859  ...    2,039,831,577 


£4,712,235,614    £2,356,117,806      ^7,068,353,420 


Talle  ihotcing  the  wealth  which  would  have  accrued  to  the  population 
of  the  United  Kingdom  if  the  money  wasted,  as  shown  ahovef  by 
the  drinking  habits  of  the  people  during  each  decade  of  the  past 
fifty  years  had  been  invested  at  5  per  cent,  simple  interest. 

^1,179,993,247— from  1839  to  1879— 40  years  at  5  %... £2,359,986,494 
1,088.484,490—   „     1849  to  1879-80    „  „      ...    1,632,726,736 

1.225,014,138—  „     1859  to  1879-20    „  „      ...    1,225,014,138 

1.5S5.029.968—   „     1869  to  1S79— 10    „  „      ...       767,514,984 

2,039,831,577— eay for  4    „  „      ...       407,966,315 

^,068,353,420  £6,393,208,666 


If  we  add  tliis  interest  to  the  principal  sum  it  gives  us  a  total 
of  £13,461,562,086,  being  the  amount  which  has  been  lost  to  the 
nation  in  material  wealth  by  our  drinking  habits  during  the  pa.st 
fifty  years. 

The  total  capitalised  value  of  all  the  wealth  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  including  its  money,  lands,  railways,  collieries,  iron- 
works, quarries,  mines,  houses,  mills,  and  every  other  description 
of  property,  is  estimated  by  Mr.  GifTen  (who  is  at  the  head  of  the 
StatiisticarDepartment  of  the  Board  of  Trade)  to  be  ^8,500,000,000, 
«o  that  during  the  filly  years  which  have  elapsed  since  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Temperance  movement,  we,  as  a  nation,  by  our 
drinking  habits,  have  wasted  an  amount  of  wealth  as  great,  and 
Ittlf  as  great  again,  as  the  total  wealth  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
mkI  it  would  have  left  a  balance  of  more  than  .£700,000,000  to 
•pwe. 


6o       FIFTY   YEARS   OF  DRINKING,  AND   ITS   INFLUENCE 

But  possibly  some  one  may  say,  "  You  are  begging  the  whole 
question ;  you  are  assuming  that  the  money  spent  upon  alcoholic 
liquors  is  all  wasted."  In  response  to  this  I  would  say,  the  money, 
in  my  opinion,  is  worse  than  wasted ;  because,  whilst  individuals 
derive  no  benefit  from  the  use  of  these  liquors,  untold  evils  result, 
and  the  well-nigh  universal  testimony  of  science  and  experience 
confirms  the  view  here  expressed.  And,  moreover,  the  universal 
experience  of  those  who  abstain  is  that  they  enjoy  better  health 
and  longer  life  under  abstinence  than  even  under  moderate  drink- 
ing, and  hence  all  the  evils  which  result  go  to  demonstrate  the 
view  I  have  expressed. 

There  is  one  fact  which,  in  discussing  this  point,  must  not  be 
overlooked ;  it  is  this.  Fifty  years  ago,  when  everybody  believed 
in  beer,  it  was  used  largely  by  way  of  diet  in  connection  with 
their  meals.  Tea,  coflfee,  &c.,  were  little  used.  Now  this  is  changed ; 
tea  and  other  drinks  of  a  similar  character  are  largely  used.  In 
proof  of  this  statement  I  would  refer  to  the  fact  that  whilst  for 
the  ten  years  ending  1829,  the  consumption  of  tea  amounted 
only  to  249,201,140  lbs,  for  ten  years  ending  1879  it  reached 
1,401,151,225  lbs.,  showing  a  consumption  nearly  six  times  as 
great  in  the  latter  period  as  in  the  former. 

The  point  I  want  to  draw  attention  to  is  this :  that  whereas 
there  has  been  such  an  enormous  increase  in  the  consumption  of 
tea,  &c.,  largely  substitutive  of  beer,  &c.,  as  beverages,  there  ought 
to  have  been  a  great  falling- off  in  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors, 
and  therefore^  unless  this  be  so,  the  drink  that  is  consumed  must 
be  used  not  by  way  of  beverage,  but  by  way  of  tippling. 

But  there  has  not  been  this  falling  off.  On  the  contrary  there 
has  been  a  very  large  increase  in  the  consumption  of  intoxicating 
liquors;  for  whereas,  for  the  ten  years  ending  1829,  the  money 
spent  in  these  liquors  amounted  only  to  ;£600,249,145,  for  the  ten 
years  ending  1879  the  money  spent  was  £1,359,887,718,  being  an 
increase  of  ;£759,638,573,  or  126  per  cent.,  whereas  the  population 
had  only  grown  about  44  per  cent.  These  figures,  taken  in  con- 
nection with  the  returns  of  tea,  &c.,  used,  incontestibly  prove  that 
a  very  large  proportion  of  the  money  now  spent  in  intoxicating 
liquors  goes  in  the  way  of  tippling  and  not  of  ordinary  beverage, 


ON   THE    WEALTH   AND    VVELL-DEING   OF    THE    NATION.     6 1 


and  tberefoTe,  even  if  the  argument  against  the  hurtful  character 
of  the  drink  were  less  conclusive,  the  economical  indictment  against 
the  drink  traffic  would  still  remain  incontrovertible. 

Much  Las  been  ^vritten  upon,  and  great  has  been  the  sorrow 
caused  by,  the  deficient  harvests  of  the  last  few  years,  especially 
the  wheat  harvest.  The  average  yearly  consumption  of  wheat 
per  head  of  the  population  of  tlie  United  Kingdom  is  stated  to 
he  5j  bushels.  This,  with  a  population  of  34  millions,  would  give 
a  total  consumption  of  97,000,000  bushels.  Now,  the  grain  or 
produce  destroyed  to  manufacture  the  intoxicating  liquors  con- 
sumed during  the  last  fifty  years  has  l)een  at  least  2,700,000,000 
bushels,  or  enough  to  have  supplied  us  with  wheat  food  for  nearly 
fifteen  veais. 

Possibly  it  may  be  thought  that  if  such  an  enormous  superfluous 
expenditure  and  waste  was  going  on  as  is  here  represented,  the 
country  could  not  stand  it.  This  is  true ;  but  the  country  for  the 
time  being  has  possessed  exceptional  facilities  for  making  wealth 
—indeed,  it  has  largely  had  a  monopoly  of  the  ti-ade  of  the  world, 
and  hence  it  has  been  enabled  to  spend  and  waste  in  a  manner 
which  would  otherwise  have  involved  it  in  ruin. 

A  glance  at  our  export  trade  w^ill  corroborate  this  statement ; 
for  whilst  for  the  ten  years  prior  to  1830  our  total  exports  were 
only  valued  at  £364,158,419,  or  £36,000,000  yearly,  for  the 
ten  years  ending  1879  they  amounted  in  value  to  £2,181,011,959, 
or  £218,000,000  annually,  being  six  times  as  great  during  the  latter 
period  as  during  the  former,  and  l>eing  more  than  one-fourth  the 
entire  commerce  of  the  world. 

I  do  not  at  all  exaggerate  when  I  say  that  never  in  the  history 
of  the  world  has  there  been  a  nation  with  advantages  for  the 
acquisition  of  wealth  such  as  have  l>een  possessed  by  ourselves 
during  the  last  fifty  years.  To  a  large  extent  our  country  has  been 
the  workshop  of  the  world,  and  it  has  enjoyed  all  the  advantages 
resulting  from  such  an  exceptional  position.  If  a  nation  possessed 
no  resources  but  such  as  were  within  itself,  it  might  even  then, 
if  it  used  those  resources  aright,  rapidly  accumulate  wealth  ;  but 
when,  in  addition  to  ite  own  resources,  it  enjoys  the  advantage 
of  being  enriched  by  the  trade  of  every  country  in  the  worid,  its 
progress  ought  to  be  such  as  to  lift  it  far  above  the  regions  of 


62  FIFTY   YEARS    OF    DRINKING,    ETC. 


want,  and  such  would  have  been  our  position  but  for  the  fearful 
drawbacks  and  w^aste  of  intemperance. 

I  have  shown  that  during  the  last  fifty  years  we  as  a  nation 
have  sacrificed  over  £13,000,000,000  at  the  shrine  of  Bacchus. 
The  measure  of  rationality  in  any  transaction  is  in  proportion  to 
the  value  which  is  received  in  return  for  the  money  paid.  And 
what  has  been  the  return  we  have  got  for  the  £13,000,000,000  we 
have  sacrificed?  Social  demoralisation  has  resulted,  political 
corruption  ha.s  been  engendered,  disease  and  premature  deaths — 
often  of  the  most  appalling  character — have  lai'gely  been  caused, 
whilst  morality,  religion,  education,  and  all  the  virtues  which  go 
to  exalt  lumianity,  have  been  obstructed  and  frequently  blasted; 
and  for  these  deplorable  results  a  nation,  priding  itself  upon  its 
high  Christian  character,  its  intelligence  and  great  common  sense, 
has  paid  or  sacrificed  in  one  way  or  another  £13,000,000,000.  If 
it  hud  paid  this  sum  to  be  saved  from  the  evils  it  would  have  been 
praiseworthy  conduct,  but  to  buy  them  and  at  such  a  price  is  con- 
duct that  is  so  irrational  as  to  be  incapable  of  being  credited  were 
it  not  manifest  before  our  eyes. 

It  would  occupy  too  much  time  were  I  to  attempt  to  dwell  in 
detail  upon  the  results  which  would  have  accrued  from  a  right 
expenditure  of  our  money  during  the  last  fifty  years.  A  large 
portion  of  it  would  doubtless  have  been  invested  in  improving 
the  land,  and  thus,  instead  of  our  agricultural  crops  being  as  now 
valued  at  £370,000,000  per  annum,  they  would  have  been  valued 
at  perhaps  £700,0()0,iXX),  thus  enabling  us  to  supply  ourselves 
largely  independent  of  other  nations.  Another  sum  might  have 
gone  in  the  sanitary  improvement  of  our  towns  and  villages.  A 
further  sum  in  sweeping  away  the  old  houses  and  providing 
better.  Another  would  have  gone  in  purchasing  more  clothing, 
furniture,  &c.  Another  in  providing  towns  and  districts  with 
educational  institutes  and  libraries.  Another  in  supplying  addi- 
tional places  of  worship,  &c.  And  the  best  of  all  would  have 
been  the  absence  of  the  dninkenness,  and  the  vices  and  the  evils 
which  have  resulted  from  it.  The  criminal,  instead  of  being 
incarcerated  in  gaol,  would  have  been  employed  in  useful  labour, 
and  so,  too,  would  the  pauper,  the  lunatic,  the  idler,  and  the 
vagrant;    and  all  the  enei-gy  which  has  had  to  be  called  into 


THE    MEDICAL    TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT.  63 


existence  to  govern  and  keep  in  check  these  excrescences  of  our 
cWilisation  would  have  been  available  for  purposes  of  real  pro- 
gTe!^s;  and,  freed  from  the  blighting  influences  of  intemperance 
and  its  resulting  evils,  education,  K-ligion,  and  social  and  political 
progress,  and  the  physical  and  domestic  well-being  of  the  nation, 
would  have  been  accelerated  beyond  conception.  It  must  have 
been  so,  if  the  gifts  of  a  bountiful  Providence,  which  have  been 
and  are  now  appropriated  to  the  nations  demoralisation,  had  been 
applied,  as  they  ought  to  have  been,  to  its  elevation  ;  and  further, 
whilst  the  material  wealth  of  the  nation  would  have  increased 
immensely,  the  wealth  of  moral  greatness  and  intelligence,  which 
is  far  more  to  be  valued,  would  have  kept  pace  with  it,  and  our 
national  life  would  have  been  much  more  in  harmony  with  the 
leligion  and  civilisation  of  which  we  make  so  great  a  boast. 


THE  MEDICAL  TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT. 

By  Norman  S.  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  London. 

Medical  men  have  all  along  taken  an  honourable  place  in  the 
ranks  of  temperance  reform.  In  the  earliest  mediciil  writings 
extant  the  superiority  of  an  abstemious  diet  was  insisted  on,  while 
any  tendency  to  excess  was  sternly  rebuked.  Coming  down  the 
stream  of  time  till  we  approach  the  era  which  gave  birth  to  the 
Temperance  movement  of  modem  times,  we  find  Dr.  George 
Cheync,  in  1725,  commending  total  abstinence  as  the  most  natural, 
healthy,  and  safe  mode  of  living,  and  condemning  moderate 
drinking  as  imhealthy  and  dangerous.  Twenty-two  years  later 
Dr.  James  WTOte  strongly  against  dram  drinking,  and  boldly 
expre.ssed  his  admiration  of  the  Mohammedan  prohibition  of 
fermented  liquor.  Forty-seven  years  after  this,  wine  (i.e.  fer- 
mented wine)  was  stigmatised  by  Dr.  Darwin  as  "  a  pernicious 
luxury  in  common  use,  injuring  thousands."  Beddoes,  in  1802, 
inveighed  on  the  dangeis  of  drinking,  and  the  mischief 
from  wine    drank  constantly  in  moderation  in  enfeebling  the 


64  THE    MEDICAL    TEMPERANCE   MOVEMENT. 


mental  and  physical  powers.  Dr.  Trotter,  two  years  later^ 
characterised  beer  as  a  poisonous  beverage  and  dechired  that  wine 
strengthened  neither  body  nor  mind,  the  true  place  of  strong 
drink  (to  which  it  ought  to  be  confined)  being  the  apothecary's 
shop.  In  1829,  Dr.  John  Cheyne,  Physician-General  to  the  Forces 
in  Ireland,  exposed  the  fallacy  of  the  delusion  that  fermented 
wine  recruited  the  strength  in  bodily  or  mental  exhaustion,  and 
denounced  the  popular  belief  in  the  virtues  of  drink  as  one  of  the 
most  fatal  delusions  which  ever  took  possession  of  the  human 
mind.  In  America,  Dr.  Rush,  in  1795,  waged  a  bold  and  telling 
warfare  with  ardent  spirits,  and  was  followed  by  his  transatlantic 
confrkea  Dr.  Reuben  Mussey,  of  Salem  ;  Dr.  Torry ;  Dr.  B.  J. 
Clark ;  Dr.  John  Ware  ;  Dr.  Gamaliel  Bradford  ;  Dr.  Charles 
A.  Lee,  of  New  York  ;  Dr.  Flint  ;  Dr.  Jewell,  and  many  other 
medical  men. 

The  temperance  movement  began  in  Scotland,  in  1829,  with 
two  physicians  in  its  front  ranks,  Dr.  Charles  Ritchie,  of  Glasgow, 
and  Dr.  Kirk,  of  Greenock.  Among  the  managers  of  the  Hiber- 
nian Temperance  Society  in  Dublin,  in  1831,  were  Drs.  Cheyne» 
Harvey,  Adams,  Bevan,  and  Pope.  In  the  same  year  in  England, 
on  the  conmiittee  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Society, 
were  Sir  John  Webb,  M.D.  ;  Sir  James  McGregor,  M.D. ;  Sir 
Matthew  Tiemey,  M.D. ;  Sir  John  Richartlson,  M.D.  ;  Dr. 
Conquest ;  and  Dr.  Pidduck. 

In  the  total  abstinence  movement,  medical  men  took  an  active 
pai-t  from  the  first.  In  Scotland,  Dr.  Daniel  Richmond  and  Dr. 
Kirk  were  the  medical  pioneers  in  1832.  In  England,  at  an  even 
earlier  date,  Drs.  Beaumont,  Oxlcy,  Grindrod,  and  Mr.  Higgin. 
botham,  F.R.S.,  were  avowed  abstainers.  Soon  afterwards,  these 
were  followed  by  Drs.  Ferrier,  Menzies,  and  Bum,  of  Edinburgh  ; 
Mr.  Bennett,  of  Winterton  ;  Mr.  Mudge,  of  Bodmin  ;  and  Mr. 
Julius  Jeffreys,  F.R.S.  Since  the  date  of  Mr.  Jeffreys'  adhesion 
(1837)  a  long  succession  of  medical  practitioners  have  cast  in  their 
lot  with  the  total  abstainers,  notably  Professor  Miller,  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  Professor  Rolleston,  F.R.S.,  of  Oxford ;  Sir  Henry 
Thompson  ;  and  Dr.  B.  W.  Ricliardson,  F.R.S. 

The  many  important  published  Declarations  show  how  great 
an  interest  the  profession  have  taken  in  temi>erance  reform.    At 


THE    MEDICAL  TEMPERANCE   MOVEMENT.  65 

the  outset  of  the  movement,  Declaratioiis  against  even  the  most 
limited  use  of  ardent  spirits  were  signed  by  the  principal  practi- 
tionpifi  in  many  of  our  large  cities.  The  leading  doctors  in  Man- 
chester and  Bradford  irent  so  far  in  1830,  as  to  call  the  habitual 
Qse  of  intoxicating  liquors  "  not  only  unnecessary,  but  pernicious." 
Bat  there  were  three  Declarations  of  unusual  importance,  both 
from  their  language  and  the  standing  of  the  physicians  and  sur- 
geons who  signed  them. 

The  first,  in  1S39,  denied  that  wine,  beer,  or  spirit  is  beneficial 
to  health,  and  declared  such  stimulants  to  be  unnecessary  and  use- 
less in  either  large  or  small  quantities,  while  large  doses  (such  as 
miny  would  think  moderate)  were  injurious  to  everyone. 

The  second,  in  1847,  set  forth  the  compatibility  of  perfect  health 
with  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  beverages,  the  perfect 
safety  with  which  all  such  drink  could  be  given  up  either  suddenly 
or  gradually,  and  that  total  and  universal  abstinence  from  all  in- 
toxicating beverages  would  greatly  add  to  the  health,  prosperity, 
moralit}',  and  happiness  of  the  human  race. 

The  third,  in  1871,  recording  the  widespread  belief  that  the 
inconsiderate  prescription  of  large  quantities  of  alcoholic  liquids 
by  medical  men  had  given  rise  to  intemperance,  urged  the  need 
for  medical  practitioners  to  prescribe  these  liquors  only  under  a 
Bense  of  grave  responsibility,  and  to  order  it  with  as  much  care  as 
inj-  powerful  drug,  the  directions  for  its  use  being  so  framed  as 
not  to  be  interpreted  as  a  sanction  for  excess  or  necessarily  for  the 
continoance  of  its  use  when  the  occasion  had  passed. 

The  publication  of  the  Cantor  lectures,  and  other  works  on 
Aleohol,  by  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  gave  a  powerful  impetus  to 
the  cause,  and  the  controversy  in  the  CoTUemporary  Review  and 
other  periodicals,  with  the  medical  evidence  laid  before  the  Lords* 
Committee,  have  spread  much  light  on  the  true  nature  and  effects 
of  alcoholic  drinks,  while  stimulating  the  public  mind  to  a  search- 
ing critical  examination  of  the  scientific  claims  of  total  abstinence. 
The  medical  event  of  1880  was  the  annual  meeting  of  the  British 
Hedical  Association  at  Cambridge.  In  the  brilliance  of  the  recep- 
tion, and  in  the  attendance  of  men  of  learning  and  renown,  the 
Cambridge  session  of  this  influential  organisation  excelled  all  that 
bare  preceded  it.    It  is,  therefore,  all  the  more  gratifying  to  Tem- 

D 


66  THE    MEDICAL   TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT. 

perance  reformers  that,  on  an  occasion  of  such  unusual  importance, 
our  question  should  have  come  to  the  front  and  have  been  thoroughly 
considered  in  one  of  i  ts  most  important  phases.  It  has  hitherto  been 
the  custom  to  include  a  charge  for  alcoholic  drinks  in  the  ticket 
of  adm'ssion  to  the  annual  dinner.  This  is  manifestly  unfair,  and, 
moreover,  it  involves  a  great  moral  principle.  By  purchasing  a 
ticket,  including  a  payment  for  strong  drink,  the  abstainer  assumes 
a  share  of  the  responsibility  for  our  whole  drinking  system,  with 
all  the  tremendous  evils  arising  therefrom — evils  which  have  taxed 
the  utmost  efforts  of  tlie  Church  and  the  Stat«  to  cope  with  them. 
An  abstaining  member  of  the  Association  had  for  years  past  attempted 
to  have  this  injustice  remedied  privately,  but  witliout  success.  He 
was  thus  forced  to  bring  the  matter  before  the  first  general  meeting 
at  Cambridge.  Tlie  place  and  the  audience  combined  to  make  the 
occasion  memorable.  The  spacious  Senate  House  of  the  Univer- 
sity was  crowded  by  a  distinguished  company,  comprising,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  members  of  the  Association,  the  heads  of  the  University 
and  other  guests  of  distinction.  The  question  was  debated  with 
considerable  warmth  and  at  great  length,  and  it  was  finally  agreed 
to  unanimously,  on  the  motion  of  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  (London), 
seconded  by  Professor  McNaughton  Jones  (Cork),  that  "  in  the 
opinion  of  this  meeting  the  price  of  the  dinner  ticket  should  not 
include  a  charge  for  wine,  and  the  Committee  of  Council  are  re- 
quested to  provide  for  this  in  future."  Considering  the  novelty 
of  the  proposal,  and  the  great  weight  conferred  by  tlie  prescriptive 
right  of  the  usages  of  successive  years,  no  one  could  have  antici- 
pated so  early  a  victory.  The  fact  that  nearly  all  those  who  took 
part  in  the  discussion,  though  not  abstainers,  recognised  the  fairness 
of  tlie  proposed  cliange,  is  a  most  auspicious  omen.  As  the  Editor 
of  the  British  Medical  Journal  remarked,  when  commenting  on 
the  proceedings,  the  number  of  abstainers,  both  among  the  general 
public  and  the  profession,  is  now  so  great,  and  their  motive  so 
praiseworthy,  as  to  make  their  habits  and  wishes  worthy  of  public 
recognition.  We  regard  this  unlooked-for  triumph  as  but  the 
earnest  of  better  days  to  come,  when  educated  men  will  exclude 
all  intoxicating  drinks  from  their  social  gatherings,  and  thus  set 
the  highest  possible  example  of  sobriety  and  moderation  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  table.     We  look  forward  to  the  commendable 


THE   MEDICAL   TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT.  67 

resolution  of  the  British  Medical  Association  acting  as  an  incentive 
to  the  supporters  of  all  philanthropic  and  religious  societies  to  go 
and  do  likewise.  The  resolve  to  separate  the  wine-bill  from  the 
dinner-bill,  so  happily  come  to  at  Cambridge,  has  been  made 
known  by  the  Press  throughout  the  countr}'.  Some  newspapers 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  say  that  this  step  Ti-ill  prove  the  beginning  of 
a  revolution  in  our  public  dinners,  apart  altogether  from  the 
simple  question  of  alcohoL  If  such  should  eventually  be  the 
resjult  no  one  will  be  grieved.  The  extravagance  of  the  expendi- 
ture and  the  immoderation  in  eating  characterising  many  of  our 
chief  banquets  are  as  indecorous  as  they  are  stupid  ;  and  if  the  time 
usually  spent  in  wading  through  the  too-numerous  courses  were 
i;hortene<l  by  one-half,  much  money  would  be  saved  and  much 
after  bodily  disquietude  prevented.  The  mistaken  idea  put  for- 
ward by  some  organs  of  public  opinion  that  the  exclusion  of  strong 
drink  would  interfere  with  the  amenities  of  tlie  occasion,  is  quite 
unfounded.  Temperance  banquets  on  a  large  scale  are  not  un- 
known to  politicians,  witness  the  recent  dinner  to  the  Marquis  of 
Hartington  ;  and  in  many  parts  of  America  nearly  all  public 
banquets  are  celebrated  without  alcohol.  How  pleasant  would  it 
be  to  banish  fermented  drinks  from  our  social  festivals,  and 
replace  their  dangerous  fascination  by  the  innocence  and  grace  of 
woman,  of  whose  presence  at  a  temperance  dinner  of  tlie  New- 
York  Mercantile  Library,  in  1842,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  char- 
mingly sings : — 

"  She  bids  qb  antwine, 
From  U16  cup  it  encircles,  the  fast-olingiDg  vine ; 
Bat  her  cheek  in  its  crystal  with  pleasure  will  glow, 
And  mirror  its  gloom  in  the  dark  waves  bvlow ! " 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  step  taken  by  the  most  influential 
medical  organisation  in  the  world,  supported  as  the  parent  body 
IB  by  the  majority  of  its  branches,  will  wield  a  powerful  influence 
on  the  habits  and  usages  prevailing  at  public  festivals  in  Britain. 
Our  medical  friends  have  at  length  set  an  example  in  the  direction 
of  Temperance,  which  the  educated  and  Christian  world  may  be 
expected  ere  long  to  emulate. 
At  the  magnificent  medical  gathering  at  Cambridge,  Temperance, 

D  2 


68  THE    MEDICAL   TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT. 

in  many  of  its  aspects,  was  fully  treated  of.  In  the  Physiological 
Section  there  was  a  long  and  elaborate  discussion  on  Alcohol  and 
Insanity.  Dr.  Bacon  accused  the  advocates  of  Temperance  of  exag- 
gerating the  influence  of  alcohol  as  a  factor  in  the  production  of 
insanity.  Dr.  Sutherland  thought  that  11  per  cent,  of  our  insanity 
was  caused  by  alcohol.  Dr.  Fletcher  Beach  found  that  parental 
intemperance  caused  insanity  among  patients  under  his  care  to 
the  extent  of  31*6  per  cent.  Dr.  Hack  Tuke  thought  that  12  to 
13  per  cent,  of  our  mental  unsoundness  was  due  to  drink.  Dr. 
Shuttleworth  had  not  found  more  than  5  per  cent,  of  the  idiots 
he  had  to  do  with  had  been  made  so  by  parental  drinking.  But 
Dr.  Beach's  patients  were  poor,  while  liis  own  were  generally  well 
off.  Dr.  James  Edmunds  admitted  the  difficulty  of  determining 
between  intemperance  a  cause  and  intemperance  a  symptom  of 
insanity ;  but  there  could  be  no  doubt  that  alcohol  was  a  substantial 
producer  of  madness.  Dr.  Seaton  did  not  believe  insanity  could 
be  caused  by  drinking.  Dr.  Down  had  no  doubt  that  idiocy  was 
the  product  of  intemperance ;  he  had  known  four  such  cases.  Dr. 
Harrington  Tuke  had  never  met  with  general  paralysis  produced 
by  alcohol.  Dr.  Kidge  said  that  where  alcohol  was  not  the  sole 
cause,  it  was  very  often  a  contributory  cause ;  moreover,  it  was 
a  purely  preventible  cause.  Dr.  Bnishfield  disapproved  of  both 
extreme  statements,  that  alcohol  causes  the  bulk  of  insanity,  and 
that  alcohol  causes  no  insanity.  Dr.  Bateman  thought  neiu'ly 
33  per  cent,  of  insanity  was  due  to  alcohol.  Dr.  Eastwood 
preferred  the  mean  between  Lord  Shaftesbury's  estimate  of  50 
per  cent,  and  Dr.  Seaton's  of  none  at  all.  Dr.  TumbuU  had 
not  been  able  to  trace  a  single  case  of  idiocy  to  parental  drinking. 
Dr.  Crichton  Browne,  F.R.S.,  president  of  the  section,  had  care- 
fully analysed  the  records  of  500  cases  of  insanity,  and  he  had 
found  15  per  cent,  attributable,  directly  or  indirectly,  to. alcohol. 
Dr.  Browne  strongly  defended  the  reliability  of  the  statistics  of  the 
Commissioners  in  Lunacy.  Mr.  Mould  said  that  in  Manchester 
many  cases  of  general  paralysis  were  caused  by  drink.  Dr.  Martin 
was  satisfied  that  the  difference  in  the  proportion  of  insane  cases 
arising  from  drinking  varied  in  accordance  with  the  difference  in 
the  drinking  habits  of  the  people  of  the  various  districts.  Dr. 
Stewart  said  the  statistics  given  that  day  did  not  deal  with  the 


THE    MEDICAL   TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT.  69 

whole  qnestion.  Much  mental  disease  arose  from  drink.  Dr 
Chevallier  did  not  believe  mnch  in  statistics,  but  quite  disagreed 
with  Dr.  Seaton.  Since  the  meeting  it  has  been  pointed  out 
by  several  writers  that  Dr.  Bacon  was  mistaken  in  imputing 
exaggerated  statements  on  this  subject  to  temperance  advocates. 
These  latter  had  originated  no  statistics  whatever.  They  simply 
quoted  the  deliverances  of  medical  and  other  alienist  experts. 
Dr.  Bacon's  quarrel,  therefore,  was  with  his  own  colleagues,  with 
the  chairman  of  an  asylum,  and  with  the  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
miasioners  in  Lunacy.  Temperance  reformers  are  quite  content 
to  await  the  deliberate  verdict  of  the  most  skilled  and  competent 
medical  jmyy  well  knowing  that,  whatever  the  truth,  the  amount 
of  insanity,  both  directly  and  indirectly,  caused  by  alcohol,  is  more 
than  enough  to  call  for  the  most  strenuous  efforts  of  all  who  are 
interested  in  the  mental  and  moral  health  of  the  people. 

In  the  Public  Health  Section,  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  read  a  paper 
on  "  The  Effect  of  Alcoholic  Excess  on  the  Death-rate."  Professor 
Adandy  F.R.S.,  the  President  of  the  Medical  Council,  was  in  the 
chair.  No  attempt  was  made  to  invalidate  the  accuracy  of  the 
reader^s  estimate  of  the  annual  mortality  from  intemperance,  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  viz.,  40,500  from  personal  habits,  and 
79,500  from  poverty,  starvation,  accident,  or  violence  arising  from 
the  excessive  indulgence  of  others.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  com- 
mented on  at  Cambridge,  that  though  many  medical  men  have, 
since  the  publication  of  Dr.  Kerr's  estimate,  conducted  inquiries 
into  Uie  numbers  of  the  slain  by  drink,  nearly  every  one  has  put 
the  direct  mortality  from  personal  inebriety  much  higher  than  he 
has  done.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  British  Medical  Association 
will  institate  an  extended  and  minute  inquiry  into  this  serious 
question,  so  that  we  may  be  able  to  form  some  definite  idea  of  the 
minimum  amount  of  the  fatality  annually  occasioned  by  the  use 
(^  that  irritant  narcotic  against  which  we  are  ever  waging  constant 
warfare. 

The  Breakfast  given  by  Mr.  Bowly,  the  President  of  the  League, 
was  an  unmistakable  success.  The  attendance  was  very  lai^, 
and  the  weighty  words  of  such  men  of  mark  in  the  profession  as 
ProfesKV  (yConnor,  Professor  Aitken,  and  Mr.  Lund,  will  have 
their  due  influence  on  the  medical  mind.    No  department  of  the 


70  THE    MEDICAL    TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT. 


League's  multifarious  work  has  been  more  fruitful  than  this 
unique  mode  of  reaching  the  members  of  literary  and  scientific 


congresses. 


Brussels  was  the  seat  of  the  second  Congress  for  the  study  of 
Alcoholism.  British  medical  abstainers  were  well  represented. 
Mr.  Harrison  Branthwaite  read  an  interesting  account  of  a  large 
number  of  experiments  conducted  by  himself  on  various  persons, 
showing  that  ethylic  alcohol,  even  in  small  doses,  lowered  tempera- 
ture. Drs.  Lunier  and  others  accepted  the  result  of  these  experi- 
ments. Dr.  David  Brodie  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Physiological  and 
Pathogenic  Action  of  Ethylic  Alcohol,"  contending  that,  lessening 
the  amount  of  carbonic  acid  eliminated  from  the  lungs  and  lowering 
the  temperature,  alcohol  was  not  a  food.  Dr.  Brodie  held  that 
alcohol  was  not  decomposed  in  the  system.  This  paper  gave  rise 
to  an  expression  of  divergent  views  :  some  members  of  the  Congress 
agreeing  with,  and  others  dissenting  from.  Dr.  Brodie*s  opinions 
on  the  behaviour  of  alcohol  in  the  living  body.  The  somewhat 
new  and  very  sad  subject  of  transmitted  alcoholism  was  treated  of 
by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  in  a  paper  on  "  The  Influence  of  the  Alcoholism 
of  Parents  on  the  Constitution  and  Health  of  their  Children."  Tlie 
law  of  heredity  in'alcohokwas  fully  stated,  and  illustrations  wen* 
given  of  its  operation  in  the  person  of  every  member  of  certain 
families.  The  author  explained  the  probable  manner  in  which  the 
alcoholism  of  one  or  both  parents  affected  the  unborn  child.  The 
only  conclusion  he  could  arrive  at  was  that,  to  secure  safety  for 
the  subjects  of  this  dread  law,  all  alcoholic  beverages  should  be 
excluded  fiom^the  sacred  ordinances  of  religion  as  well  as  from  the 
family  hearth  and  the  social  circle  ;  and  the  common  sale  of  such 
powerful  incentives  to  the  besetting  sin  of  these  weighted  ones 
should  be  totally  prohibited  by  the  State.  Dr.  Lunier  supported 
the  views  of  the  author  on  alcoholic  heredity. 

An  event  of  the  year  was  an  important  address  by  Professor 
Acland,  at  a  meeting  held  in  Exeter  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Bishop.  The  learned  Professor,  wliile  declining  to  say  that 
alcohol  was  poisonous  in  all  circumstances,  pointed  out  the  dan- 
gers inseparable  from  constant  limited  drinking,  and  dwelt  on  the 
great  risk  attending  the  free  and  routine  prescription  of  alcohol 
as  a  medicine.    Professor  A  eland's  deliverance  was  well  weighed, 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH.  7 1 


and  afforded  ample  basis  for  a  superstructure  of  total  abstinence 
from  alcohol  as  a  social  beverage. 

The  British  Medical  Temperance  Association,  under  the  wit»e 
guidance  of  its  president  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  has  done  excellent 
service.  It  now  numbers  about  250  members,  its  bond  of  union 
being  personal  abstinence.  The  Association  has  held  quarterly 
meetings,  at  which  papers  have  been  read  by  Drs.  Alfred  Carpen- 
ter, Drysdale,  Norman  Kerr,  Ridge,  Edmunds,  Vacher,  and  other 
members.  At  Cambridge  the  members  had  a  temperance  lun- 
cheon at  which  Dr.  J.  Thompson,  J.P.,  Bideford,  presided.  Alto- 
gether, much  progress  has  been  made  by  temperance  principles  in 
the  medical  profession,  and  we  doubt  not  that  a  revolution  is 
quietly  going  on  in  the  medical  mind  on  all  phases  of  the  alcohol 
question.  Once  the  medical  conscience  is  awakened  to  their  duty 
in  the  alleviation  of  that  terrible  evil  which  so  ravages  our  best 
and  dearest  interests,  we  are  confident  the  practitioners  of 
medicine  will  occupy  the  foremost  place  in  the  van  of  the  great 
Temperance  aiiny. 


TEMPERANCE  IN  THE  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH. 
By  Michael  Youno,  London. 

As  each  year  "  passeth  away  "  it  is  well  to  take  a  review  of  it. 
Encouraging  words  only  in  regard  to  Temperance  can  be  written 
of  the  year  1880.  In  no  previous  one  during  the  fifty  years' 
course  of  the  Temperance  Reformation  has  a  deeper  impression 
been  made  on  the  national  mind.  The  Church  has  influenced 
the  State,  and  the  State  has  animated  the  Church.  In  the 
Imperial  Senate,  as  well  as  in  the  Christian  Church,  the  queFlion 
of  Temperance  has  attracted  a  greater  share  of  consideration  and 
evoked  a  juster  meed  of  commendation. 

The  centenary  of  Sunday  Schools  has  recently  had  a  fitting 
commemoration.  While  the  Sunday  School  system  was  yet  in 
its  infancy,  the  author  of  the  "  Wealth  of  Nations  "  wrote  con- 
cerning it :  "  No  plan  has  promised  to  effect  a  change  of  manners 


72  TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH. 

Avith  equal  ease  and  simplicity  since  the  days  of  the  apostles/' 
The  prediction  then  uttered  would  have  had  a  more  complete 
fulfilment  but  for  the  prevalence  of  intemperance.  The  good 
done  has,  in  numberless  instances,  been  undone  by  this  potent 
evil.  Many  a  bud  of  promise  has  been  destroyed  by  its  blighting 
touch.  It  has  not,  however,  been  suffered  to  desolate  unchecked. 
Fifty  years  ago  another  plan  of  "  ease  and  simplicity  "  for  regene- 
rating the  habits  of  the  people  was  devised,  and  evidences  of  its 
wisdom,  practicability,  and  effectiveness  are  seen  on  every  hand. 
In  the  Temperance  Movement  the  Christian  Church  has  found  a 
helper,  and  the  Sunday  School  is  unquestionably  the  safer  and 
stronger  for  the  aid  of  its  Band  of  Hope. 

In  celebrating  the  jubilee  of  the  Temperance  Reformation  a 
few  months  since,  a  fair  share  of  interest  was  excited  ;  but,  looking 
at  its  vast  importance,  a  still  greater  amount  of  cnthusiam  might 
have  been  enkindled.  The  Christian  Church,  nevertheless,  is 
surely,  if  slowly,  recognising  the  claims  of  Temperance  ;  and  the 
co-operation  of  the  future  may  be  expected  to  far  exceed  that  of 
the  past.  With  more  respect  and  forbearance  the  abstainer  and 
non-abstainer  now  view  each  other's  position.  The  hard  words 
used  on  both  sides  are  becoming  things  of  the  past ;  and  the 
belief  is  more  surely  held  that  every  human  being  influenced  for 
good  is  an  influence,  often  measureless,  for  good  to  others. 

The  right  place  of  Temperance  is,  without  doubt,  in  the 
Church.  From  thence,  as  a  centre,  it  should  radiate  till  men 
cverj'where  are  taught  to  live  "  soberly."  A  glance  at  its  state 
in  both  the  conformist  and  nonconformist  sections  of  the  Christian 
Church  will  show  that  the  advocacy  of  fifty  years  has  not  been  in 
vain.    Labour  has  its  reward. 

"  LoTC,  work,  and  pray,  aod  day  by  day 
The  stream  will  faster  flow ; 
It  rests  with  thee,  if  Time  shall  be 
A  river  swift  or  alow." 

The  Church  op  England  prosecutes  its  labours  with  imabated 
vigour.  Six  years  ago  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society 
was  inaugurated  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  on  its  present 
enlarged  basis,  and  gratifying  results  have  followed.     In  twenty 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH.  73 

dioceses  over  219,000  members  are  now  enrolled,  while  ngencietj 
and  branches  are  extending.  On  Sunday,  the  18tli  April,  about 
200  sermons,  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  were  preached  in  and 
around  London. 

The  report  of  the  Society's  operations  for  the  past  year  is  an 
important  document,  and  many  of  the  executive's  suggestions  for 
future  effort  are  yaluable  and  practical.  With  a  large  annual 
income,  and  having  more  than  3,000  abstaining  clergymen,  inclu- 
ding four  distinguisbed  Bishops — Durham,  Exeter,  Gloucester,  and 
Kochester — to  aid  by  their  example  and  influence,  the  Church  of 
England  Temperance  Society  occupies  an  eminent  position  for 
the  promotion  of  perfect  sobriety. 

The  Baptists  have  not  forgotten  their  first  love.  Their  early 
zeal  in  the  work  of  Temperance  reform  continues  to  quicken. 
The  latest  report  of  the  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association  gives 
a  membership  of  510  ministers,  288  deacons  and  members,  and 
214  students,  making  a  total  of  1,012 — an  increase  of  72  for  the 
year.  It  is  moreover  probable  that  the  membership  of  the 
Association  does  not  represent  the  full  strength  of  abstaining 
Baptist  ministers. 

The  \Tsits  of  deputations  to  the  Baptist  Colleges  have  been 
attended  with  marked  success.  Two  years  ago  the  number  of 
students  was  262,  of  whom  120  were  abstainers  ;  now  there  are 
210  abstaining  students  out  of  a  total  of  286,  being  a  proportion 
of  three-fourths. 

In  the  Bible  Christian  Connexion  the  Temperance  move- 
ment has  found  much  favour.  All  the  ministers,  about  300  in 
number,  are  abstainers,  and  the  students  follow  the  e^^ample.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  members  are  also  firm  adherents  of  tem- 
perance. On  the  home  stations  there  are  35,980  Sunday  scholars, 
of  whom  14,468  are  members  of  Bands  of  Hope  ;  and  out  of 
7,281  teachers  4,247  are  abstainers.  At  the  Conference  in  Bristol, 
in  August  last,  two  temperance  meetings  were  held. 

The  Calvinibtic  Methodists  of  Wales  have  always  been 
earnest  Temperance  reformers.  For  several  years  total  abstinence 
was  a  condition  of  membership,  but  in  the  course  of  time  the  rule 
became  relaxed  and  indifference  followed.  A  revived  feeling, 
however,  was  awakened  a  few  years  back,  and  since  then  total 


74  TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH. 


abstinence  has  continued  to  advance.  With  few  exceptions  the 
ministers,  numbering  nearly  600,  are  abstainers,  and  the  same 
may  be  said  of  the  90  students.  A  great  number  of  the  members 
are  also  abstainers,  and  in  some  churches  the  vast  majority  are. 

The  C0NOREOATIONALI8TB  are  working  vigorously  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  Temperance  enterprise.  Since  its  formal  intro- 
duction in  the  Congregational  Union  in  1868  increasing  attention 
has  been  drawn  to  it.  The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence 
Association  especially,  by  sending  deputations  to  both  churches 
and  colleges,  has  been  able  to  accomplish  much.  As  the  result  of 
such  visitations,  thirty-five  new  societies  have  been  formed  during 
the  year.  A  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Association  is  now 
presented  monthly  in  the  Christian  Family.  Occasional  papers 
are  also  issued. 

Of  the  2,039  Congregational  ministers  in  England,  719  are 
known  to  be  abstainers  ;  and  of  the  527  in  Wales,  105  arc 
avowedly  abstainers.  It  is,  however,  l)elieved  that  the  proportion 
of  abstainers  is  much  larger  than  is  at  present  known.  In  Ches- 
huat,  Hackney,  Lancashire,  New,  and  Spring  Hill  Colleges,  there 
are  192  students,  of  whom  136  are  abstainer.*!,  the  proportion 
having  increased  for  the  vear. 

The  Society  op  Friends  give  abundant  proofs  of  their  con- 
tinued devotedness  to  the  Temperance  movement.  In  the  Epistle 
issued  by  the  Yearly  Meeting  for  1880  the  following  paragraph  is 
noteworthy  :  "  The  important  subject  of  the  manufacture,  sale, 
and  use  of  intoxicating  liquids  has  on  this,  as  on  many  former 
occasions,  claimed  our  serious  deliberation.  We  have  recurred  to 
the  counsel  issued  by  this  meeting  from  time  to  time,  and  espe- 
cially to  the  appeal  addressed  by  us  to  Friends  in  1874.  We 
have  concluded  to  re-issue  the  appeal,  desiring  that  all  our 
members  may  prayerfully  consider  what  may  be  their  duty,  in- 
dividually and  collectively,  in  aiding  the  endeavour  to  change 
the  prevailing  drinking  customs  of  our  coimtry,  which  are  so 
prolific  a  source  of  misery  and  crime."  The  appeal  referred  to  is 
a  beautiful  example  of  faithful,  affectionate  exhortation,  and  of 
"  fen'ent  charity." 

The  great  majority  of  the  Friends  are  abstainers  ;  and  the 
holding  of  the  meeting  of  the  Friends'  Temperance  Union  has. 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE   CHRISTIAN    CHURCH.  75 

for  several  years,  had  a  recognised  position  in  the  arrangcmenU 
of  the  Yearly  Meeting. 

The  Methodist  New  Connexion  has  for  sevend  years  given 
special  attention  to  the  Band  of  Hope  movement.  With  the  view 
of  forming  Temperance  societies  in  connection  with  the  congrega- 
tions, it  was  resolved,  at  the  Conference  of  1879,  to  change  the 
name  of  the  organisation  to  "  The  Methodist  New  Connexion 
Temperance  and  Band  of  Hope  Union  "  ;  and  tliat  the  objects  of 
the  Union  may  be  brought  under  the  special  attention  of  the 
congregations,  it  was  recommended,  at  the  Conference  held  at 
Longton  in  June  last,  to  set  apart  the  first  or  second  Sunday  in 
September  to  the  preaching  of  sermons  in  the  cliapels,  and  de- 
Uvering  addresses  in  the  schools. 

The  number  of  ministers  is  about  190,  of  whom  more  than  one- 
half  are  abstainers.  All  the  students  abstain  ;  and  in  tlie  Bands 
of  Hope  there  are  about  19,000  members. 

The  New  Church,  conunonly  called  the  New  Jerusalem 
Church,  is  identifying  itself  more  closely  with  the  Temperance 
movement.  In  connection  with  the  Swedenborgian  Conference, 
then  sitting  at  Liverpool,  a  large  temperance  meeting  was  held 
on  the  11th  August,  when  addresses  were  delivered  by  some  of 
the  most  popular  and  influential  ministers  of  the  denomination, 
including  the  secretary  and  treasurer  of  tlie  Conference.  It  was 
resolved  to  form  a  general  society  for  the  whole  of  the  cluirch. 
About  one-third  of  the  ministers  are  abstainers,  and,  in  several  of 
the  congregations.  Temperance  Societies  and  Bands  of  Hope  have 
been  formed  for  some  time. 

The  Primitive  Methodists  were  among  the  earliest  Temperance 
reformers,  and  their  zeal  in  promoting  total  abstinence  incre^iseB 
from  year  to  year.  Rules  for  the  establishment  of  Bands  of  Hope 
throughout  the  connexion  were  adopted  by  the  Conference  in 
1879,  and  published  in  the  "  Minutes  *'  for  the  guidance  of  the 
school-managers  and  circuit  meetings ;  and  rules  for  the  cstab- 
Hshment  of  a  Connexional  Temperance  League  were  proposed  at 
the  Conference  in  Great  Grimsby  in  June  last,  but,  through  lack 
of  time,  were  postponed  till  next  Conference.  Enthusiastic  tem- 
perance meetings  were  held  as  usual  in  connection  with  the 
seniona  of  Conference  :  the  closing  of  public-houses  on  Sundays, 


76  TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH. 

and  the  Local  Option  movement  were  cordially  supported  by 
suitable  petitions  forwarded  to  Parliament.  The  affiliated  Con- 
ference in  Canada  is  even  more  advanced  than  the  English  in  the 
temperance  cause. 

The  number  of  ministers  is  about  1,000,  and  nine-tenths 
of  them  are  abstainers.  Fully  90  per  cent,  of  the  15,000  local 
preachers,  and  all  the  students  in  the  Theological  Institution,  also 
abstain. 

In  the  Presbyterian  Church  op  England  the  position  of 
the  Temperance  question  becomes  increasingly  encouraging.  The 
Committee  on  the  subject,  appointed  by  the  Synod  of  1879,  sub- 
mitted their  report  to  the  Synod  meeting  in  Dr.  Donald  Eraser's 
church,  London,  on  the  28th  April  last.  The  suggestions  and 
recommendations  of  several  of  the  Presbyteries,  embodied  in  the 
report,  were  very  valuable.  Among  other  suggestions  the  London 
Presbytery  recommended  that  means  be  taken  to  bring  before 
members  and  adherents  the  importance  of  personal  example,  and 
that  the  use  of  alcoholic  beverages  "  at  Synod  and  Presbytery 
dinners,  and  other  gatherings  in  connection  with  the  Church" 
should  be  discouraged.  The  following  resolution  was  ultimately 
agreed  to  : —  - 

"That  the  Synod  recommend  minister?,  office-bearers,  and 
members  to  discourage  all  customs  tending  to  foster  intemperance, 
and  to  seek,  individually  and  as  congregations  and  Presbyteries, 
to  influence  licensing  boards  and  the  legislature,  so  that  restrictions 
may  be  put  on  the  number  of  houses  and  on  the  times  of  sale." 

There  are  about  260  ministers  in  the  Church  altogether,  one- 
half  of  whom,  it  is  believed,  are  abstainers.  The  majority  of  the 
students  in  attendance  at  the  Presbyterian  College  are  also 
abstainers.  There  are  three  scholarships  of  considerable  value 
attached  to  the  college  which  can  only  be  held  by  students  who 
abstain  from  alcohol  and  tobacco.  So  far  as  it  is  Icno^Ti,  no  other 
bursariesvin  any  college  have  like  conditions. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  is  doing  much  in  the  needed 
work  of  Temperance  reform.  The  League  of  the  Cross,  founded 
six  years  ago  by  Cardinal  Manning,  has  growni  with  extra- 
ordinary rapidity  throughout  Great  Britain.  In  London  alone 
it  numbers  thirty-one  branches,  comprising  35,000  active  mem* 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH.  77 


bers,  and  during  the  six  years  of  its  ealablishment  179,000 
pledges  bave  been  administered  in  the  metropolis  through  its 
instrumentality.  During  the  past  year  27,000  persons  took  the 
pledge  at  the  weekly  meetings  ;  five  new  branches  were  opened, 
and  about  2,500  were  enrolled  in  the  League.  There  were  in 
addition  forty  open-air  meetings,  two  great  meetings  in  Exeter 
HaU,  and  a  meeting  in  Hyde  Park  at  which  25,000  persons  were 
computed  to  be  present.  The  annual  gathering  in  the  Crystal 
Palace  was  also  most  successful,  a  large  number  of  priests  being 
amoDg  the  assembled  thousands. 

The  Unitarian  Church  has  not  yet  taken  any  united  action 
on  the  Temperance  question,  but  at  ministerial  and  other  meet- 
ings the  subject  comes  up  for  consideration  from  time  to  time. 
In  several  of  the  congregations  Bands  of  Hope  are  established. 
There  are  about  380  Unitarian  ministers  ;  forty,  at  least,  are 
known  to  be  abstainers.  This  number,  it  is  believed,  does  not 
represent  the  whole  of  the  abstainers  among  them.  Several  of 
the  i<tudents  in  Manchester  New  College  (the  Theological  Institu- 
tion of  the  denomination)  also  abstain. 

In  the  United  Methodist  Free  Churches  a  more  complete 
organisation  for  the  promotion  of  Temperance  has  been  resolved 
upon.  The  Committee  on  Temperance,  appointed  at  the  Annual 
Assembly  in  1879,  presented  a  report  to  the  Assembly,  held  at 
Leeds?,  in  August  last,  recommending  the  formation  of  a  Con- 
nexional  Association,  to  be  called  the  "  Free  Methodist  Tempe- 
rance League."  The  report  was  adopted.  The  membership  is  to 
consist  exclusively  of  total  abstainers  ;  and  it  is  intended  to  en- 
gage an  agent,  whose  whole  time  shall  be  devoted  to  Temj^erance 
work.  At  the  public  temperance  meeting  there  was  a  large  and 
enthusiastic  audience.  The  ministers  in  the  home  Churches 
number  about  350,  and  the  great  majority  of  them  abstain.  In 
the  Theological  Institution  of  the  denomination,  at  Manchester, 
all  the  students  are  abstainers. 

In  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Connexion  the  Temperance 
question  is  rapidly  advancing.  Tlie  report  presented  to  the  Con- 
ference on  the  5th  August,  by  its  Temperance  Committee,  showed 
that  there  are  1,831  Bands  of  Hope,  with  178,207  members,  an 
increase  during  the  last  twelve  months  of  331  Bands  of  Hope,  and 


78  TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    CHRISTIAN    CHURCH. 


41,578  members,  in  addition  to  117  Temperance  Societies,  orga- 
nised according  to  Conference  rules,  with  8,1 24  members.  The 
Band  of  Hope  members  are  all  pledged  abstainers,  but  the 
membership  of  the  Temperance  Societies  includes  abstainers  and 
non-abstainers.  Tlie  Conference  recommended  that  on  Sunday, 
the  12th  December,  1880,  special  reference  should  be  made  in  all 
Wesleyan  places  of  worship  to  the  evils  of  intemperance  which 
still  prevail  to  so  lamentable  an  extent  in  this  and  other  lands. 

In  England  and  "Wales  the  Wesleyan  ministers  number  about 
1,600,  and  it  is  computed  that  700  of  them  are  abstainers.  In 
the  Wesleyan  Theological  Institutions  there  are  about  200  students, 
the  great  majority  of  whom  abstain  from  all  intoxicating  drinks. 

Scotland  is  not  behind  England  and  Wales  in  aggressive  efforts 
for  the  promotion  of  Temperance.  The  Church  of  Scotland  with 
its  200  abstaining  ministers,  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  with 
its  300,  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  with  its  220,  the 
Evangelical  Union  with  all  its  ministers,  the  Congregatioualists, 
Baptists  and  others,  are  waging  a  good  warfare  against  intem- 
perance. 

Ireland,  too,  is  bearing  an  honourable  part  in  the  good  fight. 
Fully  two-thirds  of  the  ministers  of  the  Presbyterian  Churches 
are  practically  abstainers.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  as 
well  as  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  is  evincing  greater  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  Temperance  from  year  to  year.  The  other  Churches 
in  Ireland  are  giving  proofs  of  co-operation. 

The  Christian  Church  has  at  length  assumed  its  true  position 
in  the  mission  of  Temperance.  It  is  a  simple  act  of  justice  and 
grace  to  say  that  the  National  Temperance  League  has  contributed 
in  no  small  degree  to  such  a  result.  One  denomination  after 
another  has  been  led,  by  the  League's  action,  to  take  a  deeper 
interest  in  the  Temperance  Reformation.  Much  still  remains  to 
be  done,  but  the  future  is  big  with  hope.  Temperance  knows 
neither  sect  nor  creed  ;  it  is  for  all  and  for  the  good  of  all. 


EDUCATION  AND  TEMPERANCE.  79 


EDUCATION   AND  TEMPERANCE. 
By  T.  M.  Williams,  B.A., 

Jiuptetor  of8ekool9t  London. 

The  efforts  which  have  been  made  within  recent  years  to  infuse 
into  the  ordinary  work  of  our  public  elementary  schools  the  system- 
atic inculcation  of  the  physiological  facts  which  are  explanatory 
of  the  properties  of  Alcohol  and  its  action  on  the  human  con- 
stitution, have  been  attended  with  a  large  measure  of  success. 
The  deplorable  consequences  which  result  from  the  continued  use 
of  alcoholic  drinks,  are,  unfortunately,  as  obvious  to  the  young 
as  they  are  to  the  old  ;  for,  in  the  young,  the  observing  and  imita- 
tive faculties  are  the  first  to  manifest  and  develop  themselves  : 
but  the  physical  causes  of  these  consequences  are  not  usually 
known  to  children  ;  and,  until  very  lately,  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  bring  these  causes  within  the  range  of  their  observation 
and  within  the  grasp  of  their  intelligence.     But, 

"  It  is  not  now  ai  it  has  been  of  yore ; " 

the  whole  aspect  of  things  has  become  changed  ;  the  outlook 
has  become  more  cheerful ;  for  the  Temperance  question  has,  by 
this  time,  found  its  way  into  the  curriculum  of  our  Board  and 
Voluntary  Schools,  and  some  of  u?  would,  therefore,  be  tempted 
to  Ray  that  we  can  at  last  see  '*  the  beginning  of  the  end.'' 

On  August  5th,  1875,  it  was  unanimously  resolved,  at  a  large 
and  representative  gathering  of  doctors,  held  at  Edinburgh,  in 
connection  with  the  Annual  Meetings  of  the  British  Medical 
Association— 

"  That  steps  be  taken  to  indace  the  School  Boards  of  the  coun* 
try  to  inclade  among  the  subjects  of  inatrnction  in  elementary 
Schools  an  accnrate  knowledge  of  the  teaching  of  chemical  and 
physical  science  respecting  intoxicating  boTerages." 

This  was  clearly  a  move  in  the  right  direction,  and  served  to 
awaken  the  friends  of  the  temperance  cause  throughout  the 
country  to  a  realisation  of  the  fact  that  the  speedy  success  of  the 
cause  demanded  that  the  physical  laws  which  relate  to   the 


80  EDUCATION   AND    TEMPERANCE. 


properties  of  alcoholic  beverages  and  their  mischievous  effects  on 
the  system,  should  be  made  intelligible  to  the  little  children  of 
our  schools. 

The  seeds  which  were  sown'more  than  twenty  years  ago  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Knox  in  the  very  able  letters  on  "  Temperance  in  School 
Books "  which  he  addressed  to  the  Editor  of  the  Comitumwealili 
newspaper,  Mr.  Robert  Rae,  were  evidently  now  bearing  fruii. 
The  National  Temperance  League  had^  from  the  very  outset,  lent 
a  willing  and  sympathetic  ear  to  Mr.  Knox's  eloq[uent  appeal,  and 
has  for  many  years  shown  its  appreciation  of  the  value  of  Mr. 
Knox's  suggestions  and  the  cogency  of  his  reasoning  by  arranging 
conferences  with  teachers  in  London  and  the  provinces,  by  inviting 
teachers  to  Exeter  Hall  and  other  places  to  hear  addresses  from  the 
leading  advocates  of  the  Temperance  cause,  and  by  deputing  com- 
petent men  to  visit  the  Training  Colleges  and  to  discuss  the  subject 
of  Temperance  in  all  its  aspects  with  the  students  and  the  authori- 
ties. But  now — that  is  to  say  since  1875— the  League  took  a  further 
step,  and  induced  Dr.  Richardson  and  Dr  Ridge  to  write  the  Tem- 
perance text-book^  which  are  identified  with  their  names,  and 
which  books,  I  find,  are  rapidly  winning  their  way  to  general  accep- 
tance, and  have  already  gained  access  into  the  Board  Schools  of 
London  and  some  of  the  largest  provincial  towns.  Dr«  Richardson's 
book  has  been  sanctioned  for  adoption  in  many  of  the  schools  in  New 
Zealand,  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  a  Dutch  translation 
of  it  has  been  in  circulation  in  Holland  for  some  titne.  When 
I  add  that  there  are  other  books  on  the  subject  suitable  for  young 
children,  and  that  many  of  the  ordinary  reading  books  in  use  in 
elementary  schools  contain  special  lessons  on  the  subject,  it  will 
be  at  once  seen  that  the  teachers  of  the  present  day  have  constant 
and  varied  opportunities  for  presenting  it — the  great  subject  of 
the  day — before  the  minds  of  their  pupils,  and  thereby  contri- 
buting materially  towards  checking  the  growth  of  an  evil  which 
is  now  the  curse  of  a  great  nation.  And  even  this  is  not  all.  The 
United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  has  commissioned  Dr. 
Sinclair  Paterson  to  visit  the  schools  of  the  metropolis  and  deliver 
lectures  on  the  physiological  aspects  of  the  Total  Abstinence 
question  to  the  teachers  and  scholars,  after  school  hours,  in  his 
own  conclusive  and  inimitable  manner, — which  lectures,  like  those 


EDUCATION   AXD   TEICFEJLIXCE.  Si 

of  tlie  Ute  Mr.  Cbazles  Smii2^  Mr.  T.  A.  Smish,  ani  3ir.  Fank 
ChfffhTTe,  hare  been  Hstcfsed  to  wiih  deep  itt^tticn  asii  L&re 
alreaJr  borne  exeeUoit  resnlti.  Tbin^  ire  obrio^j  boC  u  iLer 
were.  Progren  is  being  gndoAllT  hzX  szrtlj  auile ;  uhi  lit  fzjzha 
proof  of  thn,  I  voold  fmnmrnzise  briefij  the  cdscaiioBiI  virk.  k 
t>  tpeak,  whicii  bas  been  aduercd  in  Fngliyii  ua-ier  the  x^pccei 
of  tbe  yitioDjd  Tcmpermnce  LeagTie  daring  the  cnzrec:  jcor. 

Tbe  Tear  begin  vdL  On  Jinxuzx  IQch.  Dr.  Kot=-1£  Kerr 
leaiiTeiT  n^gescire  paper  at  the  Annsj!  CoafereL.ee  of  Tcj^'h^n, 
widcb  WIS  beld  at  the  rooms  of  the  Societr  of  Am.  cs.  the 
"^  AdTintage  of  bringing  np  Children  en  Total  Abstiiience  Ptiiid- 
pks.*  Dr.  J.  H.  Gladitone,  F.R.S.,  pTe»icd  it  the  meeting 
The  reading  of  the  paper  was  followed  br  in  interestiiig  diie^^ 
QOD,  in  which  lereral  of  the  most  actire  and  prominent  sieznleri 
of  the  tfarhing  profesBon  partidpatel,  and  which  erenMiIIj  !ai 
\o  the  nnanim^na  adc^ition  of  the  following  resolntfcaL : — 

"That  it  ■■  iieuitMm  mad  idraatjisecaa  to  hri^  sp  e^ilirca  to 
tiae  pneiice  of  total  afaatiaewv.'* 

A  month  fabacquentlr,  riz.,  on  Febmary  I6ih,  a  large  number 
of  teacheia  met,  bj  inTitation  of  the  Le^:oe,  at  the  Holbom  T->wn 
Ball,  where  thej  were  Teiy  ablj  addrtawd  bj  the  lare  Rex.  John 
Hodgen,  M  JL,  Yice-Chairman  ol^  the  Loadon  School  Board,  who 
preaded  cm  the  occawnn,  Mr.  John  Tajlor.  Mr.  Selwaj,  Mr. 
\reitlake,  Mr.  Potts,  Mr.  Alsager  Haj  Hill,  the  Ber.  J.  B.  Dingle, 
M  JL,  BeT.  Geoige  Herbert,  M.A.,  and  Captain  ScriTen. 

On  MiT  7th,  the  Bar.  W.  Pinckridge,  M.A.,  and  Mr.  Tk^ 
addzxaeed,  bj  request  of  the  Cooneil  of  the  Chorch  Teachers'  Aso- 
tiatioiiy  the  school  manageia  and  teachers  aaaembled  at  the  eighth 
Annual  Congress,  which  was  held  at  Wc^TerhampUm,  on  **  The 
doty  of  Managers  and  Teachers  of  Schools  in  regard  to  the  Tem- 
perance MoremenL"  The  following  is  the  resolution  which  was 
passed  at  the  meeting  : — 

It  it  is  denable  to  form  aa  auociitioB  of  Cbarcu  leikocl 

mad  teatdcn  for  tha  proiBodoa  oi  Teaipenace  t^aeUag 

ia  aoT  eleflneatarj  schools  ;  sad  that  the  Ccaacil  of  the  Coogresi 

be  reqacstcd  to  appciat  a  eoaimttifa  to  eoafer  with  the  Ckareli  of 

Sagted  TcBipatBMe  Sodetj  ea  the  I 


82  EDUCATION  AND  TEMPERANCE. 

On  the  8th  of  the  following  month  the  League  invited  all  the 
teachers,  who  were  present  at  the  annual  meetings  of  the  National 
Union  of  Elementary  Teachers  which  were  held  at  Brighton,  to 
a  breakfast  at  the  Royal  Pavilion  Banqueting  Rooms.  About 
250  teachers  accepted  the  invitation.  The  meeting  which  imme- 
diately followed  the  breakfast  was  addressed  by  Mr.  Marriage 
Wallis,  the  Chairman  of  the  Brighton  School  Board,  who  occu- 
pied the  chair  on  the  occasion  ;  by  the  President  of  the  National 
Union  of  Elementary  Teachei-s,  by  Mr.  R.  Rae,  and  others. 
Although  no  resolution,  bearing  upon  the  action  to  be  taken  by 
the  teachers  individually  or  collectively  with  regard  to  the 
Drink  question,  was  passed  at  the  meeting,  it  seemed  evident 
that  much  was  effected  at  the  meeting  towards  enlisting  the 
sympathy  and  co-operation  of  the  teachers. 

In  connection  with  the  Temperance  Jubilee  Festival  which 
was  held  at  Bradford  during  the  week  ending  June  19,  a  teachers* 
meeting  was  held  in  the  lecture  hall  of  the  Mechanics*  Institute 
at  which  a  paper  was  read  by  Dr.  Valpy  French  on  "  Teachers 
and  Temperance,"  and  another  on  "  Temperance  Teaching  in 
Elementary  Schools,**  by  the  writer  of  the  present  notice.  The 
way  in  which  the  leading  points  touched  upon  in  the  papers  were 
discussed  by  many  of  the  teachers  present  proved  that  they  were 
au  courant  with  the  subject,  and  fully  recognised  the  necessity  of 
inculcating  on  the  young  children  under  their  charge  the  Total 
Abstinence  principle.  Mr.  Jabez  Inwards  represented  the  Band 
of  Hope  Union  at  the  meeting,  and  proved  a  very  powerful  ally 
to  the  delegates  of  the  League. 

This  resumi  of  the  work  of  the  year  is  in  itself  a  proof  that  the 
members  of  the  National  Temperance  League  are  fully  alive  to 
their  duty,  and  endeavour  strenuously  and  continuously  to  do  it. 
A  little  more  than  a  century  ago  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  raised 
his  eloquent  voice  in  behalf  of  the  methodical  teaching  of  the 
children  of  France,  and  his  appeal  to  the  teachers,  and  especially 
to  the  mothers  of  children,  fired  the  enthusiasm  of  all  the  philan- 
thropists of  Europe,  and  ultimately  served  to  effect  a  radical 
change  in  the  method  of  training  and  instructing  children.  "  No 
mother,  no  child,**  was  the  cry  which  started  a  responsive  echo  in 
every  virtuous  family  in  civilised  Europe,  and  which  awoke  the 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE   ARMY   AND    NAVY.  83 


frivolous  women  of  a  proud  and  wicked  city  to  a  sense  of  their 
reftponsibilities,  and  a  realisation  of  their  grievous  disregard  of 
the  dictates  of  duty.  The  cry  of  the  National  Temperance 
League,  the  Band  of  Hope  Union,  and  the  other  Temperance 
Societies  of  this  country,  is,  at  the  present  day,  "No  teacher,  no 
abstainer."  Let  me  lioi)€  that  it  will  prove  the  means  of  effecting 
even  more  good  than  did  that  which  was  raised  by  the  author  of 
"  Emile,"  the  father  of  the  modem  system  of  teaching.  The  follies 
and  frivolities  wLicli  he  so  manfully  strove  to  suppress  sink  into 
insignificance  when  they  are  compared  with  the  giant  evil  which 
the  friends  of  the  Temperance  cause  strive  to  drive  out  of  the 
conntry,  and  which  must  be  driven  out,  if  the  country  is  to  be 
saved  from  utter  and  hopeless  ruin. 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    ARMY   AND    NAYY. 
By  Captain  H.  D.  Grant,  R.N.,  C.B.,  London. 

That  the  Temperance  movement  has  now  obtained  a  good 
foothold  in  both  the  Array  and  Navy,  and  that  it  is  increasing, 
is  a  subject  of  much  thankfulness  to  Him  who  has  so  manifestly 
bestowed  His  blessing  on  the  various  efforts  which'have  been  put 
forth  with  this  object. 

The  testimony  which  flows  in  from  many  independent  sources 
of  the  steady  manner  in  which  the  Temperance  cause  is  winning 
its  way  with  our  soldiers  and  sailors,  places  us  in  a  position  to 
demonstrate  clearly  that  the  work  now  going  on  in  the  Services 
is  substantial,  and,  happily,  does  not  rest  on  what  might,  in  some 
quarters,  be  looked  on  as  the  interested  statements  of  enthusiastic 
reformers. 

At  the  present  critical  period  of  the  world's  history,  when  all 
the  European  nations  are  maintaining  huge  armaments,  each 
piepaiing  for  a  deadly  struggle,  the  moral  and  physical  eflSciency 
of  our  defenders  becomes  a  question  of  national  importance,  and 
it  is  therefore  with  much  satisfaction  we  note  the  improvement 


84  TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    ARMY   AND    NAVY. 

which  has  taken  place  in  this  respect  daring  the  last  few  years, 
and  we  propose  in  this  paper  to  review  the  agencies  which  have 
brought  about  such  a  desirable  result,  and  will,  we  trust,  yet  be 
instrumental  in  accomplishing  further  good. 

The  progress  made  is  still  more  satisfactory  when  we  consider 
the  difficulties  which  temperance  work  has  to  contend  against  in 
military  services.  It  has  not  only  to  overcome  the  fallacious 
arguments  as  to  the  necessity  of  alcoholic  beverages  for  the  main- 
tenance of  health  and  physical  strength,  which  are  still  strongly 
urged,  notwithstanding  the  discoveries  of  medical  science  both  in 
the  laboratory  and  in  personal  experience  ;  but  it  has  had  to  meet 
a  considerable  amount  of  sentimental  feeling.  The  generous 
heartedness  of  the  British  sailors,  and  the  warm  camp  hospitality 
of  the  British  soldier  have  become  proverbial,  and  to  refuse  to 
paBs  the  can  or  the  glass,  seemed  to  cut  at  the  root  of  every 
generous  feeling,  which  was  resented  at  first  far  and  wide.  The 
favourite  songs  in  the  repertoire  of  the  blue  and  red  jackets  were 
those  whose  words  were  more  or  less  bacchanalian,  and  tended  to 
foster  the  feeling  that  strong  drink  was  the  one  great  deside- 
ratum of  life. 

The  prejudices  of  commanding  officers  had  also  to  bo  overcome, 
and  while  they  were  keenly  alive  to  the  advantages  resulting  from 
temperance,  they  were  apprehensive  of  danger  in  the  formation 
of  societies  which  they  thought  might  clash  with  discipline ; 
unconsciously,  too,  in  many  cases,  officers  gave  some  countenance 
to  the  prevalent  idea,  that  a  good  man  in  a  Service  point  of  view 
was  the  one  who  could  take  his  grog  well,  and  by  holding  forth 
the  bait  of  a  glass  as  a  reward  for  any  service  they  impeded  very 
much  the  first  efforts  made  for  temperance.  En  passant,  one 
cannot  help  observing  how  singular  it  is  that  the  authorities 
should  have  looked  coldly  on  such  efforts  as  the  temperance 
advocates  have  put  forth  when  their  experience  must  have  shown 
them  that  the  greatest  foe  to  discipline  has  in  all  cases  been 
strong  drink,  and  that  the  use  of  intoxicants  increases  very 
materially  the  cost  of  the  military  services  of  our  country  if  we 
count  the  number  of  deaths  and  invaliding  cases. 

Notwithstanding  these  •  difficulties,  both  Services  have  been 
highly  favoured  by  devoted  men  and  women  giving  their  whole 


TEMPERANCE   IN    THE   ARMY  AND   NAVY.  85 

lives  to  the  work  of  rescuing  men  from  the  degrading  habits 
of  dronkennesa  and  delivering  the  nation  from  the  reproach 
that  the  irregular  conduct  of  her  soldiers  and  sailors  would 
bring  upon  her.  Foremost  among  the  workers  we  may  notice 
Mrs.  Daniels,  at  Aldershot ;  Miss  Robinson,  at  Portsmouth  ;  and 
Miss  Weston,  at  Pljmonth.  All  these  have  exercised  a  personal 
influence  the  extent  of  which  it  is  impossible  to  gauge,  and  it  is 
only  when  the  records  of  the  Organised  Societies  are  carefully 
stmlied  that  we  can  arrive  at  some  estimate  of  what  has  been 
done  by  them.  The  principal  societies  working  in  the  army  and 
navy  are  the  National  Temperance  League,  the  Soldiers*  Total 
Abstinence  Association,  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society, 
jtnd  Grood  Templars.  To  the  National  Temperance  League 
belongs  the  honour  of  being  the  pioneer  of  temperance  work  in 
the  Services ;  the  broad  intelligent  spirit  and  Christian  principle 
of  the  League  won  for  them  a  ready  acceptance  ;  they  stretched 
out  a  helping  hand  to  Miss  Robinson  and  Miss  Weston,  and  by 
their  agents,  Mr.  Sims  and  Mr.  Charles  Smith,  were  instrumental 
in  winning  many  to  the  cause  of  Total  Abstinence.  It  is  true  that 
the  Good  Templar  organisation  numbered  many  adherents,  but 
the  lodge  gatherings,  the  rules,  &c.,  are  such  that  it  is  impossible 
for  commanding  officers,  in  the  interest  of  discipline,  to  recognise 
it.  We  do  net  in  these  remarks  desire  in  the  least  to  undervalue 
Good  Templarism,  which  all  must  admit  is  a  mighty  engine  for 
goody  but  we  hold  that  Good  Templars  have  not  yet  been  able  to 
bring  their  rules  into  accord  with  the  requirements  of  discipline. 
The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  though  of  recent 
origin,  is  making  progress  and  exercising  a  beneficial  influence. 
The  Soldiers'  Total  Abstinence  Association,  formed  in.  Agra  in 
1862,  and  reorganised  in  1872,  has  been  working  with  a  zeal  and 
judgment  worthy  of  all  praise.  The  Rev.  J.  Gelson  Gregson,  the 
secretary,  by  his  untiring  energy  has  accomplished  much  goodi 
and  raised  the  Association  to  its  present  state  of  efficiency.  We 
most  now  endeavour  to  trace  the  result  of  these  agencies  in  the 
aggregate,  for  it  is  impossible  to  assert  that  the  work  accomplished 
his  been  that  of  one  person  or  one  Society  ;  each  have  contributed 
to  build  up  the  fabric,  and  it  is  with  satisfaction  we  notice  the 
goodly  proportions,  it  is  assuming. 


86  TEMPERANCE    IN    THE   ARMY   AND    NAVY. 

The  numbers  with  which  these  agencies  have  had  to  deal 
are  :— 

Royal  Navy. 

Seamen  afloat,  deducting  officers      37,387 

Coast  Guard  Service,  officers  and  men         ...  4,150 

Royal  Marine  Light  Infantry 13,000 


Total  ...         ...         ...        54,537 

Of  the  number   of  seamen  given  above  5,300  are  boys,  2,900 
being  on  service  in  the  fleet ;  2,400  in  the  training  ships. 

The  Army. 

The  total  strength  voted  for  1879-80  of  all  arms  for  home  ser- 
vice was  135,625  men,  and  for  India  62,653. 

In  the  Navy  there  are  now  178  branches  of  the  National 
Temperance  League,  and  upwards  of  7,000  registered  abstainers, 
but  probably  this  is  an  under  estimate,  for  a  very  large  proportion 
of  the  boys  leave  the  training  ships  as  pledged  abstainers,  and, 
we  have  every  reason  to  believe,  keep  their  pledges  in  a  satisfac- 
tory manner.  In  the  Army  at  home  it  is  estimated  that  there  are 
at  least  20,000  abstainers,  but  it  is  very  difficult  to  form  even  an 
approximate  estimate,  as  a  good  deal  of  unsteadiness  still  exists  in 
adherence  to  the  pledge.  From  India,  however,  we  have  some 
very  reliable  statistics.  We  there  find  that  the  number  of 
members  of  the  Soldiers'  Total  Abstinence  Association  is  9,002, 
an  increase  of  nearly  800  on  last  year's  return,  but  the  most 
satisfactory  feature  to  notice  is  the  number  of  honours  distributee], 
4,207— a  substantial  evidence  that  the  members  kept  faithful  to 
their  pledges. 

In  addition  to  these  numbers  it  is  well  known  that  in  both 
Services  a  great  many  men  abstain  without  becoming  members  of 
a  society,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  every  abstainer 
exercises  an  indirect  influence  on  those  around  him:  he  becomes  a 
standing  protest  against  drinking  customs,  and  is  a  constant  proof 
in  his  own  person  of  the  value  of  total  abstinence,  not  only  in 
his  immunity  from  disease,  but  in  his  power  to  discharge  every 
duty  with  more  cheerfulness'and  ability  than  the  dram  drinker. 

While  there  is  such  deep  cause  for  thankfulness  in  the  spread 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE   ARMY  AND   NAVY.  87 

of  temperance  pnnciples,  we  cannot  help  again  deploring  that  the 
lathoiities,  both  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  do  not  give  their  cordial 
fiapport  to  meaaurea  which  have  proved  so  beneficial ;  instead  of 
vhicb  tliey  put  forward  schemes  of  their  own  to  grapple  with  the 
evil,  of  the  existence  of  which  they  are  made  most  painfully 
cogniMLDt  In  India  the  experiment  now  under  trial  is  a  free 
canteen,  and  it  is  asserted  that,  in  consequence  of  this  allowance, 
at  one  garrison  there  was  a  fearful  increase  of  drunkenness  and 
crime,  but  that  after  a  time  it  subsided,  and  the  men  actually 
drank  less  than  when  there  was  a  certain  restriction.  In  the 
Kavy  there  is  an  increase  of  wet  canteens,  with  the  hope  that  the 
indalgence  will  prevent  men  from  gratifying  their  appetite  in 
itrong  drink  elsewhere.  Both  ideas  result  from  the  false  premise 
Uitt  moderate  drinking  is  better  than  total  abstinence  ;  but  we 
bare  a  wonderful  consensus  of  medical  opinion  that  the  use  of 
alcohol  in  any  form,  but  spirits  especially,  in  a  hot  climate,  is 
highly  prejudicial  to  health,  and  it  is  therefore  to  be  hoped  the 
authorities  will^  ere  long,  abolish  the  rum  ration  in  both  Army 
and  Navy,  and  we  are  persuaded  that  such  a  step  would  be 
generally  accepted  with  favour,  if  a  substantial  increase  of  pay 
vas  offered  in  lieu. 

The  immense  number  of  men — a  quarter  of  a  million — whom 
we  Mek  to  influence  for  their  good,  for  the  national  welfare,  and, 
above  all,  for  the  glory  of  Qodand  His  Son  Jesus  Christ,  demands 
iocretsed  energy  on  the  part  of  all  who  love  their  fellow-men,  and 
the  success  which  has  already  attended  the  efforts  in  this  direction 
bhonU  encourage  us  to  go  forward,  and  do  battle  still  more 
stoutly  against  the  common  foe,  leaning  only  on  the  all-sufiicicnt 
itreogth  of  Christ  to  give  the  wisdom  and  prudence  so  much 
needed  in  such  a  gigantic  struggle. 


88      WOMAN^S   AID    IN    THE    TEMPERANCE    REFORMATION. 


WOMAN^  AID  IN  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

By  William  Chisholh,  London. 

It  is  only  of  late  years  that  the  aid  women  have  given  to  the 
Temperence  reformation  has  assumed  an  organised  form.  Until 
a  very  recent  period  the  eflforts  of  the  gentler  sex  were  of  a  scattered 
description,  undertaken  in  different  localities,  and  adapted  to  the 
varying  circumstances.  The  very  record  of  the  names  of  all  these 
individual  workers  would  constitute  a  formidable  list,  but  there 
are  some  whose  names  cannot  be  summarily  dismissed  without 
doing  violence  to  the  sense  of  gratitude  one  ought  to  feel  towards 
them  for  labours  undertaken  sometimes  amidst  much  unpopularity 
and  always  amidst  great  difficulty. 

Amongst  the  earliest  of  the  lady  workers  was  Mrs.  Clara 
Lucas  Balfour,  who  signed  the  pledge  in  1837,  and  whose  con- 
tributions to  the  press,  and  whose  utterances  on  the  platform, 
merited  the  high  praise  that  was  bestowed  upon  them  a  few  yean 
ago  by  a  temperance  writer  who  said  : — "  In  all  her  work  Mrs. 
Balfour  has  manifested  great  tact  and  sound  judgment,  a  rare 
felicity  of  expression  in  writing  and  speaking,  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  the  social  condition  and  wants  of  the  working  classes 
and^  above  all,  an  honest,  earnest^  and  unselfish  desire  to  advance 
the  true  interests  of  her  sex  and  of  the  people  at  laige."  Another 
lady  who  did  great  service  to  the  cause  through  the  press  was 
Mrs.  Ellis,  whose  '*  Voice  from  the  Vintage ''  and ''  Family  Secrets  " 
aroused  much  attention.  A  similar  worker  was  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall, 
whose  temperance  tales  are  still  in  circulation.  Mrs.  Carlile, 
of  Dublin,  laboured  on  somewhat  different  lines.  She  literally 
consecrated  herself  to  the  young,  and  largely  supplemented  the 
work  of  Father  Mathew  by  visiting  schools  and  mothers,  and 
undertukiDg  a  similar  mission  to  England.  Miss  Marsh  was  also 
another  devoted  worker.  Read  her  '^  English  Hearts  and  Hands," 
and  it  will  be  seen  how  Temperance  became  a  handmaid 
to  the  Qospel,  without  which  her  work  amongst  the  British 
navvies  would  have  been  shorn  of  its  fair  proportions.  As  a 
visitor  amongst  the  homes  of  the  poor,  Mrs.  Bayly  stands  out  as  a 


W01IAH*S   MD    IM    THE    TEMPERANCE    REFORMATION.      89 

1 

Double  example,  and  tlie  record  of  her  work  in  ''  Ragged  Homes, 
ind  How  to  Mend  Them,"  mtiBt  fill  with  wondering  interest  the 
mind  0!  every  reader.  Without  mentioning  Mrs.  Wightman's 
vork  at  Shrew&biiry  any  notice  of  this  temperance  lady-worker 
iroald  want  one  of  the  most  important  links  in  the  chain.  Jler 
"  Haste  to  the  Kescne "  has  aroused  hundreds  of  her  sex  to  quit 
the  life  of  dull  routine  and  comparative  idleness  in  which  some  of 
them  live,  and  to  find  in  religious  and  temperance  woik  amongst 
tiie  masses  their  joy  and  crown  of  rejoicing.  Mrs.  Lucas-Shad- 
well  was  one  who  read  this  stirring  work,  and  was  thereby  led 
to  engage  in  something  similar  in  her  own  locality.  Amongst 
tbe  other  fruits  of  '^  Haste  to  the  Rescue"  were  those  resulting 
from  the  labours  of  Mrs.  Lumb,  Miss  Battersby  and  Mies  Deacon 
^w  Mrs.  Robert  Maguire).  Of  the  other  "  Honourable  women 
not  a  few  *  we  should  not  forget  Mrs.  Sherman,  Mrs.  Meredith, 
Mrs.  Fison,  Mrs.  Clayton,  Lady  Jane  ElHce,  Mrs.  Whiting,  Mrs. 
Tborp,  Mrs.  Joseph  Sturge,  Miss  Cadbury,  Miss  Breay,  Miss 
Harford-Battersby,  Miss  Wilson,  Miss  Webb,  Miss  Twining,  Miss 
Salter,  Mrs.  Hilton,  Mrs.  Parker,  Miss  Richardson,  Mrs.  Sewell, 
Mrs.  Charles  Nash  and  Lady  Hope  (whose  Dorking  Coffee  Room 
bas  been  the  model  of  similar  resorts  for  working-men  in  many  a 
town  and  village  throughout  the  land).  Then  there  is  Mrs.  Hind 
Smith,  who  has  been  a  temperance  worker  for  many  years,  and  a 
pezmasive  platform  speaker,  and  who  latterly  has  established 
**  The  Young  Abstainers'  Union,"  an  adjunct  of  the  Band  of  Hope 
work  amongst  the  upper  and  middle-class  families,  which  pro- 
mises to  be  attended  with  highly  important  results. 

Bat  perhaps,  as  individual  workers,  the  two  names  which  stand 
out  in  the  boldest  reUef  are  those  of  Miss  Robinson, "  the  Soldiers' 
Friend,"  and  Miss  Weston  **  the  Sailors'  Friend."  To  speak  of 
^  value  of  the  work  of  these  two  ladies  in  their  respective 
depaitments  would  be  quite  superfluous.  It  is  not  too  much  to 
■y  that  they  have  created  a  moral,  a  religious,  and  a  temperance 
seatiment  amongst  both  branches  of  the  Service.  What  is  most 
Balked,  and  to  which  highest  authorities  have  borne  ungrudging 
testimony,  Miss  Robinson  has  continued  her  work  for  years 
amidst  much  bodily  affliction,  when  nothing  but  her  own  indo- 
mitable spirit  could  have  sustained  her.    Her  work,  like  that  of 


go      WOMAN  S   AID    IN    THE    TEMPERANCE    REFORMATION. 

Miss  Weston,  is  growing  year  by  year,  and  it  is  impossible  to  fix 
limits  as  to  its  ultimate  influence  upon  our  soldiers  and  sailors. 

The  work  of  the  ladies  whose  names  we  have  given  has  assumed 
so  many  different  forms,  and  has  been  conducted  under  such  a 
variety  of  circumstances,  that  it  cannot  fail  to  be  suggestive  to 
any  of  those  who  have  a  desire  to  impart  the  bleesings  of  tempe- 
rance to  the  people  around  them.  The  experience  of  lady  workers 
in  the  temperance  cause  has  shown  that  the  Qospel  is  not  the  lees 
weak  in  the  one  hand  because  total  abstinence  has  been  held  in 
the  other,  but  quite  the  reverse.  Most  of  the  ladies  began  on 
strictly  religious  lines,  but  when  brought  face  to  face  with  their 
self-imposed  work  they  found  they  must  use  the  instrumentality 
of  the  total  abstinence  pledge,  after  having  first  signed  it  them- 
selves. Without  departing  one  hair's-breadth  from  those  strictly 
religious  lines  on  which  they  commenced,  they  found  in  the 
temperance  pledge  a  powerful  implement  with  which  to  prepare 
the  soil  for  the  reception  of  the  good  seed  of  the  kingdom.  We 
can  wish  no  better  for  the  temperance  movement  than  that  the 
mantle  of  some  of  its  early  women  friends,  many  of  whom  have 
now  gone  to  their  rest  and  their  reward,  may  descend  upon  some 
whose  hearts  God  has  touched  with  the  infinite  compassion  of 

esus  Christ  for  the  suffering  and  the  lost. 
Of  late  years  various  Women's  Temperance  Organisations 
have  been  formed,  all  of  which,  without  exception,  are  doing 
a  good  work.  There  have  been  local  societies  for  many 
years,  such  as  those  at  Darlington  and  Birmingham ;  and  also 
county  Associations,  of  which  that  in  Yorkshire  may  be  regarded 
as  typical.  The  most  influential  of  the  societies  now  at  work  is 
the  British  Women's  Temperance  Association,  of  which  Mrs. 
Lucas  is  president,  and  which  has  branches  all  over  the  country. 
There  is  also  the  Christian  Workers'  Temperance  Union,  of 
which  Miss  Mason  is  the  head,  and  which  mainly  confines  its 
operations  to  London.  The  Working  Women's  Teetotal  League, 
under  the  presidency  of  Mrs.  Durrant,  has  also  enjoyed  an  active 
existence  and  done  much  good  amongst  the  poor,  particularly  of 
London  and  its  outskirts. 


BANDS    OF    HOPE    AND    THEIR   RESULTS. 


91 


BANDS  OF  HOPE  AND  THEIR  RESULTS. 

At  a  conference  of  Band  of  Hope  workers  held  in  Bradford  on 
tbe  ITih  April,  1880,  Mr.  Isaac  Phillips  read  a  valuable  paper 
entitled  "  Bands  of  Hope,  a  Blessing  to  the  State  and  a  Bulwark 
of  the  Church,"  in  which  he  said  : — "  It  has  been  the  privilege 
of  the  writer  to  read  several  papers  on  this  subject  before  this  and 
other  unions.  Evidences  of  good  are  constantly  accumulating. 
We  have  been  able  to  show  that  the  Band  of  Hope  has  produced 
a  large  army  of  valiant  soldiers  who  have  fought  and  are  fighting 
the  battles  of  the  Cross,  and  have  occupied  and  are  occupying 
most  responsible  and  important  positions.  In  a  paper  we  read 
three  and  a  half  years  ago  before  the  Bradford  Sunday  School 
Union  we  were  able  to  show  from  the  past  six  years'  reports  of 
that  uniofi — reports  which  were  not  got  up  to  suit  our  purpose,  but 
were  simple  records  of  facts — that  the  schools  which  had  Bands  of 
Hope  had  about  double  the  number  of  conversions  and  additions 
to  the  churches  to  the  schools  which  had  none,  in  proportion  to 
the  number  of  scholars.  It  will  be  excused  if  we  reproduce  this 
table,  as  it  has  a  relation  to  further  evidence  we  propose  to  lay 
before  yon.  Please  observe  that  these  tables  apply  to  all  the 
schools  in  the  union  within  the  borough,  and  that  no  selection  L? 
made.    We  give  the  results  in  consecutive  order  : — 


Schools  with  ko  Bands  of  Hopk. 


Or  an  average  of  14}  per  annnm, 


T«c. 

No.  of 
Schoclt. 

No.  of  Scholars. 

Joioed  Church. 

Per  1,030. 

1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

17 
16 
20 
21 
22 
22 

1 

4,976 
4,524 
5,422 
5,678 
5,999 
6,178 

21 
36 
68 

129 
94 

140 

41 

8* 
121 
23i 
15i 
22} 

82,777 

488 

92 


BANDS    OF   HOPE   AND   THEIR   RESULTS. 


Schools  yriTH  Bands 

OF  Hope. 

Year. 

No.  of 
Schooli. 

No.  of  Scholars. 

Joined  Church. 

Per  1,000. 

1871 

18 

6,529 

115 

17J 

1872 

21 

7,857 

185 

17i 

1878 

20 

7,425 

198 

26| 

.1874 

19 

7,112 

229 

82i 

1875 

16 

6,047 

198 

82f 

1876 

17 

6,420 

327 

51 

41,890 

1,202 

Or  an  average  of  29  per  annum. 

"We  will  now  follow  up  the  foregoing  with  eimilar  facts  gathered 
from  the  last  foiir  years*  reports. 

Schools  without  Bands  op  Hope. 


Year. 

No.  of 
Schools. 

No.  of  Scholars. 

Joined  Chnrch. 

Per  1,000. 

1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 

14 
14 
18 
14 

4.205 
4,169 
8,730 
3,589 

96 
58 
52 
80 

22i 

124 

16i 
224 

15,693 

281 

Or  an  average  of  18}  per  1,000  per  annum. 
Schools  with  Bands  or  Hope. 


Year. 

No.  of 
Schools. 

No.  of  Scholars. 

Joined  Churoh. 

Per  1,000. 

1877 
1878 
1870 
1880 

23 
24 
28 
28 

8,312 

8,011 

9,465 

10,188 

270 
254 
890 
814 

824 

8U 
84J 

82 

85,976               1,228 

Or  an  average  of  32J  per  1,000  per  annnm. 

"  If  we  take  the  whole  ten  years  together  the  ayeiage  will  be 
found  to  be  16j^  in  the  former,  as  against  30j^  in  the  latter.  We 
think  this  to  be  conchiaive  evidence  of  the  spiritual  blessing 


BANDS    OF    HOPE    AND    THEIR   RESULTS.  93 


ivhich  attends  Band  of  Hope  effort.  It  is  very  satisfactory  to 
observe  the  relative  favourable  increase  of  schools  which  have 
Bands  of  Hope  since  the  writing  of  our  last  paper  on  this 
subject.  There  were  then  22  without  and  17  with.  There  are 
now  28  with,  and  14  without  them.  We  further  find  that  if  we 
take  the  whole  of  the  scholars  in  the  foregoing  schools  that  were 
members  of  the  churches  during  the  last  four  consecutive  years, 
their  relative  numbers  were  90^  to  120,  89^  to  125j,  96^  to  147, 
70  to  116| ;  or  an  average  of  86^  to  127^  per  1,000  per  annum. 
It  will  be  seen  in  all  these  tables  that  there  has  not  been  a  single 
year  that  has  been  an  exception  to  the  rule.  If  these  facts  do  not 
speak  for  themselves,  and  produce  results,  we  fear  our  reasoning 
will  be  unavailing.  There  is  another  view  of  the  question  that 
we  might  profitably  consider.  Just  as  truly  as  the  schools  that 
have  Bands  of  Hope  show  spiritual  advantages  over  thoae  that 
have  none,  so  does  that  portion  of  the  school  which  is  guarded  by 
the  Band  of  Hope  pledge,  where  those  societies  exist,  show 
advantages  over  that  portion  which  is  not  thus  protected.  We 
are  convinced  from  long  and  close  observation  that  very  much 
anxious  toil  is  thrown  away  by  Sunday-school  teachers  and  other 
Church  workers  in  consequence  of  the  non-adoption  of  the  prin- 
ciples for  which  we  plead.  We  have  been  able  in  former  papers 
to  show  that  by  far  the  greater  number  of  the  scholars  who  enter 
into  Christian  fellowship  come  from  that  section  of  the  schools 
which  is  guarded  by  the  Band  of  Hope.  Only  recently  we  found 
from  a  reference  to  the  church  book  that  in  our  own  school, 
oat  of  the  last  23  scholars  who  had  joined  the  Church  19 
of  them  were  members  of  the  Band  of  Hope.  When  our  last 
report  was  presented  we  had,  out  of  a  total  membership  of  501, 
no  Jess  than  246  who  were  over  sixteen  years  of  age,  and  we  have 
no  hesitation  in  saying  that  many  of  these  have  been  retained 
in  the  school  ^by  Band  of  Hope  influence  ;  and  further,  the 
majority  of  the  246  are  members  of  the  Church,  and  are  engaged 
in  its  various  activitieB.  Every  one  thus  gained  is  a  friend  to 
the  cause  of  Christ,  instead  of  an  enemy  ;  one  who  helps  to 
build  it  up  instead  of  destroying  it.  Righteousness  exaltcth  a 
nation,  and  makes  it  bright  and  happy,  therefore  these  are  true 
patriots  and  benefactors." 


94  TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION — 


TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION— PAST    AND 

PROSPECTIV^E. 

By  W.  R.  Sklwat,  M.B.W.,  London. 

The  year  1880  has  seen  the  dissolution  of  a  Parliament  and 
the  creation  of  a  new  one.  A  very  prominent  feature  in 
the  election  which  determined  who  should  be  the  men  to 
represent  the  people  in  Parliament  was  the  large  number  of 
public-houses  engaged  for  electioneering  purposes,  and  the  great 
interest  evinced  by  the  publicans  as  a  body  in  the  contest.  They 
had  received  concessions  from  the  Government  then  in  power, 
and  probably  fearing  that  a  change  of  ministry  might  mean,  for 
them,  curtailment  of  privileges,  the  utmost  efforts  were  almost 
everywhere  made  by  the  licensed  victuallers  to  return  supporters 
of  the  Government  then  upon  its  trial ;  but  notwithstanding  this, 
or  perhaps  in  consequence  of  it,  the  candidates  supported  by  the 
publicans  were,  in  numerous  instances,  defeated  ;  the  people  being 
determined  not  to  brook  the  dictation  of  a  class  so  evidently 
working  to  promote  their  own  interest ;  nor  was  this  the  only 
result  of  the  late  General  Election.  It  was  manifest  that  in  many 
of  the  larger  boroughs  a  strong  Temperance  feeling  prevailed, 
which  strove  vigorously  to  counteract  the  selfishness  of  the  trade, 
and  hence  a  larger  number  of  men  with  known  Temperance 
sympathies  were  sent  to  the  House  of  Commons  than  had  ever 
before  represented  the  constituencies. 

The  new  Parliament  met  on  the  29th  of  April,  on  which  day 
the  Temperance  Record  remarked : — "In  the  new  Parliament,  which 
will  assemble  for  the  first  time  this  day  at  Westminster,  will  be 
found  more  abstainers  from  intoxicating  drinks  than  have  ever 
previously  sat  in  that  august  assembly  ;  but  not  only  will  there 
be  more  of  those  whose  conscientious  convictions  of  the  useless- 
ness  and  misc]^ievous  character  of  strong  drinks  have  led  them 
to  the  practical  step  of  abstinence,  but  there  will  be  a  far  larger 
proportion  of  men,  who,  having  seen  the  evils  drink  is  per- 
petrating, are  willing  to  do  something  to  lessen  those  evils  if 
legislation  can  effect  that  much-desired  object.    We  cannot  but 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  95 


heartily  rejoice  when  men  of  high  moral  tone  and  firmness  of 
character  are  selected  bv  the  constituencies  to  represent  them  in 
the  highest  assemblage  in  the  realm  ;  but  we  may  well  ask.  What 
has  the  cause  of  Temperance  to  expect  from  the  new  Parliament  ? " 

Soon  after  the  opening  of  the  session,  which  proved  to  be  the 
last  of  the  late  Grovemment,  notices  were  given  and  Bills  intro- 
duced by  Mr.  Ritchie,  Tower  Hamlets,  and  Mr.  Mundella, 
Sheffield ;  also  one  by  Mr.  Staveley  Hill,  Member  for  Staffordshire, 
nearly  identical  in  terms,  for  amending  the  Wine  and  Beerhouse 
Act,  1869,  and  the  Licensing  Act,  1874,  bo  as  to  give  licensing 
justices  the  liberty  either  to  refuse  certificates  for  licenses  to  sell 
beer  by  retail,  to  be  consumed  ofif  the  premises,  or  to  grant  them 
to  such  persons  as  in  their  discretion  they  might  deem  fit  and 
proper ;  moreover,  compelling  persons  applying  for  such  licenses 
to  go  before  the  justices  at  the  annual  Licensing  Sessions.  Mr. 
Hill's  Bill  was  dropped,  but  that  by  Mr.  Bitchie  and  ^Ir.  Mundella 
rapidly  passed  the  Commons.  It  was  opposed  in  the  House  of 
Lords  by  Lord  Aberdare  and  Lord  Kimberley,  while  it  was 
supported  by  Lords  Stanhope  and  Beauchamp  ;  however,  the  Bill 
was  read  a  third  time  and  passed  on  Monday,  15th  of  March. 
This  was  but  a  small  measure,  yet  it  is  a  useful  one,  inasmuch  as 
it  tends  to  limit  the  issue  of  the  beer  sellers'  licenses,  and  the 
importance  of  the  change  is  patent  to  all  who  have  had  occasion 
to  notice  the  undesirable  consequences  that  have  attended  upon 
the  powerlessness  of  the  justices  to  exercise  any  discretion  in  the 
issue  of  beer  licenses  for  consumption  off  the  premises. 

Another  Bill  introduced  into  the  late  Parliament  was  one  by 
Mr.  J.  W.  Pease,  member  for  Durham,  having  for  its  object  to 
reduce  the  number  of  hours  in  which  houses  could  be  open  for 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  the  evening  of  Sundays,  and 
to  permit  them  only  to  sell,  during  the  prescribed  hours,  liquors 
for  consumption  off  the  premises,  except  in  the  metropolis  and 
boroughs  having  a  population  of  one  hundred  thousand  persons, 
where  liquor  might  be  sold  for  consumption  on  the  premises  to  any 
person  who  should  purchase  articles  of  food  of  not  less  than  equal 
value.  It  was  not  proposed  to  alter  the  law  as  regards  the  bona  fde 
traveller,  or  as  relates  to  railway  refreshment  rooms.  This  Bill 
lapsed  upon  the  dissolution  of  Parliament. 


g6  TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION — 


No  sooner  had  the  new  Parliament  commenced  its  sittings  than 
it  became  evident  that  the  advocates  of  temperance  and  of 
restrictive  legislation  in  regard  to  the  liquor  traffic  were  on  the 
alert,  and  Bills  were  speedily  introduced  by  Mr.  Roberts,  member 
for  the  Flint  Boroughs,  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors 
on  Sunday  in  Wales,  and,  on  the  same  day,  by  Mr.  Stevenson, 
member  for  South  Shields,  for  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  on  Sunday,  subject  to  the  provisions  (except  as  to  the 
hours  of  closing  on  that  day)  of  the  Licensing  Act,  1872.  Shortly 
afterwards  Mr.  J.  W.  Pease,  member  for  S.  Durham,  again  brought 
in  a  Sunday-closing  Bill,  the  object  of  which  was  not  the  entire 
closing  of  licensed  houses,  but  of  lessening  the  time  when  they 
might  be  open.  In  the  metropolis  the  hours  were  proposed  to 
be  from  one  to  three,  and  from  seven  to  ten,  and  elsewhere  from 
half- past  twelve  to  half-past  two  and  from  seven  to  nine,  thus 
reducing  the  time  for  permitted  opening  by  two  hours  in  the 
evening.  It  was  further  proposed  that  outside  the  metropolitan 
district  the  sale  should  be  only  for  consumption  off  the  premises. 
The  clause  in  Mr.  Pease's  former  Bill  providing  that  food  should 
be  purchased  if  drink  were  consumed  on  the  premises  was  not 
reproduced.  His  Bill  did  not  propose  to  alter  the  law  as  it 
relates  to  travellers  or  to  railway  refreshment  rooms. 

On  the  House  of  Commons  going  into  supply  on  Friday,  25th 
June,  Mr.  Stevenson,  having  withdrawn  his  Bill,  moved  a  resolu- 
tion in  favour  of  the  total  closing  of  public-houses  on  Sunday. 
After  a  long  retrospect  of  the  progress  of  Sunday  closing,  he  con- 
tended that  public  opinion  was  now  ripe  for  a  complete  measure, 
and  therefore  withdrew  from  the  concession  which  he  made  last 
year  of  two  hours  in  the  day  for  sale  off  the  premises.  Among 
other  arguments  he  adduced  the  complete  success  of  the  Forbes- 
Mackenzie  Act  in  Scotland  and  of  the  Irish  Closing  Act.  Mr. 
Birley  seconded  the  motion,  and  suggested  to  the  Home  Secretary 
that  the  issue  of  six-day  licenses  would  be  a  step  in  the  right 
direction.  Mr.  J.  W.  Pease  hoped  the  House  would  agree  to  the 
amendment  of  his  hon.  friend  so  that  he  might  have  an  opportunity 
of  submitting  his  own  resolution  to  their  consideration.  Little, 
he  said,  had  yet  been  done  in  the  direction  of  Sunday  closing, 
because  the  advocates  of  that  step  were  not  content  to  proceed  by 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  97 

degrecfl,  but  strove  to  reach  their  object  at  a  bouucl.  He  believed 
bis  hon.  friend  and  those  who  thought  with  him  had  mistaken  the 
feeling  of  the  country.  He  thought  the  question  was  ripe  for  legis- 
lation, but  it  would  not  be  wise  to  legislate  against  the  feeling  of  the 
country.  He  thought  the  plan  he  had  suggested  would  be  backed 
by  the  country,  and  that  his  hon.  friend^s  proposal  would  not  le 
80  supported.  Mr.  Blake  said  that  since  the  passing  of  the  Sunday 
Closing  Act  for  Ireland  there  had  been  a  diminution  in  the  con- 
sumption of  spirits  and  in  the  arrests  for  drunkenness,  and  the 
diminution  in  crime  had  been  referred  to  in  almost  every  judge's 
charge  at  the  assizes.  It  was  natural  at  first  to  connect  these 
results  with  the  distress,  but  in  1845-7,  concurrently  with  distress, 
there  was  an  increase  of  drunkenness.  He  could  testify  from  his 
own  experience  to  the  happy  results  that  had  followed  Sunday 
closing,  and  could  well  believe  that  a  similar  boon  would  be  a 
great  blessing  to  this  country.  Sir  W.  Hnrcourt  said  there  was  no 
evidence  to  show  that  public  opinion  was  prepared  for  the  sweep- 
ing change  advocated  by  Mr.  Stevenson  ;  and  among  other  objec- 
tion? he  pointed  out  that  it  was  totally  opposed  to  the  Local 
Option  resolution  carried  the  other  evening.  Speaking  for  him- 
self alone  he  could  not  support  the  resolution,  but  rather  leaned 
to  Mr.  Pease's  views.  Sir  R.  Cross  thought  it  was  impossible  to 
legislate  in  advance  of  public  opinion,  and  though  all  might  be 
theoretically  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing  it  would  be  impossible  to 
enforce  such  a  measure  if  it  were  passed  to-morrow.  Certainly 
in  the  metropolis  no  Secretary  of  State  could  be  responsible 
for  the  peace  if  all  the  public-houses  were  closed  throughout 
Smulay.  He  agreed  that  there  might  be  a  considerable  increase 
in  the  hours  of  closing,  but,  deprecating  intermittent  legislation 
on  this  subject,  he  urged  the  Government  to  make  up  their  minds 
and  deal  with  it  as  a  whole  in  the  measure  which  they  were 
pledged  to  bring  in.  On  the  division  being  taken  it  was  found  that 
155  members  voted  with  Mr.  Stevenson,  and  119  against  him, 
being  a  majority  of  36  in  favour  of  his  resolution,  upon  which 
Mr.  Pease  moved  to  insert  the  words  :  "  As  nearly  as  possible  to 
the  whole  of  that  day,  making  such  provision  only  for  the  sale 
during  limited  hours  of  beer,  ale,  porter,  cyder,  or  perry,  for  con- 
nunption  off  the  premises,  in  the  country,  and  for  the  require - 

X 


gS  TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION  — 

ment  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  metropolitan  districts,  as  may  be 
found  needful  to  secure  public  co-operation  in  any  alteration  of  the 
law,"  which  wa?  adopted  with  but  few  dissentients,  and  the  reso- 
lution as  amended  was  carried  with  great  cheering. 

A  few  days  after  the  success  which  had  attended  Mr.  Steven- 
son's resc>lution,  Mr.  Roberts  found  the  opportunity  (June  30; 
to  move  the  second  reading  of  his  Bill,  the  object  of  which  was 
to  close  entirely  public-houses  in  Wales  on  Sunday ;  and  in  doing 
so  stated  that  as  there  was  a  strong  and  unanimous  sentiment  in 
Wales  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing,  he  felt  bound  to  take  the 
opinion  of  the  House  upon  it.  Of  this  universal  feeling  he  gave 
numerous  proofs,  showing  that  it  was  supported  by  both  parties, 
and  that  the  over^vhelming  mojority  of  Welsh  members  were 
pledged  to  it.  Dr.  Kinnear,  Mr.  Carbutt,  and  Mr.  Blake  spoke 
in  favour  of  the  Bill.  General  Bumaby  and  Mr.  Warton  opposed 
it,  and  Mr.  A.  Peel,  speaking  from  the  Treasury  Bench,  pointed 
out  that  the  measure  would  stand  in  the  way  of  the  Oovemment 
when  they  came  to  bring  in  their  Licensing  Bill,  which  Mr. 
Gladstone  had  promised  would  comprise  an  application  of  the 
principle  of  local  option.  But  though  he  could  not  support  the 
Bill,  he  admitted  the  consensus  of  opinion  in  its  favour,  and  could 
not,  therefore,  oppose  the  second  reading.  The  Bill  was  read  a 
second  time. 

It  is  worthy  of  record  that  no  less  than  3,524  petitions,  bearing 
an  aggregate  of  582,087  pignatures,  were  presented  to  the  House 
of  Commons  in  favour  of  Mr.  Stevenson's  proposal  to  close  public- 
houses  in  England  and  Wales  on  Sunday,  and  124  petitions,  with 
67,740  signatures  in  support  of  Mr.  Itoberts'  Bill  to  close  licensed 
houRes  in  Wales  on  that  day. 

Mr.  Pease  found  no  opportunity  to  proceed  with  his  Bill,  which 
went  no  further  than  a  first  reading.  Mr.  Bobarts  also,  when 
success  appeared  almost  within  his  grasp,  was  doomed  to  dis- 
appointment. On  the  19th  July  the  Prime  Minister  was  appeal6l 
to  to  afford  facilities  for  passing  the  Welsh  Sunday  Closing  Bill ; 
but  Mr.  Gladstone,  while  not  at  all  disposed  to  indicate  any 
unfavourable  opinion  on  the  measure,  regretted  to  learn  on  inquiry 
that  considerable  opposition  would  be  offered  to  it,  though  not 
from  the  inhabitants  of  Wales  or  their  representatives ;  and  as  the 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  99 

matter  could  not  be  disposed  of  at  a  fiingle  sitting,  he  did  not  see 
how  it  was  possible  to  pass  it  this  jear.  Thus  this  useful  measure 
became  strangled,  after  making  good  progress,  and  was  lost — 
according  to  Mr.  Gladstone's  avowal — not  because  the  Welsh  people 
were  divided  in  opinion  on  the  subject  of  Sunday  closing,  but 
because  members  of  other  constituencies,  who  could  have  no  direct 
concern  in  the  matter,  were  determined  that  the  Welsh  should 
not  have  what  they  desired  with  so  much  unanimity. 

Although  the  present  year  has  thus  proved  unfruitful  as  regards 
l^slation  upon  this  important  branch  of  Temperance  reform,  it 
must  come  again  before  Parliament  next  session,  when  it  will 
have  the  advantage  of  the  accumulated  results  of  past  divisions. 
The  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Bill — passed  as  a  tentative  measure  for 
three  years  only,  and  excluding  from  its  operation  five  of  the 
larger  cities — will  need  to  be  considered,  and  the  Irish  temperance 
men  are  already  actively  engaged  in  taking  steps  to  secure  not 
only  a  continuance  of  what  they  have  already  obtained,  but  the 
extension  of  the  Act  to  the  five  cities  exempted  from  its  operation  '* 
as  well  as  the  earlier  closing  on  Saturday  evenings  ;  and  are  to  be 
congratulated  upon  the  assurance  given  by  Mr.  Forster,  the  Chief 
Secretary  for  Ireland,  to  a  deputation  which  waited  upon  him  at 
Dublin  Castle  on  the  28th  October  upon  the  question  of  Sunday 
closing.     Mr.  Forster — as  reported  in  the  Times  of  October  30, 
— said  : — "  He  thought  he  might  say  he  did  not  think  there  could 
beany  doubt — scarcely  any  doubt — that  the  Sunday  Closing  Act 
would  be  renewed  by  the  Government  that  was  in  power.     It 
certainly,  as  far  as  he  could  learn,  more  than  justified  the  expec- 
tation of  its  supporters.    The  positive  effects  had  been  shown  to 
be  almost  better — really  better,  he  thought — than  most  of  them 
hoped  they  wouLl   be,  or  than  their  expectations   led  them  to 
expect  they  would  be.     It  was  quite  clear  that  those  who  prophe- 
Med  that  it  would  be  a 'step  considerably  in  advance  of  public 
opinion  in  Ireland  had  been  disappointed,  for,  so  far  as  he  could 
make  out,  public  opinion  had  gone  with  it." 

Sir  Harcourt  Johnstone — now  Lord  Hackness — introduced  a 
Bill,  which  without  doubt  was  the  work  of  the  Church  of  England 
Temperance  Society,  the  object  of  which  was  to  constitute  licenr- 
ing  boards  cf  equal  numbers  of  justices  and  of  elected  ratepayers, 

E  2 


lOO  TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION — 

with  power  to  levy  license  rents  and  pay  compensation  for  licenses 
surrendered.  In  moving  the  second  reading,  he  stated:  '*  The  Bill 
was  equally  opposed  by  the  trade  because  it  went  too  far,  and  by 
the  Good  Templars  because  it  did  not  go  far  enough,  and  this  fact 
ought  to  commend  it  to  all  moderate  men.  There  was  a  strong 
feeling  in  the  country  in  favour  of  local  option,  and  if  the  magis- 
trates were  associated  with  the  ratepayers  there  would  be  an 
element  of  conservatism  in  the  reform  which  ought  to  make  it  far 
more  acceptable  than  the  Permissive  £ill."  The  Bill  was  supported 
by  Mr.  Birley,  and  opposed  by  Mr.  M.  Scott,  who  said  the  Bill 
was  a  slight  upon,  and  an  insult  to,  the  magistracy  of  England. 
The  question  raised  was  whether  the  House  bad  confidence  in 
the  magistrates,  and  whether  they  had  done  their  duty  in  the 
past.  Mr.  Scott  continued  his  observations  in  defence  of  the 
magistracy  until  the  hour  arrived  at  which  the  debate  was 
compelled  to  stop,  and  the  Bill  was  not  again  heard  of  in  the 
House. 

An  interesting  debate  took  place  in  the  House  of  Lords  on 
July  2,  instituted  by  Lord  Onslow,  who  called  attention  to  the 
report  of  the  Select  Committee  of  their  Lordships'  House 
appointed  in  1877  to  inquire  into  intemperance.  Adverting  to 
the  fact  that  the  evidence  given  before  that  Committee  showed 
the  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors  to  be  on  the  increase  in 
this  country,  he  at  the  same  time  admitted  that  the  increase  in 
the  consumption  of  tea  and  sugar  had  been  proportionately 
greater.  While,  like  the  Select  Committee,  he  was  not  prepared 
to  recommend  the  permissive  system,  which  he  thought  would  be 
a  violation  of  the  whole  spirit  of  our  legislation,  he  thought  with 
them  that  power  should  be  given  to  localities  to  make  the  attempt 
to  diminish  the  evils  of  the  liquor  traffic.  As  it  was  in  evidence 
that  mischief  was  done  by  the  sale  of  spirits  to  women  in  grocers' 
shops,  the  grocer  sometimes  entering  the  spirits  so  sold  under  the 
name  of  "  goods,"  he  suggested  that  the  magistrates  ought  to  have 
power  to  settle  the  number  of  grocers'  spirit  licenses  to  be  granted 
in  their  locality  and  to  put  these  up  to  tender.  While  thinking 
that  public  opinion  would  not  be  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing,  he 
would  be  for  earlier  closing  on  Saturday  night  and  for  other 
restrictions  to  be  laid  down  on  new  lines.    He  asked  the  Qovem- 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  lOI 


xnent  wbat  was  their  intention  in  the  matter.  The  Bishop  of 
Carlisle  did  not  think  public  opinion  was  yet  far  enough  advanced 
to  warrant  the  entire  closing  of  public-houses  on  Sunday,  but 
believed  a  further  restriction  of  hours  might  safely  be  adopted. 
Lord  Cottesloe  was  of  opinion  that  further  restrictions  as  to  the 
hours  in  which  licensed  houses  were  open  in  the  morning  was 
desirable,  and  maintained  that  all  convictions  should  be  endorsed 
on  the  license.  The  Earl  of  Fife,  speaking  on  behalf  of  tho 
Government,  said  the  question  was  one  the  importance  of  which 
was  felt  as  strongly  by  the  Qovemment  as  by  Lord  Onslow.  On 
one  point  he  said  all  were  agreed — that  it  was  our  duty  to  do  all 
in  our  power  consistently  with  liberty  to  diminish  the  evils  of 
intemperance,  which  was  unfortunately  only  too  prevalent.  But 
when  once  this  agreement  was  arrived  at  on  all  sides,  temperance 
reformers  were  found  joining  issue  on  every  conceivable  point. 
Some  were  in  favour  of  absolute  suppression,  others  of  perfect 
freedom  in  the  liquor  traffic,  while  others,  sgain,  put  forward 
schemes  of  varying  complexity,  such  as  the  Gothenburg  system, 
and  the  more  practicable  proposals  connected  with  licensing' 
boards.  The  entire  suppression  of  the  liquor  traffic  was  hardly 
possible  or  practicable  in  the  present  state  of  the  public  mind, 
nor  would  the  policy  of  perfect  freedom  be  likely  to  recommend 
itself  to  any  large  section  of  the  community.  The  question  of 
the  hours  of  closing  was  one  which  had  been  under  the  con- 
sideration of  successive  Governments,  and  was  one  in  which 
they  had  introduced  many  alterations  of  various  sorts.  For  his 
own  part,  he  very  much  doubted  whether  these  changes  really 
affected  the  general  questions  of  the  temperance  or  intemperance 
of  the  people.  Perhaps  the  most  promising  part  of  the  subject 
was  that  which  was  connected  with  the  whole  question  of 
licensing,  and  how  far  the  power  of  granting  licenses  should  be 
vested  in  the  ratepayers  or  in  boards  directly  elected  by  them. 
The  last  general  election  had  shown  that  the  temperance  forces 
in  the  country  had  considerably  increased,  and  that  there  was  a 
growing  feeling  in  favour  of  some  sort  of  local  option,  and  possibly 
in  favoni  of  some  restrictions  in  the  Sunday  liquor  traffic.  But 
he  would  venture  to  say  that  it  was  hardly  fair  or  reasonable  to 
expect  that  a  Qovemment  which  had  been  so  short  a  time  in 


I02  TEMPERAN'CE    LEGISLATION 


office,  and  had  had,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  affairs,  so  many  and 
such  great  questions  pressing  simultaneously  for  immediate  solu- 
tion, could  have  already  elaborated  a  legislative  proposal  on  a 
subject  which  had  pre-eminently  baffled  the  ingenuity  of  succes- 
sive Administrations.  Those  who  were  most  earnest  in  the  cause 
of  temperance  reform  would  admit  that  it  was  hardly  one  of 
thoHe  questions  in  which  it  would  be  wise  to  go  far  ahead  of  public 
opinion,  as  any  excess  in  the  direction  of  restraint  might  have  the 
opposite  effect  to  that  which  we  all  wished,  by  causing  a  reaction 
to  set  in.  In  conclusion  he  wished  to  say  that  the  Government 
were  both  earnest  and  anxious  in  this  question.  The  whole 
matter  was  under  their  consideration.  They  were  noting  the 
various  changes  which  were  now  taking  place  in  public  opinion, 
and  they  hoped  at  no  distant  date  to  introduce  a  measure  which 
might  mitigate  some  of  the  worst  features  of  this  lamentable 
evil . 

Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  had  this  year  the  unusual  opportunity  of 
twice  bringing  before  the  House  of  Commons  his  "  Local  Option" 
resolution,  which   ran   as    follows : — "  That,  inasmuch  as  the 
ancient  and  avowed  object  of  licensing  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  is  to  supply  a  supposed  public  want,  without  detriment  to 
the  public  welfare,  this  House  is  of  opinion  that  a  legal  power 
restraining  the  issue  or  renewal  of  licenses  should  be  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  persons  most  deeply  interested  and  affected — 
namely,  the  inhabitants  themselves,  who  are  entitled  to  protection 
from  the  injurious  consequences  of  the  present  system  by  some 
efficient  measure  of  local  option."    On  the  5th  March  the  inde- 
fatigable Baronet  moved  the  resolution,  which  was  seconded  by 
Mr.  Burt ;  he  was  followed  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  who  however  felt 
unable  to  follow  either  the  mover  or  seconder  to  their  conclusion. 
Amongst  the  numerous  speakers  to  the  motion  were  three  other 
eminent  stat^buien,  viz.,  Mr.  Bright,  Lord  Hartington,  and  Mr. 
(now  Sir  Richard)  Cross,  but  only  t^e  first  name  is  to  be  found  in 
the  division  list  which  gave  the  numbers  as  134  in  favour  of  the 
motion  and  248  against. 

Not  many  days  after  this  vote  was  taken  Parliament  was  dis- 
solved, and  a  great  change  was  made  in  the  representatives ;  many 
of  those  who  had  persistently  opposed  Sir  W.  Lawson  failed  to  be 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  I03 

rejected,  ^wliile,  a»  we  have  already  mentioned,  many  known 
promoten  of  Temperance  were  sent  to  the  House  of  Commons  ; 
therefore  when  Sir  Wilfrid  rose  on  the  18th  of  June  in  the  new 
House  to  move  the  same  resolution  he  must  have  felt  that,  what- 
eTer  the  lesalt  of  the  vote  might  prove  to  be,  he  was  surrounded 
by  many  more  warm  friends  and  sympathisers  than  upon  the 
former  occasion.     Moreover,  Members  of  Parliament  generally 
had  been  undergoing  an   educational  process  by  coming  into 
contact  with  the  people,  and  by  learning  the  vast  strides  which 
temperance  sentiment  has  made  during  the  last  few  years.     It 
woidd  not,  therefore,  have  been  surprising  had  he  been  more^ 
raccessful  than  before  ;  indeed,  it  was  generally  believed  that  a 
larger  number  of  members  would  be  found  voting  wiih  Sir  W. 
LawBon  than  on  any  previous  division,  but  his  most  sanguine 
fiiends  could  hardly  have  expected  the  triumphant  result  which 
the  division  list  showed.   The  resolution  was  carried  by  a  majority 
of  26,  the  numbers  being  229  for,  and  203  against.     Gratifying 
to  Sir  Wilfrid  and  his  friends  as  this  must  have  been,  the  most 
interesting  and  significant  point  in  the  debate  was  the  speech  of 
the  Prime  Minister — Mr.  Gladstone — who,  while  declaring  that  he 
could  not  vote  for  the  resolution,  and  that  chiefly  on  the  ground 
that  it  did  not  contain  **  any  principle  of  equitable  compensation,'* 
expressed  general  sympathy  with  the  object,  and  "he  earnestly 
h<^)ed,  that  at  some  future  period  it  might  be  found  practicable  to 
deal  with  the  licensing  law,  and  in  doing  so  to  include  the 
reasonable  and  just  principle  advocated  by  his  hon.  friend.     All 
of  them  held  together  up  to  a  certain  point,  recognising  as  they 
did  the  evils  of  drunkenness  ;   but  after  that  admission  they 
begin  to  separate.    He  did  not  agree  with  those  who  said  that 
legislation  was  impotent  in  this  matter,  for  legislation  had  a  great 
power  in  the  removal  of  sources  of  temptation,  and  the  question 
would  be  to  what  extent,  in  what  manner,  and  under  what  condi- 
tions, legislation  could  be  employed  at  a  suitable  moment  for  the 
purpose  of  lessening  or  removing  these  sources  of  temptation. 
He  deprecated  the  multiplication  of  monopolies,  and  insisted  that 
the  higher  prohibitory  laws  were  wound  up  the  more  were  the 
obstacles  multiplied  with  which  they  had  to  deal.     He  would  say 
these  two  things  in  conclusion— he  believed  that  among  the  •;reat 


I04  TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION  — 


fiubjcctfl  that  would  call  for  the  attention  of  the  executive  at  the 
earliest  period  would  be  the  reform  of  the  licensing  laws  ;  and  he 
regarded  this  as  an  essential  part  of  the  work  of  the  present 
Government." 

The  importance  of  this  declaration  by  Mr.  Gladstone  is  enhanced 
by  the  fact  that  no  fewer  than  sixteen  members  of  the  Government 
voted  with  Sir  Wilfrid  LawFon,  viz.,  Mr.  Evelyn  Ashley, Mr.  Bright, 
Mr.  Campbell-Bamierman,  Mr.  Chamberlain,  Sir  Charles  Dilke, 
Mr.  Grant  Duff,  Mr.  Fornter,  Sir  W .  Harcourt,  Sir  A.  D.  Hayter,the 
Solicitor-General,  Mr.  Hibbert,  the  Attorney-General  for  Ireland, 
Mr.  Shaw  Lefevre,  Mr.  Osbonie  Morgan,  Mr.  Mundella,  and  Mr. 
A.  W.  Peel. 

The  Home  Secretary,  Sir  W.  Harcourt,  was  questioned  in  the 
House  on  the  2Gth  of  July  by  Mr.  J.  Stewart,  who  inquired  if  the 
Government  intended,  either  by  a  suspensory  Bill  or  by  an  Order 
in  Council,  to  suspend  the  issue  of  new  licenses,  and  replied  that 
" in  the  prospect  of  an  early  revision  of  the  licensing  laws"  the 
Gpvernment  did  not  propose  doing  so. 

Dr.  Cameron,  Member  for  Glasgow,  introduced  a  Bill  to  amend 
the  law  relating  to  the  traffic  in  exciseable  liquors  on  board  pas- 
senger vessels  plying  between  Scottish  ports — a  measure  urgently 
needed  in  England  as  well  as  in  Scotland — but  was  not  successful 
in  getting  it  passed. 

The  Government  brought  in  and  passed  a  Bill  to  consolidate 
and  amend  the  law  relating  to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  spirits, 
containing  a  large  number  of  clauses  and  many  details  applicable 
to  distillers,  rectifiers  and  dealers  ;  it  will  come  into  operation  on 
January  1.  Among  the  penalties  it  is  enacted  that  if  any  person 
hawks,  sells,  or  exposes  for  sale,  any  spirits,  otherwise  than  on 
premises  for  which  he  is  licensed  to  sell  spirits,  he  is  liable  to  a 
fine  of  XlOO  and  the  forfeiture  of  the  spirits.  A  distiller  is  bound 
to  provide  a  "  spirit  store,"  and  to  have  it  properly  secured.  The 
term  "spirits"  means  spirits  of  any  description,  and  includes  all 
liquors  mixed  with  spirits,  and  all  mixtures,  compounds,  or  pre- 
parations made  with  spirits. 

An  important  change  in  the  financial  relations  of  malt  and 
brewing  was  initiated  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  Prime  Minister  and 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  in  his  budget  speech  in  June  last. 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  I05 


This  was  the  imposition  of  an  additional  penny  iu  the  pound 
sterling  on  the  income  tax,  making  that  tax  6<l.  instead  of  5d. 
from  5th  April,  1880:  the  object  for  which  this  extra  tax  was 
granted  being  the  repeal  of  the  malt  duty,  which  was  wholly  to 
cease  on  the  1st  October^  together  with  the  licenses  taken  out  by 
maluters ;  and  the  Customs  duties  payable  on  malt,  vinegar,  and 
pickles  preserved  in  vinegar.  There  was  also  repealed  the  duty  on 
lu^ar  used  by  any  brewer  of  beer  for  &ale  in  the  brewing  or 
making  of  beer,  or  in  the  preparation  therefrom  of  any  lif[uor  or 
substance  to  be  used  as  colouring  in  the  brewing  or  making  of 
beer. 

Most  probably  this  was  a  new  revelation  to  many  members  of 
Parliament  who  may  have  imagined,  in  common  with  less  exalted 
personages,  that  beer  was  brewed  only  from  malt  and  hops.  We 
fear,  however,  that  sugar  is  not  the  worst  ingredient  in  the 
brewers*  manufactory. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Daily  News  for  some  interesting  par- 
ticulars respecting  malt  duty,  which  is  a  very  old  grievance  of  the 
British  farmer.  It  was  first  imposed  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
and  amounted  to  4s.  3|d.  a  bushel  on  English  malt,  and  3s.  6h\, 
on  Scotch  barley  malt  ;  and  33.  on  malt  made  from  a  hardier 
kind  of  barley  grown  in  Scotland,  and  called  bigg  (Hordeum 
kezastichon).  This  tax  was  repealed,  but  was  again  imposed  under 
William  III.,  in  1697,  to  pay  the  cost  of  the  French  War.  It 
was  then  charged  only  6jd.  per  bushel.  Since  that  time  it  has 
once  been  raised  to  43.  5jd.,  or  l|d.  more  than  it  had  been  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  ;  and  in  the  year  1826  it  was  fixed  at 
£1  13.^.  4*1.  on  every  hundred  gallons  of  malt  made  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  A  Treasury  warrant  in  the  same  year  fixed  28.  7d. 
a  bushel  as  the  rate  at  which  the  charge  should  be  actually 
levied,  and  as  the  Act  of  1840  increased  the  duty  on  exciseable 
articles  5  per  cent,  the  actual  amount  of  the  malt  duty  is  2s.  8jd., 
or,  to  be  more  exact,  2s.  S^^d.  per  bushel ;  or  £\  Is.  8^1.  per 
quarter.  In  Scotland  and  Ireland  malt  made  from  here  or  bigg, 
for  home  consumption,  is  charged  only  2s.  a  bushel,  with  5  per  cent, 
additional ;  but  if  malt  is  brought  across  the  Border  or  the  Irish 
Channel  the  full  English  duty  is  imposed.  Malt  for  use  in  brewing 
can  only  be  made  by  licensed  maltsters,  and  the  whole  of  their 


I06  TEMPERANCE  LEGISLATION 

business  is  carried  on  under  the  most  minute  and  constant  super- 
vision  and  control  of  the  Excise.  It  can,  however,  be  made  free 
from  duty  if  it  is  used  for  feeding  animals  or  for  distilling  spirits ; 
but  persons  so  making  it  must  be  licensed,  and  give  a  bond  for 
£1,000  as  a  security  against  fraud.  The  maltster's  licenses  vary 
from  78.  lOjd.  to  £4  143.  6d.,  the  license  for  roasting  malt  is  £20^ 
and  that  for  dealing  in  roasted  malt  £10.  The  brewer*s  license 
amounts  to  3d.  a  barrel  on  all  the  beer  brewed.  It  is,  however, 
practically  charged  at  the  rate  of  12s.  6d.  for  every  fifty  barrels  or 
fractional  part  of  fifty  barrels  brewed.  All  these  duties,  with  the 
minute  interference  with  manufacture  they  involved,  are  swept 
away.  A  business  which  is  now  carried  on  at  every  turn  under 
the  most  detailed  and  exact  regulations,  so  that  even  the  utensils 
employed  must  be  duly  entered,  and  used  only  for  that  one  pur- 
pose, will  be  as  free  as  any  other  manufacture.  In  place  of  all 
these  duties  new  charges  are  imposed.  Every  brewer  of  beer  for 
eale  is  to  pay  a  license  of  £1  ;  and  any  person  desiring  to  brew 
beer  for  his  own  consumption  or  that  of  his  family  or  workpeople 
is  to  be  able  to  get  a  license  to  do  so.  On  all  beer  brewed  under 
these  licenses  a  duty  of  Ca.  3d.  for  every  thirty- six  gallons  will 
be  charged.  This  duty  will,  as  we  understand,  be  liable  to  increase 
or  decrease  according  to  the  saccharine  strength  of  the  wort  before 
fermentation.  The  standard  is  to  be  1055  degrees  of  specific 
gravity,  and  a  proportion  of  the  duty  will  be  charged  for  every 
increase  of  this  specific  gravity  or  allowed  for  its  diminution.  The 
mode  of  charging  the  duty  on  private  brewers  is  to  be,  in  Mr. 
QIadstone's  words,  that  of  making  a  **  presumptive  charge."  Each 
applicant  for  a  license  for  private  brewing  will  state  whether  his 
house  is  of  the  annual  value  of  less  or  more  than  £20  a  year.  If 
it  is  not  more  than  £20  he  may  brew  his  beer  on  the  pay- 
ment of  6s.,  and  hear  no  more  of  it.  If  it  is  over  £20  he  will 
have  to  make  a  return  of  the  quantities  of  the  materials  he  has 
used  ;  and  whether  he  has  made  little  or  much  of  them,  good  beer 
or  bad,  he  will  be  charged  according  to  the  quantity  the  materials 
used  ought  to  have  made.  A  further  compensation  for  the  loss  of 
the  malt  duty  is  found  in  a  slight  increase  of  license  duty  on  the 
retailers  of  spirituous  liquors.  In  accordance  with  the  recom- 
mendations of  the  report  of  the  Lords*  Committee  on  intempe- 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE.  IO7 


rasce,  the  spirit  licenses  on  the  larger  class  of  licensed  houses  are 
to  be  increased.     The  beerhouse-keeper  will  pay  £3  lOs,  where  he 
now  pays  ^£3  6s.  Ifd.,  or  £4  if  he  sells  wine  as  well  as  beer  to  be 
consumed  on  the  premises.    The  licensed  victuallers  who  now 
pay  for  both  beer  and  spirits  will  henceforth  pay  for  one  license, 
which  will  include  both.    They  are  now  charged  for  the  beer 
license  £1  23.  0|d.,  and  for  the  spirit  license  £2  4s.  Id.  under  ;£10 
ratal  np  to  j£ll  for  a  £50  ratal  and  upwards.     They  will  now  pay 
£5  for  houses  under  £10,  running  up  to  £20  for  those  above  £40, 
and  under  £50  ;  increasing  to  £25  for  houses  between  £50  and 
£100,  and  £30  for  those  above  that  amount  of  ratal.    If,  however, 
the  premises  are  used  as  an  inn  or  hotel  "  for  the  reception  of 
guests  and  travellers  desirous  of  dwelling  therein,  and  are  mainly 
so  used,*'  the  license  is  to  be  limited  to  £20.     The  Lirge  and 
wealthy  retailers  are  consequently  considerably  raised.     A  house 
of  over  £50  a  year  ratal,  which  now  pays  £11  0^.  Gd.  for  spirits, 
and  £1  28.  04d.  for  beer,  will  henceforth'pay  £25  for  a  license  in- 
cluding both.     On  the  other  hand,  a  retailer  of  cyder  and  perry, 
who  now  pays  the  same  as  the  beer  license,  will  be  raised  3s. 
and  pay  £l  53. 

It  was  also  proposed  to  effect  several  changes,  chiefly  by  way  of 
reduction,  in  the  wine  duties,  but  difficulties  having  arising  regard- 
ing them  this  part  of  the  scheme  was  deferred. 

Although  not  coming  within  tlie  limit  of  legislation  in  1880, 
the  Act  passed  in  the  previous  year,  known  as  the  *'  Habitual 
Drunkards  Act,''  may  be  alluded  to,  as  it  was  provided  that  it 
should  come  into  operation  on  the  1st  January  last,  but  it  has 
unfortunately  hitherto  proved  to  be  abortive.  The  Act  affirms  a 
principle,  and  establishes  a  machinery  by  means  of  which  it  can 
be  put  into  operation  ;  but  the  liberty  of  the  subject  is  so  hedged 
round  with  conditions  which  impede  the  application  of  the  Act 
to  individual  cases,  that  it  will  greatly  hinder  its  operations.  Two 
private  retreats  only  are  licensed  under  the  new  Act ;  while  the 
Lancet  of  October  30th  states  : — "  We  have  good  reason  to  know 
that  it  (this  Act)  is  absolutely  a  dead  letter,  and  that  not  one 
house  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act  has  yet  been  established. 
Meanwhile  girls  of  twenty-one  come  up  before  helpless  magis- 
trates to  be  sent  to  prison  for  the  fifty-first  time."    It  is  to  be 


Io8  TEMPERANCE  LEGISLATION — 


l>(>pcd  that  some  earnest  member  of  Parliament  m&j  be  induced 
to  amend  this  Act  so  as  to  render  it  really  useful,  aa  the  necessity 
is  urgent  for  asylums  in  which  unfortunate  persons  who  have 
lost  all  self-control  in  regard  to  the  dreadful  appetite'  for  strong 
drink  may  be  detained  until  the  craving  shall  have  ceased,  and  a 
healthy  exercise  of  the  will  be  established. 

The  Government  has  pledged  itself  to  deal  with  the  Licensing 
Laws  at  an  early  date.  The  task  is  a  formidable  one,  from  what- 
ever point  of  view  it  is  regarded  ;  the  enormous  amount  of  money 
which  changes  hands  every  year  in  the  traffic  in  strong  drink  is 
in  itself  sufficient  to  cause  statesmen  to  hesitate  how  they  interfere 
with  a  trade  in  which  the  capitid  embarked  is  to  be  reckoned  by 
many  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  and  from  which  the  Imperial 
Exchequer  derives  a  large  portion  of  the  annual  income  of  the 
country.  Added  to  all  this  is  the  fact  that  large  masses  of 
our  countrymen  and  countrywomen  regard  the  great  staple  pro- 
duct of  the  breweries  as  an  essential  article  of  daily,  we  had 
almost  said  of  hourly,  consumption,  and  are  ever  ready  and  prone 
to  resent  any  interference  with  what  they  regard  as  their  comforts 
or  privileges.  On  the  other  hand  are  the  strong  scruples  of 
that  rapidly  increasing  class  whose  susceptibilities  are  rudely 
shocked  by  the  appalling  facts  which  are  constantly  being  re- 
vealed by  the  proceedings  in  our  police  courts  and  courts  of 
assize  ;  showing  the  intimate  relation  which  exists  between  strong 
drink  and  crime,  and  who  are  seriously  asking  whether  the 
licensing  system  cannot  be  modified,  so  as  at  least  to  lessen  the  great 
mass  of  crime  which  has  its  source  in  the  drink  sold  under  magis- 
terial permission.  Then  there  are  also  the  earnest  demands  of 
those,  now  happily  to  be  numbered  by  millions,  who,  themselves 
abstaining  from  the  use  of  intoxicants,  have  come  to  have  a 
very  keen  perception  of  the  misery  and  self-inflicted  suffering 
which  few^  if  any,  human  minds  can  fathom,  resulting  from  the 
drinking  habits  of  the  majority  of  the  people.  We  say  distinctly 
that  the  customs  of  the  majority  are  answerable  for  the  vice, 
crime,  and  poverty,  begotten  of  intemperance,  but  we  do  not  say 
the  majority  of  the  people  are  intemperate.  Were  this  the  case 
we  should  have  but  little  hope  of  our  countr}'.  Tlie  minority 
have  long  been  striving,  and,  without  question,  will  continue 


PAST   AND    PROSPECTIVE.  IO9 


to  fitrivc  to  bring  about  a  better  condition  in  the  habits 
and  practice  of  the  people  ;  they  are  impelled  by  no  selfish 
passion,  but,  acting  nnder  the  holy  desire  to  see  the  people 
enjoying  a  healthier,  happier,  purer  condition  of  life,  they  will  not 
relax  in  their  efforts  to  diffuse  correct  information  upon  the 
nature  of  intoxicaUng  drinks,  and  to  show  the  advantages  which 
have  accrued,  and  will  continue  to  accrue,  with  ever-widening 
effect,  as  the  practice  of  abstinence  becomes  extended  among  the 
people  ;  but  they  feel  that  they  ought  to  be,  at  least,  assisted  in 
their  benevolent  desires  by  such  support  as  wise  legislation  may 
be  able  to  afford,  and  not  be  thwarted  by  evils  which  post  unwise 
legislation  may  have  allowed  to  grow  up  to  the  hurt  of  the  great 
body  politic. 

We  are  not  unmindful  of  the  difficulties  which  beset  the  path 
of  the  license  reformer.  Were  the  possibilities  equal  to  the  warm 
desires  of  our  hearts,  the  gigantic  curse  of  England  would  be 
driven  away  as  by  a  whirlwind  of  righteous  indignation  ;  but  it 
u  not  so,  and  we  are  called  upon  to  consider  the  great  work 
which  must  be  undertaken  with  a  due  sense  of  its  importance, 
and  having  regard  to  what,  under  all  the  circumstances  by  which 
it  is  surrounded,  we  may  reasonably  hope  to  secure.  It  is  not 
very  probable  that  we  shall  be  called  upon  again  to  consider  the 
pocsibility  of  a  free  sale  of  liquor.  Statesmen  of  both  parties 
appear,  so  fisur  as  may  be  judged  by  their  utterances  in  recent 
sessions  of  Parliament,  to  have  dismissed  from  their  minds  that 
aspect  of  the  quesUon,  and,  by  common  consent,  to  consider  the 
principle  of  restricted  monopoly  as  that  which  must  be  main- 
tained, thus  following  upon  the  old  line,  in  acknowledging  that 
intoxicating  drinks  are  dangerous  articles,  not  to  be  entrusted  for 
sale  to  every  one  ;  but  when  any  person  is  permitted  to  engage  in 
the  trade  of  selling  them,  he  shall  submit  to  such  regulations,  and 
carry  on  his  business  in  such  a  mode,  as  the  State  shall  think  fit. 

It  does  not  come  within  the  scope  of  this  article  to  enter  upon 
a  review  of  the  existing  license  laws  with  a  view  to  elaborate 
anything  approaching  a  complete  scheme  for  their  amendment, 
but  we  may  be  permitted  in  the  brief  space  we  have  at  disposal 
to  indicate  some  of  the  directions  in  which,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
writer  (and  he  is  alone  responsible  for  them),  legislation  should 


no  TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION — 

proceed.  It  would  appear  to  be  obvious  and  to  be  beyond  contr> 
versy,  that  whatever  changes  may  be  made  in  the  mode  of  regu- 
lating the  trade  and  of  issuing  licenses,  a  first  principle  must  be 
that  the  people  themselves  shall  have  the  power  to  exercise  a  very 
decided  control  over  the  number  and  situation  of  licensed  houses 
in  the  several  districts.  How  this  power  shall  be  put  into  operation 
is  a  matter  upon  which  differences  of  opinion  will  probably  arise ; 
but  as  the  genius  of  our  public  institutions  is  becoming  year  by 
year  more  and  more  representative,  and  the  principle  of  local 
self-government  growing  steadily  in  favour  and  development,  as  it 
should  do  in  a  free  country,  it  may  be  conceded  that  the  Muni- 
cipal Councils  in  Boroughs,  the  County  Boards  when  such  shall, 
as  they  doubtless  soon  must  be  established,  or  some  other  form 
of  representative  body  on  a  sufficiently  broad  basis,  should  have 
conferred  upon  them  the  function  of  licensing ;  not  because  we 
think  the  magistracy  is  incompetent  or  corrupt,  but  that  they 
have  no  responsibility  to,  and  are  not  created  by,  the  householder, 
or  rather  ratepayer,  who  is  so  largely  interested  in  the  question 
whether  public-houses  shall  exist  or  not,  or  in  what  numbers  they 
shall  be  allowed  in  their  midst.  * 

That  the  number  of  brewers  and  licensed  houses,  so-called 
victuallers  and  beer-sellers,  about  120,000  in  number  in  a  popula- 
tion of  about  twenty-five  and  a-half  millions,  affording  one 
drinking  house  to  each  115  of  the  population,  is  out  of  all  propor- 
tion to  what  would  be  the  number  if  only  so  many  existed  as 
could  supply  the  requirements  of  those  who  take  the  drinks  they 
sell  as  an  article  of  diet,  no  one  will  be  hardy  enough  to  deny ; 
the  first  object  then  of  legislation  should  be  to  devise  some  means 
by  which  the  number  should  be  most  materially  reduced,  and 
as  some  arbitrary  number  must  be  taken  as  a  starting  point,  it 
should  be  provided  that  no  new  licenses  be  granted,  and  that  as 
the  existing  ones  lapsed,  either  by  death,  bankruptcy,  or  forfeiture, 
they  should  not  be  re-issued.  Thus  the  growing  evil  would  be 
stayed,  and  the  number  would  soon  come  to  be  materially  lessened; 
while  provision  might  be  made  for  the  removal  of  a  license  from 
an  old  house  to  a  new  neighbourhood  if  the  inhabitants  demanded 
it.  When  by  these  or  other  means  the  licenses  come  to  bear  the 
proportion  of,  say,  one  to  each  1,000,  or,  at  the  very  least^  to  750  of 


PAST   AND   PROSPECTIVE.  Ill 

the  population  in  cities  of  100,000,  and  of  one  to  each  500  in 
smaller  towns  and  conntry  districts,  the  licensing  authority  should, 
if  they  desired  to  issue  a  new  license,  offer  it  to  competition  at 
public  auction,  and  so*secure  to  the  community  the  value,  ofttimes 
i£2,000  to  ;£3,000  or  more,  which  by  the  present  licensing  system 
ia  given  away  to  the  fortunate  individual  who  may  succeed  in 
obtaining  the  favour  of  the  licensing  committee.  We  do  not 
complain  that  there  is  corruption  in  the  existing  system,  but  it  is 
matter  of  common  notoriety  that  many  a  house  changes  hands 
shortly  after  a  license  is  obtained  at  a  very  large  increase  upon  the 
price  it  would  have  realised  without  that  privilege. 

Probably  it  were  too  much  to  expect  that  the  Government  will 
give  up  to  the  local  licensing  authority  the  amount  of  the  Excise 
license,  although  it  is  hard  to  see  why  if  the  public-house  exists, 
as  the  theory  is,  for  the  benefit  of  the  neighbourhood,  the  rates  of 
the  locality  should  bear  all  the  charges  incurred  as  the  conse- 
quences of  drinking,  and  not  derive  the  benefit,  small  though  it 
is,  of  the  license  fee.  At  any  rate  the  fee  should  be  so  modi- 
fied as  that  a  portion  of  it  should  go  into  the  local  coffers, 
snd  it  should  increase  as  the  number  of  licenses  diminishes,  and 
the  monopoly  therefore  becomes  greater.  These  fees  would  form, 
with  the  product  of  the  sales  of  new  licenses,  a  fund  from  which 
the  local  authority  could  purchase  any  it  might  desire  to  extin- 
guish ;  as  it  is  diflicalt  to  understand  why  the  holder  of  a  license, 
which  has  been  conferred  upon  him,  and  it  is  assumed  has  been 
exercised  without  complaint^  should  not  receive  compensation  if 
his  monopoly — qualified,  it  is  true,  but  still  a  monopoly — be,  in 
the  interest  of  the  public,  taken  from  him.  The  cost,  however, 
of  purchasing  up  licenses  in  the  present  state  of  public  opinion, 
would,  judging  from  the  large  sums  which  are  awarded  by  juries 
and  arbitrators  for  licensed  premises  purchased  for  public  works, 
be  so  enormous  that  it  is  not  at  all  easy  to  discover  where  the 
requisite  money  could  be  obtained.  The  only  practical  mode 
therefore  of  effecting  the  closing  of  public-houses  on  any  extended 
scale  would  appear  to  be  by  the  people  ceasing  to  purchase  the 
drink,  when,  the  trade  being  reduced  or  altogether  gone,  the 
houses  would  without  doubt  speedily  be  closed. 

Whether  the  Government  may  be  prepared  to  undertake  so  great 


112  TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION — 

a  change  in  the  entire  syBtem  of  licensing  it  is  of  course  impos- 
sible to  predicate.  It  is  probable,  notwithstanding  declarations 
by  Ministers,  that,  bearing  in  mind  the  fate  which  has  befallen 
former  measures,  the  matter  will  not  be  hurried,  especially  as  other 
important  questions  will  present  themselves  for  solution.  We 
should  not  be  surprised  if  some  time  is  yet  allowed  to  elapse  before 
any  extensive  and  searching  reforms  be  proposed ;  fortunately,  bow- 
over,  there  are  points  of  detail  upon  which  so  considerable  a  con- 
census of  opinion  prevails  that  it  should  not  be  dii&cuU,  if  the 
Government  are  really  in  earnest,  to  pass  next  session  a  measure 
giving  to  Wales  the  advantage,  as  regards  the  Sunday,  which  is 
now  possessed  both  by  Scotland  and  Ireland,  with  the  exception 
of  five  cities  and  towns  in  the  sister  isle.  Mr.  Roberts'  Bill  ought 
without  question,  having  regard  to  the  position  it  attained  in  the 
past  session,  to  be  taken  up  by  the  Government.  The  question 
whether  all  licensed  houses  in  England  should  be  entirely  closed 
throughout  the  entire  day  on  Sunday  is  a  much  more  difficult 
problem.  The  habits  of  the  people  inhabiting  the  large  towns 
and  cities  of  England  are  so  different  from  those  of  the  Scotch, 
Irish,  or  Welsh,  that^it  is  to  be  feared  the  cases  will  not  be 
found  to  be  parallel.  In  the  former  country  draught  beer  is  con- 
sidered by  great  numbers  of  the  people  to  be  an  essential  com- 
ponent part  of  at  least  their  mid-day  meal,  and  it  cannot  be  said 
that  public  opinion  in  regard  to  the  Sunday  question  has  risen  to 
anything  like  the  pame  point  here  as  in  the  other  parts  of  the 
United  Kingdom.  It  would  therefore  appear  to  us  to  be  wise  that 
the  hours  for  the  sale  of  drink  on  the  Sunday  in  England  should  be 
much  curtailed,  and  that  when  the  premises  are  open  no  liquors 
should  be  allowed  to  be  consumed  therein.  In  rural  districts  and 
the  smaller  towns  it  would  not,  in  our  opinion,  be  at  all  difficult  to 
enforce  entire  closing  on  Sunday,  and  the  rule  would  conduce 
largely  to  the  quiet  and  orderly  conduct  of  the  people.  The  hours 
upon  which  sale  of  drink  is  legal  on  the  other  days  of  the  week 
require  to  be  revised.  Publicans,  in  most  cases,  commence 
business  at  much  too  early  an  hour,  and  they  are  allowed  to  be 
open  to  an  unreasonable  time  in  the  evening.  The  extension 
of  time  granted  by  the  late  Government  should  not  only  be 
taken  off,  but  a  still  further  reduction  could  be  borne  widiout 


PAST    AND    PROSPECTIVE. 


'I3 


inooiTenience  and    to    the    great   advantage    of   sobriety  and 
Older. 

There  are  few  medical  men  with  any  extensive  practice  who, 
if  they  could  do  so  without  violating  the  confidence  inspired  by 
their  pi3fe88ion,  are  not  in  a  position  to  tell  sad  stories  of  the 
effecta  oi  drinking  upon  females,  who,  of  course,  never  go  into  a 
public-house,  and  do  not  send  there  for  what  they  want ;  but  who 
^d  a  ready  means  of  gratifying  a  debased  appetite  in  the  con- 
fectioner's shop,  which,  in  too  many  instances,  has  well  earned  its 
ilang  appellation  ^*  The  Ladies'  Pub.,''  where,  under  the  shelter  of 
a  refreshment  license,  strong  drink  is  liberally  dispensed,  to  the 
untold  mischief  of  the  wives  and  daughters  of  the  citizens  of  all 
our  large  cities  and  particularly  of  the  metropolis.  Then,  when 
the  habit  has  been  formed  and  the  taste  acquired,  the  grocer  is 
ready,  under  the  license  he  holds,  to  send  to  the  house,  where  the 
habit  can  be  gratified  in  secret,  any  quantity  of  wines  or  spirits ; 
very  often,  as  instances  within  our  knowledge  prove,  charged  not 
by  their  own  proper  description,  but  entered  in  the  household 
bills  as  some  innocent  article  of  grocery.  It  is  obvious  these  are 
matters  which  could  not  have  been  proved  before  the  Lords' 
Committee,  as  victims  will  only  speak  of  them  with  bated  breath 
to  their  more  immediate  and  confidential  friends.  If  these 
iniquitous  licenses  (as  in  our  indignation  we  must  term  them)  are 
not  swept  away,  vendors  should  be  compelled  under  heavy 
penalties  to  send  an  invoice  with  every  sale  they  effect,  fpe^ifying 
the  nature  and  quantity  of  the  liquor  sold,  together  with  the 
price.  Nothing,  however,  can  palliate  the  evil  of  these  licenses, 
and  they  ought  to  be  withdrawn.  Never  did  a  great  statesman 
commit  a  more  sad  mistake  than  when  the  confectioner  and  grocer 
were  allowed  to  vend  wines  and  spirits  :  and  it  is  unquestionable 
that  if  licensed  public-houses  are  to  be  diminished  in  number 
all  other  sources  of  supply  should  be  cut  off ;  and,  the  Report  of 
the  Lords'  Committee  notwithstanding,  we  have  no  hesitation  in 
demanding  that  the  licenses  to  grocers  to  sell  strong  drink  in 
bottles,  and  the  refreshment  license  by  which  confectioners  retail 
wine,  must  both  cease  to  exist.  Until  the  people  learn  to  adopt 
the  health-preserving  and  pleasant  practice  of  total  abstinence,  let 
the  drink  be  confined  to  one  ^class  of  house,  the  owner  of  which 


114     TEMPERANCE  LEGISLATION  — PAST  AND  PROSPECTIVE. 

must,  in  the  interests  of  humanity,  be  subject  to  strict  saper- 
vision,  and  placed  under  stringent  penalties  for  any  breach  of  law. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  many  of  our  earnest  Temperance 
friends  may  consider  our  suggestions  as  weak,  and  falling  short  of 
the  requirements  of  the  case ;  but  they  will,  perhaps,  allow  us  to 
add  that  no  one  can  be  more  deeply  impressed  than  is  the  writer 
with  the  urgent  need  of  large  reforms,  and  that  a  thorough  regenera- 
tion of  the  social  condition  of  the  people  cannot  be  expected  until 
the  drink  curse  is  removed  from  among  them— or  rather  until  the 
people  shall  have  learned  to  banish  it  from  their  midst — ^yet  we 
are  bound  to  admit  that  we  are  a  people  careful  to  follow  pre- 
cedent, and  that  in  effecting  alterations  in  existing  laws  we  usually 
proceed  with  tentative  caution  ;  and  it  is  because  we  urgently 
desire  to  have  in  the  end  the  largest  measure  of  reform,  that  we 
would  express  the  hope  that  the  friends  of  Temperance  will  be 
satisfied  to  proceed  with  such  measures  as  the  people  may  appear 
ready  to  acquiesce  in,  and  not  to  damp  the  ardour  of  politicians 
by  rejecting  any  proposal  that  Government  may  make,  because 
it  may  not  come  up  to  the  standard  which  their  zeal  may  have 
induced  them  to  set  up. 

Other  matters  of  detail  will  not  unnaturally  call  for  attention  ; 
the  question  of  adulteration  is  one  which  much  exercises  the 
minds  of  some  ;  but  we  confess  that  to  us  it  is  not  of  urgent 
concern,  believing,  with  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  that  it  would  be 
difficult  to  add  any  ingredient  to  liquor  worse  in  its  effects  than 
the  alcohol  they  all  contain. 

When  the  Government  come  to  consider  the  subject  of  corrupt 
practices  at  elections,  as  they  certainly  ought  very  speedily  to  do, 
considering  the  shocking  revelations  recently  made  before  the 
Election  Commissions,  it  is  devoutly  to  be  wished  that  everything 
possible  will  be  done  to  dissociate  election  proceedings  from  public- 
houses,  and  to  this  end  it  should  be  rendered  illegal  to  occupy  any 
licensed  house  as  a  committee-room  for  any  candidate ;  and  upon 
the  day  or  days  of  polling  every  licensed  house  in  the  borough 
should  either  be  entirely  closed,  or,  at  the  most,  allowed  to  be 
open  only  during  a  short  period  for  the  sale  of  liquor  for  consump- 
tion off  the  premises. 


RESULTS  OF  SUNDAY  CLOSING  IN  IRELAND.    1 15 

RESULTS  OF  SUNDAY  CLOSING  IN  IRELAND. 

By  T.  W.  Russell,  Dublin. 

I  AM  frequently  asked  the  question, — How  does  Sunday  closing 
work  in  Ireland  ?    Outside  the  public-house  element  it  would 
hardly  be  possible  to  get  anything  but  a  satisfactory  reply.     But 
in  this,  as  in  other  things,  facts  are  of  more  value  than  opinions, 
and  thoee  who  fought  for  Sunday  closing  may  be  well  content  to 
let  the  facts  speak  for  themselves.     During  the  protracted  struggle 
that  took  place  on  the  question  there  were  two  sides  and  two 
parties.     The  drink  party  were  frantic  in  their  prophecies  as  to 
what  would  happen  tlie  moment  the  shutters  of  the  publican  went 
up  on  the  first  day  of  the  week.     Riots  were  to  be  the  order  of 
the  day,  increased  drinking  and  drunkenness  were   confidently 
predicted,  the  family  circle  was  to  be  polluted  by  the  introduction 
of  "  refreshment,"  the  publican  was  to  be  ruined,  and  general 
demoralisation  was  to  ensue.    This  was  the  picture  sketched  by 
such  artists  as  Messrs.  O'Sullivan,  Callan,  "  The  Major,"  and  other 
parliamentary  representatives  of  the  drink  power.   The  temperance 
party,  on  the  other  hand,  were  not  unduly  sanguine.   They  did  not 
prophesy  a  millennium,  as  the  immediate  result  of  their  measure. 
But  they  felt  certain  that  to  close  the  liquor  shops  on  the  idle  day 
of  the  week  would  greatly  lessen  the  temptation  to  drink,  save 
the  Day  of  Rest  from  many  a  grievous  profanation,  and  enable 
many  a  weak  one  to  begin  the  week  well.     Now  that  two  years 
have  elapsed  since  the  Act  came  into  operation,  surely  it  is  possible 
to  judge  of  the  results — whether  good  or  Imd.     Let  us,  then,  take 
the  several  counts  of  the  indictment.     Ist. — There  have  been  no 
riots.     All  the  talk  on  this  head  has  utterly  collapsed,  and  Sunday 
Closing  is  not  answerable  for  a  single  broken  head.     The  verdict 
on  this  count  is  clearly  against  the  drink  party.    2nd. — Have  we 
had,  in  Ireland,  increased  drinking  and  drunkenness  since  the 
13th  October,  1878,  the  first  day  of  the  new  rSgime  ?    This  question 
is  also   susceptible  of  the  clearest  answer.    As  to  drinking,  the 
Excise  returns  show  that  the  Irish  drink-bill  for  spirits  in  1878 
amounted    to    £6,101,905,    and    for    beer,    £4,850,424 ;    total, 
£10,952,329.     This,  excluding  wines  and  foreign  spirits,  made  up 


Il6    RESULTS  OF  SUNDAY  CLOSING  IN  IRELAND. 

1       M  ^^  ^^^ -  IMM  llll  !■  ' 

our  drink-bill  for  the  year  1878.  The  figures  for  1879  were, — 
spirite,  ^5,335,000,  beer,  ;e4,040,695  ;  total,  ^,375,695— a  reduc- 
tion of  j£l, 576,634  on  the  year.  I  think  these  figures  answer  the 
assertion — and  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner — that  increased 
drinking  would  follow  Sunday  closing.  Then  as  to  drunkenness, 
it  also  was  to  increase.  Here  also  the  facts  are  within  reach,  and 
they  are  equally  decisive.  Although  the  Act  only  covered  ten 
weeks  of  the  year  1878,  Dr.  Neilson  Hancock,  the  Government 
statistician,  wrote,  in  his  introduction  to  the  Criminal  and  Judicial 
Returns  for  1878,  as  follows  : — 

"  In  punishable  drunkenneas  there  was  a  decrease  of  8,180,  from 
110,903  in  1877  to  107,723.  As  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  came  into 
operation  only  on  the  13th  October,  a  much  larger  diminution  may  be 
expected  in  the  current  year." 

Has  this  expected  diminution  taken  place  ?  It  has — the  re- 
turns for  1879  showing  a  reduction  of  nearly  10,000  arrests 
compared  with  those  of  1878.  Here  again,  then,  the  facts  are 
conclusively  against  the  drink  party.  3rd. — Has  the  family  circle 
Ijcen  polluted:  in  other  words  has  drink  been  purchased  on  Satur- 
day, and  stored  for  Sunday  use  ?  This  question  does  not  permit  of 
any  such  categorical  reply  as  those  preceding  ones.  But  I  venture 
to  say  that  there  is  not  a  corner  of  the  land  where  any  intelligent 
person  would  answer  it  in  the  affirmative.  Nothing  of  the  kind 
has  taken  place.  The  testimony  is  all  but  universal  that  people 
come  long  distances  to  church  or  chapel,  and  instead  of  staying 
in  the  town  during  the  whole  day,  as  was  their  former  habit, 
leave  for  home  at  once  on  the  conclusion  of  the  services.  The 
testimony  is  also  clear  and  distinct  that  evening  worship  is  better 
attended,  that  quiet  and  peace  mark  the  whole  day,  and  that  there 
is  a  total  absence  of  viUage  brawls  and  faction  fights,  resulting  often 
in  serious  and  fatal  assaults,  so  long  the  disgrace  of  many  localities. 
This,  as  I  have  said,  cannot  be  proved  by  figures,  but  it  is  the 
testimony  of  the  clergy,  the  magistrates,  the  police,  and  all 
who  have  opportunities  of  judging.  Have  the  publicans  been 
ruined  ?  Well,  to  speak  the  truth,  I  am  afraid  a  good  many  of  them 
have  not  pros|)ered.  The  Bankruptcy  Court  returns  for  1879 
show  more  spirit  dealers  in  difiiculties  than  any  other  class  of 


RESULTS    OF    SUNDAY   CLOSING    IN    IRELAND.  II 7 

tiadci ;  and  although  what  is  called  "  the  state  of  the  country/' 
may  account  for  this  to  a  considerable  extent,  yet  these  gentlemen 
have  not  been  slow  to  blame  the  Act  as  having  robbed  them  of 
their  best  day.  "  Sir,"  said  a  country  publican  to  a  Home  Rule 
candidate  at  the  general  election,  ''  I  have  no  land,  and  am  not 
much  concerned  about  that  question.  But  that  Closing  Act  has 
robbed  me  of  £b  a-week,  and  do  you  think  there  is  ever  a  chance 
of  my  being  compensated  i"  The  candidate  was  scarcely  in  a 
po!$ition  to  say  that  he  rejoiced  in  the  loss,,  knowing  it  to  be  some- 
body else's  gain.  But  this  reliable  case  is  typical,  and  but  for  the 
fact  that  Irish  publicans  generally  combine  other  trades  with  that 
of  whisky  selling,  there  must  have  been  disasters  all  along  the 
line.  As  it  is  the  announcement  of  "  great  whisky  failures  "  has 
become  a  frequent  heading  in  the  newspapers.  The  publican, 
however,  may  be  fairly  left  to  shift  for  himself.  5th. — Has 
general  demoralisation  followed  the  enactment  of  Sunday  closing  ? 
I  know,  indeed,  that  some  people — mostly  of  the  publican  class — 
point  to  the  agrarian  agitation  as  a  result.  Of  old,  the  people  used 
to  sit  in  the  public-house,  play  cards  and  swill  porter  on  Sundays. 
Now  they  have  taken  to  holding  land  meetings.  It  is  quite  true 
that  the  Land  League  came  into  existence  shortly  after  the  Act 
passed,  but  it  is  another,  and  a  totally  different  thing,  to  say  that 
it  arose  because  the  Act  was  passed.  The  thing  is  too  ridiculous. 
But  that  very  land  agitation  has  proved  the  wonderful  advantages 
of  the  Act.  Tens  of  thousands  of  people  have  assembled  each  Sunday 
at  great  meetings.  At  not  one  of  these  meetings  has  a  breach  of  the 
peace  occurred.  At  not  one  have  the  services  of  the  police  been 
necessary.  And  what  if  the  drink  shops  had  been  open  all  round  ?  It 
goes  without  saying  that  bloo<lshed  would  have  been  the  accom- 
paniment of  every  meeting.  Just  as  O'Connell  thanked  God  for 
Father  Mathew,  the  Land  League  may  be  thankful  for  Sunday 
Closing.  It  has,  at  least,  enabled  them  to  conduct  their  agitation 
with  greater  safety.  Looking  beyond  the  agrarian  question, 
however,  we  have  a  fact  rather  apt  to  be  lost  sight  of,  viz.,  a 
very  great  diminution  in  ordinary  crime.  It  is  a  misfortune  that 
Irish  vices  get  so  much  to  the  surface,  and  that  Irish  virtues  are 
not  always  made  quite  so  much  of ;  yet  it  is  a  fact,  that  in  no 
country  in  the  world  i*  there  less  ordinary  crime.     If  the  troubles 


Il8    RESULTS  OF  SUNDAY  CLOSING  IN  IRELAND. 

of  the  past  could  only  be  erased,  if  the  agrarian  difficulty  could 
but  be  settled,  then  the  real  facts  would  be  transparent.    But  it 
is  a  fact,  and  a  pleasant  one  withal,  that  with  lessened  drinking 
there  has  been  a  great  decrease  in  assaults — common  and  serious 
— and  in  all  that  class  of  crime  springing  from  drink.     Dr. 
Hancock's  figures  are  clear  upon  this  point.    Finally,  on  this 
head  I  may  say  that,  taking  Sunday  itself,  the  diminution  in  the 
arrests  for  drunkenness  is  equal  to  65  per  cent. ;  i.e.,  where  100 
persons  were  arrested  before  the  Act  on  Sundays,  35  are  arrested 
now,  the  figures  showing  that  each  Irish  county  now  gives  an 
average  of  one  arrest  per  Sunday  in  the  year.  This  is  not  perfection, 
but  it  is  going  on  to  it,  and  were  all  the  days  of  the  week  on  a 
similar  line,  the  great  drink  problem  would  be  in  a  fair  way  towards 
solution.     I  have  not  touched,  up  to  this  point,  upon  the  question 
of  the  exempted  cities  —  Dublin,  Belfast,  Cork,   Limerick,  and 
Waterford.     In  these  places  five  hours'  sale  of  liquor  is  still 
allowed,  instead  of  seven,  as  formerly.   All  that  need  be  said  here  is 
that  the  reduction  in  the  hours  has  done  good.     It  has  lessened 
the  arrests  materially,  the  returns  showing  a  reduction  of  some- 
thing like  25  per  cent. ;  it  has  cleared  the  streets  earlier,  and 
contributed  not  a  little  to  that  order  and  decorum  so  much  to  be 
desired.     But  in  other  respects  it  has  worked  badly.     It  has 
demoralised  the  surrounding  areas  where  the  houses  are  closed, 
the  drinkers  coming  into  the  toi^Tis,  and  going  home  to  trouble 
neighbourhoods  that  have  been  quiet  during  their  absence.    This, 
with  the  bond  fide  traveller,  is  the  great  drawback  of  the  Act.    As 
to  this  well-known  gentleman,  he  is,  especially  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  exempted  towns,  becoming  a  complete  nuisance,  the 
neighbourhood  of  Dublin  and  Cork  suffering  specially  from  his 
habits.     So  much  is  this  the  case  that  temperance  reformers  rather 
rejoice  that  the  Act  was  passed  as  a  tentative  measure,  and  that 
it  will  come  up  for  extension  and  renewal  in  1882.     The  remedy 
resolved  upon  is  sharp  and  decisive,  viz.,  to  issue  only  six-day 
licenses,  unless  to  horidfide  hotels,  these  being  entitled  to  sell  to 
lodgers  only.     Out  of  16,000  publicans  in  Ireland,  close  upon 
7,000  have  already  claimed  these  certificates,  and  as  the  holder  of  a 
six-day  license  is  "an  unlicensed  person  "  on  Sunday,  the  universal 
adoption  of  this  plan  will  end  the  difficulty.  But,  taken  as  a  whole, 


THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE   MOVEMENT.  II9 


and  making  every  allowance  for  evasion  of  the  law,  the  Sunday 
Closing  Act  stands  out  clear  as  an  unmixed  blessing,  as  perhaps 
the  best  thing  done  for  Ireland  in  the  Ninth  Parliament  of 
Victoria. 

P.S.— It  may  be  urged  that  the  terrible  distress  in  Ireland 
daring  the  past  year  may  account  for  lessened  drinking.  T*he 
answer,  however  is  complete.  Where  the  distress  was  worst,  viz., 
in  Connaught,  there  "was  no  decrease.  History  repeats  itself,  and 
this  is  the  lesson  of  1845,  1846,  and  1847  taught  over  again. 


THE  COFFEE  PUBLIC-HOUSE  MOVEMENT. 
Bt  Thomas  Hoqben,  London. 

In  the  present  day  of  all  but  universal  and  continuous  travel- 
ling, few  question  the  necessity  for  public-houses.  For  centuries 
tbey  have  existed,  and  as  the  facilities  for  travelling  have  deve- 
lopei^,  their  existence  has  become  increasingly  necessary.  A 
conatantly  growing  minority  have,  however,  for  a  considerable 
time  past  questioned  the  advisability  of  supplying  alcoholic 
liquors  therein,  and  maintained  that  these  houses  might  exist — 
W  worked  to  profit,  and  serve  the  public  requirements — without 
the  drunkard's  drink.  It  was  this  idea,  bom  within  the  circle  of 
tiital  abstainers,  that  originated  the  Temperance  Refreshment 
Hoose  movement,  which,  among  the  numerous  social  and  philan- 
thropic undertakings  of  the  present  day,  deserves  a  pre-eminent 
)ioiition.  Its  progress  has  already  been  rapid,  and  it  bids  fair  to 
reTolationise  the  drinking  habits  of  our  country. 

By  the  tongue  and  the  pen,  temperance  reformers  have  done  a 
^nd  work  in  the  past,  and  it  is  they  who  have  prepared  the  way 
for  this  movement.  While  their  lives,  however,  have  been  ocular 
<ltinoDstration8  that  men  can  not  only  live  but  enjoy  better  health 
I'V  aUtaining  from  alcoholic  drinks,  their  teaching  has  appeared 
to  many  only  an  impracticable  theory,  from  which  they  have 
tamed,  declaring  that  it  was  too  great  an  inconvenience  for  them 


I20  THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT. 

to  abstain  ;  the  public-house — whether  hotel    or  tavern — only 
offering  its  advantages  with  the  use  of  alcohol. 

True  the  old-fashioned  coffee-houses  were  to  be  found,  but 
these  for  the  most  part,  by  reason  of  the  absence  of  light,  cleanli- 
ness, pure  food,  and  good  attendance,  were  far  from  inviting.  A 
few  so-called  temperance  hotels  had  also  been  floated  (where 
however  the  visitors  might,  if  they  chose,  obtain  intoxicants  by 
sending  for  them).  But  these  as  a  whole — with  some  few  noble 
exceptions — were  unworthy  of  the  great  total  abstkining  body, 
and  hence  the  agitation  for  the  establishment  and  development  of 
the  present  Temperance  Refreshment  House  movement. 

While  we  are  claiming  that  this  movement  had  its  origin 
within  the  circle  of  total  abstainers  we  must  not  omit  to  grate- 
fully acknowledge  that  they  have  received  a  very  large  amount 
of  help  from  non-abstaining  friends  of  the  temperance  cause. 
Philanthropists  and  patriots  of  every  class  have  joined  in  this  good 
work,  and  done  their  utmost  to  speed  it  on  ;  and  it  is  greatly  owing 
to  their  assistance  that  during  the  past  four  years  the  work  has 
spread  throughout  the  land,  and  obtained  such  a  successful  hold 
upon  the  nation  as  we  to-day  rejoice  in.  In  this  department  of 
temperance  labour  abstainers  and  non-abstainers  have  amicablj^ 
worked  together,  and  we  trust  it  will  be  so  until  that  better 
time  shall  come,  when  the  latter  shall  have  merged  for  ever  into 
the  former. 

The  movement  is  far  too  extensive  for  us  to  attempt  to  trace  its 
history  from  the  beginning  to  the  present  in  the  narrow  limits 
allotted  to  us  in  this  paper ;  we  must  therefore  content  ourselves 
with  some  brief  references  to  this  part  of  the  subject,  and  a  few 
observations  as  to  the  principles  upon  which  these  houses  should 
be  established  and  conducted  so  as  to  fairly  compete  with  licensed 
drink  houses  and  ensure  financial  success. 

The  establishment  of  coffee-houses  dates  so  far  back  as  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when  their  object  was  not  to 
purge  the  land  of  drunkenness,  but  rather  to  secure  a  market  for 
the  coffee  berry,  and  in  1715  there  were  in  London  alone  2,000 
of  these  registered  houses.  They  did  not,  however,  exist  for  long 
as  coffee  public-houses ;  some  became  select  clubs,  a  large  number 
were  licensed  for  the  sale  of  intoxicants,  and  the  weakest  and 


THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT.  121 

worst  alone  were  left  for  the  conveDience  of  abstainers.  Our 
reason  for  referring  here  to  this  fact  is  because  some  of  the 
weaker  coffee  public-honses  are  now  in  danger  of  being  thus  con- 
verted. More  than  one  house  known  to  the  writer  (started  upon 
the  lines  of  the  reformed  public-house)  has  been  lost  to  the  cause 
through  the  suicidal  influence  of  its  own  friends,  by  converting  it 
into  a  club  or  allowing  the  sale  of  intoxicants  ;  both  of  these  are 
direct  1 J  opposed  to  the  best  interests  of  the  work. 

Probablj  the  first  effort  for  establishing  a  public-house  for 
counteracting  the  drinking  customs  of  the  United  Kiugdom  was 
made  upon  a  purely  philanthropic  basis  by  the  late  Lurd  Kin- 
naird  at  Dundee,  in  1854,  which  together  with  others  at  first  was 
largely  supported  by  benevolent  helpers  until  they  became  eelf- 
supporting. 

In  1862,  during  the  construction  of  the  South  Wales  Union  Rail- 
way, three  gentlemen  met  at  Bristol  to  devise  means  to  keep  the  men 
employed  thereon  from  drink,  when  they  decided  to  build  a  wooden 
shed  on  the  railway  works  from  which  to  supply  cheap,  whole- 
some, and  nutritious  refreshments.  This  was  fitted  in  a  primitive 
style  with  tables  and  seats  for  the  accommodation  of  the  men  at 
meal  times,  and  assistants  were  employed  to  carry  cocoa  to  them 
while  at  their  work.  This  effort  appears  to  have  been  crowned 
with  success,  but  with  the  removal  of  the  workmen  employed 
here  the  cocoa  shed  work  fell  through,  co  be  renewed  again  during 
the  construction  of  the  Clifton  Extension  Railway  in  1870. 

Leeds  appears  to  be  entitled  to  the  honour  of  starting  this 
movement  in  towns.  In  September,  1867  (mainly  through  the 
indefatigable  efforts  of  a  true  friend  of  the  temperance  cause — 
Mrs.  Hind  Smith),  the  first  "  British  Workman "  public-house 
was  opened.  Its  object  was  stated  in  the  following  stanza  : — 

"  A  public  boQse  without  the  drink, 
Where  men  can  sit,  talk,  read,  and  think, 

Then  safely  home  retani ; 
A  stepping  stone  this  honte  youUl  find, 
Consent  to  leave  your  beer  behind, 
And  truer  pleasures  learn." 

Siticc  then,  these  public  houses  have  been  largely  established 
in  Leeds  and  other  towns. 


122  THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT. 

The  next  effort  of  importance  was  conceived  and  carried  out  by 
that  moat  devoted  lady,  Miss  Robinson — the  soldiers'  friend — of 
Portsmouth,  who  having  given  up  her  whole  life  to  work  for  the 
temporal  and  spiritual  good  of  our  soldiers,  found  that  the  greatest 
enemy  against  which  she  had  to  fight  was  alcohol,  and,  after  much 
anxious  thought  it  occurred  to  her,  in  1873,  that  something  ought 
to  be  done  to  lessen  the  temptations  to  drunkenness  among  the 
troops  during  the  autumn  manoeuvres.  Having  carefully  elabo- 
rated her  plan^.  Miss  Robinson  laid  before  the  National  Teni> 
perance  League  a  proposal  to  attach  a  refreshment  and  recreation 
tent  to  one  of  the  brigades,  to  supply  coffee,  tea,  eatables,  &c., 
materials  for  writing,  newspapers,  periodicals,  books  and  games. 
The  League  (always  foremost  in  the  Temperance  work)  guaranteed 
the  necessary  fundi<,  and  Miss  Robinson,  with  the  assistance  of 
her  manager,  Mr.  Tufnell,  personally  organised  and  carried  out 
the  work.  A  van  was  engaged,  in  which  for  two  long  months 
Miss  Robinson  lived  and  endured  all  the  hardships  of  a  wild 
camp  life.  The  difficulties  under  which  this  work  was  begun 
and  continued  our  space  does  not  permit  us  to  detail,  but  it  is  t 
tale  of  suffering,  inconvenience,  and  hard  work  that  all  will  do 
well  to  read.  The  work  proved  a  success,  and  generals,  com- 
manding officers,  and  men,  united  to  express  their  gratitude  for 
the  same. 

In  1874  the  same  work  was  renewed,  and  since  then  Mies 
Robinson  has  established  and  carried  on  increasingly  successful 
provision  for  the  wants  of  the  army.  She  is  now  making  arrange- 
ments to  supply  to  naval  men  at  Portsmouth  the  same  boon ; 
and  Miss  Weston  has  carried  on  similar  efforts  with  great  success 
at  Devonport.  The  same  class  of  work  is  also  being  carried  on 
by  Mrs.  Daniels  at  Aldershot,  and  by  the  Wesleyan  Soldiers' 
Home  at  Chatham. 

The  first  real  cocoa  room  was  opened  by  Mr.  Simon  Short  in 
1871,  on  the  quay  at  Bristol.  This  proved  self-supporting,  and  a 
great  advantage  morally.  Hence  he  determined  to  try  the  ex- 
periment in  a  leading  thoroughfare  of  the  town  the  following 
year ;  this  also  was  a  success. 

In  the  year  1874  the  reformed  public-house  movement  may  be 
laid  to  have  fairly  got  afloat.    At  the  instance  of  that  God* 


THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT.  I23 


honoured  eTasgelist,  Mr.  D.  L.  Moody,  a  meetiDg  of  several  of  the 

leading  mercliants  and  others  was  called  at  Liverpool,  when  Mr. 

Moody  strongly  urged  that  the  responsibility  of  the  waste  of  men's 

earnings  at  the  public-house  did  not  rest  entirely  with  themselves, 

a^  no  other  provision  was  made  for  them,  and  he  therefore  pressed 

that  something  should  be  done.    This  led  to  the  formation  of  the 

Liverpool  Company,  called  "  The  Biitish  Workman  Public-house 

Company,  Limited,"  starting  with  a  capital  of  £20,000.     This 

Company  at  once  commenced  its  work  in  right  earnest,  and  has 

since  opened  about  forty  houses.     It  has  paid  a  dividend  of  10 

per  cent.,  made  good  provision  for  depreciation  account,   and 

carried  forward  a  considerable  reserve  fund.     The  success  of  the 

operations  in  Liverpool  attracted  general  attention  throughout 

the   country,  and  the   work  was  soon  commenced  in   London, 

Birmingham,  Manchester,  Bradford,  Wakefield,  Leicester,  Derby, 

Hull,  Chorley,  Dover,  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  a  great  number  of 

other  cities,  towns,  and  villages. 

One  of  the  first  coffee-taverns  established  in  London  was  "  The 
Red  Star,"  Clerkenwell  Green.  It  was  started  by  a  few  friends  of 
the  Temperance  cause,  and  has  belb,  from  the  beginning,  in  pri- 
vate hands,  working  successfully.  The  next  was  **  The  Lucky 
Dog,"  Clare  Street,  which,  owing  to  bad  management,  has  come  to 
grief.  Closely  following  upon  the  opening  of  this  house  was 
another,  fitted  and  furnished  by  a  private  gentleman,  situate  in 
Bell  Street,  Edgware  Road,  which,  under  judicious  management, 
has  made  a  return  of  gross  profits  equal  to  about  30  per  cent. 

A  large  number  of  other  private  speculations  have  been  made 
in  London,  and,  where  properly  managed,  have  proved  successful. 

The  work  in  London  has  not,  however,  been  left  to  private  enter- 
prise. The  Coffee  Tavern  Company  (Limited)  with  a  nominal 
capital  of  £50,000,  has  opened  twenty- seven  houses,  and  paid  a 
moderate  dividend  on  its  subscribed  capital.  The  Peoples'  Caf6 
Company,  The  London  and  Provincial  Coffee  Palace  Company 
(Limited),  The  Coffee  Palace  Public-Houses  National  Society, 
and  The  United  Kingdom  Coffee  Taverns'  Company,  are  all  ener- 
getically engaged  in  the  work.  In  addition  to  the  above  there 
are  afloat  in  London  two  othsr  schemes  for  meeting  the  public 
want  in   this  direction.    One  being  worked  by  *  The  Kiosk " 


124  THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT. 

Company,  and  supplying,  in  tbe  R^^nt's  Park,  Temperance 
Beverages.  This  Company  has  also  opened  a  house  in  Bow 
Street,  Covent  Garden.  Tbe  other  has  only  just  commenced 
operations,  having  for  its  object  the  establishment  and  working 
of  Music  Halls  upon  Temperance  principles.  The  premises  are 
not  yet  complete,  but  a  license  has  been  obtained  from  the 
magistrates  for  the  Victoria  Theatre,  Lambeth. 

In  Birmingham  this  work  was  taken  up  by  The  Birmingham 
Coffee  House  Company  in  1877,  with  a  nominal  capital  of  j£20,(X)0. 
They  have  established  nearly  twenty  houses,  and  have  done  a 
good  work  from  the  beginning.  The  last  (which  is  the  third) 
Annual  Report  recommends  the  payment  of  a  dividend  out 
of  the  yearns  profits  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum,  free  of  income 
tax. 

At  Bradford  fifteen  houses  have  been  opened  by  The  Bradford 
Coffee  Tavern  Company,  and  one  is  now  in  course  of  erection. 
Their  takings  average  more  than  £500  weekly — the  "  Central " 
house  alone  taking  about  £26  daily.  So  far  they  have  paid  10 
per  cent,  dividend,  and  have,  i^  the  same  time,  written  off  about 
20  per  cent,  per  annum  on  account  of  depreciation  of  furni- 
ture, fixtures,  &c.  This  Company  recently  put  the  last  6,000  of 
their  shares  into  the  market  at  a  premium  of  4s.  each  share,  at 
which  they  were  speedily  taken  up,  and  applications  received  for 
half  as  many  more.  At  the  present  time  (October)  they  are  selling 
800  gallons  of  soup  weekly.  One  special  advantage  in  this  Com- 
pany over  most  others  is  that  they  have  wisely  purchased  the 
freeholds  of  their  houses  to  the  value  of  more  than  half  their 
subscribed  capital. 

The  Wakefield  Coffee  Tavern  Company  was  established  in  1878, 
and  has  opened  two  houses,  paid  two  annual  dividends  of  10  per 
cent.,  and  written  off  a  fair  amount  for  depreciation.  Its  shares 
are  likewise  eagerly  sought  after. 

The  Leicester  Coffee  and  Cocoa  House  Company,  with'a  nominal 
capital  of  20,000,  have  opened  eight  houses,  and  purchased  the 
freeholds  of  five  of  them.  At  the  annual  meeting,  on  the  19th  o 
February  last,  the  Directors  reported  that,  after  a  heavy  expendi- 
ture for  repairs  and  extensions  charged  against  revenue  account, 
and  i^800  written  off  for  depreciation,  a  net  profit  had  been  made 


THE   COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT.  1 25 

of  £546  8a.  7d. ;  out  of  whieh  they  recommended  the  par  men  t  of 
6  per  cent,  free  of  income  tax. 

The  Chorley  Coffee  Tavern  Company  was  floated  in  1878,  with 
a  nominal  capital  of  ^£2,000.  It  has  successfully  opened  one 
house,  and  at  the  second  annual  meeting,  held  last  January,  the 
Directois  reported,  after  they  hod  allowed  10  per  cent,  off  depre- 
ciation account,  a  net  profit  of  £62  ISs.  10^.,  enabling  them  to 
pay  a  dividend  of  10  per  cent,  on  their  subscribed  capital,  and  to 
carry  forward  a  balance  to  the  reserve  fund  of  £14  178.  lO^d. 

The  Shaftesbury  was  opened  at  Dover  about  five  years  since, 
through  the  earnest  efforts  of  H.  Johnson,  Esq.  For  the  first 
three  years  it  was  not  self-supporting,  but  since  then,  under 
improved  management,  it  has  returned  interest  upon  the  original 
expenditure. 

These  illustrations  of  the  successful  working  of  coffee'public- 
houses  we  might  continue,  but  enough  has  been  written  to  show 
that,  whether  they  are  worked  by  companies  or  private  persons, 
when  well  conducted  they  give  a  favourable  result.  And,  with- 
out question,  it  is  clearly  established  that  this  movement  is  doing 
a  grand  moral  work,  and  as  a  trade  speculation  is  a  great  success. 
About  five  years  ago  there  were  not  more  than  three  or  four 
public  companies  engaged  in  it,  whereas,  at  the  present  time 
there  are  at  least  a  hundred,  and  this  in  addition  to  a  very  large 
number  of  private  speculators.  Placed  in  a  fair  field  without 
favour  its  results  will  compare  with  any  other  retail  business  ; 
and  surely  this  fact,  with  the  knowledge  of  the  good  to  be 
accomplished  by  giving  men  the  choice  of  pure  food  and  pure 
drinks  in  a  comfortable  and  clean  house,  against  the  drink-shop 
with  its  attendant  evils,  is  a  sufficient  motive  to  urge  others  to  go 
on  with  the  good  work  until  its  advantages  shall  be  established 
in  every  part  of  our  country. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  submit  the  following  observations  as 
to  the  principles  upon  which  these  houses  should  be  established 
and  conducted,  so  as  to  compete  with  tbe  publicans  and  make  a 
fair  return  to  the  investor. 

1.  Legally  secure  your  investment  so  that  it  cannot  be  prosti- 
tuted for  the  sale  of  alcoholic  drinks,  for  it  is  better  that  the  work 
should  fail  than  that  it  should  propagate  the  liquor  system. 


126  THE    COFFEE    PUBLIC-HOUSE    MOVEMENT. 

2.  Secure  the  best  corner  position  possible  in  the  locality 
where  you  propose  to  work,  and  whenever  practicable  purchase 
the  freehold,  or  ensure  a  long  lease. 

3.  Having  secured  your  property,  engage  an  architect,  or  builder, 
who  is  fully  acquainted  with  the  work,  and  reconstruct,  fit,  and 
furnish  in  a  thoroughly  substantial  manner.  The  first  heavy  cost 
is  the  wisest,  as  no  work  is  subject  to  heavier  wear  and  tear.  The 
appearance  outside  must  be  attractive  and  the  inside  warm,  bright, 
and  comfortable. 

4.  Provide  in  each  house  pure  wholesome  food,  hot  and  cold, 
and  coffee,  tea,  and  cocoa  of  genuine  quality.  There  has  been 
much  disputing  about  hot  dinners.  Is  not  this  a  public  want 
and  hence  one  of  the  raisons  (TStre  of  the  public  house  7  Some 
drinks  sold  at  coffee  taverns  are  only  wet  and  warm;  they  must  be 
more  than  this,  both  strong  and  good,  or  the  house  will  lose  its 
trade  and  the  movement  be  damaged.  To  do  this  close  attention 
must  be  given  to  the  brewing,  cooking,  and  keeping  hot ;  good 
raw  material  is  often  spoilt  from  both  causes. 

5.  Provide  bed-room  accommodation,  home-like,  and  not  in 
barrack  fashion. 

6.  Choose  a  manager  who  is  thoroughly  competent,  and  pay 
him  a  substantial  salary,  that  he  may  be  removed  beyond  the 
temptation  to  excuse  theft. 

7.  Every  house  should,  where  possible,  be  provided  with  a  sepa- 
rate bar,  reading,  and  smoking  rooms.  Special  provision  should 
be  made  for  a  youths'  room.  They  will  not  generally  be  admitted 
into  the  men's  room,  but  will  spend  their  evenings  somewhere, 
and  too  often  this  is  at  the  public-house. 

8.  To  secure  cleanliness  and  the  proper  conduct  of  the  work  one 
responsible  person  should  visit  each  house  daily  and  examine 
every  department. 

9.  Punctuality,  civility,  and  quickness  are  all  essentiaL 

10.  Charge  a  remunerative  price  for  all  food  and  drinks  sup- 
plied. Working  men  do  not  object  to  a  fair  price  for  a  good 
article,  but  will  invariably  refuse  inferior  food  or  drinks,  however 
cheap. 

11.  This  movement  must  not  cater  exclusively  for  the  poorer 
members  of  society ;  the  commercial  and  upper  classes  also 

the  coffee  public-house. 


SEVEN   YEARS*    WORK  AT    TEMPERANCE    HOSPITAL.       1 27 


SEVEN  YEARS'  WORK  at  thb  LONDON  TEMPER ANCK 

HOSPITAL* 

Bt  Jambs  Edmdjtds,  M.D.,  M.R.C.P.  Lond.,  &c. 

8tni0r  Fkfneian  to  Hu  SotpUal;  Mtdical  Qffletr  of  Htaltk  and  PuhUo  Analyst 

for  8t,  JaauttSf  London. 

DuBiNO  the  eighty  months  that  the  Temperance  Hospital  has 
been  in  operation  8,651  patients  have  been  admitted.  Of  these 
5,923  described  themselves  as  total  abstainers,  and  2,728  as  non- 
abstainers.  In  character  the  cases  have  been  just  such  as  at  the 
other  London  Hospitals,  and  an  average  sample  of  the  indoor 
cases  will  be  seen  in  those  who  now  happen  to  remain  under 
treatment  in  the  beds  of  the  hospital.  The  treatment  of  the 
patients  has  differed  from  that  at  other  London  hospitals  only 
in  the  fact  that  alcoholic  compounds  have  been  excluded  unless 
prescribed  imder  test  conditions.  Those  conditions  are  the 
following  : — 

1.  As  a  beverage  or  appendage  to  the  meal  table  alcohol  is  never 
used. 

2.  As  a  pharmaceutical  solvent  alcohol  has  been  superseded.  A 
solution  of  glycerine  and  water  has  answered  perfectly  as  a 
vehicle  for  every  drug  that  has  been  required  in  the  form  of 
tincture.  This  solution  costs  about  one- fifth  as  much  as  the 
ordinary  alcoholic  solvent,  and  tinctures  thus  made  give  the  true 
effects  of  the  drug  unalloyed  by  the  action  of  an  alcoholic  vehicle. 
The  glycerine  tinctures  are  efficient  and  economical,  while  they 
are  never  taken,  surreptitiously  or  otherwise,  as  intoxicants. 

3.  As  a  medicine,  alcohol  or  its  compounds  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  physician  in  charge  precisely  as  any  other  drug.  It  is  only 
stipulated  that  on  such  occasions  the  prescriber  records  the  case  at 
the  time  in  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose,  that  he  states  the  object 
for  which  he  prescribes  the  alcohol,  and  that,  subsequently,  he 
records  also  the  effects  which  follow. 

While  these   are  the  regulations  of  the  hospital  I  find  that 


*  B«td  at  the  fonrth  amiual  meeting  of  the  Britiah  Medical  Tern- 
persBce  Association,  Maj,  1880. 


128  SEVEN   years'   WORK   AT    THE 

in  point  of  fact,  during  seven  years,  alcohol  has  been  prescribed 
only  in  one  case,  at  the  commencement  of  the  hospital  work. 
In  this  case  half-ounce  doses  of  spirits  of  wine  were  administered. 
My  colleague,  Dr.  Kidge,  who  was  in  charge  of  that  case,  has  since 
been  convinced  by  fuller  experience  that  the  alcohol  need  not 
have  been  prescribed,  but  at  first  he  was  obviously  wise  in  going 
rather  with  the  balance  of  professional  opinion  than  otherwise. 
My  other  colleague,  Dr.  Robert  Lee,  and  myself  have  in  no  case 
prescribed  any  alcohol,  and  we  are  both  perfectly  satisfied  with  the 
results. 

Among  the  8,651  patients  7,791  were  out-door  cases,  and  860,  or 
about  10  per  cent.  Mere  in-door  cases.  Of  these  860  in-door  cases 
549  were  abstainers,  and  311  non-abstainers.  Many  of  the  patients 
who  are  abstainers  came  to  the  hospital  because,  on  falling  ill,  their 
illness  had  been  set  down  to  their  abstinence,  and  port  wine, 
stout,  claret,  &c.,  had  been  prescribed.  The  first  question  these 
patients  ask  is,  "  Do  I  need  to  break  my  pledge  in  order  to  recover 
my  health?"  Now,  broadly,  the  cases  of  this  sort  which  occur 
among  the  out-door  patients  are  cases  of  consumption,  cases  of 
indigestion,  cases  of  general  failure  from  over- work,  under-feeding, 
overgrowth,  over-nursing,  and  advancing  age.  The  consumptive 
cases  fall  at  once  into  the  two  categories,  i.e.,  those  so  far  advanced 
as  not  to  be  amenable  to  treatment  of  any  kind,  and  those  which 
are  only  in  the  incipient  stage,  and  which  in  very  large  numbers 
recover  under  careful  treatment.  These  may  practically  be 
classed  in  their  main  lines  of  treatment  with  the  '^general  failure'' 
cases,  and  the  only  way  to  heal  up  the  damaged  lungs  is  to  im- 
prove the  general  health  in  the  first  case,  and  to  treat  the  local 
mischief  as  an  addendum  to  the  general  treatment.  Taking  all 
those  cases  in  which  defective  nutrition  is  traceable  to  want 
of  food,  bad  cooking,  injudicious  choice  of  food,  decayed  or 
defective  teeth,  it  is  obvious  that  a  poor  needlewoman,  for 
instance,  will  do  better  to  spend  her  seven  shillings  a  week  rather 
upon  oatmeal  porridge,  fat  bacon  and  milk,  than  upon  mutton 
chops  and  beer  or  wine.  Such  a  woman  must  starve  if  her  narrow 
earnings  be  laid  out  in  fiesh  food  and  wine,  while  if  mainly  ex- 
pended upon  sound  well-prepared  oatmeal  or  other  breadstuffa, 
with  milk  and  fat  bacon,  she  will  keep  in  perfect  health,  and  be 


LONDON    TEMPERANCE    HOSPITAL.  1 29 


capable  of  her  fall  measare  of  work.  Yet  every  day  we  see  such 
cases  in  which  the  failing  health,  instead  of  being  referred  to  inj  udi- 
cioos  choice  of  food,  is  set  down  to  "  want  of  stimulants.^  And  all 
these  cases  of  "general  failure"  prove  to  recover  best,  not 
when  food -money  is  diverted  to  beer  and  to  increased  propor- 
tion of  flesh  food,  but  when  the  various  factors  of  the  failure  are 
indicated  and  corrected,  'as  described  above. 

Diathetic  conditions  need,  of  course,  also  appropriate  medical 
treatment,  just  as  localised  lung  lesions  do.  Taking  another  great 
series  of  cases  in  which  imperfect  elimination  is  a  considerable 
factor,  the  alcohol  that  has  often  been  prescribed  seems  to  have 
been  emphatically  mischievous.  I  have  seen  only  one  case  in 
which  a  patient  who  was  an  abstainer,  and  had  no  history  of  gout 
in  his  progenitors,  complained  of  distinct  gout.  This  patient,  a 
man,  had  been  treated  ior  three  months  for  gout  in  his  feet,  and 
when  he  came  to  the  hospital  I  examined  him  curiously.  He 
proved  to  have  no  gout,  but  to  suffer  from  flat  feet,  on  which  he 
had  been  standing  many  hours  each  day.  Change  of  employment 
relieved  him  so  far  as  he  could  be  relieved. 

Among  the  860  indoor  cases  thirteen  remain  still  under  treat- 
ment in  the  hospital,  and  thirty-eight  have  died,  a  mortality  of 
4]^  per  cent.  The  cases  remaining  in  the  hospital  are  as  follow : — 
Amputation  of  foot  (convalescent),  cellulitis,  acute  rheumatism, 
hip-joint  disease,  bronchitis,  disease  of  heart,  dysentery,  debility, 
haemorrhoids,  dyspepsia  and  debility,  phthisis.  Two  of  these 
cases  had  been  treated  freely  with  alcohol  before  coming  to  the 
Temperance  Hospital,  and  certainly  without  benefit.  Among  the 
indoor  sargical  cases  there  have  been  Caesarian  section,^  various 
amputations,  ligature  of  the  common  carotid  artery  at  the  root  of 
the  neck  for  aneurism  of  the  inuominata,  ovariotomy,  excision  of 
cancerous  tumours,  and  a  full  share  of  other  severe  cases.  Only 
two  deaths  have  occurred  among  the  surgical  cases,  one  a  case  of 
ovariotomy  in  which  peritoneal  cancer  was  found  ;  the  other  an 
amputation  of  the  thigh  in  an  aged  and  unsound  man  of  seventy- 
two^  who  for  three  weeks  before  coming  to  the  hospital  had 
suffered  from  mortification  of  the  leg  extending  nearly  to  the 


*  Vide  The  Lancet,  December  9, 1876. 


130  ABSTINENCE    IN    RELATION    TO 

knee-joint.    In  neither  of  these  cases  can  it  be  imagined  that  the 
use  of  alcohol  would  have  made  any  difference  in  the  result 

Without  going  further  into  detail,  I  venture  to  submit  that  the 
death-rate  of  4^  per  cent  among  these  indoor  patients  fully 
justifies  their  treatment  without  alcohol. 


ABSTINENCE   IN   RELATION   TO   HEALTH   AND 

LONGEVITY. 

The  statistics  of  the  United  Kingdom  Temperance  and  General 
Provident  Institution  continue  to  show  the  superior,  value  of 
teetotal  lives,  as  compared  with  those  of  moderate  drinkers. 
The  Institution  insures  members  in  two  sections,  one  in  which  all 
the  members  are  total  abstainers  ;  in  the  other  moderate  drinkers ; 
all  intemperate  persons  being,  of  course,  excluded.  The  two 
sections  are  exactly  alike  in  every  other  respect,  about  20,000 
lives  being  insured  in  the  General  Section,  and  10,000  in  the 
Temperance  Section.  Ketums  of  the  expected  and  actual  claims 
in  both  sections  for  fifteen  years,  from  1864  till  1879,  show  that 
in  the  General  Section  3,450  deaths  were  expected,  and  that 
3,444  took  place ;  whereas  in  the  Temperance  Section  the  ex- 
pected deaths  were  2,002,  and  the  actual  deaths  only  1,433. 
During  the  year  1879  the  expected  claims  in  the  Temperance 
Section  were  195  for  £40,844  ;  the  actual  claims  were  164  for 
;£28,690.  In  the  General  Section,  305  were  expected  for  £64,343, 
the  actual  having  been  326  for  £74,950.  The  quinquennial 
bonuses  in  the  Temperance  Section  have  been  17^  per  cent  greater 
than  those  in  the  General  Section. 

In  a  paper  read  by  Dr.  F.  K.  Lees,  at  the  Bradford  Temperance 
Jubilee,  in  June  last,  the  following  comparative  statement 
respecting  Rechabites  and  Oddfellows  was  given : — 


HEALTH    AND    LONGEVITY. 


131 


BbADIOKO   DlSTftlCT— 

BEOHABmS,  S.U. 

!     Bradvord    D18TBICT— On 
rsLLDWf,  M.U. 

D- 

Average 
BickneM. 

Death 
Bate. 

Parments. 

1 

1 

Average 
Sickneti. 

Death 
Bate. 

Pajmentfl. 

1 

Dare.  Hoars 

t.    d. 

Days.  Hoars. 

8. 

d. 

1870  .... 

5      20 

1  in    85 

3    2 

14         5 

1  in    48 

13 

9 

1S71  ....  1 

2      16 

1  iD  227 

3    7\ 

13        19 

1  in    51 

13 

1 

1872  .... 

3        4 

1  in  200 

4    04 

13        14 

1  in    47 

13 

3 

1873  .... 

3        6 

1  in  111 

6    6 

14         2 

1  in    39 

13 

0 

1874  .... 

3      U 

1  in    76 

,      5  "t 

13        33 

1  in    39 

12 

0 

1875  .... 

4      14 

1  in    76 

'      7    9| 

;     13        17 

1  in    42 

18 

7 
8 

1876  .... 

5        5 

1  in  252 

7  10 

11        11 

1  in    41 

12 

1877  .... 

4        7 

1  in  lUO 

8    bl 

1 

,     IJS        12 

1 

1  in    45 

13 

5 

33      14 

1,130 

1 

46    4| 

1 

1  107       71 

353 

104 

H 

Arenge 

i 

1 

fSar  8  jean. 

4        2 

1  ia  141 

5    91 

13        10 

1  in  44 

IS 

1 

Dr.  Lees  also  read  the  following  comparative  statement  of 
the  Colne  Wesleyan  Friendly  Society  and  the  Colne  Tent  of 
Rechabites : — 


Becbabitks. 

'                 Wkslbtans. 

I 

DaU. 

Average 

Average  Deith 

! 

Average 

Average  Death 

Bickneea. 

per  1,000. 

Sickness. 

I 
1 

per  1,000. 

. 

1            D.        H. 

1866     

5        9 

19-2 

1       10     20 

19-8 

1867     

9     16 

172 

1         9       0 

6-4 

1868     

4       0 

17-5 

9     17 

16-1 

1869     

4       7 

19  0 

10     18 

15-8 

1870     

8       3 

0 

12     14 

6-0 

1871     

9     16 

0 

7     14 

14.8 

ioi*      ..•■•. 

5       5 

14-9 

11     17 

8-6 

3873     

2     11 

0 

9     16 

20-0 

1874     

1     17 

0 

11     18 

85 

187B     

7       9 

19-8 

1 

14      4 

22-8 

The  average  sickness  for  the  Rechabites  for  the  ten  years  is  five 
days  and  eighteen  hours,  and  the  average  death-rate  99  per  1,000. 
The  average  rate  of  sickness  for  the  Wesleyan  Friendly  Society  is 
ten  days  nineteen  hours,  and  the  average  death-rate  is  13.9  per 
1,000,  which  gives  a  gain  in  favour  of  Rechabitism  of  five  days 
one  hour  per  member,  and  a  less  death-rate  of  4  per  1,000. 
A  remttkable  illustration  of  the  lessened  risk  of  sickness  in 

F  a 


IN    WORKHOUSES   AND    HOSPITALS. 


the  case  of  abstainers  is  furnished  by  the  following  experience  of 
a  ForeBteiB'  Lodge  at  Streatbam  : — 


1  r 

j 

J 

s 
1 

j  w 

1809 
1870 
1871 
1S72' 
1B7S' 
1S74 
1875 

120 
136 
ISO 
Kfl 
175 
158 
165 

28 

as 

■45 
37 
44 

4S 

10 

£      t.i. 
97     D    0 
91    0     0 
fiS    0    0 
lOl  15    4 
147     6     2 
117  IB    8 
119  11     4 

£     >.    d.  1    £    ■.  d. 

17  15     8  1     1     5    0 
16  14    0  1     0  14    0 
20    8    0  [        nil 
22    0    0  I  20  17    0 
37     0    0     22     S    0 
as  18    0  ,    1    8    0 
32    a    0       8  19    0 

£     1.  d. 
16  10    B 
16    0    6 
20    8    0 
1     S    0 
14  U    0 
S2  10    0 
23     7    0 

124  11     2 

-     ALCOHOL  IN  WORKHOUSES  AND  HOSPITALS. 

The  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  workhonsee  and  hospitals  is 
exciting  increaaeil  attention  throughout  the  kingdom.  In  tmaj 
cases  the  usual  allowances  of  beer  to  ofiicen  and  servants  haabeen 
advantageously  subsUtuled  by  a  money  payment,  and  it  has  been 
pointed  out  by  the  Local  Govemraent  Board  that  alcoholic  liquors 
should  not  be  given  to  paupers,  except  by  the  authority  of 
medical  offjccrs,  the  practice  of  giving  heer  for  extra  work  or 
special  duties  being  thereby  declared  illegal. 

The  great  diversity  in  the  practice  of  medical  officers  has  been 
commented  upon  by  the  press.  "It  certainly  seems  unaccountable,*> 
says  the  British  Medical  Journal,  "  that  one  workhouse  sbould 
iind  it  requisite  to  spend  double  or  treble  the  sum  for  this  purpose 
that  suffices  for  its  neighbours.  Thus,  the  West  Derby  Union, 
with  1,800  poor  in  receipt  of  pariah  relief,  expended  ,^,043  on 
stimulants  during  twelve  monihs,  whereas  the  Liverpool  Union, 
dose  alongside,  with  2,797  poor,  made  :£767  serve  the  pnrpoee. 
The  Sunderland  Union,  with  more  than  800  poor,  bought  only 
£9  worth  of  stimulants  during  the  year.    At  Manchester  the 


ALCOHOL   IN    WORKHOUSES    AND    HOSPITALS. 


133 


ontlay  equalled  Is.  2^d.  per  head  ;  at  Sheflield,  2s.  7^<1.  ;  and  at 
Chester,  Is.  Id.  It  will  be  seen  that  even  these  rates  of  expendi- 
ture differ,  but  the  higheet  is  nothing  by  the  side  of  the  2l8.  6d. 
per  head  spent  by  the  West  Derby  Guardians." 

The  following  statement  respecting  the  London  hospitals  is 
worthy  of  careful  study  : — 

WiXE  AND  Bekb  co^rsutfBD,  1878. 


Nnniber  of 

1 

Cost  p*r 
Patient. 

Equivalent  ot 

HofpitaU. 

Ia-pAtient«, 
1978. 

Total  Cost. 

Alcohol  in 
ounces. 

£       s.    d. 

».     d. 

Wettmioster 

1.763 

165     5     9 

1    lOi 

84 

London  

7,055 

639  12     2 

1      6i 

lOi 

St.  Thomas's 

3,727 

845     2     7 

4     6k 

18 

St.  Mary's     

2,222 

366  16     0 

3     3J, 

181 

Cbariog  Cross 

1,77C 

430  10  10 

4  10 

18i 

UoiTersity  College 

2,288 

445     6     2 

3  104 

19i 

King's  College 

2,145 

391  12     9 

3     71 

21 

St.  George's 

4,097 

796  16     8 

3  10^ 

212 

Gny  s     

5,710 

1,002  14  10 

3     G 

22J 

Koyal  Free    

1,318 

300     2     7 

4     CI 

23J 

Stw  Bartholomew's 

5,868 

1,144  11     0 

3  101 

24i 

Hiddlesez      

2,040 

547  13     0 

5     4i 

m 

6,976    4    4 

The  cost  of  wine,  spirits,  and  beer  consumed  by  the  in-patients 
of  St.  George's  Union  Infirmary  for  the  year  1878  is  given  for 
comparison  : — Number  of  in-patients,  2,496.  Cost  for  wine,  spirits, 
and  beer,  £S  3s.  6}d.  Cost  per  patient,  jl.,  or,  more  exactly, 
9-lOths  of  Id.  per  patient. 

The  annual  report  of  St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  gives  an 
interesting  table  of  the  daily  consumption  of  stimulants  to  which 
patients  on  their  admission  had  been  accustomed,  and  adds  that 
the  largest  consumer  of  spirits,  aged  thirty,  took  twenty  to  thirty 
glasses  of  gin  daily  ;  and  that  the  largest  consumer  of  beer,  aged 
thirty-five,  never  exceeded  twenty-six  pints  a  day.  It  is  also 
added  that  only  one  "total  abstainer"  could  be  discovered 
amongst  the  patients — a  powerful  argument  in  favour  of  absti- 
nence. Bespecting  this  report  the  Lancet  pertinently  remarks  : — 
"  The  record  is  a  striking  one  in  its  revelations.  When  we  arc 
asking  the  public  to  support  the  hospitals,  as  we  very  seriously 
do,  it  is  only  right  to  ui^e  that  hospitals  shall  make  it  clear  to 


134  ALCOHOL   IN  WORKHOUSES    AND   HOSPITALS. 

such  patients  as  come  to  them  Buffering  from  one  or  other  of  the 
various  forms  of  alcoholism,  that  their  diseases  are  largely  self- 
induced.  Patients  who  ivould  resent  a  hint  of  this  kind  from  any 
other  quaiteri/v'ill  often  take  it  from  a  physician.  It  is  a  matter, 
too,  for  serious  consideration  whether  the  large  amount  of  money 
spent  by  hospitals  on  beer  and  other  stimulants,  I  esides  convey- 
ing wrong  teaching  to  patients,  might  not  be  spent  to  more  advan- 
tage in  procuring  other  forms  of  food.  The  public,  if  asked  to  be 
less  stinted  in  its  gifts  to  hospitals,  and  indeed  to  give  generously, 
has  a  fair  right  to  ask  that  hospital  money  shall  be  administered 
wisely. 

The  Hev.  S.  Alfred  Steinthal,  of  Manchester,  read  a  paper  at  the 
Social  Science  Congress  held  in  October  last,  at  Edinburgh,  in 
which  he  pointed  out  the  advantages  that  had  accrued  from  a 
diminished  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  the  Manchester  workhouses, 
where  the  expenditure  upon  such  drinks  had  been  reduced  from 
£ibS  15s.  Id.,  in  1876,  to  £204  13s.  4d.,  in  1880.  He  also  showed 
that  in  the  Manchester  Royal  Infirmary  the  cost  of  wine,  spirits, 
ale  and  beer,  was  reduced  from  £619  14s.  3d.,  in  1878-79,  to 
£285  163.  2d.,  in  1879-80. 

Milk  has  in  some  hospitals  been  substituted  for  alcoholic  liquors 
with  good  results.  On  the  6th  July  last  the  medical  officer  of  the 
Bamsley  Poor  Law  Union  reported  to  the  Guardians  that  he  had 
reduced  the  cost  of  alcoholics  during  the  year  then  closed  from  £72 
to  £25,  and  added  : — ^^From  a  prudential  standpoint  I  feel  that  it 
is  a  short-sighted  policy  to  stint  food  as  the  great  factor  in  curing 
thoroughly  the  maladies  of  the  poor,  and  carrying  them  safely 
through  the  period  of  convalescence.  With  this  in  view  the  dietaries 
have  been  rearranged,  and  I  hope  improved.  In  my  last  report  I 
mentioned  that  I  wished  the  use  of  stimulants  to  decrease,  particu- 
larly with  regard  to  beer,  milk  to  be  supplied  in  lieu.  Here  I 
endeavoured  to  hold  the  balance  of  justice  fairly.  The  system 
was  pursued  at  first  in  a  tentative  manner.  No  patient  receiving 
beer  had  it  disturbed,  but  in  all  new  admissions  it  has  been  with- 
held. After  a  year's  trial  I  find  the  patients  like  it,  the  discipline 
is  better,  there  is  no  deterioration  of  health,  and  the  death-rate  is 
lower.  It  was  lately  said  by  Sir  William  Jenner  that  a  pint  of 
^od  milk  contains  as  much  solid  animal  matter  as  a  good-sized 
"""^ton  chop;  if  bo  it  must  be  economical." 


THE    INTERNATIONAL    TEMPERANCE    CONGRESS.        I35 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  CONGRESS. 

This  Congress  was   opened,  at    BrusselB,  under   Royal  and 
Government    patronage,    on    Monday,    2nd    August,   and    con- 
tinued in  session,  with  the  exception  of  one  day,  till  the  following 
Saturday.    Eight  nationalities  were  represented.    The  National 
Temperance  League  was  represented  hy  the  Rev.  Dr.  de  Colleville 
and  Mr.   John  Taylor  ;    the  Scottish   Temperance  League  by 
Dr.  David  Brodie  ;    the  Western   Temperance  League  by  the 
Rev.  Charles  J.   Senior,  M.A. ;   the  Good  Templars  by   Miss 
Richardson  ;   and  the  British  Medical  Temperance  Association 
by  Dr.  C.  R.  Drysdale,  London  ;  Dr.  David  Brodie,  Edinburgh  ; 
and  Mr.    H.   Branthwaite,    F.R.C.S.,   Willesden.     Papers  were 
contributed  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  on "  The   Heredity  of  Alco- 
hol;" by  Dr.  Brodie,   on  "The  Physiological  and   Pathogenic 
Action  of  Ethylic  Alcohol  ; "  and  by  Mr.  Branthwaite,  on  "  Tlie 
Influence  of  Ethylic  Alcohol  on  Temperature  ;"  one  on  "The 
Influence  of  Intemperance  upon  Crime  "  being  read  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  de  Colleville.     Drs.  Dujardin-Beaumetz,  Mottet  and  Lunier, 
of  Paris  ;  Drs.    Vaucleroy,    Carpentier,  Martin  and  Belval,   of 
Brussels  ;  Dr.  H.  Barella,  and  other  medical  men  took  part  in  the 
proceedings.     The  scientific  questions  put  fur  the  consideration 
of  the  Congress  were  principally  these  :  What  are  the  best  means 
of  obtaining  distilled  liquors  which  contain  only  pure  alcohol, 
and  by  what  means,  legislative  and  fiscal,  can  the  exclusive  em- 
ployment of  such  be  assured  ?    The  second  question  embraced  the 
study  of  the  physical  action  of  pure  artificial  alcohol ;  while  the 
third  treated  of  the  best  methods  of  preventing  the  use  of  poison «, 
now  so  largely  mixed  with  alcoholic  drinks.     The  National  Tem- 
perance League's  deputation  to  the  King,  and  the  dejtdtier  given 
by  Mr.  Taylor  to  the  leading  members  of  the  Congress,  were  the 
meanB  of  bringing  the  question  of  abstinence  prominently  before 
the  Belgian  public  through  the  newspapers,  and  facilitated  the 
appointment  by  Congress  of  a  sub-commission  of  nine  members  to 
investigate  theoretically  and  practically,  nephalism,  or  total  absti- 
nence from  all  alcoholic  beverages,  and  to  present  a  written  report 
to  the  Congress  of  1882.    That  Congress  is  to  be  held  in  London, 


136  THE    TEMPERANCE    CAUSE    IN    BELGIUM. 

and  the  sab-comniission  is  to  consist  of  Dr.  Benjamin  W.  Richanl- 
son,  F.R.S.,  president ;  Mr.  John  Taylor  and  Dr.  Lanier,  vice- 
presidents  ;  Rev.  M.  de  CoUeville,  D.D.,  reporter  and  secretary  ; 
Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  Mr.  Harrison  Branthwaite,  Dr.  Barella,  Dr. 
Tarci  and  Major  Hcnnequin,  members.  A  Sub-Commission  on 
International  Statistics,  consisting  of  five  members,  was  also 
appointed,  Dr.  de  CoUeville  being  one.  The  number  of  Inter- 
national Commissioners  was  enlarged  to  forty  ;  the  British  mem- 
bers being  Rev.  Merille  de  CoUeville,  D.D.,  Mr.  John  Taylor, 
Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.,  Dr.  David  Brodie,  Mr.  Harrison 
Branthwaite,  F.R.C.S.,  Dr.  Charles  R.  Drysdale,  and  the  Rev. 
Charles  J.  Senior,  M.A.  The  General  Secretary,  Dr.  Lunier,  of 
6,  Rue  de  I'tTniversitie,  Paris,  was  re-elected. 


THE  TEMPERANCE  CAUSE  IN  BELGIUM. 

By  John  Taylor. 

The  National  Temperance  League  may  have  to  add  the  word 
International  to  their  title  if  the  opening  for  temperance  work  in 
Belgium  expands  as  we  trust  it  may.  Two  difficulties  stand  in 
the  way.  The  evils  attendant  on  drinking  are  but  little  appre- 
ciated on  the  Continent,  and  the  repugnance  to  absolute  total 
abstinence  is  very  great.  Abstinence  is  regarded  as  it  was  years 
ago  in  England,  as  something  unnaturally  strange  and  discordant. 
We  remember  meeting  abroad  with  an  English-speaking  German 
professor,  and  after  a  long  conversation,  in  which  he  elicited  our 
views  on  a  great  variety  of  topics  connected  with  religion,  morals 
and  politics,  he  wound  up  by  saying  that  he  fully  understood  and 
appreciated  our  position  in  the  various  subjects  reviewed,  "  But," 
said  he,  "  I  cannot  understand  your  not  drinking  wine."  And  yet 
he  could  tell  me  of  the  great  number  of  beer-shops  that  existed  in 
his  little  town,  and  of  the  miserable  effect  upon  the  men  of  the 
boozing  which  they  nightly  indulged  in.  The  idea  in  England  is 
that  Temperance  has  worked  up  from  the  lower  to  the  higher 
jsnks  of  society,  but  the  reverse  action  seems  likely  to  be  the 


THE    TEMPERANCE    CAUSE    IN    BELGIUM.  I37 


case  in  Belgiuni,  and  the  patronage  accorded  by  the  King  was  the 
means  of  placing  the  great  fact  of  English  total  abstinence  before 
the  Belgian  nation  under  circumstances  most  favourable  to  its 
reception.  The  palace  is  now  liberally  supplied  with  Temperance 
literature,  which  we  trust  will  in  time  bear  fruit. 

The  opportunity  for  giving  a  temperance  lecture  in  a  palace 
was  a  new  experience  in  a  long  temperance  career,  and  one  full 
of  interest :  possibly  it  was  a  new  experience  for  the  King,  and 
one  he  evidently  enjoyed,  entering  into  the  various  phases  of  the 
temperance  question  brought  before  him  with  an  animated  appre- 
ciation of  the  facts  and  experiences  of  the  Temperance  Reforma- 
tion in  England.  The  Belgian  royal  family  have  been  closely 
allied  with  our  own  country,  and  have  always  been  regarded 
with  esteem  and  respect.  The  Prince  Leopold  and  the  Princess 
Charlotte  are  still  household  words,  and  the  story  of  their  happy 
l>ut  short-lived  union  is  one  of  the  most  touching  memories  of 
English  history. 

The  esteem  felt  for  the  Belgian  royal  family  is  reciprocated  by 
them  for  the  English  people.  "  It  always  gives  me  pleasure," 
said  the  King,  *^  to  receive  Englishmen,"  as  we  expressed  our 
thanks  for  the  audience  granted  us,  and  doubtless  this  feeling 
prepared  the  way  for  our  interview. 

Another  new  experience  for  Belgium  was  the  d^jdintr  free  from 
all  intoxicants.  It  was  regarded  as  a  bold  measure,  as  testing  our 
principles  at  their  weakest  point.  Life  might  possibly  exist  without 
wine,  but  a  banquet !— impossible ! 

Brussels  is  a  city  of  clubs,  and  one  of  the  great  objects  for  which 
dubs  exist  is  that  their  members  may  feast  together.  Brussels, 
then,  is  a  city  of  banquets,  and  the  company  that  responded  to 
oar  iuvitation, — including  many  distinguished  men,  counts  and 
barons,  senators  and  doctors,  generals  and  officers,  the  chiefs  of 
the  newspaper  press,  and  others,  all  familiar  with  sumptuous 
entertainments, — were  critical  guests  not  to  be  trifled  with.  But 
it  so  fell  out  that  the  weakest  link  of  our  Temperance  chain 
proved  abundantly  strong  for  all  the  pressure  brought  to  bear 
upon  it.  The  non-alcoholic  banquet  proved  a  great  success.  The 
absence  of  wine  was  not  regarded  as  a  deprivation  ;  the  occasion 
proved  one  of  thorough  enjoyment,  and  all  expressed  themselves 


138  GRATITUDE    FOR   WORK   ACCOMPLISHED. 


delighted  and  grateful  for  the  entertainment,  while  the  newspaper 
press  published  their  unsolicited  approval  throughout  the  country. 
Two  important  points  have  thus  been  gained,  and  though  it 
may  seem  to  come  a  long  way  short  of  a  change  of  national 
drinking  customs,  yet  a  beginning  has  been  made,  graced  by  success, 
which  we  hope  may  be  the  prelude  of  greater  things. 


GRATITUDE  FOR  WORK  ACCOMPLISHED.* 
By  the  Rev.  W.  Anderson,  Reading. 

Fifty  years  ago,  a  small  but  devoted  band  of  men  inaugurated 
the  first  organisation  of  the  great  Temperance  reformation  in 
England.  Impelled,  I  doubt  not,  by  humanity,  patriotism,  and 
religion,  they  banded  themselves  together  to  the  accomplishment 
of  a  task  of  such  magnitude  that  the  world  found  no  better  way 
of  dealing  with  it  than  by  ridicule,  but  posterity  will  more  and 
more  regard  it  with  admiration  and  gratitude. 

When  standing  on  the  almost  dizzying  height  of  the  tower  of 
the  marble  Cathedral  of  Milan,  the  eye  rests  on  the  roof  tiles 
beneath,  then  it  gazes  on  the  rich  and  far-spreading  plains  of 
Lombard y,  and  scans  the  forms  of  the  giant  Alps  that,  like  sen- 
tinels, stand  in  the  dim  distance.  One  feels  bewildered,  and  only 
retains  an  imperfect  impression  of  the  scene.  So,  to-day,  as  from 
the  tower  of  meditation  we  attempt  to  take  a  comprehensive  view 
of  the  past  of  the  Temperance  reformation,  we  must  omit  many 
features  of  marked  interest,  and  can  only  give,  what  seem  to  us, 
points  of  special  interest. 

We  thank  God  that  there  has  been  created  a  powerful  tem- 
perance public  opinion.  We  are  not  prepared  implicitly  to 
subscribe  to  the  old  dictum,  "  Vox  populi  vox  Dei"  Yet  there  is 
a  marvellous  weight  and  force  in  the  will  and  voice  of  the  people. 
It  is  sometimes  not  only  right,  but  heroic,  for  the  individual  to 
front  a  frowning  world.  In  such  a  case  Conscience  has  to  give  her 
clearest  call,  and  Duty  speak  in  her  most  authoritative  tone. 

*  From  a  Jubilee  Address  delivered  in  the  Forestera'  Ilal],  Beading^ 


GRATITUDE    FOR   WORK   ACCOMPLISHED.  139 


Advene  pablic  opinion  is  more  dreaded  by  the  soldier  than  the 
cannon's  mouth.  Without  public  opinion  the  law  would  be  a  dead 
letter.  Princes  pay  latent  deference  to  it.  Before  its  indignation 
Governments  quail  and  disappear.  At  its  bar  authors  tremble  to 
receive  their  sentence.  Sometimes  in  its  wilful  and  fitful  moods 
it  crushes  human  hearts  and  homes  as  a  merciless  avalanche 
crushes  flowers  and  trees  in  its  awful  descent.  The  temperance 
movement,  in  its  earliest  stages,  found  public  opinion  against  it. 
Ministers  maundered  that  it  threw  a  slight  on  the  Gospel  and 
grace  of  God.  Physicians  sagely  averred  it  to  be  inimical  to 
health.  Society  flung  at  it  the  charge  of  fanatical  aceticiem. 
Statesmen  denounced  it  as  an  attempt  to  deprive  the  nation  of  a 
legitimate  source  of  revenue.  What  a  wondrous  change  has 
fifty  years  wrought !  A  Roman  Catholic  cardinal,  an  Anglican 
archbishop,  a  Presbyterian  professor,  and  some  of  the  most 
prominent  of  the  Nonconformist  ministers,  are  either  tacitly 
or  actively  engaged  in  the  furtherance  of  the  temperance 
cause.  Many  of  the  medical  faculty,  in  addition  to  one  who  has 
made  the  action  of  alcohol  his  special  study,  unite  in  exposing 
the  former  fallacy  of  its  necessity  and  benefit  as  an  article  of 
daily  food.  Society — in  the  brilliant  banquets  of  the  aristocratic 
and  wealthy,  as  well  as  at  the  weddings  and  funerals  of  the  poor — 
does  not  now  regard  the  abstainer  as  an  anchorite.  Some  of  the 
most  honoured  names  in  our  legislature  are  loyal  adherents  of  the 
temperance  cause.  There  is  no  room  for  self-complacency  ;  we 
may  not  pause  to  sing  vainglorious  pscans  of  victor3\  Yet  we 
would  be  wanting  in  appreciation  of  the  noble  work  of  the  past 
and  the  manifestly  Divine  blessing  that  has  rested  on  the  move- 
ment were  we  to  do  other  than  "  thank  God  and  take  courage." 

A  temperance  literature  has  been  written.  When  a  printing 
press  was  for  the  first  time  seen  at  Serampore,  the  natives  called 
it  the  English  god.  We,  who  consider  the  work  of  the  Press  with 
eyes  undimmed  by  superstition,  are  compelled  to  confess  it  to  be 
one  of  the  mightiest  factors  in  the  formation  of  public  opinion^ 
and  one  of  the  greatest  forces  in  moulding  the  mind  of  man. 
When  the  ear  is  far  removed  from  human  eloquence,  the  eye 
beckons  the  book  near.  It  meekly  waits  our  will— it  patiently 
suffers  the  neglect  of  weeks,  then  generously  opens  its  treasures 


140  GRATITUDE    FOR   WORK   ACCOMPLISHED. 

to  the  6eeker*8  eye.  It  beguiles  our  weariness,  it  makes  profi'able 
our  leisure,  it  gives  iugots  to  the  student,  and  gold  filings  to  the 
casual  reader.  The  temperance,  like  all  philanthropic  move- 
ments, has  necessarily  been  oue  of  activity.  It  has  invited 
to  work  rather  than  to  study.  It  has  sought  persuasive 
speech  rather  than  profound  thought.  Yet  in  the  realm  of 
literature  much  in  these  few  years  has  been  done.  Scholarly 
works,  dealing  philologically  with  the  wines  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture, have  been  written.  High-toned  and  able  appeals  have  been 
addressed  to  the  Christian  Church  by  cultured  authors  whose  words 
demand  a  hearing.  The  economic  and  national  aspect  of  the 
Temperance  reformation  has  found  able  and  forceful  exponents. 
Fiction's  charm  has  been  exercised,  and  truth  has  unconsciously 
passed  into  the  mind  through  the  fascinating  tale.  Tracts  for  the 
million  have  been  issued,  by  pens  of  cogent  interest,  and  our 
weekly  and  monthly  temperance  issues  have  given  us  echoes  of 
Temperance  deeds  and  words  all  over  the  land.  There  may,  in 
the  opinion  of  many,  be  room  in  this  department  of  our  enter- 
prise for  increased  activity,  but  surely  as  we  review  the  accom- 
plished, all  will  earnestly  unite  in  thanking  God  and  taking 
courage. 

The  Band  of  Hope  movement  excites  our  lively  and  deep 
gratitude.  It  is  the  handmaid  and  auxiliary  of  our  Sunday  and 
Bagged  Schools.  It  is  the  source  of  the  sobriety  of  after  and 
maturer  years.  The  Temperance  reformation,  in  its  aspect  towards 
the  young,  is  one  of  prevention.  When  the  understanding  is  un- 
biased, the  conscience  tender,  the  heart  impressible,  and  the  taste 
for  alcoholic  drink  unacquired,  then  is  the  golden  opportunity! 
to  root  and  ground  the  young  in  the  principle  of  total  abstinence. 
Parents  and  guardians,  who  would  not  dream  of  abstaining  them- 
selves, do  not  consider  it  necessary  for  their  children  similarly  to 
indulge,  and  hence  homes  are  reached  and  temperance  truth 
disseminated  among  families  otherwise  by  us  unreachable.  In 
hamlet,  town,  and  city,  from  the  few  who  meet  in  the  cottage 
room  to  the  crowded  gatherings  in  our  larger  schoolroom,  by  the 
hymns  and  melodies  sung,  by  the  recitations  Icamt  and  repeated, 
by  the  addresses  like  those  inimitable  ones  given  by  the  late 
Mrs.  Balfour  in  her  **  Morning  Dewdrops,"  the  rising  generation 


GRATITUDE   FOR   WORK  ACCOMPLISHED.  I4I 


in  thousands  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  are  being  trained  up  in 
the  way  they  should  go,  and  we  may  confidently  hope  that,  in 
many  cases  at  least,  when  they  are  old  '*  they  will  not  depart  from 
it."  Temperance  cries,  like  our  Divine  Lord,  "  Suffer  the  little 
children  to  come  unto  me,  and  forbid  them  not "  ;  "  Length  of 
days  are  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left  riches  and  honour. 
Her  ways  are  ways  of  pleasantness,  and  all  her  paths  are  peace. 
She  is  a  tree  of  life  to  them  that  lay  hold  upon  her,  and  happy  is 
every  one  that  retaineth  her."  As  we  think  of  the  youthful 
thousands,  who  weekly,  fortnightly,  or  monthly,  come  within  the 
circle  of  her  benign  influence,  "  we  thank  God  and  take  courage." 
We  cannot  fail  to  mention  the  varied  temperance  organisationfi, 
with  their  mighty  army  of  members  and  workers.  They  differ 
in  regard  to  names  and  badges  of  distinction.  Some  work  on  a 
local,  some  on  a  national,  and  some  on  a  world-wide  area.  Some 
seek  legislation,  others  appeal  direct  to  the  conscience  and  will 
of  men,  but  they  are  all  one  in  the  intense  desire  and  earnest 
effort  to  make  England  and  the  world  sober.  The  eloquence  of  one, 
the  wealth  of  another,  the  leisure  of  one  and  the  learning  of 
another,  are  all  consecrated  to  this  end.  The  poor  joyfully  give 
the  fragments  of  a  busy  life  to  woo  and  win  their  fellows  to  a 
principle  and  practice  that  has  done  so  much  for  them.  Time 
would  fail  to  tell  of  the  souls  first  led  under  Christian  influence 
by  temperance,  and  of  the  homes  made  happy  by  it.  When  the 
light  of  the  last  great  day  of  revelation  falls  upon  the  temperance 
labours  of  the  past  fifty  years  we  shall  in  nobler,  sweeter  strairs, 
"  thank  God,"  by  whose  grace  so  great  a  work  has  been  done. 


Drikki2?o  and  the  Education  Rate. — At  a  meeting  of  the 
Horsham  School  Board  on  the  14th  October,  Mr.  Harrington  con- 
tended that  where  it  was  known  that  the  parents  spend  their 
wages  on  intoxicating  drink,  he  did  not  think  that  the  ratepayers' 
money  should  be  given  in  half-payment  of  fees.  Several  members 
of  the  Board  agreed  with  this  opinion,  and  a  parent  who  applied 
for  help  for  fees  was  refused  on  the  ground  named,  and  ordered 
to  be  summoned  in  case  the  children  did  not  attend  regulai  ly. 


142  THE  OBITUARY  OF  THE  YEAR. 

THE  OBITUARY  OF  THE  YEAR. 
By  Frederick  Sherlock. 

Author  of  **  IlltutriouB  jLb$tainer:*' 

"  King  of  Saints,  to  whom  the  nnmber 

Of  Thy  starry  host  is  known, 
Many  a  name,  by  man  forgotten, 

Lives  for  ever  round  Thy  Throne ; 
Lights,  whioh  earth-bom  mists  have  darkened 

There  are  shining  fall  and  clear, 
Princes  in  the  oonrt  of  heaven. 

Nameless,  nnremembered  here.*' 


In  the  various  celebrations  which  have  so  worthily  marked 
the  Jubilee  of  the  Temperance  Reformation,  no  incident  more 
thoroughly  kindled  the  enthusiasm  or  quickened  the  fervour  of 
the  audiences  than  the  presence  of  those  who  were  recognised  as 
veterans  of  the  movement. 

At  its  inception,  the  crusade  against  our  great  national  vice 
was  met  by  an  angry  storm  of  opposition,  in  which  contumely, 
contempt,  and  scorn,  were  the  presiding  elements  ;  and  it  must 
be  added,  that  not  a  few  of  those  who  were  supposed  to  be 
friendly,  complacency  tolerated  the  reform  as  *'  a  harmless  hd" 
which  would  soon  collapse  from  its  alleged  inherent  weakness. 

But  *'  there  were  giants  in  those  days,''  and  their  ranks  were 
often  "  sifted  as  wheat."  Nobly  heroic  indeed  were  they,  who 
throughout  the  trying  ordeal  continued  steadfast,  faithful,  and 
true,  to  the  promulgation  of  Total  Abstinence  from  intoxicating 
liquors,  as  the  grand  preventive  and  corrective  of  Drunkenness. 
The  world  is  a  quick  teacher,  but  a  slow  learner.  Happily, 
however,  the  lesson  of  the  past  fifty  years  of  temperance  effort 
is  beginning  to  fasten  itself  in  the  public  mind  ;  and,  one  by  one, 
as  the  Temperance  leaders  go  to  their  reward,  men  are  led  to  a  truer 
appreciation  of  the  unselfish  chivalry  in  which  the  Temperance 
movement  had  its  birth. 

The  past  twelve  months  have  been  marked  by  the  removal  of 
several  earnest-hearted  brethren,  of  whom  it  may  truly  be  said, 
"  they  rest  from  their  labours  and  their  works  do  follow  them.'* 


THE    OBITUARY   OF    THE   YEAR. 


H3 


X  »T  most  we  forget  to  chronicle  the  loss  which  Temperance  bqs- 
i.iined  during  the  closing  days  of  1879,  in  the  persons  of  Edward 
Shipley  Ellis,  J.P.,  and  Thomas  Knox,  J.P.  They  passed  away 
within  a  few  hours  of  each  other,  and  were  laid  in  their  graves 
amidst  circumstances  which  showed  that  they  had  gained,  in  no 
small  degree,  the  affection  and  esteem  of  those  amongst  whom 
they  lived  and  laboured.  The  former,  in  his  position  as  Chairman 
of  the  Midland  Railway  Company,  exercised  an  influence  which 
extended  far  and  wide,  and  his  consistent  support  of  Temperance 
work  was  ever  accompanied  by  a  large-hearted  liberality  rarely 
to  be  met  with.  Thomas  Knox,  one  of  Edinburgh's  worthiest 
citizens,  was  in  many  respects  in  advance  of  his  time.  In  the 
midst  of  an  active  commercial  life,  he  sought  and  found  opx>ortu- 
nities  of  laying  bare  some  of  the  great  festering  sores  which 
hinder  social  progress,  and  by  his  foresight  and  prescience  con- 
tributed in  a  remarkable  degree  to  the  creation  of  purer  and 
healthier  conditions.  Nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  in  his 
letters  on  "  Temperance  Teaching  in  Schools,"  he  proposed  that 
Temperance  should  be  taught  as  a  specific  subject  in  our  elemen- 
tary schools,  and  although  the  scheme  was  at  that  time  considered 
impracticable,  he  never  lost  faith  in  the  idea,  and  lived  to  see  its 
adoption  entered  upon  with  an  earnestness  which  augurs  well  for 
its  universal  development.  The  passing  of  the  Forbes-Mackenzie 
Act,  moreover,  received  an  impetus  from  Thomas  Knox,  which 
carries  its  own  lesson.  He  organised  a  staff  of  200  individuals  to 
ascertain  the  number  of  visitors  who  entered  the  public-houses  of 
Edinburgh  on  a  given  Sunday,  and  the  publication  of  the  result 
as  40,000  persons,  produced  so  profound  an  impression  upon  the 
public  and  Parliament,  that  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  for  Scotland 
speedily  became  law. 

Among  the  memorable  ministerial  workers  removed  during  the 
year  may  be  mentioned  the  Bev.  Dr.  James  Paterson,  of  Glasgow  ; 
the  Rev.  George  Verrall,  of  Bromley,  Kent ;  the  Rev.  John 
Curwen,  the  originator  of  the  Tonic  Sol-Fa  system  of  music  in 
England  ;  the  Rev.  John  Dwyer,  of  Enniskillen  ;  and  the  Rev. 
John  Rodgers,  M.  A.,  vice-chairman  of  the  School  Board  for  Lon- 
don. Dr.  Paterson  was  an  abstainer  for  forty-five  years,  and 
steadfastly  supported  the  movement  during  the  whole  of  his 


144  THE  OBITUARY  OF  THE  YEAR. 

eminently  honourable  and  useful  life.  As  the  editor  of  the 
Scottish  Temperance  Review,  a  monthly  periodical  issued  by  the 
Scottish  Temperance  League,  and  the  editor  of  the  Scottish  Revietc, 
a  quarterly  journal  of  social  progress,  issued  by  the  same  society, 
his  pen  rendered  material  aid  to  the  advancement  of  total  absti- 
nence views.  Mr.  Curwen  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  temperance 
cause,  and,  by  the  introduction  of  melodies  in  its  favour  in  several 
of  his  publications,  did  much  to  formulate  opinion  through  one 
of  it«  most  popular  agencies — the  ministry  of  song.  Mr.  Kodgers 
was  so  thoroughly  in  earnest  with  anything  he  took  in  hand,  that 
his  accession  to  the  Temperance  ranks,  many  years  ago,  proved  a 
"  tower  of  strength."  At  a  time  when  clerical  supporters  were 
few  and  far  between,  the  deceased  was  a  hearty  co-operator,  and 
whether  in  the  pulpit,  on  the  platform,  or  by  his  own  hospitable 
fireside,  never  failed  to  exercise  his  powerful  influence,  in  favour 
of  the  Temperance  movement. 

A  heavy  inroad  has  been  made  into  the  devoted  band  of  self- 
denying  public  advocates,  whose  unwearied  exertions  in  the  open 
market-places  and  scattered  hamlets  of  the  country,  constitute  one 
of  the  brightest  pages  in  the  whole  history  of  the  movement. 
For  more  than  forty  years,  I^ichard  Home — "  Dicky  Home,'*  as  he 
was  affectionately  called  by  the  thousands  to  whom  his  name  was 
familiar — traversed  the  country,  wdth  untiring  assiduity,  as  a  tem- 
perance advocate,  most  of  that  time  in  connection  with  the  British 
Temperance  League.  The  homely  wisdom  of  his  addresses— 
''full  of  wise  saws  and  modem  instances" — gained  added  force 
from  the  genial  and  cheery  presence  of  the  man,  who  was  a  typical 
Englishman,  in  the  highest  and  best  sense  of  the  word.  Charles 
Bent  was  a  kindred  spirit  to  this  extent— that,  like  Richard 
Home,  he  never  failed  to  exercise  a  magnetic  influence  over 
working-class  audiences.  His  early  manhood  was  passed  amid 
surroundings  which  gave  no  indication  of  the  position  he  was 
destined  to  fill  as  a  temperance  advocate.  The  demoralizing 
glories  of  the  prize-ring  gave  place  to,  if  possible,  a  still  more 
deplorable  condition,  in  which  life  itself  became  intolerable.  At 
this  crisis  Bent  was  persuaded  to  take  the  pledge,  and  the  rescued 
brand  thereafter  became  a  beacon-light  to  tens  of  thousands. 
Charles  Smith,  for  nearly  ten  years  the  mnch-respected  missionary 


THE    OBITUARY   OF    THE    YEAR.  I45 


of  the  National  Temperance  Leagne,  filled  a  position  of  usefulness 
almost  unique.  His  special  mission  was  to  visit  the  elementary 
schools  of  the  metropolis,  and  address  the  children  on  the  subject 
of  Temperance.  His  labours  in  this  sphere  were  crowned  with 
gratifying  success,  and  the  good  seed  sown  in  the  minds  and  hearts 
of  his  youthful  hearers  shall  yet  bring  forth  an  abundant  harvest 

The  honoured  name  of  Pease  is  so  intimately  associated  with 
good  works  of  every  kind,  that  it  naturally  runs  through  the 
narrative  of  the  Temperance  movement,  as  an  integral  part  of  the 
Btory.  Edward  Pease,  of  Darlington  and  Bournemouth,  had  been 
an  invalid  for  a  lengthened  period,  and  was  therefore  unable  to 
occupy  a  public  position,  like  his  brothers,  Messrs.  Joseph  Whit- 
well  Pease  and  Aithur  Pease,  both  of  whom  are  members  of 
Parliament.  He  was,  however,  none  the  lees  public  spirited,  and 
the  keen  interest  which  he  took  in  the  promotion  of  temperance, 
not  less  than  his  amiability  of  disposition,  caused  his  early  death 
to  be  deeply  deplored. 

Birmingham  has  been  called  upon  to  part  with  three  of  its 
most  deservedly  esteemed  notabilities,  Benjamin*  Head  Cadbury, 
James  Stubbin,  and  John  Skirrow  Wright ;  the  first-named  at  a 
ripe  old  age,  the  latter  in  the  prime  of  life,  and  at  the  supreme 
moment  in  his  career  when  the  honourable  ambition  of  years 
had  been  achieved.  Of  Benjamin  H.  Cadbury  it  has  been  well 
said  : — **  Though  his  voice  was  seldom  heard  in  any  public 
assembly,  yet  the  success  of  many  of  the  greatest  temperance 
meetings  ever  held  in  Birmingham  was  chiefly  owing  to  his 
admirable  business  arrangements  and  intelligent  interest  in  the 
work."  James  Stubbin,  a  solicitor,  was  for  forty  years  promi- 
nently connected  with  the  Birmingham  Temperance  Society. 
He  was  an  ardent  student  of  the  literature  of  the  movement,  and 
was  the  author  of  the  well-known  work  "  Tirosh  lo  Yayin"  so 
frequently  referred  to  in  the  Scriptural  Wine  controversy.  John 
Skirrow  Wright  took  an  active  interest  in  politics,  and  at  the 
recent  General  Election  was  elected  a  member  for  Nottingham. 
Within  a  few  days  of  his  return,  and  during  his  attendance  at  a 
meeting  of  the  School  of  Art  Committee,  in  Birmingham,  he  was 
suddenly  seized  with  a  fit  of  apoplexy  and  expired.  As  president 
of  the  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association,  and  a  vice-president 


146  THE  OBITUARY  OF  THE  YEAR. 

of  the  National  Temperance  League,  the  weight  of  his  great  per- 
sonal influence  was  always  cheerfully  given  to  the  cause. 

What  J.  S.  Wright  was  to  Birmingham,  Alderman  Guest^  F.S.  A., 
was,  in  many  respects,  to  Rotherham.  He  served  his  townsmen 
in  varied  ways,  and  by  his  death  the  district  sustained  a  loss  which 
it  will  be  difficult  to  replace.  For  more  than  forty  years  Alder- 
man Guest  had  been  an  abstainer,  and  for  upwards  of  thirty  years 
he  was  the  honoured  president  of  the  local  temperance  society. 

The  United  Kingdom  Alliance  lost  an  active  member  of  its 
executive  during  the  General  Election.  Councillor  Whittaker,  of 
Salford,  died  suddenly  while  engaged  in  supporting  the  Local 
Option  candidates  for  that  borough  ;  and  more  recently  Joseph 
Wilson  Owen,  the  widely  esteemed  electoral  secretary  of  the 
Alliance,  died  after  a  few  hours'  illness,  at  a  comparatively  early 
age. 

The  Dublin  Total  Abstinence  Society  has  been  deprived  of  its 
honoured  president,  George  Foley,  barrister-at-law.  The  deceased 
was  a  man  of  rare  culture  and  scientific  attainments,  and  his  devo- 
tion to  the  temperance  movement  was  characterised  by  a  whole- 
hearted enthusiasm  seldom  surpassed. 

The  Irish  Temperance  League  too  misses  one  of  its  best 
friends,  in  the  person  of  Edward  Hume  Townsend,  J.P.  He  was 
for  many  years  associated  with  the  great  pro-consul  of  India, 
Lord  Lawrence,  whom  he  survived  barely  twelve  months.  His 
interest  in  temperance  work  was  manifested  in  an  intensely 
practical  manner,  and  that  at  a  time  when  the  movement  was  far 
from  popular.  So  far  back  as  forty-six  years  ago  he  was  a  decided 
advocate  of  total  abstinence. 

The  Irish  Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Intemperance  will 
miss  the  genial  presence  of  William  Archer  Redmond,  M.P.  for 
Wexford.  Only  two  days  before  his  lamented  death,  he  had 
taken  part  in  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society  in  Dublin. 
His  unfailing  support  of  temperance  legislation  in  Parliament 
was  ably  supplemented  by  the  assistance  so  willingly  rendered  at 
any  gathering  where  it  was  thought  his  influence  would  aid  the 
progress  of  the  movement. 

The  Western  Temperance  League  has  bieen  called  upon  to  pait 
with  George  Jarvis,  of  Kilmington,  who  had  been  a  member  of 


THB    OBITUARY   OF    THE    YEAR.  I47 


its  executive  for  twenty  years.  He  was  an  untiring  Labourer, 
whose  enthusiasm  did  much  to  inspire  those  with  whom  he 
became  acquainted  with  a  like  fervour  for  the  good  work. 

The  Scottish  Temperance  League  has  been  deprived  of  the 
zealous  sendees  of  Thomas  Duncan,  whose  name  appears  in  the 
annual  Register  of  the  League  for  the  past  twenty  years. 
He  took  a  keen  and  abiding  interest  in  temperance  work,  and  was 
for  four  years  a  member  of  the  League  Directorate.  As  a  member 
of  the  City  Council,  and  also  as  a  member  of  the  City  Parochial 
Boardy  he  bestowed  considerable  attention  upon  the  connection  of 
drink  with  pauperism,  and  only  last  year  gave  testimony  to  the 
effect  that  in  all  his  experience  he  had  found  only  one  total 
abstainer  among  the  applicants  for  relief.  Scotland  has  also  lost 
a  warm  friend  by  the.  decease  of  the  Rev.  Francis  Johnstone,  of 
Edinburgh.  He  had  been  identified  with  the  movement  from  his 
earliest  youth,  aud  was  ever  willing  to  render  it  his  powerful  aid, 
on  platform  or  in  pulpit,  as  opportunity  offered. 

Two  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Temperance  Cafe  enterprise — 
Thomas  Corbett,  and  Robert  Lockhart— must  also  be  mentioned 
in  the  obituary  of  the  year.  This  special  phase  of  work  was 
prosecuted  with  conspicuous  success  by  the  former  in  Glasgow, 
and  by  the  latter  in  Liverpool,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
London.  Their  philanthropic  endeavours  have  given  an  indirect 
impetus  to  general  temperance  w*ork  beyond  all  praise. 

From  China  we  have  tidings  of  the  untimely  demise  of  the 
self-sacrificing  Edmund  Wheatley.  '*  He  gave  himself  to  religion, 
literature,  and  temperance,  and  did  as  much  for  all  as  ordinary 
men  do  for  each,'^  is  the  testimony  of  one  who  knew  him  well. 
His  apostolic  labours  among  the  ships  of  Her  Majesty's  Navy 
cruising  in  Chinese  waters,  were  the  means  of  incalculable  good, 
and  his  sudden  '^  home-call''  has  cast  a  gloom  over  the  Temperance 
friends  at  Ningpo,  such  as  they  have  never  before  experienced. 

Death  has  been  so  busy  that  it  is  impossible  within  the  limits 
of  this  record  to  even  so  much  as  name  several  devoted  labourers, 
who  have  been  summoned  from  the  work  which  they  loved  so 
well.  Stephen  Putland,  J.P.,  of  Hastings;  Nathaniel  Newman, 
of  Kettering ;  the  veteran  William  West,  of  Brighton ;  Henry 
Brown,  of  Luton  ;  John  Glazyier,  of  Peckham  ;  Sergeant  James 


148  JUDICIAL   AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS. 

King  (the  ''Teetotal  Sergeant"),  of  Siidbrook  Park;  George 
Lomax,  of  Manchester  ; — these  and  many  others  have  left  gaps 
in  their  several  circles  which  will  make  1880  a  year  of  eventful 
remembrance  to  troops  of  sorrowing  friends. 

The  death-roll  of  the  year  speaks  its  solemn  iftessage  to  us 
all.  While  we  think  of  the  mighty  fallen,  from  whom  we  have 
been  parted  for  a  season — how  brief  One  alone  knows — let 
each  solemnly  re-dedicate  all  his  heart,  his  mind,  his  soul,  his 
strength,  to  that  Christ-like  cause  which  they  ever  held  so  sacred. 
In  such  a  spirit,  haply  we  may  catch  some  of  the  singleness  of 
purpose  and  enthusiastic  fidelity  to  Temperance  truth,  which 
casts  so  rich  a  radiance  over  the  consecrated  work  of  the 
departed  worthies,  whose  memories  we  cannot  but  lovingly 
revere. 

14th  November,  1880. 


JUDICIAL  AND  CRIMINAL  STATISTICS. 

The  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley,  M.A.,  Chaplain  of  Her  Majesty's 
Prison,  Clerkcnwell,  has  devoted  much  attention  to  the  connec- 
tion between  drinking  and  crime.  In  a  recent  letter  to  the 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Chronicle,  he  says  : — 

*'The  Judicial  Statistics  for  1879  have  just  come  out,  from 
\vhence  I  extract  some  figures  that  will  be  of  interest. 

''  1.  The  number  of  persons  summarily  proceeded  against  in 
England  and  Wales  for  being  drunk,  or  drunk  and  disorderly,  is 
178,429,  against  194,549  in  187«,  200,184  in  1877,  and  205,567  in 
1876. 

"  2.  The  places  with  the  largest  totals  for  drunkenness  are  :— 
Metropolitan  Police  District,  35,417;  Lancaster  County,  15,840; 
Liverpool  Borough,  13,719  ;  Manchester  City,  8,596  ;  West 
Riding,  8,435  ;  Durham  County,  7,178  ;  Stafford  County,  4,837  ; 
Newcastle,  3,795  ;  Chester  County,  2,658  ;  Birmingham  Borough 
2,428  ;  Glamorgan  County,  2,057  ;  Salford  Borough,  1,994  ; 
Derby  County,  1,984.     These  all  exhibit  a  decrease,  with  two 


JUDICIAL    AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS.  I49 


exceptioDs,  Manchester  having  risen  from  8,045,  in  1878,  to  8,596  ; 
and  beating  the  whole  of  the  West  Riding  in  intemperance,  while 
Chester  County  has  increased  from  2,482  to  2,658. 

"  3.  Other  offences  against  the  Licensing  Act,  1872,  were  14,264 
against  10,341  in  1878,  15,906  in  1877,  and  15,908  in  1876.  This 
indndes  such  offences  as  permitting  drunkenness  in  licensed 
houses,  illicit  sale,  adulteration,  &c. 

'*  4.  Amongst  those  apprehended  for  indictable  offences  or 
sommarilj  proceeded  against,  38,929  are  described  as  habitual 
drunkards,  28,655  being  males,  and  10,274  females.  It  must  be 
noted,  however,  that  this  number  does  not  include  those  who  also 
come  under  the  head  of  the  prostitutes  apprehended  or  summarily 
convicted,  of  whom  there  were  21,269,  many  of  whom  are  of 
course  also  habitual  drunkards.  Nor  would  it  include  the  legion 
of  quiet  sots. 

"  5.  Under  the  head  of  Coroner's  returns,  418  deaths  are  described 
as  being  from  excessive  drinking.  This  is  against  500  in  1878, 
and  an  average  of  474  for  1873-7.  It  must  be  remembered, 
however,  that  juries  are  usually  reluctant  to  return  this  verdict, 
that  the  feelings  of  relations  may  be  spared. 

"  6.  Of  892  houses,  the  resort  of  thieves,  depredators,  and  sus- 
pected persons,  448  are  public-houses,  and  348  beer-shops. 

*'  7.  The  offenders  who  have  been  convicted  above  ten  times  are 
3,691  males  and  5,800  females  (against  3,706  and  5,673  in  1878) 
a  preponderance  of  women  due  certainly  to  the  special  character 
of  female  intemperance,  as  may  be  seen  by  comparing  the  recom- 
mitments of  those  who  have  undergone  penal  servitude,  of  whom 

only  169  are  females,  to  788  males. 
^  8.  In  18  cases  of  murder  in  which  the  capital  sentences  were 

commuted,  very  short,  and,  of  course,  inadequate,  particulars  are 
given,  but  yet  a  third  are  due  to  intemperauce.  (I.)  Labourer, 
strangled  his  wife,  a  drunken  and  profligate  woman.  (2.)  Gentle- 
man, son  of  a  clergyman,  when  excited  with  drink,  shot  one  and 
wounded  another  policeman  who  was  about  to  lock  up  the  woman 
with  whom  he  was  living,  who  was  very  drunk  and  violent. 
(3.)  Ship's  steward,  stabbed  wife,  jealousy  on  his  part,  and  drinking 
on  hers.  (4.)  Labourer,  murdered  wife  by  blow  on  head ;  both 
drank  at  time.    (5.)  Mason,  given  to  drink,  and  quarrelling  with 


150  JUDICIAL   AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS. 

wife,  aged  70.  (6.)  Miner,  stabbed  a  fellow-miner,  after  a  quarrel 
in  a  public-house. 

**  9.  The  daily  average  population  of  the  prisons  was  18,677,  at 
a  cost  of  £26  16s.  7d.  a  head  ;  of  the  convict  prisons,  10,299  at 
£Z3  4s.  3d. ;  and  there  were  851  criminal  lunatics ;  i.e.,  29,827 
criminals  in  confinement,  at  a  cost  of  ^£869,463.  As  three-fourths 
of  crime  arises  directly  or  indirectly  from  drink,  the  unnecessary 
cost  to  the  country  may  readily  be  computed.  One  may  add  that 
the  total  cost  of  the  police  is  ;£3,058,67l.'' 

From  another  source  we  give  the  cases  of  drunk  and  disorderly, 
for  several  years,  with  their  percentage  of  the  total  summary 
cases : — 


Year 

ending  September  29, 

,1867     .. 

.     100,357 

21  pel 

•  cent. 

)) 

1868     .. 

.     111,465 

23 

M 

1869     .. 

.     122,310 

24 

»» 

1870     .. 

.     131,870 

23 

»> 

1671     .. 

.     142,348 

26 

>} 

1872     ., 

..     151,084 

27 

»l 

1873     .. 

..     182,941 

31 

ft 

1874     ., 

..     185,730 

30 

»» 

1875     .. 

..     203,989 

81 

1} 

1876     . 

..     205  567 

81-4 

t> 

1877     . 

..     200,184 

805 

it 

1878     ., 

..     194,549 

29 

The  Third  Report  of  Her  Majesty's  Commissioners  of  Prisons 
contains  some  facts  and  figures  that  are  thus  summarised  by 
Mr.  Horsley : — 

*'  1.  The  total  received  into  local  (as  distinguished  from  convict, 
or  penal  servitude  prisons)  was  163,739  for  the  year  ending 
March  31,  1880,  against  158,604  for  the  preceding  year. 

*^  2.  It  is  clearly  shown  'that  crime  prevails  to  a  greater  extent 
in  the  summer  months  than  in  the  winter.'  Why  ?  A  perusal 
of  the  Metropolitan  Police  Returns  affords  the  chief  answer,  for 
the  worst  months  for  intemperance  are  thereby  shown  to  be 
July,  August,  and  October,  September  only  escaping  prominence 
because  of  the  hop- picking  exodus  from  London.  When  crime 
most  prevails  should  not  temperance  efforts  be  most  frequent, 
varied,  and  earnest  ?  Yet  is  it  so  in  the  summer  and  early 
autumn  months  ? 

<'3.  The  piison  population  on  March  3ist,  1880,  was  15,362 


JUDICIAL   AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS.  I5I 

males  and  3,627  females;  f.«.,  the  males  are  five  to  one.  But 
they  used  to  be,  and  should  be,  in  the  proportion  of  seven  to  one ; 
why  is  it  not  so  now  ?  Because  female  intemperance  is  so  rapidly 
increasing;  e.g,,  the  metropolitan  drunkards  apprehended  were 
33,892,  of  whom  15,612  were  females,  whereas  if  the  general 
pr>portion  of  time  extended  to  the  item  of  intemperance  the 
females  should  only  be  6,000.  And,  further,  in  four  months  the 
females  apprehended  for  drunkenness  actually  exceeded  the  males 
in  number.  Morals :  more  women  workers,  and  more  work 
among  the  women. 

"  4.  The  Commissioners,  in  noting  that  58*9  per  cent,  of  the 
male  prison  population  were  between  sixteen  and  thirty  years  of 
age,  remark  that  ""means  for  the  eflfective  repression  of  crime  are 
to  be  sought  much  more  among  the  agencies  for  securing  a  good 
training  of  the  neglected  part  of  our  population  in  their  early  years 
than  in  any  form  of  punishment.'  Morals :  more  Bands  of  Hope, 
more  youths'  institutes,  better  amusement  and  more  instruction 
for  our  young  men. 

**  5.  Their  figures  also  show  that  '  there  is  some  truth  in  the 
common  belief  that  women  who  have  once  adopted  a  criminal 
hfe  are  less  likely  to  be  reclaimed  from  it  than  men.*  The  pro- 
portion of  males  diminishes  after  the  age  of  thirty  by  nearly  one 
half,  while  the  proportion  of  females  of  the  higher  age  remain 
nearly  the  same.  This  is  more  clearly  shown  with  regard  to 
drunkenness  by  a  glance  at  the  Metropolitan  Police  Return?,  which 
show  that  the  males  up  to  30  are  in  comparison  with  the  females 
as  10  to  4,  while  after  30  years  the  proportion  is  as  15  to  7. 
And,  again,  the  prison  figures  show  that  of  124,013  males,  82,372 
had  not  been  convicted  before,  whereas  of  49,194  females,  as  many 
as  25,320,  or  more  than  half,  had  been  previously  convicted,  and 
5,568  of  these  more  than  ten  times. 

*'  6.  The  average  annual  cost  of  each  prisoner  is  ;£21  6.^.  4d.,  and 
domestic  economists  may  be  interested  to  know  that  the  average 
cost  per  head  for  victualling  is  but  £4  17s.  2^d, 

"  7.  The  notes  by  the  medical  inspector  (Dr.  R.  M.  Gover)  show 
that  the  death-rate  from  natural  causes  is  but  8'9  per  1,000,  while 
the  mortality  of  England  and  Wales  was  20-5.  The  deprivation 
of  alcohol,  therefore,  produces  an  effect  contrary  to  the  expectation 


152  JUDICIAL   AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS. 

of  those  who  describe  it  as  a  ceccssity  of  life,  or,  at  any  rate,  in- 
dispensable for  health  and  vigour. 

"  Again,  *  regard  being  paid  to  the  number  of  prisoners  who  are 
suffering  from  alcoholism  on  their  admission,  it  is  somewhat  sur- 
prising that  the  number  of  deaths  directly  ascribed  to  that  cause 
was  only  six/  May  not  the  reason  be,  that  ^utside  such  sufferers 
dose  themselves  or  are  dosed  perpetually,  and  to  the  last,  with 
their  favourite  poison  ;  whereas  when  in  prison  they  are  deprived 
at  once  of  all  stimulant  ? 

"  Of  40  cases  of  suicide  in  prison  (not  all  occurring  in  one  year, 
however — the  number  for  1879  was  only  12)  drink  is  given  as  the 
cause  or  motive  of  3,  and  incipient  delirium  tremtfis  of  1." 

The  Metropolis. — The  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Police 
of  the  Metropolis  for  the  year  1879  gives  some  interesting  infor- 
mation respecting  drunkenness.  One  Return  shows  that  the  total 
number  of  summonses  against "  drink-houses  "  in  the  Metropolitan 
Police  District  from  the  year  1844  till  1879,  inclusive  (36  years), 
was  33,885,  of  which  20,215  were  convicted,  and  7,670  were 
dismissed.  Another  Return  shows  the  number  of  persons  appre- 
hended for  drunkenness  in  the  Metropolis,  the  estimated  popu- 
lation, and  the  proportion  per  1,000  each  year  from  1831  till 
1879,  inclusive.  The  proportion  per  1,000  was  20*574  in  1831 ; 
12178  in  1839  ;  8500  in  1849  ;  6243  in  1859  ;  5722  in  1869  ; 
and  7*345  in  1879.  A  third  Return  shows  that  the  total  number 
of  public-houses,  beer-houses,  and  refreshment  houses  in  the 
metropolis  in  1879  was  13,835.  The  other  portions  of  this  Report 
are  thus  summarised  and  commented  upon  by  the  Rev.  J.  W. 
Horsley  :— "  The  number  of  persons  taken  into  custody  on  all 
charges  is  81,385,  which  is  2,361  under  the  total  for  1878,  but 
higher  than  any  other  year  ;  it  is  for  example  13,682  above  the 
year  1874.  Of  these,  15,454  (of  whom  7,462  were  females)  were 
charged  with  drunkenness  ;  and  18,438  (8,150  females) with  being 
drunk  and  disorderly — Total," 33,892,  of  whom  15,612  were  females. 
This  exhibits  a  decrease  of  1,516  when  compared  with  1878,  but 
an  increase  of  1,523  over  1877.  With  regard  to  female  intem- 
perance, it  may  be  noted  that  the  figures  are :  1877, 16,357 ;  1878, 
16,525 ;   1879,  15,612 ;  the  decrease  is  chiefly  under  the  head, 


JUDICIAL   AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS.  I53 

'  Drunk  and  Disorderly ' ;  for  there  were  apprehended  for  simple 
drunkenness,  7,462  women  to  7,992  men.  Of  those  apprehended, 
26,180  were  summarily  convicted,  the  ages  being  as  below : — 


10  jean  to  under 

15 

7  cases, 

,          1  being 

female. 

15     „ 

tt 

20 

...     1,401     „ 

471     ,. 

» 

20     ,. 

>* 

25 

...     4,271     ,. 

1.540     „ 

11 

25     ., 

fi 

30 

...     4.607    „ 

2,022     „ 

»» 

30     „ 

t» 

40 

...     7,476     .. 

3.497     „ 

n 

40     „ 

»» 

30 

...     5,081     „ 

2,361     „ 

it 

50     „ 

»t 

60 

...     2.193     „ 

932     „ 

it 

60  and 

upwarda 

...     I,l4i     „ 

517     ,. 

>i 

"  The  decade  from  thirty  to  forty  is  therefore  by  far  the  worst ; 
the  explanation  being  probably  that  by  that  time  druukenness 
has  become  a  confirmed  habit,  but  is  not  yet  proving  fatal.  The 
worst  months  for  intemperance  are  July  (3,266  apprehensions), 
August  (3,089),  'and  October  (3,101),  September  being  always 
apparently  moral,  owing  to  the  hop-picking  exodus,  which  is  the 
only  constant  cause  of  a  diminution  in  London  crime.  Should 
not  temperance  workers  note  these  months  in  which  usually  the 
counteractive  and  remedial  efforts  are  least,  though  the  need  of 
them  is  greatest  ?  In  Febniary,  March,  August,  and  November 
the  females  apprehended  for  drunkenness  actually  exceeded  in 
number  the  males.  With  regard  to  the  degree  of  instruction  of 
the  33,892  apprehended,  4,775  could  neither  read  nor  write,  1,100 
could  read  and  write  well,  and  fifty- three  are  described  as  of 
superior  instruction.  It  is  remarkable  that  of  those  who  could 
read  and  write  well,  only  seventy-three  were  women,  and  of  those 
of  superior  instruction  only  one,  so  that  the  numbers  in  the  two 
classes  are  1,079  men  to  seventy-four  women,  which  would  seem 
to  show  that  education  has  a  moral  effect  only  upon  women. 
There  were  296  publicans,  &c.,  summoned  by  the  police,  but  only 
182  convicted,  i.e.,  one  to  every  180  apprehended  for  drunkenness. 
The  principal  pursuits  which  supply  the  drunkards  are  — 
Labourers,  6,758 ;  laundresses,  2,386  ;  female  servants,  608  (585 
in  1878) ;  tailors,  593  (281  female) ;  carpenters,  586 ;  carmen, 
584  ;  bricklayers,  575  (476  in  1878)  ;  clerks,  570  ;  costermongers, 
531  (215  female) ;  sailors,  516  (433  in  1878) ;  painters,  486  (444 
in  1878) ;  milliners,  405  ;  coach  and  cabmen,  350  (305  in  1878)  ; 
shoemakersy  329  ;  smiths,  327  (305  in  1878) ;  and  printers,  195. 


154  JUDICIAL   AND    CRIMINAL    STATISTICS. 


Of  those  who  described  themselves  as  of  no  trade  or  occupation, 
4,515  were  men,  and  11,675  women.  The  learned  professions  are 
thus  represented  : — Clergymen  and  ministers,  2  ;  lawyers,  23  ; 
medical  men,  80  (56  in  1878).  It  is  impossible  to  determine 
accurately  what  proportion  of  crime  under  other  headings  is 
really  attributable  to  drinking,  but  those  who  know  the  causes  of 
many,  if  not  most,  murders,  manslaughters,  assaults,  suicides, 
wilful  damage,  desertions,  furious  driving,  and  assaults  on  the 
police  will  find  reason  to  swell  the  figures,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
quiet  drunkards,  and  those  from  various  causes  not  apprehended." 

Ireland. — The  Irish  Criminal  and  Judicial  Statistics  for 
1879  show  that  the  number  of  offences  not  disposed  of  sum- 
marily was  8,089,  an  increase  of  1,130  over  1878  ;  and  the 
offences  determined  summarily  were  255,670,  of  which  90,021 
were  for  "  punishable  drunkenness,"  and  7,553  for  "  offences  con- 
nected with  laws  for  regulating  trade  in  intoxicating  liquors." 
The  official  Report  says  : — "  The  figures  show  a  decrease  for  the 
first  time  in  six  years,  and  of  a  very  large  amount,  12,889.  Of 
this  decrease  no  less  than  8,702  was  in  punishable  drunkenness ; 
this  may  fairly  be  ascribed  to  the  passing  of  the  Sunday  Closing 
Act,  which  was  in  operation  during  the  whole  year.  In  1878, 
when  it  was  in  operation  for  a  quarter  of  a  year  only,  there  was  a 
reduction  in  these  convictions  of  3,180.  The  rest  of  the  decrease 
arose  in  offences  intimately  connected  with  cessation  of  drunken- 
ness— such  as,  3,204  in  assaults,  and  356  in  cruelty  to  animals." 
A  new  heading  has  been  introduced  into  the  Irish  returns : 
'  Habitual  drunkards  (not  under  other  heads) " — which  applies  to 
persons  who  have  been  convicted  of  drunkenness  three  times  within 
twelve  months.  Of  these  there  were  3,316  in  1870,  respecting  whom 
the  Report  says  : — "  The  most  important  result  of  the  habitual 
drunkenness  return  is  the  light  it  throws  upon  the  causes  of  town 
crime,  which  has  been  noticed  as  excessive.  Taking  the  seven 
town  jurisdictions  outside  Dublin,  of  Belfast,  Cork,  Limerick, 
"Waterford,  Gal  way,  Drogheda,  and  Carrickfergus,  with  an  aggre- 
gate population  of  357,000,  the  habitual  drunkards  were  722,  or 
20  per  10,000  population  ;  in  the  rest  of  Ireland,  outside  the 
Metropolitan  district,  with  a  population  of  4,718,000,  the  number 


THE    EXTENT   AND    COST    OF    PAUPERISM. 


155 


was  only  2,123,  or  between  4  and  5  in  the  10,000.  In  the 
Dablin  Metropolitan  Police  District^  with  a  population  of  337,000, 
the  number  was  439,  or  13  per  10,000  population." 

ScoTULKD. — The  Twelfth  Report  on  the  Judicial  Statistics  of 
Scotland  consists  entirely  of  tabular  returns,  from  which  it 
appears  that  the  total  number  of  offences  in  1879  was  95,985 — 
17,960  in  county  courts,  and  78,025  in  burghs.  Of  these  22,675 
were  convicted  of  being  "  drunk  and  incapable,**  and  277  for 
trafficking  without  a  license. 


THE  EXTENT  AND  COST  OF  PAUPERISM. 

The  last  quarterly  statement  as  to  English  Pauperism  shows 
that  the  number  of  paupers  of  all  classes  (except  lunatic  paupers  in 
asylums,  and  vagrants)  at  the  end  of  the  Michaelmas  quarter,  1 880, 
▼as  701,531  ;  the  number  in  1879  having  been  710,768,  and  in 
1878,  660,289.  The  number  of  paupers  in  the  Metropolis  at  the 
end  of  September,  1880,  was  83,597  ;  1879,  82,073  ;  1878,  76,604. 

The  following  Table  is  a  comparative  statement  of  the  expen- 
diture for  the  half-years  ended  at  Lady-day  1878,  1879,  and 
1880:— 


Hair-Tean 
ended    at 
Ladj-day. 

Cosr    OF 

T\£  A* 

In-Maiotenance. 

Out-door  Belief 

Total. 

DiflTerence 

ae  compared 

with  1878. 

1878  ... 

1879  ... 

1880  ... 

£ 

910,191 
886,932 
932,658 

£ 

1,302,789 
1.820,202 
1,861,650 

£ 

2,212,980 
2,207,134 
2,294,203 

£ 
Incr.    Deer. 

5,846 
81,223 

Of  the  amount  expended  in  out-door  relief  in  the  first  half  of 
1880,  £1,160,027  was  given  in  money,  £185,618  in  kind,  and 
J16,005  in  ediool  fees. 


156 


THE  EXTENT  AND  COST  OF  PAUPERISM. 


Comparative  Table  op  Relikf  to  tbe  Poob  of  All  England. 


Tbe  Items  which  form 
••  Relief  to  the   Poor." 


1878. 


1.  In-maintenanoe    

2.  Out-relief 

3.  Mainienance  of  Lunatics) 

in  Asylums  ) 

4  Workhouse  or  other  Loans  ^ 
repaid  with  interest  > 
thereon ^ 

5.  Salaries  and    rations  of] 

Officers,  and  euperan- 1 
nuation  allowances    . .  j 

6.  Other  expenses  of  Relief 

Total 


1,727,340 
2,621,785 

057.119 
287.934 

997,303 
1.119,638 


7,683,650+ 


1879. 


Increa«5or    increase  or 
Decreaie  on  XcrVie 

year. 


1,720,947 
2.611. 65S 

986,059 
293,533 

1,023,197 
1,153,308 


6.393* 
19,77i 

28,931 
8,599 

25,8S9 
33,670 


C-4« 
0*8 

30 
30 

2-C 
30 


7,829,819; 


.141,169 


1-8 


Comparative  Table  op  Relief   to   the   Poor  in  the 

Metropolis  only. 


). 

2. 

3. 


6. 


In-maintenance   — 

OuNrelief 

Maintenance  of  Luna- 
tics in  Asylums    . 

Workhouse  or  other 
Loann  repaid  and 
interest  thereon  . . 

Salaries  and  rations  of 
Officers,  &c 

Other  expenjies  of  Be- 
lief  


1878. 


51 G.  21 9 
213,803 

183,011 

11*,  553 

214.050 
539.422 


Difference. 


1879. 


Amonnt. 


Total  Relief.... 


515.0^5 
201.673 

195,360 

119,784 

926.581 
639.407 


£  £ 

More,       Lt$t. 
614 
—       12.180 

12,349     — 
7,Ml     - 

11,932     — 
—  15 


1,757,183§       1,806,03711     49.451 


Proportion. 


Per  cent. 
More,  Leu. 

—  01 

—  57 

67       — 


64       — 

6-6      — 
—       00 


2-8       — 


•  Decrease. 

t  This  amount  is  ariived  at  by  deducting  from  the  aggregate  of  the  abore  items 
the  amount  of  the  excess  of  the  total  repayments  made  nom  the  Metropolitan 
Common  Poor  Fund  during  the  year  OTer  and  aboTe  the  contrlbatkma  paid  to  Wat 
fund  during  the  year  by  the  Metropolitan  Unions  and  Pariahea. 

X  Thid  amount  is  arrived  at  by  adding  to  the  aggregate  of  the  abova  items  the 
amount  of  the  excess  of  thn  total  contributions  paid  to  the  Metropolitan  Common 
Poor  Fund  during  the  year  by  the  Metropolitan  Uniona  and  Paiishes  OTer  and  above 
the  repayments  made  to  them  from  the  fund. 

§  This  amount  is  arrived  at  by  deducting  from  tbe  aggegate  oft  le  above  items  the 

am  lunt  of  the  excess  of  the  total  repayments  made  Arom  the  Metropolitan  Common 

Pojr  Fund  during  the  year,  over  and  above  the  eootxibotiona  paid  into  tht  And 

dnriiur  the  year  by  the  Metropolitan  Uniona  and  Parishes. 

//  Tbid  amount  ig  arrived  at  bj  adding  to  the  aggregate  of  the  aboTi  Itomt  tbe 


LUNACY   ATTRIBUTABLE    TO    DRINK.  I57 


In  Scotland,  during  the  year  ending  May  14, 1879,  the  number 
of  paupers  and  their  dependents  (exclusive  of  casual  poor)  in 
receipt  of  relief  was  97,676,  and  the  total  amount  expended  in  the 
relief  and  management  of  the  poor  was  ^922,644. 

In  Ireland,  the  number  of  paupers  in  receipt  of  relief  in  unions 
at  the  close  of  the  first  week  of  January,  1880,  was  100,856  ;  and 
the  amount  expended  during  the  year  ending  Lady- day,  1879, 
was  £1,124,909. 


LUNACY  ATTRIBUTABLE  TO   DRINK. 

The  Thirty-fourth  Report  of  the  Commissioners  in  Lunacy  to 
the  Lord  Chancellor,  and  ordered  by  the  House  of  Commons  to  be 
printed  2nd  August,  1880,  presents  statistics  regarding  Lunatics, 
Idiots,  and  Persons  of  unsound  mind  in  England  and  Wales,  and 
shows  the  total  number  of  such  persons  on  the  1st  January,  1880, 
to  have  been  71,191,  being  1,306  more  than  were  in  the  several 
asylums  on  the  corresponding  date  in  the  previous  year.  Of  these 
7,620  were  confined  in  private  asylums  ;  whilst  63,571  were  main- 
tained in  workhouses  and  other  institutions  at  the  expense  of  the 
ratepayers. 

The  number  of  patients  admitted  during  the  year  1879  was 
13,101,  of  whom  6,725  were  females,  and  6,376  males. 

Of  this  number  of  newly-admitted  patients,  it  is  recorded  that 
intemperance  was  the  cause  producing  1,862  cases  (of  whom  1,350 
were  males  and  512  females),  being  in  the  proportion  of  14  2  per 
cent,  to  the  total  number,  and  of  21*1  per  cent,  in  the  case  of  the 
inale  patients,  and  7*6  per  cent  of  the  females.  In  addition  to 
this  number  of  known  cases  it  is  not  improbable  that  a  proportion 
of  those  of  whom  the  cause  of  insanity  was  unknown,  no  less  than 
3,078  in  number  was  also  due  to  the  use  of  intoxicants. 

The  following  Table  shows  that  lunacy  has  been  on  the  increase 
during  the  past  ten  years,  the  numerical  increase  being  greater 
than  the  increase  of  population,  as  is  shown  by  the  last  column : — 


araoont  of  the  exeett  of  the  total  eon tribationi  paid  to  the  Metropolitan  Common 
Poor  Fond  during  the  rear  bj  the  Metropolitan  Uniona  and  Parish«a  OTer  and  aboTe 
the  repajmciits  made  io  ^lem  ttom  the  nnd. 


158 


LUNACY   ATTRIBUTABLE    TO   DRINK. 


Persons  of  Unsound  Mind  in  thb   sevs&al  Asylums,  Hospitals, 

AND  Licensed  Houses. 


Ratio  (per  10,000) 

■ 

Malef. 

Females. 

ToUl. 

Increase. 

Ltmatics  to 
Population. 

1870 

25,132 

29,581 

54,713 

_ 

24  81 

1871 

26,009 

30,746 

56.755 

2,042 

2491 

1872 

26,818 

81,822 

58,640 

1,885 

•  25-42 

1873 

27,472 

32,824 

60,296 

1,656 

25S2 

1874 

28,124 

83.903 

62,027 

1,731 

26-23 

1875 

28,991 

34,802 

63,793 

1,766 

2664 

1870 

29,342 

85,574 

64,916 

1,128 

2678 

1877 

80,165 

86,47 1 

66,636 

1,720 

27*14 

1878 

81,024 

87,514 

68,588 

1,902 

27-57 

1879 

31,683 

88,202 

69,885 

1,847 

27-77 

1880 

32,164 

89,027 

71,191 

1,306 

27-94 

If  it  be  assumed,  as  it  may  fairly  be,  that  the  proportion  of 
the  inmates  of  lunatic  asylums  on  the  let  January  last,  brought 
there  through  the  effects  of  strong  drink,  is  the  same  as  that 
shown  by  those  admitted  in  the  course  of  last  year,  viz.,  14-2  per 
cent.;  without  adding  any  portion  of  the  unknown  cases  ;  it  follows 
that  on  the  first  day  of  the  year  1880  there  were  confined  in  the 
several  asylums,  hospitals,  and  licensed  houses  in  the  country, 
no  less  than  10,109  persons  whose  sad  state  was  induced  by  the 
use  of  intoxicating  drinks. 

Of  two  important  classes  of  cases  of  insanity,  viz ,  paralytic  and 
suicidal,  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that  intemperance  is  a  seriously 
disposing  cause,  and  particularly  in  regard  to  paralytic  cases,  of 
which  there  were  1,034  admitted  last  year,  intemperance  being 
answerable  for  232,  being  in  the  proportion  of  22  4  per  cent,  of 
the  whole.  Of  suicidal  cases  there  were  3,877 — intemperance 
being  set  down  as  the  cause  in  546  instances.  It  would  appear 
that  females  are  more  subject  to  suicidal  mania  than  males,  as  the 
number  of  the  former  was  2,180,  and  of  males  1,697  ;  but  that 
intemperance  induces  suicidal  mania  in  men  to  a  much  greater 
extent  than  with  women,  is  proved  by  the  report  that  the  proper- 
portion  of  suicidal  cases  due  to  intemperance  is  23*2  per  cent,  of 
males,  and  6  9  per  cent,  of  females. 

Dr.  Qeorge  Hearder,  the  medical  superintendent  of  the  Joint 
Counties'  Asylum,  Carmarthen^  in  his  last  annual  report  makes 


LUNACY  ATTRIBUTABLE    TQ  DRINK.  159 

the  following  important  obeenrations  : — "  TLe  use  of  wine  or 
epirits  in  the  management  of  diseased  conditions  has  now  practi- 
cally discontinued  for  three  years,  and  it  is  with  confidence 
asserted  that  no  case  has  been  under  treatment  which  would  have 
been  benefited  by  the  exhibition  of  alcohol.  In  two  or  three 
acute  caaesy  as  a  result  of  consultation  with  others,  wine  or  spirit 
has  been  administered,  but  in  no  instance  with  beneficial  result. 
With  the  year  1879  terminates  the  use  of  beer  in  your  asylum  as 
an  article  of  diet.  Its  value  as  a  food  is  very  small,  and  out  of  all 
proportion  to  its  cost,  while  the  ordinary  dietary  is  ample  without 
it  Those  who  are  sent  here  for  treatment  may,  with  much  show 
of  reason,  assume  that,  having  been  recognised  as  a  necessary 
beverage  by  the  authorities  of  a  public  hospital — for  such  indeed 
is  every  county  asylum — ^and  supplied  to  them  as  an  article  of 
daily  food,  beer  has  in  reality  the  high  value  with  which  they 
are  willing  to  credit  it ;  and  after  leaving  the  asylum,  it  is  certain 
they  will  not  be  able,  without  a  strong  efibrt,  to  break  with  the 
habit  which  has  been  confirmed  during  a  residence  here  of  pos- 
sibly many  months.  The  most  serious  argument  against  the  use 
of  beer  as  food  in  such  institutions  as  this  is  to  be  found  in  the 
fact  that  excess  in  drink  is  undoubtedly  the  most  potent  cause  of 
insanity.  Stronger  evidences  cannot  be  required  against  a  prac- 
tice which  may  In  any  degree  tend  to  foster  or  lead  up  to  habits 
of  intemperance." 


Drink  and  Divorce.— The  Times  of  August  16,  1880,  stated 
that  the  total  number  of  matrimonial  causes  entered  for  trial  and 
disposed  of  in  the  Divorce  Court  in  the  preceding  year  was  no 
less  than  643.  The  writer  contended  that  the  Court  '*  exercises  a 
wise  and  useful  iurisdiction.  Peace  can  never  reign  in  the  home 
of  the  habitual  drunkard.  And  as  in  the  criminal  courts,  so  also 
in  the  Divorce  Court,  drunkenness  is  the  fruitful  source  of  the 
evils  with  which  it  has  to  deal.  The  records  of  the  Court  teem 
with  illustrations  of  this  fact,  and  to  form  an  idea  of  the  depths 
of  degradation  into  which  women  who  give  way  to  the  vice  fall, 
these  recOTds  should  be  studied.'' 


l6o  DRINK   LICENSES   IN   THE   UNITED  KINGDOM. 


DRINK  LICENSES  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


United  i-^--' 

ToUl 

Englilid 

^ 

<^-    c^^a. 

"■o-    !|       ^ 

"    ■■"'Kir} 

B,104 

4n 

B.67J  1      8,a71 

"            ^P'^';,r,          -s 

aai 

B,00« 

s,oie 

1 

a 

S.flM 

18,578 

WIPB        .. 

i.eog 

ito 

111 

i,si)J 

SSS33 

Iltl.llmo(D««t    .. 

f 

M.9H 

mo 

10.878 

B7,SM 

111.7W 

"          ■■  "^^ 

. 

1,318 

.... 

B8 

„       Bplr«?"r^ 

08,09* 

10,(»1 

87,MS 

7ie,J»9 

"          ""t^ 

^ 

a\*H 

l.«H 

e.77S 

K.dsa 

8,81* 

*1.«»1 

B.m 

10,M0 

U,DI8 

li7,077 

481 

SO 

tt*Uilm  of  Beer  Dnd  Cider) 

ip.iee 

WT 

tS.«13 

13«,HW, 

1.08' .WI 

„      8plrita(l!rodtr.)  j 

sia 

tlR 

8,00) 

S,7W 

OS 

1,BH 

a.G<I3 

S>ceti,  Uikeri  lod  Dealm 

'■■" 

'" 

31 

3,SB3 

_*-^' 

17S,»1 

Total      .         .. 

..,9S. 

b3,iia 

37?,  7(7 

- 

I,llh3£8 

mwi 

i     No. 

So. 

Ko. 

,S, 

A,, 

IRRtlDtn     ,. 

"aar-"-:^  :;»".•:} 

"I 

I 

S 

St 

tfS 

Toiii 

».oei' 

sw) 

487 

icni 

*i8.«l 

LICENSED    HOUSES   IN   THE    UETROPOLIS. 


LICENSED    HOUSES  IN  THE  METROPOLIS. 
Bxnui  (/  Ih*   Number  of  Pvblie  Havjiti,  Beer  Houict,  and  lU/rgthiMiit 
Hmu»i<i  Iht  ItttropolUan  PolUe  Diitrict,  tajtlher  tcilk  tht  Number  o/ 
Ptrtoni  apprehended  for  Drurtiennsic,  ^r.,  during  the  Year  1879. 


1 
1 

i 

■i 

5 

it 

5 

•36 

i 

SI 

it 

i 

t 

a 

1 
1 

;f;;;:/n,p3;:: 

Diiidam. 

^;r.'i: 

j™o%,jrr.    S 

^ 

a 

1 

^ 

s 

^ 

iiyiil. 

1 

as 

Ml 

m: 

Ml 
303 
i^ 

m 

1 

m; 
UK 

17 

to 

i! 

u 

S!     !1 

\     1 

iil 

10 

-IS* 
«3« 

Hi 

1 

3S7 

34! 

101 

h: 

lis 

me 

» 

6M 
MS 

S16 
17 

SIS 

lit  low 
i«i  un 

ills 

MO   U» 

3ce  IMS 

ills 

Sll    Will 

T«UI 

nil 

- 

MM 

... 

m    .»U. 

7»1 

rut 

lOISfl 

""""' 

Pobt-Officb  STATiancB. — The  number  ot  letters  delivered  in 
the  Uoited  Kingdom  during  the  year  ending  March  31,  1880,  wai 
eleren  bundled  and  twentj-eight  millioDS  ;  thenumberof  nevs- 
papen  And  book-packets,  three  tmnd red  and  forty-five  millionB; 
and  the  number  of  post-czirdB,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  millions. 
The  nnmbei  of  tel^Taph  mesMgea  in  1870  waa  S3,385,416  ;  and 
the  nnmber  of  monef  ordera,  16,S69,9S3,  value  £2fifiZ2,ZC,\. 


l62 


SIX-DAY  AND   EARLY  CLOSING  LICENSES. 


SIX-DAY  AND  EAKLY-CLOSING  LICENSES. 

Am  Account  showing  the  Number  of  Sfx-DAT,  Eaelt-closiko,  and 
Six-DAT  and  Earlt-closino  Licknses  isaued  in  England  and 
luLAND  respectively  in  the  year  ended  81st  Mckreh,  1879,  under 
the  provisions  of  the  Acts  85  ^  86  Vict,  c.  94.  and  87  ^  88  Vict. 
c.  49  wnd  69,  to  persons  selling  Intoxicaiing  Liquors  for  Consump' 
tion  on  the  premises. 

England. 


Namber  of  Licenses  issued. 

Desoription. 

.   Six-day. 

Early- 
doalng. 

Six-day 

and  Early> 

oloaing. 

Total. 

Betailera  of  Beer — Pablicans 
Betailen  of  Spirits        „ 
Bebailera  of  Wine           „ 
Betailers  of  Sweets        „ 

„        other  than  Pnblioana 
fietailers  of  Beer — other  than  ) 

Pablicans ) 

Betailers  of  Wine — Befresh-  ) 

ment  Honse  Keepers       ...  ) 

No. 

2,079 

2,035 

1,415 

6 

275 

731 
833 

No. 

19 

28 
12 

•  •  • 

•  •• 

6 

63 

123 

No. 

823 

811 

801 

2 

2 

69 
36 

No. 

2,421 

2,874 

1,728 

8 

277 

796 
484 

Total        

6,866 

1,034 

8,088 

Ireland. 


Namber  of  Licenses  issued. 

Description. 

Six  day. 

Early- 
clo^g- 

No. 

134 
119 

87 

•  •  • 

Six- day 
and  Early- 
closing. 

Total. 

Betailers  of  Beer — Pablicans 
*Betailers  of  Spirits        „ 
*  Betailers  of  Wine          „ 
^Betailers  of  Sweets        „ 

No. 

2,233 
2,229 
1,678 

7 

No. 

842 

820 

640 

2 

No. 

8,216 

8,168 

2,800 

9 

Total        

6,048 

840 

2,804 

8,692 

*  The  Licenses  issued  in  these  cases  are  in  respect  of  premises  for 
which  Licenses  for  the  sale  of  Beer  have  also  been  taken  out. 


SPIRIT    CONSUMPTION   OF   THE    UNITED   KINGDOM.       163 

SPIRIT  CONSUMPTION  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

Drailxo  Statevbut,  showing  the  Quamtitt  0/ Spirits  produced,  and 
how  disposed  of,  in  each  part  of  the  Unitkd  Kingdom,  in  the  ycnr 
ended  81s«  March,  1879. 


Emgland. 
Spixita  on  which  daty  waa  paid  in  England    ... 
„      imported  from  Scotland,  datj  paid     ... 
„  „         Ireland  „ 

Dedaet— 

Spirita  lent  to  Scotland        

ff  ,f     Ireland 

„      warehonsed  on  drawback  for 

exportation... 
„      methylated     

Namber  of  gallons  retained  for  conanmption,  as 
bererage  only,  in  England 

Scotland. 
Spirita  on  which  dnty  waa  paid  in  Scotland   ... 
imported  from  England,  daty  paid 
„  Ireland  „ 

Deduct — 

Spirita  aent  to  England         

yy  „     Ireland 

f,      warehonaed  on  drawback  for 

exportation  

„      methylated     

Knmber  of  gallona  retained  for  conaxmiption,  aa 
bcTerage  only,  in  Scotland  

Ireland. 
Spirita  on  which  dnty  waa  paid  in  Ireland     ... 
imported  from  England,  dnty  paid 
„  Scotland        „ 

Deduct — 

Spirita  aent  to  England         , 

If     Scotland 
warehonaed  on  drawback  for 

exportation...         

methylated     ...         ... 


it 
ft 


»> 


ff 


Namber  of  gallona  retained  for  conanmption,  aa 
bererage  only,  in  Ireland 

United  Kingdom. 
Total  qoMitaty  retained  for  oonaomption,  aa 

boTcrage  only         

„  exported  on  drawback 

„  methylated 


GalloM. 
13,508,129 
1,945,273 
1,641,674 

Gallons. 
17,095,076 

676,997 

30,296 
89,882 

222  060 
284,759 

•  •• 

8,476,562 

30,296 

220,301 

16,518,079 

8,727,159 
2,318,093 

1,945,273 
32,786 

114,156 
225,878 

•  •  t 

7,811.444 
39.882 
32,786 

6.409,066 

7,8S4,113 
1,876,402 

1,641.674 
220,301 

422 
14,065 

•  •  • 

6.007,650 

•  •  • 

::: 

28,934.795 
336.638 
624,702 

164      EXPORTATION    OF   SPIRITS,  AND   SAVINGS   BANKS. 


EXPORTATION  OP  SPIRITS. 

KuMBEB    OF    Gallons    of   British    SpiRm   Exported  from    tui 
United  Kingdom  in  the  Years  Ended  Slit  March,  1878  and  1879. 


Year  ended  3Ut  March. 

To  what  Countries. 

1878. 

1879. 

Gallons. 

Oall«mi>. 

To  Channel  Islands          

•  •  • 

12,014 

15,550 

,i  X  Fan  CO  •■«          •••         ••»         ••• 

•  •• 

17,329 

21,432 

,1  Portugal           ...         ...         ... 

•  •  • 

121,267 

13,952 

fj  X\Xmiy        ...             •••             ...              ... 

•  •• 

1,220 

1,430 

ff  X urikcjf               *••          *••          ... 

•  •  • 

2,172 

4,124 

„  West  Coast  of  Africa  (Foreign) 

•  •• 

111.336 

79,481 

„  British  India    ...         

•  •• 

98,709 

125,853 

ff  Australia          .*. 

•  •  • 

730,055 

842,712 

„  British  North  Americ 

•  •• 

164,700 

126,657 

„  United  States  of  America     ... 

•  •  • 

88,410 

81,821 

,1  Other  Coontries 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

150,683 

177.624 

Total      

1,497,901 

1,490,636 

The  large  decrease  in  the  exported  quantity  to  Portugal  is  due  to 
the  fact  of  an  unusual  demand  m  the  previous  year,  which  exceeded 
by  about  ten  times  the  average  of  the  three  preceding  years. 


STATISTICS  OF  SAVINGS  BANKS. 

The  Total  Amount  RECErvED  from,  and  Paid  to,  Depositors  in  the 
Post  Office  Sayings  Banks,  and  of  the  Computed  Capital  of 
those  Savings  Banks  at  the  end  of  1879,  was — 


England 
and  walea. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

ReceiTed  (indading  Interest) . . 

Paid          

Capital 

£ 

9,925,2d2 

8,441.120 

30,022,266 

£ 
201,427 
176,«01 
672,479 

£ 

504,086 

412.463 

1.417,339 

£ 

10.630.746 
9,080,174 

32.012,134 

1 

Total  Amount  Becrived  and  Paid  hy  Trustees  of  Savings  Banks 
from  and  to  Depositors,  and  of  the  Computed  Capftal  of  Sitings 
Banks  at  the  end  of  1879. 


England. 

Wales. 

£ 

160.967 

31.889 

245,168 

1.098^087 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

£ 

894.477 

69,724 

640.972 

2,182,826 

United 
Kingdom. 

ReceiTeQ               ■ . 
Interest  Credited  .. 

Paid 

Capital 

£ 

6,386.066 

978,186 

7.882,754 

34,276.363 

£ 

1.974,263 

178.660 

2»040,862 

6,290.686 

£ 

8,916,772 

1,248  459 

10.669.766 

4S.  797.860 

MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND   FACTS.  165 


MISCELLANEOUS  STATISTICS  AND  FACTS. 

Ilucit  Distillation. — The  number  of  detectionB  for  the  year 
ending  3l8t  March,  1879,  was  693 — England,  8 ;  Scotland,  2  ; 
Ireland,  683. 

The  National  Debt. — The  total  amount  of  the  National  Debt 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  inclusive  of  unclaimed  stock  and  divi- 
dends, at  the  3l6t  March,  1880,  was  £774,044,235. 

Population  of  the  United  Kingdom. — The  estimated  popu- 
lation at  the  middle  of  1880  was  34,505,043,  distributed  as  follows  : 
England  and  Wales,  25,480,161 ;  Scotland,  3,661,292  ;  Ireland, 
5,363,590. 

Deaths  trom  Starvation. — ^The  number  of  deaths  in  the 
Metropolitan  District,  in  the  year  1879,  upon  which  a  coroner's 
JU17  have  returned  a  verdict  of  death  from  starvation  or  death 
accelerated  by  privation,  was  80,  of  which  48  occurred  in  the 
Central  Division  of  Middlesex,  and  28  in  the  Eastern  Division. 

Coal  and  I^Ietals. — The  coal  production  of  the  United  King- 
dom in  1879  amounted  to  133,808,000  tons,  the  estimated  value 
at  the  place  of  production  being  £46,832,000.  The  estimated 
value  of  pig-iron,  copper,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  and  silver  produced  from 
British  ores  during  the  same  period  was  £17,592,322. 

Railways. — The  length  of  lines  open  in  the  United  Kingdom 
at  the  end  of  1879  was  17,696  miles.  Total  paid-up  capital 
£717,003,469.  Passengers  conveyed  (excluding  season-ticket 
holders)  562,732,890.  Traffic  receipts,  £59,395,282.  Working  ex- 
penses, £32,045,273. 

Education. — The  number  of  primary  schools  under  inspection 
in  Qreat  Britain,  during  the  year  ending  31st  August,  1879,  was 
20,169,  and  the  number  of  children  present  at  inspection  was 
3,570,473.  The  expenditure  in  Parliamentary  grants  for  these 
schools  during  the  year  ending  March  31,  1880,  was  £2,854,938. 

Eiaa ration. — The  total  number  of  emigrants  of  British  origin 
who  went  to  countries  out  of  Europe,  in  1879,  was  164,274.  Of 
these  17,952  went  to  the  British  North  American  colonies  ;  91,806 
to  the  United  States  ;  40,959  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand  ;  and 
13,557  to  other  places. 

PuBUC  Revenue  and  Expenditure.— The  amount  received 
at  the  Exchequer  during  the  year  ending  March  31,  1880,  was 
£81^5,055,  or  £2  78.  7d.  per  head  of  the  estimated  population 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  expenditure  during  the  same 
period  was  £84,105,754,  an  average  of  £2  9s.  3d.  per  head. 

Imports  and  Exports. — ^The  total  value  of  the  imports  of  the 


l66  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS  AND   FACTS. 


United  Kingdom  for  the  year  1879  was  £362,991,875  ;  the  pro- 
])ortion  per  head  of  the  population  being  £10  128.  7d.  The  exports 
for  the  same  year  were  £191,531,758,  or  about  £5  12s.  2d.  per 
head  of  the  population. 

Shippinq. — The  number  of  sailing  vessels  registered  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  in  1879,  was  16,449,  with  a  tonnage  of  3,918,676 ; 
and  the  number  of  steamers  was  3,580,  with  a  tonnage  of  2,331,157. 
The  number  of  men  employed  on  these  ships,  exclusive  of 
masters,  was  193,548. 

PROPERTf  AND  INCOME  Tax. — The  total  annual  value  of  the 
property  and  profits  assessed  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  year 
ending  5th  April,  1878,  was  £578,341,194.  The  amount  of  income- 
tax  received  by  the  Inland  Revenue  Commissioners  for  the  year 
ending  March  31, 1879,  was  £8,865,491,  an  increase  of  £3,024,226 
upon  the  preceding  year. 

Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages. — In  England  and  Wales, 
during  1879,  the  number  of  births  was  882,866  ;  deaths,  528,194  ; 
marriages,  181,719.  In  Scotland,  the  births  were  125,736; 
deaths,  73,329  ;  marriages,  23,462.  In  Ireland,  where  the  r^is- 
tration  is  defective,  the  births  were  stated  to  be  135,408 ;  the 
deaths,  105,432  ;  and  the  marriages,  23,313. 

Sunday  Drunkenness  in  Ireland — A  return  ordered  by 
the  House  of  Commons  to  be  printed  on  July  8th,  1880,  gives  the 
number  of  Sunday  arrests  for  arunkenness  within  the  live  excepted 
towns — Dublin,  Cork,  Limerick,  Waterford,  and  Belfast — ^for  a 
year  before  and  a  year  after  the  adoption  of  the  Irish  Sunday 
Closing  Act.  The  number  of  Sunday  arrests  for  the  years  1877-8 
was  2,820,  and  for  the  year  ending  April  25th,  1880,  only  2,132. 
Similar  particulars  are  given  respecting  Irish  counties  (where,  of 
course,  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  was  in  operation),  which  show 
tliat  in  1877-8  the  number  of  arrests  on  Sundays  was  4,555, 
whereas  in  1879-80  there  were  only  1,840. 

Drink  and  Foreign  Missions. — At  a  great  meeting  of  the 
Baptist  MiBsionary  Society,  held  in  Exeter  Hall,  on  the  5th 
October,  the  Bev.  Kichard  Glover,  of  Bristol,  remarked  upon  the 
"  dismal  littleness''  of  the  work  that  had  been  expended  upon  the 
foreign  Mission  iield,  and  asked:  **How  much  do  you  think  has 
been  spent  in  the  last  eighty  years  by  all  the  Protestant  ChristiAn 
Missionary  societies  of  the  world,  and  all  the  Bible  societies  put 
together  ?  Not  more  than  England  spends  eyery  three  or  four 
months  on  drink.  Now,  take  it  in — not  more  in  these  eiehty 
years  on  all  this  high  philanthropy  than  is  spent  evexy  three 
months  on  drink  in  England  alone  !  What  is  that  over  the  world 
— over  its  thousand  miUions  of  heathen  people  ?" 

How  John  Wesley  did  his  Work. — A  newspaper  correspon- 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND    FACTS.  167 


dent  writes  : — "  I  wonder  if  Wesleyans  ever  ask  llieniselves  how 
John  Wesley  came  to  accomplish  the  vast  amount  of  work  of 
which  his  journals — organising,  travelling,  preaching,  and  pub- 
lished volumes — ^give  evidence  f  The  more  I  kuow  of  the  work 
the  more  I  am  astonished  at  its  vastness,  diversity,  and  extent 
How  came  Wesley  to  be  physically  capable  of  its  performance  ? 
The  secret,  it  seems  to  me,  lay  in  his  abstemiousness.  He  not 
only  never  smoked,  and  rarely  drank  tea  or  coffee,  but  he  abstained 
from  intoxicants,  and  even,  during  much  of  his  life,  from  animal 
food.  Quite  a  revelation  are  his  words  to  the  Bishop  of  London, 
in  1747 — *  Dr.  Cheyne  advised  me  to  leave  off  meat  and  wine, 
.and  since  I  have  tAen  his  advice  I  have  been  free — blessed  be 
God — from  all  bodily  disorders.' " 

Ci/>sn?G  PuBLic-HoasES  at  Elections. — On  the  day  of  the 
last  election  at  Newport,  Monmouth,  the  following  proclamation 
was  issued,  and  the  election,  contrary  to  usage  in  that  town,  passed 
off  peaceably : — "Borough  of  Newport,  in  the  county  of  Monmouth, 
to  wit. — We,  the  undersigned,  being  three  of  Her  Majesty's  Justices 
of  the  Peace  in  and  for  the  borough  of  Newport,  in  the  county  of 
Monmouth,  expecting  that  a  riot  or  tumult  may  happen,  do 
hereby  order  every  licensed  innkeeper  and  beerhouse  keeper,  and 
every  other  person  licensed  to  sell  intoxicating  liquor  within  the 
said  borough  of  Newport,  to  close  his  or  her  premises  from  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday,  the  6th  day  of  April  instant, 
until  the  next  morning.  Given  under  our  hands  this  5th  day  of 
April,  1880.  (Signed)  Henrv  Russell  Evans,  Mayor ;  T.  P. 
Wansborough  ;  A.  J.  Stevens. 

Enqlish  Arrests  for  Drunkenness  on  Sunday. — A  return 
has  been  made  to  the  House  of  Commons  of  all  convictions  between 
Michaelmas,  1876,  and  Michaelmas,  1879,  of  all  persons  arrested 
for  drunkenness  on  Sunday  in  England  and  Wales.  The  return 
is  made  by  coimties,  boroughs,  and  districts  having  a  separate 
police  force.  In  England,  with  a  total  population,  according  to 
the  last  census,  of  21,495,131,  there  were  46,317  persons  convicted 
for  drunkenness  on  Sunday,  of  whom  32,447  were  bond  fide  resi- 
dents in  the  districts  where  they  were  arrested,  and  13,870  were 
not  bond  fide  residents.  In  Wales  the  numbers  were  :— Popula- 
tion, 1,217,135  ;  convictions,  1,084  ;  bond  fide  residents,  842 ;  not 
such  residents,  242.  Total  for  England  and  Wales  :— Population, 
22,712,266  ;  convictions,  47,401  ;  bond  fide  residents,  33,289  ;  not 
such  residents,  14,112.  The  numbers  in  the  Metropolitan  Police 
Districtwere:— Population,  3,810,744;  convictions,  12,032  ;  bond 
Jidc  residents,  7,469 ;  not  such  residents,  4,863. 

TfiE  Wreck  Register  and  Chart  for  1878-79.— The  last 
Wreck  Register  of  the  British  Isles  published  by  the  Board  of 
Trade  continues  to  tell  the  same  sad  tale  of  fearful  disasters  at 


1 68 


MISCELL.\NEOUS    STATISTICS   AND   FACTS. 


sea  as  of  yore,  ld.st  year  claiming  3,002  as  havlDg  occurred  in  the 
seas  and  on  the  coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Of  the  lives  lost, 
forty-five  were  lost  in  vessels  that  foundered,  145  through  vessels 
in  collision,  146  in  vessels  stranded  or  cast  ashore,  and  100  in 
missing  vessels.  The  remaining  fifty-four  lives  were  lost  from 
various  causes,  such  as  being  washed  overboard  in  heavy  seas^ 
explosions,  missing  vessels,  &c.  The  number  of  wrecks  during 
the  last  twenty-five  years  has  been  49,322,  and  the  loss  of  lives, 
18,319.  The  Wreck  Register  for  the  past  year  reveals  the  gratify- 
ing fact  that  by  means  of  the  life-boats  of  the  National  Life-Boat 
Institution,  the  Rocket  Apparatus  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and 
other  agencies,  in  conjunction  with  the  successful  efforts  used  on 
board  the  distressed  vessels  themselves,  as  many  as  3,302  were 
saved  from  the  various  wrecks  on  our  coasts  la.st  year. 

Railway  Accidents. — The  Board  of  Trade  have  published  a 
summary  of  accidents  and  casualties  which  have  been  reported  to 
the  Board  as  having  occurred  upon  the  railways  in  the  United 
Kingdom  during  the  nine  months  ending  September  30,  1880,  as 
follows : — 


Passengers — 

From    accidents'  to    trains,  rolling 

stock,  permanent  way,  &c. 
By  accidents  from  other  canses 
Servants  of  companies  or  contractors — 
From    accidents    to    trains,   rolling 

stock,  peimanent  way,  &c. 
By  accidents  from  other  causes 
Persons  passing  over  railways  at  level 

wft  09o  tUuS        •••        •••         •••        •••        •••        ••■ 

Trespassers  (inclading  suicides) 

Other    persons  not  coming  in   above 
classification       

Totals     


Total  for  the 
CorrMpondiiiic 
Period  in  187». 

Killed. 

Injured. 

KUled. 

,    iDJored. 

23 

82 

...      680 
...      606  , 

>  •  • 

>..  53 

...  41B 
...      470 

20 
353 

71 
...  1,419 

...     2 
...303 

...      73 

...  1,286 

53 

238 

...        23 
...      122 

...  46 
...224 

...  1^ 
...       98 

31 

60 

...  27 

...       62 

800 


2,881  ...655     ...  2,420 


In  addition  to  the  above,  the  railway  companies  have  reported  to 
the  Board  of  Trade,  in  pursuance  of  the  6th  section  of  tne  Regu- 
lation of  Railways  Act,  1871,  certain  accidents  which  occurred 
upon  their  premises,  but  in  which  the  movement  of  vehicles  used 
exclusively  upon  railways  was  not  concerned,  making  a  total  in 
this  class  of  accidents  of  31  persons  killed  and  1,910  injured. 
Thus  the  total  number  of  personal  accidents  reported  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  by  the  several  railway  companies  during  the  nine 
months  amounts  to  831  persons  killed,  and  4,791  injured.  How 
many  of  thcFe  were  owing  to  the  carelessness,  apathy,  and  reck- 
lessness, engendered  by  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  ? 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND    FACTS.  1 69 


Satubdat  Drukk£KNE88  IN  Ibeland.— A  return  moved  for 
by  Mr.  Sheldon  gives  the  nnmber  of  orresta  for  dninkenneps  dur- 
ing the  year  1879  in  all  cities  and  toii^ns  in  Ireland  having  a 
population  of  10,000  and  upwards,  specifying  the  number  of 
arrests,  and  the  hours  at  mrhich  they  were  made,  on  Saturdays,  the 
nncsts  being  from  8  a.m.  on  Saturday  until  8  a.m.  on  Sunday. 
The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  returns  : — 

Town  or  city.  No.  of  Arrcstf.  Saturday  Arrcstr. 

Doblin       13,524  ...    ,     ...  r.,204 

Bclfatt      4,188         1,191 

CloDtnel 558         184 

Cork         4,374         1,001 

Drogheda 4C7         105 

Dundalk 492         79 

Galway      795         400 

Kilkenny 692         184 

Limerick 1,390         388 

LoDdonderry         1,198         866 

Lurgan      S32         65 

Newry       705          208 

QneenstoTvn          ...          ...  201         37 

Watcrford            1,836         301 

Wexford 237         92 


Grand  total 30,889         9,755 

The  return  thows  ihat  the  grcate&t  numbir  of  Saturday  arrests 
was  during  the  hour  from  11  till  12  p.m.,  the  increase  being 
gradual  from  8  a.m.,  when  the  number  was  17,  outside  the  metro- 
politan district.  From  1  till  7  p.m.,  the  number  (also  exclusive 
of  Dublin),  was  74  ;  4  till  5  p.m.,  244  ;  7  till  8  p.m.,  378  ;  9  till 
10  p.m.,  440;  10  till  11p.m.,  535;  12  p.m.  till  1  a.m.,  377;  1 
till  2  a.m.,  161  ;  2  till  3  a.m.,  161  ;  the  other  hours  of  the  early 
morning  having  62,  33,  15,  12,  and  10. 


NATIONAL  AND  DISTRICT  TEMPERANCE 

ORGANISATIONS. 

National  Tempebakce  League. — Briefly  stated  the  object 
of  the  National  Temperance  League  is  to  completely  change  the 
drioking  customs  of  the  country  in  regard  to  alcoholic  beverages. 
The  fact  that  these  customs  are  closely  inteni-oven  with  all  phases 
of  our  national  and  domestic  life  necessitates  the  employment  of 
a  great  variety  of  means  in  order  to  attain  the  desired,  end.    The 


lyO  NATIONAL   AND    DISTRICT 


Executive  Committee  have  always  sought  to  gain  the  sympathy 
and  active  support  of  such  centres  of  influence  as  the  ChnsUan 
Church,  the  Medical  Profession,  Educational  and  Scientific  bodies, 
&c.  The  happy  results  of  its  efforts  are  very  apparent  at  the 
present  time.  All  sections  of  the  Christian  Church  have  adopted 
temperance  as  an  adjunct  to  religion,  and  most  of  them  have  now 
a  distinct  organisation  for  the  furtherance  of  total  abstinence 
principles.  In  the  Medical  profession  temperance  has  advanced 
with  equally  rapid  strides,  especially  since  the  issue  of  the  Medical 
Declaration  in  1871.  The  large  and  influential  gathering  which 
assembled  at  the  invitation  of  the  Committee,  at  Cambridge, 
during  the  sittings  of  the  British  Medical  Association,  evidenced 
the  advanced  stage  which  the  question  of  abstinence  has  reached 
in  the  profession.  The  same  may  be  said  with  regard  to  the 
Educational  movement,  and  during  the  past  year  the  Committee 
have  continued  their  efforts  to  influence  all  who  are  concerned  in 
the  training  of  the  young.  About  250  representative  members 
of  the  National  Union  of  Elementary  Teachers  responded  to  the 
invitation  to  attend  a  Conference  which  took  place  at  Brighton  last 
Easter  ;  and  a  public  meeting  of  metropolitan  teachers  was  held 
at  the  Holbom  Town  Hall,  presided  over  by  the  late  Bev.  John 
Rodgers,  M.A.,  Vice-President  of  the  London  School  Board,  and 
addressed  by  well-known  educationidists.  Mr.  Frank  B.  Cheshire 
has  delivered  a  large  number  of  addresses  to  the  children  in 
metropolitan  schools,  and  numerous  letters  have  been  received 
from  masters  and  mistresses  expressing  their  deep  sense  of  the 
good  accomplished  by  such  visits. 

The  importance  of  the  National  Temperance  Publication  Depot, 
which  the  League  opened  about  a  yea/c  ago,  cannot  be  over-esti- 
mated. There  is  an  especial  need  for  increased  advocacy  by 
means  of  sound  literature,  for  the  number  who  may  be  inducea 
to  become  readers  enormously  exceeds  those  who  can  be  prevailed 
upon  to  listen  to  lectures  and  addresses.  The  undertaking  has 
already  met  w^ith  a  gratifying  measure  of  support,  but  it  is 
extremely  desirable  to  make  its  existence  and  ooject  still  more 
widely  known.  The  Temperance  Record,  the  weekly  official  organ 
of  the  League,  has  a  large  circulation,  and  their  quarterly,  the 
Medical  Temperance  Journal,  is  welcomed  by  an  increasing,  but 
still  limited  number  of  readers,  very  far  short  of  its  generally 
admitted  merits. 

The  League's  work  in  the  Army  and  Navy  has  been  energetically 
pursued  during  the  past  year.  At  home,  on  the  high  seas,  and  in 
the  colonies,  encouraging  returns  continue  to  be  received  from  the 
branches  in  both  services.  Mr.  Samuel]  Sims  has  been  busily 
engaged  in  visiting  provincial  garrisons,  forming  new  branches, 
and  strengthening  old  ones ;  and  in  London  weekly  military 
meetings  have  been  sustained  throughout  the  year. 


TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS.  171 


In  addition  to  the  nnmeroos  meetings  attended  by  the  League's 
regular  agents,  a  much  larger  number  have  been  addressea  by 
gentlemen  whose  honorary  service  has  been  of  incalculable  value. 
Without  such  assistance  it  would  be  impossible,  except  with 
largely  increased  funds  for  the  purpose,  to  meet    the    requests 
made  for  speakers  which  come  from  all  parts  of  London  and  the 
provinces.     The  anniversary  gatherings  held  in  May  last  were 
exceptionally  well  attended.    The  annual  meeting  in  Exeter  Hall 
was  presided  over  by  the  Bishop  of  Bedford,  and  the  other 
speakers  were  Rev.  A.  B.  Grosart,  I1L.D.,  Blackburn  ;  Kev.  Peter 
ThompsoD,  Wood  Green  ;  Rev.  J.  R.  Wood,  Holloway ;  Colonel 
George   G.  Anderson,  of   H.M.S.'s  Indian    Forces ;    Mr.   John 
Andrew,  Leeds  ;  Mr.  C.  Kegan  Paul,  London  ;  Dr.  John  Thomp- 
son, J.P.,    Bideford.    The    aniversary  sermon   at  Westminster 
Abbey  was  preached  by  the  Rev.  Canon  Connor,  M.A  ;  and  that 
at  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle,  by  the  Rev.  George  Gladstone. 
At  the  Conversazione,  held  at  Cannon  Street  Hotel,  besides  popular 
exhibitions,  music,  scientific    and    other    lectures,   temperance 
addresses  were  delivered  by  Mr.  Hugh  M.  Matheeon  (chairman), 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Pease,  M.P.    A 
Ladies'  Conference  preceded    the  Conversazione,  presided  over 
by  Mr.  W.  S.   Caine,  M.P.,  when  several  papers  were  read  on 
**  Women's  Work  in  connection  with  the  Temperance  Reforma- 
Uon." 

Of  the  recent  special  work  undertaken  by  the  Committee, 
mention  may  be  made  of  the  important  meeting  with  the 
members  of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Great  Britain,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  their  Congress  at  Exeter,  in  September.  Nearly  all  the 
leading  members  of  the  Congress  responded  to  Mr.  Bowly's 
invitation  to  consider  the  distinct  bearing  which  the  question  of 
temperance  has  upon  sanitary  reform.  Besides  our  esteemed 
Prendent,  addresses  were  delivered  bv  the  Bishop  of  Exeter,  Dr. 
B.  W.  Richardson,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  and  Mr.  W.  R. 
Selway.  The  Conference  was  in  every  respect  a  success,  and 
calculated  to  produce  results  which  could  not  be  expected  to 
accrue  from  ordinary  meetings. 

A  still  later  enterprise  of  some  magnitude  was  the  North 
London  Temperance  Mission,  which  commenced  on  the  17th  and 
concluded  on  the  31st  of  October.  In  this  brief  sketch  it  is  im- 
possible to  give  details,  bitt  some  idea  of  the  scope  and  object  of 
the  mission  mav  perhaps  be  gathered  from  a  simple  record  of 
the  plan  carried  out.  No  less  than  six  public  meetings  were 
held  in  the  largest  buildings  available,  and  in  addition  there  was 
a  special  meeting  for  ladies,  another  for  Sunday-school  teachers, 
and  a  conference  with  Day-school  teachers.  The  League's  self- 
denying  president,  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly,  addressed  most  of  these 
gatherings,  and  the  other  speakers  included  Lord  Claud  Hamilton, 


172  NATIONAL   AND    DISTRICT 


Admiral  Sir  W.  King  Hall,  K.C.B.,  the  Rev.  J.  R.  Diggle,  M.A., 
Rev.  Churchill  Julius,  M.  A.,  Rev.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  Rev.  F.  A.  C. 
Lillingston,  M.A.,  Rev.  Simon  Sturges,  M.A.,  Rev.  Peter 
Thompson,  Rev.  H.  Sinclair  Paterson,  M.D.,  Rev.  J.  Gelsou 
Gregson,  Dr.  B.  "W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.,  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  Dr. 
Branthwaite,  Dr.  J.  J.  Ridge,  Mr.  James  £.  Mathieson,  Mr.  Robert 
Sawyer,  Mr.  John  Taylor,  Mr.  W.  R.  Selway,  Mr.  T.  M.  Williams, 
B.A.,  and  Mr.  Councillor  Whittaker.  Then,  in  order  to  reach  the 
worshippers  of  the  various  churches  and  chapels  in  the  district,  as 
many  as  forty-nine  temperance  sermons  were  preached.  Those 
who  attend  neither  meetings  nor  places  of  worship  were  not  over- 
looked, for  a  statement  of  temperance  principles,  along  with  the 
announcements  of  the  mission,  was  distributed  from  house  to 
house  to  the  number  of  40,000. 

Such  are  some  of  the  labours  engaged  in  during  the  past  year. 
Openines  for  sterling  work  have  been  utilised  as  far  as  the  funds 
supplied  would  warrant,  and,  at  times,  beyond  that  point,  from  a 
reluctance  to  let  valuable  opportunities  pass  unimproved.  The 
League  has  attained  a  position  of  influence  which  requires,  if  its 
full  energies  are  to  be  put  forth,  a  great  increase  of  pecuniary  aid. 
It  is  able  to  reach  all  cmsses,  having  a  truly  national,  unsectarian, 
and  Christian  platform  ;  and  the  Committee  hope  that  adequate 
funds  will  be  forthcoming  to  enable  them  to  use  the  full  measure 
of  their  power  for  suppressing  the  causes  of  intemperance. 

The  income  from  all  sources  last  year  was  ^£7,045,  including 
j£3,298  from  subscriptions.  Offices,  Lecture  Hall,  and  Publication 
Depot,  337,  Strand.    Secretary  :  Mr.  Robert  Rae. 


The  British  Temperance  League. — Although  the  oldest  of 
the  large  Temperance  societies,  the  British  Temperance  Lea^e 
still  exhibits  youthful  vitality  in  combating  the  evils  resulting 
from  our  drinking  customs.  Four  regular  and  a  number  of 
occasional  lecturers  are  engaged  to  visit  the  towns  and  villages  of 
the  northern  and  midland  counties,  and  prove  to  be  a  source  of 
strength  to  the  local  societies,  of  which  over  120  are  afi&liated  to 
the  League.  Attention  is  paid  to  the  issue  of  suitable  publica- 
tions, and  the  Pictorial  Tract  and  the  British  Temperance  Advocate^ 
published  monthly,  have  a  fairly  large  circulation.  The  expen- 
diture of  the  past  year  amounted  to  ^2,019,  and  the  amount  due 
to  the  treasurer  was  j£375.  Recently  the  head-quarters  of  the 
League  were  removed  from  Bolton  to  50,  Norfolk  Street,  Sheffield, 
and  the  post  of  secretary  is  now  held  by  the  Rev.  C.  H. 
CoUyns,  M.A. 

The  Western  Temperance  League  is  in  active  operation  in 
the  Western  counties  of  England,  and  in  South  Wales,  wheie  it 
does  an  important  work.    The  League  employs  a  good  staff  of 


TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS.  1 73' 

agents  and  lectnrers,  who  paj  periodical  viBita  to  the  affiliated 
sodetiea,  which  number  about  360.  The  Western  Temperance 
Herald^  the  organ  of  the  Society,  is  published  monthly.  Lost 
year^B  income  amounted  to  £1,263.  Mr.  J.  G.  Thornton,  Kedland, 
Bristol,  is  the  Secretary. 

The  North  op  England  Temperance  League  gives  valu- 
able aid  to  local  temperance  societies  throughout  the  north- 
eastern counties  by  the  engagement  of  accredited  lecturers  and 
the  dissemination  of  Temperance  literature.  It  also  aims  at 
abolishing  the  liquor  traffic  by  prohibitory  law.  The  financial 
statement  issued  in  September  showed  the  receipts  during  the 
year  to  have  been  £557.  Head-quarters,  2,  Charlotte  Square,  New- 
castle-on-Tyne.     Alderman  George  Charlton,  Secretary. 

The  Midland  Temperance  League  operates  in  Staffordshire, 
Warwickshire,  Shropshire,  Worcestershire,  and  Leicestershire. 
Four  agents  are  engaged,  and  the  League  has  the  services  of  a 
long  list  of  honorary  deputations  who  visit  affiliated  societies. 
The  expenditure  last  year  amounted  to  £326.  Office,  133,  Varna 
Road,  Birmingham.  Hon.  Sees.,  ^Ir.  James  Phillips  and  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Knell. 

The  Dorset  County  Temperance  Association  gives  valu- 
able aid  to  local  Temperance  societies,  numbering  about  140,  a 
majority  of  which  pay  an  affiliation  fee.  Occasional  meetings 
are  held  in  the  most  important  centres  of  the  county,  and  special 
attention  is  paid  to  the  circulation  of  Temperance  literature. 
Besides  the  work  accomplished  by  the  missionaries,  a  large 
amount  of  honorary  service  is  given  on  behalf  of  the  Association. 
Income,  £384.  President,  J.  J.  Norton,  Esq.,  Poole.  Secretary, 
Rev.  F.  Vaughan,  Broadwinsor,  Beaminster. 

Thb  United  Kingdom  Band  op  Hope  Union. — The  United 
Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  is  an  association  having  for  its 
object  the  promotion  of  temperance  amongst  the  young.  The 
means  adopted  to  this  end  are  various,  the  principal  being  the 
formation  of  local  Bands  of  Hope,  in  which  the  young  of  both 
sexes  are  enlightened  as  to  the  nature  of  intoxicating  liquors,  and 
the  evils  arising  from  the  habit  of  drinking  them.  A  large 
number  of  lecturers  are  employed,  some  of  whom  seek  to  inculcate 
simple  physiological  truths,  while  others,  by  means  of  dissolving 
views,  combine  entertainment  with  instruction.  The  work  is 
sustained  in  the  provinces  by  County  Band  of  Hope  Unions,  and 
in  the  metropolis  by  district  auxiliaries,  which,  wnile  managing 
their  own  afiEairs,  are  mostly  affiliated  to  the  parent  Union,  whose 
agents  and  honorary  deputations  visit,  during  the  year,  most  of 
the  counties  of  England  ahd  Wales.  The  Union  publishes  the 
Baiid  of  Hope  Chronicle  monthly,  prize  tales,  and  the  various 
requisites  for  conducting  Band  of  Hope  work.    From  this  source 


174  NAI  lONAF.    AND    DISTRICT 

the  last  balance-sheet  shows  that  a  profit  of  £131  was  realise  J. 
The  income  from  all  sources  amounted  to  £1,680,  of  which  fuiu 
nearly  ;£1,000  was  derived  from  subscriptions  and  donations.  The 
offices  of  the  Union  are  at  4,  Ludgate  Hill,  London,  E.C.  ;  Secre- 
tary, Mr,  Frederic  T.  Smith. 

The  British  Medical  Temperance  Ashociation,  which, 
was  founded  in  1876,  aims  to  advance  the  practice  of  total  absti- 
nence amongst  the  medical  profession,  and  to  promote  investiga- 
tion as  to  the  action  of  alcohol  in  health  and  disease.  Quarterly 
meetings  are  held,  when  exhibits  are  made  and  papers  are  read 
and  discussed.  Occasional  public  meetings  are  held,  and  indivi- 
dual members  are  constantly  using  their  influence  on  the  platform 
and  in  the  j>ress  in  furthering  the  principles  of  temperance. 
Medical  practitioners  only,  who  are  total  abstainers,  are  eligible 
as  memoers,  and  registered  medical  students  are  admitted  as 
associates.  The  Association  numbers  about  250  members  and 
associates.  The  income  last  year  was  ;£113.  Dr.  J.  J.  Ridge, 
Hon.  Secretary,  Carlton  House,  Enfield,  Middlesex. 

The  British  Women's  Temperance  Association  endeavours 
to  sustain  a  union  between  Women's  Temperance  Societies  <»Ti»tiTig 
in  the  United  Kingdom  and  to  promote  the  formation  of  others. 
Conferences  and  public  meeting  are  held  for  the  purpose  of  crea- 
ting a  healthy  temperance  sentmient  amongst  the  female  portion 
of  the  community.  The  Association  has  a  large  number  of 
affiliated  societies  which  fumi^  reports  to  the  central  Asso- 
ciation. The  income  for  the  year  ending  April  last  was  £266. 
Offices,  5,  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E.C. 
Miss  Haslam,  Secretary. 

The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Societt.— This  Asso- 
ciation has  two  distinct  sections,  comprising  respectively  abstainers 
and  non-abstainers.  Various  pledges  are  adopted,  but  the  objects 
aimed  at  are  similar  to  those  which  actuate  other  temperance 
organisations.  The  Society  seeks  to  secure  a  branch  in  eveiy 
diocese,  and  over  twenty  have  been  established,  which  are  doing 
a  good  work.  Attention  is  given  by  the  executive  to  the  licensing 
laws,  coffee-tavern?,  &c.  Meetings  are  frequency  convened  and 
numerous  sermons  and  addresses  are  delivered  in  all  parts  of 
London  and  the  provinces.  Missionaries  are  employed  on  behalf 
of  London  cabmen  and  intemperate  persons  charged  at  the  police 
courts.  The  income  last  year  was  j£6,584.  Offices,  ralace 
Chambers,  Bridge  Street,  Westminster,  S.W.  Secretaries — The 
Rev.  J.  H.  Potter,  M. A.,  and  Mr.  Alfred  Saigant. 

The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  seeks 
to  extend  the  principles  and  practices  of  total  abstinence 
amongst  Uie  Congregational  Churcnes  of  England  and  Wales.  It 
encourages  the  promotion  of  district  auxiliaries,  adult  societies^ 


TEMPERANXE    ORGANISATIONS.  I75 


and  Bonds  of  Hope,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  assists  the  movement 
bj  Bermons,  conferences,  and  addresses  to  students,  &c.  Out  of 
a  totfld  of  2,566  ministers  in  England  and  Wales,  824  are  avowedly 
total  abstainers.  Last  year's  income  amounted  to  £143.  Hon. 
Secretanes — Rev.  G.  M.  Murphy,  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Sowerby,  Jun., 
Memorial  HaU,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  £.C. 

Th£  Baptist  Total  Abstisei^ce  Association  operates  in 
the  same  way  as  the  Congregational  Association.  The  member- 
ship numbers  nearly  1,100,  of  whom  between  five  and  six  hundred 
are  ministers,  the  rest  bein^  officers  or  members  of  churches  and 
students.  The  Baptist  Theological  Colleges  are  visited,  and 
about  three-fourths  of  the  students  are  reported  to  be  abstainers. 
The  income  of  the  Society  last  year  was  £28.  Honorary  Secre- 
taries— Rev.  Samuel  Harris  Booth,  10,  Wynell  Road,  Forest  Hill, 
S.E. ;  Rev.  John  Clifford  M.A.,  LL.B.,  61  Porchester  Road,  Lon- 
don, W.  ;  Mr.  James  Tresidder  Sears,  232,  Southampton  Street, 
Camberwell,  S.E. 

The  United  Kingdom  Alliance.— The  United  Kingdom 
Alliance  is  a  political  organisation  aiming  at  the  total  suppres- 
sion of  the  liquor  traffic.  The  efforU  of  the  Society  have  for  a 
number  of  years  been  directed  to  the  passing  of  the  Permissive 
Bill,  but  during  last  year  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  the  President, 
proposed,  in  its  stead,  a  *'  local  option "  resolution,  which  was 
earned  last  session,  in  the  House  of  Commons,  by  a  majority  of 
twenty-six.  The  Alliance  has  district  branches  in  various  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  and  at  election  times  special  attention  is  given 
to  the  opinions  of  candidates,  with  a  view  to  secure  the  return  of 
those  favourable  to  temperance  legislation.  The  Alliance  News, 
the  weekly  organ  of  the  Association,  has  an  extensive  circulation. 
The  membership,  which  is  lar^e,  does  not  necessarily  involve 
personal  abstinence.  The  total  income  for  last  year  was  £19,192, 
including  subscriptions  and  donations  amounting  to  £12,533. 
Centnd  offices,  44,  John  Dalton  Street,  Manchester.  Secretary — 
Mr.  T.  H.  Barker. 

The  Cehtral  Association  for  stopping  the  Sale  of 
Intoxicating  Liquor  on  Sunday  exists  for  the  sole  and  exclusive 
object  defined  in  its  title.  Meetings  and  conferences  are  fre- 
quenily  held  in  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  organised  by 
travelling  secretaries  or  local  friends.  Public  men  are  influenced 
to  give  the  movement  their  support,  and  the  masses  of  the  people 
constantly  have  the  subject  brought  before  them  by  petitions 
and  house-to-house  canvasses.  Income  £2,480.  Offices,  Stafford 
Chambers,  Manchester.    Secretary — Rev.  Frederick  J.  Perry. 

Thk  London  Temperance  Hospital  was  established  for  the 
purpose  of  treating  patients  without  the  use  of  alcoholic  bever- 
ages or  medicines.     In  the  case  of  the  latter  the  physicians  may 


176  NATIONAL   AND    DISTRICT    ORGANISATION. 


if  they  Bee  fit,  use  alcohol  as  they  would  any  other  drug,  and 
when  this  is  done  (which  has  occurred  only  once  during  a  period 
of  seven  years)  a  record  is  kept,  detailing  the  object  for  which  it 
was  prescribed  and  the  results  accruing  therefrom.  Abstainers 
and  non-abstainers  are  alike  received,  and  the  cases  are  similar  to 
those  admitted  to  other  London  hosnitals.  The  result  of  the 
non-alcoholic  treatment  has  been  hignly  satisfactory,  the  deaUi- 
rate  not  having  exceeded  4^  per  cent.  The  institution,  which  is 
situated  in  the  Hampstead  lload,  is  supported  by  voluntary  con- 
tributions. Last  ycar*s  income  was  £1,481,  exclusive  of  donations 
to  the  building  fund.  Treasurer — John  Hughes,  Esq.,  3,  West 
Street,  Finsbury  Circus,  London,  E.C. 

The  Independent  Order  op  Good  Templars. — There  are 
two  organisations  bearing  this  title,  both  being  non-beneficiary. 
The  members  are  all  pledged  to  life-long  total  aostiuence,  and  are 
provided  with  a  pass-word,  without  which  they  cannot  obtain  ad- 
mission to  the  ordinary  lodge  meetings.  The  Order  of  which  Mr. 
Joseph  Malins  is  Grand  Worthy  Chief  Templar,  has  a  membership 
of  about  95,000  adults,  and  53,000  juveniles.  The  income,  whicn 
is  mainly  derived  from  capitation  fees  and  trade  sale;*, .  is  nearly 
j£5,000.  Head-miarters  :  Congreve  Street,  Birmingham.  Mr. 
William  Hoyle,  Tottington,  near  Bury,  is  the  Grand  Worthy 
Chief  Templar  of  the  other  Order,  which  numbers  between  12,000 
and  13,000  members,  Income  :  £145.  Thomas  Hardy,  G.W.S., 
26,  Great  Cheetham  Street  West,  Lower  Broughton,  Manchester. 

The  Independent  Order  op  Rechabites  (Salford  Unity)  is 
a  flourishing  Friendly  Society,  composed  exclusively  of  total  ab- 
stainers. It  has  about  eighty  district  jurisdictions  iu  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonies,  comprising  nearly  600  tents,  with  an 
aggregate  adult  membership  of  over  34,000,  and  about  12,000 
juvenile  members.  The  funds  amount  to  over  £200,000.  Th4 
Eechahite  and  Temperance  Magazine,  published  monmly,  is  the 
organ  of  the  Order.  Mr.  R.  Hunter,  Secretary,  98,  Lancaster 
Avenue,  Fennell  Street,  Manchester. 

The  Sons  op  Temperance. — The  national  division  of  the 
order  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance  is  a  Benefit  Society  of  total  ab- 
stainers, having  district  divisions  and  subordinate  lodges  in  yarions 
parts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  membership  numbers 
about  15,000,  and  the  finances  are  reported  to  be  in  a  healthy  con- 
dition, the  funds  in  hand  to  the  end  of  last  year  amountmg  to 
£43,316.  Mr.  William  Clarke,  Most  Worthy  Scribe,  27,  Pitt 
Terrace,  Miles  Platting,  Manchester. 


ERRATA. 

At  page  56.  line  14,  for  «  £31.600,000/'  read  •*84.«00,000  aaU9nt."  Page  ML 
Una  27,  for  «•  10  percent,"  read  "  12  per  cent."  Page  C2,  line  25,  for  **  £970M0M9? 
wad  «'£27O.O0O,0()O."  ^^ 


A  Complete  Catalogie  of  Temperasce  Literature, 


IN  STOCK  AT  THE 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEP^T, 

337,    8TR.A.XT3D,    liOH^TODOIT,    "W^.O- 


tS-Ml  B90k»  i»  tkii  Catalogue  art  hound  in  eMh  loard$,  unleu  ofktrwUt  tUdtd, 


STANDARD   TEMPERANCE   WORKS. 

Action  of  Alcobol  on  the  ttind.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richabdson,  F.R.S. 

Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  It. 
Alcohol,  Besults  of  Besoarches  on.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richabdbok, 

FJl.8.     (Being  an  Addrets  deliTered  in  the  Sbeldonian  Theatre,  Oxford.) 

SpedaUj  reriied  by  the  Anther.  Cloth  board*,  1*. ;  neat  paper  covers,  6d.- 

Tbeee  two  in  ore  tol.,  cloth  boards,  Ir.  6d. 
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Four  Pillars  of  Intemperance,  The.  By  the  Author  of  "  Buy  your 
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Holy  Scripture  and  Total  Abstinence.  By  Rev.  Canon  Hopkin&  Is. 

Intoxicating  Drinks  their  History  and  Mystery.  By  J.  W. 
KiKTON,  LL.D.  Boards,  Is;  cloth,  gilt,  Is.  6d.,  or  separately,  one  penny 
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liaws  of  Life  and  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  T.  P.  Lucas.    28. 

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Nephalism :  the  True  Temperance  of  Scripture,  Science  and 
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edition,  6d.,  paper;  cloth,  Is. 

Hon-AlcohoHc  Cookery  Book.  Edited  by  Mary  E.  Docwra,  for 
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Oor  National  Resources,  and  how  they  are  Wasted.  By  Wilijam 

HOTLB.     Is. 

HISTOBIOAIi. 

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and  its  Seqnel.    By  her  Dauohtbb.    With  Portrait.    Cloth  gilt»  8s.  6d. 
Fifty  Tears  ago  ;   or,   Erin's   Temperance  Jubilee.      Personal 

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8d.  and  Is. 
History  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Great  Britain  and 

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CouLiNO.    Ss.  6d. 
History  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Scotland.   Paper,  2s.  6(1 

cIoUi,  8b. 
History  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars,  The.    By 

Isaac  Neitton  Pixbce.    Edited,  rerised,  and  re-written  by  8.  P.  Thomp* 

soif,  B.A.    Paper,  9d. ;  cloth  gilt,  Is.  6d. 
Oor  Blue  Jackets.    A  Narratiye  of  Miss  Weston^s  Life  and   Work 
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Temperance  Primer,  The.  An  Elementary  I^icsson  Book,  designed  to 
teach  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Alcoholic  Liquors,  and  the  aoti(m  of 
Alcuhol  OQ  the  body.     By  J.  J.  Bidqe,  M.D.,  &c.     Is. 

Temperance  Beading  Book  A. ;  or.  Elementary  Chapters  on 
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Abominations  of  Kodern  Society.  By  the  Rev.  T.  db  Witt 
Talmage,  D.D.    It. 

Adaptation  of  Temperance,  The.  A  Series  of  Twelve  Addresses  by 
Tarions  Antbon.     It. 

Address  of  the  Very  Re^.  Dean  of  Carlisle  at  the  Glas^w 
Abstainen'  Union.     Paper  <r>Ten,  8d. 

Between  the  Living  and  the  Dead.  A  Sermon  by  tlic  Rev.  Canon 
Fa  a  EAR,  D.D.     Large  type,  paper  oorer,  4d. ;  cheap  edition,  Id. 

Blemish  of  Government,  Shame  of  Religion,  Disgrace  of  Uan- 
kind;  or,  a  Charge  drawn  np  against  Drunkards,  and  presented  to  his 
Highness,  the  Lord  Protector,  in  the  name  of  all  the  Sober  Partie  in  the 
llirea  Nations.     A  Facsimile  of  a  Work  issued  in  1653.     Paper,  Sd. 

Bows  and  Arrows  for  Thinkers  and  Workers.  Collected  by  Rev. 
6.  W.  McCrke.     Pajper  covers,  6d. 

Christian  Serving  his  Generation,  The.  A  Sermon  preacbcd  at 
GUsgow  by  the  Uev.  W.  H.  Taylor,  A.M.    Paper  coverp,  3d. 

Does  it  Pay  to  Smoke  and  Drink  P  With  Introduction  and  Notes 
by  WiLLiASC  Teoo.     1b. 

Drink,  Drunkenness,  and  the  Drink  Traffic.  A  Prize  Essay.  By 
the  Ber.  Da^tson  Burns,  M.A.    Paper  oorers,  8d. 

Dr,  Eayman,  Bible  Wines,  and  the  Temperance  Bible  Com- 
mentary.   By  the  Bev.  Dawson  Burns,  M.A.    Paper  covers,  Sd. 

Drinking  System  our  National  Curse,  The.  Addressed  to  all  €kx)d 
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John  B.  Gough :  the  Man  and  his  Work.  By  Fredebick  Sher- 
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John  Wesley,  Methodism,  and  the  Temperance  Breformation. 
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Ladies'  National  Temperance  Convention,  of  1876.  With  Intro- 
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Loose  Bricks  for  Temperance  and  Social  Workers.  By  Amos 
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Moderate  Drinking.  Containing  Speeches  by  Sir  H.  I'hompson, 
F.B.C.S. ;  Dr.  B.  W,  Bichardson,  F.B.S. ;  Bev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D,, 
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Moody's  Talks  on  Temperance.  With  Anecdotes  and  Incidents  in 
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Pitcairn  Islanders,  The.     A  Temperance  Lecture.     By  the  Rer. 
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Pleas  for  Abstinence.    A  Scries  of  Sermons  and  Addresses.    By  Rey. 
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Besnlts  of  Researches  on  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  RicnATiosoN. 
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Six  Days'  Oap  between  Sunday  and   Sunday:    How  Beet   to 
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Temperance  Manual,  A.    By  the  late  Rev.  J.  Eowaiids,  D.D,   Paper 

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Temperance  Movement,  The.    By  Rev.  Canon  Ellison.    2s. 

Temperance  Pulpit,  The.    A  Series  of  Discourses.    2s. 

Tenacity    of   Habit,  The;  a  plea  for  Temperance.     By  the  Rev. 
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Unfermented  Wine.    A  Fact.    By  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,    3d. 

United  Temperance  Mission,  held  at  Newport,  Mon.,  1879.    Edited 
by  Rev.  R.  Valpy  Feench,  D.C.L.     U. 

Vow  of  the  Nozarite,  The.    Sermon  by  Canon  Farrar.    Large  type, 
4J. ;  cheap  edition,  Id. 

Women^s  Work  in  the  Temperance  Reformation.     With  an  Intro- 
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Barly  Heroes  of  the  Temperance  Reformation.     By  AVilliam 

Logan,  Editor  of  Words  of  Cowfffri.     Paper,  Is. ;  cloth,  2j». 
Father  Mathew  :  His  Life  and  its  Leesons.    A  Lecture  by  Law- 

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Illustrious  Abstainers.    By  F.  SnERLOCK.    Short  Sketches    3s.  6d. 
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Life  and  Bamarkable  Adventures  of  John  Clough,  alias  Colin, 

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Senator  Vidal,  of  Canada  ;  and  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  M.P.     Id. 
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Politics  of  Temperance.    Papers  issued  by  the  U.  K.  Alliance.    6d. 
Prohibition  and  Local  Option  in  the  United  States  and  Canada^ 

Statement  of  Mr.  Commissioner  J.  W.  Manning,  of  Ontario.     Id. 
Sunday  Closing  in  Ireland  :  how  it  Works.    Testimony  of  Assiasc 

and  County  Court  Judges,  Magistrates,  &q.     Id. 
Throne  of  Iniquity,  The ;  or  Sustaining  Evil  by  Law.  By  Rev. 

Albert  Barnes,  of  Philadelphia.     Id. 
Triumphs  of  Prohibition,  The,  exemplified  in  the  experience  of  Vino* 

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Amy  Boyson's  Besolve.    By  Dayid  Fort  one. 

at  the  Lion's  Mouth.    By  Mary  D.  Chellis. 

Beacon  Flashes.    By  Rev.  John  Thomas,  M.V.P.    Illustrated. 

Blossom  and  Blight.     By  Miss  31.  A,  Paull.    Illustnitcii. 

Brought  Home.     By  the  Authoress  of  "  Jessica's  First  Prayer." 

Clarence  Vane.    By  Mary  D.  Chellis. 

Coventrys,  The.    By  Stuart  Miller.    Cloth  boards,  2s. ;  paper,  Is. 

Crosses  of  Cbloe.    By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull. 

Curse  of  the  Claverings,  The.    By  Mrs.  Frances  GiiAHAHE.    Cloih 

boards,  2a. ;  paper  cover?,  Is. 
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oloth,  28. ;  papor  covers.  Is. ;  limp  clutb,  Is.  6d. 
Diver's  Daughter,  The.    By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull. 
Drift:  a  Story  of  Waifs  and  Strays.     By  3Irs.  C.  L.  Balfour. 

Extra  clotb,  28  ;  paper  covers,  Is. ;  limp  rlotb,  Is.  6d. 
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Cloth  boards,  28. ;  paper  covers.  Is. 
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Fallen  Minister,    The.     By  Rev.  John  3Iasson,  Dundee.     Cloth 

boards,  28. ;  paper  covers.  Is. 

Fiery  Circle,  The.     By  the  Rev.  Ja^ies  Stuart  Vaughan,  A.M. 

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Following  the  Mp«ter.    l^y  E.  L.  Beckwith. 
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George  Harrington     By  David  3Iaciiae.    Extra  cloth,  2s.  ;  paper 

covers.  Is. ;  liinp  cloth,  is.  6d. 
Glenerne.    A  Tale  of  Village  Life.    By  Frances  Palliser.    Extra 

clotb,  28;  paper  covers,  Is. ;  limp  cloth.  Is.  6d. 
Going  with  the  Stream ;  and  other  Tales  and  Poems.    By  Jeannie 

Bkll.     Cloth  boards,  28. ;  paper  covers,  Is. 
Grace  Myers ;  and  othci*  Tales.    By  T.  S.  Arthur.    Cloth  gilt,  2s. 

paper  covers.  Is. 
Horace  Harwood.    By  the  Author  of  **  The  Curate  of  West  Norton." 

Blast  rated. 
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Clotli  boards,  28. ;  paper  covers,  Is. 
Kenneth  Lee.    By  James  Galbraith. 
Kind's  Highway ;  or,  Illustrations  of  the  Commandments.    By 

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boards,  28  ;  paper  covers,  Is. 

Light  at  Last.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfour.    Cloth  boards,  28.;  paper 

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Merr3rweathers,  The.      A  Temperance  Story.     By  3Ii-s.  "Wiclkt. 

"With  Frontispiece. 
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My  Pai  ish.     By  Miss  31.  A .  1  *a  u  ll. 

Out  of  the  Fire.     By  Ihe  Auiljor  of  '*  Clarence  Vane." 

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Rev.  Dr.  Willoughby  and  hU  Wine.    By  Mary  Spiung  Wai^kkr. 

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Shadow  on  the  Home,  The.    By  C.  Duncan. 
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boards,  2s. ;  paper  covers,  1  s. 
Ten  Nif^hts  in  a  Bar-Bonm.     ByT.  S.  Artiiuu.     Ilhistraled. 
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Losing  Game."     Paper  covers,  ]b.  ;  cloth  board c,  2d. 
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STORIES   AT   ONE   SHILLING   AND    SIXPENCE. 

Scmie  Boolxs  will  alao  be  found  under  other  Jicadinga  at  this  Price, 

Alec  Green.    By  S.   K.  lIocKrNG.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt.   Is.  (KL 
paper  cover-?,  I?. 

Candle  liigbted  by  the  Lord,  A :  A  Life  Story.    By  ^Irs.  Rosa 

lilastrated. 

Cast  Adrift.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Flower  of  the  Flock,   The.    By  Mrs.  Ellen  Bos;?,  Author  of**  A 

Candle  Lighted  by  the  Lord." 
Grandfather's  Legacy;    or,   The  Brewer's  Fortune.      By  Mabt 

D.  CUELLIS. 

Holmedale  Rectory :  its  Experiences,  Influences,  and  Surround- 
ings.   By  M.  A.  H. 

Ingle-Nook ;  or,  Stories  for  the  Fireside.  By  the  Rev.  J.  YEAMsa 
Illustrated. 

Jewelled  Serpent,  The. 

JuBt  Any  One,  and  Other  Stories.  Three  Illustrations,  ByjMrs. 
G.  B.  Reaney. 

Manchester  House.  A  Tale  of  Two  Apprentices.  By  J.  Cai'es  Story. 
with  eight  full-page  lllnstrations. 

Mattie's  Home;  or,  The  Little  Match  Girl  and  Her  Friends, 
lilastrated. 

May's  Sixpence ;  or,  Waste  Not,  Want  Not.    By  31.  A.  Paull. 

Miss  Margaret's  Stories.  By  a  Clergyman's  Wife,  Author  of  ''  Katio'0 
Counsel,"  ke,    lilastrated. 


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My  Little  Comer.    For  Mothers*  Meetings,  &c    lUnstratcd. 

Old  Sailor's  Yam,  An,  and  01  her  Sketches  of  Daily  Life.    lUust. 

Bagr  and  Tag.    A  Plea  for  the  Waifs  and  Strays  of  Old  England. 

By  Mrs.  E.  J.  WHrTTAKBR,     With  tea  fall-page  lUostrations. 
Strange  Sea  Story,  A. 
iatony  Road,  The.    A  Tale  of  Humble  Life.    By  the  Author  of  "  TL'.> 

Friend  in  Need  Pap<>ri."     lUa8trat«*d. 
Stories  for  Willing  Ears.    By  T.  8.  E.    Illustrated. 
Sunshine  Jenny,  and  other  Stoi  ies.  Illustrated.  By  Mrs.  6.  S.  Rkanky. 
Sunbeam  Willie,  and  other  St:ories.  Illustrated.  By  Mrs.  G.  8.  Reank^  . 
Thirty  Thousand  Pounds,  and  other  Sketches  of  Daily  Life. 

II lost  rated. 
Wee  Donald.    A  Story  for  the  Young.    By  the  Author  of  "  The  Ston>~ 

Road."     Ulostrated. 

STORIES  AT   ONE    SHILLING. 

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Arthur  Douglass.    By  J.  Whyte,    Paper,  Od. ;  cloth.  Is. 

Broken  Merchant,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthhu. 

Burnish  Family,  The.    By  IMi-s.  Balfour.    Piipcr,  6d.  limp  cloth.  Is.. 

Buy  Your  Own  Cherries,  and  other  Tales.    By  J.  W.  KuiTox. 

Christmas  Surprise,  A.    By  Nelsie  Brook. 

Club  Night :  A  Village  Record.    By  3Ii-s.  Balfour.  With  Illustnilions. 

Come  Home,  Mother    A  Slory  for  Mothers.    With  Illustrations. 

Cousin  Alice.    A  Prize  Juvenile  Tale     Cloth,  Is. ;  paper  covers,  Gil. 

Cousin  Bessie.    A  Story  of  Youthful  Earnestness.     With  Illustrations. 

Daddy's  Pet.     A  Sketch  of  Humble  Life.    With  six  Illustrations. 

Danger ,  or,  Wounded  in  the  House  of  a  Friend. 

Digging  a  Grave  with  a  Wine  OIcms.    By  Mrs.  C.  S.  Hall. 

Drunkard's  Son,  The;  or,  the  Autobiography  of  a  Fuolican. 

Drunkard's  Wife,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur 

Vast  Life ;  or,  the  City  and  the  Farm.    Paper,  Gd. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Fortunes  of  Fairleigh,  The.    Paper,  6d  ;  cloth.  Is. 

7rank  Spencer's  Rule  of  Life.  By  J.  W.  Kirton.  With  Illustratiow*. 

Frank   West;    or,  The  Struggles  of  a  Village  Lad.    Attnictivi^ 

binding.     lUastrated. 
Giants,  and  How  to  Fight  Them.  By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Newton.    lUust. 
Glimpses  of  Real  Life.    By  Mi-s.  Balfour.    PajKT,  Od. ;  cloth,  Is. 
How  Paul's  Fenny  Became  a  Pound.    By  3Irs.  Bo  wen. 
How  Peter's  Pound  Became  a  Penny.    By  the  Author  of  ''  Jack  the- 

Conqaerer,"  &c.     With  Uimt  atiDas. 
Jenny's  Geranium ;  or,  the  Prize  Flower  of  a  London  Court- 
John  Oriel's  Start  in  Life.    By  Mary  Hoavitt.    Witli  nuxny  lllust. 
John  Tregonoweth,  his  Mark.    By  Mark  Qv\  Peakse.    l^  lllust 
Katie's  Cjunsel,  and  other  S  ivories.  By  n  Clergyman's  Wife.  lllust 
Lathams,  The.    Pa|)er,  Gd. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Little  Blind  May. 

Little  Blue  Jacket,  and  other  Stories.  By  l^IIss  l^L  A.  Paull.  lllust.- 
Little  Captain,  The.   A  Touching  Story  of  Domcsiic  Lifa   By  Lyndr 

Palmer.     Illustrated. 
Little  Joe.  A  Tale  of  the  Pacific  li'ii!  way.  By  Jaues  Bonwick,  Author 

ol  "  Tue  Loit  of  the  Tasoiauiaaw." 


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lattle  Kike's  Charge. 

Kind  Whom  you  marry  ;  or,  The  Gardener's  Daughter.    By  tlio 

Ber.  G.  G.  Bowk. 
Mother's  I^ast  Words,  Our  Father's  Care,  <fcc.    By  Mrs.  Sewki.l. 
Never  Give  up.    A  Christmas  Story  for  Working  3Icn  and  their  Wives. 

Bj  Nklsiis  Brook. 
Nelly's  Bark  Days.    With  six  fuU-pagc  Illustrations.    V»y  the  Author 

of  Jessica's  First  Prajer." 
No  Gains  Without  Pains.    A  True  Story.    By  H.  C.  Knight. 
Not  Found  W^inting.    By  Rev.  Fekgcs  Ferguson,  M.A. 
Nothing  Like  Example.    By  Nblsie  Brook.    AV^ith  EnCTavingH. 
Passages  in  the  History  of  a  Shilling.    By  3Irs.  C.  L.  Balfoor. 
Passages  from  the  History  of  a  Wasted  Life.    Eight  first-class 

wood  engravin^^g.     Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Bitter  Bill,  the  Cripple.  A  Juvenile  Tale.  Cloth,  Is.;  paper  coven*,  Od. 
Bob  Bat.  A  Story  of  Barge  Life.   By  Mark  Gut  Pearse.    Illustrated. 
Bose  of  Cheriton.    By  Mrs.  Sewell.    Cloth  Is.*  paix^r,  (k1. 
Seven  Men.    By  the  Countess  de  Qasparin,  with  Introduction  by  J. 

H.  WsTLLAND.     Frontinpf'ece. 
Seven  Phials,  The ;  or,  The  Doctor's  Dream.    By  the  Author  of 

*'  The  iDsidious  Thier,"  «&o.     Limp  cloth. 
Steyne's  Orief ;  or,  Iiosing,  Seeking,  and  Finding.   Fancy  boards. 
Tales  from  liiife,  for  Mothers'  Meetings,  &c.    By  Henrietta  S. 

Strkattield  and  Emily  Streatfibld.  lUastrated  Clorh,  Is.;  paper,  Gd. 
Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar  Boom,  and  What  I  Saw  There.    By  T.  8. 

Aktbub.     Paper  covers,  Od.;  cloth.  Is. 
Three  Nights  with  the  Washingtonians.   By  T.  8.  Arthur.  Paper 

covers,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Tiny  Tim,  his  Adventures  and  Acquaintancea  A  Stoiy  of  London 

Life.     By  Francis  Horner.     Illustrated. 
Toil  and  Trust ;  or,  Life  Story  of  Patty,  the  Workhouse  Oirl. 

Bjr  Mrs.  Balfour.     llInstratioDs. 
Told  With  a  Purpose.    Temperance  Papers  for  tlic  People.    By  Kcv. 

J.  Ybaues.     lUastrated. 
Una's  Crusade,  and  other  Stories.    By  Adeline  Sergeant.    Illust. 
Wanderings  of  a  Bible,  and  My  Mother's  Bible.  AVith  Illustrations. 
What  of  the  Night  P  A  Temperance  Tale  of  the  Tinu's.  By  ^Iarianhk 

Fabni.ngham. 
When  the  Ship  Came  Home,  and  other  Stories.  By  J.  \V.  DuNOEr. 

lUastrated. 
Widow  Oreen  and  Her  Three  Nieces.  By  Mrs.  Ellis.   With  Illust. 
Widow's  Sixpence,  The. 
Widow's  Son  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 
Willie  Heath  and  the  House  Bent.    By  William  Leaks,  D.D. 

STORIES  AT  SIXPENCE. 

Some  Books  vrill  also  be  found  under  other  headings  at  this  pric9. 

Barton  Experiment,  The.    By  Author  of  '^Helen's  Babies." 

Black  Bob  of  Bloxleigh;  or.  We   Can  See  Through  It.    Wilb 

lUustr.itioDs      By  the  hev.  James  Ykamks. 
Black  Bully  The.  By  the  Widow  of  a  Publican,  A  Story  for  the  Times. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICVTIONS. 


Broken  Tongas,  The,  and  Ethel  Morley'a  Mission.     By  Emii.ij:: 

Searchfikli). 
Broken  Vow,  The.     By  Emilie  Seauchfield,  and  The  Drunkard^s 

Child.     By  Maky  Baskin. 
«« Buy  Your  Own  Cherries."  Prose  Edition.  By  J.  "\V.  Kirton.  Illust. 
Cabinet  of  Temperance  Tales. 
Caleb  Deane's  Clock.     By  Rev.  James  Yeames.  ;    and  Ethel,  by 

CFrAHLOTTE  M.  GRIFFITHS. 

Christopher  Thorpe's  Victory.    By  Nelste  Brook. 

Eight  Bells  and  their  Voices,  The. 

ESio  Forrester,  and  other  Popular  Stories.  Reprinted  from 
"Meliora."     By  JI.  A.  Paull.     With  origiual  Frontispiece. 

From  Darkness  to  Light. 

How  Jeremy  Chisselpcnce  Solved  the  Bona  Fide  Traveller  Ques- 
tion.    By  Frkkman.     Paper  covers. 

John  Worth ;  or  The  Drunkard's  Death. 

No  Work,  No  Bread.    By  tlie  Author  of  "Jessica's  First  Prayer." 

Pastor's  Pledge.    By  Rev.  William  Roaf. 

headings  for  the  "Y oune.   Short,  well-written  Stories.    In  paper  coven*. 

Romance  of  a  Bag,  and  other  Stories.    By  if.  A.  Paull. 

Silly  Shavings'  Thre^  Christmas  Days.    Uy  FiiANcrs  L'Estuange. 

Saved,  and  Tee  Pedlar's  Warning.     By  Emilie  Searciifield. 

Short  Stories  on  Temperance.    By  T.  II.  Evans. 

Sybil's  Secret ;  Bob  Wilton's  Christmas  Carol,  and  other  Tales. 
By  Emiliic  Skabciif if.li). 

Tales  and  Sketches.    By  John  ITilton. 

Those  Village  Bells,  and  Mabel  Rivers.  By  Emilie  Searciifield. 

Three  Years  in  a  Man  Trap.     Bv  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Thrilling  Tales  of  the  Fallen.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Uncle  Sam's  Farm  Fence.  An  American  Story,  revised  by  J.  W.Kirton, 


SMALLER   STORY  BOOKS  (in  Paper  Covers). 

Agnes  Maitland.     A  Prize  Tale.    2d. 

All  a  Pack  of  Nonsense ;  or.  Finny  Twitter,  and  7enny.  A  Tem- 
perance Tale  for  Cliildren.     By  T.  II.  Evans.     Id.     Illustrated. 

And  Baby  Too.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanev.    3d. 

Baby's  Amen.     A  Story  for  ^fothei-s.    By  ISlrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    3d. 

Big  Tom.    By  James  Galbraitii.    2d. 

Buy  Your  Own  Cherries.     By  J.  W.  Kirton.    Id. 

Caught  in  His  Own  Trap;  or,  Avoid  the  Appearance  of  Evil.  By 
T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 


Christmas  Stories  for  Children. 

1.  Lame  Dick's  Lantern. 

2.  Click's  Christmas  Box. 

8.  The  Foe,  and  How  to  Fight  Him. 
4.  Betty's  Bright  Idea. 
Christmas  in  Wilderness  Court. 


Id. 

5.  Bob. 

6.  Our  Poll. 

7.  Uncle  Hugh's  Dragon. 

8.  The  Distiller's  Daughter. 
Christmas  in  Paradise.     Christinas 


at  Farmer  Drink water'a.     Id. 
Clergyman's  Reasons  for  Teetotalism.    Id. 
Cripple  for  Life,  A.    A  Story  of  New  Year's  Day.    By  Ellen  Lips- 

combe.     2d. 


TEMPERANXE    PUBLIC/ITIONS. 


Dollie  and  Dottle.    A  Story  of  Humble  Lifa     By  the  Rev.  James 
YEAykS.     Illactrated.     Sd. 

Dr.  lagnum's  Sliding  S^ale.    A  Temperance  Story.    By  Mrs.  C,  L. 
Balfuur.     Id. 

Dress  and  Drink.    2d. 

Drunkard's  Bible,  The.  A  Temperance  Tule.  By  Mrs.  8.  C.  Hall.  M. 

Drunken  Father,  The.    A  Ballad.    Uy  UonEiiT  Bloomfield,  Aulhor 

of  "  The  Fanner's  Boy,"  Ac.     Illustrated.  Id. 
Drunken  Thief,  A.  A  Temperance  Tale.  By  an  Ed  in  burgh  Detective.  liL 
Zdward  Carlton.    An  American  Story.    2d, 
Famous  Boy,  A.    By  P.  SnEnLOCK.    Id. 

For  My  Children's  Sake.  A  Story  for  Mothers.  By  3Irs.G.  S.  Reanet.  3tL 
For  WiUie's  Sake.     By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    2d. 

Frank  Hilton.  I  like  to  Wear  my  Own  Clothes  first.  Touch  not, 
Taste  not  The  Temperance  CotUge.  Who  Will  Sign  ?  Will  joa  Treati 
lu  ?     Tom  Downwards.     2s.  per  100. 

Friendly  Words  on  Every  Day  liife.  A  Series  of  Narratives.  By 
Mrs.  G.  S.  Reaney.     Is.  perpacicet. 

Harry's  Pint.  How  Bill  Sim'th  Got  Right.  Twice  Dead.  Little  by 
Little.  A  word  in  Season.  The  Drunkard's  Wife.  The  Last  shall  be 
First.     48.  per  100. 

How  it  Happened ;  or  Lead  us  not  into  Temptation.  By  Alice 
Lee.     2d. 

Half-Hour  Tract  Series.    Id.  each 

John  Snow's  Wife.  Dr.  Sharp's  Stories. 


The  Two  Watchers. 

The  Two  Friends;   or,  Parting   and 

Meeting. 
Five  Black  Bottles ;  or,  Uncle  Robert's 

Ilamper. 
Sqnire  Armitage,  and  his  Remedies  for 

Intemperance. 
Waiting  for  the  Train;    and,  "Give 

11  im  a  Goblet." 


Ffpd  Davies.     The  Old,  Old  Story. 
The  Banker's  Clerk.     A  Narrative  of 

Facts. 
Am>'s  Little  Kettle,  and  its  Ilomely 

Song. 
Bank  Holiday;  or,  Ned  Carrington's 

Boer  Can ;  and  Dick's  First  Holiday. 
The  Story  of  John  Newsom ;  or,  Saved 
by  a  Milk  Tavern. 


Illtistrated  Books  for  the  People.    Clear  type,  and  a  profusion  of 
Illustrations.     Imperial  8vo.     16  pages.     Id. 

1.  A  Chip  of  the  Old  Block,  and  other  Readings. 

2.  Mrf.  Barton's  Best  Bed-room.    By  the  Author  of  "  Jessica's  First  Prayer," 

and  other  Readings. 

3.  The  Harwoods*  Two  Christmas  Days,  and  other  Readings. 

4.  How  John  Walters  Got  Rich,  and  other  Readings. 

5.  The  Best  Jug  to  fetch  Beer  in,  and  other  Temperance  Sketches. 

6.  The  Man  that  Killed  his  Neighbours,  and  other  Readings. 

7.  The  Fool's  Pence,  and  other  Readings. 

8.  John  Hammond's  Two  Wedding  Days. 

9.  A  Short  Life  and  a  Merry  One,  and  other  Sketches. 

10.  The  Gunner's  Yeoman ;  or,  The  Narrow  Squeak ;  and  other  Sketches  of 

Seafaring  Life. 

11.  Dick  Wilson's  Home,  and  What  Chanpfcd  it,  and  other  Readings. 

12.  Show  your  Colours,  and  other  True  Sketches  of  a  Soldier's  Life. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


J.  W.  Kirton^s  Penny  Series.    Id.  each,  or  Twelve  for  Is, 

Buy  yonr  owu  Cherries.  I  "  I'll  Vote  for  You  if  You'll  Vote  for 

Buy  your  own  Goose.  Me." 


Never  Game,  and  you  can*t  Gamble. 
Polly  Pratt's  Secret  for  Making?  Notes. 
Take  Care  of  your  "  'Tis  Bute." 
The  Wonder-working  Bedstead. 
Two  Ways  of  Keeping  a  Ilolidaj. 


Build  your  own  House. 
Christmas  "  'Tis  Buts." 
llow  Rachel  Hunter  bought  ber  own 

Cherries. 
*  Help  Myself  Society.** 
How  Sam  Adams'  Pipe  became  a  Pig.  J  Tim's  Tobacco  Box's  Birthday. 

Just  for  a  Lark.    A  Tale  for  AVorkiug  Men.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 

Kiss  of  Death ;  or,  the  Serpent  in  our  own  £den.    By  tlie  Hey.  J. 
R,  Vkrnox,  M.A.     4d. 

liina;  or,  Nobody's  Darling.     By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    2d. 

Little  Captain,   The.     A  Touching  Story  of   Domestic  Life.     By 
Lyndk  Palm  KB.     Id.     Fiftieth  thousand. 

Man  Without  a  Fault,  A.    A  Domestic  Story.    By  T.  II.  Evans.    Id. 
No  Room  at  Home.    A  new  Christmas  Story.    By  Mr?.  Cf.  S.  Rkaney. 

With  an  Tllnstraiinn  by  Thomas  Fafd,  B.A.     Paper  covers,  3d. 
Old  Man's  Story,  The.    A  BalUid  by  Mrs.  Sewell.    2d. 
One  Friendly  Glass  ;  or,  Giles  Fleming's  two  Christmascs.    By  John 

McLaughlin.     A  Story  in  Verse.     8d. 
Only  for  my  Baby's  Sake.   A  Temperance  Tract  for  Nui-sing  ilothers. 

Price  1p.  4d.  per  100 ;  23  post  free  for  5  stamps. 
Our  Een.  By  ^Irs.  Reaney.  With  an  Illustration  by  Mrs.  E.  M.  Ward.  Id. 
Our  Harry.    A  New  Year's  Address.     By  Fuedeuick  Siieulock.     Id. 
Only  One.   A  Story  for  Christian  Workers.   By  Kev.  C.Couktknay,  Id. 
Put  on  the  Break  Jim !    Id. 
Poor  liittle  Me;  or,  a  little  Help  is  worth  a  great  deal  of  Pity.    By 

Mrs.  G.  S.  Keanky.     4d. 
Saved  hy  Hope.    New  Year's  Address  for  1880.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Id. 
Sermon  in  Baby's  Shoes,  A.    By  JVIrs.  G.  S.  Reaney,  with  an  Illus- 
tration by  George  Crnikshank.     Paper  covers,  2d. 
Scotland's  Scaith ;   or,  the  History  of  Will  and  Jean.     By  Hector 

M'Neill.     Id. 
Shadow,  The :  How  it  came  and  went  away.    4d. 
Sorry  for  it.  A  Temperance  Story  for  Children.  By  Ursula  Gardner.  2d. 
Tales  from  Life.    JSix  Stories.   By  H.  S.  Streatfield  and  E.  Streat- 

FrELi).     fid.  per  packet. 
Teetotal  Tim.  A  Temperance  Story.  By  the  Rev,  C.  Courtenat.  Id. 
Tom  Bounce's  Dream.   A  Temperance  Story.  By  the  Rev.  C.  Covrti:- 

KAY.      Id. 

Tui  n  of  the  Tide,  The.    By  A.  J.  P.    Id. 

TJnsafe;  or,  Mother  Crippled  Me.    A  Temperance  Story.     By  Alice 

Price.    Id. 
Unsteady  Hand,  The.    A  Tale.    By  T.  S.  Arthur.    2d. 
Vp  and  Down  Lines,  The.    By  T.  C.  Booth.    Id. 
Why  She  Did  It.    A  Story  for  Sunday  School  Teachers.    Br  Mrs.  G. 

8.  Rkaxky.     Id. 
William  and  Mary ;  or,  the  Fatal  Blow.    By  Mrs.  Ellis.    2tl. 
Young  Crusaders,  The;  or,  Every  Man  a  Hero.     By  Rev.  John  B. 

Crozier.    Illustrated.     Id. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


POETRY. 

£8cai>e  from  Loch  Leven.  A  Poem.  By  Francis  Draper.    Paper,  Is. 
Harold  Olynde.    A  Poem.    By  Edayaud  Foskett.    Paper  eovcrs^  fld. ; 

cloth  boardf,  Is.  Od. 
Leaves  from  the  Bank  of  Severn.  By  A.  L.  Westcomue.  Illustrateil. 

Beautifully  printed  on  toned  paper,  and  attractively  bouiid  in  cloth  with 

gilt  lettering,  2^.  6d.  and  58. 
If  ark  Uanley's  Bevenge.   Bv  Johk  McLacohlin.   Paper  coven?,  Is. 
If  ary  of  Gar-way  Farm  ;  the  Despised  Wnming.  By  IIaruiet  Cave.  2d. 
UiUy's  Uissicn ;  or,  Harry  and  his  Mother,    i^y  IIarriet  C'ave.    2d. 
Old  fctoiy,  -An.    A  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.    By  S.  ('.  Hall,  F.8.A., 

Barriiiter.at-law,  Kditor  of  the  Art  Jotinialy  &c.     5*. 
One   Friendly  Glass;    or,  Giles  Fleming's  Two   Xmases.      By  J. 

HcLauoulin.     Paper  covori,  8d. 
Professor    Alccholico,  the   Wonderful   Magician.      By  Joseph 

MALirs.     illuBtratioDs,  by   G.  II.  Bsunascom.     U.  Od. 
Ctqnire  Bardman^s  Daughter.    By  John  McLaughlin.    A  Story  in 

Veree.     2s.  Cd. 
Story  cf  Xing  Alcchol,  The.    A  Temperance  Lay.    By  Sidney  Ire- 

LAiCD.      3d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The.  A  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.  By  S.  C. 
Hall,  F.S.A.  Pticc  Is. ;  bandeome  cloth  boards,  gilt,  28.  A  Drawing 
hoom  Edition,  small  4to,  with  Thirty-six  Pages  ot  Prose  Notes,  hand- 
somely bound,  printed  on  fine  paper,  58. 

Unveiled.    A  Vision.    By  Edwabd  Foskett.    .*Jd. 

Weal  and  Woe  of  Caledonia.  By  John  AKDEitsoN.  Paper  C<1. ;  cloth,  Is. 

RECITERS,    READERS,   &c. 

Abstaiser*8  Companicn,  The.    A  Collection  of  Original  Temperance 
Headings  in  Prose  and  Verse    (being  Ecanb*8  Ttvipr ranee  Aimval  for 
1877-8-y).  Handcoraely  pilt,  cloth  boards.     Is.  Cd.,  putt  free. 
Band  of  Hope  Series  of  Recitations  issued  by  the  Scottish  Tem- 
perance Leagne.     Nos,  1  and  2,  Id.  eacb. 

Casket  of  Ten^perance  Readings  in  Prose.  Second  Edition.  A 
choice  selection,  suitable  for  young  people.  250  pHges.  Cloth  boards, 
attractive  giit  lettering,  Is.  Od. 

Drops  of  Water.  A  choice  volume  of  Temixrance  Poems,  mosll}'  suit- 
able for  Bccitatiou.  By  Ella  Whxelek,  tbe  gifttd  American  writer. 
With   Frontispiece  portrait  of  the  Antliores?.     Gilt  edges,  Is. 

Svery  Band  of  Hope  Boy's  Reciter,  containing  Original  Recitations, 
Dialogues,  &c.  By  8.  Knowles.  TweWe  ^' umbers.  Id.  each  ;  in  two 
parts,  6d.  each  ;  complete  vol.,  Is. 

Fireman's  Wedding,  The.    By  W.  A.  Eaton.  Id. 

International  Readings,  Recitations,  and  Selections,  for  Tcm- 
fterauce  and  Social  Gatberings.  Edited  by  Jacob  Spenck,  Secretary  of 
the  Outaiio  Temperance  League.     Is.  6d. 

Kirton's  Band  of  Hope  Reciter.     Boards.  Is. ;  cloth  gilt,  Is.  Gd. 

Kirton's  Standard  Temperance  Reciter.  Boards,  Is. ;  cloth  gilt,  Is.  Gd. 

Leaflet  Reciter,  for  Bands  of  Hope.  By  T.  II.  Ev ANa    50  ai^sorted,  Od. 

National  Temi>erance  Orator.  A  Collection  of  Prose  and  Poetry, 
with  Dialogvef.    Edited  by  Miss  L.  Pinnit.    la. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


New  Band  of  Hope  Reciter.    Paper  covers,  3d. ;  clolh  boards,  6d. 

Kew  Temperance  Reciter,  and  Teetotaler's  Hand-book.    Paper 
covers,  8d. ;    cloth  boards,  Cd.    The  two  vols,  together  in  cloth  boards,  Is. 

Onward  Reciter,  The.    9  vols.  Is.  6d.  each. 

Origrinal  Readings  and  Recitations  in  Prose  and  Verse.  By  W. 
A.  Eaton.     Cd. 

Original  Temperance  Reciter,  The.  By  Thomas  FEATiiEiiSTOirc.  4d. 

Pocket  Temperance  Reciter,  The.  rtosc  and  Poetry  selected  from 
the  best  trriters.     300  pages,  cloth,  lettered,  post  free  for  is. 

Popular  Temperance  Beciter.    By  A.  Sargant.    In  pai'ts,  2d.  each. 

Prize  Pictorial  Readings,  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Illuslrating  all  Phases 
of  the  Temperance  QoestioQ.  By  various  writers,  40  original  Woodcuts. 
176  pages.  Elegantly  bound  in  cloth  gilt,  2s. 

Rainbow  Readings.  Being  a  selection  from  **Prize  Pictorial  Readings." 
114  pages,  Illustrated,  strongly  bound  in  cloth,  Is. 

Readings  and  Recitations,  chiefly  on  Temperance.  By  IIarriet  A. 
Glazkbrook.     Cd. 

Readings  for  Winter  Gatherings,  Temperance  and  Mothers'  Meet- 
ings. £dited  by  the  liev.  James  Fleming.  Ist,  2ud  and  3rd  series, 
Is.  6d.  each. 

Recitations  and  Dialogues  for  Bands  of  Hope.  *  In  18  penny  num- 
bers. Pi-ice  Id.  each  number,  or  9d.  per  dozen  (assorted).  Postage  Id. 
for  6.  Nos.  1  to  6,  7  to  12,  13  to  18,  in  vols.  6d.  each.  Nos.  1  to  12,  ia 
handsome  illuminated  cloth  binding.  Is.  6d. 

Rhyming  Temperance  Advocate;  or,  The  Old  Tnillis  in  a  New 
Dress.  Being  a  set  of  Teetotal  Speeches,  written  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing on  a  Temperance  Meeting  entirely  in  poetry,  or  for  individual  recita- 
tion.    By  TnouAs  Fkathkbstonr.    2d. 

Star  Reciter,  The.  A  Collection  of  Prose  and  Poetical  Gems  from 
British  and  American  Authors.     By  J.  A.  Fsbguson.     Is.  6d. 

Temperance  Dialogues  and  Recitations,  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Paper 
covers,  Cd. 

Temperance  Orator,  The  :  Comprising  Speeches,  Readings,  Dialogues, 
and  Illustrations  of  the  evil  of  Intemperance.    By  Professor  Duncam.    Is. 

Temperance  Speaker ;  or  the  Good  Templars*  Reciter.  By  Professor 
Duncan.     Is. 

Treasury  of  Recitations,  Dialogues,  and  Readings,  in  Poetry  and 
Prose.     Parts  1  and  2,  6d.  each,  complete  in  paper  bdards,  la. 

Wreck  of  the  Princess  Alice.  A  Survivor's  Story.  By  W.  A.  Eaton.  Id. 

DIALOGUES,  ENTERTAINMENTS,  &o. 

Brothers,  The ;  or,  Lost  and  Found.    A  Teini)erancc  Drama  for  eleven 

Characters.     By  William  Aldriuok,  Jun.     Id, 
Darning  a  Cobweb.    A  Humorous  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Women. 

By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Evening  Call,  The.    A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    By  T. 

H.  Evans.     Id. 
Fast  Asleep.    A  Dialogue  for  six  !Males  and  one  Female.    Id. 
Foolish  Francis.    A  Dialogue  for  two  Ladies  atfd  one  Gentleman.    By 

T.  U.  KVANS.      Id. 

Geoffrey  Ghrainger's  Guests.  A  Dialogue  on  Bad  Trado.  Fur  six 
Males  and  one  Female.    By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Earriet  Harland's  Hosband.     Dialogue  for  two  Ludies  and  two 

Gentlemen.     Bjr  T.  H.  £vans.     Id.     Seventh  thousaud. 
Juvenile  Frolic,  The ;  or,  The  Teetotal  Chairman  in  Fix.     By 

Thomas  Fkathkrstone.     Id. 
Juvenile  Tc-mxieraoce  Discussion,  The,  for  Sixteen  Youths.     By 

Thovas  Ffatiierstone.     2d. 
Hilly  Morton^s  Mistake;  or,  The  Little  Missionary.    A  I)i:ilofl:ue  for 

two  Ladies,  one  Gentleman,  and  a  little  Girl.     Bj  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
moderation  versus  Abstinence ;  or.  Our  Temperance  Discussion. 

A  Social  Sketch  for  eight  Characters.     By  F.  ALitKRr  Saykrs.     2d. 
Moderation  t<:rftuM  Tctol  Abstinence,  and  other  Dialogues.     By 

K.  E.  C.    3d. 
Mysterious  Stranger,   The.    Dialogue  for  Three  Young  ]^Ien    By  T. 

U.  Evans.     Id. 
Kancy  Nathan*s  Nosegay.    A  Temi)erance  ()i>cretta  for  a  Lady  imd 

Gentleman.     By  T.  II.  Evans.     Second  Edition.     3d. 
National  Soberiety.  A  Dialogue  between  a  Physician,  Publiain,  and  a 

Person.     By  Kev.  Dawson  Burns.     Id. 
Original  and  Complete  Temi>erance  or  Band  of  Hope  Entertain- 
ment, An,     By  M.  T.  Yates.     8d. 
Out  of  the  World.    Humorous  Dialogue  for  two  Young  ^len.    By  T. 

H.  Evans.     Id. 
B3creative  Pleadings.    A  Series  of  Recitations  written  to  enable  a 

Chairmaa  and  fourteen  Jnveniles  to  carry  on  a  Temperance  Meeting,  or 

for  tingle  Itecitation.     By  Thomas  Feathebstone.     2d. 
83lina  Selby's  Stratagem ;  or,  The  Three  Cripples.     A  Temi>erance 

Entertainment  for  two  Ladies  and  fonr  Gentlemen.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    3d. 
SDmething  mora  dangerous  than  Fire,  and  other  Dialogues.  By 

B.  E.  C     Paper  cover*,  3d. 
Ssmething  to  their  Advantage.  A  Dialogue  for  five  Young  Men.  By 

T.  n.  Evans.     Id. 
Teetotal  Sunday.  A  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.  ByT.  II.  Evans.   Id. 
Teetotalism  Triumphant.      A  TragioComic  Dramatic  Sketch,  for 

twenty  Characters.     8d. 
Temperance  Dialogues  and  Becitations.     Original  and  Select,  in 

Poetry  and  Prose.     6d. 
Temperance  Minstrels.    An  £vcning*s  Entertainment  for  three  Chor- 

act^-ra.     By  T.  Dowsing.     Id. 
Tippler's  Blunder,  The.  A  Musical  Dialogue  for  a  Lady  and  Gentleman 

and  two  httle  Girla.     See  Ei^ns's  Temperance  Annual,  \SV^.     3d. 
Treasury  Dialogues  for  Sunday  Schools  and  Bands  of  Hope.    By 

G.  WuiTC  Armstrong.     Paper  covers,  la.;  cloth,  Is. 
Trial  of  Baneful  Alcohol.    A  comimnion  to  tlie  Trial  of  John  Barley- 
corn.   By  Thomas  Grikfiths.    3d. 
Trial  of  John  Barleycorn,  alias  Strong  Drink.  By  Fkancis  Beard- 

8AI.L.      2d. 

Trial  of  Dr.  Abstinence,  Temperance  Advocate,  or  the  Trial  of 
John  Barleycorn  reversed.     By  Thomas  Featheustonk.     3d. 

Trial  of  Suits  at  the  Brewster  Sessions ;  A,  or  Laugh  on  the 
License  Day.     By  Thomas  Featherstone.    3d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Timothy  Traffic.    By  T.  Fkatiieustone.    9d. 

Trials  and  Troubles  of  an  Aspiring  Publican.  An  Entertainment 
for  eighteen  Charaoters.    2d. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Try  your  Best ;  or,  Proof  against  Failure.     By  W.  Wightman. 

dd.     A  Band  of  Hope  Eotertaioment. 
Two  Madmen,  The.     A  Humorous  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men. 

Bj  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Vacant  Chair,  The.  An  Original  Sketcli.  BytwoW/s.  5th  Edition.  2(1. 
Village  Bane,  The  ;  or,  Two  High  Boads  of  Life.    A  Temperance 

Drama  in  Three  Acts,    By  A.  Moulds.     8d. 
Vincent  Varley's  Vision.    A  Dialogue  for  four  Characters.     (Evans's 

Annual,  1880.)     3d. 
Water  Sprite,  The.    A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    (See 

Evans'ii  Temperance  Anmtalf  1877.)     3d. 
Where  there's  a  Will,  there's  a  Way.     An  Entertainment  for  ^vc 

Characters.     By  Miss  £.  H.  Hickley.     4d. 
Why  Matthew  Mason  could  not  eat  his  Supper.    A  Dialogue  for  a 

Ladj,  Gentleman,  and  Liitlo  Boy.     {Evanses  Annual,  1878.)     Sd. 

TEMPERANCE  MUSIC,  SONGS.  HYMNS,  Ac. 

^Adviser  Album,  of  Hymns  and  Temperance  Songs.     In  Tonic  Sol-fa, 

2d.  each. 
Band  of  Hope  Melodies,  for  Festive  Gatherings.  Nos.  1  to  32,  Id.  each. 

Parts  1  to  5,  6d.  each.     Vols.  1  and  2,  Is.  6d.  cloth  boards. 
Band  of  Hope  Treasury  Music.     Both  notations.     6  Nos.  Id.  each ; 

or  in  cover,  Gd. 
Book  of  Sjng  for  Bands  of  Hope,  compiled  by  the  Kev.  James 

Yeames.     Id.  and  2d.     Mosic  and  VVords,  paper,  Is.  6d. ;  oloth,  2s.  6d. 
Bring  me  the  Bowl;   Marching  on  to  Victory;  King  Bi bier's 

Army ;  Our  Home  is  Not  what  it  Used  to  be ;  and  The  Poor  Drankard'« 

Child.     Songs  with  Chorus.     Old  Notation,  3d. ;  Sol-fa,  Id.  each. 
British  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.    450th  thousand.    Id 
Bugle  Notes.    A  Collection  of  Pieces  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Home 

Circle.     Edited  by  W.  M.  Miller.     Tonic  Sol-fa,  paper  covers,  '.14^. ; 

Old  Notation,  cloth,  9d. 
Capper's  Golden  Chords.     Old  Notation,  2s.;  Words,  Id. 
Crystal  Spring,  The.    90  Pieces.    Old  Notation,  Is.  and  Is.  4d. ;  or  in 

ten  Penny  Numbers.     Tonic  Sol-fa  Edition,  8d.   and  Is.,  or  in  fourteen 

Halfpenny  Numbers. 

Crystal  Fount,  containing  Hymns,  Songs,  and  Bounds.  With  music, 
6d. ;  words.  Id. 

Halfpenny  Melody  Book,  A.  53  Hymns.  Old  Notation  and  Sol-fa 
Music,  6d.  and  9d.     Words  only,  3s.  per  100,  paper ;  9s.  per  100,  cloth. 

Harold  Qlynde,  a  Poem,  by  Edward  Foskett,  forming,  with  Original 
Musi 3  by  the  following  Composers,  a  novel  and  popular  Cantata :  John 
Stainer,  M.A.,  Mus.  Doc;  C.  S.  Jekyll,  composer  to  H.  M.  Chapeli  Royal; 
G.  C.  Martin,  Mus.  Bac. ;  J.  6.  Callcott ;  Henry  Guy ;  Harper  Kearton ; 
James  Thomson,  A.R.A.M. ;  Fred.  C.  Sevan;  W.  H.  Bonner;  John  Corn- 
wall, and  James  A.  Birch.  Words  and  Music,  Old  Nota^on,  paper. 
Is.  6i. ;  cloth,  2s.  fid. ;  Tonic  Sol-fa,  paper,  Is. ;  cloth,  2«.  Wordi  only, 
paper,  6d.,  cloth,  Is.  Cd. 

Hoyle's  Hymns  and  Songs.    217  Pieces.    Paper  cover,  1  Id.;  cloth, 
3d. ;  large  type,  cloth,  fid.     Old  Notation  music  and  words,  paper,  is,  8d.; 
cloth,  28.  fid. ;  Tonic  Sol-fa,  cloth,  Is.  8d. 
Hoyle^a  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.  145  Pieces.  Paper  cover,  Id.;  clo., 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Hymns  ond  Songs  for  Bands  of  Hope,  prepared  by  the  United  KiDg- 
dom  Baiidof  U(»pe  XJuioii.  Words  odIj,  Id.,  l|d.,  2d.,  abd  3d.  Mutioaud 
Vvorda,  eiiberK<»tation,  paper,  li.  6d.;  clo.  limp,  £«.;  cloth  bds.  gilt,  2«.  6d. 

Hymn  for  Abstainers.  A.  Words  by  Fredekick  Sheulock.  Thir- 
teenth tbcasand.     Id. 

Hymns  for  Temperance  Meetingr.    By  R  G.  Mason.    Cloih,  3d. 

Kirton'8l24  Hymns.  Suitable  for  all  Ordinary  Meetings;  no  ixicaliar 
metrep.     Id. 

Little  Harry.    Leaflet,  Id. 

Helcdies  for  Temperance  Meetings  and  Bands  of  Hope.  Com- 
piled by  RtT.  J.  '1  UNMCLirr.     82  pages.     Price  ^d. 

Kerry  Temperance  Songster,  containing  Humoious  Songs,  Ducts, 
and Trioa  for  T*^niperance EnterUuDroents.    Compiled  ly  C  J.  IJ avaut.    2d. 

Honntain  Bill,  The,  for  Bands  of  Hope.    In  Tonic  Sol-fii,  2d. 

My  Happy  Home.  A  New  Temperance  Song,  with  vocnl  and  piano- 
forte accompatiiment.     6d. 

National  Temperance  Hymnal,  The.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  John 
CoMPSTON.  4y0  Pieces.  Paper  c^ver,  3d. ;  limp  clotb,  4d.  j  best  clotb,  6d. 
ToDic  Sol-fa  Edition,  mneio  and  woids  complete.  Paper,  Ss.  6d. ;  limp 
ciotb,  3s  ;  strong  dutb,  3s.  6d. ;  best  bindiuf?.  4;!.  6d. 

Vaticnal  Ttmperance  Hymnal,  The.  Monthly  Parts.  Muhic  and 
words,  arranged  for  4  voices  and  the  pianoforte.     2(J.  cacb. 

National  Temperance  Hymn  and  Song  Book.  78  IJymns,  60  Songs, 
and  14  HecitHti(>ns.     132  pages.     2d. 

New  Jubilee  Song,  The  (Sung  at  the  National  Temperance  Jubilee 
Fett^  by  3.000  Adult  Voices  at  tbe  Crystal  Palace,  Sept.  2nd).  Words  by 
Edwakd  Koskktt.     Masic  by  J.  A.  Bikch.     Botb  Notntious.     Id.  each. 

Penny  National  Temperance  Hymn  Book  for  the  Temperance  Meet- 
ting  and  the  Absuiner's  Home.  Compiled  by  tbcKev.  Hknuy  A.  Hammond. 
Contains  75  Hymns  in  large  type. 

Popular  Melodies  and  Hymns  for  Temperance  Bands  of  Hope  and 
Social  IJeetings.     By  tbe  Kev.  6.  M.  Murpuy.     Price  Id. 

Scottish  League  Hymn  Book.    By  the  Rev.  T.  C.  Wilson.    2d. 

Songs  sung  by  tbe  Swiss  Alpine  Choir.     Id.  each. 


Beware  of  Drink. 
He  Never  Told  a  Lie. 
Tbe  Basy  Housewife. 
The  First  Cuckoo. 


Voa  will  N  kver  be  Sorry  if  tbe  Pledge 

Toa  Sign. 
The  Sober  Man. 

Ten  Thousand  Voices  answer  "No." 
The  Wife's  Ajipeal. 

Standard  Book  of  Song,  The,  for  Temperance  Meetings  and  Home 
Use.     A  Collection  of   298  Temperance,  Moral,  and  Sacred  Songs  and 
Anthems,  compiled  by  T.  BowiCR  ;  J.  A.  Bikcii,  Mus.  Kditor.  Words  only, 
]>aper  covers,  2d. ;  limp  cloth,  3d. ;  cloth  bdi>.,  gilt,  6d.     Music  and  Words, 
either  Notation,  limp  clotb,  3s.  CU. ;  clotb  bd«.,  bevelled,  red  edg^s,  5s. 
Also  in  nine  parts,  4  J.  each.     A  most  excellent  svlectiou  of  good  music. 
Teetotal  Hymns.    By  W.  Chapman.    48  pages.    Id. 
Temperance  Choralist,  The,  consisting  ot  Original  Temperance  Glees, 
Pisrt  Songs,  and  Choruses.     Edited  by  J.  A.  Biucu,  Gentleman  of  U.M.'s 
Chapels  Hojal.     Nos.  1  and  2  ready  in  eitber  Notation,  l^d.  eacb. 
Temperance  C  ource,  The.    A  new  edition  of  this  Elementary  Course 
for  Temperance  Classes.    By  John  Cukwen  and  J.  SrENCiu  Ct'UWKN. 
Price  6d. ;  or  in  six  numbers  1  d.  each. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Texnperance  Hymns  and  Songs,  with  Tunes,  published  under  the 

direction  of  the  Charoh  of  England  Temperance  Society.     Paper  coversi 

Is.  Gd. ;  cloth  boards,  28.  Gd.     Words  onlj,  2d. 
Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs.     For  the  Use  of  Methodist  Bands  of 

Hope  and  Temperance  Societies.      IGmo,  Id. ;   Ump  clotb,  2d.      Music 

with  Words,  in  paper  covers.  Is.  :   limp  cloth,  Is.  6J. ;  cloth  gilt,  28.  Gd. 
Temperance  Melodies  and  Hymns :  Compiled  uuder  the  direction  of 

the   Leicester  Temperance   Society,  with  a  Preface   by  Tuomas   Cook. 

Paper  coverH,  3d. ;  cloth  boards,  Gd. 
Temperance  Melodies  and  Religious  Hymns.    Compiled  by  the  Kev. 

G.  T.  CosTF.u.     Price  Id. 
Temperance  Stories  with  Song,  similar  in  style  to  the  Sunday  School 

**  Services  of  Song."      Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  3d.  each ;  2s.  8d.  per 

dozen.     Words  of  the  pieces  ouly,  38.  per  100, 

1.  Little  Davie;  or.  That  Child.     Story  by  Mrs.  G.  S.  Beanet. 

2.  John  Tregenoweth— His  Mark.     From  the  Story  by  the  Eev.  Maek  Gut 

Pearsb. 

3.  Barb's  Joy.     By  M.  A.  Paull. 

4.  The  Sttirt  in  Life.     By  John  Nash  (not  issued  in  the  Old  Notation). 

5.  Jessica's  First  Prayer.     Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  4d. ;  3s.  per  doi. 
Templar's  Course,  The.  Edited  by  Joun  Curwen  and  A.  L.  Cowley. 

By  authority  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England.     An  elementary  coarse  for 

Templar  Classes,  &c.     Price  Cd.,  or  in  three  numbers,  2d.  each. 
Templar's  Lyre,  The.  A  popular  Collection  of  Temperance  Part  Songs. 

By  authority  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England.     Price  in  wrapper.  Is. ;  or 

in  six  numbers,  2d.  each. 
True-Hearted  Veteran,  The.    Leaflet,  Id. 
Welcome  Home.    A  Service  of  Song.    By  W.  P.  "VV.  Buxton.    4d. 

PLEDGE   BOOKS,   &c. 

Onward  Fledge  Book.  Thirty  pledges,  with  counterfoil.  Paper 
coyer,  Gd.     Seventy  pledges,  Is.     150,  23. 

Pledge  Books  for  Temperance  Societies.  Oblong.  Is.  and  28., 
cloth,  interleaved  with  blotting-paper,  and  adapted  either  for  Bands  of 
Hope  or  Adult  Societies.     The  pledge  on  top  of  each  page. 

Pledge  Books.  Same  as  the  above,  bound  in  cloth  boards.  1  s.  6d.  &  28. 6d. 

Pledge  Book.  Square.  Strongly  bound  in  cloth,  interleaved  witli 
blotting-paper,  the  pledge  at  the  top  of  each  page.     3s.  6d.  and  te.  6d. 

Pledge  Scroll,  printed  in  cx)lour8,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top  and 
bottom  rollers.  Buled  for  100  signatures.  For  either  Temperance  Sodstict 
or  Bands  of  Hope.     8s.  each. 

Pocket  Temperance  Pledge  Book,  interleaved  with  blotting-paper. 
Limp  doth,  Od. 

Sunday  School  Teacher's  Class  Pledge  Book,  The.  6d.  in  neat 
cloth  cover.  Provision  is  made  for  the  Teacher  to  give  a  Certificate  from 
the  Book  to  each  Scholar  who  signs. 

Temperance  Certificate  Pledge  Book,  The.  For  the  pocket.  Con- 
taining twenty-four  pledges  (with  counterfoil).  The  pledge,  whioh  ii  per* 
forated  for  tearing  out,  is  neatly  printed  on  stout  paper,  encircled  by  a 
fancy  border  and  Scripture  Texts,  forming  a  valuable  Pocket  CompanioB 
for  Temperance  Missionaries,  District  Visitors,  and  abstoinen  goienUy. 
Limp  cloth,  6d. ;  48  pledges.  Is. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


PLEDGE   CARDS. 

The  cott  of  carriage  U  not  included  in  the  prices  <jiven  under  this  heading. 

BiitiBh  League  Pledge  Card  for  Adults.    2<1.,  or  10s.  per  100. 
British  Lieague  Pledge  Card.    Suitable  for  Adults  unci  Families.    Od., 

or  50«.  per  100. 
British  Ijeague  Pledge  Card  for  Juveniles.    2d.,  or  lOs.  per  100. 
British  Ijeague  New  Pledge  Card.    7{  by  94  inches,  6d.,  or  8!^  per 

100. 
Cheltenham  Adult  Pledge  Card.    No.  3.    7  J  by  10.    Steel  en  graying, 

saperior  design,     2d.  each,  or  Ss.  6d.  per  100  plain  ;  3d.  each,  or  17t.  per 

100  colonred. 
Cheltenham  Adult  Pledge  Card.    No.  2.    From  a  fine  engraving  on 

steel,  on  good  card,  71  bj  5|,  Id. ;  Cs.  per  100.  Coloured  2d. ;  129.  per  100. 
Cheltenham  Adult  Pledge  Card.  No.  1.  4f  by  8^.   An  emblematical 

design  in  violet.     Very  neat.     Ss.  ner  3  00. 
Cheltenham  Band  of  Hope  Cara.    No.  2.    A  beautiful  steel  engra- 
ving, on  good  card,  7i  by  5f,  Id. ;  6i.  per  100.  Coloured,  2d. ;  128.  per  100. 
Cheltenham  Band  of  Hope  Card.      No.  1.    Same  size,  design,  and 

price  aa  "  Adalt  No.  1." 
Cheltenham  Family  Pledge  Card.    14^  by  1 1  .\.    A  beautiful  design 

in  gold  and  coloars.     Is. 
Christian  Temperance  Pledge  Card.     Id. ;  Gs.  per  100. 
Cook's  Cards  for  Temi>erance  Societies  and  Bands  of  Hope.    5  b}' 

34  inches.     5s.  per  100  plain  ;  8b.  coloured. 
FlorsJ  Border  Card,  printed  in  seven  rx)lour8;  with  blank  centre  for 

societiee  to  print  their  own  pledge,  &c.,  2d. ;  12s.  per  100.  Printing  extra. 
Glasgow  Adult  Pledge  Card.  No.  1.  6^  by  4|.    A  pretty  Uoral  design 

printed  in  colours.     Id., or  6s.  per  100. 
Glasgow  Adult  Pledge  Card.    No.  2.    8  by  64.    A  most  attractive 

design  in  gold  and  colours.     2d.  each,  or  12s.  per  100. 
Glasgow  Adult  Pledge  Card.    No.  8.    Same  size,  design,  nnd  price  as 

the  '*  Familjr "  Card,  but  differently  lettered. 
Glasgow  Senior  Band  of  Hope  Card.    9  by  11  i^.    No.  1.    A  pretty 

design  beautifully  printed  in  tints  and  gold.     Price  3d.,  or  18b.  per  100. 
Glasgow  Senior  Band  of  Hope  Card.    No.  2,    Entirely  new  design 

in  gold  and  colours.     10  by  12.     Price  6d. 
Glasgow  Family  Pledge  Card.    ISJ  by  10^.    A  richly  Illuminated 

design  in  gold  and  colours.     Is. 
Glasgow   Band   of  Hope   Card.     No.  1.     Same  size,  design,  and 

price  as  *' Adult  No.  1,"  but  differently  lettered. 
Glasgow  Band  of  Hope  Card.     No.  2.    A  new  and  beautiful  design 

in  gold  and  colours.     2d.,  or  12s.  per  100. 
Hayter's  Band  of  Hope  Member's  Card.    8  by  8.    Lithographed  in 

four  colours.     28.  6d.  per  100.     A  very  cheap  card. 

»r's  Illustrated  Pledge.    22  by  15.    In  beautiful  tints  j  drawn 

by  John  Hayter.     Is. 

;er'8  Temperance  Pledge  Card.    Same  size,  design,  and  price 

as  aboTe. 
Iieague  Ploral  Card.    Printeil  in  seven  colours,  with  pledge.     New, 

3d.;  lSs.perl00. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


League  Illuminated  Card.  In  cx)loar8.  13  by  10  inches,  New,  Gd. ; 
48.  6d.  per  dos. 

Private  Temperance  Pledge  Card.  3  by  44.  A  very  neat  card  in 
red  and  black,  with  thH  word  **  eooiety  "  omitted.     Id.,  or  43.  6d.  per  100. 

Senior  Member's  Fledge  Card.  17^  by  12}.  Printed  in  gold  and 
ohaate  colours.     9d.  each,  or  Gs.  9d.  per  doz. 

Union  Band  of  Hope  Pledge  Card.  No.  4.  Beautifully  illuminated 
in  fonr  colonrs.     63.  per  100. 

Union  Band  of  Hope  Pledge  Card.  No.  2.  Contains  four  Pictures, 
representative  of  Prayer,  Work,  Study,  and  Play.  Executed  in  bright 
colours.  Id. ;  6s.  per  1  0. 

Union  Band  of  Hope  Member's  Pledge  Card.  No.  3.  Most  beauti- 
fully Illuminated  in  ten  workings.     2d.  each,  or  10s.  per  100. 

Wild's  Temperance  Pledge  Card.  A  very  neat  design  on  stout  card, 
6  by  4^,  with  ornamentdl  border.     Id.,  or  6s.  per  100. 

Wild's  Miniature  Temperance  Pledge  Card.  On  good  card,  and 
same  design  as  above,  without  border.     3  by  44<     ^d.,  or  39.  per  100. 

Wild's  Band  of  Hope  Pledge  Card^  Embellished  with  two  appro- 
priate Illustrations.     In  a  neat  border.      6  by  4'..     Id.  or  Gs.  per  100. 

Wild's  Minature  Band  of  Hope  Pledge  Card.  Same  design  as 
above,  without  border.     4^*  ^^  ^^-  P^^  ^^^> 

MEDALS,  STARS,   BADGES,   &c. 

**  Total  Abstinence"  Cross.    With  Heart  and  Anchor  centre ;  to  wear 

on  ribbon,  watch. chain,  &c.,  in  bronze.    Is. 
Standard  Silver  Cross  or  Brooch.  Enamelled  in  three  colours.    3s.  Gd. 
Bands  of  Hope  Medals.    In  best  white  metal.    No,  1,  Gd.  per  dozen; 

No.  2,  Id.  each ;  No.  3,  2d.  each  (two  patterns) ;  No.  4,  Sd.  each  (two 

patterns) ;  No.  5,  6d.  each. 
Temperance  Medals  for  Adults.    Od.  (three  sorts),  6d  and  Od.  each. 
Medal  Suspenders.    With  pin.    H  each,  or  Is.  per  dozen. 
Silver  Medals  to  order. 

Oval  I.  O.  G.  T.  Medal.  With  tricolour  ribbon  and  enamelled  pin,  lOd. 
Good  Templar  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity  Emblem.    Enamelled  in 

three  colours,  with  pin.     Is.  6d. 
Star    Badges    for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Temperance    Societies. 

With  clasped  hands,  Is.  2d. ;  with  ribbon,  Is.  Sd. 
Templar  Cross  or  Brooch.    Enamelled,  lOcl ;  with  ribbon  and  pin,  Is. 
Band  of  Hope  Scarf.    Blue  or  cerise,  and  ornaments.    Is.  3dL 
N.B. — Name  of  Society  printed  on  ribbons  in  gilt  letters  for  2t.  6d.  per  dosen. 

CATECHISMS   FOR  JUVENILES. 

Catechism  for  Bands  of  Hope.  Compiled  by  the  Key.  G.  Bayldon.  Id. 
Catechisnis  on  Alcohol.    By  Julia  Colman,  of  New  York.    Revised 

and  adapted  tor  English  Bands  of  Hope.     Id. 
Catechism  for  Juvenile  Societies,  A.    By  the  Rev.  GEOitaE  Patbr* 
SON,  East  Liuton.     Illustrated,     {d. 

Temperance  Catechism ;  or,  Band  of  Courage  Conversations.  By 
Bev.  Dayjd  Macmak.    Id. 


TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATIONS. 


ilIjUminatbd  texts,  &c. 

Temperance  Texts  and    Mottoes.    In  colours,  Floral  designs;  for 
rewards,  wall  decorationi,  3ic. 

Packet  No.  1.   2«.   Consisting  of  Srx  Illuminated  Floral  Scripture 
Texts.     10  incbee  by  7  inches. 

"  Wiue  is  a  mocker,  strong  drink  is  racing." 
'*  Strong  drink  sball  be  bitter  to  them  that  drink  it." 
'*  He  who  loveth  wine  sball  not  be  rich/' 
'*  Thoa  sbalt  not  drink  wine." 

'*  Bread  shall  be  giren  him,  his  water  shall  be  sure." 
''Abstain  from  all  uppenrance  of  evil." 
Packet  No.  2  (uniform  with  No.  1).    2s.    Containing  Six  Illuminated 
Floral  Cabds.     Selected  from  the  Poets. 

"  Honest  water  which  ne'er  left  man  i'  the  mire." 
'*  Lessened  drink  brings  doubled  bread." 
"  Qoaffing  and  drinking  will  nndo  you." 
"  Becoming  graces :  Jostice,  Verity,  Temperance." 
"  Oh  that  men  shoald  pat  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  !" 
'*  Take  especial  care  thou  delif^ht  not  in  wine." 
Packet  No.  3.     Is.     Containing  One  Hundred  1*ext8  and  Mottoes 
from  Holy  Scripture  and  the  Poets.   For  Letterf,  <&c.,  with  Floral  Borders. 
^The  following  are  a  few  of  them  :  — 

"  Far  hence  be  Bacchus'  gifts,  the  chief 

rejoined : 
Inflaming  wine,  pernicious  to  mankind, 
IJnnenres  the  limbs,  and  dulls  the  noble 

mind."—  Homer, 
"  Joy  and  temperance  and  repose. 
Slam  the  door  on  the  doctor's  nose." 

— Longfellow, 
"  We  take  the  bread  from  the  people 
and  couTert  it  into  poison."  —Darwin. 


"  Who  bath  woe,  who  hath  sorrow  ? 
Thej  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine,  they 
that  go  to  seek  mixt  wine." — Pro  v. 
xxiii.  29,  80. 
**In  my  youth  I  never  did  apply, 

Hot  and  rebellious  liquors  to  my  Ijlood, 
Therefore  my  age  is  as  a  lusty  winter  «- 
Frostj,  but  kindly." — Shakspere. 
"  O  madness  to  think  use  of  strongest 
wises  and  strongest  drink  our  chief 
rapport  of  health." — Milton, 
Packet  No.  4.   Oil    Containing  Fifty  Scripture  Texts.    The  follow- 
ing are  some  of  the  selections :— > 
Look  not  thou  upon  the  wine  when 
it  is  red,  when  it  giveth  his  colour  in 

the  cup At  the  latt  it  biteth 

like  a  serpent,  and  stingeth  like  an 

adder."— Prov.  xxiu.  81,  82. 

Wall  Mottoes.    36  inches  by  12  inches.    Is.  6d.  each 

"  Wine  is  a  mocker."  |  "  Water  is  beat." 

70  inches  by  12  inches.    3s.  eacli. 
"  Strong  drink  is  raging."  j      "  Be  not  drunk  with  wine." 

*'  Look  not  thoQ  upon  the  wine."      I      *'  Prevention  is  better  than  cure." 
'*  Text  Packet,"  The.   A  selection  of  texts  from  Holy  Scripture,  Illaini- 

Bated  on  twelve  cards.     6d. 
"  Water  Packet,"  The.     Twelve  cards  w^ith  borders  of  Water  Plants, 
Ac.,  chromo-lithographed  ;  and  original  vertex  by  8.  C.  Hall,  F.S.A.     Is. 

Precept  Packet  of  Nine  Scripture  Temperance  Texts.     With 
bMatifat  Floral  detigni.    7i  in.  dj  5}  in.    Is.  6d. 


•I  T  .«^v  ».««^  4i.^«  ...v^..  4i.««:.A  «.!.«..        ti  pu^  away  thy  wine  from  thee."— 

1  8am.  i.  4. 

"  All  that  drink  water  shall  be  com- 
forted."—A'zek.  xxxi.  16. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


BANDS  OF  HOPE  REQUISITES. 

Tlie  cost  of  transmission  is  not  included  in  the  prices  given  under  this  heading. 

Band  of  Hope  Attendance  Card.    Is.  3d.  ]>er  100. 

Band  of  Hope  Member's  Fay   Card.       Ruled  for  thirteen  weeks. 

]8.  3d.  per  100. 
Bhnd  of  Hope  Register.  Alphabetical  and  chronologicoL  Cloth  Is.  Od. 

nnd  28.  6d. 
Band  of  Hope  Manual,  The.     The  Formation  and   Management  of 

Bands  o!  Hope  (Junior  and  Senior)  and  Band  of  Hope  Unions.  Prepared 

under  the  direction  of  the  Committee  of  the  Union.     Price  Od. 
rand  of  Hope  Hand-Book,   prepared   under   the  direction  of  the 

I^ancashiro  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope  Union.     3d. 
Band  of  Hope  Pledge  Scroll,  in  colours,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top 

and  hottom  rollers,  and  ruled  for  100  signatures.     38. 
Bands  of  Hope  in  Town  or  Village ;  how  to  start  and  work  them. 

By  Kev.  John  Burnett,  Wesloynn  Minister.     Is. 
Band  of  Hope  Minute  Book,  for  recording  the  proceedings  of  the 

Meetings,  &c.     Cloth,  28. 
Band  of  Hope  Tresusurer's  Book,   for  keeping  an  account  of  the 

receipts  and  expenditure  of  a  Society.     Cloth,  Is. 
Graham's  Popular  Band  of  Hope  Manual,  containing  instructions 

for  the  formation,  mannf;;ement,  and  success  of  Juvenile  Societiei.     l^d. 
Members'  Attendance  Register,  for  keeping  an  exact  account  of  the 

attendance  of  each  Member  at  the  Meetings.     Is.  6d.  and  2s.  Cd.,  cloth. 
Members'  Pay  Book,  for  entering  the  periodical  payments  made  hy 

paying  Members,  Is.  6d.  and  2s.  Cd. 
Parents'  Certificates.  Consent  forms,  to  be  signed  by  the  parents  before 

a  child  can  join  a  Band  of  Hope.     Is.  per  100. 
Platform,  The.    For  the  use  of  Band  of  Hope  Conductor.    6d. 
Relation  of  the  Band  of  Hope  to  the  Church  and  Sabbath  School. 

By  Rev.  J.  Ykamfs.     Id. 
B»ules  for  Bands  of  Hope,  leaving  space  for  filling  in  name  of  Society, 

and  night  of  Meeting.     Is.  per  100. 

LEAFLETS  AND  SMALL  TRACTS. 

Address  to  Teachers  on  Total  Abstinence,  An.  By  Canon  Farbab. 

28.  per  100. 
Alcohol  as  a  Medicine  and  as  a  Beverage.    Extracts  from  the 

Evidence  given  by  Sir  Wm.  Gull,  M.D.,  F.R.8.,  before  the  Peert*  Select 

Committee  on  Intemperance,  18th  July,  1877.     li.  4d.  per  100. 
Alcohol  in  Relation  to  Health.    Bv  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.RS. 
Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Christian  Church.    2s.  per  100. 
Duty  of  Sunday  School  Teachers  in  Relation  to  the  Temperance 

Movement.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.     Is.  8d.  per  100. 
Facts  and  Opinions  for  Sunday  School  Teacners.     By  Ber.  G.  W. 

M'Ckke.     28.  per  100. 
Good  and  Bad  Times.    By  T.  B.  Fox,  J.P.,  Briitol.    2«.  per  100. 
I  Never  Thought  of  It.    By  Mr?.  Hind  SMrrn.    48.  per  100. 
Kempster's  Pictorial  Readings.    76  namhers.     SdL  per  dosen.  or  U, 

per  100. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Leaflets — Charcli  of  England.    Is.  per  100,  or  8s.  per  1000. 


1.  Speech  of  Rev.  Dr.  Westcott. 

2.  Pnblio  Hoases  without  the  Drink. 

3.  A  Few  Words  to  Cabmen 


12.  A  Few  Words  to  Policemen. 

13.  Important  Medical  Leaflet  (2  pp.\ 
2b.  per  100. 


4.  Episcopal  Utterances.  i  14.  Sabatitnte  for  Beer  in    the  Har- 

5.  Facts  and  Figures.  |  vest  Field. 

Jng   Iieaflet  (Tcry  telling).     6d.  i  15.  Somotbing  to  Drink.    0  J.  per  100 
perl  00  (nett),  with  illustration,  i  (nett). 

6.  Facts  for  Working  Men  and  Women.     16.  Admission  Service  for  Members. 

7.  Working  Men's  Object  Paper.  17.  Admission   Signatare  Forms   for 

8.  Loss  and  Gain  Leaflet.  Distribution  at  Inaugural  Meet- 

9.  General    Rules    for   Temperance  ings. 

Members.  18.  Sir  William  Gull  on  Alcohol. 

10.  Explanatory    Leaflets    for     Pre- 


19.  Do  your  Duty. 

20.  Tea  versus  Beer  in   the  Ilanro.^t 
Field. 


Uminary  Distribution. 
11.  Harrest  Work  without  Beer.  (2  pp.) 
2s.  per  100. 

Lost  Brother,  The.    By  Rev.  Alex  Wallace. 

Medical  Men  and  Intoxicating'  Drinks.    A  Lenflct.    Is.  per  100. 

Moderate  Drinking.   By  Sir  Henry  TiroMPSON,  F.H.C.S.    2s.  per  100 

Moderation  v.  Abstinence.    By  S.  Bowly.    Is.  4tl.  per  100. 

My  D>octor  Ordered  It.    By  Miss  Helena  Rechakdson.    Is.  per  100. 

Our  Higher    Aims;   Prevention  of  Drunkenness,   jxiul    Winning  k) 

Coniecration  to  God.     By  Mrs.  0.  E.  L.  WionTMAii.     2a.  per  100. 
Philosophy  of  Drinking  and  Drunkenness,  The.  By  W.  Tv/eedik. 

Is.  4d.  per  100. 
Practical  Hints  ;   or,  What  can  I  do  P    By  a  Clergyman's  Daughter 

per  100. 
Relation  of  the  Church  to  Temperance  Work.     By  Mrs.  J.  c\ 

Bateman.     Is.  4d.  per  100. 
Scientific  Evidence  and  Every-day  Experience  in  Relation  to 

Total  Abstinence.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.     29.  per  100. 
Sir  Henry  Thompson's  Letter  to  his  Grace  the  Archbishop  of 

Canterbury.    A  Leaflet.     Is.  per  100. 
Sir  Henry  Thompson's  Letter  to  Lady  Jane  Ellice.    A  Jjcaflct. 

1b.  per  100. 
Suggestions  as  to  Imparting  Systematic  Knowledge  of  Tem- 
perance at  Baod  of  Hope  Meetings.     By  C.  L.  Balfocr.   U.  Cd.  per  100. 
Temperance  Question  at  a  Glance^The.  By  Dr.'.T.  B.Gill.  U.  4d..  100. 
The  Great  Experiment;   or.  Individual,  Social,  and  Religious 

Proeperity  considered.    By  Jonathan  Grubb.     28.  i>er  100. 
Will  it  Help  Us  P    By  Rev.  G.  W.  M'Cree.    2s.  per  100. 

TRACTS   AT  ONE  HALFPENNY. 

Advantagres   of  Bringing   up   Children   on   Total    Abstinence 

Principles.    By  Dr.  Norm  an  Kerr. 
Afibctionate  Appeal,  An,  to  all  who  love  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in 

sincerity.     By  the  late  Archdeacon  Jeffreys. 
Band  of  Hope  Triumph,  A.    By  Miss  Munboe. 
Claims  of  ine  Temperance  Movement  upon  the  Churches. 
Common  Senao.    By  Rev.  W.  Wight. 


TKMPKKANCh    ITBIJ  CATIONS. 


3. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

4. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

5. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

6. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

7. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

8. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

9. 

Ditto 

Ditto 

ant  the  Cost;  or,   What  the  Doctors   Siy.      I>v  Dr.   1>    NV. 

RiCnABDSO.V. 

rink  in  the  Hay  and  Harvest  Fields, 

^ils  of  Intemperance.    A  Sermon.    By  Ucv.  W.  MAUsn,  I)  I). 

iluetrated  Windsor  Tracts.    By  the  Canon  Ellisox. 

1.  First  Priaoiploa  of  Church  Temperanoo  Worlc. 

2.  Brands  Pincked  oat  of  the  Fire — George  aad  Thomas  Annstt. 

Lewis  and  Mary  Grtg^r. 
Heary  Dibb  (Life  GuArdf). 
Djinoniacal  Possession. 
S  imacl  Vcnclls. 
Henry  G  randy. 
Thorn  u  Uowiok. 
George  Todd. 

Bound  in  oloth,  for  the  Drawin(;-room  Table.     Oae  Shilling. 
Uy  Brother's  Keeper.    By  Rev.  William  Aiinot. 
Oar  Daty  in  Bdgird  to  Intemperance.    By  Ruv.  B.  WfLnFiRF^oiiCE:. 
Our  Female  Servants. 

Reasons  for  CDntinuincr  an  Abstainer.    By  .Tox.vTri.vN  Htsloi*. 
Shall  our  Scholars  Perish  P    Bv  the  Uov.  G.T.  Costeu. 
Temperance  Baform  in  the  Village. 

Traffic  in  Intoxicating  Liquors,  The.    By  Rev.  Albkrt  Baiines. 
Vow  of  the  Bechabite,  The.    By  Canon  Fakuak. 
Who  is  on  the  Lord's  Side  P    By  the  Rev.  W.  \V.  RoniNdON. 
Why  not  Be  a  Teetotaler?    By  the  licv.  Niswmav  Hall. 
Why  should  I  Be  a  Teetotaler  P  A  Paper  for  Young  Women.  By  C.  S. 
Word  in  Sa-Jison)  A.    By  Rev.  Thomas  GuTnniK. 

TRACTS  AT  ONE   PENNY. 

IMPORTANT  STANDABD  SERIES.     One  Penny  each. 

Abstinence  from  Evil.    By  Rev.  Canon  Faiikar,  D.D  ,  F.R8. 
Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind,  The.  By  Dr.  B.WR[cnAiiD9oir,F.Il.S. 
Alcoholic  Drinks  as  an  Article  of  Diet  for  Nursing  Mothers.    By 

Jamrs  Edmunds  M.D. 
Band  of  Hope,  Tne :  Its  Work  and  Relation  to  the  Christian  Church. 

Bj  Be?.  J.  S.  Smith. 
Between  the  Livings  and  the  Dead.    By  Rev.  Canon  Farrab,  D.D. 
Ohorch  Buins.    Bv  licv.  Alex.  Maclrod,  D.D, 
Olums  of  Total  Abstinence  on  the  Educated  Olasaes,  The.    By 

the  Bey.  Canon  Fabbar,  D.D.,  F.B.S. 
Doctors  and  Brandy.    By  Rev.  B.  Wilbgrfoiici-:,  M.  A 
Does  the  Bible  Support  Total  Abstinence?    By  Rev.  R.  Valpv 

Fbbnch,  D.C.L. 
Female  Intemperance.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 
Giant  with  the  Three  Heads,  The.    By  Rev.  W.  l^L  Taylor,  D.D, 
Qilffal;  or,  Bollinij^  away  the  Beproach.  By  Rev.  R  MAauiRR,  1)  D. 
Habits  and  Health.    By  John  Oill,  M.  D. 
Heredity  of  Drunkenness.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 
How  isEng^land  to  be  Saved  P  An  Address  to  Yoang  Men.    By  Rev. 

Alkx.  Hannat. 
^rt temperance  and  itsBemedy.    By  Norman  a  Kbrb,  M.D.,  F.L.S 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Is  Total  Abstinence  Safe  P    By  Rev.  H.  S.  Paterson,  M.D. 
Koderate  Drinking.  The  Opinions  of  Sir  Henry  Thompson,  F.R.C.S., 

Dr.  B.   W.   BiCHABDsoif,  F.R.S.,  Canoa  Farrab,   I)  D.,   F.K.S.,  Sir  B. 

James  SaUirau,  K.G.B.,  H.  Sinclair  Pateraou,  M.D.,  Edward  Baiues,  &c, 
Kational  Sin,  The.    By  llev.  B.  Wilberpouce,  MA. 
Personal  Advanta^s  Total  Abstinence.    By  Uev  Valpy  French. 
Philosopliy  of  the  Band  of  Hope  Movement,  The.     By  F.   H. 

BowMAx,  F.R.A.S.,  F.L.S.,  Ac. 
Besnlt  of  Researches  on  Alcohol.     By  B.  W.  Richaudson,  3[.D. 
Stimulants  and  Narcotics.    By  James  Minii  Howie,  M.I). 
Stimulants  and  Streng^th.    By  Rev.  H.  S.  Paterson,  M.D. 
Stumbling-Block  Removed,  A.     An  Esaiiy  on    Scripture    AVincs. 

By  L.  M.  M. 
Temperance  in  Relation  to  the  Toung*.    By  Miss  Ricketts. 
Temperance  in  the  School.    Opinions  of  the  Bishop  of  Exeter,  Rev. 

Caoon  Uopkiofl,  Rev.  Dr.  Yalpy  French,  Boy.  G.  W.  Oliver,  Sir  Charles 

Beed,  Chairman  of  the  London  School  Board  ;  Marriage  Wullis,  Cbairmau 

of  the  Brighton  School  Board  ;   and  T.  M.  Williams. 
Thou  Shalt  not  Hide  Thyself.    By  John  Clifford,  M.  A.,  LL.B. 
Total  Abstinence  in  its  Proper  Place.    By  Samuel  Bowly. 
To  the  Rescue  :  An  Appeal.    By  Rev.  H.  8.  Pateuson,  M.D. 
Verdict  of  Science.    By  N.  S.  Davis,  M.D. 

Vow  of  the  Nazarite,  The.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar.  D.D.,  F.R.S. 
Vow  of  the  Rdchabite,  The.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrau^  D.D.,  P.R.8. 
What  shall  Medical  Men  say  about  Alcoholic  Beverages?    By 

J.  Jamks  Bidoe,  M.D.,  &c. 
What  is  my  Duty  P    By  the  Rev.  J.  Leavis  Pe.uj8E. 

MISCELLANEOUS   PENNY  TRACTS. 

Alcoholic  Stimulants  in  Disease.     A  Lecture  by  Samufx  Wilks 

M.D.,  Physician  to  Gny's  Hospital,  &c, 
Alick's  Christmas  Box,    By3Irs.  Flower. 

Atitiw<^i  Ladies'  Meeting.  (Church  of  England  Temperance  Society.) 
Are  Tou  &ure  Tou  are  Right  P  By  the  Rev.  J.  II.  Townsekd. 
Bessbrook  and  its  Linen  Mills.    A  Short  Narrative  of  a  Model 

Temperance  Town.    By  J.  EwiNO  Ritchie. 
Bishop  of  Rochester's  Sermon.    Preached  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Cautions  About  Drink.    By  Rev.  Canon  Ellison. 
Claims  of  the  Temperance  Movement  upon  every  Member  of 

the  Chnrch  of  Engli^^d.     By  A.  M.  Chance. 
Downfall  of  the  Drink  Dagon.  An  Argument  and  an  Apology.    By 

Bev.  G.  M.  MuBPHT. 
Drink  in  the  Workshop. 

Duty  of  the  Church  in  the  Present  Crisis.    By  Canon  Farbar. 
Duty  of  Sunday-school  Teachers  in  Reference  to  the  National 

Sin  of  Intemperance.    By  A.  S  a  bo  ant. 
Drinkingr    System    and  its    Evils,  Viewed  from,   a   Christian 

Standpoint.     Bj  W.  Hotle. 
Beonomic  Basis  of  Commercial  Prosperity.    By  W.  Hotlb. 
Economic  Conditions  of  Good  Trade.    By  W.  Hotle. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Fifty  Tears  of  Driaking  and  its  Influence  upon  the  Wealth 
and  iDdustrial  well-being  of  the  Nation.     By  W.  Hoylk. 

How  to  Cure  and  Prevent  the  Desire  for  Drink.     By  T.  11.  Evans*. 

How  to  Interest,  Instruct,  and  Retain  our  Members.    A  Prize 
Essay.     By  W.  H.  Denison,  S.D. 

How  Working  Men   may  Help   Themselves.     By  Rev.  Canon 
Fabrar,  D.D.,  and  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson. 

I   Cannot  Abstain,  What  Can  I  Do  P    (Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society.)     By  Rev.  H.  G.  Sprigo,  M.A. 

Is  Alcohol  Necessary  to  Life  P    By  Dr.  Munroe. 

John  Hampton's  Home :  What  it  Was,  and  What  it  Became.    With 
Preface  by  the  Rev.  R.  Maouirr,  M.A.     Illastrated  by  Sir  John  Gilbert. 

Xiaw  of  Liberty  in  the  Matter  of  Total  Abstinence,  The.    By 
Charles  Stanford,  D.D. 

Letters  to  a  Church  Member.    By  an  Old  Water- Drinker. 

Malt  Liquor.    New  Lecture  on.    By  J.  Livesey. 

Medical  Orders.    By  Mrs.  Best. 

Moderate    Use    of    Intoxicating    Diinks,    The.     By  Dr.  W.  B. 
Carpenter. 

Oration  on  Temperance,  An.    By  John  B.  Gougii. 

Our  Homes  in  Danger.    By  Maiiie  Hilton. 

Over  Production  and  the  Present   Stagnation  in  Trade.'     By 
William  Hoyle. 

Philosophy  of  Moderate  Drinking.    By  James  Inwards. 

Plants  as  Water  Drinkers.    A  Lecture.    By  Elizadetii  Twining. 

Pledge,  The.     Dedicated  to  all  who  have  signed  it,  by  one  who  lias 
adhered  to  it  for  forty  years. 

Public  House  against  the  Public  Weal,  The.    By  Rev.  William 
Arnot,  Edinbargh. 

Scriptural  Claims  of  Teetotalism.    By  Hev.  Newman  Hall. 

Six  Sermons  on  the  Nature,  Occasions,  Signs,  Evils,  and  Remedy 
of  Intemperance.     By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bkecher. 

Strong  Drink  and  its  Results.    By  D.  8.  Govett,  M.A. 

Stop  the  Gap.  A  Plea  for  Bands  ofHope.  By  Rev.  C.  Gaiirett.  IGpp. 

Sunday-school  Teacher,  The.    Bv  Rev.  J.  II.  Potter. 

Teachers  and  Temperance.    By  liev.  J.  H.  Potter. 

Temperance  and  High  Wages.    By  William  Tweedie. 

Testimony  of  Sir  William  OuU,  M.D.,  before  the  Lords'  Com- 
mittee on  Intemperance. 

Thoughts  on  Temperance  by  American  Women. 

Throne  of  Iniquity,  The ;  or,  Sustaining  Evil  by  Law.    By  the 
Rev.  Albert  Barnes.     Now  Edition.     Tenth  Thousand. 

"Voice  from  the  Bench,  A, '» Vindicated.  By3L  D.Hill,  Esq.,Q.C. 

Water  and  Alcohol,  the  two  Great  Rivals,  Physiologically  and 
Chemically  considered.     By  E.  R.  II.  Unoer,  M.A. 

Why  do  People  Drink  P    A  Lecture.    By  Professor  Fowler. 

Why  is  Trade  Depressed  P    By  W.  HoviiE. 

Will  it  Injure  my  Health  P    By  Dr.  Symes  Tiiompaon. 

Women's  Medical  Use  of  Alcohol.    By  I^lrs.  llEiiRN  Kirk. 

Woman's  Responsibilities  in  Relation  to  Temperance.  By  Marie 
Hilton. 

Words  from  the  Workshop.    By  Newman  Hall. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


TRACTS  AT  TWOPENCE. 
"  British  Workman  "  Series  of  Tracts.    32  pp.  and  glazed  cover. 


1. 
o 

arm 

3. 
4. 
3. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
0. 
1. 

•9 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
20. 
21. 


Darby  Brill. 

The  Carpenter*8  Speech. 

The  Sailor^ 8  Parrot. 

Tom  Carter*!  Way  of  Doing  Good. 

The  Last  Costomer. 

Goin^  Aloft. 

"Right  about  Face." 

John  Harding's  Locket. 

He  Drinks. 

Doing  his  Doty. 

Good  Fmit. 

The  Bent  Shilling. 

The  Dnunmer  Boy. 

Inch  Anger. 

Split  Navry, 

"  Pnt  on  the  Break,  Jim  !  " 

Taking  np  of  Barney. 

The  House  that  John  Built. 

Articles  of  War. 

Little  Sam  Groves. 

Poor  Man's  House  Repaired. 


22.  Bichard  Harrey. 

23.  Only  One  Glass. 

24.  How  Rachel  Hunter,  ic. 
23.  Robert  Gray  Mason. 

26.  My  Mother's  Gold  Ring. 

27.  The  Emperor's  Proclamation. 

28.  The  Sign  of  the  Fox. 

29.  John  Jarvis. 

30.  Elizabeth  Comstock's  Address. 

31.  The  Polite  Postmaster. 

32.  The  Home  Concert. 

33.  Temperance  and  Intemperance. 
31  The  Cure  for  Strikes. 

85.  Betty  Brown. 

36.  The  TouDg  Skipper's  Religion. 

37.  The   Man  who  Killed  his  Neigh. 

hours. 

38.  Mary  Gunner's  Gown. 

39.  Healthy,  Wealthy,  and  Wise. 

40.  "'Tis-Buts." 

41.  The  Fool's  Pence. 


Claims  of  the  Temperance  Movement  upon  Universities,  &c. 

By  Revs.  Canon  Ellison  ani  Canon  Fabrar. 
Coloured  Tracts.     Twenty  pages.    With  coloured  Cover  and  many 

Illustrations.  Containing  Stories  for  Workiug  Men  on  Temperance  subjects. 


13.  Tramp's  Story. 
17.  The  Shadow  on  the  Door. 
20.  Not  a  Drop  more,  Daniel. 
22.  The  Holly  Boy. 

25.  Old  Boots. 

26.  Tottic's  Christmas  Shoes. 

28.  Jim  Lineham's  Happy  Blunder. 
31.  What  the   Lark   sang  to  Robert 
Morley. 


1.  Buy  your  own  Cherries. 

2.  Matthew  Hart's  Dream. 

3.  Old  Janet's  Christmas  Gift. 

4.  A  Little  Child  shall  lead  them. 

5.  The  Last  Penny. 
^5.  Out  of  Work. 

7.  John  Stepping  Forth. 

8.  The  Independent  Labourer* 
13.  No  Work,  No  Bread. 
1  i.  Light  in  the  Bars. 

Hard  Work  in  the  Harvest  Field. 

History  and  Mystery  of  a  Glass  of  Ale.    By  J.  W.  Kibton. 

Moderate  Drinking  and  Total  Abstinence,  from  a  doctor's  point 

of  Tiew.    By  W.  F.  Clarke,  M.D..  F.R.C.S. 
On  the  Causes  of  Bad  Trade.    By  Wm.  IIoyle. 
On  the  Cause  of  Crime.    By  Wm.  Hotle. 
On  the  Waste  of  Wealth.    By  Wm.  Hoyle. 
Our  Social  and  Material  Condition,  as  compared  with  30  years  ago. 

By  Wm.  Hoyle. 
Our  Temperance  Societies,  their   Nature  and  Pun>osc.      By  Rev 

Thomas  Nicholson. 
OurToung  Men  for  Temperance ,4tnd  Temperance  for  ourToung 

Men.    By  the  Ber.  W.  M.  Tatlob,  M.A. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Parochial  Temperancd  Work.    By  Rev.  Canon  Ellisoit 
Pressnt  Depression  in  Trade,  The.     By  Wtf.  Hoyle. 
Physiolo^cal  Errors  of  BCoderation,  The.    By  W.  B.  Caupbnter. 
Question  of  the  Day,  The ;  or,  Facts  and  Figaros  for  Electors 

and  Politioiaos.     By  Wtf.  Hotle. 
Scintillations  of  Light.    A  Gompilation  of  Facts,  Argaments,  ami 

Opiaions  on  the  Temperance  Qaeition.     By  Major  L.  Griffiths. 
Threatening  Element  in  England's  Prosperity,  The ;   or,  Poor 

Lav?8,  Edncation  and  Prohibition.     By  Samuel  Fotiieroill. 
Total  Abstinence  a  Uoral  and  Physical  Ooligation.    By  AVm. 

Hoyle. 
Total  Abstinence.    A  Sennon  preached  at  Claylands  Chapel,  Clapham. 

By  the  Rev.  John  Foster.     2d. 
What  Stops  the   WayP     By   Mrs.  Bayi.ey,  Author  of  "Raggetl 

TIomAi.  and  Row  to  Mend  Them."     Fifth  Thousand. 
What  Will  You  Take  to  Drink P    By  Rev.  II.  \V.  .Jones,  P.R.M.S. 
Work  and  Wages.    By  J.  W.  Kiiiton,  Author  of  ••  Buy  your  own 

Chftrriee." 

Who  Should  Clear  the  Way  P    By  Mrs.  Batlby. 

For  list  of  Tracts  in  packets ,  die,  send  for  copy  of  complete  Catalog ue  to  thr 
National  Tescperanck  Publication  Depot,  837,  Straiid,  London,  WM- 


A  NEW  MOUTHLT  TEMPERANCE  MAQAZHTE. 


TO    COMMENCE   IN   JANUARY,    1881. 


A  popular  Illustrated  Paper  for  the  Home  Circle^  containing  Stories 

by  well-known  writers,  Papers  by  celebrated  authors, 

Sketches,  Poetry,  Music,  and 

ENGRAVINaS  BY  HIGH-CLASS   ARTISTS. 


Supplied    in    quantities   at2  Six    Shillings    per  lOO. 
Particulars  for  localising  may  he  had  on  application. 


NATIONAL  temperance  PUBLICATION   DEPOT, 
087,   STRAND,    LONDON,  W.O. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BAND  OF  HOPE  UNION  PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  BAND  OF   HOPE  CHRONICLE. 

Month]  J,  One  Penny.    Poet  tnf,  One  And  Sixpence  per  Annum.  ^ 

Tlie  Ckronieh  ie  the  only  periodicml  in  exittenee  which  addreHee  itaelf  specially  to 
peraone  interested  in  promoting  temperance  work  amongst  the  yonng .  It  i«  not  so  moch 
mtended  for  the  yoong  people  themselrea,  aa  for  those  actively  engag^  in  the  managemAnt 
of  Boeietiea. 

It  contains  Oatline  Addresaes,  which  afford  systematic  instruction  for  erery  meeting  in 
the  year.  Each  number  also  contains  a  page  of  New  Muaic— An  Article  on  Total  Ahati- 
Bcnce  in  relation  to  the  Tonng— Tales  to  be  Retold— Facte,  Anecdotes,  Illustrations,  and 
Gleaning*.  Quotations  and  Reriews,  Ac.,  and,  once  a  quarter,  a  Portrait  and  Biographical 
Sketch  of  a  Leading  Friend  of  the  Movement. 


PRIZE    TALES. 

8017QHT  AND  BATTHD.  The  New  £100  Prize  Tale.  By  M.  A.  Pavii,  author 
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LIONIBIi  FBANElIilN'S  VICTOBY.  The  New  £50  Prlie  Tale.  By  E. 
Tax  Sokmbb.    With  Six  Engravings.    Price  38.  dd.  post  free.    Now  ready. 

FRANK  OIiDFnSIiD  ;  or.  Iiont  and  Found.  A  £100  Price  Tale.  By  the 
Rev.  T.  P.  WiLSoK,  M.A.  With  Six  Engravings.  This  volume  was  gradoualy 
accepted  by  Her  Mi^Mty  and  H.B.H.  the  Princesa  of  Wales.    Price  3s.  6d.  post  free. 

TIM'S  TBOUBIjES  ;  or.  Tried  and  True.  A  £50  Prize  Tale.  By  K.  A.Paitll. 
With  Six  Engravings.    Price  8s.  Od.  post  free. 

Tho  above  volumea  are  of  great  interest,  and  produced  in  flrst-class  stjle  forthe  Com- 
mittee of  the  Union  by  Ifeesrs.  NELSON  A  SONS,  the  rminent  publishers,  of  London, 
Eflinbnrgh,  and  New  York.  Beautifully  printed  on  toned  paper,  elegantly  bound,  with 
omanental  headings  and  f^ill-page  illuttrationa,  they  form  niost  handsome  and  valuable 
additioua  to  temperance  literature. 

Copies  should  be  i>laced  In  every  Band  of  Hope  and  Sunday  School  Library.  Thev  willbe 
also  found  admirably  adapted  fiur  Private  Librariea,  Reward  Book  a,  or  Presents  to  Friends. 


HYMNS   AND    SONGS    FOR    BANDS   OF   HOPE, 

One  Hundred  and  Seyenty-six  Hymns  and  Songs.  Entirely  Hew  Compilation. 


I.  Opening  Hymns  and  Songs. 
If.  Beligions  Hymns  and  Songs.' 

III.  Home  and  Social  Duty  Songs. 

IV.  Firmness  and  Decision  of  Character  Songs. 


SECTIONSr- 

V.  Miscellaneous  Temperance  Songs. 
VI.  Rounds. 
VII.  Cloeing  Hymns  and  Songn. 


Id.  each,   6s.  per  100. 

l|d.  each,   Os.  per  100. 

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HUBIO  AND  WORDS. 

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Edition  F.  Old  Notation (Cloth  Limp 

Edition  O.  Old  NoUiion  (Cloth  boards,  gilt  lettered,  red  edges) 

Edition  H.  Sol  fa       (Psper) 

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(Paper)  .. 
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1 


ADVERTISEMENTS . 


TEMPERANCE   STORIES  WITH   SONG. 

'  TbM*  popular  stories  ar«  of  great  interest,  and,  in  con  jtmetioB  witli  the  Musical  Illustra- 
tioni'/'caiiiiot'fail  to  afford  most  enjoyable  and  ptAfttable  Band  i>f  Bope  or  other  Tempennce 
Entertainments. 

Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-Fa,  3d.  each;  28.  3d.  per  dozen.  Postage,  Id.  for  3  copies. 
Words  of  the  pieces  oulj,  Ss.  per  100.    Postage,  6d. 

Tbirtj  Shtmogs*  worth  of  either  of  the  Temperance  Stories  with  Song  may  be  had  for  One 
Pound. 

1.  Little  Davie ;  or  «  That  Ohild.^'    Story  by  Mrs.  G.  S.  Rcankt. 
MmiCAL  ILLUSTRATI0N8.— Life's  Mornlng^An^wer  softly—Oh!  Christians,  wake— Nay, 

J<Aii— Lov«  will  find  out  the  way— I'll  Try  (recitation)— Father^s  Treat  (recitation)— The 
Happy  Band  of  Hope — Good  Night— He  that  goeth  forth  and  weepeth  (anthem)— Let  it 
Pass- What  a  Priend  we  have  in  Jesus— Hear  the  SaTi(»ur's  Voice  fh>in  HesTen- Humbling 
Thoughts— Nothing  but  the  Bioodof  Jesus— Victories  high  and  glorious. 

2.  John  Tregenoweth— His  Mark.     Arranged  (by  pormission)  from 

the  Story  by  the  Rev.  Mark  Gut  PKAass. 
Mu>«icAL  Illubtratiovs.— Hark !  'tis  the  Bells  of  a  Village  Church— *Tis  Jeras  loTea  the 
Little  ones— In  Storm  snd  Shine.  Two  Friends  of  Mine— Look  not  upon  the  Wine  with  its 
ruby  glow— Touch  not  the  Cup,  it  is  Death  to  thy  Soul— Ob,  have  you  heard  the  glorious 
News  ?— Try,  Johu  !  Try,  John !— Water  is  best  for  the  Trees  of  the  Forest— John  Anderson, 
my  Jo.  John -There  is  a  Green  Hill  far  away^Oh.  the  Foaming  Sea  hath  a  Charm  for  me— 
The  fkr-off  Western  HiMs  are  crowned  with  uold— The  Quiet  Sea  its  Mirror  spreads. 

8.    Bart'8  Jov.    By  M.  A.  Paull,  Authoress  of  *'  Sought  and  Saved/'  '*  Tim*6 
Troubles,"  5c. 
Musical  iLLUsfBAnoirs.— A  Cry  for  Help— Be  kind  Co  your  mother— Hesven— How  can 
he  leave  them  t— I  will  arise  -  Oranges— O  rouse  ye.  Christian  Workers— Save  the  Drunkard- 


Sign  the  Pledge  for  Mother's  sake— Temperanee  Boys  and  Girls— The  Lord  my  Shepherd  fs— 
There  is  Joy  in  Heaven- We'll  never  be  Drunkards— We  mourn  the  Buin. 

4.  The  start  in  Life.    3y  John  Nash. 

Musical  Illustrationp.— Courage,  Brother— Have  Courage  to  say  *' No  "—There  is  Beauty 
all  sround- Never  forget  the  Dear  Ones— Dare  to  do  Right— Do  they  miss  me  at  home?— 
Drink  Water— Turn  away  from  the  Bright  Drops  that  Foam •> Yield  not  to  Temptation — 
Our  Good  Old  Friend— Father's  a  Drunkard— O  oome  send  Sign  the  Pledge— Your  MIssIoih-' 
Work,  for  the  Night  is  Coming- The  Band  of  Hope  Army— Lead  us  not  into  Temptstlon— 
thuth  rhall  be  Victorious- Let  all  Men  Praise  the  Lord. 

The  following  in  Old  Not.  or  Tonic  Sol-Fa,  4d.  each ;  3b.  per  dos.    Postage  IH*  P«r  4  oopicc. 

5.  Jessica's  First  Prayer.    Codipiled  and  adapted  as  a  MusicaUy  Hlus. 

trated  Service. 
.  Musical  Illi  stratiokr.- 'Tis  not  with  Bustle— *Tis  Blessed  to  give— Good  SamaTitan— 
Speak  the  Truth— Poor  Little  Jessica— Come,  Jet  us  join— The  Guiding  Hand— Yet  there  is 
room— I  hcerful  V<4ce9— Our  Father,  who  art  in  Heaven— 'TIS  not  in  fine  words— We  all 
might  be  good — Remember  the  Poor— The  Lord  will  provide— And  now  appear  the  shades  of 
night— Come,  ye  blessed- In  siknce  unbroken— Bietaed  is  the  people. 

Recitations  and  Dialogues  for  Bands  of  Hope. 

In  Eighteen  Penny  Numbers,  Od.  per  dosen,  assoried. 
Nos.  1  to  6,  7  to  12,  or  13  to  lA,  in  Sixpenny  Ports,  (pokt  tree,  7d.).    Ncs.  1  to  It.  in  hand- 
some Illuminated  cloth  binding.  Is.  6d.  (post  free^  Is.  8|d.). 

A  New  Series  of  Six  Cheap  Texts. 

On  stout  Paper,  93  in  by  e\  in.    This  Series  is  nneqaalled  for  Quality  and  for  Price. 
The  Sets  caunot  be  divided.    Pxit-e  is.  6d.  for  Six  Texts,  posted  2d.  extra. 

BTBOKO  DBIKK  IS  BAOINa.        irHIOH  IB  8TSEH0TE. 

WINE  IB  A  MOCSJBB.  COME  AND  JOIN  U8. 

WATEB  IB  BEST.  PBEVENTION  IS  BETTEB  THAN  CTTBB. 

United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union,  4,  Ludgate  Hill,  E.G. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


8.  W.  Partridge  k  Co.'s  fllnstrated  Periodicals. 

Now  Read/.— The  YEARLY  VOLUMES  for  1880  of 

THE  CHILDREN'S   FRIEND. 

Oiu  Penny  Uonthlr  (10  pai^i).    A  Page  of  Masic  for  the  Toan;  now  appeari  in  each 

Number.    Tbe  Temrly  Volamee  from  1876  may  be  bad,  with  namerooa  Kuf  ravingp, 

OmamentaL  Cover,  Is.  6<]. ;  cloth,  28. ;  gilt,  24.  Cd. 

This  Periodical  is  Patronised  by  the  Princess  of  Wales. 

THE  INFANT'S  MAGAZINE. 

Printed  in  clear  bold  type.    One  Penny  Monthlr  (16  paget).    The  Yearly  Volomet  f^om 
1870,  Ornamental  Cover,  la.  Od. ;  cloth,  U. ;  gilt  9dge§,  ta.  6d. 

THE  FRIENDLY  VISITOR. 

Printed  in  bold  type,  ao  aa  to  aait  the  Aged  aa  well  aa  other  daaaea.    One  Penny  Monthly 
(16  pages).    The  Yearly  Volames  from  1(*76  may  be  bad,  in  Ornamental  Cover, 

la.  Od. ;  dotb,  Sa  ;  gilt  edge*,  2a.  6d. 

London :  8S1LEY  ft  Co.,  M^  Fleet  St. ;  and  S.  W.  PARTRIDGE  A  0>.,  9,  Patemoater  Bow 

THE     WELCOME. 

With  nnmeroas  Xngrtringa  by  flrat-elafa  Artiata.     The  Yearly  Volume  for  1860, 

cloth  plain,  Oi.;  gilt  edges,  12b. 

Weekly  Nambert,  One  Fenny.     Monthly  Farts,  Sixpence. 

The  Articles  ase  by  popular  Anthora.  and  aresuituble  for  the  entertainment  of  both  Tooth 
sad  Old  Age.  A  Page  of  Music,  in  both  notations,  appears  in  every  Namher,  which  will  be 
fbend  to  be  senriceable  aa  Binding  Lesaona.  An  kngraring  is  addea  as  a  Frontispiece  to  the 
Xsnthly  Parts.    The  Teariy  Volumes  from  1876  may  be  had  a«  above. 

The  BAND  OF  MERCY  ADVOCATE. 

The  Organ  of  the  Eaad  of  Mercy  Societiee  fbr  promoting  amongst  the  Young  the  praetlos  of 

Kindneas  to  AniroaH. 
One  Halfjpenny  Monthly.    The  Yearly  Volume  for  1880,  with  Coloured  Cover,  Is. ; 

cloth,  Is.  Od. :  irilt.  la. 
With  numerous  Illustrations,  Page  of  Muaic  for  Singing,  and  interesting  Anecdotes  about 

Animals,  Ao. 

THE  BRITISH  WORKMAN. 

An  Illustrated  Paper  for  promoting  the  Health,  Wealth,  and  Happiness  of  the 

Working  Clawea. 

0ns  Penny  Monthly.  The  Teariy  Parte  from  1876,  with  Coloured  Cover,  and  full  of  Bngrariiifs, 

la.  Od. each;  gUt,  Is. Od.  The  Five-Yesr  Volume (1876-1879),  cl.  plain.  8s. ;  d.  gUt, lOs. OdT 

THE  FAMILY  FRIEND. 

New  Series.    With  costly  Illustrations, 
i).    The  Teariy  Volumes  from 
cloth,  Ss.;  gilt  edges,  2s.  Od. 

THE  BAND  OF  HOPE  REVIEW. 

One  Half)penny  Monthly.    The  Yearly  Part*  from  1876,  Coloured  Cover,  and  taVL  of  : 
SngraTlngs,  Is.  each;  gilt,  2b.    The  Vive- Year  Volume  (1878-18bO),  cloth 

plain,  6s. ;  cloth  gilt.  6s. 

London :  S.  W,  PMTRIDGE  k  Co.,  9,  Paternoiter  Row ;  and  all  Boobellert. 

3 


One  Peony  Monthly  (10  pages).    The  Yeariv  Volumes  from  1876,  Coloured  Ck)ver,  Is.  Od. ; 

■    '    'I.;  gilt    * 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


L.    N.     F  O  W^  L  E  R, 

Ifhrenological  fi^uhUsher, 
IMPERIAL  BUILDINGS,  LUDGATE  CIRCUS,  LONDON. 


»  > 


The  New  niostrated  SelMnstniotor  in  Phrenology 2/0 

The  Phrenologioal  and  Physiological  Register 4d. 

Twenty-one  Leotores  on  Phrenology.    By  L.  N.  Fowlkb         4/0 

]£aniage.    ByL.N.  Fowler       2/0 

The  Pet  of  the  Honsehold.    By  Mn.  Fowlcr 4/0 

If  Oman :  Her  Destiny  and  Maternal  Eolations.   A  Leoture  to  Ladies  by 

Mrs*  FuWLSB     ...  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         6u. 

Nora.    A  Temperanoe  Tale.     By  Mra  Fowlcb 1/0 

A  Mannal  of  Phrenology.     By  Alfred  T.  Stobt,  Editor  of  the  Phreno- 
logical Magazine  ;  with  a  Preface  by  Mr.  L.  N.  Fowlib 1/6 

Ifoman  in  the  Talmud.     Being:  a  sketch  of  the  position  of  Women 

among  the  Jews  before  the  Chris^n  Era.     By  A.  T.  Stobt  ...         6d. 

Self-Goltnre  and  Perfection  of  Character.    By  0.  S.Fowlrb 5/0 

Memory  and  Intellectoal  Improyement    By  0.  S.  Fowlkb 5/0 

Bdaoation  and  Self-Improvement,  oomplete.    By  0.  S.  Fowleb        ...  14/0 

Phrenology  Proved,  Illustrated,  and  Applied               6/0 

Human  Soience.    ByO.S.  Fowleb        21/0 

Mr.  Fowler's  New  and  Improved  Phrenologioal  Bust  in  China          ...  10/6 

A  more  ooaaplete  Catalogue  on  application. 

The  Phrenological  Magasine.    A  scientific  and  edaoational  Joamal.    Price,  6d. 
per  month,  by  post,  7d.    Yearly,  post  free,  7s.  in  advance. 

"  This  monthly  magazine  is  fall  of  matter  of  a  m<»t  interestiof  description,  and  haTinf 
an  especial  charm  tor  the  etodenta  of  Phrenolafnr.*'— CbMntry  TtaM*. 

'*  The  June  number  oommeooes  with  a  phrenological  description  of  Hr.  Jokv  Buskut, 
and  is  clererlf  snd  earefolly  written."— FPa/MJt  Fr—  Preu. 

**  We  discovered  oorselTes  greatly  interested  in  reading  this  periodisaL"— H^Uretfoae 
Jffwe. 

**  A  more  than  nsoall j  interesting  namber."— Dafwea  iV«»e. 

**  This  Msgasine  keepe  np  its  interest,  and  soppUee  a  want  long  Mi  in  the  circle  of  the 
sciences."—  Countg  Ntw9. 


PHRENOLOGICAL    EXAMINATIONS    DAILY. 

Fees :  from  5s.  to  £2  2b. 


L.   N.   FOWLER,   Phrenologist, 

IMPERIAL  BUILDINGS,  LUDGATE  CIRCUS,  LONDON,  E.C. 

(Next  to  LvdgaU  Hill  Station). 

TLeso   Publioationt  nay  be  had  at  the  NATIONAL   TKMPBRANCE 
PUBUCATION  DEPOT,  887,  Stbayd,  Lovooa,  W.C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


ANNOUNCEMENTS, 

SOUTH   AMERICA.     By    Antonio  Gallerga.     1   vol., 

demy  8vo. 

THE  LIFE  OP  OIOERO.     By  Anthony  Trollope.  2  vols., 
crown  8vo. 

LIFE   AND.  OORRESPONDENOE  OF   RICHARD 

COBDEN.    By  John  Morley.    2  vols.,  demy  8vo. 

SOCIOLOGY  BASED  UPON  ETHNOGRAPHICAL 

PRINCIPLES.    By  Dr.  Charles   Latourneau.    Translated  by 
Henry  M.  Trollope.    Large  crown  Bvo. 

JAPANESE   POTTERY:    Being  a  Native  Report. 

Edited  by  A.  W.  Franks,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.    With  numerous  Illus- 
trations and  Marks.    Large  crown  8vo. 

INDUSTRIAL  ARTS   OP   INDIA.    By  George  C.  M. 

BiBDWOOd,  C.S.I.    With  Map  and  174  Illustrations.    New  Edition. 

WALKS   THROUGH  THE   CITY  OP  YORK.     By 

Robert  Davies,  F.S.A.    Etlited  by  his  Widow.    Demv  8vo. 

THE   RACE-HORSE   IN  TRAINING:   with  some 

Hints  on  Raciim  and  Racing  Reform.    By  William  Dat.    Demy 
8vo.    Third  Edition. 


NEW   NOVELS   IN   THE   PRESS, 

BT 

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RECENTLY   PUBLISHED. 
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Interiors,**  &c.,  &c.    Demy  8vo,  168. 

BRITISH    BEE    FARMING,    ITS    PROFITS   AND 

PLEASURES.     By  James  F.  Robinson.      Uniform  with  the 
"  Farming  for  Pleasure  and  Profit "  Series.    Large  crown  8vo,  5s. 

SKETCHES  IN  THE  HUNTING  FIELD.    By  Alpbel 

E.  T.  Watson,  Editor  of  the  Illtutrated  Sporting  and  Dramatic  Netn. 
Illustrated  by  John  Sturoess.    Second  Edition,  demy  12mo,  12b. 


CHAPMAN  &  HALL,  Limited,  193,  Piccadilli 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


il 


HAND  AND  HEART"  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATIONS. 


Fifth  Thoosand,  richly  bound,  Is. 

I.— THE  TEMPERANCE 

WITNESS-BOX. 


Doctors. 
Tnsn, 
PablicaoB. 
SUtesmcn. 


Soldiers. 
Employers. 
Judges. 
Police. 


Sailors. 
Pofts. 
Bishops. 
Clergy. 


Compiled  by  the 
BeT.GHABIiES  BUIiIiOCK,  B.D. 

"  A  remarkable  consensuB  of  testimony.*'^ 
BrU'f. 

**  The  evidence  is  OTenrhelming."— /*»fr2tc 
Opinion, 

"Just  the  book."— -4W»aiic«  New. 

**  One  of  the  most  coDcise  books  on  tern* 
perance  1  have  read  Tells  its  own  sto'y  on 
erery  page."— Dr.  B.W.  RicHAansoir,  F.R.S. 

"  Deserres  the  attention  of  all  who  are  de- 
sirous of  promoting  social  and  religious  ad- 
vancement.*'—CAwreA  SuHday-Sck<»l  Mag. 

••  Will  be  yery  useful  in  many  ways."— Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawsoit. 


Bichly  bound  in  cloth  gilt,  price  Is.  6d. 

II.— TEMPER  ANOE 

LANDMARKS. 
1829-1879. 
By  the  ReT.  Bobkrt  Maqvirb,  D.D. 

"  Should  be  read  by  all  who  have  the  wel- 
fsre  of  the  people  at  heart."— Pti&lte  Opinion, 


III.— THE 


LO0IO  OF 

THE  TAP. 

A  TBIANQULAB  ABQUMBNT. 

Printed  in  colours  on  Plate  p»per  for  firarohig. 

This  illustrated  Temperance  Card,  de- 
siRned  by  the  Editor  of  Mand  and  Hearty 
gives  three  Engravings  by  J.  D.  Cooper,  (Iroin 
original  drawings  by  Cheret.  It  is  suitable 
for  Coffee-houKcs  and  Halls,  Workmen's 
Clubs,  and  general  distribution.  Twelfe 
copies  post  iree  for  Is.  Also  supplied  tn 
quautities  on  special  terms. 


lAin)  Ain)  HEAET :  The  CliiiTcIi  Herald  and  Beview. 


Portraits  and  Biographical  Sketches  of  the  following  rrpresfutatives  of  the  Tempenaaet 
morement  have  recntily  appeared.    Others  are  in  preparation. 


Bishop  of  Gloucester. 
Bishop  of  Bedford. 
Canon  Ellison. 


Mr.  Robert  Baa.  I  Mr.  B.  McDoacdL 

Mr.  Alfred  Sargant.       J.  P.  Cony,  M.P. 
U r .  Frederic  Smith.    I  Thomas  But,  MT. 


The  Late  Dean  Book. 
Rev.  J.  Basloch  Potter. 
Canon  FUming. 

*'  Our  friends  will  do  well  to  get  hold  of  Hand  and  Htart;  they  will  find  it  deeply  inte- 
resting."—^{liaiure  Ifttoi. 
"  The  Temr>ersnce  column  is  specially  Interrsting.**—  Temperance  Record, 


6d.]  THE    FIRESIDE.  [Monthly. 

Edited  by  the  Rev.  CHARLES    BUIiLOOK,    B.D. 

The  January  No.  vrill  contain  the  first  of  a  series  of  papers  on 

TEMPERANCE      PIONEERS, 

By  Frbdk.  Sbsslock,  Author  of  Illustrious  Abstainers." 
No.  1.— JOSEPH  LIYE8ET.    With  a  tinely-engraved  Portrait,  engrared  by  T.  C  Seott  frMi 


a  recent  photograph. 


Id.] 


HOME   WORDS.  [Monthly. 

Edited  bj  the  Rey.  GHARIiES  BCTLLOCE,  B.D. 

The  Jantury  No.  will  contain  the  first  of  a  serlee  of 

ANECDOTES    OF    ILLUSTRIOUS    ABSTAINERS. 

Compiled  by  Fsidk.  SHasLOCK. 


Undon:  "HAND  AND  HEART"  Office,  1,  Paternoster  Biiidiiiga^  E.O. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEHPEBASCE    BElDIKfiS,   SHORT   STORIES, 
DIALOGUES,    RECITATI05S,    dc. 

By  T.   H.  EVANS. 
EVANS'  TEMPERANCE  ANNUAL,    1881. 

TempermoGe  Wit,  and  fiomoor,  FaoU,  Fun,  and  Fiction,  in  ProM  and  Verve. 
Price  8d.  ;  poet  free,  4d.    1877,  '78,  70,  *80,  post  free  for  Is. 


THE    ABSTAINEK'S    COMPAVION.     Evaus*  Annual  for  1877-8-9. 

Attractirely  bound  in  doth.  Is.  6d. 


TSMPEBAUCE  ENTSBTAINMSNTS. 

Kancy  Nathan's  Kosegay ;  a  Temperance  Operetta  for  a  Lady  and  Gen- 

tkman.    3d.    Seeond  Rdition. 
Selina   Selby's    Stratagem ;    oi ,   the  Three  Cripples.     A  Temperance 

EnterUinmeot  for  two  Ladlet  sod  four  GentleroeD.    8d.    Third  Edition. 
Darning  a  Cobweb.     Dialogue  for  two  females. 
The  Two  Madmen.    Dialogue  for  two  males. 
Out  of  the  World.     Dialogue  for  two  males. 
Hilly  Morton's  Mistake.     Dialogue  for  four  characters. 
Something  to  their  advantage.    Dialogue  for  five  males. 
Percival  PtOCtor's  Project.    Dialogue  for  two  males. 
The  Mysterious  Stranger.     Dialogue  for  three  males. 
Geofflrey  Grainger's  Guests.    Dialogue  for  seven  characters. 
Foolish  Fancies.     Dialogue  for  three  characters. 

Harriet  Harland's  Husband.     Dialogue  for  two  males  and  two  females. 
Fast  Asleep.     Dialogue. 
Teetotal  Sunday.    Dialogue  for  two  males. 

The  abore  may  be  had  in  Three  Parts,  at  6d.  each. 

SHOET  STOEIES  ON  TEMPEEANOE.    Illustrated. 

A  Man  Without  a  Fault.     A  Domestic  Story.     Id. 

Caught  in  his  Own  Trap  ;  or,  Aroid  the  Appearance  of  Evil.     Id. 

Just  for  a  I«(Burk.     A  Tale  for  Working  Men.     Id. 

A  Man  who  could  do  Impossibilities.  A  Tale  of  a  Coffee  Tayem.  Id. 

All  a  Pack  of  Nonsense.     A  Story  for  Children.    Second  Edition.     Id. 

The  abore  may  be  had  in  Illustrated  Wrapper,  6d. ;  or  in  assorted  Packets^  la 


The   liCaflet   Eeciter.     For  Bands  of  Hope.     6d.  Packet,  containing  CO 

SCSOftsd. 

Hew  to  Cure  and  Prevent  the  Desire  for  Drink.    Id.    Third  Edi». 


LONDON : 

NATIONAL    TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATION   DEPOT,   337,   STRAND. 
J.    KEHPSTEB  A    Co.,   ST.   BBIDB'S    AVENUE,    EC. 

ABEL  BETWOOD  A  SON,  MANCHESTER. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  LIBRARY  for  £3  3s.  U. 


A  TEMPERANCE  LIBBABY 
Adapted  for  Temperance  Societies,  Templar  Lodges,  Sabbath  Scliools, 
Ships,  Churches,  and  General  Libraries,  consisting  of  the  following  49 
Publications  of  the  Scottish  Temperance  League,  in  42  Volumes,  uni- 
formly Bound  in  Cloth  Cases,  [  will  be  supplied  to  Societies,  f<»r 
£3  3s.  6d.,  viz.  :— 


(  Ten  Nights  in  a  Bai^Room. 
1.  j  Three  NighU  with  the  Washing- 
(.     toniaDS. 

I  Passages  from  the  History  of  a 
Wasted  Life. 
Fast  Life ;  or,  the  City  and  the 
Farm, 
o    \  Bumi!<h  Family. 
'  }  Glimpses  of  Real  Life. 
^    { Gloaming^  of  Life. 
*•  J  Our  National  Vice. 
.  }  Fortunes  of  Fairleigh. 
'  )  The  Lathams. 
Cousin  Alice. 
Ritter  BelL 


6. 


^  ( Nelly  Dark  Days. 

'  •  I  Betty's  Bright  Idea. 

8.  Alcohol. 

9.  Nephalism. 
10.    Danesbury  House, 
U.  Drift. 

12.  Retribution. 

1 3 .  George  Harrington. 

14.  Gleneme. 

15.  Troubled  Waters. 

16.  The  Curse  of  the  Claverings. 
;i7.  Dunyarlich.  i   42.    Thorn  Lodge. 

To  secure  uniformity  in  the  appearance  of  the  Volumes,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  enable  the  Publisheis  to  supply  them  in  a  superior  binding,  at  a  cheap  rate, 
the  smaller  Volumes  have  been  arranged  in  pairs,  and  bound  up  Two  in  One 
Volume. 

The  whole  set  is  bound  in  one  colour,  and  may  be  had  either  in  Brown  or 
Oreen. 

y,B,—0rder9  for  then  Lihrariet  tkould  U  accompanied  by  a  remittance.  Money 
Ordert  to  he  made  payable  to  William  Jobh stok. 


18.  IsobclJanline's  History. 

19.  George  Easton's  Autobiogmpliy. 

20.  By  the  Trent. 

21.  Scripture  Wines. 

22.  The  Fiery  Circle. 

23.  The  Coventrys. 

24.  Rachel  Noble's  Experience. 

26.  Kingswood. 

25.  Sketches  of  Life  and  Character. 

27.  Rev.   Dr.    Willoughby    and    his 

Wine. 

£8.  Sydney  Martin. 

29.  Autobiography  of  J.  B.  Gougb. 

30.  Britain's  Social  State. 

31.  Grace  Myers. 

82.  Three  Tears  in  a  Man-TVap. 

83.  Early  Heroes  of  the  Temperance 
Reformation. 

84.  WyTille  Court. 

85.  The  Fallen  Minister. 

86.  Light  at  Last. 

87.  Brought  Home. 

88.  Tom  Allardyce. 

39.  Temperaoce  Physiology. 

40.  Dialogues  on  Drink. 

41.  The  Two  Students. 


Glasgow:  Scottish  Temperance  League,  108,  Hope  St. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


A  SUITABLE  CHRISTMAS   GIFT. 


Wll^Ii    BE    READY    TN    DECEMBER. 

Croicn  SvOj  handsomely  bound,  38.  Gd, 

HEROES  IN  THE  STRIFE: 

OB, 

The  Temperance  Testimoiiies  of  Some  Eminent  Men. 

By   FREDK.  SHERLOCK, 

Author  of  "  Illustrious  Abstainers/'  Ac. 


John  Bright,  M.P., 

"  The  Free  Trade  Orator." 

John  Wesley, 

"  The  Founder  of  Methodism." 


Abraham  Linooln, 

*'  The  Martyred  PreddeDt.** 

Bishop  Temple,  D.D., 

*•  The  Temperance  Teacher." 

Darid  livingstone, 

"  The  African  Explorer.** 


CONTENTS: 
John  Locke, 


"  The  Renowned  Philoeopher." 

Cardinal  Manning, 

'*  Foandor  of  the  Total  Abetinenoe 
League  of  the  Cross." 

Charles  ¥aterton, 

"  The  South  American  Traveller." 

The  Bey.  Newman  Hall,  LL.B., 

••A  Temperance  Konoer." 

Sir  Charles  Dilke,  Bart,  M.P. 

**  The  LUterattur  and  Statesman.*' 


Samuel  Johnson, 

*'  The  Christian  Moralist.' 


Charles  H.  Spnrgeon, 

'*  The  Preacher  and  PhilaothropisL" 

Sir  William  King  Hall,  E.C.B.  Hubert  Herkomer. 

**  A  Naval  Champion."  "  The  Celebrated  Artist.' 


W.  Lloyd  Harrison, 

"The  SUte  AboliUonist." 


Sir  Charles  Napier, 

*»  The  Hero  of  Scinde." 


Bean  Hook.  *<A  Model  Worker.'* 


Special  Terms  to  Societies  requiring  quantities.     Application  should  be  made 
to  Mr.  F.  Shkblock,  Thole  Lodge,  Blackheath,  S.E. 


LONDON: 


HODDER  &  STOUGHTON,  27,  Paternoster  Row,  E.G. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG, 

SUITABLE  FOR 

Lending  Libraries,  Piizes,  Birthday  Presents,  &c. 

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for  the  Yountr  Women  of  England.  By  J.  M.  Dabtom.  17th  Edition.  With  Vignette 
Portrait  of  H.B.H.  the  Princess  of  Wales  and  her  infant  son,  and  other  lllastrationa. 
Ss.  6d. 

Tte  Shakesperean  Temperance  Kalendar,  and  Birthdiiy  Autograph  Album. 

Containing  a  daily  Shaliesperean  Quotation,  illustrating  a  Record  of  Temperance  EveBts. 
By  JosBPH  Malims.    Handsomely  bound  in  clotb,  gilt  edges,  3s.  6d. 

The  Priceless  Treasure ;  or.  The  Bible  Tbo  Book  for  all  at  all  times  and  in  all 
place*,  with  ttriking  i^eidentf.    By  Jodn  W.  Kihton,  Author  of  *'  Happy  Homes,"  kn 
Kighth  Thousand.    With  8  full-page  Woodcuts.    Elegantly  bound,  28. 

Ten  Nights  In  a  Bar-Room.  New  Illustrated  Edition,  Handsomely  bound. 
8  full-pige  original  Drawings.  The  only  illustrated  edition  of  T.  S.  Arthur's  famous 
work,  and  «o  cheap  and  elegant  that  there  can  be  no  more  attractive  and  osefol  book  for 
the  small  price  at  which  it  is  published.    28. 

Prize  Pictorial  Readings,  in  Prose  and  Vorse.  Illustrating  all  Phases  of  the 
Temperance  Que»tion.  By  various  Writers.  40  original  Woodcuts.  176pag«s.  Elegantly 
bound  in  cloth  gilt,  2s. 

The  "Eclipse  "  Temperance  Elocutionist,  A  Selection  from  the  choicest  Poetry 
and  Speeches  of  the  most  gifted  and  distinguished  Temperance  Reformers,  English  and 
American,  with  striking  Illustrative  Anecdotes.    Is.  6d. 

Youthful  Nobility;  The  Early  Lifo  History  of  Gotthilf  and  Frederika ;  a  Story  in 
which  the  Bible  forms  a  prominent  feature.  The  Religious  Press  have  given  high  com- 
mendation of  this  book.    Is.  6d. 

Price  One  Shilling  each.    Poit  free, 

"Drops  of  Water."  ▲  choice  volume  of  Temperance  Poems,  mostly  suitable 
for  Recitstion.  By  Ella  Wiibbler,  the  gifted  Auierioan  writer.  Frontispieoe  Portrait 
of^e  Authoress.    Handsomely  bound,  gilt  edges.    Is. 

Rainbow  Readings,  A  Selection  from  *' Prise  Pictorial  Headings.*'  114  pagvs, 
illustrated.    Strongly  bound.    Is. 


CHEAP  MISCELLANEOUS  PUBLICATIONS. 

Welcome  Home.     A  Service  of  Song.     By  W.  P.  Wilbirfobob  Buxton.     Suit- 
able Bands  of  Hope  and  Juvenile  Temples.    4d. 

Where  there's  a  Will  there's  a  Way,     A  Temperance  Entertainment.     By  Miss 
E.  H.  HiCKKT.    Arranged  for  five  characters.    4d. 

Try  your  Best ;  or  Proof  against  Failure.     By  W.  Wiohtm an      Oontaining 

original  speedies,  songs,  recitation*,  and  dialogties.  for  fourteen  juvenile  performers :  or 
fewer  may  complete  the  entertainment.    Each  piece  may  also  be  tued  separately.    So. 


LONDON: 

JOHN  KEMPSTER  &  Co.,  Limited,  St.  Bride's  Avenue,  Fleet  Street,  E,C. 

AND  ALL    B00K8ELLEBS. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  WESLEYAN 

CONFERENCE  OFFICE. 


METHODIST    TSMPBBANCE    MAGAZINE ;   33  pp.  8to,  witli 
Jllartntionf,  MonthiT,-  Price  On«  Penny. 

JOWS  IiTOH ;  or.  From  the  Depths.  A  Temperance  Story.  By  Rvtk  Elcior. 
Five  AiU-psge  Illuitrations.    Price  38.  6<i. 

** Earnest  and  eloqnent.  dramatic  ia  treatment,  and  thoroughly  healthy  in  spirit"— 7^ 
Birmimsk^m  DtUf  Qaxeite. 

"  A  deeply  interesting  •iMTjy—Ckruiian  Aff*. 

**  rbsa  BtcMry  is  written  with  remarkable  poorer." — The  L:nfUi  Journal. 

**Th«  tale  is  admirably  concoired,  powerfully  expretf-^rd,  and  wc:l  austained."— IZotfActaie 


**  Written  with  fresbneat,  Yigoar,  and  earnestness."— D«r6ysikir«  Courier. 

"This  ia  one  of  the  most  encbantine  stories  it  has  fallen  to  our  lot  to  retd.  .  .  .  We  cannot 
speak  too  bighlv  of  it  Every  one  who  takes  nur  nd^ricc  and  purchase's  this  book  will  thank 
ym  tar  writing  thos  truthfully  of  its  ceatents/'— (7<xi(i  Tfoifdur'i  fVafehvord, 

'WEB   DOHAIiD'   SEBIB8  OF  TEfilPEBANOE   BOOKS. 
Boyal  16  mo.    lliuitrated.    Price,  In.  6d.  each. 


An   Old   Sailor's   xara:   and  other 

Sketches  from  Daily  Life. 
The  Stony  Boad:  A  Tale  of  Humble  Life. 
Stories  for  Willing  Ears.    For  Boys. 

ByT.8.B. 


Stones  for  Willing;  Ears.  For  Girls. 

By  T.  8.  E. 
Thirty  Thousand  Pounds  :  and  other 

Sketches  from  Daily  Life. 
'  Wee  Donald' :  Sequel  to ' Stony  Road.' 


THE  BBEAKFA  ST  HAIiF-HOUB.    Addreraes  on  Religious  and  Moral  Topies 
By  tbs  Rer.  H.  R.  Bimoir.    Royal  10mo.    Twenty-fire  Illustrations.    Price,  1m.  6d. 

BBOKBN  PUBFOSBS  ;  or.  the  Good  Time  Coming.  By  Lillib  lIoxTioaT, 
Royal  10mo.    Five  page  lllu»tratioas.    Price  Is.  6d. 

THE  OIAlf  TS,  and  how  to  Fight  them.  By  the  Rer.  Richard  Nbwtos,  D.D. 
Boyal  l6mo.    Mnmerous  Illustrations.    Price  Is. 
Crown  Itinao.    numerous  Illustrations.     Price  6d. 
Crown  Iflmo.    Eiiamellsd  Covers.    Price,  4d. 


NEW  SERIES  OF  ILLUSTRATED   TEMPERANCE  TRACTS. 

In  Book  form,  Demj  16mo,  printed  upon  toned  paper. 


Ko. 


1.  TwiecDesd 1« 

2.  FrankHUtea 8 

8.  Chrlstmss  in  Wilderness  Court  32 

4.  Christmas  in  Paradise       . .    32 

5.  Utile  by  LHtle  ..    10 

Q.  '*1  like  to  Wear   my  own 
Clotbirs  First"    .. 

7.  "  A  Word  in  Season" 

8.  '*Toach  Not;  1  sate  Not" 


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88. 
88. 
48. 

2s. 

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'•That  Little  Chsp  is  my 

Father!" 19 

10.  The  Temperance  Cottage..  8 

11.  WhowillSitin?      ..  8', 

12.  "  The  Last  shall  bo  First "  10 

13.  "Wiilt'oTrea'  Ub?  '  8 

14.  Tom  Duwu  wards,  or,  a  Lost 

Life  ..  8  .,  2s. 

15.  Christmas  at  FarmcrDrink' 

wa'er's 32  ..  Is. 


4s. 
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TEMPERANCE  HYMNS  AND  SONGS,  WORDS  AND  MUSIC. 


OB1B    HUNDBED    AND    FIFTY-SIX    TEMPEBANCE 

AND  BONOS,  for  the  Use  of  Methodist  Bands  of  Hope  and  Temperance  SoeiellsSL 
Edition  with  Tones.  Old  Notation.  Demy  8to,  ptper  covers,  price  One  Shilling;  limp 
clotii.  Is  6d.,  cloth,  bevelled  boards,  red  edges,  and  eight  leaves  blank  Music  Paper,  2s.  Id 

OHB  HUNDBED  AND  FIFTY-SIX  TEMPEBANCE  HYMNS 
AND  BONGS  (Words  only).  Revised  Edition,  paper  covers,  One  Penny;  or,  6s.  per 
100.    Limp  eiotb.  Twopence ;  or,  12s.  per  ItO. 

London : 

WESLEYAN  CONFERENCE  OFFICE,  2, 'Castle  Street,  Cixr  Road; 

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National  Tkmpxbamcs  Publication  Dep(>t,  887i  Strand. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


NOW  READY,  A  New  Edition,  Third  Thousand. 

Cfrovm  8vo,  ha7idsomely  bounds  Ss.  6d, 

ILLUSTRIOUS   ABSTAINERS. 

By  FREDE.  SHEBLOCK, 

Author  of  "Temperanceand  English  Literature."  Ao. 


OONT 
Sir  Garnet  Wolseley, 

'<  Th0  Braye  Soldier." 

Thomas  Bnrt,  M.P. 

**  The  Working  Man  Leg^iiUtor." 

President  Hayes, 

••The  Wl»e  Governor." 

Sir  Henry  Thompson,  F.E.G.S., 

"  The  Dietingniihed  Sorgeon." 

Oommodore  Ooodenongh, 

'*  The  Martyred  Seaman." 

Dr.  B.  V.  Biohardson,  F.E.S., 

**  The  Eminent  Soientif  t." 

Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.K.S., 

**  The  Learned  DiTiae." 

Thomas  Edward, 

"The  Scotch  Natoralist." 

Samuel  Plimsoll,  M.P., 

••The  SaUors' Friend." 

^amuel  Morley,  M.P., 

'•  The  ChriBtlan  Merchant." 

The  volume  also  contains  interesting 
Abstainers,'*  as  well  as  references  to 
perance  organisations. 


BNTS: 
Thomas  Guthrie,  D.D., 

**  The  Champion  of  Ragged  Schools." 

Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart,  H.P., 

*•  The  Advocate  of  Prohibition.'* 

Sir  Heniy  Hayelook,  K.G.B., 

**  The  Hero  of  Lacknow.** 

Father  Mathev, 

**The  Apostle  of  Temperance.** 

John  B.  Gkrugh, 

•'  The  Temperance  Orator." 

John  G.  Biohardson, 

'*  The  Foonder  of  Besabrook." 

Elihu  Burritt, 

*•  The  Learned  Blaeksmiih.** 

Canon  Basil  Wilberforoe.  M.A., 

••  The  Eloquent  Preacher." 

Sir  Walter  C.  Treyelyan,  Bart, 

••  First  President  of  the  U.K.  A. 

John  Howard, 

••The  Prison  PhilanthropUt" 

particulars  of  many  other  **'  TOustrioiis 
tiie  work  of  several  of  the  leading  Tem- 


Tbe  work  has  been  favourably  reviewed  by  all  the  Temperance  papers^  and  by 
several  leading  metropolitan  and  provincial  journals. 

The  Daily  Telegraph  says  :— 

••  A  most  entertaining  and  readable  little  book,  in  which  Temperance  principles  srs  tem- 
perately treated  from  the  biugraphical  point  of  view.  Mr.  Sherlock  hasgivcn  amort  elBwtife 
reply  to  the  common  insinuation  that  it  is  only  weak*minded  people  who  are  tsetotalsis.  • . 
We  are  quite  certain  that  Mr.  Sherlock's  twenty  representative  biographies  will  do  great 
service." 

Oio.  Aug.  Saxa,  in  the  Illustrated  London  Newt,  says  : — 

••  Advocates  of  the  canie  of  Total  Abstinence  will  be  highly  interested  snd  as  highly 
edified  by  the  perusal  of  this  bright  volume.    It  is  an  excellent  book." 


liONDON: 

SODDER  &  STOTJGHTOir,  27,  Patemogter  Bow,  RC. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Descriptive  Price  List,  post  free. 

BAND  OF  HOPE  REQUISITES, 

INCLUDING 

SETS    OF    BOOKS    FOR     BANDS    OF    HOPE, 
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BAND  OF  HOPE  HAND-BOOK.    PLEDGE  CARDS  of  all  kinds. 

Hilars  AKD  SON&S.      KELODISTS.      MUSIC  BOOKS.      PLEDGE  BOOKS. 

EEGITATIONS  AITD  DIALOSUES.    BAim  OF  HOPE  MEDALS. 

MOTTO     FX.AGS      ANX>      BANNISRS. 

Certificates  for  Parents'  Consent.    Attendance  Cards. 
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Every  Band  of  Hope  or  Temperance  Secretary  should  send  for  this 

List  at  once. 

Address — 

*  ONWARD"  PUBLISHING  OFFICES,  18,  Moukt  Strut,  Manchistie. 

London  Agents— S.  W.  PARTRIDGE  &  Co.,  9,  Pater^stee  Row. 

MurcKBSTiK— JOHN  HETWOOD,  BiDOBniLO. 

S.  Tf.  PiRTRIDGE  &  CO.'S  PIBLICATIONS. 

NEVII*I«E  HATHSRIiBY  ;  a  Tale  of  Modern  English  Life.  Bj  a  Ladt. 
Wiih  Introduction  bj  Stenton  Eardley,  Vicmr  of  Streathain.    Crown  8ro,  cl.,  28.  8d. 

THE  BIBLE  AND  TEMPERANCE :  or,  the  True  Scriptural  Basis 
of  the  Temperance  MoYement.    By  the  Rer.  Tboxai  Psabbok.    Crown  8to,  ol ,  8a.  6d. 

CHEEBIRQ  WORDS  FOB  WEART  AND  TROT7BLED  BE- 
LIEVERS.   By  the  Rer.  ALrnsn  TriJEa.    Second  Edition.    16mo,  cloth,  Is. 

THE  COFFEE  Pt7BLIC-HOn8E :  How  to  Establish  and  Manage  it. 
New  and  revised  Edition.    Price  6d. ;  a  redaction  on  qnantitiei. 

ESTHER  :  a  Tale  of  Modem  Jewish  Burgher  Life.  By  Miss  C.  E.  Sxuur. 
Author  of  "  Eliezer ;  or,  Suffering  for  Chriit.*'    Frontiipiece.    Crown  8to,  cloth,  Ss.  M. 

BEN  O'WEN :  a  Lancashire  Story.  By  Jbhnik  PxRaarr.  Second  Edidon. 
With  EngraTinga,    Fcap.  Svo,  cloth,  Is.  6d. 

INTO  THE  LIGHT.  By  the  same  Anthor.  With  EngraYings.  Fcap.  Sro.  cloth, 
la.  6d. 

TEMPERANCE  STORIES  FOR  THE  YOUNG.  By  T.  S.  Arthur,  Author 
of  "  Ten  Nighta  in  a  Bar^Room."  With  seren  fiill-page  Engravings.  Crown  Svo,  cloth, 
2s.  6d. 

COFFEE  TAVERNS,  COCOA  HOUSES,  and  COFFEE  PALACES: 
their  Rise,  Progress,  and  Proapects.    By.  E.  Hbpplb  Hall,  F.S.8.    Paper,  Is. ;  cl.  Sa. 

LIL  GRE7;  or,  Arthur  Chester's  Courtship.  By  Mrs.  £.  Bkatak.  Frontis- 
piece.   Crown  Svo,  cloth,  3b.  6d. 

JUST  TO  PLEASE  SOMEBODY;  or,  Christmas  at  Enfield  Manor. 
By  Mrs.  G.  8.  Rkavkt.    32  pages,  Id. 


London :  S.  ¥.  PARTEISGE  &  Co.,  9,  Paternoster  Bow. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


"THE  WORSHIP  OF  BACCHUS  A  GREAT  DELUSION," 

By  EBENEZER  CLARKE,  P.S.8., 

Illustrated  with  Drawings  and  Dia^ams  P    Cloth,  28. 
10,000  HAVE  ALREADY   BEEN   SOLD. 

"This  book  is  what  has  long  been  a  desideratum.  We  are  more  than 
pleased  with  it.  It  is  well  priated  and  well  bonud,  and  woald  grace  the  table 
of  any  drawing  room.  It  gives  a  full  desoriptioD  of  the  system  of  malting,  fer- 
mentation, and  brewing,  ail  of  which  are  well  and  properly  illustrated.  The 
diagrams  and  explanations  supply  the  reader  with  a  large  amount  of  useful 
knowledge.  We  advise  every  Temperance  reformer  to  purchase  it.*' — Temperance 
Record.  

4  Large  Diagrams  illiutrating  the  ehief  points  la  "  The  Worship  of  Baoehut," 

for  the  use  of  Lecturers  and  Bind  of  Hops  Co&duttors,  with  frame 

complete,  £1  Is  the  set;  tingle  diagrams,  Is.,  eoloored,  Is.  3d. 


London:  BAIJD  OP  HOPE  TJITIOir,  Ludgate  Hill. 

AND  OF  ALL  BOOKS  GLLEKS. 

SWISS  ALPINE  CHOIR 

Is  open  for  ENQAGEMBNTS,  -with 

FOUR,  EIGHT  op  TWELVE  SINGERS. 


XSNTEBTAXmiEirTS  INOIiTTDE 

MTTSICAL  DIALOeiTES,  SKETCHES  and  RECITATIONS. 


PERMANENT  ADDRESS— 

I>ItOFESSOI^     ..A.  ISr  ID  OEt  S, 

10,  White  Liion  Street,   Bishopsgate,   London. 


A  kfge  Dumber  of  new  Temperance  and  other  Songs,  with  piano  aooompani- 
ment,  composed  by  Professor  Andr6,  suitable  for  Drawing-rooms,  will  be 
pubtished  shortly.  ''Forsake  me  not,*'  "Do  they  speak  of  me  at  home!'* 
"Orphalin/*  and  "  Forget-me-not,"  are  just  out  of  the  press,  and  can  be  had 
poet  free  for  \i  stamps  each,  at  the  National  Temperance  Publication  Depot, 
SSZ,  Stnnd,  Loztdon,  W.O. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BECKETT'S 

FUTJIT 

SYJRUPS 


HAKE  MOST 


DELICIOUS 
BEVERAGES 


CAN  BE  USED  WITH 


HOT    OB    COLD 
"WATEB. 


BECKETT'S 
SYRUP  OF 

ORANG£  and  QUININE 


IS  OVE  OF  THE 


"  1T7INTEKINE*'   (reeistered), 

VV  GINGERETTE,  LIME  FRUIT, 
RASPBERRY,  BLACK  CURRAOT?, 
LEMOiV,   &c. 

'*Your  Fruit  Sjrrupt  are  exquisite.  I 
bave  met  with  nothing  of  the  kind  equal  to 
them/*— Rer.  Charles  Garrett. 

"  I  like  them  oxueedingly.  They  deaerre 
to  be  entitled  '  Nature *ii  own  Bevemges '  ;  I 
could  not  speak  more  highly  of  them/* — 
Rot.  Charles  Bullock^  B.D.,  Editor  of 
JffotM  Words. 

**  They  make  the  most  refVeshing  and  de- 
lioiouii  beverage  extant. "—Uenut  Mdnroi, 
Esq.,  M.D.,  F.LS.,  Hull 

**  They  are  excellent.  The  lime  Fruit 
Syrup  is  the  pleasantest  preparation  of  Lime 
I  haTO  yet  tasted."— Dr.  F.  R.  LsES,  Leeds. 


In  Bottles— Half-pints,  Is.  ;  Pints,  Is.Qd. 
One  dosen  piots  sent  carriage  paid  to  any 
railway  station  in  the  kingdom,  either  from 
the  works  or  any  of  the  agents. 


''I  have  prescribed  Beckett's  Syrup  of 
Orange  and  Quinine,  as  nn  elegant  substituto 
for  Bitter  Beer,  for  the  last  ten  years.'*— 
Norman  Kerb,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  London. 

"  It  ib  a  very  good  tonic.  I  have  ordered 
it  to  several  of  my  patients,  and  tbey  all 
speak  very  highly  of  it."— ALEX.  MiLLBB, 
Esq.,  Edinburgh. 

**  When  a  tonic  is  required,  it  would  bo 
impossible  to  get  a  better  or  a  pleasanter." 
— F.  Arnold  Lees,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.LS. 

"  It  is  simply  invaluable."— W.  BBSWnt, 
Esq  ,  M.D.,  J.P.,  Hanover  Square,  London. 


BEST  OP    TONICS. 

I  In  Bottles,  Is.  9d.  and  Ss. 

Sold  by  Chemists,  Grocers,  and  Confectioners. 

Manuf3BW5tiirer— W.   BECKETT,  Heywood,  MancheBter. 


LONDON : 

J.  SAir&ER  ft  SONS,  262,  Oxford  Street. 
HATIOH AL  TEXPS&AKCE  PUBLIOATION  DEPOT,  887,  Strand. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


P.   WRIGHT'S 

DNFERMENTED  WINES 

ARE  GUARANTEED  TO  BE  THE 

PURE   JUICE   OF   THE   GRAPE 

AND 

FREE  FROM  ALCOHOL. 


They  are  the  ONLY  GENUINE  Unfermented  Wines 

now  in  the  British   market. 


^rice,  288.  aixcL  IGs.  per  ^ozen. 


RETAIL  AGENTS  FOR  LONDON : 

NATIONAL  TBMPEEANCB  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  887,  Strand ; 

AND 

8.  ¥.  PAETKID&E  &  Gj.  0,  Paternoster  Eow. 


N.B. — *<  My  examination  of  this  sample  of  Unfermented 
(F.  Wright's)  confirms  the  statement  made  upon  the  label,  that 
it  is  '  Pure  grape  juice  and  free  from  Alcohol.'  An  exhaustive 
analysis  of  the  ash  shows  it  to  be  the  same  in  amount,  and  to 
consist  of  the  same  constituents  as  the  ash  from  grape  Juice 
pressed  from  the  fresh  fruit  by  myself.  In  this  respect  there  is 
a  marked  distinction  between  this  and  all  other  samples  of  Un- 
fermented Wine  examined  by  me ." 

(Signed)  J.  CA&TER  BBLL,  F.O.8.,  F.LO.,  Ac, 

Analyft  to  the  Borougb  of  Stlfofd  snd  the  Ooanty  of  Ohester. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


ONE  BOX  OF  CLARKE'S  B  41  PILLS 

Is  warranted  to  Care  «lt  Diachai^B^  from  the  Urinary  Oi^^ns  in  either  Sex,  ac- 
quired  or  constitutional,  Gravel  or  Pains  in  the  Back. — Sold  in  Boxe9,  4s.  6d,  eaob, 

By  ALL  GHSBflSTS  and  PATENT  MEDICINE  VENDORS ; 

Or  aont  to  any  address  for  60  Stamps  by  the  Maker, 

F.   J.    CLARKE,   Consulting  Chemist, 

APOTHECARIES*  HALL,  LINCOLN. 

Wholesale  Agents— BARCLAY  &  SON,  London. 

AND  ALL  THE   WHOLESALE   HOUSES. 

HOYIiE'S   HYMNS  AND  SONGS 

For  TEMPSBANGE  SOCIETIES  and  BAUDS  OF  HOPE. 

Berised  and  Enlarged  Edition,  217  pieces,  suitable  for  every  department  of 
Temperaiioe  work.  Price  l^d. ;  cloth,  6d.  Large  typo  Edition,  clolh,  6d.  Words 
and  Music :  Tonic  Sol-Fa,  cloth.  Is.  8d.  ;  Old  Notation,  paper,  Is.  8d.,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

HOTLE'S  MELODIST,  Id. ;  cloth,  2d. 

\  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  887,  Strand. 
LONDON:  ( g   ^  PAiTBIDSB  &  Co.,  9,  Paternoster  Bow. 


New  Cross  Total  Abstinence  Pendant  or  Brooch,  as  sketch' 
enamelled  three  colonra;  post  free,  lOd.  each.  Neat  Band  of  Hope 
and  Temperance  Gilt  Star  Badges ;  post  free,  12,  13,  or  14  stamps 
each.  Special  Garter  added  for  Seeretary,  Conductor,  Superin- 
tendent, Ac.,  at  1b.  2d  each.  New  Total  Abstinence  Uedal,  fully 
mounted,  9d.,  lOd.,  and  la  each.  Good  Templar  Star  Badgea  and 
Medal,  ^ame  price  as  above.  Also  Silver  Medal  and  Pin,  with 
Ribbon  complete,  for  Temperance  or  I.  0.  G.  T.,  10«.  6d.  each. 

Three  different  samples  of  Band  of  Hope  Medals  and  Price  List, 
free  six  stamps.  Juvenile  Templar  and  Sunday  School  Medals  nrom 
Id.  each.  Name  of  any  Society  placed  in  sold  letters  or  other wis«  on 
Ribbons  for  Medals  and  Stars.  Price  Lhit  and  Sketches  free  one 
stamp. 


^vy^y^,^^/-Vl-\ /*/-w^  ^  N-^ 'x^N/"*^X' ^\x  »xx^ 


R.  CHANDLER,  Temperance  Medallist,  07,  Albion  Street,  Birmingham, 


i€ 


OUR    TEAS. 


J5 


No.  1,  l8.  8d.    No.  a,  2b.    No.  8,  28.  4d.    No.  4,  2s.  8d. 

In  Thi  Csnisters  of  S,  4,  and  6  lbs.  weight;  and  in  Chhiese  Boxes  of  6,  12,  16,  20,  tad 

26  lbs.  weight  (about). 

TSRHS—Cash  with  order.      Carriage  paid  on  orders  of  SOa.  value. 


RAE  d  Co,,  27,  Knightrlder  Street,  London,  B.C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


«  For  th«  Blood  is  the  Life." 

CLARKE'S   WORLD-FAMED 

BLOOD    MIXTURE. 

THE  GREAT  BLOOD  PURIFIER  AND  RESTORER, 

For  cleansing  and  clearing:  the  blood  (Vom  all  imparitiefl.  cannot  be  too  highly  recommended. 
For  Scrofula,  Scurvy,  Skin  DiDeaies  and  voros  of  all  kinds,  it  ia  a  never-failing  and 
permanent  cure. 

It  CureB  Old  Sorei.  It  Caret  Blaekheads  or  PimplM  on  the  Faee. 

Cures  Ulcerated  Sore  Legs.  Cares  Blood  and  Skin  Diseases. 

Cures  Scurvy  Sores.  Cores  TTleerated  Sores  ou  the  Neck. 

Cures  Cancerous  XTloers.  Cares  the  Blood  from  all  Impure  matten 

Cares  Olaudalar  Swellings-         from  whatever  cause  arising. 

As  this  mixture  is  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  warranted  free  from  anything  injorious  to 
the  most  delicate  constitution  of  either  sex,  the  Proprietor  Bolicits  sufferers  to  give  it  a  trisi 
to  test  its  Tolue. 

THOUSANDS  OF  TESTIMONIALS    FROM    ALL    PARTS. 

Sold  in  Bottles  28.  6d.  each,  and  in  cases  containing  six  times  the  quantity,  lis.  each— 
Bufficitnt  to  effect  a  permanent  cure  in  the  gntii  majority  of  long  standing  cases. 

BIT   Alili  CHBIMISTS   AND    PATSNT   MEDICINE   VENDOBS 

throughout  the  world,  or  sent  on  receipt  of  SO  or  132  stamps  by  the  proprietor. 

F.  J.  CLARKE,  Chemist,  Apothecaries'  Hall,  Ldncoln. 

Trade  Mark-*' Blood  Mixture." 

ALLNUn'S  FRUIT  LOZENGES. 

For  COTiaHS,  GOLDS,  SO£E  THEOATS,  HOiBSEKESS,  fto. 

Prepared  eolely  from  the  Buck  Currant.      Used  for  many  years  by  the  Royal  Faiulv. 

These  Lozenges,  in  which  the  acidity  of  the  Black  Currant  Is  concentrated  in 
the  highest  degree,  afford  great  relief  to  »pcd  and  Conaunoptive  persons,  p&rti« 
cularly  at  night.     Public  Speakers  and  Singers  also  lind  them  very  bcne6cial. 

Analysed  by  A.  H.  Hassall,  Esq.,  M.D.,nnd  Otto  Hfhnkr,  Esq.,  F.C.S.,  and 
stated  by  them  to  be  very  carefully  made  from  the  fruit  of  the  Black  Currant, 
and  to  bo  ppecially  useful  for  relaxed  sore  throats.  Prepared  only  by  the  Pro- 
prietor, EBEDERICK  ALLSTITT  (late  ALL^T}TT  k  8on),  18a  ft  b,  Chapel  Bov, 
•Portsea,  Hants. 

Sold  (only)  in  Boxes  at  Is.  l^d.'each,  and  in  larger  Boxes  (one  containing  three) 
at  2s.  6d.  each,  by  Patent  Medicine  Vendors ;  where  also  may  be  had,  prepared 
by  the  above, 

AROMATIC    FUMIGATING   or  PASTILLE  PAPER. 

This  article,  from  its  great  disinfecting  power,  is  invaluable  in  destroying 
noxious  effluvia,  and  is  far  superior  to  similar  preparations  on  account  of  its  great 
fragrance,  totally  unlike  their  sickly  and  oppressive  perfume.  It  is  found  very 
useful  on  a  Sea  Voyage,  af)d  in  Hot  Climates^  and  is  indispensable  in  the  Sick- 
room.   Sold  in  Packets,  Sixpekob  each. 

A  Box  of  the  Lozenges  or  Packet  of  the  Paper  forwarded  postapre  free  to  any 
Address  in  the  United  Kingdom  on  receipt  of  the  price  in  Id.  or  (d.  pcstago  stamps. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


MOTHERS  I   READ   THIS  I 

From  Mr.  C.  Winter,  Chemist,  324,  Bethnal  Green  Road,  Sept,  21«f, 

1876. 

•Deab  Sia.— The  ttle  of  *Mrs.  Wimslow's  Soothivo  Bt«op"  in  thli  neigh- 
boarhood  increaees  immen^elj,  which  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  while  we  huTC  so 
mnuj  iivinip  instances  of  ita  *  flDencj. 

*'  Oo  Tharaday  laet  aoaee  came  under  mj  notice  in  which  it  bad  acted  as  a  miracle, 
and  in  detailing  it  I  eannot  do  otherwise  than  give  the  same  words  uttered  bj  a 
customer  who  came  to  purchase  a  bottle  for  his  infant: — 'This  syrup  I  can  well  re- 
commend. My  last  child  (now  three  yearn  old)  for  the  flrst  five  months  was  a  source 
of  sreat  anxiety  to  as.  ha  being  so  very  ill.  Wn  had  him  under  our  own  medical 
man  till  that  time,  and  getting  worse,  we  wer*  advised  to  take  him  to  th^  Children's 
Hoapita^  which  we  did.  The  physician  there  (upon  examining  the  child)  told  my 
wife  that  it  waa  no  use  bringing  him  any  more,  as  it  was  irop-<ssiblA  fur  him  to 
recorer,  he  being  almost  a  skeleton;  and  wliat  course  to  take  we  did  not  know. 
While  sitting  up  with  my  wife  awaiting  the  child's  death,  I  read  the  adr<'rti»cment 
of  the  »yrup,  and  we  rexolved  to  purchase  a  bottle  the  next  morning.  Having  ob- 
tained it  from  you.  mv  wife  gave  the  child  a  do«e,  and  it  ceased  Tonuting,  left  off 
whining,  and  before  the  day  had  elapsed  it  had  Kcreral  hours'  rest.  I  can  r^ure  you 
that  by  the  time  the  child  had  taken  four  bottles  it  waa  restored  to  perfect  health, 
and  is  now  the  finest  of  our  family.  So  wonderful  do  we  look  upon  the  'stuflf.'  that 
we  have  abandoned  the  name  wo  gave  the  child  at  birth,  and  we  now  call  him 
*  Winalow'^-he  being  a  wonder. ' " 


Bold  by  all  Gliemists  throughout  the  world  at  1/1^  per  bottle. 


FITZROY  TEMPERANCE  HALL,  I  ittie  Portland  Street,  Oxford  Circus,  W. 

SfltabUshed  1889. 

Open  every  Tgbsdat  and  Thursdat  erening  throughout  the  year  for  Tempe- 
rance adrocacy.     Chair  taken  at  a  quarter  past  8  o*clock. 
Temperance  friends  whan  in  London  are  cordially  invited  to  altend.     Spdoktrt 
•TV  TtquesUd  to  pass  up  their  names,  so  that  Loudon  friends  may  have  the  privi- 
lege of  hearing  how  the  cause  speeds  on  in  their  districts. 

FITZROY   BAND  OF  HOPE. 

PUBUC  MEXTnia  Second  Thursday  of  every  Month,  at  7  o'clock.     Members  only 

on  last  '1  hursday  at  7  o*cIock. 

8ATTTBDAY  EVENINQ  IrSNNT  BEDDINGS,  with  a  Tomperaooe 
Address,  from  September  to  May.  Other  Special  Meetings  and  Festive 
occasions  from  time  to  time  as  anDOUDcemeuts  are  made. 

OPEN-AIB  MBETINOS,  under  the  direction  of  some  members  of  the 
Committee  in  Hyde  Tark,  near  the  Reformer's  Tree,  Arom  May  to  October, 
weather  permitting. _ 

Society's  Income  last  Report,  £272  ;  Eipenditure,  £279.  During  the  year 
190  Uicetings  held  ;  16,000  tracts  and  publications  distributed  ;  200  signatures 
taken.     18U  subscribing  members. 

J.  P.  Drafib,  ifofi.  See-,  07,  Great  Titohfteld  Street,  W. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


PAGE  WOODCOCK'S  WIND  FILLS. 

Oood  for  the  Core  of  "Wind    on  the  Stomach,  Indi^stion,  Sick 

Headache,  Heartburn,  Biliouanesa,  lAver  Complainta,  and 

all  Oomplainta  of  the  Stomach,  Bowels,  or  liiver. 

Sold  hj  all  Medicine  VendorSp  in  Boxes,  at  la.  l|d.,  2f.  Od.,  and  4e.  6d.  each. 

TOWLE'S 
PENNTROTAL  AKD  STEEL  PILLS  FOB  FEMALES. 

Quickly  correct  all  irreiralarities  and  reliere  the  difltrewing  Bymptoma  so  prevalent  with 
the  lez.  Boxes  It.  Ud.  and  2s.  9d.,  of  all  Chemiats.  Sent  anywhere  on  receipt  of  15  or  SA 
sUmps  by  the  Maker,  E.  T.  TOWLE,  Chemi«t,  Nottingham. 


Magnopathic  Sanatorium,  Chester  Lodge,  Longhton. 

X  U  RCO"*EIaELC  xRIC    j3A  x  XXS5 

THE    MOST    LUXURIOUS    AND    CURATIVE    IN    THE    WORLD, 

727,  COMMERCIAL  KOAD  EAST,  LONDON,  E. 


Pamphlets  post  free.  Apply  to  Mr,  HUNN,  as  above. 


NATIONAL  DEAFA  DUMB  TEETOTAL  SOCIETY. 


Founded  1877.       Re-organised  1879. 


President^Q.  BRIGHT  LUCAS. 

Hon.  5ecreeary— EBENEZER  SOUTH,  53,  Monskll  Roap, 
Blackstock  Road,  FtNSBiiiiT  Pabk,  N. 


Monthly  Meetings  are  held  at  the  Memorial  Lecture  Hall,  Buck- 
ingham Square,  New  Kent  Road,  on  the  First  Monday  of  each  Month, 
and  also  at  other  places  in  the  West  End  and  North  Dbtricte. 

Subscriptions  and  Donations  will  be  gratefully  and  thankfully  acknow- 
ledged by  the  Hon.  Secretary. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


PLKPGE    CARPg. 

The  CHELTENHAM  CARDS  are  by  far  the  most 
aitistio  and  Cheapest  in  the  market.  Societies  are 
stronsly  recommended  to  send  for  Samples. 


O  E     E  33  -y^  A.  K.  ID  S, 
396.    High   Street.    Cheltenham. 

^ 

CAMPBELL  &  TUDHOJF^  PLEDQE  OABDS 

Band  of  Hope  Card,  in  Colonri,  0i  in.  by  4|  in. each  0    1 

Temperance  Soeietj  Card,  do.            do.               „  0    1 

Band  of  Hope  Caitl,  richly  Illuminated  Floral  Deeign,  8  in.  by  7  in^ 

Illnstratiog  Indofltry  Mid  Temperance           „  0    S 

Tempennee  Society  Card,      do.      do.                 „  0    S 

Band  of  Hope  Card,  Senior  Di^idon,  12  in.  by  9  in „  OS 

New  Band  of  Hope  Card,  richly  Illuminated,  IS  in.  by  10  in „  0    6 

New  Temperance  Society  Card,  aame  Deeign,  IS  in.  by  10  in ,.  »    6 

Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Gilt  and  Ooloon,  16i  in.  by  13  in „  10 

Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Family,  Qilt  and  Coloura,  1«  in.  by  18  in.  „  1    0 

Blank   Cards   kept   in    Stock   for    Printing   in    Special    Pledqes. 
Sample  Cardf  sent  on  Beoeipt  of  Btampa  for  the  Amount. 

Qfasgnw :  CAMPBELL  d  TUDHOPE. 
London:  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLIC  AT/ON  DEPOT,  337,  Strand. 

ALLE8LEY  PARK  COLLEGe! 

This  InatitnUon  waa  established  in  1S48  and  presents  the  following  claims :~ 

Ample  space  and  elaborate  prorision  for  domestic  comfort,  in  a  house  of  00  rooms. 

A  large  area  of  park,  a  gymnasium,  bathroom,  and  systemstio  drill  for  pbystcal  training. 
Workshops,  laboratory,  and  art  ftodio. 

Moral  suasion  and  equity  the  sole  basis  of  rule.  Religious  teaching  without  sectarian 
inflnence. 

A  thorouffh  education  in  Latin  and  Greek,  optional;  in  all  tbe  branches  of  an  English 
education,  French  and  German,  mathematics,  chemistry,  mecbanies,  and  vegetable  and 
animal  phyilology. 

Erery  tK>y  is,  as  far  as  practicable,  trained  to  clear  and  rapid  writing,  quick  and  accnratt 
sriti  metic,  and  English  composition. 

Time  is  economised,  intereot  excited,  and  progress  fkcilitated  by  the  most  approved  prin- 
cjpirs  and  methods  of  teaching. 

Xearly  one  hundred  students  hold  the  University  certificates ;  twenty  se^cn  have  the  Oxford 
title ;  ten  have  matriculated  at  the  London  University  in  the  first  division  ;  and  many  have 
passed  the  Civil  Service,  Legsl,  and  Medical  examinations. 

Alletiley  Park,  whilst  it  amply  provides  fur  claMical  studies,  presents  peculiar  advantagra 
to  students  designed  for  manufactures,  commerce,  or  agriculture. 

The  terms,  which  are  very  Inclusive,  are  trom  ii5i  to  £80  per  year. 

The  PREPARATORY  SCHOOL  for  little  boys,  under  a  trained  and  expcrienoed  lady 
teachrr,  has  a  separate  schoolroom,  dining-room,  playground,  and  dormitory. 
The  terms  for  this  school  are  £-15  a  year. 
No  intoxicating  liquors  nor  tobacco  are  allowed  upon  the  premises. 

Deeembfr,  1876.  

F»U  fTo$peHu$  with  ample  rffertnett  form  of  mutiy.and  a  p^v^r  on  tkt  Formation  iff  Cha- 
raettr,  majf  ht  had  oftho  Direetor,  Tbomas  Wtles,  F.Q.8.,  AlUilff,  ntar  Cvctntry. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TONGA  "  SPECIFIC 

NEURALGIA. 


TONGA 


is  the  name  given  to  a  remedy  for  Neuralgia, 

which  wag  finit  iiitruduced  to  as  during  tlie  summer  of  1879. 
On  sabmitting  it  to  a  trial,  it  was  at  once  found  bj  competent 
medical  authorities  to  possess  mo«t  remarkable  power  in  relieving  neuralgic  paios.  The 
followinff  brief  extracts  from  Papers  in  the  Lancet,  written  by  emiueut  medical  men,  will 
safflciently  testify  to  the  great  ralne  of  this  remedy  :  — 

'*A  woman,  aged  twenty-three,  had  suffered  for  fourteen  days  from  scTere  neuralgia. 
Many  of  her  teeth  were  bad.    Three  doses  cured  her." 

"  A  woman  suffered  from  neuralgia  of  the  left  great  occipital  nerve.  Four  half-drachms 
cured  her." 

"  A  man.  aged  twenty-fire,  had  suffered  for  a  fortnight  fr<Hn  severe  bilateral  neuralsria  in 
the  temples,  in  the  eyes,  and  under  the  eyes.  Ualf-a-drachm  dose  thrice  daily  cured  him  in 
three  days." 

"A  woman,  aged  twenty,  for  ten  days  had  suffered  from  severe  neuralgia  in  the  first  and 
third  branch  of  the  fifth  nerve.  She  had  daily  about  five  ptroxysma,  each  lasting  from  one 
to  two  hours.    A  drachm  thrice  daily  curt- d  her  in  three  days." 

*'A  girl,  aged  eighteen,  suff.  red  from  toothscbe  and  severe  nenralj^ia  along  the  lower  jaw, 
and  in  front  and  behind  the  ear.    Half-a-drachm  cured  the  neuralgia  in  twenty-four  hours." 

"  This  remedv,  whiUt  apparently  highly  useful  in  neuralgia,  prtKluces  no  t'aic  symptoms." 
—From  a  Paper  by  Sydnkt  Rii(GKa,]M.D.,  and  Wiluam  Muehili.,  M.D.,  M.R.C.P.,  in  the 
Lancet,  March  6,  1880. 

**  The  results  obtained  from  Tonga  by  Drs.  Ringer  and  Murrell  fully  coincide  with  mine. 
I  have  notes  of  esses  of  brain  and  kidnev  disease  in  which  Tonga  alone  succeeded  in  removing 

Sain.    Ail  cases  of  neuralgia  (supra  aiin  iof^a  orbittl  brauches  of  the  fifth  nerve)  were  bene- 
ted."— From  a  Paper  by  C.  Badir,  Esq.,  Ophthalmic  Surgeon,  to  Guy's  Hospital,  in  the 
Lancet.  March  20,  1880. 

**  W.  H ,  sged  thhrty-one,  had  been  suffering  f^om  most  severe  neuralgia  for  nearly 

ten  days,  the  neuralgic  pains  darting  over  the  lower  ey«-lid,  the  cheek,  the  upper  lip,  and 
side  of  the  nose.  The  teeth,  in  both  the  upper  and  lowrr  J<tw,  were  in  a  very  decayed  condi- 
tion. One  teaspoonfhl  wat  ordered  to  be  lakf  n  in  half-a-wineglass  of  water  every  six  hours 
until  the  pain  was  relieved     The  pdroxysms  entirely  ceased  after  the  fourth  dose." 

**  A  woman,  aged  twenty-nine,  had  Muffered  from  supra-orbital  neuralgia  for  six  or  seven 
days.  She  was  ordered  one  teatipoonful  three  times  a  day.  The  paroxysms  ceased,  and  did 
not  return  after  the  fifth  doKC  had  been  taken." 

"  William  P ,  aged  thirty-two.  h<td  suffered  greatly  from  neuralgia  for  nearly  two 

years.  He  was  ordered  one  teaspoouful  in  water  three  times  a  day.  The  pain  very  much 
decreased  after  the  fourth  dose,  and  entirely  ceased  after  the  sixth  dose  had  been  taken.  Nc^ 
on  April  15  on  this  case:— 'Had  anoth»'r  bad  attack,  though  le^s  severe  than  the  last  The 
neuralflric  pain  entirely  disappeared  after  the  third  dose.'  "—From  a  Paper  by  W.  J.  H.  Lcbh, 
M.O.,  F.K  C.P   Ed.,  M.R.C.4.U,  Ac,  the  LnneH,  May  29,  188u. 

We  have  also  had  abundant  private  teatimony  of  the  lemarkable  eflBcacy  of  TONGA« 


TONGA  Is  sold  only  In  Bottles,  at  4s.  Bd,  and  Us,  each,  and  may  be  obtained 

through  any  Chemist,  or  from  us, 

ALLEN    &    HANBURYS. 

PLOTOH  COURT,  LOMBAED  STREET,  LONDOIT,  E.C. 

AavvTB  voB  Ihdia:  SMITH.  STANI^TRElilT  A  CO.,  Calcutta. 
„         Canada  :   U.  BUt^DEN  EVANS  A  CO.,  Momtrbal 
„         L'NiTKD  Statxb:  W.  11.  SCHIEFFBLIN  A  CO.,  Nsw  Yoax. 
„        Qkkmakt  avd  Avstkxa:  ■•  MIBCK  4  CO.,  Uakmszadt. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


ALLEN  &  HANBURYS' 

PERFECTED 

COD    LIVER    OIL 


THE  "PERFECTED"  COD  LIVER  OIL  is  not  only  freer  from 
taate  and  gmell  than  any  oil  ever  bef  )re  olTered  to  the  public,  but  it  d<H*t  not  icirc 
line  to  the  nansea  and  eructationi  wlilch  render  the  use  uf  ordinary  oil,  oren  of  the 
iliicat  quality,  so  repulaiTe.  It  is  the  pure  Oil  made  at  Allen  &  Ilanburya'  own 
factory  iu  Norway,  and  prepared  by  an  entirely  new  and  spcfial  process,  and 
presents  in  the  luost  efleoiire  condition  all  the  iuYaluablc  proi)ertit>8  of  the 
nrmedy.  All  who  have  difficulty  in  taking  Cod  Liver  Oil  should  inkint  on  baring 
Alien  ft  Jianburys'  Perfected  Oil. 

DR  DOBELL  writes:— "I  must  not  miss  this  opportunity  of  com- 
mending the  *  Perfected '  Cod  Liver  Oil  lately  introduced  by  Mcs«r«.  Allen  &  Han- 
bttiya  It  is  so  pure  and  tasteless  that,  when  oil  will  agree  at  all,  thin  i«  sure  to 
do  so."—"  On  Lo»8  of  Weight,  Blood  Spitting,  and  Lung  DiseaKS  "  (New  Edition) 
by  Horace  Dohell.  M.D.,  Consulting  (late  Senior^  Physician  to  the  Uoyal  Uospital 
for  Diseases  of  the  Chest,  ftc. 

THE  "BRITISH  MEDICAL  JOURNAL,"  Dec.  18,  1879,  says:— 
**  Instead  of  talclu}^  an  ordinary  Cod  Liver  Oil,  and  attempting  to  dinguise  its 
flavour  by  all  sortK  of  devices  and  mixtnron,  they  (Allen  &  Hanburvg)  have  studied 
anew  the  processes  of  manufacture  uf  Cod  Liver  Oil,  for  which  1  hey  have  always 
had  a  g^reat  reputation ;  and.  as  a  result  of  this  study,  they  havu  produced  a  Cod 
Liver  Oil  which  is  so  delicate  in  flavour  as  to  be  frve  from  all  the  usual  nauseous 
propMties  of  fish  oil,  and  has  almost  the  delicacy  of  salid  oil." 

THE  -'LANCET,"  Oct.  18,  1879,  says :—"  Messrs.  Allen  &  llanburys 
have  as  nearly  as  possibl«  bucceeded  in  depriving  Cod  Liver  Oil  of  its  nauseating 
smell  and  taste  {  .  .  .  beautifully  bright  and  but  very  little  coloured.  Many 
persons  to  whom  the  taste  of  the  oil  has  hitherto  been  an  obstacle  will  doubtlats 
be  able  to  take  it." 

HE  "LONDON  MEDICAL  RECORD,"  Dec.  15tb,  1879:— "It  is  a 

plea»nre  to  meet  with  so  excelKnt  a  preparation  as  this  *  Pctfeuted'  Cod  Lirer 
Oil.  Limpid,  delicate,  free  from  diitagreeahle  flavour,  and  admirnbly  reiined  by  a 
new  and  Improved  process,  the  *  Perfected'  Cod  Liver  Oil  of  Allen  A  llanbary« 
will  henceforth  take  its  place  as  a  pharmaceutical  product  which  is  in  ita  waj 
unrivalled/* 

HE  "  MEDICAIi  PRESS  AND  CIRCULAR,"  Oct.  22,  1879,  says:— 

"...  Having  personally  tested  it,  and  haviug,  moreover,  given  it  to  delicate 
patients,  we  think  the  most  lastidiouA  will  not  object  to  take  it  on  the  score  of 
taste,  and  no  nauseous  eructations  follow  after  it  is  swallowed." 

THE  "PRACTITIONER,"  Jan.,  1880.—"  There  are  few.  if  any, 
medicinrs  more  troublesome  to  administer  than  Cod  Liver  Oii,  aua  it  is  often 
grievous  to  And  that  patients  whom  it  would  almost  certainly  bcncflt  will  not 
take  it.  It  is  theretoro  a  great  boon  to  get  such  an  oil  as  the  present.  We  have 
trie<i  it,  and  find  that  it  is  exceedingly  blsiid  to  the  ta<'te,  and  causes  no  eructa- 
tions or  nausea  afterwards.    It  well  deserves  the  name  of  *  Perf((?cted.' '" 


T 


T 


•  I* 


SOLD  only  in  Imp.  qr.-pints.  Is.  4d. ;  half-pints.  2s.  6d. ;  pints,  4s.  9d. :  quarts,  9s. 
Trade  Mark— a  Plough.    Of  all  Chtmists,  and  of 

ALLEN    &    HANBURTS, 
Plough   Court,   Lombard  Street,   London,   E.G. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


ABOUT 

UNFERMENTED  WINE. 


Fob  MTeral  yean  post  reports  have  been  in  circalation  thai  much  which  was  being  offered 
for  sale  as  "  Unfermented  Wine*'  had  no  title  to  be  called  by  that  name,  and  that  in  some 
cases  what  was  sold  as  "specially  adapted  to  meet  the  requirements  of  abstaining  communi- 
cants" was,  in  fact,  a  strongly  alcoholic  and  brandied  compound.  These  reports,  while  they 
ttstify  to  the  growing  interest  which  is  taken  in  the  communion  wine  question,  have  seriously 
perplexed  the  friends  and  imperilled  the  success  of  the  movement.  The  Unfermented  Wine 
Vigilance  Committee  have  therefore  deemed  it  desirable  that  the  real  facts  of  the  case,  so  far 
as  they  can  be  ascertained,  shall  be  placed  impartially  before  the  public  for  its  guidance,  and 
with  that  Tiew  they  hare  caused  a  sample  of  every  known  variety  of  Unfermented  Wine  sold 
in  this  country  to  be  submitted  to  one  of  the  mo«t  expert  and  experienced  English  analysts 
for  careful  and  exhaustive  analysis.  For  purposes  of  oomparison,  and  in  order  to  test  the 
truth  of  the  popular  belief  that  the  Communion  wine  commonly  sold  as  "Tent  **  Is  a  "mild 
natural  wine,"  two  samples  uf  this  wine,  procured  Arom  houses  of  undoubted  respectabilily, 
were  also  sent  for  analysis.  The  results  of  the  examinations  are  given  in  the  annexed  Report, 
and  are  submitted  in  the  hope  that,  while  they  may  serve  to  dispel  many  illnsions,  they  will 
give  assurance  to  the  friends  of  the  Communion  wine  question  that  purs  and  true  unfer- 
mented wine  is  still  a  *'  fact,"  and  as  easily  procurable  as  any  other  marketable  commodity. 

Ekport  by  J.  CARTER   BELL,  Esq,  F.C.S.,  Public  Analyst  for  the 

BOAOUGH  OF  SaLFORO  AND  THB  CoUNTY  OF  CHESTBR. 

I,  the  undersigned.  Public  Analyst  for  the  Borough  of  Salford,  do  hereby  certify  that  I 
received  on  the  14th  day  of  Auguat,  1880,  eleven  samples  of  wine,  viz.,  nine  of  Unfermented 
wine  and  two  of  Tent  wine;  that  I  have  analysed  the  eame,  and  declare  the  result  of  n>y 
analyses  to  b«  as  follows :~ 

Sample  No  1 .— **  Castle  Tent" ;  bottled  and  guaranteed  by  W.  k  A.  Qilbey.  The  label  repre- 
sents this  to  be  an  unfermented  i>weet  wine,  with  only  the  small  amount  of  spirit  necessary 
for  its  preservation.  IJind  that  <A«  general  charaeterUtice  of  this  wine  are,-~it«  kigk 
epeeifie  ffraviif,  much  eugarin  an  ui^ermented  etate,  and  that  it  coutaine  li  pier  cent,  of 
proof  epvrit. 

Sample  No.  2.— "Castle  RoU  Tent" ;  bottled  and  guaranteed  by  W.  ft  A.  Gilbey.  This  U 
also  represented  as  being  an  unfermented  sweet  wine  of  fine  flavour,  with  only  the  small 
amount  of  spirit  necessary  for  its  preservation.  I  fimd  that  thie  wine  hae  a  high  epeeijlc 
gravity ,  muek  Sugar  in  an  unfermented  etate^  and  eontaine  li  per  cent,  of  proof  epirit. 

Sample  No.  3.— "Castle  Sacra  Tent" ;  bottled  and  guaranteed  by  W.  k  A.  Gilbey.  This  is 
represented  to  be  a  fermented  red  wine  of  moderate  strength.  It  containe  mmcA  aaeeha- 
rine  matter  in  an  unfermented  etate,  and  4  >  per  cent,  of  proof  epirit.  Thie  high  per- 
eentage  of  epirit  indieattt  that  alcohol  hat  been  added,  other  than  that  whieh  wa$  developed 
bg  ife  own  fermentation. 

Sample  No. 4.—** Sacramental  Tent  Wine";  bottled  by  Charles  Kinlochft  Oo.  Thie  ie  a 
eweeiferwtented  wint,  amd  eoniaina  26  per  ctni.  ^pr^  epirit. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Sample  No  6.—'*  Pare  and  genuine  Unfflrmented  Fruit  of  the  Vine";  Kramen  4  Stratum. 
IJtnd  thai  that  tMt  acidity  •/  tkit  wine  it  »'rO'tgljf  wuirlttd ;  the  proportion  <^o»h  it  com- 
patiblowith  the  stettemont  tkai  ii  it  the  u»fermented  juice  of  the  grape,  but  the  prteence 
ofyeoMt  oelU  and  Si  por  cent,  of  proof  eptrit^and  the  aheenee  ofang  dietinetive  Jlavowr  of 
the  grape,  ehome  that  it  kae  been  earelteelf  prepared,  and  that  eome  fermentation  hae  taken 
f-laee  before  bottling. 

Sample  No.  6.—"  BeU'n  (Jnfermented  Juice  of  the  Vine/'  '*pure  oncoloured  yirjcin  fruit  of 
the  vine ;  nutriment  of  the  grape  without  the  irritant." 

Sample  No.  7.~**  Unferme nted  Wine  Port.  Manufactured  from  the  Juice  of  the  grape.    Upper 
Milk  Street,  Liverpool." 

Sample  No.  8.—"  Unftrmented  Wine  Sherry.  Manufactured  from  the  Juice  of  the  grape. 
Upper  Milk  Street,  Lirerpool. 

Some  oftheee  eampUe  (Not,  6»  7  and  %J  aeeordt  with  the  dttcription  on  the  re»peefice 
l^belt,  i%ejf  do  not,  in  mv  opinion,  contain  any  grape  juice,  but  an  art'Jleial  mixlmre  ^f 
tartaric  acid,  tngar,  taltCjlie  odd  and  water,  eiloured  andjiivoured.  Copper  it  alto 
jtret^nt  in  eon»iderable  qnantitg  in  each  tamph,  the  retult,  doubtlete,  ofignoratU,  carelott 
matttifaetture. 

Sample  No.  9  — "  Fairlie's  New  ^ine,"  stated  to  be  *'  the  beet  unfermented  wine  introdooed. 
the  guaranteed  fruit  of  the  vine,  free  from  alcohol,"  &c.  Thie  witte  ontaim  1\  per  cent, 
of  proof  tpirit,  thowing  that  towte  fermentation  muet  have  taken  plaice  before  bottling, 
while  the  amount  ofthtathpreaent,  and  the  proportion  ofitt  eonttituentt,  provet  that  it  it 
not  pmre  grape  jutee. 

Sample  No.  10.—"  Pnrett  Unfermented  Wine  for  the  administration  of  the  Lord's  Supper, 
carefully  bottled  by  F.  Wyndham  ft  Co.,  37,  Eastoheap,  London.  The  st-lected  wine  of 
the  Temperance  fraternity."  Thit  wine  it  alleged  to  be  **  unfermented,"  and  to  coneiai  of 
the  **  juice  of  the  grape  boiled  down  to  one-fjih  of  itt  original  bulk  in  order  to  deprive  it 
of  its  apirit."  Thit  etatement  it  not  borne  out  bg  my  examination,  and  at  rtgarde  the 
alleged  "*  boiling  down  **  and  the  removal  of  the  tpirit  ie  obvioutlyfalte.  The  low  tpedjle 
gracilg  and  the  proportion  ofath  provet  that  it  hat  net  been  boiled  down  at  alUged,  and 
tie  30  per  cent,  of  proof  tpirit,  which  it  the  quantity  pretent,  provet  that  eo  far  from  the 
alcohol  being  removed  bg  boiling,  the  proportion  contained  in  the  natural  wine  hat  been 
intentumallg  increated  bg  the  addition  qf  tpirit  after  the  fermentation  wat  completed. 

Sample  No.  11.— "Unfermented  Wine,  (Vee  from  Alcohol  and  unintoxicating.  Preserved  in 
vmeuo  by  Frank  Wright,  68,  High  Street,  Kensington,  W."  This  wine  is  prepared  fh>ni 
grape  specially  imported  from  Andalusia,  Burgundy  snd  the  Medoc,  for  this  purpose. 
It  is  guaranteed  to  be  the  true  fruit  of  the  vine."  Mg  examination  of  thit  tample  eon- 
Jlrmt  the  etatement  made  upon  the  label  that  it  it  pure  grape  juice  and  free  from  alcohol. 
An  exhauetive  anatgtit  of  the  ath  thowt  it  to  be  the  tame  in  amount,  and  to  eontitt  of  the 
tame  conttituentt  at  the  ath  from  grape  juice  pretted  from  the  fruit  bg  myself .  In  thit 
reapeet  there  it  a  marked  diativction  betwttn  thit  and  oil  the  oihtr  aamplea  herein 
referred  to. 


As  witness  my  hand  this  25th  day  of  September,  1880, 

(Signed)  J.  CARTER  BELL. 


The  Unfermented  Wine  Vigilance  Committee,  in  directing  the  attention  of  the  churches 
and  the  public  generally  to  the  above  report,  desire  to  repeat  the  intimation  that,  if  any  pur- 
chaser has  reaton  to  believe  that  spurious  Unfermented  Wine  has  been  fraudulently  supplied 
to  him,  he  is  requested  to  communicate  with  the  Committee  at  the  address  at  foot,  when  the 
legal  merits  of  the  case  will  be  duly  investigated  and  assistance  given  in  bringing  the  oflenders 
tojnatice. 

The  HONORARY  SECRETARY,  Unfermented  Wine  Vigilance  Committee, 

Care  of  Messrs.  Shaen,  Boscoe,  Massey  dt  Shaen, 

BED70BD   BOW,  LONDON,  W.C 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


INTERESTING  VISIT  TO  A  MEDICAL  ELECTRICIAN. 

Thb  oiber  day  I  had  the  privilege  of  spending  an  honr  in  the  consnltiog- 
roomB  of  a  Medical  Electrician,  who  bids  fair  to  make  himself  a  great  repu- 
tation. Bat  although  Mr.  B.  Copson  Gabbatt  does  not  place  himself  so  pro- 
minently before  the  public  as  do  some  others  in  his  profession,  I  have  good 
reason  to  believe  that  he  is  doing  a  work  which  is  scarcely  less  extensive,  and 
certainly  is  not  less  effective  than  theirs.  Mr.  Gakkait  is  a  man  who  likosto 
work  in  a  quiet  way.  I  think,  however,  that  such  a  man  ought  to  be  better  known. 

Mr.  Garbatt  does  not  claim  to  have  made  auy  new  discovery,  but  he  affirms 
that  he  hss  found  out  how  to  use  electricity  in  the  most  f  flScient  and  practical  way. 

A  great  advantage  also  in  connection  with  this  special  form  of  application  is 
that  the  currents  generated  by  the  appliances  are  continuous,  and  so  gentle  and 
QBiform  as  to  be  rarely  detected  when  used  by  the  most  sensitive  patient.  Their 
construction  is  the  acme  of  simplicity ;  it  consists  of  specially  prepared  magnets, 
wrought  in  comfortable  gsrments  of  different  fabrics ;  no  metallie  materials  are 
visible,  and  such  as  exist  add  no  objootional  weight  or  stiffaess  to  the  appliances. 

Magnetism  does  not  supersede  ordinary  medicines,  but  can  be  used  in  con- 
junction with  them  without  at  all  afiFecting,  or  being  sffected  by  their  action. 
But  its  chief  value  is  that  it  will  reach  oaf  es  which  ordinary  medUcine  will  not 
touch.  Toke  Paralysis,  The  doctor  does  not,  cannot,  cure  paralysis.  But 
Mr.  Gabratt  can  point  you  to  people  who  were  bedridden,  and  to  all  appear- 
ances, bedridden  for  life,  but  who,  thanks  to  magnetism,  have  left  their  couch, 
and  are  now  engaged  in  the  active  work  of  life.  Long-standing  cases  of  Epi- 
lepsy and  Spinu  irritation  have  also  been  cured.  I  take  these  cases  from  a 
Pamphlet  of  Mr.  Garbatt's,  where  full  names  and  addresses  are  given,  and 
which  will  be  sent  post  free  to  any  person  who  will  write  to  bis  Consulting- rooms, 
26y  Ely  Place,  Holborn,  London,  E.G.  Ordinary  medicines  are  of  little  avail 
in  chronic  oases  of  long  standing ;  but  these  are  just  the  cases  that  Mr.  Gabratt 
likefl  to  undertake.  It  will  be  seen  therefore,  that  Mr.  GARRATr's  system  is 
not  opposed  to  the  efforts  of  others  who  are  battling  with  disease ;  on  the 
contrary,  it  is  an  auxiliary  which  may  be  used  in  conjunction  with,  and  as  a 
supplement  to  them.  Commendatory  letters  have  been  received  from  hundreds 
of  persons  in  all  classes  of  society.  Subjoined  area  few  statements  describing 
the  experience  of  well  known  ministers  and  others. — Extract  rR«M  thb 
**  Fountain." 

Bev.  P.  M'AuLAT,  Wesleyan  Minister,  Spilsby,  Lincolnthire  —"July,  1879—1  never  felt 
more  indispo<:rd  bince  niy  accident,  nine  Years  igo.  than  w)un  I  souRht  }our  advice  in  May 
Isflt.  Intprovenient  »ince  that  data  has  heen  more  manifi at  than  from  an;  other nieani,  or 
during  any  period  of  relaiation  from  work.  I  take  it  that  the  judicioui  adaptation  of  your 
treatment  would  benefit  moat  caaes  of  »«rvitrtrf  Ancf^'on  and  eonftqutnt  phytical  fro9irt  tiom.** 

Rev.  J.  FoRSTTV,  The  Mania,  Lisbum,  Ireland.— **  Jul;  lith,  1S80.— 1  am  glad  to  aaj  the 
Nerve  Invigorator  haa  proved  moat  beneficial,  as  I  never  thought  to  be* so  strong ;  indeed  mv  Mfe 
was  despaired  of,  and  many  thought  my  work  for  God  via,*  dene  I  eon  enter  into  aU  any 
duties,  and  prracn  with  as  great  energy  as  eter.    I  have  recommended  it  to  atvem]  fHends. 

Rev.  Cbaslxb  Garratt,  Liverprol.— "  Jan.  29th.  1680.—  I  have  now  worn  your  appliancca 
for  aome  years,  and  am  satisfied  tney  hsvc  been  of  grest  l>onefit.  I  have  also  watched  their 
operation  on  others,  and  the  n  suits  have  l>een  most  satisfactory.  To  all  my  friends  who  are 
ailing  from  any  of  the  symptoms  of  failing  health,  I  alwHyB  say,  'Try  Mr.  GakbatvIs 
Magnetic  Appliances." 

Letters  commendatory  of  Mr.  Garrati's  treatment  have  been  received  from 
hundreds  of  persons  of  all  daases  of  society.  A  private  li«t  of  600  names  at 
referees  can  be  had  on  application.       All  communications  to  be  addressed 

Jdr,  B.  Copson  Garratt,  26,  Ely  Place,  Holborn  Circus,  London,  E.G. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  HOTELS. 


IiONDON. 

■EST-GENTRAL  TEMPERANCE  HOTEL. 

97  AND  93,  Southampton  Row,  Russell  8q.,  E.G. 

Th«  fbllowinir  weU*knowii  Abstidoert  are 
»  few  of  tboM  who  hij^hly  commend  this 
Hotel:— Rev.  D.  S.  Ouvett,  M.A.  (Ensrlith 
Chaplain,  Maraeillee) ;  Rev.  H  M  Holdi>n, 
1I.A.  0<t.  Bartholomew's.  Bradford,  Yorks) ; 
BcT.  James  Teamea  (Wetlejan  lliinieter, 
WolTerhampton) :  Bev.  Kdward  Spn trier 
(C6l.'he«ter) ;  J.  M.  Albright.  Esq.  (Charl- 
iwy.  Oaon) ;  Joel  Cadbury,  Esq.  ( Birming- 
ham); Hias  Dotiwra  (Kelvedan,  RMMei} ; 
flamuel  Eliott,  Esq.  (Plymonth);  William 
Utcwt.  Esq.  (Pmton);  K.McDoQTall.  E«q. 

Cashmgton  Hotel  Lirerpool).  The  Hotel 
\  also  secured  the  highe«t  opinion*  of  the 
Press  for  its  exceptional  Qaiet  and  Clean  I  !• 
Mas,  as  well  as  for  its  extreme  Moderate 
Changes.  Coavenient  for  ali  Railway  Ter- 
■ini,  and  Omniboses  to  all  parts  constantly 
yaas  at  a  »hort  dintance.  Breakfast  or  Ten, 
liL  Sd  ;  Beds  firom  Is.  6d.  Tariff  Card,  with 
Bketeh  lisp  of  London  and  List  of  Public 
Exhibitions,  ita.,  on  application. 

PEEDERIC  SMITH,  Proprietor. 
IiONDON. 

TRANTER'S 

TEMPERANCE    HOTEL 

(Enlarged), 
BRIOaEWATER  SQUARE,  CITY,  E.G. ; 

Aldersgate  Street  Metropolitan  RaU- 
way  Station. 


Handy  for  erery  where  ;  ocmfortable, 
quiet  and  clean ;  charges  strictly  mode- 
nte ;  Beds  from  la.  per  night ;  plain 
breakfast  or  tea,  lOd. ;  no  charge  for 
attendance.     Established  1859. 

IfONDON. 

HORNER'S 

TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 

19,  EU8T0N  ROAD,  KINO'S  CROSS, 

Opposite  the  Great  Northern  and  MidUnd 
SUtiona. 


LONDON. 

INSULL'S 

TEMPERANCE    HOTEL, 

21,  BURTON  CRESCENT,  EUSTON  RD.,  W.G. 


Pive  minutes  firom  King's  Cross,  St. 
Pancras,  and  Euston  Railways ;  twenty  (torn 
Poddington,  ri&  Gower  street  Station; 
twelve  from  Liverpool  Street,  viA  Metro- 
politan  R&ilway  ;  and  eajty  of  accesa  from 
Cannon  Street.  Hulborn,  Waterloo,  Charing 
Cross,  and  Victoria  Stations.  **  Comfort 
with  Economy." 

TABirv  Card,  with  Map,  forwarded  on 
application. 


IiONDON. 

MILTON 

TEMPERANCE     HOTEL, 

1,  FEATHEBSTOITE  BUILDINeS, 

Holborn,  Iiondon,  W.O. 


An  old-established  House  with  high  repn- 
tation  fur  Cleanliness,  Comfort  and  Economy. 
The  situation  is  centra),  and  also  retired  and 
quiet,  there  being  no  thoroughfare  for  ve- 
hides  through  Featherstone  Buildings.  Beds 
from  Is.  ed. ;  Breakftwt  or  Tea,  Is.  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  the  I^roprletor, 
WILLIAM  CHAPMAN. 


BBIGHTON. 

EMERY'S 

OLD-XSTABLXSUID 

TEMPERANCE    HOTEL, 

42  d  100,  QUEEN'S  ROAD. 

EsUblished   Quarter   of  a  Century. 

Terms  very  moderate.    Home   comforts. 

Patronised  by  the  leading  members  of  the 

Temperance  movement. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE   UNITED   KINGDOM 


Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institution, 

1,  ADBIiAIDE  PIiACE,  LONDON  BRIDQE.  IiONDON. 
ESTABLISHED  1810,  FOR  MUTUAL  LIFE  ASSURANCE. 

LOITDOV  BOABD. 


ROBERT    WARNER*    Eaq.,   8,   Creccent, 

Crlpplearate,  Chairman. 
RlCllARD  BARBETT,  Esq.,  58,  King  WU- 

liam  Street,  City. 
SAUUEL  BOWLY,  Eaq.,  Oloacester,  and 

1,  Soath  Place,  Fintbury. 
JOHN  BROOMHALL,  Eaq.,  J.P.,  Burcott, 

Sarbiton,  Sarrey. 


Admiral   Sir   W.   KING  HALL,   K.C.P., 

United  Senrioe  Clab,  PaU  Mall. 
J.T.  PRITCHBTT,  Baq., Edmonton,  I«ondon. 
T.  B.  SMITHIES,  Esq.,  0.  Patemoiiter  Row. 
JOHN  TAYLOR,  Esq.,  6,  Tokenhooae  Yard. 
BENJ.  WHITWOBTH,  Eaq.,  M.P.,  J.P., 

11,  Holland  Park,  London,  and  Cross  St., 

Manchester. 


Mboxcal  OnxoBBa—Dr.  Jam?  Edwuvds,  8,  Grafton  Street,  Piccadilly ; 

Dr.  Thok AB  Barlow,  10,  Montafpie  Street,  Rassell  Square. 

SoLicxTOBft— Messrs.  Gatlxff  k  Howss,  8,  Finsbory  Circus,  E.C. 

CovavLtxxo  AoTUAKT— Ralph  P.  Hasdt,  Esq.  SsoRRAaT— Thomas  Cash,  E»q. 

Position  of  the  Institution.  June,  1880. 

Aooamulated  Capital £2,700,000 

Annual  laooine iS355,000 

Amount  Paid  for  Claixnt  throush  Death...  iSI,714,060 


Business  for  the  Year  ended  December  31,  1880. 
Policies  issued,  1,070.     Amount  Assured,  £483,470.     Annual  Premiums,  £16,746 


MOBTAI<IT7  BXPSBTEINOI^-Teart  1866-70. 

TEMPERANCE  SECTION.  GENERAL  SECTION. 

ExncTBD  Claxhs.      Actvau     Expbotbd  Claihs.    Actual. 

1866-70,  5  years  ....      640     ....       411     ....     1008     ....       044 

1871-6,     6     „       ....      723      ....        611      ....      1268     ....      1330 

1876-0,     4     „       ....      730      ....       616      ....       1174     ....      1176 


4     „ 
14 


•f 


2002 


1437 


3460 


3460 


It  will  be  seen  ftx>m  this  that  the  claims  in  the  Temperance  Section  are  but  little  over  70 
per  cent,  of  the  expectancy,  while  in  the  General  Section  they  are  exactly  according  to  the 
expectancy. 

DEPABTMENT8  I.  and  II.- With  Profits. 

Showing  the  Annual,  Half-yearly,  Quarterly,  and  Single  Premiums  to  assure  £100  payable 

at  death. 


Age  next 
Birthday. 

Annual 
Premiums. 

Half-yearly 
Premiums. 

Quarterly 
Premiums. 

Single 
Premium. 

20 
26 
30 
36 
40 

1    17     4 

s    a    7 

S      8    10 
S    16      7 
8      4    11 

0  19      7 

1  S     4 
16      7 
1      9     S 
1    14     1 

0    10     4 
0    11      8 
0    18      4 
0    16      1 
0    17      6 

40    16      6 

45  IS      1 

46  10      S 
40      9      1 
6t    16      6 

*  The  Premiums  without  Profits  are  10  per  cent,  less  than  the  above. 
Ten  ptr  cent,  addUicn  to  the  ahov4  raU»  i*  ^arg§d  on  FtmaU  Iwn, 


For  Prospectus  and  any  ftirther  information,  npplj  to  THOMAS  CASH,  Secretary 
1.  Addaide  Place,  London  Bridge,  E.C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


The  "  Ocean "  Penaanent  Benefit  Bnilding  Society. 

BNEOLLBD  1869.     INCORPORATBD  1876. 

Shares,  £25.    Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share.    Subscription,  2s.  6d.  per  Month. 

OfELce— 727,   OOMBCEBOIAL  BO  AD,    LIMBHOUSE,    S. 

Open  IktUjf  from  10  HU  4,  and  tvety  Tuudap,  10  a,m.  till  9  p.m. 

Jrhiiratori.-^Btyr.  J.  Kennedy,  D.D.;  T.  ScruttoD,  Eiq. 
JHrteton^Ur,  J.  Hilton,  Lan^veld  Hoase,  Bordett  Road,  E.  {Ckoirman) ;  Mr.  W.  Uainii. 


Road^B.;  lUv.  P.  Hastock,  St.  Lake's  Sqaftrf,  Millwall.  E.;  Captain  U.  llitolielU 
57.  East  India  Road,  E.;  Mr.  George  Walicr,  2,  Durdett  Terrace,  Orange  Park  Boad, 
Lejton. 

Haalrert.— London  and  Coaoty  Bank  (Limehonae  Braaeb). 

AbUcifor.—A.  Kerly,  Eaq.,  14^  Great  Winctietter  Street,  E.C. 

Amdiion.^Vi\  E.  Comer,  Ew].,  8,  St.Tliomas  Square,  Hacknej,   E.;   XL  H.  Gill,  Eeq., 
107,  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

Seereiarjf. — M.  Homro. 

InTestlng  membera  have  receired  FIVE  PEB  CENT,  intereet  and  tharo  of  Surplus  proAta, 
vbSeh.  ainoe  the  forraation  of  the  Sode^,  has  averaged  over  two  per  cent.,  making,  with  the 
intcrcat,  abore  seren  per  cent. 

Special  Notice.:^ Five  per  cent,  la  still  allowed  on  Deposits^  and  money  is  withdraw- 

ropertT. 
M.  HIJMM,  Sieretoff. 


oney  is  ? 
able  at  abort  notice.    Money  advanced  on  Freehold  or  Leasehold  Propertjr.    Prospectoa  on 
qppUeatlon. 


TEHPEBANCE  PEBXAHfEIVT  EHLDIKfi  SOCIETY. 

(Founded  1864,  Incorporated  1876.) 


BORROWING  DEPARTMENT. 

Monthly  Bepayments  for  an  Advance  of  £100,  which  include  Principal, 
Commission  er  Premiam,  and  Interest.  The  interest  being  calculated  at  6  per  cent,  on  the 
Balance  each  year. 


Tax  air  von  Ykabb. 

MoirrnLT  BirATinvTS. 

10 
12 
14 
15 

iSl         2         2 
0       10         6 
0       17        6 
0       16        8 

Hote.-More  than  THBSB  MIIiIiION  FOUNDS   STUBIiINQ  have 

been  advanced  upon  House  Froperty. 

INVESTING  DEPARTMENTS. 

SHABBS.— In  oonseqneoce  of  the  increaalng  demands  upon  the  Sooletr  for  Adranoea 
npon  House  Property,  the  Inveding  Share  Department  has  been  re-opened  for  the  issue  of 
Snbecribing  aud  Completed  Shares,  such  Shares  to  be  entitled  to  partidpstein  the  nrofits  up 
to,  but  not  exceeding,  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum  niwn  the  Snbeeriptions  paid. 

DEPOSITS.— Interest  on  Deposits,  8  per  cent,  per  annum ;  if  .made  for  six  months 
8|  per  cent. ;  if  twelve  months  4  per  oent. 

Forms  of  application  for  Shares  or  Deposits  may  be  had  of 

HENBT  JAMES  PHILUPS,  Sbobxtabt. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


(Smperor   $ife    anir   Jfire   ^ssurana    S0cutieH, 

62,    GANNON    8TBEBT,    LONDON. 
E8TABU9HXD  1863.— J.  F.  BONTEMS,  Eaq.,  C.C.,  Cbairkait. 

Batenty  per  cent,  of  the  profit*  given  to  the  Asaared.    Four  Bonosea  already  declared. 

A  new  Kystem  of  Secured  Payment  Policies,  by  which  a  fViliy  paid-up  Policy  can  be 
secured  by  ten  payments,  each  payment  securing  a  tenth  part  of  the  amount  assured. 
Example :— A  person,  aged  twenty-one,  after  paying  two  annunl  premiums  of  £A  Us.  Id., 
can  have  granted  to  him  a  tree  policy  for  £20  without  farther  payment,  or  a  proportionate 
snm  for  other  ages  or  amounts. 

LIFE  ASSURANCE  AND  SAVINGS  BANKS  COMBINED, 
A  policy  will  be  granted  for  each  sum  deposited,  the  whole  of  which  sum  may  be  with- 
drawn, with  interest,  as  ft-om  a  Savings  Ban  It,  or  borrowed  at  tiie  current  rate. 

U-^..  For  £6.  For  £10.  For  £100. 

Age  16  ....  £13    6    3  ....  £2«  IS    6  ..».  £266    6    0 

,,     20  ....  18    6  10  ....  24  11    8  ....  245  10    8 

„     30  ....  10    7    6  ....  20  16    0  ....  2)7  10    0 

Thi<i  plan  has  the  following  advantages  over  investments  in  general  Savings  Banks  :— 
It  gives  the  same  interest  in  case  of  withdrawal,  and  it  also  gives  a  life  policy  during  the 
penod  of  investment,  in  all  cases  where  the  age  does  not  exceed  thirty  two,  of  mort  than 
douhU  the  amount  inverted. 

IMMEDIATE    ANNUITIES     QBANTED 

For  the  followiug  sums  deposited. 

For  £100.  For  £300.  For  £600. 

£17  13    6  ....  £53    0    6  ....  BUS    7    6 

14    8    2  ....  42    0    6  ....  7i)  IS  10 

11  13    5  ....  85    0    3  ....  68    7    1 

For  forms  of  Proposals,  Prospectuses,  Ac,  apply  to 

EBENICZER  CLARKE,  F  8.S.,  Seertfaty. 


Age  76 
M  70 
„    65 


THE   LONDON   AND   GENERAL 

Shares,  £40.      Monthly  Subscriptions,  6s. 
Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share. 


OFFICES:     33-7,    STRAND,    W.  C. 


Chairman  :  THOMAS  HUGHES,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

Vice-Presidents  : 
The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  LICHFIELD. 


The  Hon.  H.  F.  COWPER,  M.P. 
FREDK.  HARRISON,  Esq. 


VERNON  LUSHINGTON,  Esq. 
W.  EVAN  FRANKS,  Esq. 


LARGE  or  Small  Sums  received  on  Deposit ;  Repayable  at  Short 
Notice.  Interest  paid  half-yearly.  Shares  may  he  taken  at  any 
time.  No  hack  payments.  Money  ready  to  he  advanced  on  Freehold 
or  Leasehold  Security,  on  very  moderate  terms,  for  which  see  reduced 
table  in  Prospectus,  to  be  had  on  application  to 

Managing  Director,  W.  R.  SELWAY. 


AD  VERTISEMEMTS. 


TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATIONS, 


No.    81.     The  Drunkard's  Bible. 
,,    128.     Alice  and  Her  Cross. 
„    150.     The  ••  Public's  "  Work. 


THE  TEliPERANCE  CHRONICLE.  The  Organ  of  the  Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society.  Contains  news  of  tbu  week,  and  information  of  especial 
value  to  those  engaged  in  Temperance  work.  Monthly  P<\rt,  6d.  ;  Monthly 
Number,  with  wrapper,  0d.  ;  Weekly  Number,  Id. 

Halfpenny,  published  monthly. 

THE  CHURCHFOLK'8  HOliE  MAGAZINE.  16  pp.,  demy  8vo.  With  Four  or 
more  niustrations.  This  Magazine  will  bo  found  most  Huitable  for  Localisa- 
tion and  Parish  Distribution. 

THE  YOUNQ  STANDARD-BEARER.  An  Illustrato<l  Temperance  Maffasine  for 
Children.  Published  under  the  direction  of  tho  Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society.     Price  (d.  monthly. 

"It  will  repay  study  either  by  the  total  abstainer  or  tho  moderate  drinker.**— 
Daily  Rewiev, 

HOLY  SCRIPTURE:  TEMPERANCE  AND  TOTAL  ABSTINENCE.  Bj  the  ReT. 
W.  B.  Hopkins,  B.D.,  Vicar  of  Littleport.     Fcap.  870,  cloth  boards,  Is. 

$00D  STORIES.  Selected  and  Edited  by  the  Rct.  J.  Erskike  Clarke,  M.A. 
Hlustntted.     Price  8d.  each. 

No.  26.     A  Night  in  the  Marshes. 
„   31.     Nether  Stonoy. 
t,    38.     Esther  Collins. 

No.  152.     Destroying  Themselves. 

TEMPERANCE  HYMNS  AND  SONGS.     With  Accompanying  Tunes.     Published 
under  the  direction  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society.     Demy 
8to,  paper  covers^  la.  6d. ;  cloth  boArds,  2$.  6d. 
"  Selected  from  Catholic  sources — from  '  Hymns  Ancient  and  Modem  *  to 

Sankey's.     There  is  a  special  division  for  children.'* — Dailjf  Review. 

LoxDOsr  :.*WELLS  GAKDNBB,  DARTON  k  CO.,  2,  Paternoster  BaildinRi,  B.C. 

yew  Volume  for  1880  now  Ready, 

S  TJ  IsT  XD  -A.  "Z". 

Upwards  of  200  ORIGINAL  ILLUSTRATIONS  by  Favourite  Artists, 

*'Most  tnccesBful— irresigtiblc  to  the  juvcnilrs."— XirerpooZ  If  nil. 

**  Well  calculated  to  keep  basy,  interestRd,  and  ainoaed,  any  restless  little  person  who 
Otherwise  mieht  find  Sanday  a  long  day." — Kite  York  Churekman. 

"A  food  Idea  bss  been  intr>duced  into  ^undaw.  Each  monthly  part  has  an  oatUne 
drawing,  to  be  coloured  by  the  little  rcaderi,  unassisted,  and  prizes  are  given  to  the  six  best 
competitors.  We  express  our  pleasure  at  the  evident  success  of  this  deserving  serial  for  the 
joanfr.  We  know  of  no  better  magazine  of  Itfi  kind,  and  we  can  imagine  no  handsomeiCgift 
at  Christmsstime  to  bestow  on  a  child."— CftsrcA  Time$. 

Paper  boards,  cloth  backs,  3s. ;  cloth,  bevelled  boards,  gilt  edges,  58. 
Weekly  Number,  id. ;  Monthly  Part,  3d. 

London :  WELLS  GARDNER,  DARTON  &  Co.,  2,  Paternoster  Buildings,  E.G. 


ADVERTISEMEN'TS. 


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ESSRs.  Nelsons  New  Books. 


'  .!'  at  Wufira  and  HunUnv. 

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u.  A  (iLAfis  (»F  J^riiUTs  :  Its  llistor\  .md  Mystery. 

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i 


THE 


Rational  Ctmperaitce  l^eajue's 

ANNUAL 


FOR 


1  8  8  S. 


-•♦♦- 


EDITED  BY 


ROBERT     RAE, 


Secretary  OF  THE  League.      -— r    -^ 


-♦•♦ 


V' 


.  StP  IFP2  • ! 


LONDON: 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT, 

8  87,    STRAND,    W.C. 

/  / 


CONTENTS. 


Dedicatory  Sonnet  to  Sir  Edward  Baines     4 


Sir  Edward  Baines.    A  Biograpbiail  Sketch      5 

The  London  Temperance  Jubilee          15 

Early  History  op  the  Temperance  Reformation: — 

I. — London.    By  the  Rev.  Dawson  Bums,  M. A.       ...  21 

IL — England.    By  John  Andrew,  Esq 31 

IIL— Wales.    By  the  Rev.  Daniel  Rowlands,  M. A.      ...  41 

IV. — Ireland.    By  the  Rev.  Thomas  Houston,  D.D.  ...  5G 

v.— Scotland.    By  William  Walker,  Esq 75 

Local  and  General  Temperance  Organisations.    By 

the  Rev.  C.  H.  Collyns,  M.A 91 

Temperance  Work  for  the  Young.      By  the  Rev.  J. 

Hirst  Hollowell 95 

Denominational  and   Religious  Efforts.    By  T.  M. 

Williams,  Esq.,  B.A 101 

Temperance  Orders  and  Benefit  Societies.    By  Mr. 

Councillor  Cunliffe           108 

The  Press  in  its  relation  to  the  Temperance  Move- 
ment.    By  Frederick  Sherlock,  Esq 113 

The  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act.  By  Heniy  Wigham,  Esq.  121 

Temperance  Legislation     135 

The  Army  and  Navy          138 

The  Use  of  Stimulants  in  Workhouses.    By  Norman 

Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S.            ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  145 

Temperance  and  the  Medical  Profession      153 


CONTENTS. 


VAQK 


Juvenile    Temperance   Organisations.     By    the   Rev. 

Charles  Garrett      157 

Obituary  of  Temperance  Workers        163 

Notable  Temperance  Events  op  the  Past  Year      ...  166 

The  National  Drink  Bill.    By  William  Hoyle,  Esq.  ...  171 

Indirect  Cost  of  our  Drinking  Customs         173 

Metropolitan  Drinking  and  Crime.    By  the  Rev.  J.  W. 

Ilorsley,  M.A.        ...         ...         ...         ...  175 

Drink  AND  Insanity 177 

Comparative  Statistics  of  Drunkenness  and  Crime  178 

Drinking   in   Relation  to   Pauperism,   Lunacy,    and 

V^  JV131  Gi                     •••                  •••                  •••                 •••                  •••                  •••                  «••  Xii7 

Retail  Licenses  in  the  United  Kingdom        180 

Excise  Licenses  for  Brewers,  Maltsters,  &c.           ...  181 

■I-«vLCioE   XyL'TIES...             ...             ...             ...             ...             .,.             ...  XoX 

Spirit  Consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom 182 

Licensed  Houses  in  the  Metropolis     183 

Summonses  against  Dbink  Houses  in  London 184 

Metropolitan  Apprehensions  for  Drunkenness       ...  18.") 

Emigration  and  Immigration  in  1880 186 

Population  of  the  United  Kingdom      186 

Miscellaneous  Statistics  and  Facts      187 

<.'atalogue  of  the  National  Temperance  Publication 

IJitPvx             ...            ...            ...            «.,            ...            ...            •«•  Itfv 

Advertisements          233 


Bedicatoty  $onnct 


TO 


Sir  F{DW/iT\D  BAij^Eg 


The  century's  dawning  light  fell  on  thy  face, 

And  Time,  indulgent,  placed  his  sickle  by, 
For  Heaven  had  marked  thee  out  to  bless  thy  race 

With  deeds  of  nobleness  which  cannot  die: 
Not  to  the  sword,  but  to  the  tongue  and  pen, 

Belongs  the  honour  circling  round  thy  name; 
Thy  rich  reward  is  in  the  hearts  of  men. 

Who  treasure  there  the  records  of  thy  fame. 
Good  deeds  live  on  when  doers  are  no  more. 

And  thine,  as  some  firm  pyramid  shall  stand. 
Deep  based  on  earth,  when  thou  Iiast  left  its  shore 

And  reached  the  haven  of  a  fairer  land  ; 
Till  then,  while  Past  and  Present  yield  thee  praise, 
May  God's  own  peace  illume  thy  sunset  days! 


Edward  Foskett. 


December,  1881, 


THE 

NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE   LEAGUE'S 

ANNUAL   for   1882. 


»«<>» 


SIR  EDWARD  BAINES, 

Vice-President  of  the  National  Temperance  League. 

The  first  issue  of  the  National  Temperance  League's  Annual 
was  enriched  with  a  beautiful  portrait  of  the  venerable  President 
of  the  League — Mr.  Samuel  Bowly,  of  Gloucester.  With  equal 
appropriateness  the  present  issue  is  embellished  with  an  excellent 
likeness  of  one  of  the  League's  Vice-Presidents  —  Sir  Edward 
Baines,  of  Leeds.  Both  these  eminent  temperance  reformers  are 
octogenarians,  and  may  be  fitly  cited  as  examples  of  total  abstinence 
being  promotive  of  health  and  longevity. 

Few  names  in  England  are  more  deserving  of  honourable 
mention  than  that  of  Edward  Baines.  In  the  famed  county  of 
York  especially  it  has  long  been  a  cherished  household  word. 
From  sire  to  son  its  association  with  good  works  has  been  main- 
tained. The  present  bearer  of  it  has,  if  possible,  invested  it  with 
additional  lustre.  As  educationist,  journalist,  politician,  philan- 
thropist, citizen,  Christian,  Sir  Edward  Baines  has  laboured 
unceasingly  to  elevate  the  character,  instruct  the  mind,  and 
improve  the  condition  of  the  English  people.  He  has  not  lived 
in  vain.     Unwearied  toil  has  yielded  abundant  fruit. 

In  presenting  a  brief  memoir  of  Sir  Edward  Baines  it  is  neces- 
sary to  refer  to  some  of  his  more  prominent  public  labours  in 
order  to  show  that  hard  work  can  be  performed  without  the  use  of 
strong  drink. 

Edward  Baines,  the  elder,  was  endowed  with  great  talents  and 
untiring  industry,  and  achieved  for  himself  a  successful  business 


SIR    EDWARD    BAINES. 


career.  Eminent  as  a  journalist,  sagacious  and  trusted  as  a  poli- 
tical leader,  tlirice-elected  representative  of  Leeds  in  Parliament, 
and  exemplary,  moreover,  in  every  relation  of  life,  a  good  and 
useful  training  naturally  fell  to  the  portion  of  the  son. 

Leeds  has  the  honour  of  being  the  place  of  Sir  Edward  Baines's 
nativity,  and  of  his  early  education.  He  was  bom  in  that  busy, 
munificent  town,  on  the  28th  of  May,  1800.  His  later  education 
was  received  at  the  Protestant  Dissenters'  Grammar  School  at 
Manchester,  where  he  had  as  schoolfellows  many  who  distin- 
guished themselves  in  after  life,  notably  his  elder  brother,  Matthew 
Talbot  Baines — who  gained,  among  other  dignities,  the  rank  of 
Queen's  Counsel,  Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  and 
Cabinet  Minister — Sir  James  Kay-Shuttle  worth,  and  Sir  Joseph 
Heron. 

At  an  early  age  Sir  Edward  Baines  became  interested  in  the 
question  of  education.  Ere  his  fifteenth  year  had  been  attained 
he  was  found  filling  the  office  of  Sunday-school  teacher,  an  office 
which  he  sustained  without  intermission  until  he  was  elected 
member  for  Leeds,  in  April,  1859.  The  cause  of  popular  education 
has  never  had  a  truer  friend  or  more'devoted  advocate  than  he.  To 
place  within  the  reach  of  every  child  a  good  education  it  may  be 
safely  affirmed  that  no  other  public  man  has  laboured  so  long  or 
so  successfully.  The  contrast  between  the  state  of  elementary 
education  in  1809,  when  he  first  heard  Joseph  Lancaster  expound 
his  new  theory,  and  that  in  1881,  when  the  nation  has  resolved 
that  ignorance  shall  cease,  is  alike  remarkable  and  encouraging ; 
nearer  is  the  consummation  coming  for  w^hich  he  has  ever  pleaded. 

Remembrance  of  the  child  did  not  induce  forgetfulness  of  the 
adult.  Mechanics'  Institutes  have  been  a  valuable  factor  in  the 
education  of  our  adult  population,  and  few,  if  any,  have  contri- 
buted more  to  their  success  than  Sir  Edward  Baines.  The  first 
institution  of  the  kind  was  established  in  London,  and  seeing  the 
advantages  of  this  new  educational  agency  he  was  led  to  devote 
himself,  with  his  characteristic  earnestness,  to  the  work  of  founding 
similar  institutions  throughout  England.  He  delivered  many 
lectures  on  the  subject  between  1825  and  1830,  and  gratifying 
results  followed.  Town  after  town  started  its  mechanics'  insti- 
tute.   The  one  founded  in  his  native  borough  still  continues  to 


SIR   EDWARD   BAINES. 


flonrish.  The  West  Riding  Union  of  Mechanics'  Institutes  was 
founded  at  his  suggestion  in  1837  ;  he  was  appointed  president, 
and  after  fifty-four  years  of  honourable  service  still  holds  that 
office.  It  is  a  noteworthy,  fact  that  the  Union  comprises  250 
institutions  with  more  than  48,000  members  and  17,000  pupils 
attending  the  evening  classes.  The  coadjutor  of  Brougham  and 
Birkbeck  may  point  to  such  a  result  with  pride  and  satisfaction. 

Journalism,  like  education,  found  in  Sir  Edward  Baines  an* 
enUghtened  adherent.  The  Leeds  Mercury,  of  which  his  father 
was  the  proprietor  and  editor,  afforded  a  congenial  field  of  labour. 
In  1815,  at  the  close  of  his  school  education,  he  entered  the 
office  of  that  influential  paper  to  acquire  a  practical  knowledge 
of  journalism.  His  real  education  now  began.  By  close  study, 
travel  at  home  and  abroad,  and  visitation  of  institutions  of  social 
interest,  he  prepared  himself  for  the  fight  of  truth  and  sobeme-s. 
To  hard  and  onerous  work  he  has  been  accustomed  from  his 
youth.  In  the  year  1817  he  was  present  to  report  for  the 
Mercury  the  outrage  at  Manchester,  historically  known  as  the 
"  Peterloo  Massacre."  Two  years  later  he  wrote  his  first  leader  in 
that  journal,  and  for  more  than  forty  years  afterwards  the  chief 
share  of  editing  it  devolved  upon  him.  In  the  first  number 
issued  under  his  father's  control  there  was  a  declaration  as  noble 
as  it  was  unusual  in  those  days  : — "  While  we  ingenuously  avow 
the  principles  and  support  the  measures  we  deem  essential  to  the 
existence  and  prosperity  of  the  British  Constitution,  it  will  be 
our  care  to  avoid  the  intemperance  by  which  publications  of 
this  nature  are  so  frequently  degraded,  endeavouring  as  mucli  as 
possible  to  meet  the  views  of  men  who  can  assert  their  sentiments 
without  violating  their  friendships,  and  maintain  their  arguments 
without  losing  their  temper.  Our  paper  shall  never  be  made  the 
vehicle  of  party  or  personal  abuse."  The  policy  thus  avowed 
by  the  father  was  faithfully  followed  by  his  son.  Vigorous  in 
its  management,  honourable  in  its  conduct,  and  patriotic  in  its 
service,  the  Leeds  Mercury  became  a  power  in  the  country.  On 
many  leading  questions  it  hag  tended  to  mould  public  opinion. 

Sir  Edward  Baines  has  ever  been  a  consistent  politician  and  a 
steadfast  friend  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  The  Abolition  of 
Slavery,  Catholic  Emancipation,  the  Repeal  of  the  Com  Laws, 


8  SIR    EDWARD    BAINES. 


and  other  great  moveinonts,  liave  had  lii>  ahlc  advocaey.  He, 
indeed,  took  up  the  question  of  Free  Trade  before  the  days  of  its 
chief  apostles—  Mr.  Cobden  and  Mr.  Bright.  Like  his  fatlier,  his 
elder  brother  sat  in  three  Parliaments  as  representative  for  Leeds. 
On  the  retirement  of  his  brother,  his  fellow-townsmen  honoured 
themselves  in  inviting  him  to  become  their  member.  From  1859 
until  1874  he  continuously  represented  Leeds.  At  the  request  of 
Lord  Palmerston  he  seconded  the  Address  of  the  Hoase  of  Commons 
to  the  Queen,  thanking  her  for  having  sanctioned  the  Treaty  of 
Commerce  with  France  in  the  year  1860.  Parliamentary  Reform 
was  one  of  the  questions  which  attracted  his  special  attention. 
Thrice  he  introduced  a  Bill  to  lower  the  borough  parliamentary 
franchise.  He  was  thus  one  of  the  pioneers  in  that  great  measure 
of  reform — the  reduction  of  the  franchise,  which  gained  the  assent 
of  Parliament  in  1867. 

On  the  occasion  of  his  defeat  at  the  General  Election  in  1874, 
under  circumstances  which  do  not  reflect  credit  upon  those  who 
contributed  to  the  result,  the  Prime  Minister,  Mr.  Gladstone,  in 
expressing  his  deep  regret  at  the  loss  of  his  seat,  bore  gratifying 
testimony  to  "the  single-minded  devotion,  courage  of  purpose, 
perfect  integrity,  and  ability,"  which  he  had  brought  to  his 
Arduous  duties  in  Parliament.  When  the  vacancy  arose  jn  1876, 
there  is  no  doubt  he  could  have  represented  Leeds  again  if  he  liad 
desired  the  honour. 

Sir  Edward  Baines  has  borne  the  part  of  a  true  philanthropist 
throughout  his  long  and  useful  life.  He  has  sought  the  welfare 
of  his  fellow-men  rather  than  personal  aggrandisement.  Few  have 
exhibited  a  more  self-sacrificing  purpose.  To  make  the  world 
wiser  and  better,  his  time,  money  and  effort  have  been  freely 
given.  Whenever  a  call  arose  for  the  relief  of  distress,  the  alle- 
viation of  sorrow,  or  the  promotion  of  peace  and  goodwill,  he  has 
been  among  the  earliest  at  the  post  of  duty.  The  world-wide 
sympathy  of  his  youth  accompanies  his  old  age.  Catholicity  of 
heart  and  courtesy  of  manner  have  ever  lent  a  charm  to  his  life 
in  its  devotion  to  philanthrophic  pursuits. 

As  a  citizen  of  no  mean  city.  Sir  Edward  Baines  has  endeared 
himself  to  the  men  of  Yorkshire.  It  was  not,  therefore,  surprising 
that  on  the  approach  of  his  eightieth  birthday,  the  people  of 


SIR    EDWARD    BAINES. 


Leeds  should  deem  it  an  opportune  time  for  rendering  him  a 
tribute  of  esteem.  The  response  to  the  suggestion  was  alike 
ready  and  generous.  A  sum  exceeding  three  thousand  pounds 
was  contributed  to  the  Edward  Baines  Memorial  Fund.  For 
himself  he  needed  no  pecuniary  testimonial,  but  he  still  remem- 
bered the  need  and  needs  of  education.  With  that  self-abnegation 
which  has  always  characterised  him,  he  asked  that  the  magnificent 
gift  of  his  friends  should  be  devoted  to  the  extension  of  the 
Yorkshire  College  and  the  establishment  of  scholarships. 

The  public  presentation  took  place  in  the  Albert  Hall,  Leeds, 
on  the  3rd  of  December,  1880,  and  at  the  same  time  Mr.  Herbert 
Gladstone  was  able  to  announce  that  the  Queen  had  conferred 
upon  the  venerable  chainnan  of  the  coimcil  of  the  Yorkshire 
College  the  honour  of  knighthood.  The  intelligence  was  received 
"  with  surpassing  enthusiasm."  The  honour  had  been  worthily 
won,  and  Leeds,  which  owes  him  so  much,  showed  that  its 
affections  for  the  grand  old  knight  were  still  warm  and  strong. 
That  so  famous  and  eloquent  a  citizen  should  find  in  his  native 
place  "  that  which  should  accompany  old  age,  honour,  love, 
obedience,  troops  of  friends,"  is  as  gratifying  as  it  is  deserved. 

So  far  back  as  the  year  1828,  Sir  Edward  Baines  joined  a 
Christian  Church.  With  East  Parade  Church,  Leeds,  we  believe, 
he  has  had  a  lifelong  connection.  Warmly  attached  to  Congre- 
gationalism, he  has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  all  the  great  move- 
ments of  that  denomination,  and  has  moreover,  by  his  wise  and 
judicious  counsel,  gained  for  himself  confidence  and  esteem. 
Loving  his  own  Church,  he  has  not  withheld  his  admiration  for 
what  is  lovely  in  others.  For  Christians  of  everj'  name  he  has 
cherished  the  charity  that  "  is  not  easily  provoked." 

A  more  beautiful  tribute  could  scarcely  be  paid  to  the  character 
of  a  public  man  than  that  to  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gott,  Vicar  of 
Leeds,  gave  utterance,  on  the  occasion  of  the  public  presentation 
of  the  memorial  to  Sir  Edward  Baines.  Referring  to  the  cause  of 
religion,  "  which  was  greater  than  party,"  he  said :  "  No  one  had 
done  more  to  take  away  the  sting  from  that  hateful  word  *  party,' 
and  to  leave  it  all  the  good  it  had.  He  had  sometimes  thought, 
as  he  calculated  how  Mr.  Baines  bad  acquired  that  gift  by  which 
he  was  so  well  known,  that  it  might  perhaps  be  due  to  those  true 


lO  SIR    EDWARD   BAINES. 

sympathies  which,  he  supposed,  formed  a  current  between  the 
noble-hearted  editor  of  a  noble-heaited'paper  and  his  readers.  As  a 
reader  of  that  paper,  he  felt  that  that  current  of  sympathy  might 
be  one  of  those  causes  by  which  Mr.  Baines  had  reached  a  large- 
ness of  heart  which  had  lifted  him  above  all  those  who  merely 

looked  to  acquire  party  gain,  or  to  push  a  party  purpose 

He  wished  once  more  to  bear  his  testimony,  as  Vicar  of  Leeds, 
to  the  honour  and  attachment  and  gratitude  he  felt  for  the  name 
which  henceforth  would  be  known  as  that  of  Sir  Edward  Baines." 

Much  as  Sir  Edward  Baines  has  laboured  for  the  advance- 
ment of  education,  he  regards  personal  religion  as  immeasurably 
superior  to  everything  secular.  This  sketch  of  his  life  would  be 
incomplete  if  the  distinct,  emphatic  statement  he  made  at  the 
presentation  meeting  were  not  introduced,  as  it  deserves  to  be 
pondered  by  all,  especially  by  the  young  : — "  And  yet  one  word 
remains  unsaid,  more  important  than  any  that  has  been  spoken. 
It  Ls  this.  That  great  as  is  the  value  which  I  attach  to  education, 
and  which  I  wish  every  student  in  every  branch  of  learning  to 
attach  to  it,  I  cannot  for  a  moment  compare  it  to  the  value  or 
the  happiness  of  personal  religion.  This  testimony,  borne  after 
the  experience  of  fourscore  years,  may  be  regarded  as  deserving 
the  weight  of  a  dying  deposition.  As  such  I  bequeath  it  to  all  the 
youth  who  may  ever  hear  my  name.  The  book  that  transcends  all 
books  is  God's  own  Word  ;  and  the  lesson  it  teaches,  as  beyond 
all  other  lessons  for  time  or  eternity,  is  this — Fear  God  and  love 
the  Saviour  ! " 

Busy  as  the  life  of  Sir  Edward  Baines  has  been,  he  has  still 
found  time  for  authorship.  He  wrote  an  admirable  memoir  of 
his  father,  as  well  as  a  standard  "  History  of  the  Cotton  Manu- 
facture." Many  of  his  speeches  and  pamphlets  on  important 
topics  have  also  had  a  wide  circulation.  He  moreover  was  able  to 
serve  as  one  of  the  Royal  Commissioners  on  the  Schools  Enquiry 
Commission. 

It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  Sir  Edward  Baines  was  almost 
the  only  person  at  the  late  Jubilee  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  in  York,  who  was  present  at  its 
formation. 

An  enterprise  so  beneficient  as  the  Temperance  Reformation 


SIR   EDWARD    BAINES.  II 


was  not  likely  to  lack  the  adhesion  of  Sir  Edwarcl  Baines. 
Thoroughness  has  marked  him  in  everything  he  has  undertaken. 
Principle  has  been  his  guide.  Sincerity  has  been  stamped  on  all 
his  acts.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Temperance  Society 
from  1831,  though  he  did  not  become  a  total  abstainer  till  the  9th 
of  November,  1837.  In  espousing  total  abstinence  he  sought  the 
welfare  of  others.  Example  influenced  him  ;  his  example  might 
influence  in  turn.  It  was  mainly  owing  to  the  example  of  the 
late  Rev.  Dr.  Pye  Smith  that  he  was  led  to  discontinue  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquors.  On  the  9th  of  November,  1857,  he  published  his 
"Twenty  Years'  Experience  of  Total  Abstinence  from  Intoxi- 
cating Liquors."  A  portion  of  his  personal  testimony  is  deserving 
of  reproduction  here  : — 

"  I  did  not  adopt  total  abstinence,  owing  to  any  illness,  or  ten- 
dency to  disease,  nor  because  liquor  was  any  considerable  temp- 
tation to  me.  I  had  always  used  it  moderately.  My  sole  object 
was  a  desire  to  induce  some  whom  I  knew,  by  example,  to  aban- 
don an  indulgence  which  was  leading  them  to  ruin.  And  it 
seemed  to  me,  that  if  I  could  do  without  strong  drink,  other  persons 
in  ordinary  health  might  do  the  same  ;  because  my  constitution 
is  not  robust,  on  the  contrary,  I  have  from  childhood  been  rather 
pale  and  thin.  Therefore  the  experiment  of  total  abstinence  seemed 
in  me  a  very  fair  one.  I  was  an  average  subject,  many  of  my 
friends  even  thought  that  I  needed  a  little  wine,  dissuaded  mie 
from  giving  it  up,  and  mourned  over  my  unwise  persistence.  I 
myself  had  the  prejudice  that  it  helped  digestion.  Well,  I  tried 
the  experiment ;  first,  for  a  month,  then  for  another  month, 
till  at  length  I  learned  to  laugh  at  the  prejudices  of  myself  and 
my  friends,  and  in  the  consciousness  of  firm  health  and  good 
spirits  I  have  continued  the  practice  to  the  present  day." 

At  the  foot  of  a  copy  of  his  "  Twenty  Years'  Experience  "  just 
quoted,  this  note,  in  his  own  hand-writing,  is  appended  :  "  Con- 
firmed, October  1st,  1881,  in  my  82nd  year,  and  after  forty -four 
years  of  total  abstinence, — Edward  Baines." 

Sir  Edward  Baines  has  been  a  zealous,  hard-working  abstainer, 
relying  more  on  moral  and  religious  agencies  than  on  legislative 
measures.  As  a  speaker  he  has  been  characterised  by  earnest, 
persuasive  eloquence.     His  addresses  may  be  studied  with  ad  van- 


12  SIR   EDWARD   BAINES. 

tage  by  temperance  advocates.  Correct  in  facts,  lucid  in  arrange- 
ment, cogent  in  reasoning,  experimental  in  illustrations,  and 
dignified  in  enforcement,  his  speeches,  whether  heard  or  read,  are 
calculated  to  secure  attention  and  carry  conviction. 

At  a  large  meeting  in  Exeter  Hall  in  1877 — forty  years  after 
becoming  an  abstainer — he  gave  the  following  emphatic  testi- 
mony : — "  If  examined  as  to  my  mode  of  life,  I  may  humbly  and 
thankfully  say  that  it  has  been  one  of  no  small  activity  ;  at  first 
as  a  pretty  close  student,  and  afterwards  having  taken  part  in  the 
public  questions  and  controversies  that  have  stirred  one  of  the 
most  exciting  periods  of  our  history.  After  many  years  of  edi- 
torial and  political  work,  I  was  called,  at  the  age  of  fifty-nine,  to 
enter  Parliament,  where  I  spent  fifteen  years  in  charge  of  the 
business  of  a  great  borough,  and  taking  interest  in  the  concerns  of 
the  empire,  through  several  eventful  Parliaments.  When  I 
entered  the  House  of  Commons,  I  was  told  by  one  of  my  prede- 
cessors that  I  should  not  be  able  to  go  through  the  business  with- 
out the  help  of  wine.  My  judicious  medical  adviser  knew  better ; 
he  did  not  recommend  any  alcoholic  drink,  and  only  laid  upon 
me  one  injunction  ;  namely,  that  whatever  late  hours  the  House 
might  keep,  I  should  every  night  lie  in  bed  seven  hours.  The 
advice  was  worth  more  to  me  than  all  the  wine  in  the  London 
Docks.  Not  one  glass  of  wine  or  ale  ever  touched  my  lips,  and  in 
consequence — not  in  spite  of  it,  but  in  consequence,  I  say —I  was 

Able  to  do  almost  as  much  work  as  any  man  in  the  House 

I  left  Parliament  absolutely  unscathed,  and  all  but  unworn." 

Presiding  at  a  crowded  meeting  of  the  Congregational  Total 
Abstinence  Association  in  October  last,  at  Manchester,  where  the 
Congregational  Union  was  holding  its  jubilee,  he  spoke  words 
which  the  Christian  Church  may  thoughtfully  consider: — "  Shall 
all  our  missionaries  shudder  at  the  approach  of  English  ships  and 
traders  on  account  of  the  destructive  liquor  which  they  intro- 
duce, and  by  which  the  fairest  hopes  of  their  infant  churches  are 
blighted  ?  Shall  drink  everywhere  dog  the  steps  of  devoted 
servants  of  Christ,  convert  their  preaching  into  a  mockery,  and 
make  the  name  of  England  'a  hissing'  ?  But  you  ask.  Is  it  possible 
to  stop  this  world-wide  and  dreadful  contagion  ?  I  know  not ; 
but  if  it  is,  there  is  no  other  agency  on  earth  that  can  do  it  except 


SIR    EDWARD   BAINES.  1 3 

total  abstinence.  And  nothing  can  bring  about  total  abstinence 
but  the  total  abandonment  of  drinking.  Moderate  drinking  is  a 
^mockery,  a  delusion,  and  a  snare.*  Strong  drink,  in  the  smallest 
quantities,  has  a  tendency  to  spread,  like  flames  of  sulphur  ninning 
along  the  ground,  until  it  is  extinguished  by  a  deluge  of  water 
from  the  skies.  Yes,  it  is  from  Heaven  that  the  deliverance  must 
come  ;  and  in  this  Christian  assembly  I  may  say  that  nothing  but 
earnest  and  constant  prayer,  with  the  example  of  those  who  ofi'er 
it  to  prove  their  sincerity,  can  work  the  miracle." 

To  his  personal  testimony  and  his  appeal  to  Christians  may  be 
fitly  added  an  instance  of  fidelity  to  principle.  The  natioiml 
drinking  usage  at  public  banquets  is  still  observed  by  the  vast 
majority,  but  the  example  which  Sir  Edward  Baines  set  in  pre- 
siding at  the  luncheon  at  which  the  members  of  the  Leeds  Liberal 
Club  recently  entertained  Mr.  Gladstone,  may  induce  others  to 
follow  it.  "  I  now  call  upon  you,"  he  said,  "  to  drink  the  health 
of  our  illustrious  Premier- President,  leaving  you  in  this  hall 
,of  liberty  to  do  it  in  the  manner  that  seems  good  to  you,  and 
nsking  your  kind  permission,  and  asking  Mr.  Gladstone's — 
which,  indeed,  he  has  already  given  me — to  drink  the  health 
of  England's  noblest  son  in  Nature's  noblest  liquor — pure 
water." 

By  precept  and  example  he  has  contended  earnestly  for  the 
practice  of  perfect  sobriety.  He  stood  by  total  abstinence  in  the 
days  of  its  infancy,  he  cleaves  to  it  in  its  advancing  strength.  A 
strict  adherence  to  principle  has  commanded  the  admiration  of 
rich  and  poor  alike.  Years  of  usefulness  and  honour  in  the  Tem- 
perance movement  are,  we  trust,  still  before  him ;  but  on  leaving 
the  work  given  him  to  do  the  poet's  aspiration  will  assuredly  be 

realised : — 

"  When  hearts  whose  troth  was  proven, 

Like  tbine,  are  laid  in  earth, 

There  sboald  a  wreath  be  woven, 

To  tell  the  world  their  worth." 

Sir  Edward  Baines  has  been  a  Vice-President  of  the  National 
Temperance  League  for  many  years,  and  President  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Total  Abstinence  Association  from  the  time  of  its  formation. 
He  has  rendered  invaluable  service  to  both  organisations. 


H 


SIR  EDWARD   BAINES. 


The  home  of  Sir  Edward  Baines  has  been  surrounded  with 
many  blessings.  Domestic  happiness  reigned.  He  and  Lady  Baines 
were  privileged  to  celebrate  their  golden  wedding  on  the  9th  of 
September,  1879.  Since  then  a  great  sorrow  has  fallen  upon  him 
in  the  recent  removal  by  death  of  her  who  shared  his  gladness  for  so 
many  years.  The  heavy  trial  thus  endured  lias,  we  are  sui^, 
evoked  the  sympathy  and  solace  of  multitudes  of  friends. 

In  closing  this  brief  sketch  of  Sir  Edward  Baines,  references  to 
many  of  his  public  labours,  and  to  his  connection  with  various 
societies,  have  had  necessarily  to  be  omitted.  How  he  has  been 
able  to  do  so  much  for  the  world's  improvement  and  happiness 
may  find  an  illustration  in  a  statement  he  recently  made — a  state- 
ment almost  unique :  "  Happily,  in  a  great  measure  through  total 
abstinence,  I  have  never  been  obliged  by  health  to  withdraw  fi'om 
any  Society  I  ever  joined.."  It  is  devoutly  to  be  wished  that  his 
health  may  still  be  preserved.  Long  and  laborious  as  his  career 
has  been  the  world  cannot  spare  services  like  his.  He  liveth  not 
to  himself.  In  him  we  have  the  brightest  example  of  the  intelli- 
gent, devoted  Christian,  and  the  cultured  English  gentleman. 


THE    LONDON   TEMPERANCE    JUBILEE.  I5 


THE  LONDON  TEMPERANCE  JUBILEE. 

FcTCRE  historians  of  the  Temperance  reformation  will  probably 
refer  to  the  years  1879-80-81,  and  '82,  as  the  Jubilee  epoch.  Perhaps 
the  most  important  celebration  will  take  place  daring  the  present 
year  (1882),  as  it  will  commemorate  the  development  of  the 
luovcment  as  a  total  abstinence  criii^ade  against  our  drinking 
customs  ;  and  certainly  there  is  as  much  need  now  as  there  ever 
was  to  enforce  the  truth,  which  was  soon  discovered  by  the  early 
temperance  pioneers,  that  the  simple  advocacy  of  entire  abstinence 
from  intoxicating  liquors  is  the  only  logical,  safe,  and  efficient 
remedy  for  the  disease  of  intemperance. 

Amongst  the  Jubilee  celebrations  which  have  been  held  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  one  held  in  London  in  June 
last  will  undoubtedly  take  a  prominent  place.  It  was  on  June  the 
29tl),  1831,  that  a  meeting  was  held  in  Exeter  Hall  to  inaugurate 
the  first  Temperance  Society  in  the  metropolis ;  and  the  National 
Temperance  League  conceived  the  idea  of  celebrating  the  London 
Temperance  Jubilee  in  the  same  building,  on  the  29th  of  June, 
ISSl,  exactly  fifty  years  after  the  inaugural  meeting  referred  to. 

THE  JUBILEE  CONFERENCE. 

Prior  to  the  great  Jubilee  demonstration  an  important  Confe- 
rence was  held,  the  sittings  of  which  commenced  on  June  28th, 
and  concluded  on  the  following  day.  Papers  of  especial  interest 
and  importance  were  read  and  discussed  at  length  by  a  lai^e 
representative  assembly  of  temperance  reformers  from  all  parts  of 
the  country.  Mr.  William  Fowler,  M.P.,  presided  at  the  first 
sitting,  and  the  topics  which  engaged  attention  were  essentially  his- 
torical and  comprehensive,  embracing  the  origin  and  progress  of  the 
movement  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  Rev.  Dawson  Bums, 
M.A.,  contributed  an  exhaustive  and  deeply  interesting  paper  on 
"  London  and  the  Early  Temperance  Reform."  Mr.  John  Andrew, 
of  Leeds,  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Origin  of  the  Temperance  Refor- 
mation in  England,''  abounding  in  valuable  information,  and 
pleasing  reminiscences  of  the  past.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Houston, 
D.D.,  dealt  with  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  moTement  in  Ireland 


l6  THE  LONDON  TEMPERANCE  JUBILEE. 

and  Mr.  William  Walker,  on  the  same  lines,  added  further  links 
to  the  chain  of  Temperance  history  as  affecting  Scotland;  while 
Wales  was  worthily  represented  hj  the  Rev.  Daniel  Rowlands, 
M.A.,  whose  paper  recorded  the  history  of  the  movement  in  the 
Principality. 

The  second  sitting  was  held  in  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day, 
with  Mr.  W.  B.  Robinson  in  the  chair.  The  various  papers  pre- 
sented had  reference  to  existing  agencies  for  the  promotion  of 
temperance,  and  were  as  follows  : — *'  Local  and  General  Organisa- 
tions,'' by  the  Rev.  0.  H.  Collyns,  M.A. ;  "  Denominational  and 
Religious  Efforts,"  by  Mr.  T.  M.  Williams,  B.A.  ;  «  Temperance 
Work  for  the  Young,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  HoUowell ;  and  "  Tem- 
perance Orders,  Benefit  Societies,"  &c,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Cunliffe. 
All  the  foregoing  papers  are  produced  in  this  volume,  and  the 
interest  they  excited  when  read  will  now  be  widened  as  they  become 
part  of  our  permanent  literature.  Taken  together  they  form  a  most 
valuable  and  reliable  addition  to  Temperance  history,  to  which 
the  rising  generation  may  turn  with  justifiable  pride  ;  from  which, 
too,  the  workers  of  to-day  may  gather  encouragement  to  carry  to 
a  successful  issue  the  enterprise  so  nobly  begun.  The  first  day 
of  the  Conference  was  pleasjmtly  concluded  by  a  conversazione, 
presided  over  by  Mr.  Samuel  Morley,  M.P.,  when  an  opportunit}' 
was  afforded  for  social  intercourse,  which  under  the  circumstances 
was  deeply  appreciated  by  many  who  can  seldom  meet  together. 

The  third  sitting  of  the  Conference  took  place  on  the  morning 
of  the  29th  of  June,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Charles  J.  Leaf, 
when  the  general  topic  which  engaged  attention  related  to  new 
plans  and  modifications  of  existing  agencies.  The  subject  was 
ably  introduced  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Selway,  M.B.W.,  who  read  a  paper 
entitled,  "  Is  it  desirable  to  make  any  organisational  changes  ? " 
To  this  interrogation  an  affirmative  reply  was  given.  Attention 
was  called  to  the  fortuitous  manner  in  which  existing  societies 
were  formed,  and  to  the  fact  that,  while  the  numerous  organisa- 
tions had  achieved  much  useful  work,  and  were  in  themselves 
indicative  of  great  activity,  yet  the  division  of  interest  without 
doubt  lessened  the  effect  which  might  be  produced  were  all  united 
under  one  common  flag.  As  the  movement  was  entirely  outside 
the  bounds  of  ecclesiastical  and  political  distinctions,  and  as  the 


THE   LONDON    TEMPERANCE   JUBILEE.  1 7 


object  of  all  branches  of  Temperance  enterprise  was  practically 
the  same,  it  was  urged  that  there  should  be  established  in  the 
metropolis  a  central  consultative  council,  to  be  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives to  be  elected  by  each  of  the  existing  societies,  which 
would  become  a  grand  confederation  for  the  purpose  of  discussing 
BQch  measures,  and  to  arrange  for  such  work,  as  might  be  carried 
out  by  existing  societies,  so  far  as  applicable,  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Mr.  Selway  did  not  formulate  a  scheme  in  detail, 
but*  left  it  to  be  worked  out  hereafter  if  it  was  thought 
desirable.  Such  a  confederation,  it  was  pointed  out,  would  not 
interfere  with  any  local  society ;  but  it  was  urged  that,  while 
great  good  had  been  effected  in  the  past  fifty  years,  much  yet 
remained  to  be  done  which  would  probably  demand  new  modes 
of  action.  The  spirited  discussion  which  followed  resulted  in 
the  adoption  of  the  following  resolution  : — *^  That  this  conference 
deems  it  desirable  that  an  organisation  be  formed  on  the  basis 
foreshadowed  in  Mr.  Selway's  paper  f  and  arrangements  are  now 
proceeding  with  a  view  to  carrying  the  resolution  into  effect. 

Mr.  Frederick  Sessions,  of  Gloucester,  also  read  a  paper  bearing 
upon  "  Special  Means  for  reaching  Distinct  Classes,''  in  which 
"Temperance  Mission  Weeks''  were  strongly  commended,  as 
yielding  enduring  returns  for  the  money  and  labour  expended 
upon  them.  Various  suggestions  were  offered  for  reaching 
seamen,  the  agricultural,  and  other  classes,  especially  the  "  bell- 
wethers" of  society,  when  their  respective  flocks  would  follow 
sooner  or  later.  A  third  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  Frederick 
Sherlock,  on  "The  Press  in  its  Relation  to  the  Temperance 
Movement,"  which  finds  a  place  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Whitworth,  M.P.,  presided  at  the  fourth  and 
concluding  sitting  of  the  Conference,  when  matters  relating  to 
Temperance  Legislation  were  discussed.  Mr.  W.  S.  Caine,  M.P., 
delivered  a  lengthy  address  respecting  the  amendment  of  the 
licensing  laws.  He  incidentally  supported  the  principle  of  local 
option  as  contended  for  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  which  might, 
however,  be  applied  in  many  ways.  He  showed  that  popular 
veto  was  no  new  thing  in  British  legislation,  being  already  in 
existence  on  the  statute-book  of  the  country.  The  law,  he 
said,  now  provided  means  for  preventing  municipal  and  other 


l8  THE   LONDON    TEMPERANCE  JUBILEE. 

authorities  from  expending  the  ratepayers'  money  against  their 
will,  and  he  would  apply  the  same  principle  to  the  granting  and 
renewing  of  public-house  licenses.  He  pointed  out  that  if  abso- 
lute popular  veto  were  obtained  many  districts  would  not  be 
touched,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  people  were  not  sufficiently 
educated  to  apply  it,  and  hence  arose  the  necessity  for  amend- 
ment of  the  licensing  laws.  His  view  in  this  direction  had  been 
foreshadowed  in  a  resolution  he  placed  upon  the  notice  paper  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  which  was  in  the  following  terms : — 
'^  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  House,  the  Government  measure 
embodying  the  Local  Option  Resolution  passed  by  the  House  on 
June  18th,  1880,  while  clearly  defining  the  principles  and  condi- 
tions that  are  to  regulate  the  trade  in  excisable  liquors,  should 
entrust  the  administration  of  the  law  to  boards  specially  elected 
for  the  purpose  by  the  ratepayers,  leaving  the  jurisdiction 
affecting  breaches  of  the  law,  as  at  present,  to  the  ordinary 
tribunals  of  justice.''  Owing,  however,  to  pressure  of  other 
business,  no  opportunity  was  found  to  discuss  the  resolution. 
He  further  thought  that  the  licensing  laws  should  be  amended 
and  codified,  as  at  the  present  time  it  was  hardly  possible  to  tell 
under  what  Act  injustice  was  committed  on  the  ratepayers  by  the 
magistrates,  whether  under  an  Act  of  George  or  William  III.,  or 
under  the  Acts  of  Victoria.  He  therefore  considered  that  all 
Acts  regarding  the  granting  and  renewing  of  licenses  should  be 
codified  as  well  as  improved,  and  that  their  administration  should 
be  entrusted  to  a  board  duly  elected  for  the  purpose  by  the  rate- 
payers themselves. 

An  excellent  paper,  prepared  by  the  Rev. T.B.Stephenson, B. A., 
was  read  in  support  of  '^  Sunday  Closing ; "  followed  by  another 
from  the  pen  of  the  Rev.  Prebendary  Grier,  on  "  Local  Option," 
which  was  described  as  the  "  Permissive  Bill  in  Solution."  The 
writer  dealt  principally  with  the  misrepresentations  contained  in 
the  Report  of  the  Lords'  Committee  on  Intemperance.  Allusion 
was  also  made  to  a  large  number  of  parishes  and  townships  where 
the  liquor  traffic  was  prohibited  by  the  action  of  the  landowners, 
with  the  very  best  results,  thus  showing  that  the  objections  often 
urged  against  the  Permissive  Bill  were  groundless. 

The  animated  discussion  at  all  the  sittings  of  the  Conference 


THE    LONDON    TEMPERANCE  JUBILEE.  1 9 

was  the  means  of  eliciting  opinions  from  active  workers  in  all 
branches  of  temperance  reform,  and  of  removing  misconceptions 
on  some  points  which  could  not  but  aid  in  drawing  the  varied 
forces  at  work  into  closer  sympathy.  The  cordial  spirit  which 
was  manifested,  and  the  increased  unanimity  which  has  since 
prevailed  between  all  sections  of  the  movement,  affords  gratifying 
evidence  that  the  aim  of  the  Conference  in  this  direction  was 
largely  successful.  There  are  also  good  groimds  for  hope  that 
temperance  reformers,  while  still  labouring  in  their  respective 
spheres,  may,  in  the  future,  wield  a  much  greater  influence,  by  a 
strength  which  comes  from  unity,  in  all  general  matters  affecting 
the  removal  of  our  national  curse. 

THE  JUBILEE  DEMONSTRATION. 

A  crowded  audience  filled  every  part  of  Exeter  Hall  on  the 
evening  of  the  29th  of  June,  1881,  and  the  enthusiasm  which 
characterised  the  whole  of  the  proceedings  was  a  healthy  indi- 
cation of  the  jubilant  spirit  of  thankfulness  and  hope  which 
animates  all  classes  of  temperance  people.  The  platform  was 
filled  by  prominent  advocates  and  supporters  of  temperance 
reform — too  numerous  to  mention — who  came  from  all  quarters 
of  the  British  Isles.  There  was  also  a  choir  of  adult  singers,  who 
rendered  some  high-class  temperance  music,  mostly  of  a  jubilee 
character,  including  the  popular  Jubilee  Ode,  written  by  Mr. 
Edward  Foskett,  of  which  the  following  is  the  first  stanza : — 

**  Deep  echoes  from  a  past  of  fifty  years 

Swell  roand  xlb  as  we  gather  here  to-day ; 

Hope  sits  enthroned,  triumphant  o'er  oar  fears, 

And  lights  the  fatare  with  prophetic  ray ; 

By  what  the  few  in  fifty  years  haTe  done, 
In  fifty  more  the  battle  may  be  won." 

The  great  gathering  was  most  fittingly  presided  over  by  Mr. 
Samuel  Bowly,  President  of  the  National  Temperance  League, 
whose  venerable  presence  always  adds  lustre  to  any  meeting,  by 
the  recollection  of  his  lengthened  and  self-denying  labours  in  the 
cause  of  temperance  and  other  good  works.  Mr.  Bowly  concluded 
an  impressive  speech  on  the  occasion  with  the  following  words : — 
"  I  feel  that  now,  in  my  eightieth  year,  I  cannot  expect  to  work  long 


20  THE    LONDON    TEMPERANCE   JUBILEE. 

in  this  cause  ;  but  when  the  standard  shall  fall  from  my  enfeebled 
hand,  I  lay  it  upon  you  who  are  younger  and  stronger  to  take  it 
up  with  the  same  fiuth,  and  with  greater  energy,  carrying  it  on 
until  He  who  has  blessed  our  labour  so  abundantly  shall  bless 
yours,  and  give  us  the  victory,  to  the  glory  of  Qod  and  the  w^elfare 
and  happiness  of  our  fellow-men.'' 

It  is  obvious  that  careful  discrimination  was  necessary  as  to  the 
selected  speakers  for  this  auspicious  gathering  ;  and  it  was  wisely 
decided  that  the  oral  utterances  should  come  from  the  leading 
representatives  of  the  larger  Temperance  organisations.  This 
arrangement  met  with  unanimous  acquiescence,  and  invitations 
were  accepted  by  Mr.  James  Barlow,  J.P.,  President  of  the  British 
Temperance  League ;  Mr.  (now  Sir)  William  Collins,  J.P.,  D.L., 
President  of  the  Scottish  Temperance  League;  Mr.  M.  H. 
Dalway,  J.P.,  D.L.,  President  of  the  Irish  Temperance  League ; 
Mr.  Joseph  H.  Fox,  J.P.,  President  of  the  Western  Temperance 
League ;  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart.,  M.P.,  President  of  the  United 
Kingdom  Alliance  ;  Mr.  Samuel  Morley,  M.P.,  President  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union ;  Mr.  Arthur  Pease,  M.P., 
President  of  the  North  of  England  Temperance  League ;  Dr.  B.  W. 
Bichardson,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President  of  the  British  Medical 
Temperance  Association ;  and  Mr.  Charles  Sturge,  J.P.,  President 
of  the  Midland  Temperance  League.  Mr.  Dalway,  Mr.  Morley  and 
Mr.  Sturge,  were  unavoidably  absent,  but  the  other  gentlemen 
named,  inspired  by  the  spirit  of  the  occasion,  spoke  with  fluency 
and  power,  and  it  is  needless  to  add  that  the  vast  audience  fully 
reciprocated,  by  sympathetic  applause,  the  various  points  in  the 
oratory  of  the  evening.  We  doubt  not  that  many  who  were 
present  will  often  recall  the  events  of  the  London  Temperance 
Jubilee,  from  which  they  may  draw  encouragement  to  persevere 
in  the  holy  work  of  the  Temperance  reformation. 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION.    21 


EARLY    HISTORY    OF    THE    TEMPERA^TE 

REFORMATION. 

I.— LONDON. 

By  the  Rev.  Dawson  Burns,  M.A. 

The  Gospel  was  not  first  preached  in  Rome,  and  the  Temperance 
Reform  in  England  did  not  originate  in  London  ;  but  as  Rome 
became  world-famous  for  its  Christian  faith,  so  London  has  for 
fifty  years  been  a  centre  of  Temperance  activity,  the  issues  of 
which  are  felt  to  the  ends  of  the  earth.  It  was  in  1830  that 
Temperance  organisations  were  formed  in  England,  first  at  Brad- 
ford, and  soon  afterwards  in  other  northern  towns  ;  but  down  to 
the  autumn  of  that  year  nothing  of  the  same  kind  was  apparently 
done  or  attempted  in  the  British  metropolis.  Yet  in  the  summer 
of  1829,  before  even  Professor  Edgar  or  Mr.  Dunlop  had  issued  a 
page  on  the  Temperance  Reform,  Mr.  G.  C.  Smith,  the  secretary 
of  the  Seaman  and  Soldiers'  Friend  Society,  of  Wellclose-sfiuare, 
London,  had  published  a  pamphlet  of  ninety-four  I>age8,  com- 
prising a  reprint  of  several  of  the  most  valuable  American 
temperance  documents,  with  an  introduction  by  himself,  in  which 
he  recommended  the  formation  of  a  London  Temperance  Society 
with  the  Lord  Mayor  as  president,  and  co-operating  branches  in 
every  parish.  But  the  suggestion  passed  unheeded,  and  the 
honour  of  forming  a  temperance  society  in  London  fell  not  to  a 
Londoner,  or  an  Englishman,  but  to  a  Scotchman,  the  late  Mr. 
William  Collins,  of  Glasgow,  whose  own  account,  delivered  at  the 
first  meeting  in  Exeter  Hall,  June  29,  1831,  is  worthy  of  exact 
citation: — **I  came  to  London,"  said  Mr.  Collins,  omitting  the 
month,  which  was  either  October  or  November,  "and  after  trying 
several  weeks  I  could  not  get  a  single  person  to  join  me.  I  left 
London,  and  when  I  was  about  fifty  miles  off,  God  put  it  into  my 
heart  to  turn  back  and  make  another  attempt.  But  this  second 
attempt  was  not  more  successful  than  tlie  first ;  and  I  again  left 
London  and  went  to  Bristol,  and  succeeded  in  fonning  a  temper- 
ance society  there.  This  success  induced  me  to  return  to  London 
and  make  a  third  attempt,  in  which,  I  rejoice  to  say,  that  under 


22    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

the  blessing  of  a  kind  Providence,  I  was  successful."  In  the 
Scottish  Temperance  Record  for  December,  1830,  London  appears 
for  the  first  time  in  the  list  of  English  towns  having  temperance 
societies.  In  the  number  for  April,  1831,  progress  is  reported, 
and  it  is  said  that  the  friends  in  London,  besides  reprinting  Nos. 
1  to  10  of  the  Glasgow  tracts,  had  several  others  in  the  press,  or 
in  preparation,  one  being  on  "  The  Effects  of  good  English  Gin." 
The  apathy  of  Christian  professors  is  lamented,  the  most 
effectual  opposition  proceeding,  it  is  said,  from  those  who  had 
begun  thus  early  to  advance  the  "  good  creature  of  God  "  excuse. 
In  the  same  number  it  is  announced  that  what  was  believed  to 
be  the  first  British-built  vessel  sailing  on  Temperance  principles 
had  recently  left  London  for  Hamburg,  "  the  crew  being  shipped 
without  any  difficulty  strictly  on  the  temperance  plan."  The 
London  Temperance  Society  had  been  organised,  with  the  Bishop 
of  London  (Dr.  Blomfield)  as  patron,  and  with  the  Dean  of 
Chichester,  Admiral  Keats,  Sir  M.  J.  Tiemey,  M.D.,  Major- 
General  Fisher,  Sir  John  Webb,  and  Henry  Drummond,  Esq.,  as 
vice-presidents ;  and  so  much  favourable  interest  had  been  excited 
that  at  the  inaugural  public  meeting,  held  in  Exeter  Hall,  Wed- 
nesday, June  29,  a  large  and  respectable  audience  was  assembled 
at  twelve  o'clock  (noon).  In  the  absence  of  the  Lord  Mayor  (Sir 
J.  Key,  Bart.)  from  official  duties,  the  chair  was  taken  by  Sir  J. 
Webb,  Director-General  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Ord- 
nance. A  report  was  read,  which  stated  that  "the  two  great 
principles  on  which  it  was  intended  to  base  temperance  societies 
were  Christian  charity  and  self-preservation.  The  object  might 
be  stated  in  one  sentence — that  of  inducing  persons  to  abstain 
from  ardent  spirits,  and  to  discountenance  the  causes  and  practices 
of  intemperance."  In  these  words  are  succinctly  expressed  the 
true  genius  of  the  Temperance  Reform,  and  the  whole  work 
which,  by  its  successive  developments,  it  has  been  carrying  on 
and  on  towards  perfection.  The  speakers  were  Mr.  William  Alien 
(the  philanthropist),  the  Solicitor-General  for  Ireland  (afterwards 
Judge  Crampton),  Dr.  Pye  Smith,  Professor  Edgar,  of  Belfast ; 
Rev.  Dr.  Hewitt,  of  America ;  Rev.  Dr.  Bennett,  Mr.  William 
Collins,  Rev.  G.  W.  Carr,  of  New  Ross ;  the  Bishop  of  Chester 
(Rev.  Dr.  J.  B.  Sumner,  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Canterbury), 


LONDON.  23 


and  Rev.  George  Clayton.    At  an  adjourned  meeting,  held  July  5, 
Mr.  Collins  gave  an  address  ;  and  on  July  27  it  was  agreed  at 
the  pressing  instance  of  Dr.  Hewitt,  the  American  delegate,  to 
change  the  name  from  the  "London  Temperance  Society"  to  tlie 
^* British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Society."    By  this  alteration 
the  country  at  large  gained  much,  though  the  work  undertaken 
for  the  kingdom  diminished  the  work  done  for  the  metropolis  itself. 
But  the  stimulus  to  activity  was  great.     The  number  of  vice- 
presidents   was    largely   increased,  and    a    treasurer    and    four 
secretaries  were  elected.      Auxiliaries  were  formed  in  several 
parts  of  London,  and  the  Morning  Herald  newspaper  gave  a 
ready  support  to  the  new  movement.     Up  to  the  end  of  1831  the 
receipts  were  £507,  and  a  debt  would  have  been  incurred  but  for 
the  offer  of  a  gentleman  to  add  20  per  cent,  to  all  the  contribu- 
tions made  in  the  last  three  months  of  the  year.    With  January, 
1832,  appeared  the  first  number  of  the  monthly  British  and  Foreign 
Temperance  Herald,  price  Id.,  which  with  the  April  number  came 
under  the  Society's  complete  control.   Two  agents  were  appointed, 
Mr.  G.  W.  Carr,  of  New  Ross,  and  Mr.  W.  Cruikshank,  of  Dundee, 
who  laboured  in  London  and  other  places  ;  and  besides  the  for- 
mation of  local  societies  it  was  reported  that  401   Greenwich 
pensioners  had  given  up  their  grog.     From  May,  1832,  Exeter 
Hall  meetings  were  held  annually  in  May  for  several  years,  and 
were  always  very  well  attended.     Of  able  speakers  there  was  no 
lack,  and  I  find  among  these  the  names  of  such  representative 
men  as  the  Bishop  of  London,  Lord  Teignmouth,  Mr.  George 
Thompson,  and  the  Rev.  John  Williams,  the  martyr  of  Erro- 
manga.     At  one  annual  meeting  (May,  1834),  the  sum  of  £100 
was  collected.     For  a  time  the  cost  of  printing  the  tracts  issued 
and   the  monthly  Herald  was  undertaken  by  Mr.  Bagster,  the 
publisher,  as  a  contribution  to  the   Society.    A  Marine  Tem- 
perance  Society  was  formed  on   28th  May,  1833,  one  of  the 
speakers   being    Charles    Saunders,  a  coalwhipper.     With    the 
January   of    1834  the  committee    issued  the    first  number  of 
the  British  and  Foreign  Temperance  Advocate,  price  2d.,  as  a 
supplement  to    the  Herald,  though  either  could  be  purchased 
separately. 
At  a  conference  attended  by  delegates  from  various  parts  of  the 


24   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

country  in  the  May  of  1834,  resolutions  were  passed  in  favour  of 
the  Temperance  Education  of  the  Young.  At  the  May  meeting 
of  1835  it  was  announced  that  782  medical  men  had,  up  to  that 
date,  signed  declarations  against  the  use  of  distilled  liquors.  On 
the  20th  of  December  following  six  sermons  on  Temperance  were 
delivered  in  churches  of  the  Establishment,  and  this  was  said  in 
the  Society's  Herald  to  be  an  "  event  of  incalculable  importance." 
With  the  opening  of  1836  the  Herald  and  Advocate  gave  place  to 
the  Temperance  Penny  Magazine,  which  appeared  monthly  with  a 
woodcut  illustration.  The  culminating  point  of  the  Society  had 
now  been  attained  ;  and  in  London  its  attitude  to  the  rising  total 
abstinence  movement  was  fatal  to  its  progress.  Its  provincial 
associations  were  allowed  to  adopt  the  two  pledges — of  abstinence 
from  distilled  liquors,  and  of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating 
drinks  ;  but  the  committee  would  not  sanction  the  two  in  their 
official  documents.  The  patronage  of  the  Queen  and  of  many  of 
the  nobility  could  not  compensate  for  the  slackness  of  the  leaders 
and  their  want  of  vigour.  The  local  meetings  began  to  diminish 
in  number  and  influence  ;  the  auxiliaries  died  out,  or  became 
transformed  into  total  abstinence  societies ;  and,  the  Bishop  of 
London  at  last  resigning  his  presidency  in  disgust,  the  Society 
expired  of  sheer  exhaustion  in  1849.  But  bolder  hearts  and 
stronger  hands  had  begun  to  take  up  the  cause  of  Temperance  in 
every  part  of  the  kingdom.  The  conviction  had  spread  that  the 
principle  of  abstinence  was  as  applicable  to  fermented  liquors  as 
to  ardent  spirits  ;  and  in  England  the  operation  of  the  Beer  Act 
of  1830  was  proving  to  the  candid  observer  that  a  Temperance 
Beformation  w^as  impossible  on  the  older  and  more  partial  basis. 
Breezes  from  the  North  were  blowing  over  the  surface  of  the 
country,  carrying  with  them  new  energy  and  new  hopes ;  and 
slowly  but  certainly  London  responded  to  their  animating  breath. 
Mr.  Joseph  Livesey  while  up  in  London  to  give  evidence  before 
Mr.  Buckingham's  select  committee  on  Drunkenness,  in  June, 
1834,  delivered  his  valuable  "  Malt "  lecture  in  a  schoolroom  used 
for  preaching  in  Providence  Row,  Finsbury  Square,  on  Saturday, 
28th  June.  The  bills  for  this  lecture  Mr.  Livesey  himself  placed 
with  wafers  upon  neighbouring  buildings  ;  but,  though  days  were 
spent  in  preparation,  his  hearers  numbered  only  thirty ;  yet  both 


LONDON.  25 


meeting  and  address  have  a  high  and  unique  place  in  tlie  Tem- 
perance history  of  London,  as  the  first  occasion  of  the  public 
advocacy  of  tcetotalism  in  the  metropolis.  Upwards  of  a  year 
passed,  during  which  total  abstinence  was  practised  by  several 
members  of  the  other  society  ;  and  speeches  in  its  favour  are 
said  to  have  been  delivered  in  various  districts  of  London.  The 
first  organised  effort,  however,  on  which  our  eye  rests,  took  place 
in  the  house  of  Mr.  Frederick  Grosjean,  of  99,  Regent-street, 
where,  on  the  invitation  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Grosjean,  ten  other 
fiiends  of  total  abstinence  assembled  on  10th  August,  1835. 
These  formed  themselves  into  a  committee,  and  a  pledge  was 
drawn  up  neither  to  use  nor  offer  any  intoxicating  drink.  At 
its  next  meeting  the  committee  resolved  to  invite  three  of  the 
Preston  men,  Messrs.  Livesey,  Swindlehurst,  Howarth — called 
ironically,  "Slender  Billy,"  from  his  extraordinary  bulk — and, 
80  quickly  was  all  done  that  on  Tuesday,  1st  September,  their 
first  meeting,  consisting  of  some  hundreds  of  persons,  was  held  in 
the  Lecture  Hall,  Theobald's-road,  Red  Lion-square.  Mr.  John 
Andrew,  of  Leeds,  spoke  the  next  night ;  and  at  these  meetings, 
four  in  all,  the  aggregate  attendance  was  said  to  have  been  about 
1,400,  and  the  pledges  taken  sixty-one.  The  name  adopted 
was  the  "  British  Teetotal  Temperance  Society,"  and  on  the 
11th  September,  at  the  first  regular  meeting  of  the  committee, 
Mr.  J.  S.  Buckingham, M.P., was  elected  president;  Mr.  Basil  Mon- 
tagu, Q.C.,  vice-president ;  Mr.  Ashby,  of  Regent  Street,  treasurer ; 
Mr.  Grosjean,  sub-treasurer;  Mr.  R.  S.  Nichols,  secretary;  and  Mr. 
Pasco,  of  Paternoster  Row,  depositor,  or  bookseller.  At  first,  the 
British  Schoolroom  in  Harp  Alley,  Farringdon  Street,  was  en- 
gaged for  two  nights  in  the  week,  one  for  a  public  meeting, 
the  other  for  a  Teetotal  school — an  educational  idea  borrowed 
from  Preston.  A  second  pledge  of  simple  personal  abstinence 
was  introduced  ;  and  persons  wishing  to  join,  could  sign  either. 
As  the  year  1835  came  to  a  close,  the  secretary  reported  a 
good  attendance  at  meetings,  and  a  donation  of  £20  from  a 
ladv. 

On  30th  December,  the  first  tea  meeting  was  held  in  the 
Theobald's  Road  Lecture  Hall,  and  a  large  barley  pudding  was  cut 
up  and  distributed  to  a  company  of  about  200  persons.     The 


26   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

meetings  in  Harp  Alley  were   discontinued  for  a  time,  and  a 
weekly  meeting  commenced,  6th  January,  1836,  in  Trinity  Chapel, 
Leather  Lane,  Holbom,  but  another  meeting>place  was  soon 
necessary.    Some  tracts  were  prepared  and  published ;  and  early 
in  1836,  Mr.  William  Janson,  Jun.,  and  other  friends  of  the  old 
Society,  dissatisfied  with  the  committee's  attitude,  joined  the  new 
movement,  and  a  forward  step  was  taken  in  August,  when  a 
change  of  name  was   resolved  upon,   and   the  inauguration  of 
"  The  New  British  and  Foreign  Society  for  the  Suppression  of 
Intemperance,"  was  celebrated  by  a  public  meeting.     On  the 
8th  October,    1836,   the    first   number   of  the  Intelligencer,  the 
Society's  organ,  was  issued,  which  appeared  fortnightly  down  to 
the  end   of  the   year,  and   with   the   beginning   of    1837  was 
brought  out  weekly.     Giving  as  it  did  copious  reports  of  meet- 
ings, it  was  an  important  aid  to  the  cause  in  London  and  the 
south  of  England.  Auxiliaries  to  the  central  Society  were  formed 
without  delay,  and  were  soon  able  to  report  large  bodies  of  members 
and  many  reformed  drunkards.     At  the  annual  meeting  in  May, 
1837,  the  Earl  of  Stanhope  was  elected  president,  Mr.  Janson, 
treasurer,  and  Messrs.  Meredith,  and  J.  E.  Howard,  hon.  sees. 
In  the  following  year  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Baker  was  appointed  travel- 
ling  secretary.    The  report   for  1838  gives  an  estimate  of  the 
London  members  at  about  6,000,  and  the  weekly  meetings  held 
were  from  fifty  to  sixty.    The  dispute  which  then  arose  about  the 
Long  and  Short  Pledges  divided  the  London  Societies  ;  and  as 
the  New  British  and  Foreign  Temperance    Society  exclusively 
adopted,  in  May,  1839,  the  Long  or  American  pledge,  against 
giving  and  offering  as  well  as  using  intoxicating  drink,  a  new 
General  Society  was  formed,  on   the  Short  Pledge  Basis,  with 
Earl  Stanhope  as  the  president  amd  the  Intelligencer  as  its  organ; 
while  the  Journal,  which  had  been  issued  in  January,  1839,  by 
the   New   British   and   Foreign   Temperance   Society,  strongly 
advocated  the   Long   Pledge.     These   divisions   did,  no    doubt, 
much  harm,  but  the  additional  temperance  activity  evoked  by 
them  may  have  proved  more  than  a  compensating  benefit.    The 
series  of  tracts    published   by  the   New  British  and  Foreign 
Temperance  Society  had  a  large  circulation  in  London  and  else- 
where, and  among  more   elaborate  works  may  be  named  the 


LONDON.  27 


*•  Curse  of  Britain,"  by  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Baker,  in  1838  ;  the 
prize  essay,  "  Bacchus,"  by  Dr.  Grindrod,  at  tlie  end  of  1839 ; 
and  the  admirable  essay  "Anti-Bacchus,"  by  Rev.  B.  Parsons, 
in  1840. 

Surveying  the  years  from  1831  to  1842  we  may  say  of 
them  that  they  were  years  of  much  Temperance  sowing  in  the 
metropolis,  and  of  reaping  not  a  little.  Through  the  instability 
and  infirmity  of  human  nature,  and  not  from  any  imperfection 
in  the  principles  advocated,  many  of  the  results  were  evanes- 
cent ;  but  the  good  effected  was  incalculable  ;  and  without  it, 
where  would  have  been  the  larger  and  richer  har\'ests  of  suc- 
ceeding years  ? 

Besides  the  formation  of  local  societies,  including  not  a  few 
youths'  societies,  and  some  conducted  by  women  for  the  special 
benefit  of  their  own  sex,  Rechabite  tents  were  numerous  ;  Exeter 
Hall  was  frequently  crowded — once  in  1840  to  hear  a  speech 
from  Daniel  O'Connell ;  and  the  great  street  processions  of 
1839,  *40,  and  '41  made  known  at  once  the  numbers,  respecta- 
bility, and  enthusiasm  of  the  new  social  reformers. 

From  18.38  to  1841,  tlie  weekly  meetings  increased  to  about 
100,  and  the  distribution  of  publications  and  medals  proceeded 
freely.  Adhesions  by  London  ministers  of  religion  became  more 
frequent  ;  and  though  medical  converts  were  few,  the  Medical 
Declaration  drafted  by  Mr.  Julius  Jefferys,  M.R.C.S.,and  published 
in  1839,  bearing  the  signatures  of  some  of  the«  first  men  in 
the  profession  in  London,  was  a  link  in  the  long-extended 
chain  of  evidence,  that  science,  truly  so-called,  is  on  the  side 
of  abstinence  from  all  alcoholic  drinks. 

At  the  close  of  1840,  Mr.  Robert  Warner,  in  conjunction  with 
other  friends  of  Temperance  in  London,  formed  the  Society 
known  as  the  Temperance  Provident  Institution,  in  order  to 
give  abstainers  the  benefit  of  a  life  assurance  office  composed 
of  their  own  class.  In  1850,  non-abstainers  were  admitted  to 
a  "  general "  section  ;  and  the  astonishing  growth  and  pros- 
perity of  this  institution  is  at  one  and  the  same  time  a  proof 
of  the  development  of  the  Temperance  cause,  and  of  the  har- 
mony of  total  abstinence  with  the  laws  of  health  and  long  life. 

In  referring  to  the  men  who  were  prominently  connected  with 


28    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

the  Temperance  movement  in  London,  I  may  observe  that  the 
Bishop  of  London  and  the  great  body  of  officials  of  the  original 
Society  resisted  all  advance  in  the  total  abstinence  direction.  This 
was  notably  so  with  the  Rev.  Owen  Clarke,  once  an  agent  in 
Bath,  and  afterwards  the  Secretary,  who  eventually  summed  np 
in  liimself  the  whole  executive  force  of  the  Society. 

Of  those  who  kept  pace  with  the  advancing  Temperance  reform 
in  London,  the  list  is  long  and  honourable.  Foremost  was  Mr. 
James  Silk  Buckingham,  M.P.  for  Sheffield  in  the  Beformed 
Parliament  of  1832.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  traveller,  journal- 
ist, author,  linguist,  legislator,  philanthropist,  and  Temperance 
reformer.  The  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  of 
wliich  he  secured  the  appointment  in  1834,  acting  as  chairman,  and 
issuing  a  cheap  edition  of  its  evidence  and  Report,  was  a  wonderful 
monument  of  his  courage  and  ability.  Yet  it  was  but  one  of  a 
long  succession  of  services  on  the  platform  and  through  the  press, 
continued  till  his  death  in  1856.  Mr.  Basil  Montagu,  Q.C.,  the 
learned  editor  of  Bacon's  Works,  may  be  named  as  the  author  of 
an  "  Essay  on  Fermented  Liquors,"  published  in  1814,  which  re- 
iterated the  views  promulgated  by  Drs.  Beddoes  and  Darwin  in 
favour  of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  drink.  "Boatswain" 
Smith,  the  eccentric  but  warm-hearted  friend  of  the  sailor,  the 
soldier,  the  fallen  and  the  young,  zealously  aided  the  cause  whose 
objects  he  had  eulogised  in  his  pamphlet  of  1829.  The  Rev. 
Dr.  Pye  Smith,  the  venerable  president  of  Homerton  College, 
gave  to  total  abstinence  the  same  earnest  support  he  had  extended 
to  the  original  Temperance  Society  ;  and  when  he  was  called 
to  resign  his  life  he  directed  his  attendants  not  to  give  him  the 
liquors  which  might  becloud  his  mind  in  those  solemn  moments. 
The  Rev.  George  Clayton,  of  Walworth,  was  another  of  the 
band  of  1831  who  became  closely  associated  with  the  total  absti- 
nence cause  in  London.  The  great  majority,  however,  who  were 
most  devoted  to  the  Temperance  cause  from  1835  to  1842  appear 
to  have  had  little  or  no  connection  with  the  old  Temperance 
Society.  In  the  East  of  London  Mr.  John  Giles  was  very 
active,  and,  though  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  was 
successful  in  forming  a  strong  Roman  Catholic  Total  Abstinence 
Association.    Mr.  Grosjean,  Mr.  H.  Freeman,  Mr.  M.  Hart,  Mr. 


LONDON.  2g 


Padco  (the  publisher  of  Paternoster  Row),  Mr.  J.  Burt,  Mr.  R.  R. 
Moore,  Mr.  Knight,  Mr.  S.  Gilbert,  and  Dr.  Oxley,  who  had  1>een 
for  many  years  even  then  a  total  abstainer — these  and  others  were 
familiar  figures  in  the  movement  of  those  days.  Very  conspi- 
cuous, too,  was  Mr.  William  Janson,  of  Lloyd's,  for  his  geniality, 
zeal,  and  generous  use  of  his  wealth ;  and  Mr.  John  Meredith, 
of  Lambeth,  for  his  unceasing  industry,  personal  and  official ;  and 
Mr.  J.  W.  Green,  the  editor  of  the  Intelligencer,  who  brought  his 
skill  as  a  professional  reporter  into  request  by  preserving  speeches 
of  special  interest  and  value.  Among  ministers  of  religion  who 
rendered  able  service  during  this  period  were  the  Rev.  James 
Sherman,  of  Surrey  Chapel  ;  Rev.  Jabez  Bums,  of  Church  Street 
Chapel,  Edgeware  Road  ;  Rev.  Dr.  Tracey,  of  Chelsea  ;  Rev. 
Charles  Stovel,  of  Whit«chapel  ;  Rev.  J.  Howard  Hinton,  M.A.,  of 
Devonshire  Square  ;  Rev.  G.  Evans,  of  Mile  End  ;  and  some 
others.  Medical  advocated  were  few,  but  Messrs.  Garman  and 
Hicks,  and  Drs.  Snow  and  R.  D.  Thomson,  pleaded  in  London 
for  the  struggling  cause.  Agents,  occasionally  labouring  in  London, 
were  Messrs.  Thomas  TNTiittaker,  James  Teare,  Ed.  Grubb,  John 
Cassell,  J.  H.  Donaldson,  G.  Greig,  J.  McCarthy,  W.  Biscombe, 
J.  Hockings  ;  and  in  the  person  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Smith,  a  lecturer  of 
the  highest  merit  was  drawn  from  the  ranks  of  the  working-men  of 
London.  Mr.  James  Balfour  and  Mr.  James  McCurrey,  of  Chelsea, 
were  indefatigable  in  winning  hundreds  to  the  cause  by  their  open- 
air  and  other  addresses.  Men  like  Mr.  John  Bowen,the4tonema8on, 
and  Mr.  J.  P.  Parker,  the  coach-builder,  were  nightly  engaged  in 
temperance  advocacy,  and  one  of  this  class,  Mr.  John  Mann,  a 
farrier,  afterwards  became  a  minister  and  President  of  the  Metho- 
dist Free  Church.  In  Youths*  Societies  not  a  few,  like  the  late 
Mr.  G.  C.  Campbell,  received  their  training  as  Tem])erance 
speakers  ;  and  in  a  Female  Temperance  Society  the  early  signs 
appeared — at  first  seen  by  few— of  the  extraordinary  talents  of 
Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfour,  who  from  1837  to  1842  edited  two  Temperance 
periodicals,  brought  forth  her  "Garland  of  Water  Flowers," 
silenced  a  medical  opponent,  and  entered  on  her  career  as  a  public 
speaker  and  lecturer  of  consummate  grace  and  winning  power.  Mr. 
Richard  Walkden,  of  Pinner  Park  ;  Mr.  Richard  Barrett,  of  Croy- 
don ;  and  Mr.  John  Hull,  of  Uxbridge,  were  examples  of  a  small. 


30     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

but  earnest  body  of  men  who,  though  residing  out  of  London, 
were  frequent  in  their  attendance  at  London  meetings,  and  were 
very  useful  in  carrying  on  the  London  movement.  Some  years 
before  the  end  of  this  period,  also,  the  removal  to  London  of  Mr. 
John  Dunlop  (the  founder  of  the  original  Temperance  cause  in 
Scotland)  brought  to  the  aid  of  the  London  movement  his  large 
experience,  judicious  counsel,  and  ever-ready  servi  ce. 

But  I  must  not  dilate.  If  some  honoured  names  are  missed 
from  this  review,  let  it  be  remembered  that  I  have  spoken  of  the 
first  ten  or  eleven  years  only  of  the  Temperance  reform  in  London. 
Every  succeeding  decade  has  seen  a  fresh  race  of  workers,  some 
of  whom  have  become  renowned  in  the  movement.  It  would 
have  been  easy  to  make  my  sheaf  thicker  and  my  gallery  larger, 
but  I  have  been  preparing  a  sketch  and  not  a  history.  Yet  this 
record,  however  brief,  has  the  advantage  of  proceeding  from  one 
who  is  partly  a  witness  as  well  as  a  narrator.  I  have  spoken  of 
men  most  of  whom  I  have  seen  and  heard,  and  concerning  things 
of  many  of  which  when  an  enthusiastic  young  teetotaler  I  was  an 
ardent  observer.  The  men  were  not  perfect,  nor  assumed  to  be  so ; 
and  the  events  were  but  the  beginning  of  greater  things  which 
have  followed,  or  are  yet  to  come.  But  we  shall  all  agree  that  the 
pioneers  of  the  Temperance  reform  in  this  metropolis  were  worthy 
of  double  honour ;  and  I  know  not  how  we  can  honour  them 
more  fittingly  than  by  giving  ourselves  more  fully  to  the  cause 
to  which  they  gave  themselves  so  courageously,  so  faithfully,  and 
so  successfully. 

A  brigbtness  like  the  stars 
Their  memories  ever  wear! 

God  grant  our  lires  may  be 
As  true,  and  good,  and  fair! 


ENGLAND.  3 1 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE 

REFORMATION. 

II.— ENGLAND. 
By  John  Andrew,  Esq.,  Leeds. 

It  is  now  about  thirty-six  years  since  the  paper  on  "  National 
Temperance  Movements,"  by  the  late  Thomas  De  Quincey,  the 
EDglish  Opiiun-Eater,  appeared  in  TaiVs  Magazine,  It  is  a  sin- 
gular and  somewhat  disappointing  production,  but  the  first 
sentence  is  a  noticeable  one.  He  says :  "  The  most  remarkable 
instance  of  a  combined  movement  in  society  which  history, 
perhaps,  will  be  simimoned  to  notice,  is  that  which  in  our  own 
days  has  applied  itself  to  the  abatement  of  intemperance." 

In  a  subsequent  paragraph  there  is  another  remark  worthy  of 
quotation :  "Already  in  the  earliest  stage  these  temperance  move- 
ments had  obtained,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  a  national  range 
of  grandeur."  It  was  very  gratifying  to  the  early  friends  of  the 
Temperance  reformation  that  this  remarkable  man  thus  wrote. 
The  cause  was  then,  to  a  large  extent,  the  object  of  scorn  and 
opposition ;  but  he  had  the  sagacity  to  see  the  vast  importance  of 
union  and  organisation  in  order  to  secure  such  a  great  object  as 
national  sobriety.  He  also  saw  the  great  advantage  of  each 
member  pursuing  a  certain  course  of  action  by  signing  a  pledge 
to  abstain.  He  gives  no  information  as  to  the  origin,  history,  and 
results  of  the  temperance  societies  in  America  and  the  United 
Kingdom  up  to  the  time  he  wrote  in  1845.  This  I  shall  try  to 
do,  so  far  as  England  is  concerned.  As  brevity  is  requisite,  my 
task  is  a  difficult  one.  To  do  full  justice  to  it,  a  volume  might  be 
tilled.     A  few  important  and  striking  facts  can  only  be  given. 

The  Temperance  movement  in  America  commenced  in  the  early 
part  of  1826,  and  in  less  than  three  years  information  respecting 
its  nature  and  results  reached  Ireland  and  Scotland.  In  these 
portions  of  the  United  Kingdom  the  cause  first  commenced,  but 
England  was  not  long  in  following  the  good  example  which  our 
Irish  and  Scotch  friends  had  so  nobly  and  worthily  set. 

In  the  first  Annual  Report  of  the  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland 


32   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

Temperance  Society,  published  in  1830,  there  is  the  following 
interesting  statement :  ^^  Soon  after  the  formation  of  the  Society 
in  Glasgow,  Mr.  Henry  Forbes,  of  Bradford,  attended  one  of  the 
meetings  of  the  committee,  and  there  subscribed  to  the  constitution. 
On  returning  home,  he  thenceforth  devoted  himself  to  the  cause ; 
and,  with  a  perseverance  which  neither  indifference  nor  reproach 
cx)uld  subdue,  has  succeeded  in  gaining  a  firm  footing  for  the 
Societies  in  the  South,  and  has  triumphed  over  obstacles  which 
to  a  less  ardent  spirit  would  have  seemed  utterly  insurmountable." 
Mr.  Forbes  was  then  connected  with  a  firm  in  the  stuff  trade,  and 
for  several  years  visited  Scotland  as  a  commercial  traveller.  On 
his  return  from  this  journey  he  consulted  with  some  of  his  bene- 
volent fellow-townsmen,  told  them  what  he  had  done,  and  earnestly 
urged  the  formation  of  a  society  of  a  similar  kind.  He  presented 
them  with  some  of  the  tracts  and  pamphlets  issued  in  America, 
Ireland,  and  Scotland ;  and,  after  several  private  conferences  and 
much  deliberation,  it  was  decided  to  form  a  society.  Thus  Brad* 
ford,  in  Yorkshire,  has  the  honour  of  having  formed  the  first  society 
in  England.  This  was  on  February  2,  1830,  but  the  first  public 
meeting  was  not  held  until  the  month  of  June  in  that  year.  Mr. 
Forbes  became  one  of  its  secretaries  and  laboured  most  inde- 
fatigably  on  its  behalf  for  several  years.  It  is  worthy  of  record 
that  one  of  the  founders  of  the  society  was  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Beaumont,  surgeon,  brother  to  Dr.  Joseph  Beaumont,  an  eminent 
Wesleyan  Methodist  minister.  Mr.  Beaumont  delivered  an  able 
and  valuable  lecture  on  the  properties  and  effects  of  ardent  spirits, 
which  was  afterwards  published  as  a  tract.  The  second  society 
fonned  in  England  was  at  Warrington,  in  Lancashire,  April  4, 
1830.  A  few  months  afterwards  steps  were  taken  to  establish  a 
society  in  Leeds,  one  of  the  founders  of  which  was  the  late  Mr. 
Edward  Baines,  father  of  Sir  Edward  Baines,  who  for  about  forty- 
four  vears  has  been  a  teetotaler  and  an  earnest  friend  of  the 
Temperance  cause. 

A  deputation  from  the  Bradford  Society  attended  the  meeting, 
convened  by  circular,  when  the  Leeds  Temperance  Society  was 
formed,  which  was  on  the  9th  of  September,  1830.  Before  the 
end  of  that  year  societies  were  formed  in  Liverpool,  Manchester, 
Bristol,  York,  and  a  number  of  other  towns.     Tracts  had  been 


ENGLAND.  33 


circulated  in  these  towns  and'  in  other  parts  of  England  to  the 
number  of  about  100,000.  Many  Established  and  Nonconformist 
ministers  had  identified  themselves  with  the  movement,  and  some 
members  of  the  medical  profession  had  also  given  it  their  support. 
The  Bradford  Society  gave  a  decided  proof  of  earnestness  in 
employing  an  agent.  The  Rev.  J.  Jackson,  Baptist  minister  of 
Hebden  Bridge,  was  engaged  to  give  lectures  in  Yorkshire  and 
Lancashire.  Amongst  other  places  which  he  visited  in  the  latter 
county  was  Preston,  where  he  delivered  two  powerful  lectures. 
Two  things  prepared  the  way  for  his  visit.  Towards  the  end  of 
1831  Mr.  John  Smith,  a  tradesman  in  the  town,  received  a  large 
number  of  tracts  from  Mr.  John  Finch,  of  Liverpool,  which  he 
actively  distributed,  and  on  New  Year's  Day,  1832,  Mr.  Henry 
Bradley,  and  several  teachers  belonging  to  an  adult  school  in 
Preston,  established  a  society  on  the  principle  of  abstinence  from 
ardent  spirits  in  connection  with  the  school.  These  efforts  and 
Mr.  Jackson^s  lectures  led  to  a  meeting  being  held  in  the  theatre, 
March  22,  1832,  for  the  purpose  of  organising  a  society.  Moses 
Holden,  Esq.,  astronomer,  presided,  and  the  meeting  was  addressed 
by  Mr.  William  Pollard,  of  Manchester,  Mr.  Isaac  Grundy,  the 
Rev.  F.  Skinner,  and  Mr.  George  Edmondson,  the  two  latter 
gentlemen  forming  a  deputation  from  the  Blackburn  Temperance 
Society.  The  next  meeting  was  held  on  Good  Friday,  20th  of 
April,  in  the  Wesleyan  Schoolroom,  when  about  200  persons  were 
present.  The  Rev.  Charles  Radcliffe,  Wesleyan  minister,  presided, 
and  at  the  close  of  his  address  he  stated  that  the  meeting  was 
open  for  anyone  to  speak  who  felt  disposed  to  do  so.  After  a 
considerable  pause  Mr.  James  Teare  rose,  and  spoke  for  about 
a  quarter  of  an  hour,  this  being  his  first  speech  on  the  Temperance 
question.  Several  other  meetings  were  subsequently  held,  each 
being  addressed  by  Mr.  Teare.  In  the  beginning  of  May  he 
became  an  abstainer  from  all  intoxicating  liquors,  and  several 
others  soon  followed  his  example.  Richard  Turner,  author  of  the 
word  "  Teetotal,"  signed  the  pledge  requiring  entire  abstinence 
from  ardent  spirits  only,  May  8,  but  he  did  not  long  observe 
moderation  in  the  use  of  fermented  liquors.  On  the  18th  of  June, 
at  a  meeting  in  the  Independent  Chapel,  Grimshaw  Street,  Mr. 
Teare  publicly  advocated  the  total  abstinence  principle,  and  at 

G 


34     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

the  next  meeting  of  the  committee  he  was  charged  with  having 
violated  the  rules  of  the  society.  The  ice  was  thus  broken,  and 
the  public  advocacy  of  teetotalism  soon  became  common.  On  the 
23rd  of  August  a  private  pledge  was  drawn  up  in  the  shop  of 
Mr.  Livesey,  and  signed  by  John  King  and  Joseph  Livesey.  T^e 
question  began  to  be  generally  discussed,  and  the  result  was  that 
on  Saturday  evening,  1st  September,  1832,  at  the  meeting  in  the 
Cockpit,  or  Temperance  Hall,  the  following  pledge  was  adopted 
and  signed  by  the  following  persons,  and  in  the  order  here 
i^ven  : — 

"  We  agree  to  abstain  from  all  liquors  of  an  intoxicating  quality, 
whether  ale,  porter,  wine,  or  ardent  spirits,  except  as  medicines  : — 
John  Gatrix,  Edward  Dickinson,  John  Broadbelt,  John  Smith, 
Joseph  Livesey,  David  Anderton,  and  John  King." 

In  the  following  month,  11th  October,  Richard  Turner  signed 
the  teetotal  pledge,  whilst  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  and  kept  it 
until  his  death,  27th  October,  1847,  aged  fifty-six  years.  On 
16th  March,  1833,  it  was  resolved  to  adopt  the  new  pledge  in 
connection  with  the  old  one.  This  was  the  first  society  which 
took  this  step.  Up  to  this  time  nearly  every  society  in  the  United 
Kingdom  had  only  one  pledge,  that  is,  one  wliich  required  absti- 
nence from  distilled  liquors,  and  the  moderate  use  of  fermented 
liquors,  if  used  at  all.  A  few  persons  in  various  places  abstained 
from  all  kinds  of  alcoholic  liquors,  but  these  were  rare  cases. 
The  principle  of  the  old  pledge  was  abstinence,  but  an  exception 
was  made  in  favour  of  fermented  drinks. 

Teetotalism  was  simply  the  application  of  the  abstinence  prin- 
ciple to  all  kinds  of  intoxicating  liquors.  It  was  evident  that  to 
condemn  alcohol  under  one  name  and  to  allow  its  use  under 
another  was  not  an  effectual  way  either  to  cure  or  prevent  habits 
of  intemperance.  I  cannot  but  think  it  was  well  that  this  incon- 
sistent and  imperfect  plan  was  fairly  tried.  In  the  history  of 
mechanical  inventions  it  has  often  happened  that  the  trial  of  an 
imperfect  and  faulty  machine  has  prepared  the  way  for  one  more 
complete.  In  the  history  of  benevolent  movements  the  same 
thing  has  also  occurred.  Consistency  and  sad  experience  required 
the  abandonment  of  this  defective  plan. 

The  old  pledge  gave  permission  to  take  ale  and  wine  in  mode* 


ENGLAND.  35 


ration,  and  that  was  a  fatal  sonrce  of  backsliding.  In  his  most 
interesting  pamphlet,  "  Eeminiscences  of  Early  Teetotalism,"  Mr. 
Livesey  truly  says  that  "  the  temperance  reformers  of  the  present 
day  have  no  idea  of  the  conflict  that  was  kept  up  on  this  subject. 
To  forbid  wine  and  beer  was  declared  an  innovation  upon  both 
English  and  American  temperance  orthodoxy."  Then,  again,  there 
was  a  great  difference  in  the  drinking  customs  of  different  parts 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  In  the  evidence  which  Mr.  Livesey  gave 
before  the  Parliamentary  Committee  on  drunkenness,  he  stated, 
"  We  have  ten  times  more  drunkenness  in  Preston  from  the  con- 
sumption of  beer  than  either  wine  or  spirits." 

It  is  matter  of  surprise  and  regret  that  some  of  the  early  friends 
of  the  Temperance  movement  opposed  teetotalism.  Dr.  Edgar,  of 
Belfast,  was  one  of  these.  He  contended  that  there  was  a  distinc- 
tion between  alcohol  in  distilled  and  fermented  liquors.  Facts 
were  utterly  opposed  to  this  theory,  and  I  doubt  whether  there  is 
anywhere  a  scientific  man  who  would  now  uphold  such  a  notion. 
The  early  teetotalers  saw  clearly  that  either  the  work  of  tem- 
perance reform  must  be  given  up  or  teetotalism  be  advocated. 
Necessity  was  laid  upon  them  to  pursue  the  course  which  tliey 
did.  They  believed  with  all  their  hearts  that  they  had  laid  hold 
of  a  sound  principle,  and  they  were  determined  to  urge  its  claims 
with  all  the  zeal  they  could  command. 

Mr.  Livesey  states  that  "  Preston  was  soon  recognised  as  the 
Jerusalem  of  teetotalism,  from  which  the  word  went  forth  in 
every  direction.  During  the  race  week,  in  1833,  seven  of  us  pro- 
jected a  missionary  tour  to  the  chief  towns  in  Lancashire,  in  order 
to  establish  societies,  or  to  bring  existing  societies  up  to  that  point. 
We  took  a  horse  and  cart,  supplied  with  9,500  tracts,  and  we  had 
a  very  neat  small  white  flag  containing  a  temperance  motto.  We 
started  on  Monday  morning,  8th  July,  and  visited  Blackburn, 
Haslingden,  Oldham,  Ashton,  Stockport,  Manchester,  and  Bolton, 
besides  halting  at  intennediate  villages  as  we  passed  through 
them.  We  divided  our  party  so  that  we  could  hold  two  meetings 
each  night,  some  in  buildings  and  some  in  the  open  air.  .  .  . 
Temj>erance  tours  continued  to  be  taken,  sometimes  by  indi- 
viduals and  sometimes  in  companies,  to  various  parts  of  the 
country.     In  June,  1834,  I  held  the  flrst  teetotal  meetings  at 

c  2 


3b    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

Birmingham  and  London.  .  .  The  reports  of  the  new  movement 
at  Preston  brought  a  number  of  distinguished  visitors  to  see  with 
their  own  eyes  what  was  doing,  and  various  communications  from 
friends  at  a  distance  were  received." 

I  must  here  state  that  in  1831  Mr.  Livesej  commenced  a 
monthly  periodical  called  the  Moral  Reformer,  price  6d.  This 
was  given  up  in  1833,  and  succeeded  by  the  Preston  Temperance 
Advocate,  price  one  penny,  the  first  number  of  which  was  issued 
in  January,  1834.  This  periodical  was  extensively  read,  and  very 
useful.  In  1837  the  Leeds  Temperance  Herald  was  commenced, 
and  issued  twice  per  month.  In  1838  Mr.  Livesey  gave  up  his 
own  most  useful  publication,  and  desired  the  proprietors  of  the 
Leeds  publication  to  incorporate  the  two.    They  did  so,  and  in 

1838  the  united  publication  was  issued  monthly.    In  the  year 

1839  it  became  the  organ  of  the  British  Temperance  Association, 
and  was  printed  in  the  Isle  of  Man  in  order  that  it  might  be  sent 
post  free  to  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom.  When  the  postal 
privileges  of  the  island  ceased,  it  had  to  be  printed  at  Bolton, 
where  most  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Association  resided. 
With  some  change  of  form  it  has  been  continued  to  the  present 
day  as  the  monthly  organ  of  the  British  Temperance  League. 

As  I  have  hinted,  Mr  Livesey  saw  that,  as  the  extensive  use  of 
malt  liquor  and  the  strong  prejudice  in  its  favour  were  a  great 
stronghold  of  the  drinking  system  in  England,  it  was  absolutely 
necessary  that  it  should  be  vigorously  assailed.  He  therefore 
prepared  a  lecture  on  the  subject,  which,  after  being  delivered  in 
Preston,  was  delivered  in  most  of  the  towns  in  Lancashire  and 
Yorkshire,  in  Edinburgh,  London,  and  many  other  places. 
Numerous  editions  of  this  admirable  lecture  have  been  issued, 
and  many  years  ago  it  was  calculated  that  more  than  100,000 
copies  had  been  put  into  circulation.  Some  time  ago  Mr.  Livesey 
sent  copies  to  all  the  members  of  Parliament,  both  Lords  and 
Commons.  There  is  still  a  great  need  for  the  extensive  circula- 
tion of  this  admirable  lecture.  More  than  forty  years  ago  a 
medical  gentleman  in  Yorkshire  called  malt  liquor  "liquid 
bread  "  !  Those  who  condemned  its  use  were  considered  fanatical 
and  bereft  of  common  sense,  and  it  required  no  small  amount  of 
courage  to  combat  the  deep-rooted  prejudice  in  iiAVOur  of  this 


ENGLAND.  37 


popular  beverage.  The  ignorance  which  the  utterances  of  not  a 
few  members  of  Parliament,  magistrates,  and  other  influential 
persons,  indicate  in  reference  to  this  matter,  is  lamentable  and 
emprising. 

Tliere  is  one  very  important  event  in  the  early  history  of  the 
cause  which  I  can  only  briefly  notice,  that  is,  the  motion  in  the 
House  of  Commons  of  Mr.  James  Silk  Buckingham,  M.P.  for 
Sheffield,  for  the  appointment  of  a  committee  to  inquire  into  the 
extent,  causes,  and  consequences  of  the  prevailing  vice  of  intoxi- 
cation among  the  labouring  classes  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Mr. 
Buckingham  delivered  a  long  and  able  speech  in  moving  this 
resolution,  and  on  a  division  it  was  carried  by  a  majority  of  seven- 
teen. Fifty  witnesses  were  examined,  and  the  whole  of  their 
evidence,  together  with  the  Committee's  report  and  Mr.  Bucking- 
ham's speech,  were  afterwards  printed  in  a  cheap  form  and  very 
widely  circulated. 

On  15th  September,  1835,  a  conference  of  delegates  from  various 
parts  of  Lancashire,  Yorkshire,  and  other  counties,  was  held  in 
Manchester,  when  it  was  decided  to  form  the  '^  British  Association 
for  the  Promotion  of  Temperance  on  the  Principle  of  Total  Absti- 
nence from  aU  Intoxicating  Liquors."  It  is  now  called  '*The  British 
Temperance  League,"  and  is  the  oldest  teetotal  organisation  in 
existence  in  this  country  with  a  national  designation  and  object. 
By  the  labours  of  its  agents  and  through  the  Press  it  has  rendered 
great  Ber\ice  to  the  cause,  and  its  influence  is  every  year  on  the 
increase.  The  first  agents  of  this  Association  had  very  difficult 
work  to  do,  and  most  of  them  were  well  fitted  for  it.  It  appears 
that  Mr.  Thomas  Whittaker,  now  Mayor  of  Scarborough,  attended 
the  Conference  of  the  British  Temperance  Association  at '  Man* 
Chester  in  September,  1835,  and  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Livesey  laboured  until  the  following  May,  chiefly  in  Lancashire. 
He  commenced  his  labours  as  agent  of  the  Association  on  the  9th 
May,  1836,  and  in  that  capacity  he  visited  Westmoreland,  Cum- 
berland, Northumberland,  and  Durham.  In  many  places  he  had 
to  be  bellman,  chairman,  speaker,  and  everything.  He  was,  I 
believe,  the  first  agent  who  was  exclusively  devoted  to  the  work. 
Mr.  James  Teare,  Mr.  Edward  Grubb,  and  others,  were  amongst 
the  early  and  heroic  pioneers  of  the  cause,  and  I  wish  I  had 


38   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

space  to  do  justice  to  their  noble  and  self-denying  toils  and 
labours. 

For  several  years  after  the  introduction  of  the  teetotal  pledge 
into  the  Preston  Society  the  cause  was  in  a  transition  state.  Many 
societies  in  the  North  of  England  introduced  the  teetotal  pledge, 
and  persons  who  wished  for  admission  might  do  so  by  signing 
either.  The  old  pledge  was  of  no  use  in  reclaiming  drunkardsy 
unless  they  went  beyond  it.  Mr.  Thomas  Beaumont,  surgeon,  of 
Bradford,  stated :  "  Here  the  first  moderation  society  was  formed, 
and  here  there  was  no  want  of  zeal,  talent,  or  piety  in  the  working 
of  that  system;  and  yet,  in  five  years,  we  did  not  succeed  in 
deforming  one  solitary  drunkard."  In  June,  1836,  the  question 
of  continuing  to  use  the  moderation  pledge  was  discussed  at  a 
erowded  public  meeting  in  the  Music  Hall,  Leeds.  After  four 
addresses  on  each  side,  about  midnight,  and  in  an  intensely 
excited  meeting,  there  was  a  majority  in  favour  of  abandoning  the 
use  of  the  old  pledge.  Other  societies  made  the  same  change,  and, 
where  this  could  not  be  effected,  new  societies  on  the  teetotal  prin- 
ciple only  were  established.  Those  that  did  not  make  the  change 
had  a  feeble  existence  for  a  few  years,  and  then  were  given  up. 

I  must  briefly  notice  one  extraordinary  event  in  Yorkshire — 
that  is,  a  great  festival  which  was  held  in  April,  1836,  in  Wilsden, 
a  manufacturing  village,  a  few  miles  from  Bradford.  It  continued 
for  four  days.  The  incumbent  of  the  parish  was  the  Rev.  John 
Barber,  M.A.,  and  he  was  the  President  of  the  Society.  As  there 
was  no  other  place  large  enough  for  the  crowds  that  were  expected, 
the  meetings  were  held  in  the  spacious  parish  chiu:ch — April  3, 4, 
and  6 ;  two  being  held  each  day — afternoon  and  evening — and  the 
concluding  one  on  the  6th,  in  the  evening.  All  the  roads  and 
lanes  leading  to  Wilsden  were  lined  witli  long  processions,  each 
procession  being  headed  by  a  small  white  banner.  Many  able 
addresses  were  given,  and  afterwards  printed  as  a  pamphlet, 
which  is  now  very  scarce.  At  a  short  distance  from  the  church  a 
splendid  tent  was  erected,  135  feet  in  length  by  54  feet  in  breadth* 
Hundreds  took  tea  in  this  tent  each  day.  There  were  two 
brothers  who  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  management  of  the 
festival — Mr.  W.  S.  Nichols  and  Mr.  R.  S.  Nichols — both  of 
whom  are  still  living,  and  true  to  the  cause ;  one  in  Bradford, 


ENGLAND.  39 


and  the  other  in  Australia.  Another  gentleman,  Mr.  Thomas 
BaineSy  who  is  still  living  near  Binglej,  took  a  very  active  part 
in  arranging  and  managing  this  great  festival. 

For  want  of  time  I  can  only  briefly  refer  to  other  important 
events.  Much  praise  is  due  to  John  Dunlop,  the  father  of  the 
Temperance  reformation  in  Scotland,  for  his  earnest  efforts  to 
direct  attention  to  the  tyrannical  and  mischievous  drinking  usages 
in  workshops  and  factories  all  over  the  country,  and  for  2,(KX) 
signatures  from  medical  men  in  favour  of  the  safety  and  advantages 
of  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquor  as  a  beverage. 

The  visit  of  Father  Mathew  to  England  in  1843  gave  a  fresh 
impulse  to  the  cause.  His  visits  to  various  populous  towns  and 
cities  excited  great  interest,  and  led  thousands  to  take  the  pledge. 

The  World's  Temperance  Convention  held  in  London,  in 
August,  1846,  was  a  memorable  event.  There  were  303  delegates 
present,  twenty-five  of  whom  were  from  North  America.  The 
whole  of  the  proceedings  were  afterwards  published  and  exten- 
sively circulated.  The  success  of  this  Convention  was  largely 
owing  to  the  able  and  indefatigable  efforts  of  Mr.  Thomas  Beggs, 
one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  National  Temperance  Society. 

During  the  thirty-five  years  that  have  nearly  passed  away  since 
that  important  gathering  from  various  parts  of  the  world,  much 
has  been^done  to  enlighten  the  people  as  to  the  true  nature  and 
injurious  properties  of  alcoholic  li(iuors,  through  the  press  and  by 
the  living  voice.  We  have  to  lament  that  the  results  have  not 
been  greater.  It  is,  however,  certain  that  the  foundation  has  been 
laid  for  effecting  a  great  change  in  the  drinking  habits  of  the 
people,  and  this  consideration  alone  should  urge  us  to  prosecute 
the  work  with  unabated  zeal. 

In  its  early  history  the  Temperonce,  reformation  had  often  to 
contend  with  fierce  opposition.  When  it  came  from  persons 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  it  was 
not  very  surprising,  but  when  ministers  of  the  Gospel,  and  other 
influential  persons  became  opponents,  it  was  indeed  cause  for 
surprise  and  sorrow.  But  even  this  was  often  overruled  for  good. 
Opposition  excited  inquiry,  and  led  to  a  more  thorough  study  of 
the  question.   All  sorts  of  objections  had  to  be  met  and  answered. 

In  the  "Ninth  Bridgewater  Treatise,"  by  Charles  Babbage, 


40     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

there  is  a  wise  and  suggestive  passage,  which  I  hope  will  not  l)e 
considered  inappropriate  in  connection  with  this  and  other 
sketches  of  the  early  history  of  the  Temperance  movement  He 
observes,  "  It  is  a  condition  of  our  race  that  we  must  ever  wade 
through  error  in  our  advance  towards  truth  ;  and  it  may  even  be 
said  that  in  many  cases  we  exhaust  almost  every  variety  of  error 
before  we  attain  the  desired  goal.  But  those  truths  once  reached 
by  such  a  course,  are  always  most  highly  valued ;  and  when,  in 
addition  to  this,  they  have  been  exposed  to  every  variety  of 
attack  which  splendid  talents  quickened  into  energy  by  the  keen 
perception  of  personal  interests  can  suggest ;  when  they  have 
revived  undying  from  unmerited  neglect ;  when  the  anathema  of 
spiritual,  and  the  arm  of  secular,  power  have  been  found  as  impo- 
tent in  suppressing,  as-arguments  were  in  refuting  them — then  they 
are  indeed  irresistible.  Thus  tried,  and  thus  triumphant  in  the 
fiercest  warfare  of  intellectual  strife,  even  the  temporary  interests 
and  furious  passages  which  urge  on  the  contest,  contribute  in  no 
small  measure  to  establish  their  value,  and  thus  to  render  these 
truths  the  permanent  heritage  of  our  race. 

"  Viewed  in  this  light,  the  propagation  of  an  error,  although  it 
may  be  unfavourable  or  fatal  to  the  temporary  interest  of  an 
individual,  can  never  be  long  injurious  to  the  cause  of  truth.  It 
may,  at  a  particular  period,  retard  its  progress  for  awhile,  but  it 
repays  the  transitory  injury  by  a  benefit  as  permanent  as  the 
duration  of  the  truth  to  which  it  was  opposed.  These  reflections 
are  offered  for  the  purpose  of  proving  that  the  toleration  of  the 
fullest  discussion  is  most  advantageous  to  truth.  They  are  not 
offered  as  the  apology  for  error ;  and  whilst  it  is  admitted  that 
every  person  who  wilfully  puts  fons'ard  arguments,  the  sound- 
ness of  which  he  doubts^  incurs  a  deep  responsibility,  it  is  some 
HatiBfaction  to  reflect  that  the  delay  likely  to  be  thus  occasioned 
to  the  great  cause  can  be  but  small ;  and  that  those  who,  in 
sincerity  of  heart,  maintain  arguments  which  a  more  advanced 
state  of  knowledge  shall  prove  to  be  erroneous,  may  yet  ultimately 
contribute  by  their  very  publication  to  the  speedier  establishment 
of  truth."— From  2nd  Ed.,  1838,  pp.  27,  28,  and  29. 

The  principle  of  abstinence  from  all  that  can  intoxicate  has 
passed  through  a  '^  fierce  warfare,''  and  it  is  one  of  thoee  truths 


WALES. 


41 


that  must  ultiiuately  become  a  "  permanent  heritage  of  oiir  race." 
The  writer  of  this  paper,  last  January,  completed  his  forty- 
seventh  year  of  teetotalism,  and  is  now  turned  seventy-one  years 
of  age.    He  is  truly  thankful  that  when  he  was  a  young  man  he 
was  led  to  study  and  embrace  this  admirable  principle.     It  is, 
he  is  firmly  persuaded,  in  accordance  with  God's  will  as  made 
known  through  His  word  and  works,  and  it  is  to  him  and 
thousands  of  others  a  source  of  great  joy  and  gratitude  that 
there  are  so  many  encouraging  tokens  of  success  and  steady 
advancement.     There  is  a  work  of  immense  magnitude  before 
the  new  generation  of  temperance  reformers.     Let  them  not 
underrate  the  forces  with  which  they  have  to  contend,  but  afresh 
gird  on  their  armour,  and  labour  with  increased  ardour  to  hasten 
the  extinction  of  this  great  curse,  the  drinking  system  of  this 
land,  and,  unhappily,  of  others  also.    Truth  is  mighty  and  must 
prevail. 


EARLY   HISTORY    OF    THE    TEMPERANCE 

REFORMATION. 
III.— WALKS. 
Bt  the  Rev.  Daniel  Rowlands,  M.A. 
I  AH  not  old  enough  to  remember  clearly  the  starting  of  the 
Temperance  cause  in  Wales ;  still  I  have  a  distinct  recollection  of 
the  stirring  events  of  its  early  history  and  of  the  labours  of  many 
of  the  excellent  men  who  worked  so  indefatigably  with  it     I 
believe  that  the  movement  commenced  in  many  different  parts  of 
the  Principality  about  the  same  time.     The  Rev.  Evan  Davies,  of 
Llanerchymedd,  who  was  known  to  his  countrymen  in  the  Welsh 
press  under  the  cognomen  **  Eta  Delta,"  claimed  to  be  the  first  to 
introduce  the  principle  of  total  abstinence  to  the  people  of  Wales. 
In  a  letter  of  his  which  appeared  in  the  volume  of  Y  Dirwesiwr 
("  The  Abstainer")  for  the  year  1843,  he  speaks  of  his  having  en- 
deavoured with  all  his  might  to  propose  that  principle  in  Llanrwst, 
September,  1834;  but  the  tide  was  then  too  strong  for  him,  though 
his  labour  was  not  in  vain,  and  before  long  he  says  that  they 
became  good  abstainers  there.    He  also  states  that  outside  his 
own  family  there  were  no  pledged  abstainers  in  Wales  till  May 


42    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

11,  1835,  when  the  first  society  was  established.  I  do  not  think 
that  Mr.  Davies  is  correct  here,  for  I  find  that  two  promising 
young  preachers  with  the  Calvinistic  Methodists — the  Revs. 
William  Morris,  then  of  Carmel,  and  John  Jones,  of  Caergwrle — 
had  signed  the  total  abstinence  pledge,  the  one  in  Liverpool  and 
the  other  in  Manchester,  some  time  in  the  year  1834 ;  but  when 
they  began  to  advocate  that  on  their  return  to  Flintshire,  as  pre- 
ferable to  the  old  moderation  pledge,  they  excited  an  amount  of 
prejudice  that  compelled  them  for  a  time  to  be  silent.  I  also 
understand  that,  some  years  before,  the  Rev.  H.  Gwalclimai  and 
yoimg  Mills,  afterwards  the  Rev.  John  Mills,  F.A.S.,  of  London, 
and  others,  had,  of  their  own  accord,  in  the  midst  of  the  "  mode- 
ration"  movement,  taken  a  pledge  of  total  abstinence  in  Llanidloes. 
It  appears,  however,  that  that  established  by  Mr.  Davies  in  May, 
1835,  was  the  first  total  abstinence  society  established  in  Wales. 
He  says  that  they  had  then  three  pledges  : — 1.  Total  abstinence 
from  all  intoxicating  drinks  ;  2.  Total  abstinence  from  all  spiri- 
tuous liquors,  with  permission  to  drink  moderately  of  malt 
liquors  ;  3.  To  drink  intoxicating  liquors,  but  not  to  get  drunk. 
There  had  been  a  good  deal  of  agitation  with  Cymedroldeh 
(moderation)  before  that  time,  and  many  had  signed  the  modera- 
tion pledge.  A  friend  told  me  the  other  day  that  he  distinctly 
remembered  an  address  on  moderation,  delivered  by  the  Rev.  John 
Elias,  at  an  association  at  Llanerchymcdd,  he  believed  in  1832. 
In  that  address  he  referred  to  the  farmers  that  were  among  the 
thousands  assembled  in  the  field,  gracefully  acknowledging  the 
important  place  they  occupied,  that  "  the  king  himself  is  served 
by  the  field " ;  and  then,  looking  up,  with  pointed  finger  and 
under  intense  emotion,  he  asked,  "  But,  farmers,  what  if  GUkI  were 
to  malt  your  com  ? "  My  friend  realises  to  this  day  the  shudder 
that  thrilled  the  immense  assembly  when  he  asked  the  question. 
Yet,  notwithstanding  the  efforts  made  by  him  and  many  others, 
the  moderation  principle  did  not  make  any  appreciable  impression 
on  the  country,  and  drunkenness  went  on  unchecked.  The  Rev. 
Evan  Davies  speaks  of  tracts  and  papers  he  had  from  Ireland  and 
America  advocating  total  abstinence,  but  states  that  he  did  not 
know,  when  he  began  to  teach  that  principle,  that  anyone  else  had 
thought  of  it  in  this  kingdom,  though  afterwards  he  learned  that 


WALES.  43 

societies  had  been  established  in  Preston  and  Liverpool,  and  other 
places.  And  although  he  laboured  for  some  time  to  i>romote 
moderation,  yet  very  early  he  devoted  his  whole  strength  to  the 
advocacy  of  total  abstinence,  as  he  found  that  that  was  the  only 
safety  against  the  fascination  of  the  drink.  Soon  after  he  com- 
menced his  labours,  if  not  almost  simultaneously,  I  find  that 
advocates  were  coming  to  different  parts  of  Wales  from  Preston 
and  Liverpool,  and  perhaps  other  places,  to  teach  the  same  tiling. 
In  the  summer  of  1836,  Mr.  John  Finch,  iron  merchant,  of  Liver- 
pool, lectured  twice  on  total  abstinence  in  the  Town  Hall  of  Mold, 
the  meetings  being  presided  over  by  the  Rev.  Owen  Jones,  F.A.S., 
now  of  Llandudno,  who  then  resided  at  Mold ;  about  forty  signed 
the  old  temperance  pledge,  and  some  ten  the  new  pledge  of  total 
al)stincnce.  Soon  after  the  Rev.  Joseph  Barker,  minister  of  the 
New  Connexion,  lectured  in  the  same  place  on  total  abstinence, 
and  several  signed,  and  among  them  Mr.  Jones  himself,  who  from 
that  time  till  now  has  proved  a  vetemu  in  the  ser\'ice.  In  a  short 
time  he  had  the  pleasure  of  administering  the  pledge  to  the  Rev. 
William  Williams,  of  Wem,  Thomas  Aubrey,  and  Dr.  Pritchard, 
of  Llangollen.  The  labours  of  Mr.  Barker  proved  of  very  high 
value.  Some  years  afterward  a  presentation  was  made  to  him  at 
Hawarden  in  acknowledgment  of  his  service,  to  which  many 
people  contributed ;  and  I  have  been  told  that  there  were  two 
young  ladies  who  took  a  warm  interest  in  the  work,  and  assisted 
in  the  presentation,  the  one  of  whom  became  Lady  Lyttelton,  and 
the  other  the  honoured  wife  of  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E.  Gladstone. 
The  late  Mr.  Robert  Herbert  Williams,  father  to  Mr.  R.  G. 
Williams,  Q.C.,  who  died  some  years  ago,  is  well  remembered  as 
having  come,  in  1835,  from  the  Liverpool  society  to  Carnarvon- 
shire and  other  places  to  teach  the  new  doctrine,  when  he  used  to 
produce  a  strong  sensation  among  the  people  by  extracting  the 
alcohol  from  the  drink  and  burning  it  before  their  eyes !  The 
names  of  other  men  are  also  mentioned  who  with  burning  zeal 
came  forth  as  the  emissaries  of  English  societies  to  preach  absti- 
nence in  different  parts  of  the  country.  I  am  not  so  well 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  movement  in  South  Wales, 
but  I  believe  that  it  did  not  start  so  early  there,  and  that  its 
progress  was  not  quite  so  vigorous.    But  soon  it  took  possession  of 


44   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

the  whole  Principality,  and  the  work  it  accomplished  was  very 
great  and  very  salutary. 

The  most  significant  fact  in  connection  with  the  Temperance 
cause  in  Wales,  and  it  goes  very  far  to  explain  its  immense 
success,  is  the  noble  alacrity  with  which  the  ministers  of  the 
Gospel  and  the  most  prominent  men  in  the  various  religious 
commimities  took  to  it,  and  began  to  work  on  its  behalf.  It  was  a 
very  strange  thing  in  Wales  to  hear  of  ministers  in  England  look- 
ing with  a  jealous  eye  upon  the  movement,  and  even  stooping  to 
denounce  it,  and  looking  upon  its  promoters  with  suspicion  and 
fear ;  and  stranger  still  to  hear  that  it  had  to  be  carried  on  outside 
the  pale  of  religious  organisations,  and  that  some  of  its  prominent 
advocates  were  secularists.  There  were  some  in  Wales  that  were 
a  little  slow.  The  clergy  of  the  Establishment  looked  upon  it 
with  considerable  contempt.  I  do  not  remember  more  than  one 
clergyman  that  in  those  days  took  any  interest  in  it — the  Rev. 
Henry  Griffith,  of  Llandrygam,  a  man  who  was  highly  beloved, 
and  always  "  furnished  completely  unto  all  good  works."  There 
were  some  Nonconformist  ministers  who  were  unwilling  to  give 
up  what  they  considered  a  healthy  and  agreeable  beverage  merely 
because  the  thing  was  taking  possession  of  the  country,  and  be- 
coming, as  they  regarded  it,  a  fanaticism.  And,  as  might  be 
naturally  expected,  the  coarse  censure  of  reclaimed  drunkards  and 
others  made  it  still  more  difficult  for  them  to  bow  under  the  new 
yoke.  But  as  to  the  good  and  holy  men  who  among  the  various 
denominations  had  gained  so  completely  the  confidence  and  love 
of  their  countrymen,  and  who  by  their  zeal  and  ability  and  devo- 
tcdness  had  acquired  such  immense  power  over  them,  they  almost 
at  once  threw  themselves  into  the  work,  and  nobly  did  they 
labour  with  it.  Such  men  as  the  Eevs.  John  Elias,  Henry  Bees, 
and  Ebenezer  Richard  among  the  Calvimstic  Methodists;  Dr. 
Arthur  Jones  and  William  Williams,  of  Wem,  with  the  Indepen- 
dents ;  Christmas  Evans,  and  Dr.  Pritchard  with  the  Baptists  ; 
Lot  Hughes  and  William  Rowlands  with  the  Wdsleyans  ;  and  a 
host  of  other  men  of  a  like  spirit,  recognised  in  the  movement 
at  once  the  leading  of  Providence,  and  took  to  it  as  the  work  of 
God.  The  ground  they  took  was  high  from  the  outset,  and  their 
advocacy  of  temperance  was  helpful  to  the  cherishing  of  every 


WALES.  45 

Christian  virtue    The  name  of  '^teetotalism,"  under  the  Welsh 
form  titoialiaethy  was  used  at  first  to  denote  the  movement,  but  it 
was  soon  superseded  by  the  word  dirwat,  which  is  used  in  the 
Welsh  New  Testament,  not  only  for  '^temperance,'' as  in  Acts  xxiv. 
25  and  QaL  v.  22,  but  also  for  "  abstinence,"  as  in  Acts  xvii.  21. 
The  first  Welsh  meeting  to  advocate  total  abstinence  in  Flintshire 
was  held  in  the  summer  of  1836  at  a  place  called  Carmel,  presided 
over  by  the  Eev.  William  Morris,  afterwards  of  Rhuddlan,  and 
addressed  by  the  chairman  and  the  Revs.  Owen  Jones,  Llandudno, 
and  Griffith  Hughes,  then  of  HolywelL    As  the  result  of  a  consul- 
tation between  the  three  after  the  meeting,  the  term  Dirvx9t  was 
selected  as  a  designation  of  the  movement,  and  soon  it  came  to  be 
generally  used,  and  remains  so  till  the  present  time. 

The  influence  of  the  Rev.  John  Elias  in  connection  with  this 
cause  was  of  immense  value.  To  show  the  position  he  took  it  is 
remembered  that  on  one  occasion,  when  addressing  a  large  meet- 
ing in  Bangor,  which  was  presided  over  by  Dr.  Arthur  Jones,  he 
spoke  to  the  following  effect  : — "  Men  ought  to  abstain  from  in- 
toxicating liquors  for  the  sake  of  their  bodily  health,  for  the  sake 
of  their  moral  character,  and  for  the  sake  of  their  immortal  soula. 
To  drink  them  increases  the  appetite  for  them,  and  tippling 
allures  a  man  to  drunkenness,  weakening  his  body  and  impairing 
his  mind  ;  it  lowers  his  character  to  such  a  degree  that  a  sensible 
man  can  put  no  confidence  in  liim,  and  it  pollutes  his  soul  in 
such  a  manner  that  he  shall  not  inherit  the  kingdom  of  God. 
Drunkards,  tremble  !  You  sin  against  heaven,  and  wrong  your 
own  souls  ;  you  hate  wisdom  and  love  death.  Moderate  drinkers, 
pause  !  The  drunkard  has  seen  a  day  when  he  could  say  that  he 
also  was  a  sober  man  ;  and  you  may  see  a  time  when  you  will  be 
drunkards  like  him,  if  you  continue  like  him  to  drink.  Godly 
people,  consider !  If  you  are  not  abstainers,  remember  that  that 
is  not  a  pari  of  your  godliness.  It  is  in  your  power  to  do  much 
good  that  some  of  you  do  not.  '  Curse  ye  Meroz,  said  the  angel 
of  the  Lord  !'  not  because  they  opposed,  but  'because  they  came 
not  to  the  help  of  the  Lord  ! '  The  fig-tree  withered,  not  because 
it  bore  evil  fruit,  but  because  it  had  no  good  fruit  *  Therefore 
to  him  that  knoweth  to  do  *good,  and  doeth  it  not,  to  him  it  is 
sin.' "    On  another  occasion  he  said, ''  Joshua  conjured  the  people. 


46    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

Baying, '  Cuised  be  the  man  before  the  Loid,  that  riseth  up  and 
buildeth  this  city  Jericho.'  His  words  are, '  Cursed  be  the  man 
that  buildeth  the  city  Jericho  ; '  shall  I  say,  Cursed  be  the  man 
that  buildeth  a  fortress  for  drunkenness  in  Wales  ?  No  ;  I  dare 
not  say,  Be  the  man  cursed  ;  but  I  venture  to  say  that  cursed  he 
will  be."  When  I  add  that  such  utterances  were  supported  by  the 
greatest  personal  dignity  and  earnestness  in  the  speaker,  and  sent 
home  by  his  unrivalled  elocution  in  such  a  manner  as  caused 
every  word  to  tell,  you  may  well  conceive  the  effect  that  was  pro- 
duced. A  story  is  related  of  one  of  the  old  ministers  saying,  in 
reference  to  the  power  of  Elias's  preaching,  when  yet  a  young 
man,  ''  God  grant  that  that  lad  may  tell  the  truth,  for  the  people 
must  believe  him  ! "  He  did  speak  excellent  truth  in  regard  to 
temperance,  and  thousands  believed  him. 

I  mentioned  the  name  of  Dr.  Arthur  Jones,  a  minister  most 
highly  respected  among  the  Independents.  He  was  also  a  very 
distinguished  advocate  of  temperance.  His  method  of  assault 
was  very  different  from  that  of  Elias,  but  hardly  less  effective. 
He  was  a  man  of  unbounded  humour,  and,  as  is  frequently  the 
case  with  such  men,  his  command  over  the  fountain  of  tears 
in  human  nature  was  as  absolute  as  over  its  sense  of  the  grotesque 
or  the  ridiculous.  And  I  am  happy  to  add  that  Dr.  Jones  never 
exercised  those  marvellous  powers  of  his  merely  to  amuse  or  to 
melt  his  hearers  ;  but  so  loyal  to  the  cause  of  truth,  and  so  pro- 
foundly earnest  was  his  nature,  that  he  seemed  always  to  be  exert- 
ing his  whole  strength,  in  his  own  peculiar  way,  in  the  service  of 
virtue  and  goodness.  When  his  friends  would  be  most  apprehen- 
sive that  his  humour  would  be  running  away  with  him,  and  that 
the  effect  would  prove  mischievous,  he  would  suddenly  restrain 
himself,  and,  with  an  overwhelming  earnestness,  drive  the  lesson 
most  effectively  home  to  the  heart  and  conscience  of  his  hearers. 
On  one  occasion  I  heard  him  describe  a  drunken  man  he  had 
met,  tottering  in  weary  helplessness  from  the  one  side  of  the  road 
to  the  other,  and  on  his  remarking,  '*  The  road  is  very  long,  is  it 
not  ? "  the  reply  he  had  was,  **  I  do  not  complain  so  much  of  its 
length  ;  but  it  is  its  width  that  bothers  me  tremendously  ! " 
Many  professed  as  their  excuse  for  not  becoming  abstainers  that 
they  were  moderate  drinkers,  and  this  is  the  way  in  which  on  one 


WAUES.  47 

occanon,  I  heard  him  reducing  that  conceit  to  infinite  ridicule. 
He  was  coming  home,  he  said,  one  day  from  one  of  his  engage- 
ments, and  he  saw  a  man  sitting  composedly  in  the  ditch  on  the 
road-side,  half  covered  \**ith  water,  and  remarked  to  him,  "  Well, 
von  arc  not  an  abstainer,  I  suppose  ?  "  "  No,'*  said  the  poor  man, 
as  distinctly  as  his  helpless  condition  would  allow  him,  "  I  am  a 
moderate  man  !"  That  styU  of  moderation — "  Cymedrol  ar  ei  din 
yn  y  dur  I " — became  a  byeword  throughout  the  country  for  many 
years.  In  one  large  meeting,  when  the  speaking  had  become 
rather  dull  and  attention  had  quite  flagged.  Dr.  Arthur  Jones  was 
called  up,  and  with  the  very  first  words  he  uttered  he  excited  the 
most  intense  attentiveness,  which  he  also  sustained  throughout 
his  speech.  He  said : — "  I  will  not  have  any  more  ]  Did  I 
not  say  that  I  would  have  no  more  ?  A  woman,  having 
gulped  too  much  of  the  stupefying  drink,  lay  on  the  sand  of 
the  Lavan  shore  to  wait  a  boat,  and  slept.  When  the  boat  came 
near  the  men  saw  the  tide  approaching  her  face,  and  when  the 
salt  water  came  to  her  mouth,  she  turned  her  head  off,  saying,  *  I 
will  not  have  any  more.*  Thereupon  the  salt  water  came  again 
to  her  mouth,  and  she  spat  as  much  as  she  could  out,  exclaiming 
*  Did  I  not  say  that  I  would  not  have  any  more  ? '  And  if  some 
of  the  ferrymen  had  not  gone  to  her  further  than  the  boat  could 
float,  more  she  would  have  had,  and  she  would  have  gone  to  a 
misery  where  there  is  no  water  !  Would  you  have  more  of  the 
history  of  fresh  water  ?  Two  years  last  winter  a  niunber  of  men 
and  sprightly  youths  went  to  a  new  public-house  to  keep  what 
they  called  a  house-warming  ;  and  after  drinking  enough  to  warm 
their  feet,  their  bodies  and  their  heads,  by  getting  dnmk,  they 
went  out  some  time,  and  lay  where  they  could.  Rather  early  in 
the  morning  one  was  heard  shouting,  *  Something  holds  my 
feet,  and  I  cannot  move.*  'Something  holds  my  hair,  and  I 
cannot  lift  my  head,*  said  another.  They  had  lain  in  soft  mortar, 
and  that  by  the  time  they  had  awakened  out  of  their  sleep,  had 
fiozen.  They  returned  home  with  their  fine  clothes  besmeared 
with  mortar,  and  their  hats  dented  and  discoloured.  A  wonder- 
ful mercy  that  something  did  not  take  hold  of  them  all  and  throw 
them  to  be  warmed  in  hell  !  But  a  greater  mercy  that  that  public- 
house  is  become  the  abode  of  sober  people,  that  the  men  and 


48    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  Tl^PERANCE  REFORMATION. 

youths  of  the  house- wanning  are  abstainers,  and  some  of  them 
professing  the  religion  of  the  blessed  Saviour.'*  I  have  heard  my 
neighbour  and  friend,  Mr.  Thomas  Lewis,  of  this  city,  say  that 
lie  heard  him  relate  the  story  of  the  house-warming  in  a  very  large 
meeting  on  one  occasion  in  Bangor,  and  he  said  that  he  never  saw 
in  his  life  a  greater  contrast  than  that  between  the  inextinguish* 
able  laughter  produced  by  the  description  of  the  drunken  men 
struggling  and  shouting  in  the  frozen  mortar,  and  the  awful 
solemnity  of  the  remark,  "  What  a  mercy  that  something  had  not 
taken  hold  of  them  and  thrown  them  to  be  warmed  in  hell !"  The 
effect  was  very  impressive. 

One  feels  a  difficulty  to  restraii^  himself  in  the  midst  of  the 
interesting  reminiscences  of  the  temperance  advocacy  of  those  fresh 
and  earnest  days  in  Wales.  Dr.  Edwards,  of  Bala,  a  few  years 
since  related  an  excellent  illustration  used  by  the  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Eichard,  the  father  of  the  honourable  member  for  Merthyr  Tydvil. 
He  described  a  man  in  the  rough  sea  and  in  danger  of  drowning ; 
and  the  neighbours,  seeing  his  plight,  lay  hold  of  each  others' 
hands,  and  so  made  a  liting  chain  to  reach  and  to  rescue  the  poor 
man.  Would  they  not  do  the  same  with  the  poor  drunkard, 
whose  danger  was  so  much  greater  ?  The  Rev.  William  Griffith, 
Congregational  minister  in  Holyhead,  who  in  honoured  age  is 
justly  regarded  by  his  countrymen  generally  as  one  of  the  most 
venerable  of  men,*  in  one  of  the  great  gatherings  left  a  deep  and 
most  salutary  impression  upon  the  minds  of  his  hearers  by  relating 
and  applying  a  missionary  incident.  In  a  meeting  held  by  one 
of  the  missionaries  in  India,  the  parents  of  the  neighbourhood 
were  very  greatly  interested  by  hearing  their  children  catechised 
and  repeating  portions  of  Scripture,  singing,  &c.  But  one  woman, 
in  the  midst  of  all  the  interest  and  the  joy,  kept  weeping  bitterly. 
The  missionary  asked  her  what  was  the  matter  with  her.  "  Oh," 
said  she,  "  If  thou  hadst  been  here  earlier  I  would  also  have  had 
a  boy  that  could  have  answered  as  well  as  any  of  them.  But  with 
my  own  hands  I  laid  him  under  the  wheels  of  Juggernaut ! "  And 
what  a  number  of  those  that  had  been  destroyed  by  the  drink 
might  have  been  there  that  day,  safe  and  honoured,  if  the  Tempe- 

*  Since  the  writing  of  the  above  he  has  gone  to  join  the  majority. 


WALES.  49 


lEDce  reformation  had  commenced  earlier ;  some  even  whom  their 
veiy  parents  by  their  example  in  drinking  had  laid  under  the 
wheels  of  Juggernaut!  And  what  an  inducement  they  should  draw 
from  that  to  work  their  best  with  it  and  so  prevent  further  cala- 
mities. Williams  of  Wem  was  an  ardent  and  powerful  advocate 
of  temperance,  and  in  that  as  well  as  in  many  other  respects,  was 
the  honoured  means  of  doing  much  good.  As  a  specimen  of  his 
high  advocacy  of  the  cause,  take  the  following  : — "  There  is  in  the 
country  many  a  backslider,  that  has  left  religion  for  years,  soaking 
himself  in  the  public-houses,  and  appearing  to  be  altogether  heed- 
less of  his  condition ;  and  the  words  of  the  Lord  to  him  are,  'How 
shall  I  give  thee  up,  backslider  !  How  shall  I  deliver  thee,  soul? 
My  heart  is  turned  within«me.'  A  mother,  with  one  of  her  little 
boys  laying  hold  of  her  hand,  related  to  a  neighbour  that  she  went 
to  look  for  a  boy  of  hers,  and  found  him  lying  on  the  edge  of  the 
canal,  floating  a  feather  on  the  water,  and  reaching  forth  his  head 
to  blow  it  farther  from  him ;  '  And,'  said  she,  *  if  I  had  not  been 
there  to  take  hold  of  his  arm,  he  would  have  gone  into  the  water 
and  drowned  ;  and  I  felt  my  heart  turning.'  Swearing  drunkard, 
hear !  Drunken  backslider,  hearken  !  The  Lord  finds  thee  on 
the  brink  of  destruction,  playing  with  toys  that  are  lighter  than 
feathers ;  He  sees  thee  stretching  forth  towards  perdition,  above 
the  everlasting  destruction.  Consider,  man !  Unless  the  hand 
of  the  gracious  mercy  of  Heaven  will  take  hold  of  thy  soul,  thou 
wilt  descend  from  the  public-house  to  the  fire,  and  from  the  ale 
and  spirits  to  a  place  where  thou  canst  not  get  a  drop  of  water  to 
cool  thy  tongue ;  and  the  heart  of  God  turns  /  "  In  a  sketch  of 
the  early  history  of  Temperance  in  Wales,  however  slight,  it  would 
l>e  unpardonable  not  to  mention  the  name  of  |he  Rev.  Christmas 
Evans.  Although  advanced  in  years,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  fall 
in  with  the  new  movement,  and  he  did  his  best  to  promote  it. 
Indeed,  it  is  a  fact  of  remarkable  interest  in  regard  to  nearly  all  the 
excellent  men  that  I  have  mentioned  as  having  done  so  much  for 
Temperance  in  Wales,  that  they  took  to  it  quite  in  the  evening  of 
their  day,  when  they  might  well  have  been  excused  for  not  altering 
their  habit  of  life,  and  when  even  the  most  zealous  of  their  coun- 
trymen might  well  have  suggested  to  them  the  propriety  of  resting 
from  their  labours.    But  as  John  Elias,  on  a  remarkable  occasion. 


50   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

said  that  it  appeared  to  him  that  it  was  in  the  temperance  chariots 
that  the  King  of  Kings  in  those  days  was  riding  through  the 
country,  so  they  all  felt  that  it  was  their  highest  privil^e  to 
pay  Him  their  homage,  and  do  what  they  could  to  prepare  His 
way.    And  none  of  them  did  that  with  greater  alacrity  than  he 
who,  with  such  genuine  love,  was  so  often  mentioned  hy  Welsh- 
men as  *^  Old  Christmas/'    He  was  a  veritahle  child  of  nature,  a 
man  of  rampant  fancy  and  rollicking  humour,  though  with  the 
deep  earnestness  of  his  character  he  made  strenuous  efiforts  to  keep 
those  forces  under  control,  and  make  them  helpful  to  the  cause 
on  which  he  had  so  much  set  his  heart    Though  upwards  of 
eighty  on  the  only  occasion  when  I,  as  a  hoy,  had  the  pleasure  of 
seeing  him  on  a  temperance  platform,  yet  his  spirit  seemed  to  be 
the  most  youthful  of  the  whole  lot,  and  we,  the  boys,  could  have 
sworn  unto  him  eternal  love.     In  one  part  of  his  speech — I 
suppose  he  must  have  been  instigating  the  virtuous  and  the  good 
not  to  let  very  different  men  go  before  them  in  the  work — I  well 
remember  the  humour  and  striking  effect  with  which  he  cried, 
•'  Oh,  fie !  to  let  little  Betsey  of  Nevin  beat  the  big  ships  on  the 
sea ! "    '*  My  people,"  he  said  on  one  occasion  in  a  large  meeting 
held  in  Moriah    Chapel,   Carnarvon,    "  I   used   to    drink  but 
little  intoxicating  liquor  at  any  time,  since  I  began  to  preach 
Christ  as  a  Saviour  to  sinners ;  and  when  I  gave  that  little  up 
that  I  might  feel  strong  to  try  and  get  the  drunkards  not  to  drink 
the  fiery  beverages,  I  thought  that  I  was  sacrificing  an  ox ;  but 
when  I  see  the  drunkards  by  the  scores  getting  sober,  the  dukes  of 
£(lom  subdued,  and  pure  religion  advanced,  it  cheers  my  spirits, 
freshens  my  flesh,  and  makes  me  feel  that  I  have  only  sacrificed  a 
rat."    His  power  over  those  meetings  was  enormous ;  but  in  the 
exuberance  of  his  enthusiasm,  with  his  marvellous  humour,  the 
excessive  laughter  that  was  often  produced  gave  pain  sometimes 
to  the  best  men.    The  late  Rev.  David  Jones,  of  Treborth — a  name 
fragrant  with  loving  memories — though  he  was  one  of  the  most 
genial  of  men,  told  me  that  when  he  lived  at  Carnarvon  he  used 
to  giieve  frequently  at  the  laughter  produced  by  Christmas  Evans 
when  speaking  on  temperance,  especially  seeing  the  meetings  were 
held  in  places  of  worship,  though  he  himself  was  as  helpless  as  any 
when  tickled  by  the  great  magician.  On  one  Monday  evening,  how- 


WALES.  51 

ever,  on  his  way  to  the  meeting  at  Moiiah,  he  resolved  that  Cbrist- 
mufi  should  not  make  a  fool  of  him  any  more,  and  that  he  would  do 
what  he  could  to  check  the  unseemly  merriment ;  he  summoned 
his  whole  strength  of  will,  and  even  sought  superior  strength  to 
support  him  in  his  resolution,  for  he  was  seriously  afraid  that  evil 
was  produced.     The  meeting  for  some  time  went  on  soberly 
enough,  but  when  Christmas  Evans  stood  up,  Mr.  Jones  felt  that 
the  whole  temper  of  the  meeting  at  once  became  dangerously  re- 
laxed.    His  first  words  were,  "  The  drink,  my  people,  is  very 
much  like  the  dumpling  of  an  old  parson  I  heard  of  in  the  county 
of  Cardigan."    Of  course  all  their  gravity  was  gone !    Then,  as  the 
laughter  allowed  him,  he  proceeded  to  explain  that  this  old 
parson  was  very  fond  of  a  dumpling  with  his  Sunday  dinner,  and 
that  his  housekeeper  had  got  rather  tired  of  cooking  it,  and  deter- 
mined one  day  to  try  a  little  stratagem  to  get  rid  of  the  extra 
work.    She  put  quicksilver  in  the  dumpling,  and  when  the  water 
began  to  boil   the  dumpling  would  jump  out.    She  went  to 
her  master,  affecting  surprise,  if  not  terror,  and  said  she  was 
afraid  that  the  dumpling  would  not  remain  in  the  pot,  but  kept 
dancing  about  the  kitchen.    The  old  man  pooh-poohed  the  story, 
and  said  such  a  thing  was  impossible.     He  accompanied  her  to  the 
kitchen,  and  ordered  the  dumpling  to  be  replaced  in  the  pot. 
Presently,  to  his  amazement  and  consternation,  out  again  it  jumped, 
and  danced  wildly  about  his  feet.     There  was  but  one  conclusion 
to  come  to — the  devil  was  in  the  dumpling !    He  looked  for  his 
Prayer-book  and  came  back,  with  his  spectacles,  solemnly  to  read 
the  prayers  and  exorcise  the  devil.    In  the  midst  of  his  prayer, 
however,  the  dumpling  jumped  out  again,  and  played  the  same 
wild  gambols  about  him.    He  was  a  brave  man,  and  he  tried 
again  to  send  the  spirit  away,  but  with  only  the  same  result ;  and 
at  last  he  gave  the  whole  thing  up,  solemnly  remarking,  "  The 
devil  is  in  the  dumpling ! "    Syery  sentence  in  the  description  of 
course  created  roars  of  laughter,  but  the  great  lesson — that  the 
devil  was  in  the  drink ! — was  earnestly  impressed  upon  the  minds 
of  the  people,  and  that  their  only  safety  was  to  give  it  up  altogether. 
A  host  of  other  and  younger  men  came  out  in  like  manner,  and 
threw  themselves  into  the  work.    Indeed  it  was  a  rare  exception 
to  see  any  minister  standing  aloof,  and  I  am  not  aware  of  more 


52   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

than  one — Caledfiyn — that  aUowed  himself  to  he  driven  hy  the 
taunts  of  the  orer-zealous  to  a  position  of  antagonism.  The  self- 
denial  cost  a  good  deal  to  many.  His  friends  had  considerable 
amusement  with  good  old  Lsaac  James,  of  Cardiganshire,  a  witty 
and  eccentric  man  who  did  not  like  at  all  to  give  up  the  drink  he 
had  been  accustomed  to,  and  yet  felt  the  pressure  of  the  tempe- 
rance sentiment  so  strong  that  he  could  not  but  yield  to  it.  The 
Rer.  Thomas  Richard,  of  Fishguard,  a  distinguished  minister  in 
South  Wales,  and  rather  fond,  like  others,  of  poking  his  fun  at 
Isaac  James,  asked  him  once  in  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of 
ministers  and  deacons  at  an  association, ''  Isaac  James,  are  you  an 
abstainer  ? "  "I  am."  "  Yes,"  asked  Richard  again,  '*  are  you  an 
abstainer  in  heart  ? "  The  reply  he  got  was,  '^  I  am  an  abstainer 
in  stomach ;  what  have  you  to  do  with  my  heart  {"A  good  story  is 
also  related  of  the  Rev.  Evan  Evans,  of  Aberffrwd,  in  the  same 
county.  He  looked  upon  taking  the  pledge  of  abstinence  as  a 
very  foolish  thing,  and  for  some  time  he  could  not  be  induced  to 
follow  his  brethren  in  taking  it.  One  day,  however,  he  was  over- 
taken by  a  man  who  was  returning  from  the  market  at  Aberyst- 
with,  and  whose  ^^  moderation,"  to  say  the  least,  was  known  to  all 
men.  With  maudlin  respect  and  affection  he  began  to  praise  and 
flatter  the  good  and  respected  minister  :  "  1  like  you,  Mr.  Evans ; 
I  like  you  ;  you  are  on  our  side,  and  not  on  the  side  of  those 
foolish  totals.  I  like  you  very  much,  Mr.  Evans."  The  truth 
came  upon  the  minister  like  a  flash  :  "I  on  thy  side  !  No,  thou 
shalt  no  more  say  that  I  am  on  thy  side  ! "  And  many  others 
were  converted  by  a  similar  process.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  all  the  moral  strength  of  Wales  was,  in  a  very  short  time, 
ranged  on  the  side  of  temperance,  and  for  many  years  the  temper- 
ance crusade  throughout  the  country  was  very  vigorous  indeed. 
Societies  were  established  in  every  neighbourhood,  in  which  all 
the  denominations  joined  ;  public  meetings  were  frequently  held, 
and  earnest  efforts  made  to  teach  the  principles  of  temperance. 
In  a  letter  from  the  Rev.  David  Charles,  B.A.,  of  Bala,  afterwards 
Dr.  Charles,  which  was  published  in  the  London  Temperanc$ 
Intelligencer  in  1838,  and  which  I  have  now  before  me  in  Welsh 
in  the  Cerbyd  Dirtcestol  for  that  year,  he  states,  among  other 
things,  that  the  Rev.  Leiyls  Edwards,  M.A.,  now  honoured  by  the 


WALES.  53 

^hole  Principality  as  Dr.  Edwards,  had  a  fortiiight  prerioasl j 
preached  a  sermon  on  temperance  on  a  Sunday  eTeniog  at  Bala  to 
a  lai^ge  congregation,  and  so  powerful  was  the  effect  of  that  sermon 
that  before  the  end  of  the  following  week  fifty-two  had  signed  the 
pledge,  many  of  whom  up  to  that  time  had  been  the  most  strenu- 
ous opponents  of  the  movement.     Mr.  Charles  also  states  in  that 
letter  that  out  of  the  1,200  inhabitanU  of  Bala  at  that  time,  900 
had  signed  the  pledge;  and  the  work  was  progressing  in  like  man- 
ner everywhere.    Able  advocates,  frequently  from  different  de- 
nominations, made  tours  through  various  counties  to  hold  meet- 
ings.   The  late  venerable  Henry  Rees,  of  Liverpool,  and  the  Rev. 
David  Charles,  B.A.,  had  a  memorable  tour  of  the  kind ;  Dr. 
Owen  Thomas,  now  of  Liverpool,  also  did  a  great  deal  in  the 
same  way  ;  also  the  late  Rev.  Richard  Humphreys,  of  Dyffryn, 
and  many  others.    In  many  counties  there  was  a  complete  or- 
ganisation,   district  quarterly   conferences,  and  county    annual 
meetings,  and  festivals  without  number.    The  processions   in 
those  festivals — ^when  perhaps  a  dozen  societies  from  the  surround- 
ing neighbourhood  joined  that  of  their  market  town,  each  preceded 
by  its  flag,  wearing  medals  or  rosettes,  and  singing  temperance 
hymns,  and  meeting  afterwards,  generally  in  a  field  where  a  plat- 
form had  been  erected,  or  in  the  largest  chapels,  for  the  speeches, 
&c. — were  grand  and  memorable  events.  True  they  were  ridiculed, 
and  sometimes  nasty  attempts  were  made  to  harass  them  ;  but  the 
people  were  led  in  them  by  those  whom  they  regarded  as  their 
foremost   men,    their   great    spiritual    instructors ;    they    were 
also  sustained  by  the  consciousness  that  they  were  rising  up 
against  the  thraldom  of  a  foe  that  would  crush  away  their  very 
life  ;  and  moreover  they  wei-e  not  without  a  deep  conviction  that 
it  was  the  work  of  God  :  and  on  these  accounts  they  could  calmly 
disregard  the  ridicule  and  harassment  of  a  few  low  publicans  and 
certain  disreputable  gentry  and  drunkards  that  thought  it  heroic 
to  try  and  annoy  them.     In  scores  of  instances  the  public-houses 
were  dried  up  altogether,  and  in  many  cases  good  and  conscientious 
men,  when  their  eyes  were  opened  to  the  nature  of  the  traffic 
conducted  by  them,  gave  it  up  of  their  own  accord,  many  empty- 
ing their  barrels  into  the  rivers,  and  in  other  respects  incurring 
heavy  pecuniary  losses.  A  strong  impetus  was  given  to  the  cause 


56   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

EARLY   HISTORY   OF   THE   TEMPERANCE 

REFORMATION. 

IV.— IRELAND. 
By  ths  Rev.  Thomas  Houston,  DJ). 

With  the  Temperance  movement  in  Ireland,  I  have  been 
identified  from  its  earliest  origin,  and  regard  it  as  a  singular  pri- 
vilege to  have  been  called  to  take  part  in  the  first  hard  strugglea 
of  the  Temperance  reformers,  and  to  be  associated  at  a  somewhat 
advanced  stage  of  life  with  those  who,  under  much  more  favour- 
able auspices,  are  guiding  this  great  undertaking  forward  to  a 
bright  consummation,  and  a  certain  and  glorious  triumph.  Haif- 
a-century is  an  important  epoch  in  the  life  of  individuals,  and  in 
the  history  of  nations.  When  one  takes  a  retrospective  glance  of 
a  period  some  years  beyond  this--dating  its  commencement  from 
his  entrance  on  public  life — ^and  considers  the  singular  movements 
in  society,  and  the  remarkable  changes  that  have  taken  place  in 
these  nations,  in  the  Church,  and  throughout  the  world,  he  can- 
not but  be  filled  with  wonder  and  astonishment.  Other  periods 
of  like  length  in  the  history  of  nations,  have  witnessed  great 
changes,  and  been  pregnant  with  events  that  are  productive  of 
great  and  salutary  results  ;  but  it  may  be  safely  declared  that  the 
last  fifty  years  in  the  world's  history  have  produced  events  and 
changes  more  unexpected  and  wonderful  than  have  before  occurred, 
and  such  as  promise  to  exert  the  most  powerful  and  beneficial 
influence  on  humanity  and  on  the  world's  future  destinies. 

The  Temperance  reform  stamps  a  peculiar  character  on  the 
half-century  that  has  just  come  to  a  close.  It  witnessed  its  rise 
amidst  difficulties  and  discouragements  of  no  ordinary  magnitude; 
it  has  seen  its  development  and  wonderful  progress ;  and  is  full 
of  encouraging  and  animating  hope  for  the  future,  whether  as  it 
respects  the  Church,  the  nation,  or  the  social  and  moral  condition 
of  the  whole  himian  race. 

The  commencement  of  the  Temperance  reform  in  Ireland  dates 
from  the  autumn  of  1829.  Some  three  years  before,  in  the  town 
of  Skibbereen,  County  Cork,  a  nailer  commenced  a  small  society  of 
thirty  members,  which  increased  till  one-fifth  of  the  population, 
amounting  to  800,  became  connected  with  it.    This  was  organised 


IRELAND.  57 


on  the  principle  of  total  abstinence.  While  it  was  in  existence,  it 
had  the  effect  of  banishing  drunkenness  from  the  town  and  neigh- 
bourhood, and,  besides,  of  pointing  out  the  way  of  reform  to  some 
distinguished  pioneers  in  the  Temperance  cause  in  the  south  of 
Ireland,  such  as  the  Revs.  George  Carr,  Nicholas  Duncombe  and 
Tlieobald  Mathew.  Previously  to  the  inauguration  of  the  Tem- 
perance reform  in  Ireland,  efforts  had  been  made  for  a  number 
of  years  in  America  to  arrest  the  drinking  habits  of  society,  which 
had  grown  to  a  fearful  proportion,  and  were  threatening  wide- 
spread demoralisation  and  ruin  to  society.  But  before  the  time  of 
cheap  newspapers  and  penny  postage,  intelligence  concerning  these 
efforts  had  attracted  the  attention  of  very  few,  and  was  hardly 
considered  deserving  of  the  place  of  an  item  of  news,  either  in 
secular  or  religious  periodicals. 

A  cheap  edition  of  Beecher's  Six  Sermons  on  Temperance  was 
circulated  in  ^e  north  of  Ireland  in  the  early  part  of  1829.  The 
vivid,  graphic  statements,  clear,  convincing  reasoning  and  eloquent 
appeals  of  the  distinguished  author,  could  not  fail  to  enlighten 
and  convince  some  in  favour  of  the  Temperance  cause.  At  a 
meeting  held  at  the  time  in  Belfast  of  ministers  and  other  leading 
men,  to  devise  means  for  checking  prevailing  Sabbath  desecra- 
tion, Dr.  John  Edgar,  then  a  young  minister,  declared  himself 
unfavourable  to  the  plan  of  civil  enactment  for  this  object,  and 
maintained  that  the  drink  traffic  and  drinking  customs,  above  all 
other  things,  were  the  cause  of  wide-spread  and  increasing  Sabbath 
profanation,  and  that  it  was  an  urgent,  primary  duty,  to  attempt 
something  effectual  to  diminish  the  evil.  Soon  after,  an  earnest 
appeal  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Edgar  was  published,  in  one  of  the 
Belfast  newspapers,*  after  it  had  been  refused  in  another  t  on  the 
ground  that  ^^None  hut  an  insane  person  could  advocate  suck  a 
cause!"  After  some  private  conference,  a  few  friends,  who  had 
become  convinced  of  the  duty  to  have  recourse  to  combined  action 
to  promote  temperance,  met  in  the  committee  room  of  the  Reli- 
gious Tract  Society,  Waring  Street,  Belfast,  on  the  evening  of  the 
24th  September.  The  number  that  composed  the  first  meeting 
was  only  six,  \\z. :  Rev.  Drs.  Edgar  and  Morgan,  Rev.  Thomas 

*  The  News  Letter,  f  The  Guardian, 


58    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  TIIK  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

Hincks,  then  curate  of  St.  Anne's  Church,  Belfast,  and  now  \\<  11- 
known  as  Archdeacon  of  Down  and  Connor;  Rer.  John  WiUon, 
of  the  Independent  Chapel,  Donegal  Street ;  Mr.  Alexander  S. 
Mayne,  and  myself.  Archdeacon  Hincks  and  Mr.  Mayne  still 
survive — the  latter  has  all  along  been  distingaishetd  by  Mb  taking 
the  most  direct  interest  in  the  Temperance  cause,  and  by  his 
liberal  benefactions  for  its  support.  After  free  and  earnest  con- 
versation, and  united  prayer,  these  six  attached  their  names  to  the 
first  Temperance  pledge  in  these  terms  :  "  We  resolve  to  abstain 
from  the  use  of  distilled  spirits,  and  to  promote  temperance.**  Thus 
pledged  to  God  and  to  one  another,  and  confident  in  the  goodnen 
of  the  cause,  we  went  forth  to  the  arduous  enterprise  of  expelling 
from  .society  drinking  usages  that  had  long  existed  and  were  uni- 
versally sustained,  and  of  generating  a  wholesome  public  opinion 
on  the  whole  subject.  Considering  the  magnitude  of  the  evil 
which  we  set  ourselves  to  remove,  and  the  fewness  and  unin- 
fiuential  position  of  those  who  united  together  for  its  overthrow, 
it  appeared  a  perilous  and  almost  hopeless  undertaking.  We  had 
learned,  however,  not  to  estimate  truth  by  the  number  or  rank 
of  its  adherents.  We  knew  that  **  one  with  Oad  is  always  the  ma- 
jority J'  It  is  the  same  for  Him  to  save  by  few  as  by  many,  and 
His  way  of  blessing  is  ever,  "  Not  by  might  nor  by  power,  but  by 
my  Spirit." 

This  was  the  first  effective  Temperance  association  that  was 
organised  in  Ireland  ;  for  though  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  a 
society  of  like  kind  was  formed  at  New  Ross,  County  Wexford,  by 
the  Rev.  George  Carr,  it  did  not  spread  or  remain  long  in  existence. 
For  some  ten  or  twelve  vcars  the  movement  went  forward 
according  to  the  plan  on  which  it  was  first  organised.  It  then 
took  a  new  start,  in  the  almost  universal  almndonment  by  Tem- 
j)erance  reformers  of  the  principle  of  abstinence  only  from  distilleil 
liquor,  while  yet  admitting  the  moderate  use  of  the  milder  intoxi- 
cants. Instead  of  this  there  was  adopted,  as  fundamental,  total 
abstinence  from  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquor  of  every  kind,  and  an 
important  agitation  was  commenced  in  favour  of  Legislative  action 
for  the  suppression  of  the  drink  traffic. 

On  glancing  back  at  the  commencement  of  the  Temperance 
movement  in  Ireland,  and  remembering  our  small  beginnings,  i 


IRELAND.  59 


^  ^ifficalt,  at  the  distaoce  of  more  than  half-a-century  ago,  to  fonn 
^  adequate  conception  of  the  state  of  matters  at  that  time  in  re- 
'^on  to  drinking  customs,  and  the  difficulties  to  he  encountered 
Ui  puhlicly  opposing  them.  The  influences  of  these  customs  in 
polluting  and  degrading  the  Church,  and  their  haneful  effects  on 
the  ministry,  were  fearful.  A  minister  was  expected  to  share  with 
the  people  in  their  potations  of  strong  drink  in  families  and  in  all 
social  gatherings ;  to  refuse  to  do  so  would  have,  to  some  extent, 
exposed  him  to  unfavourahle  remark,  and  weakened  his  influence. 
For  a  minister  to  be  occasionally  overcome  by  intoxicating  liquor 
waa  never  thought  of  as  inconsistent  with  ministerial  character, 
or  as  deserving  of  public  censure.  At  the  annual  meetings  of 
Synod  of  one  of  the  Presbyterian  bodies,  not  unfrequently  one  or 
two  ministers  after  trial  were  deposed  for  drunkenness.  When 
such  was  the  case,  what  must  have  been  the  state  of  many  others 
in  the  ministry,  against  whom  available  proof  for  conviction  could 
not  be  obtained  ?  At  almost  every  sacramental  occasion,  intoxi- 
cating liquor  was  freely  indulged  in.  Baptisms  were  administered 
in  connection  with  the  free  use  of  spirituous  liquor  ;  and  com- 
munions were  often  concluded  with  a  drunken  feast.  In  my  boy- 
hood, I  saw  pitched  in  the  fields  and  by  the  public  roadside  on  a 
sacramental  Sabbath,  near  the  place  of  worship,  tents  for  the  sale 
of  ardent  spirits  ;  and  it  was  not  then  thought  strange  for  persons 
who  were  esteemed  pious  to  rise  from  the  communion-table,  and 
to  repair  to  these  tents,  to  "  get  refreshment,"  as  they  termed  it, 
by  inking  intoxicating  liquor.  In  country  districts,  where 
public-houses  were  planted  next  door  to  the  house  of  worship— 
and  these  were  not  few — the  parties  who  kept  them  could  boast 
that  they  sold  a  far  larger  quantity  of  liquor  on  the  sacramental 
Sabbath  than  they  were  accustomed  to  sell  for  a  number  of  weeks 
before  or  after.  In  a  district  of  County  Down  with  which  I  was 
acquainted,  almost  all  the  ministers  in  a  circuit  of  adjoining 
parishes,  at  the  same  time,  were  either  known  drunkards,  or  as 
freely  indulging  in  drinking  habits.  In  one  case,  two  ministers 
were  drinking  together,  and  when  they  parted  one  walked  into 
the  tide  and  was  drowned,  and  yet  this  had  no  deterrent  effect  on 
bis  boon  companion.  In  some  instances,  two  or  three  ministers 
>f  the  same  congregation  in  succession  followed  this  evil  practice — 


6o  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

some  of  whom  were  deposed,  and  others  removed  by  a  premature 
death.  In  the  year  before  I  was  ordained,  the  minister  of  a  large 
neighbouring  Presbyterian  congregation — a  man  of  some  talent, 
and  rigidly  orthodox,  was  tried  and  deposed  for  drunkenness. 
The  disclosures  made  at  his  trial  were  disgusting  and  appalling. 
In  another  congregation,  bordering  mine,  several  of  ]the  former 
ministers  were  addicted  to  drinking,  and  one  in  comparatively 
early  life  was  laid  aside  on  this  ground,  with  a  weakened  body, 
and  enfeebled  mind.  Yet  such  solemn  lessens  seemed  to  be  totally 
imheeded,  alike  by  minister  and  people,  in  succeeding  years. 
With  such  deplorable  facts  before  us,  and  knowing  the  countless 
evils  produced  within  the  Church,  and  in  families,  by  indulgence 
in  strong  drink,  it  was  no  wonder  that  those  who  inaugurated  the 
Temperance  reform  were  in  thorough  earnest,  and  were  stirred 
up  to  the  most  vigorous  exertions  in  carrying  it  forward. 

The  Temperance  movement,  from  its  novelty,  attracted  at  first 
a  measure  of  public  attention,  and  encountered  no  little  opposition. 
But,  chiefly  owing  to  the  exposures  which  were  made  of  the 
enormous  evils  of  the  drink  system,  it  served  to  awaken  the 
Christian  conscience,  and  to  excite  to  philanthropic  effort.  Dr. 
Edgar,  from  his  warm-hearted  benevolence,  his  rough  stirring 
eloquence,  genuine  Irish  humour,  and,  above  all,  his  earnest  de- 
votedness,  was  himself  a  host,  and  had  the  power  of  attracting 
around  him  a  considerable  number  of  persons  of  like  spirit — of 
self-denying,  intrepid  workers.  By  holding  frequent  public  meet- 
ings, by  speeches  and  lectures,  and  by  scattering  broadcast  great 
numbers  of  small  Temperance  publications,  the  cause  was  ad- 
vanced, and  much  good  was  done.  Yet  the  actual  abandonment 
of  drinking  throughout  the  community  was  but  slow.  During 
the  first  two  or  three  vears  of  the  movement,  we  could  count 
throughout  the  North  of  Ireland  but  a  few  thousands  of  pledged 
adherents  ;  and  but  a  small  proportion  of  these  were  persons  of 
influence  in  society.  In  the  first  temperance  tracts  that  were 
issued,  satisfaction  was  expressed  with  those  who  would  voluntarily 
practice  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquor.  Yet  un- 
happily Dr.  Edgar  set  himself  resolutely  to  oppose  the  principle  of 
total  abstinence.  He  preached  and  published  a  sermon  on  the 
subject,  which  finds  a  place  in  his  collected  works  ;  and  on  this 


IRELAND.  6 1 


point,  he  etrongly  opposed  the  excellent  James  Silk  Buckingham, 
M.P.,  through  whose  efforts  the  House  of  Commons  appointed  a 
Committee  to  take  evidence  on  the  subject  of  Intemperance — 
the  publication  and  circulation  of  whose  full  and  able  Report  served 
greatly  to  advance  the  Temperance  cause.  While  co-operating  freely 
with  Dr.  Edgar,  I  considered  the  position  which  he  assumed  in  this 
instance  injurious  and  unseasonable.  I  always  held  and  taught 
that  our  duty  was  rather  to  encourage  and  strengthen  the  hands  of 
those  who  took  high  ground,  than  to  condemn  and  discourage  them. 
The  Methods  which  were  adopted  by  the  first  Temperance 
reformers  in  Ireland  to  influence  public  opinion,  and  to  subvert 
drink  usages,  were  simple,  and  well  adapted  to  effect  the  desired 
object.  Frequent  public  meetings  were  held  in  towns,  villages, 
and  country  districts.  These  were  addressed  by  ministers  and 
others  brought  from  a  distance,  who  exposed  in  a  striking  manner 
the  pernicious  and  aggravated  evils  of  the  drink  system,  and  by 
argument  and  persuasive  eloquence  excited  the  conscience  of 
Christians  to  a  lively  sense  of  their  obligations  to  oppose  and 
subvert  it.  Dr.  Edgar  was  so  ardent  and  indefatigable  in  this 
crusade,  that  he  not  infrequently  delivered  addresses  at  five  or 
six  meetings,  held  in  places  widely  separated,  in  the  course  of  a 
week,  besides  preaching  to  his  congregation  on  the  Sabbath,  and 
lecturing  to  his  students  as  Professor  of  Theology.  Others  of  us, 
though  falling  far  behind  in  such  public  work,  undertook  no 
slight  labour  in  promoting  the  good  cause.  At  the  public  meet- 
ings, occasionally,  we  had  interruptions  and  somewhat  stormy 
scenes.  The  publicans  organised  bands  with  banners  and  loud 
discordant  music,  to  collect  round  the  place  of  meeting ;  and  half- 
drunken  fellows  were  sent  in  to  intcmipt  the  speakers,  and  to 
prevent  persons  from  deserting  the  standard  of  King  Alcohol. 
Sometimes  the  opposition  assumed  a  different  aspect  and  arose 
from  a  different  quarter.  Thus  in  a  small  town  in  County  Down, 
some  ten  miles  from  Belfast,  when  intimation  was  made  of  a 
public  meeting  being  held  to  organise  a  temperance  association, 
the  minister  of  a  large  Presbyterian  congregation  denounced  the 
object  from  the  pulpit  before  his  people,  and  eaid  that  he  had 
always  drunk  liquor  since  he  was  ten  years  of  age,  and  that  he 
would  continue  to  do  so ;  and  he  added  that,  if  any  of  his  people 


62   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

would  join  the  new  society,  he  would  not  give  them  the  Baciament! 
Again,  when  a  temperance  meeting  was  held  in  the  house  of 
worship  of  a  well-known  eccentric  Presbyterian  minister  in  a 
village  in  County  Antrim,  which  was  addressed  by  Dr.  Edgar  and 
an  able  friend  in  the  ministry,  the  pastor  gravely  propounded  his 
plan  of  temperance  in  opposition  to  theirs,  namely,  to  allow  two 
or  three  glasses  of  whisky  to  persons  coming*to  public  worship  on 
Sabbath,  according  to  the  distances  they  had  travelled !  He  was 
applauded  to  the  echo  by  the  large  assembly ;  the  voices  of  the 
advocates  of  temperance  were  drowned  in  the  uproar,  and  they 
had  to  leave  the  meeting,  not  without  some  appearance  of  violence 
being  offered  them.  At  a  place  in  the  coimtry  in  County  Down, 
where  a  public  meeting  was  held,  an  individual,  well-known 
throughout  the  neighbourhood  as  a  rigid,  hard-headed  Presby- 
teiian,  placarded  the  walls  of  the  house  with  a  bulletin  in  large 
letters,  appealing  to  the  people  against  the  proposal  to  discontinue 
the  use  of  intoxicant  liquors  at  funerals — "  Whether  they  would 
hereafter  bury  their  dead  like  dogs,  or  give  them  Christian 
burial !"  The  same  person  declared  in  the  presence  of  his  minister 
and  before  the  assembly,  that  "  he  could  never  pray  so  well  as 
after  he  had  taken  two  or  three  glasses  of  spirits  " !  Notwith- 
standing such  incidents,  the  holding  of  these  meetings  was 
productive  of  no  little  benefit,  and  the  effects  of  the  addresses 
delivered  were,  in  many  instances,  salutary  and  lasting. 

Another  important  means  of  furthering  the  good  work  was  by 
preaching  temperance  sermons.  These,  being  on  a  subject  which 
had  hitherto  been  excluded  from  the  pulpit,  were  numerously 
attended,  and  preachers  and  hearers  were  alike  benefited  by  the 
fresh  light  of  Divine  truth  thrown  on  a  matter  which  was  novel 
and  imexpected  ;  and  by  strong  appeals  to  the  heart  on  a  subject 
which  deeply  concerned  God's  glor}*^,  the  piety  and  prosperity  of 
the  Church — ^the  welfare  of  society,  and  men's  present  condition 
and  future  destiny.  I  well  remember  the  joy  of  heart  which  I 
felt  when  I  aften^s'ards  heard  that  one  of  the  first  discourses  which 
I  preached  in  a  school-house  on  a  Sabbath  evening,  was  the  means 
of  reclaiming  a  man — the  head  of  a  family — ^who  had  been  known 
in  the  neighbourhood  as  a  confirmed  drunkard.  The  effect  of  a 
temperance  discourse,  preached  about  the  same  time  to  my  own 


IRELAND.  63 


congregation,  was  to  lead  the  only  person  among  them  who  was 
in  the  drink  traffic  to  leave  my  ministry,  and  to  connect  himself 
with  another  body.  Poor  man!  not  long  after,  in  crossing  the 
Channel  on  business,  he  and  his  son,  who  was  with  him,  were 
drowned. 

A  much  better  case  was  that  of  an  aged  pious  member  who, 
though  not  present,  had  heard  of  the  discourse.  For  many  years 
he  had  been  accustomed  to  take  a  small  quantity  of  ardent  spirits 
to  relieve  attacks  of  asthma.  When  I  visited  him  soon  after,  he 
said  he  had  abandoned  all  use  of  intoxicating  liquors,  for,  on 
looking  back,  he  found  that  nothing  had  done  greater  evil  in  the 
Church.  An  aged  elder,  likewise,  whom  I  visited  when  he  was 
apparently  on  his  death-bed,  had  for  some  time  stood  aloof  from 
the  Temperance  movement,  on  the  ground  that  the  Church  courts 
had  not  given  it  their  express  sanction.  When  he  was  reminded 
of  the  evil  effects  of  drink  on  some  of  his  own  family,  who  may 
have  been  misled  by  first  seeing  it  used  to  promote  hospitality  by 
their  parent««,  he  requested  that  at  our  next  temperance  meeting 
his  name  should  be  publicly  adhibited  to  the  pledge,  and  the 
statement  made  that  he  left  his  dying  testimony  against  the 
accursed  drink  traffic  and  drinking  usages.  At  one  of  our  early 
public  meetings,  an  excellent  member  of  the  congregation,  a  school- 
master, read  a  brief  but  singularly  able  paper,  in  which  he  assigned 
as  his  reason  for  abandoning  the  use  of  intoxicants,  that,  in  a 
circuit  of  three  miles  around  the  place  where  he  visited,  he  had 
known  no  fewer  than  twenty-two  persons— some  of  them  young 
and  promising — who  had  come  to  an  untimely  end  through 
drink  in  the  brief  space  of  four  or  five  years.  Cases  like  these 
8er\-ed  to  stimulate  the  friends  of  Temperance  to  earnest  and  per- 
severing effort ;  amid  opposition  and  discouragement  we  were 
assured  that  our  labour  would  not  be  in  vain  in  the  Lord. 

Of  the  early  Literature  of  the  Temperance  movement  in  Ireland, 
the  Temperance  Advocate,  a  small  monthly  serial,  edited  by  Dr. 
Edgar — the  first  of  the  kind  published  in  the  country — regularly 
chronicled  Temperance  movements,  and  did  valuable  service  to 
the  cause.  Mr.  Alexander  S.  Mayne.  likewise  issued  numerous 
small  publications,  which  were  admirably  adapted  to  promote  the 
cause.    A  monthly  paper,  which  he  published,  may  be  regarded 


64     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THB  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

as  the  first  ChildrerCs  Temperance  Paper,  which  appeared  in  tliis 
early  period,  and  may  be  yet  taken  as  a  good  specimen  of  what 
such  a  publication  should  be.  At  that  time  I  was  editor  of  the 
Covenanter^  one  of  the  first  religious  periodicals  which  was  emitted 
in  connection  with  any  ecclesiastical  body  in  the  North  of  Ireland. 
From  its  first  issue  I  adopted  a  course  w^hich  was  then  unexampled 
in  religious  periodicals — that  of  assigning  a  place  for  select  intelli- 
gence respecting  Temperance  movements,  and  of  giving  articles, 
both  editorial  and  from  able  correspondents,  in  which  the  Scrip- 
tural principles  and  salutary  effects  of  Temperance  were  discussed, 
and  objections  stated  and  refuted.  It  was  no  small  gratification  for 
me  to  know  afterwards  that  such  papers  were  the  means  of  dif- 
fusing a  healthful  sentiment,  and  of  leading  to  decided  action  in 
its  favour  among  the  readers  of  the  Covenanter  in  Ireland^  and  in 
other  countries.  In  common  with  other  co-workers  I  endeavoured 
to  bring  the  subject  before  the  Church  courts,  and  to  get  them 
pledged  to  its  approval  and  adoption.  The  Synod  of  the  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church,  at  its  meeting  in  1835,  unanimously  resolved 
— "  That  they  highly  approved  of  the  great  principle  embodied  in 
the  constitution  of  temperance  societies ;  recommend  ministers, 
elders,  and  people  to  bring  forward  this  grand  principle  in  their 
respective  spheres,  and  encourage  it  by  precept  and  example  ;  and 
also  that  Sessions  be  enjoined  to  treat  with  such  of  the  people 
under  their  care  as  are  engaged  in  the  traffic  in  ardent  spirits,  in 
order  to  induce  them  to  abandon  the  demoralising  employment.'' 
The  Synod  of  this  small  Presbyterian  body  was  thus  among  the 
first  in  the  United  Kingdom  that  uttered  a  distinct  public  protest 
against  the  drink  traffic  and  drinking  usages. 

When,  some  years  after,  the  attention  of  the  Synod  was  called 
to  the  same  subject,  the  following  faithful  protest  against  the  whole 
drink  system  was  unanimously  issued  : — "  Considering  the  alarm- 
ing extent  to  which  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  drinks  is  carried  on, 
with  at  least  the  permissive  sanction  of  the  Church,  and  the  fact 
that  there  are  still  found  persons  in  connection  \^'ith  some  congre- 
gations who  continue  to  engage  in  it;  and  wiiereas  the  production 
of  these  drinks  is  attended  with  the  systematic  and  extensive  viola- 
tion of  the  Lord's  day  ;  also  causing  the  destruction  of  a  large 
portion  of  those  substances  which  Qod  designed  for  the  food  of  man, 


IRELAND.  65 


and  is  nowhere  warranted  in  the  Word  of  Qod ;  and  whereas  the 
common  sale  of  these  drinks  is  not  required  to  meet  any  necessary 
want  or  lawful  demand  of  society,  but  is  a  principal  cause  of,  and 
incentive  to,  the  sin  of  drunkenness,  with  its  terrible  accompani- 
ments of  profanity,  degradation,  and  crime,  and  is  the  standing 
source  of  an  incalculable  amount  of  misery  and  waste,  destitution 
and  death,  to  the  community  at  large;  and  whereas  the  Synod  has 
already  declared  its  disapproval  of  this  traffic  as  being  highly 
inexpedient  and  demoralising,  and  its  earnest  desire  that  Church 
members  should  abandon  all  connection  with  it ;  which,  however, 
has  not  been  fully  carried  into  effect:  Therefore  the  Synod  feels 
ealled  upon  solemnly  to  renew  its  testimony  and  warning  against 
this  traffic  for  the  aforesaid  reasons,  and  also  because  it  presents  a 
powerful  obstacle  to  the  revival  of  true  religion ;  and  would 
hereby  affectionately  entreat  all  who  are  engaged  in  it  at  once  to 
abandon  so  dangerous  and  indefensible  an  employment,  and 
would  earnestly  warn  the  members  of  the  Church  as  they  value 
the  interests  of  religion  and  the  well-being  of  the  community,  to 
abstain  from  giving  to  it  any  measure  of  encouragement  and 
support.  Moreover,  the  ministers  of  the  Church  are  hereby 
enjoined  to  embrace  every  fitting  opportunity  of  testifying  against 
the  evils  of  intemperance,  and  against  the  principles  and  customs 
which  contribute  thereunto;  and  as  a  practical  testimony  against 
this  prevailing  vice,  and  a  preservative  from  its  seductive  influence, 
they  are  recommended  to  promote  the  establishment  of  Congrega- 
tional Total  Abstinence  Associations/' 

The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Synod  in  America,  some  forty-three 
years  ago,  declared  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  drink  to  be  immoral, 
and  excluded  from  its  communion  all  who  were  engaged  in  it.  I 
sought,  in  1860,  to  have  the  same  action  taken  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  section  of  this  body  in  Ireland.  It  was  then  unani- 
mously agreed — "  That  all  pains  should  be  taken  by  ministers 
and  Church  courts  to  bring  the  few  who  are  engaged  in  the  traffic 
to  relinquish  it,  and  that  henceforward  none  employed  in  it  should 
be  received  into  membership  until  they  had  given  it  up ;  and  that 
no  person  should  henceforth  be  retained  in  fellowship  who  would 
embark  in  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquor."  In  consequence  of  this 
decided  action,  there  has  not  been,  so  far  as  I  know,  for  a  large 

D 


66     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

number  of  past  years,  a  person  engaged  in  the  drink  traffic  a 
member  of  the  Covenanting  Church  in  Ireland*  This  has  had 
the  most  salutary  influence  in  preserving  the  ministry  and 
membership  of  the  Church  from  ensnaring  drinking  customs, 
and  for  giving  effect  to  the  Church's  distinctive  testimony  on 
behalf  of  Scriptural  Temperance. 

These  Penonal  Bemmucmea.  of  the  early  history  of  the  Irish 
Temperance  movement  have  been  stated  at  perhaps  ,too  great 
length  ;  but  this  may  be  excused  from  the  known  tendency  of  the 
aged  to  dwell  with  fond  interest  on  the  scenes  of  early  life — and 
because  of  the  comparison  which  they  present  of  early  plans  and 
modes  of  procedure,  with  those  that  are  more  recent.  I  can  only 
advert  to  subsequent  events  in  the  history  which  are  deserving 
of  special  notice  in  a  brief  and  cursory  manner. 

1.  Among  these  a  prominent  place  must  be  assigned  to  the 
Temperance  reform  in  the  South  of  Ireland  connected  with  the 
labours  of  Father  Mathew,  which  rapidly  spread  throughout 
all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  extended  to  various  parts  of  the 
neighbouring  countries.  He  was  eminently  fitted  to  be  the  *'  Apostle 
of  Temperance"  in  the  South,  as  Dr.  Edgar  was  in  the  North.  He 
was  firm  and  decided  in  his  convictions, — attentive  to  his  duties 
as  a  priest, — characteristically  fond  of  children,— of  deep  heart- 
felt sympathy  with  the  poor  and  fallen  and  wretched, — and  in 
every  respect  a  true  philanthropist.  It  was  in  the  year  1838  that 
the  movement  with  which  he  was  identified  began,  and  to  this 
his  presence  and  devoted  labour  gave  a  powerful  and  salutary 
impulse.  Shortly  before,  a  few  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
at  the  head  of  whom  was  the  ardent  and  venerable  William 
Martin,^  aided  by  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  had  formed  a  small 
Total  Abstinence  Society  in  the  City  of  Cork.  When  Father 
Mathew  was  personally  solicited  to  join  in  tlie  movement,  at  a 
meeting  held  on  the  10th  of  April,  1838,  with  the  pen  in  his 
hand,  before  signing  the  pledge,  he  said, — "  If  only  one  poor 
soul  can  be  rescued  from  intemperance  and  destruction,  it  will 
be  a  noble  act,  and  adding  to  the  glory  of  Qod  ;  here  goes,  in  the 

*  Sometimes  justly  styled,  in  relation  to  this  moTement,  **  the  father 
of  Father  Mathew." 


IRELAND.  67 


name  of  the  Lord."  This  declaration  showed  the  earnest  self-sacri  - 
ficing  spirit  with  which  he  acted  through  the  whole  period  of  his 
connection  with  the  Temperance  movement  till  t}ie  end  of  his  life, 
and  was  the  secret  of  his  wonderful  success.  Elected  at  once  Pre- 
sident of  the  organisation,  he  commenced  his  work  in  an  old  school- 
room in  Blackmore  Lane,  and  pushed  forward  the  undertaking 
in  all  directions,  with  singular  wisdom,  heroic  courage,  and  entire 
devotedness.  The  success  that  followed  his  labours  was  re- 
markable. In  eight  months,  156,000  persons  in  and  about  Cork 
had  taken  the  abstinence  pledge.  In  the  neighbouring  counties, 
and  in  many  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  South,  immense  crowds 
assembled  to  hear  his  appeals,  and  to  receive  the  pledge  from 
his  hands.  In  Limerick,  during  four  days'  incessant  work,  150,000 
names  were  registered.  At  Qort,  the  pledge  was  administered  to 
40,000  ;  at  Ennis  and  Waterford,  to  more  than  40,000.  Among 
those  who  took  the  pledge  here  were  noblemen  and  many  of  the 
gentry.  On  his  first  visit  to  Dublin  60,000  total  abstainers  were 
enrolled.  A  few  months  later,  on  a  second  visit,  in  two  days 
nearly  72,000  individuals — several  being  ladies  and  gentlemen — 
were  added  to  the  list 

The  infltunce  and  effects  of  Father  Mathew's  labours  in  the 
South  of  Ireland  were  marked  and  most  salutary.  They  originated, 
and  diffused  widely,  a  purified  public  sentiment  in  relation  to 
the  drink  system.  The  consumption  of  intoxicating  drink  of 
all  kinds  was  greatly  reduced,  and  the  revenue  arising  from 
it  greatly  decUned.  In  1839,  duty  was  paid  for  intoxicating 
drinks  in  Ireland  to  the  amount  of  nearly  1^  million  of  pounds. 
In  1844,  the  duty  was  reduced  to  j8852,418.  Crimes  against 
person  and  property  were  diminished  beyond  all  former  precedent. 
Thus,  in  1839,  12,049  persons  had  been  committed  for  various 
offences  ;  in  1845,  there  were  only  7,101  criminals  ;  in  1839, 
66  persons  were  sentenced  to  death  ;  in  1845,  only  15  were 
condemned  to  capital  punishment.  Party  fights  at  fairs,  which 
were  before  of  frequent  occurrence,  ceased  ;  and  drunken  quarrels 
at  wakes  and  funerals  were  ended.  All  classes  of  the  coinmunity, 
in  being  emancipated  from  the  slavery  of  drink  customs,  realised 
a  measure  of  ^leace,  prosperity  and  comfort  to  which  to  a  large 
extent  they  had  hitherto  been  strangers.    Though,  after  some 

D2 


68       EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

years,  the  power  of  the  movement  declined,  yet  even  to  our  days 
its  salutary  influence  is  felt  and  acknowledged  throughout  many 
parts  of  the  South  and  West  of  Ireland.  The  Irish  nation  is  less 
marked  by  crimes,  save  those  that  are  agrarian,  than  either  Eng- 
land or  Scotland.  Certain  revolting  crimes,  such  as  wife  or  child 
murder,  which  are  almost  invariably  connected  ¥rith  drunkenness, 
are  nearly  unknown  in  Ireland.  The  name  of  Father  Mathew 
will  ever  occupy  a  high  place  among  true  patriots  and  large- 
hearted  philanthropists.  His  devoted  labours  in  the  cause  of 
Temperance — embalming  his  memory — have  conferred  benefits  on 
Ireland  far  above  those  of  its  most  eminent  statesmen  and 
generals.  In  future  ages  his  name  and  work  will  present  an  in- 
spiriting example  to  those  who  will  be  privileged  to  conduct  this 
great  cause  to  its  ultimate  triumph.* 

2.  Among  the  first  and  most  successful  efforts  to  enlist  the 
young  in  the  Temperance  cause  in  Ireland,  are  those  of  the 
venerable  Mrs.  Carlile.  I^eft  a  widow  by  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band— a  clergyman — in  early  life,  she  removed  with  her  children 
from  the  North,  and  took  up  her  residence  in  Dublin.  There  she 
devoted  herself  to  works  of  Christian  benevolence  —  visiting 
prisons,  and  labouring  to  recover  the  fallen.  She  accomplished 
in  a  great  measure  for  Ireland  what  Mrs.  Fry  did  for  England. 
In  the  many  prisons  to  which  she  found  access  in  England  and 
Scotland,  as  well  as  in  Ireland,  she  found  that  the  love  of  drink 
was  the  chief  cause  of  crime  on  the  part  of  the  female  prisoners. 
One  day,  on  asking  the  women  what  had  brought  them  into 
prison,  forty  in  succession  answered  it  was  drink  !  This  led  her, 
after  earnest  prayer,  herself  to  abstain,  that  the  example  might 
influence  others,  and  propelled  her  to  labour  with  untiring  energy, 
even  when  she  was  advanced  to  old  age,  and  was  tried  with 
successive  domestic  bereavements,  in  promoting   the  cause  of 


*  When  Father  Matliew,  upon  his  death- bed,  heard  of  the  fonndation 
of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance,  he  said,  *'  I  bless  God  for  this 
Alliance.  I  have  been  laboaring  as  a  solitary  man,  bnt  I  know  this, 
that  no  individoal  working  alone  can  contend  against  this  gigantic  evil. 
Nothing  less  than  an  orgaoitation  which  spreads  over  the  face  of  the 
conntrj,  and  has  perpetuity  in  itself,  is  sofBcient  to  contend  ultimately, 
and,  I  trust,  to  conquer  this  gigantic  eTil." 


IRELAND.  69 


Temperance.  She  may  jnstly  be  regarded  as  the  originator  of 
Bandi  of  Hope  in  Ireland.  She  had  a  marvellous  gift  of  telling 
stories  to  children,  and  of  interesting  them  deeply  in  the  cause 
which  she  recommended.  Though  with  much  hesitation  and 
reluctance,  she  was  induced  to  address  public  meetings,  yet  the 
Temperance  addresses  of  the  venerable  matron  were  listened  to 
with  profound  interest  by  thousands,  and  were  productive  of 
salutary  and  lasting  effects.  Her  gentle,  winning  manner,  and 
the  earnest,  shining  piety  of  her  life,  made  a  lasting  impression 
wherever  she  went.  The  monument  of  her  devoted  life  has 
inscribed  on  it  that — "  after  she  was  approaching  life's  evening 
time,  she  administered  the  temperance  pledge  to  upwards  of 
70,000  people."  Ireland  has  reason  to  honour  the  memory  of  Mrs. 
Carlile  as  one  of  the  most  heroic  workers  in  the  cause  of  her  moral 
r^eneration. 

3.  The  Irish  Temperance  League  was  formed  in  Belfast,  in  1858, 
by  a  number  of  influential  individuals  in  different  stations,  who 
had  been  in  various  ways  labouring  in  the  cause  of  Temperance,  and 
had  become  convinced  of  the  need  of  united  counsel,  and  of  more 
decided  action  to  arrest  the  ravages  of  intemperance,  and  to  bring 
all  the  influence  they  were  able  to  command  to  deliver  the  Church 
and  the  nation  from  its  numerous  and  aggravated  evils.  One  of 
the  fundamental  regulations  of  the  Association  was  to  pledge  the 
members  ''  by  moral  suasion,  political  action,  and  other  means," 
to  promote  the  cause  of  Temperance.  Wisely  and  energetically 
has  the  League  acted  in  accordance  with  this  engagement,  and  itn 
efforts  hitherto  have  been  followed  by  a  gratifying  measure  of 
success.  By  the  monthly  issue  of  an  ably-edited  Journal,  and  the 
wide  diffusion  of  other  publications,  and  by  employing  active 
agents,  and  able  lecturers,  it  has  sought  to  enlighten  the  public 
mind  in  relation  to  the  objects  and  ends  of  the  movement.  It  has 
oi^nised  total  abstinence  associations  throughout  all  parts  of 
the  country  where  it  was  practicable,  and  established  Bands  of 
Hope  for  the  young — providing  for  their  pleasing  recreation  and 
rational  amusement,  and  it  employs  a  special  agent  for  arranging 
and  instructing  their  bands.  It  has  all  along  aimed  at,  and  been 
increasingly  successful  in,  drawing  persons  in  public  stations  and 
of  influence  in  society  into  connection  with  the  League.    From 


70     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

tlie  coxomencement  of  its  labours  it  sought  by  legitimate  political 
action  to  weaken  and  subvert  the  power  of  the  drink  traffic,  and 
to  promote  upright  legislation  on  this  important  subject.  By 
means  of  earnest  effort  and  concentrated  action,  and  by  showing 
that  they  were  prepared  to  sacrifice  party  considerations  when 
they  came  in  competition  with  righteous  legislation  on  the  drink 
system,  the  League  was  eoon  felt  and  acknowledged  to  be  a  power 
which  it  would  be  unsafe  to  ignore  and  disregard.  The  Ulster 
members  of  both  the  two  great  political  parties,  in  increasing 
numbers,  have  declared  themselves  ready  to  promote  in  Parliament 
the  objects  which  the  League  contemplates  ;  while  in  the  South 
of  Ireland  a  large  number  of  the  legislators,  of  all  parties,  have 
been  brought,  through  the  decided  efforts  of  the  Temperance 
reformers,  to  assume  the  same  position.  Of  late  years,  the  Irish 
vote  in  the  House  of  Commons  has  always  been  weighty  on  any 
matter  that  aims  to  cripple  the  drink  traffic,  and  to  promote 
national  Temperance.  Had  the  representatives  of  other  consti- 
tuencies throughout  the  nation  acted  in  the  same  spirit  as  did  the 
large  and  increasing  majorities  of  Irish  legislators,  such  salutary 
measures  as  the  Permissive  Bill,  Sunday  Closing,  and .  Local 
Option,  would  have  early  found  a  place  in  the  Statute  Book. 

4.  To  the  earnest  workers  of  the  Temperance  reform  in  Dublin, 
the  progress  of  the  cause  throughout  Ireland  has  at  all  times  been 
much  indebted.  Into  the  first  Temperance  movement,  in  1829, 
such  distinguished  men  as  Dr.  Cheyne  (who  was  in  his  day  at  the 
head  of  the  medical  profession  in  Ireland),  Judge  Crampton  (then 
the  Irish  Solicitor^ General),  and  the  celebrated  Daniel  O'Connell, 
heartily  threw  themselves,  and  rendered  most  efficient  aid  by 
their  stirring  appeals  and  convincing  writings.  The  ''Dublin 
Total  Abstinence  Society,"  founded  in  1836,  and  re-organised  in 
1859,  **  to  promote  the  moral  and  social  well-being  of  the  com- 
munity, without  distinction  of  creed  or  politics,''  did  good  service 
to  the  cause  by  erecting  the  first  and  chief  Coffee  Palace  in  the 
Metropolis  ;  by  establishing  coffee  stands  in  different  parts  of  the 
city  ;  by  changing  the  system  of  drink-allowances  to  w*orkmen, 
porters,  &c.,  into  scrips  for  fooil,  and  non-intoxicating  drink ; 
and  by  promoting  educational  and  philanthropic  work  by  the 
.profits  derived  from  their  commercial  undertakings.    The  labours 


IRELAND.  71 


of  the  earnest  friends  of  Temperance  in  Dublin,  whether  in  con- 
nection with  the  Sunday  Closing  Association  or  with  the  earlier  or 
later  organisations,  have  been  most  valuable  in  spreading  tme 
Temperance  principles  throughout  the  South  and  West  of  Ireland, 
and  in  summoning  around  the  Standard  of  Temperance  a  host 
of  willing  and  able  workers.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  in  any 
place  more  self-denying,  wise  and  devoted  labourers  in  the  Tem- 
perance cause,  than  the  late  James  Haughton,  Mr.  Wighaviy 
the  venerable  Richard  Allen,  and  the  able  and  eloquent  Secretary 
of  the  Sunday  Closing  Association,  Thomas  W.  Russell, 

5.  The  Sunday  Closing  measure  forms  a  memorable  event  in  the 
history  of  the  Irish  Temperance  movement.  It  exhibits  a  noble 
struggle,  ably  carried  forward  till  it  terminated  in  a  great  and 
notable  victory,  productive  of  the  most  salutary  effects,  and  furnish- 
ing lessons  the  most  valuable  to  all  who  would  fight  the  good  fight 
of  Temperance  in  days  yet  to  come,  and  who  would  share  in  its 
final  victory.  The  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Association  was  founded 
in  Dublin  in  1666.  Under  its  auspices  a  partial  closing  Bill  was 
introduced  to  Parliament  and  read  a  second  time  in  18G7.  A 
total  closing  Bill  was  presented  in  1872,  and  when  pressed  to  a 
division,  the  Irish  vote  showed  a  majority  of  three  to  one  in  its 
favour.  The  Sunday  Closing  Association  soon  after  ])ecame 
actively  aggressive,  and  through  its  exertions,  at  the  General 
Election  in  1874,  a  large  majority  of  the  Irish  members  of  Parlia- 
ment declared  in  favour  of  total  Sunday  closing.  When  the  late 
Professor  Smyth,  the  member  for  Londonderry,  became  the  leader 
of  the  movement,  for  a  period  of  three  years,  the  battle  was  fought 
with  singular  skill,  heroic  resolution,  and  indomitable  courage  in 
the  face  of  a  hostile  Government,  and  against  the  whole  power  and 
resources  of  Drinkdom.  When,  early  in  the  session  of  1876,  Dr. 
Smyth  witlidrew  his  Bill,  and  submitted  an  abstract  resolution^ 
the  debate  in  Parliament  was,  as  one  of  the  ablest  members 
declared,  "  A  voice-battle,  in  which  there  stood  arrayed  on  one 
side  the  eloquence  of  the  whole  Irish  people,  and,  on  the  other, 
a  banded  conspiracy  of  the  English  drink  sellers.'*  When  the 
division  took  place  the  Government  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of 
fifty-seven,  the  Irish  members  voting  and  pairing  sixty-one  for 
the  resolution,  and  eleven  against  it.    The  Bill  which  was  at  once 


72   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

introdaced  to  give  effect  to  the  resolution,  encountered  vexatioiis 
delays  on  the  part  of  the  Government^  and  Tehement  iactioua 
opposition  from  those  interested  in  the  diink  tra£Eic*  At  length, 
after  nobly  refusing  compromises,  and  holding  firmly  the  great 
principle  which  was  maintained  by  the  united  voice  of  the  Irish 
nation,  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  having  passed  both  Houses  of 
Parliament,  received  the  Boyal  sanction  on  August  16th,  1878. 
It  was  agreed  to  on  the  part  of  Government,  on  the  condition  of 
being  required  to  be  renewed  in  four  years ;  and,  as  a  sop  to  their 
supporters  in  the  drink  traffic,  on  the  exemption  of  five  specified 
laige  towns  from  the  benefits  of  total  Sunday  closing.  Soon  alter 
the  passing  of  the  Act,  the  Sunday  Closing  Association  was  dis- 
solved, and  a  new  organisation,  called  the  ''  Irish  Association  for 
the  Prevention  of  Intemperance,"  was  formed,  with  the  Right 
Honourable  Lord  O'Hagan  as  president  Among  its  declared  objects 
are  these  : — "  To  secure  the  maintenance  and  enforcement  of  the 
Sunday  Closing  Act,  and  its  extension  to  the  five  cities  and  towns 
at  present  partially  excluded  from  its  operation.  To  secure  a 
diminution  in  the  hours  during  which  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold 
on  Saturday,  and  to  secure  that  all  licenses  for  the  common  sale  of 
intoxicating  liquors  shall  be  subject  to  popular  control  in  each 
locality/'  The  numerous  benefits  that  have  already  resulted  to  the 
nation  from  the  operation  of  the  Sunday  Closing  Act,  which  are 
publicly  testified  to  by  all  parties,  have  imparted  much  encourage- 
ment to  the  friends  of  Temperance.  They  are  thereby  everywhere 
throughout  the  kingdom  stimulated  to  increased  vigorous  efforts  to 
promote  the  advancement  and  prosperity  of  the  cause.  The  "Irish 
Temperance  League,^'  by  founding  a  "  Working  Men's  Institute," 
for  reading,  lectures,  and  self-improvement,  on  strict  Temperance 
principles,  erecting  coffee  stands,  opposing  publicly  the  granting 
of  licenses,  and  in  various  other  ways,  are  doing  a  great  work, 
which  cannot  but  be  productive  of  valuable  results  in  future.  Its 
Executive  consists  of  earnest  public-spirited  men,  who  devote  a 
laige  portion  of  their  time  to  promoting  the  great  objects  of  the 
League,  and  whose  proceedings  are  characterised  by  singular 
wisdom  and  sustained  energy.  As  an  instance  of  their  exemplary 
diligence  in  the  good  work,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  some  mem- 
bers of  the  Conunittee  attend  at  the  oflices  of  the  League  an  hour 


IRELAND.  73 


or  two  daily  to  give  counsel  and  to  direct  the  movement.  The 
agents  and  lecturers  employed  are  admirably  fitted  for  their  work; 
their  labours  cannot  fail  to  raise  the  standard  of  Scriptural 
Temperance  throughout  the  country. 

It  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  state,  in  closing,  that  the  various 
religious  bodies  in  Ireland  have  of  late  years  been  led  to  form 
organisations  in  favour  of  Temperance,  and  to  render  active  sup- 
port to  measures  for  checking  intemperance.  Not  a  few  of  the 
ablest  ministers  of  the  different  Churches  are  now  enlisted  in  the 
cause.  Although  they  have  been  slow  to  move  in  the  matter,  and 
were  generally  for  a  lengthened  period  indifferent  or  neutral,  it 
must  be  taken  as  an  omen  for  good,  that  one  after  another,  the 
Churches  have  been  taking  up  their  positions  around  the  standard 
of  Scriptural  Temperance.  The  large  Presbyterian  Qeneral  Assem- 
bly now  numbers  more  than  one-third  of  its  ministers  as  total 
abstainers.  The  Episcopal  Church,  among  the  latest  to  adopt 
combined  action  on  this  subject,  has,  in  various  dioceses,  esta- 
blished Parochial  Temperance  Associations.  In  those  of  Down 
and  Connor  it  is  reported  that,  though  but  some  three  years 
organised,  there  are  now  11,000  enrolled  members.  The  Metho- 
dist  Bodyf  in  several  recent  Conferences,  has  given  its  public 
adherence  to  the  Temperance  League,  and  several  of  its  ablest  and 
most  experienced  ministers  are  cither  vice-presidents,  or  among 
its  most  devoted  agents.  The  Society  of  FriendSf  ever  character- 
ised by  high-toned  morality  and  Christian  philanthropy,  'supplies 
some  of  the  most  earnest  workers  and  liberal  supporters  of  this 
good  cause.  The  smallest  religious  bodies  evince  earnest  concern 
to  benefit  their  own  people  by  promoting  Temperance,  and  to 
bless  their  native  country.  It  may  be  added  that  such  organisa- 
tions as  the  "  Belfast  Women's  Temperance  Association,"  and 
"  Ladies'  Temperance  Union,"  which  have  been  recently  formed, 
are  conducted  on  the  principles  of  united  prayer, — of  influencing 
for  good  the  heads  of  families  and  the  young, — and  of  restoring  the 
fallen,  are  rendering  most  important  service  in  the  great  move- 
ment, and  are  fraught  with  bright  promise  of  most  salutary  results 
for  the  future.  Looking  at  all  these  diversified  organisations,  and 
the  work  that  has  been  already  accomplished,  we,  in  Ireland,  who 
are  identified  with  the  Temperance  movement,  cannot  but  feel 


74   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 


that,  despite  of  its  dihtractions  and  sorrows,  we  have  reason  to  b^ 
proud  of  oui  country  ;  and  to  cherish  the  hope  that  in  the  spread 
and  ultimate  triumph  of  Temperance,  it  shall  yet  be  found  true  to 
its  ancient  designation,  "  The  Island  of  Saints" — 

**  Great,  glorioos  and  (rte, 
Bright  gem  of  th«  ocean,  first  isle  of  the  Fea." 

The  Refoimed  Presbyterian  body  in  America  at  a  late  annual 
meeting  gave  expression  to  a  fundamental  truth  of  unspeakable 
importance  : — "  Surely  U  becomes  the  individtuU,  the  family^  and 
the  State f  to  unite  foreee  and  energies  against  an  evil  that  if  unstopped 
will  work  the  ruin  of  them  alV^  To  give  practical  effect  to  this 
declaration,  one  of  the  resolutions,  which  was  unanimously 
adopted,  was,  *^  That  our  motto  will  he.  Total  Abstinence  on  the  part 
of  the  individual^  impartial  discipline  on  the  part  of  the  Church,  and 
absolute  prohibition  on  the  part  of  the  State" 

In  conclusion,  I  beg  leave  to  offer  you  on  the  part  of  my  beloveil 
country,  my  most  cordial  congratulations  on  this  your  first  Jubilee, 
expressing  the  fervent  desire  that  all  concerned  in  the  celebration 
shall  aim  with  hand  and  heart  to  render  it  every  way  worthy  of 
the  cause  which  they  have  espoused.  As  in  Israel  of  old,  when 
the  glad  sound  of  the  Jubilee  trumpet  was  heard  in  the  dawn  of 
the  year  of  liberty,  every  Hebrew  bondman  went  out  fret*, 
families  and  individuals  were  restored  to  their  patrimonial  posses- 
sions, and  universal  peace  and  happiness  gladdened  the  land.  So 
ought  the  friends  of  Temperance  everywhere  loudly  to  proclaim 
that  the  prosperity  of  the  nation  and  the  stable  comfort  and 
happiness  of  a  people  can  only  be  realised  by  the  entire  abandon- 
ment of  the  common  use  of  intoxicating  liquor. 

For  myself,  contrasting  this  meeting  and  the  scene  before  me 
with  that  I  witnessed  more  than  fifty  years  ago,  I  can  only  expresjK 
profound  wonder  and  admiration,  and,  al)ove  all,  heartfelt  gratitude 
to  the  God  of  my  salvation,  for  all  the  blessings  which  I  have 
been  made  to  enjoy  from  connection  with  the  Temperance  cause. 
I  have  sought  to  cherish  a  lively  interest  in  its  progress  through- 
out all  the  years  of  its  past  history.  Now,  when  approaching 
life's  evening  time,  I  sincerely  rejoice  in  the  increasing  number  of 
able  workers  that  are  everywhere  being  raised  up, — in  the  wisdom 
and  courage  with  which  they  are  advocating  this  noble  cause,—  and 


SCOTLAND.  75 


L  the  Abundant  tokens  of  its  progress  and  success.    Cheered  as  I 

II  lij  being  here,  and  anticipating  towards  the  close  of  life  the 

Biversal  spread  and  triumph  of  our  good  cause,  I  shall  not  ceaf«e 

opiay  that  all  efforts  for  promoting  true  Scriptural  Tempcranro, 

uid  those  who  make  them,  may  be  crowned  with  the  richest 

heavenly  blessing. 


EARLY  HISTORY  OF   THE   TEMPERANCE 

REFORMATION. 

v.— SCOTLAND. 
By  William  Walker,  Esq. 

Ik  view  of  giving  to  an  English  audience  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
early  days  of  the  Temperance  movement  in  Scotland,  it  may  not 
be  uninteresting  to  refer  to  one  or  twc  facts  in  the  history  of  the 
drinking  system  of  the  country.  And  the  first  is  the  early  date 
at  which  Government  took  a  special  charge  of  the  public-houses. 
In  1424  it  was  enacted  that  in  all  "  burgh  towns  of  the  realm," 
and  all  thoroughfares  and  public  roads,  therR  should  **  be  ordained 
hostillares  and  receivers,  having  stables  and  chambers ;  and  that 
men  find  in  them  bread  and  ale  and  all  ither  food,  as  well  to 
horse  or  men,  at  reasonable  price."  Thi^j  is  the  caiiiest  record  wc 
Iiavc  of  such  houses,  and  it  was  probably  the  beginning  of  the 
present  system  both  of  public-houses  and  hotels  in  Scotland. 

The  next  point  I  notice  is  that  the  early  closing  of  public- 
houses  is  very  far  from  being  a  mo<lem  innovation.  Our  friends 
the  licensed  victuallers  will  find  small  comfort  if  they  go  back 
a  few  hundred  years — only  450 — and  see  how  their  brethren  iu 
Scotland  were  looked  after  in  the  year  1429.  Hero  is  a  sample  : 
'^  It  is  ordained  that  na  man  in  burgh  be  found  iu  taverns  of 
wine,  ail,  or  beir,  after  the  straike  of  nine  hourcs,  and  the  bell 
sail  be  rung  in,  in  the  said  burgh.  The  whilk  is  founden 
(offending)  the  aldermen  and  baillies  soli  put  them  in  the  king's 
prison.  The  whilk  if  they  do  not,  they  (the  aldermen  and 
baillies)  sail  pay  for  ilk  time  that  they  be  found  cu1i)able  before 
the  chamberlain  fifty  shillings."  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  alder- 
men and  baillies  axe  here  looked  after  as  well  as  the  j)ublicans.  I 


76   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

hare  heard  the  aigament  used,  and  used  veiy  fiurlj,  I  Uiink,  that 
before  going  to  Parliament  for  fresh  restrictive  laws,  we  might  tiy 
to  get  our  magistrates  honestly  to  put  in  force  the  laws  which  we 
have.  Welly  the  good  folks  of  1429  had  a  way  of  getting  their 
magistrates  to  do  their  duty,  and  I  merely  give  the  hint  to  all 
municipal  reformers  of  the  present  day. 

The ''  nine  houres"  law  appears  to  have  been  in  force  for  nearly 
two  centuries.  Or,  perhaps,  it  was  foi^otten  and  disused ;  but  at 
all  events,  in  1617,  an  Act  was  passed  fixing  the  hour  of  closing 
at  ten  o'clock  instead  of  nine.  It  was  then  enacted  "that  all 
persons  lawfully  convicted  of  drunkenness,  or  of  haunting  of 
taverns  and  alehouses  after  ten  hours  at  night,  or  any  time  of  the 
day,  except  in  time  of  travel,  or  for  ordinary  refreshment,  shall 
for  the  first  fault  pay  three  pounds,  or,  in  case  of  inability  or 
refusal,  to  be  put  in  the  jagges  or  jayle  for  the  space  of  six  hours ; 
for  the  second  fault,  to  pay  five  pounds,  or  to  be  kept  in  stocks  or 
jayle  for  the  space  of  twelve  hours ;  or  for  the  third  fault,  to  pay 
ten  pounds,  or  to  be  kept  in  the  stocks  or  jayle  twenty-four  hour?, 
and  thereafter  to  be  committed  to  jayle  till  they  find  caution  for 
their  good  behaviour  in  time  coming.''  I  quote  these  enactments 
from  a  very  interesting  pamphlet  by  Mr.  Duncan  M'Laren,  the 
late  honoured  member  of  Parliament  for  Edinburgh,  and  published 
so  far  back  as  1858.  And  I  add  one  of  Mr.  M'Laren's  own 
remarks.  "  It  will  be  observed,"  he  says,  "  that  both  of  these 
Acts  are  framed  on  a  different  principle  from  our  modem  Acts. 
The  ancient  Acts  punish  the  men  found  drinking  in  the  public- 
houses  after  the  restricted  hours,  but  they  do  not  punish  the 
publicans  who  furnished  the  drink.  Our  modem  Acts,  on  the 
other  hand,  punish  the  publicans  who  fumish  the  drink,  but  do 
not  punish  the  men  who  have  consumed  it  after  the  restricted 
hours.  Here,  again,  a  hint  might  be  taken  from  '  the  wisdom  of 
our  ancestors,'  and  perhaps  a  union  of  the  two  principles  might 
in  practice  be  found  the  best  solution  of  the  difficulty,  by  dividing 
the  punishment,  whether  of  a  personal  or  pecuniary  kind,  equally 
between  the  consumer  and  the  vendor." 

The  "  Ten  Hours  at  Night"  Act  was  never  repealed  until  the 
passing  of  the  PubUc-houses  Act  in  our  own  day.  In  fact,  I  sup- 
pose it  had  .for  long  been  overlooked ;  and  hence,  when  it  was 


SCOTLAND.  77 


propoeed  in  1854  to  cloee  all  pnblic-houBes  At  eleven  o'clock,  there 
was  some  talk  of  this  new  thing  that  was  now  to  be  done,  and 
some  of  the  old  rant  also  about  interfering  with  the  liberty  of  the 
subject 

The  next  point  I  refer  to  is  the  very  recent  date  at  which  whisky- 
drinking  became  a  common  practice.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
whisky  is  not  named  in  the  Acts  from  which  I  have  quoted — 
only  "wine,  ail,  or  beir.''  The  truth  is  that  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  whisky  (otherwise  called  aqua  vita)  was  most  jealously 
restricted,  and,  at  least  up  to  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
it  was  entirely  under  the  control  of  the  medical  practitioners 
of  the  day — "the  craftis  of  Surregeury  and  Barbouris'* — an 
institution  which  became  at  a  later  date  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons.  Your  time  docs  not  permit  me  to  trace  the  progress  of 
whisky  as  a  beverage  in  Scotland  ;  but  I  may  state  that  a  license- 
duty  was  first  imposed  on  retailers  of  spirits  in  1743,  and  there 
were  then  828  licensed  retailers  in  all  Scotland.  And  here  U 
a  statement  which  you  will  have  no  difficulty  in  keeping  in 
mind.  I  purposely  give  it  in  the  roimdest  form.  In  the 
year  1770  the  consumpt  of  whisky  in  Scotland  was  only  about 
one-hundreth  part  of  what  it  is  to-day.  The  population  of 
Scotland  was  then  perhaps  little  more  than  one-third  of  what 
it  now  is.  If  we  take  it  at  one-third,  then  the  consumption  of 
whisky  per  head  in  Scotland  is  now  thirty-three  times  what  it 
was  in  1770  !  The  great  and  alarming  advance  took  place  at  a 
comparatively  recent  date — in  the  years  1822-1825 — when  the 
consumption,  greatly  helped  by  a  most  unwise  license-law,  and 
at  the  same  time  by  a  large  reduction  of  duty,  was,  in  the  course 
of  three  years,  nearly  trebled.  This,  it  will  be  noticed,  brings 
us  to  the  very  threshold  of  the  Temperance  movement  in  this 
country,  and  when  one  looks  at  the  figures  indicating  the  con- 
sumption of  whisky  alone  in  Scotland,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
thoughtful  men  everywhere  throughout  the  country  should  have 
been  forced  to  consider  how  best  to  deal  with  the  alarming 
drunkenness  of  the  people. 

In  1800  the  consumpt  was  1,277,596  gallons. 
In  1820  „  „      1,863,987      „ 

In  1825  „  „     5,981,459      „ 


yS     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THM   TEMPERANCE   REI-ORM ATION. 

I  have  said  "  the  alarming  drunkenness  of  the  people."  Pre- 
vious to  the  hitter  half  of  the  eighteenth  ceutury  the  drunkenness 
that  prevailed  was  not  to  a  great  extent  that  of  the  common 
people.  Robert  Chambers,  in  his  "  Domestic  Annals  of  Scotland,'' 
speaks  particularly  of  ''  the  increasing  drunkenness  of  the  upper 
cksses"  at  the  beginning  of  the  century  (the  eighteenth) ;  and 
he  tells  us  enough  to  show  that  wine-drinking  carousals  were  very 
common,  and  often  accompanied  by  violence  and  bloodshed.  And 
it  is  under  date  1727  that  he  gives  us  this  characteristic  story 
as  to  what  happened  at  the  death  of  Lord  Forglen. 

"  Dr.  Clerk,  who  attended  Lord  Forglen  (a  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Session)  at  the  last,  told  James  BoswelPs  father,  Lord  Auchinleck, 
that)  calling  on  his  patient  the  day  his  lordship  died,  he  wait  let 
in  by  his  clerk,  David  Reid.  *  How  does  my  lord  do  V  inquired 
Dr.  Clerk.  '  I  honp  he's  tree/,'  answered  David,  with  a  solemnity 
that  told  what  he  meant.  He  then  conducted  the  doctor  into  a 
room,  and  showed  him  two  dozen  of  wine  under  the  table.  Other 
doctors  presently  came  in,  and  David,  making  them  all  sit  down, 
proceeded  to  tell  them  his  deceased  master's  last  words,  at  the 
same  time  pushing  the  bottle  about  briskly.  After  the  company 
had  taken  a  glass  or  two,  they  rose  to  depart,  but  David  detained 
them.  '  No,  no,  gentlemen  ;  not  so.  It  was  the  express  will  o*  the 
dead  that  I  should  fill  ye  a'  fou,  and  I  maun  fulfil  the  will  o'  the 
dead.'  All  the  time  the  tears  were  streaming  down  his  cheeks. 
*  And  indeed,'  said  the  doctor,  afterwards  in  telling  the  story, '  he 
did  fulfil  the  will  o'  the  dead ;  for  before  the  end  o't  there  wasna  ane 
o'  us  able  to  bite  his  ain  thoomb.' "  Could  anything  show  us  more 
graphically  the  state  of  things  among  the  educated  men  of  the  day  f 

For  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  during  the  latter  half  of  the 
century  the  vice  had  spread  widely  among  the  common  people. 
In  this,  as  in  many  other  things,  they  followed  the  lead  of  those 
we  are  accustomed  to  call  "  their  betters."  One  has  only  to  read 
the  poetry  of  Bums  to  learn  something  of  that ;  and  poor  Bums 
lived  his  short  and  brilliantly-chequered  life  in  that  half  centur}\ 
He  died  in  1796.  And  it  was  in  1795  that  Hector  Macneill  pub- 
lished his  "History  o'  Will  and  Jcaxi,"  a  genuine  popular  story  in 
verse,  full  of  homely  pathos  and  tender  feeling,  and  written,  as 
the  author  telU  us,  because  he  was  "  impressed  with  the  baneful 


SCOTLAND.  79 


consequences  insepeiable  from  an  inordinate  nse  of  ardent  spiriU 
among  the  lower  orders  of  eocietj,  and  anxious  to  contribute 
jfomething  that  might  at  least  tend  to  niard  the  contagion  of  so 
dangerous  an  evil." 

While,  therefore,  the  evil  was  widespread,  there  were  men  in 
the  community  who  were  sensible  of  it,  and  ready  to  make  some 
effort  to  lessen,  if  not  extirpate  it.  A  preparatory  process  was 
thus  going  on  long  before  Temperance  work  took  organic  form  ; 
and  here  and  there  isokted  efforts  at  reform  were  made.  In 
Gksgow,  during  these  preparatory  yean,  a  mighty  reviving  and 
reforming  force  was  at  work  in  the  ministry  o£  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Chalmers.  His  first  sermon  in  Glasgow  was  preached  in  March, 
1815,  his  last  in  November,  1623,  and  into  these  eight  and  a 
half  years  he  managed,  by  sanctified  energy,  and  eloquence,  and 
public  spirit,  to  crowd  the  work  of  a  lifetime. 

Other  efforts  of  a  preparatory  character  I  can  but  barely  refer 
to.  And  in  doing  so  I  at  once  frankly  own  my  indebtedness  to 
my  old  friend,  the  pioneer  temperance  reformer,  James  Macnair, 
now  grown  old  and  honoured  and  grey  in  the  work.  To  anyone 
who  wishes  to  get  fuller  information  as  to  the  earliest  attempts  at 
dealing  with  the  drink  evil,  let  me  recommend  Mr.  Mocnair's 
"  Birthdays  of  the  Temperance  and  Total  Abstinence  Movement 
in  Scotland.'*  It  is  published  by  the  Scott isli  Temperance  League, 
and  can  be  had,  no  doubt,  at  337,  Strand. 

The  earliest  effort,  then,  of  which  we  have  record  is  one  that 
was  made  by  *^  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Leadhills,''  a  mining 
town  and  district  up  among  the  hills  that  form  the  borders  of 
Lanark-  and  Dumfries-shires.  The  effort  was  one  against  the  dis- 
tilling, as  well  as  the  use,  of  ardent  spirits.  These  Leadhills  men 
and  women,  "  dwelling  among  their  own  people,''  and  separated 
very  much  from  their  brethren  in  the  low  coimtry,  hod  found 
spirituous  liquors  to  be  ''productive  of  all  kinds  of  debaucheries, 
drunkenness,  indolence,  and,  in  fine,  the  very  enemy  of  social 
happiness  ; "  and  that  the  manufacture  <^  them  "  destroyed 
immense  quantities  of  the  best  food,"  converting  it  into  ''a  stu- 
pefying kind  of  poison."  They  therefore  state  that  they  are 
*^  determined  to  drink  no  spirit  so  distilled,  neither  frequent  nor 
drink  any  liquor  in  any  tavern  or  alehouse  that  we  know  seUs  or 


8o      EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

retails  the  same  ; "  and  they  call  upon  their  farethren — ^  all 
tradesmen,  mechanics,  and  labooring  men  of  all  denominational  to 
join  them  in  this  laudable  association."  The  address  from  which 
I  quote  was  published  in  1760.  It  is  given  in  Ml  in  Mr.  Macnair^s 
pamphlet.  Let  it  be  noticed  that  this  movement  was  directed 
against ''  malt  distilleries  '*'  and  the  use  of  "  spirituous  liquors." 
The  good  folks  of  Leadhills  had  no  objection  to  the  use  of  ale  or 
the  frequenting  of  alehouses. 

The  next  little  effort  referred  to  is  that  of  a  society  named  the 
*'  Regqlars."  It  was  formed  in  Qreenock  in  1818,  and  its  object  was 
'^  to  prevent  drunkenness  and  promote  sobriety."  But  it  allowed 
all  sorts  of  intoxicants,  "  moderately  and  on  special  occasions ;  and 
it  is  quite  likely  Mr.  Macnair  does  not  wrong  it  when  he  says  that 
**  it  produced  the  very  evib  it  was  formed  to  remove."  It  waa 
an  effort,  however;  a  genteel  sort  of  effort  I  think  we  might  call 
it,  and  as  such  it  is  not  to  be  passed  over.  But  the  last  word 
that  Mr.  Macnair  says  about  it  is  that  "  it  ended  in  failure." 

The  next  was  the  ^  Moderation  Society,"  and  it,  too,  was 
formed  in  Greenock  in  1818.  It  permitted  the  use  of  wines  and 
fermented  liquors,  but  not  spirits,  and  it  lived  about  four  years, 
and  ended  **  in  failure  and  disappointment." 

I  have  yet  to  mention  another  movement  which  was  strong  in 
(jrrccnock  about  the  year  1819.  It  was  a  i>olitical  movement  quite 
as  much  as  a  social  one,  and  it  was  by  no  means  confined  to 
Greenock.  It  was  intended  to  tell  upon  the  Government  by 
stopping  the  supplies,  and  might  be  called  a  small  and  early 
attempt  at  political  "Boycotting." 

This  is  what  Mr.  Macnair  says  of  the  Greenock  men  : — "  The 
men  who  constituted  the  Radical  Association  in  Cartsdyke, 
Greenock,  in  1819  pledged  themselves  to  use  no  highly-taxed 
excisable  articles.  They  abstained  from  all  kinds  of  intoxicating 
li'iuors  except  as  a  medicine,  or  in  a  religious  ordinance.  They  ab- 
stained also  from  coffee,  tea,and  tobacco.  Like  the  Rechabites  of  old, 
they  made  an  addition  to  their  vows  against  intoxicating  liquors, 
but  they  had  adhered  rigidly  to  that  part  of  their  agreement. 
These  men  taught  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors,  not 
only  as  a  political  advantage,  but  as  a  duly  of  life ;  a  practice 
conducive  to  health,  a  promoter  of  sobriety  and  economy.    They 


SCOTLAND.  8l 

tlio  tanght  that  the  use  of  tern  and  coffee  wm  hmtfBl  to  the 
health  and  minoiis  to  the  pocket.    Ther  tned  to  pmoade 
that  the  only  wholesome  heTcnige  wu  God'*  free  gift,  €oU 

In  1825  even  the  bxewen  bc^an  to  more.  Tfaej  vere  dacfir 
concerned  about  the  growing  evil  of  intcmpcniice  ftvm  the  mat  U 
ardent  apizita,  and  like  the  liccsiaed  Tictnalkn,  when  thej,  s<mt 
jeara  ago,  demanded  a  Boral  Commimon,  ther  wanted  Xo  eolkct 
statistiea,  and  get  posted  up,  and  know  all  about  it.  It  is  wqb- 
derfol  how  much  information  certain  pec-ple  want  c-n  o»tain 
subjects.  Thev  are  alwars  aaking  for  -*moie  ~ — more  Bine-booka, 
more  statistics,  and  more  explanations.  So  it  was  with  the  i^ewcia 
in  1825.  They  wanted  to  know  all  about  the  dmnkcnncs  |ff»- 
duced  by  drinking  idkuiy,  and  they  wanted  to  hare  the  duty  oa 
vhitky  increased,  and  a  higher  cbai^re  to  be  made  for  tfmi- 
licenses.  And  their  object,  as  stated  by  themselres,  was  "  to 
promote  the  health,  improre  the  morals,  and  increase  the  comforts 
of  the  lower  orders.'  The  brewers  always  rtick  np  for  the  wak- 
ing man  ;  it  is  doubtful  if  they  would  make  beer  at  all  if  it 
weren't  for  the  poor  working  man  !  He  insists  on  haring  it,  and 
they  just  humour  him.  In  this  instance  they  were  extremely  dis^ 
interested.  They  wished  ''to  promote  the  health,**  and  all  the  rest 
of  it,  *^  of  the  lower  orders,''  by  getting  them  to  stop  the  detwtable 
practice  of  drinking  whisky.  They  were  as  publie^orited  as  an 
old  friend  of  mine  in  Glasgow,  a  publican.  There  was,  some  y«an 
ago,  a  great  movement  in  Glasgow  for  a  reduction  of  the  number 
of  public-houses,  and  at  some  of  our  meetings  publicans  were 
inrited  to  take  part  in  the  discussion.  At  one  of  these  mcetin^i 
an  enthusiastic  gentleman  proposed  to  reduce  the  number  at  onee 
by  one-half.  Half  the  number,  he  said,  would  be  quite  enon^ 
for  the  legitimate  wants  of  the  city.  My  friend  the  publiean 
immediately  made  the  remark — ^  Capital  matemaU  that ;  mffori 
it  vHh  all  my  heart.  Ko  obfections  to  take  a  lea$e  of  a  /nr  of  thme 
that  are  left!"  One  result  of  the  brewers'  statistica  was  the 
passing  of  the  bill  known  as  the  Home-Drummond  Act,  in  1828. 
It  was  bat  a  poor  Act  at  best,  and  it  unintentionally  introdueeil 
some  confusion  into  the  old  law  anent  the  Sabbath  in  Scotland ; 
but  it  is  here  noticed  as  another  indication  that  the  public  mind 
was  ripening  in  the  direction  of  Temperance  reform.    And  ft 


82    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

remains  only  to  be  added  here  that  at  this  time  alio  the  fini  wave 
of  Temperance  sentiment  came  rolling  across  -the  Atlantic  from 
America.  It  was  in  1826  that  Dr.  Beechei^s  £eu&oiib  ^  Six  Sermons'' 
were  preached,  and  by  1828  I  belieye  they  were  well  known  iu 
this  conntry. 

I  have  thus  far  led  np  to  the  time  when  Mr.  John  Donlop 
appeared  on  the  scene  in  Scotland.  All  honour  to  him  lor  the 
noble  work  he  did  for  Scotland,  and  for  the  lofty,  {mipoae  with 
which  he  prosecuted  that  work !  His  was  no  self-seeking  spirit 
He  combined  high  character  with  great  earnestness,  great  patience^ 
great  humility,  and  great  tenderness  of  heart.  He  had,  of  course^ 
no  personal  purpose  to  serve  by  giving  himself^  his  time,  his 
talents,  his  means,  so  heartily  to  Temperance  work.  He  could 
have  said,  with  a  clear  conscience,  that  his  object,  like  that  of  the 
brewers,  was  "  to  promote  the  health,  improve  the  morals,  and 
increase  the  comforts  of  the  lower  orders."  He  could  have  said 
that  and  a  great  deal  more.  And  yet,  though  Mr.  Dunlop  ne^*er 
meant  it,  I  think  that  my  acute  friend  the  Glasgow  publican 
would  have  said  lie  was  an  excellent  friend  of  the  brewers.  He 
did  not  mean  it,  but  for  some  years  he  greatly  helped  their  busi- 
ness ;  and  what  was  quite  as  acceptable  to  many  of  them,  he 
greatly  helped  their  social  respectability.  And  so  did  all  the 
good  men  who  for  some  yean  tried  to  promote  Temperance 
reform  by  giving  up  whisky  and  drinking  wine  and  beer.  But 
this  is  anticipating. 

In  the  spring  of  1828  Mr.  Dunlop  had  visited  France,  and  what 
he  saw  there  sent  him  home  with  a  better  opinion  of  Frenchmen 
than  he  had  had,  and  a  less  favourable  opinion,  in  some  respects, 
of  liis  own  countrvmen.  The  drunkenness  of  Scotland  was  a 
grief  to  him,  and  it  lay  on  his  heart  that  he  must  do  something 
to  remove  it.  His  first  effort  to  call  attention  to  the  subject  was 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Qlo^w  Continental  Society,  in  June,  1828. 
Later  in  the  same  year  he  made  another  attempt,  and  in  neither 
case  was  he  successful.  But  I  now  let  my  good  friend  the  late 
William  Logan  tell  the  story : — **  In  August,  1829,  he  (Mr. 
Dunlop)  again  visited  Qlasgow,  and  spent  nearly  two  days  in 
calling  personally  on  a  number  of  the  clergymen  and  laymen 
most  likely  to  take  an  interest  in  a  united  effort  to  suppress  tlia 


SCOTLAND.  83 


ravages  of  strong  drink.  The  subject  was  favourablj  entertained 
by  some,  bat  the  majority  treateil  it  as  fanciful  and  visionary. 
On  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day,  about  twenty  influential 
gentlemen  met  Mr.  Dunlop  at  tlie  Religious  Institution  Rooms, 
and  received  from  him  a  statement  as  to  the  extent  of  intempe- 
rance in  the  country,  TV'ith  statistical  details  to  support  it ;  an 
account  of  the  American  Temperance  Societies,  and  a  proposal  for 
a  system  of  similar  associations  and  pledge  to  be  gone  into  in 
Scotland,  comprehending  the  rejection  of  all  wine  as  well  as 
spirits,  and  an  abrogation  of  the  connection  between  courtesy  and 
business  and  intoxicating  liquor,  since  denominated  'the  anti- 
drinking  usage  department.*  Considerable  interest  was  excited, 
and  the  discussion  lasted  about  two  hours.  The  only  clergyman 
present  had,  before  leaving  his  study,  very  wisely,  as  he  thought, 
penned  a  resolution,  and  put  it  inlo  his  pocket,  and  it  is  evident 
that  although  an  angel  had  come  from  heaven  to  address  tlie 
meeting  he  could  not  have  altered  what  was  written.  This  soli- 
tary clergyman  listened  to  what  Mr.  Dunlop  had  to  say,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  address  he  rose,  assumed  a  singularly  solemn 
appearance,  took  the  piece  of  paper  from  his  vest  pocket,  and 
began  to  read  nearly  as  follows  : — *  That  this  meeting  tenders  its 
Ijest  thanks  to  Mr.  Dunlop  for  his  address  with  reference  to  the 
sin  of  drunkenness,  but  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  meeting  that 
no  Temperance  Association  irill  ever  work  in  Scotland  V  To  the 
honour  of  Glasgow  the  resolution  met  with  no  seconder.  It  wan, 
however,  rather  a  damper  to  Mr.  Dunlop,  who  thought  to  him- 
self, 'Well,  if  that  is  not  an  extinguisher,  it  is  something  like  it.* 
"  After  a  considerable  pause,  during  which  great  solemnity 
pervaded  the  meeting,  Mr.  William  Collins,  the  Glasgow  pub- 
lisher, prompted  unquestionably  by  the  Great  Mover  of  all,  rose, 
and  with  considerable  emotion  stated  that  the  painful  subject  of 
intemperance  had  occupied  his  mind  for  several  years  ;  that  he 
had  his  attention  strongly  drawn  to  it  in  the  district  he  had  charge 
of  as  an  elder  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  and  coadjutor  with  Dr. 
Chalmers,  while  he  was  a  minister  in  Glasgow  ;  that  the  hopeless 
consideration  of  the  mournful  case  had  not  uufrequently  kept  him 
Crom  sleep  during  the  night ;  that  he  now  saw  for  the  first  time, 
like  a  ray  of  light,  that  which  by  the  Divine  blessing  might  lead 


84     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THB  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

to  better  things  ;  and  that  he  for  one  should  do  eveiythuig  in  his 
power  to  prevent  the  reverend  gentleman's  lesolntion  from  taking 
effect. 

"  These  well-timed  remarks  of  Mr.  Collins  produced  a  deep 
impression.  Other  gentlemen  followed,  who  spoke  strongly  in 
favour  of  something  being  done,  and  through  his  energetic  inter- 
position the  meeting  was  not  allowed  to  disperse  until  Mr.  Dunlop 
was  requested,  on  the  motion  of  Mr.  Collins,  to  continue  his 
investigations,  and  report  to  an  adjourned  meeting,  to  be  held  a 
few  weeks  afterwards,  in  G!a?gow.'' 

The  Mr.  Collins  here  referred  to  was  one  of  the  most  active  of 
the  men  associated  with  Dr.  Chalmers  in  the  great  work  he  canied 
out  in  St.  John's  parish,  and,  as  many  of  you  are  aware,  he  was 
the  father  of  the  present  president  of  the  Scottish  Temperance 
League,  lately  Lord  Provost  of  Qlasgow. 

Mr.  Dunlop  returned  to  Qlasgow  in  September,  1829,  for  the 
purpose  of  delivering  his  first  lecture.  Subject — "The  Extent 
and  Remedy  of  National  Intemperance."  He  could  obtain 
neither  church  nor  chapel  in  which  to  deliver  it ;  but  one  of 
his  own  personal  friends,  the  worthy  Professor  Dick  of  the 
Secession,  now  the  United  Presbyterian,  Church,  gave  him  the 
use  of  the  Divinity  Hall.  The  lecture  was  an  able  one,  and  it 
was  well  received.  A  writer  in  one  of  the  newspapers  says  of  it : — 
"  So  many  striking  facts  were  detailed  ;  in  so  affecting  a  manner 
did  he  describe  the  present  crisis,  in  relation  to  the  crime  (?) 
of  intoxication  ;  so  rationally  and  temperately  did  he  exhibit  his 
plans,  and  he  displayed,  withal,  so  much  dignified  humanity, 
with  80  much  modesty  and  Christian  feeling,  that  few,  we  believe, 
left  the  meeting  without  an  attachment  to  the  speaker,  and  a 
lively  interest  in  the  subject  of  discussion.**  These  are  fine  words. 
But  for  all  that,  nothing  for  the  present  was  to  be  done  in  Glasgow. 
The  men  of  Glasgow  were  not  all  like  Mr.  Collins,  and  they 
received  Mr.  Dunlop's  proposal  with  a  most  painful  amount  of 
caution,  painful  even  for  a  Scotchman  to  think  of  to-day.  This  is 
what  Mr.  Logan  says  : — "The  view  which  Mr.  Dunlop  took  of  the 
proper  method  of  starting  Temperance  Associations  in  Scotland 
was  that  it  should  be  first  considered  and  agreed  upon  by  a 
number  of  influential  individuals  throughout  the  country  ;   that. 


as  a  tiki,  a  Sockij  slMald  be  cfllmbfidkcd 

Uie  centre  of  opeimd<ais  for  the  Wett  cf  S 

laigecitie8flhoa]d  follow  in  facceMwm. 

impofftnnxtTy  howeTcr,  he  foond  tkat  xht  fne^i 

not  go  forvaid,  nor  enser  into  saA  §axmt 

Tempeianoe  pledge  and  aaodatiaa  JMptTfti.  till 

of  the  ci^iahilitT  of  the  pdndpie  bczas;  vcrud 

acak^  and  the  real  worth  of  the  musk  deaoiucztfed  tj  joBSii^Tie 

pTJaAmg  ezample&.    AceordingiT  he  wis  k<roe»i  to  letize  xfc 

natire  town  of  Greenodc,  caosstiag  then  of  abccs  Xv  0> 

tantSy  to  make  the  expennent;  forthegiaad  c^feetboa  aaKK  nal 

friends  now  shaped  itself  into  a  dc^U  wheiXMr  the  msut  rMTiif*- 

tion  which  had  succeeded  in  America  wocM  he  igftar^  sjm  fer 

British  societj.' 

Bat  amid  this  general  apath  j  one  i»  pleated  to  find  ihaft  Dr. 
Dick's  joong  students  showed  sc^ne  little  enthsRasm.  M 4tt  <i 
them  attended  the  lecture  ;  thej  disciL^ed  its  ments^  aa«l.  hr  a 
majontj  of  thirty-six  to  four,  thej  pa»e>i  a  resolati:*  in  Uxom  *£ 
a  Temperance  Societj,  and  sent  a  mesn^  to  Mr.  Ds^op  UtSi- 
mating  their  willingness  to  join  the  moremesl.  Est  bo  aKietj 
was  jet  formed  in  Glasgow. 

The  lecture  was  delivered  on  September  23, 1^2d.  On  Oet/>her  l« 
two  ladies — Miss"  Allan  and  Miss  Graham — started  a  societr  al 
Marjhill,  near  Glasgow,  and  to  these  ladies,  theiclorey  I  beliere, 
belongs  the  honour  of  haring  formed  the  fint  societr  in  crisacctSiMBi 
with  the  old  Temperance  morement  in  Scotland.  All  ho»o«r  to 
them  for  the  work  they  did  that  day  !  For  though  we  of  the 
present  day  are  not  giren  to  overralae  that  mryrement,  we  ssfeiy 
need  not  grudge  it  its  fair  meed  of  praiee.  We  saj  it  was  teas- 
porarj  and  temporising  in  its  character  ;  but  it  was  at  least  the 
herald  of  better  things — the  dawn  before  the  darligfat^and  it  wm 
diatinctlj  a  Terj  practical  protest  against  the  wildest  ^^rm  of 
drunkenness,  I  suppose,  that  ha#  ret  been  known — the  dnmkeft' 
ness  produced  bj  the  free  use  of  Scotch  wlusk j. 

While  Glasgow  was  thus  slow  to  move,  a  little  nwre  Itle  hsd 
been  stirring  in  Greenock.  For  jeaia,  indeed,  the  peopk  of 
Greenock  had  had  the  benefit  of  the  teaching  of  at  least  two  able 
and  earnest  men,  far  in  advance  of  their  time  on  the  drink  qoesk 


86    EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

tion.  I  refer  to  Mr.  James  MacNair  and  Dr.  James  B.  Kirk,  both 
at  that  time  living  in  Greenock.  Mr.  MacNair  I  have  already 
named,  but  he  had  a  splendid  colleague  in  Dr.  Kirk.  The  latter 
was  an  able  and  eloquent  lecturer,  and  in  a  course  of  lectures  in 
the  Qreenock  Institution  of  Arts  he  denounced  alcohol  as  an  evil 
thing,  whatever  its  form,  or  whether  found  in  wine,  or  beer,  or 
whisky.  He  had  taught  this  publicly  for  years  before  Mr.  Dun- 
lop  began  to  move.  And  having  thus  introduced  Dr.  Kirk,  I  will 
allow  Mr.  Macnair  to  tell  the  Qreenock  story  : — "  There  was  a 
private  meeting  of  John  Dunlop  and  a  few  friends,  held  on  the 
28th  August,  1829,  in  the  hoiise  of  John  Ker,  of  the  firm  of 
Allan,  Ker,  and  Co.  The  subject  of  Temperance  was  introduced 
hy  Mr.  Dunlop,  who  gave  a  statement  r^arding  the  operation  of 
the  American  Temperance  Societies,  and  recommended  the  forma- 
tion of  similar  societies  in  this  country  as  a  remedy  for  intempe- 
rance. There  was  a  good  deal  of  conversation,  but  there  was 
nothing  done.  The  next  meeting  took  place  in  the  house  of 
J.  B.  Kirk,  M.D.,  Greenock,  on  the  5th  September,  1829,  when, 
after  a  long  and  animated  disciission  on  the  basis  of  the  Society, 
the  formation  of  which  was  contemplated,  Mr.  John  Dunlop 
Ruggcstod  the  adoption  of  a  pledge  against  the  use  of  ardent  spirits 
on  the  principle  of  the  American  societies.  An  amendment  was 
proposed  to  the  effect  that  the  pledge  should  prohibit  the  use  of 
all  spirituous  and  fermented  liquors  containing  alcohol.  Another 
proposal  was  submitted  to  the  effect  that  those  who  abstained 
from  all  intoxicatinghquors  should  have  their  name  distinguished 
in  the  roll-book  by  having  a  cross  made  with  red  ink  prefixed 
to  their  name.  This  meeting  also  broke  up  without  definitely 
agreeing  upon  what  was  to  be  done.  Another  private  meeting 
was  held  in  the  shop  of  Mr.  R.  B.  Lusk,  bookseller,  Greenock,  on 
.')th  October,  1829,  when,  after  a  good  deal  of  discussion,  Mr.  John 
Dunlop  proposed  that  a  society  should  be  formed.  This  was 
unanimously  agreed  to.  After  disciissing  on  the  basis  of  the 
society,  it  was  resolved  that  the  society  should  be  formed  on  the 
basis  of  '  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors.'  A  pledge 
on  this  basis  was  drawn  up  and  signed  by  four.  This  number  was 
increased  to  twelve  the  next  day.  The  following  is  the  pledge 
then  agreed  upon : — '  We,   the   imdersigned,  hereby    agree  to 


SCOTLAND.  87 


^bfltaiti  irom  all  spiritnoas  and  fermented  liquors  for  two  years 
from  this  date,  October  5,  1829.'    On  6th  October  the  twelve  held 
smother  meeting.    At  this  meeting  Mr.  John  Dunlop  urged  that 
the  word  *  fermented '  should  be  struck  out  of  the  pledge.    He 
said  ministers,  and  other  influential  gentlemen,  would  never  sign 
the  pledge  unless  the  word  *  fermented  '  was  blotted  out.    The 
others  refused  to  adopt  his  suggestion,  adhering  to  the  pledge  of 
abstinence.    Mr.  John  Dunlop  then  withdrew  from  these  men, 
and  drew  up  a  new  pledge  on  the  basis  of  his  former  proposal. 
This  new  pledge  of  Mr.  Dunlop*s  was  as  follows: — *We,  the 
subscribers,  agree  to  abstain  from  spirituous  liquors  for  two  years 
from  this  date,  October  6,  1829.'     Thus  Mr.  Dunlop  placed  the 
Temperance  Society  definitely  on  the  basis  of   the  American 
societies.  Those  other  eleven  who  signed  the  first  pledge  continued 
to  adhere  to  and  advocate  the  principles  of  their  pledge.     The 
first  public  meeting  of  the  Greenock  Temperance  Society  was  held 
in  Qreenock  on  4th  March,  1630.    At  this  meeting  an  able  and 
eloquent  address  was  delivered  by  Dr.  J.  B.  Kirk,  who  was  the 
first  and  principal  speaker.    The  reader  is  requested  to  bear  in 
mind  that  he  was  one  of  the  eleven  who  signed  the  total  abstinence 
pledge  and  adhered  to  it.    At  this  meeting  an  effort  was  made  to 
procure  the  union  of  the  two  sections — temperance  men  and 
abstainers.  For  this  purpose  a  third  pledge  was  adopted,  intended 
as  a  compromise.    This  pledge  included  abstinence  from  ardent 
spirits  and  brandied  wine,  leaving  its  members  free  to  use  any 
other  fermented  intoxicating  liquors — beer,  porter,  ale,  cyder,  and 
the  light  wines  of  France,  and  home-made  wines,  many  of  which 
were  well  fortified  with  spirits.  This  pledge  was  not  long  adhered 
to.     In  a  short  time  all  who  agreed  to  abstain  from  ardent  spirits 
were  freely  admitted.    The  Qreenock  Society  thus  reverted  to  Mr. 
Dunlop's  early  pledge.     Many  influential  men  joined,  among 
whom  were  brewers,  and  lent  their  aid  and  influence  to  carry 
forward  this  movement.    Several  ministers  also  joined  and  advo* 
cated  its  claims.    Some  of  these  clergymen  were  very  enthusiastic 
in  the  work,  upholding  the  Temperance  movement  as  tlie  great 
work  that  was  to  redeem  the  land  from  intemperance.  This  move- 
ment for  a  time  crushed  out  of  sight  the  total  abstinence  move- 
ment in  Greenock." 


88   EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

We  are  still,  however,  at  October,  1829.  In  that  month  Mr. 
Dunlop  visited  Edinburgh,  and  this  is  what  he  said  of  his  visit : 
"  About  the  middle  of  October,  1829,  having  received  an  invita- 
tion from  Henry  Wight,  advocate  (a  zealous  friend  of  teetotaliam, 
and  latterly  a  preacher  of  the  Gospel),  and  Alexander  Craick- 
shanks  (an  influential  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends),  for 
themselves,  and  on  behalf  of  other  gentlemen  in  Edinburgh,  I 
went  thither,  residing  with  Mr.  Wight.  I  held  various  confer- 
ences in  different  parts  of  the  city,  and,  in  a  day  or  two,  a  select 
meeting  of  influential  gentlemen,  ministers,  lawyers,  and  others, 
assembled  at  Mr.  Wighfs  house.  They  seemed  all  deeply 
impressed  with  the  subject  of  the  general  intemperance  of  the 
people,  but  could  not  make  up  their  minds  as  to  any  sacrifice  on 
their  own  part.  The  idea  of  giving  up  wine  seemed  quite  inad- 
missible, and,  on  the  whole,  they  appeared  desirous  of  holding  off 
till  they  saw  how  the  system  should  work  in  the  West  of  Scotland. 
Messrs  Wight,  Cruickshanks,  and  some  others,  however,  stood 
staunch.  In  the  meantime  the  subject  blazed  abroad  and  became 
the  sport  of  every  table.  All  my  own  personal  friends  either 
stood  aloof  or  condemned  the  business  in  unqualified  terms.  A 
person  of  some  position  and  influence,  and  of  the  same  name,  took 
pains  to  let  it  be  known  that  it  was  not  he  that  had  astonished 
the  public  with  this  inconceivable  folly  !  .  .  .  The  lecture  was 
delivered  next  day.  Some  thought  one  thing  of  it,  and  some 
another — that  wine  must  be  excluded  from  any  pledge,  as  well 
as  whisky  ;  or  that  it  was  right,  but  would  not  work.  All  the 
friends,  however,  felt  that  something  must  be  done.  I  was  to 
breakfast  on  the  morning  after  the  lecture  with  Mr.  Cruickshanks, 
who  lived  two  miles  distant.  I  was  now  quite  in  an  unhinged 
state  ;  my  nervous  complaints,  from  over-anxiety,  having  super- 
vened with  greater  influence.  In  proceeding  along  the  streets  of 
Edinburgh,  the  sight  of  a  drunken  man  set  me  to  bitter  weeping. 
I  was  reluctant  to  be  seen  wailing  in  the  open  thoroughfare,  and 
by  strong  exertion  restrained  the  channels  of  grief  while  any 
people  were  passing ;  but  when  I  Faw  a  hundred  yards  or  two 
clear,  I  suffered  the  floodgates  of  the  fountains  to  open  up,  and 
might  have  been  one  of  the  party  who  went  up  Mount  Olivet 
with  the  King  of  Israel,  having  the  head  covered  and  the  feet  bare, 
as  recorded  in  2  Samuel  xv.  30." 


SCOTLAND.  89 

I  am  nnable  to  give  the  precise  date  at  which  the  first  £dinbui]f;h 
Society  was  formed. 

At  length,  on  the  ]2th  November,  1829,  Mr.  Collins  was  able 
to  get  Glasgow  to  move,  and  a  constitution  was  drawn  up  and  a 
society  formed  on  the  lines  of  the  "  old  temperance  "  movement. 
This  was  the  "  Qlasgow  and  West  of  Scotland  Temperance  Society." 
Many  years  afterwards  Mr.  William  Logan  had  the  opportunity 
of  examining  the  original  roll-book,  and  he  gives  from  it  there 
figures — Male  section,  4,568  ;  first  name,  William  Collins.  Female 
section,  2,918  ;  first  names.  Misses  Allan  and  Graham,  Maryhill, 
already  referred  to. 

By  the  establishment  of  the  Glasgow  enterprise  the  old  Tem- 
perance movement  may  be  said  to  have  been  fairly  launched,  and 
at  that  early  stage  of  its  existence  we  for  the  present  leave  it.  It 
was  a  temporary  and  insufficient  measure — "  God  having  provided 
some  better  thing  for  us" — but  it  was  at  least  a  beginning  of 
better  days.  It  touched  the  national  conscience  in  regard  to  a 
great  national  sin  and  disgrace  ;  it  once  more  roused  Scotchmen — 
as  Chalmers  had  done — from  their  old  dead  faith,  and  asked  them 
to  show  it  by  living,  active  work  ;  it  appealed  to  the  public  spirit, 
never  wanting  in  Scotland  ;  and  it  brought  splendid  men  to  the 
front  in  the  public  service. 

How  it  merged,  between  the  years  1830  and  1836,  into  the 
greater  and  more  eflfective  movement  with  which  we  to-day  are 
associated,  would  be  a  long  and  interesting  stoiy  to  tell,  but  it 
cannot  be  told  here. 

We  have  seen  that  to  a  few  men  in  Greenock  belongs  the 
honour  of  having  been  the  first  in  Scotland  to  insist  upon  a 
"  total  abstinence "  pledge  ;  and  the  first  societies  that  followed 
were  these : — 

Dunfermline,  21st  September,  1830. 
Paisley  Youths',  14th  January,  1832. 
Tradeston  (Glasgow),  15th  January,  1832. 
Greenlaw,  Berwickshire,  19th  January,  1832. 

We  thus  get  only  to  the  beginnings  of  the  extended  total  absti- 
nence movement  of  our  day  ;  and  between  these  beginnings  and 
the  present  day  there  is  a  gi*eat  record  of  service  rendered  and 
work  done.    The  service  has  been  rendered,  I  believe,  in  the  very 


go     EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORMATION. 

spirit  of  Christ.  No  power  could  compel  it ;  no  money  coolJ 
buy  it ;  and  for  the  work  that  has  been  done,  who  shall  declare* 
it  ?  "  The  word  jubilee/'  said  Dr.  Wallace  in  the  Glasgow  City 
Hall,  ''reminds  me  of  the  American  Jubilee  Singers,  whose  stir- 
ring songs  of  freedom  we  listened  to  more  than  once  upon  this* 
])latform.  Many  of  us  sat  thrilled  and  entranced  under  the  atronge 
melodies  which  they  sang  with  so  much  passion  and  pathos,  as 
they  recalled  the  bitter  bondage  of  the  past,  thanking  the  God  of 
love  and  liberty  for  the  freedom  with  which  He  had  made  them 
free.  They  were  free.  They  sang  on  this  platform  their  melodies 
of  freedom  with  a  sadness  and  a  power  which  we  can  never  foi^get^ 
especially  the  song  of  the  highest  spiritual  freedom — 

'  I've  been  redeemed, 
I'to  been  redeemed, 
By  the  preciona  blood  of  the  Lamb.' 

Our  country  has  heard  the  Jubilee  Singers,  but  I  regret  we  have 
no  music  to-night.  I  think  this  should  have  been  a  meeting  for 
music  as  well  as  speaking.  Why  is  the  grand  organ  silent  to- 
night ?  When  we  have  a  jubilee  we  ought  to  have  our  jubilee 
singers.  If  I  could  set  up  all  who  have  been  set  free,  what  a  grand 
concert  we  might  have !  We  can  coxmt  our  jubilee  singers  by 
thousands,  in  men,  women,  and  children  who  have  known  the 
black,  bitter  bondage  of  suflfering  through  strong  drink.  But  God 
has  put  a  new  song  in  their  mouth.  Could  we  have  our  jubilee 
.singers  to-night,  what  a  burst  of  joy,  what  a  glad  acclaim  from 
thousands  of  hearts  and  homes  made  happy !  How  they  would 
make  the  welkin  ring!  What  a  chorus  as  their  voices  blend 
together  in  the  divine  strains  of  deliverance — 

'  He  took  me  from  a  fearful  pit, 

And  from  the  miry  clay, 
And  on  a  rock  He  set  my  feet, 
Establiabing  my  way. 

'  He  put  a  new  song  in  my  month, 
Oor  God  to  magnify; 
Many  sball  see  it,  and  shall  fear. 
And  on  the  Lord  rely.'" 


LOCAL  AND  GENERAL  TEMPERANCE  ORGANISATIONS.      9 1 


LOCAL    AND    GENERAL    TEMPERANCE 
ORGANISATIONS. 

By  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Collins,  M.A. 

TiMX  wasy  and  it  is  not  bo  very  many  years  ago,  when  it  would 
bare  been  a  very  easy  thing  to  reckon  and  give  account  of  our 
larger  Temperance  organisations.  Now  they  fill  our  land«  There 
are  thoee  who  think  that  such  organisations  are  too  many,  and 
that  their  multiplicity  both  betokens  and  somewhat  causes  divided 
interests.  My  paper,  for  which  I  have  been  asked,  is  historical 
more  than  anything  else ;  and  therefore  I  need  scarcely  touch 
tbis  point,  which  doubtless  will  not  escape  the  notice  of  others  in 
our  discussions.  This  much  I  feel  that  I  can  safely  say,  that  the 
numerous  progeny  which  our  good  Temperance  mother  has 
presented  to  us  is  at  least  a  proof  of  sustained  vitality,  which  few 
good  causes  could  show  ;  and  I  for  one  would  have  been  loath, 
even  if  I  had  had  the  power,  to  have  had  the  Malthusian  theory 
put  into  practice  here.  Rather  I  would  believe  that  of  this  gixxl 
mother,  as  of  thousands  of  others,  it  shall  be  said  that  ''her 
children  rise  up  and  call  her  blessed." 

Where  shall  I  begin  ?  I  am  afraid  that  I  have  not  the  know- 
ledge to  go  back  to  the  very  beginning — the  days  of  short  pledges 
and  long  pledges — or  to  that  early  association  which  I  have  seen 
old  documents  heralding  forth  as  under  royid  patronage. 

Taking  the  larger  organisations  as  they  now  are,  I  will  begin 
with  the  one  with  which  I  am  at  present  more  intimately  con- 
nected myself ;  not  because  I  have  any  desire  to  put  it  unduly  in 
the  front,  but  because  I  believe  it  is  without  dispute  amongst  the 
oldest  of  our  general  organisations  —  the  British  Temperance 
League.  This  League  was  founded  in  1835  ;  its  president  is 
James  Barlow,  Esq.  ;  its  platform  is  that  of  Total  Abstinence.  It 
was  one  of  the  eaily  pioneers  in  the  matter  of  Sunday  closing. 
It  publishes  a  monthly  organ,  the  Briti$k  Temperance  AdvoccUe, 
M  ith  a  circulation  of  3,000,  and  a  monthly  pictorial  tract,  of  which 
about  17,000  copies  a  month  are  sold.  It  has  also  the  copyright  of 
the  Ipswich  Tracts,  which  have  had  a  large  sale.    Its  agents  Tisit 


92      LOCAL  AND  GENERAL  TEMPERANCE  ORGANISATIONS. 

the  whole  of  England,  but  chiefly  the  MidlandB  and  the  North  of 
England.  The  number  of  auxiliary  Bodeties  affiliated  to  it  is 
oyer  100.  It  takes  an  active  part  in  support  of  legislatiye  action 
with  r^ard  to  the  liquor  traffic.  Its  head-quarters  are  in  Sheffield. 

I  will  next  mention  the  National  Temperance  League.  This 
League,  presided  over  by  Samuel  Bowly,  Esq.,  has  its  head 
offices,  as  we  all  know,  in  London.  It,  like  the  British  Tem- 
perance League,  is  a  total  abstinence  society.  It  has  an  ex- 
ceedingly well-edited  official  organ,  the  Temperance  Record.  It 
has  done  a  special  and  most  valuable  work  in  the  army  and  navy, 
and  amongst  medical  men.  It  has  also  made  a  speciality  of  work 
as  regards  schools  and  amongst  teachers  of  the  young.  Whilst 
covering  the  whole  field  of  the  total  abstinence  movement,  it  has 
manifested  particular  activity  in  the  ways  just  indicated,  and  has 
in  these  fields  of  action  been  especially  useful.  Its  publication 
dep6t  is  of  great  value,  most  excellent  literature  issuing  from  its 
press. 

These  two  Leagues,  as  their  names  indicate,  do  not  confine  their 
influence  and  action  to  any  special  districts,  but  are  national  in 
their  organisation,  though,  from  the  localities  of  their  respective 
headquarters,  the  first-mentioned  of  the  two  has,  on  the  whole, 
more  to  do  with  the  North  of  England,  and  the  second  with  the 
South. 

Branching  off,  as  it  were,  from  these,  we  have  Leagues  which 
have  grown  up  to  promote  the  interests  of  Temperance  in  certain 
defined,  though  still  large,  districts.  Thus  we  have  the  North  of 
England  Temperance  League,  with  which  the  name  of  Alderman 
Charlton — a  household  Temperance  name  in  the  North — is  so 
intimately  connected.  It  upholds  total  abstinence,  and  supports 
the  legal  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  It  has  three  agents 
and  a  large  number  of  honorary  agents,  whose  labours  extend  over 
the  Northern  Counties. 

Coming  southwards,  we  have  the  Midland  Temperance  League. 
Its  work  is  designed  to  cover  the  Midland  Counties,  radiatilig 
from  that  busy  centre  of  political  life,  Birmingham.  Its  quarterly 
plan  has  the  names  on  it  of  fifty  towns  and  villages  in  the  Mid- 
land district  of  England. 

The  Western  Temperance  League  is  another  of  the  organisa- 


( 


I 


LOCAL  AND  GENERAL  TEMPERANCE  ORGANISATIONS.       93 

tions  which  direct  their  efforts  to  whole  districts  of  the  cuuiitrv. 
Its  chief  office  is  in  the  great  town  of  the  west,  Bristol  Its  action 
reaches  all  the  Western  Counties,  extending  into  Glamorganshire 
and  right  across  to  Oxfordshire.  It  has  an  organ,  the  WuUrn 
Temperance  Herald,  The  constitution  is  that  of  total  abstinence, 
and  it  advocates  the  suppression  of  the  liquor  traffic.  It  employs 
at  present  four  lecturers. 

Then,  in  Ireland,  we  have  the  Irish  Temperance  League,  located 
at  Belfast,  with  its  monthly  Journal,  which  has  given  special 
attention  to  the  promoting  of  legislative  action,  and  also  to  the 
coffee-house  movement ;  and,  secondly,  the  Irish  Association  for 
the  Prevention  of  Intemperance,  with  its  able  and  indefatigable 
secretary,  Mr.  T.  W.  Russell,  who  did  so  much  to  obtain  Sunday 
closiog  for  Ireland.  This  association  is  located  in  Dublin.  These 
two  societies  cover  the  whole  of  Ireland  in  their  labours. 

In  Scotland  we  find  the  Scottish  Temperance  League,  most 
vigorous  and  active,  represented  by  the  League  JoumaL  This 
League,  again,  is  teetotal  in  its  constitution,  and  desires  prohibi- 
tion of  the  traffic  ;  and  besides  the  League,  we  have  the  Scottish 
Permissive  Bill  and  Temperance  Association,  which,  whilst 
promoting  total  abstinence  and  general  legislation  with  regard  to 
the  traffic,  concerns  itself  specially  with  obtaining  power  for  the 
people  to  veto  the  traffic  in  their  respective  localities.  It  issues 
an  admirable  publication,  the  Social  Reformer.  Both  the  League 
and  the  Association  date  from  Glasgow. 

Amongst  these  general  and  national  organisations  comes,  we 
need  not  say,  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars,  which 
covers  the  whole  country  with  a  network  of  organisations,  extend- 
ing upwards  from  the  subordinate  lodge,  and  working  in  union 
under  one  head,  its  principles  being  of  the  most  absolute  nature, 
forbidding  the  making,  selling,  or  giving  of  strong  drink,  and 
advocating  the  entire  and  perfect  prohibition  of  the  sale. 

Then,  lastly,  but  certunly  not  least,  the  United  Kingdom 
Alliance  takes  its  place,  with  its  head-quarters  at  Manchester, 
and  its  agents  distributed  throughout  the  whole  of  England,  with 
ixed  districts  assigned  to  them.  With  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  as  its 
president,  it  appeals  to  all  citizens  alike,  whether  themselves 
personal  abstainers  or  not,  to  unite  in  obtaining  by  legislative 


94        LOCAL  AND  GENERAL  TEMPERANCE  ORGANISATIONS. 

enactment  the  immediate  and  entire  suppression  of  the  liqnor 
traffic  as  inimical  to  the  best  interests  of  the  nation.  It  was 
founded  in  1853,  and  has  a  most  able  and  active  secretary,  Mr.  T. 
H.  Barker.  Its  weekly  organ,  the  Alli^md  New^  is  known 
everywhere. 

Another  Association,  whose  labours  are  nut  confined  to  any 
special  district,  but  embrace  the  whole  country,  is  one  which 
devotes  itself  with  great  earnestness  to  the  closing  of  public- 
houses  on  the  Lord's  Day.  The  "  Central  Association  "  for  this 
purpose  ha»its  offices  in  Manchester. 

For  the  work  amongst  the  young,  that  most  important  division 
of  our  labours,  we  have  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope 
Union,  whose  offices  are  in  London.  This  Union  embraces  the 
whole  of  England,  and,  with  branches  in  all  directions,  assists  in 
the  formation  of  Local  Unions.  It  has  excellent  agents,  and  by 
its  publications  and  its  periodicals  and  its  lectures,  binds  together 
the  whole  Band  of  Hope  movement  throughout  the  country. 

The  British  Women's  Temperance  Association  is  also  national 
in  its  objects  and  organisation.  Formed  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in 
1876,  it  has  now  its  chief  offices  in  London.  It  is,  I  believe,  the 
first  national  society  which  has  undertaken  to  rouse  the  women  of 
Great  Britain  collectively  to  action  on  the  Temperance  question. 
Its  work  in  all  respects  has  been  valuable,  and  more  especially 
has  it  been  active  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing.  It  affiliates  to 
itself  other  local  societies,  and  a  prayer  union  has  been  formed 
in  connection  with  it.  A  goodly  list  of  office-bearers  is  found 
on  its  roll.  Amongst  well-known  names  we  would  mention,  if  it 
be  not  invidious  to  do  so,  those  of  Lady  Jane  Ellice,  Mrs.  Lucas, 
and  Mrs.  Edward  Parker.  The  share  of  women  in  our  movement 
should  indeed  be  a  large  share. 

The  medical  men  have  likewise  their  Association,  under  the 
guidance  of  most  able  leaders,  such  as  their  honoured  president. 
Dr.  Benjamin  Richardson,  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  Dr.  Edmunds,  and 
others. 

Besides  these  large  organisations  we  have  several  district  and 
county  unions  ;  the  Dorset  Union,  for  instance,  the  Northampton- 
shire Union,  and  others  of  a  like  nature.  Large  cities  and  towns, 
such  as  Manchester,  Salford,  Bradford,  Leeds,  Liverpool,  Sheffield, 


LOCAL  AND  GENERAL  TEMPERANCE  ORGANISATIONS.      95 

Btrmioghaiii,  the  great  eentres  of  life  and  activity,  have  their 
own  aoeietieSy  many  of  them  worked.with  much  zeal  and  wisdom. 
Few  of  the  smaller  towns  are  without  temperance  societies,  and 
veiy  many  villages  have  theirs  too.  Local  temperance  halls  also 
abound,  always  open  to  the  friends  of  the  cause  for  lectures  and 
meetings ;  and  in  some  parts  there  is  a  tendency  to  unite  these 
local  Boeieties  into  unions,  a  tendency  which,  if  the  individuality 
of  the  different  places  be  not  lost,  is,  we  cannot  but  think,  likely 
to  be  produetive  of  excellent  results,  inasmuch  as  it  will  promote 
organisation. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  say  that  the  one  thing  now  wanted  is 
imion,  and  that  as  accurate  and  perfect  as  possible. 

There  are  signs,  notably  the  quick  awakening  of  the  country  a 
few  weeks  since  against  the  proposal  to  turn  our  railway-carriages 
into  drinking-shopB,  which  prove  that  our  general  organisations 
are  beginning  to  be  rapid  and  decisive  in  their  action.  It  is  this 
that  we  need.  We  have  organisations,  it  will  be  seen  from  what 
has  been  said,  enough  to  cover  the  whole  field  of  action.  Let  each 
locality  keep  its  own  body  in  perfect  working  trim,  and  soon 
the  voice  of  the  country  will  be  heard  speaking  in  favour  of 
Temperance  from  north  to  south,  and  east  to  west,  and  the  whole 
kingdom  will  be  really  imited  in  this  the  best  and  holiest  of  all 
great  social  movements. 


TEMPERANCE  WORK  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  Hirst  Hollowell. 

I  MUST  leave  it  to  others  to  call  your  attention  to  Temperance 
work  for  adults.  I  need  only  say  that  if  we  save  an  adult,  we  are 
saving  children  ;  for  parents  raise  or  sink  their  children  to  their 
own  level.  If  we  see  a  mother  staggering  along  the  pavement,  or 
carried  helpless  to  a  cab,  we  grieve  for  the  mother  herself,  but  we 
tremble  for  the  children.  Those  staggering  steps  are  dragging 
innocent  souls  down  to  shame  and  death.  When  Jacob  drew  near 
to  his  brother  Esau,  he  said,  "  1  fear  him,  lest  he  will  come  and 


96  TEMPERANCE   WORK   FOR   THE   YOUNG. 

—  I  *-  I I I 

smite  me,  and  the  mother  with  the  children."    It  is  time  English 
society  had  that  feeling  about  strong  drink,  lest  it  come  and  smite 
UP,  and  the  mother  with  the  children. 
But  I  am  asked  to  say  something  to  interest  yon  in 

T£MPBRANCE  WORK  FOB  THE  TOUNO. 

The  drunkards  of  our  streets  may  be  rescued ;  but  the  children 
ought  never  to  need  rescuing.  If  we  can  sit  still  and  see  the 
troops  of  children  playing  in  our  streets  to-day  become  the  drunk- 
ards of  the  next  generation,  then  our  shame  will  be  great. 

But  we  cannot  sit  still.  Our  Master,  who  gave  His  life  for  the 
sheep,  has  met  all  our  professions  of  love  for  Himself  with  the 
command,  "  Feed  My  Lambs ! "  If  we  love  Him,  we  must  care 
for  the  lambs. 

In  a  few  years  the  adults  who  throng  our  streets  will  be  gone. 
But  think  of  the  children  !  They  are  always  coming  in  in  vast 
numbers.  Thousands  of  the  men  and  women  of  to-day  are  har- 
dened in  habits  of  sin,  bound  in  chains  which  no  human  hand 
can  break.  We  visit  them,  we  pray  with  them,  we  exhort  them, 
and  yet  we  go  out  from  their  presence  with  a  kind  of  despair.  It  is 
wrong  to  despair,  but  the  drunkard  is  our  difficulty,  and  the  Band 
of  Hope  child  is  our  opportunity.  We  must  not  shrink  from  the 
difficulty,  but  we  must  spring  to  embrace  the  opportunity. 

In  1878  there  were  3,495,000  children  on  the  registers  of  the 
day-schools  inspected  by  the  Qovemment ;  and  775,772  of  these 
were  over  ten  years  of  age.  In  reality,  the  future  of  England  lies 
folded  up  in  those  children  !  And  the  struggle  of  the  Church,  the 
School,  the  Band  of  Hope,  and  of  a  wise  statesmanship,  ought  to  be 
to  keep  those  3^  millions  from  being  transferred  from  the  registers 
of  the  school  to  the  registers  of  the  workhouse,  the  police-court, 
the  gaol,  and  the  madhouse.  The  Saviour  points  to  these,  and  in 
a  voice  of  infinite  pity.  He  asks,  "  Shall  these  be  torn  up  in  pieces 
for  whom  I  died,  and  whose  angels  in  heaven  do  always  behold 
the  face  of  My  Father  1 "     "  Feed  My  Lambs  I " 

Take  London,  alone.  Last  year  it  appeared,  from  reports 
coming  out  of  the  office  of  the  Registrar-Qeneral,  that  there  were 
in  London  no  less  than  740,577  children  between  the  ages  of 
three  and  thirteen  able  to  go  to  school ;  and,  mark  this,  60,640 


TEMPERANCE    WORK   FOR    THE   YOUNG.  97 

children  between  thirteen  and  fourteen.  Then  take  this.  Up  to 
MidsummeT  last,  the  officers  of  the  School  Board  of  London  had 
reported  on  11,309  cases  of  destitute  children  not  chargeable  with 
crime.  This  will  show  us  that  if  we  can  lay  hold  of  these  chil- 
dren before  their  moral  nature  has  been  tampered  with  by  social 
temptation,  before  the  drink  appetite  has  been  added  to,  and  has 
Tiolently  disordered,  their  natural  propensities,  we  shall  get  the 
upper  hand  in  this  fight,  and  starve  out  the  garrison  which  is  now 
firing  upon  us  from  our  own  citadel.  Alas,  we  dare  not  hope  to 
save  every  child.  Numbers  are  bom  with  their  feet  in  the  net, 
realising  Kingsley's  terrible  words,  **  drunkards  from  the  breast.** 
But  by  the  help  of  Qod  we  will  do  what  we  can,  knowing  that 
there  is  no  work  on  earth  or  in  heaven  so  great  as  to  '^  save  a  soul 
from  death  and  to  hide  a  multitude  of  sins.'' 

Now  let  us  see  what  is  being  done.  Noble  men  and  women 
are  endeavouring  to  respond  to  the  Saviour's  call. 

The  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  repoit  for  this 
year  3,583  Bands  of  Hope  associated  with  local  Band  of  Hope 
Unions,  an  increase  of  497  societies  over  last  year.  104  new  societies 
were  formed  last  year  in  London  alone,  and  101  in  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire.  But  these  figures  are  only  partial.  There  are  no  local 
Band  of  Hope  Unions  in  the  greater  portion  of  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  and  none  in  thirty-seven  English  and  Welsh  counties 
(as  counties).    Yet  Bands  of  Hope  exist  over  all  these  areas. 

Our  strength  stands  thus  : — 

1.  Affiliated  Bands  of  Hope 3,588 

Their  members  (ranging  in  age  from  seven 

to  twenty- one  years  of  age) 484,000 

2.  Non-Affiliated  Bands  of  Hope  (probably)  2,000 
Estimated  membership      270,000 


Total       {Bands  of  Hope  ...     5,588 
■'*  (Members  ...754,000 


...754,000 

But  the  Juvenile  Branches  of  the  Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society  in  thirteen  dioceses  number  91,469  member?,  and 
the  Temperance  Committee  of  the  Wesley  an  Conference  report 
that  there  are  now  2,033  Wesleyan  Methodist  Bands  of  Hope, 

E 


gS  TEMPERANCE   WORK   FOR   THE   YOUNG. 

with  a  membership  of  202,516.  In  the  Young  Abstainers'  Union, 
established  to  promote  abstinence  amongst  the  children  of  the 
middle  and  upper  classes,  there  are  about  fifty  branches,  with 
upwards  of  3,000  members.  So  that,  on  a  moderate  estimate,  the 
Band  of  Hope  Division  of  our  National  Temperance  Forces  com- 
prises 8,000  Societies,  with  a  grand  total  membership  of  960,000. 

There  is  something  surprising  in  the  idea  of  this  million  of 
young  people  marching  on  to  win  a  brighter  future  for  dear  old 
England.  The  drink  trade  will  have  to  reckon  with  them. 
Statesmen  will  have  to  reckon  with  them.  They  will  help  to 
change  the  whole  thought  of  England  on  the  drink  question. 
Before  many  years  have  passed  their  one  million  will  have  become 
three  millions,  and  they  will  have  in  their  hands  the  tremendous 
powers  of  free  government.  May  God  make  them,  for  all  good 
causes  and  against  all  His  enemies,  a  host  ^'  clear  as  the  sun,  fair 
as  the  moon,  and  terrible  as  an  army  with  banners  "  ! 

The  work  now  being  done  to  reach  the  young  is  by  no  means 
confined  to  Bands  of  Hope.  There  are  some  4,000,000  of  day 
scholars  in  the  kingdom,  and  these  must  be  reached  by  every 
means  consistent  with  Government  regulations. 

In  London  20,000  scholars  in  200  elementary  schools  have 
listened  to  illustrated  physiological  temperance  addresses  from 
Kev.  Dr.  Paterson.  In  February  and  March  last,  drawiog-room 
meetings  were  held  at  Finsbury,  Streatham,  Notting  Hill, 
Camberwell,  Regent's  Park,  and  Chelsea,  at  which  600  masters 
and  mistresses  of  London  day  schools  attended  by  invitation,  to 
hear  addresses  on  temperance  and  to  partake  of  social  hospitality. 
Illustrated  lectures  have  been  given  to  5,190  young  people  in 
Training  Ships,  Orphan  Asylums,  and  Industrial  Schools.  Miss 
Kobinson  reports  from  her  sick  chamber  that  two-thirds  of  the 
children  of  our  married  soldiers  are  pledged  abstainers,  and  that 
295  army  medals  were  issued  last  year  for  twelve  months'  mem- 
bership of  these  Bands  of  Hope. 

In  London  there  are  ten  District  Band  of  Hope  Unions, 
comprising  672  societies.  Ten  speakers'  plans  are  issued,  with 
over  5,000  appointments  in  the  year. 

The  great  Board  School  system  of  the  metropolis  offers  a  fine 
field  for  temperance  instruction.    In  1875,  at  a  gathering  o 


TEMPERANCE   WORK   FOR   THE   YOUNG.  99 

medical  men  in  Edinburgh  in  connection  with  the  annual  meet- 
ings of  the  British  Medical  Association,  it  was  resolved  that  steps 
be  taken  to  induce  School  Boards  to  include  among  the  subjects 
of  instruction  the  action  of  alcoholic  liquors  on  the  human  body. 
At  length  the  National  Temperance  League  suggested  to  Dr. 
Richardson  and  Dr.  Ridge  Jhe  preparation  of  the  lesson  books 
which  bear  their  names.  And  now  the  School  Boards  of  London 
have  admitted  the  Temperance  Lesson  Book  to  some  of  their 
schools.  Dr.  Richardson's  book  is  being  read  in  forty  schools  by 
children  in  advanced  classes,  while  no  less  than  7,000  ordinary 
reading  books  containing  temperance  lesions  are  in  use  in  the 
higher  standards  of  the  London  Board  schools.  The  children  can 
choose  their  prizes  from  a  printed  list  which  contains  the  Tempe- 
rance Lesson  Book,  and  between  300  and  400  have  chosen  it. 

Mr.  Frank  Cheshire  has  given  114  lectures,  94  in  Board  Schools 
and  16  in  those  of  the  Church  of  England,  addressing  24,000 
children.  He  writes  of  one  school — "  The  master  is  very  earnest, 
and  nine-tenths  of  the  upper  standards  and  three-fourths  of  the 
lower  are  pledged  abstainers/'  Of  another  school  he  MTites  that 
"  fully  90  per  cent,  of  the  scholars  are  members  of  the  Band  of 
Hope." 

The  same  favourable  feeling  in  regard  to  temperance  instruc- 
tion is  growing  among  the  teachers  of  Church  of  England  schools. 
At  the  last  Annual  Congress  of  tbe  Church  Teachers'  Association, 
held  at  Wolverhampton,  it  was  resolved  "  to  form  an  association 
of  Church  school  managers  and  teachers  for  the  promotion  of 
temperance  teaching  in  our  elementary  schools."  This  is  in  the 
right  direction. 

Deputations  have  visited  Training  Colleges.  Two  hundred 
and  fifty  representative  members  of  the  National  Union  of  Ele- 
mentary Teachers  have  been  addressed  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber 
at  Westminster  Abbey. 

It  is  gratifying  to  find  that  in  other  countries  temperance  in- 
struction in  day  schools  is  winning  favour.  Prizes  have  been 
offered  of  j£lO  each,  to  be  competed  for  at  the  Government  schools 
in  New  Zealand,  at  an  examination  in  Dr.  Richardson's  school 
book  on  Alcohol.  The  schools  of  the  United  States  now  permit 
their  teachers  to  use  the  same  book.    Scribnei^s  Monthly,  in  a 


loo  TEMPERANCE   WORK    FOR   THE    YOUNG. 

recent  article,  referring  to  the  decision  of  the  New  York  Board 
of  Education  to  adopt  this  lesson  book,  says : — "  So  long  as 
600,000,000  dollars  are  annually  spent  for  drink  in  this  country, 
every  ounce  of  which  was  made  by  the  destruction  of  bread,  and 
not  one  ounce  of  which  has  ever  entered  into  the  sum  of  national 
wealth,  having  nothing  to  show  for  its  cost  but  diseased  stomachs, 
degraded  homes,  and  destroyed  industry,  these  boys  should 
understand  the  facts,  and  be  able  to  act  upon  them  in  their 
responsible  conduct.'' 

These  facts  represent  a  scheme  and  march  of  organisation  from 
which  the  greatest  results  may  be  augured.  Organisation  is,  of 
course,  only  the  best  arrangement  of  human  ejSbrt  Apart  from 
personal  conviction,  energy,  and  enthusiasm,  organisation  is 
a  lifeless  framework — an  unfulfilled  plan.  Sydney  Smith  once 
said,  in  a  charity  sermon,  that  "  A  never  saw  B  in  distress  with- 
out wishing  C  would  relieve  him."  And  so,  mere  feeling  will  not 
save  these  young  lives  from  the  curse  which  impends  over  many 
of  them.  Systematic  work  is  the  only  worthy  expression  and 
authentication  of  deep  feeling. 

Remember  that  in  1879  the  police  arrested  for  drunkenness 
7  children  between  10  and  15  years  of  age ;  1,401  persons  between 
the  ages  of  15  and  20,  of  whom  471  were  young  girls  ;  4,271  per- 
sons between  the  ages  of  20  and  25,  of  whom  1,540  were  females ; 
G08  domestic  servants. 

It  is  to  stop  this  that  you  are  asked  to  continue  your  labours, 
and  to  enlist  recruits  from  every  side. 

We  must  not  be  discouraged  by  the  magnitude,  stupendous  as 
it  is,  of  the  evil  against  which  we  are  arrayed.  Cromwell's  words 
ought  to  be  remembered  by  every  religious  mind  : — "  It  is  not 
the  encountering  of  difficulties  makes  us  to  tempt  Qod  ;  but  the 
acting  before  and  without  faith."  If  we  believe  that  Christ  is 
the  First  and  the  Last,  and  that  all  evil  things  are  under  His 
sentence  of  death,  we  are  justified  in  this  assault  upon  the  drink 
system,  and  we  must  repeat  it  again  and  again  until— over  the 
graves  of  some  of  us,  perhaps — this  flag  is  carried  to  victory. 

We  have  no  doubt  that  this  Band  of  Hope  work  is  answering 
the  end  for  which  it  is  designed.  Some  lapses  of  course  occur. 
When  they  arrive  at  years  of  independence  no  doubt  some  of  our 


DENOMINATIONAL   AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS.  lOI 

members  forget  theit  pledges.  But  let  us  never  lose  sight  of  the 
fact  that  our  Bands  of  Hope,  where  they  do  not  always  send 
teetotal  citizens  into  the  population,  are  sending  forth  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  men  and  women  who  have  had  temperance 
training,  who  are  biassed  in  favour  of  our  cause,  and  who  will 
impregnate  the  constituencies  with  temperance  sentiment ;  thou- 
sanda  of  our  members  do,  however,  remain  faithful. 

In  1878,  10,000  abstaining  singers  sang  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
Concert ;  1,125  were  life  abstainers,  their  age  averaging  16  years 
and  4  months  ;  average  abstinence  of  the  whole  6  years  5  months. 
In  the  metropolitan  half  of  this  choir  there  were  444  life  abstainers, 
169  of  whom  were  over  17  years  of  age.  In  the  provincial  choir 
681  life  abstainers,  of  whom  242  were  over  17  years  of  age. 

We  see,  then,  what  our  work  is,  and  what  it  can  do.  It  is  for 
you  toKlay  to  suggest  better  ways  of  doing  it ;  but  the  important 
thing  is  for  us  to  see  that  the  work  is  done,  and  the  innocence 
and  youth  of  the  nation  snatched  from  the  brink  of  the  precipice. 
The  FIFTY  years  behind  us  are  a  bright  record  of  progress,  mercy, 
and  blessing ;  let  us  each  try  to  insure  that  the  centenary  of  our 
cause  shall  dawn  upon  a  happier  England,  in  whose  streets  the 
curse  of  the  drunkard  shall  not  be  heard,  and  the  rags  of  the 
drunkard's  child  shall  not  be  seen. 


DENOMINATIONAL  AND  RELIGIOUS  EFFORTS. 
Bt  T.  M.  Williams,  Esq.,  B.A. 

The  Christian  Church  in  this  country  has  been  slow  to  identify 
itself  with  the  Temperance  movement,  and  it  is  not  until  very 
recently  that  we  find  every  section  of  the  Church  working  reso- 
lutely and  systematically  in  aid  of  the  Temperance  cause.  It  will 
be  my  endeavour  to  show  that  their  efforts  have  been  attended 
with  a  large  measure  of  success. 

The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  which  has  for  its 


102         DENOMINATIONAL   AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS. 

presidents  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York,  is  now  in 
the  seventh  year  of  its  existence.  The  following  facts  relating  to 
its  work  in  London  and  the  provinces  indisputably  prove  that  it 
has  already  effected  an  incalculable  amount  of  good.  It  commands 
the  services  of  twelve  clerical  and  nine  lay  secretaries.  It  has 
branches  in  every  diocese  in  England.  More  than  300,000  persons 
have  their  names  enrolled  on  its  books.  During  the  sixth  year  of 
its  work,  which  has  just  ended,  167  sermons  were  preached  under 
its  auspices  on  the  same  day.  and  in  London  only.  At  thirty- 
three  seaports  4,839  seamen  were  enrolled  as  members  of  the 
branches  of  the  society  which  have  been  established  for  the 
exclusive  benefit  of  sailors.  These  figures  show  an  increase  during 
the  year  of  439  adherents,  and  nine  centres  of  effort.  The  society 
is  represented  at  Woolwich  and  the  various  military  centres,  and 
upwards  of  j£4,000  has  been  raised  by  the  society  for  an  army 
coffee  tavern  and  club.  The  juvenile  branches  are  in  a  very 
flourishing  state,  thirteen  diocesan  branches  showing  a  total 
membership  of  19,4G9  total  abstainers.  The  society  has  extended 
its  operations  into  New  Zealand,  Canada,  the  West  Indies,  South 
and  Central  Africa,  and,  let  me  add,  its  work  in  England  has  so 
inspired  the  members  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Ireland  that 
they  have  founded  an  Irish  society  on  a  similar  basis.  This 
society  has  378  branches  and  48,400  members,  the  increase  for  the 
past  year  being  eighty-five  branches  and  10,724  members.  The 
income  for  the  year  reached  the  grand  total  of  ;£7,311  18s.  4d. 

The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  is  prosecuting 
its  work  with  increased  vigour  and  success.  Out  of  2,037  ministers 
in  England  more  than  a  third  are  known  to  be  total  abstainers  ; 
but  of  the  518  ministers  in  Wales  only  about  a  fourth  are  on  the 
list  of  teetotalers.  During  the  past  year  twenty-five  new  branches 
were  established,  and  towards  the  close  of  1880  a  large  number  of 
temperance  sermons  were  preached  simultaneously  from  the 
Congregational  pulpits  in  London  and  the  provinces.  Very 
successful  meetings,  too,  were  held  during  the  year  at  the  various 
theological  colleges  of  the  denomination. 

The  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association  has  been  in  existence 
only  seven  years.  A  clear  proof  of  its  rapid  progress  is  afforded 
by  the  facts  that  at  the  present  moment  552  ministers,  325  church 


DENOMINATIONAL   AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS.  IO3 


officers,  and  229  students  in  training  are  total  abstainers.  Three 
years  ago  out  of  a  total  of  262  students  at  the  theological  colleges 
only  120  were  abstainers,  or  not  quite  46  per  cent  ;  last  year  the 
percentage  was  found  to  have  increased  to  75 ;  the  percentage 
now  is  fully  80.  Further,  at  the  Manchester,  Llangollen,  and 
Pontypool  colleges,  all  the  students  are  abstainers.  This  last  fact 
U  pregnant  with  hope  ;  for  in  the  days  that  are  gone  by  the 
Calvinistic  Methodist  denomination  was  the  only  section  of  the 
Church  in  Wales  that  attached  due  importance  to  Temperance 
principles  ;  until  very  lately  it  was  the  exception  to  find  a  Cal- 
vinistic Methodist  minister  a  non-abstainer,  just  as  it  was  the  rule 
to  find  the  minister  of  any  other  denomination  a  non-abstainer. 
The  main  stay  of  the  Temperance  cause  in  the  past  has  unques- 
tionably been  the  Calvinistic  Methodist  denomination ;  and 
although  the  great  majority  of  the  members  and  ministers  of  the 
Church  are  still  teetotalers  in  word  as  well  as  in  deed,  I  am  dis- 
posed to  believe  that  total  abstinence  is  not  quite  so  common 
among  the  recognised  ministers  as  it  used  to  be. 

The  Wesley  an  Methodists  are  staunch  and  energetic  sup- 
porters of  the  Band  of  Hope  movement,  there  being  about 
2,000  Bands  of  Hope  in  direct  connection  with  the  denomina- 
tion in  various  parts  of  the  country.  The  enrolled  members 
number  about  200,000.  The  work,  I  would  add,  is  steadily 
increasing  both  in  range  and  success.  The  Wesleyan  body 
has  not  hitherto  been  very  prominently  identified  with  the 
Temperance  movement  in  any  other  aspect  of  it ;  but  when  I  state 
that  a  considerable  percentage  of  both  ministers  and  students  are 
abstainers,  and  that  this  percentage  is  clearly  on  the  increase, 
there  seem-  strong  reasons  for  believiDg  that  the  future  of  the 
denomination  is  to  be  a  future  of  active  and  ceaseless  effort 
to  emancipate  not  only  the  young,  but  also  the  old,  from  the 
thraldom  of  intemperance.  Sermons  bearing  specially  on  the 
Temperance  question  were  preached,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Conference,  in  all  the  Wesleyan  places  of  worship  in  December 
last. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  Church  has  emphatically  supported 
the  Temperance  movement  from  an  early  date.  The  great  majority 
of  its  ministers  and  local  preachers  are  total  abstainers.    The 


104         DENOMINATIONAL    AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS. 

Connexional  Bands  of  Hope  are  growing  in  influence  and  power, 
the  latest  returns  showing  that  about  50,000  of  the  Sunday 
scholars  are  enrolled  members.  This  represents  a  very  marked 
progress,  for  it  was  only  in  1879  that  rules  for  the  establishment 
of  Bands  of  Hope  were  formulated  and  adopted  by  the  Conference. 

It  was  in  1879  too  that  the  Methodist  New  Connexion  Tem- 
perance and  Band  of  Hope  Union  was  established  on  its  present 
basis.  It  has  already  become  a  powerful  organisation,  and  has 
effected  a  large  amount  of  good.  The  Connexion  has  always 
looked  with  special  favour  on  the  Band  of  Hope  movement,  and 
has  actively  aided  in  its  development.  Its  own  Band  of  Hope 
scholars  number  20,000 ;  50  per  cent,  of  the  ministers  of  the 
denomination  and  all  the  students  are  abstainers.  At  the  Con- 
ference which  was  held  in  June,  1880,  it  was  resolved  that  it 
shall  be  an  annual  custom  to  have  temperance  sermons  preached 
in  all  the  chapels  of  the  denomination,  and  temperance  addresses 
delivered  in  all  its  Sunday- schools,  in  the  first  or  second  Sunday 
inthe  month  of  December. 

Much  cannot  be  said  of  the  support  which  the  Presbyterian 
Ohurch  of  England  has  given  in  the  past  to  the  Temperance  cause. 
The  extent  and  character  of  its  future  action  may  be  gathered 
from  the  following  significant  recommendation  which  was  adopted 
by  the  Synod  which  was  lately  held  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  : — 

'^  Whereas  it  is  necessary  that  the  Church  should  take  an 
■active  and  prominent  part  in  the  crusade  against  intemperance, 
^nd  whereas  it  is  true  that  already  many  of  our  ministers  and 
j)eople  are  engaged  in  that  work,  it  is  desirable  that  the  Church 
should  bring  all  such  work  under  its  own  cognizance  and  control ; 
it  is  therefore  recommended  to  institute  a  denominational  tem- 
perance society,  which  shall  include — first,  abstainers  ;  secondly, 
non-abstainers,  personally  free  from  the  reproach  of  intemperance, 
who,  though  they  cannot  see  it  to  be  their  duty  to  abstain,  wish 
to  help  in  diminishing  drunkenness  ;  and,  thirdly,  children  being 
abstainers." 

It  is  sincerely  to  be  hoped  that  this  society  will  command  an 
^qual  measure  of  success  with  that  which  has  been  secured  by 
the  Irish  and  English  societies  which  rest  on  a  similar  basis.  I 
feel  sure  that  its  work  will  be  watched  by  the  members  of  the 


DENOMINATIONAL   AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS.  IO5 

National  Temperance  League  with  unfeigned  interest  and  with 
confidence. 

The  United  Methodist  Free  Churches  have  lately  shown  their 
appreciation  of  the  importance  of  Temperance  work  hy  establishing 
a  Connexional  temperance  association,  designated  the  '^  Free 
Methodist  Temperance  League/'  and  by  taking  the  necessary 
steps  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the  League  thoroughly  and  sys- 
tematically. All  the  students  at  the  Connexional  College  in 
Manchester,  and  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  ministers  of  the 
denomination,  are  reported  to  be  total  abstainers. 

The  Bible  Christian  Connexion  actively  support  the  Temperance 
cause.  A  large  proportion  of  the  lay  members  of  the  Church  are 
abstainers,  as  are  also  nearly  all  the  ministers  and  the  students  in 
training.  Nearly  50  per  cent,  of  the  Sunday  scholars  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Band  of  Hope,  and  nearly  60  per  cent,  of  the  Sunday- 
school  teachers  are  avowed  abstainers. 

The  11  embers  of  the  Society  of  Friends  have  ever  been  among 
the  first  and  foremost  in  the  struggle  in  this  country  with  the 
gigantic  evil  of  intemperance.  Many  of  the  most  influential  and 
powerful  advocates  of  Temperance  principles  are,  and  have  been. 
Friends ;  and  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Friends'  Temperance 
Union  is  reckoned  one  of  the  most  important,  as  it  is  also  one  of 
the  most  interesting,  of  the  services  which  are  each  year  held  by 
the  denomination.  The  great  majority  of  Friends  are  prominent 
abstainers. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  is  working  nobly  in  furtherance 
of  Temperance.  The  League  of  the  Cross,  which  was  founded 
by  Cardinal  Manning  a  few  years  ap;o,  has  developed  into  a  \\  ide- 
ppreading  organisation,  whose  influence  is  felt,  not  only  in  Lon- 
don, but  also  in  all  the  large  provincial  towns — and  not  only  by 
their  people,  but  by  their  priests.  The  League  has  been  the 
means  of  inducing  200,000  persons  to  sign  the  pledge. 

The  Unitarian  Church  contains  few  adherents  of  the  Tempe- 
rance cause.  There  is  reason  to  believe,  however,  that  the  few 
will  eve;itually  become  many,  for  a  considerable  number  of  its 
jiiiniHters,  and  many  of  the  students  who  are  now  at  the  Manchester 
New  College,  are  ab&taineis,  and  Bands  of  Hope  have  recently 
been  founded  in  connection  with  many  Uiiitarian  chapel?. 


I06         DENOMINATIONAL    AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS. 


One  of  the  ministers  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church  states  that 
"  the  adoption  of  abstinence  principles  is  undoubtedly  on  the 
increase  in  the  New  Church.  The  secretaries  of  conference,  the 
missionary  and  tract  societies,  the  Sunday  School  Union,  and  the 
Scottish  New  Church  Association,  together  with  many  others  who 
are  not  less  earnest  in  their  attachment  and  appreciation  of  all 
the  peculiarities  of  the  New  Church  belief,  are  abstainers." 

The  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  has  been  the  means  of  securing 
more  than  25,000  pledges  both  at  Leeds  and  Newcastle.  The 
movement  is  rapidly  spreading  in  the  other  large  towns  of  the 
north,  and  is  commending  itself  to  thousands  of  earnest  Christian 
men  and  women. 

The  Blue  Ribbon  Army,  although  it  has  not  emanated  from 
any  particular  section  of  the  Christian  Church,  is  evidently  doing 
the  work  of  an  efficiently  organised  Christian  mission.  Its  head- 
quarters are  in  one  of  the  most  populous  centres  in  the  East-end 
of  London  ;  and  although  it  has  been  in  existence  only  three 
years,  more  than  2,60C>  meetings  have  been  organised  by  it,  and 
42,000  pledges  have  been  secured  through  its  direct  agency. 

In  Scotland  and,  as  I  have  already  intimated,  in  Ireland, 
Temperance  work  is  vigorously  carried  on  by  the  Church.  At 
the  anniversary  services  of  the  Scottish  and  Irish  Temperance 
Leagues  which  was  held  this  year,  respectively  at  Glasgow  and 
Belfast,  there  was  a  large  attendance  of  clergymen  and  ministers 
of  the  various  denominations,  and,  at  the  instance  of  the  Leagues, 
sermons  were  preached  Eimultaneously  at  many  of  the  churches 
and  chapels  in  the  Scotch  and  Irish  towns  and  villages. 

In  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Intemperance  which  was 
the  other  day  submitted  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  the  following  hopeful  and  encouraging  sentences 
appear : — 

"  There  are  abundant  evidences  of  deepening  interest  and 
increased  effort  throughout  the  Church  of  England  on  this  ques- 
tion. Year  by  year  there  is  a  growing  number  of  ministers, 
elders,  and  members  of  the  Church  who,  for  their  own  personal 
good,  or  the  good  of  others,  abstain  from  the  use  of  intoxicating 
drink.  There  is  most  satisfactory  evidence  of  progress  in  the 
large  number  of  the  educated  classes  who,  though  not  pledged  to 


DENOMINATIONAL   AND    RELIGIOUS    EFFORTS.  IO7 

total  abstinence,  have  given  up  entirely  the  use  of  stimulants.; 
and  the  habit  of  ofiferiug  strong  drink  at  calls  of  courtesy,  at 
Tnarriagefl,  private  baptisms,  and  funerals,  in  cervants'  halls,  in 
making  bargains,  or  paying  money,  in  return  for  messages,  or  in 
reward  for  odd  jobs  done  by  workmen,  is  decidedly  on  the 
decrease.  There  is  a  steady  increase  in  parochial  temperance 
associations  throughout  the  Church.  In  all  the  Divinity  halls  a 
large  number  of  the  students  are  total  aLstainers,  and  there  is 
improvement  in  the  habit  and  tone  of  all  the  students  on  this 
subject." 

A  resolution  was  unanimously  passed  by  the  Assembly  approv- 
ing the  report,  reappointing  the  committee,  and  recommending 
the  kirk  sessions,  presbyteries,  and  synods  to  carefully  consider 
how  to  deal  with  the  vice  of  intemperance. 

The  Irish  General  Assembly's  Temperance  Association  reports 
that  280  ordained  ministers  are  members  of  the  association.  The 
Belfieist  Students'  Total  Abstinence  Association  has  a  membership 
of  seventy-seven  students.  The  Magee  College  Total  Abstinence 
Society  reports  that  the  majority  of  the  students  of  the  college 
are  total  abstainers.  Last  year,  in  265  of  the  General  Assembly's 
congregations  there  were  Bands  of  Hope  numbering  19,467  mem- 
bem,  and  adult  societies  numbering  17,856,  being  a  total  of  37,523. 
But  there  are  558  congregations  in  connection  with  the  General 
Assembly,  thus  leaving  293,  or  more  than  one-half^  from  which 
no  returns  have  been  received. 

It  does  not  fall  within  the  scope  of  this  short  paper  to  inquire 
into  the  many  causes  of  the  great  zeal  and  activity  which  the 
Christian  Church  in  this  kingdom  displays  in  these  days  sls  a 
promoter  of  total  abstinence,  and  I  am  therefore  precluded  from 
endeavouring  to  assess  the  amount  of  credit  which  is  due  to  the 
various  similar  temperance  societies,  and  especially  the  National 
Temperance  Leagae  and  the  Band  of  Hope  Union,  for  the  present 
bright  and  hopeful  prospects  of  the  Temperance  cause. 

In  conclusion,  I  have  only  to  give  expression  to  the  hope  that 
both  the  secular  and  religious  Temperance  associations  of  the 
country  will  work  as  harmoniously  and  as  successfully  in  the 
future  as  they  now  do  and  have  done  in  the  past. 


I08      TEMPERANCE  ORDERS  AND  BENEFIT  SOCIETIES. 

TEMPERANCE  ORDERS  AND  BENEFIT  SOCIETIES. 

Bt  Councillor  Cunliffe,  Bolton. 

Of  the  existing  agencies  for  promoting  Temperance  too  little 
importance  has  been  attached  to  the  various  Temperance  Friendly 
Societies  and  Orders.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  in 
many  places  Temperance  sentiment  and  activity  have  been  kept 
alive  by  the  presence  and  operation  of  a  Rechabite  Tent,  Sons  of 
Temperance  Division,  or  Qood  Templar  Lodge.  In  not  a  few 
towns  and  villages  they  have  been  the  only  teetotal  organisation. 

The  earliest  Temperance  Order  of  which  we  have  any  record — 
excluding  those  truly  noble  orders  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures 
— the  Nazarites  and  the  Rechabites — is  that  of  the  Order  of  St 
Christopher,  commenced  in  Germany  on  the  I8th  of  January, 
1517.  The  members  were  pledged  not  to  drink  more  than  seven 
goblets  of  liquor  at  a  meal,  "  except  in  cases  where  this  measure 
was  not  sufficient  to  quench  thirst''  This  "  obligation "  would 
suit  a  good  many  people  at  the  present  day.  Another  Tem- 
perance Order  was  established  in  1600,  by  the  Landgrave  of 
Hesse,  the  principal  rule  being  that  every  member  pledged  himself 
never  to  become  intoxicated.  How  they  succeeded,  history  gives 
no  record. 

Coming  now  to  the  oldest  of  the  modem  Temperance  Orders, 
^e  find  that  the  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites  was  founded 
on  the  25th  of  August,  1835,  at  Mrs.  Meadowcroft's  Temperance 
Hotel,  Bolton  Street,  Salford,  when  No.  1,  Ebenezer  Tent,  which 
is  still  in  existence,  was  opened.  The  great  number  of  cases  of 
pledge-breaking  which  occurred  in  the  early  history  of  the  move- 
ment whose  jubilee  we  are  now  celebrating,  led  to  the  formation 
of  this  Order,  and  they  adopted  a  pledge  of  the  most  compre- 
hensive character.     It  was  as  follows  : — 

"  I  hereby  declare  that  I  will  abstain  from  all  intoxicating 
liquors,  and  will  not  give  nor  offer  them  to  others,  except  in  reli- 
gious ordinances,  or  when  prescribed  by  a  medical  practitioner.  I 
will  not  engage  in  the  traffic  of  them,  and  in  all  suitable  ways  will 
discountenance  the  use,  manufacture,  and  sale  of  them ;  and  to 


TEMPERANCE  ORDERS  AND  BENEFIT  SOCIETIES.       IO9 

the  utmost  of  my  power  I  will  endeavour  to  spread  the  principle 
of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors." 

Thus  every  Rechabite  promised  to  become  a  Temperance  mis- 
sionary, and  the  Order  largely  anticipated  by  their  pledge  that 
great  movement  which  has  for  its  object  the  ultimate  overthrow 
of  the  liquor  traffic.  The  new  order  spread  like  wild-fire,  and  in 
a  few  years  the  Rechabite  annual  processions,  with  bands,  banners, 
and  regalia,  were  the  great  demonstrations  of  the  year.  Mr.  Cotterell, 
of  Bath,  says  that  by  the  end  of  1840  the  Independent  Order  of 
Rechabites,  with  its  secret  passwords,  sashes,  &c.,  became  widely 
spread  throughout  Great  Britain.  In  America,  the  Order  was 
planted  by  Lancashire  emigrants,  reproducing  itself  in  course  of 
time  in  the  Good  Templar  and  other  Orders,  the  former  of  which 
largely  absorbed  the  Rechabite  ritual,  more  especially  the  refer- 
ences to  the  ancient  Rechabites. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  decade  in  1845  the  Order  in  England  was 
very  much  exercised  by  the  movement  for  the  enrolment  of 
friendly  societies.  The  ultimate  result  was  that  many  of  the 
larger  districts  severed  themselves  from  the  parent  body  only  to 
linger  a  few  years  as  isolated  societies.  One,  however,  the  Bath 
district,  has  kept  up  a  separate  existence,  and  now  numbers  about 
1,000  members.  The  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites  were 
registered  under  the  Friendly  Societies'  Act  in  1855,  and  this  fact, 
together  with  the  remarkable  increase  over  other  societies  in  accu- 
mulated funds,  tended  to  its  consolidation.  Still,  little  was  done 
to  extend  it  throughout  the  land  in  the  missionary  spirit  enjoined 
by  their  pledge.  However,  in  1865  a  change  came  o'er  the  spirit 
of  their  dream,  and  efforts  were  made  by  the  then  Board  of 
Directors  to  spread  a  knowledge  of  Rechabitism  throughout  the 
land.  These  endeavours  were  most  amply  rewarded.  In  1860,  the 
Order  comprised  some  thirty  districts,  6,000  member?,  and  £40,000 
in  funds.  In  1880,  there  were  sixty  districts,  35,000  members,  and 
j£200,000  in  funds.  In  addition,  there  are  some  15,000  juvenile 
Rechabites,  and  a  large  number  of  the  most  prominent  Tempe- 
rance workers  enrolled  as  honorary  members.  It  is  anticipated 
that  by  the  time  the  Jubilee  of  the  Rechabite  Order  is  celebrated, 
in  1885,  there  will  be  at  least  50,000  adult  and  25,000  juvenile 
members. 


no      TEMPERANCE  ORDERS  AND  BENEFIT  SOCIETIES. 

Based  upon  the  scale  of  contributions  obtaining  in  the  best 
friendly  societies  already  in  existence,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Rechabites  took  from  them  what  wan  good  as  to  their  modes  of 
working  a  well-conducted  sick  and  burial  society,  and  rejected 
that  which  was  bad,  namely,  the  drink  and  drink  shops.  The 
result  as  to  health,  long  life,  and  accumulated  funds,  has  been  a 
startling  surprise  to  even  its  most  sanguine  promoters.  The  early 
fear  expressed  that  those  who  signed  this  strong  pledge  and  joined 
this  Order  would  not  live  long  has  been  swept  away.  Now,  the 
complaint  is  that  these  staunch  teetotalers  seem  as  though  they 
never  would  die.  That  an  abstainer's  life  is  more  valuable  to  an 
assurance  company  has  been  amply  demonstrated  b}*^  the  United 
Kingdom  Temperance  Provident  Institution,  and  this  has  been 
still  more  fully  corroborated  by  the  experience  of  the  Rechabites. 
But  no  organisation  was  able  to  prove  how  much  superior  was  the 
health  of  the  abstainer  as  compared  with  that  of  the  most  mode- 
rate of  drinkers.  This,  however,  has  been  conclusively  shown 
by  the  returns  of  sickness  published  by  the  Rechabites  as  com- 
pared with  the  sickness  prevalent  in  even  the  most  respectable  of 
what  we  must  call  the  drinking  societies.  Wherever  this  com- 
parison has  been  made,  it  has  invariably  and  conclusively  demon- 
strated that  if  we  would  show  to  the  world  the  benefits  of  our 
abstinence,  we  must  join  such  societies  as  are  composed  of 
teetotalers  only.  The  comparisons  thus  made  would  be  still  more 
forcible  but  for  the  large  number  of  abstainers  who  are  members 
of  these  drinking  orders.  What  the  Right  Hon.  W.  £.  Forster 
describes  as  the  "  very  extraordinary  statements  with  regard  to 
the  greater  health  and  lees  sickness  of  the  members  of  the 
Rechabite  Society ''  in  this  country,  are  equally  boinc  out  by  the 
experience  of  the  Order  in  Australia,  where  there  are  over  6,000 
members,  with  funds  rapidly  increasing  through  the  development 
of  Temperance  principles.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  in 
connection  with  Rechabitism  is  that  there  is  only  1  per  cent,  of 
pledge-breaking  in  the  history  of  the  Order. 

In  addition  to  the  Bath  district  there  are  others  bearing  the 
name  of  Rechabites  not  connected  with  the  Salford  Unity  ;  each 
of  these,  in  their  several  spheres,  doing  a  certain  amount  of  good. 
They  are,  however,  prevented    by    their  comparatively   small 


TEMPERANCE  ORDERS  AND  BENEFIT  SOCIETIES.        Ill 

mimbeTBy  from  rendering  that  aid  to  the  cause  which  larger  bodies 
can  and  do  gire  by  publishing  their  vital  statistics.  Besides 
these,  there  are  the  Total  Abstinent  Sons  of  the  Phoenix,  working 
entirely  in  London — a  thoroughly  teetotal  Benefit  Society,  which 
would  also  be  of  greater  service  if  attached  to  one  of  the  larger 
Orders. 

While  we  have  a  good  many  things  to  thank  America  for,  it 
will  not  be  denied  that  Brother  Jonathan  is  indebted  for  some  of 
his  best  ideas  to  the  mother  country,  although  we  must  grant  that 
our  big  brother  has  the  faculty  for  developing  those  "  notions  " 
with  a  rapidity  which  shocks  our  more  conservative  habits. 
Benefit  Societies  in  America  have  not  taken  root  in  anything  like 
the  same  degree  as  in  this  country  ;  but  in  their  place  "  Orders  " 
of  various  descriptions  have  flourished  amazingly,  so  that  while 
the  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites  did  not  become  domiciled 
to  any  great  extent  there,  several  other  Temperance  Orders  seem 
to  have  been  the  outcome  of  the  transplantation  of  Rechabitism. 

The  Order  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance  was  established  in  New 
York  on  the  29th  of  September,  1842,  and  spread  with  great 
speed  throughout  most  of  the  States,  and  also  to  Canada,  New- 
foundland, &c.  Mr.  Thomas,  of  Liverpool,  is  credited  with 
opening  the  first  "  division"  in  England  in  the  year  1846  ;  but  it 
was  not  until  April  6th,  1855,  that  the  National  Division  was 
instituted.  Since  then,  by  rapid  strides,  the  Order  has  come  to 
number  15,000  members,  in  twenty-five  grand  divisions,  with 
funds  amounting  to  about  ;£50,000.  There  was  naturally  a  little 
jealousy  about  the  introduction  of  another  Temperance  Benefit 
Society  into  this  country  ;  but  that  has  passed  away,  and  now  the 
Independent  Order  of  Bechabites  and  the  Sons  of  Temperance 
are  working  amicably  together,  and  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that 
at  no  remote  date  they  may  be  found  acting  under  one  jurisdiction. 
At  all  events,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  abstainers  generally  using 
the  statistics  of  the  united  Orders  to  prove  the  less  sickness,  lower 
mortality,  and  greater  financial  success  demonstrated  by  these 
50,000  abstainers. 

Another  Temperance  Order,  though  not  a  Benefit  Society  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  word,  now  claims  our  attention,  not  only  by 
the  magnitude  of  its  numbers,  but  for  the  great  good  which  it  haa 


112      TEMPERANCE    ORDERS   AND    BENEFIT    SOCIETIES. 


been  enabled  to  accomplish — the  Independent  Order  of  Good 
Templars.  It  had  its  origin  in  New  York  in  1851,  being  preceded 
by  many  smaller  Temperance  Orders,  with  similar  Masonic  titles. 
But  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars  has  outstripped  all 
its  rivals,  and  it  was  computed  that  in  1870  its  members  numbered 
upwards  of  a  quarter  of  a  million.  It  is  asserted  that  Good 
Templars  are  averse  to  the  benefit  system  being  engrafted  upon 
their  society,  as  they  are  wishful  to  admit  all  persons,  without 
restriction  as  to  health  or  age.  The  Order  was  introduced  into 
this  country,  in  1868,  by  Mr.  Joseph  Malins,  who  succeeded  in 
opening  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England  on  the  25th  of  July,  1870, 
with  twelve  lodges  and  300  members.  According  to  the  last 
returns,  this  Grand  Lodge  now  numbers  2,000  lodges  and  90,000 
subscribing  members,  with  40,000  children  in  the  Juvenile 
Temples.  It  has  been  estimated  that  nearly  one-half  of  the  adult 
members  were  not  abstainers  previous  to  joining  this  Order,  and 
that  14,000  of  these  have  been  rescued  from  habits  of  intem- 
perance. Over  1,0C0  clergymen  and  ministers  are  connected  with 
this  Order  in  England,  and  it  is  said  that  10,000  public  meetings 
are  held  yearly  by  its  members  in  this  country.  They  have  a 
weekly  paper  and  several  monthly  magazines ;  they  have  estab- 
lished a  Temperance  Orphanage,  at  a  cost  of  £2,500 ;  have  pre- 
sented a  lifeboat  to  the  National  Lifeboat  Institution,  at  an  outlay 
of  nearly  £700;  and  contributed  over  £1,500  to  the  London 
Temperance  Hospital.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland  numbers 
from  40,000  to  50,000  members;  the  Grand  Lodges  of  Wales 
(English  and  Welsh)  about  12,000;  with  smaller  Grand  Lodges 
in  Ireland  and  the  Channel  Islands. 

In  order  to  faithfully  chronicle  the  facts  of  the  case,  it  is 
necessary  here  to  mention  the  disruption  of  the  Good  Templar 
Order  upon  what  is  called  "  the  negro  question."  This  severed 
the  bulk  of  the  English  Good  Templars  in  1876,  when  the  Order 
was  by  them  reorganised  under  the  title  of  the  H.W.G.L.  of  the 
World,  but  a  number  remained  faithful  to  the  original  Bight 
Worthy  Grand  Lodge,  and  still  hold  allegiance  to  that  body. 
Under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  latter  the  United  Kingdom  is  divided 
into  Provincial  Grand  Lodges,  and  the  latest  statistics  give  an 
aggregate  membership  of  about  12,000  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


THE  PRESS  AND  THE   TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT.       II3 

Several  Temperance  Orders  have,  from  causes  which  need  not 
here  be  given,  been  brought  into  existence  through  differences 
of  opinion  as  to  the  modes  of  government,  &&,  in  the  G<K>d 
Templar  Order.  The  Free  Templars  of  St.  John,  the  British 
Templars,  the  United  Temperance  Association,  and  a  few  others, 
have  been  formed  with  the  avowed  object  of  still  better  per- 
forming temperance  work;  and  although  the  results  of  their 
labours  maj  not  have  been  as  satisfactory  as  they  could  wish,  yet 
they  have  not  been  altogether  in  vain.  With  these  vast  possi- 
bilities for  good,  it  is  to  be  hoped  tliat  no  prolonged  internal  dis- 
sensions will  militate  against  the  future  welfare  of  these  great 
]ui.<sionary  Temperance  Orders. 

As  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  following  is  an  approximate 
estimate  of  the  various  Temperance  Benefit  Societies  and  Onlers 
in  the  United  Kingdom: — Independent  Order  of  Kechabites, 
40,000  adults  and  juveniles;  Sons  of  Temperance,  20,000;  Good 
Templars,  adults  and  juveniles,  200,000;  other  orders,  15,(HH): 
making  a  grand  total  of  275,000. 


THE  PRESS  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  THE  TEMPERANCE 

MOVEMENT. 

By  Frederick  Sherlock, 

Author  qf  **Illu$triou9  Ab$fainer$t"  4c. 

TuE  Printing  Press  has  been  aptly  called  "  God's  Modem 
Miracle,"  and  certainly  no  discovery  has  been  fraught  with  greater 
blessings  to  the  human  race.  Who  does  not  remember  Elihu 
Burritt's  .conversation  with  the  printer's  boy  ?  Said  the  lad  : — 
"  Why  the  world  is  brimful  of  live,  bright,  industrious  thoughts, 
which  would  have  been  dead,  as  dead  as  a  stone,  if  it  hadn't  been 
for  boys  like  me  who  have  run  the  ink  rollers.  Immortality, 
indeed !  why  people's  minds,"  he  continued,  with  his  imagination 
cliiiibing  into  the  profanely  sublime,  *' people's  minds  wouldn't 
be  immortal  if  'twasn't  for  the  printers — at  any  rate,  in  this  here 
planetary  burying-ground.    We  are  the  chaps  what  manufacture 


114       THE  PRESS  AND  THE  TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT. 

immortality  for  the  dead  men,''  he  subjoined,  slapping  the  press- 
man graciously  on  the  shoulder.  The  latter  took  it  as  if  dabbed  a 
knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  for  the  boy  had  put  the  mysteries 
of  his  profession  in  sublime  apocalypse.  ^'Give  us  one  good 
healthy  mind/'  resumed  Ezekiel,  *'  to  think  for  us,  and  we  will 
furnish  a  dozen  worlds  as  big  as  this  with  thoughts  to  order. 
Give  us  such  a  man,  and  we  will  insure  his  life ;  we  will  keep  him 
alive  for  ever  among  the  living.  He  can't  die,  noway  you  can  fix 
it,  when  once  you  have  touched  him  witb  these  here  bits  of  inky 
pewter.  He  shan't  die  nor  sleep.  We  will  keep  his  mind  at 
woi  k  on  all  the  minds  that  live  on  the  earth,  and  all  the  minds 
that  shall  come  to  live  here  as  long  as  the  world  stands." 

The  Temperance  enterprise  wets  the  outcome  of  a  healthy  mind  ! 
its  life  1ui8  been  insured  !  It  shall  be  kept  alive  for  evermore !  It 
can*t  die,  no  way  !  It  has  been  touched  with  the  bits  of  inky 
pewter !  It  shanH  die  nor  sleep  !  The  mighty  arm  of  the  printer 
has  girded  it  about  with  a  strength  which  shall  not  be  overpowered 
— uo,  not  as  long  as  the  world  endures.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact 
that  the  first  beginnings  of  organised  Temperance  effort  at  home 
and  abroad  alike,  were  mainly  due  to  the  devoted  labours  of  press- 
men. Nearly  fifty  years  ago  William  Lloyd  Garrison  issued,  in 
America,  probably  the  first  Temperance  journal  ever  published. 
It  was  the  circulation  of  printed  copies  of  Beecher's  Six  Sermons 
on  Temperance,  which,  as  my  venerable  friend  Dr.  Houston  has  told 
us,  partly  led  to  the  formation  of  Temperance  Societies  in  Ireland  ; 
and  one  of  the  first  seven  men  to  sign  the  pledge  in  Belfast 
was  Alexander  Smith  Mayne,  a  bookseller,  who  slill  survives. 

The  best  known  of  the  seven  men  of  Preston — Joseph  Livesey 
—has  been  unremitting  in  the  use  of  the  press,  and  is  himself  the 
successful  founder  of  an  influential  provincial  journal ;  while  the 
very  Jubilee  which  we  now  celebrate  is  traced  to  the  enlightened 
philanthropy  and  indomitable  perseverance  of  a  Glasgow  pub- 
lisher, the  revered  William  Collins. 

So,  too,  those  who  have  at  all  informed  themselves  of  the 
manners  and  methods  of  the  early  workers,  cannot  fail  to  have 
been  struck  with  the  mighty  utilisation  of  the  press  by  the  grand 
old  men.  Tracts,  leaflets,  pamphlets,  journals,  were  scattered  in 
all  directions;    wherever  the  Temperance  crusade   was  to  be 


THE  PRESS  AND  THE  TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT.        II5 

carried  on  the  printer  led  the  way.  I  ask  then,  If  in  the  early 
days  of  the  Temperance  agitation  the  circulation  of  literature  was 
found  to  be  so  important,  is  not  the  necessity  a  thousandfold 
greater  in  our  own  day  ?  What  is  the  position  of  our  movement  ? 
I  say  it  is  at  that  history-making  epoch  which  requires  the 
keenest  watchfulness  of  every  true-hearted  temperance  worker. 
Speaking  broadly,  the  public  is  so  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 
Temperance  programme — or,  rather,  complacently  thinks  itself 
BO  to  be — that  the  novelty  and  freshness  which  served  to  attract 
audiences  fifty  years  ago  are  auxiliary  aids  upon  which  tem- 
perance speakers  can  no  longer  rely.  This  is  pre-eminently  a 
Reading  Age,  and  the  more  thoroughly  Temperance  reformers 
recognise  the  importance  of  carrying  on  the  work  in  an  educational 
spirit  the  more  rapidly  will  they  attain  the  great  end  in  view. 

The  present  use  of  the  press  by  temperance  men  is,  in  my 
opinion,  utterly  inadequate  to  the  requirements  of  the  case.  I 
will  briefly  indicate  some  of  the  ways  in  which  a  further 
utilisation  of  the  press  might  be  developed  both  by  societies  and 
individuals. 

I  am  a  thorough  believer  in  the  political  axiom,  "  the  supply 
creates  the  demand;"  and  I  say  the  National  Temperance  League, 
whose  operations  are  so  successfully  steered  by  Mr.  Robert  Rac, 
an  old  pressman,  who  has  apparently  found  out  the  secret  of 
perpetual  youth — this  League  never  showed  a  truer  appreciation 
of  the  spirit  of  the  age  than  when  it  stepped  into  the  breach  and 
opened  its  National  Temperance  Publication  Depot,  337,  Strand. 
The  publication  dep6t  is,  I  am  satisfied,  destined  to  be  the  great 
stronghold  of  the  League's  operations,  just  as  I  believe  the  Church 
of  England  Temperance  Society — in  whose  work  I  am  permitted 
to  bear  a  part — will  increasingly  find  that,  in  proportion  to  the 
attention  given  to  its  publication  depot.  Palace  Chambers,  West- 
minster, BO  will  be  the  measure  of  progress  which  the  cause  will 
make  all  over  the  country. 

What  these  organisations  have  done  at  their  head-quaiters 
seems  to  me  to  precisely  indicate  the  step  which  should  be  taken 
by  every  Temperance  Society,  be  it  great  or  small,  throughout 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land.  Yes;  every  society  should 
have  its  otm  Temperance  Puhlicat%07i  Depdt.    1  mean  that  local 


Il6      THR  PRESS  AND  THE  TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT. 

committees  should  arrange  with  the  booksellers  nearest  their  place 
of  meeting  to  keep  on  sale  the  current  temperance  publications 
of  the  daj.  I  mean  that  at  every  temperance  meeting,  without 
exception,  there  should  be  a  temperance  bookstall. 

Most  of  you  are  familiar  with  the  noble  work  done  in  Lam1>eth 
Baths  by  the  Rev.  G.  M.  Murphy,  to  my  mind  a  work  which 
never  can  be  too  highly  spoken  of  if  for  no  other  reason  than 
this,  that  it  has  taught  us  how  to  manage  a  Temperance  book- 
stall. Night  after  night  as  I  have  been  to  the  Baths  and  seen  the 
attractive  display  of  literature  on  the  bookstall,  and  noticed  the 
keen  interest  which  the  working  men  have  taken  in  the  perio- 
dicals there  on  sale,  1  have  felt  that  it  was  a  feature  of  practical 
Temperance  work  deserving  the  widest  imitation.  What  the 
sale  of  literature  on  that  one  stall  realises  in  a  season  must 
be  considerable,  and  I  daresay  I  shall  not  be  overstating  the 
sum  if  1  name  £100.  There  are  other  meetings  in  London,  such 
as  the  South  Metropolitan  Hall  and  the  East  Central  Hall,  where 
the  sale  of  literature  is  also  well  maintained,  but  I  believe  the  work 
will  never  rise  to  its  true  proportions,  until  every  society  appoints 
as  part  of  its  staff  an  officer — call  him  Bookseller,  Publisher,  News 
Agent,  or  "  Smith  &  Sons,"  if  you  like — what's  in  a  name  ? — 
but  an  officer  who  shall  know  that  his  work  is  to  thoroughly  push 
the  sale  of  Temperance  literature  as  an  important— nay,  as  tt^e 
important  part  of  the  society's  work. 

Societies,  too,  might  well  develop  the  plan  of  literature  depart- 
ments so  successfully  inaugurated  by  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire 
Band  of  Hope  Union :  a  system  well  explained  in  the  manual 
published  by  the  Union. 

The  plan  is  to  make  use  of  the  children  as  vendors  of  publica- 
tions, and  by  placing  the  ordinary  trade  profits  in  a  fund  for 
division  at  the  end  of  the  year  in  prizes  and  rewards,  giving  the 
children  a  real  and  personal  interest  in  the  work.  Thousands 
and  tens  of  thousands  of  periodicals  are  thus  circulated  by  Band 
of  Hope  members  every  year,  but  the  movement  is  far  fronj 
general  and  would  well  repay  the  active  and  earnest  attention  of 
societies. 

Then  again  a  wide  range  of  usefulness  for  society  work,  is 
presented  by  the  adoption  of  a  local&ed  magazine.     By  taking  up 


THE  PRESS  AND  THE  TEMPERANCE  MOVEMENT.  1 17 

one  or  other  of  the  periodicals  issued  for  localisation,  a  society 
may  at  a  slight  expenditure  open  up  a  most  valuable  means  of 
intercommunication  between  its  members.  If  the  magazine  be 
judiciously  edited,  it  speedily  becomes  a  powerful  local  mis- 
sionary :  many  will  read  its  pages  who  would  not  think  of 
attending  a  meeting,  and  thus  an  interest  may  be  created  in  the 
operations  of  the  local  society  unattainable  by  any  other  means. 

Wall  placards  or  posters  for  the  town  hoardings,  may  aUo  be 
suggested  as  an  uncultivated  field  for  the  Temperance  press. 
When  I  resided  in  Belfast  a  few  years  ago  as  secretary  of  the 
Irish  Temperance   League,  I  used  to  issue  a  placard  late  on 
Saturday  night,  printed  in  good  bold  type  and  posted  on  all  the 
prominent  hoardings  and  vacant  walls  in  the  town.    The  Tem- 
perance message  was  read  by  thousands  on  their  way  to  places  of 
worship  on  the  Sunday,   and  by  as  many  more  idlers    who 
patrolled  the  streets  in  painful  anxiety,  waiting  the  opening  of 
the  doors   of  the    temples    of    Bacchus.     By  selecting  a  short 
sentence  from  a  current  speech  of  a  public  man  ;   by  taking  some 
revelation  from  the  local  police  annals  ;    or  by  "  improving  the 
occasion  "  of  some  recent  or  coming  event,  a  present  interest  was 
given  to  the  placard,  and  the  wayfarer  was  induced  to  read  what  was 
only  a  friendly  "  lead  up  "  to  some  practical  Temperance  teachin;^. 
While  on  this  point  I  may  refer  to  the  well-known  example  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Richardson,  of  Stepney,  who,  during  the  erection  of 
his  Mission  Chirrch,  had  the   building  hoardings  covered  with 
those  splendid   pictorial  decorations  published   by  Mr.    T.  B. 
Smithies.    In  Belfast,  during  the  erection  of  the  Irish  Temperance 
League  buildings,  we  imitated  Mr.  Richardson's  example  with  the 
best  possible  results,     I  had  the  builders'  boards  covered  with 
teetotal  pictures,  and  one  huge  poster  announcing  that  I  was  on 
duty  in  the  office,  ready  to  receive  any  signatures  to  the  pledge. 
Numbers  of  pledges  were  taken.     Some  of  the  billstickers  tried 
to  purchase  the  right  of  posting  their  placards  on  the  teetotal 
boards,  but  I  replied  we  could  not  sell  the  privilege,  which  we 
valued  at  a  high  rate,  as  the  means  of  a  Temperance  educational 
effort  of  a  most  popular  kind. 

Societies,  too,  are  very  chary  of  the  use  of  handbills  and  tracts 
for  the  announcement  of  meetings.     The  best  handbill  is,  in  my 


Il8     THE    PRESS   AND    THE    TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT. 

j  udgmeut,  of  the  kind  which  gives  a  tract  on  one  side  and  the  notice 
of  a  meeting  on  the  other.  There  should  ako  be  a  weekly  tract  dis- 
tribution in  connection  with  every  society.  In  Liverpool^  for  some 
years  the  elder  members  of  my  Band  of  Hope  systematically  visited 
the  whole  of  the  streets  in  the  parish,  and,  by  their  persistent 
labours,  the  entire  parish,  from  its  centre  to  its  circumference,  was 
supplied  with  leaflet  Temperance  literature.  We  all  know  full 
well  the  glorious  manner  in  which  Joseph  Livesey  has  led  the 
way  in  this  matter  of  tract  distribution.  For  some  years  each 
New  Year's  Day  has  brought  a  temperance  message  from  Joseph 
Livesey  to  every  householder  in  Preston.  Can  we  not  all  learn 
something  from  this  great  example  ?  The  country  has  recently 
passed  through  the  ordeal  of  the  census.  Why  should  not  Tem- 
perance men  arrange  that  on  a  given  day  every  householder  in 
the  United  Kingdom  shall  receive  a  temperance  leaflet?  and 
every  newspaper  in  the  country  be  asked  to  print  some  telling 
sentence  bearing  on  the  question  ? — even  if  it  be  done  by  adver. 
tisement.  Whatever  the  outlay,  I  believe  the  result  would  amply 
justify  the  expenditure. 

This  brings  me  to  the  point  of  cost.  I  know  many  will  say  the 
suggestions  are  not  practicable,  on  the  ground  of  the  cost.  The 
cost?  Here  I  must  exercise  the  Englishman's  privilege  of 
grumbling.  I  do  grumble  and  complain  most  bitterly  of  the 
niggardly  way  in  which  Temperance  Societies  treat  this  question 
of  literature.  Whenever  I  pick  up  a  report  I  glance  through  the 
balance  sheet  to  ascertain  what  sum  has  been  devoted  to  the 
printer,  the  publisher,  the  author ;  and,  as  a  rule,  the  sum  is 
generally  of  the  kind  which  Dickens  said  could  be  conveniently 
stowed  away  under  a  gooseberry  leaf !  Tea  and  cake,  cake  and 
tea,  entertainments  of  all  and  every  kind,  account  for  a  large 
proportion  of  the  Temperance  treasurer's  disbursements;  but  food 
for  the  mind  has  a  very  small  place  in  the  table  of  charges.  If 
societies  can  be  led  to  view  this  matter  in  its  true  light  I  am 
certain  we  shall  soon  see  a  very  material  change,  and  that  instead 
of  passing  resolutions  recommending  the  adoption  of  Dr.  Richard- 
son's Lesson  Book  by  schools,  we  shall  have  the  societies  voting 
a  certain  sum  for  the  purpose  of  placing  so  many  copies  of  the 
volume  in  the  hands  of  the  scholars. 


THE    PRESS   AND    THE    TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT.      IIQ 

Bat  if  societies  may  do  much  in  this  work  of  circulating 
Temperance  literature,  individuals  can  do  more.  Look,  for 
example,  at  the  wonderful  flood  of  temperance  tracts  which 
have  been  put  into  circulation  by  that  voluntary  worker,  Charles 
Watson,  of  Halifax.  In  a  few  months  over  eight  millions  of  tracts 
have  been  sent  forth  by  this  one  man.  The  tracts  contained 
twenty-five  million  pages  of  reading,  weighed  twenty-five  tons, 
and  gave  a  load  of  twenty  cwt.  to  each  of  twenty-five  railway  carts ! 
We  cannot  all  undertake  so  much  labour  as  these  figures  imply, 
but  we  can  all  do  very  much  more  than  we  have  hitherto  done. 

When  school  prizes  are  to' bo  given,  8end  a  presentation  volume 
or  two  selected  from  standard  Temperance  literature. 

When  bazaars  and  old  country  fair  stallkeepers  besiege  you  for 
contributions  of  goods,  send  them  a  parcel  of  well-selected  Tem- 
perance literature. 

The  people  to  whom  you  cannot  or  dare  not  epeak  the  needed 
warning  word  as  to  the  Temperance  question,  may  yet  be  reached, 
yes,  and  rescued,  if  you  do  but  send  through  the  post  some  faithful 
message  which  shall  reach  their  hearts  through  the  printed  type. 

Take  an  interest  in  your  bookseller's  stock  of  Temperance 
papers.  Buy  copies  of  those  which  he  has  on  sale,  and  be  very 
pertinacious  in  your  demands  for  those  which  he  has  not  got.  "Ask 
for  the  Temperance  Record^  and  see  that  you  get  it," — is  a  motto 
which  I  would  like  all  present  to  adopt. 

Call  at  the  railway  bookstalls  for  Temperance  literature  aho. 
The  expenditure  of  a  few  pence  weekly  would  furnish  you  with 
quite  an  armful  of  Temperance  literature.  "  But  what  am  I  to  do 
with  it  ?    I  cannot  spare  time  to  read  it  all,"  says  one. 

Well  then  send  it  to  the  Parson,  the  Doctor,  the  Sunday-school 
Teacher,  the  Schoolmaster,  the  District  Visitor,  the  Workmen's 
Club,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the  Lending 
Library  and  Reading  Room,  the  Editor  of  the  local  Newspaper. 

Half  of  the  knockdown  blows  which  we  Temperance  reformers 
get  from  the  gentlemen  of  the  press  is  due  to  our  own  stupidity. 
If  we  only  sent  the  editors  early  and  late  Temperance  intelligence 
and  kept  their  libraries  well  supplied  with  standard  teaching  on 
the  subject,  we  should  have  more  papers  like  the  Daily  Chronicle^ 
the  Echo,  Hand  and  Heart  aud  the  Christian  World,  educated  up 


I20     THE    PRESS   AND    THE    TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT. 

to  the  requirements  of  the  time  so  far  as  our  question  is  con- 
cerned. 

The  important  service  ivhich  the  newspapers  can  render  during 
Temperance  Mission  weeks  is  too  obvious  to  need  enforcement ; 
but  while  on  this  matter,  let  me  also  say  that  when  a  paper  doss 
put  in  a  friendly  word  for  the  cause,  let  us  exercise  a  little  of  that 
worldly  wisdom  which  is  expressed  in  the  sentence,  ^'Buy  a 
copy."  Let  the  editors  and  publishers  find  that  when  their 
})apers  give  Temperance  work  a  place,  the  circulation  goes  up  one! 
And  moreover,  when  the  editors  do — as  some  of  them  bravely  do 
— fight  our  battles,  do  not  omit  to  pay  the  worker  with  a  courte- 
ously expressed  and  friendly  letter  telling  him  that,  <<  as  a  con- 
stant reader,"  or  *'  a  reader  from  the  first,''  you  have  for  once 
appreciated  his  Temperance  testimony.  The  conductors  of  public 
journals  are  so  frequently  reminded  of  the  things  they  have  left 
undone,  that  a  word  of  cheer  now  and  then  cannot  fail  to  be  of 
great  service,  particularly  when  so  much  is  to  be  gained  by 
having  the  press  on  our  side.  I  might  have  touched  upon 
several  other  phases  of  the  subject,  such  as  colportage  work, 
but  time  forbids.  I  claim,  however,  that  the  history  of  the  Tem- 
perance movement, — the  existing  agencies  for  promoting  Tem- 
perance work,  new  plans  and  modifications  of  existing  agencies. 
Temperance  legislation, — all  converge  to  one  great  centre — that 
centre  which  has  been  so  unworthily  represented  by  myself  in  this 
Jubilee  Commemoration — Temperance  literature.  Use  the  press 
as  a  duty ;  use  it  as  a  privilege  ;  use  it  as  power  ;  use  it  as  an 
unfailing  means  of  reaching  all  classes  of  the  country.  It  is  the 
readiest,  the  cheapest,  the  surest,  the  grandest  power  which  an 
inspired  inventor  has  ever  placed  at  man's  disposal. 


THE    IRISH    SUNDAY    CLOSING    ACT.  121 


THE  IRISH  SUNDAY  CLOSING  ACT* 
Br  Henry  Wigham,  Dublin. 

Thk  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act  came  into  operation  on  October 
13, 1878.  It  was  passed  for  four  years  only,  and  consequently 
expires  at  the  end  of  next  year.  It  stops  the  sale  of  all  intoxi- 
cating drinks  on  Sunday,  excepting  in  the  cities  of  Dublin,  Cork, 
Limerick,  Waterford,  and  the  town  of  Belfast.  In  these  places 
the  hours  of  sale  are  from  two  o'clock  to  seven  p.m.,  being  two 
hours  less  than  formerly.  The  bond  fide  traveller  clause,  which 
was  already  in  operation  for  those  portions  of  Sunday  when  the 
pale  was  prohibited,  was  continued  in  the  new  Act.  There  is 
also  provision  for  the  exemption  of  railway  stations,  canteens,  and 
packet  boats. 

Having  now  had  three  years'  experience  of  the  working  of  the 
Act,  we  are  able  to  judge  of  its  results,  and  to  say  whether  it  is 
desirable  that  it  should  be  renewed,  made  permanent,  and  extended 
to  the  five  places  at  present  exempted  from  its  full  operation.  I 
could  give  very  strong  evidence  as  to  the  general  working  of  the 
Act ;  but  as  I  propose  to  consider  the  subject  more  especially  in 
reference  to  crime,  I  will  only  quote  the  testimony  of  one  well 
qualified  to  give  an  opinion  on  the  matter.  The  Ki^ht  Hon.  W. 
E.  Forster,  M.P.,  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  in  reply  to  a 
deputation  which  waited  upon  him  in  October,  1880,  said  : — 
"  There  can  scarcely  be  any  doubt  that  the  Sunday  Closing  Act 
will  be  renewed  by  the  Government  that  is  in  power.  As  far 
as  I  can  learn,  it  has  more  than  justified  the  expectations  of  its 
supporter?.  In  two  ways  the  positive  effects  have  been  shown  to 
be  almost  better — really  better,  I  think — than  most  of  us  hoped 
they  would  be,  although  there  were  expectations  of  good  ;  and 
also  it  is  quite  clear  that  those  who  prophesied  that  it  would  be 
a  step  considerably  in  advance  of  public  feeling  in  Ireland 
have  been   disappointed.     As  far  as   I  can  make  out,  public 


*  Read  at  the  Social  Science  Congresi  (Repression  of  Crime  Section^, 
Dublin,  October,  1881. 


122  THE    IRISH    SUNDAY    CLOSING   ACT. 

opinion  has  entirely  gone  with  the  operation  of  the  Act.  The 
time  for  renewal  will  come  on  in  two  years  from  now.  That  will 
opply  not  to  the  next  session,  but  to  the  session  after^  and  I  don't 
doubt  but  that  you  will  keep  your  attention  to  the  subject ;  so 
that  if  there  be  a  strong  public  opinion,  as  you  say  there  is,  and  I 
dare  say  there  is,  in  favour  of  its  extension  to  the  five  exempted 
towns,  Parliament  will  be  informed." 

To  those  who  have  attentively  observed  the  extent  and  descrip- 
tion of  crime  which  has  come  before  courts  of  justice  in  Ireland 
during  the  last  three  years,  it  must  have  been  manifest  that 
whilist  in  many  places  there  has  been  a  considerable  amount 
of  crime,  yet  it  has  been  in  great  measure  confined  to  what  are 
termed  agrarian  offences,  and  that  the  ordinary  crime  of  the 
country,  more  especially  that  which  has  its  origin  in  drunkenness, 
lias  materially  diminished.  In  the  charges  made  by  judges  on 
circuit  this  state  of  things  has  been  frequently  commented  upon, 
and  by  some  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  has  been  largely  credited 
with  theae  beneficial  results.  I  give  one  or  two  extracts  from 
these,  made  soon  after  the  Act  passed,  but  this  testimony  has  been 
confirmed  by  subsequent  experience. 

The  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  Ireland,  in  his  address  to  the  grand 
jury  of  Kilkenny,  said  :—"  From  the  police  returns  it  appeared 
that  the  number  of  cases  of  intoxication  had  considerably  decreased, 
and  it  was  encouraging  to  find  that  the  Act  for  the  closing  of  public- 
houses  on  Sunday  had  largely  realised  the  expectations  of  its  pro- 
moters." 

Judge  Lawson,  at  the  Clare  Assizes, ''said  : — ''The  county 
inspector  reports  that  drunkenness  has  decreased.  It  may  be 
attributed  to  the  operation  of  the  Sunday  Closing  Act.  I  observed 
that  when  a  Bill  was  lately  introduced  into  Parliament  with  the 
object  of  preventing  whisky  from  being  taken  out  of  bond  before 
one  year,  a  witty  member,  who  bears  the  same  name  as  myself, 
proposed  to  extend  the  time  to  100  years.  Perhaps  some  other 
gentleman,  with  similar  good  intentions,  would  propose  to  extend 
the  Sunday  Closing  Act  to  every  day  in  the  week,  and  if  that 
succeeds  we  shall  have  a  millenium  of  sobriety." 

Baron  Dowse,  at  the  Kilkenny  Assizes,  said :  "  The  county 
inspector's  report  contained  nothing  to  detract  from  the  character 


THE    IRISH    SUNDAY   CLOSING    ACT.  I23 

of  the  county.  There  was  a  considerable  decrease  in  intoxication, 
as  compared  with  the  return  at  the  March  Assizes — 110  cases  less 
— and  this  the  inspector  attributed  to  the  Sunday  Closing  Act." 

At  Waterford,  Mr.  George  Waters,  Q.C.,  County  Court  Judge, 
declared  that  he  had  been  at  Lismore  and  Dungarvan,  and  in  the 
whole  county  had  not  had  a  single  case  arising  out  of  drink.  He 
never  could  say  this  before,  and  whoever  said  such  a  result  was 
not  due  to  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  would  require  to  account  for 
a  very  singular  coincidence. 

At  Newry,  Mr.  Thomas  Lefroy,  Chairman  of  the  County 
Armagh,  had  the  great  luxury  of  announcing  to  a  large  crowd 
of  jurors  that  there  was  nothing  for  them  to  do,  a  fact  which  his 
Worship  believed  was  due  to  the  Sunday  Closing  Act ! 

Subsequently  to  sending  in  this  paper  I  have  been  favoured 
with  a  letter  from  Mr.  Lefroy,  under  date  September  12,  1881,  in 
which  he  says,  "  I  believe  that  no  more  unfortunate  step  could 
be  taken  by  Parliament,  or  one  more  likely  to  arrest  the  progress 
of  any  improvement  in  this  unhappy  country,  than  to  suffer  the 

Sunday  Closing  Act  to  expire I  have  no  hesitation  in 

stating  that  from  my  intercourse  with  the  magistrates  and  police 
authorities  in  the  county  in  which  I  act  as  chairman,  and  in  other 
counties  with  which  I  am  connected,  I  believe  there  is  an  almost 
unanimous  feeling  among  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  social 
and  moral  condition  of  our  people  that  the  Legislature  will  not 
only  be  justified  in  renewing  the  Sunday  Closing  Act,  and  extend- 
ing it  to  the  five  exempted  towns,  but  that  they  would  incur  a 
perilous  responsibility  in  suffering  the  Act  to  expire." 

R.  Ferguson,  Esq.,  Q.C.,  County  Court  Judge  of  the  West 
Riding  of  Cork,  in  his  charge  to  the  grand  jury  at  Skibbereen, 
said :  "  It  was  a  gratifying  fact  that  there  was  not  a  single  case 
arising  from  interaperance,  which,  he  learned,  had  greatly  diminished. 
His  brother  magistrates  also  told  him  that  Sunday  closing  had 
produced  wonderful  results,  and  that  the  people  acquiesced  in, 
and  willingly  submitted  to,  this  desirable  measure." 

Under  date  of  August  29, 1881,  Mr.  Ferguson,  corroborating 
this  opinion,  says :  "  In  reference  to  the  effect  of  the  Sunday 
Closing  Act  I  still  entertain  the  opinions  I  expressed  in  1879, 
confirmed  and  strengthened  by  my  subsequent  experience :  it 


124  THE    IRISH    SUNDAY    CLOSING   ACT. 

contributed  materially  to  the  diminution  of  intemperance  in  the 
rural  districts,  and  of  the  crimes  usually  consequent  thereon ; 
it  was  well  received  by  the  people  of  those  districts,  and  the 
attempts  to  evade  it  were  not  numerous.  The  peasantry  of 
Ireland  indulged  in  strong  drink  more  from  a  feeling  of  good- 
fellowship  than  from  any  disposition  to  intemperance,  and  legis- 
laliun  which  tends  to  remove  the  temptation  will  always  be  well 
received." 

A  letter  received  from  the  Most  Rev.  Dr.  Moran,  Roman  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Ossory,  under  date  September,  1881,  says,  "  The  Sun- 
day Closing  Act  has  been  most  beneficial  in  every  district  of  this 
diocese  of  Ossory.  The  greater  part  of  the  County  Kilkenny  and 
parts  of  the  Qaeen*s  County  and  King^s  County  are  comprised  in 
this  diocese.  I  have  visited  every  parish  in  the  diocese  during  the 
past  two  years,  and  from  my  own  experience,  as  well  as  from  the 
attestation  of  the  parochial  clergy,  I  can  with  all  sincerity  assert 
that  the  Bill  has  been  fruitful  of  the  happiest  results.  I  am  glad 
also  to  say  that  a  spirit  of  temperance  is  spreading  rapidly  among 
our  people." 

I  am  now  able  to  add  still  more  recent  testimony  as  to  the 
success  of  the  Sunday  Closing  Act, — the  testimony  of  the  highest 
legal  authority  in  Ireland,  and  one  which  cannot  but  be  regarded 
as  of  paramount  importance  by  the  Social  Science  Association.  I 
allude  to  the  remarks  of  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  O'Hagan,  Lord  Chan- 
cellor of  Ireland  and  President  of  the  Social  Science  Congress,  in 
his  inaugural  address  delivered  last  night  (October  3, 1881),  which 
bears  so  unreserved  a  testimony  to  the  value  of  the  Sunday  Closing 
Act,  that  I  cannot  see  how,  with  such  evidence  from  such  a  source, 
there  can  be  any  question  as  to  the  policy  of  renewing  the 
Sunday  Closing  Act,  and  extending  it  to  those  places  hitherto 
exempted  from  its  operation.  Lord  O'Hagan  said  :  "  I  can  only 
make  the  briefest  allusion  to  a  measure  most  worthy  of  attention 
in  the  department  to  which  I  am  referring — the  Sunday  Closing 
Act.  It  was  hotly  contested  and  violently  denounced,  but  it  has 
succeeded  beyond  expectation;  and  its  moral  influence  in  re- 
moving, even  partially,  the  withering  curse  of  national  intem- 
perance has  made  it  a  practical  reform  of  a  high  order.  I  cannot 
dwell  on  the  mode  of  its  operation,  bat  the  results  are  indicated 


THE   IRISH    SUNDAY   CLOSING    ACT.  1 25 

in  the  most  conclusive  way  by  the  unanswerable  evidence  of  our 
criminal  statistics.  In  1878,  when  it  was  in  action  for  a  few 
months,  the  number  of  punishable  cases  of  drunkenness  was 
reduced  by  3,000  as  compared  with  the  year  1877.  In  1879, 
when  it  was  in  full  force,  the  reduction  was  11,000,  and  last  year 
it  was  22,000;  the  number  of  otfences,  which  in  1877  was  110,000, 
having  fallen  to  88,048.  It  is  not  wonderful  that  success  so 
signal^  proved  by  these  figures  and  in  many  other  ways,  should 
already  have  induced  wise  and  good  men  to  imitate  the  example 
of  Ireland  in  other  districts  of  the  empire,  with  the  sanction  and 
by  the  authority  of  the  Legislature.  And  does  it  not  give  us  a 
fair  ground  for  hope  that  the  undoubted  and  most  salutary  im- 
provement in  the  drinking  customs  of  the  wealthier  classes  may 
be  gradually  extended  to  the  multitudes  beneath  them,  and  that 
we  may  be  emancipated  more  and  more  from  the  cruel  dominion 
of  a  vice  which  is  to  us  the  perennial  source  of  crime  and  misery, 
and  degrades  these  kingdoms  in  the  estimation  of  the  world  7  ** 

The  evidence  of  the  Mayor  of  Sligo  may  be  selected  from  many 
other  similar  testimonials  as  to  no  increase  of  illicit  sales  having 
resulted  from  the  Act.  He  says :  '*  Cases  of  shebeening,  or  illicit 
sales,  have  in  no  way  increased  since  the  passing  of  the  Act— on 
the  contrary,  fewer  cases  of  such  have  been  brought  forward  in 
our  police  court  than  previous  to  its  passing.  It  is  clearly  my 
opinion  that  private  drinking  has  not  increased  since  the  passing 
of  the  Act." 

Besides  this  evidence  and  the  testimony  of  magistrates,  clergy- 
men, and  the  newspaper  press  as  to  the  success  of  the  Act,  we 
have  also  indisputable  evidence  obtained  from  parliamentary 
and  official  sources,  directly  bearing  upon  this  subject ;  a  sum- 
mary of  these  I  propose  to  give  you. 

The  first  returns  to  which  I  shall  advert  relate  to  the  committals 
for  drunkenness  on  Sundays.  The  0*Conor  Don,  who,  with  the 
late  Professor  Smyth,  had  charge  of  the  Sunday  Closing  Bill,  and 
through  whose  instrumentality  it  was  successfully  carried  through 
Parliament,  obtained  a  return  giving  the  committals  for  drunken- 
ness for  the  first  six  months  after  the  Act  come  into  operation, 
compared  with  the  corresponding  six  months  of  the  previous  year, 
before  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  was  passed. 


126  THE    IRISH    SUNDAY   CLOSING   ACT. 

The  figures  are  as  follows  : 

In  those  places  where  total  Sunday  closing  now  exists,  from 
October  13,  1877,  to  April  13,  1878,  the  period  before  the  Act 
was  passed,  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  on  Sundays  were  2,361 ; 
from  October  13,  1878,  to  April  13,  1879,  they  were  707,  showing 
a  reduction  in  the  first  six  months  of  Sunday  closing  of  1,657,  or 
70  per  cent. 

In  the  five  exempted  towns,  where  the  time  of  sale  has  been 
reduced  two  hours,  the  figures  are — from  October  13,  1877,  to 
April  13,  1878,  before  Sunday  closing,  1,684  arrests ;  from  October 
13,  1878,  to  April  13,  1879,  after  Sunday  closing,  1,029,  being  a 
reduction  of  655,  or  nearly  39  per  cent,  in  favour  of  Sunday 
closing. 

These  returns  demonstrate  the  speedy  and  striking  success  of 
the  first  six  months  of  Sunday  closing. 

The  next  return  was  obtained  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  A  Redmond, 
M.P.,  for  Wexford,  and  carries  on  the  comparison  for  the  twelve 
months  from  20th  April,  1879,  to  25th  April,  1880,  as  compared 
with  the  corresponding  twelve  months  in  1877-8.  The  result  U 
that  in  the  districts  where  entire  Sunday  closing  now  exists — 

From  April  20,  1877i  to  April  25,  1878,  before  Sanday  closing  the 
arrests  were  ...         •••         «.•         ...         ...         ...         ...  4,553 

FroEQ  April  20, 1879,  to  April  25,  1880,  after  Sanday  cloeing    ...  1,810 

Or  a  redaction  in  the  first  entire  year  of  Sanday  closing  of...  2,715 

or  60  per  cent,  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing. 

In  the  five  exempted  towns  for  the  same  period  the  arrests 
were— 

loif'fo  •••  •••  •••  *..  •••  2»,oj{0 

XOiV'Ov  ...  ...  ...  >..  ...  A,ltS« 

Decrease        688 

or  25  per  cent,  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing. 

From  a  return  obtained  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Corry,  M.P.  for  Belfast, 
continuing  the  Sunday  closing  figures  to  April  21,  1881,  we  find 
that  in  the  year  before  Sunday  closing — 


THE    IRISH    SUNDAY   CLOSING    ACT.  I27 

From  April  20,  1877,  to  April  20, 187S,  the  arretU  were 4,555 

From  April  24,  1880,  to  April  20,  1881,  the  arreita  were 1,9:^2 

Decrease        2,633 

or  nearly  60  per  cent,  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing. 

In  the  five  exempted  towns  for  the  same  period  the  arrests 
were — 

lo77'/o         ...  ...         ...  ...         ...  4&,9mU 

lobU-ol         •••         ...  ...  ...         •..  J,/oo 


Decrease        1,055 

or  nearly  40  per  cent,  in  favour  of  Sunday  closing. 

For  convenience  of  reference  I  give  the  aggregate  returns  from 
the  passing  of  the  Act  to  April  20  last. 

Amstsfor  drunkenness  from  H  a.m,  on  Sundays  until  8  a.m.  on 
Mondays  for  the  whole  of  Ireland  except  Duhliny  Belfast,  Cork, 
Waterford  and  Limerick. 

October  18, 1877,  to  April  20,  1878  (six  months  before  Sanday 

dOOUJlb^  •••  •••  •••  ••!  •■•  •••  •••  •••«to.O  vi'V 

October  13,  1878,  to  April  20,  1879  (first  six  months  after  Sun- 
day dosing) .. .         ..-.         ...         ...         ...         ••.         ...         ...      707 

Bedaction  in  first  six  months  of  Sanday  closing  ...  1,057 

Year  ending  April  25,  1878  (before  Sanday  closing)        4,555 

Tear  ending  April  24,  1880  (after  Sanday  cloeiog)  1,840 

Decrease  in  1879-80  over  1877-78,  in  favonrof  Sunday  closing...  2,715 

Year  ending  April  25,  1878  (before  Sanday  closing)         4,555 

Year  ending  April  25,  1881  (after  Sanday  closing)  1,922 

Decrease  in  1880-81  over  1877-78,  in  favoar  of  Sanday  closing  ...  2,683 


128  THE    IRISH    SUNDAY   CLOSING   ACT. 

Arrests  in  the  cities  of  DuhliUy  Cork,  Limerick,  and  Waterfard  and 

town  of  Belfast, 

October  13,  1877,  to  April  20,  1878  (before  Sonday  cloaing)     ...  1,C84 

October  13,  1878,  to  April  20, 1879  (after  Sunday  clowng)         ..  1.02y 

Decrease  in  first  six  months  of  Snnday  closing      ...         ...  €55 

April  25,  1877,  to  April  25,  1878  (before  Sunday  closing)         ...  2,S20 

April  25,  1879,  to  April  25,  1880  (after  Sunday  closing) 2,132 


Decrease  in  1879-80  over  1877*78  in  favour  of  Snnday  closing...      C8S 

April  25,  1877,  to  April  25, 1878  (before  Sunday  cloaing)        ...     2,820 
April  25,  1880,  to  April  25,  1881  (after  Sunday  closing)  ...     1,763 

Decrease  in  1880-81  over  1877*78  in  favour  of  Sundsy  closing        1,055 

These  ehow  on  the  aggregate  that  since  the  Sunday  Closing 
Act  came  into  operation  in  October,  1878,  to  April  25  last,  there 
have  been  7,005  fewer  arrests  for  drunkenness  where  entire  Sunday 
closing  exists  than  there  were  in  the  corresponding  periods  before 
the  Sunday  Closing  Act  was  passed. 

In  the  five  exempted  towns  in  the  same  period  there  has  been 
a  reduction  of  2,398,  or  in  the  whole  of  Ireland  a  reduction  of 
ai  rests  from  drunkenness  on  Sundays  of  9,403. 

This  brings  the  arrests  for  diunkenness  on  Sundays  from  the 
passing  of  the  Act  down  to  April  25  last ;  and,  making  every 
allowance  for  any  special  or  exceptional  circumstances  which  might 
jiffect  the  return,  I  think  the  result  cannot  but  be  considered  as 
>  cry  satisfactory  to  Sunday  closing. 

I  now  proceed  to  consider  how  far  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  has 
«l!Vcted  diunkenness  during  other  days  of  the  week  as  well  as 
Sundays.     I  give  Dr.  Hancock*s  return  for  Ireland  : — 

Arrests  for  punishable  drunkenness  disposed  of  summarily. 

In  1877  (the  year  before  Sunday  closing)  the  arrests  were   ...     110,003 
In  1878  (including  three  months  of  Sunday  cloring) 107,'i23 

Showing  a  reduction  of        3,1FU 


THE   IRISH    SUNDAY   CLOSING   ACT.  1 29 

Dr.  Hancock  says  in  reference  to  tliis  redaction  : — ''  In  punish- 
able drunkenness  there  was  a  decrease  of  3,180  from  110,903  in 
1877  to  107,723.  As  the  Sunday  Closing  Act  came  into  operation 
cnlj  on  October  1  (it  really  was  the  13th),  a  much  larger  diminu- 
tion may  be  expected  in  the  current  year." 

This  calculation  was  fully  carried  out,  for  we  find  that  com- 
paring 1879  with  1878,  the  arrests  were — 

In  1878        107,728 

In  1879        99,021 

Or  a  reduction  of  8,702 

Dr.  Hancock  further  remarks : — "  The  figures  (offences  disposed 
of  summarily)  show  a  decrease  for  the  first  time  in  six  year?, 
and  of  a  very  large  amount,  12,889.  Of  this  decrease  no  less 
than  8,702  was  in  punishable  drunkenness.  This  may  fairly  be 
ascribed  to  the  passing  of  the  Sunday  Closing  Act,  which  was 
in  operation  during  the  whole  year.  In  1878,  when  it  was  in 
operation  for  a  quarter  of  a  year  only,  there  was  a  reduction 
in  the  convictions  of  3,180.  The  rest  of  the  decrease  arose  in 
offences  intimately  connected  with  drunkenness,  such  as  3,204  in 
assaults,  and  356  in  cruelty  to  animals." 

But  comparing  the  arrests  for  punishable  drunkenness  between 
1877,  the  last  clear  year  of  Sunday  opening,  and  1879,  the  first 
clear  year  of  Sunday  closing,  the  figures  are  even  more  remark- 
able— 

For  1877  they  are  110,908 

For  1879      „  99,021 


Decrease  of       11,882 

The  returns  for  1880  are  as  follows  as  compared  with  1879  :— 

In  1879  the  arrests  were  99,021 

In  1880        „         „  88,048 


Or  a  decrease  of  10,978 

\^  hich  shows  that  the  reduction  still  continues. 

But  comparing  the  year  1877,  the  last  clear  year  of  Sunday 
opening,  the  results  are  still  more  striking- - 

F 


130  THE   IRISH   SUNDAY   CLOSING   ACT. 

In  1877  ibe  arresta  were  110,903 

In  1880        „         „  88,048 


Showing  a  decrease  of  arrests  in  1880  OTer  1877  of  22,855 


Dr.  Hancock's  return,  recently  published,  shows  that  offences 
determined  summarily,  not  including  drunkenness,  numbered 

In  1878      160,836 

In  1879 166,649 

Showing  a  decrease  of  ...  4,187 

In  1879      »         ...       156.649 

In  1880     ...         ...         ..•         ...         ...       151,778 


Showing  a  decrease  of  ...  4,871 

On  this  return,  imder  marginal  reference  ''Results  of  Irbh 
Sunday  Closing  Legislation,'^  Dr.  Hancock  says  : — ''  With  a  view 
to  check  the  temptation  to  punishable  drunkenness.  Parliament, 
in  the  session  of  1878,  extended  to  the  greater  part  of  Ireland  the 
Scotch  law  88  to  Sunday  closing.  The  number  of  offences  of 
punishable  drunkenness  was  reduced  from  110,000  in  1877  to 
107,000  in  1878,  or  by  3,000;  in  1879,  when  the  Act  was  a  whole 
year  in  operation,  the  reduction  below  1877  was  11,000,  and  in 
1880  the  number  fell  to  88,048,  or  a  reduction  of  nearly  22,000, 
which,  though  partly  ascribable  to  distress,  must  be  lai^ly 
ascribed  to  the  effect  of  Sunday-closing  legislation.'' 

These  figures,  I  think,  conclusively  bear  out  the  arguments  of 
the  promoters  of  the  Act,  that  Sunday  closing  would  not  only  be 
found  beneficially  to  affect  the  Simday,  but  that  its  good  results 
would  be  general. 

I  now  propose  to  bring  forward  evidence  as  to  the  results  of 
the  Sunday  Closing  Act  from  a  different  point  of  view.  I  allude 
to  the  consuiflption  of  intoxicating  drinks.  It  is,  I  think,  an 
admitted  fact  that  by  far  the  greatest  amount  of  crime  is  caused 
by  intemperance,  and  if  it  can  be  shown  that  there  is  a  large 
reduction  in  the  consumption  of  intoxicating  drinks,  I  think  it 
may  fairly  be  assumed  that  there  has  been  a  decrease  of  drunken- 
ness. We  find  from  the  Board  of  Trade  returns  that  this  has 
been  strikingly  the  case. 


THE   IRISH   SUNDAY  CLOSING  ACT.  I3I 

Taking  the  consumption  in  1877,  the  year  before  Sunday 
closing,  and  comparing  it  with  1878,  1879,  and  1880,  we  find  that 
in  1877  the  consumption  of — 

Beer  was  in  money  Yaloe  £4,005,466 
Spirits    „  ,,  8,164,449,  together  £12,169,913 

In  1878,  when  there  were  three  months  Sunday  closing,  the 
consumption  was — 

Beer £4,850,424 

BpiriU 6,101,905  together  £.0,952,829 

Showing  a  decrease  in  1878  of        ...         1,217,686 

In  1879  with  entire  Sunday  closing  the  consumption  was — 

Beer  £4,040,695 

SpiriU        5,835,000  total  £9,875,695 

Decrease  1879  over  1878  1,676,634 

Comparing  1879,  the  first  entire  year  of  Sunday  closing,  with 
1877,  the  figures  are — 

In  1877  total  consumption £12,169,915 

In  1879        „  „        9,375,695 

Showing  a  decrease  in  1879  of  2,794,220 

over  1877  before  the  Act  was  in  force. 
In  1880  the  consumption  was — 

Beer £3,992,873 

Spirits...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         6,182,430 

ToUl £9,174,803 

Comparing  this  consumption  with  that  of  1877,  the  figures 
are — 

1877  total  consumption        £12,169,915 

1880      „  „  9,174,803 

Showing  Q  decrease  in  1880  over  1877  of  2,995,112 

It  has  been  said  that  this  decrease  of  consumption  is  not  entirely 
due  to  the  Sunday  Closing  Act,  but  may  be  attributed  to  the 
distressed  state  of  the  country,  and  the  depression  of  trade.  This 
suggestion  is  a  natural  one,  but  in  practice  we  find  that  the 
consumption  of  strong  drink  is  not  in  accord  with  the  established 

F  2 


132  THE   IRISH   SUNDAY   CLOSING  ACT. 

theories  of  political  economy  ;  not  only  does  it  not  always  decrease 
in  times  of  depression  and  distress,  but  it  actually  increases.  This 
was  strikingly  the  case  in  the  famine  years  of  1846-47,  the  con- 
sumption of  spirits  increased  from  6,450,157  gallons  in  1845  to 
7,952,076  gallons  in  1847.  We  find  also,  if  arrests  for  drunkenness 
may  be  taken  as  a  test,  that  in  the  year  1878-79  the  decrease  of 
arreats  was  less  in  those  parts  of  the  country  where  the  greatest 
distress  existed  ;  in  the  province  of  Leinster  there  were  4,931 
fewer  arrests ;  in  Munster,  1,461  ;  in  Ulster,  1,257  ;  whilst  in 
Connanght,  where  the  distress  was  greatest,  the  decrease  was  only 
53  ;  and  that  in  the  counties  of  Galway  and  Sligo  there  was  the 
large  increase  of  607  arrests.  We  find  also  that  while  the  con- 
sumption of  beer  and  spirits  decreased  there  was  an  increased 
consumption  of  tea  and  coffee,  which  may  show  that  some  of  the 
money  that  would  have  been  spent  in  intoxicants  was  spent  more 
usefully.  Strong  evidence  is  given  by  the  traders  in  intoxicating 
drinks  of  the  decreased  sale  they  have  experienced  since  the 
Sunday  Closing  Act  came  into  operation,  which  they  attribute  to 
it.  One  striking  instance  1  may  give  as  exemplifying  this.  The 
Dublin  papers  of  February  12,  1881,  contain  the  following  report 
of  proceedings  in  the  Bankruptcy  Court : — "  To-day,  in  the  Court 
of  Bankruptcy,  a  man  named  Shanahan,  who  carried  on  business 
as  a  farmer  and  publican  at  Newtown,  Co.  Kerry,  appeared  on 
first  public  fitting.  An  assignee  having  been  appointed,  the 
bankrupt  stated,  in  reply  to  Mr.  Molloy,  with  respect  to  what  had 
become  of  his  grocery  stock,  that  the  Sunday  Act  had  ruined  his 
trade.  He  was  in  the  habit  of  selling  400  bottles  of  porter  on  a 
Sunday,  and  now  he  did  not  sell  200  in  three  week«.  He  had 
sold  whisky  to  the  extent  of  fifty  or  fifty-five  gallons  in  six  or 
eight  week^,  but  now,  since  the  Act  passed,  he  did  not  sell  one 
c  isk  from  Christmas  to  Christmas." 

Whilst  we  regret  that  any  honest  trader  should  suffer  from  the 
operation  of  this  Act,  we  can  only  hope  that  he  may  follow  a 
vocation  where  his  private  interests  may  not  be  brought  into 
antagonism  with  the  public  welfare. 

With  regard  to  the  latter  part  of  my  subject,  *^  What  further 
steps  can  the  Legislature  take  for  the  decrease  of  intemperance  ? " 
as  the  general  question  is  to  be  brought  before  you  in  a  special 


THE    IRISH    SUNDAY  CLOSING  ACT.  1 33 

paper,  I  shall  simply  confine  myself  to  suggested  amendments  in 
the  Sunday  Closing  Act  when  it  comes  to  be  renewed,  as  I  expect 
it  will  be  next  year. 

A  striking  fact  brought  out  by  the  returns  from  which  I 
have  quoted  is  that  the  proportion  of  arrests  is  greater  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  exempted  towns,  showing  that  the  temptations 
which  exist  from  the  tale  during  Sundays  in  these  towns  have 
caused  increased  drunkenness  amongst  the  adjacent  population. 
This  is  strikingly  manifested  in  the  district  round  Dublin,  where 
in  some  places  considerable  numbers  of  the  outlying  population 
come  in  to  get  drink  at  the  open  houses  and  return  intoxicated  into> 
their  own  localities.  The  "  bond  fide  traveller '  clause  in  the  Act 
aUo  works  very  injuriously,  especially  near  large  towns,  from  many 
people  going  for  a  shoit  distance  into  the  country  for  the  express 
purpose  of  obtaining  drink,  and  describing  themselves  as  boiui  fide 
travellers  to  enable  them  to  do  so.  Besides  this  being  a  breach* 
of  the  law,  it  tends  to  promote  drinking,  and  gives  rise  to  disorder 
and  arrests.  When  the  Act  is  made  permanent  this  evil  could  be- 
remedied  by  granting  only  six-day  licenses  to  all  licensed  houses, 
with  the  exception  of  hotels  where  there  should  be  bedrooms  for 
the  accommodation  of  travellers.  The  licensing  of  refreshment- 
rooms  at  railway  stations  has  also  been  found  to  be  very  objection-* 
able,  as  railway  passengers  can  take  tickets  for  short  distances  on 
the  line  and  then  obtain  drink  at  the  refreshment-rooms  as  rail- 
way travellers.  Permitting  drink  to  be  sold  at  canteens  is  also  a 
fruitful  source  of  abuse.  These  exemptions  from  the  Act  should 
not  be  allowed  to  continue  when  the  Act  is  renewed.  These 
alterations  would  remove  grave  defects  from  the  present  Act,  but 
the  greatest  defect  of  all  is  the  exemption  of  the  large  towns.  We 
find  by  the  statistics  to  which  I  have  referred  that  whilst  in  the 
country  districts  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  have  very  greatly 
diminished,  the  decrease  in  the  five  large  towns,  where  there  is 
still  five  hours'  sale  allowed,  is  in  a  much  smaller  proportion.  May 
it  not  then  be  justly  inferred  that  if  these  large  centres  of  popu- 
lation were  protected  from  the  temptations  to  drinking  by  having 
no  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks  on  Simday,  they  would  participate 
in  an  equal  or  even  greater  degree  in  the  benefits  which  have  been 
derived  in  those  places  where  entire  Sunday  closing  exists  ?    The. 


134  '^^^   IRISH    SUNDAY  CLOSING   ACT. 

exemption  of  those  towns  was  made  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  a 
former  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  hut  in  opposition  to  the  desire 
of  the  inhabitants  of  these  towns,  unmistakably  shown  in  the 
result  of  a  house-to-house  canvass.  It  was  opposed  to  the  votes 
of  the  majority  of  Irish  members,  the  vote  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  the  decision  of  a  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Comlhons  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  subject. 

To  sum  up,  then,  my  suggestions  are  these:  that  all  the  country 
shall  be  brought  under  the  action  of  the  law,  without  exception  ; 
that  the  hoiidfide  traveller  clause  be  left  out ;  and  that  no  excep- 
tion be  made  for  railway  refreshment  rooms  and  canteens. 

I  have  thus  briefly  endeavoured  to  show  the  results  of  the 
Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act  as  it  affects  crime.  I  have  pointed 
out  from  parliamentary  and  official  returns  that  where  entire 
Sunday  closing  exists  there  has  been  a  large  decrease  in  com- 
mittals for  drunkenness,  both  on  Sundays  and  on  other  days  of 
the  week,  and  that  the  reduction  of  two  hours'  sale  in  the  exempted 
towDS  has  led  to  a  decrease  in  committals,  although  to  a  much 
less  extent  than  in  the  other  parts  of  the  country.  I  have  shown 
that  the  consumption  of  spirits  and  beer  has  very  greatly 
diminished,  and  that  there  has  been  no  appreciable  increase  in 
illicit  sale.  I  have  also  pointed  out  what  I  consider  the  principal 
defects  of  the  Act,  and  suggested  remedies. 

In  conclusion,  whilst  deeply  sensible  of  the  great  amount  of 
intemperance  still  existing  in  Ireland,  of  which  the  fact  that  last 
year  (by  Dr.  Hancock's  returns)  there  were  still  88,048  com- 
mittals, a  state  of  things  which  must  continue  to  receive  the 
earnest  consideration  of  the  Government  and  legislature,  yet 
I  think  I  am  borne  out,  by  the  strong  testimony  which  I  have 
adduced,  in  saying  that  the  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act  has  been 
a  great  success,  that  it  has  resulted  in  a  large  diminution  of 
crime,  that  its  general  results  have  been  of  great  benefit  to  the 
country,  and  that  there  is  therefore  abundant  cause  for  asking 
the  Legislature  that  when  it  expires  it  may  be  renewed,  made 
permanent,  perfect,  and  complete,  that  there  may  be  no  more 
exempted  cities  and  towns,  but  that  the  whole  country,  as  is  the 
case  in  Scotland  and  Wales,  may  experience  the  blessing  of  a 
Sunday  free  from  the  temptations  to  intemperance. 


TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION.  I35 


TEMPERANCE  LEGISLATION. 

The  Session  of  Parliament  in  1881  had  before  it  several 

measures  proposing  to  deal  with  the  manufacture  and  the  sale 

of  intoxicating  liquors,  measures  indicative  of  the  fast-growing 

opinion  that  the  traffic  in  these  dangerous  drinks  must  be  dealt 

with  in  a  far  more  stringent  manner  than  has  hitherto  been  the 

case ;  but  the  House  of  Commons  had  no  time,  and  we  fear  it 

must  be  added  had  no  very  strong  inclination  to  find  time,  to 

discuss  the  several  proposals  brought  before  it,  most  of  which  did 

not  succeed  in  getting  beyond  their  first  stage  of  existence.    As 

it  may  be  of  interest  to  record  the  names  of  those  Members  of 

Parliament  who  identified  themselves  this  year  with  attempted 

Temperance  legislation,  we  append  to  the  following  list  of  the 

several  Bills  introduced,  the  names  of  their  promoters,  as  printed 

upon  the  back  of  each  according  to  the  rule  of  the  House  of 

Commons : — 

1.  For  the  closing  of  public-houses  duriog  the  hours  of  polling 
at  Parliamentary  Election?,  viz. : — On  elections  for  Coimty  Mem- 
bers the  public-houses  in  every  parish  in  the  shire  within  which 
a  polling  place  shall  be  situated.  For  Borough  Members  every 
public  house  in  each  borough.  The  metropolis  and  a  certain 
area  around  to  be  however  exempted.  Mr.  Carbutt,  Mr.  Hussey 
Vivian,  Mr.  Hugh  Mason,  and  Mr.  W.  S.  Caine. 

2.  To  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  on  Sunday  in 
Wales.  Mr.  Roberts,  Mr.  Richard,  Mr.  Holland,  Mr.  Hussey 
Vivian,  and  Mr.  Rathbone. 

3.  To  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicatiog  liquors  on  Sunday  in 
England  and  "Wales.  Mr.  Stevenson,  Mr.  Birley,  Mr.  William 
Mc Arthur,  Mr.  Charles  Wilson,  and  Mr.  Walter  James. 

4.  For  closiug  public-houses  on  Sunday  in  England  and  Wales, 
making  provision  for  the  eale  of  beer  for  consumption  off  the 
premises  during  certain  limited  hours,  and  for  the  exceptional 
requirements  of  large  towns.  Mr.  Pease  and  Viscount  Castlereagh. 
The  object  of  this  Bill  was  stated  by  its  promoters  to  be  to  reduce 
in  the  metropolis  and  in  **  populous  places "  the  time  of  sale  in 


136  TEMPERANCE    LEGISLATION. 

the  evening  by  one  hour,  and  in  other  places  to  prohibit  any  sale 
•except  for  consumption  off  the  premises. 

5.  For  the  better  securing  the  purity  of  beer.  Sellers  of  beer 
containing  any  ingredients  other  than  malt  and  hops  to  keep 
•conspicuously  posted  at  the  bar,  or  where  the  liquor  is  sold,  a 
legible  notice  stating  what  other  ingredients  are  contained  iu 
such  beer.    Colonel  Bame,  Mr.  Storer,  and  Mr.  Hicks. 

The  only  one  of  all  these  Bills  which  has  become  law  is  that  for 
•closing  public-houses  in  Wales  on  Sunday;  but  it  was  not  until 
the  19th  of  August,  on  an  unusual  day  (Saturday),  that  Mr. 
Roberts  was  enabled  to  move  its  third  reading,  and  so  to  overcome 
the  block  which  Mr.  Warton  had  been  effectual  in  adopting  since 
May  last.  It  is  quite  exceptional  that  a  Bill  should  be  opposed 
after  debate  upon  the  second  reading,  and  after  the  clauses  have 
gone  through  committee ;  but  this  member,  either  from  his  affection 
for  the  publican  and  brewer,  or  from  gratitude  to  them  for  pa«t 
favours  to  his  party,  or  from  his  hatred  to  the  cause  of  Temperance, 
^ad  for  more  than  three  months  set  courtesy  and  usage  at  defiance, 
and  by  his  notice  of  opposition  prevented  the  Bill  being  taken 
4ifter  half-past  twelve;  and  great  was  the  wrath  of  himself  and 
the  one  other  representative  of  the  opposing  party  present  at  find- 
ing that  at  this  late  period  of  the  session  they  were  to  be  defeated. 
The  Bill  was  read  a  third  time,  and  sent  up  to  the  House  cf 
Lords,  where  Lord  Aberdare — who,  as  Mr.  Bruce,  made  such  a 
gallant  attempt  some  years  since  to  carry  a  General  License  Reform 
Bill,  and  must  have  adopted  this  small  measure  with  gratification 
— moved  its  first  reading.  Next  day  it  was  read  a  second  time ;  an>l 
^received  the  Royal  assent  before  the  Queen's  message  was  delivered 
.from  the  front  of  the  throne,  and  is  now  therefore  part  of  the  law 
-of  the  land.  Lord  Denman  had  proposed  that  the  exception  iu 
favour  of  railway  travellers  should  be  struck  out,  but  the  pro- 
moters did  not  see  their  way  to  adopt  this,  and,  considering  the 
fperiod  of  the  Session  they  acted  wisely,  although  it  is  not  easy  to 
^ee  why  distinctions  of  this  sort  should  be  maintained,  as  they 
only  tend  to  foster  the  fooUsh  notion  that  alcoholics  are  necessaries 
of  existence. 

Owing  to  the  late  period  of  the  Session  when  the  Bill  was  read 
a  third  time  it  was  unadvisable  to  alter  its  construction,  and  hence 


TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION.  I37 


a  doubt  has  arisen  in  some  districts  as  to  whether  t^'^   *  '    "" 
A«M/  /v^vw  vv^Av  ..S.W  nubuum  01  tne  year  1682. 

Another  measure  was  before  the  House,  which,  although  not 
diredly  connected  with  Temperance  legislation,  would  have  had 
no  small  influence  for  good  had  it  become  law — and  we  may  hope 
to  see  it  prosecuted  with  vigour  next  Session — namely,  that  intro- 
duced by  the  Government,  and  known  as  the  "  Corrupt  Practices 
Bill."  The  lamentable  disclosures  before  the  several  Election 
Commissions  which  sat  during  the  year  to  inquire  into  the 
charges  of  corrupt  practices  at  the  last  General  Election  abimdantly 
prove  the  urgent  necessity  which  exists  that  strong  measures 
should  be  taken  to  dissever  public-houses  from  all  connection 
with  the  machinery  of  elections,  and  that  the  relationship  of  the* 
beer-barrel  and  the  ballot-box  is  such  as  must  have  brought  tlie 
blush  of  shame  to  the  cheek  of  every  patriot. 

In  addition  to  the  Bills  laid  upon  the  table  of  the  House 
dealing  with  the  liquor  traffic,  the  subject  was  forcibly  brought 
before  it,  and  a  great  gain  to  temperance  was  achieved,  when,  on 
June  14,  a  resolution  was  moved  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  affirming^ 
"  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  House,  it  is  desirable  to  give  legis- 
lative effect  to  the  resolution  passed  on  June  18,  1880,  which 
affirms  the  justice  of  local  communities  being  entrusted  with  the 
power  to  protect  themselves  from  the  operation  of  the  liquor 
traffic."  Four  hundred  and  twenty  members  (about  two-thirds 
of  the  whole  House)  recorded  their  opinions,  giving  Sir  Wilfrid 
a  majority  of  not  less  than  forty-two  votes ;  the  significance  of 
the  majority  being  enhanced  by  a  considerable  number  of  the 
members  of  the  Administration  voting  with  the  mover  of  the 
resolution.  This  vote  cannot  fail  to  have  a  most  important 
bearing  upon  the  Government,  and  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  induce 
them  to  deal  with  the  subject  in  a  bold  and  comprehensive  spirit 
early  in  the  session  of  1882. 

The  Government  were  subsequently  made  to  feel  the  weight  of 
the  temperance  sentiment  in  the  country  in  a  way  which  wa» 
probably  as  unpleasant  as  it  was  to  them  unexpected.  When 
Mr.  Gladstone,  as  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  gave  notice  of  hi9 
intention  to  move  clauses  giving  facilities  for  the  sale  of  intoxi^- 
eating  (1  links  in  all  railway  carriages  and  at  all  times,  the  National 


138  THE   ARMY  AND   NAVY. 


•^  --"»■-» «^  LeaeueMn  codj  unction  with  the  other  large  oxganisar 
tions  for  the  promotion  or  u;xu^««m.«^  m«.«  — va>j  *<r  iu^^^m 

much  moral  pressure  to  bear  upon  Members  of  Parliament  and 

the  Government  that  Mr.  Gladstone  was  compelled  to  admit| 

while  treating  the  whole  matter  as  one  of  small  importance,  that 

his  bantliug  had  been  fairlj  crushed  out  of  existence  by  the 

opposition  it  had  encountered.    From  a  Ministerial  point  of  view, 

no  doubt  the  proposal  was  not  a  large  one ;  but  the  result  nn- 

mistakablj  proved  that  the  people,  having  learnt  how  difficult 

it  is  to  procure  the  withdrawal,  when  once  given,  of  facilities 

for   drinking,  are  determined  that  no  additional  ones  shall  be 

granted  if  a  strenuous  opposition  can  prevent. 


THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

The  importance  of  the  practice  of  temperance  as  against  the 
habit  of  intemperance  cannot  and  will  not  be  questioned ;  but 
when  practical  efforts  are  put  forth  to  promote  the  former,  and  to 
prevent  the  latter,  many  are  ready  to  raise  objections,  and  to 
place  obstacles  in  the  way  of  that  true  Temperance  refotm,  which 
must,  to  be  permanent  and  effectual,  be  based  upon  the  habit  of 
total  abstinence  from  intoxicating  drink.  Intemperance  has  long 
been  the  acknowledged  vice  of  great  numbers  of  members  of  both 
services,  not  probably  that,  number  for  number,  they  are  more 
prone  to  intemperance  than  other  men  in  different  walks  of  life, 
but  they  are  more  under  observation,  and  are  in  many  circum- 
stances  more  exposed  to  the  evil  influences  of  drink  shops  and 
liquor  sellers ;  while  the  very  rules  of  the  service  to  which  they 
belong,  by  the  canteen  and  spirit  ration,  teach  the  men  that  their 
officers  and  the  Government  believe  that  strong  drink,  the  great 
enemy  of  the  soldier  and  the  sailor,  is  not  only  necessary  to  enable 
him  to  discharge  his  duly,  but  a  solace  in  trouble  and  in  suffer- 
ing, and  an  appropriate  accompaniment  of  his  relaxation  and 
joy. 

Happily  a  more  wholesome  state  of  opinion  is  being  formed  in 


THE    ARMY   AND    NAVY.  1 39 

regard  to  the  great  question  of  the  use  of  alcoholic  drinks  in  the 
Aimj  and  Navy,  and  the  past  year's  labours  will  have  doue 
not  a  little  to  produce  this  desirable  end .  In  the  early  part  of 
the  year  the  then  Lord  Mayor,  Mr.  William  Mc Arthur,  M.P.  for 
Lambeth,  opened  the  doors  of  the  Mansion  House,  and  presided 
oyer  a  meeting  held  in  the  Egyptian  Hall  convened  by  the 
National  •  Temperance  League,  when  a  large  and  influential 
assembly  listened  to  addresses  explanatory  of  the  great  work 
which'  has  been  going  on  for  some  time  in  England  and  in  India, 
in  inducing  soldiers  and  sailors  to  become  total  abstainers  ;  a  work 
which  has  been  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  men  and  their 
families,  and  at  the  same  time  of  much  value  in  promoting  good 
order  and  discipline  in  the  two  services.  This  meeting  prepared 
the  way  for  a  more  direct  appeal  to  the  Government,  which  took 
the  form  of  a  memorial  presented  to  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty 
by  a  deputation  of  considerable  weight,  combining  members  of 
Parliament,  medical  men,  admirals  and  captains,  as  well  as  other 
philanthropists  in  private  life.     The  memorial  was  as  follows : — 

"  To  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty. 

'*  The  Memorial  of  the  President    and    Committee    of   the 
National  Temperance  League. 

"Sheweth, — That  your  memorialists  have  for  several  years 
past  devoted  much  time  and  means  to  the  promotion  of  tempe- 
rance amongst  the  men  of  the  Royal  Navy,  and  the  boys  on  board 
Her  Majesty's  training  ships. 

"That  those  efforts  have  been  attended  with  a  gratifying 
measure  of  success,  inasmuch  as  about  10,000  men  and  boys  are 
enrolled  as  members  of  the  temperance  branches  of  this  organisa- 
tion, which  have  been  established  with  the  sanction  of  the  respec- 
tive commanding  officers  on  board  Her  Majesty's  ships,  and  in 
other  departments  of  the  service. 

*^  That  your  memorialists  have  great  reason  to  believe  that  the 
extension  of  the  important  habit  of  temperance  has  been 
seriously  impeded  by  the  manner  in  which  the  spirit  ration  is 
administered  on  board  Her  Majesty's  ships.  In  the  opinion  of 
your  memorialists,  whose  views  are  shared  by  many  experienced 
naval  officers,  the  spirit  ration  has  frequently  proved  prejudicial 
to  the  discipline  of  the  men,  and  has  led  youths  who  had  passed 


140  THE   ARMY  AND   NAVY. 


through  their  period  of  training  as  practical  abstainers  to  acquire 
a  habit  that  in  many  instances  has  impaired  their  efficiency  in  the 
service. 

"  That  as  drinking  is  the  undoubted  cause  of  much  insubordina- 
tion and  crime  on  board  ship,  as  elsewhere,  and  as^  in  the  opinion  of 
many  medical  men  of  eminence,  the  use  of  rum  is  unnecessaiy  to 
healthy  men,  your  memorialists  are  of  opinion  that  the  spirit 
ration  might  with  great  advantage  be  entirely  abolished;  but  while 
they  do  not  wish  to  request  the  adoption  of  so  sweeping  a  measure, 
they  would  gladly  welcome  any  modification  of  the  existing 
•system  which  might  tend  to  diminish  temptation  and  encourage 
perfect  sobriety.  Such  a  result  might,  in  the  opinion  of  your 
memorialists  be  partially  attained  by  a  slight  increase  in  the 
money  allowance  made  to  the  men  who  being  abstainers  do  not 
wish  to  take  up  their  grog.  The  present  allowance  scarcely 
amounts  to  4jd.  per  week,  whereas  the  retail  ptice  value  of  the 
rum  ration  per  man  (after  duty  has  been  added)  is  about  Is.  9J. 
per  week.  It  is  believed  that  if  the  allowance  could  be  increased 
to  an  amount  more  closely  approximating  to  the  retail  value,  not 
•only  would  a  much  larger  proportion  of  men  be  induced  to  forego 
the  ration,  but,  what  is  of  great  importance,  the  temptation  to  non- 
•drinking  men  to  accept,  and  afterwards  surreptitiously  sell,  their 
rum  ration  to  drinking  comrades  v^ould  be  diminished,  and  the 
•sobriety  of  the  men  proportionately  enhanced. 

'*  Your  memorialists  therefore  venture  to  express  the  hope  that 
the  matter  may  receive  the  careful  consideration  of  your  lord- 
ships, in  the  confident  belief  that  on  this  being  done  such  steps  as 
may  be  deemed  advisable  will  be  taken  to  diminish  drinking 
temptations  on  board  Her  Majesty's  ships,  and  encourage  habits  of 
sobriety  amongst  the  men  and  boys  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

**  And  your  memorialists  will  ever  pray. 

"  Signed  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  Committee 
•of  the  National  Temperance  League. 

"Samuel  Bowlt,  President. 
"John  Taylor,  Chairman. 
"  W.  R.  Selway,  Vice-Chairman. 
"Robert  Rae,  Secretary. 

*337,  Strand,  W.C.,  February  10, 1881.* 


THE    ARMY  AND   NAVY.  I4I 

Ererj  Temperance  reformer  will  be  gratified  that  good  fruit 
rpeedily  followed,  as  when  the  Navy  Estimates  came  before  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  Mr.  W.  S.  Caine  had  moved  a  resolution 
expressiDg  the  opinion  of  the  House  that  good  conduct  and 
sobriety  would  be  promoted  in  the  Navy  if  the  spirit  ration  were 
diBContinued,  and  some  equivalent  given,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Admiralty,  Mr.  Trevelyan,  in  a  speech  of  singular  interest,  said  : 
^  The  hon.  membet^s  efforts  were  singularly  well-timed.  It  was 
only  within  that  very  week  that  the  punishment  of  flogging  had 
practically  been  abolished  in  the  Navy  by  Admiralty  order,  and  the 
members  of  the  board  which  had  issued  that  order  were  bound  to 
ask  themselves  what  could  be  done  to  diminish  the  temptation  to 
the  faults  and  crimes  for  which  flogging  was  once  the  recognised 
punishment.  As  to  that  there  was  no  doubt  whatever.  It  was 
drink — the  direct  and  indirect  effects  of  drink — to  which  most  of 
the  misconduct  that  existed  in  the  Navy  was  due.  In  the  year 
1850  this  was  so  manifest  that  a  committee  of  eleven  eminent 
officers — admirals  and  post-captains — was  appointed,  who  found 
that ''  the  evening  grog  is  the  source  of  those  evils  which  render 
discipline  irksome,  and  give  to  the  naval  service  a  character  for 
harshness  which  it  does  not  deserve."  In  consequence  of  their 
report  the  allowance  of  rum,  which  then  was  a  quarter  of  a  pint 
per  diem,  was  reduced  by  one-half,  and  many  excellent  alterations 
were  made  in  the  system  of  diet  which  conduced  much  to  the 
bodily  comfort  and  moral  welfare  of  our  seamen.  The  question 
was  twofold :  In  the  first  place,  our  young  sailors  acquired  a  taste 
for  spirits  by  getting  them  daily  at  an  age  when  they  were  quite 
as  well  without  them.  And,  in  the  next  place,  there  was  such  a 
quantity  of  spirits  going  a-begging  on  the  lower  deck  that  a  man 
who  liked  to  exceed  found  it  easy  to  get  more  than  was  good  for 
him.  Officers  who  had  the  means  of  knowing  believed  that  a 
sixth  of  our  crews  were  teetotalers.  They  certainly  were  so  in 
some  vessels.  And  yet  of  the  38,000  seamen  and  marines  afloat 
on]y  2,000  or  3,000  took  money  or  tea  in  lieu  of  rum.  The  plain 
fact  was  tliat  whereas  the  Qovemment  gave  and  could  give  a  little 
over  a  halfpenny  in  place  of  the  ration,  the  ration  itself  sold  for 
2d.  and  3d. ;  and  they  all  knew  what  that  meant.  The  man  who 
did  not  drink  his  rum  preferred  to  sell  it  to  his  comrades  rather 


142  THE   ARMY  AND   NAVY. 

than  sell  it  to  the  Goyemment.  And,  again,  ram  was  issned  to 
officers  as  well  as  to  men.  It  was  itsned,  but  compaiatiTely 
seldom  drank;  and  there  could  be  no  doubt  that  a  great 
deal  of  it  was  giren  away,  and  went  to  the  lower  deck.  Dr. 
Macleody  the  retired  Inspector-General,  one  of  the  most  trusted  and 
experienced  of  our  medical  officers,  said  that  in  the  different  ships 
in  which  he  had  served  all  serious  accidents  could  be  traced  to  the 
men  who  were  at  the  time  more  or  less  excited  hj  spirits ;  and 
he  wrote : — '  It  cannot  but  have  a  pernicious  influence  on  young 
men  to  have  a  daily  ration  of  spirits  served  out  to  them  as  part  of 
their  diet,  as  it  must  tend  to  engender  in  them  eventuaUy  a 
desire  for  the  stimulant,  and  assist  from  the  first  to  lay  the  foun- 
dation of  disease  in  whatever  organ  of  the  body  may  happen  to  be 
constitutionally  weak.'  But  if  it  was  bad  for  young  men  to  drink 
spirits,  it  was  bad  for  them  to  go  from  4.30  p.m.  to  7  am.  without 
any  food  at  all,  exposed  for  half  the  time  to  the  fatigues  and 
rigours  of  a  night  watch,  and  the  Admiralty  had  come  to 
the  following  conclusion,  under  the  original  impulse  of  his 
right  hon.  friend  the  First  Commissioner  of  Works,  though  hb 
scheme  had  been  considerably  enlarged  since: — In  the  case  of 
those  who  should  in  future  enter  the  Navy  they  would  withdraw 
from  all  men  and  boys  of  every  rank  below  the  age  of  twenty  their 
spirit  ration.  In  place  of  it,  in  addition  to  tea  and  sugar,  they 
would  give  a  ration  of  soluble  chocolate  and  sugar,  which  sailors 
who  were  keeping  midnight  or  morning  watch  might  use  as  the 
material  of  a  very  well-timed  and  much-needed  meaL  To  those 
who  did  not  fancy  chocolate,  an  extra  allowance  of  sugar,  which 
was  very  popular  in  the  navy,  would  be  given  in  its  place ;  and 
the  extra  quarter  of  a  pound  of  biscuit,  which  was  seldom  eaten, 
there  was  talk  of  exchanging  for  an  allowance  of  flour,  which  a 
sailor  who  loved  duff  would  know  very  well  how  to  utilise  with 
his  extra  sugar.  The  Admiralty  likewise  proposed  to  discontinue 
the  issue  of  rum  to  officers.  The  rum  which  was  issued  to  officers^ 
messes  was  not  drunk  as  a  beverage  at  dinner;  it  was  drawn  in 
large  quantities  at  a  time,  and  might  be  said  seldom  or  never  to  be 
consumed  with  any  moral  or  physical  profit  to  the  consumer.  A 
great  quantity  went  in  presents  to  the  men  of  the  servant  and  arti- 
ficer classes,  as  a  sort  of  easy  payment  for  small  services ;  and 


THE    ARMY  AND    NAVY.  1 43 

«pirit8  given  in  this  manner  in  general  went  to  some  one  wlio  got 
more  than  was  good  for  him.  In  another  respect  the  Admiralty 
had  done  something  for  the  cause  of  morality  and  discipline,  and 
had,  he  believed,  proved  that  they  understood  the  laws  of  health 
better  than  they  were  understood  by  some  of  the  Admiralties  of  the 
past.  In  order  to  meet  the  exhausting  effects  of  labour  in  the  stoke- 
hole under  a  tropical  climate,  extra  grog  was  permitted  to  be  served 
out  to  the  men  in  the  engine-room  in  hot  latitudes,  and  that  permis- 
sion, as  the  nature  of  things  was,  was  rapidly  turned  into  a  custom. 
In  the  Indian  troopships,  some  ten  or  eleven  years  ago,  extra 
rations  of  porter  were  given  to  the  men,  and  wine  to  the  engineer 
officers,  and  the  idea  was  encouraged  that  an  increased  dose  of 
alcohol  was  the  best  prophylactic  against  the  effects  of  an  enervating 
climate.  But  courts-martial  soon  began  to  show  that  that  idea  was 
a  perilous  one  to  start  on  board  ship ;  and  ''tropical  grog"  was  the 
institution  to  which  more  than  one  poor  fellow  owed  his  downfall. 
The  present  Board — their  hands,  he  gratefully  acknowledged, 
strengthened  by  the  action  of  the  hon.  gentleman  and  the  spirit 
which  it  denoted — abolished  the  whole  system  of  extra  issues  of 
alcohol  in  any  shape  or  form,  and  substituted  for  it  beverages  like 
limejuice  and  sugar,  and  oatmeal  and  water,  which,  if  not  very 
exhilarating  to  read  about,  were  much  more  innocent  and  salutaiy 
in  their  effects,  and  which  he  had  no  doubt  would,  in  the  long  run, 
do  more  to  cheer  the  stoker  under  his  arduous  labours  in  the 
tropics,  sweetened  as  those  labours  were  by  the  large  extra  pay 
by  which  they  were  very  deservedly  rewarded." 

The  amount  of  misery,  crime,  and  consequent  punishment 
brought  upon  the  British  soldier  by  strong  drink  was  most  forcibly 
stated  by  Mr.  O.  Morgan,  the  Judge  Advocate-General,  in  reply 
to  a  question  put  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  Mr.  Caine,  viz., 
whether  he  could  inform  the  House  of  the  number  of  punishments 
in  the  Army  for  the  year  1879,  and  how  many  of  those  punishments 
were  for  drunkenness,  or  directly  resulting  from  drimkenness. 

Mr.  O.  Morgan  said  ''  the  total  number  of  punishments  inflicted 
in  the  Army  by  order  of  courts-martial  in  1879  was  14,760.  The 
returns  do  not  state  what  proportion  of  these  punishments  were 
for  drunkenness  ;  they  were,  for  drunkenness  on  duty,  1,895  ;  for 
simple  drunkenness,  2,526  ;  making  together,  4,421.    These  num- 


144  "THE   ARMY  AND   NAVY. 

bers,  however,  do  not  by  any  means  represent  ^e  total  amount 
of  drunkenness  in  the  army,  which  will  be  more  clearly  shown 
by  the  number  of  fines  inflicted  during  the  year,  both  by  order  of 
courts-martial  and  of  commanding  officers.  There  were  43,372 
fines  inflicted  upon  23,316  men,  giving  a  proportion  of  236  fines 
to  every  1,000  men.  The  number  sounds  laige,  but  it  has  been 
steadily  decreasing  for  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years.  As  to  the 
second  question,  as  to  how  many  of  these  punishments  were  for 
crimes  resulting  from  drunkenness,  the  returns  give  no  informa- 
tion, and  I  could  only  answer  it  after  reading  through  proceedings 
of  15,511  courts-martial ;  but,  speaking  from  my  official  experience, 
I  should  think  a  very  large  proportion,  probably  three-fourths, 
of  the  crimes  committed  by  soldiers  are  in  some  shape  or  way 
attributable  to  drink.'' 

On  the  House  going  into  Committee  on  "  the  Army  Discipline 
and  Regulation  Bill,''  Mr.  Caine  moved  a  new  clause  prohibiting 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  canteens  and  its  distribution  on 
the  march ;  but  it  was  opposed  by  the  Government,  and  chiefly 
on  the  ground  that  "  beer  was  the  wholesome  natural  beverage  of 
the  country,  and  that  it  was  better  he  should  have  it  in  barracks 
rather  than  be  driven  to  the  public-houses  outside."  Mr.  Caine's 
motion  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  122 ;  but  the  total  abstainen 
are  educating  not  only  the  private  soldier  but  his  officers,  and 
not  merely  soldiers  and  civilians  but  also  the  Government ;  and 
the  time  will  come  when  men  will  smile  while  they  grieve  at  the 
recollection  of  the  folly  of  statesmen  who  cotdd  talk  of  beer  as 
a  beverage  natural  to  any  class  of  persons. 

Temperance  work  is  still  carried  on  with  vigour  in  the  Army 
and  Navy.  At  the  last  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Tempe- 
rance League  the  number  of  naval  temperance  branches  in  active 
working  order  was  stated  to  be  139  ;  the  number  of  abstainers  in 
the  Navy  being  estimated  at  from  9,000  to  10,000  men  ;  and  the 
officers'  branch  had  about  15Q  members.  The  number  of  abstainen 
in  the  Army  was  estimated  at  20,000,  including  8,252  in  regiments 
stationed  in  India. 


THE    USE   OF    STIMULANTS    IN    WORKHOUSES.  I45 


THE  USE  OF  STIMULANTS  IN  WORKHOUSES  * 
By  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S. 

OcR  subject  for  discussion  embraces  three  distinct  and  inde- 
pendent questions.  ^'  Stimulants  in  Workhouses  **  may  be  con- 
sidered with  reference  to — 1.  The  officers'  beer  ration ;  2.  The 
beer  allowance  to  healthy  paupers ;  3.  The  use  of  intoxicating 
drink  in  the  treatment  of  the  sick  poor. 

1. — The  Officers'  Beer  Ration. 

On  the  first  question,  the  officers'  beer  ratioo,  there  will 
probably  l)e  little,  if  any,  difference  of  opinion. 

Intoxicating  liquids  are  not  essential  to  health.  They  repair 
none  of  the  losses  the  body  is  constantly  undergoing.  They 
furnish  us  with  no  new  supplies  to  replace  the  material  of  the 
human  frame,  the  fluid  so  indispensable  to  life,  the  vital  heat, 
and  the  force  we  are  ever  losing.  Man's  power  to  work,  both 
with  brain  and  muscle,  is  not  increased,  but  rather  diminished  by 
drinking.  Alcohol  is  not  a  necessity,  but  at  the  best  a  needless 
luxury,  never  to  be  indulged  in  but  at  a  certain  risk. 

Intoxicating  drinks  are  not  conducive  to  good  order  and  disci- 
pline. Where  these  beverages  are  in  ordinary  use,  a  disturbing 
agent  is  present,  which  ever  and  anon  excites  to  insubordination 
and  disorder.  The  recent  experience  of  Dr.  Davies  at  the  Barming 
Heath  Asylum,  corroborates  the  experience  of  all  similar  experi- 
ments. He  found  that  the  ordering  of  the  establishment  was 
more  regular,  and  the  conduct  of  the  attendants  more  satisfactory, 
when  they  received  no  allowance  of  liquor,  than  under  the 
previous  alcoholic  regime. 

The  Parliamentary  return  of  1871  stated  that  the  officers  of  the 
Union  of  St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  were  all  total  abstainers  (an 
honourable  distinction,  truly  !),  and  that  the  master  of  the  Eton 
Workhouse,  though  allowed  ale,  did  not  drink  any. 

*  From  a  Paper  read  at  the  Quarterly  Meeting  of  the  Brltuih 
Medical  Temperance  Association,  15th  November,  1881 ;  Dr.  B.  W. 
^chardson,  F.B.S.,  in  the  chair. 


146  THE    USE    OF    STIMULANTS    IN   WORKHOUSES. 

The  proportion  of  the  expenditure  on  alcohol,  for  the  officers 
and  healthy  inmates,  is  often  considerable.  In  one  union,  where 
the  whole  alcoholic  expense  was  ;£500,  no  less  than  £390  was  for 
officials  and  inmates  not  under  medical  treatment.  The  1871 
return  showed  that  in  England  there  were  171  unions  spending 
nothing  on  beer,  &c.,  for  the  staff,  while  413  supplied  their 
officers  with  intoxicating  beverages.  In  Wales,  of  45  unions  33 
gave  no  beer  ration.  In  Ireland  last  year  (1880)i  87  of  the  163 
unions  embraced  in  Mr.  Whitworth's  return  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  supplied  to  their  officers  no  intoxicants. 

Of  the  171  English  unions  in  which  there  was  no  officers'  beer 
ration,  a  number  gave  an  allowance  in  money  varying  from  £2 
to  £4  per  annum. 

It  is  manifestly  fair  that  officers,  who  either  are  abstainers  in 
principle  or  do  not  care  to  drink  the  beer  allowed  them,  should 
have  a  cash  or  other  equivalent.  In  St.  Marylebone  some  officials 
have  a  ration  of  some  really  valuable  article  of  food  instead.  It 
seems  to  me  that  there  would  be  very  few  dissenting  voices  in  the 
country  if  that  habitual  offender  against  public  and  private 
morals— strong  drink — were  prevented  from  disturbing  the  good 
order  and  government  of  workhouses  and  infirmaries  by  the 
abolition  of  the  whole  official  allowance  of  liquor,  with  a  reason- 
able pecuniary  grant  in  its  stead. 

II. — Beer  for  the  Healthy  Pauper. 

The  inmates  of  workhouses  may  be  divided  into  two  classes — 
the  sick,  who  are  under  medical  treatment ;  and  the  whole,  who 
need  no  physician.  Of  the  former  we  will  speak  presently.  Let 
U3  consider  for  a  few  moments  the  relationship  of  the  latter  to 
intoxicating  drink.  In  many  unions  it  is  the  custom,  on  various 
pretexts  to  supply  inmates  not  under  the  therapeutic  care  of  the 
medical  officer  with  a  regular  allowance  of  beer,  or  other  form  of 
fctrong  drink.  Cleaning  windows  is  by  some  Board  of  Guardians 
apparently  deemed  so  exhausting  an  operation  as  to  require  an 
alcoholic  reviver.  In  other  unions  washerwomen  are  favoured 
with  the  too-common  indulgence  of  the  sisterhood— to  wit,  a  daily 
modicum  of  beev,  ot  other  intoxicating  malt  liquors  ;  though  the 
one  complaint  of  the  managers  of  laundries,  and  the  mistresses  of 


THE    USE    OF    STIMULANTS    IN   WORKHOUSES.  I47 

prirate  households  is  the  imperfect  washing  and  the  destruction  of 
the  clothes  washed,  through  the  drinking  habits  of  the  waaherF. 
One  union  furnishes  the  alcoholic  reward  also  to  cooks,  sculler}*- 
maids,  extra  night  nurses,  and  whitewashers.  Where  intoxicating 
drinks  abound,  there  is  frequently  need  for  moral  whitewashing. 

In  one  union,  the  baker  and  laundress  come  in  for  a  share  of 
the  so-called  **  good  things."  In  another,  the  luxury  is  extended 
to  the  stokers,  the  pantrymen,  the  carpenters,  and  the  sitters-up 
with  the  sick.  Alas  !  poor  sick  !  How  many  untimely  deaths, 
even  in  the  homes  of  the  wealthy,  have  I,  a  helpless  onlooker, 
seen  brought  about  by  the  unseasonable  somnolence  of  the  night 
attendant,  who  ought  to  have  been  wide  awake  and  alert  during 
the  night  watches,  at  the  critical  stage  of  some  serious  acute  ail- 
ment, when  a  few  minutes'  relaxation  of  vigilance  has  meant  the 
loss  of  a  human  life ! 

In  yet  another  union  the  tailors  are  treated  to  the  favourite  dole. 
In  some  unions  the  furnace-men,  the  engineers,  the  gardeners,  and 
the  sons  of  St.  Crispin  are  not  left  out  in  the  cold.  There  is  no 
end  to  the  excuses  for  extending  the  alcoholic  ration  to  paupers 
not  sick.  In  one  northern  workhouse  over  1,300  pints  of  beer 
were  in  1871  presented  to  inmates  employed  in  field  work  and  in 
the  garden.  The  pumping  of  water  is  by  one  board  regarded  as 
establishing  a  claim  to  the  daily  portion  of  a  pint  of  ale.  Two 
unions,  in  whose  ordinary  dietary  alcohol  has  no  place,  display 
their  gallantry,  the  one  by  allowing  women  ale  on  washing-days, 
the  other  by  giving  gin  instead  of  beer  to  the  nurse. 

The  remarks  on  the  non-necessity  of  alcoholic  drink,  under  our 
first  head,  apply  with  equal  force  under  this  head.  The  uselessness 
of  a  ration  of  alcohol  to  the  healthy  pauper  inmate  is  at  least  as 
patent  as  is  its  uselessness  to  the  permanent  official  staff.  The 
ability  of  the  pauper  helper  to  work  is  not  aided,  but  rather  hin- 
dered. But  even  if  alcohol  could  goad  him  to  increased  sustained 
effort,  there  can  be  no  justification  for  extracting  from  him  a  greater 
amount  of  work  than  good  nourishing  food,  unaided  by  artificial 
stimulants,  can  accomplish.  The  practice  is  as  unwise  morally  as 
it  is  futile  physically.  Alcohol  is  the  prolific  mother  of  dis- 
turbance, and  where  intoxicating  liquors  are,  there  the  cost  of 
supervision  is  increased. 


148  THE    USE    OF    STIMULANTS    IN   WORKHOUSES. 

IntelligeDt  Boards  of  Guardians  are  alive  to  this.  The  Special 
Committee  of  the  West  Derby  Union  (1871)  strongly  recommended 
the  discontinuance  of  the  supply  of  ale  and  porter  to  able-bodied 
paupers,  because  (among  other  reasons)  this  tended  to  keep  alive 
the  taste  for  drink  in  those  who,  for  the  most  part,  had  been  pau- 
perised and  sent  into  the  workhouse  by  indulgence  in  drinking 
habits. 

The  Local  Govemment  Board — the  long  and  efficient  aervices 
of  whose  late  Secretary,  Sir  Hugh  Owen,  have  recently  been 
recognised  by  a  well-earned  knighthood — have  given  utterance  to 
no  uncertain  sound,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  Consolidated  Orders, 
Article  107 : — ^*  The  paupers  shall  be  dieted  with  the  food,  and  in 
the  manner  set  forth  by  the  dietary  table  which  may  be  prescribed 
for  the  use  of  the  workhouse ;  and  no  pauper  shall  have  or  con- 
sume any  liquor,  or  any  food  or  provision  other  than  is  allowed 
in  the  said  dietary  table,  except  on  Christmas  day,  or  by  the 
direction  in  writing  of  the  medical  officer,  as  provided  in  Article 
108."  Article  108 : — "The  Guardians  may,  without  any  direction 
of  the  medical  officer,  make  such  allowance  of  food  as  may  be 
necessary  to  paupers  employed  as  nurses,  or  in  the  household 
work ;  but  they  shall  not  allow  to  such  paupers  any  fermented  or 
spirituous  liquors  on  account  of  the  performance  of  such  work, 
unless  in  pursuance  of  a  written  recommendation  of  the  medical 
officer." 

In  St.  Marjlebone  £300  a  year  has  been  saved  for  the  last  six 
years  by  the  cessation  of  this  beer  allowance  to  the  healthy.  A 
similar  result,  with  other  marked  benefits,  has  rewarded  the  same 
action  on  the  part  of  Manchester,  Liverpool,  Sheffield,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  Gateshead,  Chester,  Wrexham,  St.  George's-in-the-West, 
and  St.  Pan  eras,  London,  and  many  other  unions. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  medical  officer  is  to  blame  for  the  con- 
tinuance of  this  reprehensible  practice,  which  has  been  condemned 
alike  in  many  large  unions  and  by  the  Local  Government  Board. 
This  is  a  mistake.  The  medical  officer  is  often  expected,  as  a 
matter  of  form,  to  legalise  the  expenditure  by  affixing  his  signa- 
ture ;  but  practically  the  guardians  have  this  matter  in  their  own 
hands. 

In  a  few  places  there  has  been  temporary  trouble  from  the  stop- 


THE    USE    OF    STIMULANTS    IN   WORKHOUSES.  X49 

page  of  the  suppliesy  as  in  Brighton,  where  eight  laundry  women 
stmck,  and  iu  St.  GeorgeVin-the-West,  where  the  washerwomen 
took  their  discharge;  but  the  firmness  of  the  authorities  soon 
qaieted  the  commotion,  which  proved  to  be  but  a  storm,  if  not  in 
a  teacup,  at  all  events  in  a  pint  pot. 

The  experience  of  Dr.  Davies  at  Banning  Heath  and  Dr. 
McCullough  at  Abergavenny  shows  that  no  one  but  the  brewer 
Buffers  from  the  change.  Many  shameful  scenes  have  been 
witnessed,  from  the  continual  fostering  of  the  drink  crave  in 
})anper  inmates  by  a  daily  ration  of  strong  drink.  In  London 
few  days  pass  during  which  I  do  not  see  males  and  females,  in 
the  garb  of  pauperism,  drunk  in  the  streets  ;  and  the  return 
of  inmates  after  a  day's  leave  is  not  unfrequently  the  cause  of 
violent  and  most  sad  exhibitions  at  the  workhouse  gates.  In 
Sheffield,  one  Christmas,  twenty  men  returned  at  night  to  the 
house  in  a  state  of  intoxication.  In  Fulham  quite  recently  the 
leave  of  a  female  inmate,  of  seventy-seven  years  of  age,  had  to 
be  stopped  owing  to  this  cause.  Looking  dispassionately  at  the 
evidence,  what  true  friend  of  the  poor  can  cavil  at  the  proposal 
to  totally  prohibit  the  supply  of  strong  drink  to  the  healthy 
inmates  of  our  parochial  establishments  ? 

III.— Stimulants  in  Disease — An  Independent  Inquiry. 

This  is  an  entirely  different  topic  from  the  two  we  have  just 
been  considering.  The  allowance  of  strong  drink  to  the  healthy 
pauper  is  one  thing  ;  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  the  treatment 
of  disease  is  quite  another,  and  a  separate  thing.  That  an  article 
of  food  or  drink  is  unnecessary  in  good  health,  is  no  reason  why 
it  may  not  be  most  useful  in  the  cure  of  bad  health.  Arsenic, 
strychnia,  and  prussic  acid  are  at  once  useless  and  prejudicial  to 
the  healthy,  but  to  the  sick  when  wisely  administered  they  are  of 
almost  priceless  value.  We  may,  therefore,  discuss  the  question 
of  stimulants  in  the  treatment  of  the  sick  poor  without  prejudice 
and  with  no  bias  from  any  opinion  we  may  have  formed  as  to  the 
iiifluence  of  these  intoxicating  liquids  on  the  body  and  brain  of 
the  hale  and  hearty. 

In  looking  over  the  Parliamentary  statistics  of  the  amount 
of  alcoholic  drinks  used  in  the  various  unions  throughout  the 


150  THE    USE   OF    STIMULANTS    IN   WORKHOUSES. 

kiDgdom  one  is  struck  with  the  extraordinary  diversity  of  prac- 
tice. In  Cumberland,  in  1871,  the  expenditure  for  alcohol  was 
j£327  for  632  paupers,  or  fully  lOs.  4d.  per  head.  In  Berks  it 
was  ^£3,490  for  1,738,  or  fully  £2  per  head.  In  Wales,  in  the 
same  year,  the  average  for  each  pauper  presented  such  varying 
rates  as  28.,  &i,  2d.,  and  17s. 

The  discrepancy  exists  among  both  the  outdoor  and  indoor 
poor.  In  England,  the  cost  for  the  indoor  was,  in  Cornwall, 
12s.  lOd.  per  head ;  in  Devon,  149.  6d. ;  in  Durham,  £1  Os.  Sd. ; 
and  in  Berks,  £2  14s.  In  Wales,  the  average  in  Carnarvon 
was  43.  7d. ;  in  Anglesey,  58.  ;  in  Denbigh,  nearly  £2 ;  and  in 
Radnor,  £4^  6s.  5d. 

For  the  outdoor  recipients  of  parochial  aid,  there  is  as  marked 
a  contrariety  of  stimulant  prescription.  At  Chester  the  average 
per  pauper  was  Is.  lOd.;  at  Cornwall,  4s.  2d.;  at  Dorset,  108.0)d.; 
at  Leicester,  £1  8s.;  and  in  Berkshire,  £l  13s.  In  Wales,  the 
cost  ranged  from  9s.  8d.  per  head  in  Carmarthen  to  4d.  per  head 
in  Cardigan.  In  one  English  parish  with  five  distinct  medical 
officers,  in  one  period  of  three  months,  one  gentleman  prescribed 
two  gallons  of  wine,  half  a  gallon  of  brandy,  and  one  and  a  half 
pints  of  gin  for  488  cases  ;  another,  half  a  gallon  of  wine  and  two 
and  a  half  gallons  of  brandy,  for  505 ;  another,  three  pints  of 
wine  and  four  gallons  of  brandy  for  580 ;  another,  three  and  a 
quarter  gallons  of  wine,  for  1,010.  On  the  other  hand,  the  fifth 
gentleman  ordered  neither  wine,  brandy,  gin,  nor  any  form  of 
intoxicant  for  1,086  cases. 

In* Ireland,  in  1872,  there  were  four  unions  where  no  intoxica- 
ting liquor  at  all  was  prescribed,  while  in  the  unions  where  these 
beverages  were  ordered  the  cost  during  the  year  varied  from 
£l  5s.  lOd.  per  inmate  at  Donoughmore  to  jd.  per  inmate  at 
Lurgan.  In  Ireland,  in  1880,  there  was  only  one  union,  Armagh, 
in  which  no  strong  drink  was  consumed,  and  the  average  cost  per 
pauper  in  the  remaining  unions  ranged  from  one-fifth  of  a  penny 
to  7s.  10^.  per  head. 

In  Scotland,  in  1876,  the  minimum  average  expense  per  inmate 
was  Is.  2^d.,  and  the  maximum  £2  8s.  7id. 

London  shows  as  pronounced  an  eccentricity  in  quantitative 
stimulation  as  characterises  the  provinces.    Li  only  one  London 


THE   USE   OF   STIMULANTS   IN   WORKHOUSES.  I5I 


^orVk^^voe,  in  1869,  was  whisky  ordered,  and  in  only  one  was 
there  no  gin  nstrtl.  Bexnocmcteej  opont  XiOO  for  479  paupers,  while 
Rotherhithe  spent  £385  for  219.  If  the  former  had  been  as 
extravagant  as  the  latter,  the  liquor  bill  for  Bermondsey  would 
have  been  ;^37  instead  of  £199. 

From  these  confused  and  contradictory  figures,  it  is  patent  that 
alcoholic  stimuli  are  prescribed  to'  the  ^sick  poor  on  no  clear 
and  well-defined  general  lines.  Whether  profuse  stimulation,  re- 
stricted stimulation,  or  no  stimulation  at  all,  be  the  best  practice, 
the  members  of  the  Poor-Law  Medical  Service,  like  their  confrhea 
in  the  profession  at  large,  seem— shall  we  say  hopelessly? — at 
variance.  Alcohol  is  a  powerful  drug,  whose  value  and  mode  of 
administration  ought  surely  by  this  time  to  have  been  arrived  at 
with  some  approach  to  accuracy. 

In  some  unions  there  has  been  a  considerable  reduction  in  the 
amount  of  stimulants  consumed.  This  has  specially  been  the 
case  at  Wrexham,  St.  George's  (Hanover  Square),  Bamsley,  and 
Helston.  What  has  been  the  effect  of  this  reduction?  The 
medical  officers  and  masters  report  an  improvement  in  discipline 
and  in  the  conduct  of  the  inmates,  with  no  impairment  of  health 
or  increase  of  mortality. 

Mr.  Anderson,  of  Walton,  Liverpool,  alone  reports  that  the 
death-rate  was  raised  during  the  few  months  he  greatly  limited 
his  prescription  of  alcoholic  liquor,  and  that  the  period  of  con- 
valescence was  protracted.  He,  however,  furnishes  no  data  on 
which  such  an  opinion  can  justly  be  founded.  As  the  Lancet 
remarks,  his  figures  are  too  bare  to  be  of  any  scientific  value. 
There  has  been  a  Local  Government  Board  inquiry  on  the  spot, 
the  report  of  which  has  not  yet  been  issued ;  but  I  have  from 
the  first  never  hesitated  to  predict  that  no  information  which  can 
be  obtained  will  be  complete  enough  to  warrant  any  conclusion 
whatever  on  the  influence  of  alcoholic  medication  on  the  rise  or 
fall  of  the  death-rate,  or  on  the  duration  of  the  convalescence. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  rate  of  mortality  was  higher  during 
the  reduced  alcoholic  regime,  but  the  strong  probability  is  that 
other  factors  were  the  cause  of  this  augmentation.  Mr.  Anderson 
deserves  praise  for  his  candour ;  but  I  feel  convinced  that  no  one 
more  deeply  regrets,  than  he  does  himself,  the  hasty  and  untenable 


152  THE    USE   OF    STIMULANTS    IN   WORKHOUSES. 


conclusion  he  came  to  on  data  too  incomplete  to  jr^Hf^r  any 
judgment  one  way  nr  thp.  oiKor. 

Per  contra,  many  medical  officers,  who  have  given  a  lengthened 
trial  to  non-alcoholic  treatment,  have  given  utterance  to  viewR 
opposed  to  Mr.  Anderson's,  ^fy  late  friend,  Dr.  Simon  Nicolls, 
of  Longford,  abandoned  his  former  practice  of  giving  alcohol 
freely  during  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1848,  and  was  of  opinion 
that  the  change  reduced  his  mortality  in  that  fell  disease  from 
94  per  cent,  to  33  per  cent.  His  results  in  fever  were  also  very 
good.  A  host  of  medical  officers,  including  Mr.  Brittain  (uf 
Chester),  Dr.  Collenette  (of  Quemsey),  the  late  Mr.  Bennett 
(of  Wintertoii),  Mr.  Sleeman  (of  Tavistock),  and  Dr.  Dixon  (of 
Watlington),  have  expressed  their  satisfaction  with  the  iffect 
of  their  almost  total  disuse  of  alcohol  as  a  medicine. 

In  my  own  treatment  of  the  sick  poor  I  have  very  rarely  had 
occasion  to  prescribe  an  intoxicating  driuk.  Knowing  the  value 
of  alcohol  in  certain  cases  I  would  not  hesitate  to  order  it,  if  it 
seemed  indicated,  to  a  dozen  patients  to-morrow;  but  it  has  so 
happened  that  only  on  rare  occasions  has  there  appeared  any  need 
for  it.  In  its  administration  I  have  followed  these  lules: — 
1.  Never  to  order  an  intoxicating  drink  if  any  other  remedy  will 
answer  the  purpose  as  well ;  2.  To  prescribe  an  alcoholic  remedy, 
when  indicated,  only  in  definite  doses  for  a  defined  time,  the 
medicine  not  to  be  thereafter  continued  unless  again  ordered ; 
3.  When  alcohol  is  indicated  to  administer  it,  if  possible,  in  the 
form  of  proof  spirit  or  an  alcoholic  tincture  or  other  pharma- 
copccial  preparation,  and  never  to  resort  to  an  intoxicating 
beverage  unless  the  better  defined  pharmaceutical  form  either  is 
not  available,  or  fails. 

Let  me  entreat  my  colleagues,  for  their  own  reputation,  for  the 
credit  of  the  profession,  and  for  the  benefit  of  their  patients,  to 
seiiously  study  the  question  of  alcohol.  Our  knowledge  of  the 
nature  of  this  drug,  and  of  its  action  ou  the  physical  and  mental 
constitution,  has  of  late  years  been  rapiuly  increasing.  One  lesson 
we  ought  all  to  take  to  heart  is  that  it  is  a  powerful  and  dangerous 
remedy,  but  too  apt  in  many  cases  to  prove  more  fatal  than  the 
original  disease. 


TEMPERANCE  AND  THE  MEDICAL  PROFESSION.  1 53 


TEMPERANCE  AND  THE  MEDICAL  PROFESSION. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  British  Medical  Temperance 
Association  was  held  on  May  27,  at  the  Medical  Society's  Rooms, 
Chaudos  Street,  Cavendish  Square ;  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S. 
(the  President),  in  the  chair.  The  annual  report,  read  by  Dr. 
J.  J.  Ridge,  stated  that  the  Society  had  then  on  its  roll  250 
medical  practitioners  as  meml>er8,  and  sixteen  associated  students. 
The  members  have  had  important  discussions  during  the  year 
upon  "  The  Practical  Treatment  of  Dipsomania,"  and  on  "  The 
Use  of  Stimulants  in  Workhouses." 

The  British  Medical  Association  held  its  autumnal  meeting  in 
August  at  Ryde,  and  the  National  Temperance  League,  in 
accordance  with  its  usual  custom,  invited  the  members  to  a  break- 
fast, which  was  followed  by  an  important  conference  on  matters 
bearing  upon  the  prescription  of  alcohol,  and  the  influence  of 
medical  men  on  the  Temperance  reform.  For  the  first  time  the 
tickets  for  the  dinner  of  the  Association  were  inclusive,  or 
exclusive,  of  wine,  to  meet  the  conscientious  objections  of  many 
members,  which  found  expression  in  a  resolution  passed  at  the 
previous  annual  gathering  held  at  Cambridge. 

The  Habitual  Drunkards  Committee,  appointed  by  the  British 
Medical  Association,  presented  a  report,  which  was  adopted,  and 
the  committee  was  re-appointed,  "with  a  view  of  obtaining  from 
the  Legislature  some  provision  whereby  habitual  drunkards,  who 
become  chargeable  to  the  rates,  should  be  placed  under  such 
restraint  as  may  lead  to  their  being  reclaimed."  A  meeting  was 
held  at  the  Mansion  House,  on  May  17,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Lord  Mayor,  when  a  committee  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  a  "Dalrymple  Home."  Upon  the  death  of  Mr. 
S.  S.  Alford,  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  was  appointed  Secretary  of  this 
Committee. 

The  International  Medical  Congress  assembled  in  London  in 
August,  and  the  National  Temperance  League  sent  a  copy  of  the 
following  address  (in  French^  to  each  of  the  foreign  repreaentativcs 
present : — 


154         TEMPERANCE  AND  THE  MEDICAL  PROFESSION. 

"  To  THE  Foreign  Members  of  the  International  Medical 

Congress. 

"  Gentlemen, — We  beg  leave,  as  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
National  Temperance  League,  to  offer  you  a  cordial  greeting  on 
your  visit  to  this  country,  and  trust  that  temporary  freedom  from 
arduous  professional  engagements  in  your  respective  nations,  and 
intercourse  with  your  English  confrhes  will  be  alike  conducive  to 
enjoyment  and  health  and  promotive  of  medical  science. 

"  Feeling  a  deep  and  growing  interest  in  the  Temperance  refor- 
mation, wc  may  be  permitted  to  draw  your  attention  to  a  few  feu^ts 
concerning  its  origin  and  progress. 

"  In  the  year  1830 — half  a  century  ago,  the  crusade  against 
intemperance  began  to  be  effectively  organised  and  vigorously 
prosecuted.  The  novel  principle  of  total  abstinence,  not  only 
from  spirituous  liquors,  but  from  wine  and  beer,  rapidly  gained 
adherents.  Many  thousands  of  pledged  abstainers  were  in  a  short 
time  enrolled.  Public  attention  was  thus  everywhere  awakened. 
In  a  few  years  later— namely  in  1834,  the  House  of  Commons 
agreed  to  a  select  committee  to  inquire  into  the  extent,  causes, 
and  consequences  of  national  drunkenness ;  the  result  was  the 
production  of  an  elaborate  and  valuable  report,  which  intensified 
the  desire  for  the  removal  of  so  pernicious  a  vice. 

"  Believing  that  the  ultimate  success  of  the  Temperance  move- 
ment depended  greatly  on  the  co-operation  of  medical  men,  the 
early  Temperance  reformers  did  not  allow  many  years  to  elapse 
before  seeking  that  the  voice  of  science  should  be  heard  on  the 
question.  The  first  medical  declaration,  averring  that  neither 
wine,  beer,  nor  spirits  were  beneficial  to  health,  was  accordingly 
issued  in  1839,  bearing  the  signatures  of  seventy-eight  medical 
practitioners.  Nine  years  afterwards  a  second  medical  declara- 
tion, affirming  that  total  and  imiversal  abstinence  from  all  intoxi- 
cating beverages  would  greatly  add  to  the  health,  prosperity, 
morality,  and  happiness  of  the  human  race,  received  the  signatures 
of  two  thousand  medical  practitioners  of  all  grades.  The  latter 
document  especially  exerted  a  salutary  influence  on  public  opinion. 
''  Through  the  efforts  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  a 
third  document  of  still  greater  importance,  entitled,  *  The  Medical 


TEMPERANCE  AND  THE  MEDICAL  PROFESSION.         1 55 

DeclaTation  concerning  Alcoljpl/  signed  by  two  hundred  and  sixty- 
nine  names  of  the  most  eminent  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the 
day,  was  published  in  1871.  It  recorded  the  widespread  belief 
that  the  inconsiderate  prescription  of  alcoholic  liquids  by  medical 
men  had  given  rise  to  intemperance.  The  views  enumerated  led 
to  important  discussions  in  the  societies,  as  well  as  in  the  journal?, 
connected  with  the  profession. 

**  Two  years  prior  to  this  the  League  held  a  conference  with 
medical  men  in  London,  one  of  the  results  being  the  founding 
of  the  Medical  Temperance  Journal,  an  ably-conducted  quarterly 
publication,  which  has  elucidated  in  a  marked  degree  the  scientific 
claims  of  total  abstinence. 

"  A  notable  event  in  connection  with  the  progress  of  the 
Temperance  reformation  was  the  delivering  of  the  Cantor  lectures 
on  Alcohol,  by  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  at  the  Society  of  Arts  in 
1874-5.  Fresh  light  was  shed  on  the  nature  of  alcoholic  drinks, 
and  a  clearer  view  of  their  dire  effects  unfolded. 

"  In  the  formation  of  the  British  Medical  Temperance  Associa- 
tion in  April,  1876,  a  striking  evidence  was  given  of  the  philan- 
thropic spirit  which  pervades  many  of  the  practitioners  of  medicine 
in  England,  for  in  so  doing  they  demonstrated  that  the  weal  of 
the  people  was  preferred  to  the  acquisition  of  wealth  for  them- 
selves. The  Association,  by  the  publication  of  the  papers  read 
at  its  meetings,  has  conduced  largely  to  the  promotion  of  tem- 
perance. It  continues  to  adv^ance,  and  now  numbers  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  members. 

"  The  medical  evidence  contained  in  the  report  of  the  Select 
Committee  upon  Intemperance  appointed  by  the  House  of  Lords, 
which  was  presented  in  the  early  part  of  1879,  induced  an 
increased  critical  examination  of  the  alcohol  question. 

"  During  many  years  it  has  been  the  custom  of  the  Leagiic 
to  invite  the  members  of  the  British  Medical  Association  to  a 
breakfast  in  the  towns  where  their  annual  gatherings  are  held, 
and  the  fresh  interchange  of  opinion  has  done  much  to  awaken 
thought  and  stimulate  inquiry. 

"  Th^  unique  and  successful  experiment  of  the  London  Tem- 
perance Hospital  inspires  abstainers  with  confidence  and  hope. 
The  safe  treatment  of  patients  without  alcohol  has  been  fairly 


156         TEMPERANCE  AND  THE  MEDICAL  PROFESSION. 

tested.  In  only  one  case  during  seven  years  alcohol  has  been 
prescribed,  and  fuller  experience  has  convinced  the  physicians 
that  it  need  not  have  been  prescribed  at  alL 

"  Fresh  evidences  are  presented  from  day  to  day  that  the  study 
of  alcohol  by  the  professors  of  medicine  in  this  country  is  being 
pursued  in  an  earnest  spirit ;  and  the  expectation,  we  believe,  will 
be  realised  that  those  whose  noble  avocation  is  to  '  heal  the  sick' 
will  ere  long  assume  a  foremost  place  in  promoting  the  principle 
and  practice  of  total  abstinence — so  closely  allied  with  the  health, 
prosperitj-,  and  happiness  of  the  peoples  of  all  lands. 

'^  England  is  not  alone  in  the  effort  to  solve  the  alcohol 
problem  still  more  closely ;  France  and  Belgium  have  begun  to 
investigate,  and  the  time,  we  feel  assured,  is  drawing  near  when 
all  nations  will  join  as  truth-seekers  in  such  a  pressing  and 
momentous  question. 

"  An  International  Temperance  Congress  was  held  at  Paris  in 
1878,  and  a  second  at  Brussels  last  year,  which  was  attended  by  a 
number  of  medical  practitioners  from  England  and  Scotland.  It 
is  expected  that  a  third  International  Temperance  Congress  will 
be  held  in  London,  in  September,  1882,  a  programme  of  which 
will  be  forwarded  if  you  express  in  writing  a  wish  to  have  one. 

"  In  thus  placing  before  you  a  brief  statement  of  the  Tem- 
perance question,  more  especially  in  its  medical  aspect,  we  venture 
to  hope  that  it  will  be  deemed  of  sufficient  importance  to  command 
your  attention  and  gain  your  espousal  and  aid. 
"  We  are,  Gentlemen, 

"  Yours  very  respectfully, 

"  Samuel  Bowly,  President 
"  Robert  Rab,  Secretary. 

"  337,  Strand,  Londan,  let  August,  1881.'* 

The  medical  utterances  of  the  year  have  included  several 
important  adc'rjsses  by  Dr.  Andrew  Clark,  one  of  which,  "An 
Enemy  of  the  Race,"  has  been  extensively  circulated.  Some 
interest  has  also  been  excited,  both  in  medical  and  ecclesiastical 
circles,  by  the  delivery,  in  the  Chapter  House  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  of  Dr.  Norman  Kerr's  lecture  on  "  Wines,  Scriptural 
and  Ecclesiastical,"  which  was  prepared  at  the  request  of  the 
Church  Homiletical  Society. 


JUVENILE    TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS.  1 57 


JUVENILE  TEMPERANCE  ORGANISATIONS .♦ 
By  the  Rev.  Charles  Garrett,  LiverpooL 

The  subject  allotted  to  me  is  ^'  Juvenile  Temperance  Organi- 
sations and  their  Promotion  through  the  Sunday-school  and 
Church,"  and  I  venture  to  think  that  no  subject  of  greater  im- 
portance will  come  before  this  Conference.  The  future  of  both 
the  Church  and  the  world  depends  upon  the  character  and  the 
conduct  of  the  young.  If  they  grow  up  sober,  intelligent,  and 
Christian,  the  millennial  glory  will  soon  be  here.  If  they  become 
intemperate,  sensual,  and  sinful,  there  is  nothing  before  us  but 
ages  of  sorrow  and  shame.  We  may  well,  then,  gather  from  all 
lands,  and  with  prayerful  earnestness  ask,  What  can  we  do  to 
ensure  the  well-being  of  our  children  ? 

It  is  a  terrible  fact  that  myriads  of  our  young  people  have 
perished  through  strong  drink,  and  that  multitudes  of  others  are 
in  imminent  danger.  Intemperance  is  the  giant  evil  of  our  land. 
Its  victims  are  on  every  hand,  and  its  blighting  shadow  rests  on 
almost  every  home.  This  is  not  a  mere  theory,  but  a  hideous 
fact,  the  evidence  of  which  is  written  in  tears  and  blood.  Our 
greatest  brewer  (Mr.  Buxton)  has  declared  it  to  be  **  the  worst  of 
plagues,*'  and  our  greatest  statesman  (Mr.  Gladstone)  has  said  that 
**  its  results  are  more  terrible  than  those  of  war,  pestilence,  and 
famine  combined." 

This  evil,  juvenile  temperance  organisations  are  designed  to 
grapple  with  and  destroy.  They,  like  most  other  of  our  great 
social  movements,  are  children  of  the  nineteenth  century,  but 
they  have  already  accomplished  such  glorious  results  that  I  am 
warranted  in  sayiog  they  are  destined  to  assist  in  making  this 
ceDtury  memorable  till  time  shall  be  no  more. 

These  organisations  are  founded  upon  what  appears  to  me  to 
be  the  wisest  and  soundest  principles.  They  deal  with  the  young, 
knowing  that  if  the  young  are  rightly  trained,  the  manhood  of 
the  future  will  be  safe.    They  say  that  drunkenness  is  caused 

*  A  paper  read  at  the  (Ecamenical  MethodiBt  Conference,  September 
12,  1881. 


158  JUVENILE    TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS. 

exclusively  by  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks,  being  unknown 
where  these  drinks  are  unknown,  and  existing  wherever  they  are 
used,  cursing  the  rich  man's  palace  as  well  as  the  poor  man's  cot, 
and  dragging  down  the  child  of  the  Christian  as  readily  as  the 
child  of  the  outcast ;  that  science  has  declared  them  to  be  not 
only  unnecessary,  but  most  injurious  to  the  young,  and  that  the 
wisest  course  is  for  them  to  avoid  them  altogether.  They  there- 
fore go  to  the  root  of  the  matter,  and  require  every  member  to 
pledge  himself  to  total  abstinence,  knowing  that  the  child  who 
keeps  that  pledge  may  be  a  thousand  other  things,  but  can  never 
be  a  drunkard. 

These  organisations  have  already  made  rapid  progress  amongst 
us,  and  have  done  a  great  work.  There  are  in  Great  Britain  at 
least  ten  thousand  of  them,  with  over  a  million  members,  and  I 
trust  we  shall  hear  to-day  that  in  other  lands  their  progress  has 
been  still  more  rapid,  and  the  results  still  more  gratifying. 

The  question  before  us  is.  What  can  the  Sunday-school  and 
the  Church  do  to  promote  these  organisations  ?  This  question  I 
wish  briefly  to  answer,  and  as  the  time  is  so  limited  I  shall  have 
to  content  myself  with  giving  a  few  suggestions,  with  scarcely  a 
word  of  explanation  or  illustration.  First,  the  school,  and  when 
I  speak  of  the  school  I  speak  of  the  Church ;  for  the  school  is 
now,  practically,  the  juvenile  part  of  the  Church.  The  school 
should  adopt  the  Temperance  organisation,  and  make  it,  not  a 
mere  accidental  appendage,  as  it  has  been  hitherto,  but  an  essential, 
integral  part  of  her  organisation.  It  should  no  longer  be  left  to 
the  mercy  of  any  passer-by  who  m^y  have  the  courage  to  take 
hold  of  it,  but  should  be  nourished  and  cherished  by  the  school 
as  a  part  of  herself.  She  should  organise,  support,  and  work  the 
whole  machinery,  and  take  the  entire  responsibility  upon  herself. 
Then,  and  only  then,  will  the  work  be  properly  done. 

To  facilitate  this,  it  will  be  well  for  each  school  to  elect  a 
Temperance  Secretary,  as  it  does  a  Missionary  Secretary,  or 
Librarian,  and  it  should  be  his  duty  to  take  the  oversight  of 
the  temperance  department  of  the  school- work.  In  this  way  the 
abstaining  scholars  will  be  recognised,  encouraged,  and  guided, 
and,  class  by  class,  the  whole  school  be  enrolled  in  the  Temperance 
ranks. 


JUVENILE    TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS.  I59 

Addresses  on  the  subject  should  be  given  quarterly,  and,  as 
with  missions,  a  special  sermon  be  preached  every  year. 

Temperance  should  also  find  its  full  place  in  the  periodicals  of 
the  school,  and  everything  be  done  to  impress  upon  the  scholars 
the  £act  that  temperance  must  be  the  rule  of  their  life. 
:  I  know  that  this  will  be  a  great  step  to  take,  far  greater  than 
our  friends  from  America  imagine ;  but  it  is  a  step  imperatively 
demanded  by  the  condition  of  things  aroimd  us,  and  the  beneficial 
resi]^ts  of  which  will  be  so  great  that,  once  taken,  it  will  never 
again  be  retraced. 

Let  me  name  a  few  of  these  results.  First,  it  will  be  of  iocal- 
colable  value  to  the  Temperance  organisations  themselves. 
Hitherto  the  Church  has  been  too  much  like  some  fashionable 
mothers,  so  busy  with  their  own  adornments  and  gratifications, 
that  she  has  left  her  children  to  the  care  of  servants,  contenting 
herself  with  a  passing  word  of  approval  on  special  occasions.  So 
this  temperance  child  has  been  left  pretty  much  to  itself,  and,  as 
a  consequence,  it  has  said  and  done  things  that  has  grieved  its 
best  friends,  things  it  never  would  have  said  and  done  if  its  mother 
had  performed  her  duty.  Now  we  know  that  Qod  has  said,  '*  A 
child  left  to  himself  bringeth  his  mother  to  shame.''  The  shame, 
therefore,  of  this  is  the  mother's,  and  not  the  child's.  It  has  been 
its  misfortune,  not  its  fault.  Let  the  mother  understand  that  her 
child  has  rights  as  well  as  duties.  Let  her  set  to  work  to  do  her 
duty  instead  of  talking  about  her  rights.  The  evil  will  then 
soon  be  remedied,  and  the  child  enter  upon  an  era  of  happiness 
and  prosperity. 

Next  look  at  the  benefits  which  the  Church  will  derive  from 
such  a  course.  These,  I  rejoice  to  say,  are  so  many  that  I  should 
require  the  whole  of  the  twenty  minutes  allotted  to  me  even  to 
name  them.  I  will  therefore  content  myself  by  mentioning  one 
or  two.  A  host  of  others  will,  I  am  sure,  present  themselves  to 
everyone  that  takes  the  trouble  to  look  at  the  matter. 

First, — It  would  infuse  new  vigour  into  the  school  itself. 
Nothing  benefits  young  people  so  much  as  setting  them  to  work 
"  Satan  finds  some  mischief  still  for  idle  hands  to  do."  And 
many  of  our  schools  are  a  sad  illustration  of  this  truth.  From 
want  of  work  a  kind  of  mental  dyspepsia  has  set  in,  and  they  are 


l6o  JUVENILE    TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS. 

in  a  chronic  state  of  irritability  and  discontent.  Set  them  to 
work,  and  all  this  will  be  speedily  remedied,  and  a  temperance 
organisation  will  provide  them  with  just  what  they  need.  The 
teachers  and  scholars  will  soon  be  nnited  in  the  sympathy  which 
arises  from  their  being  actively  engaged  in  a  common  work. 
They  will  begin  to  understand  and  appreciate  each  other  more 
highly.  It  will  provide  work  for  everyone,  and  give  everyone 
his  work.  There  will  be  meetings  to  be  arranged  for,  songs  to  be 
sung,  recitations  to  be  given,  absentees  to  seek,  adherents  to  gain. 
Thus  everyone  will  be  actively  employed,  and  each  will  have  the 
joyous  consciousness  that  he  is  not  living  in  vain. 

Second, — It  would  do  much  to  retain  the  elder  scholars.  At 
present  a  large  number  who  are  ending  their  teens  think  it 
beneath  them  to  sit  in  classes  and  be  taught ;  but  let  them  be 
identified  with  this  great  work,  and  their  enthusiasm  in  its 
support  will  intensify  as  their  intelligence  increases.  Those  wly) 
are  not  yet  converted  can  thus  be  most  usefully  employed,  and 
heartily  recognised,  and,  as  they  watch  the  progress  of  their  woik, 
they  will  be  strengthened  with  the  stimulus  of  conscious  victory. 
All  the  latent  wealth  of  the  school  will  thus  be  laid  under 
contribution.  Music,  education,  taste,  gift  of  speech,  faculty  for 
organisation,  power  of  persuasion,  will  all  be  enlisted,  and  gifts 
be  developed  the  very  existence  of  which  would  otherwise  be 
unknown. 

Third, — It  would  immensely  help  the  Church  in  the  performance 
of  her  aggressive  work.  At  present  a  gulf  yawns  between  the 
Church  and  the  multitude.  Gatherings  of  the  wisest  and  best 
members  of  the  Church  have  been  called  to  study  the  question  of 
"  How  to  reach  the  masses  ?"  This  perplexing  problem  is  solved 
at  once  by  the  Temperance  movement.  It  throws  a  bridge  across 
the  gulf,  over  which  the  Church  can  go  to  the  people  with  her 
niespage  of  love  and  mercy,  and  over  which  thousands  of  them 
arc  already  flocking  for  light  and  salvation.  The  vast  hosts  of 
young  people  full  of  enthusiasm  about  meetings  in  which  they 
take  a  part,  will  be  human  advertisements  *'  seen  and  heard  of  all 
men,''  and  under  their  influence  the  sympathy  and  curiosity  of 
the  parents  will  be  excited,  and  thousands  of  them  will  attend 
who  would  never  come  to  hear  a  sermon,  and,  coming  to  the 


JUVENILE    TEMPERANCE    ORGANISATIONS.  l6l 


temperance  meeting,  prejudice  will  be  removed,  old  memories  be 
awakened,  and  an  influence  exerted  which  will  ultimately  lead 
many  of  them  to  the  Saviour. 

Besides  this,  the  school  would  not  be  content  with  merely 
holding  meetings,  but  would  do  as  is  done  in  all  well-managed 
temperance  societies  —  organise  a  literature  department,  the 
scholars  being  encouraged  to  attempt  the  sale  of  books  and 
periodicals.  These,  being  obtained  at  wholesale  prices,  will 
leave  a  good  margin  of  profit ;  the  account  being  canied  on  to 
the  end  of  the  year,  and  the  whole  amount  made  by  each  scholar 
beinja;  given  to  him  in  some  useful  form.  Thus  many  a  lad 
will  be  enabled  to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  good  library  out  of  his 
earnings,  a  library  that  may  be  of  immense  value  both  to  him  and 
his  home.  This  is  not  mere  theory.  I  know  of  one  Wesleyan 
Band  of  Hope  in  a  poor  neighbourhood  that  sold  last  year  more 
than  forty  thousand  books  and  periodicals.  Now,  who  can  tell 
the  advantage  of  such  a  spread  of  pure  literature — advantages 
not  only  to  the  scholars,  but  also  to  the  school,  the  purchaser,  and 
society  at  large  ? 

The  fact  is  that  such  an  organisation  would  at  once  turn  the 
whole  army  of  Sunday  scholars  into  colporteurs  and  home  mis- 
sionaries, and  produce  a  mighty  effect  on  the  population  around. 

It  will  also  be  of  great  benefit  to  the  young  people  themselves. 
It  will  not  only  shield  them  from  the  terrible  drink  curse,  but 
will  protect  them  from  a  large  number  of  dangerous  companions. 
Young  men  who  like  the  glass  will  not  want  abstainers  for  their 
companions,  and  thus,  in  the  nature  of  things,  the  abstainer  will 
escape  a  fearful  peril.  It  will  also  do  much  to  develop  the  moral 
courage  of  the  members.  It  is  a  most  humiliating  fact  that  a  large 
number  of  people  are  very  defective  in  this  respect,  especially  in 
matters  pertaining  to  morality  and  religion.  They  are  governed 
by  feeling,  policy,  convenience,  ease,  or  worldly  interest,  rather 
than  by  principle.  They  are,  therefore,  to  a  large  extent,  the 
creatures  of  circumstances.  They  can  never  say  "  Yes  "  or  "  No  " 
on  the  real  merits  of  a  question.  They  always  "think  so  too."  They 
neither  row  nor  steer,  but  drift,  and  are  at  the  mercy  of  every 
wind  that  blows.  Whatever  Church  or  party  comes  to  the  front 
attracts  them,  like  so  many  particles  of  dead  matter.    If  they  go 

a 


l62  JUVENILE   TEMPERANCE   ORGANISATIONS. 

to  a  town  where  Methodism  is  strong  and  influential,  they  take 
a  seat  at  the  Methodist  chapel ;  but  if  they  go  to  another  town  where 
Methodism  is  weak  and  poor,  they  pass  by  on  the  other  side.  Now 
this  organisation,  well  worked,  will  do  much  to  remedy  this  miserable 
state  of  things.  It  will  teach  the  young  people  to  judge,  discriminate, 
decide,  and  act  upon  their  decision.  It  may  seem  to  be  a  little  thing  for 
a  boy  or  girl  to  say  '*No,"  when'asked  to  take  a  glass  of  wine,  bnt  it 
will  have  a  mighty  influence  npon  the  future  character  and  history 
of  that  child.  Having  said  "No**  in  the  face  of  example  and  custom 
and  against  strong  pressure  once,  will  do  much  to  enable  him  to 
say  ''  No  "  to  other  temptations  and  under  other  circumstanpes.  It 
is  the  first  step  in  a  path  that  will  often  be  steep  and  rugged,  but 
a  path  that  leads  to  glory  and  honour.  It  is  to  the  child  a  battle, 
which,  ending  in  victory,  will  nerve  him  for  future  conflicts,  and 
will  do  something  towards  placing  him  at  last  amongst  those  who, 
having  overcome,  shall  inherit  all  things. 

This  most  desirable  object  will  not  be  accomplished  without 
opposition  and  difficulty.  Some  hoary  prejudices  will  stand  in 
the  way,  and  early-formed  habits  will  sorely  hamper  some  whose 
co-operation  is  most  desirable ;  but  the  object  contemplated  is  so 
immense,  so  important,  and  so  pressing,  that  it  ought  to  be 
earnestly  and  prayerfully  attempted  at  once.  Christian  men  have 
but  to  understand  the  fearful  peril  to  which  the  children  are 
exposed,  in  order  to  be  prepared  to  make  a  sacrifice — aye,  even  a 
great  sacrifice,  in  order  to  preserve  them  from  ruin.  Selfishness  and 
Christianity  are  diametrically  opposed.  We  are  not  to  live  to 
ourselves.    We  are  our  children's  keepers. 

Methodism  has  publicly  declared  that  it  should  be  "  the  rule 
of  our  lives  to  take  no  step  where  the  weak  brother  may  not 
safely  follow."  There  are  but  two  paths  open  to  the  children — 
one  is  the  broad,  winding,  indefinite  path  of  moderation,  the 
path  by  which  every  drunkard  reached  the  way  of  darkness  and 
despair ;  and  the  plain,  clear,  safe  path  of  total  abstinence.  The 
children,  with  faith  in  our  wisdom,  and  love  beaming  from  eveiy 
face,  ask  us  as  individuals,  and  as  Churchep,  ''  Which  way  shall 
we  take  ? "  Surely,  surely,  we  shall  not  hesitate ;  but  taking  them 
by  the  hand,  shall  lead  them  to  the  path  of  total  abstinence,  and 
Bay  by  our  words  and  our  lives,  "  This  is  the  way,  walk  ye  in  it." 


OBITUARY   OF    TEMPERANCE    WORKERS.  163 


OBITUARY  OF  TEMPERANCE  WORKERS. 

The  reaper  Death  has  not  stayed  his  hand,  and  as  the  months 
of  the  past  year  rolled  on  many  workers  in  the  Temperance  cause, 
hoth  young  and  old,  fell  beneath  his  sickle  and  entered  into  **  the 
better  land." 

In  the  last  month  of  1880  the  cause  lost  several  earnest  workers. 
Mr.  John  Bailey,  who  was  associated  with  the  earliest  tempe* 
lanee  efforts  in  South  London,  and  continued  his  interest  in  the 
movement  till  the  end,  died  on  December  16,  in  his  eighty-first 
year.  Then  followed  the  lamented  death  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Lay,  at 
the  age  of  forty,  who  was  for  upwards  of  fifteen  years  a  most  accept- 
able agentof  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union.  A  sorrow 
and  a  void  was  felt  by  temperance  people  in  all  parts  of  the  country 
by  the  unexpected  death  of  Mr.  Jabez  Inwards,  which  took  place 
on  the  21st  December,  in  his  sixty-fourth  year.  He  was  one  of  the 
moat  popular  advocates  which  the  movement  has  known,  and  his 
memory  is  dear  to  many  who  were  rescued  from  sin  and  shame 
by  his  instrumentality. 

One  of  the  first  to  pass  away  during  the  past  year" was  the  Rev. 
Henry  T.  Breay,  B.A.,  Vicar  of  Crewkeme,  whose  memory  is 
endeared  by  the  recollection  of  his  charitable  deeds  and  noble 
example.  Mrs.  Potton,  widow  of  the  late  Isaac  Potton,  who  was 
an  earnest  advocate  of  Temperance,  died  on  January  26,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-three.  On  January  30,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall,  the  well- 
known  authoress  of  a  varied  collection  of  works,  died  at  the  age 
of  seventy-four.  Mrs.  Hall,  who  was  an  active  help-meet  to 
her  husband  in  literary  labour,  wrote  a  number  of  attractive 
temperance  books. 

Mr.  Stanley  Puiuphrey,  of  Worcester,  an  earnest  worker  in  the 
Temperance  movement,  and  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
of  which  he  was  a  minister,  died  on  February  17. 

One  of  the  earliest  and  most  devoted  labourers  in  the  cause  of 
Temperance,  Dr.  James  Ellis,  died  on  March  19,  in  his  seventy- 
seventh  year ;  and  on  the  25th,  Sir  Charles  Reed,  M.P.,  Chairman 
of  the  London  School  Board,  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-two.    Sir 

a2 


164  OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE    WORKERS. 

Charles  was  a  consistent  supporter  of  the  Temperance  cause,  and 
Avas  widely  esteemed  for  his  labours  to  improve  the  condition  of 
the  people  by  education  and  other  philanthropic  agencies. 

In  the  month  of  May  the  movement  lost  the  Rev.  Stopford  J. 
Ram,  M.A.,  who  became  a  member  of  the  National  Temperance 
League  in  1856,  and,  when  the  Church  of  England  Total  Absti- 
nence Society  was  formed  in  1862,  was  appointed  one  of  it8 
honorary  secretaries.  Both  in  the  pulpit  and  through  the  press, 
and  in  a  variety  of  other  ways,  Mr.  Ram  worked  with  a  holy  zeal. 

Professor  Rolleston,  F.R.S.,  Linacre  Professor  of  Physiology  in 
the  University  of  Oxford, died  on  the  16th  June,  in  his  fifty-second 
year.  He  devoted  his  life  mainly  to  the  advancement  of  biological 
science,  but  took  great  interest  in  social  questions,  and  especially 
in  the  promotion  of  temperance. 

Mr.  S.  S.  Alford,  F.R.C.S.,  met  with  an  accident  in  July  which 
resulted  fatally.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  actively  engaged 
in  promoting  a  scheme  for  the  treatment  of  habitual  drunkards, 
and  in  this  matter,  as  well  as  in  others  affecting  Temperance  in  the 
medical  profession,  his  aid  will  be  missed  for  a  long  time  to  come. 

Mr.  John  McGavin,  of  Glasgow,  also  passed  away  in  July.  Mr. 
McGavin  took  a  very  active  interest  in  the  Temperance  movement, 
and  was  closely  associated  with  the  Scottish  Temperance  League, 
of  which  he  was'chairman  from  1852  to  1864.  He  left  legacies  to 
temperance  and  other  philanthropic  objects  in  Scotland  amounting 
to  £21,700. 

The  Rev.  Theodore  Percival  Wilson,  M.A.,  Vicar  of  Pavenhani, 
and  author  of  "  Frank  Oldfield  ;  or,  Lost  and  Found,"  and  other 
popular  temperance  stories,  died  in  August,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
one.  Miss  Elizabeth  Proctor,  who  was  a  devoted  worker  in  Dar* 
lington,  also  entered  into  rest  in  August. 

On  the  1st  October,  Admiral  W.  Baillie  Hamilton,  for  many 
years  Permanent  Secretary  to  the  Admiralty,  died  at  the  age  of 
seventy-eight.  Adniiml  Haniilton  was  a  member  of  the  National 
Temperance  League,  and  was  ever  ready  to  bear  public  or  private 
testimony  to  the  advantages  of  total  abstinence. 

Sir  W.  H.  Ernest  Bagge,  Bart.,  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
the  National  Temperance  League,  ond  of  the  Board  of  the  London 
Temperance  Hospital,  died  suddenly  on  October  23,  at  the  age 


OBITUARY    OF    TEMPERANCE    WORKERS.  165 

of  forty-one.  Sir  Ernest,  who  was  the  head  of  an  old  Norfolk 
family,  took  a  deep  and  active  interest  in  the  promotion  of  tem- 
perance. 

Mr.  James  Mc'Currey,  a  well-known  and  most  earnest  tempe- 
rance advocate,  died  on  the  26th  October,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-one.  He  was  one  amongst  many  whom  the  temperance 
cause  has  rescued  from  the  depths  of  drunkenness  and  misery.  He 
signed  the  pledge  in  the  year  1837,  and  from  that  time  he  entered 
into  the  holy  w^ork  of  rescuing  others  from  the  thraldom  of  drink, 
and  by  his  will  bequeathed  ^'1,850  to  temperance  societies,  includ- 
ing ;61,000  to  the  National  Temperance  League.  Another  active 
worker,  Mr.  William  Walkley,  who  was  also  rescued  from  a 
drunkard's  career,  and  who  laboured  incessantly  on  behalf  of  his 
fellows,  died  suddenly  from  heart  disease  on  the  23rd  of  Novemljcr 
at  the  age  of  fifty-eight. 

The  Rev.  W.  Woolhouse  Robinson,  M.A.,  formerly  vicar  o 
Christ  Church,  Chelsea,  where  he  laboured  for  about  twenty  years, 
departed  this  life  at  Bristol,  on  the  19th  November.  He  was  a  con- 
sictent  supporter  of  total  abstinence  principles,  and  wrote  several 
tracts  on  the  subject,  besides  many  publications  of  a  religious 
character.  He  was  in  his  eighty-first  year,  and  during  his  long 
life  it  may  be  truly  said,  "  He  went  about  doing  good." 

In  the  death  of  Sir  Hugh  Owen,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year, 
which  took  place  on  the  20th  Nov.,  one  of  our  noblest  standard 
bearers  has  fallen.     Not  only  as  a  temperance  reformer,  but  as 
one  who  devoted  his  best  energies  to  good  works  generally,  will 
his  name  and  memory  be  revered.     Her  Majesty  conferred  the 
honour  of  knighthood  upon  him,  a  few  months  prior  to  his  death, 
in  recognition  of  his  eminent  services  to  the  cause  of  education  in 
Wales.     He  held  numerous  important  ofiices,  and  was  for  many 
years  treasurer  of  the  National  Temperance  League.    The  esteem 
in  which  he  was  held  was  testified  to  in  a  most  remarkable  man- 
ner at  his  funeral.     Of  him  it  may  be  truly  said  : — 
"  His  life  was  gentle,  and  elements 
So  mixed  in  bim,  that  Nature  might  stand  np 
And  say  to  all  the  world, — '  This  was  a  man ! ' " 

November  dO,  1881. 


1 56     NOTABLE  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS  OF  THE  PAST  YEAR. 


NOTABLE  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS  OF  THE  PAST 

YEAR. 

In  addition  to  the  Jubilee  celebratiou  and  other  events  of  im- 
portance which  have  transpired  during  the  year,  there  were  many 
interesting  occurrences  which  ought  to  find  a  place  in  the  Tempe- 
rance history  of  the  year.  A  few  of  the  more  important  are 
included  in  the  following  summary  : — 

ANNIVERSARY  GATHERINGS. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Temperance  League  was 
Jield  in  Exeter  Hall  on  Monday,  May  2,  under  the  presidency  of 
the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar.  The  anniversary  sermon  in  Westminster 
Abbey  was  preached  on  the  previous  day  by  the  Bishop  of  Exeter, 
and  at  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  the  preacher  was  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Cook,  of  Boston,  U.S.  The  League's  annual  Conversa- 
zione took  place  on  May  25,  at  the  Cannon  Street  Hotel,  when  the 
proceedings  were  preceded  by  a  Ladies*  Conference  in  reference  to 
Women's  Work  in  the  Temperance  Reformation.  The  anniver- 
sary meetings  of  the  Cliurch  of  England  Temperance  Society  took 
place  during  the  first  week  in  May,  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
total  abstinence  section  being  held  in  Exeter  Hall  on  May  4.  The 
United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  held  its  annual  conference 
and  meeting  at  Exeter  Hall  on  May  11;  the  autumnal  gathering 
being  held  at  Oxford  in  September.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  took  place  at  the 
Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street,  on  May  9,  and  the  autumnal 
meeting  at  Manchester  on  October  3.  The  Baptist  Total  Absti- 
nence Association  held  its  annual  meeting  in  the  Lecture  Hall  of 
the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  on  April  26,  when  it  was  reported 
that  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Lang  had  entered  upon  his  duties  as  travelling 
secretary.  The  Association  also  held  meetings  in  connection  with 
the  autunmal  session  of  the  Baptist  Union  of  England  and  Wales, 
at  Portsmouth  and  Southampton,  in  October.  The  anniversary  of 
the  British  Temperance  League  was  celebrated  at  Sheflield  in 
July.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance  was 
held  at  Manchester,  on  October  18,  presided  over  by  Mr.  Stafford 
Howard,  M.P.    The  Midland  Temperance  League  held  its  anni- 


NOTABLE  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS  OF  THE  PAST  YEAR.   167 

yeTsary  meetings  at  West  Bromwich  in  April,  and  in  the  same 
month  the  twelfth  annual  session  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Good  Templars  was  held  at  Southampton.  The  annual  meeting 
of  the  North  of  England  Temperance  League  took  place  at  Sunder- 
land in  September;  the  Western  Temperance  League  met  at 
Bristol,  and  the  Dorset  County  Temperance  Association  at  Sher- 
borne, also  in  the  month  of  September.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  British  Women's  Temperance  Association  was  held  in  London 
in  May,  and  the  autumnal  meeting  at  Bristol  in  November. 

NEW   TEMPERANCE   LITERATURE. 

Amongst  the  works  of  a  biographical  character  issued  during 
the  past  year  there  were  :  "  Richard  T.  Booth  and  his  Work  "  ; 
"  Joseph  Livesey  :  a  Life  Story  and  its  Lessons,^  by  F.  Sherlock  ; 
and  **  Sketch  of  tlie  Life  and  Labours  of  Mr.  Alderman  Guest, 
F.S.A.,"  by  Tliomas  Beggs.  The  new  tales  have  included :  "  Plucked 
from  the  Burning,"  by  Laura  L.  Pratt ;  "  No  Place  like  Home,'» 
by  Alice  Lang  ;  "  Harold  Hastings,  or  the  Vicar's  Son,"  by  the 
Rev.  James  Yeames  ;  "  Plain  Words  on  Temperance,"  by  the  Rev. 
Charles  Courtenay  ;  "Great  Heights  gained  by  Steady  Efforts,"  by 
the  late  Rev.  T.  P.  Wilson,  M.  A. ;  "  Her  Benny,"  by  Silas  K.  Hocking ; 
"  A  Maiden's  Work,"  by  Lady  Hope  ;  and  "  Step  by  Step ;  or  the 
Ladder  of  Life,"  by  M.  A.  Panll.  In  poetry  we  have  "Harold  Glynde," 
a  cantata,  by  Edward  Foskett,  with  music  by  various  composers  ; 
"  Poets,  Painters,  and  Players,"  by  the  Rev.  George  Wilson  McCree. 
The  miscellaneous  works  include  :  "  History  of  Toasting,  &c.,"  by 
the  Rev.  R.  Valpy  French,  D.C.L.  ;  "  Thrift  Lessons,"  by  John  T. 
Walters,  M.A. ;  "Practical  Guide  to  Health  and  Longevity,"  by 
G.  W.  Bacon,  F.R.G.S. ;  "The  Voice  of  the  Pulpit  on  Temperance,' 
by  various  authors  ;  "  The  Voice  of  Science  on  Temperance,"  by 
various  authors  ;  "  Religious  and  Educational  Aspects  of  Tem- 
perance," by  various  authors  ;  "  The  Drink  Problem  and  its 
Solution,"  by  David  Lewis,  J.  P. ;  and  a  Comprehensive  History 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Temperance  Reformation,"  by 
P.  T.  Winskill.  In  January  the  National  Temperance  Mirror,  an 
illustrated  monthly  magazine,  was  issued,  and  later  in  the  year 
the  So7i  of  Temperance  and  the  Metropolitan  Temperance  Advocate, 
both  monthlies,  came  into  existence.  The  National  Temperance 
Reader  was  commenced  in  October. 


1 68     NOTABLE  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS  OF  THE  PAST  YEAR. 

TEMPERANCE  MISSIONS. 

An  important  Temperance  Mission  was  oiganised  by  the 
National  Temperance  League  in  South  London,  commencing  on 
the  11th  of  March,  and  concluding  on  the  22nd.  The  proceedings 
included  conferences  of  various  kinds,  public  meetings  in  aH 
quarters  of  the  large  area,  and  sermons  in  churches  and  chapels 
on  two  Sundays,  besides  the  distribution  of  a  large  quantity  of 
tracts  in  reference  to  temperance.  Similar  efforts,  carried  out  by 
local  Committees,  have  taken  place  in  Bristol,  Enfield,  Dorchester, 
Sherborne,  and  other  places.  Mr.  Richard  T.  Booth,  the  American 
Temperance  Evangelist,  has  been  labouring  successfully  in  many 
towns,  and  since  September  last  Mr.  Francis  Murphy,  founder  of 
the  Blue  Ribbon  movement  in  America,  has  been  holding  success- 
ful meetings  in  different  parts  of  the  provinces. 

OUR  TEETOTAL  MAYORS. 

A  special  public  meeting  of  the  National  Temperance  League 
was  held  in  Exeter  Hall  on  the  7th  of  April,  under  the  presidency 
of  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor  of  York,  when  ten  of  the 
twenty- seven  teetotal  Mayors  then  holding  office  addressed  the 
large  gathering.  The  Mayor  of  Leeds  gave  a  banquet  to  the 
abstaining  Mayors  of  England  and  Wales,  in  March.  At  the 
municipal  elections  which  took  place  in  November,  several  tee- 
total Mayors  were  re-elected,  including  the  Mayor  of  Leeds,  who 
has  twice  had  the  honour  of  re-election.  The  new  Lord  Mayor 
of  York  is  an  abstainer.  Also,  the  Mayors  of  Banbury,  Bamsley, 
Bootle,  Bursleui,  Cardiff,  Carmarthen,  Clitheroe,  Falmouth, 
Flint,  Grantham,  Grimsby,  Huntingdon,  Middlesborough,  Neath, 
Pontefract,  Reading,  Stockton,  and  Swansea. 

TEMPERANCE   AND   EDUCATION. 

The  National  Temperance  League  held  a  Conference  with  th« 
Brighton  and  Sussex  Elementary  Teachers'  Association  in  the 
Royal  Pavilion,  Brighton,  on  March  19.  During  the  annual 
aasembly  of  the  National  Union  of  Elementary  Teachers,  held  in 
London  in  April,  the  League  invited  the  members  to  a  Confer- 
ence, which  took  place  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  The  room  was  crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity.   Addresses 


NOTABLE  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS  OF  THE  PAST  YEAR.  1 69 


were  delivered  by  the  Kev.  Canon  Farrar,  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson, 
and  the  Rev.  Alexander  Hannay,  D.D.  Mr,  Frank  R.  Cheshire, 
representing  the  National  Temperance  League,  has  continued  his 
valuable  lectures  to  school  children  throughout  the  year,  in  all 
parts  of  the  metropolis. 

THE   BRITISH  ASSOCIATION 

assembled  at  York  in  September,  and  a  paper  was  read  by  ]Mr. 
William  Hoyle  on  "  The  Economic  Influence  of  the  Drinking 
Customs  of  Society  upon  the  National  Wellbeing** ;  and  at 

THE   SOCIAL  SCIENCE  CONGRESS 

Meetings  held  at  Dublin  in  October,  several  papers  were  read  and 
discussed,  on  questions  affecting  the  Temperance  reformation. 

THE   EVANGELICAL  ALLIANCE 

held  its  Annual  Conference  at  Liverpool  in  October,  when,  for 
the  first  time,  the  claims  of  the  Temperance  movement  had  a 
place  on  the  programme.  The  National  Temperance  League 
invited  the  members  to  a  breakfast,  following  which  addresses 
were  delivered  on  the  claims  of  temperance  upon  the  Christian 
C'hurch,  by  the  President  of  the  League,  the  Ven.  Archdeacon 
Bardsley,  the  Hon.  W.  E.  Dodge,  and  the  R^v.  Charles  Garrett. 

THE   CECUMENICAL   METHODIST   CONFERENCE 

met  in  London  in  September,  and  one  day  (Sept.  12)  was  devoted 
to  questions  affecting  all  branches  of  Temperance  reform.  Valuable 
papers  were  read  and  freely  discussed  by  representatives  of  different 
Methodist  Churches  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe. 

AT   THE  CHURCH   CONGRESS, 

which  assembled  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  October,  question.s 
relating  to  the  Temperance  work  of  the  Church  in  connection 
with  its  parochial  organisation  and  other  kindred  topics  were 
considered,  besides  the  general  aspects  of  the  movement. 

YOUNG  men's  CHRISTIAN   ASSOCIATIONS. 

The  Triennial  International  Conference  of  Young  Men's  Asso- 
ciations was  held  at  Exeter  Hall  during  the  first  week  in  August. 
Representatives  were  present  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Memo- 
rials on  the  subject  of  Temperance  were  presented  to  the  Con- 
ference by  the  National  Temperance  League,  the  United  Kingdom 
Band  of  Hope  Union,  and  other  bodies. 


170   NOTABLE  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS  OF  THE  PAST  YEAR. 

LONDON   TEMPKRANCE   HOSPITAL. 

Tlie  new  buildings  of  tliis  institution  were  opened  by  the 
Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Mayor,  M.P.,  and  the  Sheriffs  of  the  City  of 
London,  in  State,  on  March  4.  The  annual  meeting  was  held  in 
one  of  the  wards  of  the  hospital,  on  May  23,  under  the  presidency 
of  Mr.  E.  Stafford  Howard,  M.P. 

THE  METROPOLFTAN  POLICE. 

A  total  abstinence  society  was  recently  formed  in  connection 
Avith  the  G  division  of  the  Metropolitan  Police,  which  at  its  for- 
mation was  cordially  sanctioned  by  the  superintendent  of  the 
division,  and  subsequently  by  the  Chief  Commissioner  of  Police, 
who  in  reply  to  a  letter  from  the  president  (Rev.  S.  D.  Stubbs) 
stated  that  there  was  no  objection  whatever  to  the  formation  of 
such  a  society  in  the  Metropolitan  Police, 

THE  GENERAL  POST   OFFICE  TOTAL   ABSTINENCE   SOCIETY 

reported  at  its  fourth  annual  meeting,  presided  over  by  Steven- 
son A.  Blackwood,  Esq.,  C.B.,  that  since  the  society's  formation 
480  members  had  been  enrolled,  and  there  was  then  a  total  of  171 
members,  being  a  gain  of  thirteen  over  tlie  previous  year ;  many 
of  those  who  became  membera  of  the  society  afterwards  having 
left  it,  either  to  join,  or  to  give  their  imdivided  attention  to, 
societies  in  their  own  immediate  neighbourhood. 

CRYSTAL  PALACE  FETE. 

In  accordance  with  an  arrangement  made  three  years  ago,  the 
National  Temperance  Fete  was  last  year  organised  by  the  Good 
Templars.  The  celebration  took  place  at  the  Crystal  Palace  on 
Tuesday,  July  12,  when  48,705  persons  were  present. 

INTERNATIONAL  TEMPERANCE   EXHIBITION. 

This  exhibition,  thel  fiist  of  the  kind  ever  held,  took  place  at 
the  Agricultural  Hall,  Islington,  in  August  last,  when  an  enor- 
mous number  of  beverages,  claiming  to  be  temperance  drinks,  and  a 
large  collection  of  machinery  and  appliances  for  making  all  kinds 
of  aerated  waters,  were  on  view. 

A  servants'  branch, 
in  connection  with  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society, 
was  inaugurated  on  July  4.     A  Society  called  **  The  Unpledged 
Abstainers*  Union,"  was  formed  at  Southend  in  October. 

THE  coffee  tavern  MOVEMENT. 

The  Coffee  Public  House  News  for  December  mentions  that 
during  the  past  year  it  has  reported  the  formation  of  thirty- 
eight  new  Limited  Liability  Companies  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing on  Coffee  Tavern  operations,  and  also  the  opening  of  118  new 
establishments,  *'  some  of  which  have  been  erected  and  fitted  up 
on  an  extensive  scale  that  was  hardly  dreamt  of  by  the  firbt  pro- 
moters of  the  Coffee-house  movement.  Taken  altogether,  the  past 
year  affords  much  encouragement  to  the  friends  of  the  movement.*' 


THE     NATIONAL   DRINK   BILL. 


171 


A  YEAR'S  REVENUE  FROM  THE  DRINK  TRAFFIC. 

From  SpiritA 

If     JiLaib    ...         ...        ... 

„               X^W^A             «•«                       ...                       •■• 

„      Sugar  used  in  Brewing 

„     Licenses          ^ 

„      Rum    ...        ...        ...  ' 

„      Brandy 

1,       * f  me    ...          ...          ••• 

„      Geneva  and  other  sorts  , 

For  the  year 

-  ending    3l8t  - 

March,  1881. 

For  the  year 

ending  31st 

December, 

1880. 

f    £14,393,572 

2,676,482 

3,482,271 

501,991 

<  1,952,824 
f         2,357,503 

1,691,781 
1,407,026 

<  348,404 

£28,811,854 

Theee  figures  are  taken  from  the  Twenty-fourth  Report  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Inland  Revenue,  and  from  the  Twenty- fifth 
Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Her  Majesty's  Customs ;  but  a 
detailed  Parliamentary  return,  moved  for  by  Mr.  Slagg,  states  that 
the  total  proceeds  of  taxes  and  imposts  on  intoxicating  liquors 
and  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  year  ending  31st  March,  1881, 
amounted  to  £29,497,666. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  total  gross  proceeds  to  the 
Revenue  for  the  past  eight  years  : — 


1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 


£32,299,062 
33,052,568 
33,712,964 
33,447,282 


1878  ... 

1879  ... 

1880  ... 

1881  ... 


£88,044,828 
32,102,186 
29,614,496 
29,497,666 


THE  NATIONAL  DRINK  BILL. 
By  William  Hoyle,  Esq. 

Owixo  to  the  abolition  of  the  malt-tax  and  the  substitution  in 
lieu  thereof  of  a  tax  upon  beer,  the  data  from  which  the  amount 
of  intoxicating  liquors  consumed  during  1880  is  derived  are  much 
more  varied  than  usuaL  During  the  first  nine  months  of  the 
year  the  amount  of  beer  consumed  is  derived  from  the  returns  of 
malt  and  sugar  U8ed  for  brewing  ;  while  for  the  last  three  months 
— that  is,  from  October  1  to  December  31 — it  is  taken  from  a 
return  which  gives  the  number  of  barrels  of  beer  upon  which 
duty  was  paid. 

The  quantity  of  malt  used  in  brewing  during  the  nine  months 
ending  September  3(),  1880,  was  31,787,518  bushels,  and  of  sucar 
1,019,466  cwt.,  which  was  equal  to  4,349,721  bushels  of  miut; 
adding  the  two  together  we  get  a  total  of  36,137,239  bushels; 


IJ2  THL    NAriONAI.    DKIXK    DIM.. 


and  taking  the  Excise  standard  of  two  bushels  of  malt  as  brewiog 
one  barrel  of  beer,  it  gives  a  total  of  650,470,302  gallons  of  beer 
as  brewed  from  January  I  to  September  30.  On  October  1  die 
malt  duty  was  abolished,  and  in  place  thereof  a  tax  was  put  npon 
beer.  The  returns  for  the  last  three  months  of  the  year  are 
given  in  beer,  and  they  show  that  during  that  period  there  were 
7,072,741  barrels,  or  254,618,676  gallons,  of  beer  consumed,  or  a 
total  for  the  year  of  905,088,978  gallons.  The  returns  for  spiiitB 
and  wine  are  issued  in  the  same  form  as  formerly. 

The  following  table  gives  particulars  of  the  quantities  used, 
together  with  the  money  expended  thereon.  To  enable  a  com- 
parison to  be  made,  I  append  the  expenditure  for  1879  : — 

1880.  1879. 

Bew  eonnimed  •  905,0S8,978  gals,  at  Is.  6d.  67,881,678  73,557,609 
British      spirits 

ooMiuned  ...  28,457,486  „  at  208.  28,457,486  27,986,650 
Foreign     spirits 

coDsamed    ...       8,477,512     „    at  248.  10,173,014    11,449,021 

Wme    ...         ...     15,852,335     „    at  18j.  14,267,102     18,460,688 

British       wines, 

Ac  (est.)     ...     15,000,000     „    at  2s.  1,500,000      1,760,000 


£122,279,275  128,148,868 

Showing  a  decrease  in  consumption  as  compared  with  1879  of 
j£5,864,688,  or  4*6  per  cent. 

Twenty  years  ago,  in  1860,  the  drink  bill  was  ;^6,897,683. 
Year  by  year,  with  two  or  three  trifling  exceptions,  it  continued  to 
grow,  until  in  1876  it  reached  the  enormous  total  of  ;£147,288,760. 
In  1877  it  fell  to  £142,009,231 ;  in  1878  it  rose  a  litUe,  being 
£142,188,900 ;  since  1878  it  has  lallen,  as  the  table  I  have  given 
shows. 


*  The  following  analysis  of  the  cost  of  Beer  and  Spirits  for  eaoh  of 
the  three  Kingdoms  will  be  of  interest : — 

BEEfi. 

1878.  1879.  Decrease.         1880.  firom  1879. 

England  ...£74,960.769... £66, 179,066  =  10-4... £60.905,919  =  7*9 
SooUand...  8.996,562..  8.337,792  =  16  7...  2,983,379=  10-6 
Ireland  ...      4,850,424  ..      4,040,695  =  16-7...     3,992,373  =     1*2 

SPIRITS. 

Docreiise 
_     .  1878.  1879.  percent.  1880.  InoffMM. 

England  .. .£16.697,663... £16,314.174  »  2  3... £16,950,020  ^  3*9 
Scotland...     6,659,147...     6,287,477=     4  1...     6,325,086=     06 


Ireland    ...     6,101,905...     5,335,000 --  12-5...     5,182,480=     2-8 


INDIRECT    COST   OF    OUR   DRINKING    CUSTOMS.        I73 


The  Times  of  March  29,  1881,  devoted  an  able  leading  article 
to  the  consideration  of  Mr.  Hoyle's  statist ics,  and  concluded  as 
follows : — "  Drinking  battles  us,  confounds  us,  shames  us,  and 
mocks  us  at  every  point.  It  outwits  alike  the  teacher,  the  man 
of  business,  the  patriot,  and  the  legislator.  Every  other  institu- 
tion flounders  in  hopeless  difficulties  ;  the  public-house  holds  its 
triumphant  course.  The  administrators  of  public  and  private 
charity  are  told  that  alms  and  oblations  go  with  rates,  doles,  and 
pensions  to  the  all-absorbing  bar  of  the  public-house.  But  the 
worst  remains.  Not  a  year  passes  in  either  town  or  village 
without  some  unexpected  and  hideous  scandal,  the  outcome  of 
habitual  indulgence,  often  small  and  innocent  in  its  origin.  Some 
poor  creature  long  and  deservedly  high  in  the  respect,  perhaps 
reverence,  of  the  neighbourhood,  makes  a  sudden  shipwreck  of 
character.  Under  the  accumulating  influence  of  alcohol,  aggra- 
vated, perhaps,  by  other  still  more  powerful,  still  more  treacherous 
agencies,  the  honest  man  turns  knave,  the  respectable  man  sud- 
denly loses  principle  and  self-respect,  the  wise  man  is  utterly 
foolish,  the  rigidly  moral  man  forgets  his  mask  and  his  code  ana 
takes  a  plunge  into  libertinism.  It  then  turns  out,  what  possibly 
some  have  suspected,  that  drink  is  at  the  bottom  of  it,  and  that 
some  poor  wife  or  other  friend  has  long  been  doing  the  bes^  that 
could  be  done  to  check,  to  cure,  and  at  all  events  to  hide,  till 
the  truth  would  be  out.  Of  course  on  such  occasions  rivals  and 
competitors  in  the  race  of  life  are  not  to  be  denied  their  paltry 
triumph.  It  would  be  much  more  to  the  purpose  to  take  the 
warning,  and  do  something  towards  staying  the  huge  miscliief 
which,  in  one  way  or  another,  confounds  us  all,  and  may,  for  we 
cannot  be  sure,  crush  and  ruin  any  one  of  us.'' 


INDIRECT  COST  OF  OUR  DRINKING  CUSTOMS. 

Mr.  William  Hoyle  read  a  paper  in  the  Economic  Section  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  York, 
on  the  3rd  of  September  last.  It  was  entitled  '*  The  Economic, 
Influence  of  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society  upon  the  Nation's 
Well-being."    We  give  the  following  extracts  : — 

The  average  yearly  expenditure  upon  intoxicating  liquors 
during  the  last  ten  years  has  exceeded  £136,000,000,  but,  besides 
this,  mere  are  indirect  costs  and  losses  resulting  therefrom  which 
are  of  a  most  appalling  kind.  There  is  crime,  pauperism,  lunacy, 
loss  of  labour,  accidents,  disease,  premature  death,  &c.  ;  and 
further,  there  is  a  general  demoralisation  of  the  population. 

The  following  table  gives  an  estimate  of  these  indirect  mischiefs 
so  far  as  they  affect  the  economic  weal  of  the  nation  : 


174        INDIRECT    COST    OF   OUR   DRINKING    CUSTOMS. 
INDIRECT  COST  AND  LOSS  THROUGH  DRINKING. 

I.  Loes  of  labour  and  time  to  employers  and  work- 

men through  drinking,  eatimated  by  the  Parlia- 
mentary Committee  of  1834  at  one-sixth  of  the 
wealth  produced.  This  would  be  one-sixth  of 
£480,000,000,  or  £80,000,000.     I  will  call  it  . . .    £60,000,000 

II.  Destruction  of  property  by  sea  and  land,  and 

loss  of  property  by  theft  and  otherwise  ;  cost  of 
bankruptcies, &c.,  the  result  of  drinking         ...         5,000^000 

III.  Public  and  private  charges  for  crime,  pauperism, 
destitution,  sickness,  insanity,  and  premature 
deaths  arising    from   the  use  of   intoxicating 

liquors        20,000,000 

IV.  Loss  of  wealth  arising  from  the  idleness  of 
paupers,  criminals,  vagrants,  lunatics,  &c,  num- 
bering in  all  probably  about  1,400,000,  of  whom 
one-half,  or  700,000,  might  work  and  produce 

—say,  £40  each  yearly 28,000,000 

V.  Loss    arising    from  the  non-productiveness  of 

capital  spent  on  drink,  and  of  the  capital  em- 
ployed in  the  drink-trade,  which  in  a  few  years 
would  accumulate  and  reach  ££0,000,000  or 
more  annually      20,000,000 

VI.  Loss  of  wealth  arising  from  the  unproductive 
employment  of  the  judges,  magistrates,  lawyers, 
witnesses,  policemen,  jurymen,  gaolers,  poor- 
law  guardians,  clerks,  rate-collectors,  &c.,  whose 

time  is  now  employed  through  drink 5,000,000 

VII.  Loss  arising  through  the  extra  cost  of  religious, 
moral,  temperance,  and  other  social  efforts  and 
expenses  needed  to  counteract  the  evils  of  in- 

perance      10,000,000 

Total         £138,000,000 


If  we  add  together  the  direct  and  indirect  cost  resulting  from 
our  drinking  habits  it  gives  a  total  of  loss  to  the  nation  of 
;e274,000,000.  Deducting,  say,  £54,000,000  from  this  sum  for 
revenue,  and  for  what  some  persons  might  consider  the  needful 
use  of  these  drinks  in  medicine  or  otherwise,  it  still  leaves  a  sum 
of  £220,000,000  as  the  annual  economic  loss  to  the  nation  in  con- 
sequence of  the  drinking  customs  of  our  population. 


METROPOLITAN    DRINKING   AND    CRIME.  I75 


METROPOLITAN   DRINKING  AND  CRIME. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horslet,  M.A., 

Chaplain  ofSM.  Friton,  ClerkenveU, 

1.  The  number  of  persons  taken  into  custody  on  all  charges 
during  1880  was  79,490,  which  is  1,895  under  the  total  for  1879, 
and  4,256  under  that  for  1878.  It  is,  however,  above  the  average, 
for  the  total  apprehensions  for  the  decade  ending  1880  were 
763,147,  and  the  yearly  average,  therefore,  76,314. 

2.  Of  these,  13,348  (of  whom  6,439  were  females)  were  charged 
with  drunkenness ;  and  16,520  (7,431  females)  with  being  drunk 
and  disorderly.  Total,  29,868,  of  whom  13,870  were  females. 
This  is  4,024  less  than  in  1879,  which  year  again  exhibited  a 
decrease  of  1,516  when  compared  with  1878;  but  Sir  E.  Hender- 
son, in  his  Annual  Report,  points  out  that  *Hhe  number  of 
convictions  considerably  decreased,  consequent  on  the  rigid 
interpretations  of  the  law  as  it  at  present  stands,  under  which 
drunKenness  is  only  an  offence  for  which  the  offender  can  be 
summoned  ;  persons  who  are  now  locked  up  when  found  drunk 
are  liberated,  when  sufficiently  sober,  on  their  ow^n  recognizances 
to  appear  before  a  police  magistrate,  which  very  many  of  them, 
after  giving  a  false  name  and  address,  fail  to  do  ;  but  as  it  is 
held  that  the  police  have  no  power  to  detain  in  custody  a  person 
who  has  been  drunk  and  is  sober,  they  have  no  option  left  to  them 
in  the  matter."  The  police,  therefore,  do  not  trouble  themselves 
to  apprehend  drunkards  to  the  extent  they  did  before.  This,  of 
course,  makes  the  decrease  more  apparent  than  real,  and  as  it  is 
another  step  towards  denying  the  existence  of  any  criminality  in 
public  drunkenness,  it  must  operate  injuriously  from  a  moral 
point  of  view  in  the  large  class  that  can  see  no  wrong  in  anything 
which  is  thought  lightly  of  by  the  law  of  the  land. 

3.  With  regard  to  Female  Intemperance  the  figures  are : — 
1877—15,397;  1878—16,525;  1879—15,612;  1880—13,870. 

It  is  lamentable  that  women  are  rapidly  equalling  the  men  in 
the  miserable  rivalry  of  Intemperance,  the  numbers  being : — 
Drunk  and  disorderly,  9,089  men,  7,431  women;  drunk,  6,909 
men,  6,439  women.  Thus  in  the  item  of  simple  drunkenness  the 
women  were  in  1878  just  1,751  behind  the  men ;  in  1879  only 
530 ;  and  in  1880  only  470. 

4.  Of  thoee  apprehended  19,583  were  summarily  convicted,  a 
difference  of  about  10,000  existing  between  apprehensions  and 
convictions,  whereas  in  the  preceding  year  the  difference  was 
only  some  7,000.    This  is  explained  by  the  passage  quoted  above 


76  METROPOLITAN    PKINKlNCi    AND    CRIME. 


rom  Sir  E.  Henderson's  Report.     Appreheusions  are  rarer,  and 

jo  escape  conviction  is  comparatively  easy. 

^   Of  those  convicted  the  ages  were  as  below  : — 


10  yean 

to  under  15 

2  0M?8 

01 

being  female. 

15        „ 

»» 

20 

1,158     ,. 

371 

»» 

20        „ 

>t 

25 

3,393      „ 

1,158 

ft 

26        „ 

>» 

80 

3,488     „ 

1,420 

It 

80        „ 

»i 

40 

5,484     „ 

2,452 

ft 

40        „ 

*> 

50 

8,628     „ 

1,617 

ft 

50        „ 

f> 

6) 

1,630     „ 

659 

ft 

60  and  u 

pwards 

800     „ 

331 

>> 

The  decade  from  20  to  30  is,  therefore,  far  the  worst,  as  it  is  for 
nearly  all  crime. 

The  sentences  received  by  those  convicted  are  as  under : 
1  month,  266 ;  15  days  to  1  month,  113 ;  8  days  to  15  days,  370  ; 
7  days  and  under,  452  ;  fined,  18,112  ;  to  find  bail,  270. 

A  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  reported  in 
1872,  "  There  is  entire  concurrence  of  all  the  witnesses  in  the 
absolute  inadequacy  of  existing  law  to  check  drunkenness,  whether 
casual  or  otherwise,  which  renders  it  desirable  that  fresh  legisla- 
tion on  the  subject  should  take  place,  and  that  the  laws  should 
be  made  more  simple,  uniform,  and  stringent.**  And,  again, 
''  that  small  fines  and  short  imprisonments  are  proved  to  be 
useless."  Yet  18  out  of  19  are  merely  fined ;  and  a  month 
remains  the  maximum  of  punishment  even  for  those  who  have 
scores  of  previous  convictions ;  and  anv  legislation  or  police  orders 
have  been  in  the  direction  of  increased  laxity. 

5.  The  worst  months  for  intemperance  were  May  (2,869  appre- 
hensions), August  (2,820),  March  (2,765),  July  (2,727),  June 
2,686),  and  October  (2,616),  and  during  most  of  these  months 
temperance  meetings,  if  not  other  counteractive  and  remedial 
measures  usuallv  flag,  and  are  even  not  uncommonly  suspended 
Is  this  reasonable  or  right  ?  In  April  the  females  apprehended 
for  drunkenness  actually  exceeded  in  number  the  males. 

6.  Of  those  apprehended  3,879  could  neither  read  nor  write, 
1,105  could  read  and  write  well,  and  43  are  described  as  of 
superior  instruction.  In  the  preceding  year,  of  those  who  could 
read  and  write  well,  only  73  were  women,  while  the  number  in 
1880  is  179.  In  both  years  only  one  of  those  of  superior  instruc- 
tion was  a  woman,  which  would  seem  to  show  that  the  moral  effect 
of  education  was  visible  chiefly,  if  not  only,  in  women. 

7.  There  were  239  publicans,  &c.,  summoned  by  the  police, 
but  only  151  convicted— 1.«.  one  to  every  189  apprehended  for 
drunkenness — an  eloquent  fact 

8.  The  learned  professions  are  thus  represented:  clergymen 
and  ministers  6  (2  in  1879,  and  4  in  1878) ;  lawyers  16  (23  in 
1879,  24  in  1878) ;  and  medical  men  37  (80  in  1879, 66  in  1878). 


DRINK   AND    INSANITY.  I77 


Of  tbofle  who  describe  themselyes  as  of  no  trade  or  occupation 
5,822  were  men  and  11,031  women,  these  latter  being  in  most 
cases  married  women.  We  may  note  with  pleasure  that  only  261 
were  described  as  female  servants,  as  against  608  in  1879,and585in 
1878.  Clerks,  whoseeducationmight  presumably  elevate  ihemabove 
intemperance,  still  rank  high  in  the  list,  396  being  apprehended. 

9.  We  must,  of  course,  take  these  figures,  saddening  as  they 
are,  but  as  one  item  in  the  calculation  of  the  amount  of  crime  that 
is  due  to  intemperance ;  for  in  thousands  of  other  cases  the  murder, 
manslaughter,  assault,  suicide,  wilful  damage,  desertion,  and  even 
theft,  was  due  to,  or  committed  under  the  influence  of,  intoxica- 
tion. And  even  then,  taking  three-fourths  of  all  crime  as  due  to 
intemperance,  we  must  add  those  thousands  who  have  escaped 
notice,  evaded  apprehension  or  conviction,  and  the  quiet  and  sot- 
at-home  drunkards.  Any  parish  priest  would  probably  know  of 
ten  undoubted  drunkards,  who  had  for  the  year,  or  perhaps  always, 
escaped  apprehension.  We  can  begin  to  calculate  from  these 
returns,  but  must  not  consider  the  whole  extent  of  the  evil  is 
herein  indicated. 


DUIXK  AND  INSANITY. 

According  to  the  thirty-fifth  Report  of  the  Commissioners  in 
Lunacy,  the  total  number  of  registered  lunatics,  idiots,  and  persons 
of  unsound  mind  in  England  and  Wales,  on  1st  January,  1881, 
was  73,1 13,  being  an  increase  of  1,922  upon  the  number  registered 
on  the  1st  of  January,  1880.  Of  the  total  named  7,741  were 
classed  as  private  patients  (4,087  males  and  3,654  females),  and 
65,372  paupers  (28,886  males  and  36,486  females).  During  the 
year  1880  the  new  patients  numbered  13,201  (100  in  excess  of  the 
year  1879),  being  6,353  males,  and  6,848  females.  Intemperance  is 
reported  to  have  been  the  predisposing  or  exciting  cause  of  insanity 
amongst  1,676  of  the  new  patients,  of  whom  1,230  were  males 
and  £l6  females,  being  a  proportion  of  12'6  per  cent,  on  the  new 
cases  admitted  to  the  various  asylums.  This  is  a  decrease  upon 
the  year  1879,  when  the  proportion  attributable  to  the  effects  of 
drinK  was  14*3. 

The  average  weekly  cost  per  head  for  maintenance,  medicine, 
clothing,  and  care  of  patients  in  county  and  borough  asylums, 
during  the  year  1880,  was  9s.  9^d.  There  is  a  separate  charge  for 
*'wine,  spirits,  and  porter"  (except  for  the  latter  when  used  in 
ordinary  diet),  and  the  weekly  cost  is  just  under  Id.  per  head. 
There  appears  to  be  an  increasing  disposition  to  exclude  the  use 
of  alcoholic  drinks  from  the  ordinary  diet  of  the  patients,  or  at 


178  COMPARATIVE  STATISTICS  OF  DRUNKENNESS  AND  CRIME. 

least  to  give  them  the  option  of  having  milk  instead,  which  is 
now  the  practice  at  several  asylums.  At  Barming  Heath  Asyliim 
(Kent)  the  experiment  of  not  giving  beer  to  patients,  except  as 
a  medical  extra,  is  reported  to  have  been  successful  and  will  be 
continued.  At  the  rTorfolk  Asylum,  the  Commissioners  report 
that  Dr.  Hills  considered  that  the  physical  condition  of  the 

Satients  had  improved  since  the  use  of  malt  liquors  had  been 
iscontinued  at  the  dinner  time. 


COMPARATIVE  STATISTICS  OF  DRUNKENNESS 

AND  CRIME. 

The  following  table  gives  the  figures  relating  to  the  consump- 
tion of  intoxicating  liquois,  ako  cases  of  diunkenness  and  crime 
for  the  year  1860,  and  lor  each  of  the  six  years  ending  1879  : — 


1860 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 


Money  expeoded, 

upon  Intosi* 
CAting  Liquors. 


84,222,172 
141,342,997 
142,876.669 
147,288,759 
142,007,231 
142,188,900 
128,143,864 


Gases  of 
Drunkenness. 


88,361 
185,730 
203,989 
205,567 
200,184 
194,549 
178,429 


Total 

ConTictions 

for  Crime. 

Assaults. 

Indictable 
Offences 

againtt  the 
Person. 

255.808 

86.444 

1,802 

486,786 

128,819 

2,882 

512,425 

122,913 

2,702 

526,915 

122,441 

2.725 

519,839 

115,314 

2,495 

538,232 

111,876 

2,847 

506,281 

99,098 

2,149 

On  comparing  the  figures  in  the  above  table  for  the  year  1876 
with  those  lor  1860,  it  will  be  seen  tliat  there  was  an  increase  in 
the  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors  of  75  per  cent. ;  in  appre- 
hensions for  drunkenness  of  132  per  cent. ;  in  the  aggregate 
convictions  for  crime  before  magistrates  of  106  per  cent. ;  m  cases 
of  assault,  of  41  per  cent. ;  and  in  the  grosser  crimes,  viz.,  indict- 
able offences  against  the  person,  an  increase  of  51  per  cpnt, 
although  the  population  had  only  grown  22  per  cent. 

If  tlie  figures  for  1879  be  compared  with  those  of  1876,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  amount  of  intoxicating  liquors  consumed  during 
the  former  year  decreased  13  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the 
latter;  cast's  of  drunkenness  decreased  13  per  cent.;  the  total 
convictions  for  crime,  4  per  cent. ;  assaults,  15  per  cent. ;  and  the 
grosser  crimes,  viz.,  indictable  ofl'ences  against  the  person,  22  per 
cent. — Mr,  Hoyle^s  Letter  to  the  Right  Hm,  W.  E.  Gladstone. 


DRINKING  IN  RELATION  TO  I-AUPI 


,  LUNACY,  ETC.    I79 


DHINKINQ   IN  RELATION  TO  PAUPERISM,  LUNACY, 
AND  CRIME. 


S£ 

Curaol 

TnUI 
Cddtid- 
Unsi  rui 

Lbd»- 
lia. 

In-door.  Qui -door 
Piopmlpiupen. 

ToUl  No. 

ofPiDi-cn 

St 

Lt,™.'' 

"""'* 

"'ptr!" 

£ 

an 

Mtii,m 

M.Ml 

IS((.S«1 

H.OU 

llB/«|7ai,W4 

BBl,r.31 

B.ISI.MI 

111 

w.Bll.'n? 

49,1*7 

eS>.*U 

G.778.BI3 

ts.a«.M3 

M.'»>« 

Haina 

4i:m 

i«:i»i 

840  IBS 

t.nri.va 

M.r8B.lU 

Hi*i 

19S,M1 

«.I|B 

i«,iii; 

Wl«,«7 

6  HJ.«M 

i«.Tnaii 

1'-..0b7 

M',J3I 

M,T9! 

117,S07 

B!I,*8I 

1,0  «.IMI 

<i,*n.)gi 

mt 

i>«.4M,tai 

H4.JW 

»M,»U 

fl;t«,Ma 

n3.«it.«M 

0*KS 

jwiooi 

tTlflM 

7a».aM 

H".m 

a,tw^i7 

iiii.m.w 

«)^; 

HMHB 

«.0M 

1U«B 

s*.iu 

^M.m 

m 

l.tSS 

947,ua 

tLVA 

1U.7U 

B7a.ii'o 

1,03 lias J 

r.iMow 

uifia.m 

aiVo' 

(3.177 

«;6:.78 

1.0WSB 

7,«;i.iM 

llStM.»t 

1.B7.' 

SM.71S 

(t,7l) 

WJKi 

7.Mt,S07 

BTl 

III,»BII,M1 

U,343 

U7,Btg 

M.T« 

l8].tN 

sislssr 

i^oeilsM 

7.SM.7I* 

mi 

i»i.»i.«> 

i.oat 

4!3U1 

■IS,*3I 

»T7.(MH 

B,a  7,<i}3 

BT3 

H0.<il4,7]i 

a»Mi 

*M.7M 

W,l»( 

73I,7IB 

:  mi 

11l,Mt»7 

BI1,7M 

4M.7M 

Kfl27 

lU^M  a;9  7Ei 

ssImi 

7>H*'!)i7 

mt 

lu.at.em 

II.SM 

llll,4» 

1*1,711  flii.sr* 

B1).M7 

i«;.ta;7SB 

(mIbis 

1*8,0)1   «o.««i 

72I.3S'I 

»a 

nu*;»o 

IH.IM 

UsiHl'ssiMI 

leelszt  jTfilsM 

TlfJltS 

jlflBslew 

*871l 

IJS.HajMM 

7»,«9 

IM.I»l .  8S.W1 

i7s.s*e  «UMi 

BCNI,tW 

am 

lU,tiVAJ& 

..       .  71,191 

VB3,S0*    6M,S37 

BiolS.DlO 

The  above  table  ie  extracted  from  "Crime  and  Pauperism  ;  n 
Letter  to  the  Riglit  Hon.  Willimii  Ewart  Gladntone,  M,P.,  by 
William  Hoyle."  In  tins  letUr,  wliidi  ia  dated  November  3, 1381, 
Mr.  Hoyle  says  :— "  If  the  figures  (■elating  to  crime  be  examined, 
tlic  following  facta  will  be  nianifei^t,  viz.,  that  1676  was  the  year 
when  there  was  the  lorgeet  ronsimiption  of  intoxicating  liquors  j 
it  was  also  the  year  when  there  were  the  greateat  number  of 
n]iprehenBionB  for  dninkenness,  anil  the  largest  number  of  con- 
victions for  crime  ;  or,  to  put  it  in  other  words,  the  year  1876 
HliOwa  more  intoxicating  liquors  cnn^unieil,  more  apprehensions  for 
ilrunkenness,  and  a  greater  uninber  of  convictions  for  crime  than 
any  year  in  the  nation's  history."  In  regard  to  [mnperism  ho 
*ho«'e  that  "  tlie  number  of  indoor  paupers  in  England  and 
WaleB,  oil  the  first  cif  January,  1881,  was  greater,  and  the  amount 
"f  money  actually  paid  iu  relief  to  the  poor  during  1880  .was 
greater,  than  during  any  year  in  the  history  of  the  country," 


I  So 


RETAIL    LICENSES    IN    THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 


RETAIL  LICENSES  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 
Detail  of  Licenses  on  Dealebs  in  and  Hbtailers  of  Excisable  Lk^uoks 

USED  AS  BeVKRAGE  FOR  THE  TkaB  ENDED  31ST  MaSCU,  1881. 


England  Scotlmnd 


Ireland 


United 
King- 
dom. 


Amount 

of 

Doty 

charged. 


ToUl 

Amount 

of  Dot} 

eharged 


Dealers  in  Beer 

„         „  addl. Licenses') 


*» 


to  retail . .  } 
Spirits     .. 
„  addl. Licenses') 

to  retail . .  S 
Wine 


Retailers  of  Beer    . . 
„  Spirits . . 

,.  Wine   .. 

Occasional  Licenses : — 
For  sale  of  Beer  only  |  •g 
„         Wine  „     I  a, 
Spirits,Ac. 


I* 


I 


fi 


Retailersof  Beer  and  Cyder:— 
To  be  consumed  up*  *) 

on  the  premisei . .  y 
Not  to  be  consumed  \ 

upon  the  premises  J 
Beer  and  Wine:— 
To  be  consumed  up-  "i 

on  the  premises..  3 
Not  to  be  consumed  ) 

upon  the  premises  f 
Cyner  and  Perry  . . 
Table  Beer.. 
Wine  :— 
To  be  consumed  on") 

the  premise's  (Re-  >■ 

freshment-houses) ) 
Not  to  be  coDsumed  \ 

on  the  premises. .  J 
Spirits,  Wine,  Beer,^ 

and   Tobacco   on  r 

board    Passenger  i 

Boats  ..) 

,.    SpiriU     (Grocers),  ^ 

Ireland    . .        ..  } 
Sweets,  Makers  and  Dealers 
Retailers    . . 


t» 


»» 


•• 


Total. 


No. 
8,664 

6.376 

8,1C8 

6.980 

4,403 

17 

68,632 

14 

1.462 

681 

26.871 


36.092 
12,469 


3,217 

677 

82 
93 


3.933 
4.f37 


246 


63 
3,310 


193,213 


No. 
142 

No. 
634 

— 

474 

481 

689 

1 

3 

161 

111 

198 

11,659 

6,469 

47 

16,436 

21 

2,009 

1 

2 

6,274 

— 

162 

_ 

26 

— 

9 

215 

— 

— 

68 

3,266 

325 

124 

68 

_ 

613 

9 
68 

4 
11 

26,181 

24,786 

No. 
9,3i0 

1 

£ 
31,906 

6.849 

6*794 

9,178 

99.016 

6,984 

19,618 

4,790 

52,287 

662 

96.727 

6.497 

i       2,565 
11,448,254 
'     14,663 

1,463 

683 

3^153 

108 

38 

6.48« 

85,244 

123,264 

12,469 

16,864 

1 

8,243 

12,813 

666 

1,773 

82 
31U 

ir2 
78 

209,63) 


3.936 
7,628 

439 

6:3 

C6 
S.3b9 


8,678 
18.123 

534 

6.037 

367 
3,827 


1,47  V  9a* 


191^ 


l,871.96tl« 


*  £7,910  was  subsequently  reminded  to  spirit  retailers  in  England,  and  £586  in  IreUsd, 
either  in  consequence  of  the  rateable  Talue  of  the  premises  having  been  reduoed  oa 
appeal,  cr  tlie  retailers  being  entitled  to  the  hotel  license  at  the  reduced  rate  of  £10  for 
houses  of  the  Tilue  of  £5'J  or  upwards. 


EXCISE    LICENSES,    DUTIES,    ETC. 


l8l 


EXCISE  LICENSES  FOR  BREWERS,  MALTSTERS,  &c. 
For  the  Year  endkd  SIst  Marcu,  1881. 


England. 


Scotland. ,  Ireland. 


I 


United 
Kingdom. 


Amount 
of  Dutv 
charged. 


Befireahment  Hoosm 
Dlstillera  and  Rectifiers  .. 
Breirm,  Tiz. :  for  sale 
,,  other  Brewers 

Maltsters 

Malt  Boasters  and  Dealers') 
in  Boasted  Malt . .        . .  j 

Total     . . 


No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

10.888 

_ 

150 

11,032 

127 

138 

66 

331 

16,688 

169 

63 

16.798 

60,700 

«.167 

— 

71.876 

684 

148 

44 

876 

13 

2 

6 

30 

98.011 

2,614 

318 

100.943 

£ 

9.811 

3.510 

60,495 

21,563 

3.643 

440 
89.362 


EXCISE  DUTIES 
Fob  the  Tjear  snded  81st  March,  1881. 


Articles  Cuabqed. 


Beer Barrels 

Spirits  ...     Galls. 

Malt Bash. 

Sxipr  (uBed  in  )  ^^^^ 

brewing)         ) 
Lioenses        ...     No. 


Quantities  Chakoed. 


England. 


12,569,281 

14,019,132 

8,887,864 

686,567 

2,245,917 


Scotland.        Ireland. 


542,645  {    868,865 

8,483,986  7,262,487 

797,025  I  711,269 

4,786  i   21,478 

229,673  73,451 


United 
Kingdom. 


•13,980,291 

29,765,605 

tl0,896,168 

t712,831 

2,549,041 


Duties. 


J^v9*  •••  •■•  ••• 

Spirits  ... 

Malt      

Sugar  (used  in  brewing) 
Licenses 


Amount  of  Duty  Charged. 


England.    I   Scotland.        Ireland. 


United 
Kingdom. 


£ 
3,927,893 
7.009,566 
1,205.560 
894,776 
3,107,782 


169,577      271,864 
4,241,992   8,631.243 
107,953  I      96,455 
2,752  ;      12,850 
300,990  :    186,945 


£ 

•4,368,834 

14,882,801 

tl,409,968 

t409,878 

8,595,717 


•  Half-year  from  Ist  October,  1880,  i.e.,  date  of  imposition  of  daty. 
t  Half-year  to  30th  September,  1880,  i.e.,  date  of  repeal  of  daty. 


jS2   spirit  consumption  of  the  united  kingdom. 


SPIRIT  CONSUMPTION  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM 
In  tbb  Tear  ended  SIst  March,  1881. 


England. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Spirits  on  which  daty  was  paid  in  England   ... 

14,019,132 

f,      imported  from  Scotland,  datj  paid    ... 

1,980,849 

„                 „            Ireland           „ 

1,845,486 

Dednci — 

17,844,967 

Spirits  sent  to  Scotland        

22.284 

„           „       Ireland          

18,234 

„      warehoused  on  drawback  for 

exportation... 

268,297 

„      methylated    ... 

315,813 

624,578 

Namber  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as 
beverage  only,  in  England 

«    •    B 

17,220,389 

Scotland. 
Spirits  on  which  doty  was  paid  in  Scotland  . . . 

8,483,986 

„      imported  from  England,  daty  paid     ... 

22,234 

,.                 „            Ireland          „ 

247,845 

Dednet— > 

8,754,063 

Spirits  sent  to  E  ngland        

1,980.349 

„           „       Ireland 

17,715 

,.      warehoused  on  drawback  for 

exportation 

114,905 

„      methylated 

247.380 

2,360,349 

Number  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as 

beyerage  only,  in  Scotland  ... 

•  •  « 

6,893,716 

Ireland. 
Spirits  on  which  duty  was  paid  in  Ireland     ... 

7,262,487 

„      imported  from  England,  duty  paid     ... 

18.234 

„                 „             Scotland        „ 

17,716 

T)  A/l  n  f  f 

7,298,436 

Spirits  sent  to  England        

1,845,486 

„           „       Scotland 

247,845 

„      warehoused  on  drawback  for 

exportation             

114 

„      methylated 

20,038 

2,113,483 

Number  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as 

beyerage  only,  in  Ireland     

•  •• 

5,184,9^3 

Unitbd  Kingdom. 
Total   quantity  retained  for  consumption,  as 

beverage  only        

•  •  • 

28,799,058 

„              exported  on  drawback 

•  •  • 

383,316 

„              methylated 

•  •• 

583,231 

LICENSED  HOUSES  IN  THE  METROPOLIS. 

ExTOiK  f/  th*  Numbtr  oj  Puilic  Hmtita,  Beer  BooMt,  and  Rifreih. 

Biml  Houiei  in  tki  Metropolilan  Palice  JHitritt,  togtthtr  xnith  Iht 

Suntbtr  oS  Pertont  apprthended  for  DrmOctautt,  §fe.,  diirin;  the 

JtoT  I8B0. 


4\  \ 


^11 


HirrMotM  . 

KhJIHhapel. 

ujiDjtioii ..: 

Smnwlch    . 
BamprtHr 

fiffili.. 

Total 


41  73 


nit 

lli:8»743l'»9IU 


Tbs  Total  Number  of  Licenua  in  th«  pieoeding  jear,  IS79,  nai 
IS.SSS,  ftnd  Ui»  appTsheD^M  Tor  drankenaeM  nambered  83,S92. 


184     SUHtlONSES  AGAINST  DRINK  HOUSES  IN  LONDON. 


SUMMONSES  AGAINST  DRINK  HOUSES  IN  LONDOS. 

RiTUBN  akofcing  tht  Number  oS  JuiiiuiDiiica  ajaiiul      ]>r<nk  Botttu" 
in  ihe  llctrc^olitan  Folica  DUtriet  fiim  the   I'tar  1S44  to  1S80 


Y«r. 

CoDTlatod. 

nalMd. 

ToUl. 

IBM 

CSB 

128 

827 

184G 

731 

]6B 

889 

I84e 

781 

223 

1,00* 

1847 

768 

177 

938 

1818 

7Ba 

158 

920 

]8«9 

i.iiB 

247 

1,378 

1850 

1,0SB 

369 

1,354 

18fil 

eeo 

226 

1,18B 

IB62 

1,203 

321 

1,614 

1858 

1,138 

SGS 

1,101 

1SS4 

1,067 

290 

1.867 

less 

718 

!G6 

974 

ISG6 

881 

229 

I.llO 

1857 

917 

235 

I.ISS 

18B8 

879 

235 

1,U4 

ISEa 

68S 

210 

sgs 

1S60 

eis 

237 

88S 

isei 

BBl 

227 

1,18S 

i8Ba 

996 

184 

1,179 

i8es 

1,053 

206 

1,289 

IBM 

892 

276 

1,168 

18SG 

Bit 

235 

1.059 

1866 

671 

375 

1,046 

18B7 

816 

194 

1.010 

18S8 

1,034 

S8S 

1,SSB 

1869 

see 

881 

1,167 

1870 

770 

266 

1,01a 

1671 

■i6S 

176 

538 

1872 

279 

220 

499 

1673 

171 

123 

204 

1871 

219 

149 

39B 

I87B 

263 

118 

878 

lB7n 

18B 

80 

278 

1877 

210 

109 

ai9 

1878 

187 

S9 

278 

1879 

162 

114 

SOS 

ISSO 

IBS 

81 

239 

Total 

26.S7S 

7,751 

3i.m 

METROPOLITAN  APPREHENSIONS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    1 85 


METROPOLITAN   APPREHENSIONS    FOR 

DRUNKENNESS. 

Betusn  ahowinij  the  Number  of  Persons  apprehended  for  Drunkenness 
in  the  Metropolitan  Police  District,  and  the  proportion  per  1,030  0/ 
Popul<Uion  each  Year  from  1831  to  1880  inclusive. 


Number 

Proportion    ' 

Number 

Proportion 

Ye«r. 

of  Apprehen- 

per  1,000  of  1 
Population. 

Year, 

of  Apprehen- 

per  1,000  of 

tiona. 

1856 

siona. 

Population. 

1881 

81,353 

20-574 

18.703 

6584 

1832 

32,636 

21-082 

1857 

20,047 

6-921 

1833 

29,880 

18-917 

1858 

20.829 

7-056 

1834 

19,779 

18-305 

1859 

18,779 

6-243 

1836 

21,794 

13*328 

1860 

18,199 

5-941 

1836 

22,728 

13-692 

1861 

17,059 

5-469 

1837 

21,426 

12672 

1862 

18.312 

5-769 

1838 

21,237 

12357 

1863 

17.651 

5-463 

1839 

21,269 

12178 

1864 

18.781 

5-716 

1840 

16,505 

7-919 

1865 

19,257 

5-764 

1841 

15,006 

7-088 

1866 

18,883 

5-412 

1842 

12,338 

5-708 

1867 

16.941 

4-907 

1843 

10,890 

4-936 

1868 

19,632 

5-597 

1844 

16.474 

7.319 

1869 

20,391 

5-722 

1845 

17,361 

7-559 

1870 

21.625 

5-975 

1846 

18,705 

7-994 

1     1871 

24,213 

6-358 

1847 

16,874 

7-076 

i     1872 

29,109 

7-502 

1848 

16.461 

6776 

1873 

29,755 

7-535 

1849 

21.027 

8-500 

1874 

26.155 

6-509 

1850 

23,897 

9-489 

1875 

80,976 

7-578 

1851 

23,172 

9041 

1     1876 

32,328 

7-676 

1852 

23,640 

9028 

1877 

32,369 

7-274 

1853 

23,652 

8-845 

1878 

35,408 

7-809 

1854 

22,078 

8-088 

1879 

83,892 

7-845 

1855 

19,297 

6-928 

1880 

29,868 

6345 

The  total  Number  of  Penons  apprehended  by  the  Metropolitan 
Police  dnring  1880  was  79,490.  Of  these  2,609  were  committed  for 
trial,  50,490  were  sammariljr  convicted,  and  25,564  were  discharged  by 
the  magistrates. 


i86 


EMIGRATION   AND   IMMIGRATION   IN    1880. 


EMIGRATION  AND  IMMIGRATION  IN  1880. 


NATIOViXITY. 

To 
United 
BUtM. 

To 

BriUth 

North 

Ameriea. 

To 
Awtralaria 

To 

■llothor 

Plaeet. 

Totd, 
1890. 

English 

Scoton    ...     ...     ... 

Intii       ...     

69,081 

14,471 
83,018 

13,541 
3,221 
4,140 

15,176 
8,059 
5,949 

14,047 

1,805 

534 

111,845 
22,056 
93,641 

Total      

Foreigners     

Not  diatisgoished... 

166,570 

88,801 
1,908 

20,902 

8,484 
4 

24,184 

1,253 

1 

15,886 

1,881 
2,476 

227,542 

100^69 
4,883 

General  Total 

257,274 

29,840 

25,488 

20,242 

832,294 

Of  the  total  nnmher  50,734  were  cabin  paaaengers,  and  281,560 
steerage. 

The  Immigration  of  1880  amonnted  to  68,316  peraoaa;  the  net 
gration,  therefore,  wai  263,978. 


POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 


1851. 

1861. 

1871. 

18B1. 

United  Kingdom  ... 

27,745,949   29,821,288 

31,845,879 

85,246,562 

England 

16,921.888 

18,954.444 

21,495,181 

24,608.891 

Wales    

1,005,721 

1.111,780 

1.217,135 

1,359.895 

Scotland        

2,888.742 

3,062,294 

3.360,018 

3,784,870 

Ireland 

6,574.278 

5,798,967 

5,412,377 

5,159,839 

lele  of  Man 

52.387 

52,469 

54.042 

53,492 

Channel  Islanda    ... 

90,739 

90,978 

90,596 

87,781 

Army,  NaTj,    and"^ 

Merchant     Sea-  \ 

212,194 

250,356 

216,080 

812,844 

men  abroad     ,„j 

Population  of  London.— 1861,  2,362,236.    1861,  2,d03|080. 
1871,  3,264,260.     1881,  3,814,671. 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND    FACTS.  187 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS  AND  FACTS.. 

The  National  Debt. — The  total  amoant  of  National  Debt, 
incluaive  of  unclaimed  stock  and  dividends,  at  the  end  of  March, 
1881,  was  X768,703,692. 

PuBUC  Inoomb  and  Expenditure. — The  public  income  of 
the  United  Kingdom  for  the  year  ending  3l8t  March,  1881, 
amounted  to  £84,041,287  178.  5d.,  and  the  expenditure  to 
X83,107,924  143.  5d. 

England  and  Wales — Marriages,  Births,  and  Deaths. — 
In  England  and  Wales  during  the  year  1880  there  were  regis- 
tered 191,634  marriages,  880,520  births,  and  528,056  deaths.  The 
estimated  population  at  the  middle  of  the  year  was  25,480,161. 

Scotland — Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages.— During  the 
year  1680  there  were  registered  in  Scotland  124,652  births,  75,795 
deaths,  and  24,489  marriages.  Tho  population  of  Scotland,  esti- 
mated to  the  middle  of  1880,  was  3,661,292. 

Ireland— Marriages,  Births,  and  Deaths.— During  the 
year  1880  20,390  marriages,  128,010  births,  and  102,955  deaths 
were  roistered  ;  and  in  the  same  period  95,517  persons  emigrated. 
The  estimated  population  in  the  middle  of  the  year  was  5,327,099. 

Income  Tax. — The  amount  received  as  Income  Tax  under 
schedules  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E,  for  the  year  ending  31st  March, 
1881,  was  £iO,776fil3,  being  an  increase  of  ^1,581,407  over  the 
preceding  year. 

British  Shipping. — The  number  of  sailing  vessels  registered  in 
the  United  Kingdom  in  the  year  1860  was  16,183,  with  a  tonnage 
of  3,750,442,  in  which  the  number  of  men  employed  (exclusive  of 
masters)  was  108,668.  The  number  of  steam-vessels  registered  was 
3,789  ;  their  tonnage  2,594,135  ;  and  the  men  employed  84,304. 

Six-day  and  Early  Closing  Licenses. — The  number  of  Six- 
day  Licenses  issued  in  England  during  the  year  endine  31st 
March,  1881,  was  3,356,  and  in  Ireland  2,504.  The  number  of 
Early  Closing  Licenses  was  580  in  England,  and  1,132  in 
Ireland. 

Railways.— There  wera  17,945  miles  of  railway  open  in  the 
United  Kingdom  at  the  end  of  1880.  The  total  paid-up  capital 
was  £728,621,657  ;  the  traffic  receipts,  Je61,958,754  ;  and  working 
expense?,  £33,502,349.  The  number  of  passengers  conveyed, 
exclusive  of  season-ticket  holders,  was  603,884,752. 

The  Medical  Profession. — There  are  at  present,  according  to 
ChurchilVs  Medical  Directory y  22,177  medical  practitioners  in  this 


l88  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND   FACTS. 


conntiy,  holding  registerable  qualifications  to  practise  medicine, 
of  whom  3,994  practise  in  London,  11,319  in  the  provinces,  2,003 
in  Scotland,  2,416  in  Ireland,  and  2,445  in  the  public  senriees. 

Tobacco,  Cigars,  and  Snufp. — The  quantity  of  manufactured 
and  immanufactured  tobacco  and  snutf  imported  in  1880  was 
03,110,755  lbs.,  valued  at  \£2,880,252.  The  amount  entered  for 
home  consumption  was  49,495,451  lbs.,  and  the  net  duty  received 
thereon  was  £8,712,650. 

Post-Office  Savings- Banks. — At  the  end  of  the  year  1880 
the  number  of  Post-office  savings-banks  was  6,23^5.  The  number 
of  accounts  open  at  that  time  was  2,184,972,  and  the  amount  aft 
the  credit  of  depositors  was  £33,744,637;  the  amount  deposited 
during  the  year  being  £10,299,272. 

Hops. — The  number  of  acres  under  hop  cultivation  during  the 
year  1880  was  66,705.  The  quantity  of  hops  imported  into  the 
United  Kingdom  durin;;  the  year  ending  30th  September,  1880,  was 
191,387  cwts.  The  quantity  of  foreign  hops  exported  was  8,849 
cwts.,  and  of  British  hops  exported  7,355  cwts.  during  the  aune 
year. 

Elehentart  Schools  in  Scotland. — The  annual  grant  schoolB 
had  an  income  during  the  year  ending  30th  September,  1880, 
of  £848,090  lis.  8d.,  of  which  £668,774 Os.  Id.  was  on  acooont. 
of  Public  Schools,  and  the  remainder  for  Denominaftioiud 
Schools.  The  total  expenditure  was  £847,282  lis.  3d.,  of  which 
£666,834  2s.  5d.  was  for  Public  (or  Board)  Schools. 

Imports  and  Exports. — The  total  value  of  imports  into  the 
United  Kingdom  for  the  year  1880  was  £411,229,565,  being  aft 
the  rate  of  £11  ISs.  7d.  per  head  of  population.  The  exiKHts 
of  British  produce  amounted  in  value  to  £223,060,448,  beinff 
£6  9s.  5d.  per  head  of  population.  The  exports  of  foreign  and 
colonial  produce  amounted  to  £63,354,020. 

Deaths  bt  Drowning.—  The  number  of  persons  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  who  lost  their  lives  by  drowning  in  the  year  1879, 
was  3,690,  of  whom  976  were  under  twelve  years  of  age.  Dining 
the  same  year  the  Royal  Humane  Society  granted  rewards  in 
381  cases  of  rescue  from  drowning,  of  which  52  were  in  London 
waters,  178  in  other  inland  waters,  and  151  at  sea  or  in  the 
colonies. 

Deaths  from  Starvation. — A  Parliamentary  return  shows 
that  101  deaths  occurred  in  the  Metropolitan  District,  in  the  year 
1880,  upon  which  a  Coroner's  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  death 
from  starvation  or  death  accelerated  by  privation.  Of  theae  54 
occurred  in  the  central  division  of  Middlesex,  37  in  the  eastern 
division,  4  in  the  western  division,  1  in  Westminster,  4  in  Qreen- 
wichy  and  1  in  the  City  of  London. 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND    lACTS.  189 


Ekoush  Elementary  Schools. — The  aggregate  annual  income 
Af  schools  receiving  the  Government  grant  ouring  the  jear  ending 
31ft  Auguftt,  1880,  was  ;£5,078,259  8s.  lid.,  and  the  expenditure 
£5,098,455  128.  9d.  Rather  more  than  one-half  of  the  income 
and  expenditure  was  on  account  of  schools  connected  with  the 
National  Society  or  the  Church  of  England,  and  nearly  one-third 
was  for  Board  Schools. 

Sugar  used  in  Brewing. — The  sugar  consumed  in  breweries 
in  the  United  Kingdom  during  the  year  ending  30th  Septemlier, 
1880,  was  147,906,146  lbs.,  distributed  as  follows  :— London, 
47,306,196  lbs. ;  English  provinces,  95,3 1 1 ,008  Ibp. ;  Scotland , 
963,249  lbs.  ;  Ireland,  4,325,693  lb?.  The  total  quantitv  so  used 
in  1870  was  29,017,271  lbs.  ;  in  I860,  9,670,876  lbs.  ;'in  1856, 
1,790,529  lbs. 

Alcoholic  Liquors  in  Irish  Workhouses. — A  Parliamentary 
return  obtained  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Whitworth,  M.P.,  shows  that 
the  number  of  sick  persons  treated  in  Irish  workliouse^  during 
the  year  1880,  was  120,198,  and  of  these  48,151  received  alcoholic 
stimulants,  the  total  value  of  which  was  j£l  1,845  8d.  7d.  Of  the 
total  number  of  sick  persons  12,269  died  during  the  year.  Out 
of  the  163  unions  included  in  the  return,  87  are  reported  a^  having 
flopplied  no  intoxicating  drink  to  their  officers. 

(ioVEBNMENT     INSURANCES     AND     ANNUITIES. — The     amOUUt 

received  by  the  Post  Office  authorities  on  account  of  Government 
Annuity  and  Insurance  contracts  from  the  commencement  of 
business  on  the  17th  April,  1865,  till  the  3l8t  December,  1880, 
was  j£2,467,953  59.  8d.  ;  the  amount  received  during  tlie  year 
1880  being  Je279,614  13^.  3d.  On  the  3l8t  December,  1880, 
there  were  in  existence  8,396  contracts  for  annuities,  and  4,404 
contracts  for  sums  payable  at  death. 

New  Licenses. — A  Parliamentary  return,  obtained  by  Mr.  Hicks, 
shows  that  there  has  been  a  gradual  decrease  in  the  number  of  new 
licenses  granted  by  justices  in  the  several  counties  of  England  and 
Wales.  In  1874,  the  number  of  new  licenses  granted  was  1,069 ; 
in  1876,  536;  1876,  518;  1877,  512;  1878,  431.  The  number  of 
such  licenses  which  were  only  conversions  of  beer-houses  into 
public-houses  was  in  the  several  years  named  123,  83,  67,  52, 
and  68. 

Reformatory  and  Industrial  Schools. — The  number  of 
Reformatory  Schools  at  present  is  52  in  England,  and  12  in 
Scotland.  The  numbers  of  juveniles  in  the  schools,  on  December 
31,  1880,  were  4,881  boys,  and  1,094  girls.  The  number  of 
certified  Industrial  Schools  nt  the  end  of  1880  was  130,  and  the 
number  of  children  under  detention  at  that  date  was  16,446 — 
13,089  boys,  and  3,357  girls.  Of  day  industrial  schools  there  are 
eight  in  England  and  one  in  Scotland,  containing  1,055  children. 


igO  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND    FACTS. 

The  total  cost  of  the  three  classes  of  schools  during  1880  was 
^458,515  78.  lOd. 

British  Contributions  to  Forbigv  Missions. — ^The  annual 
summary  of  British  contributions  to  missionary  societies,  made  up 
by  Canon  Scott  Robertson,  of  Sittingbonme,  shows  an  increase  in 
the  total  sum  contributed.  The  separate  details  for  each  of  the 
seventy-four  societies  form  a  small  panophlety  but  the  summaiy  of 
the  whole  is  as  follows  :  Church  of  England  foreign  missions, 
X465,816;  joint  societies  of  Churchmen  and  Nonconformists, 
j£l61,074 ;  English  and  Welsh  Nonconformist  societies,  ^£304^13; 
Scotch  and  IriMi  Presbyterian  societies,  £170,975;  Roman  Catholic 
societies,  £6,772;  total  British  contributions  for  1880, £1,1 06,95a 
This  amount  does  not  include  interest  on  investments, nor  balances 
in  hand  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  nor  any  foreign  contributions. 

Crime  in  England  and  Wales. — From  the  fourth  report  of  the 
Commissioners  of  Prisons,  dated  July,  1881,  it  appears  that  the 
number  of  prisoners  received  during  the  year  ending  Slst  March, 
1881,  who  had  been  sentenced  in  the  ordinary  courts,  had  been 
149,074,  and  including  soldiers  and  sailors  sentenced  by  coorta- 
martial,  and  persons  imprisoned  as  debtors  or  by  civil  process, 
the  number  was  161,880.  For  the  year  preceding,  the  number 
convicted  by  the  ordinary  courts  was  160,729,  and  altogether 
173,798.  The  population  of  the  prisons  on  March  31,  1881,  was 
17,329,  while  at  the  end  of  the  previous  year  it  was  18,979.  The 
average  daily  population  in  1881  was  18,025,  while  in  the  previous 
year  it  was  19,835.  The  number  convicted  for  drunkenness  was, 
in  1879,  178,429.  In  1880  the  number  fell  to  172,859.  The 
number  of  juvenile  commitments  was  14,000  in  18541  In  1879 
it  had  fallen  to  6,800.     In  1880  it  was  only  5,500. 

Poor-Rates  and  Pauperism. — The  amount  expended  on  relief 
to  the  poor  in  England  and  Wales  in  the  year  ending  Lady- 
day,  1880,  was  i£8,015,010,  an  increase  on  the  previous  year  of 
XI 85,191,  or  2*4  per  cent.  The  cost  of  law  proceedings  was 
£27,787.  The  amotmt  paid  out  of  the  poor-rates  for  purposes 
unconnected  with  the  relief  of  the  poor  was  £5,415,973,  and 
the  amount  expended  on  purposes  partly  connected  and  partly 
unconnected  with  relief  to  the  poor  was  £633,332 — making  a 
total  expenditure  of  £14,092,102.  The  number  of  paupers  of 
all  classes  in  receipt  of  relief  at  the  commencement  oi  1880  was 
843,854,  an  increase  of  38,774,  or  4*8  per  cent.  The  number  of 
registered  paupers  and  their  dependents  (exclusive  of  casual  poor) 
in  Scotland  durine  the  year  ending  May  14,  1880,  was  98,609 ; 
the  amount  expended  in  relief  and  management  being  £931,144. 
In  Ireland  the  number  of  paupers  in  receipt  of  relief  at  the  end 
of  the  first  week  in  January,  1881,  was  109,655,  and  the  amount 
expended  in  the  year  1880  was  £1,141,974. 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS    AND    FACTS.  I9I 

Railway  Accidents. — The  total  nnmber  of  persons  returned 
to  the  Board  of  Trade  as  having  been  killed  in  the  working  of 
the  rail  ways  daring  the  year  1880  was  1,136,  and  the  number  of 
iDJured  3,958.  Of  these,  143  persons  killed  and  1,613  persons 
iDJored,  were  passengers.  Of  the  remainder,  546  killed  and 
2,080  injured  were  officers  or  servants  of  the  railway  companies, 
or  of  contractors ;  and  447  killed  and  265  injured  were  tres- 
paaaeiB,  suicides,  and  other  nersons  who  met  with  accidents  at 
level-crofisings  or  from  miscellaneous  causes.  Of  the  passengers, 
according  to  the  returns  made  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  29  were 
killed  and  904  were  injured  from  accidents  to  trains.  In  addition 
to  the  above,  the  companies  have  returned  45  persons  killed  and 
2,733  injured  from  accidents  which  occurred  on  their  premises, 
bat  in  which  the  movement  of  vehicles  on  railways  was  not 
concerned.  The  total  namber  of  passenger-journeys,  exclusive 
of  journeys  by  season-ticket  holders,  was  603,884,000  for  the  year 

1880,  or  41,151,110  more  than  in  the  previous  year.  Calculated 
on  these  figures,  the  proportions  of  passengers  killed  and  injured 
in  1880,  from  all  causes,  were,  in  round  numbers,  1  in  4,252,704 
killed,  and  1  in  374,166  injured.  The  proportion  of  passengers 
returned  as  killed  and  injured /rom  causes  beyond  their  own  control 
was  in  1880  1  in  20,927,034  killed,  and  1  in  667,300  injured. 

Poot-Officr  Statistics. — The  twenty-seventh  report  of  the 
Postmaster-General  states  that  the  number  of  letters  delivered  in 
the  United  Kingdom  during  the  twelve  months  ending  31st  March, 

1881,  was  1,176,423,600,  showing  an  increase  of  43  per  cent. :  the 
namber  of  post-cards,  122,884,000,  an  increase  of  7*4  per  cent. ; 
the  number  of  book -packets  and  circulars,  248,881,600,  an  increase 
of  16*3  per  cent.  ;  and  the  number  of  newspapers,  133,796,100, 
an  increase  of  2*5  per  cent.  There  was  a  marked  increase  in 
registered  letters,  the  number  recorded  being  10,034,546  against 
8,739,191  of  the  previous  year,  or  an  increase  of  14*8  per  cent. 
Over  5,300,000  letters  were  dealt  with  in  the  Returned  Letter 
Office,  475,000  of  which  it  was  found  impossible  to  deliver  or 
return.  About  half  a  million  post-cards,  lour  millions  of  book- 
packets,  and  4(X),000  newspapers  found  their  way  to  the  same 
office.  More  than  27,000  letters  were  posted  without  any  address 
whatever,  5,000  furnished  no  clue  to  the  name  of  the  sender,  and 
1,340  containeii  articles  valued  at  nearly  ^5,000.  There  are  912 
head-offices,  and  13,637  sub-offices.  Over  47,000  persons  are 
employed  in  the  service,  of  whom  2,000  are  women.  The  aggre- 
gate number  of  telegraph  messages  was  29,966,965.  The  gross 
revenue  of  the  department  for  the  year  was  £8,367,311  ;  the 
expenditure,  j£5,440,665  ;  and  the  net  revenue  £2,926,646. 


192 


OFFICERS    OF    THE    LEAGUE. 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  LEAGUE. 

OBJECT.— The  promotion  of  temperance  bj  the  practiet  and  adroeaej  of  toUl 
abfltinence  from  intoiicatinfr  beveragw. 

MEMBEBSB  IP.— The  league  coosiata  of  poraona  of  bolli  aeiea  who  have ■abacnbci 
their  namca  to  a  pledge,  or  declaration  of  abetinence  from  all  intosio<«tiD|r  btrerafae,  and 
who  contribute  to  the  funds  of  the  Leaipie  not  lea  than  2e.  6d.  per  annom. 

FORM  OP  BEQUB3T.— I  give  and  bequeath  to  the  '*  National  Temperance  Leagoe  " 
the  aom  of  Pounda  sterling,  to  be  raiaed  and  piid  for  the  porpoeea  of  the  aaid 

Society  out  of  such  part  only  of  my  personal  estate  as  shall  not  eonsist  of  chattda  real  or 
money  secured  on  mortgace  of  lands  or  tenements,  or  in  any  other  manner  affeetiaf 
lands  or  tenemenU :  for  which  Legacy  the  receipt  of  the  Trensorer  for  the  kioM  being  of 
the  said  Society  shall  be  a  sufficient  discharge  of  my  ezecators. 

PRESIDENT— SAinTBL  Bowlt.  Esq^  aioocester. 
VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

Tnoa.  P.  Hbblop,  Eaq^  M.D.,  F.B.C.P.. 

Birmingham. 
Bev.  Hvan  HvLxan,  M .A..  London. 
Chaum  J.  Lbav,  Esq.,  London. 
Rer.  Alcx.  Maolbod,  D.D..  Birkenhead. 
Bar.  Prindpal  M*At.i,,  London. 
Ronnr  MABttv.  Esq.,  M.D..  Mancheater. 
H.  M.  ICatsisov.  Bsiq.,  London. 
Ber.  MaufanvKa  Muabb,  Mnnehester. 
SaMVBi.  MoBiAT,  Esq^  M.P..  London. 
Havar    Mvmmom,    Esq..    M.D,  F.L.S^ 

Hull. 
Ber.  O.  W.  Oltkb.  BwA^  London. 
Ber.    H.    SixciiAiK    PATanaov.    Ji.D., 

London. 
AnrnirB  Pb4BB,  E^q^  M.P.,  Darlington. 
B.  W.  RioKABMjs,  Baq.,  1LD.»  F.B.S , 

f«ondoB. 
W.  B.  BoBzvaov,  Esq,  Portsmonth. 
W.  D.  Suni  Beq.,  Ipawieli. 
T.  B.  SMmtaa,  Baq.,  London. 
Millor  B.  C  SmaicAjr,  J.  P.,  Winehelaea. 
Ber.  CBABLBa  SroTBii^  London. 
Ber.  SiifOB  ^SroaaBs,  M.A..  WargrBTe. 
Admiral  Sir  B.  Jakbs  Scutav,  K.O.B., 

Boumemooth. 
BavjAXur     Wmxtwobtk.     Esq.,    X.P., 

London. 
OioaoB  WxLUAJts,  Eaq.,  London. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 
CBusMAH-Mr.  Jour  Tatu>b.         ViCB-CBAiB«A»-Jlr.  W.  B.  SatWAT.' M.B.W. 
Mr.  P.  B,  Cow.  Strratham. 
Sr  i^''^  ^^*^'  Canterbury. 
Mr.AarBvai.rait.  Harvratoch  Hid. 


G.  W.  Avam,  Esq,  Derij — 

Rer.  Canon  UABuraTOir,  M.A.,  Brighton. 

Sir  Edwabd  Baivbs,  Leads. 

Rer.  Canon  Baboslbt,  y.A..  Mancheater. 

XathaviblBarbabt,  Esq..  C.B.,  London. 

.A.  Blackwood,  Eaq,  C.B,  London. 
JoBir  BaooKHALi.,  Esq,  J.P,  I«oi«don. 
JoHB  Cadbcbt,  E^.,  Birmingham. 
W.  8.CAiirB,  E«q,  M.P:,  Scarboroo^h. 
Ker.  J.  P.  CBOwjr.  London. 
Rer.  JoHBCLirroRo,  H.A.,LL.B,  London. 
Rer.  Canon  Coitbob,  M. A.,  Newport^  1. W. 
Tbokas  Cook,  Eaq,  Ldceater. 
Havdbi.Cos8Bix,  Esq,  P.O.  8,  Bristol. 
W1LUAICCBO8FIK1.D,  Esq,  J.P,  LirerpooL. 
W.  U.  Dabbt.  Esq.,  J.  P,  Brymbo. 
HavBT  Dxxoar,  Esq-.M  B.C.S,WaUing1on. 
Rer.  STBBTOir  Eabolbt,  B.A.,Streatham. 
Ber.  Canon  Fabbab,  D.D..  Weatminster. 
Rer.  Canon  FLBMDr«,  B.D,  London. 
Ber    R  Valtt  Fbbxck.    D.C.L,  VJS.X.. 

Llanmartin. 
Rer.  Ckablbs  Gabbbtt,  LirerpooL 
io'-^^AJT  GarsB,  E«|,  Sudbury. 
?*^ ^?'■^^»  Hau.  LL.B.,  London. 
.\dmiral Mr  Wiixiak  Kura  Hai*.  K  CB 

London. 

S*^"  i*-"*^;*  Hajtbat.  D  D.,  London. 
Rer.  Kobbbt  Hablbt,  F.R.S,  London. 


Mr.  Hbbby  KixcHAif.  Watfbrd 

Ut  T   K.  M.il^**'^t"*  ^^>»<^be•ter7 

i»r.  J.  i\  ^CAT^arr»  Clapham. 


1 


Mr.  Tnoif  AB  Sxitb,  Canoabnrf . 
Mr.  FnoovB  T«urovKn.  Wandnrarfh. 
Mr.  A.  L  TiuTAnn,  M.A,  Cambrfdfa. 
Mr  WiLUAX  Walkbb,  Hirhbnvr. 
Mr.MABBiAaBWALLia.  J.P,  Briffhton. 
Mr.  Gnoana  Wnxr^  Norwich. 
?•  5-  5-  Wituana,  Broapton. 
Mr.  T.  M.  WiLUAKB,  B-A,  London. 
Jar.  XicnABi.  Toono,  Clapton. 
Uant^\4onal  T.  X.  Tovxo.  Idaworth. 


BANKCRS-LoBww  ABB  CocBTT  Babk.  CVwbbt  GAn»»i. 
SECRETARY— Mr.  Bobbbt  Bab. 

OFFWIS  ASD  UCTUfie  WU-^7.  STMMD,  LOMDOM. 


A  Complete  Gatalogae  of  Temperance  Literatore, 


IN  STOCK  AT  THX 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEp6t, 
837,  Bxi^-A.m>,  ZiOrriDOxr,  ^jt'.C)^ 


t^All  B0oi«  in  tkit  Caialogu$  mrt  b»uni  in  eloik  honrdt,  mnle$§  «iktmi$»  tUUed, 


STANDARD  TBMPBBANCB  WORKS. 

Aeticn  of  Alcohol  on  tlie  Mind.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.a 

Paper,  6d. ;  doib.  Is. 
Alcohol,  Results  of  Researchos  on.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  RicnABDSON, 

F.B.8.     (Being  an  Address  deliTsred  in  the  Sbeldonian  Theatre,  Oxford.) 

Speeiallj  reyised  bj  the  Author.  Cloth  boards.  Is. ;  neat  paper  ooTers,  Od. 

These  two  in  one  toI.,  doth  boards,  1p.  6d. 
Alcohol  at  the  Bar ;  the  highest  Medical  and  Scientific  Testimony 

conceniDg  its  nse.    Compiled  by  O.  W.  Bacon,  F.B  0.8.    Limp  doth,  Ir. 
Alcohol :  Ita  Place  and  Power.    With  an  Appendix,  a)nurmiu;(  the 

Besnm^  asd  Condoiiona  of  BIM.  Lallemand,  Perrin,  and  Duroy,  with  an 

Account  of  Experiments  by  Dr.  S.  Smith,  London.    By  James  Millie, 

F.B.B.E.,  F.B.C.S.E.    Post  8fo,  on  fine  paper,  with  poHrait,  3s.;  cheap 

edition  Is. 
Alcohol,  On.    A  course  of  six  Cantor  Lectures  delivered  before  the 

Soeiety  of  Arts.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  BiCHAinsoif .    Crown  8to,  paper.  Is. ; 

doth  boards.  Is.  6d. 
Arrest  the  Destroyer's  March.    By  Mrs.  Wiohtman.    Crown  8vo, 

883  psf^es,  8s.  6d. 
Bases  of  the  Temperance  Reform,  The.    An  Exposition  and  Appeal 

by  the  Rat.  Dawson  Bubns,  M.A.     Ss.  8d. 
Bible  and  Temperance,  The;  or  the  trao  Scriptural  Basis  of  the 

Temperance  Morement.    By  Bev.  T.  Pkabson.     Cloth,  gilt,  8s.  6d. 
Centennial  Temperance  Volume:  A  Memorial  of  the  International 

Temperance  Conference,  held  in  Philadelphia,  Jane,  1876.    Published  by 

the  National  Temperance  Society,  New  York.    21s. 
Christianity  and  Teetotalism.    A  Voice  from  the  Army.    By  Bliss 

BoBiNSON.    Paper  covers,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Christendom  and  the  Drink  Curse.     An  Appeal  to  the  Christian 

World  for  efficient  Action  Against  the  Causes  of  Intemperance.    By  tha 

Bar.  Dawson  Buins,  M.A.,  F.8.S.  Cloth,  gilt,  bevelled  bds.,  345  pp.,  5s. 
Communion  Wine,  fermented  or  unfermented.  By  F.  Waostaff.  Is. 
Bialo^es  on  Doctors  and  Drink.    A  reply  to  articles  in  the  Cont$m' 

porary  Review.     By  Jas.  Wuttk.     2«.  6d. ;  paper,  Is. 
Dialogrues  on  Drink.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richabdbon,  F.R.S.    Piapcr 

covers.  In,  6d. ;  cloth  boards,  2s.  6d. 
Digest  of  the  Laws,  Decisions,  Rules,  and  Usages  of  the  I.C.G.T« 

By  8.  B.  Chasb.     New  Edition,  3s.  6d. 
Diseases  of  Modem  Life.   By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richabdbon,  F.RS.    Crown 

8to,  pp.  520,  6s. 

I 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Drink  Problem,  The ;   and  its  Solution.      By  £x'Baille  LBWUb 

Kdinburgh.     48.  6d. 

Evil  and  the  Remedy,  The,  or  the  Sin  and  Folly  of  Intemperance,  and 
the  WiBdom  and  Ezcelltmce  of  Totiii  Abstiueoce  from  all  IntoziaUiDg 
Drinks.  With  observations  on  the  use  of  Tobaeeo  and  other  Nareeties. 
By  the  Bev.  W.  Moistes.    Uloatrated,  4a. 

Four  Pillars  of  Intemperance,  The.    By  the  Author  of  *'Buy  your 

own  Cherries."     Clothi  Is.  6d. 

Haste  to  the  Rescue ;  or,  Work  while  it  is  Day.    By  Mrs.  Wiqetkah. 

Is.  Gd. 

History  of  Toasting,  The ;  or,  Drinking  of  Healths  in  England.  By 
the  floy.  B.  Yalpy  French,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  &c    Cloth,  gilt.  Is.  6d. 

Holy  Scripture  and  Total  Abstinence.  By  Rev.  Canon  Hopkins,  la. 

Intoxicating  Drinks,  their  History  and  Mystery,  By  J.  W. 
KiBTON,  LL.D.  Boards,  Is. ;  cloth,  gilt.  Is.  6d.,  or  separately,  one  penny 
each,  as  follows : — A  Gloss  of  Ale ;  A  Glass  of  Stoat  s  A  Glass  of  Spirits ; 
A  Glass  of  British  Wine;  A  GUsa  of  Foreign  Wine;  and  What  Ought 
to  be  Done,  and  Who  Oaght  to  Do  it. 

Laws  of  Life  and  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  T.  P.  Luca&    2s. 

Medical  Temperance  Journal.  Twelve  Yearly  Vols,  at  2b.  6d.,  Six 
Doable  Vols,  at  6s.  each. 

Ministry  of  Health,  A,  and  other  Papers.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richabdson, 
F.B.S.,  &c.    Crown  8vo,  cloth  extra,  6j. 

Morning  Dewdrops ;  or,  the  Juvenile  Abstainer.  By  ^Irs.  C.  L. 
Balfour.    Bevised  and  illnstrated  edition,  cloth  boards,  gilt,  3f.  6d« 

National  Temperance  Mirror.  Yearly  VoL,  paper  boards^  Is.  6d. ; 
cloth,  gilt,  2s. ;  cloth,  bevelled  boards,  gilt  edges,  2s.  6d. 

Nephalism :  the  True  Temperance  of  Scripture,  Science  and 
Experience.  Bj  James  Mir.LKa,  F.B.S.E.,  F.B.C.S.E.  Price  Ss.  Cheap 
edition,  6d.,  paper;  doth,  Is. 

Non-Alcoholic  Cookery  Book.    Edited  by  Mart  £.  Docwra,  for 

the  British  Women's  Temperance  Assoeiatiou.     Is. 

Non-Alcoholic  Home  Treatment  of  Disease.  By  J.  J.  Bidgb,  M.D., 
&c.     Cloth  limp,  gilt  lettered.  Is.  0d. 

Physiology  of  Temperance  and  Total  Abstinence.  An  Examina- 
tion of  the  efifects  of  the  use  of  Alcoholic  Liqaors  on  the  Human  S^'stem. 
By  Dr.  W.  B.  CAfiPENTEB,  F.B.8.     Paper,  Is. ;  cloth,  28.  6d. 

Religious  and  Educational  Aspects  of  Temperance.  By  Canon 
B.  WiLBERFOBCE,  Df.  N.  8.  Krrs,  Bev.  Dr.  Valpt  French,  Bev.  A. 
Hannat,  Sir  H.  Tuohpson,  Dr.  B.  W.  BiCHAaDSON,  Ao,    Is.  6d. 

Scripture  Testimony  against  Intoxicating  Wine.  By  the  Rev. 
William  Bitchie,  D.D.    Paper  covers,  Is. ;  cloth  boards,  2s. 

Temperance  Bible  Commentary.  Exhibiting  at  One  View,  Version, 
Criticism,  and  Exposition,  with  preliminary  Dissertation,  Appendices^  and 
Index.     By  Da\vson  Burns  and  F.  B.  Lses.     530  pages,  65. 

Temperance  Congress  of  1862,  The.    A  Series  of  Papers  and  Ad- 
dresses on  all  aspects  of  t*ie  Movement  by  the  early  workers.     2s.  6d. 
2 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


ice  Cyclopsddia.    By  the  Kcv.  Willlvm  Reid,  D.D.^  Edin- 
burgfa.     704  pAges,  orown  8? o,  5t. 

Temperance  Landmarks.  A  Narrative  of  the  Work  and  the  Workers. 
By  tha  Re?.  Robebt  Maouibb,  D.D.     It. 

Temjierance  Phjraiology.  By  the  kite  John  Gutitrie,  D.D.  Paper 
boardf ,  It. ;  cloth  boards,  2§. 

Temperance  Reformation  and  its  Claims  upon  the  Cliristian 
Church.  By  the  B^t.  James  Smith,  M.A.  A  Prize  Essay,  for  which 
250  gaineas  was  awarded.     400  pages,  demy  870,  cloth  lettered,  5s. 

Temperance  Stated  and  Illustrated.  By  Eminent  Writers.  Cloth, 
ls.6d. 

Temperance  Witness  Box;  being  the  Sayings  of  Doctors,  Press, 
Pablicans,  Statesmen,  Soldiers,  Employers,  Judges,  Polico,  Sailors,  Poets, 
Bishops,  and  Clergy.     Compiled  by  the  Bev.  Cdablss  Bullock,  B.D.     Is. 

Total  Abstinence.  A  Course  of  Addresses.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson, 
FJLS.     Crown  8vo,  8s.  6d. 

Voice  of  the  Pulpit  on  Temperance,  The.  By  Hevs.  Canon 
Farkab,  Canon  B.  WtLBEBFOBcc,  Dr.  W.  M.  Tatlob,  Dr.  H.  S.  Patesson, 
Dr.  A.  MACLEOD,  John  Clutjobd,  Ac.    Is.  6d. 

Voice  of  Science  on  Temperance,  The.  By  Drs.  B. W.  RicnARDSON, 
N.  S.  Kerr,  N.  S.  Davis,  J.  J.  Bidob,  H.  S.  Patebson,  James  Edmunds, 
&c.    Is.  6d. 

Wines :  Scriptural  and  Ecclesiastical.  By  Norman  8.  Kerr,  M.D.. 
F.L.S.  An  expansion  of  a  lecture  delivered  before  the  Church  Homiletioal 
Society,  NoTcmher,  1881.     Is.  6d. 

Worship  of  Bacchus  a  Great  Delusion.  Illustrated  with  Drawings, 
diagrams,  facts  and  figures.  Cloth  limp.  Is. ;  boards,  2s.  An  abridgment 
in  paper  covers,  Id.  and  2d.  Fourteen  colonred  Diagrams  for  the  use  of 
Lecturers,  illustrating  the  chief  points  of  this  work.  Price  for  the  set  com- 
plete, with  necessaiy  frame  for  suspending,  14s. ;  Single  Diagram,  Is. 


SOCIAL. 
Britain's  Social  State.    By  David  Lewis,  one  of  the  Magistrates  of 

Edinburgh.    Paper  covers.  Is ;  cloth  boards,  2fl. 

Gity,  The,  its  Sins  and  Sorrows.  By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Guthrie.  Cloth, 
Is. ;  paper,  6d. 

English  Girls,  their  Place  and  Power.  By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanev, 
with  Preface  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Dale,  M.A.    28.  6d. 

Happy  Homes,  and  How  to  make  Them ;  or,  Counsels  on  Love, 
Courtship,  and  Marriage.  By  J.  W.  KiBTON.  ^  Seventy-eighth  Thousand. 
Five  full-page  Illustrations.    28. 

Long  Evenings,  and  Work  to  do  in  Them.  By  Mrs.  Baylt.  Crown 
8vo,  3s.  6d. 

Our  Daughters,  their  Lives  here  and  hereafter.  By  Mrs.  G.  S. 
Bbaney.    Ss.  6d. 


TEMPERANXE    PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  COFFEE  TAVERN  MOVEMENT. 

Book  of  One  Hiindred  Temperance  Beverasres.  By  Wx.  Bebhhabb. 

Cloth  limp,  6d. 

Coffee  Palace  Hand-Book,  The.    BjT.Fidlsb.    Paper  covers,  6d. 

Coffee  Public  House  News.    Illustrated  monthly  paper,  Id. 

Coffee  Public  Housei  The :  How  to  Establish  and  Manage  it  Paper 
corera,  6d. 

Coffee  Taverns :  TheirWork  and  Management  By  Herbert  Birch.  Id. 

Coffee  Taverns,  Cocoa  Houses,  and  Coffee  Palaces:  their  Rise, 
Progress,  and  Proapeots.  Bj  E.  Hippli  Hall,  F.8.S.  Illiistratedy  fiuMj 
paper  boarda,  li. ;  olotb,  bevelled  boarda,  2s. 

Coffee  Tavern  Guide,  The.    Id. 

Dublin  Coffee  Palace  Journal.    Monthly,  {d. 

Lines  of  Light  on  a  Dark  Background.    By  Lady  Hofb.    8a.  6d 

Maiden's  Work,  A,    By  Lady  Hope.    Cloth  gilt,  5s. 

More  about  our  Coffee  Boom.  By  the  Author  of  **  Our  Coffee  Room.*' 
Crown  8vo,  3i.  6d. 

Our  Coffee  Boom.    By  Lady  Hope,  cf  Carriden.    With  Preface  by 

Lieat..aen.  Sir  Arthur  Cotton,  U.E.,  K.C.S.I.    8s.  6d. 

Social  Influence  of  the  Coffee  House  Movement.  By  S.  Bourne.  Id. 
Touches  of  &eal  Life.    By  Lady  Hope,  of  Carriden.    5s. 

HISTORICAL. 

Aldershot :  A  Record  of  Mrs.  Daniell's  Work  amongst  Soldiers. 

and  its  Sequel.    By  her  Daughter.     With  Portrait.     Cloth,  gilt,  8b.  6d. 
Fifty   Years   ago;    or,    Erin's   Temperance!  Jubilee.     Perponal 

Bemiuisoencea  and  Hiatorical  Notea.    Edited  by  Fsedebick  Suiblock. 

8d.  and  Is. 
History  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Oreat  Britain  and 

Ireland.     With  Biographical  Noticea  of  Departed  Worthiea.     By  Samuel 

CouLiNO.     Ss.  6d. 
History  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Scotland.    Paper,  28. 6d. 

cloth,  ds. 

History  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars,  The.    By 

Isaac  Nekton  Piebce.     Edited,  revised,  and  re-written  by  S.  P.  TaoMP* 

SON,  B.A.     Paper,  9d. ;  dotb,  ^ilt,  la.  Sd. 
Cur  Blue  Jackets.    A  Nan-ative  of  Miss  Weston's  Life  and  Work 

amon^  onr  Sailors.    By  Sophia  6.  Wintz.     Is. 
Bagged  Homes,  and  How  to  Mend  Them.   By  Mrs.  Batlt.   Ss.  6d. 
Reminiscences  of  Early  Teetolalism.    By  Joseph  Livesbt.    3d. 
Shakeaperian  Temperance  Kalendar  and  Birthday  Autograph 

Album,  containing  a  daily  Shakesperian  Quotation  illustrating  a  record  of 

Temperance  events.     By  Joseph  Malins.     2s.  6d. 
Temperance  Work  in  the  Boy al  Navy.    By  the  Author  of  "  Our 

Blue  Jackets."    With  Prefiwse  by  Agnes  B.  Weston.    Gilt  edces,  la.  «d. 

4 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


STATISTICAL    WORKS. 

Convocatioxi  of  Canterbury.    Limp  cloth.  Is. 

Crime  in  England  and  Wales  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  A 
Historical  aod  Critical  Retroapeot.     Bj  William  Hotlk.     2s.  6d. 

Kortality  from  Intemperance.  By  Norhan  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S.  8cl. 

Vats  to  Crack  for  Moderate  Drinkers.  By  J.  3Iilton  8hitii. 
Paper  2d. ;  cloth,  4d. 

Offtcial  Betums  presented  to  the  Lords'  Committee  on  Intem- 
perance by  the  Chnrch  of  England  Temperance  Society.    Pfiper  coTerf,  6d. 

Our  rTational  Besources,  and  how  they  are  Wasted.  By  William 
HoTLi.    la. 

SCHOOL  BOOKS. 

Temperance  Lesson  Book,  The.  A  Scries  of  Short  Lessons  on 
Alcohol  and  its  Action  on  the  Body.  Designed  for  reading  in  Schools  and 
Families.  Thirty-fonrth  Thousand.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Bicuardson,  F.B.8. 
Is.  6d. ;  cloth,  gilt,  for  presentation,  2s.  6d. 

Temperance  Primer,  The.  An  Elementary  Lesson  Book,  designed  to 
teach  the  Natore  and  Properties  of  Alcoholic  Liqaor«,  and  the  action  of 
Alcohol  on  the  body.     By  J.  J.  Ridoe,  M.D.,  &o.     Is. 

Temperance  Beading  Book,  A ;  or,  Elementary  Chapters  on  Alcohol 
and  Intoxicating  Drinks.  By  John  Inoeam,  Pb.C.,  Jacob  Bell  Scholar, 
Doable  Medalist  and  Priseman  of  the  Pharmaeeaticad  Society.     Is. 

ORATIONS,  LECTURES,  ESSAYS,  &o. 

Abominations  of  Modem  Society.  By  the  Rev.  T.  db  Witt 
Talmaor,  D.D.     Is. 

Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.  Paper 
covers,  6d.  and  Id. 

Adaptation  of  Temperance,  The.  A  Series  of  Twelve  Addresses  by 
various  Anthors.     Is. 

Address  of  the  Very  Bev.  Dean  of  Carlisle  at  the  Glasgow 
Abstainers'  Union.    Paper  covers,  3d. 

Between  the  Living  and  the  Dead.  A  Sermon  by  the  Rev.  Canon 
Faerar,  D.D.     Large  type,  paper  cover,  4d. ;  cheap  edition.  Id. 

Blemish  of  Qovernment,  Shame  of  Beligion,  Disgrace  of  Man- 
kind ;  or,  a  Charge  drawn  up  against  Drunkards,  and  presented  to  liis 
Highness,  the  Lord  Protector,  in  the  name  of  all  the  Sober  Partie  in  the 
Three  Nations.     A  faceimile  of  a  Work  issued  in  1655.    Paper,  8d. 

Bows  and  Arrows  for  Thinkers  and  Workers.  Collected  by  Rev. 
G.  W.  McCbeb.     Paper  covers,  Gd. 

Christian  Serving  his  Generation,  The.  A  Sermon  Preached  at 
Glasgow  by  the  llev.  W.  M.  Taylor,  AM.    Paper  covers,  3d. 

Come  out  from  among  them ;  An  Expostulation  Avith  Christian  lovers 
of  Intoxicating  Drinks.     By  Rev.  ForbksE.  Winslow.     Paper  covers,  6d. 

Death  March  of  Great  Drinkdom,  The.  By  Rev.  Forbss  E. 
Winslow.    Paper  covers,  8d. 

5 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Does  it  Pay  to  Smoke  and  Drink  P    With  Intruductlon  and  Notes 

by  William  Tkoo.     li. 
Drink,  Drunkenness,  and  the  Drink  Traffic.    A  Prize  Essay.    By 

tlie  BeT.  Dawson  Burns,  M.A.     Paper  ooTera,  8d. 
Drinking  System  our  National  Curse,  The.    Addressed  to  all  good 

CiiiBeni.     By  the  BeT.  Dawson  Burns.    Paper  ooTerip  6d. 
Few  Words  About  Alcohol,  A ;  Its  Uses  by  Heallby  Persons,  and 

the  DiBeafes  it  Produces.     By  Dr.  C.  B.  Detsdalb.    Paper,  6d. 
Intemperance   and  its  Bearing  upon  Agriculture.     By  Joiuc 

Abuky.    Paper  coven,  6d. 
John  *B.  Oough:  the  Man  and  his  Work.    By  Fredeiuck  Suer- 

LOCK.    Tenth  Thonsaod.    Paper  oovers.  2d. 
John  Wesley,  Methodism,  and  the  Temperance  Reformation. 

By  J.  W.  KiKTON.     Paper  covers,  4d. 
Xadies'  National  Temperance  Convention,  of  1876.    With  Intio- 

dQction  hj  Mrs.  W.  Hind  Smith.     Paper  covers,  4d. 
Loose  BricKs  for  Temperance  and  Social  Workers.     By  Amos 

ScHOLFiKLD.  Paper  covers,  6d. 
Moderate  Drinking.  Containing  Speeches  by  Sir  H.  Thompson, 
F.R.C.S.;  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardson,  F.B.S.;  Bev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D., 
F.B.S. ;  and  others.  With  Portraits  of  the  Speakers,  doth,  Is. ;  without 
Portraits  and  first  three  Speeches  only,  paper  cover,  4d. ;  cheap  edition.  Id. 
Moderate  Drinking,  for  and  against,  from  Scientific  Points  of 

View.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  BicnAROSON.     2d. 
Moody's  Talks  on  Temi>eiance.    With  Anecdotes  and  Incidents  in 
connection  with  the  Tabernacle  Temperance  Work  in  Boston.     By  D. 
L.  Moody.     Edited  by  J.  W.  Kirton,  LL.D.     Is.  6d. 
Might  Side  of  New  York  Life ;  or,  the  Masque  torn  off.    By  the 

Rev.  T.  OB  Witt  Talmagb,  D  D.    Is. 
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8 


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STORIES  AT  ONE  SHILLING  AND  SIXPBNOR 

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Alec  Oreen.     By  S.  K.  Hocking.     Crown  8yo,  cloth,  gilt.  Is.  Od. ; 

paper  covers,  1  s. 
Brewer's  Son,  The.    By  Mrs.  Ellis. 
Candle  Lighted  by  the  Lord,  A :   a  Life  Story.     By  Mrs.  Ross. 

lllostrated. 
Cast  Adrift.    By  T.  8.  Arthur. 
Fearndale.    By  w.  A.  Hardy. 
Flower  of  the  Flock,  The.     By  Mrs.  Ellen  Robs,  Author  of  "A 

Candle  Lighted  by  the  Lord.'' 
Grandfather's  Legacy ;   or,  the  Brewer's  Fortune.     By  Mart 

D.  Chkllis. 
Holmedale   Bectory:   its  Experiences,    Influences,    and  Sur^ 

ronndings.     By  M.  A.  B. 
Ingle-Xook ;  or.  Stories  for  the  Fireside.    By  the  Rev  J.  TsAUEa 

Illiistrated. 
Jewelled  Serpent,  The. 
Job  Tufton  :  A  Story  of  Life  Struggles.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balvour. 

Illastrated. 
Just  any  One,  and  Other  Stories.     Three  Illustrations.    By  Mrs. 

O.  B.  Bbanky. 
Little  Mother  Mattie.    By  Mrs.  E.  Ross.    Illustrated. 
Manchester  House.  A  Tale  of  Two  Apprentices.  By  J.  Cafes  8tort. 

With  eight  full-page  lUastrations. 
Hay's  Sixpence ;  or.  Waste  Not,  Want  Not.    By  M.  A  Paull. 
Miss  Margaret's  Stories.    By  a  Clergyman's  Wife,  Author  of ''  Katie's 

Coonsei,"  &o,     lllostrated. 
Hy  Little  Comer.    For  Mothers'  Meetings,  «&c.    Illustrated. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Old  Sailor's  Tarn,  An,  and  Other  Sketches  of  Daily  lafe.     Illust. 
Plain  Words  on  Temperance.    Short  Stories  by  Rev.  C  Courtnat. 
Flucked  from  the  Burning.    Bt  LAtmA  L.  Phatt.    Illustnitccl. 
BafiT  and  Tag.    A  Plea  for  the  Waifs  and  Strays  of  Old  England. 

Br  Hri.  E.  J.  Whittakkb.    With  ten  fall.page  IllostratioDS. 
Starlight  Temperance  Tracts.    Two  yoIs.,  Is.  6d.  each. 
Strange  Sea  Story,  A. 
StonylEtoad,  The.    A  Tale  of  Humble  Life,    By  the  Author  of  *'  The 

Friend  in  Need  Pftpera."     Illustrated. 
Stories  for  Willing  Ears.    By  T.  S.  E.    Illustrated. 
Sunshine  Jenny,  and  other  Stories.    Illust.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Beanet. 
Sunbeam  Willie,  and  other  Stories.    lUus.    Bv  Mrs.  G.  S  Reanbt. 
Thirty  Thousand  Pounds,   and  other  Sketches  of  Daily  lafe. 

lllast  rated. 
Wee  Donald.    A  Story  for  the  Young.    By  the  Author  of  '*  The  Stony 

Boftd."     Illustrated. 

STOBIES  AT  ONB  SHILLING. 

Soma  Books  will  also  he  found  under  other  headings  at  this  price, 

Arthur  Douglass.    By  J.  Whyte.    Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Broken  Mercnant,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthub. 

Burnish  Family,  The.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.    Paper,  Gd. ;  limp  cloth,  Is. 

Buy  your  own  Cherries,  and  other  Tales.    By  J.  W.  Kirton. 

Boar's  Head,  The.    By  M.  A.  Pacll. 

Chips.    By  S.  K.  Hocking.    Illustrated. 

Club  Xight:  AVillage  Record.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.   With  Illustrotionfl. 

Come  Home,  Mother.    A  Story  for  Mothera.    With  Illustrations. 

Cousin  Alice.    A  Prize  Juvenile  Tale.    Cloth,  Is. ;  paper  covers,  6d. 

Cousin  Bessie.    A  Story  of  Youthful  Earnestness.     With  Illustrations. 

Daddy's  Pet.    A  Sketch  of  Humble  Life.    With  Six  Illustrations. 

Danger ;  or.  Wounded  in  the  House  of  a  Friend. 

Digging  a  Grave  with  a  Wine  Glass.    By  Mra  C.  S.  Hall. 

Drunkard's  Wife,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Fast  liife ;  or,  the  City  and  the  Farm.    Paper,  Gd. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Fortunes  of  Fairleigh,  The.    Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Frank  Spencer's  Bute  of  Life.  By  J.  W.  Kirton.  With  Illustrations. 

Frank  West;  or,  The  Struggles  of  a  Village  Lad.    AttractlYO 

binding.     Illustrated. 
From  Dark  to  Light ;  or,  Voices  from  the  Slums.    By  a  DelYcr. 

Illustrated. 
Giants,  and  How  to  Fight  Them.    By  the  Rcy.  Dr.  Newton.  Illust. 
Glimpses  of  Beal  Life.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.    Paper,  6d. ;  cloth.  Is. 
Half-Hour  Readings.    By  ReY.  C.  Courtenay.    Paper  coYcrs. 
How  Paul's  Penny  Became  a  Pound.    By  Mrs.  Bowen. 
How  Peter's  Pound  became  a  Penny.    By  the  Author  of  **  Jack 

the  Conqueror."     With  Illnstrations. 
Juvenile  Temperance  Stories.     By  Various  Author&     Two  Vols., 

Is.  each. 
Jenny's  Geranium ;  or,  the  Prize  Flower  of  a  London  Court. 
John  Oriel's  Start  in  Life.    By  Mary  Howitt.    With  many  Illust 
John  Tregonoweth,  his  Mark.    By  Mark  Qui  Pe.uisb.    25  Illust. 

18 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Katie's  Counsel,  and  other  Stories.  By  a  Clcr^^yinan's  Wife,  Ulast 

Lathams.  The.    Paper,  Cd.;  doth,  Is. 

Little  Blind  May. 

Little  Blue  Jacket,  and  other  Stories.  By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull.  lllnst. 

Little  Captain,  The.    A  Touching  Story  of  Domestic  Life.  ByLTirDB 

Palmes.     Illustrated. 
Little  Joe.    A  Talc  of  the  Pacific  Railway.  By  James  Bonwick,  Aathor 

of  ''  The  Last  of  the  TasmaniaDf ." 
Little  Mike's  Charge. 
Mind  Whom  you  Marry ;  or,  The  Gardener^s  Daughter.  By  the 

Rev.  C.  G.  RowE. 
Mother's  Last  Words,  Our  Father's  Care,  &c.    By  Mrs.  Sewslu 
Xever  Give  up.    A  Ghristmns  Story  for  Working  Men  and  their  Wives. 

By  Nrlsie  Brook. 
Xelly 's  Dark  Days.    With  Six  full-page  Illustrations.    By  the  Author 

of  "  Jessica's  First  Prayer.*' 
Xo  Gains  without  Pains.    A  True  Story.    By  H.  C.  Knight. 
Not  Found  Wanting.    By  Rev.  Fergus  Ferguson,  M.A. 
Nothing  Like  Example.    By  Nelsie  Brook.    With  Engravlnga 
Passages  in  the  History  of  a  Shilling.     By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfour. 
Passages  from  the  History  of  a  Wasted  Life.     Eight  first-dan 

wood  engravings.     Paper,  Cd. ;  olotfa,  Is. 
Bitter  Bill,  the  Cripple.  A  Juvenile  Tale.  Cloth,  Is. ;  paper  covers,  6d. 
Bob  Bat.    A  Story  of  Bar^e  Life.  By  Mark  Gut  Pbarse.  Illustrated. 
Rose  of  Cheriton.    By  Mrs.  Sewell.    Cloth,  Is. ;  paper,  6d. 
Seven  Men.    By  the  Countess  de  Gasparin,  with  Introduction  by  J. 

M.  Wevlland.     Frontispiece. 
Seven  Phials,  The ;  or,  the  Doctor's  Dream.     By  the  Author  of 

"  The  Insidions  Thief,"  &c.     Limp  cloth. 
St.  Mungo's  Curse.    By  M.  A.  Paull. 

Steyne's  Grief;  or.  Losing,  Seeking,  and  finding.  Fancy  boaids. 
Tales  from  Life,  for  Mothers*  Meetings,  &c.    1^  Hekrietta  S. 

Streatfield  and  Emily  Streatfikld.  Illnstratpd  Cloth,  is.;  iwper,  8d. 
Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar  Boom,  and  What  I  Saw  There.    By  T.  8. 

Arthur.    Paper  covers,  6d. ;  cloth.  Is. 
Three  Nights  "with  the  Washingtonians.  By  T.  S.  Arthur.  Paper 

covers,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Tiny  Tim,  his  Adventures  and  Acquaintances.  A  Stoxyof  London 

Life.    By  Francis  IIorner.     Illustrated. 
Toil  and  Trust ;  or.  Life  Story  of  Patty,  the  Workhouse  Girl. 

By  Mrs.  Balfour.     lUastrations. 
Told  With  a  Purpose.    Temi)eranoe  P&pcrs  for  the  People.    By  Rer. 

J.  Yeames.     lUastrated. 
Una's  Crusade,  and  other  Stories.    By  Adeline  Sergeant.    lllnst 
Wanderings  of  a  Bible,  and  My  Mother's  Bible.  With  Illustratioiu. 
What  of  tne  Night  P  A  Temperance  Tale  of  the  Times.  By  Marianne 

Farmngham. 
When  the  Ship  Came  Home,  and  other  Stories.  By  J.  W.  DoNOsr. 

Illustrated. 
Widow  Green  and  Her  Three  Nieces.  By  All's.  £lli&   With  Illiisl. 
Widow  Clarke's  Home  and  what  Changed  it.  By  liev.  C.  Courtnat 
Widow's  Son,  The.    By  T.  8.  Arthur. 
Willie  Heath  and  the  House  Bent.    By  William  Leaks,  D.D. 

14 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


STORIES  AT  SIXPENCE. 

Bome  Books  will  also  be  found  under  other  headings  ai  this  price. 

Barton  £xx>erixnent,  The.    By  Author  of  **  Helen's  Babies/' 

Black  Bob  of  Bloxleigh ;  or,  We  Can  See  Through  It.    With 

Ulostratioos.     By  the  Kev.  Jau ss  Yeaues. 
Black  Bull,  The.   By  the  Widow  of  a  Publican.   A  Story  for  the  Times. 

*•  Buy  Your  Own  Cherries."  Prose  Edition.  By  J.  W.  Kirton.  Illuat 

Cabinet  of  Temperance  Tales. 

Christopher  Thorpe's  Victory.    By  Nelsib  Brook. 

picki  The  News  Boy.    By  Roy.  Thomas  Kstnortu. 

Druii^ard*s  Son,  The ;  or,  the  Autobiography  of  a  Publican. 

Eight  Bells  and  their  Voices,  The. 

Effie   Forrester,    and   other   Popular   Stories.    Reprinted   from 
"  Helipra."    Bj  M.  A.  Paull.     With  original  FrontiBpiece. 

Herbert  Owen.    By  M.  M.  Hunter. 

Bighway  to  Honour,  The.    By  Mrs.  J.  B.  Hill. 

How  Jeremy  Chisselpence  Solved  the  Bona  Fide  Traveller  Ques- 
tion.    By  Fbeeman.     Paper  covers. 
John  Worth ;  or  the  Drunkard's  Dedth. 

little  Mercy*s  Mantle.    By  Annie  Preston. 

little  Teachers.    By  Nella  Parker. 

Hacleans  of  Skorvoust,  The.    By  John  Meikle. 

Hartin  Drayton's  Sin.    By  Nellie  Ellis. 

Matt  Stubbs'  Dream.    By  Mark  Guy  Pearsb. 

Motherless  Alice.    By  Helen  Cric&maur. 

Mother's  Place.    By  Mina  E.  Qouldino. 

Mother's  Old  Slippers.    By  Mrs.  Thatcher. 

My  Kelly's  Story.    By  Adelaide  Sergeant. 

No  Work,  No  Bread.    By  the  Author  of  "  Jessica's  First  Prayer." 

Pastor's  Fledge.    By  Rev.  William  Roap. 

Headings  for  the  Young.  Short,  well-written  Stories.  In  paper  covers. 

Romance  of  a  Bag,  and  other  Stories.    By  M.  A.  Paull. 

Saved  in  the  Wreck.    By  J.  E.  Chad  wick. 

Scrub.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfour. 

Short  Stories  on  Temperance.    By  T.  H.  EvANa 

Buaie  Bedmayne.    By  S.  Smurthwaite. 
Stella  add  Maggie.    By  Mi-s.  Ronald. 
Teddy's  Pledge.    By  R.  A.  Dawtry. 
Their  Father's  Sin.    By  Laura  L.  Piiatt. 
Three  Tears  in  a  Man  Trap.    By  T.  S.  ARTHUit. 
Thrilling  Tales  of  the  Fallen.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 
Twin  Ijaddies,  The.    By  Rev.  John  Douglas. 
Two  Apprentices.    By  Rev.  J.  T.  Bare. 

15 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


SMALLER  STOBY  BOOKS  (in  Paper  Covers). 

Agnes  Maitland.    A  Prize  Tale.    2d 

All  a  Pack  of  Nonsense ;  or,  Finny  Twitter  an  d  Jenny.   A  Tern. 

perance  Tale  for  Children.     By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id.     lUaitimtad. 

And  Baby  Too.    By  Mra  G.  8.  Keaket.    3d. 

Baby's  Amen.    A  Story  for  Mothera    By  Mrs.  G.  8.  Rbarst.    8d. 

Big  Tom.    By  James  Galbraitil    2d. 

Buy  Your  Own  Cherries.    By  J.  W.  Kirton.    Id. 

Caught  in  His  Own  Trap;  or,  Avoid  the  Appearance  of  X?iL 

By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 

Christmas  Stories  for  Children.    Id. 

1.  Lame  Dick' a  Lantern. 

2.  Alick*8  Christmaa  Box. 
8.  The  Foe,  and  How  to  FigU  Him. 


4.  Betty's  Bright  Idea. 

5.  Bob. 

6.  Oar  Poll. 


7.  Uncle  HngVa  Dragon. 

8.  The  Diatiller'a  Daughter. 

9.  Little  Tom. 

10.  Granny's  New  DoU. 

11.  The  Stoty  of  the  Links. 

12.  A  HoUday  at  Heatherbmak. 


Christmas  in  Wilderness  Court.  Christmas  in  Paradise.  Ghristmas 
at  Farmer  Drinkwater's.     Id. 

Circled  by  Fire.    By  Julia  MacNaib  Wright.    2J. 

Cripple  for  Life,  A.  A  Story  of  New  Year's  Day.  By  Ellek  Lips- 
combe.    2d. 

Dr.  Lignum's  Sliding  Scale.    A  Temperance  Story.    By  Mm.  C.  L. 

BALfOUB.      Id. 

Dress  and  Drink.    2d. 

Drunkard's  Bible,  The.  A  Temperance  Talc.  By  Mrs.  6.  C.  Hall.  Id. 

Drunken  Father,  The.  A  Ballad.  By  Robert  Bloomfield,  Anthor 
of  '•  The  Farmer's  Boy,"  &c.     Jlluitrated.     Id. 

Drtmken  Thief,  A.  A  Temperance  Tale.  By  an  Edinboi^h  Detcctiye;  Id. 

Edward  Carlton.    An  American  Story.    2d. 

Famous  Boy,  A.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Id. 

For  My  Children's  Sake.  A  Story  for  Mothers.  By  Mr8.G.  8.  Reanbt.  8d. 

For  Willie's  Sake.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reaket.    2d. 

Frank  Bilton.  I  like  to  Wear  my  Own  Clothes  first  Touch  not. 
Taste  not.  The  Temperance  Cottage.  Who  Will  Sign  f  Will  you  Treat 
Hi  P    Tom  Downwards.     2s.  per  100. 

Harry's  Pint.  How  Bill  Smith  Got  Right.  Twice  Dead.  LitUe  l^ 
Little.  A  Word  in  Season.  The  Drankard's  Wife.  The  Last  shall  be 
First.     4s.  per  LOU. 

How  it  Happened ;  or,  Lead  us  not  into  Temptation.  By  Alice 
Lee.    2d. 

Illustrated  Books  for  the  People.    Clean  tyix;,  and  a  prolVision  of 
Illnstrations.    Immrial  8vo.    10  pages.    Twelve  varieties.  Id.  eaeb. 
16 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


X  W.  Xirton's  Penny  Series.    Id.  each. 


"  I'll  Vote  for  You  if  Yon'U  VoU  for 

Me." 
Never  Game,  aod  yon  can't  Gamble. 
Polly  Pratt's  Secret  for  Making  Notef. 
Take  care  of  your  "  'Tie  Bate." 
The  Wonder-working  Beditead. 
Two  Ways  of  Keeping  a  Holiday. 
Tim'i  Tobacco  Box's  Birthday. 


Bnj  your  own  Cherries. 

Buy  your  own  Goose. 

Baild  yonr  own  House. 

Christmas  "  'TU  Buts." 

How  Bachel  Hunter  bought  her  own 

Cherries. 
"Help  Myself  Socie^." 
How  Sam  Adams'  Pipe  became  a  Pig. 

Just  for  a  Lark.    A  Tale  for  Working  Men.    By  T.  H.  Evan&    Id. 

JTust  to  Please  Somebody.    By  Mrs.  G.  8.  Reanet.    Id. 

KLm  of  Death ;  or,  the  Serpent  in  our  own  Eden.    By  the  Bey.  J. 

&.  YsENON,  M.A.    4d. 
Xona;  or,  Nobody's  Darling.    Bv  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    2d. 
Idttle  Oaptain,  The.     A  Touching  Story  of  Domestic  Life.     By 

Ltnds  Palmer,     Id.     Sixtieth  Thoosand. 
ICan  who  could  do  Imx>os8ibilities,  A.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 
ICan  Without  a  Fault,  A.    A  Domestic  Story.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 
Ho  Boom  at  Home.    A  new  Christmas  Story.    By  Mrs.  G.  8.  Reanet. 

With  an  Illiistration  bj  Thomas  Fabd,  K.A.    Paper  coTen,  3d. 
Old  lean's  Story,  The.    A  Ballad  by  Mrs.  Sewell.    2d. 
One  Friendly  Glass ;  or,  Giles  Fleming's  two  Christmases.    By  John 

McLavgblin.    A  Story  in  Verse.     8d. 
Our  Ben.  By  Mrs  Heanby.  With  an  Illustration  by  Mrs.  E.  M.  Ward.  2d. 
Our  Harry.    A  New  Year's  Address.    By  Fredebick  SnERLocK.    Id. 
Only  One.    A  Story  for  Christian  Workers.    By  Alice  Price.    Id. 
Put  on  the  Break,  Jim !    Id. 
Poor  Little  Me  ;  or,  a  little  Help  is  worth  a  great  deal  of  Pity.    By 

Mrs.  O.  S.  Beanbt.    8d. 
Prayed  Home.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Keanet.    Id. 
Saved  by  Hope.    New  Year's  Address.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Id. 
Sermon  in  Baby's  Shoes,  A.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet,  with  an  Illus- 
tration by  George  Cruikshank.     Paper  covers,  2d. 
Scotland's  Scaith ;  or,  the  History  of  Will  and  Jean.    By  Hector 

M<Kkill.    Id. 
Shadow,  The :  How  it  came  and  went  away.    4d. 
Sorry  for  it.  A  Temperance  Story  for  Ghildreo.  By  Ursula  Gardner.  2d. 
Tales  from  Life.   Six  Stories.   By  H.  S.  and  E.  Streatfield.  Id.  each. 
Tear  from  the  Eve  of  a  Needle,  A.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 
Teetotal  Tim.    A  Temperance  Story.    By  the  Rev.  C.  Courtenat.   Id. 
The  Devil-Drink  Family.    By  Rev.  P.  B.  Power,  M.A.    2d. 
Timothy  Kitt's  Story.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    Id. 
Tom  Bounce's  Dream.    A  Temperance  Story.   By  the  Rev.  C.  Courtk- 

mat.    Id. 
Turn  of  the  Tide,  The.    By  A.  J.  P.    2d. 
Unsafe;  or.  Mother  Crippled  Me.    A  Temperance  Story.    By  Alice 

Pbicx.    Id. 
Unsteady  Hand,  The.    A  Tale.    By  T.  S.  Arthur.    2d. 
Why  She  Did  It.    A  Story  for  Sunday  School  Teachers.    By  Mrs.  Q. 

S.  Beaney.     Id. 
Young  Crusaders,  The ;  or,  Eveiy  Man  a  Hero.    By  Rev.  John  B. 

CftoziEB.     lUoitrated.     Id. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


POETRY. 

EBcape  from  Loch  Leven.    A  Poem.  By  Francis  Drapkr.  Paper,  Is. 
Harold  Glynde.    A  Poem.  By  Edward  Foskett.  Paper  covers,  6d. ; 
cloth  boards,  Is.  6d. 

Leaves  from  the  Bank  of  Severn.  By  A.  L.  Westcombb.  mnstroted. 

2s.  6d.  and  Ss. 
Mark  Manley's  Hevenge.    By  John  McLaughlin.  Pftper  covers,  la. 
Kary  of  Oarway  Farm ;  the  Despised  Warning.  BvHarribt  Cave.  Sd. 
MiUy's  Mission ;  or.  Harry  and  iiis  Mother.    By  Harriet  Cave.    dd. 
Old  Story,  An.    A  Temperance  Talc  in  Verse.    By  S.  C.  Hall,  F.S.A., 

Banister-at-Law,  &c.     8a. 
One   Friendly   Glass;   or,  Giles   Fleming*s  Two  Xmases.     By  J. 

McLaughlin.    Paper  cover?,  8d. 
Professor  Alcoholico,    the   Wonderftil   Ma^dan.     By  Joabph 

Malins.     Illctstrations  by  G.  H.  BKENASCOKr.     la.  6d. 
Squire  Hardman's  raughter.    By  JonNMcLAuanLiN.    A  Story  in 

Verse.     26. 6d. 
Story  of  Xing  Alcohol,  The.     A  Temperance  Lay.     By  Bidnbt 

Ireland.    3d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The.    A  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.    By  8.  C. 
Hall,  F.S.A.     Is.     A  Drawing  Boom  Edition,  with  Thirty-aiz  P«gei 
of  ProM  Notes,  handsomely  bound,  printed  on  fine  paper,  5i. 

Unveiled.    A  Vision.    By  Edward  Foskett.    3d. 

Weal  and  Woe  of  Caledonia.  By  John  Anderson.  Paper  6d.;  doth  Is. 

BECITEBS,   READERS,   &c. 

Abstainer's  Companion,  The.  A  Collection  of  Original  Temperance 
Readings  iu  Prose  and  Verse  (being  Evans*$  Temperance  Annual  for 
1877-8-9,  1880-1-2).    Two  vols..  Is.  6d.  each. 

Band  of  Hope  Series  of  Becitations  issued  by  the  Scottish  Tem- 
perance League.    Nos.  1  and  2,  Id.  each. 

Casket  of  Temperance  Headings  in  Prose.  Second  Edition.  A 
choice  selection,  suitable  for  young  people.     250  pages.     Is.  6d. 

Drops  of  Water.  A  volume  of  Temperance  Poems.  By  Ella 
Wheeleb.     With  Frontispiece  portrait  of  the  Authoress.     Is. 

Every  Band  of  Hope  Boy's  Beciter,  containing  Original  Hecitatiocs, 
Dialogues,  &c.  By  8.  Kkowles.  Fifteen  Nnmbers,  Id.  each.  Two  psrtf, 
6d.  each.    Volume,  Is. 

Kirton's  Band  of  Hope  Beciter.    Boards,  Is. ;  doth  gilt,  ts.  6d. 

Kirton's  Standard  Temperance  Beciter.    Boards,  Is.;  d.gilt,  Is.  6d. 

Leaflet  Beciter,  for  Bands  of  Hope.  By  T.  H.  Evans.  Packets 
1  and  2,  50  assorted  in  each,  6d.  each. 

National  Temperance  Orator.  A  Collection  of  Prose  and  Poetry, 
with  Dialogues.    Edited  by  Miss  L.  Pknnkt.     Is. 

National  Temperance  Beader.  Becitations,  Headings  and  Dialogues, 
in  proee  and  verse,  original  and  selected.  Imperial  16mo.  16  pages,  with 
coloured  wrapper.    Monthly  Parts,  commencing  October,  1881,  Id.  each. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Jew  Band  of  Hope  Beciter.    Paper  covers,  8d. ;  cloth  bowds,  6d. 
Vew  Temperance  Beciter,  and  Teetotaler's  Hand-book.    Paper 

eoTera,  3d. ;  cloth  boards,  6d.    The  two  toIb.  together  in  cloth  boards,  la. 
Oflward  Beciter,  The.    10  yoIs.,  Is.  6d.  each. 

Original  Temperance  Beciter,  The.  By  Thomas  Featherstone.  4d. 
•docket  Temperance  Beciter,  The.    Prose  and  Poetry  selected  from 

the  best  writers.     800  pages,  Is. 
Popular  Temperance  Beciter.  By  A.  Bargant.  Two  Parts,  2d.  each, 
^rize'  Pictorial  Beading^,  in  Prose  and  Verse.    Illustrating  all  Phases 

of  the  Temperance  Question.      40  original  Woodcuts.     176  pag<*s,  2b. 
Rainbow  Beadinga.  Being  a  selection  from  **  Prize  Pictorial  lieadinga'' 

114  pages,  illustrated,  Is. 
Beadinga  and  Becitations,  chiefly  on  Temperance.    By  Habbiet  A. 

Glazebboor.     6d. 
Beadingv  for  Winter  Gatherings,  Temx>erance  and   Mothers* 

Meetings.    Edited  by  the  Key.  Jambs  Flvmino.     1st,  2nd,  and  8rd  ttries, 

Is.  6d.  each. 
Becitations  and  Dialogues  for  Bands  of  Hope.    In  48  penny  num- 
bers.   Price  Id.  each.     Nos.  1  to  G,  7  to  12,  18  to  18,  in  vols.  6d.  each. 

Nos.  1  to  12,  in  cloth,  Is.  6d. 
Star  Beciter,  The.    A  Collection  of  Prcse  and  Poetical  Gk^ms  from 

British  and  American  Authors.     By  J.  A.  Ferguson.     If.  6d. 
Temperance  Dialogues  and  Becitations,  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Paper 

oovers,  6d. 
Temperance  Orator,  The  :  comprising,  Speeches,  Readings,  Dialogues, 

and  Illustrations  of  the  Evil  of  Intemperance.     By  Professor  Duncan.     Is. 
Temperance  Speaker;  or,  The  Good  Templars' Reciter.    By  Professor 

Duncan.    Is. 
Treasury  of  Becitations,   Dialogues,  and  Beadings,  in  Poetry 

and  Prose.     Parts  1  and  2,  6d.  each ;  complete,  in  paper  boaids.  Is. 

DIALOGUES,   ENTERTAINMENTS,   &c. 

Brothers,  The ;  or,  Lost  and  Found.     A  Temperance  Drama  for 

eleven  Characters.    By  William  Aldbidgc,  Jan.    Id. 
Darning  a  Cobweb.    A  Humorous  Dialogue  for  Two  Young  Women. 

By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Dipsomaniac,  The.    A  Musical  and  Conversational  Dhilogue  for  ten 

Males  and  six  Females.     3d. 
Evening  Call,  The.     A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.     By 

T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Fast  Asleep.    Dialogue  for  Six  Males  and  one  Female.    By  T.  H. 

Evans.     Id. 
Frank  Foster's  Foe.     For  Two  Males  and  Two  Females.    By  T.  H. 

Evans.    3d. 
Foolish  Francis.     A  Dialogue  for  Two  Ladies  and  one  Gentleman. 

ByT.  H.Evans.     Id. 
Geoffrey  Grainger's  Guests.    A  Dialogue  on  Bad  Trade.    For  six 

Males  and  one  Female.     By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 

Good  Gifts  Iflisused ;  or,  Father  Christmas  in  a  new  Character. 
By  S.  M.  GiDLBT.    6d. 

19 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Harriet  Harland's  Husband.     Dialogue  for  two  Lndiet  and  tio 

Gentlemen.    Bj  T.  H.  Evans.     Id.     Seventh  thoQwad. 
Havart's  Temperance  Entertainer,    la.  6d. 
Juvenile  Frolic,  The ;  or,  The  Teetotal  Chainnan  in  Fix.    9l 

Thomas  Fitathrbsto.ve.     IJ. 
Juvenile  Tempo raoce  Diacuaaion,  ThOi  for  Sixteen  Yoalhi.   B} 

Thomas  Fkatherstoxr.     2d. 
Killy  Morton*a  Mistake ;  or,  The  Little  Missionaiy.    A  I>ialQpiaki 

two  L%diefl,  one  Gentlemao,  and  a  little  Girl.     By  T.  U.  Eyaks.     Id.  ^ 
Koderation  versus  Abatinence ;   or,  Our  Temperance  Biseaanoik 

A  Social  Sketch  for  eight  Cbaracters.     Bj  F.  Albbbt  SATKaa.    Sd. 
Moderation  versus  TcIaI  Abatinence,  and  other  Bialogiiea.    Bs 

R.E.  C.    Sil. 
Mysterioua  Stranger,   The.    Dialogue  for  Three  Touog  Men   BjT. 

H.  Etans.    Id. 
Kancy  Xathan'a  Kosegay.    A  Temperance  Operetta  for  a  I^idj  and 

Gentleman.     By  T.  H.  Eyans.     Eighth  Edition.     8J. 
Kational  Sobriety.    A  Dialogue -between  a  Phyaician,  Publican,  and 

a  Parson.     By  KeT.  Dawson  Burns.     Id. 
Original  and  Complete  Temperance  or  Band  of  Hope  Snter- 

tainment,  An.     By  H.  T.  Yates.     8d. 
Out  of  the  World.    Humorous  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    By 

T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Becreative  Pleadinga.    A  Series  of  Recitations  written  to  enable  a 
Chairman  and  fourteen  Juyeniles  to  carry  on  a  Temperance  Maafcin^  or 
for  sinf^le  Recitation.     By  Thomas  Fkathsrstons.     2d. 
Bh3rming  Temperance  Advocate.    A  complete  Temi>eiBnoe  Meeting 

in  verse.     Ry  T.  Frathebstonk.     2d. 
Belina  Selby's  Stratagem ;  or,  The  Three  Cripples.    A  Temperance 
Entertainment  for  two  Ladies  and  four  Gentlemen.    By  T.  H.  Etahs.    Sd. 
Something  more  dangerous  thcui  Fire,  and  other  Dialogues.    By 

II.  B.  C.     Paper  covers,  3d. 
Something  to  their  Advantage.  A  Dialogue  for  fiye  Young  Men.  By 

T.  U.  Kvans.     Id. 
Teetotal  Sunday.  A  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.  By  T.  H,  JEvaks.  Id. 
Teetotalism  Triumphant.     A  Tragio-Gomic  Dramatic  Sketch,  for 

twenty  Characters.     8d. 
Temperance  Dialoguea  and  Becitations.    Original  and  Select,  in 

Poetry  and  Prose.     6d. 
Temperance  Minatrela.    An  Evening's  Entertainment  for  three  Cliar- 

aoters.     By  T.  Dowsing.     Id. 
Tippler 'a  Blunder,  The.    A  Musical  Dialogue  for  a  Lady  and  Qentleman 

and  two  little  Girls.    (See  Evanses  Temperance  Annual,  1870.)     Sd. 
Treaaurv  Dialoguea  for  Sunday  Schools  and  Bands  of  Hope.    By 

G.  White  Armstrong.     Is. 
Trial  of  Baneful  Alcohol.    A  companion  to  the  Trial  of  John  Barley- 
corn.    By  Thomas  GRirriTHs.    8d. 
Trial  of  John  Barleycorn,  alias  Strong  Drink.  By  P.Bkaiumau..  8d. 
T  u    ?*""  '^^•ti'^eace,  Temperance  Advocate;  or,  the  Trial  of 
John  Barleycorn  reversed.     By  Thomas  Fbatuxkstoni.     8d. 
Trial  of  Suits  at  the  Brewster  Sessions,  A ;    or,  Laugh  on  the 
^icense  Day.    By  Thomas  F«athebstok«.     8d.  ^ 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Trial  of  Sir  Timothy  Traflac.    By  T.  Featiiekstone.    3d. 

^ials  and  Troubles  of  an  Aspiring  Publican.    An  Entertainment 

for  eighteen  Cbaracteri.     2d. 
Try  your  Best ;   or,  Proof  against  Failure.    By  W.  Wiohtmak. 

od,    A  Band  of  Hope  Entertainment. 
Two  Madmen,  The.  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.  By  T.  H.  Evans.  Id. 

Vacant  Chair,  The.  An  Original  Sketcb.  BytwoW.'s.  5th  Edition.  2d. 

Village  Bane,  The ;  or.  Two  High  Roads  of  Life.    A  Temperance 

Drams  in  Three  Acta.     By  A.  Moulds.     8d. 
Vincent  Varley's  Vision.    A  Dialogue  for  four  Characters.    (Fvatw't 

Annual,  1880.)     3d. 
Walter  Wjrndham's  Whim.    For  four  males  and  two  females.    By 

T.  H.  EvAKs.    3d. 
Water  Sprite,  The.    A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    (See 

Evans's  Temperance  Annual,  1877.)    8d. 

Where  there's  a  Will,  there's  a  Way.    An  Entertainment  for  five 

Cbaraetera.     By  Miai  E.  H.  Hicklby.    4d. 
Why  Matthew  Mason  could  not  eat  his  Supper.    A  Dialogue  for  a 

Lady,  Gentleman,  and  Little  Boy.    {Evanses  Annual,  1878.)     8d. 

TEMPERANCE  MUSIC,  SONGS,  HYMNS,  Sbo. 

Adviser  Album,  of  Hymns  and  Temperance  Songs.    In  Tonic  Sol-fa, 

2d.  each. 
£and  of  Hope  Melodies,  for  Festive  Gatherings.   Nos.  1  to  32,  Id.  etch. 

Parte  1  to  5,  6d.  each.    Vols.  1  and  2,  la.  6d.  cloth  boarda. 
Band  of  Hope  Treasury  Music.    Both  notations.    0  Nos.  Id.  each  f 

or  in  cover,  6d. 
Book  of  Song  for  Bands  of  Hope,  compiled  by  the  Kev.  Jaios- 

YsAiirs.     Id.  and  2d.     Mnsio  and  Worda,  paper,  Ia.  6d.;  cloth,  2b.  0d. 
British  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.    460th  thousand.    Id. 
Bogle  Notes.    A  Collection  of  Pieces  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Home 

Girde.    Edited  hy  W.  M.  Miller.    Tonic   Sol-fa,  paper  coven,  l^d,; 

Old  Notation,  cloth,  9d. 
Cap|>er's  Golden  Chords.    Old  Notation,  2s.    Words,  Id. 
Coming  Tears,   The.     Part  Song.    By  E.  Foskett,  Music  by  J. 

CoKKWALL.     Old  Notation,  2d. ;  Tonic,  Id. 
Crystal  Spring,  The.    00  Pieces.    Old  Notation,  Is.  and  ls.4d.    Tonic 

S<^.fii  Edition,  8d.  and  la.     Words  ouly,  Id.  and  2d. 
Crystal  Fount,  containing  Hymns,  Songs,  and  Rounds.    With  music, 

6d. ;  worda.  Id. 
Down,  thou  Ood  of  Wine.    Words  by  E.  Foskbtt,  Music  by  G.  C. 

Mastin.    Either  Notation,  IJd. 
Gospel  Temperance  Songs,  Sung  at  R  T.  Booth's  Meetings.  Words, 

Id.    Mnsio,  in -either  notation,  paper,  6d. ;  cloth  limp,  la. 
HcUfpenny  Melcdy  Book,  A.    53  Hymns.    Old  Notation  and  Sol-fa 

Mnaic,  6d.  and  9d.     Worda  only,  3s.  per  100,  paper ;  9s.  per  100,  cloth. 
Harold  Olynde,  a  Poem,  by  Edwaud  Foskett,  forming,  with  Original 

Mnaic,  a  novel  and  popular  cantata.    Words  and  Music,  Old  Notation,  paper, 

la.  6d. ;  cloth,  2s.  6d.    Tonic  Sol-fo,  paper,  la. ;  oloth,  2s.    Worda  only, 

paper,  6d. ;  cloth.  Is.  6d. 

21 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Hoyle's  Hymns  and  Sengs.  217  Pieces.  Paper  cover,  l^d.;  doth, 
3d. ;  large  type,  olotb,  6d.  Old  Notatiuo,  mntio  and  words,  paper,  la.  8d. ; 
cloth,  2d.  6d.     Tonic  Sol-fa,  cloth,  li.  8d. 

Hoyle's  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.    145  Pieces.    Paper  cover,  Id. 

Hymns  and  Songs  for  Bands  of  Hope,  prepared  by  llie  United 
Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union.  Words  onlj,  id.  and  2d.  Large  type, 
limp  cloth,  9d. ;  cloth  boards,  Is.  Music  and  Words,  either  Notatioii, 
paper,  Ia.  6d. ;  cloth  limp,  2s. ;  cloUi  boards,  gilt,  2i.  6d. 

Hymn  for  Abstainers,  A.  By  F.  Sherlock.  Thirteenth  Thousand.  Id. 

Hymns  for  Temperance  Meetings.    By  R  G.  Mason.    Cloth,  8d. 

Xing  Alcohol:   a  Temperance  Musical  Bnrlesqtue.      By  A  J. 

ForwELL.    In  both  Notations.    2d. 

Xirton's  124  Hymns.    Suitable  for  all  Ordinary  Meetings;  no  peculiar 

metres.     Id. 
Utile  Harry.    Leaflet,  Id. 

Melodies  for  Temperance  Meetings  and  Bands  of  Hope.  Com- 
piled by  Rev.  J.  Tunnicliff.    82  pages.    Price  id. 

Merry  Temperance  Songster,  containing  Humorous  Songs,  Duels, 
and  Trios  for  Temperance  Entertaioments.  Compiled  by  C.  J.  Hayart.  2d. 

Mountain  Bill,  The,  for  Bands  of  Hope.    In  Tonid  Sol-fa,  2d. 

My  Happy  Home.  A  New  Temperance  Song,  with  vocal  and  piano- 
forte accompaniment.     6d. 

National  Temperance  Hymnal,  The.  Edited  by  tlie  Rev.  Jobh 
CoupsTON.  490  Pieces.  Paper  cover,  Sd. ;  limp  cloth,  4d. ;  best  doth,  6d. 
Tonic  Sol-fa  Edition,  music  and  words  oomplete.  Paper,  2s.  6d. ;  Uoip 
cloth,  38. ;  strong  cloth,  Ss.  6d. ;  best  binding,  4s.  6d. 

National  Temperance  Hymnal,  The.  Monthly  Parts.  Mis^e  and 
ivords,  arranged  for  4  voices  and  the  pianoforte.     2d.  each. 

National  Temperance  Hymn  and  Song  Book.  73  Hymns,  60  Songs, 
and  14  Recitations.     182  pages.     2d. 

New  Jubilee  Ode,  The  (Sung  at  the  National  Temperance  Jubilee 
F^te  by  3,000  Adult  Voices  at  the  Crystal  Pa]ace,'Sept.  2cd).  Words  hj 
Edu^and  Fosrett.     jidusic  by  J.  A.  Bibch.     Both  Notations.     Id.  caoh. 

Fenny  National  Temperance  TLymn  Book.  Ck>mpiled  by  the 
Bev.  Uekky  a.  Hammond.    Contains  75  Hymns  in  large  type. 

Popular  Melodies  and  Hymns  for  Temperance  Bands  of  Hope  and 
Social  Meetingp.     By  the  BeT.  G.  lA,  Mubphy.    Price  Id. 

Beecue  of  Harry  Gray,  The.  A  Dramatic  Cantata.  Adapted  by 
A.  J.  FoxwiLL.  AioBic  by  T.  Habtin  Towns.  Staff  Notation,  FkaofiDrte 
Score,  with  readingp.  Is.  Tonic  Sol-fa  Vocal  Score,  without  readirgt,  Cd. 
Words,  26  for  Is. 

Scottish  League  Bymn  Book.    By  tlic  Rev.  T.  C.  Wilson.    2d. 

Songs  sung  by  the  Swiss  Alpine  Choir.    Id.  each. 


Yon  will  NeTer  be  Sorry  if  the 

Pledge  you  Sign. 
The  Sober  Man.) 
Ten    Tlioussnd    Voices    answer 

"  No." 

22 


Tho  Wife's  Appeal: 
Beware  of  Drink. 
He  Never  Told  a  Lie. 
The  Busy  Housewife. 
The  First  Ouckoo. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Standard  Book  of  Song,  The,  for  Temperance  Meetings  and  Home 
Use.  A  Collection  of  298  Temperance,  Moral,  and  Saored  Songs  and 
Anthems,  compiled  by  T.  Bowick  ;  J.  A.  Birch,  Mas.  Editor.  Words  onlj. 
paper  covers,  2d. ;  limp  clotb,  3d. ;  clotb  bds.,  gilt,  Gd.  Mosic  and  Words, 
either  Notation,  limp  clotli,  3j.  6d.  ;  clotb  bds.,  bevelled,  red  edges,  33. 
Also  in  nine  parts,  4d.  eacb.     A  most  ezpellent  selection  of  good  music. 

Teetotal  Hymns.    By  W.  Cuafaian.    48  pages.     Id. 

Temperance  Choralist,  The,  consisting  of  Original  Temperance  Glees, 
Part  Songs,  and  Cbomses.  Edited  by  J.  A.  Bibch,  Gentleman  of  H.M. 
Chapels  Koyal.    Nos.  1  and  2  ready  in  either  Notation,  l|d.  each. 

Tezni>erance  Course,  The.  A  new  edition  of  this  Elementary  Course 
for  Temperance  Ciassea.  By  John  Cuewbn  and  J.  Spexcer  Curwbit. 
Price  6d. ;  or  in  six  numbers  Id.  each. 

Temperance  Motto  Songs.  By  W.  U.  Bircii  (both  dotations). 
"Another  man's  gone  Wrong,"  «  Stick  to  the  Right,"  "She  told  him 
'twould  be  so,"  "  Lads  and  Lasses,"  *'  *  Help  myself  our  Motto,"  "  Pity, 
but  do  not  Abuse."     Is. 

Temperance  Vocalist.  *^ Bring  me  the  Bowl;"  ^* Marching  on  to 
Victory."  "King  Bibler*s  Army,"  "Our  Home  is  Not  what  it  Used  to 
be,"  "  The  Poor  Drunkard's  Cliild,"  and  "  Whistling  Tom.'*  Songs  with 
Choruses.     Old  Notation.  3(1.;  Sol-fa,  id.  each. 

Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs,  with  Tunes,  published  under  the 

direction  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society.    Paper  corers, 

Is.  6d. ;  cloth  boards,  Ss.  6d.     Words  only,  2d. 
Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs.     For  the  Use  of  Methodist  Bands  of 

Hope  and  Temperance  Societies.     16mo,  Id. ;   limp  cloth,  2d.      Musio 

with  Words,  in  paper  covers.  Is.  :   limp  cloth,  Is.  6d. ;  cloth  gilt,  2s.  Od* 
Tdmperance  Melodies  and  Hjrmns :  Compiled  mider  the  direction  of 

&e  Leicester  Temperance  Society,  with  a  Preface  by  Thomas  Cook. 

Paper  covers,  8d. ;  doth  boards,  6d. 
Temperance  Melodies  and  Beligioas  Hymns.    Compiled  by  the  Be?. 

O.  T.  CosTEB.     Price  Id. 
Temperance  Stories  with  Song,  similar  in  style  to  the  Sunday  School 

*<  Sernces  of  Bong."     Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  8d.  each ;  2s.  8d.  psr 

dosen.    Words  of  the  pieces  only,  4  s.  per  100. 

1.  Little  Davie ;  or,  That  Child.     Story  by  Mrs.  O.  B.  Rbanit. 

2.  John  Tregenoweth— His  Mark.    From  the  Story  by  the  Be^.  Maul  QVf 

Pearse. 
8.  Bart's  Joy.     By  M.  A.  Paull. 

4.  The  Start  in  Life.    By  John  Nash  (not  issoed  in  the  Old  Notation). 

5.  Jessica's  First  Prayer.    Old  Notation  or  Tonio  Sol-fa,  4d. ;  8s.  per  dos. 

6.  Buy  yoar  own  Cherries.     Both  Notations,  3d.  each.     Words,  4s.  per  100. 
Templar''s  Course,  The.    Edited  by  John  Cubwbn  and  A.  L.  Cowlbt. 

By  authority  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England.  An  elementary  course  for 
Templar  Classes,  &o.     Price  6d.,  or  in  three  numbers,  2d.  each. 

Templar's  Lyre,  The.  A  popular  Collection  of  Temperance  Part  Songs. 
Price,  in  wrapper,  Is. ;  or  in  six  numbers,  2d.  eacb. 

True-Hearted  Veteran,  The.    Leaflet,  Id. 

Trysting   Well,    The.      A   Ballad.     By   £.    Foskett.     Music  by 

Beethold  Toubs.     Full  munic  size,  48. 
Welcome  Home.    A  Service  of  Bong.    By  W.  P.  W.  Buxton.    4d. 

28 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


PLEDGE  BOOKS,  Sso. 

Onward  Fledge  Book.  Thirty  pledges,  with  oonnterfoiL  IVqKa' 
coTer,  6d.     Seventy  pledges,  la.     150,  28. 

Fledge  Books  for  Temperance  Societies.  Oblong.  Is.  and  2a., 
clotli,  interleaTed  with  blotting-paper,  mnd  adapted  either  for  Bands  of 
Hope  or  Adult  Societies.    The  pledge  on  top  of  each  page. 

Fledge  Books.  Same  as  the  above,  bound  in  cloth  boards,  Is.  6d.  &  28. 6d. 

Fledge  Book.  Square.  Strongly  bound  in  doth,  interleaved  with 
blotting-paper,  the  pledge  at  the  top  of  each  pege.    8a.  6d.  and  6s.  6d. 

Fledge  Scroll,  printed  in  colours,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top  and 
bottom  rollers.  Baled  for  1 00  signatures.  For  either  Temperance  SoeietieB 
or  Bands  of  Hope.     Ss.  each. 

Focket  Temperance  Fledge  Book,  interleaved  with  blotting-paper. 
Limp  doth,  6d. 

Sunday  School  Teacher^s  Class  Fledge  Book,  The.  6d.  in  neat 
cloth  cover.  Provision  is  made  for  the  Teacher  to  give  a  Certifioata  from 
the  Book  to  each  Scholar  who  signs. 

Temperance  Certificate  Fledge  Book,  The.  For  the  podcet  Con- 
taining twenty-fonr  pledges  (with  connterfoil).  The  pledge,  which  is  per- 
forated for  tearing  ont,  is  neatly  printed  on  stent  paper,  encircled  by  a 
fancy  border  and  Scripture  texts,  forming  a  valnable  Pocket  CompaBioa 
for  Temperance  Missionaries,  District  Visitors,  and  abstainers  geiiendly. 
Limp  cloth,  6d. ;  48  pledges,  Is. 

MEDALS,  STARS,  BADGES,  &o. 

**  Total  Abstinence  "  Cross.   With  Heart  and  Anchor  centre ;  to  wear 

on  ribbon,  watch-chain,  &c.,  in  bronse.     Is. 
Standard  Silver  Cross  or  Brooch.    Enamelled  in  three  colours.  8s.  6d. 
Bands  of  Hope  Medals.    In  best  white  metal    No.  1,  6d.  perdofen; 

No.  2,  Id.  each ;  No.  S,  2d.  each  (two  patterns) ;  No.  4,  8d.  each  (two 

patterns) ;  No.  9,  6d.  each. 
Temperance  Medals  for  Adults.    8d.  (three  sorts),  6d.,  and  Od.  each. 
Medal  Suspenders.    With  pin.    14d.  each,  oris,  per  dozen. 
Silver  Medals  to  Order. 

Oval  I.  O.  O.  T.  Medal.  With  tricolour  ribbon  and  enamelled  pin.  ICML 
Good  Templar  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity  Emblem.    Enamelled  in 

three  colonrs,  with  pin.     Is.  6d. 
Star  Badges  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Temperance  Societies. 

With  clasped  hands,  la.  2d.;  with  ribbon.  Is.  Sd. 
Temnlar  Cross  or  Brooch.    Enamelled,  lOd. ;  with  ribbon  and  pin,  la 
Band  of  Hope  Scarf.    Blue  or  cerise,  and  ornaments,  Is.  3d. 
N.B. — ^Name  of  Society  printed  on  ribbons  in  gilt  letters  for  2s.  6d.  per  dosen. 

TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES'  BOOKS. 
Minute  Book.     For  recording  the  proceedings  of  the  meetings,  &0, 

Cloth,  2s. 
Members'  Fay  Book.    For  entering  the  payments  periodically  made 

by  the  Members.     Cloth,  28. 
Begister  of  Members.      For  entering  names  and  addresses  of  all 

members  on  joining  the  Society.     Cloth,  Is.  6d. 
Treasurer's  Cash  Book.    For  keeping  an  account  of  the  sodetjr^s 

receipts  and  payments.     Cloth,  Is. 
Absentee  Visitors'  Book.    To  place  in  the  hands  of  Visitors,  having 
'or  dates,  reason  of  absence,  &c    Cloth,  6d. 


f  TEMPERANCE    PLBLICATIONS. 


JUVENILE  PLEDGE  CARDS. 


M 


^0.  L    Jkuml  Bord«r  Cavd«  priated  in  wvhi  eoloon,  with  Uank  oeotrM  for 
mtatHm  to  priot  thar  own  pl«dg«,  ^.       2d. ;   ISj.  par  100 
Pkiating  extrm. 
„    S.    Wild's  Minktvre  Band  of  Hopa  Card.     H  ;  ^-  per  100. 
„    9.    WiM^B  Band  of  Hopa  C«rd.     Id. ;  6a.  per  100. 
„    4.    GlaaKOw  Basd  of  Hopa  Card,  No.  1.     Id. ;  6a.  per  100. 
„    5.    CbaltenhamBaDdof  Hope  Card,  No.  1.     id. ;  3a.  per  100. 
y    6L    Usioii  Band  of  Hope  Card— A.     ^^  S  6s.  per  100. 

6T.  Sum  Card,  with  Tobacco  incladed  in  pledge.     Id.     6a.  per  100. 

7.  Unkm  Band  of  Hope  Card— B.     Id. ;  6i.  per  100. 
7T.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  incladed  in  pledge.     Id. ;  6a.  par  100. 

8.  Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— C.     1<^  ;  ^*  P«r  ^00. 

9.  Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— D.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 
9T.  Sum  Card,  with  Tobacco  included  in  pledge.     Id. ;  6i.  per  100. 

M  10.    Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— E.     2d. ;  lOa.  per  100. 
„  lOT.  Sum  Card,  with  Tobacco  incladed  in  pledge.    2d. ;  lOa.  per  100. 
lot.  Crown  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 

11.  Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— p.    4d. 
IIT.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  indaded  in  pledge.    4d. 

12.  Primroae  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id.;  6a.  per  100. 
IS.     Cheltenham  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  2.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 

14.  CheltenhamBandof  HopeCard,  No.2.    Coloared,  2d. ;  t2a.perl00. 

15.  Heath  and  Bell  Band  of  Hope  Card.    2d. ;  12s.  per  100. 

16.  Gkagow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  2.    2d. ;  12a.  per  100. 
16|.  Fonr-Fold  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  68.  per  100. 

17.  Ghagow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  3.     6d. 
„  18.     Union  Senior  Band  of  Hope  Card.    9d. 

ADULT  PLEDGE  CARDS. 

No.  19.  Prifate  Card.     Id.;  48.  6d.  per  100. 

^  20.  Leagae  Floral  Card.     2d.;  128.  per  100. 

^  21.  Wild's  Miniature  Card.     4d. ;  Ss.  per  100. 

,,  21|.  Cheltenham  Card,  No.  1.     ^d. ;  38.  per  100. 

,,  22.  Wild's  Card.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 

„  28.  Glaagow  Card,  No.  1.     Id. ;  68.  per  100. 

„  24.  Cheltenham  Card,  No.  2.     Id. ;  68.  per  100. 

„  25.  Same  Card.     Coloared,  2d. ;  128.  per  100. 

„  26.  Glaagow  Card,  No.  2.    Two  deatgns.    2d. ;  12a.  per  100. 

,,  27.  Charch  of  EngUnd  Abstaining  Declaration.     Id. ;  78.  per  100. 

„  28.  Charch  of  Engkmd  Non-Abstaming  Declaration.     Id. ;  Ts.  per  100. 

„  S9.  Charch  of  SogUnd  JaTenile  Card.     Id. ;  78.  per  100. 

„  80.  Cheltenham  Card,  No.  8.     2d. ;  Ss.  6d.  per  100. 

„  81.  Same  Card.    Coloared,  3d. ;  178.  per  100. 

„  82.  Leagae  lllaminated  Card.     6d. 

„  88.  Gla^w  Card,  No.  8.     Is. 

„  84.  Same  Card,  with  additional  lines  for  a  fiamilj.    If. 

.,  85.  Cheltenham  Family  Card.    Is. 


M 

If 
»» 

T9 
9t 

n 
n 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


ILLUMINATBD  TEXTS,  &c. 

Temperance  Texts  and    Mottoes.    In  colours,  Floral  designs;  for 

rewards,  wall  decora* ions,  &c. 
Packet  No.  1.   2s.    Consisting  of  Bnc  Illuvinated  FlobaIj  Scriptdbi 
Texts.     19  inches  by  7  inches. 

"  Wine  is  a  mocker,  strong  drink  is  raging." 
"  Strong  drink  shall  be  bitter  to  them  that  drink  itL** 
**  He  who  loTeth  wine  shall  not  be  rieh." 
"  Thoo  shalt  not  drink  wine." 
**  Bread  shall  be  given  him,  his  water  shall  be  sine." 
"  Abstain  from  all  appearance  of  evil." 
Packet  No.  2  (uniform  with  No.  1).    2s.    Ck)iitaming  Six  Illuiokated 
Flobal  Cards.    Selected  from  tlie  Poets. 

"  Honest  water  which  ne'er  left  man  i'  the  mire." 
"  Lessened  drink  brings  doabled  bread.*' 
**  Qaaffing  and  drinking  will  nndo  yon." 
**  Becoming  graces :  Justice,  Verity,  Temperanoe.** 
"  Oh  that  men  shonld  pnt  an  enemy  in  their  months  1** 
"  Take  especial  care  thon  deliffht  not  in  wine." 
Packet  No.  3.     1&     Containing  One  Hundred  Texts  and  KoTTOlt 
from  Holy  Scripture  and  the  Poets.   For  Letters,  Ac,  with  Floral  BordttS. 
Tlie  following  are  a  few  of  them :  — 


"  Who  hath  woe,  who  hath  sorrow  ? 

They  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine,  they 

that  go  to  seek  mixt  wine." — JProv. 

zxiii.  29,  80. 

"  In  my  youth  I  never  did  apply. 
Hot  and  rebellions  liquors  to  my  blood, 

Therefore  my  age  is  as  a  lusty  winters- 
Frosty,  but  kindly." — ShaJcspere. 


"  Far  henoe  be  Baoohiuf  gifts,  the  bbief 

rejoined : 
Inflaming  wine,  permcioas  to  mankiBd, 
Unnerves  the  limbs,  and  dulls  thr  nobis 

mind."—  Homer. 
'*  Joy  and  temperance  and  repose, 

Slam  the  door  on  the  doctor's  noes." 

— Lon^ellow, 


Packet  No.  4.  Cd.  Containing  Fiptt  Scriptuiie  Texts.  Uniform  with 

No.  3. 
Six  Cheap   Texts.    On  Stout  Paper,  33  in.  by  Oi  in.    **  Unioa  is 

Strength,"  "Come  and  Join  Us,"  "Prevention  is  Better  than  Cvre^** 

"  Strong  Drink  is  Raging,"    "  Wme  is  a  Mocker,"   "  Water   if  Beit** 

Is.  6d.  for  six  Texts ;  post  free.  Is.  8d. 

<<  Text  Packet,"  The.  Aselectionof  texts  from  Holy  Scripture,  IDumi* 
nated  on  twelve  oarda.    6d. 

Twelve  Shaketperian  Temperance  Mottoes.    Colours.    One  packet 
9d.    Two  others,  6d.  .^aoh. 

'*  Water  Packet,"  The.    Twelve  cards  with  borders  of  Water  Plants, 
Slc,  chromo-lithographed;  and  original  verses  by  S.  C.  Hall,  F.8.A.     Is. 

Wall  Mottoes.    36  inches  by  12  inches.    Is.  6d.  each. 

"  Wine  is  a  Mocker."  |  "  Water  is  Best." 

70  inches  by  12  inches.    3s.  each. 

"  Strong  Drink  is  Raging."  |      **  Be  not  Drunk  with  Wine." 

"  Look  not  thou  upon  the  Wme,*'    \      '*  Prevention  ia  Better  tfaaa  Oore." 

26 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


BANDS  OP  HOPE   REQUISITES. 

ransmitiionU  not  included  in  the  prices  given  under  this  heading, 

[ope  Attendance  Card.    la.  3d.  per  100.    (Postage  14d.) 

Sope  Member's  Pay  Card.      Ruled  for  thirteen  weeks. 
per  100.     (PosU^  2d.) 

Cope  Setter.  Alphabetical  and  chronological.  Cloth,  Is.  6d. 
6d. 

[ope,  The,  in  the  Sandaj  School ;  Hints  as  to  their  necessity , 
9^  formaiioD,  and  management.    By  J.  Milton  Smith.     Id. 

Sope  Kanual,  The.    The  Formation  and  Management  of 
of  Hope  (Jonior  and  Senior)  and  Band  of  Hope  Unions.     6d. 

Hope  Hand-Book,  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the 
hire  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Uope  Union.     3d. 

Sope  Pledge  Efcroll,  in  colours,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top 
ttom  rollerSi  and  rnled  for  100  signatures,     ds. 

Hope  in  Town  or  Village ;  how  to  start  and  work  them. 
'.  John  BuaNErr,  Wesleyan  Minister.     Is. 

Hope  ICnute  Book,  for  recording  the  proceedings  of  the 
ffs,  Ac.    Clotb,  28. 

Sope  Treasurer's  Book,  for  keeping  an  account  of  the 
s  and  expenditure  of  a  Society.    Cloth,  Is. 

\  Band  of  Hope  Popular  Manual,  containing  instructions 
formation,  management,  and  suooeu  of  Juvenile  Sooieties.     Id. 

*  Attendance  Begister,  for  keeping  an  exact  account  of  the 
laoe  of  eaoh  Member  at  the  Meetings.     Is.  6d.  and  2i.  6d.,  cloth. 

'  Pay  Book,  for  entering  the  Periodical  Payments  made  by 
Members.     Is.  6d.  and  2s.  6d. 

and  of  Hope.     A  Manual  containing  forms  for  opening, 
'f  Ao.,  with  roles.     By  Rev.  J.  Ybames.    4d. 
Sertiflcates.    Consent  forms,  to  be  signed  by  the  parents  before 
can  join  a  Band  of  Hope.     Is.  per  100.     (Postage  2d.) 

of  the  Band  of  Hope  to  the  Church  and  Sabbath  School. 
V.  J.  Yeamks.     Id. 

Bands  of  Hope,  leaving  space  for  filling  in  name  of  Society. 
|rht  of  Meeting.     Is.  per  100.     (Postage  2d.) 

and  of  Hope  Addresses  on  Physiology.    By  J.  J.  Pidoe, 
Id. 

CATECHISMS  FOR  JUVENILES. 

lope  Catechism.    By  J.  J.  Hidoe,  M.D.    Id. 

ns  on  Alcohol.    By  Julia  Colman,  of  New  York.    Revised 
apted  for  English  Bands  of  Hope.     Id. 

n  for  Juvenile  Societies,  A.    By  the  Hey.  Geobqe  Patbb- 
ast  Linton.     Illnstrated  ^d. 

ace  Catechism  ;   oi*,  Band  of  Courage  Conyersations.     By 
)A,riD  Macbab.    Id. 

«7 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


LEAFLETS  AND  SMALL  TRACTS. 

Address  to  Teachers  on  Total  Abstinence,  An.   By  Canon  Fabbar. 

2s.  per  100. 
Alcohol  as  a  Medicine  and  a?  a  Beverage.    Extracts  from  the 

Evidence  given  by  Sir  Wm.  Gull,  M.D.,  F.B.8.,  before  tbe  Pe«rt'  Selfltt 

Gommittee  on  lotemperance,  13th  Jaly»  1877.     Is.  4d.  per  100. 
Are  Moderate  Drinkers  Killing  Themselves  P    The  Poor  Msn's 

Poor  Beer.     Who  are  the  Good  Templars  ?     By  J.  Malins.     9 J.  per  100. 
Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Christian  Church.    26.  per  100. 
Duty  of  Sunday  School  Teachers  in  Relation  to  the  Temperance 

Movement.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.     Is.  8d.  per  100. 
Facts  and  Opinions  for  Sunday  School  Teachers.    By  Rey.  G.  W. 

M'Cbeb.     2s.  per  100. 
Good  and  Bad  Times.    By  T.  B.  Fox,  J.P.,  Bristol    2s.  per  100. 
jtvempster's  Pictorial  Readings.    76  nambers.     8d.  per  dosan,  or  ta 

per  100. 
Leaflets— Church  of  England.    Is.  per  100,  or  Ss.  per  IOOOl 


1.  Speech  of  Rev.  Dr.  Weitcott. 

2.  Public  1 1  oases  without  the  Drink, 
a.  A  Few  Words  to  Cabmen. 

4.  Epiftcopal  Utterances. 
6.  Facts  and  Figures 

Jug  Leaflet  (very  telling).    6d.  per  100 

(nett),  with  illustration. 

6.  Facts  for  Working  Men  and  Women. 

7.  Working  lfen*s  Object  Paper. 

8.  Loss  and  Gain  Leallet. 

9.  General  Rules  for  Temperance  Members. 
10.  Eipianatorj     Leaflets    for   Prelhninary 

Distribution. 


11.  Harvest  Work  withoat  Bssr.    (t  ffb) 

Ss.perlO0i 
IS.  A  Few  Words  to  PoUcemtn. 

15.  Important  Mediesl  Leaflet  (S  pp.)  la  pK 
100. 

14.  BnbsUtnte  for  Beer  in  the  HsrvssI  FUML 

16.  Something  to  Drink.    6d.  per  100  (nstt) 

16.  Admission  Service  for  Members. 

17.  Admission  Signatnre  Forms  te 
bution  at  Inaagnral  Meetings. 

18.  Sir  William  Unll  on  Alcohol, 
la  Do  yoor  Duty. 
SO.  Tea  9€r§u$  Deer  in  the  Harvirt  IIML 


Hedical  Men  and  Intoxicating  Drinks.    A  Leaflet    Is.  per  lOOt 
Moderate  Drinking.    By  Sir  Henry  Thompson,  P.  R,C.S.    &.  per  100 
Moderation  v.  Abstinence.    Dy  S.  Bo^tly.    Is.  4d  per  100. 
My  Doctor  Ordered  It.    By  Miss  Helena  Richardson.    Is.  per  lOtL 
Only  for  my  Baby's  Sake.  A  Temperance  Tract  for  Nursiog  Motlm 

Price  Is.  4d.  per  100;  2S  post  free  for  5  stamps. 
Our  Higher   Aims ;    Preycntion  of  Dninkenness,  and  Winning  to 

Consecration  to  God.     By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Wiohtman.     2s.  per  100. 
Philosophy  of  Drinking  and  Drunkenness,  The.    By  W.  TwXEDB. 

In.  4d.  per  100. 
Practical  Hints ;  or,  What  can  I  doP    By  a  Clergyman's  Danghttr. 

per  100. 
Relation  of  the  Church  to  Temparance  Work.    By  Mrs.  J.  C 

BATB3f.\N.     Is.  4d.  per  100. 
Scientific  Evidence  and  Every-day  Experience  in  Relation  to 

Total  Abstinence.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.8.     2s.  per  100. 
Sir  Henry  Thompson's  Letter  to  his  Grace  the  Archbishop  sf 

Canterbary.     A  Leaflet.     Is.  per  100. 
Sir  Henry  Thompson's  Letter  to  Lady  Jane  Ellice.    A  Lesilflt 

Is.  per  IOC. 
Temperance  auestion  at  a  Glance.  The.  By  Dr.  J.  B.  Gill.  Ia4d.  lOfli 
The  Great  Experiment ;  or,  Individual,  Social,  and  Religiov 

Prosperity  considered.    By  Jonathan  Grubb.    2s.  per  100. 
wm  it  Help  Us  P    By  Ke^.  G.  VT.  ITGRttE,    28.  per  100. 
28 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


TRA.OTS  AT  ONE  HALFPENNY.    85.  per  100. 

Advantages  of  Bringing   up   Children   on   Total  Abstinence 

Prineiptes.     Bj  Dr.  Nobman  Kirr. 
Aflbctionate  Appeal,  An,  to  all  who  love  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in 

BiDoeritj.     By  the  late  Archdeacon  Jrpprrts. 
Alcohol  in  Relation  to  Health.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  RicnAiiDsoN,  P.R8. 
Band  of  Hope  Triumph,  A.    By  Miss  Munroe. 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Tracts.    Illustrated.    By  Rev.  0. 

CouRTBNAT  and  others.    A  eeriet  of  twenty,  4^  each. 
Common  Sense.    By  Rey.  W.  Wigiit. 
Count  the  Cost;    or,  What  the  Doctors  Say.      By  Dr.  B.  W. 

BiCRABDSOM. 

Drink  in  the  Hay  and  Harvest  Fields. 

JByila  of  Intemperance.    A  Sermon.    Bv  Rev.  W.  MARsn,  D.D. 

Illustrated  Windsor  Tracts.  By  Canon  Ellison.  Kine  tracts,  ;d.  each. 

I  Never  Thought  of  It.    By  Mrs.  Hind  Smith. 

Look  out  for  the  Safest  Path.    By  S.  A.  Blackwood. 

Lost  Brother,  The.    By  Rev.  Alex.  Wallace. 

Ky  Brother's  Xeei>er.    By  Rev.  William  Arnot. 

Oar  Duty  in  Regard  to  Intemperance.    By  Rev.  B.  Wilberforce. 

Our  Female  Servants. 

Pled^,  The ;  and  Reasons  for  Signing  it.    By  Miss  E.  G.  Wilson. 

Present  Day  Papers.    No.  1,  Rescue  the  Childrca    By  Rev.  Canon 

Farrar.     No.  2,  Tirenty-two  Mayors  on  Total  Abstinence. 
Beasons  for  Continuing  an  Abstainer.    By  .Tonathan  Hvslop. 
headings  for  the  People.    Dlustmted.    A  series  of  three,  ^.  each. 
Shall  our  Scholars  Perish  P    By  the  Rev.  G.  T.  Coster. 
Temperance  Reform  In  the  Village. 

Traffic  in  Intoxicating  Liquors,  The.    By  Rev.  Albert  Barnes, 
Vow  of  the  Rechabite,  The.    By  Canon  Iarrar. 
Who  Fetches  your  Beer  P    By  E.  T.  II. 
Who  is  on  the  Lord's  Side  P    By  the  Rev.  W.  W.  Robinson. 
Why  not  be  a  Teetotaler  P    By  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
Why  should  I  be  a  Teetotaler  P  A  Pai>er  for  Young  Women.  By  0.  8. 
Word  in  Season,  A.    By  Rev.  Thomas  Guthrie. 

TRACTS  AT  ONE  PENNY. 

IMPORTANT  STANDARD  SERIES.      One  Penny  each.     Os.  per  100. 

Abstinence  from  Evil.    By  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.I).,  F.R.S. 
Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind,  The.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.RS. 
Alcoholic  Drinks  as  an  Article  of  Diet  for  Nursing  Mothers.   By 

Jamfs  Edmunds,  M.D. 
Alcoholic  Drinks  not  Necessaries  of  Life.    By  Dr.  A.  Carpenter. 
Band  of  Hope,  The  :  Its  Work  and  Relation  to  the  Christian  Church. 

By  Rev.  J.  8.  Smito. 
Between  the  Living  and  the  Dead.    By  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D. 
Church  Ruins.    By  Rev.  Alex.  Maclbod,  D.D. 
Claims  of  Total  Abstinence  on  the  Educated  Classes,  The.    By 

the  ReT.  Canoo  Farrar.  D.D.,  F.R.8. 
Death  in  the  Pot.    By  Rev.  Dr.  CufLSR. 
Doctors  and  Brandy.    By  Rev.  B.  Wilbebfobce,  M.A. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Does  the  Bible  support  Total  Abstinence  P    By  the  Re^.  R.  Yalpt 

FBE!fCH.  D.C.L. 

Bnemy  of  the  Bace,  An.    Fifth  Edition.    By  Dr.  Andrew  Clark. 

Example,  and  its  Power  over  the  Toong.     By  Miss  Elleh  Webb. 

Female  Intemperance.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 

Giant  with  the  Three  Heads,  Three.    By  ReT.  W.  3L  Tati«or,  D.D. 

GtilMl;  or,  Boiling  away  the  Beproaoh.  By  Rev.  R.  Maouire,  DJ>. 

Habits  and  Health.    By  John  Gill,  M.D. 

Heredity  of  Drunkenness.    By  Dr.  Norscan  Kerr. 

How  is  England  to  be  Saved  P   An  Address  to  Young  Men.   By  Rer. 

Alfx.  H  ANN  ay. 
Hospital  Nursing  without  Alcohol.    By  Two  Lady  Norses. 
Intemperance  and  its  Bemedy.    By  Norman  S.  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.8. 
Is  Total  Abstinence  Safe  P    By  Rev.  H.  8.  Paterson,  M.D. 
Hoderate  Drinking.   The  Opmions  of  Sir  Henry  Thompson,  F.RCS, 

Dr.  B.  W.  BicHABDSoir,  F.R.S.;  Canon  Fakrab,  D.D.,  F.R.S. ;  Sir  B. 

Jas.  Sullivan,  K  C.B.  ;  H.  Sinclair  Pateison,  M.D. ;  Sir  E.  Bamx8»  Ike 
National  Sin,  The.    By  Rev.  B.  Wilberforce,  M.A. 
New  House  and  its  Battlements.    By  Rev.  Joseph  Ck>OK. 
Personal  Advantages  of  Total  Abstinence.  By  Rev.  Valpt  Frsnch. 
Philosophy  of  the  Band  of  Hope  Movement,  The.     By  F.  H. 

Bowman,  F.R.A.S.,  F.L.S.,  <fec. 
Besults  of  Besearches  on  Alcohol.    By  B.  W.  Richardson,  ILD. 
Stimulants  and  Narcotics.    By  James  Muir  Howie,  M.D. 
Stimulants  and  Strength.    By  Rev.  H.  8.  Paterson,  M.D. 
Strong  Drink  and  its  Kesults.    By  Rev.  D.  S.  Govett,  M.A. 
Stumbling- Block  Bemoved,  A.     An  Essay  on  Scripture  Wines. 

By  L.  M.  M. 
Temperance  in  Relation  to  the  Young.    By  Miss  Ricketts. 
Temperance  in  the  School.    Opinions  of  the  Bishop  of  Exeter,  Rev. 

Canon  Hopkins,  Rev.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  Rev.  O.  W.  Oliver,  Sir  OharlM 

Reed,  Chairman  of  the  London  School  Board ;  Marriage  WalUs,  ChsinasB 

of  the  Brighton  School  Board ;  and  T.  M.  Williams. 
Thou  Shalt  not  Hide  Thyself.    By  John  Clifford,  M. A,  LL.R 
Total  Abstinence  in  its  Proper  Place.    By  Samuel  Bowlt. 
To  the  Bescue  :  an  Appeal.    By  Rev.  H.  8.  Patekson,  M.D. 
Verdict  of  Science.    By  N.  S.  Davis,  M.D. 

Vow  of  the  Nazarite,  The.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  P.RS. 
Vow  of  the  Bechabite,  The.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.RS. 
What  shall  Medical  Men  say  about  Alcoholic  Beverazes  P    By 

J.  Jamks  Ridgk,  M.D.,  &o. 
What  is  my  Duty  P    By  the  Rev.  J.  Lewis  Peabse, 
Woman's  Responsibility.    By  Mrs.  Marie  Hilton. 

MISCELLANEOUS   PENNY  TRACTS.    e$.ptrlQO. 

Annual  Ladies'  Meeting.    (Church  of  England  Temperance  Sodety.) 
Are  You  Sure  You  are  Bisrht  P    By  the  Rev.  J.  fl.  Townsend. 
Battlements  and  Bloodgmltiness.    By  S.  A.  Blackwood. 
Bessbrook  and  its  Linen  Mills.    A  Short  Narrative  of  a   Hodd 

Temperance  Town.    By  J.  Ewiko  Ritchie. 
Bishop  of  Bochester's  Sermon.    Preached  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Cautions  about  Drink.    By  Rev.  Canon  Ellison. 

80 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Christmas  Ooose  Club  at  the  Wliite  Hart.    By  E.  K  Dauglish. 
Chrittiaiiity  and  the  Temperance  Movement.  By  Rev.  J.  F.  Porter. 
Claims  of  the  Temperance  Movement  upon  every  Member  of 

the  Charoh  of  Engliuid.     By  A.  M.  Chance. 
Downfall  of  the  Drink  Dagon.    An  Argument  and  an  Apology.    By 

Rot.  G.  M.  Murpht. 
Drink  in  the  Workshop.    By  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
Duty  of  the  Church  in  the  Present  Crisis.    By  Canon  Farrar. 
Duty  of  Sunday-school  Teachers  in  reference  to  the  National 

Sin  of  IntemperaDce.     By  A.  Sahoant. 
Duty  of  the  Christian  in  relation  to  prevailing  Intemperance. 

By  Rev.  A.  Lowb,  Ph.D. 
Drinking   System   and   its   Evils,    Viewed   from   a   Christian 

Standpoint.     By  W.  Hoylb. 
Sconomic  Influence  of  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society.    By  W. 

HOTLK. 

Economic  Conditions  of  Good  Trade.    By  W.  Hoylr. 

Fifty  Tears  of  Drinking  and  its  Influence  upon  the  Wealth 

and  iodustrial  well-being  of  the  Nation.     By  W.  Hoyle. 
God  or  Mammon.    An  appeal  to  the  Christian  Church  on  the  Drink 

QaestioD.     By  J.  M.  Smith. 
God's  purpose  in  Abstinence.    By  Rev.  J.  Gossett  Farmer. 
Hard  work  in  the  Harvest  Field. 

How  to  Cure  and  Prevent  the  Desire  for  Drink.    By  T.  H.  Evan& 
How  to  Check  Drunkenness.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 
How  to  Interest,  Instruct,  and  Hetain  our  Members.    A  Prize 

Essay.     By  W.  H.  Denison,  S.D. 
How  Working   Men   may   Help   Themselves.    By  Rev.  Canon 

Farrab,  D.D.,  and  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson. 
I  Cannot  Abstain,  What  Can  I  Do  P     (Church  of  Enj^land  Tem- 
perance Society.)     By  Rev.  G.  B.  Sprioo,  M.A. 
Is  Alcohol  Necessary  to  IdfeP    By  Dr.  Munroe. 
John  Hampton's  Home :  What  it  Was,  and  What  it  Became.     With 

Preface  by  the  KeT.  R.  Maquirb,  M.A.     liluatrated  by  Sir  John  Gildert. 
Letters  to  a  Church  Member.    By  an  Old  Water-Drinker. 
Mait  Liquor.    New  Lecture  on.    By  J.  Livesey. 
Medical  Orders.    By  Mrs.  Best. 
Moderate   Use   of  Intoxicating   Drinks,    The.    By  Dr.   W.   B. 

Carpinter. 
Oration  on  Temperance,  An.    By  John  B.  Gouqh. 
Our  Homes  in  Danger.    By  Marie  Hilton. 
Plants  as  Water  Drinkers.    A  Lecture.    By  Elizabeth  Twining, 
Public  House  against  the  Public  Weal,  The.    By  Rev.  William 

Arnot,  Edinburgh. 
Rescue  Work.    By  Alfred  Sargant. 
Bight  Hand  Cut  off,  The.    By  Rev.  C.  H.  But.lock. 
Scriptural  Claims  of  Teetotalism.    By  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
Six  Sermons  on  the  Nature,  Occasions,  Signs,  Evils,  and  Remedy 

of  Intern peranoe.     By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Biechbb. 
Son  of  my  Friend,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Stop  the  Gap.  A  Plea  for  Bands  of  Hope.   By  Rev.  G.  Garrett.  16  pp. 
Stopford  J.  Bam.    A  Memorial  Sermon.    By  Rev.  H.  G.  Sprigo. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Sunday-scliool  Teacher,  The.     By  Kev.  J.  H.  Potter. 

Suggestions  as  to  Imparting  Systematic  Knowledge  of  Tem- 
perance at  Band  of  Hope  Meetings.     By  C.  L.  Balpouk. 

Teachers  and  Temperance.    By  Roy.  J.  H.  Potter. 

Testimony  of  Sir  William  Gull,  M.D.,  before  the  Lords'  Com- 
mittee on  Intemperanoe. 

Thoughts  on  Temperance  by  American  Women. 

Throne  of  Iniquity,  The ;  or,  SustainlDg  Eyil  by  Law.  By  the 
Bev.  Albert  Barnes.    Neir  Edition.    Tenth  Thousand. 

Water  and  Alcohol,  the  two  Oreat  Bivalf,  Physiologically  tnd 

Chemically  considered.     By  E.  R.  H.  Unoer,  M.A. 

Why  do  People  Drink  P    A  Lecture.    By  Professor  Fowlkb. 

Will  it  Injure  my  Health  P    By  Dr.  Sthbb  Thompsok. 

Women's  Medical  Use  of  Alcohol.    By  Mrs.  Helen  Kirk. 

Word  to  the  Pledge,  A.    By  Rey.  C.  Courtenat. 

Word  for  the  Pledge,  A.    By  Rey.  G.  Courtenat. 

Words  from  the  Workshop.    By  Newman  Hall. 

TRACTS  AT  TWOPENCE. 

'< British  Workman"  Series  of  Tracts.    82  pp.  and  glaied  ooyer. 

A  Series  of  41  Tracts.     2d.  each. 
Claims  of  the  Temperance  Movement  ui>on  UniversitiMy  dtc. 

By  Bevs.  Canon  Ellison  and  Canon  Fabeab. 
Coloured  Tracts.    Twenty  pages.    With  coloured  Coyer  and  mtny 

Illastrations.  Cont^ning  Stories  for  Working  Men  <m  Tempenuioe  •objwti. 

A  Series  of  41 .    2d.  each. 
Our  Social  and  Material  Condition,  as  compared  with  80  yean  sgo. 

By  Wm.  Horn. 
Onr  Temperance  Societies,  their  Nature  and  Purpose.     By  Rer. 

Thomas  Nicholson. 
Our  Young  Men  for  Temperance,  and  Temperance  for  our  Yonag 

Men.     By  the  BrOT.  W.  M.  Tatlob,  M.A. 
Parochial  Temperance  Work.    By  Rey.  Canon  Ellison. 
Philosophy  of  Moderate  Drinking.    By  Jambs  Inwards. 
PhjTsiolo^cal  Errors  of  Moderation,  The.    By  W.  B.  Cabpxntbb. 
Threatening  Element  in  England^s  Prosperity,  The;    or.  Poor 

Laws,  Edacation  and  Prohibition.     By  Samuel  Fothbrqill. 
What   Stops  the  Way.     By  Mrs.  Baylbt,  Author  of  *' Bagged 

Homes,  and  How  to  Mend  Them."     Fifth  Thousand. 
What  will  you  take  to  drink  P    By  Rey.  H.  W.  Jones,  F.RJ1S. 
Work  and  Wages.    By  J.  W.  Kirton,  Author  of  **  Buy  yoor  own 

Cherries.'* 

Who  should  Clear  the  Way  P    By  Mrs.  Baylbt. 

TRACTS    IN    PACKETS. 

Christian  Church  and  the  National  Sin.    Nos.  1  to  80  in  three 

packets,  Is.  each. 
Ohorch  of  England  Temperance  Tracts.    Illustrated.     Assorted 

packets.  Is.,  containing  Nos.  1  tol8 ;  may  be  also  had  in  sepaimtsnnmlMn; 

and  in  one  vol.,  cloth,  Is.  6d. 

Death  King,  The ;  holding  solemn  court.    An  Allegoiy.    Psckei 
containing  60,  6d. 
B9 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Earlham  Temperance  Series  of  16  pp.  Illustrated  Tracts.    One 
halfpenny  emch.  Koe.  1  to  6  may  be  had  in  aasorted  paoketv,  price  6d.  eanb. 

Triend  in  Need  Papers,  The.  2'i  Numbers  in  a  Packet.  Price  9d. 
1.  GeUing  the  Better  of  it.  2.  A  Sad  Story.  8.  The  Broken  Pledge.  4.  A 
Contrast  for  Wives  (1).  5.  A  Contrast  for  Wives  (2).  6.  The  Missing 
Letter.  7.  Two  Harvest  Homes.  8.  The  Yonng  Reomit.  9.  The  Gathered 
Rosebud.  10.  Mike  the  Miner.  11.  An  Old  Sailor's  Yam.  12.  The 
NaTvies'  Choice.  13.  A  New  Year's  Welcome.  14.  The  Broken  Leg. 
15.  What  good  does  Nagging  do?  16.  Thirty  Thousand  Pounds.  17. 
The  Lifeboat  18.  "Oar  Organist."  19.  Lion's  Master.  20.  The 
Changed  Hamlet.  21.  Mrs.  Mnndj's  Story.  22.  Reduced  to  the  Ranks. 
28.  Making  the  Best  of  it.     24.  Mending  Nets. 

Half-hour  Tracts.  By  Rev.  C.  Courtenay.  An  assortment  of  twelve, 
li. 

niustrated  Fly  Leaves.  An  assortment  of  21  Subjects.  Price  28.  6d. 
per  100,  or  4d.  per  dozen. 

Ipswich  Series  of  Tracts.    In  assorted  packets,  containiDg  500.    48. 

Juvenile  Library.  Numbers  1  to  36  may  now  be  had  in  three  assorted 
packets,  A,  B,  and  C.     Price  6d.  each  packet. 

Juvenile  Temperance  Series.  Small  books  by  various  authors,  a  most 
attractive  set  of  short  stories  for  Juveniles,  now  being  issued  in  Sixpenny 
Packets.  Packets  1,  2,  and  3,  are  noir  ready,  or  in  tiro  vols.,  cloth,  gilt, 
Is.  each. 

Contents  of  Packet  No.  1. 


1.  A  Story  for  Esater  Sunday. 

2.  8aTcd  from  a  Watery  Grave. 

3.  Aunt  Nellie's  Fairy  Tale. 

4.  The  Thief  of  Thievef. 

5.  The  Silver  Star. 

6.  Avice  Hudson's  Secret. 


7.  Aunt  Ethel's  Saorifloe. 

B.  Flosaie's  Fault. 

9.  Harry  Harwell's  Promise. 

10.  How  Johnny  made  his  Welcome. 

11.  How  Bertie  Spent  his  Pocket-money. 
IS.  Cowardly  Charlie. 


Contents  of  Packet  No.  2. 


1.  The  Forget-Me-Nots. 

2.  May  Lennard'a  Adventure. 

3.  Only  the  Wine. 


4.  Mark  Halmond. 

5.  Mother's  Silver  Wedding. 

6   Dickey's  Work  for  Temperance. 


Contents  of  Packet  No.  3. 


10.  What  a  * '  Band  of  Hope  "  Bot  did. 

11.  Dr.  Kent's  Temperance  Meeting. 

12.  Tiny  Tom's  Mission. 


7.  The  T«rrible  Little  Man. 

8.  Teddy. 

9.  Baby  Josephine. 

Medical  Opinions  on  the  Temperance  Question.  In  assorted  packets, 
6d.  each. 

Norwich  Tracts.  lu  assorted  packets.  Twenty  different  packets  at  6d. 
each.  Nob.  1  to  20.  Large  type  series,  three  packets  ready,  Is.  each.  True 
Tales  for  the  people,  in  illustrated  wrapper,  two  packets,  Is.  each.  Id. 
packets  for  sale  at  Meetings,  8s.  per  gross.  Enyelope  Series,  for  enclosing 
in  Letters,  6d.  per  packet. 

Our  Homes.  A  Series  of  small  books  on  Christian  Temperance.  By 
Mrs.  G.  S.  Beankt.    Twelve  books  in  packet.    6d. 

Popular  Temperance  Leaflets.  By  Josefh  Liyeset,  J.  B.  Gouoh, 
Dr.  B.  W.  EiCHABDSON,  and  Rev.  Canon  B.  Wilbkrforcb.  In  packets 
containing  160  Tracts  each,  6d.  Announcements  of  Meetings  printed  at 
the  hack  of  these  Tracts,  at  5s.  per  1,000  for  fifty  words,  additional  matter 
being  extra. 
88  1 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Readings  for  the  Young.  A  new  Scries  of  interesting  Keadings,  suit- 
able for  the  Home,  Sanday  Scboolf ,  and  Bands  of  Hope.  In  8-page  Tracts, 
One  Halfpenny  each  ;  or,  per  100,  for  dUtribation,  2s.  6d.  In  assorted 
packets,  6d.  each.    The  whole  Thirteen  in  a  neat  paper  wrmpper,  6d. 


1.  Jennie  Duncan's  First  Lie.    What  came 

Itom  Telling  the  Truth. 

2.  Neddie's    Temptation.      Stromrle   and 

Triumph.    8sy  Well  and  Do  Well 
8.  Sylrester  the  Hunchback.  What  is  that. 

Mother? 
4.  Jessie;  or.  Father  Coming  Home.    A 

Bsllsd. 
6.  The  Poor  Scholar,  and  How  the  Gh-ls 

Troubled  Her.    Behold  the  Fowls  of 

the  Air. 


e.  Minnie's  Tfemptatioo. 

7.  Only  one  of  Kitty's  Whims. 

8.  Eustace  Carroll's  Sketch. 

9.  Willie  and  the  Doctor. 

10.  Charley  and  hia  Bailway  Companion, 

IL  The  Orphans. 

12.  Cold  Water  Boys. 

IS.  A  Glimpse  of  Schoolboy  Lift. 


Scottisli  League  Pictorial  Tracts.  Packets  containing  95  Tracts 
assorted— Nos.  1  to  25,  26  to  50,  51  to  75,  76  to  100,  101  to  125,  126  to 
150,  151  to  175,  176  to  200,  201  to  225,  226  to  250,  and  251  to  275.  Each 
6d.  Also  in  Yolnmes,  bound  in  cloth  limp,  each  Yolame  containiiig  86 
Tracts.— Nos.  1  to  36,  37  to  72,  73  to  108,  109toU4,  145  to  180, 181  to 
216,  217  to  252.    Each  Is. 

Scottisli  League*8  Crown  8vo  Series.  In  packets  containing  one  of 
each.  [  One  Shilling  in  postage  stamps.    Also,  in  a  Yolnme,  paper  eoven,  la. 

Scottisli  Leagrue's  Tracts  for  the  Toung.  Hlostrated  with  En- 
graTings  on  wood.  Assorted  in  Five  packets,  price  6d.  each,  free  by  post. 
Each  packet  containing  6  copies  each  of  12  different  tracta. 

Scottish  Temperance  League  Leaflets.    Eight  sorts  in  packets  of 

100.    4d. 
Shipley  Leaflets.    In  packets  of  100,  3d.    Assorted,  in  packets  of  200, 

Sixpence  each.    400,  Is. 
Standard  Tracts  (the  titles  of  wliicli  will  be  found  under  heading  of 

"  Leaflets  and  Small  Tracts  ")  in  assorted  packets,  at  Is. 
Standard  Leaflets  and  Small  Tracts  (the  titles  of  which  are  given 

nnder  *'  Penny  Tracts,  important  Standard  Seriea")  in  assorted  paokets, 

at  Is. 
Starlight  Temperance  Series.   Forty  illustrated  4  pp.  tracts  in  a  packet 

Nos.  1  and  2,  6d.  each. 
Temperance  Oems.  Assorted  packet,  containing  6  each,  of  20  sorts.  Is. 

Temperance  Leaflets  for  Letters,  on  Various  Aspects  of  tbe  Tem- 
perance Question.  By  well-known  Writers.  Neatly  printed  on  tinted 
paper.     Sold  in  assorted  packets,  at  6d.  and  Is.  each. 

ANNUALS. 

Evans's  Temperance  Annual.    1877-82.    Paper  coyers,  8d.  each. 

The  National  Temperance  League's  Annual  for  1882.  With  por- 
trait of  Sir  Edwabd  Bainis,  engraTed  on  steel,  as  frontispiece.  Paper 
ooTers,  Is. ;  cloth,  boards,  gilt.  Is.  6d. 

Thto  National  Temperance  Lei^rue's  Annual  fbr  1881.  With  steel 
portrait  of  Mr.  Samvkl  Bowlt.  Is.  and  Is.  6d.  A  few  copies  siUI  in  print. 

The  National  Temperance  Tear  Book  for  1881.    A  Bixectoiy  of 
Temperance  Work  and  Workers.    Paper,  Is. ;  olotb,  li.  6d. 
84 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


GOOD  TEMPLAR  LITBRATURB,  &c. 

Absentees'  Visiting  Book.    100  leaves.    Is. 

An  Exposition  of  the  Order,  Principles,  and  Aims  of  the  GK>od 

Templars.     By  Coaocillor  J.  Cowakd.     Id. 
Catechism.    By  William  Drew.    Id.  each. 

Ceremonies  for  the  Dedication  of  Halls,  for  Fanerals,  Reception  of 

Card  Membem  aitd  VlsitorB  in  Lodges,  &c.     Id. 
Concise  History  of  the  GK>od  Templar  Order.    By  S.  P.  Thomfson. 

2d. 
Degree  Temple  Constitution.    2d. 

District  Lodge  Constitution.    2d. 

Duties  of  Deputies  and  Officers.    Heyised  by  J.  Malins.    Id. 

Grand  Lodge  Constitution  and  Bye-laws.    2d. 

Good  of  the  Order,  The :  Practical  Articles  relative  to  the  working  of 
Lodges.  By  the  Hon.  8.  B.  Chase.  Brevised  by  J.  Malins,  8d.  eaoh ;  or 
large  type  edition,  6d. 

Good  Templars,  The.:  Who  and  What  are  they  ?  By  J.  W.  Kibton.  Id. 

Heraldic  Certificate,  20  by  15,  Is.  6d. 

Juvenile  Book  of  Odes.    {d. 

Juvenile  Card  of  Membership  (Illuminated).    Id. 

Juvenile  Temple  Constitution  and  Bye-laws.    Id. 

Juvenile  Temple  Minute  Book,  Is.  Attendance  Book,  2s.  Gonstitn- 
tion  Book,  6d.  Proposition  Book,  6d.  Financial  Secretary's  Book,  6d. 
Treasurer's  Book,  6d. 

Juvenile  Temple  Fledge  Book.    Id. 

Kempster's  Certificate  of  Membership.    Is. 

Manual  of  the  Order:   an  Exposition  of  its  History,  Objects,  and 

Working.     By  S.  B.  Chase.     2d. ;  large  type,  3d. 
Ode  Book,  Subordinate  and  Degree.    Id.    Music  to  ditto.    Staff 

Notation,  9d.     Tonio  Sol-Fa,  9d. 
Popular  Explanation  of  the  Order,  A.    By  J.  W.  Kirtok.    Id. 
Right  Worthy  Grand  I«odge  Constitution  and  Bye-laws.    8d. 
Seals  in  boxes.    Is.  per  box.    Silk,  Is.  each. 
Stationery  in  packets.    6d.    Boxes,  Is.    Envelopes,  Is.  per  100. 
Story  of  tne  Order  of  the  Knights  Templars,  The.    By  S.  P.  Thoxf- 

BON,  B.A.     2d. 
Sub-IiOdge  Constitution  and  Extracts  of  G.  L.  Bye-laws.    Id. 
Sub-Lodge  Forms.    Nos.  1  to  6.    Is.  per  100. 

Subordinate  Lodge  Minute  Book,  3s.  and  3s.  9d.,  Attendance  Book, 
2s.  and  2s.  6d.  Constitution  Book,  2s.  and  2s.  6d.  W.  F.  S.'s  Book,  2e. 
and  28.  6d.  Degree  Boll  Book,  9d.  and  Is.  Offioers'  Roll  Book,  If. 
Treasurer's  Book,  Is.  Visitor's  Book,  Ss.  6d.  Beoeipt  Books  for  Sub- 
scriptions and  Password,  100  leaves.  Is. 

Templar  Tracts  :  Good  Templary,  its  History  and  Principles  ;  My  Mother's 
Gold  Ring;  Bishop  of  Exeter  on  Good  Templary;  Spirit  of  the  Order; 
The  Good  Templars,  a  Great  Confederation.    2s.  per  100. 
85  1 2 


TEMPERANCE    PUBUCATIONS. 


PERIODICALS. 

Suhseription  Copies  of  any  of  these  Periodicals  regvlarly  seni  through  the  p*** 

Penny  Weeklies ...     6s,  td.  per  annum. 

Penny  Monthlies  1<.  (id,  „ 

Halfpenny  Monthlies    ...         ...  9d.  „ 

Alliance  News,  The.     The  Organ  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance^ 
One  Penny,  weeklj. 

AdviBer,  The.    An  Ulostrated  Magazine  for  Cluldren.    id. 

Band  of  Hope  Chronicle,  The.    Monthly,  Id. 

Band  of  Hope  Beview.    Monthly,  id. 

Band  of  Hope  Treasury.    Monthly,  4d. 

Bible  Temperance  Educator.    Monthly,  3d. 

British  Temperance  Advocate,  The.    Oigan  of  the  British  Tempe- 
rance League.    Monthly,  Id. 

British  Workman.    Monthly,  Id. 

Church  and  Home  Magazine.    MonUily,  |d. 

Church  of  England  Temperance  Chroni(de,  The.  The  Offldsl 
Organ  of  the  Gharch  of  EngUnd  Temperance  Society.     Saturdays,  Id. 

Good  Templars'  Watchword,  The.    The  Official  Organ  of  the  Gnnd 

Lodge  of  England.    Mondays,  Id. 
Irish  Temperance  League  Journal,    Monthly,  Id. 
Juvenile  Templar,  The.    Monthly,  jd. 
League   Journal.      Organ   of    the    Scottish    Temperance    League. 

Weekly,  Id. 

Medical  Temx>erance  Journal,  The.  The  Organ  of  the  British 
Temperance  Medical  AsBociaiion.  Pablished  Qaarterly.  Sixpence.  (Free 
by  post,  28.  per  annnm.)  In  yOLUMBS,  each  containing  four  Qoszterly 
Parts,  free  by  post,  price  2§.  6d.  each.     Two  Vols,  in  One,  cloth,  5s. 

Methodist  Temperance  Magazine.    Monthly,  Id. 

Metropolitan  Temperance  Advocate.    Monthly,  Id. 

National  Temperance  Mirror.  A  Popular  Illustrated  Magazine  for 
the  Home  Circle.  Monthly,  Id.  This  paper  may  also  be  supplied  to 
Societies  with  local  names. 

National  Temi>erance  Beader.      Hecitations,  Readings,  Dialogues, 

&o.f  original  and  selected.     Monthly,  Idi 
Onward  and  Onward  Reciter,  The.    Monthly,  Id. 

Bechabite  and  Temi>erance  Magazine.    Monthly,  Id. 

Son  of  Temperance,  The.        Monthly,  Id. 

Sunrise.    An  Illustrated  Magazine  for  Young  Folks,    ^d. 

Temperance  Becord,  The.    The  Organ  of  the  National  Temperance 
League.    Thursdays,  Id. 
"  Snob  a  temperance  paper  as  all  papers  should  be— earnest,  cleyer,  temperate,  Cbristian, 
and  filled  with  interesting  reading,  such  as  would  catch  the  ejeof  the  non- teetotaler,  and 
constrain  him  to  hear  the  arguments  for  total  abstinence."— Rev.  Chablgs  H.  Srvaasov. 

Temperance    Worker    and    Band   of   Hope    Conductor,    The. 

Monthly,  2d. 
Weettm  Temperance  Herald.    Organ  of  the  Western  Temperance 

League.    Monthly,  Id. 

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Dr.  }3.   W.  Ricliardion  on  the  Permissive  Bill 
The  Chancellor  of  the  Excbeqaer  on  Permissive  Legislation. 
Rev.  CaLon  Farrar  on  the  Permlssiye  Bill. 
Sir  William  Gull  on  Alcohol. 
The  President  of  the  Social  Science  Congress  on  the  Drink  Problem. 

7.  The  Lord  Chief  Justice  on  How  to  Empty  Gaols.     Rail  parcels  at  (to. 

per  100. 

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10.  Hy  Account  with  Her  Majesty. 
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19.  Reduced  to  the  Ranks. 
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24.  A  Pledge  for  a  Pledge. 

26.  Losings  Bank  and  Savings  Bank. 

28.  John  Morton's  New  Harmonium. 

80.  The  *•  THs  But's  "  Box. 

85.  My  First  Ministerial  Difficulty. 


86.  Something    to  show    for   your 

Money. 
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60.  John  Rose  and  his  Freehold. 
67.  "  Dip  your  Roll  in  your  own  Pot.** 
58.  Our  Christmas  Tree. 
69.  Tim's  Oration. 

93.  Chalk  your  own  Door. 

94.  John  B.  Gough. 

96.  Story  ol  Rough  Will. 

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M.O,  Jonv  TwKZDT,  F.RC.8.  Alcohol:  lUUse  and  Abiue.  Bathaand 
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arirj  iu  Kurroundinga,  The.  Penonal  Appearances  in  Health  and  Diteaaa. 
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Bey.  Father  LOCKHABT. 

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P  R  I  Z  E     TA  L  E  S. 

The  Prize  Tales  issued  by  the  Union  should  be  placed  in  every  Band  of  Hope 
isd  Sunday  School  Library.  They  if  ill  also  be  found  admirably  adapted  for 
private  collections,  Reward  Books,  or  Presents  to  Friends.  Beautifully  printed 
on  good  paper,  with  Six  Engravings,  and  elegantly  bound  in  uniform  style. 

Price  38.  6d.  each  (postaire,  5d.). 

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HYMNS  AND   SONGS    FOR    BANDS    OF    HOPE. 

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SECTIONS  :- 
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II.  ReligiooB  Urmns  and  Songs.  V.  Miscellaneous  Temperance  Songs. 

111.  Home  and  Social  Duties.  I     VI.  Rounds. 

YII.  Closing  Hymns  and  Bongs. 

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CONaXJEBOBS. 

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ByFniDK.  Shbblock.    With  original  lilus- 

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II  I.— TEMPEBANCE 

LANDMABKS. 

1820-1870. 
By  the  Rev.  Rosift*  Maquxbi,  D.D. 

*'  Should  be  read  by  all  who  have  the  wel- 
fare of  the  people  at  heart."— Pit^/ie  Opinion, 


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IV.— JOSEPH   LIVESEY: 

A  Life  and  iti  Lestonf . 

By  FaiDK.  Suxblock,  Author  of  "lUustrious 
Abstainers,"  fto. 

"We  fttrongly  recommend  it"  — I>ai7y 
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HAND   AND    HEART. 

A    FAMILY,    SOCIAL    AND     TEMPERANCE    JOURNAL. 

MONTHLY,     ONE     PENNY. 

FOrtrjdts  and  Biographical  Sketches  of  many  representatives  of  the  Temperance  movement 

have  recently  appeared. 

*'  Our  friends  will  do  well  to  get  hold  of  Band  and  Heart;  they  will  find  it  deeply  ifite- 
rcsting."— ^{^iance  Ifewt. 

Id.]  The  CHURCH  STANDARD.  [Weekly. 

An    Illustrated    Journal    and    Review. 


GIVES    ALL    THE    NEWS    OF    THB    WEBK. 


"  The  Art  is  as  good  as  the  literature."— ^r^  Journal, 

6d.] 


THE    FIRESIDE. 


[Monthly. 


Edited  by  the  Bev.  OHABLE8  BULLOCK,  BD. 

Contains  a  seriet  of  papers  on  TEMPERANCE  PIONEERS,  byFRssK.  Srebloox, 

Author  of  "Illustrious  Abstalnert." 


Id.]  HOME    WORDS.  [Monthly. 

Edited  by  the  Bev.  CHABLE8  BULLOCK,  B.D. 

The  January  No.  will  contain  the  first  of  a  series  of  TEMPERANCE  ABBOWS^ 

by  Fbbdk.  Shxrlock. 

"Home  Words"  Temperance  Arrows  msy  also  be  had  in  leaflet  form  for  wide  distribntioD* 

at  Is.  per  100. 


London:  "HOME  WORDS"  Office,  1,  Paternoster  Buildings,  KG. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


The  A0ad4mf  uys :  **  Mr.  Sherlock  is  well-known  as  u  Able  writer  on  Temperaaoe  nbJeeU.*' 

TEMPEBANCK  BOOKS  BY  FBEDK.  SHEBLOCK. 

A  New  Edition,  Fourth  Thoneand,  handiomely  bonnd.  St.  0d. 

I.-ILLUSTRIOUS    ABSTAINERS. 

Containing  Biographical  Sketches  of  Dr.  B.  W.  BICHABDSON,  F.B.8.,  CAiroir 
FAB  BAR,  D.D.,  F.B.B.,  Sia  WILFBID  LAWSON.  Bart.,  ILP^  Sis  WALTER 
TBBVELYAN,  Wthxb  MATHEW,  JOHN  B.  GOUOH,  Camost  BASIL  WILBBK- 
FORCE,  THOMAS  BUBT,  M.P.,  Sia  H.  THOMPSON.  F.B.C.8.,  Presidkht  HAYES, 
THOMAS  EDWARD,  SAMUBL  PLIMSOLL,  S.  MORLEY,  M.P.,  Ac.,  ko. 

The  Dailg  TeU^apk  says:— "A  most  entertaining  and  readable  little  book.  In  which 
Temperance  principles  are  temperately  treated  from  the  biographical  point  of  view.  Mr. 
Sherlock  has  given  a  most  effective  reply  to  the  common  insinoation  that  it  is  only  weak- 
minded  people  who  are  teetotalers.  •  .  .  We  are  quite  certain  that  Mr.  Sherlock's  twenty 
represeutative  biographies  will  do  great  service." 

0x0.  Aug.  Sala,  in  the  lUuatraMl  London  ITetei,  says :— **  Advocates  of  the  cause  of 
Total  Abstinence  will  be  highly  interested  and  as  highly  edified  by  the  perusal  of  this  bright 
Tolume.    It  is  an  excellent  book." 


Now  Beady.    Second  Thousand,  handsomely  bound,  3s.  6d. 

Jl.— HEROES    IN    THE    STRIFE: 

Or,  The  Temperance  Testimonies  of  Some  Eminent  Ken. 

Containing  Sketches  of  JOHN  BBIGHT,  M.P.,  JOHN  WESLEY,  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 
DAVID  LIVINGSTONE,  CHAS.  H.|  SPUBGBON,  Cabdutal  MANNING,  HUBERT 
UEBKOMEB,  A.R.A.,  Sib  CHARLES  NAPIER,  JOHN  LOCKE,  Ac. 

"An  addition  to  Temperance  literature  of  a  very  practical  kind." — Public  Opiniou, 
**  The  rich  fruit  of  careful  and  extensive  research. "^iSoeial  Beformer. 
*'  Carefully  written,  and  calculated  to  do  much  good." — LiUrarjf  World, 
"  Mr,  Sherlock  is  both  a  ready  and  a  racy  writer.    As  a  prise  book  it  ought  to  be  in  large 
request.'*— Alliance  Newt. 

Now  Ready.    New  Edition,  Second  Thousand,  handsomely  bound,  with  fine  Portrait^  Is. 

III.— JOSEPH   LIVESEY :  A  Life  and  its  Lessons. 

"  We  have  read  the  sketch  through  with  pleasure,  and  strongly  recommend  it  to  every 
'mun,  young  or  old,  who  is  desirous  of  bettering  his  prospects,  and  making  his  home  happy 
and  comfortable." — Dailjf  Chronicle. 

Just  published,  handsomely  bound.  Is. 

JV.— MORE    THAN    CONQUERORS: 

A  Temperance  Tale  in  Twelve  Cliapters. 

With  original  Illustrations  by  Gordon  Browke,  Johk  Lawsov,  and  others. 


v.- 


Second  Thousand.    Paper  boards,  8d. ;  doth.  Is. 

FIFTY  YEARS  AGO:  or,  Erin's  Temperance  Jubilee. 

Personal   Reminiscences   and   Historical   Notes   by   rarions   contributors. 

Edited  by  Frkuk.   Shiblock. 


Our  Harry.    Tenth  Thousand.    Id. 

Saved  by  Mope.  Twelfth  Thousand.  Id. 

Signals  of  Distress.  Eighth  Thousand. 
Is.  6d.  per  100. 

I  won't  Abstain.  An  Illustrious  Mus- 
ter Roll.    630th  Thousand.  6d.  per  100. 


John  B.  Gongh:  The  Man  and  his 
Work.    Fifteenth  Thousand.    Id. 

A  Famous  Boy.  Fifth  Thousand  Id. 

A  Hymn  for  Abstainers.  Music  by 
Sir  R.  P.  SxrwAKT.  Twenty-first  Thoo- 
sand.    Id. 


May  be  had  at  the  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand.  W.C.; 
aft  m  OHURCHIOF  ENGLAND  TEMPEHKHCt  ^0(i\tT('^  W^UC^TION  DEPOT,  BRioae  8n«T. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


FACT,  FUN,  and  FICTION. 

POPULAR  TEMPERANCE  HEADINGS, 


POPUUR 


SHORT  STORIES, 

Tem«ra«ceN\DIAL0&UE8  and  EECITATI0N8, 
EIITER-      \V  By  T.  H.  EVANS. 

TAINMENTS 


AUa 


Dabhtho  a  Cob- 

w«B.  For  S  female! . 

Id. 
Gkotvrkt  Giuinoxb's 

OuBSTS.  For  7  charac- 
ters.   Id. 
SiLiKA.  Sclbt'sStbataokm. 

For  6  characters.   3d.   3rd 

Edition. 
Soxbtbibo  to  tbeib  Astak- 

TAGB.    For  5  characters.  Id. 
Nawct   Nathan's   Nosboay. 


of  Non- 

■enie.  Id. 

Just  for  • 

Ijark.   Id. 

Oftught  in  his 

own  Trap.  Id. 

A  Man  without 

a  Fault.    Id. 

A  Man  who  could 

The  two  vols,  in  one,  /  /   do  impostibilitiei.  Id. 

paper  covers,  28.;    //  A  Tear  from  the  eye 

cloth,  gilt,     //        of  a  Needle,    id. 

2s.  6d.      //  Tirri  Fivt  ofabov;  in  cover,  9d, 


The  ABSTAINER'S  Companion 

(Etaks*  Annual  vob  1877-78-79). 
Cloth,  gilt,  U.  6d.  potlfrt*. 


Second  Series.  1880-1 -2, 1/6. 


operetta  for  Lady  and  Gentleman . 
Scl. 


__.    8th  Edition. 
Tbb  Two  Madmen.  For  2  males.  Id. 
Pkbcftal  Pboctor's  Pbojbct.    For  2 

males.    Id. 
Harriet  Habland's  Husband.    For 

4  characters.    Id.   3rd  Edition. 
TnB  Htstbbious  Stbanobb.    For 

3  males.    Id.  [racters    Id. 

FooLisn  Fancied.     For  8  cha- 
Out   of  the  Wobld.      For  2 

males.  Id.  rraoten.  Id. 

Fast   Asleep.     For  7  cha-  ,  / -.-.^-.^-.-^  .  «<./vn 

MILLY  MOBTOB'B   MISTAKE.  //  TEMPEBANCE 

For  4  charactera.      Id 
2nd  Edition. 
Tkbtotal   Sondat. 
For  2  males.  Id. 


HOW  TO  CURB  AND 
PREVENT  the  DESIRE 
FOR  DRINK. 

l%ird  Edition, 


EVANS' 


ANNUAL, 


1882. 

Sixth  Seasov. 

A  Collection  of  Orifj^inal  Pieces,  in 

Prose  and  Verse,  on  various  aspects  of  the 

Temperance  Question.     34.      Font  frtt,   id, 

1877,  '8,  '9,  '83  and  '81,  poitjiree.  If.  3d, 


COMTENXa  : 

The  Diet  Cure  for  Intem. 
perance. 
The  Red  PeniTian  Bark 
Core. 
The  Water-Sipping 
Cure. 
Beoipes  by  B.  8. 
Thompson,  M.D., 
F.B.C.P. 


The  above  map  be  had 
in  3  Parte,  6a.  each. 

The  Vacant  Chair. 

By  2  W's. 
An  Origrinal 
Sketch  for  1 
Lady  and  8 
G'ntlemen 
Price  2d. 

'^aV/THE    l,E|lFI»ET    EEeiTBt 

For  Bands  of  Hope  and  Juvenile  Temples. 

Paelcete  1  and  2,  6<2.  each,    (60  auorted  in  taeh.) 


Price  Id. 


Twelve 
fo$l  fr§» 
far 
lOd. 


London:  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


UNIFORM  ISSUE   OP  THE  NOVELS  OP 

MRS.  G.  LINNiCUS  BANKS, 

Author   of   "GOD'S    PROVIDENCE    HOUSE." 


Each  with  Frontispieoe  and  Vig^nette.  Bound  in  Cloth,  Two  Shillings  &  Sixpence. 

Fourth  Edition. 

THE  MANCHESTER  MAN. 

*'  Real  ism  that  reminds  us  of  Defoe  ;  has  no  littie  artistic  merit ;  exceptional 
interest" — Timts. 

"  Is  well  coDstnicted  ;  has  a  good  deal  of  Taried  incident,  remarkable  TiTidnev, 
and  interesting ;  the  very  atmosphere  of  the  time  and  locality.*' — Saturday 
Review. 

STUNG  TO  THE  QUICK. 

A  North-Country  Story. 

*'  Well  told ;  is  exciting  ;  has  interest ;  touches  of  real  life  and  character.** " 
Athenceum. 

GLORY.     A  Wiltshire  Story. 

"  Full  of  character,  well  contrasted,  and  well  maintained.  It  is  deserring  of 
high  praise." — British  Quarterly  JUviiw. 

CALEB  BOOTH'S  CLERK. 

A  Lancashire  Story. 
**  It  is  written  with  power,  and  it  a  capital  Biory,**— Spectator, 

WOOEBS  and  WINNERS,  or,  Under  the  Scars. 

A  Yorkshire  Story. 

*'  Must  be  recommended  as  an  excellent  noTcl  to  all  who  care  for  manlier  food 
than  that  wherewith  novelists  commonly  supply  them." — Oraphic, 

MORE  THAN  CORONETS. 

*•  An  exceedingly  well-written  story." — Birmingham  Djily  Oazelte, 
"  Almost  fascinating." —  Wetiem  Daily  Mercury. 

RIPPLES   AND    BREAKERS. 

Poems  by  Mrs.  G.  Limnjeub  Banks.      Illustrated  by  John  Prootob  and 

G.  C.  Banks.    Square  8vo,  58. 

"Mrs.  Banks  writes  with  fluency  and  animation  ;  her  vein  of  sentiment  is  pure 
and  earnest." — AtlienaBum. 


ICanchester :  ABEL  HE Y WOOD  &  SON,  50  &  58,  Oldham  Street. 
,    London :  SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL  &  Co. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Abel  Heyiood  &  Son's  Temperance  Mlications. 

Price  2d.    Fiftieth  Thoacand. 

The  THai  of  John  Barleycorn,  alias  Strong  Drink.    By  Francis  Bbabdsall. 

'*The  most  popular  Temperance  Drama  printed."  Characters  :— Chief  Justice,  Hon  M. 
Inopartiality ;  Asaociate  Judi^s.  Hon.  O.  Philaothropoa,  M.  Patriot,  V.  Benevolence,  and 
J.  fiumanity ;  Counsel  for  the  People,  M.  Scrutinj  Esq.,  Attorney-General ;  Counsel  for 
the  Defendant,  H.  ScnsusU  Esq,  and  A.  Lubtflesh,  E^q. :  Sheriff,  P.  Hatevice,  Esq. ; 
Depntj-Sheriflr,  Mr.  C.  Holdfast;  Clerk  of  the  Court,  T.  T.  Temperance,  Esq.;  Junrmen, 
J.  Scattergood,  B-  Seeright.  K.  Confidence,  O.  Soundsense,  P.  Reform,  T.  Goodworic, 
A.  Prudence,  T.  Trusty,  D.  Careful,  M.  Judgment,  £.  Charitj,  G.  Sober. 

Second  Edition,  revised  and  corrected,  36  pages,  price  3d. 
The  Trial  of  Banefui  Alcohoi ;  A  Companion  to  tho  Trial  of  John  Barleycorn. 
By  TH01IA.S  Gkiititbb.  Characters :  Baron  Drinkwater,  Justice  Prohibition,  Sir  Joshua 
Goodcause.  Serjeant  Plausible,  Edward  Upright  (Clerk  of  the  Court),  Crowner  Quest, 
Ddirium  Tremens,  Jehu  Jarvie,'Archdeacon  Garbitt,  Jaunty  Paddy,  Doleful  Demented, 
Hopeful  Hodge,  Dismal  Destitute,  Harrv  Halt.  Dr.  McCuIlock,  Peel  TipstafiT.  Richard 
Redcoat,  Moral  Suasion,  Jeremiah  Guardian,  Moderation  Mask,  Jack  Hampipo,  PaU 
Ale,  Common  Fallacy,  Lusty  Tippler. 

Royal  32mo,  64  pages.  Id. 
Capper's  Temperance  Meiodist.    A  popular  collection  of  Temperance  Hymns^ 
Poems,  &c. 

Oblong  8vo,  price  28.  6d.,  cloth. 
Goiden  Chords.     Being  music  (and  words)  to  the  above. 

Price  6d.,  or  Six  Numbers  at  Id.  each. 

Biaciiburne's  Popuiar  Temperance  Reciter. 

Price  Id.,  33  pp.,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 

Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar  Room,  and  what  I  saw  there.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Price  Id.,  32  pp.,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 
The  Broiien  Merchant,  and  other  Tales  ;  or,   Three  Nights  with  the  Washing- 
tonians.    By  T.  S.  Arthcr. 

Price  Id.,  32  pp.,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 

Passages  In  the  History  of  a  Wasted  Life.    By  a  Middle-aged  Man. 

Price  Id.,  33  pp.,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 
The  Drunkard's  Wife,  The  Widow's  Son,  and  other  Tales.     By  T.  S.  ARTHUR. 

Price  Id.,  3?  pp.,  demy  8to,  illui^tratcd  wrapper. 
Grace  Myers,  and  other  Tales.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Price  Id.,  33  pp.,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 
Berry's  Lake.    By  Mrs.  S.  B.  Chase. 

Price  2d.,  61  pp.,  demy  8vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 

Three  Years  in  a  Man-Trap.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Price  2d.,  demy  6vo,  illustrated  wrapper. 

Dr.  W I  Hough  by  and  his  Wine.    By  Mary  Spring  Walker. 

Price  6d.,  stiff  wrapper. 

The  Cabinet  of  Temperance   Tales.    Being  Six  of  tho  above  vols,  bound 

together,  forming  one  of  the  cheapest  books  ever  published. 

Price  6d. 

Temperance  Dialogues  and  Recitations,  Original  and  Selected ;  in  Poetry  and  Prose. 

The  Dark  Side  of  Manchester  Life.     Second  Edition,  price  3d. 
Sketches  from  the  Coroner's  Court,  with  a  Monday  Morning  in  the  City  Polluo 

Courts.  A  series  of  Articles  reprinted  fh>m  the  City  Ntw§.  By  R.  Bailey  Walker,  K.S.S. 

Price  2d. 
Seeing  Him  Home,     A  Temperance  Cartoon,  Coloured,  representing  a  DrunkarJ 
bting  led  home  by  Policeman  Death  and  His  Satanic  Majesty. 

ABEL  HEYWOOD  d  SON,  56  d  58,  Oldham  Street,  Manchester, 
NATIONAL    TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand,   London, 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


T E M PE EANC E  MTJS IC 

(In  Both  Notations) 

Published  by  J.  CIJEWM  &  SONS,  8,  Warwick  Lane,  3.0. 

THE  RESOTTB  OF  HARBY  GRAY,  A  Dramstie  CantAta,  fht  words  and 
readings  adapted  by  A.  J.  Foxweli^  the  Masic  by  T.  Maitih Tbmrc.  A  fhtfllhif  storr, 
with  80I08  and  churuaes  and  connect ing  narratiYe.  Staff  Notation  Piaaoforto  Scores  witn 
readings.  Is. ;  Tonic  Sol-fa  Vocal  Score,  without  reading^  6d.    Wordi,  tt  for  la. 

THE  CONQUEST  OF  DBINK.  ATemperaneeCantatafntwopttti^byJoBTH. 
IlBwiTx.  A  touching  story,  told  entirely  in  ranstc,  Istroduelng  Beveilan^  Mother  and 
Sisters,  Queen  of  Temperance,  &c.    Stafr  Notation,  la. ;  Tonle  Sol-fa,  6d. 

"KLNQ  AIjCOHOL.  A  Temperance  Musical  Burlesque,  by  A.  J.  Foxwbll.  Aleohol 
is  seated  on  his  throne,  surrounded  by  his  gnarda  and  devotees.  His  Tiotima  an  brought 
in  one  by  one,  and  their  degraded  position  is  exposed.  At  laat  Abatinenos  enters  with 
his  followers,  and  puts  Alconol  to  tne  rout.  Songs  and  choruses  are  Intorsparsed,  and 
simple  dress  only  is  required.    Price  2d.,  the  music  in  both  aot^lons. 

TEMPERANCE   MUSIC   LEAFLETS.     Short  pieees— Temperaaes  hymns, 

? art-songs,  and  solos  with  chorus.    Staff  Notation  on  one  side.  Sol-fa  on  the  othar. 
rice :  Is.  per  100 ;  assorted.  Is.  6d.    Single  copies,  (d. 

TEMPERANCE  MOTTO  SONOS  by  W.  H.  Bibch  (both  notations).  la 
rousic'hall  style,  but  linked  to  temperance  words.  TiUes  of  the  songs :— **  Another  naals 
gone  wrong,"  *'  Stick  to  the  right,"  "  She  told  him  *twouId  be  so,*'  '*  Lads  and  Usses," 
••  •  Help  myself  our  motto,"  "  Pity,  but  do  not  abuse."    Price  Is. 

THE  TEMPERANCE  COURSE.  An  entirely  new  edition  of  this  Elsmentsry 
Course  for  Temperance  Classes.  By  John  Cvbwkx  and  J.  Spkhckk  Cvawas.  Prioo  id. ; 
or  in  six  numbers.  Id.  each. 

THE  TEMPLAR'S  COURSE.  Edited  by  Johv  Cubwbv  and  A.  L.  Cowiar.  By 
Authority  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  England.  An  Elementary  Course  for  Templar  Classsi, 
Ac.    Price  6d. ;  or  in  three  numbers,  2d.  each. 

THE  TEMPLAR'S  LYRE.  A  popular  collection  of  Temperance  Part-songs.  Br 
Authority  of  ihe  Grand  Lodge  of  England.  Price  in  wrappor.  Is.;  or  in  sixnombers, 
2<1.  each. 

THE  CRYSTAL  SPRING  of  Band  of  Hope  Music.  Edited  by  Joan  Crnwav, 
F.  Smith,  and  A.  L.  Cowlkt.  Price,  in  paper  cover,  8d. ;  doth.  Is. ;  or  in  fourtcsa 
numbers,  ^d.  each.  O.N.  edition.  Is.;  cloth,  Is.  4d.;  or  in  numbers,  1  to  8,  Id.  each. 
No.  9,  l^d.    Words  only.  Id.;  cloth,  2d. 

BART'S  JOY  :  A  Temperance  Story.  By  Miss  M.  A.  Tavll.  With  UlustratiTS  mnsle. 
Price  3d.,  in  either  notation.    Words  only,  4s.  per  100. 

THE  START  IN  LIFE ;  A  Temperance  Story  with  illnstratire  mnsie.  Either 
notation,  price  3d.    Words  only,  25  for  Is. 

^«*  Forma  of  applicaiion  for  grant  $  to  Temperance  SoeUtiee  of  not  U»s  ikon  100  copUt  of 
eithT  of  theee  tvo  tervieee  of  Song  mag  he  had  of  ike  publUktrt. 

THE  TEMPERANCE  VOCALIST.  Songs  with  chorus  in  the  Staff  Notation. 
No.  1,  "WhistliDg  Tom.»'  by  Foxwell.  No.  2. "Bring  me  the  Bowl,"  duet  by  Bliss. 
No.  3,  "  Marching  on  to  victory."  No.  4,  "  King  Bibler's  Army."  No.  6,  "Our  Home 
is  not  what  it  used  to  be."  and  "The  Poor  Drunkard's  Child.**^  No.  0,  *  Though  some 
folks  may  rail  against  drinking." 

REPORTERS  768,  780,  and  874,  containing  well-known  Dart-songs,  Ac.,  newly 
set  to  Temperance  words  by  John  Gvabd.    Id.  each.    Tonic  Sol-ia. 

*«*  Temperance  Choirmariere  ekouU  tend  for  book  of  epeeimen  pagee^  graiie  and  jMsf /Vet. 


London :  J.  CURWEU  &  SOIfS,  8,  Warwick  Lane,  B.C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


8.  W.  PABTBIDfiE  d  CO/S  PPBLICATlOyS. 

THE  BIBIjI!  and  T1CMF1BBAKOI2 ;   or,  the  Trae  Scriptural  Basis 
of  the  Tempsranoe  MoTtment.    By  the  Rer.  Tbomas  Psabsov.   Crown  8vo,  cloth.  Ss.  6d. 
"  The  book  is  compact  and  haady,  nicely  printed  and  bonnd,  and  will  make  a  osefol  pocket 
companion  for  stadents  and  controverflialiets/'-^iintaiiM  Ifew$. 

BIBB  AND   SON:  A  Startling  Ck>Dtrast.    (A  Temperance  Tale.)    By  Bey. 
Amos  Wxits,    With  Engravingt.    Crown  8to,  cloth,  28.  6d. 
'*  This  well-told  narratiTe  onght  to  have  a  miuion  among  moderate  drinkers."— CArM/iait. 

IjHj  OBBY  ;  or,  Arthur  Chester's  Courtship.    By  Mn.  £.  Biavav.    Frontis- 
piece.   Crown  8to.  doth,  2i.  6d. 
'*  Very  clearly  illustrates  the  danger  of  tampering  with  drink  in  any  form."— JTori  and 
Witrk, 

NBVUiIiIS  HATHBBIiBY;  a  Tale  of  Modem  Bngllsh  Ijife.    By  a  Last. 

With   Introdnotion   by  Stenton   Eardley,    B.A.,   Vicar   of  Streatham.     Crown  8vo^ 

doth,  2s.  6d. 
*'  Few  will  read  it  nnmoTed,  and  we  wish  it  as  large  a  circolation  as  it  deserres."— Cftare* 
•ySmglaud  Tntperanet  Chronicle, 

THB  COFFBB  FAIiACB  HAND-BOOK.  Containingr  information  as  to 
Establishment  and  Management.  Slany  choice  receipts.  What  to  Buy  and  llow  to 
Bnj.    By  T.  Fidlbb.    6d. 

ACCOUNT  BOOKS  for  COFFEB  TAVBBNS.    Price  List  on  application. 

COFFBB  TAVBBNS,  COCOA  HOUSES,  and  COFFEE  FALACES : 
their  Rise,  Progress,  and  Prospects.    By  E.  Hxpplb  Uall,  F.S.S.    Tsper,  Is. ;  cloth,  2s. 

THE  COFFEE  TAVEBN  GUIDE.    Id. 

THE  COFFEE  PUBLIC-HOUSE.  How  to  Establish  and  Manage  it. 
New  and  Berissd  Edition.    6d. 


London :  S.  W.  PARTRIDGE  &  Co.,  9,  Paternoster  Row, 

Descripive  Price  List,  post  free. 

BAND  OF  HOPE  REQUISITES, 

INCLUDING 

SETS   OF  BOOKS   FOR    BANDS   OF  HOPE, 
(iDcludiog  Registers, PeDce  Boolu,  Attendance  Boolcs,  Minute  and  Cash  BooI(s,&c.) 

BAND  OF  HOPE  HAND-BOOK.    PLEDGE  CARDS  of  all  kinds. 

Hilars  AND  SOHGS.      MELODISTS.     MTJSIG  BOOKS.      PLEDeE  BOOKS. 


BAND     OF    HOPE    MEDALS. 

MOTTO     Fi.AGS     ANO     BANNERS. 

Certificates  for  Parents'  Consent*    Attendance  Cards. 

MELODIES  FOR  FESTIVE  aATHERINaS,  &c.,    &o. 

Ererj  Band  of  Hope  or  Temperance  Secretary  should  send  for  this 

List  at  once. 

Address — 

"ONWARD"  PUBLISHING  OFFICES,  18,  Mount  Street,  Manchisteb. 

London  Agents— S.  W.  PARTRIDGE  &  Co.,  9,  Patebnoster  Row. 

Makchistib^JOHN  HEYWOOD,  Dulvsoatb. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG, 

PUBLISHED  BT 

W.    S;WAN    SOINNENSCHEIN    &    CO. 

Suitable  for  Lending  Libraries,  Prizes,  Birthday  Presents,  &c 

CHOICELY  PRINTED  AND  BOUND. 

Books  at  35.  M.,  post  free. 
Famous  Girls  who  have  become  Illustrious  Women,  forming  Modeb 

for  imiution  for  the  Yoonv  Women  of  England.  By  J.  M.  Daktov.  IStli  SditioQ. 
With  Virnette  Portrait  of  H.R.H.  the  PrinceM  of  Wales  and  her  Infimt  ton,  aiflloaitr 
Illuftratlonfl.    3*.  6d. 

lives  of  Brave  Boys  who  have  become  Illustrious  Ken.    By  J.  M. 

Dartoh.    New  Edition,  with  plates,  8a.  6d. 

The  Seven  Heroines  of  Christendom.    Bj  a  D.  Tokqi.    With  PlatMi 

S«.  6d.    Lives  of  Joan  of  Arc,  Marie  Antoinette,  Maria  Theresa,  Margaret  of  Asjoo,  kc 
A  Winter  Kosemy :  Tales  for  Cbildrea  at  ChriBtmastime.    Crown  4to.     18 
coloured  plates  and  nuroeroos  woodoutp,  extra  cloth,  Ss.  6d. 
**  Amusingly  written,  and  the  illustrations  are  sure  to  deiightT—ScoUmam, 

Books  at  2s.  Gd.,  post  free. 
The  8hakesperean  Temperance  Kalendar,  and  Birthday  Autograph 
Album.    Containinfr  a  dailr  Shakesperesn  Quotation,  illostrating  a  Record  of  Tempt* 
ranee  Erents.    By  Jossph  Malms.    Handsomely  bound  in  cloth,  gilt  edges^  fa,  6d. 

Books  at  2s.,  post  free. 
The  Priceless  Treasure  :  or,  The  Bible ;  the  Book  for  all,  at  all  times,  and 

in  all  places,  with  $triking  ineidtnt:    By  JOHV  W.  Ktbtom,  Author  of  "  Happy  Homes," 

Ac.    hifrhth  Thousand.    With  8  full-page  woodcuu.    Elegantly  bound,  2a. 
Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar-Boom.      New  Illustrated  Edition.     Uandsomelr 

bound.    8  full-page  original  Drawings.    The  only  illustrated  edition  of  T.  S.  Arthars 

fimous  work,  and  so  cheap  and  elegant  that  there  can  be  no  more  attractive  and  aaiAtl 

book  for  the  small  price  at  which  it  is  pubUshed.    2s. 
Prize  Pictorial  Ateadinc'S,  in  Prose  and  Verse.     Illustrating  all  Phases  of 

the  Temperance  Question.     By  Tsrions  writers.    40  original  Woodcuts.    176  pagM. 

Elegantly  bound  in  cloth,  gilt,  2s. 

Boohs  at  Is.  6(i,,  post  free. 
A  Boy's  Ideal ;  or,  The  Story  of  a  Great  Life.  By  F.  E.  CoOKX.  Illustrated. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth.  Is.  6d.        **  A  study  of  character.'*— ^eaiftfmjr. 
Only  a  Drop  of  Water,  and  other  Stories.  By  Eric  Staffobd.  Blustrated. 

Crown  8to,  cloth,  Ic.  6d.        "  Original  and  effectiTe."— jieoiltfsijr. 
Youthful  Nobility  )  The  Early  Life  History  of  Gotthilf  and  Frederika  ;  a 

Story  in  which  the  Bible  forms  a  prominent  feature.    The  Religious  Press  hare  given 

high  commendation  of  this  book.    Is.  6d. 

Books  at  Is.,  2>ost  free, 

'*  Drops  of  Water."  A  choice  volume  of  Temperance  Poems,  mostly  suit- 
able for  Recitation.  By  Ella  Whkbleb,  the  sifted  American  writer.  Froati^ieot 
portrait  of  the  Authoress.    Handsomely  bound,  gilt  edges.  Is. 

Bainbow  Headings.  A  Selection  from  **  Prise  Pictorial  Readings.*'  114 
psges.  illuRtrated.    Strongly  bound.    Is. 

The  **£clip&e"  Temperance  Elocutionist.  A  Selection  from  the 
choicest  poetry  and  speeches  of  the  most  gifted  snd  distinguished  Temperance  Reformers, 
English  and  American,  with  striking  Illustrative  Anecdotes.    Is. 

London:  ¥.  B¥AN  80NKEN8GHBIN  &  Co., Paternoster  Bow,  E.G. 

AND  ALL  BOOKSELLERS. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


"THE  WORSHIP  OF  Umlk  Gm  MILOSION," 

By  EBENEZEE  GLAEEE,  F.S.S., 

ILLUSTBATED    WITH    DRAWINGS    AND    DIAGRAMS? 
Cloth  boards,  2s. ;  cloth  limp,  gilt.  Is. 

10,000    HAVE    ALREADY    BEEN    SOLD. 

"This  book  is  what  has  long  been  a  desideratum.  We  are  more  than  pleased 
with  it.  It  is  well  printed  and  well  bound,  and  would  grace  the  table  of  any 
drawing  room.  It  gives  a  full  description  of  the  sjstem  of  malting,  fermentation, 
and  brewing,  all  of  which  are  well  and  properly  illustrated.  The  diagrams  and 
explanations  supply  the  reader  with  a  large  amount  of  useful  knowledge.  Wo 
advise  every  Temperance  reformer  to  purchase  it." — Temperance  Record, 


14  Large  Diagrams,  illastrating  the  chief  points  in  **The  Wonbip  of  Bacohos," 

for  the  nse  of  Lectarers  and  Band  of  Hope  Condnotors,  with  frame 

eomplete,  10s.  6d.  nett;  single  Diagrams,  9d  ,  eolonred. 

London:  BAUD  OF  HOPE  MlOIf,  Lndgate  Hill, 

AND   OF   ALL   BOOKSELLERS. 

THE     ALLIANCE      NEWS 

{Sixteen  Pages), 

THE  ORGAN  OF  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM  ALLIANCE. 

PRICE    ONE    PENNY. 


Thk  Alliihob  News,  in  addition  to  a  copious  selection  of  the  General  News  of  the  Wsek, 
contains  Leading  Articles,  Reports  of  Meetin^n,  Correspondence,  and  other  Tsluable  in- 
formation, bearing  on  the  agitation  on  behalf  of  the  PemiissiTe  prohibition  of  the  Liquor 
Traffic,  and  the  progress  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Bnglan«l,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
Eitracts  from  Good  Books.  Anecdotes,  Poetry,  and  Miscellaneous  Paragraphs  are  also  giren, 
to  as  to  render  Tht  Alliance  Ntwt  a 

CHOICE     FAMILY    PAPER, 

As  well  as  an  effective  organ  of  the  movement. 

The  AUianoe  News  may  be  ordered  through  any  Newsvendor  or  Bookseller. 
Wholesale  Publishers  of  THE  ALLIANCE  NEWS .- 

Manehetter:  John  Hejwood,  Deansgate ;  Abel  Ileywood,  59,  Oldham  Street;  W.  H. 
Smith  &  Son.  Xew  Brown  Street.— XonrJoit .-  James  Clarke  &  Co..  13,  Fleet  Street  (near 
Temple  Bar),  E.G.;  W.  U.  Smith  &  Son,  186,  Strand,  W.C. 


•»•  Single  Copied  {on  prepayment)  tent  post  free  for  It.  8d.  per  quarter^  and  Three  Copiet, 
under  one  caver,  4a.  per  quarter;  Six  Coptet  for  Be.  per  qHorter^from  the  Alliance  Qffleee, — 

44,  JOHN  DALTON  STREET,  MANCHESTER. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


CAMPBELL    &    TUDHOPE^S 

I.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  out  and  Colour,  Sin  ( in.  by  31  in.       ..        ..  etdi  0   1 
f.    Temperance  Societr  Card.        do.  do.  »     <^    I 

3.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  in  Colours,  61  In.  by  4|  in.  (Floral)         . .        . .  „  0  1  \  FsJ 

4.  Temperance  Society  Card,  do.         do.  „  0  1 

5.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  Ne«r  Design  (Crown),  61  in. by  41  in.    ••        ••  n  0  1 

6.  Temperance  Society  Card,   do.         do.  do.  ..        <•  ,,  0  1 

7.  Temperance    Society   Card,    richly    Illuminated    Floral    Daaign, 

71  in  by  61  in. 0    11 

8.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  do.  do.  do.         »*     0    11  I  '^ 

9.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  richly  Ulnmlnatad  Floral  Design,  8  in.  by  7  ln.»  \ '• 

Illustrating  Industry  and  Temperance         ,»     0   3 

10.    Temperance  Society  OmI,  do.  do.  „     0   8 

II.  Temnerance    Society  Card,  richly   Illuminated    Floral    Design, 

81  in.  by  51  In.,  Uluatrating  Religion  and  Tempefanoa    ..        ..     »     OS 

1 2.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  do.  do  ,,0   3 

13.  Temperance  Society  Card,  81  in.  by  II  in.,  Emblenatle  Deaign, 

printed  in  Colours  „0S 

14.  Band  of  Hope  Card,                       do.                              do  „  0   3 

15.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  Senior  Division,  12  in.  by  9  in m  ^   ' 

16.  New  Band  of  Hope  Card,  tiebly  Illuminated,  13  in  by  10  in.          ..  „  0   6 

17.  New  Temperance  Society  Card,  same  Design,  IS  in.  by  10  in,  „  0   6 

18.  Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Gilt  and  Colours,  161  in.  by  IS  ia.          ..  ••  10 

19.  Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Family,  Gilt  and  Colours,  16in.byl3in.  „  10 

Blank    Cards    kept  in   Stock   for    Printing   in    Special    Pledges. 
Sample  Cards  sent  on  Beoeipt  of  Stamps  for  the  Amoani. 

Glasgow:  CAMPBELL  d  TUDHOPE,  137,  West  Campbeii Street. 
London:  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand,  W,C, 

PLEDGE     CARDS. 


The  CHELTENHAM  CARDS  are  by  fto  the  most 
artistic  and  Cheapest  in  the  market.  Societies  are 
strongrly  recommended  to  send  for  Samples. 


396,  High  Street,  Cheltenham. 

HOYLtE'S    HYMNS    AND    SONGS 

For  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES  and  BANDS  OF  HOPE. 

Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition,  217  pieces,  suitable  for  ererf  department  of 
Temperance  work.  Price  1  id. ;  cloth,  3d.  Lai^e  type  Edition,  oloth,  6d.  Words 
and  Music :  Tonic  Sol*Fa,  cloth.  Is.  8d. ;  Old  Notatiou,  paper,  Is.  8d.,  doth,  Si.  tfd. 

HOYLE'S  MELODIST,  Id.;  clotli,  2d. 

LONDON'  i^^^fONAL   TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand. 
'  \s,  W,  PARTRIDGE  d  Co,,  9,  Paternoster  Row. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


A  Sepr9»€niatwt  Teriodxcal  for  tfrerjr  Ttmperanet  SoeUtg  in  ZomEos  without  risk. 

For  particiiUmn  m# 

Tbe  Hetropolai  Temperance  Advocate. 

The  Organ  of  Open-air  and  General  Temperance  work  in  the  Metropolis. 
Published  on  the  Tuesday  following  the  last  Sunday  In  each  Month,    Price  Id. 


THE  "M.  T.  A."ifl  devoted  to  the  interests  of  thoroagh  Teetotal  work 
-**  throQghont  London,  its  purpose  being  to  unite  the  workiog  strength  of 
Temperance  people,  and  snpplj  a  means  of  intereommnnioation  between 
worlDBrs  and  associati  ons  sach  as  can  be  supplied  in  no  other  way. 

IT  i«  the  ONLY  INDEPENDENT  Temperance  paper  published,  reoog- 
'*'     nising  only  the  advancement  of  the  movement  witiiout  regard  to  sections. 

TT  contains  Original  Temperance  Tales. 

CUliliABY  of  Temperance  events  during  preceding  month. 

ABI6INAL  Articles  upon  Temperance,  and  subjects  related  thereto. 

COMMENTS  upon  striking  subjects  under  the  head  of  '*  Fragments." 

THE  **  Arrangements  for  ensuing  Month,"  is  an  authentic  list  of  Temperance 
^      Societies  and  meetings  in  and  around  London,  with  time,  speakers  ap- 
pointed, &c.,  under  which  societies  and  conductors  may  have  their  meetings 
regularly  advertised  FREE  OF  CHABGE. 

T^AIB  Discussion  allowed  under  the  head  of  *'  Correspondence." 

*'AID    to   Speakers"  confiists  of  selected  extracts  from  standard  works, 
^^    reliable  statistics,  and  epigrams. 

THE  appearance  of  the  HETBOPOLITAN  TEMPEBANOE  ADVOCATE 
-**  has  been  greeted  with  the  heartiest  approval,  and  the  paper  is  spoken  of 
in  terms  of  praise  by  the  leading  men  of  tbe  movement,  the  press,  &o.,  and  by 
the  great  mass  of  earnest  practical  workers  is  admitted  to  be  precisely  the 
kind  of  paper  that  was  needed. 

Important  to  Secretaries  of  Temperance  Societies. 

By  the  sale  of  the  Metropolitan  Temperance  Advocatet  Societies  may 
realise  a  certain  profit,  and  at  the  same  time  secure  all  the  advantages  of  a 
periodical  devoted  to  their  interests,  without  risk  or  responsibility,  by  inserting 
reports  of  the  work  done  during  preceding  month,  and  arrangements  made  for 
current  month,  which  may  be  done  free  of  charge.  NO  STIPULATION 
AS  TO  gUANTITY  OBDEBED. 

Specimen  Copy,  post  free,  IJd.    Subscription,  Is,  M,  per  annum. 

Published  by   JAMBS   WOOLLEN,    336,    Strand,    W.O. ; 

And  at  the  National  Temperance  Publication  Depot,  837,  Strand,  W.C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  HOTELS. 


liONDON. 

WEST-CENTRAL  TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 

97  A  98,  Southampton  Row,  Russell  8q.,  E.C. 

The  following  well-known  Abstainers  are 
a  few  of  those  who  hif^hly  commend  this 
Hotel: -Rev.  D.  8.  Govetf,  M.A.  (English 
Chaplain,  Marseilles);  Rev.  H.  M.  Ilnlden. 
M.A.  (St  Bartholomew's,  Bradford,  Yorks); 
Rev.  James  Yeames  (Wesleyan  Minister, 
WolTerhampton) ;  Rev.  Edward  Sparrior 
(Colchester);  J.  M.  Albrigrht,  Esq.  (Charl- 
bury,  Oxon) ;  Joel  Cadbury,  Esq.  (Birming- 
ham}; Miss  Docwra  (Kelvedon,  E^tsex); 
Samuel  Eliott,  Esq.  (Plymouth);  WUliam 
LiTesey,  Esq.  (Preston) ;  B.  McDoufrall,  Esq. 
(Washington  Hotel,  Liverpool).  The  Hotel 
lias  also  scunred  the  highest  opinions  of  the 
Press  for  its  exceptional  Quiet  and  Cleanli- 
nesa,  as  well  as  for  its  extreme  Moderate 
Charges.  Convenient  for  all  Railway  Ter* 
mini,  and  Omnibuses  to  all  parts  constantly 
pass  at  a  shore  dibtance  Breakfast  or  Tea, 
Is.  3d. ;  Beds  from  Is.  6d.  Tariff  Card,  with 
Sketch  Map  of  London  and  List  of  Pablio 
Exhibitions.  &c.,  on  application. 

FREDERIC  SMITH,  Proprietor. 
liONDON. 

TRANTER'S 

TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 

9,  Briogewater  Sq..  Barbican,  City,  E.C. 

near  Aldersgato  Street  Metropolitan   Rail- 
way Station. 


I.ONDON. 


Handy  for  every  where;  comfortable, 
quiet  and  clean ;  charges  strictly  mode- 
rate ;  Bed  from  Is.  3d.  per  night ;  plain 
Breakfast  or  Tea,  lOd. ;  no  charge  for 
attendance.     Established  1856. 

LONDON. 

HORNER'S 

TEMPERANCE    HOTEL, 

19,  EUSTON  ROAD,  KING'S  CROSS, 

opposite  the  Great  Northern  and  Midland 
Stations. 


INSULL'S 

TEMPERANCE 

21,  BURTON  CRESCENT,  EUSTONIRO.,  W. 


Five   minutes   from   King's    Crosa^ 
Pancras,  and  E-jaton  Railways;  twenty fr 
Paddington,   Ti4    Qower    Street    Statioxa  ; 
tweWe  from  Liverpool  Street,  Tii  Metro- 
politan Railway;  and  easy  of  access  firon 
Cannon  Street*  Ilolhora,  Waterloo,  Chario/r 
Cross,   and  Victoria  Stations.     ''Coafbrt 
with  Economy." 

Taripf  Cabd,  with  Hap.   forwarded  on 
application. 


liONDON. 

MILTON 

TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 

1,  FEATHEHSTONE  BUILDIHGS, 

Holbom,  liondon,  W.O. 


An  old-established  House  with  high  reps- 
tatlon  for  Cleanliness,  Comfort  and  Eoonoa^f. 
The  situation  is  central,  and  also  reUrsd  ssd 
quiet,  there  being  no  thoronghfkre  for  ve- 
hicles through  Feathentooe  Buildings.  Beds 
from  Is.  6d. ;  Breskfast  or  Tea,  Is.  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  the  Proptislor, 
WILLIAM  CHAPMAN. 

BBIOHTON. 

EMERY'S 

OLDBSTABUSHCD 

TEMPERANCE   HOTEL, 

42  d  100,  QUEEN'S  ROAD. 

Established  Qnvter  of  a  Century. 

Terms  very  moderate.  Home  eomfivts. 
Patroniiied  by  the  leading  members  of  tkt 
Temperance  movement.  Printed  Tariff  on 
application. 


L. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE     UNITED     KINGDOM 

Femperance  &  General  Provident  Institution, 

1,  ADBIiAIDB  FliACE,  I.ONDON  BBIDOE,  IjONDON. 

ESTABLISHED  1840,  FOR  MUTUAL  LIFE  ASSURANCE. 


WjBERT    WARNER,    Efq.,    8.   Crewcnt, 
.p^}VVltg%te,  Chairman. 
UCHaKD  BARRETT,  Esq.,  68,  King  Wil- 
,  Uam  Street,  City. 

»AMWEL  BOWLY.  Esq..  Gloucester,  and 
,1,  Sonth  Place,  Finsburr. 
lOBN  BROOMIIALL,  Esq ,  J.P..  Buroott, 
Bnrbiton,  Surrey. 


LovooN  Board. 


Admiral   Sir    W.    KINO    HALL,    K.C.B., 

United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall. 
J.T.  PRITCHBTT.  Esq., Edmonton,  London. 
T.  B.  SMITHIES,  Esq  ,  »,  Paternoster  Row. 
JOHN  TAYLOR.  Esq.,  6,  Tokenhouse  Yard. 
BENJ.  WHITWOBTU,  Esq.,  MP.,  J.P., 


11,  Holland  Park,  London,  aiid  Cross  Stc. 
Manchester.! 

MsDicai.  OFFfciaa—Dr.  Jakxs  EDUUlrD^  8,  Grafton  Street,  Piccadilly; 

Dr.  Thomas  Barlow,  10,  Monta;^e  Street,  Russell  Square. 

SoLicrroRB— Messrs.  GATLirp  A  HoirsE,  8,  Finsbnry  Circus,  E.G. 

CoviULTixo  Actuary— Ralph  P.  Hardy,  Esq.  Sicrisart— Thomas  Cash,  Esq. 

Position  of  the  Institution,  June.  1881. 

Accumulated  Capital £2,900,000 

Annual  Income £372,000 

Amount  Paid  for  Claims  through  Death  ..  £1,836,693 

Business  for  the  Year  ended  December  31i  1881. 

Polides  issued,  2,198.       Amount  Assured,  £587,061.      Annual  Premiums,  £19,266. 

MOBTAIilTY  EXPERIENCE-Tears  1866-80. 

TEMI»ERANCE  SECTION.  GENERAL  SECTION. 

ExpBCTiD  Claims.      Actual.      Expxctkd  Claims.    Actcal. 


1866-70,  5  years  — 
1871-5,     5 
1876-80.  5 


15 


tt 


549 
723 
933 

2205 


411 
511 
651 

l673 


1008 
1268 
1485 


8781 


944 
1330 
1480 

3754 


It  will  be  seen  from  this  tbst  the  claims  in  the  Temperance  Section  ore  only  little  over  71 
per  cent,  of  the  eipectancy,  while  in  the  General  Section  they  are  but  slightly  below  the 
expeetancy.  

DEPARTMENTS  1  and  9.- With  Profits. 

Showing  the  Annual,  Half-yearly,  Quarterly,  and  Single  Premiums  to  assure  £100  pa}  able 

at  death. 


Ase  next 

Annual 

Hslf-yearly 

Quarterly 

Single 

Birthday. 

Premiums. 

Premiums. 

Premiums. 

Premium. 

20 

1    17      4 

0    19      7 

0    10      4 

40    10      6 

25 

2      2      7 

12      4 

0    11      8 

43    12      2 

30 

2      8    10 

16      7 

0    13      4 

46    10      2 

35 

2    16      7 

10      2 

0    15      1 

49      9      1 

40 

3      4    11 

1    14      1 

0    17      6 

52    15      6 

*  The  Premiums  without  Profits  are  10  per  cent,  less  than  the  shore. 
Ten  per  cent,  addition  to  the  above  ratee  it  charged  on  Female  livee. 

For  Prospectus  and  any  further  information,  apply  to  THOMAS   CASH,  Secretary, 
1,  Adelaide  Place,  London  Bridge,  E.G. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BRITON  LIFE  ASSOCIATION,  LIMITED. 

Chief  Offlces-429,  STRAND,  LONDON. 

This  Society  has  Deposited  £31,000  with  the  British  and  Canadian  GovERNyENTs.  as  a  8pegul 

Security  to  Poucyholders. 

Ckairmnn  : 
FRANCIS  WEBB,  Esq.,  81,  Southampton  Boildiogs,  Chancery  Laoe. 

Deputy-Chairman  : 
B.  W.  RICHARDSON,  M.A.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  25,  Maneheiier  Sqntn. 

THE  SPECIAL   FEATURES  AND  SYSTEM   OF  BUSINESS  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION  COMPRISE: 

A  SEPARATE    SECTION    FOB    TOTAL  ABSTAINERS    TROM    THE  USK    Or  ALOO- 

HOLio  Beverages. 

Absolute  Seoority. 

Moderate  Rates  of  Premium. 

Policies  payablo  during  Lifetime. 

A  novel  and  improved  system  of  Assuring^  InvaVd  Lives. 

Special  advantageous  terms   for  Assurances  on  Lives   proceeding  to  India 
or  China. 

Indisputable  Whole-World  Assurances. 

Non-Forfeitable  Assurances. 

Settlement  Policies  under  the  "  Married  Women's  Property  Act.*' 

Special  advantages  to  Ministers  and  Lay  Preachers. 

The  BRITON  Assurances  are— 

1.  Class  A,  or  Ordinary  Assurances,  payable  at  Death  ;  and 

2.  Class  B,  payable  at  Death,  or  at  a  given  Age  during  Lifetime. 

Speeiment  of  th€  Bonu§  reeentlj/  deelored  on  a  Folieg  for  £1,000  of  6  jr«arf*  Handiag, 

CIiASS  A. 


Addition  to 
Sum  Asgurcd, 

£27    10    0 


Or,  the  Full 
Amount  Avsured 
made  Payable  at 

79  years  a  5  MONTHS 
or  previous  Death. 


Or.  H ALV  the  Policy  j  Or,  8/4ths  of  PoU^ 
Payable  at  Death   !  Payable  at  Death  sad 


and  Halt  at  Age 
76  years  a  1  UONTH 


l/4th  at  Age 
72  years  a  2  UONTHS 


or  previouB  Death,     or,  previooa  Death. 


CIiASS   B  (payabU  at  76  or  Deaik), 


Addition  to  8am 
Assured, 

£26   10    0 


Or,  the  Full 

Amount  Assured 

Payable  at 

73  TEARS  A 1  MONTH 
or  previous  Death. 


Or,  IIalf  the 
Amount  Payable  at 

71  YEARS  A  6  MONTHS 
The  remainder  at  76 
or  previous  Death. 


Or.  l/4thorthe 
PoUcT  Payable  at 

69  YEARS 

The  remainder  at  75 

or  previous  Death. 


Future  Bonuses  will  further  accelerate  these  Ages. 

Copies  of  the  last  Annual  Report  and  Balance  Sheet,  together  with  Prospectuses,  Proposal 
Forms,  and  every  information,  may  be  obtained  on  application  at  the  Chief  Offiee,4M  Strsad. 

JOHN  MESSENT,  F.I.A..  Aetuarg  and  Soeretmrg. 

The  Directors  will  be  happgr  to  treat  with  Gentlemen  of  influence  and  htaadlng  to  aat  a 
Ordinary  or  Special  Agents  for  the  Company  hi  anreprcs:nted  localities. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Eiperor  Life  and  Fire  Assurance  Societies, 

52,    CANNON    8TBEET,    IiONDON. 

EasxBUBHBD  1853  —J.  F.  BONTBMS,  Esq.,  CC,  Ckaxbkiv. 

A  new  tjrtem  of  S«ciired  Payinent  Policies,  by  which  a  fully  paid-up  Pulicy  caa  be 
■Kored  by  tea  payments,  each  paymmt  securing  a  tenth  part  of  the  ■mount  assured. 
Exinpte:— A  person,  aged  twenty-one.  after  paying:  two  annual  premiums  of  £4  lis.  Id., 
en  hire  granted  to  him  a  free  policy  for  £20  without  fiirther  payment,  or  a  proportionate 
■VB  for  other  ages  or  amounts. 

LIFE  ASSURANCE  AND  SAVINGS  BANK  COMBINED, 
A  policy  will  be  granted  for  each  turn  deposited,  the  whole  of  which  sum  may  be  with* 
dnnrD,  with  interest,  at  from  a  SaTings  Bank,  or  borrowed  at  the  current  rate. 

For  £5.  For  £10.  For  £100. 

Agel5        ....        £13    6    3        ....        £26  12    6        ....        £206    5    0 
„    10        ....  13    5  10        ....  24  11    8        ....  245  16    8 

„    SO        ....  10    7    6        ....  20  15    0        ....  207  10    0 

This  plan  hat  the  following  advantages  over  investments  in  general  Savings  Banks  :— 
I^ves  the  same  interest  in  case  of  withdrawal,  and  it  also  gives  a  life  policy  during  the 
PModof  investment,  in  all  cases  where  the  age  does  not  exceed  thirty-two,  of  mors  than 
^miit  tk4  amount  invtUed, 

IMMEDIATE    ANNUITIES    OBANTED 
For  the  following  sums  deposited. 

For  £100.  For  £300.  For  £500. 

Age75        ....        £17  13    6  ....  ^53    0    6  ....  £88    7    6 

„    70        ....           14    3    2  ....  42    1     6  ....  70  15  10 

.,    55        ....          1113    5  ....  35    0    3  ....  58    7    1 

For  forma  of  Proposals,  Prospectuses,  &c.,  apply  to 

EBENEZEB  CLARKE,  F.S.8.,  Stertiarg, 

TEHPERANCE  PERHANESiT   BVILDIM  SOCIETY. 

(Founded  1854,  Incorporated  1875.) 

BORROWING    DEPARTMENT. 

Monthly  BepaymenU  for  an  Advance  of  £100,  which  include  Principal, 
Commiasiou  or  Premium,  and  Interest.  The  interest  being  calculated  at  6  per  cent,  on  the 
Balance  each  year. 


TlKlir  70B  TSABS. 

MoMTHLY  Repayments. 

10 
12 
14 
16 

£12         2 
0       10        6 
0       17         6 
0       16        8 

Note.—More  than  THREE  MILLION  FOUNDS  STEBLING  have 

been  advanced  upon  House  Property. 

INVESTING    DEPARTMENTS. 

8HAHES.-~In  consequence  of  the  increasing  demands  upon  the  Societr  for  Advancei 
apOD  House  Ftoperty,  the  Inveriing  Share  Department  has  been  re-opened  for  the  issue  of 
Siibflcribing  and  Completed  Shares,  such  Shares  to  be  entitled  to  participate  in  the  proflts  np 
to,  bat  not  exceeding,  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum  upon  the  Subscriptions  pud. 

DEPOSITS.— Interest  on  Deposits,  3  per  cent,  per  annum;  if  made  for  six  months 
B|  per  cent. ;  if  twelve  months  4  per  cent. 

Forms  of  application  for  Shares  or  Deposits  maj  be  had  of 

HENRY  JAMES  PHILLIPS,  Secbetabt. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


1 


The "  Ocean "  Permanent  Benefit  fioUding  Society. 

ENROLLED  1909.    INCORPORATED  1876. 

Shares,  £25.    Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share.    Subscription,  28.  per  liontk. 

Office -727,  COKMEBCIAL    KOAD,    LIMEHOXJBS,    X. 

Open  Dailg  from  10  till  4,  and  ev^rg  TMetiay^  10  ajm.  tUl  9  jijb. 

Arhitratof.'^JLt^,  J.  Kennedy,  D.D. ;  T.  Seratton,  Etq. 

2)tr«e^9r«.— Mr.  J.  Hilton,  Lan^eld  Home,  Bordett  Road,  E.  {CkakrmmmU  Mr.W.BaiM, 
Vestry  Hall,  St.  George**  East,  E.  {Dtpnig  CkairmamU  Captain  John  Oobbj,  1N» 
Vardett  Road,  E  ;  Hr.  J.  C.  Essex.  Westboome  Villas,  Orange  Park  Bond,  L^tes; 
Mr.  J.  H.  Godwin,  Albion  Hill.  Loaghton,  Essex:  Mr.  J.  Orefsoa.  S9i^  Bwditt 
Road,  E. ;  Rev.  F.  Haslock.  St.  Lakers  Square,  MUlwall,  £. ;  Captain  O.  MitdMP, 
67,  East  India  Road,  E  ;  Mr.  George  Waller.  S,  Bordett  Terracei,  Qraags  Fttk  Bm4 
Leyton. 

JRaairtfr*.— Lond3n  and  County  Bank  (LimdMraae  Branch). 

Solieitor.'-A.  Kerley,  Esq.,  14,  Great  Winchester  Street*  B.C. 

AitditoTi.—Vi'.  £.  Comer,  Esq.,  S,  St.  Thomas  Square,  Baekn^,  B. ;  H.  H.  Gill,  Efeq., 
107.  Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

Beeretarj/.—H.,  Humm. 

Investing  members  have  received  FIVE  PER  CENT,  interest  and  share  oTSarplai  Molt% 
which,  since  the  formation  of  the  Society,  has  averaged  over  two  per  eent » maklBf  ,  With  tki 
interest,  above  seven  per  cent. 

Special  Notice  —Five  per  cent,  is  still  allowed  on  Deposits,  and  money  is  withdfiw* 
able  at  short  notice.  Money  advanced  on  Freehold  or  Leasehold  Proper^.  PraspeetM  oa 
application.  M.  HUMM,  AefvCaty. 

THE  LONDON  AND  GENERAL 

Shares,  «£40.     Monthly  Subscription,  6s. 
Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share. 


OFFICES:     337,     STRAND,     W.C. 

Chairman  :  THOMAS  HUGHES,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

Vice-Presidents  ; 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  LICHFIELD. 


The  Hon.  H.  F.  COWPER,  M.P. 
FREDK.  HARRISON,  Esq. 


VERNON  LUSHINGTON,  Esq. 
W.  EVAN  FRANKS,  Esq. 


LARGE  or  Small  Sums  received  on  Deposit ;  Repayable  at  Short 
Notice.  Interest  paid  half-yearly.  Snares  may  he  taken  at  any 
time.  No  back  payments.  Money  ready  to  be  advanced  on  Freehold 
or  Leasehold  Security,  on  very  moderate  terms,  for  which  see  ledaced 
table  in  Prospectus,  to  be  had  on  application  to 

Managing  Director,  W.  R.  SELWAY. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


600D  TEMPLAR  AKD  TEMPERANCE  0RPHANA6E, 

KAJtION  FABK.  SUNBUBY-ON-THAMBS. 

CAoiVman— Mr.  THOMAS  CHAMBERLAIN,  J.P.,  Windsor. 

IWewirv^wMB.  FROOME  TALFOURD,  St.  Ann*.  Hill.  Wand«worth,  S.W. 

iTiM.  Acrtfarsf— Mb.  EDWARD  WOOD,  6,  Sbelgmte  Rd.,  New  Wandsworth,  8.W. 

The  Good  Texplab  and  Timpbbakcb  Obphavaob  has  been  eatablitbed  for 
the  reception  of  the  Orphan  Children  of  Temperance  parents.  The  desire  is  to 
laake  it  a  home  in  the  truest  sense  of  the  word,  where  Orphans  of  both  sexes  may 
hid,  not  merely  food  and  clothing,  but  also  the  happy  influences  which  combine 
bo  OMike  life  a  blessing  to  the  possessor. 

The  Institution  is  located  at  Marion  Park,  Sunbury,  where  a  lai^e  House  and 
;welTe  aeres  of  Freehold  Land  have  been  purchased  at  a  cost,  including  repairs 
Ad  fiimiture,  of  nearly  £5,000.  There  is  accommodation  for  about  serenty 
diildroo.  At  present  forty-two  Boys  and  Girls  are  sheltered  in  the  Homo,  and 
Jm  number  will  be  increased  as  Amds  permit.  The  children  range  from  threo  to 
burteen  years  of  age.  They  receive  a  sound  education  to  fit  them  for  useful 
ifeatioDs  in  life. 

Hm  oetablishment  is  so  oonduoted  as  to  foeter  a  love  of  cleanliness,  and  encou- 
rage regular  habits.  It  is  supported  entirely  by  voluntary  contributions.  The 
Committee  and  Officers  give  their  services  gratuitously,  and  are  also  subscribers. 
!To  part  of  the  income  is  diverted  to  other  purposes  than  the  maintenance  of  the 
3rphant  and  the  Institution.  Any  person  may  become  a  subscriber.  Tempe- 
ranoo  Societies  may  also  qualify  by  a  regular  collection  in  behalf  of  the  funds, 
ind  enjoy  all  the  piivileges  of  Subscribers. 

A  payment  of  ten  shillings  annually  entitles  any  person  to  nominate  a  Can- 
Udate  ;  or  a  donation  of  five  pounds  gives  a  like  privilege  for  life. 

The  property  of  the  Institution  is  vested  in  Trustees  ;  the  management  in  a 
!>ommittee,  which  meets  monthly  to  transact  ordinary  business.  A  weekly  Com- 
nittee  is  also  appointed  to  take  personal  oversight  of  the  arrangements  of  the 
institution,  and  report  to  the  general  body.  The  officers  are  also  frequent 
risitors  at  irregular  intervals. 

The  Orphanage  is  open  for  inspection  daily,  Sunday  excepted. 

In  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  National  Competitive  Ezamina- 
;ion  for  1881,  one  of  the  Orphanage  boys  (in  his  thirteenth  year)  headed  the 
ist  of  2,517  competitors  in  the  Junior  branch,  t.<.,  for  boys  and  girls  under 
burteen  years  of  age.  Another  boy  (in  his  twelfth  year)  stood  No.  26,  while 
ill  the  other  children  who  competed  from  this  Institution  obtained  First-Claas 
>rtifieaUs. 

There  has  not  been  a  death  in  the  Orphanage  since  it  was  founded  seven 
rears  ago  ;  only  one  case  of  serious  illness  has  occurred  ;  and  in  no  cise  has  it 
>e9n  necessary  to'send  a  child  away  for  misconduct  or  other  cause  before  reaching 
he  age  provided  for  by  the  rules. 

The  Committee  earnestly  appeal  to  the  friends  of  Temperance  everywhere  for 
xmiinued  and  increasing  support.  They  do  this  on  the  ground  that  the  benefits 
»f  the  Orphanage  are  not  restricted  to  any  particular  locality,  the  children  now  in 
lie  Institution  belonging  to  ten  different  counties.  A  further  and  special  claim 
nay  be  based  on  the  fact  that  this  is  the  only  Institution  for  the  orphan  children 
>f  Temperance  parents,  managed  exclusively  by  pledged  teetotalers. 

Subscriptions  may  be  addressed  to  the  Treasurer,  or  to  the  Hon.  Secretary,  who 
irill  be  happy  to  supply  Collecting  Cards,  or  any  farther  information. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


REMARKABLE   RESULTS  from  the  Rev.  E.  J.  SILVER- 
TON'S  REMEDIES  for  DEAFNESS  and  ILL-HEALTH. 

THE  REV.  £.  J.  SILYERTON'S  celebrated  Ear  Trampet  UteraUy  gif«a  hearing  it 
onco  to  the  deaf.  Daring  the  past  tweWe  jeari  no  leM  than  12,000  of  then 
histrnnients  have  been  sold,  and  in  everj  ease  have  given  the  greatest  satiaCaetioB. 

Bat  Mr.  SiWerton  has  also  a  medicine  which  removes  deafness,  noises,  and  offenstvs 
discharge  in  the  ears.  His  Anral  Remedy  goes  at  onoe  to  the  root  of  the  disease  and 
removes  the  cause. 

When,  however,  the  tympannm  of  the  ear  is  broken,  an  artificual  "  dram  "  has  to 
be  introduced,  and  this  marvellous  sun^gioal  operation  Mr.  Silverton  aocomplisbss 
repeatedly.  The  ears  are  also  examined,  without  psin  or  inoonvenience,  by  the  Silver 
Illnminated  Speculum. 

Mr.  Silverton  has  also  been  very  suocessfol  in  his  manner  of  treating  oases  of  broken- 
down  health.  The  idea  of  supplying  a  Nutritious  Food  with  his  Energeen  or  Ener- 
giser,  is  exceedingly  happy ;  the  two  things  going  together  aot  splendidly  on  the 
delicate  constitution.  Thousands  of  sufferers  not  ill  enough  to  be  oonfined  to  their 
room  and  not  well  enough  to  be  out,  find  in  this  double  remedy  the  means  of  health. 
This  has  been  proved  over  and  over  again  in  cases  of  the  most  hopeless  oharaetar.  After 
a  short  course  the  patient  begins  to  improve,  and  goes  on  improving  until  welL  It 
is  not  too  much  to  say,  that  in  several  oases  where  death  seemed  ineritable,  the  patient 
has  been  raised,  as  it  were,  from  the  grave.  Mr.  Silverton  holds  letters  of  the  mc»t  eon< 
vincing  nature  from  persons  who  have  taken  the  remedies  with  unmistakable  snocesa 
There  are  few  ailments  which  do  not  succumb  to  the  power  of  these  remedies.  Looal 
complaints  frequently  disappear  as  the  general  health  and  tone  of  the  system  improves 
Indigestion,  constipation,  sick  headache,  decline,  consumption,  asthma,  oonghs,  oolds,  and 
a  thoosani  other  ills,  are  removed  by  a  course  of  the  Food  of  Foods  and  Medieal  Ener< 
giser.  Indeed  no  person  out  of  health  should  fail  giving  these  marvellous  restoratives 
a  fair  trial.  It  is  true  to  say  they  do  not  cure  all  who  take  them,  bat  it  is  ecarcelj 
possible  for  any  one  to  do  so  without  benefit. 

THE    REV.    E.    J.    SILVERTON, 

assisted  by  a  Physician,  sits  for  the  examination  of  patients  daily  at  his  Conaolting 
Rooms,  from  11  to  2,  Saturdays  excepted.  No  charge  is  made  for  oonaoltation  at 
these  hours.  For  consultation  at  other  hours  arrangements  shonld  be  made  by  letter. 
Country  patients  should  embrace  Monday  and  Tuesday  mornings,  if  possiblo,  and  they 
should  endeavour  to  be  at  the  consulting  rooms  by  11  o^clook.  SuffiBrers  should  not  HU 
to  pay  a  visit,  as  so  much  more  can  bo  done  in  most  cases  by  a  personal  interview ;  but 
if  this  cannot  be,  Mr.  Silverton  will  send  his  "Book  of  Health,  and  Treatise  on 
Diseases  of  the  Ears  and  Eyes,"  price  Is.,  free  to  readers  of  the  "  National  Tempe- 
rance Annual/'  which  contains  a  list  of  questions  for  the  guidaaoe  of  the  patients. 

Mr.  Jesse  J.  Silverton  is  in  attendance  each  day  from  9  till  7,  Saturdays  9  till  1,  when 
any  of  the  Remedies  may  be  obtained,  and  arrangements  made  for  oonsultationif  required. 

Note  thr  Address. — All  communications  should  be  addressed  to  the  Rev.  £.  J. 
SILVERTON,  at  his  Consulting  Rooms,  17,  St.  Bride  St.,  Ludgate  Circus,  London,  E.G. 

Send  for  a  complete  ADMIRAL  FITZBOY'S  BABOMETEB  for  One 
Guinea.  Size  3  ft.  6  in.  lonff  by  7  in.  wide,  equal  to  those  sold  at  £5  Os. 
Nearly  2,000  sold  in  Eight  Months,  by  THOMAS  SMITH,  15,  Wine 
Office  Court,  Fleet  Street,  London.  Aeent  for  the  Lincolnshire  Bedding 
Company.  Send  for  Price  List  of  Beds  and  Ticks.  Money  returned  u 
not  approved. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


ALLESLEY    PARK    COLLEGE. 

ThU  iMtitntion  was  established  in  1848  and  presents  the  followingr  claims  :— 

Ample  space  and  elaborate  provision  for  domestic  comfort,  in  a  house  of  60  rooms. 

A  large  area  of  park,  a  gTmnasinm,  bathroom,  and  sjstematic  drill  for  physical  training^. 
Workshop*.  laboratorj,  and  art  studio. 

Moral  suasion  and  equity  the  sole  ba&is  of  rule.  Religious  teaching  without  sectarian 
iaflaenee. 

A  tboroogh  education  in  Latin  and  Greek,  optional ;  in  all  the  branches  of  an  English 
edoeatioD,  French  and  German,  mathematics,  chemistry,  mechanics,  and  vegetable  and 
aniiaal  phjaiology. 

Mnrj  boy  is,  as  fkr  as  practicable,  trained  to  clear  and  mpid  writing,  quick  and  accurate 
vHhmctio,  and  English  composition. 

Tine  is  economieed,  interest  excited,  and  progress  facilitated,  by  the  most  approved  prin- 
ciples and  methods  of  teaching. 

Mearly  one  hundred  students  hold  the  University  certificates ;  twcnty>seven  have  the  Oiford 
title;  ten  have  matriculated  at  the  London  University  in  the  first  division ;  and  many  have 
posed  the  Civil  Service,  Legal,  and  Medical  Examinations. 

Allesley  Park,  whilst  it  ampW  provides  for  classical  studies,  presents  peculiar  advantages 
to  stadents  designed  for  manufactures,  commerce,  or  agriculture. 

The  terms,  which  are  very  inclusive,  are  ftrora  £64  to  £60  per  year. 

The  PREPARATORY  SCHOOL  for  little  boys,  under  a  trained  and  experienced  lady 
teacher,  baa  a  separate  schoolroom,  dining>room,  playground,  and  dormitory. 
Tlie  terms  for  this  school  are  £45  a  year. 
Mo  intoxicating  liquors  nor  tobacco  are  allowed  upon  the  premises. 

December,  1876.  

Tull  proepectue  with  ample  rtferenee^  form  of  entry,   and  a  paper  on  the  Formation  rf 

Charaefer,  wajr  he  had  of  ike  Director, 

THOMAS  W7LES,  F.G.S.,  Allesley,  near  Coventry. 

New  Cross  Total  Abstinence  Pendant  or  Brooch,  enamelled  thrro 
colours,  9d.  each;  t»ame  Crons,  with  best  Pin  and  Ribbon,  la.  each. 
Neat  Temperance  or  Band  of  Hope  gilt  Star  Badge*,  suitable  emblems, 
on  scarlet'  velvet  centres,  beist  pin,  bar,  and  ribbon.  Is.  Id.  each. 
Temperance  Medals,  fully  mounted,  6d.,  8d.,  and  9d.  each  Good 
Templar  Star  Radges,  Is.  and  Is.  Sd.  each.  Silver  Medals,  Crosses, 
and  Stars  for  Prizes,  Ac. 

Three  different  samples  of  best  quality  and  best  selling  Band  of 
Hope  Medals,  with  Price  List  and  sketch  of  name  of  a  society,  Cd.  ; 
name  of  any  society  placed  in  gold  letters  on  ribbons  for  Medals  and 
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FOR 


1883. 


i 

m     ^ 

♦•♦ 

EDITED  BY 

^  ■ 

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1 
1 

R 

O 

B 

E 

R  T 

R 

A 

E,       -i 

Secretary  of  the 

League. 

' 

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LOND 


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/ 


■ » 


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.1    .  :  ." 


i  •■ 


•  \      \     ■ 


t        'a        I  4 


'.     .         t 


LONDON  : 

BARRITT,  SONS  AND  CO.,  PRINTERS, 

SEETHING   LAKE,  E.C. 


CONTENTS. 


■♦o*- 


Bbtbospect  op  the  Year  1882        5 

Early  Preston  Teetotalism.    By  William  Livesey      ...    24 

Alcoholic  Intemperance  in  Continental  States.    By 
the  Rev.  M.  de  Colleville,  D.D 34 

Present  Position  of  the  Temperance  Reform  in  the 
United  States.    By  A.  M.  Powell,  New  York.  ...    45 

The  Treatment  of  Inebriates.    By  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.     53 

CJONVICTIONS  AND    PUNISHMENTS    FOR    DRUNKENNESS.      By 

the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley,  M.A 63 

The  Drink  Traffic  and  its  Evils.    By  William  Hoyle     77 

The  Taxation  of  Alcohol 84 

The  National  Drink  Bill  for  1881         87 

The  Customs  Revenue  from  Drink         90 

The  Inland  Revenue  and  the  Beer  Duty       92 

Sickness  and  Death  caused  by  Alcohol  94 

Drink  and  Insanity 98 

Extent  and  Cost  of  English  Pauperism 101 

Judicial  Statistics  for  1881.  By  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley,  M.A.  104 

Metropolitan  Drinking  and  Crime.    By  the  Rev.  J.  W. 

Horslev,  M.A.  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  107 

Judicial  Testimonies  Concerning  Drink  and  Crime...  109 

Drinking  and  Drunkenness  in  the  Army       Ill 

Temperance  Work  in  the  Royal  Navy  114 


CONTENTS. 


Ecclesiastical  Deliverances  upon  Temperance 

The  Liquor  Trade  in  the  Colonies      

Chronicle  of  Temperance  Events  

Obituary  op  Temperance  Workers        

National  and  District  Temperance  Organisations.. 

Spirit  Production  in  the  United  Kingdom 

Retail  Licenses  in  the  Ignited  Kingdom        

X!i2LdSE    X^UTlctS  ...  ...  •.■  ...  ...  ■.,  ,, 

Excise  Licenses  for  Brewers,  Distillers,  &c. 

Licensed  Houses  in  the  Metropolis      

Summonses  against  Drink  Houses  in  London 
Metropolitan  Apprehensions  for  Drunkenness 

Miscellaneous  Statistics  and  Facts     

National  Temperance  League      

Catalogue  op  the  National  Temperance  Publication 

Jw/£<Irv/X  •••  «.«  •<•  ■••  •••  ..•  < 

Advertisements         


120 
129 
131 
140 

14:> 

149 
150 
152 
152 
153 
154 
155 
150 
159 

161 
201 


THE 

NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE   LEAGUE'S 

ANNUAL   for   1883. 


-«o^«^<y»- 


RETROSPECT   OF  THE  YEAR   1882. 

The  past  year  must  be  regarded  as  an  exceptionally  memorable 
one  in  the  history  of  the  Temperance  movement,  not  only  because 
it  ushered  in  the  jubilee  of  total  abstinence,  but  rather  because  it 
witnessed  an  awakening  amongst  all  classes  of  the  people  to  au 
extent  unprecedented  in  the  previous  history  of  the  enterprise. 
There  were  many  signs  which  indicated  that  a  revival  might  be 
expected.  The  historical  records  of  the  movement,  penned  by 
able  writers,  served  to  educate  the  rising  generation,  and  to  create 
a  zeal  such  as  animated  the  early  pioneers  ;  and  these  records  like- 
wise attracted  unusual  attention  in  the  general  press  of  the 
country,  which  also  had  an  educating  tendency  in  impressing  the 
popular  mind  with  the  importance  of  the  movement  and  the  vast 
success  it  had  achieved. 

Many  wlio  are  deaf  to  the  claims  of  an  unpopular  cause  are  yet 
lUsposed  to  listen  favourably  when  there  are  clear  signs  of  pros- 
perity, and  a  large  proportion  of  those  who  have  recently  become 
abstainers  have  been  won  over  because  obstacles,  not  of  principle, 
but  of  prejudice,  have  been  removed  by  the  growth  of  the  move- 
ment. The  primary  factor,  however,  in  bringing  about  the  present 
healthy  state  of  things  is  due  to  the  steady  and  persistent  seed- 
sowing,  especially  of  the  past  ten  or  twelve  years.  There  was 
also,  as  the  year  dawned,  a  prayerful  expectation  aroused  in 
thousands  of  hearts  that  the  few  noble  men  still  living,  who  first 
made  Temperance  principles  a  power  in  the  land,  might  be  cheered 
in  their  declining  days  by  signs  of  unexampled  progress,  and  that 
the  beginning  of  a  triumphant  end  might  be  clearly  traced  in  the 
jubilant  echoes  of  1882.  These  aspirations,  wliich  were  widely 
felt,  were  sanctified  by  earnest  supplication  to  the  Almighty,  and 


RETROSPECT    OF    THE   YEAR    1882. 


enforced  by  increased  activity,  and  the  result  has  been  a  harvest 
more  fruitful  probably  than  the  most  sanguine  expectants  had 
hoped  to  see. 

A  revival  of  any  sort  is  invariably  accompanied  by  certain 
changes  and  new  modes  of  propaganda  that  arrest  attention.  In 
a  slight  degree  this  has  been  the  case  during  the  past  year,  although 
nothing  objectionably  novel  has  been  introduced,  and  happily  no 
sacrifice  of  principle  has  been  indulged  in  on  the  questionable  ground 
of  expediency.  This  is  a  decidedly  hopeful  feature  of  the  yearns 
work,  and  affords  good  ground  for  believing  that  the  progress  made 
may  be  of  a  permanent  character.  Old  things  have  been  called 
by  new  names  ;  a  simple  bit  of  blue  ribbon  has  been  donned  by 
many  thousands  of  old  and  new  abstainers,  and  this  is  about  all 
the  novelty  of  the  Gospel  Temperance  Movement.  It  is  the 
truth,  which  has  been  with  us  from  the  beginning,  which  has 
been  working  so  mightily.  There  is  nothing  therefore  which  gives 
rise  to  anxiety  lest  any  revulsion  of  feeling  should  take  place,  as 
is  often  the  case  when  sensational  tactics  are  adopted  ;  and  the 
unpretentious  nature  of  recent  efforts  will  doubtless  prove  a  most 
potent  element  for  good  in  the  future  which  is  before  us. 

It  is  impossible  to  tabulate  the  results  of  the  many  special 
missions  wliich  have  taken  place  in  London  and  in  all  parts  of 
the  provinces.  In  most  small  towns,  as  well  as  in  large  ones, 
united  effons  have  been  put  forth  to  enlighten  the  people  on  the 
claims  of  the  Temperance  movement,  and  to  induce  them  to  put 
its  principles  into  personal  practice.  Success  has  been  more 
certainly  assured  where,  as  in  most  cases,  all  sections  of  the 
Christian  Church,  recognising  the  disastrous  effects  of  the  drink- 
ing customs,  have  made  common  cause  in  cojnng  with  the  eviL 
This  is  the  spirit  in  which  Temperance  work  should  always  be 
c(vrried  on.  It  is  a  movement  essentially  within  the  range  of 
Christian  philanthropy,  but  without  the  pale  of  theological  differ- 
ences ;  and  the  marvellous  influence  foi  good  which  people  of  all 
ereeds  have  been  able  tp  exert  when  united  on  the  Temperance 
question  should  keep  alive  and  increase  the  spirit  of  Christian 
patriotism  which  has  lately  been  manifested.  AJl  temperance 
Organisations,  from  the  leading  leagues  down  to  the  smallest  local 
societies,  have  entered  with  spirit  into  these  missions.    Much  of 


RETROSPECT    OF    THE   YEAR    1882. 


their  work  lias  taken  this  form,  and  secretaries  and  speakers  have 
heen  hardly  pressed  to  meet  the  constant  demands  made  upon 
them.  There  has  been  no  attempt  to  further  the  interest  of  any 
particular  association,  and  hence  the  workers  have  been  united  in 
the  single  object  of  helping  on  the  Temperance  cause.  Although  no 
reliable  approjdmate  estimate  can  be  recorded  of  the  total  number 
of  persons  who  have  become  abstainers  during  the  year  1882,  there 
is  ample  evidence  which  indicates,  allowing  reasonable  percentage 
for  those  who  have  returned  to  their  former  habits,  that  the  new 
adherents  far  outnumber  the  converts  gained  in  any  other  like 
period  of  Temperance  history. 

The  effect  of  the  healthy  growth  of  Temperance  principles  has 
operated  in  a  variety  of  ways  upon  all  classes  of  the  people,  but  it 
has  been  felt  in  a  peculiar  and  unmistakable  sense  by  the  vendors 
of  intoxicating  licjuor,  and  by  no  less  a  personage  than  the  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer.  The  former  have  found  that  their 
takings  have  suffered  serious  diminution,  and  the  owners  of 
public-house  property  have  at  last  been  compelled  to  echo  the 
cry  of  "  bad  trade  "  at  a  time  when  the  staple  industries  of  the 
country  have  not  been  suffering  from  depression.  In  some 
towns  a  few  of  the  palaces  of  Bacchus  have  been  closed  from  lack 
of  visitors  ;  on  all  sides  (including  the  metropolis)  public-house 
property  has  greatly  depreciated  in  value,  and  nowhere  is  there 
that  briskness  of  demand  for  licensed  drinkshops  which  was  wont 
in  years  gone  by,  to  cheer  "  mine  liost "  into  the  soothing  delusion 
that  he  followed  a  calling  endowed  with  eternal  prosperity. 

It  was  only  to  be  expected  that  the  revenue  derived  from  alco- 
holic liquors  should  afford  direct  evidence  of  the  lessened  demand 
for  those  compounds  which  the  efforts  of  Temperance  reformers  had 
brought  about.  For  many  years  Ministers  of  Finance  have  regarded 
the  revenue  from  drink  with  complacent  confidence;  it  was  there 
difhculties  of  Alabama-like  proportions  could  be  readily  absorbed; 
and  though  fluctuations  might,  of  course,  be  expected  to  occiu*, 
the  supply  from  this  source  would  always,  it  was  thought,  be  equal 
to  the  demands  made  upon  it.  But  Mr.  Gladstone  (as  Chancellor  of 
the  Exchequer),  in  his  Budget  statement  in  April  last,  was  forced  to 
acknowledge  that  this  was  no  longer  the  case.  In  round  number 
the  Excise  from  alcohol  for  the  year  ended  March  Slst,  1882, 


i 


%ujiimea,  Hiiu  It  IS  eminently  satisfactory  to  ni 
in  tlie  revenue  from  drink  has  since  been  niai 
np  to  September  31st  showing  a  marked  dim 
rcsi)onding  months  of  last  year,  thus  afi'ordi 
practical  effect  of  temperance  activity.      W 
called  a  collapse  is  fraught  with  hope  and  en 
without  wishing  to  give  unnecessary  trouble  t 
the  Exchequer,  Temperance  reformers  will  con 
to  compel  him  still  further  to  record  the  d: 
diminishing  quantity. 

In  a  very  gratifying  sense  the  whole  of  the 
will  be  regarded  in  history  with  special  signifi 
in  some  measure  the  jubilee  epoch.  The  f< 
conference  of  the  British  Temperance  Leagi 
Preston  in  July.  Unusual  interest  attached  1 
as  the  jubilee  of  the  signing  the  pledge  was  a 
gathering,  although  two  months  before  the  ac 

It  was  on  Ist  September,  1832,  that  the  first  pi 
was  signed  by  seven  men  in  the  town  of  Preston, 
perhaps  the  most  worthy  of  the  whole,  Joseph 
to  rejoice  in  humble  gratitude  to  God  for  the  blc 
accrued  to  humanity  from  that  simple  act  of  fil 
celebration  of  this  event  a  creat  fete.  orrrnniM 


RETROSPECT  OF  THE  YEAR  1882. 


Bentatives  present  from  all  the  leading  temperance  organisations 
throughout  the  United  Kingdom,  but  visitors  were  present  from  the 
Colonies,  from  America,  as  well  as  a  number  of  distinguished 
gentlemen  from  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany.  M.  Leon 
Lebon  Vander  Kerckhove,  as  representing  his  confr^es,  read  an 
address  in  French,  presented  to  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly,  which  set  forth 
his  services  to  the  cause,  and  the  appreciation  in  which  they, 
combined  with  the  work  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  arc 
held  by  the  Friends  of  temperance  on  the  Continent.  A  Jubilee 
Conference  took  place,  presided  over  by  Mr.  Thomas  Cook,  the 
tourist  of  world-wide  renown.  Mr.  William  Livesey,  a  grey- 
haired  son  of  Joseph  Livesey,  read  an  interesting  paper,  which 
brought  into  a  focus  the  doings  of  the  "  Men  of  Preston  "  from  the 
earliest  years  of  the  movement.  The  Rev.  M.  De  Colleville,  D.D., 
one  of  the  seven  permanent  International  Temperance  Commis- 
sioners for  the  British  Isles,  furnished  an  exhaustive  paper  on  "The 
alcoholic  intemperance  of  Continental  States  of  Europe,  in  which 
Nephalism  is  being  introduced."  The  Rev.  Canon  Babington,  who 
is  in  his  92nd  year,  and  whose  name  is  revered  as  being  one  of 
the  earliest,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  consistent  and  earnest, 
of  clerical  supporters  of  the  Temperance  cause,  contributed  a 
paper  on  "  A  half-century  of  Abstinence  ;"  and  yet  another  was 
read  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Powell,  of  New  York,  on  the  "Present  Position 
of  the  Temperance  Reform  in  the  United  States."  Great  meetings 
were  held,  at  which  specially  appointed  speakers  from  the  different 
temperance  organisations  spoke  on  the  progress  of  the  movement, 
and  sounded  many  a  note  calculated  to  stir  up  enthusiastic  energy 
for  the  labours  of  the  future.  The  day  was,  indeed,  one  likely  to 
be  long  remembered  from  a  variety  of  causes.  An  unmistakably 
jubilant  spirit  animated  the  vast  throng.  The  faces  of  the  old, 
the  middle-aged,  and  the  young  reflected  a  unanimity  of  feeling  so 
apparent  as  to  be  a  matter  of  common  remark.  The  grand  orches- 
tra was  twice  filled  with  singers,  most  of  whom  were  adults,  and 
never  perhaps  has  the  crystal  dome  reverberated  with  such  majes- 
tic music.  There  was  a  potent  element  in  the  volume  of  melody 
indicative  of  a  deep  under-current  of  forceful  meaning,  and  the 
thunder  of  the  music  seemed  to  echo  back  the  notes  of  a  speedy 
triumph  in  the  coming  years. 


lO  RETROSPECT    OF   THE   YEAR    1882. 

It  IB  proverbial  that  the  Bympathies  of  English  people  are 
far  reaching,  and  it  is  not,  therefore,  surprising  that  many 
Temperance  reformers  have  patiently  studied  the  development  of 
their  principles  in  other  lands.  The  proceedings  of  the  Inter- 
national Temperance  Commission  have  been  watched  with  keen 
interest,  and  the  National  Temperance  Leagae  has  from  time  to 
time  taken  such  action  as  seemed  best  calculated  to  enlighten  the 
leaders  of  science  and  social  reformers  on  the  Continent  as  to  the 
true  remedies  for  intemperance,  and  the  results  of  the  researches 
into  the  nature  and  value  of  alcohol.  The  presence  of  a  large 
number  of  distinguished  foreigners  at  the  Jubilee  celebration  was 
taken  advantage  of  by  the  holding  of  a  Conference,  which  took  place 
in  Exeter  Hall  on  the  6th  of  September,  the  proceedings  being 
conducted  in  French.  The  Rev.  Dr.  De  Colleville  presided,  and 
delivered  a  comprehensive  address  on  a  variety  of  topics  affecting 
the  furtherance  of  Temperance  principles  on  the  Continent,  and 
aboimding  with  information,  which  the  experience  of  reformers 
in  this  country  was  able  to  furnish.  M.  Leon  Lebon  Vanden 
Kerckhove,  president  of  the  Belgian  deputation,  presented  a  long 
and  important  paper,  which  has  since  been  published  in  extento. 
Discussions  followed  on  various  motions,  ably  sustained  by  Pro- 
fessor Nicolas  Du  Moulin,  of  the  Ghent  University,  the  Rev.  Dr 
Joliann  Rhindfleish,  delegate  of  the  German  Societies,  Dr.  De 
Vaucleroy,  of  Brussels,  Dr.  Petithan,  of  Li^ge,  and  others,  includ- 
ing some  English  representatives,  and  the  proceedings  afforded 
good  ground  for  hope  that  the  deliberations  would  be  turned  to 
practical  account. 

There  is  certainly  an  increased  disposition  on  the  Continent 
to  cope  with  the  evil  effects  of  alcoholic  indulgence.  The  law 
passed  in  Holland,  which  came  into  operation  in  November, 
1881,  has  been  working  with  beneficial  effect.  This  law  pro- 
vides that  no  new  drink-shops  shall  be  added  to  the  number 
existing,  and  during  the  past  year  many  have  lapsed,  provision 
being  made  for  a  diminution  to  the  extent  of  one-fourth  in 
twenty  years,  which  will  eventually  reduce  the  number  of 
licensed  houses  from  45,000  to  1 1,250.  Very  recently  a  German 
Temperance  Society  was  formed,  whose  chief  object  it  is  to 
form  coffee-taverns  for  the  poorer  classes.     In  Russia,  too,  ther^ 


RETROSPECT   OF   THE   YEAR    1882.  II 


ift  a  heahhy  rishig  of  Temperance  sentiment.  The  Jews  in  that 
country  are  the  principal  liquor  traffickers,  and  this  fact  is 
generally  considered  as  accounting,  to  a  large  extent,  for  the 
ill-^dll  inroked  against  them.  Many  of  the  municipalities  have 
refused  to  allow  Jews  to  have  anything  further  to  do  with 
the  sale  of  spirit  and  the  Czar  has  decreed  that  liquor  shall  be 
sold  at  only  one  place  in  each  village.  A  native  is  appointed  as 
retailer,  at  a  fixed  salary,;  being  liable  to  imprisonment  if  any 
one  gets  drunk  on  his  premises ;  and  if  a  community  becomes 
notorious  for  drunkenness,  the  sale  of  liquor  is  to  be  stopped 
entirely. 

The  influence  which  the  English  nation  exerts  on  the  social  cus- 
toms of  the  Colonies  is  very  great,  and  in  the  matter  of  our  drinking 
habits  incalculable  harm  ns  been  done  to  many  of  our  dependencies. 
Temperance  reformers,  recognising  this,  arc  bound  to  do  all  in  their 
power  to  prevent  other  communities,  however  distant  from  our 
sh(»res,irom  being  saddled  with  an  evil  which  they  themselves  are 
endeavouring  to  get  rid  of.  During  the  visit  of  the  king  of  the 
Zulus  to  this  country,  his  majesty  gave  a  cordial  audience  to  a 
deputation  from  the  National  Temperance  League,  the  object  of 
which  was  to  ui^ge  upon  the  king  the  desirability  of  discouiaging 
the  use  of  spirits  in  Zululand.  Mr.  John  Taylor  expressed  regret 
that  English  traders  and  sailors  had  often  introduced  spirituous 
liquors  into  different  nationalities  with  lamentable  effects,  but 
explained  that  there  were  large  numbers  of  persons  in  this  country 
who  favoured  entire  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors,  and 
if  the  king  were  to  initiate  any  measures  to  prevent  their  being 
brought  into  his  dominions,  such  a  step  would  have  the  sympathy 
of  most  English  people.  Other  members  of  the  deputation  spoke, 
all  tlie  remarks  being  duly  interpreted.  King  Cetewayo  listened 
most  attentively,  and  gave  a  reply  which  evinced  a  remarkable 
grasp  of  the  whole  subject.  He  said  his  people  were,  as  a  race, 
abstainers  from  spirituous  liquors,  the  beer  which  they  use  is  like 
gruel ;  but,  said  he,  "  the  others — your  spirits  and  intoxicants — 
they  are  death.''  He  further  said  that  he  had  issued  a  proclama- 
tion against  the  introduction  of  spirits,  which  he  would  renew 
on  his  restoration.  Then  followed  a  remark  which  must  not  be 
lost  sight  of,  but  used  to  good  purpose  when' the  first  opportunity 


12  RETROSPECT    OF    THE   YEAR    1882. 

arrives.  "  It  is  no  good,"  said  the  king,  "  my  shutting  the  door 
on  my  side,  for  I  liave  no  distilleries ;  but  I  think  the  proper  way 
would  be  for  the  Natal  Government  to  assist  me  by  placing 
restrictions  upon  the  introduction  of  spirituous  liquors  in  my 
country."  Mr.  Taylor  only  expressed  the  sentiment  of  the  vast 
majority  of  Englishmen  when  he  said  that  that  was  a  matter 
which  those  he  represented  would  bring  before  their  o^vn  Govern- 
ment, and  that  anything  the  king  did  would  have  their  hearty 
support.  The  remarks  of  Ngcongcwana,  the  king's  cousin,  .were 
very  emphatic  against  the  use  of  spirits,  and  he  said  they  ought 
to  have  assistance,  and  not  be  left  to  fight  the  question  alone. 
The  interview  served  to  show  the  responsibility  which  rests  upon 
the  British  nation  in  relation  to  the  drink  problem.  Our  duty  is 
clear  ;  the  natives  of  Zululand,  and  uf  other  countries  similarly 
situated,  have  a  right  to  ask  for  protection,  and  it  is  for  temperance 
reformers  especially  to  see  that  they  get  it. 

Signs  of  progress  are  not  lacking  in  the  Army  and  Navy.  In 
both  services  Temperance  has  continued  to  make  satisfactory 
headway,  notwithstanding  times  of  special  temptation  to  the  men 
and  unusual  activity  in  military  centres.  But  soldiers  and  sailors 
who  have  remained  firm  to  their  principles  during  active  serx'icc 
will  be  the  better  for  the  trial,  and  will  be  able  to  exercise  a 
greater  influence  over  their  comrades.  As  fighting  men  they 
were  deemed  more  reliable  than  those  who  partook  of  stimulants. 
Sir  Garnet  (now  Baron)  Wolseley,  whose  foresight  and  experience 
arc  unquestionable,  took  good  care  to  taboo  the  u.se  of  Dutch 
courage,  and  preferred  that  his  victorious  army  in  Egypt  should 
carry  tea  in  their  bottles  instead  of  rum.  During  last  summer 
Mr.  Samuel  Sims  spent  about  six  weeks  in  visiting  the  National 
Temperance  League's  military  branches  at  Gibraltar  and  Malta, 
and  held  a  number  of  important  meetings.  In  India  the  labours 
of  the  Rev.  J.  Gelson  Gregson  continue  to  bear  fruit.  There  is  a 
temperance  society  in  connection  with  nearly  every  regiment, 
with  a  pledged  membership  of  over  ten  thousand,  and  some- 
thing like  fil'teen  thousand  more  in  England  and  elsewhere. 

Mr.  Trevelyan's  estimate,  that  one  man  in  six  in  the  Royal  Navy 
is  a  total  abstainer,  which  is  not  over  the  mark,  is  encouraging 
evidence   that   the  labour  expended    has  yielded  good  return. 


RETROSPECT    OF    THE.  YEAR    1882.  I3 


Lord  Claud  Hamilton  presided  at  a  meeting  of  the  members  of 
the  National  Temperance  League,  held  at  Exeter  Hall  in  March 
last,  when  Miss  Weston  made  her  annual  statement,  which 
testified  of  very  decided  progress  both  at  home  and  at  foreign 
stations.  The  knowledge  that  our  soldiers  and  sailors,  when 
on  foreign  service,  become  missionaries  for  good  or  evil,  makes 
temperance  work  amongst  them  of  especial  importance,  and  the 
services  some  have  rendered  at  stations  in  distant  parts  of  the 
earth,  reveal  the  value  of  this  channel  of  enterprise. 

The  Christian  Church  is  giving  increased  attention  to  the 
movement.  In  all  its  branches  there  has  l)€cn  a  more  active 
co-operation  than  formerly,  and  a  healthier  disposition  to  recog- 
nise in  Temperance  work  a  worthy  handmaid  of  the  Gospel.  The 
operations  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  have 
l)een  energetically  maintained.  The  rise  in  the  tide  of  opinion  in 
favour  of  total  abstinence  has  caused  a  little  friction  in  certain 
quarters,  owing  to  the  dual  basis  of  the  Society,  and  some  of  the 
supporters  of  the  moderation  section  have  been  troubled  in  spirit. 
Too  much  attention  and  pi-ominence,  they  think,  is  given  to  the 
views  of  abstainers  by  the  Society,  and  they  have  been  impelled 
to  give  utterance  to  remarks  not  at  all  calculated  to  advance 
abstinence  principles.  But  the  highest  dignitaries  of  the  Church 
cannot  do  much  harm  now,  although  they  may  indirectly  block 
the  path  of  progress.  Those  who  cannot  be  induced  to  forego  the 
use  of  intoxicating  drinks,  and  who  yet  desire  to  help  on  some- 
thing, it  is  not  always  clear  what,  certainly  fail  to  increase  the 
vital  strength  of  the  movement  by  talking  to  mixed  audiences 
about  the  merit  of  moderation.  Whatever  influence  such  friends 
may  have  the  platform  does  not  appear  to  be  a  good  place  to 
exercise  it.  It  is  then  not  to  be  wondered  at  if  earnest  self- 
denying  workers  wish  that  modemtc-dr inking- well-wishers  would 
add  to  their  other  virtues  the  virtue  of  silence,  at  least  in  public, 
with  regard  to  their  strength  or  weakness,  whichever  it  is,  in  the 
matter  of  drinking  intoxicants. 

During  the  sittings  of  the  Church  Congress,  which  was  held  at 
Derby  in  October,  the  Temperance  question  came  to  the  fore  on 
several  occasions.  In  addition  to  a  large  public  meeting,  a  special 
flitting  was  devoted  to  the  remedial  treatment  of  inebriates,  when 


iMMUb 


14  RETROSPECT    OF   THE   YEAR    1882. 

papers  were  read'  by  Dr.  Norman-  Keir,  the.  Bev.  Prebendarj 
Grier,  the  Rev.  Thomas  Hutton.  and  the  Hev.  J^  W.  Horaley^  In 
other  sections  valuable  utterances  were  also  made  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Fork  and  the  Bishop  of  Bedford,  in  dealing  with  general 
topics,  touching  the  moral  and  religious  life  of  the  nation. 

The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  has  the  sup- 
port of  1,168  abstaining  ministers  out  of  a  total  of  ^,575  who 
belong  to  that  body.  In  the  twelve  Congregational  colleges  there 
were,  according  to  the  last  report,  383  students^  323  of  whom 
were  abstainers  ;  and  in  three  colleges  out  of  the  twelve  all  the 
students  are  total  abstainers.  The  Baptist  Total  Abstinence 
Association  has  been  more  actively  worked  during  the  past  year 
than  heretofore.  The  membership  includes  714  ministers  and 
934  Church  officers,  &a,  and  it  is  stated  that  219  of  the  252 
students  in  Baptist  colleges  are  total  abstainers. 

All  branches  of  the  Methodist  Church  present  a  firm  temperance 
attitude.  The  election  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Garrett,  as  President  of 
the  Wesleyan  Conference,  is  a  guarantee  tliat  the  question  will  not 
be  left  to  languish.  In  the  last  report  presented  to  the  Wesleyan 
Conference  by  the  Connexional  Temperance  Committee  it  was 
stated  that  there  were  now  177  circuit  Temperance  societies,  with 
10,912  members,  and  2,345  Bands  of  Hope,  comprising  a  membert 
ship  of  225,160. 

To  the  United  Free  Methodists  belongs  the  honour  of  being 
the  first  religious  body  in  this  country  to  designate  one  of  their 
ministers  to  the  special  work  of  promoting  Temperance  within 
the  bounds  of  their  connexion.  This  advanced  step  was  resolved 
upon  at  the  Annual  Assembly  of  the  Free  Methodist  Churches 
held  last  summer  at  Bristol,  and  shows  that  the  leaders  of  the 
denomination  are  men  who  understand  the  signs  of  the  times. 

The  Methodist  New  Connexion  fosters  Temperance  work  with 
special  care  for  the  young.  The  Bands  of  Hope  in  the  Connexion 
number  209,  with  a  membership  of  25,107,  showing  an  increase 
of  2,034  members  in  the  previous  year.  The  Primitive  Methodists, 
Calvinistic  Methodists,  Bible  Christians,  Presbyterians,  and  other 
religious  bodies,  are  also  on  the  move.  The  Students*  Temperance 
Abstainers'  Union,  too,  is  doing  good  service.  From  the  last 
report,  it  appears  that  when  the  Union  was  started  twenty-six 


RETROSPECT   OF   THE   YEAR    1 882.  I5 

years  ago  tbe  percentage  of  abstainers  in  the  different  college<( 
WAS  40,  but  in  the  year  1882  it  was  86. 

The  Temperance  question  is  now  systematically  advocated  from 
^the  pulpit,  and  in  several  denominations  special  Sundays  have 
been  appointed  for  the  purpose.  As  for  many  years  past,  in 
eonncction  with  the  anniversary  meetings  of  the  National  Tem- 
perance League,  sermons  were  preached  in  Westminster  Abbey 
and  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  before  crowded  audiences.  At 
the  latter  centre  of  Nonconformist  activity  Temperance  work  has 
been  permanently  undertaken.  A  society  was  formed  in  March 
last,  liaving  for  its  president  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Spuigeon,  who  has 
delivered  several  forcible  utterances  in  support  of  abstinence. 
The  Society  has  worked  well,  particularly  in  connection  with  a 
Blue  Ribbon  mission  in  September,  when  some  thousands  of 
persons  were  induced  to  take  the  pledge.  The  Salvation  Army  is 
another  forc<}  at  work,  and  as  total  abstinence  is  one  of  the 
conditions  of  its  membership,  it  must  have  direct  influence  for 
good  in  weaning  the  people  from  habits  which  all  religious  leaders 
regard  as  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  the  spread  of  Christianity. 

The  importance  of  indoctrinating  the  young  in  all  that  p^ 
txdns  to  a  sound  knowledge  of  alcoholic  drinks  is  freely  admitted 
by  Temperance  people,  and  much  has  been  done  to  give  effect 
to  the  conviction  ;   but  systematic  Tempeiunce  teaching  in  the 
schools  does  not,  we  fear,  present  that  hopeful  aspect  which  has 
characterised  other  features  of  the  movement.    Experience  amply 
proves  that  general  educational  attainments  are  not  safeguards 
against   the   insidious    influences  of  the  wine-cup ;    and  it  ia 
often  those   richly  endowed    with    mental    capacity    who    are 
most  liable  to  fall  into  the  habit  of  imbibing  small  doses  of 
stimulants,  until  what  at  first  seemed  a  harmlesa  and  helpful 
agent  becomes  a  baneful  tyrant  not  easily  mastered.   This  view  of 
the  case,  specially  applying  to  the  students  of  our  Universities'and 
Colleges,  has  its  analogy  in  elementary  schools.    The  children 
there  may  be  well  trained  in  all  the  rudimentary  elements  of 
education,  but  unless  they  receive  definite  teaching  respecting  the 
nature  and  effects  of  alcohol  their  education  willhave  little 
influence  in  preventing  them  from  regarding  intoxicating  drink 
as  a  beneficial  article  of  diet.    In  the  face  of  the  positive  teachings 


l6  RETROSPECT   OF   THE   YEAR    1882. 

of  the  most  eminent  medical  men  that  these  drinks  are  not  only 
unnecessary,  but  absolutely  harmful  to  children,  are  we  not  wise 
in  insisting  that  the  young  shall  be  rightly  informed,  80  that  the 
liabits,  contracted  in  ignorance  by  parents,  shall  not  descend  to 
their  offspring. 

The  National  Temperance  League  has  for  some  years  been 
endeavouring  to  force  home  these  truths  in  a  variety  of 
ways,  notably  by  the  publication  of  temperance  lesson-books, 
lectures  to  children  in  schools,  and  frequent  conferences  with 
teachers.  These  agencies  have  been  well  sustained  during  the 
past  year.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Union  of 
Elementary  Teachers,  held  at  Sheffield  in  April,  an  important 
conference  was  held,  when  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly,  Dr.  Robert  Martin 
and  Mr.  W.  R.  Selway  advocat<3d  the  claims  of  the  movement,  and 
the  discussion  which  followed  was  highly  valuable  and  en- 
couraging. Similar  conferences,  which  have  recently  been  held  with 
the  members  of  District  Teachers'  Associations  in  different  parts  of 
the  country,  have  been  equally  encouraging.  The  services  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  in  this  department  of 
labour  cannot  be  overrated.  All  over  tlie  land  Bands  of  Hope 
exist,  and,  in  &  slight  measure,  supply  the  defect  in  the  teaching 
of  the  elementary  schools ;  and  the  Young  Abstainers'  Union, 
designed  to  reach  the  children  of  the  upper  classes,  has  done  good, 
though  its  action  is  somewhat  limited.  But  no  efforts  of  Tem- 
perance Societies  can  adequately  meet  what  is  required.  The 
subject  is  not  one  exclusively  for  teetotalers.  The  education  of 
the  masses  has  been  entrusted  to  Educational  Boards  as  a  national 
duty,  and  it  is  emphatically  necessary  that  the  misconceptions 
i-egarding  alcohol,  which  have  proved  fruitful  in  the  growth  of 
crime  and  ignorance,  shall  no  longer  be  handed  down  from  sire  to 
son  ;  but  that  the  youth  of  the  present  generation  shall  be  trained 
and  enlightcnd,  so  that  these  evils  of  the  past  may  not  abound  in 
the  future. 

Temperance  literature  of  all  kinds  is  increasingly  prolific.  The 
demand  continues  healthy,  and  the  supply  shows  no  signs  of 
degeneracy  or  exhaustion.  There  has,  in  fact,  been  an  increase 
in  the  call  for  publications  proportionate  to  the  spread  of  Tem- 
perance principles  in  recent  months,  but  by  no  means  lai^ 


RETROSPECT    OF   THE    YEAR    1882.  I7 


enough  to  eatisfy  those  who  think  that  the  written  truth  has  a 
purpose  to  serve  as  important,  and  a  power  as  great,  as  the  spoken 
word.  There  never  has  been  a  time  when  this  department  of  the 
enterprise  was  so  much  needed  as  now.  This  is  essentially  a 
reading  age.  Reading  begets  tliought,  and  thought  is  the  frequent 
harbinger  of  conviction,  so  that  means  taken  to  bring  Temperance 
literature  under  the  eyes  of  the  indifferent,  the  ignorant,  and  the 
obstinate,  are  quite  as  likely  to  convince  as  the  utterances  of  the 
orator.  Besides,  the  tract,  the  pamphlet,  and  the  liandsomely 
bound  book,  can  be  utilised  in  numberless  ways  which  arc  closed 
to  preachers  and  platform  speakers.  In  making  presents  to 
friends,  in  giving  prizes  to  children,  and  in  gifts  to  institutions, 
this  silent  force  may  be  set  in  motion.  Many  valuable  contribu- 
tions have  been  made  during  the  past  year  to  the  alreatly  extensive 
catalogue  of  temperance  books,  which  is  in  itself  a  publication 
that  may  be  kept  for  reference  with  manifest  advantage  to  all 
interested  in  spreading  sound  information.  The  circulation  of 
the  National  Temperance  MirroVy  which  has  now  completed  its 
second  year,  continues  to  expand.  In  many  towns  and  districts 
the  magazine  has  been  localised,  and  there  is  scope  for  good  and 
profitable  extension  in  this  direction.  The  old  publications  of  the 
League  and  other  societies  have  kept  up  their  tone  and  position,  and 
several  new  weekly  and  monthly  periodicals  owe  their  existence 
to  the  Blue  Ribbon  movement. 

Exceptional  facilities  have  been  opened  up  by  the  National 
Temperance  Publication  Depot  for  obtaining  Temperance  pub- 
lications in  all  parts  of  London  and  the  provinces,  and  even  in 
the  colonies.  Over  two  hundred  agencies  have  been  started,  at 
which  a  sample  stock  of  the  best  Temperance  literature  is  on 
view.  A  direct  communication  with  the  central  depot  enables 
the  local  bookseller  to  furnish  his  customers  with  all  the  newest 
works  from  the  Temperance  Press.  But  the  demand  must  create 
the  supply,  or  the  agent  will  find  it  more  to  his  advantage  to 
push  the  sale  of  other  publications,  with  a  consequent  loss  to  the 
Temperance  cause.  At  a  conference  held  on  the  9th  November 
at  337,  Strand,  a  number  of  representatives  from  metropolitan 
societies  met  to  consider  how  best  to  promote  the  dissemination  of 
literature.     New  methods,  and  suggestions  for  extending  existing 


l8  RETROSPECT    OF   THE   YEAR    1882. 

arrangements,  were  freely  and  practicallj  discuBsed,  the  general 
opinion  being  that  a  literature  officer  ought  to  be  attached  to 
every  society.  Committees  should  not  hesitate  to  make  the  outlay 
necessary  for  a  small  supply  of  books  and  current  periodicals. 
If  this  were  done  a  fair  profit  would  eventually  accrue,  or  if  not 
a  service  would  be  rendered  such  as  no  other  method  could  effect. 

A  special  significance  attached  to  the  last  annual  meeting  of 
the  British  Medical  Association,  it  having,  like  the  Temperance 
movement,  attained  its  jubilee  majority.  The  gathering  held  at 
Worcester,  in  August,  was  larger  and  more  enthusiastic  than 
usual.  In  the  Public  Medicine  section  Dr.  Norman  Kftrr  read 
ti  paper  on  the  medical  aspects  of  alcohol,  which  evoked  a 
discussion  decidedly  favourable  to  the  views  propounded  ;  and 
Dr.  Alfred  Carpenter  presented  a  report  of  the  Committee 
appointed  to  obtain  restrictive  legislation  for  habitual  drunkardi. 
The  unsatisfactory  Act  passed  in  1879  expires  in  seven  years,  and 
the  Society  formed  to  establish  a  Dalrymple  Home  near  London 
hope  to  be  able,  by  the  cure  of  a  few  typical  cases,  to  secore 
from  the  Legislature  fuller  and  more  compulsory  powers.  As 
in  former  years  the  National  Temperance  League  invited  the 
members  to  a  breakfast  and  conference.  The  venerable  Presi* 
dent,  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly,  presided,  and  it  is  hut  a  just  tribute  to 
his  long  and  invaluable  advocacy  to  note  that  several  speakers 
were  impelled  to  make  allusion  to  the  influence  of  his  Chris- 
tian and  kindly  moderation.  The  Conference  was  addressed  by 
Dr.  William  Strange,  President  of  the  British  Medical  Association ; 
Dr.  A.  Carpenter  ;  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Canon  Leigh  ;  Dr.  Lennox 
Browne  ;  Dr.  Charles  West ;  Dr.  J.  J.  Ritchie  ;  Dr.  F.  J.  Gray, 
and  others.  A  public  meeting  was  also  held,  when  Mr.  Bowly 
again  presided,  the  other  speakers  being  all  medical  men. 

The  British  Medical  Temperance  Association,  according  to  its 
last  report,  shows  an  increase  of  membership,  and  it  is  known 
that  a  large  and  increasing  number  of  medical  men  are  abstaineiSy 
although  not  enrolled  ns  members.  The  meetings  of  the  Society 
afi'ord  opportunity  for  the  discussion  of  general  medical  topics  as 
well  as  points  of  interest  relating  to  the  use  and  action  of  alcohol^ 
which  have  been,  and  are  likely  to  continue,  of  great  service  in 
creating  sound  opinions  and  in  removing  misconceptions. 


RBTROSPBCT  OF  THE  YEAR  1882.  IQ 

-'  ■  I  .1  ■  ■  ■  •— 

The.  advanced  stage  of  influence  reached  by  the  Temperance 
movem^ljt  is  exemplified  in  the  deliberations  of  scientific  and 
other  learned  ^ocieties^  At  the  several  sittings  of  the  British 
Asaociation,  which  held  its  last  annual  gathering  at  Southampton, 
in  August,  Vflrioufr  phases  of  the  question  were  discussed.  Pro- 
fesBor  Leon^  Levi  read  a  paper  on  the  state  of  crime  ;  Mr.  George 
Baden-Powell  and  Mr.  Stephen  Bourne  submitted  contributionn 
relative  to  the  taxation  and  revenue  derived  from  alcohol ;  and 
other  topics  bearing  upon  Temperance,  including  the  grog  que;^tion 
in  maritime  affairs,  were  discussed.  Mr.  Bourne  also  initiated  a 
spirited  debate  before  the  members  of  the  Statistical  Society  on 
the  ''  National  Expenditure  on  Alcohol."  At  the  annual  congress 
of  the  National  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science, 
held  at  Nottingham  in  September,  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley 
romished  a  paper  respecting  fines  and  imprisonment  for  drunken- 
ness, and  Mr.  Baden-Powell  opened  a  discussion  on  the  question 
of  desirable  reforms  in  the  licensing  laws.  Then,  at  the  annual 
Congress  of  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Great  Britain,  held  at 
Newcastle  in  September,  Professor  De  Chaumont,  M.D.,  delivered 
an  interesting  and  able  lecture  on  the  "Food  and  Energy  of  Man." 
Thus,  it  will  be  seen  that  from  all  qiuirters  aid  comes  which  was 
once  i>er8istently  withheld,  and  one  by  one  the  obstacles  created 
by  ignorance  and  prejudice  are  gradually  passing  away. 

The  new  light  is  making  its  influence  felt  in  the  workhouses 
and  asylums  throughout  the  country.  The  advisability  of  retain- 
ing alcoholic  drinks  in  the  regimen  of  these  institutions  is  a  vcr}' 
important  question,  and  it  has  continued  to  attract  close  conside- 
ration. In  some  cases  action  has  been  taken  by  local  Boards  of 
Management,  which  will  lead  to  a  great  curtailment  in  the 
expenditure  on  alcohol ;  and  in  some  instances,  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
this  item  will  altogether  disappear  from  the  expenses.  The 
favourable  results  which  followed  the  experiment  started  at 
Wrexham  ten  years  ago  has  been  fully  confirmed  at  other  places. 
Dr.  Cooper,  the  medical  officer  for  St.  George's -in -the -East, 
reported  that  the  cost  of  stimulants  for  the  year  previous  to  his 
taking  office  was  £231  14s.  lid.,  against  £95  6s.  dd.  for  the  year 
to  Lady-day,  1882,  a  decrease  of  £136  8s.  8d.,  notwithstanding 
211  more  admissions,  and  a  death-rate  2*1  lower.    The  cost  of 


20  RETROSPECT    OF    THE   YEAR    1 882. 

stimulants  in  the  St.  Pancras  Workhouse,  which  in  1878  amounte<l 
to  £1,554,  has  heen  gradually  diminishing,  and  the  return  for 
1882  gives  the  amount  as  £1,004.  The  whole  of  the  alcoholic 
drinks  now  consumed  in  the  Liverpool  Workhouse  is  given  under 
the  orders  of  the  medical  men,  and  the  governors'  return  shows 
that  with  a  larger  number  of  inmates  there  has  been  a  lessened 
expenditure  on  alcohol,  accompanied  by  a  lower  death-rate.  Very 
recently  the  Leek  guardians  resolved  not  to  issue  any  more  tenders 
for  the  supply  of  beer.  In  May  last  the  Local  Government  Board 
addressed  a  letter  to  the  medical  ofl&cerof  the  East  Preston  Union 
respecting  an  excessive  administration  of  stimulants  compared 
with  other  workhouses.  The  Board  also  pointed  out  that  stimu- 
lants are  not  absolutely  necessary  in  the  treatment  of  the 
majority  of  the  diseases  which  usually  come  under  medical 
cognisance  in  workhouses,  and  that  other  remedies  are  known  to 
the  profession.  Further,  the  Board  stated  that  their  inspector 
(Dr.  Monat)  reports  that  in  the  largest  workhouses  in  the  king- 
dom the  use  ofstimulants  has  of  late  been  practically  discontinued, 
or  considerably  reduced,  and  impressed  upon  the  medical  officer 
the  necessity  of  confining  the  prescription  of  stimulants  to  reason- 
able limits.  Such  a  communication  may  be  regarded  as  a  true 
step  towards  the  solution  of  the  vexed  question  which  is  not  yet 
settled. 

Turning  to  the  County  Lunatic  Asylums  there  are  also  signs  of 
progress.  In  the  report  of  the  visiting  committee  of  the  County 
Lunatic  Asylum,  Wells,  it  is  stated  that  "the  withdrawal  of  alco- 
holic liquors  from  the  patients  as  ordinary  beverages  has  been 
continued,  and  with  the  like  good  effects  as  before.  A  still  further 
reduction  in  the  amount  of  strong  liquor  consumed  in  the  asylum 
is  now  being  made  by  the  gradual  withdrawal  of  liquor  rations 
hitherto  supplied  to  attendants  for  casual  work."  Similar  quota- 
tions might  be  given  from  other  reports,  to  show  the  improving 
tendency  of  current  views.  Most  of  these  institutions  are  tenanted 
by  those  who  would  not  be  there  but  for  the  disease  and  pauperism 
engendered  by  indulgence  in  tluse  pernicious  drinks  ;  and  it  is 
surely  the  duty  of  those  in  control  to  ascertain  whether  it  is 
necessary  to  use  intoxicants,  and  if  not  to  discard  them.  The 
London  Temperance  Hospital  has  been  able  in  its  new  quarters  to 


RETROSPECT    OF    THE    YEAR    1882.  21 


^ixtend  accommodation  to  suficrcrs,  and  to  afford  further  proof  that 
'%he  use  of  alcohol  in  disease,  as  in  health,  is  by  no  means  e^tscntial 
or  advantageous.  Alcohol  is,  indeed,  on  its  trial  and  the  balance 
of  scientific  evidence  against  it  accumulates  on  all  hands. 

The  operations  of  the  various  district  and  county  temperance 
associations  have  been  pursued  with  great  spirit  and  success,  and 
have  had  a  direct  influence  on  much  of  the  progress  attained 
during  the  year.  The  several  associations  of  women  are  all 
flourishing,  and  are  rendering  vital  service  in  their  respective 
spheres.  The  City  of  London  Abstainers*  Union  by  holding 
meetings  in  warehouses,  addressed  by  able  speakers,  is  doing  a 
uoique  work.  Amongst  the  emplojes  of  the  Post  Oflice,  tbe 
Police,  and  different  Railways  temperance  is  spreading  rapidly, 
several  new  societies  having  recently  been  formed. 

The  honour  accorded  to  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly  on  the  23rd  of 
March,  when  he  attained  his  80th  year,  was  necessarily  but  a 
feeble  expression  of  the  deep-rooted  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by 
all  Temperance  people.  At  the  coni^iatulatory  meeting  held  in 
Exeter  Hall,  representative  men,  holding  the  mott  varied  views 
in  science,  politics,  and  religion,  were  present  to  testify  to  his 
worth  as  a  Christian  philanthropist.  Mr.  Bowly  lias  been  working 
incessantly  on  behalf  of  Temperance  for  nearly  half  a  century,  and 
the  illuminated  address  presented  to  him  afforded  clear  testimony 
to  the  affectionate  veneration  which  his  unselfish  labours  have 
created.  This,  combined  with  Divine  approval,  is  the  only  reward 
Mr.  Bowly  would  care  to  receive.  It  was  thought,  however,  that 
many  would  like  to  testify  their  appreciation  of  his  character  and 
labours  in  some  more  practical  shape,  and  it  was  therefore  resolved 
to  inaugurate  a  Samuel  Bowly  Celebration  Fund,  to  be  devoted  to 
the  extension  of  Temperance  principles.  The  project  has  met 
with  considerable  support,  but  tie  way  is  still  open  to  ony  who 
may  desire  to  honour  Mr.  Bowly  by  supplying  increased  funds  for 
pushing  forward  the  cause  he  has  so  closely  at  heart. 

There  has  been  little  legislation  during  the  past  year  which 
materially  affects  the  Temperance  movement.  Some  surprise  and 
disappointment  were  felt  that  the  Queen's  Speech,  at  the  opening 
of  the  third  session  of  Her  Majesty's  tenth  Parliament  on  the  7tli 
of  February,  foreshadowed  no  prospect  of  much-needed  changes  in 


22  JIBTROSPJSCT    OFTHEYBilR    1882. 


'  the  licensing  laws.  The  exigencies  of'  pwblic  bu^ness  "were  un- 
doubtedly responsible  for  the  omission ;  but  loolting  back  thexe 
appears  no  cause  for  despondency.-  Opinion  in  the  country  is 
much  riper  now  than  it  was  in  February  last.  Changes  that  may 
come  in  the  fut^ire  will  be  the  better  for  this  time  of  waiting. 
Those  who  are  engaged  in  the  drink  traffic  are  by  no  means 
exulting  because  "  the  trade  "  has  been  left  unmolested,  for  the 
period  of  repose  has  not  been  free  from  unpleasant  mif^Tings. 
The  calm  has  been  charged  with  elements  which  indicate  a  stonn, 

.  and  the  shadow  of  coming  events  has  been  ever  before  them. 
The  only  Bills  passed  into  law  during  last  session  were  the 
Passenger  Vessels  (Scotland)  License  Bill,  which  abolished  the 

•  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  on  Sunday  on  board  passenger  resselfl 
in  Scotland;  and  the  Beer  Dealers  Retail  License  Act  (1880) 
Amendment  Bill,  which  gives  an  absolute  -power  to  locial  magis- 
trates to  veto  the  issue  of  Excise  certificates  for  beer  "ofT*  licenses. 
The  Payment  of  Wages  in  Public-Houses  (Prohibition)  Bill  was 
passed  by  the  House  of  Lords,  and  reached  a  second  reading  in 
the  House  of  Commons ;  and  the  Cornish  Sunday  Closing  Bill 
was  also  read  a  second  time  [before  the  House  adjourned  in 
August.  The  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act,  which  was  enacted  for 
three  years,  ending  on  the  31  st  December,  1882,  has  been  con- 
tinued for  another  year  under  the  Expiring  Acts  Continuance  Bill. 
Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson 'did  not  succeed  in  obtaining  a  fresh  vote 
upon  his  Local  Option  Resolution  ;  but  the  Prime  Minister  inti- 
mated that  if  the  Government  had  been  able  to  introduce  their 
County  Boards  Bill  it  would  indirectly,  but  materially,  have  borne 
upon  the  question  of  Local  Option.  When  it  became  evident 
that  no  measure  of  licensing  reform  could  be  obtained  during  the 
session  a  deputation  waited  upon  the  Home  Secretary  to  ask  for 
the  introduction  of  a  Supensory  License  Bill ;  and  although  he  .pro- 
mised that  the  proposal  should  be  considered  by  the  Cabinet,  he 
subsequently  announced  that  they  could  not  comply  with  the 
wishes  of  the  deputation. 

The  spirit  exliibited  by  all  sections  of  the  temperance  public 
in  creating  opinion  and  in  stirring  up  enthusiasm  in  support  of 
Sunday  Closing  has  been  remarkably  encoun^ng.    The  Central 

-  Association  for  Stopping  the  Sale  of  Intoxicating  Liqnors  <m 


RETROSPECT    OF    THE   YEAR    1882.  23 

^Sunday  has,  of  course,  been  inctssantly  active,  but  the  sympathies 
c>f  all  Temperance  societies  have  been  aroused,  so  that  they  have 
lecome  helpful  agents  in  securing  and  disseminating  information 
on  the  subject.     The  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act  grows  in  favour 
"with  the  people.     A  house-to-house  canvass  of  the  five  exempted 
towns  gave  a  majority  in  favour  of  Sunday  Closing  of  63,115 
votes,  out  of  a  total  of  90,519.     In  1876,  when  a  similar  canvass 
was  made,  the  total  vote  was  74,482,  and  the  majority  favouring 
closing  54,004.     The  Welsh  Sunday  Closing  Act  only  came  into 
operation  in  the  autumn,  so  that  its  effects  on  the  well-being  of 
the  Principality  cannot  yet  be  fairly  gauged.    There  is  no  mis- 
taking the  tendency   of  popular  feeling.      Elaborate   canvasses 
have  been  made  all  over  the  country,  and  Parliament  has  been 
inundated  with  petitions.     In  Yorkshire,  Durham,  Lancashire, 
Cumberland,  Cornwall,  Somerset,  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  else 
where,  efforts  are  being  made  to  secure  the  benefits  of  an  Act 
without  waiting  for  one  which  will  embrace  the  whole  of  England. 
These  local  movements  are  by  no  means  confined  to  teetotaler, 
but  are  the  outcome  of  a  temperance  sentiment  which  pervades 
all  classes.    The  licensing  bodies  have  received  a  circular  from  the 
Government  asking  for  particulars  as  to  the  prevalence  of  Sunday 
drinking,  and  this  is  supposed  to  indicate  a  disposition  to  extend 
Sunday  closing  to  England.     Such   a  decision  would  save  the 
legislature  much  valuable  time.     It  would  not  be  a  leap  in  the 
dark,  but  into  the  light  of  happy  experience  and  national  well- 
being. 
The  retrospect,  then,  of  the  jubilee  year  is  full  of  promise  for  the 

future. 

"  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men 
Which  taken  at  the  flood  leads  on  fortune." 

The  Temperance  movement  seems  to  have  reached  a  like 
momentous  period  of  its  history.  Tact  and  sound  judgment  will 
be  needed  to  make  the  most  of  the  triumphs  gained,  and  to  con- 
trol the  forces  which  now  swell  the  flood,  so  that  they  may  run 
in  one  broad  resistless  channel.  The  old  veterans  are  one  by  one 
departing.  May  those  who  step  into  their  places  be  endowed  with 
the  wisdom  of  their  age  and  the  enthusiasm  of  their  youth.  The 
past  inspires  thankfulness — the  future  confidence. 


24  EARLY  PRESTON  TEETOTALISM. 


EARLY    PRESTON    TEETOTALISM* 

By  William  Livesey,  Preston. 

It  was  on  September  1,  1832 — fifty  years  ago — that  the  teetotal 
pledge  was  drawn  up  by  Joseph  Livesey,  and  the  National  Tem- 
perance League  has  fittingly  chosen  to  hold  this  jubilee  as  near 
the  exact  date  as  practicable.  This  day's  assemblage  is,  therefore, 
not  to  celebrate  the  beginning  of  the  movement  in  England 
against  the  drinking  of  ardent  spirits  ;  that  crusade  began  fifty- 
three  years  ago.  It  first  originated  in  America  in  1626,  was 
brought  from  there  to  Scotland  in  1829,  and  thence  to  Bradford 
in  England,  from  which  place  the  movement  spread  over  the 
kingdom  in  1829-30-31-32.  This  day's  great  gathering  is  to  com- 
memorate the  commencement  of  the  advocacy  of  the  only  sound 
Temperance  principles — those  of  total  abstinence  from  all  kinds  of 
liquor  that  contain  an  intoxicating  property,  regardless  of  tlieir 
mode  of  manufacture,  or  their  name,  or  colour,  or  flavour,  or 
strength.  And  the  first  national  effort  put  forth  for  the  advocacy 
of  those  principles  undoubtedly  began  at  Preston,  and  from  thence, 
by  means  of  Preston  men,  spread  throughout  the  kingdom.  Bat 
we  are  better  known  by  the  briefer  term  of  teetotalers  than  total 
abstainers.  The  word  teetotal  is  now  familiar  not  only  to  us  but 
throudiout  the  world.  And  while  we  now  find  it  in  everv 
dictionary  and  encyclopnedia,  fifty  years  ago  it  was  not  to  be  found 
in  any  of  them.  At  the  time  it  was  first  uttered  by  Dicky  Turner 
(for  that  was  his  familiar  name)  it  had  never  before  been  heard  in 
Preston.  Turner  was  quite  an  unlettered  man,  but  most  earnest 
and  often  impetuous  in  the  speeches  he  delivered,  and  it  was  his 
impetuosity  of  speech  that  caused  him  to  coin  on  the  instant  the 
word  "  teetotal.*'  He  seemed  to  be  filled  with  the  feeling  that 
abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  liquors  was  so  immeasurably 
superior  to  the  abstinence  only  from  those  of  the  most  fiery 
character,  that  he  wanted  to  speak  of  his  abstinence  in  the  super- 
lative degree,  lie  had  evidently  the  word  total  upon  his  lips, 
but  felt  that  it  was  too  poor  to  express  his  burning  thought,  and 

*  Read  at  the  Crysta]  Pal  ice  Jabilee  CoDferccce,  September  5,  1S82. 


EARLY  PRESTON  TEETOTALISM.  25 

hence  he  acMed  a  prefix,  and  out  riuslied  the  word  teetotal,  at  tlie 
utterance  of  ^vhich  the  crowded  audience  loudly  cheered.  Mr. 
Livesey,  placing  liis  hand  upon  Turners  shoulder,  exclaimed, 
"  That  shall  be  the  name,  Dicky  ! "  And  that  is  how  we  total 
abstainers  came  to  be  called  teetotalers.  To  show  the  vast 
earnestness  of  this  poor  man,  in  1846  he  set  out  on  foot,  being  in 
but  indifferent  health,  to  walk  from  Preston  to  London  (a  dis- 
tance of  214  miles  by  direct  route),  to  attend  the  World's  Tem- 
perance Convention  then  being  held  in  the  great  metropolis.  He 
attended  meetings  at  some  places  on  his  way,  but  was  detained 
for  a  time  by  illness  at  Nottingham.  Fortunately  he  succeeded 
in  reaching  London,  and  was  able  to  attend  the  conference.  His 
enthusiastic  spirit  was  stronger  than  his  physical  frame,  and  he 
did  not  long  survive  that  hard  journey.  His  death  occurred  ou 
October  29,  1846.  He  signed  the  teetotal  pledge  in  October, 
1832,  and  conscientiously  kept  it. 

Having  shown  how  the  word  teetotal  originated,  let  us  see  when 
its  principles  began  to  take  root  and  how  they  spread  over  the 
kingdom.  Early  in  March,  1831,  Mr.  Livesey  adopted  the  princi- 
ples of  teetotalism.  He  had  an  adult  Sunday-school,  and  amongst 
other  teachers  was  Mr.  H.  Bradley,  afterwards  secretary  of  the 
Preston  Temperance  Society  for  many  years.  Another  teacher 
was  Mr.  John  Broadbelt,  one  of  "  the  Seven  Men  of  Preston." 
Mr.  Livesey  having  introduced  Temperance  tracts  into  his  school, 
the  teachers,  towards  the  end  of  1831,  decided  to  establish  a  Tem- 
perance society,  and  this  resolution  they  carried  out  on  January  1 
1832,  theirs  being  the  first  Temperance  society  in  Preston.  The 
fact  of  Mr.  Broadbelt  proposing  that  the  pledge  of  this  society 
should  be  a  teetotal  one  shows  how  early  Mr.  Livesey's  teetotalism 
bore  fniit.  A  majority,  however,  decided  against  Mr.  Broadbelt's 
proposition,  and  the  pledge  adopted  was  what  afterwards  became 
known  as  the  "  moderation  "  pledge,  which  tenn  no  doubt  aroso 
from  that  pledge  stating  that  mo<leration  must  be  used  in  drink- 
ing fermented  liquors.  Turning  from  the  little  society  of  the 
school  to  the  town  at  large,  early  in  1832  tracts  were  circulated 
amongst  its  inhabitants  which  had  been  supplied  to  Mr.  Swindle- 
hurst  by  Mr.  John  Finch,  of  Liverpool.  Amongst  others  promi- 
nent in  their  distribution  was  Mr.  John  Smith,  the  fourth  on  th3 


■MtaHMW*aW 


26  EARLY    PRESTON    TEETOTALISM. 

list  of  **the  Seven  Men  of  Preston.''  This  tract  distribntion, 
aided  by  the  movement  of  the  School  Society,  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Preston  Temperance  Society  at  a  public  meeting  held 
on  March  22,  1832,  the  pledge  adopted  being  in  effect  the  same 
as  that  of  the  School  Society,  which  then  became  part  of  the  parent 
society.  The  committee  appointed  at  the  public  meeting,  and 
afterwards  enlarged,  proved  to  include  energetic  men,  and  some 
of  them  teetotalers.  Meetings  were  at  once  held  in  various- 
schoolrooms  for  the  advocacy  of  the  principles  of  the  society^ 
and  a  month  had  not  elapsed  before  teetotalism  was  being  urged 
upon  the  hearers.  On  the  15th  of  May,  weekly  meetings  on  a 
Tuesday  evening  began  to  be  held  in  the  Cockpit,  which  became 
the  Temperance  Hall,  and  the  first  of  that  designation  in 
the  kingdom.  It  would  hold  700  hearers,  and  was  densely 
crowded  at  every  meeting  ;  additional  meetings  were  also  hdd  in 
various  schoolrooms.  Soon  were  seen  the  first-fruits  of  all  these 
meetings  by  reformed  dnmkards  coming  forward  as  speakers,  and 
their  addresses  had  great  influence  upon  the  masses.  Remembering 
that  Mr.  Broadbelt  was  outvoted  on  January  1  on  the  question  of 
the  adoption  of  the  pledge  of  teetotalism,  it  was  in  the  natural 
order  of  things  that  the  respective  merits  of  the  two  principles 
should  become  a  matter  of  common  discussion,  especially  as  teeto- 
talism was  being  advocated  at  the  meetings ;  and  though  as  yet 
no  teetotal  pledge  had  been  presented  for  signature,  there  is  plenty 
of  evidence  that  numbers  had  been  acting  strictly  up  to  it  for 
some  time  ;  many  of  the  earliest  reformed  drunkards  did  so,  one 
of  them,  Edward  Dickinson  (the  second  on  the  list  of  "  the  Seven 
Men  "),  had  been  a  teetotaler  from  the  establishment  of  the  society 
in  March.  On  August  23  another  of  "  the  Seven  Men,"  Mr.  John 
King,  got  into  a  discussion  on  the  two  principles  with  Mr.  Li vesey  at 
his  place  of  business,  and  this  resulted  in  the  latter  drawing  up  a  tee- 
total pledge,  and,  having  done  so,  requested  Mr.  King  to  sign  it  first, 
he  following  with  his  signature.  Eight  days  after  that  event  Mr. 
Li  vesey  called  a  meeting  to  be  held  in  the  Cockpit  on  Saturday 
evening,  Sept.  1,  when  he  urged  the  adoption  of  a  teetotal  pledge  for 
general  signature.  What  occurred  on  that  now  memorable  occa- 
sion, which  we  are  met  here  this  day  to  celebrate,  is  thus  told  by 
the  Preston  teetotal  historian,  Mr.  Joseph  Dearden,  who  writes 


EARLY  PRESTON  TEETOTALISM.  27 

thus : — "  I  remember  attending  the  meeting,  and  I  may  well  re- 
member the  warm  discussion  which  took  place  at  it,  for  I  was  one 
who  went  in  for  more  caution  and  less  speed.  As  the  earnest 
proceedings  were  drawing  to  a  close,  and  some  were  leaving,  a 
number  got  grouped  together  at  one  side  of  the  room  still  debating 
the  matter,  when  at  length  Mr.  Livesey  resolved  he  would  draw 
up  a  total  abstinence  pledge.  He  pulled  a  small  memorandum 
book  out  of  his  pocket,  and  having  written  the  pledge  in  black 
lead,  he  read  it  over,  and  standing  with  the  book  in  his  hand  he 
said  "  Whose  name  shall  I  put  down  ? "  Six  gave  their  names, 
and  Mr.  Livesey  made  up  the  number  to  seven.  Next  day  Mr. 
Livesey,  finding  the  black-lead  writing  not  very  good,  copied  in 
ink  the  pledge,  and  the  fiignatures  in  the  order  in  which  they 
were  given.  The  original  I  have  in  my  possession."  That  pledge 
(which  you  have  upon  the  medal  struck  for  this  occasion)  reads, 
"  We  agree  to  Abstain  from  All  Liquors  of  an  Intoxicating  Quality, 
whether  Ale,  Porter,  Wine,  or  Ardent  Spirits,  except  as  medi- 
cines.^ The  signatures  are  in  the  following  order  :  John  Gratrix, 
Edward  Dickinson,  John  Broadbelt,  John  Smith,  Joseph  Livesey, 
David  Anderton,  Jno.  King."  Messrs.  Livesey,  King,  and 
Qratrix  are  still  alive.  The  names  of  "the  Seven  Men  of 
Preston  '*  having  been  so  extensively  published,  it  is  only  right  to 
others  to  repeat  what  Dearden  says — that  the  prominence  given  to 
them  was  entirely  due  to  the  accident  of  their  being  present  at  a 
special  meeting  convened  on  an  inconvenient  night  of  the  week  at 
which  many  of  the  most  prominent  advocates  of  teetotalism  were 
absent.  Mr.  Livesey  names  no  fewer  than  twenty-six  who  did  a 
great  deal  more  to  for\N'ard  the  cause  and  secure  its  success  than 
some  of  the  seven.  Had  they  but  been  present  at  that  meeting 
Swindlehurst,  with  his  stentorian  voice,  would  have  rushed  to  head 
the  list ;  eloquent  and  enthusiastic  Grubb  would  have  been 
equally  ready ;  and  the  fervent  and  fearless  Teare  would  not  have 
lagged  in  the  rear  ;  while  the  retiring  but  brilliant  Henry  Ander- 
ton (the  poet)  would  have  swelled  the  number  ;  as  would  also  the 
genial  Isaac  Grundy,  and  that  teetotaler  of  Tichbomian  propor- 
tions, William  Howarth — familiarly  known  as  "  Slender  Billy." 
Others  might  be  named  did  time  permit.  Keeping  to  chronolo- 
gical order,  it  may  be  here  stated  that  on  the  24th  December, 


28  EARLY    PRESTON    TEETOTALISM. 

1832,  was  opened  at  Preston  the  first  Temperance  hotel  in  the 
kingdom.  Coming  to  1833,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Preston 
Society,  a  teetotal  pledge,  in  effect  the  same  as  that  drawn  np  in 
September  by  Mr.  Livesey,  was  adopted  as  the  pledge  of  the 
society,  and  now,  being  strictly  official,  was  at  once  re-signed  by  a 
considerable  number.  The  society  had  now  two  pledges.  Mr. 
Livesey  j^t  this  time  was  publishing  a  sixpenny  monthly  maga- 
zine— The  Moral  Reformer — and  in  July  he  set  apart  a  portion  of 
it  for  the  furtherance  of  teetotalism,  giving  it  the  special  heading 
of  The  Temperance  Advocate^  and  on  the  1st  January,  1834,  he 
commenced  a  penny  monthly  paper  with  that  heading.  This  was 
the  fir^t  teetotal  serial  issued  in  the  kingdom.  Mr.  Livesey  con- 
tinued to  edit  it  and  publish  it  in  1834-5-6-7,  and  it  has  been 
issued  under  other  managements  ever  since,  being  now  the  oi^gan 
of  the  British  Temperance  League.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Preston  Society  in  March,  1834,  the  words  "neither  give  nor 
offer  "  were  added  to  the  teetotal  pledge,  two  pledges  being  still 
continued.  On  April  18,  the  youths  of  the  town,  led  on 
largely  by  those  who  were  teachers  at  Mr.  Livesey's  adult 
school,  formed  a  society  with  one  pledge — that  of  teetotalism, 
101  signatures  being  secured  at  the  first  meeting.  Coming  to 
1835,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Preston  Society  in  March,  the 
long-desired  step  was  taken  by  the  abandonment  of  the  so-called 
"moderation"  pledge,  and  the  adoption  of  the  only  pledge  of 
safety,  that  of  teetotalism,  which  read  thus  : — "  I  do  voluntarily 
promise  that  I  will  abstain  from  ale,  porter,  wine,  ardent  spirits, 
and  all  intoxicating  liquors,  and  will  not  give  nor  offer  them  to 
others,  except  as  medicines  or  in  a  religious  ordinance."  The 
26th  of  March,  1835,  was  indeed  a  red-letter  day  in  Preston,  the 
bells  of  tlic  parish  being  rung,  and  other  demonstrations  of  re- 
joicing to  commemorate  the  event.  All  the  moderation  members 
who  did  not  move  onward  by  signing  the  teetotal  pledge  by  the 
end  of  three  months  ceased  to  be  regarded  as  belonging  to  the 
society.  Since  that  date  no  change  has  taken  place  in  the  pledge 
of  the  society. 

We  will  now  briefly  notice  the  operations  of  the  Preston  Society 
in  1832-3-4-5.  In  looking  over  the  reports  for  those  years  we 
^^d  a  vast  amount  of  work  done  at  a  small  cost ;  and  this,  too. 


EARLY   PRESTON    TEETOTALISM.  29 


when  much  was  spent  in  the  circulation  of  tracts,  which  were 
written  specially  for  the  society  by  Dr.  Harrison,  Mr.  Livesey, 
and  Mr.  Grundy — ^members  of  the  committee.  The  earliest  tracts 
had  a  teetotal  ring  with  them  :  the  title  of  one  was  "  Ale  and 
other  Fermented  Liquors,"  another  was  "  Tlie  Great  Delusion," 
which  was  an  abridged  edition  of  Mr.  Livescy^s  Malt  Liquor 
Lecture,  about  which  the  editor  of  the  IP'elcome  for  July,  in  the 
present  year,  after  speaking  of  the  marvellous  effect  produced  by 
its  delivery,  states  that  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  to  its  delivery 
was  due  not  a  few  of  the  early  advocates,  including  Dr.  Lees  and 
Thomas  Whittaker  ;  he  adds  : — "  If  Joseph  Livesey  had  done 
nothing  more  than  his  frequent  repetition  of  this  most  convincing 
lecture  in  the  chief  towns  of  the  land,  he  would  have  merited 
national  thanks."  In  the  earliest  years  of  the  movement  Preston 
was  the  head  publishing  place  for  teetotal  tracts,  and  other  publi- 
cations on  temperance.  At  that  date,  besides  hold  ing  on  an  average 
two  meetings  a  week  throughout  the  year,  the  dissemination  of 
temperance  teaching  by  means  of  tracts  and  extensive  visitation 
of  the  people  at  their  own  homes  were  two  marked  features  in 
the  society's  operations  ;  indeed,  the  rules  of  the  society  required 
a  systematic  visitation.  The  town  was  divided  into  twenty-eight 
districts,  to  each  of  which  a  captain  was  appointed,  who  was  well 
supplied  with  tracts  and  pledge  cards.  The  third  rnle  of  the 
society  also  required  that  all  pledge-breakers  should  be  visited  by 
one  or  more  of  the  committee.  The  extensive  visitation,  which 
was  thoroughly  and  continuously  cjirried  out  in  those  early  days, 
led  to  the  best  results,  not  only  in  strengthening  the  hands  of  the 
weak,  but  in  converting  those  who  had  not  joined  the  society. 
This  work  of  sympathy  and  self-sacrifice  was  a  most  potent 
insti-ument  in  building  up  the  society.  Of  late  years  we  have 
had  articles  in  all  the  daily  papers,  from  the  Times  downwards, 
and  also  in  a  large  number  of  the  weekly  ones,  on  "  How  to  reach 
the  masses."  This  problem  the  men  of  Preston  solved  at  the  first 
sitting  of  their  committee  ;  they  saw  the  way  and  walked  therein. 
Nothing  is  easier  than  reaching  the  masses  ;  but  people  nowadays 
won't  adopt  the  Preston  plan  of  going  directly  to  the  people, 
visiting  them  at  their  own  homes,  and  talking  kindly  to  them  at 
their  own  firesides.    Such  work  could  not  fail  of  success ;  and 


30  EARLY  PRESTON  TEETOTALISM. 

the  good  effects  of  the  8ociety*s  operations  at  this  date  were 
endorsed  both  by  the  judge  of  the  County  Assize  and  the  chaplain 
of  Preston  Gaol.  Seven  assizes  at  that  period  went  orer  without 
a  single  case  from  Preston,  and  crime  at  the  Quarter  Sessions 
decreased  40  per  cent.  The  third  annual  report  (of  1834)  states 
that  through  the  operations  of  the  society  many  of  the  places  of 
worship  were  better  attended,  and  that  at  one  of  them  so  numeroos 
was  the  attendance  of  reclaimed  persons  that  it  obtained  the 
designation  of  the  '*  Reformed  Drunkard's  Church." 

But  extensive  and  arduous  as  was  the  work  done  in  the  town 
of  Preston,  much  missionary  work  had  also  been  undertaken.  So 
early  as  the  second  annual  report  teetotal  societies  had  been  estab- 
lished in  twenty  of  the  surrounding  villages  and  towns  ;  and  in 
that  year  we  had  a  flying  missionary  excursion  to  places  at  a 
greater  distance.  Messrs.  Livesey,  Swindlehurst,  Teare,  and 
Anderton  visited  in  one  week  Blackburn,  Haslingden,  Burr, 
Heywood,  Rochdale,  Oldham,  Ashton,  Stockport,  Manchester, 
and  Bolton.  Travelling  in  a  car  (there  were  no  railways  in 
those  days),  at  several  of  the  places  they  had  to  call  their 
intended  meeting  after  their  arrival,  driving  through  the  town 
with  a  flag  flying  and  scattering  tracts ;  in  one  town  they 
mng  a  bell,  and  in  another  got  a  man  to  beat  a  drum.  After 
that  fashion  was  tectotalism  spread  in  those  days.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  teetotalism  was  first  introduced  into  Birmingham 
and  into  London  by  Mr.  Livesey,  he  visiting  each  place  single 
handed.  Difficulties  met  him  at  both  places;  some  of. the 
Society  of  Friends  at  Birmingham,  in  whose  Meeting-house  the 
meeting  was  to  be  held,  were  alarmed  on  hearing  that  the  use 
of  ale  and  wine  was  to  be  condemned  ;  but  the  meeting  was 
held  as  first  arranged,  and  one  good  result  was  the  accesaion 
to  teetottilism  of  the  Cadbury  family.  Mr.  Livesey  arrived  in 
London  on  June  18,  and  afterwards  delivered  his  Malt  Liquor 
Lecture  in  a  room  in  Providence  Row,  Finsbury  Square.  In  his 
anxiety  to  get  an  audience  he  went  about  sticking  up  small  bills 
(calling  the  meeting)  with  wafers  on  the  walls  of  the  Bank  of 
England  and  other  places.  The  following  year  he,  with  Swindle- 
hurst  and  Howarth,  ^'isited  London,  and  this  time  he  tried  to  get 
an  audience  by  going  out  with  Howarth  and  ringing  a  bell,  which 


EARLY  PRESTON  TEETOTALISM.  3 1 


jxroceeding  was  stopped  by  the  police,  but  not  before  its  sound  had 
been  heard  by  a  brother  of  the  beloved  Jabez  Inwards,  and  thus 
it  was  the  means  of  early  bringing  the  Inwards  family  into  the 
fold  of  teetotaUsm.  Four  hundred  persons  attended  the  meeting, 
which  was  held  in  Theobald's  Road,  Red  Lion  Square,  and  the 
first  teetotal  society  in  Lomlon  was  formed  at  it.  Two  other 
meetings  were  held  at  other  buildings,  and  on  this  occasion  the 
Preston  men  had  the  efficient  help  of  that  earnest  and  indefati- 
gable advocate,  Mr.  John  Andrew,  of  Leeds.  During  the  year  two 
other  missionary  excursions  were  made  by  Preston  men  to  Wigan, 
Rochdale,  Todmorden,  Burnley,  Lancaster,  Ulverston,  and  Kendal. 
Messrs.  Grubb  and  Teare  also  had  a  teetotal  tour  in  Yorkshire 
and  the  northern  counties,  and  in  December  Mr.  Teare  established 
the  first  society  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  efforts  of  the  Preston 
men  led  in  September  of  that  year  to  the  holding  of  a  conference 
of  deputies  at  Manchester,  which  in  the  following  year  was  suc- 
ceeded by  another,  out  of  which  sprang  the  British  Temperance 
League.  At  the  beginning  of  the  teetotal  movement  the  Preston 
Society  in  its  operations  was  a  League  in  itself.  This  Mr.  Hoyle 
fully  sets  forth  in  a  paper  he  read  at  the  Preston  Jubilee  in  July. 
The  first  President  of  the  British  League  was  Robert  Quest  White, 
Esq.,  of  Dublin,  who,  after  becoming  a  teetotaler  by  his  visit  to 
Preston,  carried  its  principles  to  Dublin.  Mr.  John  Finch,  of 
Liverpool,  whose  teetotal  ism  was  adopted  at  Preston,  established 
many  teetotal  societies  in  Ireland  in  1835,  finding  in  the  course  of 
a  very  extended  tour  none  existing.  Mr.  Edward  Morris,  of  Glas- 
gow, visited  Preston  in  1832,  when  he  joined  the  society,  and  was 
the  means  afterwards  of  establishing  the  first  teetotal  society  in 
Glasgow.  This  was  at  a  meeting  in  Sept.,  1836,  held  in  the  Lyceum 
Rooms,  Nelson  Street,  when  tliirty-seven  persons  enrolled  them- 
selves as  teetotalers.  On  his  way  to  Preston  he  held  meetings  at 
Paisley,  Kilmarnock,  Dumfries,  and  many  other  Scotch  towns ;  but 
he  found  no  teetotal  societies  in  operation  until  he  reached  Preston. 
We  have  already  noticed  much  missionary  work  by  Messrs. 
Livesey,  Grubb,  Teare,  and  others,  but  towards  the  close  of  1835,  it 
seemed  the  time  had  come  for  still  further  efforts  of  that  kind 
by  Preston  men.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  Whittaker  went 
out,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Livesey,  labouring  chiefly  in  Lan- 


32  EARLY  PRESTON  TBBTOTALISM. 

casbire.  In  May,  1836,  lie  went  through  WestmoTehmd,  Cnm- 
berland,  Northumberland,  and  Durham,  travelling  on  foot,  with 
his  rattle  calling  many  of  the  meetings  he  had  to  addresB.  This 
was  as  the  agent  of  the  British  League ;  his  salary  was  only  £1  per 
week,  but  unable  to  retain  his  services  the  Preston  Society  then 
took  him  up,  and  he  la1)oured  six  months  for  them  in  the  cotinties 
of  York,  Derby,  Nottingham,  Lincoln,  Leicester,  Northampton, 
and  Bedford.  His  next  engagement  was  with  the  New  British  and 
Foreign  Temperance  Society — now  the  National  League.  For 
them  he  laboiired  in  London,  also  in  Essex,  Suffolk,  Norfolk, 
and  the  Eastern  counties.  Teare  started  as  a  missionary  in  May, 
striking  for  the  "West  of  England,  Cornwall  receiving  a  very  laige 
share  of  his  advocacy.  Time  will  not  permit  me  to  enumerate  the 
counties  he  visited,  but  at  the  end  of  two  years  they  numbered 
twenty.  Edward  Grubb,  with  "  his  matchless  oratory  and  mag- 
nificent powers  of  reasoning  and  logic,"  was  another  of  the  Preston 
men  whose  missionary  labours  were  most  extensive,  and  these  in- 
cluded visits  to  Ireland,  to  Scotland,  and  to  the  Isle  of  Man. 
Another  was  Harry  Anderton,  the  poet.  One  illustration  of  his 
missionary  work  I  must  quote.  The  writer  says  :— "  He  travelled 
most  parts  of  Lancashire  and  visited  many  towns  in  Yorkshire 
and  Cheshire,  mostly  on  foot.  He  frequently  walked  from  Preston 
to  Manchester  (thirty-two  miles),  and  spoke  the  same  evening,  and 
the  same  to  Todmorden  ;  and  I  know  he  did  so  to  other  places. 
Anderton*8  brilliant  speeches  used  to  electrify  the  Cockpit  audi- 
ences, and  when  I  say  he  might  most  fitly  be  styled  the  Gough  of 
that  period,  you  will  form  some  idea  of  his  oratory,  and  you  can 
have  no  doubt  of  his  self-sacrifice."  The  Preston  men  being  the 
pioneers  in  the  movement,  their  work  was  of  no  ordinary  every-day 
character;  nay,  the  very  reverse.  Opposition,  varied  and  virulent, 
they  had  to  face  on  every  hand ;  some  met  them  with  the  force  of 
argument,  while  others  resorted  to  the  argument  of  force.  Whit- 
taker  gives  a  graphic  description  of  the  latter — he  was  stoned  in 
the  streets  of  Whitehaven  ;  at  Barton,  in  Essex,  the  house  ho 
lodged  in  was  surrounded  by  a  mob  in  the  night  demanding 
his  body,  and  he  was  also  pelted  while  on  the  coach  ;  at  Kettering 
there  was  an  intent  to  throw  him  into  a  pond  ;  at  Welling- 
borough they  pelted  him  in  a  pulpit  with  hymn  hooka  ;  at  Sto- 


EARLY  PRESTON  TEBTOTALISM.  33 

gumber,  Somerset,  a  mob  headed  by  a  band  of  music  broke  the 
windows  of  the  Baptist  chapel,  and  while  his  hearers  crouched  in 
the  pews  for  shelter,  he  did  the  same  in  the  pulpit.  No  doubt 
but  Teare  could  tell  much  the  same  tale,  and  that  Qrubb  and 
Anderton  had  to  battle  against  somewhat  similar  heathenish 
violence.  They  had  also  arrayed  against  them  the  ignorant  beliefs 
and  deep-rooted  prejudices  of  the  age ;  the  people  then  believed 
that  intoxicating  liquors  were  useful  and  absolutely  necessary. 
Again,  those  who  admitted  the  injurious  effects  of  ardent  spirits 
were  still  strong  believers  in  the  virtues  of  ale  and  wine  ;  these 
were,  in  some  sense,  the  foes  of  one's  own  household,  and  were  too 
often  the  bitterest  of  opponents.  One  of  the  ablest  of  this  class 
denounced  the  pledge  of  teetotalism  as  "  horrid,"  styling  its  advo- 
cates as  "  fanatics,"  who  held  "  revolting  and  monstrous  errors;" 
and  speaking  in  Yorkshire  he  strengthened  the  "great  delusion'' 
of  the  people  of  that  county  as  to  the  virtues  of  ale  by  asserting 
that  the  alcohol  in  it  was  "  sheathed,"  and,  therefore,  not  injurious  ! 
In  these  present  days,  looking  back  at  those  long  past,  it  seems 
almost  incredible  that  they  who  could  see  so  much  evil  in  spirits 
styled  "  ardent "  could  at  the  same  time  believe  that  the  spirits  in 
ale  and  wine  were  "  good  creatures  of  God,"  and  that  they  were 
infidels  who  refused  to  idolise  those  creatures  of  fallen  man's 
creation.  Half  a  century  has  worked  a  wonderful  change  ;  now 
in  place  of  alcoholic  liquors  being  called  "good  creatures  of  God," 
they  have  been  styled  (and  that,  too,  by  one  not  a  teetotaler)  "the 
devil  in  solution."  The  period  I  have  been  referring  to  was 
known  as  "  the  battle  of  the  pledges  ; "  and  fierce  was  the  fight  in 
those  days.  The  Leer  Bill  of  1830  had  not  only  brought  the 
sale  to  every  man's  door,  but  had  added  to  the  false  belief  in  it 
as  an  article  of  food.  The  supporters  of  that  measure,  like  those 
in  more  recent  days  who  favoured  the  drinking  of  light  wines, 
believed  that  the  sale  of  fermented  liquors  would  supersede  those 
which  were  distilled ;  both  were  equally  and  seriously  in  error, 
and  we  are  still  suffering  from  the  evils  of  both.  In  the  early 
days  of  the  Preston  men  the  Pulpit  and  the  Press  were  dead 
against  their  views,  while  to  add  to  the  many  other  foes  were  those 
of  the  makers  and  sellers  of  intoxicating  liquors,  who  had  at  that 
time  public  opinion  largely  at  their  back.    Briefly  (for  want  of 

c 


34  INTEMPERANCE  IN  CONTINENTAL  STATES. 

* 

time)  as  this  part  of  the  subject  has  been  touched,  sufficient  has 
been  said  to  show  the  vast  amount  of  work  done,  and  the  persecu* 
tion,  obloquy,  and  hardship  endiired  by  the  pioneers  in  this  noble 
cause ;  pioneers  who  were  willing  thus  to  labour  and  sacrifice 
health,  time  and  substance  for  the  reclamation  and  elevation 
of  their  fellow-men  deserve  to  be  classed  amongst  the  world's 
great  heroes. 


ALCOHOLIC    INTEMPERANCE  IN  CONTINENTAL 

STATES* 

Bt  the  Rev.  M.  de  Collrvillb,  D.D. 

As  one  of  the  seven  permanent  International  Commiseioners 
for  the  British  Isles,  I  had  the  honour  to  be  requested  by  the 
National  Temperance  League  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  pro- 
gress of  nephalism  in  Europe.  I  set  to  work  with  the  thought  of 
writing  a  sketch  ;  but,  the  subject  matter  being  of  very  large 
magnitude,  my  sketch  would  require  three  hours  for  delivery.  To 
get  out  of  this  difficulty,  I  resolved  to  limit  myself  to  a  speech  of 
a  few  minutes,  and  to  publish  at  no  distant  date  the  entire  report. 

Uuder  such  restrictive  conditions  of  delivery,  I  can  but  say  that, 
although  perfectly  aware  of  the  great  importance  of  the  beautiful 
resolution  of  the  seven  men  of  Preston,  I  must  again  limit  myself 
with  regard  to  my  hearty  wish  to  bestow  on  these  wise  men  my 
public  tribute  of  admiration  and  praise.  The  facts  I  have  to 
record  are  results — not  direct,  perhaps,  but  still  results,  and 
magnificent  ones — of  the  adoption  of  nephalism  by  England  ;  and 
that  is  in  itself  the  highest  sort  of  praise  which  can  be  offered  to, 
and  accepted  by,  the  most  noble  of  mankind  reformers.  Yes  ! 
Just  as  England  is  indebted  to  the  United  States  of  America  for 
the  blessings  of  total  abstinence,  and  just  as  it  is  certain  that  some 
countries  of  Europe — Germany,  for  instance — heard,  some  fifty 
years  ago,  of  American  temperance,  and  through  that  hearing 

*  Bead  at  tbe  Crystal  Pakce  Jubilee  Conferenoe,  September  6, 1888. 


INTEMPERANCE  IN  CONTINENTAL  STATES.  35 

instituted  moderation  or  partial  abstinence  societies,  it  is  equally 
A  true  statement,  that  genuine  teetotalism  in  Europe  is  mainly  due 
to  the  secret  influence  of  the  splendid  success  of  the  British 
reformers  within  their  own  Fatherland— and  is  also  due,  but  in 
the  last  ten  years  only,  to  English  propaganda  on  the  Continent 
— a  propaganda  in  which  I  co-operated  so  far  as  permitted  my 
small  personal  means  and  activity.  Having  thus  established  the 
correlation  of  the  seven  men  of  Preston  and  of  the  adoption  of 
nephalism  in  Northern  and  Central  Europe,  I  offer  my  own  thanks 
and  those  of  my  family  to  the  men  of  America  and  England  for 
the  portion  of  private  happiness  and  general  blessing  we  have  in 
our  home  derived  from  the  constant  practice  during  ten  years  of 
total  abstinence,  and,  this  being  done,  I  hasten  to  proceed  at  once 
with  the  special  report  I  have  been  entrusted  with. 

Sweden — a  kingdom  of  170,980  square  miles  of  land,  and  of 
4,568,000  inhabitants — is  one  of  the  countries  of  Europe  in  which 
drunkenness  became  a  most  common  vice.  This  propensity 
increased  in  this  century.  Various  administrations  of  Sweden 
having  thought  that  manufacturing  spirits  on  a  large  scale  would 
greatly  improve  the  wealth  of  the  kingdom,  that  sort  of  manu- 
facture was  stimulated  by  all  suitable  means  within  the  Govern- 
ment's power ;  so  that,  in  1829,  for  a  population  under  three 
million  inhabitants,  there  were  in  Sweden  173,000  distilleries. 
Prior  to  1855,  the  yearly  production  of  absolute  alcohol  amounted 
to  14,306,385  gallons. 

To  counteract  the  brandy  scourge,  moderation  societies  were 
introduced  at  Stockholm  in  1831.  Their  membership,  at  once 
formed  out  of  the  upper  classes,  became  important ;  but  in  spite 
of  those  societies,  every  farm-house  had  still,  some  twenty-eight 
years  ago,  their  own  distilleries.  In  1855,  the  small  distilleries 
were  suppressed,  and  the  right  of  limiting  the  number  of  drink 
establishments  vested  in  the  parochial  authorities  ;  an  act  of 
prohibition.  Of  this  right  most  villages  made  use  ;  the  produc- 
tion of  spirits  (pure  alcohol)  was  thereby  reduced  ;  but  large 
towns  and  cities  neglected  their  local  option  privilege,'  and  in 
them  the  scourge  abated  not.  Hence  in  1865,  the  creation,  as  a 
remedy,  of  the  famous  Gothenburg  system  for  licensing  and 
conducting  honestly  liquor  shops  by  trade  companies ;  a  system 

c  2 


36  INTEMPERANCE   IN   CONTINENTAL    STATES. 

BO  well  known  to  all  British  teetotalers  that  it  would  be  super- 
fluous to  describe  it  here. 

Laws  to  improve  that  ever-imperfect  system  and  to  fight  against 
drunkenness  were  enacted  again,  especially  in  1866,  1869,  and  in 
1871.  In  the  latter  year  named,  an  Act  of  Parliament  ruled  that 
henceforth  licenses  should  be  granted  to  trade  companies  willing 
to  give  up  an  important  share  of  their  nett  profits  for  some  definite 
object  of  public  charity  or  philanthropy.  In  1872  the  distilleries 
(large  ones  then)  were  reduced  to  4,500.  The  moderation  societies 
were  also  reduced  to  100.  From  1870  to  1875  the  consumption 
of  pure  alcohol  was  one  gallon  and  three  quarts  per  head.  To 
this  consumption  of  spirits  should  be  added  the  alcohol  contained 
in  beer,  ale,  porter,  and  cyders — drinks  of  which  the  manufacture 
is  free  from  duties,  save  the  one  on  malt,  and  of  which,  therefore, 
records  as  to  strength  and  quality  are  not  kept.  As  to  the  progress 
of  total  abstinence  in  Sweden,  my  correspondence  as  International 
Commissioner  points  out  to  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Tem- 
plars as  being  the  proper  party  to  give  full  information.  That 
Order  is  reported  to  me  as  having  recently  instituted  seventy-five 
Lodges,  and  to  be  instituting  twenty- five  more.  Now  the  Qothen- 
burg-system  companies  of  Sweden  sell  but  spirits,  the  basis  of 
which  is  solely  the  celebrated  ethylic  alcohol  (C*  H«  0*),  so  much 
advocated  in  the  Paris  and  Brussels  Congresses.  The  so-called 
"  moralising  effects  "  of  said  alcohol  resulted  at  Qothenburg  into 
the  swallowing  down,  in  1881,  of  four  gallons  a  head  of  brandies 
at  50  per  cent,  of  pure  alcohol.  In  1875,  for  the  whole  population 
of  the  kingdom  (4,277,000),  the  cases  of  alcoholic  lunacy  amounted 
to  31  cases  per  10,000  inhabitants,  the  arrests  for  public  and 
disorderly  drunkenness  to  436  persons  per  100,000  inhabitants, 
and  deaths  from  intoxication  to  6*27  per  100,000  inhabitants. 
Were  private  cases  recorded  they  would  more  than  double  these 
figures.  To  conclude ;  Sweden  is  improving  in  sobriety.  The 
time  is  past  when  the  upper  classes  did — as  in  Norway,  Denmark, 
and  Russia — drink  brandy,  instead  of  water  at  their  meals.  How- 
ever, much  remains  to  be  done  in  the  kingdom  of  His  Majesty 
Oscar  II.  by  Swedish  and  English  teetotal  missionaries,  for  the 
present  per  head  consumption  of  pure  alcohol  amounts  yet  per 
year  to  1  gallon  ^  gilL 


INTBMPERANCB   IN   CONTINENTAL   STATES.  37 

Norway.  —  In  Norway,  a  kingdom  of  1,818,953  inhabitant, 
and  of  128,869  »quare  mile«,  moderation  eocieties  have  been  in 
existence  for  half  a  century.  They  obtain  from  their  Storthing 
small  yearly  grants  to  pay  their  agents.  In  1850  Norway  had 
30,000  partial  abstainers,  whose  numbers  went  on  diminishing 
until  1872,  leaving  then  almost  entirely  the  field  of  reform  to 
nephalists.  In  1873  the  mean  consumption  of  beer  per  head  of 
population  was  about  two  gallons  and  seven  quarts,  the  beer 
containing  3*50  per  cent,  of  pure  alcohol.  Brewing  is  entirely 
free  from  all  duties  save  on  malt  (1877).  The  consumption  of 
wines  is  smalL 

Distillation  of  spirits  became  free  in  1816 ;  that  is,  all  rural 
land  estates  were  charged  with  a  diBtillation  duty  whether  they 
distilled  alcohol  or  not.  That  imprudent  measure  formed  the 
starting  point  of  an  extraordinary  practice  of  drunkennes?.  As 
early  as  1833  the  consumption  of  alcohol  reached  seven  gallons 
per  head.  On  account  of  the  gradual  suppression  of  distilleries 
since  1845,  and  of  the  partial  abstinence  societies,  individual 
consumption  was  reduced,  in  1865,  to  six  quarts  a  head.  After 
the  introduction  of  the  Gothenburg  system,  same  year,  a  sudden 
rise  of  the  wages  of  the  working  classes  made  the  consump- 
tion increase  again.  In  1877  it  amounted  to  1  gallon  2  quarts 
and  6  gills  per  head.  Fortunately  the  influence  of  teetotal 
societies,  and  chiefly  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars, 
during  the  last  ten  years  has  so  well  operated  that  the  per  head 
consumption  of  Norway  is  now  reduced  again  to  1  gallon  and 
3  gills,  and  we  feel  happy  to  state  that  there  are  reasons  to  expect 
henceforth  bf  tter  days,  eince  "  Uti,  sed  non  ahuH  "  *  is  no  longer 
the  motto  of  the  Scandinavian  Temperance  Reformers. 

Denmark  (a  kingdom  of  15,219  square  miles  of  land,  and  of 
1,988,300  inhabitants,  the  Faroe  Isles  included)  had  no  temperance 
societies  uniil  April  17,  1879.  King  Alcohol  was  there  three 
times  as  much  a  tyrant  as  he  was  one  in  Norway.  The  Danes  aie 
no  longer  mighty  invaders  of  nations,  but  are  now  mighty  in 
drink.    A  Danish  physician,  Dr.  Brandep,  estimates  that  Denmark 

*  *'  Use,  bat  abase  no^," — a  general  motto  of  Continental  Moderation 
S  ccieties. 


38  INTEMPERANCE    IN   CONTINENTAL   STATES. 

stands  first  among  the  countries  in  which  suicide  are  of  common 
occurrence.  In  1881  the  possible  customers  of  each  Danish  town 
and  city  publican  were  thus  classified  : — Qirls  and  married  women 
drinking  not  hard  or  not  at  all,  50  per  cent. ;  boys  under  fifteen 
years  of  age  going  not  into  public-houses  or  drinking  little,  16*0688 
per  cent.  ;  males  above  fifteen  years  of  age  going  not  into  drink 
establishments,  11 '1012  per  cent ;  males  above  fifteen  years  of 
age  going  frequently  into  drink  houses,  22*2018  per  cent.  So 
that  the  genuine  customers  of  publicans  and  gin-palace  keepers 
are  men — twenty-seven  for  each  establishment.  Docnmentaiy 
information  is  very  scanty,  In  1845  the  consumption  of  pure 
alcohol  per  head  amounted  to  three  gallons  two  quarts  and  four 
gills.  The  proportion  went  on  increasing,  for  alcoholic  Innatics, 
which  were  6*44  per  cent,  in  1845,  became  11*59  per  cent  in  the 
ten  years  1859-68 ;  and  from  1861  to  1870  the  yearly  ratio  of 
suicides  was  27*10  per  cent,  for  each  group  of  100,000  inhabitants. 
In  1880  the  collected  excise  duties  on  brandies  alone  amounted  to 
£209,880.  The  information  is  not  sufficient  to  establish  the 
situation  by  figures,  but  it  can  easily  be  mentally  realised. 
Whatever  be  of  that,  nephalism,  once  introduced  by  the  Rer. 
Carl  F.  Eltzholtz,  of  Horsens,  in  Jutland,  the  teetotal  movement 
rapidly  extended  all  over  the  kingdom,  so  that  there  are  now  in 
Denmark  upwards  of  one  hundred  societies  and  five  thousand 
pledged  abstainers.  Propagation  is  very  active,  and  two  tem- 
perance journals  are  well  supported.  The  Independent  Order  of 
Good  Templars  is  also  being  introduced.  In  the  Faroe  Isles 
nephalism  is  fairly  started,  especially  at  Thorshaven  and  at  Eid. 
The  Danes  bid  fair,  therefore,  to  redeem  their  character.  By  the 
end  of  this  century  they  will  probably  be  a  nation  of  teetotalers. 

Holland  (a  kingdom  of  12,680  square  miles  and  of  4,060,578 
inhabitants)  heard  as  early  as  1862  of  English  nephalism,  and 
under  the  guidance  of  the  Rev.  C.  S.  Adama  van  Scheltema, 
established  at  Amsterdam,  Groningen,  Zwolle,  and  other  localities, 
total  abstinence  societies  with  Bands  of  Hope,  temperance  halls, 
temperance  schools,  &c.,  which  have  together  been  recently  formed 
into  a  Dutch  Total  Abstinence  League.  However,  the  drinking 
crave  is  not  yet  conquered  in  Holland,  nor  among  the  210,000 
inhabitants  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxembourg.    In  1878-79 


INTEMPERANCE   IN   CONTINENTAL   STATES.  39 

excise  duties  raised  by  the  Hagne  Gloyenimeiit  amounted  to 
£1,543,400,  out  of  which  ;^96,000  were  for  spirits  only,  the  latter 
sum  alone  denoting  already  a  consumption  equal  to  two  gallons  two 
quarts  and  a  gill  of  spirits  at  50  per  cent,  of  commercial  alcohol. 
In  Luxembourg  the  per  head  consumption  of  spirits  alone  wap, 
in  1879,  two  quarts  and  one  gill.  These  figures  show  an  increase 
on  preceding  years.  In  1875,  were  prosecuted  in  Amsterdam  for 
being  drunk  and  disorderly,  5,178  persons  out  of  326,000  inha- 
bitants. Side  by  side  with  the  teetotal  society,  there  is,  at  the 
Hague,  a  Neerlandish  Society  for  the  Prohibition  of  Strong 
Drinks,  whose  President — Heer  J.  L.  de  Jonge— described  himself 
as  a  nephalist.  To  remedy  the  drink  curse,  the  General  States 
of  Holland  adopted,  on  June  24,  1881,  a  law  for  the  better  regula- 
tion of  spirit  retail  establishments,  and  for  the  repression  of  public 
drunkenness.  This  bill  came  into  full  operation  on  May  1.  The 
result  obtained  for  Holland  at  the  end  of  the  same  month  of  May 
was  equal  to  a  sale  reduction  of  240  gallons  and  one  pint  per 
calendar  day,  or  about  57,074  ounce  glasses  of  alcohol.  May 
nephalism  be  soon  and  wholly  adopted  by  the  subjects  of  King 
William  the  Third  ! 

Belgium  is  a  kingdom  of  11,374  square  miles  of  land,  and  of 
5,537,000  inhabitants.  Alcoholism  there  has  also  been  a  disastrous 
habit.  In  1877-78  there  were,  exclusive  of  the  cases  in  equity, 
common  law,  civil  law,  canon  law,  and  military  law,  167,638 
offences  punishable  by  police  courts,  criminal  courts,  asylums, 
reformatory  schools,  prisons,  penitentiaries,  or  executioners. 
Ninety  per  cent.,  that  is  about  150,000  of  those  cases,  were  most 
probably  to  be  attributed  to  excessive  drinking.  To  the  latter 
cause  were  due  429  deaths,  out  of  which  forty-nine  were  deaths 
of  women.  Dr.  Meynne,  MM.  Faider  and  Henaux,  Governor 
Dubois  Thorn,  the  Drs.  Barella,  Auguste  Jorissen,  Louis  Martin, 
Nicholas  du  Moulin,  de  Vaucleroy,  Petithan,  and  other  men  of 
eminence,  learning  or  position,  have  pointed  out  the  evil  to  their 
countrymen.  Their  eloquent  warnings  begin  to  be  understood 
and  acted  upon.  In  1828  the  yearly  consumption  of  strong  dis- 
tilled drinks  took  place  in  the  large  cities  of  Belgium  at  the  rate 
of  one  gallon  two  quarts  one  pint  and  two  and  one-third  gills  per 
head.    In  1836  at  the  rate  of  four  gallons  seven  gills  nearly. 


40  INTEMPERANCE    IN    CONTINENTAL    STATES. 

'  "       '  ■■■■■■     II  ■  ■  ■  M^M.^        ■■      I  ^^^^^M  »^^^— ^         I       I  ^^^^^— l^^^^^^ 

In  1830  the  per  head  consumption  of  alcohol  in  Belgium  went 
on  ftt  the  rate  of  1  gallon  and  1|  gill ;  in  1860,  at  the  late  of 
1  gallon  and  13^  gills  ;  in  1870,  at  the  rate  of  1  gallon  3  quarts 
and  1|  gills ;  in  1877,  at  the  rate  of  2  gallons  7^  gills.  Therefore 
the  increasing  proportion  of  the  drink  crave  had  been  in  forty- 
seven  years  one  gallon  six  gills  per  he^,  that  is,  at  the  yearly 
mean  rate  of  about  the  eight-tenths  of  a  gill,  so  that  for  the  year 
1882  I  may  indicate  the  individual  consumption  of  Belgium  as 
being  two  gallons  one  quart  and  seven  gills  nearly.  Those  rates 
of  consumption,  as  everyone  here  knows,  are  not  smaller  than 
the  same  rates  in  the  United  Kingdom.  For  the  year  ending 
March  31,  1880,  the  proportion  of  spirits  per  head  of  population 
was  for  England  and  Wales,  0  640  gallon ;  for  Ireland,  0*946 
gallon ;  for  Scotland,  1'677  gallon  ;  and  I  feel  not  afraid  to  say 
that,  thanks  to  the  seven  wise  men  of  Preston,  to  the  efforts 
of  all  Temperance  reformers,  and  to  the  existence  of  some  five 
millions  of  British  teetotalers  in  these  beautiful  islands,  the 
individual  consumption  of  alcohol  is  now  smaller  than  two  years 
ago,  and  will  become  smaller  and  smaller  until  the  very  name 
of  alcohol  be  gone  out  from  men's  memory,  archaelogiets  and 
historians  excepted. 

The  12,105,217  gallons  of  alcohol  absorbed  in  Belgium  in  1877, 
did  weigh,  without  any  sort  of  vessels  to  contain  them,  39,875 
tuns,  of  2,205  lbs.  avoirdupois.  When  to  those  tuns  of  alcohol 
are  added  to  in  Belgium  some  21,285,615  pounds  avoirdupois  of 
tobacco,  what  on  amount  of  misery  is  thus  generated !  In  1873, 
the  sole  consumption  of  home-made  Geneva  spirit,  at  50  per  cent, 
of  pure  alcohol,  was  7,831,697*  gallons,  and  has  been  increasing 
since.  Whatever  be  of  this,  there  is  no  reason  to  despair  of 
Belgian  sobriety.  The  presence  of  the  Belgian  visitors  in  this 
splendid  fete  is  a  sure  indication  of  better  days.  In  Belgium,  an 
association  against  the  abuse  of  alcoholic  drinks  was  formed  three 
years  ago  ;  the  President  is  M.  le  Q4n6ral  Baron  F.  Jolly.  This 
society  made  possible  the  Bruxelles  Temperance  Congress,  in  1860, 
and  also  rendered  possible  the  present  legislative  agitation,  the 
object  of  which  is  to  obtain  preventive  and  repressive  laws  aiming 
at  the  suppression  of  drunkenness.  The  Independent  Order  of 
Good  Templars  have  begun  to  teach  nephalism  at  Brugge  and 


INTEMPERANCE   IN    CONTINENTAL    STATES.  4I 

Other  towns.  HU  Majesty  King  Leopold  II.  is  inclined  to 
patronise  sobriety.  His  Majesty's  four  interviews  with  the  dele- 
gates of  the  National  Temperance  League  in  1880  and  1881,  and 
the  letter  of  April  12th,  1882,  to  John  Taylor,  Esq.,  fully  show 
"  the  true  interest "  of  His  Majesty  for  the  development  of 
nephalian  societies.  Finally,  I  am  informed  that  this  year 
temperance  will  meet  with  able  advocates  in  both  Houses  of 
Parliament.  I  therefore  heartily  congratulate  Belgium  on  her 
efforts,  and  sincerely  trust  that,  through  the  Belgian  visitors  now 
among  us  to  study  ''British  nephalism  and  its  adherents," 
happy  results  will  soon  be  produced  on  the  banks  of  the  Senne, 
Maese,  and  Scheldt. 

France  (a  republic  of  204,096  square  miles  of  land,  and  of 
38,000,000  inhabitants)  heard,  ten  years  ago,  and  through  myself, 
of  total  abstinence  from  intoxicating  drink ;  but  legislators  had 
faith  ih  judicial  repression,  and  in  the  increase  of  duties  on 
spirits,  physicians  were  in  want  of  a  specific  remedy  against  a 
disease  named  Alcoholismus  by  Dt,  Magnus  Huss,  and  against  the 
twenty  sorts  of  organic  lesions  which  may  result  in  the  human 
body  from  occasional  or  habitual  drunkenness,  and  it  came  to  pass 
that  the  philanthropists  were  of  a  similar  opinion.  Accordingly 
two  moderation  societies  were  formed  in  Paris  in  1872,  spirits 
were  charged  with  heavier  duties,  a  bill  against  public  drunken- 
ness became  a  law  in  1873,  a  permanent  international  commission 
for  the  study  of  questions  related  to  alcoholism  was  instituted  in 
1878,  duties  on  wines  were  lowered  to  facilicate  the  absorption  of 
the  latter  by  a  greater  number  of  people ;  but  total  abstinence, 
neglected,  had  to  yield  to  those  united  influences,  and  to  yield 
in  spite  of  the  warning  lessons  inflicted  on  France  by  a  vine 
destroyer  known  now  to  all  nations  as  being  the  Phylloocera 
Vastatrix.  For  the  last  fourteen  years  this  modem  plague  of 
Egypt  laid  waste  from  125,000  to  160,000  acres  of  vineyard  per 
each  twelve  months,  and  in  June  ultimo  the  destruction  was 
already  above  the  yearly  average.  The  Qironde,  Lot-and-Garonne, 
Tarn,  Aude,  Eastern  Pyr^n^es  and  H^rault  departments  are  in  a 
very  advanced  state  of  phylloxeration.  In  the  latter  department 
the  247,114  acres  of  vine  lands  in  the  B^ziers  district,  producing 
110,048,340  gallons  of  Lower  Languedoc  wine,  are  almost  entirely 


42  INTEMPERANCE   IN   CONTINENTAL   STATES. 

a  waste.  They  yielded  a  yearly  net  profit  of  £3,200,000.  lu  three 
years  the  remnant  (49,423  acres)  of  that  vineyard  shall  probably 
be  no  more.  Should  the  phylloxera  allow  of  a  replanting  of 
the  Beziers  district,  the  cost  could  not  be  less  than  £8,000,000. 
From  those  indications  may  be  readily  appreciated  the  pecuniary 
disaster  of  France,  who,  instead  of  turning  her  vineyarda  into 
orchards,  corn-fields,  vegetable-fields,  and  gardens,  strives  hard  to 
re^constitute  the  5,674  254  acres  of  vineland  owned  by  her  in  1868, 
a  year  in  which  those  lands,  one-half  of  which  is  now  to  be  rapidly 
destroyed,  did  together  produce  1,100,483,400  gallons  of  wine, 
worth  at  least  £137,560,415  for  the  consumer,  and  about  half 
less  for  the  vineyard  owner.  Such  yearly  yieldinga  are  indeed 
perpetual  sources  of  wealth  as  well  for  the  traffic  as  for  the 
Government,  but  such  wealth  is  not  prolific  of  bliss.  The  produG- 
tion  of  wines,  i-educed  as  it  is,  and  the  production  of  cyders,  been, 
and  alcohols,  were  together  estimated  in  1881  to  yield  to  the 
French  exchequer  and  municipal  corporations  an  income  of 
£43,061,304,  a  sum  to  which  is  to  be  added  the  costs  of  the  drinks 
in  order  to  know  the  total  of  money  spent.  It  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  drinks,  being  much  cheaper  in  France  than  in 
England,  the  French  expenditure  represents  a  much  larger  quan- 
tity of  drink  than  it  would  in  this  country. 

Switzerland. — In  Switzerland  (a  Federative  Republic  of 
15,991  Equate  miles  of  land,  and  of  2,847,000  inhabitants)  ne- 
phalism  was  advocated  by  myself  from  the  beginning  of  1873  to 
the  end  of  1875,  mainly  at  Lausanne  and  Geneva.  Mr.  Richardson 
(a  brother  of  Miss  Helena  Richardson)  tried,  in  1873  and  1874,  to 
establish  in  that  country  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Tem- 
plars. Towards  the  same  date,  the  Rev.  J.  N.  Andrews  laboured  at 
Neuch^tel,  and  settling  next  at  Basle,  there  he  published  a 
religious  and  teetotal  paper.  From  Basle,  nephalism  penetrated 
to  Montbeliard,  in  France,  and  to  some  localities  of  Germany. 
Finally  on  Sept  21,  1877,  the  Rev.  L.  L.  Rochat,  aided  by  M. 
Charles  Fermand,  Dr.  Duval,  and  others,  established  a  Swiss 
Nephalian  Society,  whose  head-quarters  are  in  the  Geneva,  Yaad, 
Neuch&tel,  and  Berne  Cantons.  This  society  is  limited  to  a  few 
hundred  members,  one  of  which,  the  Rev.  Ph.  Chatelain,  of 
GenevsL,  is  this  day  a  delegate  among  us. 


INTEMPERANCE   IN   CONTINENTAL   STATES.  43 


To  give  fall  information  I  must  add  that,  as  early  as  1834, 
Switzerland  was  endowed  with  moderation-principle  societies ; 
they  were  of  little  avail,  and  their  last  president,  the  late  M. 
Marc  Briquet,  became  a  teetotaler.  Nevertheless  Switzerland  is 
yet  in  blindness  as  to  the  value  of  total  abstinence.  Swiss  com- 
missions against  alcoholism  apply  to  France  for  advice,  as  if  the 
French  were  able  to  give  any.  The  only  service  done  by  the 
Commissioners  consists  in  their  demonstration  of  the  evils.  It 
has  been  thus  shown  that  the  yearly  mean  average  of  deaths  by 
excessive  drinking  amounts  to  2,889,  so  that  in  twenty-five  years, 
72,225  persons  were  destroyed  by  drink.  The  yearly  drink  expen- 
diture of  Switzerland  amounts  to  £600,000,  or  £2  3s.  2.^d.  per 
head  of  population,  or  to  £lb  per  head  of  male  inhabitants.  In 
the  last  twenty-five  years  the  expenditure  was  £150,000,000,  and 
that  in  a  country  in  which  drinks  are  at  low  prices.  In  Switzerland, 
as  formerly  in  Sweden,  distilleries  abound.  Penalties  are  lenient, 
repression  soft-handed,  offences  most  common,  and  many  of  the 
helnons  sort.  Dr.  Guillaume,  of  Neuch&tel,  has  pronounced  that 
one-half  of  the  prisoners  in  the  penitentiaries  of  Berne,  Neuch&tel, 
Sanct-Gallen,and  Thorberg  became  criminal  by  alcoholic  drinking. 
Out  of  1,238  convicts,  25  per  cent,  had  at  least  one  parent 
addicted  to  drink.  To  alleviate  these  evils  a  circular  appeal  was 
issued  in  July  last  to  pastors,  jurists,  teachers,  statisticians,  philan- 
thropists, and  working  men,  with  a  view  of  forming  a  National 
Permanent  Commission  for  the  study  of  questions  related  to 
alcoholism,  and  in  the  International  Sanitary  Congress  which  is 
at  this  very  moment  being  held  at  Geneva,  the  alcoholism  ques- 
tion IB  introduced,  on  the  moderation  and  repression  principles, 
by  Dr.  A.  L.  Roulet,  Councillor  of  State  of  NeuchAtel,  and  by  Dr. 
Challand,  head  physician  of  the  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Cery,  near 
Lausanne. 

As  to  Russia  (an  empire  of  2,074,686  miles  of  land,  and  of 
87,000,000  inhabitants  in  Europe  only),  teetotalism  is  unknown. 
A  tendency  to  autocratic  prohibition  has  of  late  been  perceptible. 
The  alcoholism  of  the  country,  since  a  long  time,  occupied  the 
nation,  when  the  Government  began  to  suppress  brandy-booths, 
liquor-shops,  public-houses,  and  other  establishments  belonging 
to  the  Jews.    A  Russian  Commission  for  the  investigation  0 


44  INTEMPERANCE   IN   CONTINENTAL   STATES. 

quesiions  related  to  alcoholism  entered  on  its  labonn  on  Oct. 
let,  1881,  and,  on  the  motion  of  the  member  for  Samarina, 
a  resolution,  or  rather  a  wish,  was  adopted  in  behalf  of  a 
prohibition  to  all  Jews  to  trade  in  spirits  in  the  villages  and  mnd 
country,  and  in  behalf  also  of  an  ultimate  and  identical  prohibi- 
tion in  all  towns  and  cities.  That  which  followed,  inclusive  of  the 
Czar's  decree  reducing  in  the  villages,  and  under  some  conditions, 
the  sale  of  spirits  to  a  single  drink-house,  is  known  to  all  EngUsh- 
raen.  The  Temperance  reform  is  yet  in  Russia  in  a  very  rudi- 
mentary condition. 

Such  is,  Mr.  Chairman,  gentlemen,  and  ladies,  the  present 
state  of  th&  countries  of  Europe  in  which  an  agitation  has  taken 
place  against  alcoholism.  Of  Germany  I  said  not  a  word.  Ger- 
many has  not  yet  been  acknowledging  practically  the  reclaiming 
and  preventive  power  of  water  against  drunkenness,  though 
Germany  adopted  early  the  plan  of  moderation  and  partial 
abstinence  societies.  It  belongs  this  day  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rind- 
fleisch,  of  Gisohkau,  in  Western  Prussia,  to  speak  to  the  British 
world  of  German  temperance.  In  other  countries  of  Europe 
some  legislative  bills  against  drinkers  have  been  enacted,  but 
nowhere  the  movement  against  alcoholism  became  as  visible  and 
active  as  in  Sweden,  Norway,  Denmark,  Holland,  Belgium, 
France,  and  Switzerland.  France  is  yet  in  want  of  a  teetotal 
society.  The  consumption  of  stroog  drink  is  very  large  every- 
where. The  Euglish  supposition  that  the  British  nation  ranks 
foremost  amongst  the  alcoholistic  nations  must  no  longer  be 
regarded  as  a  truth.  Let  not  British  temperance  men  forget  that 
virtue  obliges,  as  much  as  nobility,  so  that  British  temperance 
men  are,  in  love  and  duty,  bound  to  help  Continental  nations  to 
exterminate  drunkenness  from  among  themselves ;  because,  if 
British  men  neglected  that  generous  and  prudent  line  of  action. 
Continental  alcoholism,  ever  present  before  the  eyes  of  the  English 
people,  would,  by  the  force  of  contagion  of  bad  example,  pre- 
vent  for  centuries  to  come  the  complete  realisation  of  the  teetotal 
reformation.  The  National  Temperance  League  has  already  done 
much  towards  the  propagation  of  nephalism  iu  Europe,  but  the 
wise  policy  of  the  League  in  that  direction  is,  and  must  remain, 
limited,  as  long  as  the  British  Temperance  world  at  laige  suj^rts 


TEMPERANCE   REFORM   IN   THE    UNITED    STATES.        45 

not  collectively  the  continuation  of  efforts  which  have  already 
elicited  from  many  Continental  societies  words  of  praise  and 
gratitude.  May  the  Lord  have  mercy  on  the  drunkards  of  Con- 
tiuental  Europe,  as  He  has  already  had  mercy  on  the  drunkards  of 
these  islands,  and  reclaim  them  all  through  the  initiatory  labours 
of  those  who,  by  nephalism  brought  back  to  the  practice  of  the 
Gospel,  have  thus  been  so  wonderfully  saved  from  utter  ruin  and 
desolation. 


PRESENT  POSITION   OF  THE  TEMPERANCE  REFORM 

IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.* 

By    a.    M.    Powell,    New  York. 

A  HALF-CENTURT  of  labour  has  been  funded  in  the  Temperance 
reform  in  the  United  States.  As  in  the  history  of  all  great 
reforms,  there  have  been  recurring  tides  of  action  and  reaction. 
The  present  is  a  period  of  unwonted  activity  and  of  most  en- 
couraging progress.  During  the  war  era  of  the  slaveholders' 
rebellion  public  attention  was  much  withdrawn  from  the  great 
evil  of  intemperance.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  with  the  increased 
consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors,  engendered  by  the  war 
excitement,  the  need  of  a  Temperance  revival  to  regain  lost 
ground,  and  to  advance  the  reform,  was  obvious  and  urgent. 

To  provide  in  part  for  this  need,  the  National  Temperance 
Society  and  Publication  House  was  organised,  with  head-quarters 
in  New  York.  The  Hon.  William  E.  Dodge,  an  eminent  merchant 
widely  known  and  honoured  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  as  a 
Christian  philanthropist,  became,  and  remains,  its  president,  and 
J.  N.  Stearns,  Esq.,  its  publishing  agent,  and  subsequently  also 

*  Read  at  the  Jubilee  Conference  held  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  Septem- 
ber 6,  1882. 


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CTTirii^:^  :i  il«  S:<ierr  *  gmd  toul  of  512,10O,5$O  pa^ 

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c  f  Scr«  c-f  Tt2zir«ni:ee  cinbTacc*  1.114  Eabofdioate  diTision?^  and  a 
Mtil  TLtZLX^zihip  of  -^,732,  widi  1,655  *-  Udr  vintonL'  The 
In i^peDiec:  Order  of  Good  TempUn  namben  ceTentr-eeTen 
gracd  Io':3ge«,  fiftr  of  which  are  in  the  United  States,  with  6,331 
En Vjrd  mate  lodges,  and  a  t:tal  membership  of  266,347.  The 
Templirs  of  Honour  and  Temperance  bare  a  total  membership  d 
about  IZ,^4>.  The  Woman's  National  Christian  Temperance 
Unioo,  a  growth  of  the  last  decade  and  an  important  section  of 
the  temperance  forces  of  the  United  States,  has  anxiliary  State 
and  local  unions  in  nearly  eyerr  State,  with  a  large  constitoencj 
of  earnest  Christian  women.  The  National  Christian  Temperance 
Association  represents  a  large  number  of  '*  Blue  Ribbon "  and 
•*  Reform  "  Clubs,  and  "  Gospel  Temperance  "  Associations.  The 
Kational  Roman  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  has  591  sub- 
ordinate unions,  with  a  large  following  of  Roman  Catholic  total 
abstainers.  A  new  society,  which  promises  a  large  measure  of 
usefulness  in  an  important  section  of  the  Christian  Church,  is  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  Temperance  Society.  Besides  these 
are  many  State  and  local  organisations,  Prohibition  and  **  Home 
Protection "  Leagues  and  Alliances,  Bands  of  Hope,  and  other 
juvenile  Temperance  organisations,  each  at  work  in  its  own  way 
and  sphere,  and  the  whole  swelling  to  larger  proportions  than 
ever  before  the  great  Temperance  army  of  the  nation. 


TEMPERANCE  REFORM  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  47 

.An  important  feature  of  TemperaDce  work  in  the  United 
States  at  the  present  time  is  the  effort,  fostered  especially  by  the 
National  Temperance  Society  and  the  Woman's  National  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  to  promote  Temperance  education  in  the 
public  schools  and  other  institutions  of  learning.  Dr.  Richardson's 
admirable  ''Temperance  Lesson  Book," and  other  Temperance  text- 
books have  already  been  placed  in  the  schools  in  many  localities. 
The  State  of  Minnesota  has  passed  a  law  requiring  Temperance 
to  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  of  that  State,  and  has  introduced 
Temperance  text-books  in  all  the  ''  State  Normal  Schools  '*  (for  the 
training  of  teachers),  to  be  used  in  the  regular  course  of  study. 
To  the  list  of  questions  used  in  the  examination  of  teachers  are 
added  a  series  on  the  science  of  Temperance,  which  the  candidates 
must  answer  to  be  approved  as  qualified  to  teach  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  State.  What  Minnesota  has  already  done,  in 
requiring  and  providing  for  Temperance  instruction  in  all  schools 
supported  by  the  State^  it  is  hoped  other  States  will  in  due  time 
be  prepared  to  do. 

As  a  class  the  great  body  of  American  physicians  have  been,  and 
continue  to  be,  indifferent,  or  equivocal,  in  their  relations  to  the 
Temperance  movement.  There  are,  however,  notable  and  praise- 
worthy exceptions.  For  the  advance  here  in  recent  years,  which 
has  been  very  encouraging,  America  is  under  great  obligations  for 
the  influential  aid  of  distinguished  physicians  and  scientists  of 
Great  Britain,  such  as  Dr.  F.  R.  Lees,  as  a  pioneer,  Dr.  B.  W. 
Richardson,  Dr.  James  Edmunds,  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  and  others. 
The  American  Medical  Association,  a  large  body  of  physicians, 
in  its  annual  meeting  for  1882,  re-affirmed  its  previous  declaration 
to  the  effect  that  alcohol  should  be  classed  with  other  powerful 
drugs  ;  that  when  prescribed  medically,  it  should  be  with  con- 
scientious caution  and  a  sense  of  great  responsibility ;  that  the 
use  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  beverage  is  productive  of  a  large 
amount  of  physical  and  mental  disease  ;  that  it  entails  diseased 
appetities  and  enfeebled  constitutions  upon  offspring  ;  that  it  is 
the  cause  of  a  large  percentage  of  crime  and  pauperism  ,*  and  that 
the  Association  would  welcome  any  change  in  public  sentiment 
that  would  confine  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  to  the  uses  of 
science,  art  and  medicine.      It  also  added  a  recommendation  in 


48         TEMPERANCE  REFORM  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

fisiyoar  of   instraction  in  Temperance  hygiene  in  oar  public 
schools. 

Among  American  phjBicians  eminent  in  the  profession,  and  a 
pioneer  in  scientific  Temperance  investigation,  is  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis, 
of  Chicago,  the  father  and  founder  of  the  American  Medical 
Association.  Dr.  Davis  thus  renders  the  verdict  of  science  agaiusk 
alcohol,  as  a  necessity,  either  in  health  or  in  the  treatment  of 
disease: — 

''  Alcohol,  as  found  in  any  or  all  of  the  fermented  and  distilled 
drinks,  is  neither  stimulating,  streugthening,  nor  nourishing  to 
the  human  system,  but  simply  anaesthetic  and  sedative.  Gonse- 
quently  it  cannot  be  used  in  health  without  injurious  effects 
proportioned  to  the  quantity  used  and  the  frequency  of  its  repeti- 
tion. Its  applicability  in  the  treatment  of  disease  is  extremely 
limited ;  so  much  so  that  it  might  be  wholly  dispensed  with 
without  any  injury  to  the  sick,  every  intelligent  physician  being 
able  to  supply  its  place  with  other  remedies  of  equal,  if  not 
greater,  value  in  the  limited  number  of  cases  in  which  it  is  appli- 
cable." 

The  Churches  of  the  various  Christian  denominations  are 
aroused  to  the  enormity  of  the  evil  of  intemperance,  and  to  the 
importance  of  Temperance  reform,  as  never  before.  They  are, 
indeed,  the  strong  right  arm  of  the  Temperance  movement  in 
America.  Their  testimonies  are  numerous  and  pronounced  in 
favour  of  total  abstinence.  Church  Temperance  organisations 
are  steadily  increasing  for  the  promotion  of  Temperance  work 
under  denominational  auspices.  In  1881,  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  appointed  a  "Permanent  Com- 
mittee'' on  the  subject  of  Temperance,  to  seek  to  quicken  and 
unite  all  the  synods  and  churches  of  the  general  body  in  efforts  to 
advance  the  cause  of  Temperance.  In  the  **  deliverances"  of  the 
General  Assembly,  also  re-affirmed,  all  are  called  upon  to  abstain 
from  cyder,  beer  and  ale,  as  well  as  the  stronger  liquors  ;  not  to 
rent  their  premises  for  the  liquor  traffic,  or  endorse  licenses 
which  legalise  it ;  prohibition  is  commended  to  the  attention  and 
support  of  all  ministers  and  churches  ;  and  vigorous  efforts  are 
urged  for  the  suppression  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  drinks. 
The   Methodist    Episcopal  Church  requires  Temperance  com- 


TEMPERANCE    REFORM    IN  THE    UNITED    STATES.      49 

xnittees  to  be  appointed  by  its  Quarterly  Conferences,  and  recom- 
mends the  founding  of  juvenile  Temperance  organisations  in  all 
its  congregations  and  Sunday-schools.  It  makes  participation  in 
the  liquor  traffic,  or  of  signing  the  petitions  for  liquor  licenses,  a 
disciplinary  offence.  The  discipline  also  enjoins  that '' none  but 
the  pure,  un fermented  juice  of  the  grape  be  used  in  administering 
the  Lord's  Supper."  A  new  chapter  declares  : — "  We  regard 
voluntary  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicants  as  the  true  ground 
of  pergonal  temperance,  and  the  complete  legal  prohibition  of  the 
traffic  in  alcoholic  drinks  as  the  duty  of  civil  government."  The 
Baptist  Churches,  which  have  no  national  ecclesiastical  organisa- 
tion, have,  through  many  State  conventions  and  associations, 
borne  emphatic  testimonies  in  favour  of  total  abstinence,  prohibi- 
tion, and  the  use  of  unfermented  wine  at  the  communion  table. 
The  Congregational  Churches,  likewise  without  any  national 
ecclesiastical  organisation,  have,  through  State  associations  and 
conventions,  given  earnest  expression  on  the  subject  of  Tem- 
perance, recommending  the  appointment  of  Church  Temperance 
Committee?,  urging  the  importance  of  right  education  for  the 
yomng,  and  that  **  only  unfermented  juice  of  the  grape  be  used  at 
the  communion  table."  The  General  Synod  of  the  Reformed 
(Dutch)  Church,  and,  among  the  smaller  Protestant  Churches, 
the  General  Assemblies  of  the  United  Presbyterian,  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian,  and  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church, 
the  General  Council  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church,  the 
Centennial  Council  of  the  Free-Will  Baptists,  the  Seventh  Day 
Baptists,  the  smaller  body  of  Methodists,  and  the  several  Yearly 
Meetings  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  have  given  emphatic  declara- 
tions in  favour  of  total  abstinence,  and  in  their  respective  spheres 
of  usefulness  arc  doing  much  thorough  Temperance  work. 

Temperance  legislation  at  the  present  time  assumes  much 
importance  in  many  portions  of  the  United  States.  During 
the  pa^t  year  legislation,  in  one  form  or  another,  has  occupied 
the  attention  of  a  large  majority  of  the  State  Legislatures, 
as  well  as  of  the  National  Congress.  There  is  a  strong  current 
of  public  opinion,  which  is  being  continually  augmented, 
adverse  to  the  licensing  of  the  liquor  traffic  for  drinking 
purposes.      In   Maryland,  Arkansas,  Texas,  and  sundry  other 


mmmm 


50        TEMPERANCE   REFORM   IN    THE  UNITED    STATES. 

States  under  ''local  option  "  laws,  the  traffic  is  being  veiy  much 
reduced,  with  a  corresponding  diminution  of  intemperance  and 
its  attendant  evils.  In  Maine  its  entire  legal  prohibition  has 
resulted  in  banisliing  every  brewery  and  distillery  from  the  State, 
and  in  reducing  the  traffic  to  very  small  proportions.  Says 
General  Neal  Dow,  the  heroic  and  honoured  Maine  pioneer: 
«  We  formerly  had  many  distilleries,  some  of  them  large  ones, 
seven  large  ones  in  this  city  (Portland)  running  night  and  day  ; 
now  there  is  not  one  in  the  State,  nor  a  brewery.  In  all  our 
rural  districts  there  is  absolutely  no  liquor  traffic,  where  it  was 
universal  before  the  law.  The  traffic  lingers  secretly  on  a  imall 
scale  in  the  large  cities,  but  in  due  time  we  shall  cure  that  by 
increased  penalties."  Says  ex-Qovemor  Perham :  ''  In  many 
parts  of  Maine  the  liquor  trade  has  absolutely  ceased  to  exist,  and 
liquor  shops  are  unknown,  and  wherever  within  the  State  the 
trade  exists  at  all,  it  is  carried  on  secretly  and  with  caution,  as 
other  unlawful  things  are  done.''  Ex-Governor  Dingley  says : 
'*  To-day  the  drinking  of  intoxicating  liquors  is  neither  fsshion- 
able  nor  respectable  in  the  State  of  Maine.  It  is  not  the  practice 
but  the  exception.  We  can  report  progress — a  wonderful  work 
accomplished  ;  much  remains  to  be  done.. ...  No  political  party 
dares  raise  any  issue  against  the  prohibitory  law."  The  State  of 
Kansas,  memorable  also  in  connection  with  the  historic  anti- 
slavery  conflict,  has  adopted  as  a  part  of  its  constitution  an  amend- 
ment which  declares  :  "  The  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  shall  be 
for  ever  prohibited  in  this  State,  except  for  medical,  scientific 
and  mechanical  purposes."  Under  a  very  stringent  law,  enacted 
by  the  Legislature  of  Kansas,  in  February,  1881,  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  prohibitory  constitutional  amendment,  all  the  dis- 
tilleries, and  a  large  number  of  the  breweries,  have  been  cloeed, 
and  the  liquor  traffic  has  been  to  a  large  extent  suppressed,  except 
in  some  of  the  larger  cities.  "  In  Kansas,"  says  Governor  St.  John 
(who  has  lately  been  re-nominated  by  a  very  large  majority  for 
his  third  official  term),  "  despite  the  efforts  of  the  unscmpulou 
foe,  prohibition,  since  the  law  took  effect,  has  been  a  grand  success." 
The  State  of  Iowa  has  this  year,  after  a  prolonged  and  very  earnest 
popular  agitation  of  the  subject,  by  a  majority  of  nearly  thirty- 
thousand  of  its  voters,  also  adopted  *  a  prohibitory  constitational 


TEMPERANCE  REFORM    IN    THE  UNITED    STATES.        5I 

amendment,  similar  in  its  terms  to  that  of  Kansas.  The  States 
of  Indiana  and  Connecticut  have,  through  their  respective  Legis- 
latures, taken  the  initial  steps  for  the  submission  to  their  voters 
of  like  constitutional  amendments.  Other  States  are  preparing 
for  early  kindred  action.  This  method  of  constitutional  pro- 
hibition, by  which  the  voters  of  States  decide  at  the  polls  for  or 
against  the  licensing  of  the  liquor  traffic  is,  in  effect,  the  applica- 
tion on  a  large  scale  of  what  is  known  as  '*  local  option."  The 
question  whether  or  not  such  prohibitory  constitutional  amend- 
ments shall  be  submitted  to  the  voters  of  the  several  States  is 
rapidly  becoming  a  vital  political  issue  in  many  portions  of  the 
United  States.  The  liquor  manufacturers  and  vendors  are  strongly 
opposed  to  such  submission,  fearing,  in  the  light  of  the  recent 
Kansas  and  Iowa  precedents,  to  trust  the  popular  verdict. 

As  the  Temperance  movement  has  advanced,  the  liquor  interest, 
which  assumes  large  proportions  commercially,  and  which  repre- 
sents great  power  politically,  has  become  alarmed.  The  liquor 
manufacturers  and  vendors  have  organised  for  defensive  and 
offensive  warfare.  They  have  the  National  Distillers'  Association, 
the  United  States  Brewers'  Association,  and  a  large  number  of 
State  and  local  associations,  protective  unions,  leagues,  &c.  They 
command  large  sums  of  money  with  which  to  oppose  in  the  courts 
the  enforcement  of  restrictive,  prohibitory,  and  Sunday  closing 
laAvs.  The  thousands  of  liquor  saloons  are  made  by  them  practi- 
cally so  many  political  club  houses.  They  subordinate  everything 
else  to  their  so-called  vested  liquor  interests.  They  have  ex- 
pended large  sums  of  money  to  defy  and  thwart  the  prohibitory 
amendment  in  Iowa.  They  practically  nullify  the  Sunday  anti- 
liquor  laws  of  Ohio  and  California,  and  evade,  where  they  do  not 
actually  disregard,  restrictions  upon  Sunday  liquor  selling.  But 
there  are  gratifying  indications  that  their  hitherto  great  power  is 
waning.  The  moral  consciousness  of  great  numbers  of  people  is 
awakened  as  never  before  concerning  the  enormous  evils  which 
these  liquor  dealers'  organisations  seek  to  extend  and  perpetuate. 

There  were,  in  1881,  6,210  distilleries.  These  consumed 
31,291,146  bushels  of  grain,  with  an  aggregate  production  of 
117,728,150  gallons  of  proof  spirits.  For  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1882,  the  total  amount  of  revenue  t%  the  National 


52         TEMPERANCE  REFORM  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Treasury  from  distilled  spirits  was  69,873,408,18  dols. ;  from 
fermented  liquors  16,153,920,42  dols.  The  total  beer  prodaction 
for  the  same  period,  as  reported  to  the  Internal  Revenue  Depart- 
ment, was  16,952,085  barrels.  A  brewers'  authority  gives  the 
number  of  breweries  at  2,830,  and  estimates  that  there  are 
1,681,870  acres  of  land  under  cultivation  for  barley  and  hops. 
The  author  of  "  Our  Wasted  Resources  "  gives  the  annual  liquor 
bill  of  the  United  SUtes  at  735,000,000  dollars.  In  1880, 
according  to  the  record  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Department, 
there  were  of  wholesale  dealers  in  distilled  spirits,  4,065  ;  of  retail 
dealers,  166,891 ;  of  wholesale  dealers  in  fermented  liquors,  2,065 ; 
of  retail  dealers,  8,952  ;  an  aggregate  of  both  wholesale  and  retail 
dealers  in  both  distilled  and  fermented  liquors  of  181,973.  Counting 
1,000  to  a  regiment,  we  have  a  liquor-selling  army  of  181  regiments, 
commissioned  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  to  per- 
petuate the  kingdom  of  unrighteousness  and  to  obstruct  the 
onward  progress  of  the  Temperance  reform. 

The  retrospect  of  the  half-century  shows  marked  progress.  The 
social  drinking  usages  were  furmely  well-nigh  universal.  The 
major  portion  of  the  American  people,  it  is  safe  to  assume,  are 
to-day  total  abstainers  from  all  intoxicating  beverages.  There 
are,  however,  still  many  drimkards  and  many  more  habitual  and 
occasional  drinkers.  Consecrated  to  Temperance  work  as  are 
multitudes  of  Christians,  there  are  yet  many,  both  of  ministers 
and  members  of  Churches,  who  are  indifferent,  if  not  opposed,  to 
the  Temperance  reform.  There  is  a  growing  interest  in  advanced 
Temperance  legislation,  but  the  important  fact  is  too  often  over- 
looked or  ignored  that  its  chief  value  depends  upon  an  enlightened* 
energetic,  conscientious  public  opinion.  The  present  exhibit  of 
the  liquor  traffic  is  of  large  and  formidable  proportions,  a  mighty 
power  still  for  eviL  But  Qod's  arm  is  yet  stronger,  and  with  His 
continued  blessing  the  Temperance  reform  in  the  United  States, 
as  also  in  Great  Britain  and  throughout  the  civilised  world,  if 
destined  to  go  forward  to  ultimate  complete  victory. 


THE  TREATMENT  OF  INEBRIATES.  53 


THE  TREATMENT  OF  INEBRIATES .♦ 
Bt  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S. 

[   JETo*.  Seeretarjf  to  tlU  Habiiual  Drunkards  Legitlatiom  Socuig  and  Dalrgmplt 

Home. 

Scarcely  a  week  pasees  during  which  I  do  not  receive,  either 
from  a  clergyman,  a  Christian  worker,  or  some  broken* hearted 
relative  of  the  victim,  a  request  of  this  kind  : — "  A.  B.  is  drink- 
ing himself  to  death.  His  wife  and  family  are  neglected,  and  he 
IB  dissipating  his  fortune  in  drink.  Pray  send  me  a  prescription 
for  some  medicine,  as  I  feel  sure  you  can,  to  give  him  a  distaste 
for  his  destroyer.''  I  quote  this  frequent,  piteous,  and  despairing 
cry,  simply  in  proof  of  the  utter  and  widespread  ignorance,  even 
among  educated  and  intelligent  Christian  people,  of  the  true 
nature  of  habitual  drunkenness. 

There  is  no  mystery  about  its  genesis.    It  is 

"  The  bitter  harvest  of  car  own  devioe." 

Drunkenness,  occasional  and  habitual,  is  the  inevitable  outcome 
of  our  national  habit  of  drinking  intoxicating  liquors.  Their 
leading  component,  that  for  which  we  drink  these  beverages — 
the  alcohol  they  contain — is  a  prompt  and  potent  irritant  narcotic 
poison.  It  is  in  virtue  of  an  immutable  natural  law  that  the 
general  use  of  so  powerful  a  neurotic  poison — which  irritates  the 
vital  organs,  destroys  the  mental  balance,  and  inflames  the 
passions — induces  all  the  varied  phenomena  of  intoxication  in  a 
certain  number  of  the  drinkers.  It  is  not  more  ceitain  that,  in 
A  given  number  of  lives  in  an  insurance  office,  some  tolerably 
known  proportion  will  die  every  year,  than  that  in  a  given  number 
of  persons  drinking  our  intoxicating  liquors  some  proportion  will 
annually  drink  themselves  into  drunkenness,  disease,  and  prema- 
ture death.  Many  of  these — happily  they  are  a  minority,  though 
their  numbers  are  appalling— are  so  physically  susceptible  to 
alcohol  that,  once  tamper  with  it,  they  are,  humanly  speaking, 


*  Bead  by  request  to  the  Charoh  Congress  held  at  Derby,  October, 
1882. 


54  THE  TREATMENT  OF  INEBRIATES. 


lost.  Their  nervous  organisation  is  so  defective,  or  the  trans- 
mitted taint  is  so  strongly  implanted  in  them,  that  they  are  unable 
to  arrest  the  natural  development  of  the  characteristic  poisonooB 
effect  of  alcohol  on  the  brain  and  the  will.  Their  only  power 
of  control  is  over  the  very  beginning  of  the  habit  of  drinking. 
If  they  never  drink,  no  power  on  earth  can  make  them  drunkards; 
but  if  they  drink  at  all,  no  human  power  can  prevent  them 
becoming  drunkards. 

The  nature  of  the  poison  is  always  the  same.  A  tendency  to 
produce  their  characteristic  poisonous  effect  is  ineradicable  from 
intoxicating  drinks.  Alcohol,  no  more  than  arsenic  or  opium,  is 
a  respecter  of  persons.  Just  as,  by  the  operation  of  an  unchange- 
able law  of  nature,  will  an  adequate  dose  of  strychnia  kill  a 
Christian  as  quickly  as  a  heathen,  and  an  opiate  draught  make  an 
archbishop  as  sleepy  as  it  will  make  a  costermonger,  so  in  like 
manner  will  the  poison,  alcohol,  by  its  irritating  properties  inflame 
the  body,  and  by  its  narcotic  properties  cloud  the  mind,  of  a  good 
man  as  of  a  bad  man.  No  person,  no  profession,  no  rank,  is  exempt 
from  the  working  of  this  law.  The  most  select  circles  ef  the 
educated,  the  loftiest  positions  in  the  State,  and  high  places  in 
the  Church,  have  all  contributed  their  quota  to  the  mighty  host 
of  the  inebriate.  Some  of  the  worst  cases  with  which  I  have  had 
to  deal  have  been  clergymen  and  doctors. 

Inebriety  has  a  physical  origin.  Its  signs  aro  part  of  a  group 
of  symptoms  characteristic  of  poisoning  by  alcohol,  and  its 
primary  cause  is  a  constitutional  susceptibility  to  be  affected  by 
the  poison.  True  it  is  that  from  pure  wantonness  it  sometimes 
enters  in  the  heart  of  man  to  take  to  excessive  drinking  ;  but  the 
cases  in  which  the  first  gloss  is  drunk  with  the  deliberate  purpose 
of  becoming  a  drunkard  are  very  rare  indeed.  Inebriates,  male 
and  female,  have,  as  a  rule,  never  intended  to  become  such.  They 
had  no  fears  for  their  safety  when  they  set  out  on  their  alcoholic 
voyage,  and  it  has  generally  been  only  after  repeated  attempts  to 
escape  that  they  have  finally  been  engulphed  in  the  deep  and  all- 
devouring  sea  of  intemperance. 

Pbedisfosino  Causes.  —  There  are  predisposing  causes.  By 
the  operation  of  another  natural  law — the  law  of  the  heredity  of 
alcohol — not  a  few  human  beings  are  launched  upon  the  worid 


THE  TREATMENT  OF  INEBRIATES,  55 

with  a  tendency  to  inebriety  ingrained  in  their  very  nature.  If 
such  drink  at  all,  they  drink  to  excess.  Moderate  drinking  is  an 
impossibility  to  them.  Others,  again,  though  burdened  with  no 
innate  drink  taint,  are,not  infrequently,  as  a  result  of  the  drinking 
habits  of  their  parents,  endowed  with  so  feeble  a  will  that  they 
may  truly  be  said  to  have  no  moral  backbone.  These,  too,  are 
predisposed  to  inebriety. 

ExciTiNQ  Causes. — Besides  the  great  predominant  factor — the 
narcotic  poison  which  produces  the  phenomena  of  drunkenness — 
and  the  predisposing  causes,  there  are  a  variety  of  exciting  causes. 
A  steady,  regular-living,  excellent  man  leads  for  many  years  a  sober 
life.  A  sudden  nervous  shock — the  unexpected  loss  of  property, 
of  children,  or  of  wife — is  known  to  excite  him  to  that  habitual 
inebriety  for  the  cure  of  which  he  enters  an  inebriate  home.  A 
scholar,  calm,  thoughtful,  and  temperate,  doggedly  pursues  his 
studies  when  he  ought  to  be  at  rest,  all  unheeding  and  unthinking, 
till  the  overtaxed  brain  gives  way,  and  a  very  deplorable  and 
intractable  form  of  inebriety  is  the  issue.  A  lady,  chaste  as  snow, 
and  in  general  abstinent  as  a  hermit,  has  at  times  an  uncon- 
trollable craving  for  strong  drink,  and  she  finds  her  only  security 
from  a  drunken  outbreak  to  consist  in  seclusion  in  some  institu- 
tion where  she  cannot  procure  intoxicating  drink  for  a  few  days 
till  the  exciting  cause  passes  away.  A  hard-working  clergyman, 
frequently  feels  completely  exhausted  in  body  and  mind.  An 
occasional  glass  of  fermented  wine  dissipates  for  a  brief  space  this 
feeling  of  prostration.  His  one  anxiety  being  to  keep  up  to  the 
work  to  which  his  whole  heart  is  given,  he  despises  his  physical 
weakness,  ignores  his  congested  liver,  his  disordered  digestion,  and 
his  over- wearied  brain,  and  has  recourse  to  his  magical  alcoholic 
pick-me-,up.  The  oftener  it  is  resorted  to,  the  oftener  it  is 
required.  The  legitimate  outcome  of  this  breach  of  the  divinely- 
ordered  laws  of  health  I  have  again  and  again  seen  in  an  invete- 
rate attack  of  confirmed  inebriety. 

Sometimes  a  Disease.  —  What  is  habitual  drunkenness  ?  Is 
it  a  vice  or  a  disease,  a  misfortune  or  a  sin  ?  Sometimes  all  of 
these ;  though  indeed  there  are  cases  of  what  is  rightly  called 
dipsomania,  or  drink  madness,  where  the  ausdsthetic  action  of 
alcohol  has  been  so'powerful  as  to  render  the  subject  apparently 


56  THE    TREATMENT   OF   INEBRIATES. 


insensible  to  all  external  influences.  I  would  not  for  a  moment 
seek  to  weaken  the  force  of  your  clerical  rebuke  of  the  immo- 
rality and  sin  of  drunkenness,  but  there  are  now  and  again  coming 
before  me  cases  of  conflrmed  inebriety  which  present  symptoms 
of  disease  as  marked  and  as  characteristic  as  I  have  ever  seen  in 
an  attack  of  gout,  of  apoplexy,  or  of  insanity. 

Drunkenness  as  a  Sin. — Whatever  the  sinfulness,  for  that 
there  is  but  one  remedy.  No  human  treatment  can  cure  the 
disease  of  the  soul.  It  is  our  exceeding  high  privilege,  for  the 
cure  of  the  sin  of  drunkenness,  as  for  the  cure  of  every  other  sin, 
to  have  ever  at  command  the  unerring  skill,  the  unwearied 
attention,  and  the  loving  care  of  the  Infallible  Physician,  who  has 
wrought  for  us  an  effectual  cure  by  the  sacrifice  of  His  life. 

**  Whose  mercy  ever  livetb, 
Who  repoDtiDg  gailt  forgiTeth, 
And  the  broken  heart  receiveth." 

Diseased  Conditions  of  inebriety. — Habitual  inebriety  has 
a  physical  as  well  as  a  moral  aspect.  Whatever  the  original 
predisposing  or  exciting  cause,  the  alcohol  that  has  been  drunk 
habitually  to  excess  bas  altered  the  tissues  of  the  brain,  as  it  has 
altered  the  tissues  of  the  liver,  and  pierced  the  walls  of  the  heart 
with  degenerate  fat.  You  have  thus  to  do  with  an  altered  state  of 
the  organs  of  thought,  feeling,  and  volition.  You  have  to  do  with  a 
changed  condition  of  the  mind.  The  structure  of  the  organ  of  thought 
having  been  deteriorated,  the  power  of  thought  is  diminished ;  the 
range  of  thought  is  limited ;  concentration  of  the  reasoning  powers 
is  difficult,  if  not  impossible.  You  have  to  do  with  a  changed  con- 
dition of  the  senses.  The  lower  senses  are  deprived  of  much  of 
their  acuteness.  Vision  is  disturbed,  hearing  is  impaired,  the 
tactile  sense  is  deadened,  and  there  is  a  lack  of  ability  to  enjoy 
the  sweetest  and  most  delicate  perfumes.  That  the  sense  of  taata 
is  depraved,  you  have  ample  proof  in  the  capricious  appetite,  when 
he  has  an  appetite,  of  the  habitual  inebriate. 

Untruthfulness  op  Inebriates. — This  perversion  affects 
also  the  higher  feelingf*.  If  there  is  one  feature  which,  more  than 
another,  is  characteristic  of  the  dipsomaniac,  it  is  that  of  untruth- 
fulness.   Habitiud  excessive  indulgence  in  strong  drink  wooM 


THE    TREATMENT   OF   INEBRIATES.  57 

turn  the  most  truthful  person  in  this  assembly  into  an  unblushing 
liar.  Nor  is  this  all.  If  he  were  to  forswear  his  cups,  and  become 
a  consistent  abstainer,  it  would  be  long  ere  he  recovered,  if  ever 
he  did  completely  recover,  his  former  power  to  epeak  the  truth, 
and  to  discriminate  between  the  false  and  the  true.  This  utter 
overthrow  of  the  truthful  sense  is  especially  marked  in  women. 
It  has  frequently  been  ray  lot  to  be  assured  most  solemnly  by  an 
educated  and  refined  lady  that  she  had  not  tasted  a  drop  of  drink 
that  day,  when  her  breath  was  reeking  with  the  odour  of  brandy. 

Will  Power  Weakened. — Alcohol  being  a  paralyser,  the  will 
is  shorn  of  most  of  its  strength,  as  you  may  see  exemplified  every 
day  in  the  uncertain,  irresolute,  shifty  confirmed  drunkard. 

Thb  Drink  Crave. — In  addition  to  all  this  deterioration  of 
structure  and  impairment  of  function,  there  is  the  specific 
symptom  of  drink  craving.  Of  the  terrible  import  of  this  phrase, 
none  but  the  experienced  in  the  treatment  of  dipsomania  can  have 
the  faintest  conception.  In  every  fibre  of  the  being  is  there  an 
unquenchable  thirst.  There  is  no  organ  that  does  not  clamour 
unceasingly  for  alcohol.  The  whole  man  is  burning  with  an 
inward  tire,  which, 

'^  The  more  it  brennetfa,  the  more  it  hath  desire 
To  consame  everjtbiag  that  brent  will  be." 

Inebriety  often  from  Physical  Causes. — When  I  ponder 
over  the  subtle,  potent,  and  pervading  narcotic  infiueuce  of  alcohol 
on  the  bruin  and  nerve  centres,  I  cannot  find  it  in  my  heart  to 
point  the  finger  of  scorn  at  any  drunkard.  The  difference  between 
the  drunkenness  of  one  man  and  the  sobriety  of  another,  pro- 
viding both  partake  of  alcohol,  is  not  unseldom  the  difference  of 
their  physical  conditions.  The  one  does  not  necessarily  fall 
because  he  is  worse  morally.  lie  often  does  fall  because  he  is 
weaker  physically.  Hence,  how  frequently  do  we  find  the  most 
abject  inebriates  to  have  been  men  and  women  of  education, 
lefinenient,  and  high  moral  culture.  The  ablest,  the  loftiest  of 
aspiiation,  and  the  most  umelfish,  are  peculiarly  liable  to  lapse 
into  dipsomania. 

Remedial  Treatment.— Such  is  the  subject  you  have  to  treat. 
How  should  he  be  treated  ? 


58  THE    TREATMENT   OF   INEBRIATES. 

1.  By  rigid  prohibition  of  the  Primary  Cause.  Habitual  drunk- 
enness, with  its  degenerated  tissue,  its  obscured  perception,  its 
corrupted  moral  sense,  and  its  enfeebled  volition,  is  the  work  of 
a  physical  agent  which  is  a  poison  to  both  body  and  brain.  Stop 
the  poison,  or  the  poisoning  process  will  go  on. 

Again,  the  insatiable  craving  for  the  drink  itself  is  kept  alive 
by  the  smallest  quantity  of  it.  So  long  as  it  is  taken  at  all,  in 
ever  so  minute  doses,  so  long  will  the  longing  for  it  remain. 

For  the  fulfilment  of  both  indications  of  cure,  for  the  arrest  of 
the  poisoning  process  and  the  eradication  of  the  crave,  it  is  indis- 
pensable that  there  be  absolute  and  unconditional  abstinence  from 
the  offending  cause.  Except  when  life  is  itself  involved,  if  it  ever 
is  involved,  never  ought  the  reformed  inebriate  while  in  a  state 
of  consciousness,  to  taste  the  smallest  sip  of  the  weakest  form  of 
an  inft3xicating  drink.  I  have  never  undertaken,  and  I  will  never 
undertake,  the  treatment  of  such  a  case  unless  on  the  express 
condition  that,  on  no  plea  of  friendship,  of  fashion,  of  health,  or 
of  religion,  will  the  only  safe  condition  of  complete  abstention  be 
broken.  In  this  line  of  treatment  I  am  supported  by  Dr.  B.  W. 
Richardson  ;  Surgeon-Genei'al  Francis ;  Dr.  Andrew  Fergus,  of 
Glasgow  ;  Dr.  Ainly,  of  Halifax ;  Dr.  T.  D.  Crother,  Hon.  Sec 
to  the  American  Association  for  the  Cure  of  Inebriates,  and  other 
experts.  The  drink  crave,  though  starved  out  by  abstinence,  is 
not  easily  killed  beyond  recovery  ;  and  it  is  the  essential  nature 
of  intoxicating  drink  to  resuscitate  the  dormant  unhallowed 

appetite, 

"  Et  Tivo  prsevertere  amore 
Jam  pridem  resides  aiiimos,  desuetaqae  corda." 

With  some  of  the  reformed  from  inebriety  the  crave  soon  subsides. 
With  more,  after  a  more  or  less  prolonged  struggle,  it  dies  s 
natural  death.  With  considerable  numbers,  however,  it  is 
never  wholly  extinguished,  but  smoulders  on  unseen,  ever  ready 
to  burst  into  a  flame  on  the  lightest  application,  of  the  old  com- 
bustible, 

'*  Whioh  with  a  touch  works  miracles,  boils  up 
The  blood  to  tamults,  and  tarns  round  the  brain." 

2.  Subsidiary  Treatment.    If  the  physical  man  be  weakened, 
care  should  be  taken  to  build  up  anew  the  wasted  body.    Light 


THE  TREATMENT  OP  INEBRIATES.  59 

digestible  farinaceous  food,  extract  of  meat,  soups,  butter-milk, 
and  the  like,  are  sometimes  needed  at  first  to  meet  the  disordered 
digestion  ;  but  it  is  well  to  aim  at  good  honest  solid  fare.  Medi- 
cines are  of  service.  Derangement  of  the  function  of  any  organ 
must  be  attended  to.  Tonics  are  often  indicated.  For  those  whom 
Zoedone  and  other  phosphated  beverages  suit,  nothing  is  better. 
But  they  ought  to  be  drunk  in  moderation,  as,  indeed,  oujght 
•very  unintoxicating  liquid. 

If  there  has  been  an  Exciting  Cause,  that  should  be  traced,  and, 
if  possible,  removed. 

Genial  occupation  should  be  found.  Nothing  aids  recovery  of 
mental  power  and  moral  tone  so  much  as  to  have  the  mind  occu- 
pied with  some  external  object,  thus  lifting  the  patient  out  of 
himself  and  calling  forth  mental  and  moral  force.  Kindness  and 
encouragement  are  of  the  highest  importance.  A  hearty  grasp 
of  the  hand,  a  cheery  salutation,  or  a  genuine  "  God  be  with  you/' 
may  be  the  little  link  that  binds  anew  the  chains  of  temperance 
and  freedom.  Get  your  p-otegS  interested  in  temperance  work. 
It  is  an  excellent  stimulant,  the  having  a  post  in  the  great  army 
of  abstainers.  I  have  seen  a  resort  to  earnest  temperance  work 
enable  a  dipsomaniac  to  succeed  Avhere  before  he  had  failed. 

Gentle  exercise  is  needed  for  the  body,  and  the  intellectual 
fjBusulties  should  be  sedulously  and  judiciously  cultivated.  Till 
the  physical  and  mental  health  is  throughly  re-establiahed,  it  is 
wise  to  rest  the  easily-fagged  brain,  and  recruit  the  readily-tired 
muscles  by  frequent  interludes  of  pleasant  and  innocent  amuse- 
ment and  recreation. 

Importance  op  Religious  Influence. — Apart  altogether  from 
spiritual  considerations,  in  the  successful  treatment  of  the  merely 
human  disease  of  confirmed  inebriety,  religion  is  an  important 
element.  Habitual  drunkenness  can  be  cured,  from  secular  motives 
alone,  by  the  only  method  of  cure — total  abstinence.  An  infidel 
cannot  continue  to  be  an  inebriate  if  he  cease  drinking  the  liquors 
which  make  drunken.  Indeed,  I  know  an  old  teetotal  society 
which  has  never  allowed  prayer  at  its  meetings,  and  has  persis- 
tently ignored  religious  considerations,  and  yet  has  been  the 
means  of  transforming  some  of  the  most  riotous  drunkards  and 
worst  parents  in  the  neighbourhood  into  sober,  orderly  citizens, 


6o  THE    TREATMENT    OF   INEBRIATES. 

and  kindly,  loving  hnsbands  and  fathers,  some  of  whom,  I  am 
happy  to  say,  have  in  consequence  of  their  purely  secular  reforma- 
tion been  brought  within  the  hearing  and  understanding  of  the 
Qospel.  But,  on  the  lowest  ground,  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  use 
too  strong  language  in  testifying  to  the  great  power  of  true  religious 
feeling  in  aiding  the  shattered  inebriate  to  pull  himself  together, 
and  brave,  erect,  once  more  the  reproaches  and  the  temptations  oc 
the  world.  Just  as,  in  time  of  great  prostration  from  acute  disease, 
I  have  seen  the  sense  of  forgiveness  of  sin  lighten  up  the  features 
of  the  apparently  dying  patient  and  infuse  into  his  fainting 
heart  such  hopefulness  and  courage  as  proved  the  harbinger  of 
his  recovery,  so  have  I  seen  the  power  of  Divine  love  so  invigorate 
the  heart  and  nerve  the  arm  of  the  repentant  dipsomaniac  that 
success  was  at  last  assured.  If  inebriety  have  a  physical  side,  it 
has  also  a  moral  side  ;  and,  speaking  simply  from  a  medical  point 
of  view,  I  know  of  no  tonic  in  the  whole  range  of  the  Pharma- 
copoeia that  can  compete  for  a  moment  with  a  real  faith  in  a 
living  Saviour  in  allaying  the  fears,  dissipating  the  doubts,  and 
strengthening  the  resolves  of  the  fearing,  doubting,  feeble-minded 
inebriate. 

No  Antidote. — I  know  of  no  antidote  to  the  drink  crave. 
No  physical  agent  can  destroy  an  evil  tendency  which  is  partly 
physical  and  partly  moral.  But  if  the  sufferer  have  an  earnest 
desire  to  be  healed,  he  will  find  considerable  help  in  allaying  the 
crave  from  ripe  fruit,  or  from  sips  of  warm  or  cold  water,  or  from 
cocoa,  coflFee,  or  tea,  or  from  some  of  the  new  eftervescing  unin- 
toxicating  drinks,  or  from  a  Turkish  bath.  What  aids  in  one 
case  will  not  avail  in  another.  I  have  found  a  smart  emetic  the 
most  effectual  remedy  for  some,  and  the  '*  Unfermented  Port  with 
Bark,''  *  with,  where  needed,  a  small  addition  of  an  aromatic,  is 
often  of  great  service. 

Thb  Dalbtmfle  Home. — There  are,  however,  cases  with  which 
you  can  do  nothing.  These  unfortunates  take  the  pledge  every 
week,  and  cannot  keep  it  for  a  day.  They  seem  to  be  unable  to 
resist  the  fascination  of  alcohol.     They  are  consumed  with  a 


*  Prepared  by  Mr.  Frank  Wright,  Chemist,  High  Street,  Kensingtoo, 
London. 


THE   TREATMENT   OP   INEBRIATES.  6l 

conBtant  craving  for  their  destroyer.  All  power  of  will  seems 
to  have  fled.  They  are  veritable  slaves  of  the  bowL  All  they 
live  for  is  drink,  and  their  entire  strength  is  pat  forth  but 

"  To  confirm 
The  Teiy  chains  that  bind  them  to  their  doom." 

For  such  there  is  but  one  human  hope — seclusion  in  some  estab- 
lishment where  intoxicating  drinks  cannot  be  obtained,  and  where 
appropriate  medical  treatment  may  be  carried  out.  It  is  for  this 
class  that  the  Dalrymple  Home  for  inebriates  is  projected,  and  I 
venture  to  appeal  most  strongly  to  you  for  aid  and  support  to  it* 
Rescue  Work. — Such  are  a  few  of  the  hints  that  some  little 
experience  in  the  rescue  of  inebriates  has  supplied  me  with. 
There  are  some  who  sneer  at  our  endeavours  to  reclaim  the 
drunkard.  *^  Let  the  sots,''  say  they,  "  drink  themselves  to  death. 
The  sooner  the  better."  "  Not  so,"  say  we.  "We  know  too  well 
our  own  frailties  to  deny  to  brethren  less  strongly  endowed 
and  more  strongly  tempted  than  we  have  been,  that  mercy  of 
which  we  are  the  privileged  and  thankful  recipients.  Do  not  be 
discouraged  by  failure. 

"  Oft  expectation  fails,  and  most  oft  there 
Where  most  it  promises,  and  oft  it  hits 
Where  hope  is  coldest  and  despair  most  fits." 

I  was  quite  unsuccessful  for  years  with  female  inebriates,  but  now 
I  can  take  you  to  case  after  case  where  there  has  been  a  happy 
issue.  There  is  a  maiden  lady  of  fifty,  of  independent  means, 
whom  I  have  had  repeatedly  to  attend  for  drunkenness.  She 
made  many  false  starts,  but  now  she  has  been  a  consistent  Chris- 
tian abstainer  and  a  useful  Christian  worker  for  the  past  six 
years.     There  is  a  married  lady,  thirty-six  years  old.     There 


*  At  the  first  statatory  meeting  of  the  Dalrymple  loehriate  Home 
Association,  Earl  Shaftesbury  iivas  appointed  President ;  Canon  Dock- 
worth,  Chairman ;  Dr.  Alfred  Carpenter,  Vice-Chairman ;  and  Dr. 
Norman  Kerr,  Hon.  Secretary.  Among  the  Vice-Freftidents  are  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbary,  the  Bishops  of  Carlyle,  Durham,  Gloucester, 
Exeter,  RoohcBter,  Norwich,  Hereford,  Llandaff,  Salisbury,  Winchester, 
and  St.  David's,  Bishop  Abraham,  the  Duke  of  Westminster,  Sir  J. 
W.  Pease,  M.P.,  Dr.  Cameron,  M.P.,  Dr.  Farqnharson,  M.P.,  Sir 
Uenry  Thompson,  Dr.  Andrew  Clark,  and  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardson. 


'(.•♦ 


^ 


•?» 


^t 


the  storm.    The  craviu^  .... 

recuverini;  the  use  of  her  limbs.    Iler  mind 
is  tran^formeil.     Iler  heart  is  changed,  and 
unceasingly  for  the  stern  measures  of  proh 
she  rebelled,  but  which  were  the  means  wli 
tion  from  her  grinding  tyranny  was  effected. 

Clerical  and  Medical  Duty. — There  h 
history  of  our  country  when  clerical  and  m 
a  conjoint  office;  and  if  ever  there  were 
combination  it  is  urgently  called  for  now, 
only  of  these  weakly  disease-tainted  ones,  b 
standing  of  the  whole  bearings  and  complic; 
ein. 

The  inebriate  is  the  special  care  at  once 
the  physician.     In  the  exercise  of  our  cal' 
his  guardians.    Let  us  then  fulfil  onr  duty, 
cup  his  enemy  lies  in  wait  for  him.    Let  w 
our  ward.    Let  ub  demand,  as  an  act  not  o 
not  as  a  favour  but  as  a  right,  that  the  wor: 
its  social  customs  a  bar  to  his  reformation 
no  longer  endanger  his  safety  by  the  prof 
under  the  guise  of  sanctity  ;  and  that  th 
use  all  its  power  to  entrap  him  by  the  mi 
overwhelming  temptations  with  which  1 
— -«*»f  halting  and  unrighteous  legislatic 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    63 


CONVICTIONS    AND    PUNISHMENTS    FOR 

DRUNKENNESS. 

IS  IT  DESIRABLE  THAT  FINES  SHOULD  BE  ALLOWED  AFTER 
A  CERTAIN  NUMBER  OF  CONVICTIONS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS 
WITRIN  A  CERTAIN  PERIOD ;  OR  THAT  A  MONTH  SHOULD 
REMAIN  AS  THE  MAXIMUM  IMPRISONMENT? 

By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  HoRSLEr,  M.A., 

Chaplain  e/HJi,  Prison,  ClerlcenweU* 

As  the  result  of  close  observation  and  frequent  conversations 
with  those  who  had  by  drunkenness  brought  themselves  under 
•  the  operations  of  the  law,  and  moreover^  with  those  who  in  many 
and  varied  ways  were  labouring  to  save  them,  it  was  strongly 
borne  in  upon  the  mind  of  the  writer,  that  one  of  the  most  pressing 
remedies  for  the  existing  evils  of,  and  arising  from,  Intemperance, 
was  an  improvement  of  the  present  system  of  the  legal  treatment 
of  drunkards.  He  therefore  drew  up  certain  questions  which,  by 
the  agency  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  and 
by  the  leave  of  the  Home  Office,  were  submitted  to  the  Governors 
and  Chaplains  of  all  English  local  prisons.  Answers  were  largely 
and  fully  made,  carefully  examined  and  tabulated,  with  the  fol- 
lowing result : — 

1.  The  first  question  asked  was,  '^  Is  the  present  system  of  im- 
prisonment for  drunkenness  to  any  extent  ourative  ? '' 

It  may  be  noted,  first  of  all,  that,  as  two  gentlemen  point  out 
''  Persons  are  not  imprisoned  for  drunkenness  only  ;  it  is  intended 
as  punishment  for  riotous,  disorderly,  or  indecent  conduct  during 
drunkenness."  *^  Helpless  drunkards  seldom  have  more  than  to 
pay  a  small  fine,  or,  as  an  alternative,  a  few  days  in  prison,  and 
many  only  stay  one  night  at  the  police-station." 

This  is,  of  course,  true  ;  drunkenness  per  se  is  no  crime  in  the 
eyes  of  the  law ;  but  as  it  is  essentially  the  drunkenness,  and  but 

*  Read  in  the  Bepreasion  of  Crime  Section  at  the  Social  Science 
CoDgreBS,  Nottingham,  September,  1882. 


64  CONVICTIONS  AND   PUNISHMENTS   FOR   DRUNKENNESS. 

accidentallj  the  superadded  and  consequent  bad  conduct^  that 
brings  the  drunkard  into  prison,  the  phrase  maj  stand  as  prae- 
ticallv,  if  not  strictly,  accurate. 

And,  secondly,  the  expression  ''  to  any  extent "  was,  perhaps, 
unfortunate  as  being  indefinite  ;  which  accounts  for  the  fact  that 
of  those  who  have  simply  answered  the  question  with  a  "  Tes"*  or 
"No,"  six  say  "Yes,"  and  nineteen  say  "No."  This  does  not 
obviously  imply  a  complete  variance  of  opinion,  but  merely  indi- 
cates that  some  have  laid  stress  on  the  word  "any,"  while  most 
have  looked  to  the  entire  purport  of  the  question.  In  fact,  every- 
one would  probably  answer  "  Yes  "  if  a  strong  emphasis  were  laid 
upon  the  word  "  any,"  while  the  vast  majority,  looking  at  the 
spirit  rather  than  the  letter  of  the  question,  answer  in  the  negative. 

It  will  be  useful,  therefore,  to  sift  out  from  the  answers  those 
which  indicate  the  cases  or  circumstances  in  which  imprisonment 
may  have,  or  has  a  beneficial  effect ;  and  then  we  can  pass  to  the 
reasons  given  or  suggested  why  the  present  system  fails  to  hare 
the  effect  that  legislators  intended,  for  in  this,  as  in  all  other 
instances  (save  capital  punishment)  the  reformation  as  well  as  the 
punishment  of  the  offender  was,  no  doubt,  kept  in  view. 

It  IB  said,  then,  that  a  beneficial  and  curative  result  may  follow 
imprisonment,  "with  the  more  respectable  class," in  whom  shame 
may  be  supposed  to  be  more  operative,  and  the  example  of  the 
home  circle  less  vicious.  "For  a  first  offence  it  may  prove 
efficacious."  "  The  first  imprisonment  for  drunkenness  doubtless 
acts  in  many  cases  as  a  strong  preventive."  "  Slightly  with 
beginners  not  lost  to  good  influences."  "  When  the  prisoner  is 
not  hardened  in  the  vice."  "  Occasionally,  and  for  a  period  of  more 
or  less  duration."  (This  suggests  the  sensible  caution  that  a  case 
cannot  be  reckoned  as  reformed  until  time  has  been  given  to  see 
if  shame  has  but  a  transitory  effect.  It  is  undoubtedly  the  case  that 
many  even  hopeless  drunkards  will  abstain  for  a  short  time  after 
imprisonment.)  And  again,  one  who  is  obviously  a  close  observer 
points  out  that  this  agent— shame — is  operative  in  rural  districts, 
where  the  offence  is  notorious,  and  the  offender  known  to  many, 
but  in  populous  towns  its  force  is  necessarily  lessened  or  lost 
"To  occasional  drunkard?, and  men  who  have  been  suddenly  over- 
come, it  may  be  beneficial,"  but,  as  several  point  out,  the  first 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    65 

imprisonment  has  been  usually  preceded  by  several  lockings  up 
and  fines,  in  the  course  of  which  shame  has  dissipated.  Then,  too, 
it  is  observed  that  imprisonment  means  for  some  a  first  introduc- 
tion to  good  influences,  uuder  which  they  may  be  induced  to 
sign  the  pledge,  and  receiveadvice  and  direction  as  to  how  and 
where,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  their  homes,  they  may  find  better 
means  and  places  in  which  to  spend  their  evenings ;  nor  can  we 
ignore  the  salutary  effects  which  often  foUow  the  opportunity,  or 
rather  the  necessity,  for  thought,  which  they  have  sedulously 
avoided  heretofore.  And,  once  more,  the  physical  and  moral 
advantages  of  even  a  short  break  in  drinking  habits  are  indicated 
in  such  answers  as  these,  **  It  keeps  the  man  for  a  certain  time 
from  the  drink,"  "  It  affords  an  opportunity  for  breaking  off  the 
evil  habit." 

Some,  therefore,  give  a  qualified  "  Yes "  to  the  question ;  the 
great  majority,  however,  give  an  unqualified  "  No,"  and  give  uni- 
formly the  reason  for  the  answer  that  the  sentences  are  too  short. 
When,  for  example  (to  quote  an  instance  known  to  the  writer),  a 
woman  is  thrice  in  one  week  sentenced  to  three  days  for  drunken 
conduct  (the  days  of  apprehension  and  discharge  counting  legally  as 
whole  days)  it  is  obvious  there  is  too  little  time  for  influence,  or 
other  moral  and  physical  advantages  to  be  brought  to  bear  upon 
the  subject  Many  are  indeed  hardly  sober  when  discharged  on  the 
completion  of  their  sentence,  and  are  confined  not  so  long  as  the 
natural  consequences  of  a  debauch  might  confine  them  to  their 
own  homes.  If  the  idea  of  retributive  justice  enters  into  the 
normal  sentences  of  three  or  seven  days,  it  is  but  a  mockery  and 
a  sham ;  if  the  curative  or  reformatory  idea  is  supposed  to  be 
co-existent,  the  present  system  is  simply  unkind  to  the  person 
supposed  to  be  affected  by  it.  And,  moreover,  there  is  not  only 
the  absence  of  benefit  but  probably  the  presence  of  harm,  not 
merely  moral,  from  the  low  estimation  of  the  evil  which  must 
come  from  the  slight  punishments  or  checks,  but  also  from  physical 
sources,  indicated  by  the  following  answers  from  experienced 
observers  :  "  I  believe  short  sentences  on  low  diet  tend  to  increase 
Intemperance."  '^  The  diet  unfits  him  to  do  a  day's  work  when 
he  leaves."  ^The  seven  or  fourteen  days  usually  given  are 
just  about  enough  to  clear  the  head  and  stomach  of  those  who 


7  itr" 


* 


^ 


■  f 


OAAVk 


numbers  at  present  apprenenucu, 

net'essary  impecuniosity,  it  is  obvious  thai 

a  vast  work  before    it   in  providing  instit 

needs  of  the   case,  and  then  these   place: 

what  in  fact  they  would  in  reality  be,  aim 

class  of  bfifenders.    As  it  is,  our  prisons  i 

Asylams,  and  should  be  recognised  as  sn 

ments  are  proved  to  be  in  almost  every 

the  shortness  of  the  term,  it  naturally  seei 

the  law,  by  which  a  few  days'  incarcerati< 

even  that,  when  a  fine  is  allowed  and  ] 

extreme  limit.    Let  there  be  a  camulatiTf 

and  let  the  limifbe  extended,  and  then 

advantages  of  prison  life  and  of  compn 

not  fail  to  have,  in  a  vast  number  of  caB« 

effect.     If  the  question  of  philanthropy 

with  the  makers  or  administrators  of  tii( 

of  the  name  of  philanthropist  who  uphc 

the  present  system. 

Two  answers  are  tut  generis,  and  may 

selves.    It  IB  answered,  "  Nothing  will  c 

but  medical   treatment   and    seclusioi 

Exactly ;  but  only  in  prison,  under  exit 

confirmed  drunkard  (unless  wealthy)  1 
^f  ^„^ .  ^jj^  y^^  j^g^  when  th< 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    67 

who  help  theiaselves"?  What  branch  of  human  effort  for  the 
amelioration  or  elevation  of  humanity  could  possibly  continue  if 
this  statement  were  to  forbid  its  inception  ?  Neither  the  legisla- 
ture nor  prison  officials  ignore  or  neglect  the  utility  of  religion 
«nd  the  means  of  grace  in  the  work  of  reformation;  but  to 
ignore  the*  collateral  advantages  of  moral  training,  sanitary  and 
physical  aids,  and  even  of  deterrent  punishment,  would  be  as 
Hatal  and  even  as  profane. 

2.  The  second  question  was  :  "  Whether  a  month  should  be  (as 
now)  the  maximum  that  can  be  inflicted  for  the  offence  of  being 
drunk  and  disorderly  or  drunk  and  incapable  ?" 

Here,  again,  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  observable  in  the 
answers,  but  those  who  are  content  with  the  existing  state  of  the 
law  are  but  a  handful  compared  with  those  who  say  "  No,^ 
"  Emphatically  not,"  "  Certainly  not."  To  take  for  example 
those  who,  without  giving  reasons,  answer  simply  in  the  negative 
or  affirmative,  twelve  only  answer  "  Yes,"  and  sixty-two  give  a 
decided  ''  No." 

Let  us,  then,  clear  the  way  by  first  dealing  with  the  affirmative 
answers.  One  or  two  say  they  consider  a  month  sufficient  as  a 
maximum,  if  the  only  object  in  view  is  punishment ;  but  this  it 
is  obviously  not,  and  in  fact  all  legal  punishment  and  restraint 
keep  the  aspects  of  the  reformation  of  the  offender  and  the 
deterring  other  probable  offenders  as  much  in  view  as  that  of 
the  punishment  of  the  culprit.  It  is  again  remarked  that  it  is 
of  little  consequence  to  the  habitual  drunkard  what  length  of 
sentence  is  inflicted ;  which  gives  a  sufficiently  gloomy  view  of 
the  hopelessness  of  his  case.  Or  it  is  objected  to  the  suggested 
increase  of  time  that  long  periods  would  deprive  the  innocent 
family  of  the  services  of  the  bread-winner ;  to  which  it  may 
reasonably  be  retorted  that  in  probably  the  majority  of  cases  the 
habitual  drunkards,  male  or  female,  have  none  such  dependent  on 
them,  and  moreover,  their  habits  being  considered,  the  amount 
they  contributed  to  the  family  exchequer  is  hardly  a  considerable 
amount,  while  in  many  cases  the  family  would  be  not  only  happier 
but  more  prosperous  when  the  drag  of  the  prodigal  drunkard  is 
removed.  And  if  in  a  few  instances  this  objection  might  hold 
with  regard  to  men,  in  a  most  infinitesimal  amount  would  it  be  valid 

D  2 


68   CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKBNNBSS. 


with  regard  to  female  habitual  drunkards,  who  are  the  most  hope- 
less, and  also  most  numerous.  One  gentleman  maintains  that  the 
special  cases  are  so  few  that  it  would  be  unwise  to  increase  the 
magisterial  power  of  punishment ;  an  answer  that  would  seem  to 
be  gi^en  in  forgetfulness  of  the  fact  that  in  the  Judicial  Statistics 
for  1881,  no  less  than  36,989  are  described  as  habitual  drunkards^ 
while  in  one  prison  alone  the  chaplain  reports  that  there  were  at 
one  time  "  one  woman  for  the  146th  time,  one  for  the  133i:d,  one 
for  the  108th,  one  for  the  78th,  and  one  for  the  71st  time ;  thir- 
teen between  20  and  40  times,  and  many  between  10  and  20 
times  ;  and  amongst  male  prisoners,  one  for  the  65th  time,  one 
for  the  60th,  one  for  the  59th,  one  for  the  47th,  six  between  20 
and  40,  and  many  between  10  and  20  times.  These  are  known 
habitual  drunkards,  and  their  convictions  are  almost  entirely  for 
drunkenness." 

Another  practical  objection  is  drawn  from  the  existing  disci- 
plinary and  dietary  rules  of  prisons,  by  which  after  the  first  month 
the  labour  is  lessened,  other  hardships  are  mitigated,  and  the 
dietary  is  improved*,  and  that,  therefore,  as  a  deterrent  simply,  a 
month  may  be  as  much  dreaded  as  two  or  more.  But  this  could, 
of  course,  be  readily  met,  if  necessary,  by  a  change  in  the  existing 
rules. 

The  immense  and  practically  unanimous  consensus  of  opinion 
is,  however,  that  the  present  maximum  of  a  month  is  utterly 
useless  as  a  deterrent  when  the  habit  has  l>een  formed,  and  several 
previous  terms  have  been  endured  ;  while  morally  and  physically 
it  is  of  little  use,  and  even  may  be  injurious  to  the  habitual 
drunkard,  and  that  it  would  be  an  act  of  philanthropy  and  kind- 
ness in  fact,  though  not,  may  be,  in  appearance,  to  increase,  even 
largely,  the  maximum.  It  is  urged,  as  a  matter  of  experience, 
that  drunkards  are  simply  hardened  and  encouraged  by  knowing 
that  they  can  only  get  the  already  familiar  ''  408.  or  a  month." 
The  writer  has  in  his  mind,  for  example,  a  woman  who,  during  1880, 
suffered  no  less  than  nine  separate  imprisonments  of  a  month  each 
for  being  drunk  and  disorderly,  besides  shorter  terms,  and  others 
("rounders"  or  '^ repeaters,''  as  they  are  called  in  America),  who 
for  years  have  never  spent  a  month  out  of  prison,  though  without 
ever  having  a  longer  period  of  incarceration  than  a  month.  Another 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    69 

London  woman  has  been  convicted  twenty- two  times  for  one  month, 
twice  for  two  months,  once  for  three  months,  fifty  times  for  seven 
days  and  upwards,  fifty  times  for  under  seven  days,  i.e.,  has  only 
Buffered  about  four  years'  imprisonment  in  the  aggregate  for  125 
convictions  for  drunkenness  or  offences  arising  therefrom.  The 
period  is,  as  many  remark,  too  short  for  the  offender  or  sufferer 
to  get  physically  free  from  the  effects  of  intemperance,  and  the 
craving  (often  periodic)  may  be  at  its  height  when  the  prisoner  is 
discharged.  Any  physician  at  the  head  of  an  inebriate  institution 
would  absolutely  refuse  to  undertake  a  case  unless  with  some 
promise  or  guarantee  that  several  months  should  be  spent  under 
his  care. 

The  limit  mu^t,  of  course,  "  depend  upon  the  antecedents  and 
surroundings  of  the  case,"  and  sometimes  at  least  it  would  be 
desirable  that  "  a  remand  should  be  ordered  to  obtain  the  previous 
character  of  the  accused,"  but  in  probably  eight  cases  out  of  ten 
the  convictions  are  all  from  the  same  court,  and  the  face  of  the 
habitual  drimkard  is  as  well  known  as  that  of  the  magistrate. 

And  to  this  consensus  of  governors  and  chaplains  might  be 
added  the  remarks  of  many  a  prisoner :  **  WHat  is  the  use  of  giving 
me  a  month?  it  will  only  be  the  tome  thing  over  again" ;  or  "It  is 
cruel  to  be  always  letting  me  out  only  that  I  may  return  ;  why 
can't  the  magistrate  give  me  time  in  prison  to  get  straight?  Why 
can't  the  Qovemment,  or  somebody,  keep  me  here  or  somewhere 
till  I  am  cured  ? " 

3.  It  was  inquired  in  the  third  place  whether  for  repeated  offen- 
ces a  cumulative  imprisonment,  say  up  to  twelve  months,  would 
be  productive  of  good  results,  as  (a)  being  a  deterrent ;  (6)  giving 
opportunities  for  physical  improvement.  With  regard  to  the  first 
portion  of  the  query  there  is  a  large  consensus  of  opinion  in  the 
affirmative,  34  giving  an  unqualified  and  unconditional  aitirmative, 
and  22  an  affirmative  in  some  respects  qualified  or  conditioned, 
while  4  return  the  answer  "  doubtful,'"  4  give  a  qualified,  and 
13  an  unqualified  negative.  This  gives  on  the  whole  5G  in  favour, 
and  but  17  against,  the  suggested  increase  of  penalty  as  a  deter- 
rent from  Intemperance.  The  negative  answers  look  hopelessly 
on  habitual  drunkards,  a  view  for  which  there  is  but  too  sad 
justification,  five  answering  that  "  no  punishment  will  cure   an 


70   CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS. 

habitual  drunkard,"  and  one  declaring  that  even  a  twelvemonth 
is  too  short  to  produce  a  lasting  amendment.    One  very  truly 
distinguishes  between  the  case  of  the  comparatively  young  and 
those  that  are  middle-aged  or  old,  denying  that  in  the  latter  case 
any  punishment  would  deter  or  cure.    The  middle  class  of  answers 
is  represented  by  the  words  of  one,  "  The  prospect  of  a  possible 
twelve  months  would  cause  not  a  few  to  be  more  careful,  and 
tend  to  check  the  propensity  to  Intemperance,"  and  by  phrases 
varying  from  "  Possibly,"  to  "  In  many  cases."    By  far  the  larger 
number,  however,  give  no  uncertain  answer  in  the  affirmative, 
which  is  only  qualified  in  a  few  instances  by  the  suggestion  that 
six  months  might  be  sufficient  as  a  deterrent,  and  as  effectual  from 
this  point  of  view  as  double  that  time  ;  and  again  it  is  desired  by 
three  that  inebriates  should  receive  special  medical  treatment, 
and  not  come  under  the  same  discipline  as  other  offenders.     It  is 
also  affirmed  that  the  prison  is  the  wrong  place  in  which  to  reclaim 
drunkards,  and  that  such  long  imprisonments  would  better  be 
endured  in  a  place  of  another  description.    This  is  no  doubt  true 
and  desirable,  and  when  the  English  Gbvernment  has  established 
retreats  or  places  to  which  habitual  drunkards  can  be  involuntarily 
committed,  as  is  the  case  notably  in  America,  no  one  would  pro- 
bably desire  that  what  is  more  a  disease  than  a  crime  (thoogh 
combining  the  natures  of  both)  should  be  dealt  with  in  ordinaiy 
prisons.    But  until  Dr.  Cameron's  Act  is  thus  happily  extended, 
and  State  money  founds  or  aids  such  retreats,  we  are  unfortunately 
obliged  to  make  the  best  use  that  we  can  of  our  prisons,  which  are 
in  fact,  though  not  in  name,  State  inebriate  asylums,  in  which, 
however,  the  treatment  and  period  of  detention  found  not  only 
desirable  but  absolutely  necessary  in  other  institutions  for  the 
inebriate,  is  unfortunately  absent. 

Additional  testimony  to  the  futility  of  our  present  practice,  and 
the  more  than  probable  advantage  of  an  extension  of  the  time  of 
punishment,  is  afforded  by  several  witnesses  examined  before  the 
Lords*  Committee  on  Intemperance.  Thus  the  President  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  does  not  believe  that  short  imprisonment  will 
check  even  incipient  drunkenness.  The  Rev.  T.  Nugent  (a  Roman 
Catholic  prison  minister  of  great  experience  and  fame)  consideiB 
giving  a  girl  who  has  been  ten  or  twelve  times  in  prison,  seveh  or 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    71 

fourteen  days  has  no  deterrent  effect  whatever.  He  proposed 
before  the  Social  Science  Congress  that  after  yoang  women  under 
twenty  had  been  imprisoned  ten  times  they  should  have  three 
months,  and  then  on  their  next  appearance  be  sent  to  the  sessions 
and  there  receive  twelve  months.  He  had  found  that  where  this 
had  been  done  it  had  a  very  good  effect  indeed  ;  but  they  cared 
nothing  for  a  few  days'  imprisonment,  and  some  were  no  sooner 
out  than  in  again.  The  gaol,  he  says,  is  an  inebriates'  asylum. 
He  is  strongly  in  favour  of  cumulative  punishment.  An  incor- 
rigible drunkard  can  now  be  detained  for  twelve  months  if  com- 
mitted under  the  Vagrant  Act  as  an  "incorrigible  rogue  and 
vagabond."  Four  such  cases,  he  say^,  occurred  at  the  last  Liver- 
pool Sessions,  and  the  most  troublesome  and  violent  women  are 
cured  more  effectually  by  a  long  sentence  than  by  anything  else. 
Mr.  F.  C.  Fowler  also  (a  stipendiary  magistrate)  says  that,  "If 
after  three  convictions  within  twelve  or  eighteen  months  for 
disorderly  conduct  or  drunkenness,  a  person  were  deemed  to  be  an 
habitual  drunkard,  and  were  held  liable  to  find  sureties,  or  be 
committed  in  default,  it  would  be  an  exceedingly  useful  method 
of  dealing  with  such."  The  question  of  sureties  is  also  alluded 
to  by  one  of  the  respondents  to  the  questions  put  by  the  Church 
of  England  Temperance  Society,  and  he  considers  "  they  would 
be,  and  would  look,  better."  This  may  be  so,  but  a  wide  expe- 
rience of  the  circumstances  of  metropolitan  habitual  drunkards, 
does  not  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  any  sureties  would  readily  be 
found. 

Two  answers  to  this  part  of  the  question  are  sui  generis,  and 
worth  noticing  at  any  rate  as  such.  One  gentleman  thinks  "  no 
punishment  should  be  inflicted  unless  a  public  scandal  has  been 
caused  ;  "  to  which  it  may  be  answered  that  as  simple  drunken- 
ness, i.e.,  drunkenness  not  accompanied  by  public  disorderly 
conduct  and  language,  or  entire  incapacity  to  take  care  of  oneself, 
is  not  punishable,  the  cases  in  which  no  public  scandal  is  caused 
are  few  indeed.  Another  makes  the  practical  remark  that  "  no 
Government  would  sanction  such  an  increase  of  punishment,  as 
the  capacity  of  most  gaols  would  have  at  once  to  be  doubled." 
There  is  no  doubt  something  in  this  objection,  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  unless  the  great  majority  of  those  who  speak 


72   CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS^ 

from  long  and  wide  experience  and  obeervation  be  utterly  mit- 
taken,  the  mere  passing  of  an  Act  to  the  proposed  effect  wonld 
cause  many  usual  inmates  of  our  prisons  to  consider  and  amend 
their  ways, and  that  both  by  prevention  and  by  cure  it  is  confidently 
hoped  that  the  numbers  of  those  that  are  as  habitually  in  prison 
as  habitually  drunken  when  outside  would  be  speedily  and  per- 
manently reduced. 

It  should  be  noted  that  in  1672  the  House  of  Commons  ap- 
pointed a  Select  Committee  to  consider  various  points  connected 
with  drunkenness,  and  that  this  Select  Committee  reported  'Hbat 
there  is  entire  concurrence  of  all  the  witnesses  in  the  absolute 
inadequacy  of  existing  laws  to  check  drunkenness,  whether  casoal 
or  otherwise  ;  rendering  it  desirable  that  fresh  legislation  on  the 
subject  should  take  place,  and  that  the  laws  should  be  made  more 
simple,  uniform,  and  stringent''  And  again,  "  that  small  fines 
and  short  imprisonment  are  proved  to  be  utterly  useless."  The 
matter,  however,  seems  to  have  nm  the  usual  Parliamentary  coarse 
of  much  evidence — some  debate — no  action. 

The  second  part  of  the  third  question,  as  to  whether  a  cumula- 
tive imprisonment  up  to  twelve  months  would  be  desirable  as 
giving  opportunities  for  physical  improvement,  whereby,  we  may 
add,  moral  improvement  also  becomes  more  probable,  is  answered 
almost  unanimously  in  the  affirmative.  Seven,  indeed,  return  a 
negative,  and  twelve  give  a  doubtful  or  qualified  answer ;  but  sixty- 
two  speak  most  decidedly  of  the  advantage  that  would  accrue  from 
such acourse.  "Decidedly,"  "most  certainly," "undoubtedly," "very 
beneficial,''  "of  most  importance,"  "of  great  advantage** — such 
are  the  answers  they  give,  pointing  out  that  the  longer  the  dipso- 
maniac is  under  the  iniiuence,  not  only  of  compulsory  total  absti- 
nence, but  also  of  regular  hours,  regular  diet  (and  that,  as  one  affirms, 
especially  suited  for  the  disordered  stomach  of  a  drunkard,  )the 
more  likely  is  his  future  recovery  and  abiding  reformation.  As  an 
official  of  one  of  our  largest  prisons  remarks, "  the  present  sentencei 
are  not  long  enough  to  get  the  drink  out  of  them,"  the  poison  is 
still  in  the  system,  the  craving  is  possibly  at  its  height,  and  the 
body  is  even  more  unfit  than  before  incarceration  to  bear  the 
effects  of  liquor.  Were,  however,  the  sentences  lengthened,  the 
prisoners  would  come  under  an  improved  dietary  after  the  first 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.    73 


XDontb,  which  would  be  the  positive  element  in  the  recovery  by 
the  body  of  a  more  healthy  tone.  This  is  a  matter  of  daily  expe- 
rience in  the  case  of  drinkers,  or  drunkards,  who,  having  committed 
some  other  offence  (an  assault,  for  example),  get  a  longer  sentence. 
Their  admissions  and  their  altered  personal  appearances  prove 
plainly  the  benefit  they  have  derived  from  the  comparatively  long 
seclusion  from  intoxicants.  Let  an  habitual  drunkard  come  in  for 
the  usual  short  term  sodden,  inflamed,  and  shaky,  and  in  not  a 
much  better  state  will  he  or  she  be  discharged  ;  but  let  them  have 
received  a  longer  sentence  for  some  collateral  offence,  and  they 
seem  on  exit  some  years  younger,  and  admit  themselves  they  feel 
infinitely  better  than  has  long  beeu  the  case,  even  their  weight 
having  not  unfrequently  increased. 

One  respondent,  as  much  qualified  as  anyone  could  be  to  speak 
from  experience,  answers  that  '*  For  women  such  treatment  is  the 
only  hope;  but  the  legislature  should  provide  industrial  homes, 
where  the  last  half  of  the  sentence  should  be  spent,  conditiona 
on  good  conduct.''  An  excellent  suggestion,  a  most  desirable  plan 
already  adopted  to  a  certain  extent  in  the  case  of  female  convicts; 
but  the  question  is  not  what  the  legislature  should  do,  but  what  they 
will.  It  is  much  to  be  feared  that  not  yet  will  any  Qovernment  see 
the"  penny  wise  and  pound  foolish  "  nature  of  the  present  legal  sys. 
tern  of  dealing  with  drunkenness,  and  till  then  we  should  be  thank- 
ful in  the  truest  kindliness  towards  the  poor  victims  of  our  facilities 
and  habits  of  drinking,  for  the  lesser  advantage  to  be  gained  by 
an  increase  in  the  maximum  of  imprisonment.  Of  course,  as 
some  of  the  answerers  classed  as  "doubtful"  point  out,  "the 
prison  does  not  give  the  best  opportunities  for  physical  improve- 
ment," and  even  "  an  amended  system  of  prison  discipline  for  the 
inebriate"  may  be  desirable;  but  as  the  whole  loaf  of  State 
Retreats  is  not  immediately  probable,  we  dare  not,  seeing  the 
present  ruin,  refuse  the  half  loaf  of  a  cumulative  increase  of 
imprisonment  which,  as  the  great  majority  of  those  who  are 
obliged  to  be  experts  in  the  matter  affirm,  would  be  a  certain 
advantage  physically,  therefore,  probably,  of  concomitant  moral 
advantage,  and  most  probably  a  decided  deterrent  and  preventive 
of  the  evil.  Mr.  Rathbone,  in  giving  evidence  before  the  Lords' 
Committee    on    Intemperance,    says   that    the    Liverpool   and 


9W^Tf^^^^^^f^ M, 


74  CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS. 

Qloucester  magistrates  have  recommended  some  form  of  amui- 
lative  punishment,  as,  unless  imprisonment  is  long  enough  to 
enable  a  change  of  morals  and  habits  to  be  formed,  it  is  a  nsekiB 
expense  to  the  public,  and  besides  it  is  offcen  necessazy  to  change 
a  constitutional  tendency  to  drunkenness.  Mr.  Chamberlain,  y.P., 
also  deposed  that  the  experienced  governor  of  Birmingham  gaol 
told  him  he  knew  of  no  advantage  from  the  infliction  of  Terj  short 
imprisonments,  and  that  he  was  convinced  that  if  a  dmnkard  were 
to  be  reclaimed  it  would  onlj  be  by  lengthened  imprisonment 

Two  answers  point  to  an  additional  advantage  gained  from  a 
moral  and  social  point  of  view  by  a  longer  imprisonment  or 
removal  from  the  opportunity  of  Intemperance,  and  that  ii  that 
for  aAiIiile  at  any  rate  an  evil  example  is  suppressed  and  removed 
from  the  family  or  neighbourhood. 

4.  The  fourth  question  was  whether,  after  a  certain  amount  of 
convictions  (say  twenty)  any  fine  should  be  allowed.  One  gentle- 
man cautiously  answers  that  "  There  may  arise  cases  where  it 
would  be  desirable,"  and  three  respondents  would  leave  the  matter 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  magistrates  ;  but  the  practically  nnsni- 
mous  answer  is  a  decided  No !  Many  indeed,  think  that  the 
suggested  limit  of  convictions  is  far  too  high,  that  no  fine  should 
be  allowed  after  at  any  rate  the  tenth  conviction,  or  even  as  some 
say,  the  fifth,  sixth,  or  third  ;  and  others  would  fix  also  a  limit 
of  time,  as  well  as  that  of  convictions,  desiring  that  no  option  of 
a  fine  should  be  given  for  the  second  conviction,  in  six  monthly 
or  that  a  year's  sobriety  in  freedom  should  cancel  the  recoid  of 
previous  convictions.  It  is  pointed  out  by  those  that  oppose  u 
futile,  and  even  cruel,  the  present  system  of  perpetual  fines  ot 
short  sentences,  that  fines  are  no  real  punishment,  and  certainly 
no  deterrent  to  the  comparatively  wealthy  offender,  and  therebj 
sustain  one  law  for  the  rich  and  another  for  the  poor ;  secondly, 
that  in  certain  districts,  the  fellow-workmen  club  together  to 
pay  the  fines  of  their  mates,  and  thereby  drunkenness  is  nther 
encouraged  than  the  contrary;  and  thirdly,  and  chieflji  muj 
point  out  that  a  burden  is  made  to  fall  on  innocent  ahoQldei% while 
the  offenders  escape  the  personal  punishment  which  might  impna 
and  reform  them,  which,  at  any  rate,  they  deserve.  Fines  mi^ 
still  remain  as  "  m^td^\x\  considerations "  towards  first  or  aft*- 


CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS.     75 

quent  offenders,  but  their  present  frequency  is  a  mockery  to  some 
oflfenders  and  a  burden  to  many  that  are  innocent.  An  instance  is 
known  to  the  writer  in  which  an  artisan  paid  five  fines  in 
four  weeks  for  his  wife,  who  had  been  in  prison  innu- 
merable times  during  eight  years.  On  the  next  occasion  of 
his  being  summoned  from  his  work  to  pay  her  fine  he  found 
he  was  2^.  short  in  the  amount.  "  Oh,  never  mind,"  said 
the  inspector,  '*  as  you  are  a  r^ular  customer :  she*ll  be  in 
again  to-morrow  !"  A  brother  prison  chaplain  lately  told  the 
writer  of  a  London  woman  who  had  been  not  a  week  out  of 
prison  for  the  last  two  years,  and  in  seven  years  had  been 
charged  273  times,  while  her  husband  had  paid  fines  in  lieu 
of  imprisonment  to  the  amount  of  j£180.  What  advantage  to  any 
person,  what  to  the  State,  can  accrue  from  such  a  state  of  afiairs  i 
What  righteousness  in  crippling  the  husband  or  stripping  the 
wife  of  the  drunkard  while  the  offender  escapes  ?  As  one  chaplain 
of  wide  experience  remarks,  ^*  I  think  a  fine  for  drunkenness 
undesirable  imder  any  circumstances.  The  shifts  and  sufferings 
a  man's  family  are  often  put  to  in  order  to  raise  the  money  are 
almost  beyond  belief.  Beiug  himself  greatly  destitute  of  self- 
respect  and  natural  affection,  he  argues  that  what  has  been  done 
once  may  easily  be  done  again  and  again  to  set  him  free  ;  and  he 
looks  upon  the  parting  with  furniture  and  clothing  as  a  duty  owed 
to  him  of  right,  to  be  performed  unhesitatingly  whenever  he  sees  fit 
to  demand  it  of  those  he  professes  to  regard  as  his  dependents." 
And  a  London  police  magistrate  writes  :  *^  I  should  say  that  after 
twenty  convictions  the  case  might  well  be  considered  hopeless, 
and  that  even  imprisonment  without  the  option  of  a  fine  would 
have  no  effect  upon  the  individual." 

5.  Connected  obviously  with  this  question  is  the  fifth,  as  to  the 
working  and  desirability  of  distraint  in  lieu  of  fine  for  drunkenness. 
The  Summary  Jurisdiction  Act  (1880)  had  not  perhaps  been  long 
enough  in  operation,  or  been  much  used,  except  in  certain  large 
centres,  and  therefore  opinions  as  to  its  benefit  or  demerit  could 
hardly  be  based  on  certain  experience ;  but,  on  a  priori  principles, 
it  seems  but  to  further  the  selfish  powers  of  the  offenders  to  strip 
the  home  which  legally  belongs  to  him,  though  morally  to  others 
as  well,  in  order  that  he  may  avoid  the  consequences  of  his  fault. 


76   CONVICTIONS  AND  PUNISHMENTS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS. 

A  wild  distrust  of  the  justice  of  law  must  arise  in  a  poor  woman's 
mind  who  sees  the  home,  already  bare  enough,  stripped  by  an 
of&cer  of  the  court  because  her  husband  will  get  drunk.  It  it 
difficult  to  imagine  what  was  in  the  minds  of  those  who  framed 
or  passed  this  clause  of  the  Act,  and  what  advantage  it  was  sup- 
posed to  bring  further  than  that  of,  in  a  few  instances,  relieving 
the  too-populous  prisons.  The  chief  points  urged  by  those  who 
answer  this  question  are  as  follows  :  1.  That  the  effect  of  the  Act 
hashardly  or  not  widely  come  under  their  cognisance.  Thus  the  clexk 
to  the  Justices  of  Plymouth  says :  "The  new  law  has  had  no  effeet 
here,  as  no  distresses  have  been  issued  for  non-payment  of  fines." 
2.  That  "  It  is  unjust,  for  between  the  pawnbroker  and  the  magis- 
trate little  would  be  left  in  the  drunkard's  home ;  a  distraint  is 
always  a  clumsy  and  unequal  expedient"  And  again, ''  To  avoid 
distraint,  recourse  will  be  had  to  borrowing  and  dishonesty,  and  a 
miserable  home  to  be  made  more  so ; "  "  Hard  on  families,  and 
useless  as  a  deterrent ; "  "  Would  break  up  the  homo  which,  per- 
haps, could  not  be  recovered."  And  (3)  it  is  said  that,  ^Any 
measure  which  diminishes  the  opportunities  of  keeping  the 
drunkard  from  the  drink  cannot  have  a  beneficial  tendency. 

May  it  not,  therefore,  be  concluded  from  a  review  of  the  answers 
to  all  thepe  questions,  given  by  those  who  are  officially  obliged  to 
be  experts  in  the  matter,  that  none  can  or  should  be  content  with 
the  existing  state  of  the  law  with  regard  to  the  punishment  of 
Intemperance  ?  Common  sense,  medical  science,  experience,  the 
admissions  of  prisoners,  the  report  of  a  Select  Committee  of 
Parliament,  all  declare  that  the  present  system  is  futile,  inade- 
quate, and  inoperative,  either  as  a  deterrent,  or  a  remedial 
measure.  Bad  laws  are  always  evils,  but  may  become  less  noxious 
by  reason  of  the  paucity  of  subjects  on  which  to  operate.  That 
this  is  the  case  is,  however,  unfortunately  and  notoriously  not 
the  case.  Who  will  think  on  these  things  ?  And  who,  despising 
the  fallacious  clamour  of  harshness  with  which  the  advocate  of 
increased  stringency  will  inevitably  be  met,  will,  in  the  truest 
kindness  and  most  efficacious  philanthropy,  by  an  alteration  in 
the  existing  laws  save  the  poor  victims  from  themselves,  and 
strengthen  the  hands  of  those  whose  labouis  to  save  them 
/rostrated  in  eo  many  po\n\A  by  the  existing  state  of  the  law  f 


THB    DRINK    TRAFFIC    AND    ITS    EVILS.  77 


THE  DRINK  TRAFFIC  AND  ITS  EVILS. 
By  William  Hotle, 

Author  qf  "  Our  Kaiional  Mtioureti,  and  how  thty  art  Watitd,**  4e, 

During  the  twelve  years  ending  1881 — that  is,  from  1870  to 
1881  inclusive — the  amount  of  money  spent  upon  intoxicating 
liquors  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  ^£1,609,241,534,  being  an 
average  of  ^£134,103,461  per  annum.  In  1870  the  amoimt  thus 
spent  was  ;£l  18,836,284,  and  the  expenditure  rapidly  rose  until  in 
1876  it  reached  £147,288,669,  the  highest  amount  ever  reached. 
After  1876  it  declined,  and  last  year— 1881— it  had  fallen  to 
j£127,074,460. 

Taking  the  population  of  the  United  Kingdom  as  averaging 
33,000,000  during  the  period  referred  to,  it  gives  a  yearly  expendi- 
ture of  £4  Is.  3^d.  per  head  for  the  entire  population,  or  a  total 
for  the  twelve  years  for  each  individual  of  £48  15s.  3d.  If  we 
take  the  expenditure  by  families,  and  reckon  five  persons  for  each 
house,  it  gives  a  yearly  family  expenditure  upon  drink  of 
£20  69.  4^.,  or  a  total  for  the  twelve  years  of  £243  16s.  3d. 

The  National  Debt  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1881  was 
£768,703,692 ;  and  the  value  of  the  railways  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  reckoning  according  to  the  money  invested  in  them, 
was  £728,621,657  ;  so  that,  during  the  twelve  years  ending  1881, 
the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom  have  spent  as  much  money  in 
intoxicating  liquors  as  would  have  paid  off  our  entire  National 
Debt  and  bought  up  all  the  railways,  and  left  £112,000,000  to 
«pare. 

The  rent  paid  for  houses  in  the  United  Kingdom  is  about 
£70,000,000  per  annum  ;  the  money  spent  yearly  upon  woollen 
goods  is  about  £46,000,000,  and  upon  cotton  goods  £14,000,000, 
giving  a  total  of  £130,000,000  ;  so  that  we  have  spent  upon 
intoxicating  drinks  each  year  during  the  last  twelve  years  as  much 
as  the  total  amount  of  the  house  rental  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
plus  the  money  spent  in  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  and  leaving 
upwards  of  £4,000,000  to  spare. 

The  total  rental  of  the  agricultural  land  of  Great  Britain  is 


of  tbe  BUUBl  ou«    ,., 

that  of  milk  at  £'2G,ai)Ofi(>0;  so  that  we  bavt 
iiitoxk'aliii;;  liijilors  each  year  during  the 
upon  breuJ,  hultcr,  clieesp,  and  milk,  and 
yeorlj  to  spore. 

The  extent  of  the  liquor  traffic  maj  be 
that  whilst  there  are  about  Q,60D,(X)0  housea 
dom,  more  than  180,000  of  them  are  houB 
liquon  are  aold,  being  oue  house  out  of  eve 
entire  country. 

If  theBS  houBca  were  all  conceatnted  ii 
would  be  more  than  twice  tbe  eize  of  Mw 
poBed  the  boaeeB  to  be  all  situated  in  one  Bti 
house  to  have  a  frontal  of  12  jards,  we  *hoi 
houses  on  both  sides,  more  than  600  mile 
than  reach  from  Land's  End  in  Cornwall  t> 
North  of  Scotland. 

Let  UB  briefly  consider  soma  of  the  resal 
1.— Waste  of  Fooi 

Intoxicating  liquors  are  manufactured 
agricultural  produce,  which,  if  not  thus  v 
for  food.  To  manufacture  the  .£134,000,0 
liquors  consumed  during  each  of  the  past 
bushels  of  grain,  or  its  equivalent  in  pnx 
each  rear  ;  and,  taking  the  bushel  of  bar 


THE   DRINK    TRAFFIC    AND    ITS    EVILS.  79 

years  would  supply  the  entire  population  with  bread  for  four  years 
and  five  months  ;  or,  it  would  give  a  4-lb.  loaf  of  bread  to  every 
family  in  the  United  Kingdom  daily  during  the  next  six  years. 

If  the  grain  and  produce  which  have  thus  been  destroyed  yearly 
were  converted  into  flour  and  baked  into  loaves,  they  would  make 
1,200,000,000  4-lb.  loaves.    To  bake  these  loaves  it  would  requir 
750  bakeries  producing  500  loaves  each  hour,  and  working  ten 
hours  daily  during  the  whole  year. 

An  acre  of  fairly  good  land  is  estimated  to  yield  about  38 
bushels  of  barley.  If  this  be  so,  then,  to  grow  the  grain  to 
manufacture  the  ^134,000,000  worth  of  liquor  which  has  been 
consumed  yearly,  it  would  take  a  cornfield  of  more  than  2,000,000 
acres,  or  it  would  cover  the  entire  counties  of  Kent,  Surrey, 
Middlesex,  and  Berkshire. 

2. — Intemperance. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  get  accurate  statistics  of  the  appre* 
hensions  for  drunkenness  in  the  United  Kingdom,  but  the  returns 
show  that  there  must  have  been  at  least  300,000^  yearly.  Taking 
these  figures  as  our  basis,  it  will  follow  that  the  total  appre- 
hensions for  drunkenness  during  the  past  twelve  years  have  been 
3,600,000,  or  equal  to  above  one- tenth  of  the  entire  population. 

Painful  and  melancholy  as  these  published  returns  of  drunken- 
ness are,  it  is  feared  that  they  give  but  a  faint  idea  as  to  the 
extent  to  which  the  evil  exists  in  the  country. 

3.— Pauperism. 

The  published  return  of  pauperism  for  January  Ist,  1881, 
which  is  the  last  complete  return  issued,  shows  that  on  that 
day  there  were  1,011,339  persons  in  receipt  of  parish  relief. 
Mr.  Purdy,  who  is  at  the  head  of  the  statistical  department  of 
the  Poor  Law  Board,  states  that  the  number  of  applications 
for  relief  during  a  year  are  3^  times  the  number  which  are  upon 
the  books  at  one  time  during  the  year  ;  this  will  give  a  total 
of  applications  for  parish  relief  during  1881  of  3,539,686,  or 
about  one  in  ten  of  the  entire  population. 

Those  who  have  much  to  do  with  the   poorer  class  popula- 


*  These  figures  do  not  include  the  punishments  for  dmnkonness  in 
the  armj,  which  last  year  (1881)  nnmbered  43,656. 


8o  THE    DRINK   TRAFFIC    AND   ITS    EVILS. 

tion  of  the  country  will  know  that  there  are  at  least  as  many 
people  constantly  on  the  verge  of  pauperism  as  there  axe  who 
apply  for  parish  relief ;  if  this  be  so,  it  will  follow  that  over 
7,000,000  of  the  population  of  the  country  are  constantly  on 
the  verge  of  destitution,  or,  about  one-fifth  of  the  entire  popu- 
lation of  the  country. 

Statistics  are  sometimes  quoted  to  show  that  of  late  yean 
pauperism  has  materially  declined  ;  but  those  who  quote  these 
statistics  do  not  look  at  the  entire  facts  of  the  case.  They  do 
not  tell  us,  for  instance,  how  paupers  are  compelled  by  guar- 
dians to  go  into  the  workhouse  or  be  cut  off  from  relief;  they 
do  not  inform  us  that  whilst  in  England  and  Wales,  in  1853, 
there  were  only  104,186  indoor  paupers  —  that  is,  paupers  in 
workhouses — in  1880  there  were  189,304 ;  and  that  whilst  in 
the  former  year  the  amount  actually  paid  in  relief  to  the  poor 
was  only  ^4,939,064,  in  1880  it  was  ;gd,045,010,  being  the 
largest  amount  ever  paid  for  poor  relief  during  one  year  in  the 
history  of  the  country. 

4. — Crime. 

As  with  pauperism,  so  it  is  with  crime.  It  often  happens 
that  attempts  are  made  to  make  it  appear  that  during  the 
last  thirty  or  forty  years  there  has  been  a  diminntion  in  the 
crime  of  the  country,  but  those  who  speak  or  write  thus  only 
prove  what  an  imperfect  acquaintance  they  have  with  the  facts 
of  the  case. 

In  the  registered  returns  of  the  crime  of  the  country,  there 
are  two  departments — viz.,  (1st)  That  which  is  called  indictable 
crime,  and  is  dealt  with  by  judges  at  assizes;  and  (2nd)  that 
which  is  dealt  with  by  magistrates  summarily  in  petty  ses- 
sions. Now  those  who  write  or  speak  about  the  diminntion 
of  crime  quote  only  the  returns  which  deal  with  indictable  crime ; 
they  ignore  what  is  dealt  with  by  the  magistrates,  and  they 
omit  to  notice  the  fact  that  owing  to  repeated  changes  in  the 
law  many  offences  which  forty  years  ago  were  sent  on  to  the 
assizes  and  treated  as  indictable  crimes,  are  now  adjudicated  upon 
by  the  magistrates,  and  do  not  now  find  their  way  into  the 
published  criminal  returns  of  the  country  as  they  formerly  did. 


THE    DRINK   TRAFFIC   AND    ITS    EVILS.  8l 

Let  U8  take  for  illustration  the  years  1840  and  1870.  In  1840 
the  number  of  cases  of  indictable  crime  given  in  the  published 
returns  was  19,927 ;  in  1879  they  are  given  as  12,585  ;  but  there 
were  27,726  cases  of  crime  dealt  with  by  the  magistrates  in  1879, 
which  in  the  year  1840,  before  the  changes  took  place  in  the 
law,  w^ere  classed  among  the  indictable  crimes  of  the  country,  and, 
therefore,  to  make  the  comparison  truthful,  the  27,726  cases  must 
be  added  to  the  12,585.  This  would  give  40,311  cases  of  crime 
in  1879  as  compared  with  19,927  cases  in  1840,  showing  an 
increase  of  102  per  cent,  in  the  crime  of  the  country,  although 
the  population  had  only  increased  60  per  cent. 

Complete  returns  of  crime  of  all  kinds  were  not  published  prior 
to  1857,  and  for  a  year  or  two  afterwards  the  returns  were  defective. 
I  will,  therefore,  take  the  figures  for  the  year  1860.  That  year 
the  total  cases  of  crime  which  came  before  the  magistrates  in 
England  and  Wales  were  255,803,  but  in  1878  they  numbered 
538,232.  In  1860  the  Drink  Bill  was  £84,000,000,  whilst  in 
1878  it  was  £142,000,000.  The  Drink  Bill  had  thus  gone  up 
70  per  cent,  but  crime  had  risen  110  per  cent.  In  1879  the 
Drink  Bill  fell  to  £128,000,000,  and  cases  of  crime  went  down 
to  506,000. 

During  the  last  five  years  (ending  1880)  the  total  number  of 
cases  of  crime  which  have  come  before  the  magistrates  in  the 
whole  of  the  United  Kingdom  slightly  exceeded  850,000  yearly. 
Of  these  there  were  about  300,000  cases  of  drunkenness,  and  over 
180,000  cases  of  assault.  Cases  of  theft,  vagrancy,  &c.,  also  figure 
largely.  It  is  true  that  there  are  some  crimes  of  a  minor  character, 
such  as  breaches  of  Highway  Acts,  offences  against  the  Education 
Act,  &c.,  but  even  these  are  very  largely  the  result  of  intemperance, 
for  sober  parents  seldom,  if  ever,  need  to  be  summoned  for  neglect- 
ing to  send  their  children  to  school. 

5. — Vagrancy. 

In  regard  to  viigrancy  there  are  no  reliable  returns  published. 
The  number  of  vagrants  relieved  on  the  first  day  of  January  is 
given ;  but  the  absurdity  of  the  return  thus  published  as  illus- 
trating the  extent  of  vagrancy  will  be  seen  when  I  state  that  the 
Gk)vernment  return  of  vagrants  for  all  England  and  Wales  for  the 


82 


THE    DRINK   TRAFFIC  AND    ITS  EVILS. 


year  1870  (January  let)  is  5,430,  whereas  in  the  Bory  Union  alone, 
where  I  reside,  the  vagrants  relieved  that  year  numbered  16,474. 

Commenting  upon  the  increase  of  vagrancy,  the  Timei,  in  a 
leader  (Oct.  ;31,  1881)  observed  that  ^<  thirty  years  ago  it  wm 
estimated  that  there  were  200,000  people  in  this  island  without 
local  habitation."  But  during  the  last  thirty  years  the  demoralised 
element  in  the  nation  has  largely  increased,  andj*to-day  the 
vagrant  population  of  the  country  cannot  be  less  than  300,000. 
The  Times  remarks  :  "  The  amoimt  of  depredation  done  by  these 
people,  reckoning  what  they  get  by  begging,  and  what  by  pilfer* 
ing,  picking,  and  stealing,  must  be  enormous,  indeed  equivalent 
to  a  large  army  living  amongst  us.*'  I  should  like  to  know  how 
many  of  those  *^  without  a  local  habitation  "  are  abstainers  ? 

6.— Lunacy. 

The  number  of  lunatics  in  asylums  and  workhouses  in  the 

United  Kingdom  will   be   slightly  over  100,000,  besides   many 

not  in  asylums.     In  England  and  Wales,  in  the  year  1860,  there 

w^ere  38,038,  but  in  1880,  they  had  increased  to  71,191,  being 

nearly  double,  although    the    population    had    only  increased 

28  per  cent. 

7. — Deaths. 

At  the  Social  Science  Congress  held  at  Brighton  in  1875,  Dr. 
Richardson  made  the  following  statement :  '^  I  do  not  over-esti- 
mate the  facta  when  I  say  that,  if  such  a  miracle  could  be  per- 
formed in  England  as  a  general  conversion  to  temperance,  the 
vitality  of  the  nation  would  rise  one-third  in  value." 

In  the  United  Kingdom  there  are  on  the  average  about  700,000 
deaths  yearly  ;  one-third  of  which  is  233,000.  So  that,  accepting 
Dr.  Richardson's  estimate,  the  drinking  habits  of  the  country  are 
responsible  for  upwards  of  230,000  deaths  yearly.  I  will,  how- 
ever, divide  his  estimate,  and  put  the  annual  deaths  caused  by 
drinking  at  120,000.  These  are  figures  which  have  been  shown 
by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  to  be  beyond  serious  dispute. 

8. — Indirect  Losses. 

In  the  figures  which  I  have  (quoted  relating  to  the  mouetaiy 

cost  of  our  drinking  habits,  I  have  only  given  the  money  directly 

spent  upon  the  drink  ;  but  this  is  only  part  of  the  loes,  for  these 

habits  of  drinking  lead  to  loss  of  labour,  to  deterioration  of  wink* 


THE    DRINK   TRAFFIC    AND    ITS    EVILS.  83 

men,  to  accidents,  disease,  and  premature  deaths.  There  is  a  loss 
of  money  arising  from  the  idlenees  of  paupers,  criminals,  vagrants, 
and  lunatics,  and  from  the  unproductive  labour  of  judges,  magis- 
trates, policemen,  gaolers,  &c.  There  are  all  the  taxes  incident 
to  pauperism,  crime,  &c.  There  is  destruction  of  property  and 
health  both  by  sea  and  by  land,  and  iu  many  other  ways  the 
drinking  habits  of  the  country  operate  to  entail  burdens  and 
losses  upon  the  community. 

Careful  calculations  touching  the  aggregate  extent  of  these 
losses  show  that  the  indirect  cost  and  losses  resulting  from  dt ink- 
ing equal  in  amount  the  money  directly  spent  upon  the  driuk 
Adding  these  together,  it  gives  an  average  yearly  loss  of  wealth  to 
the  nation  during  the  past  twelve  years  of  ^£268,000,000.  Having 
regard  to  the  fact  that  there  are  ;£30,000,000  of  revenue  derived 
from  the  drink  traffic,  I  will  knock  off  the  j£68, 000,000,  and  assess 
the  cost  and  loss  at  ^£200,000,000  yearly  ;  or,  for  the  twelve  yearj, 
£2,400,000,000. 

Mr.  Giffen,  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  in  his  Book,  <*  Eseays  in 
Finance,''  estimates  the  value  of  the  landed  property  of  the  country 
when  capitalised  at  £2,007,330,000,  so  that  the  cost  and  losses 
which  during  the  last  twelve  years  have  been  entailed  upon  the 
nation  by  our  drinking  habits  have  been  equal  to  the  total  value  of 
the  land  of  the  country,  and  leaving  nearly  £400,000,000  to  spare. 

Mr.  Gladstone,  the  Prime  Minister,  iu  a  speech  iu  the  House 
of  Commons,  March  5th,  1880,  stated  : — "  It  has  been  said  that 
greater  calamities  are  inflicted  on  mankind  by  intemperance  than 
by  the  three  great  historical  scourges — war,  pestilence,  and  famine. 
That  is  true  for  us,  but  not  true  for  Europe,  and  civilised  countries 
in  general — certainly  not  for  Italy,  for  Spain,  and  for  Portugal, 
and  I  believe  that  for  France  and  Germany  it  may  not  be  ;  but  it 
is  true  for  us,  and  it  is  the  measure  of  our  discredit  and  disgrace.' 

Those  who  have  read  the  facts  contained  in  this  paper  will  agree 
with  me  that  Mr.  Gladstone's  remarks  touching  this  country  were 
not  exaggerations,  but  stern,  deplorable  truths.  What  then  is  the 
moral  of  these  appalling  truths  ?  It  is  this,  that  with  one  united 
and  irresistible  voice  the  people  should  demand  from  the  legisla- 
ture that  immediate  steps  be  taken  to  free  the  country  from  a  traffic 
which  is  so  utterly  at  war  with  the  well-being  of  the  community. 


84  THE    TAXATION    OF  ALCOHOL. 


THE  TAXATION  OF  ALCOHOL. 

The  Taxation  of  Alcohol  was  one  of  the  subjects  discussed  at 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  which  was  held  in  August  last  at  Southampton. 
We  append  abstracts  of  the  two  principal  papers. 

MR.   STEPHEN   B0URNE*8  PAPER. 

The  large  share  which  the  taxes  on  alcohol  have  in  producing 
the  public  revenue— more  than  £30,000,000  out  of  ^£86,000,000, 
or  thirty-five  per  cent. — renders  the  subject  attractive  to  the 
economist,  the  statesman,  and  the  statistician.  At  the  present 
moment  two  circumstances  combine  to  deepen  this  interest.  The 
first  is  the  necessity  for  increased  taxation  to  meet  the  expendi- 
ture upon  warlike  operations.  The  re<^ent  addition  to  the  Income- 
tax  for  this  purpose  in  the  form  of  3d.  extra  being  deducted  from 
the  ensuing  quarterly  or  half-,v early  payments,  or  Ijd.  on  the 
whole  yearns  income — levied  and  spent  within  the  six  months- 
renders  it,  in  fact,  a  tax  of  8d.  instead  of  5d.  for  the  half  year — an 
increase  of  60  per  cent. 

Were  this  principle  applied  to  the  Xl8,500,000  raised  on  spirits, 
it  would  produce  £5,500,000  on  the  half-year.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  this  is  an  article  of  luxury — one  that  can  be  done 
without,  and  therefore  that  its  payment  is  entirely  voluntary.  It 
must  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  at  least  one-half  of  the  taxes 
on  drink  are  expended  by  the  State  in  preventing,  punishing,  and 
repairing  evils,  the  result  of  that  drink  being  consumed  ;  so  that 
on  every  consideration  the  only  limit  to  such  taxation  should  be 
one  that,  being  over-passed,  would  encourage  illicit  manufiEictare 
or  importation. 

Wine,  which  produces  £1,300,000  at  present,  stands  in  a  some- 
what different  light,  and  when  unfortified  is  the  most  natural  and 
least  injurious  of  all  intoxicating  liquors.  Yet  these  duties  are  to 
be  readjusted  for  political  and  economic  reasons,  and  in  so  doing 
might  be  fairly  made  to  yield  £500,000  more,  for  at  present  the 
alcohol  in  wine  pays  at  the  rate  of  about  6s.  on  the  proof  gallon, 
while  spirit  pays  lOs.     It  is  quite  right  that  alcohol  should  be 


THE    TAXATION    OF   ALCOHOL.  85 


more  highly  taxed  when  produced  in  a  concentrated  than  in  a 
dilated  form. 

Beer  partakes  of  the  attribute  of  wine  in  its  too  low  rating 
on  the  alcohol  it  contains  —  only  Is.  9d.  per  gallon — and  to 
bring  it  up  to  a  right  proportion  should  be  at  least  doubled. 
Yet  as  the  poor  man's  drink,  and  from  long  usage,  it  might  not 
be  possible  to  do  this  at  once,  although  it  should  certainly 
be  increased  by  50  per  cent.,  or,  for  simplicity  of  calculatiou, 
from  6s,  3d.  to  10s.  per  barrel,  thus  raising  some  £4,500,000 
more. 

For  various  reasons  these  new  or  "  consumption  duties  "  should 
be  charged  on  the  retailers,  who  are  all  licensed,  and  therefore 
under  the  surveillance  of  the  authorities.  It  might  be  paid  by 
them  concurrently  with  or  following  upon  the  sale  of  the  articles 
and  their  thus  having  realised  their  value.  This  is  a  somewhat 
novel  mode,  but  analogous  to  that  of  the  income  tax,  which  is  not 
received  until  after  the  income  has  accrued  and  has  even  been 
spent.  The  nature  of  the  business  requires  a  supervision  which 
in  other  trades  would  be  deemed  inquisitorial,  and  which  for  its 
right  conduct  might  well  be  combined  with  the  collection  of  the 
duties ;  indeed  there  are  many  reasons  why  this  double  rating 
would  be  desirable  in  the  interests  of  the  Revenue. 

From  these  several  sources  the  whole  income  to  the  State  from 
alcohol,  which,  including  licenses,  now  exceeds  £30,000,000,  would 
amount  to  some  £14,000,000  more.  This  gives  an  average  con- 
tribution by  each  individual  of  8s.  per  annum,  or  say  £2  for  each 
family — scarcely  more  than  the  price  of  a  glass  of  beer  per  day  for 
its  head — by  omitting  which  he  might  save  the  increased  tax.  Or, 
to  take  another  illustration,  seeing  that  on  £120,000,000  a  year, 
which  is  estimated  to  be  spent  on  intoxicants,  the  £14,000,000 
would  be  but  one-ninth  more,  the  moderate  drinker,  by  dispensing 
with  this  proportion,  would  only  be  making  a  fair  sacrifice  to  the 
needs  of  his  country,  whilst  the  excessive  consumer  would  be 
greatly  benefited  by  this  partial  restriction  in  the  extent  of  his 
potations. 

Whether,  therefore,  such  a  scheme  should  prove  a  financial 
success  in  raising  the  extra  money— all  of  which,  it  is  probable, 
will  be  wanted  for  Egyptian  outlay — or  fail  to  yield  thus  much 


86  THE    TAXATION    OF   ALCOHOL. 

from  the  check  it  would  give  to  consumption,  it  is  every  way 
desirable.  In  the  latter  case  it  would  achieve  a  moral  success  far 
outweighing  all  disadvantages,  really  saving  to  the  country  that 
portion  of  its  income  which,  though  received  with  the  one  hand, 
is  disbursed  with  the  other,  to  meet  the  results  of  the  very  con- 
sumption which  produces  the  revenue. 

MR.   GEORGE  BADEN   POWELL's  PAPER. 

At  the  present  moment  the  question  of  raising  revenue  from  the 
taxation  of  alcohol  is  of  peculiar  interest,  not  only  as  affecting 
general  principles,  but  also  their  practical  application. 

There  is  no  better  method  of  raising  revenue  than  from  the 
consumption  of  alcoholic  drinks.  It  is,  however,  true  that  much 
alcohol  is  used  for  most  proper  purposes,  as,  for  instance,  in  various 
manufactures,  and  even  in  consumption  wherever  it  is  beneficially 
used  as  a  food  or  as  a  medicine.  There  is  too  great  a  tendency  to 
mix  this  up  with  the  Temperanoe  question. 

In  these  islands  we  spend  120  millions  sterling  in  the  year  on 
alcoholic  drinks,  but  no  less  than  one  quarter  of  this  is  a  con- 
tribution to  the  general  revenue. 

This  source  of  revenue,  however,  is  failing  year  by  year  (see 
table  appended).  Mr.  Gladstone  tells  us  the  only  balance  he  can 
discover  is  that  people  are  drinking  a  little  more  tea  and  increasing 
greatly  their  habit  of  putting  by  savings.  I  wish  to  put  forward 
two  further  explanations  ;  (I)  the  great  growth,  latterly,  in  sub- 
stitutes for  duty-paying  drinks — as  of  chicory  for  coffee,  starch  for 
cocoa,  and  so  forth  ;  (2)  the  enormous  increase  in  recent  years  in 
the  consumption  of  "  bottled  waters."  If  we  tax  foods  at  all  we 
should  tax  more  especially  those  which  are  luxuries. 

In  future  years  we  shall  probably  continue  to  derive  a  con- 
siderable income  from  the  taxation  of  alcohol ;  but  it  will  not  be 
so  large  as  that  we  now  obtain.  It  does  not  seem  probable  that 
this  lesser  income  will  be  balanced  by  any  absolutely  equivalent 
decrease  in  the  crime  and  pauperism  that  become  charges  on  the 
general  revenue.  We  shall  have  in  some  other  way  to  obtain  at 
all  events  some  increase  from  other  sources  to  balance  the  laiger 
part  of  this  falling  off. 


THB    NATIONAL   DRINK   BILL   FOR    1881. 


87 


TABLE. 


Gallons  of 
Spirits  con- 
sumed per 

head  of 
population. 

Berenne  from 

Rerenne  per 

bead  of 

population, 

in 

shiUings. 

Keren  ue  from 

Revenue  from 

Year. 

Alcohol,  in 
millions 

Tea  and  Coffae, 
in  millions 

Tobacco,  in 

millions 

sterling. 

sterling. 

sterliug. 

1866 

A' 

23- 

8.     d, 
15     6 

2.9 

63 

1867 

41 

24- 

16     5 

80 

05 

1868 

8-9 

24- 

15  10 

31 

65 

1869 

3-9 

25- 

15  10 

30 

6-5 

1870 

4- 

25- 

15  10 

80 

60 

1871 

4-1 

26- 

16     8 

86 

66 

1872 

4*4 

28- 

17     0 

3-5 

68 

1878 

46 

80- 

18     7 

3-4 

70 

1874 

4-7 

82- 

19  .6 

3-5 

78 

1875 

4-8 

33- 

19     9 

3-8 

7-4 

1876 

49 

34- 

20     0 

39 

7-7 

1877 

4-7 

85- 

19     7 

8-9 

7-8 

1878 

4-7 

35- 

19     3 

42 

8- 

lb79 

4-3 

33- 

IS     5 

4*4 

8-5 

18S0 

4-3 

32- 

16  10 

39 

8-6 

1881 

8-9 

305 

10     7 

41 

8-7 

THE  NATIONAL  DRINK  BILL  FOR  1881. 

MR.    WILLIAM   HOYLE's  ESTIMATE. 

Along  with  tlie  Board  of  Trade  returns  for  February,  we  have 
also  the  Excise  returns,  which  enable  us  to  calculate  the  expen- 
diture upon  intoxicating  liquors  during  the  year  1881.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  particulars  thereof.    I  also  give  the  figures  for  1880  : — 


Beer  consamed,  970,788,564  gallons,  at 
l8.6d 

British  Spirits,  28,730,71 9  galloDS,  at  208. 

Foreign  Spirits,  8,295,265  gallons,  at  24s. 

Wine,  15,644,757  gallons,  at  188 

British  Wines  (estimated),  15,000,000  gal- 
lons, at  2s 


1881. 


£ 

72,809,142 

28.730,719 

9,954.318 

14,080,281 

1.600,000 


127,074,460 


1880. 


£ 

67,881,678 
28,457,485 
10,173,014 
14,287,102 

1,500,000 


122,279,279 


88 


THE    NATIONAL    DRINK   DILL   FOR    1881. 


If  the  percentage  of  the  increase  of  the  various  liquors  be 
calculated,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  consumption  of  beer  shows  an 
increase  of  7*3  per  cent.,  and  British  spirits  096  per  cent.,  while 
foreign  spirits  show  a  decrease  of  21  per  cent.,  and  wine  1*3  per 
cent.  Taking  the  percentage  of  the  total,  it  gives  an  aggregate 
increase  of  39  per  cent. 

The  total  expenditure  upon  intoxicating  liquors  of  all  kinds 
during  the  past  ten  yeai*8  lias  been  £1,364,118,357,  or,  in  round 
numbers,  £136,500,000  yearly. 

DR.   DAWSON   BURNS*  ESTIMATE. 

The  oificial  "  Statistical  Summary  "  brought  down  to  the  end 
of  1881  enables  us  to  state  with  more  exactitude  than  was  pre- 
viously possible  the  particulars  as  to  consumption  of  intoxicating 
liquors  in  1881.  With  these  I  connect  calculations  of  cost  to  the 
consumer,  reckoning  this  at  48s.  per  barrel  for  beer,  203.  per 
gallon  of  British  spirits,  22s.  per  gallon  of  Colonial  and  Foreign 
spirits,  and  15s.  per  gallon  of  wine.  These  estimates  for  beer, 
Foreign  and  Colonial  spirits,  and  wine  are  lower  than  those  of 
Mr.  Hoyle.  The  amount  of  alcohol  contained  in  each  kind  of 
liquor  is  estimated  at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent,  for  spirits,  15  per 
cent,  for  wine,  and  5  per  cent,  for  beer  : — 


Amoinit  of 

liquor 
consumed. 

iCssh  to 
Consumer. 

Amoant  of 

alcohol 
consumed. 

British  Spirits  

Gallons. 
28,730,719 

8,339,819 

970,788,5^4 

15,550,078 

1,<  00,000 
10,0C0,000 

1,026,409,180 

£ 

28,730,719 
9.263,801 

04,719,237 

11,662  558 

500,000 

500,000 

Gallooa. 
14,365,8594 
4  169,9091 
48,539.428 
8,132,500 
150,000 
50J,000 

Foreign  and  Colonial  Spiriu 
Beer  

Wine 

British  Wines  (estimated) 
Cyder  and  Perry  

115,370,315 

70.857.197 

MR.   STEPHEN   DOURNE's  ESTIMATE. 

Mr.  Stephen  Bourne  read,  in  April  last,  an  important  paper 
before  the  Statistical  Society  of  London,  on  the  National  Expen- 
diture upon  Alcohol.    His  method  was  a  novel  one.    Instead  of 


THE    NATIONAL   DRINK   BILL   FOR    l88r.  89 


trying  to  ascertain  the  equivalent  in  money  of  the  cost  of  the 
liqiicr  traffic,  he  endeavoured  to  determine  what  proportion  of 
the  producing  power  of  the  nation  is  absorbed  by  this  traffic. 

Mr.  Bourne  estimates  that  of  the  people  of  this  country  about 
lOj  millions  are  "  producers ; "  that  of  these  "  65  or  70  per  cent, 
are  wholly  employed  in  providing  food,  drink,  and  other  neces- 
saries of  life  ;  and  that  it  is  only  the  remainder  (three  millions 
and  a  half)  who  are  available  for  the  production  of  luxuries,  and 
the  accumulation  of  wealth."  lie  further  estimates  that  the  pro- 
ducing power  of  1,097,625  persons  is  wholly  absorbed  by  the 
liquor  traffic  ;  and  that  884,000  who  might  be  employed  as  pro- 
ducers of  wealth,  are  rendered  economically  useless  by  the  damage 
done  by  drink.     The  latter  number  being  made  up  as  follows : — 


By  deaths,  adalt  and  infantile 

•  •  • 

120,000 

„  lickneM  of  produceri    ... 

•  •  • 

160,000 

„        „            administrators 

•  •  • 

185,000 

„  pauperism          

•  •  • 

200.000 

• 

„  cnme 

•  •  • 

88.000 

„  professional  and  other  service 

•  •  • 

50,000 

„  revenae  officials 

t  •  • 

6,000 

„  army,  navy,  and  merchant  ser 

▼ioe 

•  •  • 

85,0C0 

884,000 

1 

^    -  — . 

"  If  there  were  no  alcohol  to  Ije  produced  or  consumed  there  might 
l>e  two  millions  of  producers,  or  an  addition  of  60  per  cent,  to  our 
power  of  producing  articles  other  than  those  of  daily  use  for 
adding  to  our  existing  stores."  That  is,  as  two  millions  constitute 
about  a  fifth  of  the  total  number  of  producers,  the  drink  traffic 
absorbs  about  one-fifth  of  the  productive  power  of  the  nation^ 
And  the  total  income  of  the  nation— the  total  product  of  the 
industry  of  the  nation,  is  variously  estimated  at  from  850  millions 
to  1,200  millions  a  year.  Mr.  Gladstone  puts  it  at  about  1,000 
millions  a  year.  One  fifth  of  this  sum  is  200  millions.  So  that, 
measured  in  money,  the  yearly  cost  of  the  drink  traffic  to  the 
nation  is  about  200  millions,  a  sum  which  approximates  very 
closely  to  that  reached  by  Mr.  Hoyle. 


go  THE    CUSTOMS    REVENUE   FROM    DRINK. 


THE  CUSTOMS  REVENUE   FROM   DRINK. 

The  twenty-sixtli  Report  of  the  Commisaioners  of  Her 
Majesty's  Customs,  dealing  with  the  events  of  the  year  1 881  in 
relation  to  the  Customs  Department,  contains  the  following 
statements  :— ^ 

''  The  comparatively  favourable  conditions  of  many  important 
branches  of  trade  and  business  which  generally  prevailed  through- 
out that  year  appear  to  have  been  reflected  in  only  a  very  mode- 
rate degree  in  the  Customs  revenue,  the  aggregate  gross  receipt 
having  been  but  £26,743  in  excess  of  that  of  1880. 

'^  This  result  is  doubtless  somewhat  of  a  disappointment  when 
compared  with  the  hope  held  out,  by  the  receipts  during  the  firit 
six  months  of  the  financial  year,  that  the  revenue  had  begun  to 
recover  somewhat  of  its  former  elasticity.  Up  to  the  commence- 
ment of  November  last  the  receipts  for  the  financial  year  1881-82 
were  £11,123,360,  showing  an  increase  of  £248,000  as  compared 
with  the  corresponding  period  of  the  previous  year,  and  had  this 
rate  of  progress  been  sustained  the  close  of  the  year  1881  would 
have  shown  a  considerable  surplus  as  compared  with  the  estimate. 
The  receipts  during  the  month  of  November,  however,  showed  a 
falling-off  of  £100,000,  and  from  that  time  till  the  end  of  1881 
they  varied  considerably  from  week  to  week,  the  advance  of  one 
week  being  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  falling-off  in  the 
next.  In  this  way  at  the  end  of  the  year  the  aggregate  gross 
receipt  had  gradually  dwindled  down  to  the  comparatively  small 
excess  above-mentioned  of  £26,743  over  the  actual  receipts  of  the 
year  1880. 

<'  The  causes  of  this  somewhat  sudden  falling-off  in  receipt 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  year  have  not  been  very  easy  to 
ascertain,  but  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  greater  part  of  the  increase 
occurred  during  the  months  of  September  and  October,  and 
especially  during  the  latter  month.  It  is  possible,  therefore,  that 
the  quantity  of  dutiable  articles  taken  out  of  bond  during  this 
period  may  have  been  in  excess  of  the  actual  demand,  and  if  this 
was  the  case  it  would  naturally  be  followed  by  a  corresponding 


THE   CUSTOMS   REVENUE    FROM   DRINK.  9 1 

slackness  of  demand  and  diminished  receipt  to  the  revenue  in 
the  months  immediately  succeeding. 

'^  The  disappointing  character  also  of  the  harvest,  the  full 
extent  of  the  deficiency  of  which  was  hardly  realised  till  the  latter 
part  of  October,  combined  with  the  previous  long  period  of  agri- 
cultural depression,  may  be  taken  as  another  reason  why  the 
apparent  improvement  shown  in  the  earlier  months  of  the  year 
was  not  sustained.  The  effects  of  the  long-continued  run  of  bad 
seasons  have  been  felt  far  beyond  the  agricultural  districts  which, 
in  the  first  instance,  had  to  bear  the  weight  of  the  visitation,  and 
the  general  diminution  of  the  spending  power  of  the  country 
caused  thereby  has  continued  to  restrict  the  consumption  of 
dutiable  articles. 

''  The  principal  falling-off  in  receipt  during  the  past  year  was 
shown,  as  in  the  previous  year,  under  the  head  of  wine  and 
spirits  ;  and  it  is  becoming  a  question  of  grave  importance,  in 
reference  to  the  future  prospects  of  the  revenue,  how  far  the  tem- 
perance movement  has  had  any  effect  in  producing  this  result. 
If  the  rate  of  consumption  of  articles  commonly  associated  with 
habits  of  sobriety  and  abstinence  is  to  be  taken  as  a  criterion  the 
effect  on  the  trade  in  stimulants  would  not  as  yet  seem  to  have 
assumed  any  very  serious  proportions.  For  instance,  taking  the 
following  articles  for  the  last  three  years  we  find  that  the  con- 
sumption is  nearly  stationary  with  an  increased  population  : — 

1879.  1880.  1881. 

lbs.         lbs.  lbs. 

Cocoa  0-30  0-31  O'Sl  j  perbeadof 

Coffee  1-00  0*92  091  i    the  popu- 

Tea 4-70  4*59  460 )    Jation. 

and  spirits  and  tobacco  are  much  in  the  same  condition  : — 

1879.    1880.     1881. 
gaU.       gall.         gaU. 
Spirits,  Foreign  ...  028       0-25      0-24)        j^^^ 

„        BritUh  ...  0-83      0-84      0-82  C   ^y, 

\b§.         lb«.  lbs.   \    ,  .. 

Tobacco  1-41       1-43       143^    **^°°- 

"  It  may  be  argued,  however,  that  this  apparently  stationary 
rate  of  consumption  in  the  case  of  tea  and  coffee  maybe  accounted 
for  by  the  adulteration  of  those  articles  before  they  reach  the 


92         THE   INLAND   REVENUE   AND   THE   BEER  DUTY. 

consumer.  It  may  aUo  be  open  to  question  whether  the  man 
who  leaves  off  beer  and  spirits  drinks  necessarily  more  tea  and 
coffee.  It  would  seem  highly  probable  that  the  principal  increase 
of  temperance  drinks  is  to  be  found  in  the  quantity  of  aerated 
wateri  taken  by  the  abstainer  where  non-abstainers  wonld  indulge 
in  stimulants.  How  far  the  manufacture  of  drinks  of  this  kind 
may  have  increased  of  late  this  department  has  no  means  of 
ascertaining.  Against  the  temperance  view,  however,  it  may  be 
urged  that,  so  far  as  the  Customs  Revenue  is  concerned,  the 
falling-otf  in  spirit  receipts  is  to  be  found  entirely  under  the  heads 
of  rum  and  brandy  ;  that  the  demand  for  the  first  of  these  spirits 
was  largely  checked  by  the  extreme  mildness  of  the  winter,  and 
that  the  manufacture  of  foreign  brandy  has  been  very  seriously 
affected  by  the  spread  of  the  vine  disease.  On  the  other  hand, 
owing  no  doubt  to  the  readjustment  of  the  sur-tax,  the  importa- 
tions of  Geneva  and  plain  spirits  show  an  increase  of  380,000 
gallons. 

'*  With  those  facts  before  us,  it  would  seem  safer  to  wait  for 
more  decided  signs  of  a  return  to  general  prosperity,  and  of 
consequent  elasticity  in  the  revenue,  before  arriving  at  any  con- 
clusion whether  or  not  the  Temperance  movement,  combined  with 
the  spread  of  education,  is  likely  to  exercise  a  permanent  and 
increasing  influence  in  promoting  habits  of  thrift  and  sobriety,  and 
diminishing  thereby  the  receipts  from  the  duties  on  alcoholic 
drinks." 


THE  INLAND  REVENUE  AND  THE  BEER  DUTY. 

In  their  twenty-fifth  Annual  Report  the  Commissioners  of  Hti 
Majesty's  Inland  Revenue  say : — '^  Since  the  publication  of  on 
last  report  we  have  had  the  opportunity  of  testing  for  a  complet 
year  the  general  effect  of  the  beer  duty,  and  we  think  it  may  w 
be  out  of  place  to  make  a  few  observations  upon  the  operation 
the  tax.    The  gross  monthly  receipts  of  duty  during  the  ji 
ended  the  3l8t  March  last  were  remarkably  uniform,  rang? 
from  £663,558  for  the  month  of  May  to  £811,194  for  the  ma 
of  March,  the  average  per  month  being  £723,930,  thus  yield 


THE  INLAND  REVENUE  AND  THE  BEER  DUTY.  93 

a  very  Qoifonn  flow  of  revenue  into  the  Exchequer,  and  in  this 
respect  contrasting  very  favourably  with  the  former  revenue  from 
malt,  which,  notwithstanding  the  complete  system  of  credit 
intended  to  carry  forward  the  payment  of  duty  to  the  brewing 
of  the  malt,  was  yet  far  from  producing  an  even  flow  of  revenue  ; 
the  half-quarterly  receipts  from  the  malt  duty  varying  from 
j£471,000  to  £1,720,000.  The  temperature  during  the  seasons 
of  1881-2  did  not  reach  such  extreme  as  either  to  promote  the 
consumption  of  beer  by  continued  heat  in  summer  or  to  hinder 
brewing  by  excessive  cold  in  winter.  The  past  year  may  there- 
fore be  regarded  as  having  been  a  very  favourable  one  for  testing 
the  operation  of  the  tax.  The  duty,  however,  fell  short  of  our 
estimate,  and  instead  of  £8,800,000  (as  estimated),  the  net  receipts^ 
after  paying  drawback  on  beer  exported,  amounted  to  only 
£8,530,819.  This  deficiency  appears  to  have  been  due  to  a 
slight  falling-off  in  the  consumption  of  beer,  as  we  have  been 
informed  by  several  eminent  brewers  in  the  metropolis  that, 
notwithstanding  the  increase  in  the  population,  a  less  amount  of 
business  has  been  done.  This  may  be  accounted  for  in  several 
ways,  but  principally,  we  think,  by  the  improved  habits  of  the 
people.  Temperance  principles  seem  to  be  influencing  certain 
classes  of  the  population  largely,  the  past  year  having  been, 
apparently,  one  of  unusual  progress  in  this  direction.  This 
movement  has  been  greatly  encouraged  and  promoted  by  the 
erection  of  coffee  taverns,  and  when  we  mention  that  between 
thirty  and  forty  limited  liability  companies  for  carrying  on 
coffee  taverns  have  been  formed  in  various  places  during  the 
past  year,  and  that  over  100  new  establishments  have  been 
opened  in  the  metropolis,  some  of  them  on  an  extensive  and 
expensive  scale,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  success  of  such  enterprise 
must  sensibly  lessen  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  drinks.  The 
manufacture  of  temperance  driuks  has  also  been  exceedingly 
brisk,  and  whether  from  a  prevailing  demand  for  such  beverages, 
or  from  a  love  of  novelty  on  the  part  of  the  public,  an  unprece- 
dented number  of  them  has  been  advertised.  Some  of  these 
contain  no  alcohol  whatever,  but  in  others,  such  as  *  ginger  ale,' 
a  certain  amount^of  spirit  is  generated  by  fermentation  ;  but  we 
are  careful  to  insist  upon  the  conditions  that  they  shall  not  be 


SICKNESS  AND  DEATH  CAUSED  BY  ALCOHOL. 

iade  from  malt  and  hops  to  resemble  ordinary  table  beer,  and 
aall  not  contain  more  than  3  per  cent,  of  proof  spirit.  The 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  in  dealing  with  the  question  of  the 
aeer  duty  in  his  Budget  speech  of  the  25th  of  April  last,  after 
alluding  to  the  above  reasons  for  the  falling-off  in  the  consump- 
tion of  alcohol,  stated  that  the  augmented  savings  of  the  people, 
OS  shown  by  the  deposits  in  the  Post  Office  Savings  Bank,  waa 
a  clear  indication  that  the  diminution  in  the  consumption  of 
alcoholic  drinks  was  also  associated  with  the  gradual  extension 
of  more  saving  habits  among  the  people.  A  deficiency  of  revenue 
from  these  causes  cannot,  therefore,  be  a  matter  for  regret." 


SICKNESS  AND  DEATH  CAUSED  BY  ALCOHOL. 

Dr.  Norman  Kerr  dealt  with  this  subject  in  his  able  address 
to  the  members  of  the  British  Medical  Association  at  Worcester 
in  August  last.  He  said  : — "  As  showing  the  effect  of  limited  and 
unlimited  drinking  on  the  rate  of  sickness  and  death,  unimpeach- 
able evidence  has  been  adduced  by  Colonel  Sykes,  more  than  thirty 
yeai*s  ago,  with  reference  to  our  Indian  forces.  In  the  Govern- 
ment return  of  the  sickness  and  mortality  of  the  European  troops 
forming  the  Madras  Army,  for  the  year  1849,  the  men  were  classed 
as  total  abstainers,  temperate,  and  intemperate.  As  there  were 
five  deaths  among  450  abstainers,  100  deaths  among  4,318  of  the 
temperate,  and  42  deaths  among  942  of  the  intemperate,  the  pro- 
portionate mortality  was  : — 

Mortality  per  1,000. 


ToUl  Abstainers. 

Temperate. 

IntemperAte. 

Ill 

23-1 

44*5 

In  other  words,  the  mortality  of  the  tempemte  was  double,  an* 
the  intemperate  quadruple,  that  of  the  total  abstainers.     ' 
number  of  admissions  for  sickness  among  the  abstainers  was  « 
10'7  per  1,000  less  than  among  the  temperate,  showing  thai 


SICKNESS  AND  DEATH  CAUSED  BY  ALCOHOL. 


95 


diseaees  in  the  former  group  took  a  much  milder  form  than  in  the 
latter. 

Batio  07  Admissions  to  SrREKora  pbb  Cent. 


ToUlAbftUiners. 

Temperate. 

Intemperate. 

130-388 

141*593 

214  861 

"  This  striking  testimony  to  the  influence  of  alcohol  on  the 
disease  and  death  rates  had  been  confirmed  by  comparisons 
between  groups  of  individuals  belonging  to  friendly  societies  and 
life  insurance  associations.  The  most  recent  confirmation  was  to 
be  found  in  an  actuarial  report  on  the  sickness  and  death  among 
the  members  of  the  London  Grand  Division  of  the  Order  of  Sons 
of  Temperance.  Tlie  results  of  the  investigation  were  derived 
from  observations  comprising  11,016  years  of  life  in  which  the 
members  had  been  exposed  to  sickness  and  mortality.  The 
following  table  afforded  data  for  a  comparison  between  the  experi- 
ence of  the  Sons  of  Temperance  and  that  of  three  other  groups 
of  members  of  two  large  friendly  societies  : — 

Sickness  per  annum  for  eacii  Memder. 


Sons  of  Tempc- 
runce. 

M.U. Experience.  Rural 

Towns  nnd  City  Districts 

1866-70. 

M.U.  Experience,  Rural 
Districts  1866-70. 

{Foresters, 
1871-5. 

Weeks. 

7-4S 

Weeks. 
26-20 

Weeks. 
24-68 

Weckn. 
27-66 

"  In  drawing  sound  conclusions  from  that  table  two  reservations 
must  be  borne  in  mind.  (1)  That  the  observations  as  regards  the 
Sons  of  Temperance  were  of  a  comparatively  limited  extent, 
embracing  but  11,016  years  of  life,  while  in  the  records  of  the 
Manchester  Unity  were  comprised  1,321,048  years.  The  law  of 
average  has  therefore  less  chance  of  fully  manifesting  itself  among 
the  abstainers  than  among  non-abstainers.  (2)  The  order  of  the 
Sons  of  Temperance  having  been  established  only  in  1867,  many 
years  later  than  the  other  societies  compared  with  it,  its  members 
had  not  had  time  to  reach  the  limit  of  their  age  ;  so  that  here 
again,  through  deficient  observations^  the  law  of  average  did  not 


96  SICKNESS  AND  DEATH  CAUSED  BY  ALCOHOL. 


have  fair-play.  But,  after  ample  allowance  for  these  drawbacks, 
the  comparison  showed  a  very  great  advantage  on  the  side  of  total 
abstinence.  It  was  probable  that  complete  materials  for  compa- 
rison would  show  at  least  three  times  as  much  sickness  among  the 
Oddfellows  and  Foresters  as  among  the  Sons  of  Temperance. 

"  Proof  of  the  superior  healthiness  of  total  abstinence  was 
afforded  by  the  fact  that  in  some  insurance  companies  there  was 
a  separate  section  for  the  abstainers,  with  the  resnlt  that  these 
invariably  received  a  larger  proportionate  share  of  the  profits  than 
the  non-abstainers.  In  the  Whittington,  the  bonus  in  1881  was 
23  per  cent,  higher  in  the  Temperance  than  in  the  General  Depart- 
ment. From  the  last  annual  report  of  the  Temperance  and  General 
Provident  Institution,  it  appeared  that  the  number  of  deaths 
expected  in  the  abstaining  section  was  213.  There  were  but  131, 
or  eighty-two  less.  In  the  general  or  non-abstaining  section,  the 
expectancy  was  320,  and  the  actual  number  290,  or  thirty  less.  So 
clear  was  the  evidence  that  one  company  offered  an  extra  bonns 
of  20  per  cent,  to  teetotalers. 

"Some  years  ago  Dr.  Kerr  was  led,  by  the  feeling  that  the 
popular  idea  that  60,000  drunkards  died  in  the  United  Kingdom 
every  year  was  an  exaggeration,  to  inquire  into  this  intricate  and 
difl&cult  question.  He  had  noted  all  the  deaths  in  his  own  prac- 
tice which  were  caused  either  directly  by  acute  or  chronic  alcohol 
poisoning,  or  indirectly  by  the  induction  of  secondary  causes. 
Applying  his  own  results,  after  due  corrections  for  the  special 
characteristics  of  his  clientele,  to  the  whole  number  of  medical 
practitioners,  he  had  been  unable  to  bring  the  probable  number 
of  annual  deaths  from  personal  intemperance  below  40,500.  The 
records  of  twelve  medical  brethren— some  engaged  in  London, 
some  in  provincial  practice— had  shown  a  considerably  higher 
average. 

"But  this  was  not  all  the  mortality  from  alcohol.  Besides 
those  who  died  from  the  effects  of  drinking  in  their  own  person, 
a  large  number  of  lives  were  lost  through  the  indulgence  of 
others  in  strong  drink.  There  were  deaths  by  violence  and  by  ac- 
cident ;  the  suffocation  of  children  through  the  drinking  of  one  or 
both  parents ;  and  a  long  chain  of  innocent  victims,  weak  women, 
and  helpless  children,  either  literally  starved  to  death  tbron^ 


SICKNESS  AND  DEATH  CAUSED  BY  ALCOHOL.  97 

the  intemperance  of  the  husband  and  father,  or  with  life  gra- 
dually crushed  out  of  them  through  the  tyranny  and  brutality  of 
him  who  ought  to  be  their  cherisher  and  protector.  This  indirect 
mortality  from  the  intemperance  of  others  than  the  slain  was  not 
only  much  greater  than  the  direct  mortality  caused  by  the  lethal 
influence  of  alcohol  on  the  person,  but  was  infinitely  more  diffi- 
cult to  compute.  Though  he  had  closely  studied  the  subject  for 
years,  and  had  done  his  best  to  reduce  the  figures  to  as  low  a 
compass  as  possible,  Dr.  Kerr  could  not  shut  his  eyes  to  the  pro- 
bability that,  for  every  death  from  personal  intemperance,  there 
were  about  two  deaths  from  the  excess  of  others.  The  estimate 
of  40,500  dying  every  year  in  the  United  Kingdom  from  their 
own  intemperance,  and  79,500  dying  from  disease,  violence,  acci- 
dent, or  starvation  consequent  on  the  intemperance  of  others,  had 
been  submitted  to  several  representative  medical  gatherings,  and 
had,  he  regretted  to  say,  not  been  seriously  disputed." 

Whilst  a  small-pox  epidemic  was  prevalent  at  Bolton  last 
winter.  Dr.  Thomley  stated  at  a  public  meeting  that  "A  sanitary 
officer  of  the  borough  whose  duties  took  him  among  infectious 
patients  had  asked  him  (the  doctor)  his  opinion  as  to  what  he 
ought  to  drink  that  he  might  avoid  contracting  the  disease,  and 
said,  'What  kind  of  liquor  do  you  think  the  best?'  To  which 
he  (Dr.  Thomley)  replied,  *The  liquor  that  will  prevent  you 
taking  the  fever,  and  other  fevers  also,  is  that  which  is  very  cheap 
and  comes  from  Belmont  and  tlie  district  of  Egerton  in  the  shape  of 
water,  and  no  intoxicating  liquor  will  prevent  you  taking  fever,  but 
would  rather  bring  your  blood  into  such  a  condition  that  you  will 
be  more  likely  to  receive  fever.'  There  could  be  no  doubt  of  this, 
for  by  taking  intoxicating  drink  the  stamina  of  a  person  and  the 
vital  force  was  reduced.  He  quoted  from  Parkes*  work  on  *  Hygiene ' 
to  show  that,  in  the  Southern  States  of  America,  and  also  in  the 
West  Indies,  where  there  were  repeated  epidemics  of  yellow  fever, 
that  those  who  took  intoxicating  liquors  were  more  frequently 
attacked,  and,  when  attacked,  the  mortality  was  much  greater 
than  amongst  abstainers.  If  any  in  the  audience  had  a  relative 
or  friend  suffering  from  small-pox,  or  indeed  any  kind  of  fever, 
do  not  let  them  take  intoxicating  liquor  under  the  impression 
that  it  would  prevent  fever,  because,  as  he  had  said,  by  it  the 

E 


gS  DRINK  AND  INSANITY. 

body  was  reduced,  and  they  would  be  the  more  likely  to  coatraci 
fever.  He  would  detain  the  meeting  for  a  moment  to  tell  them 
what  the  epidemic  of  typhoid  fever  in  Darwen  in  1874  had  proved. 
From  tables  which  had  been  printed  it  was  shown  that  in  Over 
Darwen,  at  that  time  the  Eechabites — who  he  need  hardly  say 
did  not  take  intoxicating  liquors — ^numbered  164,  and  that  only 
three  of  their  body  died.  And  he  should  at  this  point  say  that  the 
epidemic  was  worse  than  was  the  epidemic  of  small-pox  in  Bolton, 
for  he  remembered  that  in  one  week  more  than  600  cases  were 
reported  to  the  authorities  of  Over  Darwen.  Well,  in  the  Odd- 
fellows* Society — in  which  they  were  not  bound  to  be  total 
abstainers — ninety-one  deaths  occurred,  out  of  620  members  ;  so 
that  the  death-rate  of  the  Eechabites  were  18  per  1,000,  and  the 
Oddfellows  31  per  1,000,  while  the  publicans  of  Over  Darwen 
died  at  the  rate  of  150  per  1,000.  It  would  be  seen  from  this  that 
where  one  Bechabite  died,  eight  publicans  succumbed  to  the 
disease.  Apart  from  all  this,  the  Government  Assurance  Com- 
pany had  found  that  since  grocers  began  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors 
the  death-rate  amongst  grocers  in  the  country  was  double  what  it 
was,  and  as  a  fact  the  company  refused  to  take  men  into  member- 
ship who  sold  beer,  whatever  premium  they  were  ready  to  pay. 
Let  him  strongly  advise  his  hearers,  then,  not  to  be  scared  into 
the  idea  of  taking  intoxicating  liquors  to  avoid  disease. 


DRINK  AND  INSANITY. 

The  Thirty-sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Conmiissioners  in 
Lunacy,  issued  on  3l8t  March  ]ast,  gives  the  total  nimiber  of 
lunatics,  idiots,  and  persons  of  unsound  mind,  registered  as  being 
under  care  on  the  Ist  January,  1882,  as  78,842,  showing  a  net 
increase  on  the  previous  return  of  1729.  The  proportion  of 
lunatics  in  the  kingdom  is  28*34  to  every  10,000  of  the  population. 
The  total  number  of  new  admissions  for  the  year  was  13,402 ; 
being  6,625  male  and  6,777  female  patients.  The  cause  of  in« 
sanity  was  unknown  in  2,945  cases,  leaving  a  total  of  1(^457  in 


DRINK   AND    INSANITY.  99 


vhich  the  predisposing  causes  had  been  definitely  ascertained. 
The  number  of  cases  attributed  to  intemperance  in  drink  was 
1,730,  being  a  proportion  of  12*9  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of 
admissions,  and  of  16*54  per  cent,  of  the  cases  in  which  the  cause 
of  insanity  was  known.  The  proportions  of  the  sexes  were — 
males  24*71  per  cent,  and  female  s  8*52  per  cent,  of  the  known 
causes. 

It  is  important  to  note  that  out  of  210  cases  in  the  military 
asylums  at  Netley  and  Ealing  in  which  the  cause  of  insanity  was 
known,  72  were  attributed  to  drink,  showing  the  large  proportion 
of  34*29  per  cent.  The  number  of  coses  attributed  to  the  effects 
of  **  tropical  climate  "  was  95,  and  it  is  probable  that  a  number  of 
these  cases  were  influenced  to  some  extent  by  drink. 

The  average  weekly  cost  per  head  for  maintenance,  medicine, 
clothing,  and  care  of  patients  in  county  and  borough  asylums 
during  the  year  1881  was  9s.  6jd.  The  average  weekly  cost  for 
"  wines,  spirits,  and  porter  "  was  \  Jd.  per  head,  being  a  slight 
decrease  on  the  previous  year,  showing  clearly  that  the  disposition 
then  manifested  to  materially  reduce  the  use  of  alcoholic  beve- 
rages in  the  ordinary  diet  of  the  patients  has  been  gaining  ground, 
and  now  prevails  to.  a  greater  extent. 


The  Committee  of  Visitors  to  the  Lancaster  Asylum,  in  their 
annual  report  presented  at  Preston,  a  short  time  ago,  quoted  Dr. 
Cassidy,  the  superintendent,  as  saying  that  he  "  could  not  pass 
over  unnoticed  another  change,  which  he  was  inclined  to  call  a 
reform,  initiated  some  two  or  three  years  ago,  and  completed  last 
year,  namely  the  abolition  of  beer.  He  never  took  any  step  which 
he  afterwards  saw  less  reason  to  regret.  He  would  sum  up,  as  at 
first  intended,  the  arguments  in  favour  of  it,  because  every  argu- 
ment seemed  to  be  in  its  favour,  and  he  really  did  not  see  what 
could  with  any  force  be  urged  against  it.  For  the  information  of 
many  brother  superintendents,  who  are  no  doubt  contemplating 
the  same  step,  he  would  state,  however,  that  upon  the  abolition  of 
beer,  a  contract  was  entered  into  for  an  additional  milk  supply, 
and  certain  alterations  made  in  the  dietary,  involving  an  addition 
of  force  and  fat-forming  elements  to  compensate  for  any  possible 
loss  of  such  elements  in  the  beer.    All  of  the  patients  are  weighed 

e2 


vlOO  DRINK   AND    INSANITY. 


once  a  month,  and  the  results  are  brought  under  his  notice.  No 
had  results  to  health  have  in  any  way  ensued,  and  the  general 
placidity  and  content  which  used  to  be  found  in  the  wards  reign 
there  now.  Stimulants  are,  of  course,  still  ordered  by  the  medical 
officers  whenever  they  think  them  necessary.  With  regard  to  the 
attendants  and  nurses,  existing  vested  interests  were  recognised  by 
a  money  payment  in  lieu  of  beer." 


The  non-alcoholic  treatment  of  lunatics  has  been  followed  for 
several  years  at  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  London,  Canada,  which 
had  970  patients  during  the  year  ending  September  30,  1881,  and 
in  the  annual  report  the  medical  superintendent.  Dr.  R.  M.  Bucke, 
says  : — 

"  During  the  year  just  closed  no  beer,  wine,  whisky,  or  brandy, 
has  been  used  in  this  asylum.  Something  less  than  five  gallons 
of  alcohol  (B.P.)  have  been  given  as  medicine.  Not  more  than  a 
few  dozen  doses  of  opium,  chloral,  or  other  sedatives,  have  been 
given  during  the  same  period,  and  the  amount  of  restraint  required 
and  used  has  been  less  than  ever  before  in  the  history  of  the 
asylum.  I  am  more  than  ever  convinced  that  the  use  of  alcohol, 
so  far  from  taking  the  place  of  sedatives  and  restraint,  does,  on 
the  contrary,  by  producing  a  condition  of  increased  mobility  of 
the  great  nerve  centres,  make  a  larger  use  of  these  necessary.  In 
the  long  run,  the  use  of  opium  and  chloral  (unless  the  patient  is 
kept  constantly  under  their  influence)  brings  about  essentially  the 
same  condition  as  does  the  use  of  alcohol,  so  that  these  also  tend 
to  make  mechanical  restraint  necessary  instead  of  taking  its  place. 
All  this,  I  think,  is  clearly  shown  and  demonstrated  in  the  history 
of  this  asylum  during  the  last  few  years — for,  as  we  have  given 
up  the  use  of  alcohol,  we  have  needed  and  used  less  opium  and 
chloral  ;  and  as  we  have  discontinued  the  use  of  alcohol,  opinm, 
and  chloral,  we  have  needed  and  used  less  seclusion  and  restraint 
I  have,  during  the  year  just  closed,  carefully  watched  the  effect 
of  the  alcohol  given,  and  the  progress  of  cases  where  in  former 
.  years  it  would  have  been  given,  and  I  am  morally  certain  that  the 
alcohol  used  during  the  last  year  did  no  good." 


EXTENT   AND    COST    OF    ENGLISH    PAUPERISM.         lOI 


EXTENT  AND  COST  OF  ENGLISH    PAUPERISM. 


The  cost  of  relief  for  the  parochial  year  1881  was  slightly  in 
excess  of  the  amount  for  the  year  1880.  For  the  last-named 
period  it  was  £8,015,010,  for  the  former  j£8,102,136  ;  this  is  an 
increase  of  j£87,126  or  1*1  per  cent.  But  tested  by  population 
and  rateable  value,  there  was  a  proportionate  decrease.  The  rate 
per  head,  which  was  6s.  4d.  in  1880,  was  6j.  3d.  in  1881.  And 
the  poundage  on  rateable  value  in  the  former  year  was  Is.  2'4d. 
and  in  the  latter  Is.  2*3d.,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  diminution  of 
one-tenth  of  a  penny  in  the  £,  In  thirty  Union  Counties  there 
was  an  increase  in  the  absolute  cost  of  relief,  whilst  iu  seven- 
teen a  decrease  is  shown. 

The  six  principal  heads  into  which  Relief  to  the  Poor  is  divided 
are  placed  hereunder  for  1881  in  comparison  with  1880  :— 


1         IBS'). 

1 

1881. 

Difference  i  11881. 

1 

1 

More. 

Less. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

I.  In  maintenance 1,757,749 

1,838,641 

80,892 

2.  Oat-relief ^  2.710,778 

2,660,022 

— 

60,756 

3.  Maintenance  of   Lana-)  ! 

tics   in    Asylami  or.       9J4  20i 
Licensed  Iloaies    ... 

1,083,780 

89,576 

— 

4.  WorkboQie   and  other] 

1 

lonns  repaid  with  in-  - 

819,426 

338,419 

18,993 

— 

teresw      

5.  Salaries  and  Rations  of] 

Officers    and  Snper-  - 

1,053,218 

1,069,183 

15,970 

annnations      

6.  Other   Expenses  of  or 

immediately  conneo-  r 

1,181,511 

1,135,286 

— 

46,22^ 

ted  with  relief 

Total  Relief  to  the  Poor 

8.015,010« 

8,102.136' 

87,126 

*  The  discrepancy  between  these  totals  and  the  som  of  the  six  itemn 
arises  in  adjusting  the  oharfjes  for  Relief  t^  the  Poor  in  the  Metropolis- 
throagh  the  common  Poor  Fand. 


A^t^ 


102        EXTENT   AND   COST    OF    ENGLISH    PAUPERISM. 


The  cost  for  the  11  years  ended  with  1881  is 

shown  in  the 

following  table  : — 

HaintcnuiM  of 

Parochial  Year. 

In  aialntenano«. 

Oat-ReUef. 

Lunatiet  In 
Aiyloms  or 

Lieeoaod  HoaMa.-f 

£ 

£ 

£ 

lo71      •••         ••• 

1,524,695 

3,663,970 

746,118 

1872    

1,615.790 

3,583,571 

742,488 

1873     

1,549,403 

8,279,122 

780,927 

1874     

1,649,333 

3,110,896 

830,454 

1875     

1.677,596 

2,958,670 

859,078 

187o     ...         ... 

1,634,224 

2,760,804 

888,267 

10  li      ...          ..• 

1,613,757 

2,616,466» 

911,426 

lOfO        •••              ••• 

1,727,340 

2.621,786* 

957,119 

1879     

1,720,947 

2,641,558* 

986,050 

1880     

1,757,749 

2,710,778* 

994,204 

iool     ...         ... 

1,838,641 

2,660.022« 

1,088,780 

The  ia-maintenance  exhibits  an  increase,  when  1881  is  collated 
with  1871,  of  £313,946 ;  while  the  maintenance  of  lunatics  in 
asylums  has  cost  more  to  the  Poor  Rates,  under  the  same  com- 
parison, by  j£287,667  ;  about  40  per  cent,  of  this  charge  is,  how- 
ever, ultimately  recouped  to  the  Guardians  out  of  the  subventions 
voted  by  Parliament.    A  remarkable  and  very  satisfactory  feature 
of  the  table  is  the  large  diminution  of  out-relief.    The  total 
amounted  to  £3,663,970  in  1871  and  £2,660,022  in  1881.      I^ 
however,  from  the  latter  sum  £33,045  school  fees  for  the  children 
of  paupers  on  the  out-door  listp,  which  were  not  a  charge  in  the 
earlier :  year,  is  deducted,  the  amount  is  reduced  to  £2,626,977. 
Corrected  thus  the  decrease  in  1881  was  £1,036,993,  or  28*3  per 
cent.      One  thing  is  noticeable  here, — the  earlier  yeaia  of  the 
table  were  prosperous,  the  latter  were  seasons  of  great  depression ; 
yet   the  out-door  relief  was   heavy  in  the  former  years,  but 
decreased  in  the  latter.    The  staple  food  of  the  labouring  poor  if 
bread.    Taking  the  parochikl  years  in  order,  the  respective  prices 

•  lQcla8i?e  of  sohool  fees  for  the  ohiklreii  of  ont-door  paapars  ;  nd  a 
charge  before  1877.  * 

t  Tbifl  inclades  onlj  those  paaper  lanalics  ia  asyliimt,  Sto ,  who  were 
thaigeable  to  the  poor  raUs. 


EXTENX  AND    COST    OF    ENGLISH    PAUPERISM.         IO3 


of  wheat  between  1871  and  1878  were  49s.  8^(1.,  678.  Id.,  678.  2J. 
608.  3d.,  60b.  lid.,  458.  6d.,  488.  2d.,  and  568.  8d.  ;  in  1879  the 
price  fell  to  43s.  7d. ;  the  following  year  it  was  458.  4Jd.,  and  in 
1871  it  was  438.  7d.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  cheap  bread 
has  been  an  important  element  in  reducing  the  charge  for  out- 
door reliefl 

On  the  Ist  July  and  the  Ist  January  in  each  parochial  year 
an  examination  is  made  of  the  number  of  persons  in  receipt  of 
relief.  Every  pauper  receiving  relief  on  either  of  those  days,  or 
for  any  period  inclusive  of  those,  days,  is  reckoned  in  these 
enumerations.  The  mean  number  as  entered  for  each  year  is 
stated  in  the  following  table  : — 


Mean  Number  of  Paupers. 

Parochiai 

Katio  per 

1  fi/\/\  !Lr 

Year. 

In-door. 

Out-door. 

Total. 

1.009  or 
Population. 

1871 

15M30 

880.930 

1,037,360 

46 

1872 

149,200 

828,000 

977,200 

42 

1873 

144.338 

739,350 

883,688 

38 

1874 

148,707 

683,739 

827,446 

35 

1875 

146,800 

654,114 

800,914 

34 

1876 

143,084 

606,392 

749,476 

31 

1877 

149,611 

570,838 

719,949 

29 

1878 

159,219 

569,870 

722,089 

29 

1879 

166,852 

598,603 

765,455 

30 

1880 

180,817 

627,213 

808.030 

32 

1881 

183,872 

607,065 

790,937 

80 

From  the  statement  above  it  is  found  that  in  the  total  num- 
ber of  paupers,  comparing  1881  with  1871,  there  was  a  decrease 
of  246,423  or  23*8  per  cent. ;  but  there  was  a  material  addition  to 
those  who  were  relieved  in  the  Workhouse  ;  the  increase  being 
27,442,  or  17*5  per  cent. ;  with  a  very  large  decrease  of  the  out- 
door paupers,  the  diminution  of  this  class  being  273,865  or  31 '1 
per  cent.,  in  the  interval  of  ten  years.  This  decrease  is  the  more 
satisfactory,  because  it  has  been  effected  in  a  class  of  paupers, 
viz.,  the  out-door  poor,  whose  destitution  is  seldom  subjected  to 
a  conclusive  or  satisfactory  test. — Eleventh  Anwual  Report  of  the 
Local  Government  Board. 


I04 


JUDICIAL  STATISTICS  FOR  1881. 


A  Parliamentary  return  has  been  issued,  giving  statistics  as  to 
pauperism  furnished  by  647  unions  in  England  and  Wales  on 
July  1,  1882,  and  a  comparison  with  the  corresponding  returns 
of  the  preceding  year.  It  appears  that  on  the  date  mentioned 
relief  was  given  to  761,126  paupers,  or  2*9  per  cent,  of  the  popu- 
lation, as  against  773,198  on  the  same  date  in  1881.  The  number 
of  adult  able-bodied  paupers  was  98,137  in  1881,  and  92,944  in 
1882. 

The  returns  of  metropolitan  pauperism  show  that,  daring  the 
second  week  of  November  last,  52,130  in-door,  and  39,893  out- 
door paupers  were  relieved,  making  a  total  of  93,023,  against 
90,862  in  the  corresponding  week  of  1881,  88,987  in  1880,  and 
86,133  in  1879. 


JUDICIAL    STATISTICS    FOR    1881. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley,  M.A., 

Chaplain  to  Htr  Majesfjf**  Fri$oii,  Clerkenwll, 

The  yearly  volume  giving  the  record  of  crime  and  things  rela- 
ting to  crime  possesses  much  interest  to  Temperance  and  other 
social  reformers,  as  giving  the  statistics  for  England  and  Wales 
which  are  indispensable  for  a  just  estimation  of  the  increase  or 
decrease,  comparative  or  absolute,  of  crime  in  general  or  of  some 
particular  class  of  offences  in  particular.  I  extract  those  figures 
which  may  especially  interest  temperance  readers,  comparing  them 
in  some  instances  with  the  records  of  the  five  previous  years. 

1.  The  number  of  persons  summarily  proceeded  against  in 
England  and  Wales  for  being  drunk  or  drunk  and  disorderly  for 
the  last  six  years  is — 


1876  ... 

205,567 

1879  ... 

•  •• 

...  178,429 

1877  ... 

200,184 

1880  ... 

•  •  • 

...  172.839 

1878  ... 

194,549 

1881  ... 

•  ■  • 

...  174,481 

The  increase  being  probably  due  to  the  revival  of  trade,  as  the 
high  figures  of  five  years  were  admittedly  swollen  by  commercial 
prosperity. 


JUDICIAL  STATISTICS  FOR  1881. 


105 


2.  The  places  with  the   largest    totals  for  drankenness  were 
in— 


1880. 

London    

Lancaster  Coantj 

LiTerpool 

Hanoheater 
West  Biding 
Dnrliam  County  ... 
Stafford  Coanty  ... 
Newcastle 
Chester  Coanty  ... 
Glamorgan  Coanty 
Birmingham 

Salford      

Northumberland ... 
Derby  County 


82,710 

15,650 

14,252 

8,815 

8,717 
8,308 
4,445 
4,316 
2,632 
2,484 
2,218 
2,148 
1,967 
1,849 


1881. 
London    ... 
Lancaster  County 
LiTerpool... 
Manchester 
Durham  County  ... 
West  Biding 
Stafford  County  ... 
Newcastle 
Glamorgan  Coanty 
Salford     ... 
Chester  County  ... 
Birmingham 
Northumberland ... 
Worcester  Coanty 
Derby  Coanty 


27,368 
16,661 
14,207 
9,297 
9,124 
7,642 
4,834 
4.268 
2,750 
2,480 
2,443 
2,345 
2,145 
2,016 
2,001 


It  will  be  observed  that  the  increase  is  general  except  in  the 
case  of  London,  Liverpool,  West  Riding,  and  Chester  County.  In 
London  the  figures  are  lower  owing  largely  to  the  effect  of  the 
police  order  whereby  drunkards  are  not  detained  when  they 
become  sober  in  the  police-station,  the  improvement  in  metro- 
politan sobriety  being,  therefore,  more  apparent  than  real.  The 
figures  for  Manchester  for  the  last  four  years  are  8,045,  8,596,  8,815, 
and  9,297,  a  serious  and  steady  progress  downwards,  unless  the 
population  has  steadily  and  largely  increased  out  of  proportion  to 
the  increase  in  other  places.  Worcester  County  for  the  first  time 
appears  in  this  black  list,  its  figures  having  grown  from  1,684  in 
1880  to  2,016. 

3.  Other  offences  against  the  Licensing  Act,  1872,  are  for  the 

last  six  years  : — 


1876 

1877 
1878 


15,908 
15,200 
10,341 


1879 
1880 
1881 


14,264 
13,613 
14,703 


This  includes  such  offences  as  permitting  drunkenness  in 
licensed  houses,  illicit  sale,  adulteration,  &c.  There  are  at  least 
13,800  licensed  houses  in  London  alone,  and  as  over  300,000 
licenses  are  issued  in  the  L^nited  Kingdom,  it  is  obvious  that 
these  offences  are  very  rare  (?),  or  that  the  offenders  are  remaikably 
lucky  in  escaping  conviction. 


I05  JUDICIAL  STATISTICS   FOR   1881. 

4.  AmoDg  those  apprehended  for  indictable  oflBences,  or  sum- 
marily  proceeded  against,  36,989  are  described  as  habitual  drunk- 
ards. This  indicates;  of  coarse,  cases  and  not  individuaU.  Many, 
however,  come  under  other  heads,  e.g,,  disorderly  prostitutes,  of 
whom  there  were  22,759,  and,  moreover,  habitual  drunkards  are 
more  often  quiet  than  otherwise. 

5.  Under  the  head  of  coroners'  returns,  430  deaths  are  described 
as  being  from  excessive  drinking.  A  perusal  of  the  daily  papers 
will,  however,  show  that  this  verdict  is  often,  from  various  reasons, 
not  recorded  when  it  might  have  been. 

6.  Of  839  houses  the  resort  of  thieves,  depredators,  and  sus- 
pected persons,  390  are  public-houses  and  327  beershops.  As  it 
is  an  offence  to  harbour  such  persons,  we  may  wonder  why  this 
item  reappears,  year  after  year,  undiminished  in  size. 

7.  The  offenders  who  have  been  convicted  for  any  crime 
above  ten  times  are  4,148  males  and  7,496  females — %,e.,  8*8  and 
27*4  respectively  on  the  total  commitments.  A  comparison  of 
four  years  will  show  that  women  have  been  steadily  getting  worse 
in  this  respect : — 

1878 5,673  females,    t    1880 6,778  females. 

1879 6,800      „  I    1881 7,496      „ 

This  preponderance  of  women  is  due  certainly  to  the  increase  and 
special  character  of  female  intemperance. 

8.  The  daily  average  population  of  the  local  prisons  was 
17,798,  at  a  cost  of  ^20  6s.  lid.  a  head ;  of  the  convict  prisons, 
10,245,  at  ^32  3s.  4d. ;  and  there  were  872  criminal  lunatics — t.^., 
28,915  criminals  in  confinement  (not  including  4,611  juTemle 
offenders  in  reformatories  and  10,728  in  industrial  schools),  at 
a  cost  of  ;£750,508.  As  three-fourths  of  crime  is  directly  or 
indirectly  attributable  to  intemperance,  the  unnecessary  cost  to 
the  country  may  readily  be  computed.  It  may  be  added  that  the 
cost  of  the  police  is  ^3,157,876. 


METROPOLITAN    DRINKING    AND    CRIME.  IO7 


METROPOLITAN  DRINKING  AND  CRIME. 

By  the  Rev.  J.  W,  Horslby,  M.A. 

The  number  of  persons  taken  into  custody  on  all  charges  in 
the  Metropolitan  area  duriug  1881  was  77,377,  which  is  2,113 
under  the  total  for  1880,  4,008  under  that  for  1879,  and  6,369 
under  that  for  1878.  It  is,  however,  above  the  average,  for  the 
total  apprehensions  for  the  decade  ending  1880  present  an  average 
of  76,314. 

Of  these,  8,567,  of  whom  3,854  were  females,  were  charged 
with  drunkenness,  which  seems  a  remarkable  improvement  since 
last  year,  when  the  figures  were  respectively  13,348  and  6,439. 
Sir  Edmund  Henderson  has,  however,  been  under  the  necessity 
of  pointing  out  that  this  improvement  is  more  apparent  than 
real,  being  due  largely,  if  not  entirely,  to  the  fatuous  police  order, 
which  resulted  from  some  magisterial  decisions,  whereby  drunken 
persons  are  ordered  to  be  released,  when  sober,  on  their  own 
recognisances  to  appear.  "  As  a  rule,"  he  says,  "  nothing  more  is 
seen  of  them  ;  "  and  though  1,570  who  were  thus  released  must 
be  added  to  the  8,567 — makiug  10,137  for  the  year's  apprehen- 
sions for  simple  drunkenne^ — we  have  also  to  bear  in  mind  that 
the  police,  as  their  superintendents  stated  in  their  reports  last 
year,  do  not  trouble  to  apprehend  drunkards,  while  conviction  is 
80  easily  evaded  by  a  false  address  and  a  non-appearance. 

The  separate  charge  of  being  drunk  and  disorderly  contains 
18,721  cases,  of  whom  8,689  are  females,  which  shows  pretty 
clearly  the  misleading  effect  of  the  order  and  action  above  men- 
tioned ;  for  these  figures  show  an  increase  of  no  less  than  2,201, 
as  compared  with  the  previous  year.  In  this  case  culprits  are  not 
released,  as  there  is  against  them  the  additional  charge  of  being 
disorderly.  The  London  drinking  charges  in  1881  thus  stand  at 
the  terrible  total  of  28,858,  of  which  women  account  for  12,543. 
Of  those  apprehended,  only  19,743  were  summarily  convicted,  a 
difference  of  about  9,100  existing  between  apprehensions  and 
convictions,  whereas  in  1879  the  difference  was  only  some  7,000. 
This  is  explained  by  the  passage  quoted  above  from  Sir  E.  Hen- 


i 


I08  METROPOLITAN    DRINKING   AND    CRIME. 


(lerson's  report.    Apprehensions  are  rarer,  and  to  escape  conTiction 
is  comparatively  easy. 
Of  those  convicted  the  ages  were  as  follows  : — 

10  years  to  under  20,       923  cases,    339. being  females. 

20    „  „      30,  7.007    „      2.765    „ 

30     „  „      40,  5,601     „      2,602    „ 

40     „  „       50,  3,615     „       1,604    „ 

50     „  „       60,  1,600    „  604    „ 

60  and  upwards     ...        767     >«  324    „ 


II 
t» 
If 
II 


The  decade  from  20  to  30  is  therefore  far  the  worst,  as  it  is  for 
nearly  all  crime.  It  is  noticeable  that  the  whole  of  the  year's 
increase  in  intemperance  is  observable  in  the  decades  20  to  30  and 
30  to  40,  the  other  decades  showing  a  decrease  as  compared  with 
the  previous  year. 

We  may  also  note  that,  in  spite  of  the  accumulated  and  varied 
evidence  as  to  the  futility  of  the  present  system  of  punishment, 
18  out  of  19  are  merely  fined,  and  a  month  remains  the  maximum 
of  punishment  even  for  those  who  have  scores  of  previous  con- 
victions. In  March  the  number  of  females  apprehended  for 
drunkenness  actually  exceeded  the  males. 

There  were  196  publicans,  &c.,  summoned  by  the  police,  but 
only  122  convicted,  i.e.,  one  to  every  254  persons  apprehended  for 
drunkenness — an  eloquent  fact.  Drunkenness  may  increase,  but 
the  publicans  are  apparently  less  and  less  responsible,  even  for 
permitting  it,  as  the  numbers  of  those  convicted  in  the  last  five 
years  have  been  210, 187, 182, 158, 122,  which  is  more  remarkable 
than  explicable. 

The  learned  professions  are  thus  represented :— Clergymen  and 
ministers,  2  ;  lawyers,  27 ;  and  medical  men,  40.  Of  those  who 
describe  themselves  as  of  no  trade  or  occupation,  3,562  were  men 
and  0,176  women,  these  being  in  most  cases  married  women. 

We  must,  of  course,  take  these  figures,  saddening  as  they  are, 
:is  but  one  item  in  the  calculation  of  the  amount  of  crime  that  ii 
due  to  intemperance  ;  for  in  thousands  of  other  cases  the  murder, 
manslaughter,  assault,  suicide,  wilful  damage,  furious  driving, 
desertion,  and  even  vagrancy  or  theft,  was  due  to,  or  committed 
when  under  the  influence  of  intoxication.    And  even  then,  taking 


JUDICIAL  TESTIMONIES  CONCERNING  DRINK  AND  CRIME.  IO9 

three-fourths  of  all  crime  as  due  to  intemperance,  we  must  add 
those  thousands  who  have  escaped  notice  or  evaded  apprehen- 
sion, and  the  quiet  sot-at-home  drunkards.  Any  parish  clergy- 
man, doctor,  or  relieving  officer  would  probably  know  of  ten 
undoubted  drunkards  who  had  for  the  year,  or  perhaps  altogether, 
escaped  apprehension.  We  cun  begin  to  calculate  from  these 
figures,  but  must  not  consider  the  whole  extent  of  the  evil  as 
herein  indicated. 

The  causes  ?  Heedless  acquiescence  in  custom  ;  habits  formed 
on  inclination,  not  on  duty  ;  defective  laws  ;  futile  punishments  ; 
and  the  apathy,  whether  with  regard  to  preventive  or  rescue  work, 
of  the  otherwise  patriotic  and  good. 


JUDICIAL   TESTIMONIES  CONCERNING  DRINK  AND 

CRIME. 

Mr.  Justice  IJay,  in  charging  the  grand  jury  at  the  Liverpool 
Assizes  (November,  1881),  eaid: — "Many  of  the  cases  in  this  calen- 
dar are  offences  which  have  been  committed  under  the  influence  of 
diink.  A  long  experience  as  a  county  magistrate,  and  my  ex- 
perience as  a  judge  upon  the  North-Eastern  Circuit  twice,  and 
iipon  this  circuit,  has  quite  convinced  me  that  I  am  speaking 
within  the  mark  when  I  say  that  if  the  people  of  this  country 
could  be  weaned  from  the  fatal  habit  of  drinking,  crime  would  be 
diminished  one  half" 

Mr.  Baron  Dowse,  in  charging  a  jury  in  the  Commission 
Court,  Dublin  (November  1881),  said  :— "  He  found  that  drink 
was  at  the  bottom  of  almost  every  crime  committed  in  Dublin. 
Even  in  cases  that  had  no  apparent  connection  with  drink  at  all, 
if  closely  investigated,  as  he  himself  had  done  on  many  occasions, 
they  would  be  found  to  have  their  origin  in  drink." 

Mr.  Justice  Dei^man,  in  his  charge  lo  the  grand  jury,  at  the 
Surrey  Assizes  (August,  1882),  said  : — "  In  some  cases  one  finds 
the  clearest  proof  of  what  has  been  eaid  so  often  as  to  require  no 
proof,  viz.,  that  a  great  proportion  of  the  crimes  committed  by 


no  JUDICIAL  TESTIMONIES  CONCERNING  DRINK  AND  CRIME. 


the  citizens  of  this  State  consists  of  crimes  of  violence,  or  other- 
wise directly  ascribable  to  the  pestilent  and  mischievooi  and 
wicked  habit  of  indulging  in  an  ezcessiye  amount  of  drink.  Two 
or  three  cases  in  this  calendar  illustrate  this  fact  in  a  remarkably 
painful  manner.  I  don't  know,  in  enforcing  the  considerations 
which  are  placed  before  the  judges  as  a  part  of  their  duty  in  the 
proclamation  against  vice  and  immorality  which  has  just  been 
read,  that  any  judge  can  better  discharge  his  duty  than  by  again 
and  again  calling  the  attention  of  the  gentry  of  the  county,  as 
well  as  inhabitants  generally,  to  this  fact — that  the  great  bulk,  I 
might  almost  say  the  whole,  of  the  offences  which  take  place  in 
the  counties  of  this  land  are  directly  ascribable  to  the  habit  of 
drinking  to  excess.  That  is  a  general  observation  which  is 
applicable  to  every  calendar  which  it  has  fallen  to  my  lot  to  try 
at  every  assize  at  which  for  the  last  ten  years  I  have  presided." 

Baron  Huddleston,  in  addressing  the  grand  jury  at  Swansea, 
(August,  1882),  said  that  of  the  44  cases  down  on  the  calendar, 
he  found  almost  all  traceable,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  the  detes- 
table habit  of  drinking  to  excess.  Two  hundred  years  ago  Sir 
Matthew  Hale,  one  of  the  most  eminent  judges  that  ever  adorned 
the  English  bench,  declared  that  twenty  years  of  observation 
taught  him  that  the  original  cause  of  most  of  the  enormities 
committed  by  criminals  was  drink.  Four  out  of  every  five  of 
them  were  the  issue  and  product  of  excessive  drinking  in  taverns 
and  alehouses.  Baron  Huddleston  feared  what  was  true  then 
was  true  now. 

Sir  Thomas  Chambers,  Q.C,  M.P.,  Recorder  of  London,  stated, 
at  a  meeting  in  Marylebone  in  October  last,  that  he  had  for  years 
past  to  address  the  grand  jury  every  month,  and  had  every  time 
to  say  that  almost  every  crime  of  violence  was  caused  by  drink. 
At  another  meeting  held  in  March,  at  Westboume  Park,  Sir 
Thomas  Chambers  said  : — "  I  am  in  a  position,  of  course,  to  sea 
and  to  feel  the  mischief  of  intemperance  as  administering  the 
criminal  law  at  the  Central  Criminal  Court  for  a  long  series  of 
years ;  and  my  experience  only  confirms  and  strengthens  the  view 
I  have  held  for  many  years,  that  if  we  could  absolutely  pat  •& 
end  to  the  vice  of  intemperance  in  this  Metropolis  and  in  other 
great  towns  in  the  <sountry,  we  should  put  an  end  to  nearly  ell 


DRINKING   AND    DRUNKENNESS   IN    THE    ARMY.         Ill 

the  crimes  of  Tiolence  which  are  brought  before  the  public 
tribunals.  In  neitrly  every  crime  of  violence — I  do  not  say 
murders,  but  manslaughters — for  the  moat  part  one  of  the  persons 
is  alvrays  intoxicated,  and  generally  both  of  them  are,  and  that  is 
the  reason,  I  suppose,  that  instead  of  being  charged  with  murder 
they  are  charged  with  the  lesser  crime  of  manslaughter.  But  the 
calendar  at  the  Central  Criminal  Court  is  absolutely  burdened 
with  offences  which  spring  entirely  out  of  this  gross  habit  of 
intoxication." 

The  Recordbr  of  Dublin  (Hon.  Frederick  R.  Faulkiner,  Q.C.) 
at  the  annual  licensing  sessions,  held  in  October,  1881,  in  Dublin, 
said  : — ''  I  have  been  for  a  whole  week  trying  cases  such  as  no 
Christian  judge  ought  to  have  to  try — cases  of  outrage  and  violence 
in  the  city,  every  one  of  which  originated  in  public-houses.  The 
drinking  system  of  Dublin  is  responsible  for  three  sentences  of 
penal  servitude  and  seven  heavy  sentences  of  imprisonment  which 
I  had  to  impose,  varying  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  calendar 
months.  I  marked  the  evidence  in  every  case,  and  every  one  of 
them  began  in  the  public-house.  It  is  the  drink  system,  and  the 
drink  alone,  that  leads  to  all  this  misery  and  crime  and  sorrow." 


DRINKING  AND  DRUNKENNESS  IN  THE  ARMY. 

Several  circumstances  have  combined  during  the  past  year  to 
attract  public  attention  to  the  evils  of  drinking,  and  the  advantages 
of  abstinence  in  the  British  Army. 

A  new  edition  of  the  "Queen's  Regulations"  was  issued  in  1881, 
and  in  Section  17,  '^  Movements  of  Troops  by  Sea,'*  certain  rules  are 
laid  down  for  which  the  military  authorities  deserve  credit. 
One  of  these  rules  is  to  the  effect  that  "Officers,  soldiers,  and  their 
families,  are  strictly  prohibited  from  taking  on  board  any  ship, 
or  receiving  on  board,  any  wine,  spirits,  or  malt  liquors.  Com- 
manding officers  will  take  precautions  accordingly."  And  another 
states  that,  "  When  troops  embark  in  a  hired  ship,  the  military 
commanding  officer  is  to  furnish  the  master  with  embarkation 


112         DRINKING    AND   DRUNKENNESS    IN    7 HE   ARMY. 

returns  in  duplicate^  and  a  list  of  temperance  men  and  women, 
noticing  those  who  wish  to  receive  tea  and  sugar  in  lieu  of  porter." 
Some  "Notes  to  Rations"  are  also  giveui including  the  following : — 
"  Temperance  men  not  receiving  porter  (or  spirit  as  a  substitute) 
are  each  to  be  allowed,  daily,  1  oz.  of  sugar  and  ^  oz.  of  tea  in 
addition  to  the  quantities  of  those  articles  specified  in  the  scale 
of  rations.  Those  men  who  do  not  receive  these  additional 
quantities  will  be  credited  in  office  with  a  penny  a  day."  ''  Tem- 
perance women  not  receiving  porter,  and  other  women  to  whom 
it  may  not  be  practicable  to  supply  porter,  are  to  be  granted  a 
similar  additional  allowance  of  sugar  and  tea."  These  particular 
"Notes  to  Ratioiis"  never  appeared  before,  so  that  for  the  first 
time  the  existence  of  teetotalers  in  the  army  is  officially  acknow- 
ledged by  the  War  Office. 

These  regulations,  and  others  of  a  similar  character,  were  rigidly 
enforced  during  the  recent  campaign  in  Egypt.  When  the  first 
English  troops  reached  Alexandria,  the  orders  issued  included  a 
warning  that  any  person  selling  drink  to  soldiers  or  sailors,  and 
any  soldier  or  sailor  found  buying  intoxicating  drink,  would  be 
punished  ;  and  when  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley  made  preparations  for 
the  now  celebrated  night  attack  upon  Arabi's  troops  at  Tel-el- 
Kebir,  he  caused  the  bottles  of  his  soldiers  to  be  filled  with  tea 
instead  of  grog,  thereby  contributing  to  the  military  success  with 
which  everyone  is  familiar.  Many  public  writers  have  com- 
mended Sir  Garnet  Woheley's  precaution,  and  military  officers 
of  experience  have  confirmed  his  views.  When  addressing  a 
military  meeting  in  Chatham,  General  Sir  Evelyn  Wood  told  his 
hearers  that  throughout  the  Crimean  war  he  found  those  were 
the  best  and  most  healthy  soldiers  and  sailors  who  did  not  touch 
intoxicating  drink.  He  himself  had  served  three  years  in  India, 
including  the  last  fifteen  months  of  the  Mutiny,  and  he  could 
positively  state  that  those  who  drank  nothing  were  the  best  men. 
Sir  Evelyn  added  that  he  went  to  the  Gold  Coast,  and  during 
the  one  hundred  and  fifty  days  they  were  in  one  place  he  put  in 
one  hundred  and  forty-six  days'  service,  only  to  find  himself 
beaten  by  the  attendance  of  a  man  who  was  a  teetotaler.  During 
the  last  three  years  he  rounded  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  four  timeVf 
and  he  found  that  the  stokers  who  had  to  work  in  the  hetted 


DRINKING   AND    DRUNKENNESS    IN    THE   ARMY.        II 3 

stokeholes  of  the  large  ocean  steamers  never  drank  anythiug  but 
barley-water  when  in  the  tropics.  In  the  Zulu  campaign,  the 
regiments  which  did  yeoman's  service  were  the  30th  and  the  90th, 
both  under  Sir  Evelyn's  command,  and  both  foremost  in  the 
British  Army  for  good  conduct.  They  had  never  had  a  disaster 
before  the  enemy  ;  and  this  exemption  from  disgrace  their  leader 
ascribes  mainly  to  the  happy  circumstance  that  their  brains  were 
never  muddled  with  alcohol. 

Mr.  W.  S.  Caine,  M.P.,  brought  the  subject  of  military  drunken- 
ness before  the  House  of  Commons  several  times  during  last 
session  of  Parliament.  In  June  he  asked  the  Judge- Advocate 
General  what  were  the  number  of  punishments  for  druukenness, 
or  for  offences  arising  out  of  drunkenness,  in  the  army  during  the 
year  1881  ?  also,  if  it  was  true  that  in  the  Recruiting  Circular 
recently  issued  through  the  Post  Office  four  special  advantages 
were  offered  to  soldiers  enlisting,  one  of  them  being  that  '*  beer 
may  be  obtained  from  the  regimental  canteens  at  very  low 
rates''?  In  replying  to  these  questions  Mr.  Osborne  Morgan 
said  : — "  The  total  number  of  punishments  inflicted  on  soldiers 
for  drunkenness  by  court-martial  and  by  commanding  officers  in 
1881  was  43,656.  The  total  number  of  men  so  punished  during 
the  same  period  was  23,225.  That  number,  he  was  sorry  to  say, 
was  somewhat  in  excess  in  each  case  of  tlie  numbers  returned  for 
the  year  1880,  though  very  considerably  less  than  the  average 
for  the  last  ten  years.  As  to  the  number  of  punishments  for 
crimes  arising  out  of  drunkenness  in  the  army  during  the  same 
period  he  was  quite  unable  to  give  it,  as  there  was  no  separate 
record  kept  of  such  offences,  and  it  would  be  exceedingly  difficult 
to  make  out  such  a  record  ;  but  he  might  say  that,  as  in  the  case 
of  civilians,  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  crimes  of  violence  and 
insubordination  committed  by  soldiers  was  committed  by  them 
while  under  the  influence  of  drink.  As  to  the  second  question 
of  his  hon.  friend,  it  was  quite  true  that  the  purchase  of  beer, 
tobacco,  &c.,  from  the  regimental  canteen  at  low  rate^,  together 
with  other  privileges,  such  as  the  use  of  a  library,  recreation, 
and  gymnasium,  were  offered  as  inducements  to  recruits  by  the 
Post  Oflice  circular  referred  to  in  the  question ;  but  the  beer  so 
supplied  was  of  a  very  wholesome  quality)  and  cases  of  drunken- 


114  TEMPERANCE   WORK   IN   THE   ROYAL   NAVY. 

ness  arising  from  its  consumption  were  most  rare ;  in  fact,  almost 
unknown.  He  would  add  that  no  spirits  were  sold  in  canteens  at 
all,  and  the  real  cause  of  drunkenness  in  the  Army  was  certainly 
not  the  beer  sold  in  canteens,  but  the  abominable  atnff  which 
soldiers  obtained  under  the  name  of  spirits  in  the  low  public- 
houses  in  the  neighbourhood  of  their  barracks."  By  subsequent 
questionings  Mr.  Caine  succeeded  in  eliciting  further  information 
from  the  Judge- Advocate  General  regarding  public-houses  and 
drunkenness  at  Aldershot ;  and  in  August,  when  the  session  was 
drawing  near  a  close,  Mr.  Caine  gave  notice  that  he  would  next 
session  *'  move  the  appointment  of  a  select  committee  to  inquire 
into  the  causes  of  the  serious  amount  of  drunkenness  in  the 
army,  and  the  remedies  necessary  for  its  removal.** 


TEMPERANCE  WORK  IN  THE  ROYAL  NAVY. 

England  expects  a  good  deal  from  her  Navy;  '^per  fiume, 
per  terrain,^*  the  renowned  old  motto  of  the  Royal  Marines, 
is  equally  true  now-a-days  of  the  blue  jacket ;  he  is  ex- 
l)ected  to  light  on  board  ship,  and  also  to  land  and  keep 
guard,  restore  order,  and  fight  on  shore.  Our  ships  are 
becoming  more  and  more  complex,  and  cost  a  king's  ransom  to 
build  them  ;  they  have  to  be  managed,  and  every  part  brought 
into  active  use.  H.M.S.  Benbmo,  now  in  course  of  constmctioii,  is 
estimated  at  ^600,000  before  she  leaves  the  contractor's  handtf ; 
other  ships  tell  the  same  tale  as  to  their  cost  in  building.  With 
this  we  have  little  to  do  in  one  way,  and  a  great  deal  in  anodier. 
If  these  ships  are  such  intricate,  elaborate  machines,  what  grcat 
need  is  there  of  brave,  sah&Tj  clear-headed  men  to  manage  them ! 
The  old  blue  jackets  of  whom  we  sing,  that  served  their  countiy 
in  Nelson's  day,  would  feel  themselves  sadly  adrift  on  board  omr 
modem  ships;  and  although  they  might  have  courage  and  strength, 
would  utterly  lack  the  education  and  ability,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  sobriety,  needed  for  the  duty  which  England  expects  now-ir 
days.    The  late  Chief  Constructor  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard  mad^ 


TJBMPERANCE   WORK   IN   THE    ROYAL   NAVY.  II5 

some  fitting  remarks  on  this  point,  when  he  said  that  intelligent, 
apdy  abore  all,  sober  seamen  were  a  national  necessity. 

With  the  education  and  intelligence  we  have  nothing  to  do, 
the  selection  of  suitable  boys,  and  their  training  on  1x)ard  U.  M. 
ships  assures  this  ;  but  in  glancing  round  the  Naval  work  of  the 
National  Temperance  League  we  must  not  forget  that  it  is  not  only 
world-wide,  but  also  that  it  embraces  the  seaman's  whole  career. 
The  moment  he  joins  a  training  ship  he  is  met  face  to  face  by  the 
Boyal  Naval  Temperance  Society,  and  is  invited  to  join,  and  many 
of  the  officers  and  petty  officers  of  the  Training  Service  being  total 
abstainers  their  influence  of  course  has  great  weight.    When  the 
hoys  land  they  are  able  to  make  one  of  the  Sailors'  Rests  their 
home,  and  hundreds  enrol  their  names  after  the  meetings.     Miss 
Weston  has  permission  to  hold  mass  meetings  on  board  each  ship 
every  year,  which  help  to  make  her  known  to  every  boy  in  the 
service.     There  are  five  training  ships  belonging  to  the  Royal 
Navy,  stationed  at  Devonport,  Portsmouth,  Falmouth,  and  Port- 
land ;  the  number  of  boys  on  boanl  each  ship  varies  from  500  to 
1,000.    At  Devonport,  where  two  ships  lie,  there  are  2,000  boys  in 
the  port,  and  they  crowd  the  Sailors*  Rest.    Portsmouth,  Portland* 
and  Falmouth  have  about  7(X)  boys  on  board  the  respective  ships, 
H.M.S.  SL  Vincent,  Boseawen,  and  Ganges.    At  Portsmouth  and 
Portland  they  frequent  the  Sailors'  Rests,  and  at  Falmouth  special 
rooms  are  rented  for  them  at  the  Coffee  Tavern,  and  a  staff  of 
ladies  work  among  them  at  each  place.    As  far  as  can  accurately 
be  computed  about  1,800  or  2,000  boys  are  enrolled  in  the  Society's 
books.     Many  have  already  belonged  to  Bands  of  Hope,  and  thus 
the  fruit  of  hanl  work  in  many  a  town  in  England  is  reaped 
among  the  young  blue  jackets.     It  is  not  as  generally  known  as 
it  should  be  that  the  Admiralty  discountenance  drink  and  tobacco 
in  every  shape  and  fonn  among  these  boys  ;  they  are  brought  up, 
as  far  as  ship  life  is  concerned,  strict  teetotalers,  and  their  rapid 
physical  development  tells  it  own  tale  of  the  importance  of  bring- 
ing up  lads  without  intoxicants. 

Passing  from  H.M.  Training  Service  to  our  sea-going  ships,  we 
come  to  the  centre  and  heart  of  the  work.  Our  Royal  Navy 
boasts  of  aliout  220  ships  of  all  classes,  manned  by  a  complement 
of  about  60,000  officers,  seamen,  and  marines.    The  plan  of  work 


Il6  TEMPERANCE. WORK   IN    THE   ROYAL   NAVY.' 

is  to  have  a  good  committee  on  board  each  ship,  and,  if  poauble,* 
representative  committee,  blue  jackets,  artificers,  stokers,  marines, 
boys,  servants,  &c.,  one  of  each  class ;  these  form  the  depnty-agentit, 
and  are  very  active  workers,  carrjring  pocket  pledge  books,  and 
using  tliem  in  the  messes.  A  petty  oflBcer,  or  chief  petty  officer,  is 
selected  for  hon.  agent,  a  good  writer  for  secretary,  and,  if  possible, 
an  officer  for  president ;  thus  the  whole  ship  is  represented,  and  the 
Society  worked  by  the  officers  and  men  themselves  from  wUhin, 
and  not  from  without.  On  board  ship  temperance  meetings,  enter- 
tainments, penny  readings,  "sing-songs"  (or  temperance  sociables), 
sacred  singing,  Bible  classes,  &c.,  arc  held,  sometimes  in  the  stoke 
liole,  in  ihe  tor^jedo  or  colour  flats,  in  the  bath  room,  &c.  When 
the  ships  put  into  port,  temperance  pic-nics,  tea  parties,  meetings, 
cricket  and  foot-ball  clubs  are  organised  and  carried  out.with  the 
assistance  of  temperance  friends  on  shore,  who  also  convene 
Gospel  meetings,  Bible  classes,  and  prayer  meetings,  and  so  the 
whole  circle  of  Gospel  Temperance  work  is  coverecl  both  ashore 
an<l  afloat ;  from  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  globe  accounts 
come  in  of  happy  gatherings  taking  the  place  of  the  wild  de- 
bauchery and  dissipation  whicli  has  been  characteristic  of 
**  general  leave." 

The  number  of  branches  with  good  standing  committees, 
including  Coastguards,  is  150 — on  board  the  ships  unrepresented 
by  committees  (very  often  small  vessels  and  gun  boats)  there  is 
generally  one  agent,  who  distributes  Blue-hacks,  Brigade  News,  &c , 
and  communicates  with  Devonport  from  time  to  time.  AVe  have  in 
the  Royal  Navy  about  11,000  abstainers  ;  of  these  many  belong  to 
the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars,  but  a  large  pro|)ortion  of 
them  assist  nobly  in  our  work,  and  the  naval  lodges  make  the  Soilort' 
Rests  at  Portsmouth  and  Devonport  their  head  quarters.  The  flag- 
ships carry  organising  agents,  whose  work  is  to  visit  all  the  ships  in 
the  scjuadron  when  they  lie  together,  and  meeting  the  committees  to 
push  on  the  work.  This  may  be  illustrated  by  a  few  words 
from  the  organising  agent  of  H.M.S.  Agincourt,  written  from  Port 
Said,  when  the  s<^uadrous  were  taking  part  in  the  recent  Egyptian 
war.  "During  the  time  we  were  in  Malta  I  visited  the  MinoUmr, 
Sidlav,  Achillea,  Northumberland,  and  Salamis;  we  had  alao  a 
conference  of  committees  at  Malta.    You  will  be  sorry  to  hear 


TEMPERANCE    WORK    IN    THE   ROYAL    NAVY.  II7 


that  one  of  our  members  has  been  seriously  wounded  in  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria.  Pray  that  all  our  members  may 
be  brave  enough  to  go  through  this  campaign  without  that 
which  will  disgrace  them,  and  their  country."  This  worker,  it 
may  be  mentioned,  is  one  of  the  fruits  of  the  work  of  the  Traiuiiig 
Service,  having  signed  on  board  U.M.S.  Impregnable,  on  Mifs 
Weston's  visit  in  1873,  and  by  God's  grace  having  kept  it  to  the 
present  moment. 

Another  very  important  point  in  Temperance  work  in  the 
Navy  is  the  establishment  of  "coffee  canteens"  on  board  ship.  Long 
hours  elapse  between  meals,  especially  to  those  keeping  night 
M'atches,  and  during  the  day  a  "  stand  off"  time  of  ten  minutes  in 
eagerly  seized  by  the  men,  to  go  in  for  coffee  if  the  canteen  is  in 
goo<l  working  order.  A  coffee  canteen  on  board  H.M  S.  Indus 
was  opened  on  speculation,  not  to  make  money,  but  simj^ly  to 
provide  the  men  with  coffee  as  a  counter-attraction  to  beer.  The 
total  cost  of  the  apparatus  was  only  30s. :  one  man,  a  marine,  was 
told  off  to  make  the  coffee,  and  to  issue  it  in  the  presence  of  a 
committee  of  three  petty  oflicers  The  price  charged  was  Id.  a 
half-pint,  IJd.  a  pint  ;  in  seven  months,  after  paying  all  expenses, 
there  was  a  surplus  of  £G  or  £7.  These  are  the  "  wet  canteens  " 
that  would  do  gootl,  and  no  harm,  and  part  of  the  work  of  the 
Royal  Naval  Temi)erance  Society  will  be  to  bring  the  matter 
Ijefore  commanding  officers  that  they  may  be  fairly  tried. 

The  foreign  work  of  the  Society  luvs  been  very  remarkable. 
There  are  between  thirty  and  forty  naval  stations  all  over  the 
world,  between  Portsmouth  and  the  distant  Pacific;  at  each  of 
these  there  are  active  hon.  agents,  in  some  places  a  committee, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  co-operate  with  the  ships,  to  visit  them,  and 
to  ge^-  up  various  counter-attractions  on  shore,  and,  if  possible, 
Sailors'  Rests.  These  agents  have  been  most  indefatigable,  not 
only  doing  good  work  among  the  men,  but  also  amongst  the 
European  population,  holding  meetings,  forming  Bands  of  Hope, 
kc.  This  is  specially  the  case  at  Hong  Kong,  Shanghai,  and 
Yokohama,  Sydney,  and  other  places.  A  Sailors'  Rest  is  about 
to  be  started  at  Yokoliama,  and  also  at  Madeira,  and  only  funds 
arc  needed  to  start  others  in  sorely  needed  porU,  where  nothing 
exists  but  drinking  shops  of  the  lowest  tyi>e. 


Il8     TEMPERANCE  WORK  IN  THE  ROYAL  NAVY. 


In  chronicling  this  Society's  work,  notice  must  be  taken  of  the 
Bands  of  Hope  for  sailors'  and  marines'  children  only,  at  Deyon- 
port,  Portsmouth,  and  Sheemess  ;  altogether  they  are  about  500 
strong,  and  are  very  representative,  the  fathers  serving  their 
country  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  seamen  take  great  pleasme 
in  these  Bands  of  Hope,  bringing  their  children,  and  sometimes 
speaking  a  word  to  the  little  ones  themselves. 

We  have  now  glanced  round  this  many-sided  work,  and  it 
only  remains  to  gather  up  the  points  we  have  touched  on  and 
also  to  refer  to  what  is  always  an  important  thing  in  connection 
with  any  society, — its  monthly  or  weekly  organ.  The  Naval 
Brigade  News  for  the  Royal  Navy  and  Merchant  Service  is 
published  monthly,  being  edited  by  Miss  Wintz ;  45,000  copies 
went  out  last  year,  subscribed  for  by  men  all  over  the  world.  The 
Lords  of  the  Admiralty  have  just  decided  to  include  it  in  the 
official  packets  of  reading  sent  by  Qovemment  to  each  ship.  A 
seaman  writes :  "  I  must  tell  how  pleased  I  am  with  the  Brigade 
News  ;  the  articles,  recitations,  &c.,  are  most  popular,  and  I  am 
never  at  a  loss  for  a  piece  when  I  have  the  News  with  me."  For 
Is.  6d.  a  year  this  paper  can  be  sent  post  free  to  any  address 
in  the  United  Kingdom. 

We  have  seen  in  this  short  synopsis  that  the  Navy  has  been 
approached  on  her  own  lines,  that  the  sanction  of  commanding 
officers  is  gained,  that  officers  themselves  join  the  Officers'  Branch| 
which  is  now  about  sixty  strong,  and  actively  aid  the  work  in 
every  department,  but,  above  all,  by  leading  the  toay ;  that  hard- 
working committees  exist  on  board  150  ships,  and  agents  on  board 
almost  all  others  to  carry  out  the  work  ;  that  at  the  foreign  ports 
earnest  Christian  and  temperance  residents  take  the  men  by  the 
han<l,  and  do  all  they  can  to  increase  and  advance  the  Society, 
which  is  regulated  and  controlled  by  Miss  Weston,  the  hon. 
superintendent  for  the  National  Temperance  League. 

The  sinews  of  war  to  the  amount  of  ^200  a  year  are  mosi 
liberally  contributed  by  the  League,  while  the  remainder,  about 
,£500,  has  to  be  made  up  by  subscriptions  on  board  ship  and 
voluntary  contributions.  Our  temperance  men  have  done  well 
in  Egypt;  on  board  some  ships  none  have  broken,  onboard  othen 
a  few,  but  they  are  coming  back,  not  finding  the  ways  of 


TEMPERANCE   WORK   IN   THE    ROYAL   NAVY.  IIQ 

v&yB  of  pleasantness.  On  board  H.M.'s  ship  Agincourt  out  of 
twenty-six  teetotalers  two  broke  during  the  campaign,  and  one 
of  these  two  has  already  returned.  On  the  occasion  of  tlie  pre- 
senting of  a  silver  medal  to  a  petty  officer  of  the  Oiannel 
Squadron  who  had  returned  from  Egypt,  he  said  he  should  value 
it  more  than  his  Egyptian  medal,  because  he  had  a  harder  fight 
for  it,  but  by  God's  help  he  had  won  the  five  years'  battle,  and 
being  a  teetotaler  had  been  the  greatest  blessing  to  him,  body 
and  soul.  A  royal  marine  also  mentioned  that  he  had  gone 
through  the  campaign  without  a  drop  of  drink  ;  his  comrade  and 
bei»t  friend,  an  earnest  Christian  and  teetotaler,  was  killed  by  his 
side,  shot  through  the  heart  at  Tel-el-Kebir. 

The  Admiralty  have  done  much  to  improve  the  difficult  "  grog 
question;"  they  have  decreed  that  the  age  shall  be  twenty,  instead 
of  ten,  when  a  seaman  shall  take  up  his  grog,  and  give  rations  of 
sugar,  &c.,  in  lieu  of  the  rum,  to  those  who  leave  it  behind;  but 
the  difference  between  the  "  savings  price  "  to  Government  and  the 
"  selling  price  "  to  the  men  is  still  great.  A  man  must  be  a  high- 
principled  teetotaler,  determined  not  to  taste,  touch,  handle,  or 
make  money,  and  also  be  prepared  to  forfeit  the  good  opinion  of 
his  mess,  and  to  submit  to  many  minor  provocations,  if  he  stops 
luB  grog  ;  Is.  6d.,  or  thereabouts  a  month,  a  ^d.  and  a  fraction  a 
day,  is  not  much  to  receive  in  money,  or  even  in  tea,  sugar,  cocoa, 
&c.,  although  allowances  are  increased;  but  7s.  6d.  or  8s.  a  month, 
at  the  rate  of  3d.  or  even  6il.  a  day,  is  a  temptation  to  a  man  who 
has  a  wife  and  little  family  at  home.  Thus  the  difficulty  remains 
unabridged,  and  as  it  affects  John  Bull's  pocket  we  fear  it  will 
take  some  time  to  get  over  ;  one  thing  is  very  certain,  that  a 
voluntary  twopence  a  day  to  those  that  left  their  rum  would  be 
gladly  hailed  in  the  Navy,  and  it  is  also  certain  that  a  considerable 
part  of  the  extra  money  could  be  worked  out  without  coming 
directly  upon  John  Bull's  pocket.  There  are  many  things  that 
would  greatly  improve  the  morale  and  popularity  of  the  Navy,  and 
this  is  one  ;  **  turning  the  tables  "  might  do  something,  by  which 
we  mean  making  those  who  wished  grog  draw  it  themselves, 
instead  of  issuing  it  as  a  matter  of  course  to  the  messes.  This 
would  be  a  voice  from  the  highest  authority  saying  in  action  that 
grog  was  not  a  necessity,  not  being  considered  by  Government  ^n 


120     ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE. 


article  of  diet;  but  the  voluntary  allowance  of  2d.  per  day,  thus 
effecting  a  meeting  half  way  with  the  ine&s,  would  be  a  popular 
measure,  if  it  could  be  carried  out ;  and  we  hope  for  the  sake 
of  our  brave  fellows  who  guard  our  seas  and  have  fought  for  us 
in  Egypt,  that  the  National  Temperance  League  will  again  use 
its  influence  in  this  matter. 

A.  £.  W. 


ECCLESIASTICAL    DELIVERANCES    UPON 

TEMPERANCE. 

The  Temperance  question  is  no  longer  excluded  from  con- 
sideration at  the  annual  gatherings  of  the  various  religious 
denominations. 

THE  CHURCH   CONGRESS. 

When  the  Church  Congress  met  at  Derby,  in  October,  a  sectional 
meetin'g  was  held  to  consider  "  The  Remedial  Treatment  of  Ine- 
briates," and  an  interesting  discussion  took  place,  which  was 
introduced  by  Dr.  Norman  Ken* ;  but  no  resolution  was  adopted 
by  the  Congress. 

THE  CONGREGATIONAL  UNION. 

In  October  last  the  Congregational  Union  of  England  and 
Wales  met  at  Bristol,  under  the  presidency  of  the  Rev.  J.  A. 
Macfadyen  D.D.,  who  is  a  life  abstainer. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Peareon,  M.A.,  of  Liverpool,  moved  the  fol- 
lowing resolution,  which  was  seconded  by  Mr.  George  Hastings 
(Birmingham))  and  unanimously  agieed  to : — ^'That  as  the  sale  of 
intoxicating  li([uors  on  the  Sunday  is  fraught  with  great  evils, 
and  hinders  the  best  efforts  for  promoting  the  welfare  of  the 
people,  petitions  in  favour  of  stopping  such  sale  be  signed  by  the 
Chainnan,  and  forwarded  for  presentation  to  both  Houses  of 
Parliament" 

At  a  subsequent  sitting  of  the  Union  the  Rev.  Colmer  Bw 
Symes;  B.A.  moved : — "That  the  Assembly,  rejoicing  in  the  recent 


ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE.      121 

remarkable  progress  of  the  Temperance  movement,  calls  the 
attention  of  the  churches  to  the  practical  suggestions  contained 
in  the  report  of  the  special  committee  on  intemi)erance,  adopted 
at  the  Annual  Meeting,  1877,  and  respectfully  urges  the  pastors 
and  members  of  the  churches  to  consider  in  what  way  they  can 
best  carr)'  tliose  sug;^estions  into  effect."  The  resolution  was 
seconded  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Dawson,  LL.B.,  supported  by  Mr.  Handel 
Cossham,  and  carried.  In  putting  it  to  the  assembly  the  Presi- 
dent read  the  suggestions  given  to  pastors  mentioned  in  the 
resolution : — "  1.  Thjit  the  Union  communicate  this  report  to  all 
Congregational  churches  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  urge 
each  church  to  devote  a  special  church  or  congregational  meeting 
to  the  consideration  of  it,  and  to  take  action  thereon.  2.  That 
all  Congregational  Ministers,  in  addition  to  their  ordinary 
pastoral  ministrations  on  the  subject,  preach  annually,  on  a  given 
day — say  the  second  Sunday  of  November — a  sermon  on  the  sin 
of  intemperance.  3.  That  the  members  of  the  churches  earnestly 
and  prayerfully  consider  how  far  in  the  spirit  of  Christian  self- 
denial,  and  weighing  the  results  of  recent  scientific  investigations, 
they  are  called  upon  to  discourage  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks  as 
beverages  or  articles  of  diet.  4.  That  Bands  of  Hope  be  established 
in  connection  with  all  congregations  and  Sunday  schools,  and  that 
an  organisation  be  formed  in  connection  with  each  church,  and  at 
all  mission  stations,  to  promote  temperance  and  succour  the  tempted 
and  fallen.  5.  That  the  assembly  instruct  the  committee  of  the 
Union  to  take  such  steps  from  time  to  time  as  may  seem  fit  to  pro- 
mote Congregational  petitions  to  Parliament  in  favour  of  measures 
(a)  for  closing  public-houses  and  beershops  on  Sundays ;  (6)  for 
limiting  tlie  hours  during  which  intoxicating  drinks  may  be 
lawfully  sold  on  week-days  ;  (c)  for  the  suppression  of  music- 
halls  and  dancing  rooms  in  connection  with  houses  licensed  fcr 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks ;  {d)  for  the  diminution  of  the 
number  of  public-houses  and  beershops  ;  («)  for  the  withdrawal 
of  grocers'  and  confectioners'  licenses  ;  (/)  for  the  more  efficient 
inspection  of  licensed  houses.  6.  That  all  possible  means  be 
used  for  the  removal  of  friendly  societies  and  kindred  institutions 
from  public-houses  to  schoolrooms,  or  other  places  where  intoxi- 
cating drinks  are  not  sold.    7.  That  moyements  for  the  opening 


122   ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE. 


of  places  of  refreshment  conducted  on  temperance  principlcB  be 
heartily  encouraged,  as  also  movements  for  the  improvement  of 
the  condition  of  life  among  the  poor,  especially  in  regard  to  their 
dwellings  and  their  places  and  forms  of  amusement,  in  so  for  as 
these  lay  them  open  to  temptations  to  intemperance." 

THE  WESLETAN  CONFERENCE. 

The  Temperance  Committee  appointed  by  the  Wesleyan  Con- 
ference of  1881  presented  their  report  to  the  Conference  on  the 
3rd  of  August  last  at  Leeds.  The  report  was  received  and  adopted, 
and  the  following  resolutions  were  passed  by  the  Conference  : — 
"  (1)  The  Conference  hears  with  great  satisfaction  that  the  Tem- 
perance organisations  of  Methodism  are  constantly  increasing,  and 
that  there  arc  now  in  Great  Britain  2,345  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Bands  of  Hope,  with  225,160  members,  and  177  "Wesleyan  Metho- 
dist Temperance  Societies,  with  10,912  members.  The  Conference 
rejoices  in  the  unprecedented  prosperity  of  the  Temperance  move- 
ment generally,  and  especially  in  the  increased  disposition  to 
associate  the  advocacy  of  temperance  with  those  distinctly  Chris- 
tian influences  without  which  no  social  movement  can  secure 
thorough  or  permanent  success.  (2)  The  Conference  repeats  the 
expression  of  its  deep  regret  and  disappointment  that  no  step  has 
yet  been  taken  to  close  public-houses  in  England  during  the  whole 
of  the  Lord*8-day,  and  is  emphatically  of  opinion  that  Parlia- 
ment ought  in  its  next  session  to  confer  upon  the  people  of  England 
this  inestimable  boon,  which  is  already  enjoyed  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Wales.  (3)  The  Conference  recom- 
mends that  on  the  second  Sunday  in  December  in  each  year  special 
reference  shall  be  made  in  all  Wesleyan  Methodist  places  of 
worship,  and  in  all  Wesleyan  Sunday-schools,  to  the  appaUing 
extent  and  dire  results  of  British  intemperance." 

Steps  were  taken  at  the  last  annual  Conference  of  Irish 
Methodists  to  organise  a  "  Methodist  Temperance  Associotion,"  on 
a  basis  similar  to  that  adopted  by  the  English  Wesleyan 
Conference. 

THE  CALVINISTIC  METHODISTS. 

The  Calvinistic  Methodists  of  North  Wales  met  at  Harlech  in 
April  last,  when  the  Chairman  of  the  Temperance  Committeer 


ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE.    1 23 

brought  in  the  following  recommendations,   which  were   very 
heartily  approved  of  hj  the   whole  associatioD,  and   as  such 
sent  down  to  the  monthly  meetings  or  presbyteries,  and  from 
thence  to  the  Churches  : — **  (!)  That  the  association  cannot  but 
deeply  regret  to  find  that  intemperance  continues  to  disgrace  and 
damage  our  neighbourhoods,  and  that  it  feels  it  to  be  its  duty  to 
earnestly  call  upon  all  the  Churches  to  rise  in  these  days  to  a 
special  effort  against  the  use  of  intoxicating  drinks  in  all  its  forms, 
and  to  do  so  in  loyalty  to  Christ,  whose  cause  is  so  much  injured 
and  the  blessed  aims  of  whose  kingdom  are  so  much  obstructed 
by  these  terribly  disastrous  evils.    (2)  That  we  rejoice  to  hear  of 
the  wonderful  success  which  in  so  many  places  in  these  days 
attends  the  Temperance  cause,  and  especially  in  connection  with 
the  movement  which  is  known  as  the  Gospel  Temperance  Union, 
or  the  Blue  Ribbon  movement ;  and  considering  the  simplicity 
and  earnest  religious  character  of  that  movement,  and  the  very 
desirable  effects  that  follow  it,  the  Association  heartily  wishes  it 
God-speed,  and   urges    our   brethren   everywhere  to    work    as 
vigorously  as  they  can  on  its  behalf.    (3)  Whilst  cherishing  the 
sanguine  hope  that  our  friends  in  all  the  neighbourhoods  will 
have  the  cordial  co-operation  of  all  other  branches  of  the  Church  of 
Christ  in  the  country,  still  the  Association  recommends  that  a  book, 
under  the  care  of  proper  officers,  should  be  kept  in  every  church  to 
take  the  names  of  all  our  members  who  are  already  total  abstainers, 
or'wlio  may  join  in  the  present  movement,  and  so  secure  the 
penuanency  of  the  work.    Also  that  a  committee  be  formed  in 
connection  with  every  monthly  meeting  and  presbytery  to  co- 
operate with  the  General  Temperance  Committee  of  the  Quarterly 
Association." 

THE   UNITED  METHODIST  FREE  CHURCHES. 

The  annual  Assembly  of  the  United  Methodist  Free  Churches 
was  held  at  Bristol  in  July  and  August  last,  when  the  Committee 
appointed  in  1881  reported  a  code  of  regulations  for  the  ''Free 
Methodist  Temperance  League,"  which  were  approved  of  by  the 
Assembly.  In  that  document  the  objects  of  the  League  are  stated 
to  be  as  follows  : — "  First,  to  promote  the  spread  of  Temperance 
principles  generally  :    (1)  by  the  fonuation  of  a  stronger  and 


124   ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE. 


sounder  public  opinion  tlirougbout  the  country  as  to  the  very 
large  proportion  of  poverty,  wretchedness,  and  immorality  pro- 
duced by  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors ;  and  (2)  by  supporting 
legislative  measures  for  the  diminution  of  the  strong  drink  traffic, 
for  bringing  it  under  local  control,  and  for  its  entire  prohibition 
on  the  Lord*s-day.  Second,  to  promote  total  abstinence  in  our  own 
churches,  congregations,  and  schools,  by  lectures,  public  meetings, 
conferences,  circulation  of  healthy  Christian  temperance  litera- 
ture, the  formation  of  Bands  of  Hope,  ^c."  In  accordance  with 
a  recommendation  of  the  Committee  the  Rev.  John  Thomley 
was  appointed  by  the  Assembly  to  the  office  of  Travelling  Secre 
tiiry,  "  whose  whole  time  shall  be  devoted  to  the  service  of 
the  League,  in  organising  branches,  delivering  lectures,  and 
engaging  in  other  work  under  the  direction  of  the  Temperance 
Committee." 

The  address  of  the  Assembly  to  the  members  of  the  churches  at 
home  and  abroad,  which  is  signed  by  the  President  and  Secretary, 
contains  the  following  paragraph  : — "  Entertaining  as  we  do  a 
deep  sense  of  the  terrible  calamities — moral,  social,  and  political 
— which  the  vice  of  drunkenness  has  inflicted,  and  is  daily 
inflicting,  on  our  populations,  we  most  earnestly  call  npon  yon  to 
discountenance  that  which  produces  this  widespread  ruin,  and 
which  in  this  country,  perhaps  more  than  anything  else,  counter- 
acts the  Qospel,  and  is  the  bane  of  every  effort  to  elevate  and  to 
evangelise  the  masses — the  drinJcwg  customs  of  the  people.  Let 
your  example  in  respect  of  these  customs  be  such  as  the  youth  of 
your  families  may  safely  follow,  as  well  as  a  protest  against  that 
which  has  been  justly  characterised  as  our  national  curse." 

THE   PRIMITIVE  METHODISTS. 

The  sixty-third  annual  Conference  of  the  Primitive  Methodist 
Connexion,  which  was  held  at  Sheffield  in  June,  resolved  that  ^A 
Temperance  League  shall  be  formed,  to  be  called  *  The  Primitive 
Methodist  Temperance  League  and  Band  of  Hope  Union/  and  tlie 
report  of  the  Committee  appointed  by  this  Conference  shall  be  pat 
in  thehands  of  the  Sunday-school  General  Committee,  who  shall  cor- 
respond with  the  District  Committees  and  the  General  Committee^ 
and  the  report  shall  be  sent  as  legislation  to  the  next  Confevenoe. 


ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE.    I25 

All  our  ministers  and  people  are  strongly  desired  to  co-operate  in 
the  movement  known  as  the  Gospel  Temperance,  or  Blue  Ribhon 
Army,  movement." 

The  subject  is  also  referred  to  in  the  following  terms  in  the 
"Annual  Address  of  the  Conference  to  the  Societies  under  its 
care  "  :— ;"  Among  the  questions  under  consideration  in  the  Con- 
ference was  the  great  Temperance  movement,  and  the  manner  in 
which,  as  a  Christian  community,  we  could  best  promote  its 
interests.  This  is  a  matter  to  which  your  attention  has  frequently 
been  called ;  but  not  more  frequently  than  ite  importance 
deserves.  The  ruinous  effects  of  intemperance  are  about  us  on 
every  side,  and  year  by  year  have  we  and  other  Churches  to 
lament  over  the  terrible  mischief  done  by  the  drink  traffic. 
There  is  need  of  vigorous  action ;  and  it  is  desirable  that  our 
Connexion  should  in  the  future,  as  in  the  past,  take  a  foremost 
part  in  the  battle  which  is  being  waged  against  this  destroyer  of 
the  people's  welfare.  In  every  prudent  way  help  on  Temperance 
work  in  your  respective  localities,  join  with  others  in  seeking  to 
influence  the  national  legislatiire  to  close  public-houses  on  the 
Lord's-day,  and  otherwise  limit  the  operations  of  this  hurtful 
trade." 

THE   BIBLE   CHRISTIANS. 

This  denomination  held  its  sixty-fourth  annual  Conference  at 
Plymouth  in  July  and  August  last,  and  received  the  report  of 
a  Committee  which  had  been  appointed  to  dmw  up  rules  for  the 
"Bible  Christian  Total  Abstinence  Society."  The  preamble 
declares  that,  "  WTiereas  this  Conference  is  deeply  sensible  of  the 
baneful  prevalence  of  intemperance,  and  being  persuaded  that  the 
traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  is  inimical  to  the  true  interests  of 
individuals,  destructive  to  the  welfare  of  society,  and  a  great 
hindrance  to  the  progress  of  the  Gospel ;  believing  also  that  the 
Church  of  Christ  should  resolutely  seek  to  rescue  the  perishing,  to 
preserve  the  young,  and  to  aid  in  the  removal  of  intemperance,  we 
resolve  that  the  Total  Abstinence  movement  be  worked  by  us  as  a 
denomination,  and  hereby  lay  down  rules  for  the  future  carrying  on 
of  such  an  organisation.  .  .  .  Ths  objects  of  this  Society  shall  be 
the  advocacy  of  the  principle  of  total  abstinence,  the  formation 
of  branch  societies  in  connection  with  our  various  Churches,  and 


126   ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCB. 

general  and  concerted  action  with,  other  Temperance  oiganisationB. 
.  .  .  All  persons  who  shall  sign  and  obserre  the  following  declan- 
tion  shall  be  regarded  as  members  :  '  I  hereby  agree  to  abstain 
from  all  intoxicating  liquors  as  beverages  and  to  diBconnteDanoe 
the  use  and  sale  of  the  same.' "  The  following  form  of  a  declaia- 
tion  for  members  of  the  Bands  of  Hope  was  adopted  :  *^  I  agree 
to  abstain  from  all  intoxicating  liquors  &b  beverages,  the  use  of 
tobacco,  snuff,  and  profane  words." 

METHODIST  NEW  CONNEXION. 

The  eighty-sixth  annual  Conference  of  this  body  was  held  at 
Batley  in  June  last,  M'hen  the  report  of  the  Connexional  Tempe- 
rance and  Band  of  Hope  Union  was  received  and  adopted,  and  the 
following  resolution  was  passed  by  the  Conference  :— **  That  this 
Conference  regards  with  great  pleasure  the  rapid,  healthy,  and 
general  growth  of  Temperance  principles,  especially  among  the 
different  Churches  of  our  land.  It  earnestly  exhorts  all  Tempe- 
rance w^orkers,  particularly  those  in  connection  with  our  own  Band 
of  Hope  and  Temperance  Society,  to  persevere  in  their  ardaons 
labours,  and  so  help  to  hasten  the  day  when  this  nation  and  the 
world  shall  be  entirely  free  from  the  evils  of  intemperance." 

THE  BAPTIST  UNION. 

The  subject  of  grocers'  licenses  was  considered  by  the  Baptist 
Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  when  its  autumnal  aession 
was  held  at  Liverpool  in  October  last,  and  the  following  resolution, 
moved  by  the  Rev.  William  Stott  (London),  and  seconded  by  tha 
Rev.  J.  B.  Anderson  (Liverpool),  was  adopted  by  the  Union  :— 
"  That  grocers'  licenses  for  selling  intoxicating  liquors  are  adverse 
to  temperance  in  our  land." 

PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND. 

At  the  Synod  of  this  Church  held  in  April,  the  convener  of  tfie 
Temperance  Committee  (Rev.  James  Towers)  presented  the  iepod» 
which  alluded  to  some  difficulties  that  had  arisen  out  d  the 
doiible  basis  adopted  by  the  Synod,  and  stated  that  only,  the 
Presbytery  of  Birmingham  had  sent  a  report  to  the  committee  o( 
any  Temperance  work  during  the  year  1881.  Most  of  the  eo*- 
grcgation  in  that  Presbytery  had  formed  temperance  sodetiea  or 
Bands  of  Hope  on  t\\e  ^^nod's  basis.    At  Birkenhead  each  of  the 


ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE.    127 

fiye  congregations  there  had  formed  a  congregational  society,  and 
at  a  combined  meeting,  addressed  by  all  the  ministers,  a  branch 
was  formed,  representing  the  Presbyterianism  of  the  district. 
After  some  discussion  Mr.  Towers's  motion  was  agreed  to  as 
follows  : — "  Receiye  and  adopt  the  report.  Commend  the  cause 
to  the  earnest  and  active  support  of  all  the  congregations  under 
their  superintendence,  and  reappoint  the  committee."  It  was  also 
resolved  to  petition  Parliament  in  favour  of  entire  Sunday- 
closing. 

FREE  CHURCH   OP  SCOTLAND. 

The  General  Assembly  of  this  Church  met  at  Edinburgh  in  May 
last,  and  devoted  a  sitting  of  two  hours  to  the  Temperance  ques- 
tion. Mr.  D.  L.  Moody,  on  being  invited  to  speak,  said  he  thought 
"  the  time  had  come  when  every  Christian  man  should  put  drink 
away,  and  set  an  example.  It  was  hard  work  when  they  had  godly 
men  advocating  moderate  drinking.  He  did  not  believe  this 
world  was  to  be  reached  by  drinking  ministers."  When  the 
Temperance  report  was  submitted  to  the  Assembly,  Mr.  James 
Guthrie  (a  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Guthrie)  said  : — "  Our  Church  will 
not  be  right  till  every  congregation  has  a  temperance  society  con- 
nected with  it,  or  rather  till  every  congregation  is  a  temperance 
society ;  for  temperance  will  never  have  her  proper  place,  nor 
Christianity  either,  until  total  abstinence  is  recognised  by  the 
Church  as  the  handmaid  of  the  Gospel.  And  as  the  cure  of 
sin  is  the  Gospel,  so  to  my  mind  the  cure  of  drunkenness  is  total 
abstinence  ;  and  I  know  no  case,  either  within  the  Church  or 
outside,  where  drunkenness  has  been  cured  without  total  absti- 
nence. I  may  be  wrong,  but  I  do  not  think  ministers  can  expect 
to  do  much  good  in  putting  down  drinking  in  others  so  long  as 
they  continue  taking  drink  themselves.  In  place  of  the  Churches 
praying  that  they  may  be  saved  from  drunkenness,  we  ask  them 
to  pray  that  they  may  be  kept  from  drinking." 

THE  UNITED   PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH. 

In  the  Synod  of  this  Church,  which  also  assembled  in  May  last 

at  Edinburgh,  a  decided  step  was  taken  in  advance  of  all  former 

deliverances  on  this  subject.    The  Synod's  Committee  on  Tempe- 

ance  having  recommended  the  Synod  to  petition  in  favour  of 

measures  for  the  earlier  closing  of  public-houses  and  control  over 


128    ECCLESIASTICAL  DELIVERANCES  UPON  TEMPERANCE. 

licenses  by  ratepayers,  to  discourage  all  social  drinking  usages, 
and  to  request  ministers  to  preach  annually  a  sermon  on  Tempe- 
rance, the  following  resolution,  moved  by  Principal  Cairns  was 
carried  by  84  votes  to  74  :-  -"  That  the  Synod  discourage  all  public 
drinking  usages,  and  recommend  the  membership  of  the  Church 
sincerely  and  earnestly  to  consider  how  far  it  might  be  their  duty 
to  discontinue  the  personal  use  of  intoxicating  liquors." 

THE  PRESBTTERIAN  CHURCH  IN  IRELAND. 

The  General  Assembly  of  this  Church  met  at  Belfast  in  Jane 
last,  when  the  Rev.  I.  N.  Harkness  presented  the  report  of  the 
Temperance  Committee,  stating  that  the  number  of  abstaining 
ministers  in  the  Church  was  232,  and  that  there  were  133 
teetotal  students  in  the  denominational  colleges.  The  Assembly 
adopted  resolutions  in  favour  of  Sunday  Closing  and  Local 
Option,  and  also  the  following : — (1)  "  The  Assembly  expresses 
their  gratitude  to  God  for  the  marked  progress  of  Temperance 
principles  and  practices,  as  evidenced  by  the  numbers  who  either 
totally  abstain  from  intoxicating  dvinks,  or  use  them  in  small 
quantities,  by  the  extensive  training  of  the  young  in  total  absti- 
nence, and  by  the  remarkable  facts  adduced  by  the  Prime 
Minister,  showing  the  great  falling-off,  in  latter  years,  of  the 
revenues  from  drink,  and  that  with  a  rapidly-increasing  popala- 
tion  ;  and  the  Assembly  trust  that  these  are  only  the  beginnings 

of  a  still  greater  advance  in  the  same  direction."  (2)  "  The 
Assembly  express  their  special  gratification  at  the  position  taken 
on  this  question  by  the  theological  students,  and  record,  wiih 
peculiar  pleasure,  that  no  less  than  133,  attending  the  colleges  of 
Belfast  and  Derry,  are  enrolled  as  total  abstainers."  (3)  "  That 
the  Annual  Sermon  on  Temperance  be  preached  on  the  first 
Sabbath  of  December,  or  any  other  Sabbath  in  that  month  that 
may  be  convenient,  and  they  recommend  that  the  collection  go, 
as  formerly,  to  the  promotion  of  temperance." 

CHURCH  OF  IRELAND. 

In  the  fourth  annual  report  of  the  Church  of  Ireland  Tempe- 
rance Society,  presented  in  May  last  to  the  General  Synod,  it  wis 
stated  that,  "  At  the  beginning'of  the  year  we  had  378  parochial 
branches  and  15  diocesan  associations,  with  48,610  memben. 
We  have  now  449  parochial  branches,  20  diocesan  aasociatioiu, 
and  59,989  members,  showing  an  increase  of  71  branches  and 
11;379  members."  A  later  account  states  that  the  Society  hai 
now  over  70,000  member. 


THE  LIQUOR  TRADE  IN  THE  COLONIES.  I29 


THE  LIQUOR  TRADE  IN  THE  COLONIES. 

Amongst  the  Blue-books  for  the  year  is  one  of  considerable 
interest,  containing  correspondence  relating  to  the  Imposition  of 
Bestrictions  on  the  Sale  of  Intoxicating  Liquors  in  the  Colonies. 

The  answers  to  a  despatch  of  Earl  Kimberley,  dated  23rd  July, 
1881,  contain  information  of  much  value  to  promoters  of  Tem- 
perance legislation  in  this  country. 

The  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  drink  to  young  people  under 
fifteen  years  of  age  is  very  general,  and  the  prohibition  of  its  sale 
to  natives  and  aborigines  is  universal  in  the  Colonies. 

In  Newfoundland  the  principle  of  Local  Option  has  been  to 
some  extent  adopted.  The  former  Licensing  Acts  were  amended 
and  consolidated  into  one  Act  in  1875,  and  it  was  then  provided 
that  should  two-thirds  of  the  duly-qualified  electors  declare  in 
favour  of  prohibition,  it  sliould  be  put  in  force,  and  no  new  poll 
could  be  taken  within  three  years  of  this  prohibition. 

In  the  Cape,  of  Good  Hope  a  petition  by  one-third  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  a  district  is  necessary  before  a  license  can  be  obtained. 
In  1875  the  Liquor  laws  generally  were  strengthened  and 
amended. 

In  Natal  the  Liquor  laws  have  received  considerable  attention ; 
and  the  Attorney-General  thus  comments  upon  the  Act  of  1878, 
referring  to  its  prohibition,  under  very  severe  penalties,  of  the  sale 
of  drink  to  the  natives  : — "  The  passing  of  the  law  has  drawn 
increased  attention  to  a  growing  social  evil,  and  to  the  means  by 
which  it  is  sought  to  check  the  spread  of  drunkenness." 

In  the  Southern  Colonies  the  Licensing  laws  arc  in  an  advanced 
state,  both  with  regard  to  Local  Option  and  Sunday  closing.  In 
Western  Australia  the  "  AVines,  Beer,  and  Spirit  Sale  Act "  of 
1880  prohibited  the  sale  of  liquor  on  Sundays,  Good  Friday,  and 
Christmiis  Day.  In  South  Australia  the  question  of  Sunday 
closing  is  subjected  to  the  decision  of  the  ratepayers,  ten  of  whom 
may  demand  a  poll,  and  if  two-thirds  of  the  ratepayers  of  a  ward 
vote  in  its  favour,  Sunday  closing  is  adopted,  and  no  new  poll 
can  be  taken  for  a  period  of  twelve  months.  No  publican  is, 
however,  in  any  case  compelled  to  open  on  Sunday,  provided  he 

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CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.       X3I 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 
1882. 

Jan.  6. — Speech  of  Mr.  John  Bright,  M.P.,  on  the  licensing  laws, 

at  the  Birmingham  Town  Hall. 

6. — Meeting  of  the  City  of  London  Abstainers'  Union  at 

the  warehouse  of  Messrs.    L  &  R.   Morley.     Speakers  : 

Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,  Dr.  A.  Clark,  and  Mr.  W.  Fowler,  M.P. 

14. — Teetotal  Jubilee  celebrations  at  Paisley. 

16. — Fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  Leeds  Temperance  Society. 

16. — First  united  meeting  of  the  East  London  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union. 

20. — Meeting  of  assistant  and  pupil  teachers  of  Elementary 
Schools  in  Exeter  (Lower)  Hall,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union. 

20. — Lecture  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  at  Messrs.  Pawson  &  Co.'s 
warehouse,  St.  Paul's  Church  Yard. 

27. — Annual  meeting  of  the  Manchester  Nonconformist 
Colleges  Association. 

28. — ^Annual  session  of  the  London  Grand  DiWsion  of  the 
Sons  of  Temperance. 

29. — The  Rev.  Dawson  Burns,  D.D.,  preached  the  forty- 
second  anniversary  temperance  sermon  at  Church  Street 
Chapel,  Edgware  Road. 

30. — The  new  year's  soir^  of  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of 
Hope  Union  at  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street. 

30. — Conclusion  of  a  two- weeks'  Go8i)el  Temperance  Mission 

at  Bristol,  conducted  by  Mr.  R.  T.  Booth,  when  21,193  new 

pledges  were  recorded. 

Feb.  1. — Speeches  of  the  Bishop  of  Oxford,  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson, 

and  others,  at  a  conference  in  the  Town  Hall,  Oxford. 

1. — Meeting  of  the  National  Deaf  and  Dumb  Teetotal  Society 

in  Exeter  (Lower)  Hall. 
2. — Baron  Pollock  spoke  on  drink  and  crime  in  his  charge  to 

the  Grand  Jury  at  Liverpool. 
9. — In  the  House  of  Commons  Mr.  Lewis  Fry  obtained  leave 
to  introduce  a  Bill  to  amend  the  law  relating  to  "  off " 
licenses,  so  as  to  give  the  ma<^istrate3  the  same  control  in 
regard  to  grocers  and  beer  licenses  as  they  possess  over 
public-houses  licenses.  At  subsequent  attempts  at  pro- 
gress the  Bill  was  successfully  blocked. 

13.— Ten  days'  Gospel  Temperance  Mission,  conducted  by  Mr. 
Noble,  concluded  at  Dorking ;  about  600  pledges  taken. 

20. — Dr.  Cameron  obtained  leave  to  being  in  a  Bill  to  amend 
the  law  relating  to  the  traffic  in  cxciseable  liquors  in 
passenger  vessels  plying  between  Scottish  ports. 

F  2 


152  CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

Feb.  22. — The  twenty-first  annual  meeting  of  the  Central  Tempe- 
rance Association  was  held  at  the  Society's  Hall,  Norton 
Folgate,  B.C. 

25. — The  Licensing  Laws  (Scotland)  Bill  introduced  by  Lord 
Colin  Campbell,  w^as  read  the  first  time  in  the  Commons. 
The  Bill  proposes  to  give  power  to  the  ratepayers  to  fix  the 
number  oSf  licensed  houses,  with  prorision  for  compensa- 
tion. 
Mar.  2. — Mr.  A.  P.  Vivian  obtained  leave  to  introduce  a  Bill  for 
the  closing  of  public-houses  in  Cornwall  on  Sunday. 
5. — Mr.  Joseph  Livesey's  eighty-eighth  birthday. 
7. — The  Central  Association  for  Stopping  the  Sale  of  Intoxi- 
cating  Liquors  on    Sunday   lield   its   fifteccnth    annual 
meeting  at  Manchester. 
7. — Mr.  Carbutt  gave  notice  that  on  the  second  reading  of 
the  Parliamentary  Elections  (Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices) 
Bill,  he  would  move  that  public-houses  be  closed  on  election 
days. 

12. — A  Temperance  pastoral  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Arch- 
bishop of  Dublin  read  in  all  ihe  chapels  of  the  diocese. 

12. — A  Temperance  sermon  preached  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Landels. 

13. — In  submitting  the  Army  Estimates  Mr.  Childers  stated 
that  the  canteens  would  be  detached  from  the  shops  and 
recreation  rooms,  and  a  cofifee-bar  attached  to  them  instead. 

14. — Debate  on  the  Tempei*ance  question  at  the  Somerville 
Club,  which  has  a  membership  of  1,C(K)  women. 

14. — Lecture  by  Dr.  J.  J.  Ritchie,  on  **  Medical  Progress,"  at 
Hanley. 

15. — Inauguration  of  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  Total 
Abstinence  Society,  with  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon  as 
president. 

16. — Anniversary  of  the  Students'  Total  Abstinence  Union, 
Mr.  H.  M.  Bom  pas,  Q.C.,  in  the  chair. 

16. — Earl  Stanhope  introduced  a  Bill  into  the  House  of  Lords 
to  prohibit  the  payment  of  wages  in  public-houses. 

18. — A  week's  L^nited  Temperance  Mission  terminated  at 
Bournemouth,  at  which  1,000  new  pledges  were  taken. 

20. — Great  gathering  of  senior  members  of  Bands  of  Hope 
in  Exeter  Hall,  under  the  auspices  of  the  United  King- 
dom Band  of  Hope  Union,  presided  over  by  Mr.  W.  §. 
Caine,  M.P. 

21.— Annual  meeting  of  the  Catholic  Total  Al)8tinence 
League  of  the  Cross,  in  the  Royal  Victoria  Hall,  Lambeth, 
under  the  presidency  of  Cardinal  Manning. 

22. — The  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  Preston  Temperance 
Society  was  held. 

24. — Mr.  Samuel  Bowly,  president  of  the  National  Temper- 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS,  I33 

ance  League,  attained  his  eightieth  birthday.  A  congratula- 
tory meeting  was  held  in  Exeter  (Lower)  Hall,  when  Mr. 
Bowly  was  presented  with  an  illuminated  address. 
Mar.  30. — A  meeting,  under  the  auspicesof  the  National  Temperance 
League,  was  held  in  Exeter  (Lower)  Hall,  to  hear  Mis.s 
Weston  deliver  her  annual  address  on  the  progress  of 
Temperance  in  the  Royal  Navy.  Lord  Claud  Hamilton 
presided. 

31. — The  eleventh  anniversary  of  the  Royal  Naval  School, 
Greenwich  Band  of  Hope,  conducted  by  Mr.  S.  Sims,  of 
the  National  Temperance  League,  was  held,  under  the 
presidency  of  Rear- Admiral  Grant,  C.B. 
ApL  1. — The  closing  meeting  of  the  season,  at  Lambeth  Baths. 
At  the  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  meetings  held  1,300 
pledges  were  received. 
3. — Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,  presided  at  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  City  of  London  Abstainers*  Union. 

10. — Meetings  took  place  at  Exeter  Hall,  in  connection  with 
Mr.  Noble^s  Blue  Ribbon  Mission  work  at  Hoxton. 

10. — The  thirteenth  annual  session  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars  was 
opened  at  York.  The  sixth  annual  session  of  tne  North 
Western  Grand  Lodge  was  held  at  Liverpool. 

10. — Speech  of  Earl  Cairns  at  Bournemouth. 

12. — Tne  third  anniversary  of  the  Birmingham  Police  Total 
Abstinence  Society  was  held. 

13. — The  National  Temperance  League's  conference  with  the 
members  of  the  National  Union  of  Elementary  Teachers 
at  Sheffield.  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly  (chairman),  Mr.  W.  R. 
Selway  and  Dr.  R.  Martin  addressed  the  teachers. 

14. — Conference  at  the  York  Mansion  House,  at  the  invita- 
tion of  the  Lord  Mayor. 

18. — Dr.  Norman  Kerrs  lecture  on  diseases  from  alcohol,  in 
the  Council  Room,  Exeter  Hall,  in  connection  with  the 
Christian  Workers'  Temperance  tjnion. 

19. — The  twenty-fourth  anniversary  of  the  Irish  Temperance 
League,  at  Belfast. 

20. — Mr.  Stephen  Bourne  read  a  paper  on  the  "  National 
Expenditure  on  Alcohol "  to  the  members  of  the  Statistical 
Society,  which  was  followed  by  a  discussion. 

24. — Deputation  of  members  of  Parliament  and  representatives 
of  various  benches  of  magistrates  to  the  Home  Secretary 
respecting  "  off  licenses."  Sir  W.  Harcourt  remarked  that 
he  nad  become  an  abstainer  on  health  grounds. 

24. — The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer's  financial  statement. 

24. — The  Sunday  Closing  Bill  for  England  obtained  a  first 
reading. 


134       CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

ApL  25. — ^Annual  meeting  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance 
Society  in  the  Library  of  Lambeth  Pa&ce,  presided  over 
by  the  Kev.  Canon  Ellison. 

25. — Anniversary  meetings  of  the  Baptist  Total  Abstinence 
Association  at  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle.  Mr.  W.  S. 
Caine,  M. P.,  presided  at  the  public  meeting,  and  Mr.  J.  N. 
Richardson,  M.P.,  Mr.  A.  lUingworth,  M.P.,  and  others, 
spoke. 

26. — The  total  abstinence  section  of  the  Church  of  England 
Temperance  Society  held  its  annual  meeting  in  &eter 
Hall,  imder  the  presidency  of  Lord  Mount-Temple. 

26. — The  report  of  the  Temperance  Committee  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  of  England  was  presented  to  the  Synod. 

28. — Mr.  Gladstone,  in  reply  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  stated 
that  as  the  Government  were  compelled  to  abandon  the 
County  Boards  Bill,  which  would  have  affected  the  licensing 
system,  it  was  not  proposed  during  the  session  to  deal  with 
local  option.  Sir  Winrid  then  gave  notice  of  a  motion  on 
the  subject,  but  did  not  succeed  in  bringing  it  forward 
during  the  session. 

29. — The  third  annual  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan  Railwavs 
Temperance  Association  was  presided  over  by  Mr.  B.  Whit- 
worth,  M.P. 

30. — ^Annual  sermon  of  the  National  Temperance  League  in 
the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  by  the  Rev,  J.  R.  Wood. 
May  1. — A  fortnight's  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  was  concluded 
at  Brighton,  at  which  11,754  pledges  were  taken. 
1. — Anniversary    meetings    of    the    Scottish    Temperance 

League. 
1. — Annual  meeting  of  the  National  Temperance  League  in 
Exeter  Hall,  presided  over  bjr  the  Rev.  Canon  Fleming, 
B.D. ;  the  other  speakers  being  Dr.  R.  W.  Batten,  Rear- 
Admiral  H.  D.  Grant,  Mr.  F.  R.  Horton,  M.A.,  Mr.  J,  W. 
Willans,  and  the  Rev.  T.  Evans. 
2. — The  House  of  Lords  passed  the  second  reading  of  the 
Bill  for  prohibiting  the  payment  of   wages  in  public- 
houses. 
2. — Mr.  J.  N.  Richardson  introduced  a  Bill  in  the  CommonB 
to  renew  and  amend  the  Sunday  Closing  (Ireland)  Act, 
when  Mr.  Gladstone  said  if  it  was  not  dealt  with  the  exist- 
ing Act  would  be  renewed  under  the  General  Continuances 
Act  of  the  year. 
8. — The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  held 
its  annual  meeting  at   the  Memorial  Hall,  Faningdon 
Street. 

8. — The  twenty-fifth  anniversary  meetings  of  the  Midland 
Temperance  League  were  held  at  Birmingham. 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.       I35 

May  9. — ^A  Blue  Ribbon  celebration  took  place  at  Newcastle,  at 
which  it  was  reported  that  36,000  persons  had  signed  the 
pledge  in  the  two  years  the  movement  had  been  gomg  on  in 
the  town. 

10. — Tlie  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union  held  its 
annual  meeting  at  Exeter  Hall.  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P., 
presided  at  the  great  evening  meeting. 

10. — Lord  Colin  Campbell,  in  the  House  of  Commons  moved 
the  second  reading  of  the  Licensing  Laws  (Scotland)  Bill, 
but  it  was  talked  out. 

11. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Young  Abstainers'  Union 
took  place  in  Exeter  (Lower)  HalL 

18. — Breakfast  to  Sir  Henry  Parkes,  at  the  Westminster  Palace 
Hotel,  by  invitation  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance. 

19. — The  Payment  of  "Wages  in  Public  Houses  Bill  passed 
the  House  of  Lords. 

20. — The  Good  Templar  and  Temperance  Orphanage  held  its 
annual  meeting  of  subscribers  at  Sunbury-on-Thames. 

23. — The  London  Temperance  Hospital  held  its  annual 
meeting  at  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street,  with 
Mr.  Samuel  Bowly  in  the  chair. 

23. — The  forty-first  annual  meeting  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institution  took  place 
at  the  City  Terminus  Hotel. 

24. — The  English  Sunday  Closing  Bill  was  read  a  first  time 
in  the  House  of  Commons. 

24. — Anniversary  meetings  of  the  British  Women's  Tempe- 
rance Association  commenced  at  the  Memorial  Hall, 
Farringdon  Street. 

26. — The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  British  Medical 
Temperance  Association,  at  the  rooms  of  the  Medical 
Society,  presided  over  by  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S. 

27. — An  influential  company  assembled  at  the  invitation  of 
Lord  and  Lady  Napier  of  Magdala,  at  Gibraltar,  to  hear  an 
address  from  Mr.  S.  Sims,  who  was  visiting  the  forces  on 
behalf  of  the  National  Temperance  League. 

29. — Special  session  of  the  Good  Templar  Grand  Lodge  of 
England  was  held  at  Weymouth. 
June  1. — The  Friends'  Temperance  Union  held  its  annual  meeting, 
under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  S.  Bowly. 
2. — The  annual  conversazione  of  the  National  Temperance 
League  took  place  at  the   City  Terminus  Hotel.    Mr. 
Charles    J.   Leaf   (Treasurer^    presided,    and   the    other 
speakers  were  the  Rev.  Artnur  T,  Lloyd,  and  the  Rev. 
Professor  Harley. 
2. — A  ladies'  conference  preceding  the  League's  conversa- 
zione, at  which  papers  were  read  and  discussed. 


136  CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

June  4. — The  anniial  temperance  sennon  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
preached  by  the  very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Bangor. 

.  8. — Mr.  Booth's  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  at  Birming- 
ham, extending  over  three  weeks,  resulted  in  about  38,000 
signatures  to  the  pledge. 

12. — The  House  of  Lords  decided,  on  an  appeal  case,  that  the 
Earl  of  Zetland  was  entitled  to  regulate  the  number  of 
licensed  houses  in  the  town  of  Grangemouth,  and  the 
Edinburgh  judgment  was  accordinglv  reversed, 

13. — A  Sailors'  Rest  and  People's  Cvde,  erected  through  the 
instrumentality  of  Miss  Weston,  was  opened  at  Landport 

17. — An  innovation  was  introduced  at  the  Lord  Mayor's 
banquet  to  provincial  mayors.  Owing  to  the  presence  of 
nineteen  out  of  the  twenty-nine  temperance  mayors  in 
England  and  Wales,  non-alcoholic  drinks  were  provided 
for  them. 

18. — Sermon  preached  by  the  Rev.  Canon  Ellison  at  Christ 
Church  Cathedral,  Oxford. 

19. — In  the  House  of  Commons,  in  reply  to  Mr.  Caine,  Mr. 
0.  Morgan  made  a  statement  respecting  drunkenness  in  the 
Army  and  improved  arrangements  to  be  carried  out  in 
canteens.  On  the  motion  for  the  second  reading  of  the 
English  Sunday  Closing  Bill  it  was  talked  out. 

19. — Speech  of  Mr.  W.  S.  Allen,  M.P.,  in  connection  with  the 
Wesleyan  Loail  Preachers'  Aid  Association. 

20. — Inaugural  meeting  of  the  Southwark  Total  Abstinence 
Union  m  the  Town  Hall,  Bcrmondsey. 

28. — Military  fSU   in  the  grounds    of  the    Royal    Chelsea 
Hospital,  attended  by  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  in 
aid  of  the  Army  Coffee  Taverns. 
July  4. — The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society's  fiU  at 
the  Crystal  Palace,  attended  by  26,732  persons. 

4. — The  Committee  of  the  Congregational  Union  of  England 
and  Wales  received  a  deputation  from  the  Congregational 
Total  Abstinence  Association,  who  presented  a  memorial 
urging  that  Temperance  work  should  become  an  int^grd 
part  of  the  Union's  operations.  Sir  Edward  Baines  and 
Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,  spoke  in  support  of  the  memorial 

4. — The  fortieth  annual  Conference  of  the  British  Tempe- 
rance League  was  held  at  Preston.  The  proceedings  were 
of  a  jubilee  character  to  commemorate  the  signing  of  the 
pledge  by  the  "  seven  men  of  Preston,"  on  September  1, 
1832. 

5. — The  jubilee  celebration  of  the  Preston  Tempeianoe 
Society  took  place. 

9. — The  Beer  Dealers  Retail  Licenses  Act  (1880)  Amend- 
ment Bill  was  read  a  first  time,  and  the  second  and  third 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.  I37 

leadings  were  agreed  to  on  the  two  following  days.  After 
passing  the  House  of  Lords  it  received  the  Koyal  assent 
July  11.— A  deputation  from  the  British  Women's  Temperance 
Association  presented  a  petition  to  Parliament  in  support 
of  Mr.  Stevenson's  English  Sunday  Closing  Bill,  which 
contained  160,000  signatures  of  English  women  only. 

13. — The  Passenger  Vessels  (Scotland)  License  Bill  was 
adopted  as  a  Government  measure. 

14. — A  county  conference  at  Leeds,  presided  over  by  the 
Archbishop  of  York,  in  support  of  a  Sunday  Closing  Bill 
for  Yorksmre. 

17. — A  meeting  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance  in  Exeter 
Hall,  presided  over  by  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,  and  addressed 
by  several  members  of  Parliament  and  others. 

20.— Speech  of  the  Rev.  Stopford  Brooke,  at  the  Bedford 
Chapel  Debating  Society. 

24. — Annual  meeting  of  Blue  Ribbon  Army  at  Hoxton  Hall. 

29. — Wesleyan  Conference  Temperance  meeting,  at  Leeds. 
Aug.  1. — Annual  temperance  meeting  in  connection  with  the 
Bible  Christian  Conference  at  Plymouth. 
4. — Statement  of  Dr.  Cooper,  medical  officer  of  St.  George's 

Workhouse,  respecting  clecrease  in  the  use  of  stimulants. 
9. — Dr.  Norman  kcrr  read  a  paper  on  the  "Public  Medicine 
Aspects  of  the  Alcohol  Question,"  at  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Medical  Association,  at  Worcester. 

10. — Breakfast  and  conference  with  members  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  at  Worcester,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  National  Temperance  League. 

12. — The  House  of  Commons  passed  the  second  reading  of 
the  Cornwall  Sunday  Closing  Bill. 

12. — Great  united  temperance  demonstration,  at  the  Horti- 
cultural Gardens,  Leeds,  at  which  over  12,000  persons  were 
present. 

14. — The  Passenger  Vessels  Licensing  (Scotland)  Bill  was 
read  a  first  time  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  received  the 
Royal  Assent  August  18th. 

18. — The  further  progress  of  the  Cornish  Sunday  Closing 
Bill,  and  the  Payment  of  Wages  in  Public-houses  Bill,  was 
postponed  until  October  24th. 

18. — Under  the  Expiring  Laws  Continuance  Bill,  the  Irish 
Sunday  Closing  Act  was  ordered  to  be  continued  for  another 
year  from  December  31st,  1882. 

24. — An  important  interview  between  King  Cetewayo  and  a 
deputation  from  the  National  Temperance  League. 

25. — Mr.  Baden- Powell  and  Mr.  Stephen  Bourne  read  papers 
before  the  members  of  the  British  Association  at  Southamp- 
ton, relative  to  the  taxation  and  revenue  from  alcohoL 


138        CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

Sep,  5. — Great  jubilee  fSte  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  OTganieed  by 
tbe  National  Temperance  League,  to  celebrate  the  signing 
of  the  total  abstinence  pledge  by  the  "aeven  men  of 
Preston,"  on  1st  September,  1832.  The  gathering  was 
attended  by  43,050  persons. 
6. — International  temperance  conference  in  the  parlonr  at 
Exeter  Hall,  presided  over  by  the  Kev.  M.  De  CoUeville, 
D.D.,  and  addressed  by  a  number  of  distingoisheil 
foreigners. 

12. — Concludinff  meeting  of  a  ten  days'  Gospel  Temperance 
mission,  at  tlie  Metropolitan  Tabernacle,  conducted  by 
Mr.  R.  T.  Booth,  during  which  time  12,062  pledges  were 
taken. 

21. — The  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley  read  a  paper  relating  to  convic- 
tions for  drunkenness,  at  the  Social  Science  Congress, 
which,  on  the  following  day,  dealt  with  Licensing  Reform. 

21. — The  Dorset  and  Southern  Counties  Temperance  Associa- 
tion celebrated  its  anniversary  at  Salisbury. 

21. — Close  of  a  three  weeks'  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  at 
Norwich,  conducted  by  Mr.  Francis  Murphy,  which 
resulted  in  the  signing  of  the  pledge  by  over  10,00f> 
persons. 

25. — The  Brixton  Gospel  Temperance  Mission,  lasting  sixteen 
days,  was  concluded,  and  nearly  5,000  persons  jomed  the 
movement. 

26. — The  forty-fifth  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Western 
Temperance  League,  at  Gloucester. 

26. — The   twenty-fifth   annual   conference  of  the  North  of 
England  Temperance  League,  at  Bishop  Auckland. 
Oct.  2. — The  autumnal  conference  of  the  United  Kingdom  Band 
of  Hope  Union  was  held  at  Dublin. 
2. — The  Oxford  Diocesan  Branch  of  the  Church  of  England 
Temperance  Society  commenced  a  series  of  meetings  at 
Reading. 
4. — Inaugural  meeting  of  the  Yorksliire  Auxiliary  of  the 

Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association,  at  Leeds. 
4. — A  Gospel  Temperance  Mission,  conducted  by  Maior  and 
Mrs.  Evered  Poole,  at  Holloway  Association,  induced  about 
9,500  persons  to  sign  the  pledge. 
4. — Temperance  meetings  at  Liverpool,  arranged  by  the 
Baptist    Total  Abstinence  Association,  addressed  by  Sir 
Wilfrid  Lawson,  M.P.,  Mr.  W.  S.  Caine,  M.P.,  and  others. 
8. — Close  of  the  Wandsworth  Gospel  Temperance  Mission, 
which  commenced  on  September  25.     The  pledges  of  2,007 
adults  and  647  children  were  received. 

11. — Inaugural  meeting  of  the  United  Kingdom  Railways 
Temperance  Union  at  Exeter  ^Lower)  Budl^  under  ue 
presidency  o£  the  "Rav.  Cw^ofwlSAliMfiivi, 


CHROmCLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.  1 39 

Oc^.  11. — Consideration  of  the  Temperance  question  by  the  Con- 
gregational Union  of  Englana  and  Wales,  and  meeting  of 

the  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  at  Bristol. 
14. — Termination  of  three  weeks'  Gospel  Temperance  Mission, 

conducted  by  Mr.  E.  T.   Booth,  at  Nottingham,  which 

resulted  in  19,076  signatures  to  the  pledge. 
17. — Annual  meetings  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance  at 

Manchester.    At  the  public  meeting  in  the  Free  Trade 

Hall,  Lord  Claud  Hamilton   presided,  and  Sir  Wilfrid 

Lawson  and  others  spoke. 
21. — The  twenty-sixth  anniversary  meetings  of  the  Midland 

Temperance  League  at  Burslem. 
24. — The  ten  days'  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  ended  at 

Reading,  and  resulted  in  2,331  signatures  to  the  total 

abstinence  pledge. 
24. — An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  in  the   House  of 

Commons  to  advance  the  Payment  of  Wages  in  Public 

Houses  Bill. 
28. — Conference  on  local  opinion  and  local  control  at  Oxford. 

Speeches  by  the  Bishop  of  Exeter,  Sir^Vilfrid  Lawson,  and 

others. 
30. — Conference  respecting  the  Blue  Ribbon  movement  and 

the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  at  Shrewsbury. 
31. — The  forty- third    anniversary  of    the  Fitzroy  Teetotal 

Society  was  held. 
Nov.  1. — Speeches  of  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,and  Canon  Wilberforce 

at  the  warehouse  of  Messrs.  I.  &  R.  Morley. 
4. — Opening  of  the  winter  meetings  at  the  Lambeth  Baths. 
9. — Conference  of  Temperance  workers,  called  by  the  National 

Tempemnce  League,  respecting  the  dissemination  of  Tempe- 
rance literature. 
10.— Speech  of   the    Bishop  of   Exeter,  at   .Torquay,    on 

"  Enthusiasm  "  as  an  element  of  progress. 
11. — Deputation  of  the  National  Temperance  League  to  a 

Conference  of  teachers  held  at  the  Town  Hall,  Dunstable. 
12. — Temperance  sermons  were  preached  in  208  churches  in 

the  diocese  of  Rochester. 
13.— Speech  of  the  Bishop  of  Rochester  at  the  Royal  Victoria 

Hall,  Lambeth. 
14. — The  fifth  anniversary  of  the  General  Post  Office  Total 

Abstinence  Society  was  held  under  the  presidency  of  Mr. 

S.  A.  Blackwood,  C.B. 
14. — In  the  House  of  Commons,  replying  to  Mr.  Morley,  Mr. 

Dodson  stated  that  workhouse  officials  were  not  justified  in 

preventing  paupers  from  wearing  the  Blue  Ribbon,  as  had 

been  the  case  at  Chelsea. 
19. — The    Rev.   Prebendary    Grier's   eermon   in    Lichfield 

Cathedral. 


140  OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE   WORKERS. 

Nov.  22. — The  quarterly  meeting  of  the  BritiBh  Medical  Tempe- 
rance Association,  the  president  Dr.  B.  W.  Bidmrdaon  ia 
the  chair,  when  the  subject  discussed  was  *'  Inebriety 
caused  by  Mental  Injuries." 

23. — A41  interesting  gathering  of  old  teetotalers  assembled 
at  Preston  to  celebrate  Mr.  Councillor  Totilmin's  fiftieth 
birthday  as  a  life  abstainer.  At  Mr.  Thomas  Cook's 
invitation,  a  meeting  of  old  veterans  was  also  held  in  his 
new  Memorial  Hall  at  Leicester. 

27. — End  of  a  fortnight's  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  at 
Bath,  which  resulted  in  6,651  additions  to  the  pledge  roll. 

30. — Last  day  of  the  grog  ration  on  the  Cunard  CompanVs 
line  of  ships.  Cotfee  to  be  substituted  for  rum  m  the 
future. 


OBITUARY  OF  TEMPERANCE  WORKERS. 

After  the  close  of  our  last  record  the  inevitable  Reaper  did 
not  stay  his  hand,  and  several  devoted  Temperance  workers  fell 
beneath  his  sickle  before  the  year  ended.  Of  the  many  who  have 
been  called  from  earth,  it  is  only  possible  to  refer  particularly  to 
those  who  touk  a  public  part  iu  furthering  the  Temperance  reform. 
There  are  many  others  whose  memoriea  are  cheridhed  for  their 
good  works — their  names  are  written  in  heaven  ! 

Mr.  Harper  Twelvetrees  parsed  awav  on  the  30th  Novem- 
ber, 1881,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  In  early  and  middle  life  he 
was  earnest  and  energetic  in  the  promotion  of  temperance. 
During  his  later  years  failing  health  prevented  him  from  taking 
an  active  part  in  the  movement,  but  his  interest  in  it  remained 
unabated. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Thomas,  D.D.,  entered  into  rest  on  the 
7th  December,  at  the  ripe  age  of  seventy-six.  He  was  piesident 
of  the  Baptist  College,  Pontypool,  and  his  connection  with  the 
Temperance  movement  extended  over  a  period  of  foity-five  yean. 
At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Temperance  League  in 
1876  he  gave  his  personal  testimony  as  to  the  value  of  abstinen 
principles  as  an  adjunct  to  ministerial  duties. 

Mr.  Henry  Horsnaill,  of  Bulford  Mill,  near  Braintree,  died  on 

9th  December,  in  his  fifty -third  year.    He  was  a  member  of  the 

Society  of  Friends,  and  had  been  chairman  of  the  Braintree 

School  Board  from  its  ioim^LlioiL  iu  1875.    In  the  latter  capaeitj 


OBITUARY  OF   TEMPERANCE  WORKERS.  14! 

he  took  a  deep  interest  in  all  efforts  to  secure  Temperance  teaching 
in  schools. 

The  Rev.  William  Patterson,  who  was  one  of  the  oldest 
ministers  in  the  United  Methodists  Free  Churches,  and  a  consistent 
supporter  of  the  Temperance  cause  for  many  years,  died  on  19th 
December,  at  the  age  of  seventy-six. 

Mr.  Henry  Bradlet,  whose  connection  with  the  Temperance 
movement  dated  back  for  half  a  century,  died  at  Preston,  on  6th 
January,  a;;ed  seventy-two.  He  was  interested  in  the  subject 
before  any  organised  effort  existed  in  the  town.  On  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Preston  Temperance  Society  he  was  selected  secretary, 
and  worthily  filled  that  office  for  a  lon<T  period  of  years.  His 
death  leaves  Mr.  Joseph  Livesey  the  sole  representative  of  the 
early  committee  of  that  historic  association. 

Miss  Jang  Procter,  of  Darlington  died  at  Rome,  on  5th 
January,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two.  The  deceased  lady,  in  con- 
junction with  her  sister  Elizabeth,  who  died  in  August,  1881,  took 
a  deep  interest  in  Temperance,  and  was  able  to  effect  much  good 
in  connection  with  the  educational  establishment  with  which  she 
was  associated. 

Mr.  Thomas  R.  Waland,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  devoted 
of  Temperance  worker.-*,  in  Paddington,  died  on  6th  February  in 
his  fifly-first  year. 

Mr.  Jonathan  Peckover,  who  died  at  Wisbeach,  on  9th 
February,  at  the  age  of  forty-six,  was  known  for  his  manifold 
benevolent  labours.  He  wa?  a  total  abstainer  and  took  special 
interest  in  the  formation  of  working  men's  clubs. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Wheeler,  of  Plymouth,  died  suddenly  on 
14th  February.  He  had  for  some  years  held  a  prominent  posi- 
tion amongst  the  Qood  Templars,  and  was  also  active  in  other 
branches  of  the  Temperance  movement. 

Miss  Maria  Firth,  who  held  the  position  of  president  of  the 
London  Association  of  Nurses,  died  on  25th  February,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-two.  Miss  Firth  evinced  keen  interest  in  spreading 
Temperance  principles,  which  she  practised  for  many  years. 

Dr.  J.  C.  Reid,  of  Newbiggin-by-the-Sea,  died  early  in  March, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.  He  was  medical  officer  of  the  New- 
biggin  Local  Board  of  Health,  and  during  his  professional  life 
did  much  to  remove  misconceptions  respecting  alcoholic  drinks. 
He  also  had  a  taste  for  literature  and  frequently  contributed  to 
the  columns  of  the  Temperance  Record  ;  and  a  few  years  back 
spoke  at  Exeter  Hall,  at'  one  of  the  meetings  of  the  National 
Temperance  League. 

Professor  T.  H.  Green,  died  at  Oxford,  on  26th  March.  He 
was  deeply  respected  at  the  University,  and  the  teaching  of  his 


attainments,      tie  vrua  |^. 

tory  anil  of  EccIeEiasLicnl  Histoij  in  ttie  jmi 
Church,  Irelnnil  ;  editor  of  the  denominat 
author  of  several  theologicnl  works.  He  w 
otbeis,  at  a  meetini:;  io  the  rooms  of  tlie  Itel 
Belfast,  on  24th  September,  \.ii29,  and  si;^) 
lance  pledge,  which  read  oa  follows  :— "  W 
from  the  uie  of  distilled  spirits  and  to  pr 
His  paper  on  the  "  Early  Historj  of  the  Tens 
in  Ireland,"  which  appeared  in  om  Uat  An 
evidence  of  bis  deroted  and  earnest  lab 
lengthened  and  eminently  osefal  life. 

Mr.  Richard  Snellino,  who  laboared 
Scripture  Header,  was  also  widely  known  s 
eate  of  Temperance,  Aboat  eight  y eoit  sg( 
he  mastered  the  art  of  reading  the  books  i 
and  in  other  ways  lost  no 
ChTistiaa  and  Temperance  w 
early  age  of  thirty-nine. 

The  Yen.  Thomab  Hihckb,  Archdeaeo 
S6th  March  at  the  age  of  eighty-six.  Ha 
six  who  initiated  the  Temperance  moTemf 

Mr.  Sahubl  Oubney,  who  was  associat 
thropic  movements,  died  on  4th  April  t 
Mr.  Qumey  was  formerly  M.P.  for  Pen 
was  at  one  time  Treasurer  of  the  Nation 

"'  -  w-v  Harvby  W.  Bhookh,  MA., 


OBITUARY  OF   TEMPERANCE   WORKERS.  I43 

supporter  of  Temperance  in  all  its  branches  for  a  period  of  about 
thi^-five  years. 

The  Rev.  Frakkun  Howorth  ended  his  earthly  career  at 
Bury,  Lancashire,  on  12th  June  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven.  It 
seemed  part  of  his  nature  to  delight  in  seeking  out  cases  of 
distress  and  to  bring  joy  to  those  who  were  in  sorrow.  His 
connection  with  the  Temperance  movement  at  Bury  dated  from 
its  first  introduction  there.  He  practised  total  abstinence  prin- 
ciples, and  advocated  them  very  frequently  in  the  pulpit  and  on 
the  platform.  His  kindly  spirit  made  him  widely  respected  even 
by  those  who  did  not  share  nis  views. 

.  Mr.  Jahes  Abbiss,  J. P.  of  Enfield,  died,  after  a  few  days 
illness,  at  the  age  of  seventy.  He  was  better  known  to  the 
general  public  for  his  public  services  on  the  Edmonton  Bench  and 
as  an  Alderman  of  the  City  of  London  ;  but  he  was  also  deeply 
respected  as  a  Christian  philanthropist.  He  espoused  the  principles 
of  Temperance  late  in  life — only  four  years  before  his  death — and 
frequently  expressed  himself  as  having  derived  great  benefit  from 
becoming  an*abstainer. 

Mr.  G.  W.  Anstie,  on  17th  July,  in  his  eighty-third  year, 
passed  to  his  eternal  inheritance.  The  Temperance  movement 
nad  in  him  a  prominent  supporter  for  forty-seven  years.  He  was 
a  vice-president  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  and  took 
the  chair  at  the  annual  meeting  in  Exeter  Hall,  in  1875.  It  was 
at  his  suggestion,  in  1873,  that  the  League  took  steps  to  promote 
the  formation  of  the  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association.  He 
took  a  deep  and  practical  interest  in  the  Temperance  movement, 
especially  m  his  own  locality,  where  he  occupied  an  influential 
position  as  a  legal  practitioner.  He  was  respected  throughout  the 
county,  not  only  as  an  upright  man  of  business,  but  also  as  one 
anxious  to  promote  the  general  welfare  of  his  fellow-men. 

Dr.  J.  C.  Burrows,  who  settled  in  Liverpool  more  than  half  a 
century  ago,  died  there  in  July,  at  the  age  of  eighty-three.  If 
not  the  first,  he  was  amongst  the  earliest  of  medical  practitioners 
who  signed  the  total  abstinence  pledge.  Throughout  his  long 
professional  career  he  practised  medicine,  without  recommending 
intoxicants,  often  at  the  sacrifice  of  prestige,  but  with  marked 
success.  He  frequently  lectured  on  the  Temperance  question, 
and  was  venerated  as  the  oldest  teetotaler  in  Liverpool.  He 
retired  from  practice  about  eleven  years  ago,  but  retained  his  in- 
terest in  Temperance  and  kindred  movements  up  to  the  time  of 
his  decease. 

Mr.  John  Rutherford,  well  known  as  a  Temperance  advocate, 
and  a  devoted  worker  in  various  religious  and  other  movements, 
died  at  Birmingham,  on  9th  September,  in  his  sixty-fourth  year. 
He  was  a  most  acceptable  speaker  and  laboured  unselfishly  for 


144  OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE   WORKERS. 

the  good  of  mankind.  His  efforts  in  and  around  Birmingham 
were  steady  and  persistent,  but  he  was  also  known  in  many  parti 
of  the  country  as  a  Temperance  speaker.  For  more  than  twenty 
years  he  acted  as  honorary  district  agent  of  the  National  Tem- 
perance League. 

Mr.  Henrt  Kingham,  died  at  Watford,  on  29th  September, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-five.  Mr.  Kingham  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  and  president  of 
the  Watford  and  Bushey  Temperance  ^>ciety.  The  latter 
Association  owed  its  origin  and  much  of  ita  sueceas  to  his  dis- 
interested co-operation. 

Mr.  William  Qreoan,  of  Dumfries,  died  on  12th  October. 
He  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  first  Tempconnce  society 
formed  in  the  town,  and  continued  to  take  a  lively  interest  in  the 
cause.  He  started  several  benevolent  enterprises  for  the  amelio- 
ration of  distress,  and  carried  on  a  home  for  orphan  boys.  He 
also  took  a  particular  interest  in  the  welfare  of  soldiers,  and 
corresponded  with  some  in  every  regiment.  He  ms  able  by  this 
means  to  effect  much  good,  and  many  who  now  lead  sober 
Christian  lives  cherish  his  memory. 

Mr.  John  Letland  died  in  October,  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven. 
Some  years  ago  he  was  well-known  in  South  London,  where  he 
devoted  much  time  and  labour  on  behalf  of  the  Temperance 
movement.  He  was  of  humble  origin.  When  ensaged  at  mannal 
labour  on  the  South  Western  Railway  he  threw  up  his  employment 
rather  then  do  secular  work  on  Sunday.  Bv  application  he 
acquired  the  rudiments  of  education,  and  in  his  latter  yean  he 
developed  and  managed  a  reformatory  at  Wandsworth,  and  an 
industrial  school  at  Byfleet.  In  his  particular  sphere  he  did  much 
to  aid  the  Temperance  cause. 

Mr.  James  Grat  died  at  Bath  on  10th  October,  aged  seventy- 
four.  For  nineteen  years  he  acted  as  missionary  for  the  Bath 
Temperance  Association,  which  society  was  the  means,  in  1836^ 
of  reclaiming  him.  From  that  time  he  has  been  a  consistent 
and  ardent  worker. 

Mr.  John  Qroves,  who  had  long  been  known  in  the  East  End 
of  London  for  his  devoted  labours,  died  on  19th  October  at  the  age 
of  eighty.  Thirty-five  years  ago,  when  a  coalwhipper,  he  was 
induced  to  sign  the  pledge.  He  afterwards  took  an  active  part  in 
promoting  Temperance  amongst  working  men. 

Mr.  Thomas  Ollis,  of  Liverpool  died  on  12th  October,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  eighty-three.  He  was  a  remarkable  man,  weU 
versed  in  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  language?,  which  he  studied  in 
order  to  investigate  the  Bible  wine  question,  the  result  of  hit 
researches  having  been  recently  published. 


NATIONAL  AND  DISTRICT   ORGANISATIONS.  I45 

The  Yen.  Edward  Pbest,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Archdeacon  of  Durham, 
and  rector  of  Ryton-on-Tyne,  died  on  26th  of  October,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-eight.  He  was  for  a  long  time  identified  with  the  Tem- 
perance movement,  which  engaged  his  sympathies  to  the  last. 

The  Rev.  F.  J.  Perrt,  died  on  29th  November,  at  the  age  of 
fifty.  For  the  past  twelve  years  he  acted  as  Secretary  of  the 
Central  Association  for  Stopping  the  Sale  of  Intoxicating  Liquors 
on  Sunday,  and  was  most  active  in  this  and  in  other  spheres  of 
nsefol  labour. 


•  NATIONAL   AND    DISTRICT   TEMPERANCE 

ORGANISATIONS. 

The  National  Temperance  League. — President :  Samuel 
Bowly,  Esq.  Treasurer ;  Charles  J.  .Leaf,  Esq.  Secretary  :  Mr. 
Robert  Rae.  Official  organ  :  The  Temperance  Record,  published 
weekly.    Last  year's  income,  £3,367. 

The  National  Temperance  Publication  Depot.  The 
Medical  Temperance  Journal,  issued  quarterly :  The  National 
Temperance  Mirror,  and  The  Temperance  Reader,  monthly.  Total 
sales  for  fifteen  months  ending  March  31,  1882,  £12,259.  Head- 
quarters of  the  League :  Publication  Depot  and  Lecture  Hall, 
337,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

The  British  Temperance  League.  —  President  :  James 
Barlow,  Esq.,  J.P.  Treasurer :  William  Hoyle,  Esq.  Secre- 
tary :  Rev.  C.  H.  Colly ns,  M.A.  The  British  Temperance  Advo- 
cate, issued  monthly.  Last  year's  income,  £1,969.  Offices :  29, 
Union  Street,  Sheffield. 

The  Western  Temperance  League. — President :  Rev.  0.  L. 
Mansell,  M.A.  Treasurer :  J.  T.  Grace,  Esq.  Secretary  :  Mr. 
J.  G.  Thornton,  Redland,  Bristol.  The  Western  Temperance  Herald 
is  published  monthly.     Income  last  year,  £1,446. 

The  North  op  England  Temperance  League.—  President : 
Arthur  Pease,  Esq.,  M.P.  Treasurer :  Joseph  Lingford,  Esq. 
Secretary  :  Mr.  Alderman  Charlton.  Income  last  year,  £530. 
Offices :  2,  Charlotte  Square,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

The  Midland  Temperance  League. — President:  Charles 
Sturge,  Esq.,  J.P.  Hon.  Sees.  :  Rev.  S.  Knell,  and  Mr.  James 
Phillips.  Income  last  year,  £337.  Office :  133,  Varna  Road, 
Birmingham. 

Dorset  and  Southern  Counties  Temperance  Associa- 
tion.— Prendent :   Rev.  H.  Pelham  Stokes,  M.A.    Treasurer : 


14^6  NATIONAL  AND  DISTRICT  ORGANISATIONS. 

George  Curtis,  Esq.  Last  year's  income,  £JZ2,  Secretary : 
Rev.  F.  Vaughan,  Broadwinsor,  Beaminster.  The  Temptranu 
Mirror^  issued  monthly. 

The  East  of  England  Temperance  League. — President : 
Bcv.  Sydenham  L.  Dixon.  Secretary  :  Mr.  W.  Smyth,  King^s 
Lynn. 

The  United  Kingdom  Alliance. — President :  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  Bart.,  M.P.  Treasurer  :  William  Armitage,  Esq.,  J.P. 
Secretary  :  Mr.  T.  H.  Barker.  The  Alliance  News,  published 
weekly.  Last  year's  income,  ^'19,034.  Central  offices  :  44,  John 
Dalton  Street,  Manchester. 

The  Ckntral  Association  for  Stopping  the  Sale  of 
Intoxicating  Liquors  on  Sunday. — President :  Sir  Thomas 
Bazley,  Bart.  Treasurer  :  Richard  Haworth,  Esq.,  J.P.  Secre- 
tary :  Rev.  W.  H.  Perkins,  M.A.  Last  year's  income,  £2,798. 
Offices  :  14,  Brown  Street,  Manchester. 

The  Scottish  Temperance  League. — President:  Sir  William 
Collins.  Treasurer  :  Alexander  Thomson,  Esq.  Secretary :  Mr. 
William  Johnston.  Last  year's  income  £7,769,  including  a  legacy 
of  £1,000,  and  ^3,907  from  the  Publication  Department  Thi 
League  Journal,  issued  weekly.  Offices :  108,  Hope  Street, 
Glasgow. 

The  Scottish  Permissive  Bill  and  Temperance  Associa- 
tion.— President  :  James  Hamilton,  Esq.,  J.P.  Treasurer : 
William  Smith,  Esq.  Secretary :  Mr.  Robert  Mackay.  Last 
year's  income,  £2,190.    Offices  :  112,  Bath  Street,  Glasgow. 

The  Irish  Temperance  League. — President:  M.  R.  Dal- 
way,  Esq.,  J.P.  Treasurer:  Lawson  A.  Browne,  Esj^.  Secretary: 
Mr.  William  Wilkinson.  Monthly  organ  :  The  Irish  Temperanee 
League  Jowmal.  Last  year's  income,  £1,874.  Offices:  1,  Lombard 
Street,  Belfast. 

The  Irish  Association  for  the  Prevention  op  Intbh- 
pehance. — Chairman  :  Henry  Wigham,  Esq.  Treasurer :  D. 
Drumntond,  Esq.,  J.P.  Hon.  Sec. :  Mr.  T.  W.  Russell.  Offices: 
102,  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 

The  Church  op  Ireland  Temperance  Society. — Genertl 
Secretary  :  Mr.  William  Jones.  Office  :  8,  Dawson  Street, 
Dublin. 

The  United  Kingdom  Band  op  Hope  Union. — President: 
Samuel  Morley,  Esq.,  M.P.  Treasurer  :  Ebenezer  Clarke,  Em. 
Secretary  :  Mr.  Frederic  T.  Smith.  The  Band  of  Hope  ChronieU 
is  issued  monthly.  iLast  year's  income,  £1,636.  Offices :  4,  Ludgite 
Hill,  London,  E.C. 

County  Band  op  Hope  Unions. — There  are  sixteen  Coan^ 
Unions  affiliated  with  the  parent  society,  the  most  importeiit 


NATIONAL  AND    DISTRICT    ORGANISATIONS.  I47 

being  Thb  Lancashire  and  Cbeshire  Band  of  Hope  Union, 
whicn  issues  the  Onward  magazine,  and  other  publicatiens — Sec- 
retary :  Mr.  G.  S.  Hall,  18,  Moaut  Street,  Manchester.  The 
Yorkshire  Band  of  Hope  Union — Hon.  Secretaries  :  Rev.  R. 
Dugdale  and  Mr.  Clarke  Wilson,  2,  Lee  Mount,  Halifax. 

The  Young  Abstainers'  Union. — President :  S.  A.  Blackwood, 
Esq.,  C.B.  Secretary  :  Miss  Andrews,  23,  Exeter  Hall,  Strand, 
London,  W.C. 

The  British  Medical  Temperance  Association.— Presiilent : 
Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.  Hon.  Secretary  ;  Dr.  J.  J.  Ridge, 
Carlton  House,  Enfield. 

The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society.— Presidents : 
The  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York.  Secretaries  :  Mr. 
Alfred  Sargant,  and  Mr.  Frederick  Sherlock.  The  Church  of 
England  Temperance  Chronicle,  published  weekly.  Last  year's 
income,  £7,550.  Head  offices  :  Palace  Chambers,  Bridge  Street, 
Westminster  S.W. 

The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association. — 
President :  Sir  Edward  Baines.  Secretaries :  Rev.  G.  M.  Murphy 
and  Mr.  G.  B.  Sowerby,  Jun.,  Memorial  Hall,'Farringdon  Street, 
London,  E.C. 

The  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association.— President : 
W.  S.  Caine,  Esq.,  M.P.  Hon.  Secretary  :  Mr.  James  Tressider 
Sears,  232,  Southampton  Street,  C^imberwell,  London,  S.E. 

The  Wesley  an  Temperance  Committee. — Secretaries :  Rev. 
Hugh  Price  Hughes,  M.A.,  Selborne  Villa,  Black  Hall  Road, 
Oxford ;  and  the  Rev.  R.  CuUey,  9,  Harley  Slreet,  Bow, 
Loudon,  E. 

The  Methodist  New  Connexion  Temperance  and  Band 
OF  Hope  Union.  Secretary :  Rev.  J.  C.  Story,  7,  Peckitt  Street, 
York. 

The  Free  Methodist  Temperance  League. — Travelling 
Secretary  :  the  Rev.  John  Thornlev,  21,  New  Porter  Street, 
Sheffield. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  Temperance  League. — Convener : 
Mr.  Thomas  Beck  worth,  Leeds. 

The  Bible  Christian  Total  Abstinence  Society. — Addres.*, 
26,  Paternoster  Row,  London,  E.C. 

The  New  Church  (Swedenborgian)  Temperance  Society. 
— Secretary  :  Mr.  Ernest  Braby,  15,  Holland  Villas  Road,  Ken- 
sington, W. 

The  Friends'  Temperance  Union.— Secretarv  :  Mr.  William 

• 

Frederick  Wells,  12,  Bishopsgate  Street  Within,  London,  E.C. 
The  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  League  op  the  Cross. — 


148  NATIONAL  AND  DISTRICT    ORGANISATIONS. 

President :   His  Eminence  Cardinal  Manning.     Secretary :  Mr. 
Thomas  Campbell,  50,  Hatton  Wall,  Hatton  Garden,  London,  E.C. 

The  British  Women's  Tempsrancs  Associatioh.— Secre- 
tary :  Mrs.  Bradley,  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street,  London, 
E.C. 

The  Christian  Worker's  Temperance  Union. — Secretary : 
Miss  C.  Mason,  8,  Cambridge  Gardens,  Kilbum,  London,  N.W. 

The  United  Working  Women's  Teetotal  LEAaT7E.»Secre- 
tary  :  Mrs.  D arrant,  4,  F  Street,  Queen's  Park  Estate,  Harrow 
Road,  London,  W. 

The  Blue  Ribbon  Armt,  Hoxton  Hall,  Hoxton,  N. — Hon. 
Director :  Mr.  William  Noble.  Hop.  Finance  Sec. :  Mr.  T.  H. 
Ellis,  Jun.,  51,  Jewin  Street,  London,  E.C.  Last  yearns  income, 
;£l,031. 

Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars.  Grand  Lodge  of 
England.— Grand  Worthy  Chief  Templar  :  Joseph  Malins,  Esq. 
Grand  Worthy  Secretary  :  Mr.  J.  J.  Woods.  Head-quarters, 
Congreve  Street,  Birmingham. 

Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars.  Grand  Lodge  op 
England.— Grand  Worthy  Chief  Templar  :  Dr.  F.  R.  Lees. 
Grand  Worthy  Secretary  :  Rev.  Stephen  Todd,  69,  Disraeli  Road, 
Putney,  S.W. 

The  Independent  Order  of  Rbchabites  (Salford  Unity). 
— The  Rechahite  and  Temperance  Magazine  issued  monthly.  Secre- 
tary :  Mr.  R.  Hunter,  98,  Lancaster  Avenue,  Fennell  Street, 
Manchester. 

The  Sons  of  Temperance.— Monthly  or^an :  The  Son  of  Tem- 
perance, The  Most  Worthy  Scribe:  Mr.  William  Clarke,  27,  Pitt 
Terrace,  Miles  Platting,  Manchester. 

The  Original  Grand  Order  op  the  Total  Abstinent  Sons 
OF  Phcenix.— Secretary  :  Mr.  John  Cearer,  31,  Camden  Street, 
Islington,  London,  N. 

The  United  Order  of  the  Total  Abstinent  Sons  of 
Phcenix. — Secretary  :  Mr.  T.  Wilson,  122,  Roman  Road,  Old 
Ford,  London,  E. 

The  London  Temperance  Hospital,  Hampstead  Road.  In- 
come last  year  £3,481.  Treasurer :  John  Hughes,  Esq.,  C.C, 
3,  West  Street,  Finabury  Circus,  London,  E.C. 

The  Good  Templar  and  Temperance  Orphanage,  Sunbory- 
on-Thames.  Last  year's  income,  exclusive  of  Building:  Fund,  ^£832. 
Hon.  Sec.  :  Mr.  "Edward  Wood,  9,  Kingsdown  Villas,  Boling- 
broke  Road,  Wandsworth  Common,  S.W. 


SPIRIT   PRODUCTION   IN   THE   UNITED   KINGDOM.       I49 


SPIRIT  PRODUCTION  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM 
Ix  THK  Year  ended  SIst  March,  1882. 

DUTY  PAID  SPIRITS. 


England. 
Spirits  on  which  daty  ivas  paid  in  England  ... 
„      imported  from  Scotland,  duty  paid    ... 
„  „  Ireland  „ 

Deduct — 

Spirits  sent  t^  Scotland 
„  „       Ireland 

„      warehoused  on  drawback  for 

exportation... 
„      methylated    ... 


Number  of  gallons  retained  for  conanmption,  as 
beverage  only,  in  England    ... 

Scotland. 
Spirits  on  which  doty  was  paid  in  Scotland  ... 
„      imported  from  England,  daty  paid     ... 
„  „  Ireland  „ 

Deduct — 

Spirits  sent  to  England 
„  „       Ireland 

„      warehoused  on  drawback  for 

exportation... 
„      methylated    ... 

Number  of  gallcns  retained  for  consumption,  as 
beverage  only,  in  Scotland  ... 

Ireland. 
Spirits  on  which  duty  was  paid  in  Ireland     ... 
„      imported  from  England,  duty  paid     ... 
„  „  Scotland         „ 

Deduct — 

Spirits  sent  to  England 
„  „       Scotland 

„      warehoused  on  drawback  for 

exportation 
„      methylated    ...         ...         ... 

Number  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as 
beverage  only,  in  Ireland 

United  Kingdom. 
Total  quantity  retained  for  consumption,  as 

beverage  only        

„  exported  on  drawback 

„  methylated     ....| 


GallonN. 
13,868,006 
1,911,244 
1,827,068 

Qalloni. 
17,606,818 

656,240 

23.019 
12,719 

259,821 
3e0,681 

•  •  • 

8,620,225 

28,019 

243,460 

16,950,078 

8,8S6,7C4 
2,344,380 

1,911,244 
19,322 

170,449 
243,365 

... 

7,192,829 
12,719 
19,322 

6.542,824 

7,224,370 
2.092,585 

1,827,068 
243,460 

265 

21,792 

... 
• .  • 

••• 

B,1JJ1,786 

28,624,187 
430,535 
625,838 

150       RETAIL   LICENSES   IS   THE 

UNITED    KINGDOM. 

RETAIL  LICENSES  OT  1 

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RETAIL  UCEHSBS    IN    THB    UNITED   KINGDOM. 

iTHE   UNITED  KINGDOM. 

^^»   &RTlILBEa  Or   ElCISKABI.*   LlOUOIS  UMD  AS  BlVIBlCEH. 

asao.  isr"    ■      — 


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tl.S8t 

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9,310 
9,178 
1,780 

6,857 

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1.7S8 
31,073 

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r.ies 

BS.JB4 
19.193 
tl.4L6 

31,908 
8.794 
89,016 

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30,11 
8,708 

19,130 

61,378 

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8.197 

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137.S89 

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M.WS 

5,778 

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97,591 
68,«0 

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313,969 
711,107 

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2,666 

l,4«,i63' 

■ll,tSi 

3.481 

1,4131182^ 
S,M1 

M.7»l 

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l,«18,7Sl 

1.470.9M 

1,M8.0«S 

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131,308 

113,!B1 

120.834 

- 

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- 

11,7*1 

1I,«9 

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U,12S 

13.864 

18,800 

- 

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1,411 

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108 

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1,0»I 

- 

11,813 

H,«39 

: 

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38 

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310 

SSI 

lot 

1,773 

3,101 
91 

H 

G1 

41 

S,S9» 

3,98J 

8!9 

8,G13 

B.679 

1,819 

313 

3£i 

280 

7.301 

7,osa 

7,062 

17,699 

18,113 

1«,SM 

7 

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139 

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Jl.Sffl 

390,Cil 

3,3F9 
113,103 

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3,113 
333,631 

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8,037 

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1.M7 

113.011 

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l,a71.W8 

1.881,190 

t  £•!•>■  J     ippHl,  udHoiuMmUtMtabellaiiHdHH 
%  Ib  arderto  bin  •Uani*  to  £fUll  BfV^  uoMtlMW 


152      EXCISE  LICENSES  FOR  BREWERS,  DISTILLERS,  ETC. 


EXCISE  DUTIES 
For  the  Ykabs  ended  81st  MiRca  1881  and  1882. 


QUAHTXTXU  CBABOBD. 

Articlks  Charged. 

1881. 

1882. 

United 
Kingdom. 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Beer Barrels 

Spirits Galls. 

Malt Boshels 

Soffar    (used    in^Pwta 
brewing)            >  ^^'^• 
Licenses     ..     ..    No. 

•13,980,291 
«0,7fl5,605 

no,se6,i68 

t712,831 
2.549,041 

24.738.113 
13,868,006 

2,278,808 

1.088,000 
8,6«),225 

222,141 

2.044,413 
7,10J,329 

72,938 

27,870,128 
29.680,660 

2,668,447 

DUTIXS. 


Beer..     .,     

Spirits 

Malt 

Saf^ar  (used  in  brewing) 
Licenses 


Amouvt  ov  Dutt  Chakgbd. 


1881. 


United 
Kingdom. 


•4.368.834 

14,882.801 

1 1.409,968 

t409.878 

3.595.717 


1882. 


England. 


7.730,748 
6,934.020 


3,080.096 


Scotland. 


£ 
340.004 
4,310,112 


321.658 


Ireland. 


638.882 
3,696.166 


181.827 


United 
Kiogdoo. 


8.700.6SI 
14,840^196 


S.594,181 


EXCISE  LICENSES  FOR  BREWERS,  DISTILLERS,  &a 
Fob  the  Year  ended  31st  March,  1881. 


England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingfdom. 

AnooBt 
ofDoiy 
ebtrged. 

RefVeshment  Honsrs 
DiRtillers  and  Rectifit-rs    .. 
Brewers,  Tiz. :  for  sale 

„               other  Brewers 

No. 

7.070 

129 

15.569 

107,523 

No. 

141 

154 

2.497 

No. 

148 

67 

51 

6 

No. 

7,218 

337 

16^774 

110,02) 

No. 

6,194 

9,576 

15,774 

S4^1« 

•  Half-year  from  1st  October,  1890,  i.e.,  date  of  imposition  of  duty. 
t  Ualf-jear  to  30th  September,  1883, «.«.,  data  of  repeal  of  doty. 


LICENSED    HOUSES   IN    THE    METROPOLIS. 


LICENSED  HOUSES  IN  THE  METROPOLIS. 

BnUBN  n/  th»  Nitmbrr  of  Public  Houiea,  Beer  Houiei.  and  Refrath- 
m*n{  kouitt  in  Ikt  ijetmpotilan,  Police  Ditlricf,  together  wUh  the 
/fumbrr  of  Permni  apprtheiuied  for  Driinkmneis,  §'c.,  during  the 
Year  18S1. 


•a 

IS 

1 

i 

i 

No.  of  Pttmn. 

DirliloM, 

i 

1 
1 

Ilr 

l 

'i 

riy. 

r 

1 

limbnrT   

WUtHlupcI.... 

i; 
m 

Gil 
MO 

4S7 

7«a 

lul 

IDO 
77 

33: 

1 

118 

IS 

11 
u 

Tl 
4S 

4* 

M 

7Sl 

do 

ISO 

Ml 

291 
Ml 

is: 

IK 

is! 

— 

as; 

ISl 
loCSl 

4«8|     Ills 

S  IS 

teSi.-:::: 
gfe:::: 

W>nd>««lb    .. 

ClBpliiun    

Pu)dln||lon    ... 
MiithgaM. 

4« 

1118 
lOlB 

Tag 

14(19 

SuKBT&OKE  AKD  AicoROL.— Tlie  war 
Britith  Medical  Juiinwl,  wriliiijj  from  llii: 
14tli  September,  said  :— "  We  bivouacked 
p.m.  At  that  hour  the  reBimenttunieJ  out 
their  ammunition  and  rifles,  water  boltleB, 
the  iiiKtit  we  marched  about  twelve  railc 
AraWe  poailion  at  Tel-el-KeW.  Not  a 
liuted  tilt  t;ood  marching  and  the  fact  that 
to  the  iib.^tiice  of  drink.  I  am  convinced 
alwnj-a  happens  in  the  c'Lte  of  men  whose 
accouat  of  ibe  effeeU  of  «lcohoL" 


camp,  lel-el-Kcbir,  on 

nt  KaasaKBin  untU  6.4& 
,  the  iiieti  carrying  only 
.  and  bificuit».  During 
■s  to  get  on  the  left  of 
man  fell  out.  I  attri- 
tliere  wasTio  Bunstrote 
that  ennstroke  newly 
vkinB  are  not  acting  on 


154      SUMMONSES   AGAINST   DRINK   HOUSES   IN   LONDON. 


SUMMONSES  AGAINST  DRINK  HOUSES  IN  LONDON. 

Betttbn  ihowing  the  Number  0/  Summonse$  cigainst  "Driiik  Houhm'* 
in  the  Metropolitan  Police  District  from  the  Tear  1844  to  18S1 
inclueive. 


Tear. 

CouTlcted. 

DiimiiBed. 

Totd. 

1844 

699 

128 

827 

1846 

784 

155 

889 

1846 

781 

228 

1,004 

1847 

756 

177 

938 

1848 

762 

158 

920 

1849 

1,125 

247 

1,872 

1850 

1,085 

269 

1,854 

1851 

960 

226 

1,186 

1852 

1,293 

821 

1,614 

1853 

1,188 

263 

1,401 

1854 

1,067 

290 

1,867 

1855 

718 

266 

974 

1856 

881 

229 

1,110 

1857 

917 

285 

1,152 

1858 

879 

285 

1,114 

1859 

683 

210 

898 

1860 

646 

237 

888 

1861 

961 

227 

1,188 

1862 

995 

184 

1,179 

1863 

1,053 

206 

1,259 

1864 

892 

276 

1,168 

1865 

824 

235 

1,059 

1866 

671 

875 

1,046 

1867 

816 

194 

1,010 

1868 

1,034 

288 

1,822 

1869 

986 

381 

1,867 

1870 

770 

266 

1,086 

1871 

862 

176 

588 

1872 

279 

220 

499 

1873 

171 

128 

294 

1874 

249 

149 

898 

1875 

268 

113 

876 

1876 

186 

86 

272 

1877 

210 

109 

819 

1878 

187 

89 

276 

1879 

182 

114 

296 

1880 

158 

81 

2S9 

1881 

122 

74 

196 

Total 

26,495 

7,829 

84,820 

KBTROPOLITAN  APPSBHBNSIONS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS. 


BEruK!>  lAoioi'nj  the  Nutnber  of  Pertont  apprthended  for  Drankennalt 
and  DiiarderJy  Condaet,  iht  tttimaled  Piipvlalton,  and  tht  proper' 
NoH  par  1,000  each  Year  from  1831  to  1S31  mcUuivt. 


Num6« 

N.n^l«, 



r.jr. 

PfopoHJon 

^sr 

l-opalmtlon. 

pHl.OOO. 

^IKoo^s™ 

POPUIIUOD. 

P«  1.900. 

IMl 

3I3S3 

l,6J3.grS 

»);S7* 

1SS7 

».M' 

i.se«,4tj 

«-»l 

WI 

stBiia 

SH 

20.820 

»,BS1,W7 

f'OM 

Xira'.nu 

3,007,  S0» 

•  HI 

ib;7;» 

.W7,3sa 

la-Mi 

I'Sll 

esi 

Jirw 

.M6;i76 

la-sss 

i7.as« 

■Ills;?** 

Jt.7»a 

,6M,t(W 

13-891 

]9,»S 

3.in,sse 

.590.891 

1903 

17.8*1 

I'M« 

ii|:37 

.WaJB 

la-w 

ls<l 

1S.7S1 

3,Jli5,M) 

B-7ie 

II.H9 

J,7«.*7i 

10.M7 

3,3«,««1 

ym 

uo 

M.iit 

i.oM,m 

is,a93 

i,98e.«M 

ft-tlt 

ISCM 

3.1t7M9 

TCBt 

1397 

3.UI.'lM 

S«2 

itiass 

i,^eifiu 

8(» 

id!  US! 

a,M7,S2S 

iw 

10,8W 

i,ll>t,13S 

:o,39i 

3,M3,«ia 

l«l.*7* 

S.Z»,8W 

l'i\?3 

3.01 8.90) 

5-87B 

ir.M! 

1,185.(10 

7-iM 

S71 

a,  808.38* 

G-3H 

Wfl 

JS.TOS 

2,339.1)37 

7-WI 

ib;ii.b 

s,8r9,»M 

f-S93 

1^971 

»,381.SM 

t<l7« 

».7fi< 

J.OM.IU 

7-*3S 

ifl,4ei 

4N,I71 

8-778 

M.lfil 

4,018.3*1 

S-ti9 

J1.M7 

*73  7i8 

i-500 

so,  078 

4,i!sr,fi(o 

51a,lM 

8-489 

4. 31 1,807 

MJ.M1 

ai^ 

ilKO.OlO 

7-3r» 

Ul 

33,Cfi2 

aJtM* 

aeil 

iI'b 

SS,408 

■*,a3*.Ci« 

K.ora 

<.709|b8(I 

a-sit 

sIms^bi 

B'9N 

■l,7e8:M7 

fees 

IBM 

1S.70S 

3,»ii),a43 

6884 

Ehiqbatiok  and  Iuuioration. — During  the  year  IS81  a  total 
of  243,002  persons  of  Britiali  origin  left  this  country  for  places 
out  of  Europe,  and  of  this  number  23,912  weut  to  British  North 
American  colonies,  176,104  to  the  United  States,  SS,682  to 
Australia  or  New  Zealand,  while  the  lemainiug  20,304  went  to 
Vftrioua  other  places.  The  total  was  made  up  of  139,076  Engliah, 
26,826  Scotch,  and  76,200  Irish.  The  number  of  foreigners  who 
left  Englund  for  countries  out  of  Europe  during  1681  was  144,381, 
and  the  numher  of  persons  undist  in  fished  as  to  nationality  was 
5,131,  giving  a  grand  total  of  392,514  emigrants.  The  immigra- 
tion for  the  jeoT  amounted  ts  77,105  persons,  of  whom  62,707 
were  British  and  24,308  were  foreigners.  The  net  emigration  fot 
the  year  18S1  therefore  etands  at  a  total  of  315,409  ;  in  1880  the 
number  was  263,978. 


156  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND    FACTS. 


MISCELLANEOUS   STATISTICS  AND   FACTS. 

Police. — The  strength  of  the  police  force  in  the  United  King- 
dom at  the  close  of  1881  was  48,933  men,  being  at  the  rate  of 
one  to  every  721  of  the  population. 

The  National  Debt. — The  total  amount  of  the  National  Debt, 
inclusive  of  unclaimed  stock  and  dividends,  at  the  end  of  March, 
1882,  was  £763,045,940. 

Public  Income  and  Expenditure. — The  total  public  income 
of  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  year  closing  Slst  March,  1882, 
was  £85,822,282,  and  the  expenditure  amounted  to  £85,472,560. 

Income  and  Property  Taxes. — The  revenue  from  these  taxes 
during  the  year  ending  5th  April,  1882,  amounted  to  £9,945,000, 
showing  a  decrease  on  the  previous  return  of  £705,000. 

The  Sugar  used  in  Brewing  during  1881  amounted  in 
quantity  to  1,125,342  cwts.,  and  in  distilling  to  103  cwts.;  the 
quantity  of  molasses  used  ii^  distilling  was  196,136  cwts. 

British  Shipping. — The  number  of  sailing  vessels  registered  in 
the  United  Kingdom  in  1881  was  19,325,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage 
of  3,688,00s.  The  number  of  steam  vessels  registerea  was  5,505, 
with  a  tonnage  of  3,003,988. 

Post-office  Savings  Banks. — The  amount  of  the  deposits 
made  in  the  United  Kingdom  during  1881  was  £12,694,146,  in- 
cluding interest.  The  cash  paid  out  amounted  to  £10,244,287, 
and  the  amount  of  computed  capital  at  the  end  of  the  year  was 
£36,194,496. 

^Iarriages,  Births,  and  Deaths. — In  England  and  Wales 
during  the  year  1881  there  were  registered  197,080  marriages, 
883,5 1 8  bi  rths,  and  49 1 ,8 1 3  deaths.  In  Scotland  there  were  rems- 
tered  during  the  same  period  25,948  marriages,  126,214  birtns, 
and  72,301  deaths.  In  Ireland  the  number  of  marriages  was 
21,762,  births  125,840,  and  deaths  90,085. 

Imports  and  Exports. — The  total  value  of  imports  into  the 
United  Kingdom  for  the  year  1881  was  £397,022,489,  being  at 
the  rate  of  £11  7s.  4d.  per  head  of  the  population,.  ThoTidne 
of  exports  amounted  in  tne  case  of  British  produce  to  £234^023,678, 
being  at  the  rate  of  £6  14s.  per  head  of  the  population,  and  in 
the  case  of  foreign  and  colomal  produce  to  £63,060,097. 

Decrease  of  Drunkenness  in  Ireland. — Dr.  Hancock's 
Criminal  and  Judicial  Returns  include  the  number  of  anests 
punishable  for  drunkenness  in  the  year  1881,  which  nnmbcfed 
78,573,  compared  with  110,903  in  1877— a  decrease  of  33|83a 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS    AND    FACTS.  I57 

All  the  provinces  report  a  decrease.  This  testifies  to  the  efficacy  of 
Sanday  Closing. 

Railways. — Tlie  total  length  of  railway  lines  open  at  the  close 
of  1881  in  the  United  Kingdom  amounted  to  18,180  miles.  The 
paid-up  capital  was  £745,519,000.  The  traffic  receipts  were 
£63,873,000,  or  £3,512  per  mile.  The  working  expenses  amounted 
to  £34,589,000,  and  the  number  of  passengers  conveyed,  exclusive 
of  season-ticket  holders,  was  622,423,000,  or  34,224  persons  per 
mile. 

Importation  of  Opium. — A  parliamentary  return  shows  tha 
quantity  of  opium  in  its  various  forms  imported  annually  into 
the  United  Kingdom  from  1860  to  1881  inclusive.     Daring  the 

geriod  embraced  by  the  return  the  quantity  imported  has  risen 
y  irregular  stages  from  210,867  lbs.  to  793,146  lbs.  Of  these 
amounts  98,072  lbs.  were  re-exported  in  1860  and  401,883  lbs.  in 
1881. 

Building  Societies. — A  Blue-book  gives  an  abstract  of  the 
accounts  furnished  by  building  societies  incorporated  to  the  31st 
December,  1881,  throughout  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The 
summary  for  England  and  Wales  shows  that  the  total  number 
of  societies  was  1,499.  Thirty- two  societies  were  dissolved, 
and  37  were  in  default.  Of  those  societies  that  had  furnished 
particulars  the  average  membership  was  346,  and  the  average 
receipts  during  the  last  financial  year  were  £15,304. 

Drinking  and  Crime  in  Ireland. — In  the  fourth  report  of 
the  General  Prisons  Board,  Ireland,  for  1881-2,  there  is  a  letter, 
dated  May,  1882,  from  the  Rev.  Robert  Flemyng,  M.A.,  Church 
of  Ireland  Chaplain  at  Mountjoy  Prison,  Dublin,  in  which  he 
says  : — "  My  intercourse  with  convicts  and  prisoners  adds  every 
year  to  my  conviction  that  drink  is  all  but  the  universal  cause  of 
crime,  and  that  until  further  restrictions  are  put  upon  the  drink 
traffic  there  is  but  little  prospect  either  of  lessening  crime  or  of 
the  reformation  of  criminals." 

Six  Months^  Railway  Accidents.— A  Blue-book  has  been 
published  containing  returns  of  all  accidents  and  casualties 
reported  to  the  Board  of  Trade  by  railway  companies  during  the 
six  months  ending  June  30,  1882,  together  with  special  reports 
on  certain  accidents  which  were  inquired  into.  From  this  we 
learn  that  522  fatal  accidents  occurred  in  that  time,  against  497  in 
the  corresponding  period  of  last  year.  The  number  of  injuries 
not  fatal  was  2,072,  as  against  2,009  in  the  same  period  of  last 
year. 

The  National  Revenue  from  the  Liquor  Traffic. — From 
a  parliamentary  return,  moved  for  by  Mr.  Slagg,  it  appears  that 
the  total  proceeds  of  Taxes  and  Imports  on  Intoxicating  Liquors 


158  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS    AND   FACTS. 

and  the  Liquor  Traffic  for  the  year  ending  31st  March,  1882, 
amounted  to  ;£31,037,733.  The  following  ia  a  comparative  state- 
ment of  the  total  gross  proceeds  to  the  Revenue  for  the  preceding 
eight  years:— 1874,  ^32,299,062;  1875,  ;e33,052,568  ;  1876, 
£33,712,964;  1877,  £33,447,282;  1878,  ^^33,044,323;  1879, 
£32,102,136  ;  1880,  29,614,496  ;  1881,  29,497,666. 

Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act  and  the  Five  Exempted  Cities. 
— The  house-to-house  canvass  of  the  five  exempted  citiea  for 
and  against  Sunday  closing  has  been  completed  by  the  Irish 
Association  for  the  Prevention  of  Intemperance,  with  the  follow- 
ing results : — 

Majority 
Total  Vote.  Tes.  No.  for  Sunday 

clos'.nfr. 

Dublin  42,723  34,60C  8,117  26,46« 

Belfast 26,386  23.511  2,875  20,636 

CorK 11.475   9,605  1,870  7,733 

Limerick  6,150  6,600  550  5,050 

Waterford 3,785   8,495  290  8,205 

90,519  76,817  18,702  63,093 

In  1876,  when  a  similar  canvass  was  made,  the  total  vote  taken 
was  7 4,482,  the  Ayes  being  62,243,  Noes,  8,239,  leaving  a  majority 
in  that  year  for  Sunday  closing  of  54,004. 

Bishop  Temple  on  Abstinence  and  Mental  Labour. — At  a 
temperance  demon6tration,heldon  the  10th  November,  at  Torquay, 
the  Rii^ht  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Exeter  said  :— "  1  can  tesUfy 
that  since  I  have  given  up  intoxicating  liquors  I  have  felt  less 
weariness  in  what  I  have  to  do.  I  have  been  busy  ever  since  I 
was  a  little  boy,  and  I  therefore  know  how  much  I  can  undertake, 
and  I  certainly  can  testify  that  since  I  gave  up  intoxicating 
liquors — although  I  did  not  like  giving  them  up,  inasmuch  at  X 
rather  enjoyed  them,  when  I  used  them,  and  inasmuch  as  I 
never  felt  the  slightest  intention  to  exceed,  nor  am  I  at  all  among 
tho33  who  cannot  take  one  gla??,  and  only  one,  but  must  go  on  to 
another — I  have  certainly  found  that  I  am  very  much  the  better 
for  it.  That  sort  of  experience,  you  know,  is  an  experience  whidi 
it  is  very  difficult  indeed  for  a  man  to  get  over.  Whatever  afgu- 
ments  I  miy  hear  about  it,  it  is  impossible  for  me  to  escape  from 
the  memory  of  the  fact  that  I  have  found  myself  verv  much 
better  able  to  work,  to  write,  to  read,  to  speak,  and  to  do  whatever 
I  may  have  to  do,  ever  since  I  abstained  totally  and  entirely  from 
all  intoxicating  liquor." 


NATIONAL. 

TKMPKRANCE    ICnKAGUE, 

337,    STRAND,    LONDON. 


OBJECT. — The  promotion  of  Temperance  by  the  practice  and 
advocacy  of  Total  Abstinence  from  intoxicating  Beverages. 

MEKBEBrSHIP. — The  League  consists  of  persons  of  Iwth 
sexes,  who  have  subscribed  their  names  to  a  pledge,  or  declaration 
of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  beverages,  and  who  contribute 
to  the  funds  of  the  League  not  less  than  23.  6d.  per  annum.  Con- 
tributions are  gratefully  accepted  from  all  friends  of  Temperance, 
whether  abstainers  or  not. 

AGENCIES.— The  League's  agencies  are  comprehensive  and 
unsectarian.  It  assists  local  societies  and  individual  workers,  and 
seeks  to  accomplish  its  great  object  by  means  of  public  meetings, 
lectures,  sermons,  tract  distribution,  domiciliary  visitation  ;  con- 
ferences with  the  clergy,  medical  practitioners,  schoolmasters, 
magistrates,  and  other  persons  of  influence  ;  deputations  to 
teachers  and  students  in  universities,  colleges,  training  institu- 
tions, and  schools  ;  missionaiy  efforts  amongst  sailors,  soldiera,  the 
militia,  the  police,  and  other  classes. 

BESTJLTS. — The  operations  of  the  League  have  been  largely 
instnimental  in  awakening  public  attention  to  the  necessity  for 
effective  measures  against  Intemperance,  as  well  as  in  promoting 
distinctive  Temperance  action  amongst  Clergymen  and  Ministers 
of  different  denominations,  the  Medical  Profession,  teachers  of 
youth,  and  other  influential  bodies  ;  and  a  very  gratifying  degree 
of  success  has  attended  its  efforts  to  advance  sobriety  in  the  Army 
and  Navy. 


FORM  OF  BEQUEST.— I  give  and  bequeath  to  the  **  NaUonal  Tem. 
pearnce  League  "  tbo  enm  of  Poands  sterling,  to  be  raised 

and  paid  for  the  parposet  of  the  said  Society  out  of  tnch  part  only  of 
my  personal  estate  as  shall  not  contist  of  chattels  real  or  money  secured 
on  mortgage  of  lands  or  tenements,  or  in  any  other  manner  affecting 
lands  or  tenements  ;  for  which  Legacy  the  receipt  of  the  Treasurer  for 
the  time  being  of  the  said  Society  shall  be  a  sufficient  discharge  of  my 
executors. 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE   LEAGUE. 


President. 

SAMUEL  BOWLT,  Esq. 

Vice-Presidents. 


Be?.  Csnon  B^Bureroir,  M.  A.,  Brighton. 

Sir  Edwabd  Baietss,  Leeds. 

Rev.  Canon  Babbslxt,  M.A.,  MancheBtnr. 

NathakielBarvabt.  Esq..  C.B.,  London. 

8.  A.  Blackwood,  Esq.,  C.B.,  London. 

JoHV  Bboomhall,  Eso.,  J.P.,  London. 

Jonv  Cadudbt,  Esq.,  Birmingham. 

W.  8.CAINB,  Esq.,  M.P:,  Scarborough. 

Rer.  J.  P.  Chowit.  London. 

Rev.  JoHB  Clivtord,  M.A.,LL.B.,  London. 

The  Very  Rer.  G.  H.  Cobvob,  M.A.,  D«an 

of  Windsor. 
Thomas  Cook,  Esq.,  Leicester. 
Habdbl  Cosshajc,  Esq.,  F.G.8.,  Bath. 
WilliavCrosviilo,  E^..  J.P.,  Liverpool. 
Hknbt  Dixob,  E8q.,M.R.0.8.,Watlington. 
Rer.  STBBTOir  Eabblbt,  B.A.,Streatnam. 
Rer.  Canon  Fabbak,  D.D.,  Westminster. 
RcT.  Canon  Flbmuto,  B.D.,  London. 
Rev.  R.  Valpy  Fbbnch,   D.C.L.,    Llan- 

martin. 
RcT.  Chablbs  Gabbbtt,  LiTerpool. 
Rear- Admiral  H.  D.  Gbant.  C.B.,  London. 
Joif  ATSAK  Gbubb.  Esq.,  Sudbury. 
Rev.  Nbwmab  Hall.  LL.B.,  London. 
Admiral  Sir  Williajc  Euro  Hall,  K.C.B., 

London. 
RcT.  Albxaitdbb  Hakvat,  D.D.,  London. 
Rev.  RoBBBT  Uarlkt,  F.R.S.,  Hndders- 

fie:d. 


T.  P.  Hasijor,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.&O.P.Lood, 

Birmingham. 
Rev.  HuflH  HuLBATT,  MJ^..  London. 
Charlbs  J.  Lbab,  Esq.,  London. 
Gkobob  Livbbbt,  Esq.,  C.E.  London. 

»,D.D.7Blrl 


Rev.  Albx.  Maclbod, 
Rev.  Samubl  M^Axl,  London. 
RoBBBT  Mabtxv,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Monehsrtir. 
H.  M.  MAniBsov,  Esq.,  London. 
Rev.  M ABMADVKB  MzLLBB,  MancbsBUT. 
Saxubl  Moblbt,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Los^on. 
HBKBr  MuBBOB,  Esq.,  M.D.,F.L.a,  HiD. 
Rev.  G.  W.  Oltbb,  BJL.,  London. 

Rev.      H.      BXBCLAXB      PATBBSOVa     JCD.. 

London. 
Abthub  Pbabb,  Esq.,  V .P.,  Dsrlington. 
B.  W.  RxcHABSOov,  Esq.,  ILD.,  FJ^A, 

London. 
W.  B.  RoBiBsov,  Esq,  Sonthanplon. 
W.  D.  Sims,  Esq.,  Ipswich. 
T.  B.  Smrhibs,  Esq.,  London. 
Uaior  R.  C.  Stilbkab,  J.P..  WlnehalMB. 
Rev.  Chablbs  Stovbl,  London. 
Rev.  Si  MOB  Stvbobb,  H.A.,  Wargnfi. 
Admiral  Sir  B.  Jambb  Svlxvav,  K.C.B1, 

Bournemouth. 
Bbvjamib     Whxtwobtm,     Esq.,    X.P4 

London. 
Gbobob  Wxluams,  Eiq.|  London. 


Executive  Committee. 

Ckairmau'-UT,  JOHN  TAYLOR. 
Viet-Chairman-VT,  W.  R.  8  EL  WAY,  M.B.W. 


Mr.  P.  B.  Cow,  Streatham. 
Mr.  Joshua  Cox,  Canterbury. 
The  Hon.  Conbad  Uillob,  ChelMa. 
Mr.  R.  P.  EowABOs,  Shepherd's  Bush. 
Mr.  J.  H.  EsTBRBROOKB,  New  Cross. 
Mr.  Abth VB  Gubn,  Haverstock  Hill. 
Mr.  RiCHO.  Littlbbot,  Newport  Pagnel. 
Mr.  Edward  Mabbxagb,  Colchester. 
Mr.  T.  E.  MzKSHALL,  Totteridire. 
Mr.  W.  I.  Palmbb,  J.P.,  Reading. 
Dr.  J.  P.  Scatlibb,  Clapham  Common. 


Mr.  Thomas  Smith,  Canonhnry. 
Mr.  Fboomb  Talbovbd,  Wandsworth. 
Mr.  A.  I.  Tilltabd,  M.A.,  Cambiidfti 
Mr.  William  Walxbb,  Uiirhbarr. 
Mr.  Marbiagb  Wallxb,  J.P.,  BnghtaB. 
Mr.  Gbobob  Whitb,  Norwidu 
Dr.  H.  W.  Williams,  Brompton. 
Mr.  T.  M.  Williams,  B.A.,  London. 
Mr.  R.  WiLSOB.  Ash,  Surrey. 
Mr.  MiCHABL  YovBO,  CUmton. 
Lieut.-Col.  T.  N.  Youvo»  lalowortiL 


Treasurer. 

CHARLES  J.  LEAF,  Esq. 

Bankers. 

LONDON  AND  COUNTY  BANK,  COVENT  GARDEN. 

Secretary. 

Mr.  ROBERT  RAE. 

O7FI0ES,  LECTURE  HALL,  &  PUBLICATIOK  BXPOT, 

337,  STRAND,  I-ONDON. 


A  Complete  Catalogue  of  Temperance  Literature, 


IN  STOCK  AT  THB 


lATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEP6t, 

337,    BXIi-A.OT>,    X.OITIDOIT.    T^.O. 


•9'i(//  B0el:«  in  tkit  Catategm9  0rt  hovnd  in  eloih  beards,  vulent  «tkentim  iloied. 


STANDABD,  TEMPERANCE   WORKS. 

t^on  of  Alcohol  on  the  Hind.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Riciiabdson,  F.R.B. 

F;iper,  6d. ;  dotb,  la. 
Lleohol,  Besults  of  Besearches  on.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  RiczTABDaoN, 

F.B.S.     (Being  an  Address  deliTered  in  the  Sheldoniui  Theatre,  Qxford.) 

Specii^ly  reviied  by  the  Author.  Cloth  boarda,  la. ;  neat  paper  covera,  6d. 

These  two  in  one  vol.,  cloth  boarda,  1p.  6d. 
Llcohol  at  the  Bar ;  the  highest  Medical  aad  Scientific  Testimony 

concerning  its  use.  Compiled  by  G.  W.  Bacon,  F.B.G.8.  Limp  cloth.  It. 
klcohol :  Ita  Place  and  Power.    With  an  Appendix,  contnining  the 

Beanm6  and  Conclnsiona  of  HM.  Lallemand,  Perrin,  and  Dnruj,  with  an 

Aeeonnt  of  Experimenti  by  Dr.  E.  Smith,  London.    By  Jiuzs  Millke, 

F.B.8.E.,  F.B.C.8.E.    Post  8vo,  on  fine  paper,  witii  portrait,  8a.;  cheap 

edition  la. 
Icohol,  On.    A  coarse  of  six  Cantor  Lectures  delivered  before  the 

Society  of  Arte.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichabdson.    Crown  Sto,  paper,  la. ; 

<doth  boards,  la.  6d. 
.rrest  the  Destroyer'a  March.    By  Mra.  WiOHTiiANr    Crown  Svo^ 

335  pa^ea,  8s.  6d. 
iaaea  of  the  Temperance  Beform,  The.    An  Exposition  and  Appeal 

by  the  Rer.  Dawson  Burns,  M.A.    2a.  6d. 
ible  and  Temperance,  The;  or  the  true  Scriptural  Basis  of  the 

Temperance  Movement.    By  Bct.  T.  Pearson.     Cloth,  gilt,  88.  6d. 
entennial  Temperance  Volume:  A  Memorial  of  the  Inleruational 

Temperance  Conference,  held  in  Philadelphia,  June,  1876.    Pablished  by 

the  National  Temperance  Society,  New  York.    21s. 
hrifltianity  and  Teetotaliam.    A  Voice  from  the  Army.    By  Miss 

Bobinson.    Paper  covers,  6d.;  cloth.  Is. 
hristendom  and  the  Drink  Curae.     An  Appeal  to  the  Christinn 

World  for  efficient  Action  Against  the  Causes  of  Intemperance.     By  the 

Bev.  Dawson  Bubns,  M.A.,  F.S.S.  Cloth,  gilt,  bevelled  bds.,  343  pp.,  5s. 
ommunion  Wine,  fermented  or  unfermented.  By  P.  Wagstafp.  Is. 
ialoguea  on  Doctora  and  Drink.    A  reply  to  articles  in  the  Conttm- 

porary  Review.    By  Jis.  Whttk.     28.  6d. ;  paper,  Is. 
ialogruea  on  Drink.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Pichardson,  F.R.S.    Paper 

covers,  In,  6d. ;  cloth  boards,  20.  6d. 
igeat  of  the  Laws,  Decisions,  Rules,  and  Usages  of  the  I.O.G.T. 

By  S.  B.  Chasb.     New  Edition,  Ss.  6d. 
iseaaea  of  Modern  Life.   By  Dr.  B.  W.  RicuARiiSOH,  F.RS.    Crown 

8fo,  pp.  520,  6i. 

I 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Drink  Problem,  The;   and  its  Solution.      By  £z-Bailie  Lbwi% 

Edinburgh.     4s.  6d. 

Ziril  and  the  Bemedy,  The,  or  the  Sin  and  Folly  of  Intempenmce,  and 
the  Wiedom  and  Ezcelleuoe  of  Total  Abitinenoe  from  all  Intozieatiiig 
Drinks.  With  observations  on  the  use  of  Tobaooo  and  other  NarootioB. 
By  the  Bev.  W.  Moistck.    lilostrated,  4t. 

Four  Pillars  of  Intemperance,  The.  By  the  Author  of**  Boy  your 
own  Cherries."     Cloth,  Is.  6d. 

Haste  to  the  Bescue ;  or,  Work  while  it  is  Day.  By  Mra.  Wiobtuah. 
Is.  6d. 

History  of  Toaatingr,  The  ;  or,  Drinking  of  Healths  in  England.  By 
the  Hev.  B.  YiLPr  Fbckch,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  Ae,    Cloth,  gilt^  It.  6d. 

Holy  Scripture  and  Total  Abstinence.  By  Rev.  Canon  Hopkikb.  la 

Intoxicating  Drinks,  their  History  and  Mystery,  By  J.  W. 
KiBTON,  LL.D.  Boards,  Is. ;  cloth,  gilt,  Is.  6d.,  or  separately,  one  pennj 
each,  as  follows : — A  Glass  of  Ale ;  A  Glass  of  Stout ;  A  Glass  of  Spirits; 
A  Glass  of  British  Wine;  A  GUss  of  Foreign  Wine;  and  What  Ou^t 
to  be  Done,  and  Who  Oaght  to  Do  it. 

liaws  of  Life  and  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  T.  P.  LucA&    2b. 

Medical  Temperance  Journal.  Thirteen  Yearly  Vols  at  2a.  6d.,  Six 
Doable  Vols,  at  5s.  each. 

Ministry  of  Health,  A,  and  other  Papers,  By  Dr.  B.  W.  RiCHABDsoir, 
F.B.d.,  &o.     Crown  8to,  oloth  extra,  6s. 

Morning  Dewdropa;  or,  the  Juyenile  Abstainer.  By  Mrs.  C.  L 
Balfour.    Bevised  and  illustrated  edition,  doth  boards,  gilt,  3s.  6d. 

National  Temperance  Mirror.  Two  Yearly  Tola,  paper  boards,  la  6d.; 
oloth,  gilt,  28. ;  doth,  boTeUed  boards,  gilt  edges,  8s.  6d.  each. 

Nephalism ;  the  True  Temperance  of  Scripture,  Science,  and 
Experience.  By  Jamks  Millbb,  F.B.8.E.,  F.R.C.3.E.  Price  8s.  Cheap 
edition,  6d.,  paper ;  dotb,  Is. 

Non-Alcoholic  Cookery  Book.    Edited  by  Mart  E.  Docwba.  for 

the  British  Women's  Temperance  Association.     Is. 

N  on- Alcoholic  Home  Treatment  of  Disease.  By  J.  J.  Ridob,  ILD., 
&c.     Cloth  limp,  gilt  lettered,  Is.  Gd. 

Physiologry  of  Temperance  and  Total  Abstinence.    An  Ejumina^ 

lion  of  the  effects  of  the  use  of  Alcoholic  Liqaors  on  the  Haman  SysteoL 
By  Dr.  W.  B.  Cabpenter,  F.R.S.     Paper,  Is.;  doth,  8s.  6d. 

Religious  and  Educational  Aspects  of  Temperance.  By  Canoo 
B.  WiLBERFORCK,  Dr.  N.  S.  Kkrb.  Bey.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  Bev.  A. 
Hannay,  Sir  H.  Thompson,  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  Ac     Is.  6d. 

Scripture  Testimony  against  Intoxicating  Wine.  By  the  Rer. 
William  Ritchie,  D.D.     Paper  coTers,  Is. ;  doth  boards,  28. 

Scripture  Texts  on  Temperance  Examined.     By  Thomas  Ouja 

Bditod  by  F.  Atkin.     Is. 

Temperance  Bible  Commentary.    Exhibiting  at  One  View,  Yenbo, 
CriticisiD,  and  Exposition,  with  preliminary  Dissertation,  AppendiOM^  nd 
Index.     By  Davsom  Bur^s  vnTid  F.  R.  Lecs.    530  pages,  6s. 
$ 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Temperance  Congnress  of  1862,  The.  A  Scries  of  Papers  and  Ad- 
dresses on  all  aspects  of  the  Movement  bj  the  early  workers.     28,  6d. 

Temperance  Cyclopeedia.  By  the  Rev.  William  Reid,  D.D.,  Edin- 
bargh.     704  pages,  erown  8to,  60. 

Temperance  Landmarks.  A  Narrative  of  the  Work  and  the  Workers. 
B7  the  Bev.  Robkbt  Maguibi,  D.D.     Is. 

Temperance  Physiology.  By  the  late  Joiin  Guthkie,  D.D.  Paper 
boards,  Is. ;  cloth  boards,  2s. 

Temperance  Reformation  and  its  Claims  upoa  the  Christian 
Ghnroh.  By  the  KeT.  Jahrs  Smith,  M.A.  A  Prize  Essay,  for  whieh 
250  guineas  were  awarded.     400  pages,  demy  8to,  cloth  lettered,  6s. 

Temperance  Witness  Box;  being  the  Sayings  of  Doctors,  Press, 
Pablicans,  Statesmen,  Soldiers,  Employers,  Judges,  Police,  Sailors,  Poets, 
Bishops,  and  Clergy.   Compiled  by  the  ReT.  Chablks  Bullock,  B.D.    Is. 

Total  Abstinence.  A  Course  of  Addresses.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Ricdardsok, 
F.B.S.     Crown  8to.  8s.  6d. 

Voice  of  the  Pulpit  on  Temperance,  The.  By  Revs.  Canoi 
Fabrar,  Canon  B.  Wilberfobce,  Dr.  W.  M.  Taylor,  Dr.  H.  S.  Patsbron, 
Dr.  A.  Maclbod,  John  Clifford,  &c.     Is.  6d. 

Voice  of  Science  on  Temperance,  The.  ByDrs.  B.W.  RicnARDSON, 
N.  S.  Ekbr,  N.  S.  Davis,  J.  J.  Uidob,  H.  S.  Patbbson,  James  Edmunds, 
Ac,    Is.  6d. 

Wines :  Scriptural  and  Ecclesiastical.  By  Norman  S.  Kerr,  M.D., 
F.L.S.  An  expansion  of  a  lectare  deliTered  before  the  Church  Homiletical 
Society,  November,  1881.     Is.  6d. 

Worship  of  Bacchus  a  Great  Delusion.  Illustrated  with  drawiiigg, 
diagrams,  facts  and  figures.  Cloth  limp,  Is. ;  boards,  2s.  An  abridgment 
in  paper  coTers,  2d.  Fourteen  coloured  Diagrams  for  the  use  of  Lecturers, 
illustrating  the  chief  points  of  this  work.  Price  for  the  set  complete,  with 
necessary  frame  for  suspending,  14s.;  Single  Diagram,  Is. 

SOCIAL. 

Brigrht  Firesides  and  Cheerful  Homes.  By  J.  W.  Kirton,  LL.D., 
Author  of  "Happy  Homes  and  How  to  Make  Them."     Fcp.  8?o,  Is. 

Britain's  Social  State.  By  David  Lewis,  one  of  the  Magistrates  of 
Edinburgh.     Paper  coTCrs,  Is. ;  cloth  boards,  2s. 

City,  The,  its  Sins  and  Sorrows.  By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gutiirib.  Clotb, 
Is. ;  paper,  6d. 

English  GirlSy  their  Place  and  Power.  By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet, 
with  Preface  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Dalk,  M.A.     28.  6d. 

Happy  Homes,  and  How  to  Make  Them ;  or.  Counsels  on  Love, 
Courtship,  and  Marriage.  By  J.  W.  Kibton.  SeTenty.eighth  Thousand. 
Fife  full-page  Illustrations.     2i. 

Long  Evenings,  and  Work  to  do  ia  Them.  By  Mrs.  Batlt.  Crown 
8to,  8s.  6d. 

Our  Daughters,  their  Lives  here  and  hereafter.  By  Mrs.  G.  S. 
Bbanxt.    8s.  6d. 

•4 


TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  COFFEE  TAVERN  MOVEMENT. 
Book  of  One  Hundred  Temx>erance  Beverages.  By  Wh.  Bebhhabo. 

Cloth  limp,  6d. 

Coffee  Palace  Hand -Book,  The.    ByT.FiDLSB.    Pni)cr  coreis,  6d. 

Coffee  Public  House  News.    Illustrated  monthly  pnper,  Id. 

Coffee  Public  House,  The  :  How  to  Establish  and  Manage  it    Finper 

coTOrji,  6d. 
Coffee  Taverns :  Their  Work  and  Management  ByHERBERT  Birch.  Id. 

Coffee  Taverns,  Cocoa  Houses,  and  Coffee  Palaces :  tlieir  Rise, 
Progress,  and  Prospects.  By  E.  Hepple  Hall,  F.S.8.  Illastrated,  fusj 
paper  boards,  Is. ;  cloth,  beTolled  boards,  2s. 

Coffee  Tavern  Guide,  The.    Id. 

liines  of  lAght  on  a  Dark  Background.    By  Lady  Hors.    Ss.  6d. 
Maiden's  Work,  A.    By  Lady  Hope.    Cloth  gilt,  5s. 

More  about  our  Coffee  Room.    By  the  Author  of*  Our  Coffee  Room.'* 

Crown  8to,  Ss.  6d. 
Our  Coffee  Boom.    By  Lady  Hope,  of  Carriden.    With  Prefoce,  by 

Lieut-Qen.  8ir  Arthur  Cotton,  R.E.,  K.C.S.I.     8s.  6s. 

Social  Influence  of  the  Coffee  House  Movement.  By  S.  Bourns.  Id. 
Touches  of  Beal  Life.    By  Lady  Hope,  of  Carriden.    5s. 

HISTORICAL. 

Aldershot :  A  Record  of  Mrs.  DanielPs  Work  amongst  Soldiers, 

and  its  Seqael.     By  her  Dauobtrb.     With  Portrait     Cloth,  gilt,  8s.  6d. 
Exeter  Hall  and  its  Associations.    By  F.  M.  Holmes.    Cloth,  gUt, 

Illnstrated.     2s.  6d. 
Pifty  Tears   ago:    or,  Erin's   Temperance   Jubilee.     Personal 

iteminisoences  and  Historical  Notes.     Edited  by  Frederick  Sbbrloci. 

8d.  and  Is. 
Handbook  of  Temperance   History.     Edited  by  Robert  Ras, 

Secretary  of  the  National  Temperance  League.    With  Steel  PortraiU  of 

Samuel  Bowlj  and  Sir  Edward  Baines.     2s. 
History  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Great  Britain  and 

Ireland.     With  Biographical  Notices  of  Departed  Worthies.     Bj  Saxvrl 

CouLiNO.     8s.  6d. 
History  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  Scotland.  Paper,  2b.  6d.; 

cloth,  3s. 

History  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars,  The.  By 
Isaac  Newton  Pierce.  Edited,  revised,  and  re«written  by  S.  P.  Tacyiir* 
80.V,  B.A.     Paper,  l)d. ;  cloth,  gilt,  Is.  8d. 

Our  Blue  Jackets.  A  Narrative  of  Miss  Weston's  Life  and  Woik 
among  our  Sailors.     By  Sophia  G.  Wintz.     Is. 

Bagged  Homes,  and  How  to  Mend  Them.    By  Mrs.  BktImT,    8a  6tL 

Beminiscences  of  Early  Teetotalism.     By  JosKPn  Liyxbbt.    Sd. 

remperance  Work  in  the  Boyal  Navy.    By  the  Author  of  **  Our 
Jiioe  JackeU."    WUU  Preiace  V>^  k^^Y«^.\^^%\^«.    Gilt  edgf^  la  M 

4 


TEMPERAN'CE  PUBLICATIONS. 


STATISTICAL    WORKS. 

CrOnvocation  of  Canterbury.    Limp  cloth.  Is. 

Crime  in  England  and  Wales  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  A 
Historical  and  Critical  Retrospect.     Uy  William  Hoylb.     2«.  C<l. 

Mortality  from  Intemperance.    By  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.ti.  3(1 

Nuts  to  Crack  for  Moderate  Drinkers.  By  J.  Milton  Smitii. 
Cloth,  4d. 

Official  Be  turns  presented  to  the  Lords'  Committee  on  Intem- 
perance by  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society.  Paper  covers,  6d. 

Our  if  ational  Resources,  and  how  they  are  Wasted.  i3y  William 

HOTLK.     4d. 

SCHOOL    BOOKS. 

Temperance  Lesson  Book,  The.     A  8cries  of  Short  Lessons  on 

Alcohol  and  its  action  on  the  Body.     Designed  for  reading  in  Soliouls  and 

Families.     Thirty-fourth  Thousand.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  liiCHARDso.v,  F.B.S. 

Is.  6d. ;  cloth,  gilt,  for  presentation,  2s.  6d. 
Temperance  Primer,  The.    An  Elementary  Lesson  Book,  designed  to 

teach  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Alcoholic  Liquors,  and  the  action  of 

Alcohol  on  the  body.     By  J.  J.  Ridge,  M.D.,  &c.     Id. 
Temperance  Beading  Book,  A ;  or,  Elementary  Chapters  on  Alcohol 

and  Intoxicating  Drinks.     By  John  Inoham,  Ph.  C,  Jacob  Bell  Scholar, 

Double  Medalist  and  Prizeman  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society.     Is. 
Drink)  and  Strong  Brink.     A  Scries  of  Readings  for  Schools  and 

Families.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardson.     Cloth,  Is.  abo  in  three  parte  at 

4d.  each. 
Temperance  Lessons  for  the  Young.      By  Rev.  F.  Wagstaff, 

F.B.H.S.    3d. 

ORATIONS,    LECTURES,    ESSAYS,    &o. 

Abominations  of  Modem  Society.  By  the  Rev.  T.  db  Witt 
Talmaoe,  D.D.     Is. 

Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Riciiardson.  Paper 
coTers,  6d.  and  Id. 

Address  of  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  of  Carlisle  at  the  Glasgow 
Abstainers'  Union.     Paper  coverii,  8d. 

Between  the  Living  and  the  Dead.  A  Sermon  by  the  Rev.  Canon 
Farbar,  D.D.     Large  type,  paper  coTera,  4d. ;  cheap  edition,  Id. 

Blemish  of  Government,  Shame  of  Religion,  Disgrace  of  Man- 
kind ;  or,  a  Charge  drawn  up  against  Drunkards,  and  prenented  to  his 
Highness,  the  Lord  Protector,  in  the  name  of  all  the  Sober  Partie  in  the 
Three  Nations.     A  facsimile  of  a  work  isaned  in  1655.     Paper  3d. 

Bows  and  Arrows  for  Thinkers  and  Workers.  Collected  by  Rev. 
G.  W.  McCrke.     Pafter  covers,  6d. 

Christian  Serving  his  Gteneration,  The.  A  Sermon  preached  at 
Glasgow  by  the  Hct.  W.  M.  Tatlor,  A^M.     Paper  covers,  3d. 

Come  out  from  among  them :  An  Expostulation  with  Christian  lovers 
of  Intoxicating  Drinks.     By  Rev.  Forbib  E.  Winslow.     Pa9<'r  cov9t«^<V4. 

Death  March  of  Oieat  Drinkdom,  The.     B^  ^^^*  '!^o\^.^ys^  1^- 
WiKSLow^    Pmper  eoten,  8d. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Drinking  System  our  National  Curse,  The.    Addressed  to  all  good 

Citizens.     By  tbe  Rev.  Dawson  Burns.    Paper  ooTers,  6d. 
Few  Words  about  Alcohol,  A :  Its  Uses  by  Healthy  Persons,  and 

the  Diseases  it  Prodaees.     By  Dr.  C.  B.  Dbtsdalb.     Paper,  6d. 
Intemperance  and  its  Bearing  upon  Agriculture.      By  Johk 

Abbey.     Paper  covers,  Cd. 
John  B.  Gough :  the  Man  and  his  Work.    By  Frkdebick  Sher- 
lock,   Tenth  Tboasand.     Paper  covers,  2d. 
John  Wesley,  Methodism,  and  the  Temperance  Beformatios. 

By  J.  W.  KiRTON.     Paper  covers,  4d. 
Ladies'  National  Temperance  Convention  of  1876.    With  Intro- 

dnotion  by  Mrs.  W.  Hind  SMrrR.    Paper  covers,  4d. 
Loose  Bricks  for  Temperance  and  Social  Workers.    By  Amos 

ScHOLFiELD.     Paper  covers,  6d. 
Moderate  Drinking.     By  Sir  H.  Thompson,  F.RC.S.;  Dr.  B.  W. 

Richardson,  F.B.S. ;  Bev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.B.S. ;  and  othen.    With 

Portraits  of  the  Speakers,  doth,  Is.;  without  Portraits  and  first  three 

Speeches  only,  paper  cover,  4d. ;  cheap  edition,  Id. 
Moderate  Drinking,  for  and  against,  from  Scientific  Points  of 

View.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.    2d. 
Moody's  Talks  on  Temperance.    With  Anecdotes  and  Incidents  in 

connection  with  the  Tabernacle  Temperanoe  Work  in  Boston.     By  D.  L. 

Moody.     Edited  by  J.  W.  Kirton,  LL.D.     Is.  6d. 
Night  Side  of  New  York  Life ;  or,  the  Masque  torn  off.    By  the 

Rev.  T.  DE  Witt  Talmage,  D.D.     Is. 
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Second  Series,  is.  6d.  each ;  complete  in  one  voL,  28.  6d. 
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1878  and  1879.     Paper  covers,  Is. ;  limp  cloth,  Is.  6d. ;  boards.  Is.  6d. 
Orations  on  Temperance.    By  John  B.  Qough.    The  original  edition 

of  fourteen  orations,  published  in  1855.     Cloth  limp.  Is. ;  boards.  Is.  6d. 
Our  National  Vice.    By  the  Key.  William  Rbid,  D.D.,  Edinbuigh. 

Paper  covers,  6d. ;  in  cloth  limp.  Is. 
Philosophy  of  the  Temperance  Reformation,  The.    By  F.  Atkut. 

With  Preface  by  Dr.  F.  R.  Lees,  F.S.A.    8d. 
Pleas  for  Abstinence,    A  Series  of  Sermons  and  Addresses.    By  Rer. 

Canon  Fakrab.     Paper  covers,  4d. 
Poets,  Painters  and  Players.   By  G.  W.  McCrbe.  Paper  covers,  Gd. 
Results  of  Researches  on  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richakdios. 

Paper  covers,  6d. ;  cheap  edition.  Id. 
Six  Days'  Gap  between  Sunday  and  Sunday:    How  Best  to 

Bridge  it  Over.     By  George  White.     Paper  oovers,  Sd. 
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Talks  with  the  People  by  Sir  W.  Lawson.    Is. 
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Treatment  of  Inebriates,  The.    An  Appeal  to  the  Clei^gy.    By  Dr. 

N.  Kkbr.    6d. 
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Women's  Work  in  tKe  Tem'!^^xsA!(^'BiR&(^rD^N:\vcu  *^CVkk«a  IMn- 
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6 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


ANECDOTAL. 

Babylonian  Cups.  By  a  Special  Commissioner.  With  introdaction  by 
Dr.  H.  W.  Williams.    Cloth,  gilt.  Is.  6d. ;  illamioated  paper  ooTors,  li. 

Illustrated  Temperance  Anecdotes.  Compiled  l)y  the  Editor  of  the 
British  Workman,     let  and  2ad  Series.     Cloth,  Is.  6d.  each. 

John  Ploughman's  Pictures.  More  Pkiin  Talk  for  Plain  People. 
By  Ber.  C.  H.  Spuboeo.v.     Illustrated.    Paper,  Is.  ;  clotb,  gilt,  2s. 

liife  in  London  Alleys.  With  Reminiscences  of  Mary  McCarthy  and 
her  Work.     By  the  Ber.  Javes  Ykambs.     2). 

Mingled  Memories  in  a  Novel  Form.  By  Jabez  Inwards.  Clotli, 
Is. ;  paper,  6d. 

Sunlight  and  Shadow,  or  Qleanings  from  my  Life-work.  .By  John  B. 
OouoH.    28. 6d. ;  with  portrait  and  illastrations,  3fl.  6d. ;  cheap  edition,  6  J. 

BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Autobiography  of  John  B.  Gough.  New  Edition,  brought  down 
to  187^.    3s.  6d.     A  cheap  edition,  with  paper  covers,  at  Is. 

Autobiography  of  John  B.  Gough  and  Personal  Recollectioni • 
A  reprint  of  the  American  Edition.     Cloth,  28. ;  paper,  Is. 

Autobiography  of  Joseph  Livesey.    9d. 

Clerical  Experience  of  Twenty-eight  Clergymen  on  the  Tam-' 
perance  Qoestion.     Is.  and  Is.  6d. 

Conflict  and  Victory.  The  Autobiography  of  the  Author  of  "  The 
Sinner's  Friend."     Edited  by  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall.     Ss.  6d. 

Early  Heroes  of  the  Temperance  Reformation.  By  William 
Logan.     Paper,  Is. ;  cloth,  28. 

Qeorge  Easton's  Autobiography.    Is.  and  2s. 

Gloaming  of  I^ife,  The :  a  Memoir  of  James  Stirling.  By  Rev. 
Albxandkr  Wallack,  D.D.    Six  Ecgravings.    5s. ;  cheap  ed.,  6d.  and  Is. 

Heroes  in  the  Strife:  Sketches  of  Eminent  Abstainers.    By  F. 

Sherlock.     3?.  6d. 

Illustrious  Abstainers.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Short  Sketches.     Ss.  6d. 

Joseph  Livesey ;  A  Life  Story  and  its  Lessons.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Is. 

Joyful  Service.  A  Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Work  of  Emily  Strealfeild. 
By  her  Sister.     38. 

liife  of  J.  M'Currey.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Balfour.  With  Portrait.  2s.  6d. 

Memorials  of  Frances  Bidley  HavergaL  By  her  Sister,  M.  V.  G,  H. 
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Pen  Portraits  of  Illustrious  Abstainers.  By  G. W.  Bungat.  With 
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TEMPERANCE  LBGHSLATION. 

Alliance  First  Prize  Essay,  The.    By  Dr.  F.  R  Lees.    Is.  6d. 

Clerical  Memorial  to  the  Bishops  on  Intemperance.    Is. 

Drink  Traffic  and  its  Evils.    By  W.  Hotlb.    Id. 

Evidence  on  the  Forbes  Mackenzie  Act.    6d. 

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Local  Option  Speeches,  ))y  Sir  C.  Tutper,  C.B.,  &c,  and  the  Hod* 
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<*  No  Case  "  against  the  TJ.  X.  A.  and  the  Permiasive  Bill :  a  Bepiy 
to  "  The  Ca^e  "  iBsned  bj  the  Provinoial  LioenBed  Viotaailers  *  Defence 
League,     le. 

Politics  of  Temperance.    Papers  issued  by  the  U.  K.  Alliance.    4d. 

Prohibition  and  Local  Option  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
Statement  of  Mr.  Commissioner  J.  W.  Manning,  of  Ontario,     Id, 

Sir  W.  Law£on's  Local  Option  Speech  in  Midlothian.    2d. 

Sunday  Closiog  in  Ireland:  how  it  Works.  Testimony  of  Assize 
and  County  Court  Judges,  Magistrates,  &c.     Id.  . 

*  Throne  of  Iniquity,  The  ;  or  Sustaining  Evil  by  Law.    By  Rev. 
Albert  Babnks,  of  Philadolpbia.     Id. 

ILLUSTRATED  BOOKS,  BY  S.  O.  HALL. 

Boons  and  Blessings  :  the  Advantages  of  Temperance.    Stories 

and  Sketcbe?.     By  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall.     69. 

Old  Story,  An  ;  a  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.  By  S.  C  Hall, 
P.S.A.    3s. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The  :  a  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.    By  8.  C. 

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Blue  Bibbon  Daily  Text  Book.    Cloth  gilt,  Is.  6d. 

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8 


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STORIES    AT    FIVE    SHILLINGS. 
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Five  fall-page  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo. 
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Frontispiece,  paper  covers,  Is.  6(1. ;  cloth,  29. 
Westons  of  Riverdale,  The.    By  E.  C.  A.  Allen. 

STORIES  AT  THREE  SHILLINGS  &  SIXPENCE. 
Blessing  and  Blessed,  a  Sketch  of  Girl  Life.    By  Mi's.  G.  S.  Rbanbt. 

lUustrated. 

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M'GovAN.     Pictorial  boards,  2?.  6d. ;  clotb,  gilt  edges,  Ss.  6d. 
Bunch  of  Cherries,  A.    Gathered  and  strung  by  J.  W.  Kirton,  Author 

of  *'  Buy  your  own  Cherries."     With  Illustrations. 
By  the  Trent.    By  Mrs.  Oldham,  Stroud.    £250  Temperance  Talc. 

Crown  8vo,  in  paper  covers,  Is. ;  in  clotb  boards,  3b.  6d. 
Every-Day  Doings.    Prize  Tale.    By  Helena  Richardson.    Ilust 
Frank  Oldfleld;   or.  Lost  and  Found.    Prize  Tale.    By  the  Rey. 

T.  P.  Wilson,  M.A.     Illustrated. 
Fanny  Lee^s  Testimony.    By  Mrs.  Hanson.    Third  edition. 
Great  Heights  Gained  by  Steady  Efforts.    By  Rev.  T.  P.  Wilson. 

Illaatrated. 
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M'GovAM.     Pictorial  boards,  29.  6d. ;  cloth,  gilt  edges,  8s.  6d. 
John  Lyon ;  or.  From  the  Depths.    By  Ruth  Elliott.    Cm.  Sva. 
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1879.     With  Six  Engravings.     Post  8vo. 
Owen's  Hobby.    Prize  Tale.    By  Elmer  Burleigh.  Six  lllustraUons, 

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Reuben  Gaunt.    The  Leeds  Prize  Novel.    By  Miss  Huddleston. 
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Illustrated. 
Sought  and  Saved.    A  New  Story  by  M.  A.  Paull,  Author  of  **Tim'8 

Troubles  ;  or.  Tried  and  True."  Priee  Temperance  Tale,  1879.  lUosirated. 
Step  by  Step  ;  or,  the  Ladder  of  Life.    A  New  Story  by  M.  A.  Paull, 

Author  ot  ♦•  Sought  and  Saved,"  "  Tim's  Troubles,"  **  The  Flower  of  the 

Grass  Market,"  &c.     Four  full- page  Illustrations,  by  R.  C.  Woody  ills. 
StraDge  Clues;   or,  Chronicles  of  a  City  Detective.    By  Jaubs 

M'GovAN.     8s.  6d. ;  paper  boards,  28.  6d. 
Tempter  Behind,  The.    By  John  Saunders,  Author  of  "  Abel  Drake*8 

Wife,"  "Israel   Mort,  Overman,"    "  The  Sherlock s,"  &c.     Dedicated  by 

permission  to  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardson.    Three  fall-page  I  Hast  rations.     A 

new  and  most  powerful  Story  of  high  literary  merit. 

9 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Tim's  Troubles;    or,    Tried   and   True.     Prize  Talc,  beautifully 

lUaBtrated.    Bj  Mica  Paull. 
True  to  bis  Colours ;  or,  tbe  Life  tbat  Wears  Best.    By  the  Rev. 

T.  P.  Wilson,  M.A.,  Author  of  **  Frank  Oldfield."     Six  Enf^rraYinsts. 
True  Hearts  make  Happy  Homes ;   or,  Vivians  of  Woodifoxd. 

By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull.    llliutrated. 
Una  Montgromery.    By  Cartmel  King.    lUuBtratcd. 
Waking  and  Working ;  or,  From  Girlhood  to  Womanbood.    By 

Mrs.  G.  S.  Beanby.     With  Frontispiece. 
West  Tborpe.  By  Alice  0*Hanlon.  Cloth  boards,  2s.;  papers  covers,  lai 

STORIES  AT  TWO  SHILLINGS  &  SIXPENCE. 

Bar  Booms  at  Brantley,  Tbe ;  or  Tbe  Great  Hotel  Speculation. 

By  T.  S.  Arthur. 
Black  Speck,  Tbe.    By  F.  W.  Bobinson.    Illustrated.    Cloth  boards, 

28.  6d. :  fancy  paper  covers,  Is. 
Caroline  Street ;  or,  Little  Homes  and  Big  Hearts.     By  Hart 

£.  Ropes.     lUastrated. 
Choice  Tales.    By  T.  S.  Arthur.    Illustrated. 
Dora's  Boy.    By  Mrs.  Ellen  Ross.    With  Illustrations.    Small  8?o. 
Gerard  Mastyn,  tbe  Son  of  a  Ghenius.    A  Story  for  Toung  Hen. 

Illnstrated.     By  E.  H.  Burrage. 
Harold  Hastings  ;  or,  tbe  Vicar's  Son.  By  J.  Teames.   lUnBtrated 
E[is  Cbarge ;  or,  Comer-Crag  Chase.    By  Maggie  Feabn. 
BUs  Father ;  or,  A  Motber's  Legacy.    By  8.  K.  Hockino.    Blast 
Her  Benny :  a  Story  of  Street  Life.    By  S.  K.  Hocking.   Illustrated. 
Homes  Made  and  marred.    Illuslrated. 
Horace  Harwood.    By  the  Author  of  **  The  Curate  of  West  Norton." 

lUnstrated. 
How  a  Farthing  made  a  Fortune.    By  Mrs.  Bowen.    Illustrated. 
John  Snow's  wife ;  and  other  Stories.    By  the  Rev.  C.  Coubtsnat, 

and  other  writers.     Twelve  lilnstrations. 
Lil  Grey;   or,  Artbur  Cbester's  Couitsbip.    By  Mrs.  £.  Be  van. 

lUastrated. 
More  Excellent  Way,  A ;  and  other  Stories  of  the  Women's  Tem- 
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and  Is.  6d. 
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Pledged  Eleven  j  or,  Valentine's  Broken  Vows,  Tbe.    By  Maggie 

Fearn.    Illustrated. 
Sire  and  Son :  A  Startling  Contrast,    By  Rev.  Amos  Whits. 
Story  of  Ten  Tbousand  Homes.    By  Mrs.  R.  O'Reillt.    Illustrated. 
Temperance  Stories  for  tbe  Young.    By  T.  S.  Arthur,  Author  of 

**  Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar  Room."     Seven  fnll-page  lUostrations. 
Ten  Niebte  in  a  Bar  Boom.    A  new  and  revised  edition.    lUastiated. 
Until  the  Goal  be  Bieacbed.    By  J.  McL.    Illustrated. 
10 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


STORIES  AT  TWO   SHILLINGS. 

8owi€  Booit  ai  this  price  will  dUo  be  found  wider  other  headinge. 

At  tlie  Iiion's  Mouth.    By  Mart  D.Xhellis. 

Barton  Experiment^  The.     By  the  Author  of  ^*  Helen's  Babies." 

lUostntcd. 
Beacon  Flashes.    By  Rev.  John  Thomas,  M.y.P.    Illustrated. 
Bard  Ang^,  The.    By  M.  A.  Pauix.    Illustrated. 

Bloaaom  and  Blight.    By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull.    lllusti-ated. 

Blronght  Home.    By  the  Authoress  of  "  Jessica's  First  Prayer.'* 

darence  Vane.    By  Mabt  D.  Ciiellis. 

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Kqoare  mo.     Thirteen  Illostratioiis. 
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With  Frontispiece.  .  ,,  ^     ,    .    mt.^ 

Mrs.  Burton's  Best  Bedroom.     By  the  Author  of  "Jessicas  First 

Prayer."     lUastrated. 
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Cloth  hoards,  28. ;  paper  covers,  Is. 
Shadow  on  the  Home,  The.    By  C.  Duncan. 
Silent  Tom.    An  American  Thousand  Dollar  Ftize  Tale. 
Sydney  Martin;    or,  Time  will  Tell.    By  Mrs.  Wilson.     Cloth 

hoards,  28. ;  paper  covers,  Is. 
Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar-room.    Bv  T.  S.  Abthub     Illustrated. 
Thorn  Lodge ;   or,  The  Wheel  of  Life.    By  the  Author  of  ''The 

Losing  Game."     Paper  covers,  la. ;  cloth  boards,  28, 
Tom  Allardyce.     By  Mrs.  Ploweb,  Author  of  "Wyville  Ooml" 

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Troubled  Waters.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfoub.    Extra  Cloth,  2s, ;  paper 

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Two  Students,  The.    A  Tale  of  Early  Scottish  Times.    By  Rev.  W. 

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STOBIES  AT  ONE   SHILLING  AND  SIXPENOB. 

Some  Boohs  will  also  he  found  under  other  Tieadings  aJt  this  price. 

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Brewer's  Son,  The.    By  Mrs.  Ellis. 
Burton  Brothers.    By  Laura  L.  Pbatt.    Illustrated. 
Candle  Lighted  by  the  Lord,  A :  a  Life  Story,    By  Mrs.  RoesL 

lllastrattid. 
Cast  Adrift.    By  T.  8.  Abthur. 
Devil's  Chain,  The.    By  the  Author  of  "Ginx's  Baby."     Is.  6d, 

Paper  covers.  Is. 
Facts  to  Impress,  Fancies  to  Delight.    By  F.  T.  Gammon. 
Fearndale.    By  W.  A.  Hardy. 
Flower  of  the  Flock,  The.    By  3Ir8.  Ellen  Roes,  Author  of  "  A 

Candle  Lighted  hy  the  Lord." 
Grandfather's   Legacy;    or,  The  Brcwcr*s  Fortune.     By  Mabt  D. 

Chrllis. 
Holmedale  Bectory :  its  Expericuces,  Influences,  and  Surroundingt. 

By  M.  A.  R. 
Ingle-Nook ;  or,  Stories  for  the  Fireside.  By  the  Rev.  J.  Yeames.  Jlluat. 
Jewelled  Serpent,  The. 
Job  Tufton :  A  Story  of  Life  Struggles.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfoub. 

Illnat  rated. 
Just  any  One,  and  other  Stories.    Three  Illustrations.    By  Mrs.  G.  8. 

"R.  K  A  KPT 

Little  Mother  Mattie.    By  Mrs.  E.  Ross     Illustrated. 

Lord's  Purse-Bearers,  The.    By  Hesba  Stretton. 

Manchester  House.   A  Tale  of  Two  Apprentices.  By  J.  Capes  Stori 

With  eight  fnll-page  Illnstrations. 

22 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Kay's  Sixpence  ;  or,  Waste  Not,  Want  Not,    By  M.  A.  Paull. 
Kiss   Margaret's   Stories.     By   a   Clei:gymau*s    Wife,  Author    of 

"  Katie's  CoanieV  Ac     lUastrated. 
My  Little  Comer.    For  Molbcrs'  Meetings,  <&c.    Illustrated. 
Old  Sailor's  Yarn,  An,  and  Other  Sketches  of  Daily  Life.    lUust 
Plain  Words  on  Temperance.     Short  Stories  by  Rev.  C.  Coubtnat. 
Plucked  from  the  Burning.    By  Laura  L.  Pratt.    Illustrated. 
Rag  and  Tag.    A  Plea  for  the  Wail's  and  Strays  of  Old  England 

By  Mn.  S.  J.  Whittaker.     With  ten  fnll-page  Illustrations. 
Satisfied.    By  Catheriiie  W.  Trowbridge,    illustrated. 
Starlight  Temperance  Tracts.    Two  Vols.,  Is.  6d.  each. 
Strange  Sea  Story,  A. 
Stony  Boad,  The.    A  Tale  of  Humble  Life.    By  the  Author  of  '*  The 

Friend  in  Need  Paper?."     Illustrated. 
Stories  for  WUling  Ears.    By  T.  S.  K.    Illustrated. 
Sunshine  Jenny,  and  other  Stories.    Illust.    By  Mi's.  G.  S.  Re\ney. 
Sunbeam  Willie,  and  other  Stories.    Illust.    By  3Ir8.  G.  8.  Reahby. 
Thirty  Thousand  Pounds,  and  other  Sketches  of  Daily  Life.    Illust. 
Twilight  Taxes  for  Tiny  Folk.    Illustrated. 
Wee  Sonald.    A  Story  for  the  Young.    By  the  Author  of  **  The  Stony 

Road."     Illustrated. 

STORIES  AT  0]NE  SHILLING. 

Some  Books  toill  also  he  found  wnder  other  headings  at  this  price, 

Arthur  Douglass.    By  J.  White.    Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Bit  of  Holly,  A.     Illustrated. 

Broken  Merchant,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Burnish  Family,  The.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.    Paper,  Gd. ;  limp  cloth,  la. 

Buy  your  own  Cherries,  and  other  Tales.    By  J.  W.  Kirton. 

Boar's  Head,  The.    By  M.  A.  Paull. 

Chips.    By  S.  E.  Hocking.    Illustrated. 

Club  Night:  AVilhige  Record.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.  With  Illustrationa  * 

Come  Home,  Mother.    A  Story  for  Mothers.    With  Illustrations. 

Cousin  Alice.    A  Prize  Juvenile  Tale.    Cloth,  Is. ;  paper  covers,  Gd. 

Cousin  Bessie.    A  Story  of  Youthf\il  Earnestness,     w  ith  Illustrations. 

Daddy's  Pet.    A  Sketch  of  Humhle  Life.    With  Six  Illustrations. 

Banger ;  or,  Wounded  in  the  House  of  a  Friend. 

Bigging  a  Grave  with  a  Wine  Glass.    By  Mrs.  C.  S.  Hall. 

Brunkard's  Wife,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Fast  Life ;  or,  the  City  and  the  Farm.    Paper,  Gd. ;  cloth.  Is. 

Fortunes  of  Fairleigh,  The,    Paper,  Gd.  •  cloth,  Is. 

Frank  Spencer's  Bule  of  Life.  By  J.  W.  Kirton.  With  Illustrations. 

Frank  West;  or,  The  Struggles  of  a  Village  Lad.    Attractive 

binding.     Illnetrated. 
From  Bark  to  Light ;  or,  Voices  from  the  Slums.    By  a  Delver. 

Illnatrated. 
Giants,  and  How  to  Fight  Them.    By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Newton.  Illnst. 
Glimpses  of  Beal  Life.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.    Paper,  Gd. ;  cloth.  Is. 
Half-Hour  Readings.    By  Kev.  C.  Courtenay.    Paper  covers. 
How  Paul's  Penny  Became  a  Pound.    By  Mrs.  Bowen. 
How  Peter's  Pound  became  a  Penny.    By  tho  Autlior  of  *^  Jack 

the  Conqneror."     With  IlloBtrations. 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Juvenile  Temperance  Stories.    By  Yiirious  Aulbors.    Two  Vote., 

Is.  eaob. 
Jenny's  Geranixun:  or,  the  Prize  Flower  of  a  liondon  Court. 
Jolin  Oriel's  Start  in  Life.    By  Mart  Howitt.    With  many  Illust' 
John  Tregonoweth,  his  Mark.    By  Mabk  Gut  Pearsb.    25  lUnrt. 
Katie's  Counsel,  and  other  Stories.   By  a  Clcrgyman*8  Wife.    lUtnt. 
I«athams.  The.    Paper,  Gd. ;  clotli,  Is. 
Littie  Blind  May. 

liittle  Blue  Jacket,  and  other  Stories.  By  Miss  M.  A.  Paut^.  lUust. 
liittle  Captain,  The.  A  TouchiDg  Story  of  Domestic  Life.    By  Lthde 

Palmer.    Illastrated. 
Little  Joe.  A  Tale  of  the  Pacific  Railway.  By  Jakes  Bonwick,  Author 

of  "  The  Last  of  the  Tasmanians." 
Little  Mike's  Charge. 
Mind  Whom  you  Marry ;  or,  The  Gardener's  Daughter.    By  tlie 

Rev.  C.  G.  Bowk. 
Mother's  Blessing,  and  other  Stories.    Illustrated. 
More  than  Conquerors.     By  F.  Sherlock.    Illustrated. 
Mother's  Last  Words,  Our  Father's  Care,  Ac.    By  Mrs.  Sewell. 
Never  Give  Up.    A  Christmas  Story  for  Working  Men  and  their  Wives. 

By  Nelsiu  Brook. 
Nelly's  Dark  Days.    With  Six  full-page  IllustratioDS.    By  the  Author 

of  "  Jessica's  First  Prayer." 
No  Gains  without  Pains.    A  True  Story.    By  H.  C.  Kkioht. 
Nothing  Like  Example.    By  Nelsie  Brook.    With  Engravings. 

Passages  in  the  History  of  a  Shilling.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfoub. 
Passages  from  the  History  of  a  Wasted  Life.     Eight  first-ches 

wood  engravings.     Paper,  Cd;  cloth,  Is. 
Hitter  Bill,  the  Cripple.  A  Juvenile  Tale.  Cloth,  Is.;  paper  covers, 6d. 
Rob  Bat.    A  Story  of  Barge  Life.   By  Mark  Gut  Pearsb.   Illustrated. 

Hose  of  Cheriton.    By  Mrs.  Sewell.    Cloth,  Is. ;  paper,  6d. 
Seven  Men.    By  the  Countess  de  Gasparin,  with  Introduction  by  J. 

M.  Weylland.     Frontispiece. 
Seven  Phials.  The  ;  or,  the  Doctor's  Dream.     By  the  Aulhor  of 

"  The  Insidious  Thief,"  &c,    LimpoloUi. 
St.  Mungo's  Curse.    By  M.  A.  Paull. 
Tales  from  Life,  for  Mothers'  Meetings,  Ac.    By  Henbibtta  & 

Streatfield  and  Emily  Stbeatfikld.    lUostrated  cloth,  la. ;  paper.  tL 
Ten  Nights  in  a  Bar  Hoom,  and  What  I  Saw  There.    By  T.  8. 

Arthur.    Paper  cover?,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Three  Nights  with  the  Washingtonians.      By  T.   8.  AsTnoi. 

Paper  corers,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Tiny  Tim,  his  Adventures  and  Acquaintances.  A  Story  of  London 

Life.     By  Francis  Hokmek.    lUastrated. 
Toil  and  Trust ;  or,  Life  Story  of  Patty,  the  Workhouse  Oiil» 

By  Mrs.  Balfour.     Illustrations. 
Told  With  a  Purpose.    Temperance  Papers  for  the  Peoi>la  By  Rsr. 

J.  Yeaues.     lUastrated. 
Una's  Crusade,  and  other  Stories.    By  Adeline  Serorart.  lUut 
Under  the  Old  Boof.    By  Hesba  Sthetton.    Illustrated. 
Wanderings  of  a  Bible,  and  My  Mother's  Bible.  With  IHustratkmiL 
Water  Waifs,  The.    A  SV)ty  of  Canal  Barge  Life.    By  Emma.  Leslie. 
14 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Wee  Dan ;  or.  Keep  to  the  Right.    By  A,  R.  Tailor. 

Wliat  of  the  Night  P  A  Temperance  Tale  of  the  Times.   By  Mablanke 

Fabnikghau. 
When  the  Ship  Came  Home,  and  other  Stories.  By  J.  W.  Dunget. 

Illustrated. 
Widow  Green  and  Her  Three  Nieces.    By  Mrs.  Ellis.  With  Illust. 

Widow  Clarke's  Home  and  what  Changed  it.  By  Rev.  C.  Courtnat. 

Widow's  Son,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Willie  Heath  and  the  House  Bent.    By  William  Leaks,  D.D. 

STORIES    AT    SIXPENCE. 

Some  Books  will  also  he  found  under  other  headings  at  this  price. 

Barton  Experiment,  The.    By  Author  of  **•  Uelen'd  Babies." 

Birdie's  Mission.    By  Birdie,  E.  S.    Illustrated. 

Black  Bob  of  Bloxleigh;   or,  We  Can  See  Through  It.    Wiih 

XUnitratioDs.     By  the  Rer.  Jamks  Yeaues. 
Black  Bull,  The.   By  the  Widow  of  a  Publican.    A  Btory  for  the  Times. 

**  Buy  Your  Own  Cherries."  Prose  Edition.  By  J.  W.  Kirton.  Illust. 

Cabinet  of  Temperance  Tales. 

Castle  in  Trust,  The.    By  J.  W.  Dukgbt.    Illustrated. 

Christopher  Thorx>e's  Victory.    By  Nelsie  Brook. 

Dick,  The  News  Boy.    By  Rev.  Tuoicas  Kbtnorth. 

Drunkard's  Son,  The ;  or,  the  Autobiography  of  a  Publican. 

£ight  Bells  and  their  Voices,  The. 

Sme   Forrester,    and   other   Popular   Stories.     Reprinted   from 

*'Meliora."     By  M.  A.  Paull.     With  original  Frontifpieoe. 
Herbert  Owen.    By  M.  M.  Hunter. 
Highway  to  Honour,  The.    By  Mrs.  J.  B.  Hill. 
How  Jeremy  Chisselpence  Solved  the  Bona  Fide  Traveller  dues- 

tion.     By  Freeman.    Paper  covers. 
Jack  in  the  Water.    Bv  D.  G.  Paine,    lllustrntcd. 
John  Worth ;  or,  ^e  ]3runkard's  Death, 
liittle  Mercy's  Mantle.    By  Annie  Preston. 
I«ittle  Teachers.    By  Nella  Parker.    Illustrated. 
Macleans  of  Skorvoust,  The.    By  John  Meikle. 
Martin  Drayton's  Sin.    By  Nellie  Ellis. 
Matt  Stubbs'  Dream.    By  3Iark  Gut  Pearsb. 
Motherless  Alice.    By  Helen  Crickmaur.   Illustrated. 
Mother's  Place.    By  Mina  E.  Goulding. 
Mother's  Old  Slippers.    By  Mrs.  Thatcher. 
Murray  Ballantyne,  the  Heir  of  Tillingford.    Illustrated. 
My  Nelly's  Story.    By  Adelaide  Sergeant.    Illustrated. 
No  Work,  No  Bread.    By  the  Author  of  **  Jessica's  First  Prayer." 
Beadings  for  the  Young.   Short,  well- written  Stories.  In  paper  coycrs. 
Bomance  of  a  Bag,  and  other  Stories.    By  M.  A.  Paull. 
Saved  in  the  Wreck.    By  J.  E.  Chadwick.    Illustrated. 
Scrub.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfour. 
Shadow  of  a  Shame,  The.    By  T.  Lightfoot. 
Short  Stories  on  Temperance.    By  T.  H.  Evans. 

15 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Sucie  Bedmayne.By  S.  Smuhthwaite.* 
Stella  and  Maggie.    By  Mrs.  Ronald. 
Teddy's  Pledge.    By  l\.  A.  Dawtry. 
Their  Father's  Sin.    By  Laura  L.  Platt. 
Thtee  Years  in  a  Van  Trap.    By  T:  S.  Arthur. 
Thrilling  Tales  of  the  Fallen.    By  T.  8.  Artuur. 
Twin  Xiaddies,  The.    By  Bey.  John  Douglah. 
Two  Apprentices.    B3'  Rev.  J.  T.  Barr. 

SMALLER    STORY    BOOKS  (in  Paper  Covers). 

Agnes  Maitland.    A  Prize  Tale.    2cl. 

All  a  Pack  of  Nonsense ;  or  Finny  Twitter  and  Jenny.    A  Tern- 

pprance  Tale  for  Children.     By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id.     lUaBtrated. 
Baby's  Amen.    A  Story  for  Mothers.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Heaney. 

Beneath  the  Surface.    Id. 

Big  Tom.    By  James  Galbraith.    2(1. 

Buy  Your  Own  Cherries.    By  J.  W.  Kirton.    Id. 

Caught  in  His  Own  Trap ;  or,  Avoid  the  Appearance  of  EviL 

By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Christmas  Stories  for  Children,     td. 

1.  Lame  DioVs  Lantern.  7.  Unole  Hngh'a  Dragon. 

2.  A  lick's  Christmaa  Box.  8.  The  Distiller's  Daughter. 

3.  The  Foe,  and  How  to  Fight  Him.  U.  Little  Tom. 

4.  Betty's  Bright  Idea.  10.  Granny's  New  Doll. 

5.  Bob.  11.  The  Story  of  the  Links. 

6.  Oar  Poll.  12.  A  Holiday  atHeatherbink. 

IS.  The  Two  Mothers. 
Circled  by  Fire.    By  J  uj.ia  MacNaiu  Wkiuut.    2d. 
Cripple  for  Life,  A.    A  Story  of  New  Year  s  Day.    By  Ellen  Lm- 

COMBR.     2d. 

Dr.  Lignum's  Sliding  Scale.    A  Temperance  Siory.    By  Mrai  0,  L 
Balfouu.     Id. 

Dress  and  Drink.    2d. 

Drunkard's  Bible.  The.  A  Temperance  Talc.  By  Mrs.  8.  C.Hall.  Id. 

Drunken  Father,  The.    A  Ballad.    By  Robert  Bloomfield,  Author 

of  ••  The  Farmer's  Boy,"  &c.     Jllustrated.     Id. 

Drunken  TLief,  A.  A  Temperance  Tale.  By  an  Edinburgh  Detective.  14 
Edward  Carlton    .  An  American  Story.    2d. 
Famous  Boy,  A.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Id. 

For  My  Children's  Sake.  A  Story  for  Mothers.  By  Mr8.G.  8.  Rbakbt.  Sd. 
For  Willie's  Sake.    By  Mr?.  G.  S.  Reaney.    2ii. 
How  it  Happened ;  or  Lead  us  not  into  Temptation.     By  Aligk 
Lbk.    2d. 

X/iust rated  Books  for  the  People.    Clean  Tyi>e,  and  a  prof uskm  oi 
iiiustratioDB.     ImpemV  ^^o.    \^  ^%^«.   "V^^lxe  varieties,  Id.  each. 


TEMPF.IIAXCI.    I  riU.ICATIONS. 


J.  W.  Kirton's  Penny  Series.     Id.  cucl). 


"  I'll  Vote  for  You  if  You'll  Vote  for 

Me." 
Never  Game,  aod  yoa  oan't  Gamble. 
PoUy  Pratt'i  Secret  for  Making  Notea. 
Take  care  of  jour  "  'Tie  Buta." 
The  Wonder-working  Bedtitead. 
Tiro  Ways  of  Keepiof?  a  Holiday. 
Tim's  Tobacco  Box*8  Birthday. 


Bay  your  own  Cherries. 

Bay  yoar  own  Goose. 

Baild  yoar  own  House. 

Chmtmas  "'Tie  Bats." 

How  Bachel  Hunter  bought  her  own 

Cherries. 
"Help  Myself  Society." 
How  Sam  Adams'  Pipe  became  a  Pig. 

Just  for  a  Lark.    A  Tale  for  Working  »Ien.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 

Just  to  Please  Somebody.     By  Mrs.  G.  S-  Reanet.     Id. 

Kiss  of  Death  ;  or,  the  tterpent  in  our  own  Eden.    By  the  Rev.  J. 

R.  Yjcrnon,  M.A.     4d. 
Lina ;  or.  Nobody's  Darling.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    2d. 

Little  Captain,  The.     A  Touching  Story  of  Domestic  Lifa     By 

Ltnde  Palmkr,     Id.     Sixty.fifth  Tiiousand. 
Ilan  who  could  do  Impossibilities,  A.    By  T.  H;  Evans.    Id. 
Man  Without  a  Fault,  A.    A  Domestic  Stor}\    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 

No  Boom  at  Home.    A  new  Christmas  8tory.    By  J^Irs.  G.  S.  Reanet. 

With  an  Illustration  by  Thomas  Faed,  R.A.     3d. 
Old  Van's  Story,  The.    A  Ballad  by  Mrs.  Sewell.    3d. 

One  Friendly  Glass ;  or,  Giles  Fleming's  two  Christmascs.    By  John 

McLaughlin.     A  Story  in  Verse.     3d. 
Our  Ben.  By  Mrs  Rbaney.  Wltli  an  Illustration  by  Mi's.  E.  M.  Ward.  2d. 

Our  Harry.    A  New  Year's  Addi-ess.    By  Frederick  Sherlock.    Id. 

Only  One.    A  Story  for  Christian  Workers.    By  Alice  Price.    Id. 

Put  on  the  Break,  Jim.    Id. 

Poor  Little  tfe ;  or,  a  little  Help  is  worth  a  great  deal  of  Pity.  By 
Mrs.  G.  S.  Rkaney.    Sd. 

Prayed  Home.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    Id. 

Saved  b^  Hope.    New  Year's  Address.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Id. 

Sermon  in  Baby's  Shoes,  A.  By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet,  with  an  Illus- 
tration by  George  Cruiksbank.     2d. 

Scotland's  Scaith ;  or,  the  History  of  Will  and  Jean.  By  Hector 
M'Neill.    Id. 

Shadow,  The :  How  it  came  and  went  away.    4d. 

Sorry  for  it.  A  Temperance  Story  for  Children.  By  Ursula  Gardner.  2d. 

Tales  from  Life.   Six  Stories.   By  H.  S.  and  E.  Streatfield.   Id.  each. 

Tear  from  the  Bye  of  a  Needle,  A.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 

Teetotal  Tim.    A  Temperance  Story.   By  the  Rev.  C.  Courtenay.   2d. 

The  Devil-Drink  Family.    By  Rev.  P.  B.  Power,  M.A.    2d. 

Timothy  Kitt's  Story.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    Id. 

Tom  Bounce's  Dream.    By  the  Rev.  C.  Courtenay.    Id. 

Tommy  Barlow.    By  Primrose.    Id. 

Unsafe ;  or,  Mother  Crippled  Me.    By  Alice  Price.    Id. 

Unsteady  Hand,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur.    2d. 

'Why  She  Did  It.  A  Story  for  Sunday  School  Teachers.  By  Mrs.  G. 
S.  Bean  BY.     Id. 

Toung  Crusaders,  The ;  or,  Every  Man  a  Hero.  By  Rev.  John  B, 
Ckozibb.    lUnstrated.     Id. 

17 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


POETRY. 

Harold  Olynde.    A  Poem.  By  Edwabd  Foskbtt.  Pttper  coven,  Gd., 

cloth  boards,  Is.  6d. 
Mark  Manley's  Bevenge.    By  John  McLaughlin.  Paper  coveni,  U 

Mary  of  Garway  Farm ;  the  Despised  Warning.  By  Harbibt  Cats.  Stl. 

Milly's  Mission ;  or,  Harry  and  his  Mother.    By  Harriet  Cavs.    SJ. 

Old  Story,  An.    A  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.    By  8,  C.  Hall,  F.&  A, 

Barrister-at.Law,.&a     8i. 
One   Friendly   Glass;    or,  Giles   Fleming's  Two  Xmasea.     By  J. 

McLaughlin.    Paper  covers,  8d. 
Poems  and  Hymns.    By  G.  T.  Coster.    5s. 
Professor   Alcoholico,   the   Wonderful   Magadan.     By  JosEni 

Maliks.     lilostrations  by  6.  H.  BRRNASCONr.     Is.  6d. 
Squire  Hardman's  Daughter.    By . John  McLaughlin.    2t.6d. 

Story  of  Xing  Alcohol,  The.    By  Sidney  Ireland.    3d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The.  A  Temponmce  Tale  in  Verse.  By  8.  C. 
Hall,  F.S.A.  Is.  A  Drawing  Boom  Kditioo,  with  Thirtj^iz  P^gts 
of  Prose  Notes,  handsomely  bound,  printed  on  fine  piper,  5s. 

Unveiled.    A  Vision.    By  Edward  Foskett.    8d. 

Vision  of  the  Night,  A.    By  Mrs.  Sewell,  au'hor  of  **  Mother^  Last 

Words,"  Ac.     I'aper  covers,  4d. 

Weal  and  Woe  of  Caledonia.  By  John  Anderson.  Paper  Gd.,clotlilaL 

RECITERS,    READERS,   &c. 

Abstainer's  Companion,  The.  A  Collection  of  Original  Tempenmoe 
Readings  in  Prose  and  Verse  (being  Evan8*$  Temperance  Annual  fat 
1877-8.9,  1880-1-2).    Two  vols.,  Is.  6d.  each.    Double  vol.  2s.  aDd2s.6d. 

Amethyst,  The.    Readings  in  Prose  and  Verse.  By  F.  SnBRLocK.  li 

Band  of  Hope  Series  of  Recitations  issued  by  the  Scottish  Ten 

perance  League.    Nos.  1  and  2,  Id.  each. 
Brooklet  Reciter  for  Temperance  Societies  and  Bands  of  Hopf 

Bj  H.  A.  Glazgrbook.     Cloth,  boards,  gilt.  Is.  6d. 
Casket  of  Temperance  Readings  in  Prose.     Second  Edition. 

choice  selection,  suitable  for  young  people.     250  pages.     Is.  6d. 
Drops  of  Water.       A  volume  of   Temperance    Poems.     By  El 

Whbelkb.     With  Frontispiece  portrait  of  the  Authorets.     Is. 

Echoes  from  the  Well.      Readings  and  Recitations.     By  Gobi 
SiMMONDs.    Paper  covers,  4d. 

Every  Band  of  Hope  Boy's  Beciter,  containing  Original  Redtaiif 
Dialogues,  &c,  Bj  S.  Kkowles.  Eighteen  Numbers,  Id.  each.  Two  f 
6d.  each.    Volume,  Is. 

Kirton's  Band  of  Hope  Reciter.    Boards,  Is.;  cloth  gilt,  t8.M 

Xirton's  Standard  Temperance  Reciter.    Boards,  Is.;  cl.  gilt,  1 

Leaflet  Beciter,  for  Bands  of  Hope.     By  T.  H.  Evans.     Pli 

1  and  2,  50  assorted  in  each,  CJ.  each. 
National  Temperance  Orator.    A  Collection  of  Prose  and  I 

with  Dialogues.     Edited  bv  Miss  L.  Pkn'sly     Is. 

IS 


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National  Temperance  Reader.    Recitations,  Readings  and  Dialogues, 

in  prose  and  rerse,  original  and  selected.    Imperial  IGmo.    16  pages,  with 

coloured  wrapper.      Monthly  Parts,  commencing  October,  1881,  Id.  each. 

First  twelve  parts  in  packet.  Is. ;  in  vol.,  cloth,  boards,  gilt.  Is.  6d. 
New  Band  of  Hope  Beciter.    Paper  covers,  3d. ;  cloth  boards,  6d. 
New  Temperance  Beciter,  and  Teetotaler's  Hand-book.    Paper 

eoTers,  8d. ;  cloth  boards,  6d.    The  two  toIs.  together  in  cloth  boards.  Is. 
Onward  Beciter,  The.    11  vols..  Is.  6d.  each. 

Original  Temperance  Beciter,  The.  By  THOHfAS  Featherstone.  4d. 
Po&et  Temperance  Beciter,  The.    Prose  and  Poetry  selected  from 

the  best  writers.     Sixth  Edition.     SOO  pages.  Is. 
Popular  Temperance  Beciter.  By  A.  Saroant.  Two  Parts,  2d.  each. 
Picture  Gallery  of  Bacchue.    Readings  on  Public  House  Signs.   By 

T.  H.  Evans.    Illustrated,     Is. 
Prize  Pictorial  Beadings,  in  Prose  and  Verse.   Illustrating  all  Phases 

of  the  Temperance  Qaestion.     40  original  Woodcuts.     176  pages,  2s. 
Bainbow  Beadin^s.  Being  a  selection  from  *^  Prize  Pictorial  Readings." 

114  pages,  illnsti-ated,  Is. 
Beadings  for  Winter  Gatherings,  Temperance  and  Mothers* 

Meetings.    Edited  by  the  Bev.  Jambs  Fleming.     Ist,  2nd,  and  3rd  series, 

Is.  6d.  each. 
Becitations  and  Dialogues  for  Bands  of  Hope.    In  48  penny  nam 

bers.    Price  Id.  each.    Nos.  1  to  6,  7  to  12,  13  to  18,  in  parU,  6d.  each. 

Nos.  1  to  12,  in  cloth,  Is.  6d. 
Star  Beciter,  The.    A  Collection  of  Prose  and  Poetical  QetnB  from 

British  and  American  Authors.     By  J.  A.  Fkkouson.     Is.  6d. 
Temperance  Dialog^ues  and  Becitations,  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Paper 

covers,  6d. 
Temperance  Orator,  The :  comprising,  Speeches,  Readings,  Dialogues, 

and  lllnstrations  of  the  Evil  of  1  n  t  emperance.     By  Professor  D uncak.     1  s. 
Temperance  Speaker;  or,  The  Good  Templars' Reciter.    By  Professor 

Duncan.    Is. 
Treasury  of  Becitations,  Dialogues,  and  Beadings,  in  Poetry 

and  Prose.     Parts  1  and  2,  6d.  eacU ;  complete,  in  paper  boards.  Is. 

DIALOGUES,   ENTERTAINMENTS,   &c. 

Bark  Cure,   The.     For  Five   Females  and  One  Male.      By  T.  H. 

Evans.    Id. 
Brothers,  The ;  or,  Lost  and  Found.     A  Temperance  Drama  for 

eleven  Characters.    By  William  Aldridok,  Jan.     Id. 
Caught  at  Last.     For  Three  Males  and  Two  Females.     By  T.  H. 

Evans.     U. 
Darning  a  Cobweb.    A  Humorous  Dialogue  for  Two  Young  Women. 

ByT.U.  Evans.     IJ. 
Dipsomaniac,  The.    A  JMusical  and  Conversational  Dialogue  for  ten 

Moles  and  six  Females.     3d. 
Bvening  Call,  The.     A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.     By 

T.H.Evans.     Id. 
Fast  Asleep.    Dialogue  for  Six  Males  and  One  Female.    By  T.  H. 

Evans.     Id. 
Frank  Foster's  Foe.     For  Two  Males  and  Two  Females.    By  T.  H. 

Cyans.    3  J. 

19 


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Males  and  one  Female.     Bj  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
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TnoMA?  Feathebstoke.     2d. 
Eirton's  School  and  Temperance  Dialogues*     Fcap.    8fO,  U; 

gilt,  Is.  6d. 
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Mysterious  Stranger,  The.  A  Dialogue  for  Three  Young  Mcd.   BSy  T. 

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Gentleman.     By  T.  H.  Evans.     Eighth  Edition.     8d. 
National  Sobriety.    A  Dialogue  between  a  Physician,  PablicaD,  and 

a  Parson.     By  Kev.  Dawson  Burns.     Id. 
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Girls.     Sd. 
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Irial  of  Banefiil  Alcohol.    A  companion  to  the  Trial  of  John  Barley- 

corn.    Bj  Thomas  GEirriTHs.    8<L 
Irial  of  Jolm  Barleyooniy  alias  Strong  Drink.  By  F.Beardsall.  2<1. 
!rial  of  Dr.  Abstinencey  Temperance  Advocate ;  or,  the  Tiial  of 

John  Barlejoom  roTersed.    By  Thoxis  Feathbrstonk.    Sd. 
'rial  of  Suits  at  the  Brewster  Sessions,  A ;    or,  A  Laugh  on  the 

UceDM  Day.    By  Thomas  Fsathesston'E.     8d. 
!rial  of  Sir  Timothy  Traffic.    By  T.  Fbathbrstone.    3d. 

"rials  and  Troubles  of  an  Aspiring  Publican.    An  Entcrtahimcnt 

for  eighteen  Characters.    2d. 
*ry  your  Best ;   or,  Proof  against  Failure.     By  W.  Wiouthan. 

3d.    A  Band  of  Hope  Entertainment. 
^■ro  Madmen,  The.  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.  By  T.  H.  Evaks.  Ul. 
'acant  Chair,  The.  An  Onginal  Sketch.  BytwoW.'s.  5th  Edition.  2d. 
tillage  Bane,  The ;  or,  Two  High  Boads  of  lafe.    A  Temperance 

Drama  in  Three  Acts.     By  A.  Moulds.     8d. 
^incent  Varley's  Vision.    A  Dialogue  for  four  Characters.    8d. 
iTalter  Wyndiiam's  Whim.    For  Four  Males  and  Two  Females.  By 

T.  H.  Evans.    3d. 
iTater  Sprite,  The.    A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    8d. 
IThere  there's  a  Will,  there's  a  way.    An  Entertainment  for  five 

Characters.     By  Miis  E.  H.  Hicklbt.    4d. 
7hy  Matthew  Mason  could  not  eat  his  Supper.    A  Dialogue  for  a 

Lady,  Gentleman,  and  Little  Boy.    8d. 

TEMPERANCE   MUSIC,    SONGS,   HYMNS,  &o. 

idviser  Album,  of  Hymns  and  Temperance  Songs.    In  Tonic  Sol-fa, 

2d.  each. 
taad  of  Hope  Melodies,  for  Festive  Gatherings.   Nos.  1  to  32,  Id.  each. 

Parts  1  to  5,  6d.  each.    Vols.  1  and  2,  Is.  6d.  cloth  boards. 
(and  of  Hope  Treasury  Music.    Both  notations.    0  Nos.  Id.  each  ; 

or  in  cover,  6d. 
took  of  Song  for  Bands  of  Hope,  compiled  by  the  Rev.  James 

YlAUFS.     Id.  and  2d.     Mnsio  and  Words,  paper,  Is.  6d.;  oloUi,  2s.  6d. 
Iritish  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.    450th  thousand.    Id. 
\ugle  Notes.    A  Collection  of  Pieces  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Homo 

Girde.    Edited  by  W.  M.  Miller.    Tonio   Sol-fa,  paper  covers,  l^d.; 

Old  Notation,  clotb,  9d. 
apper's  Golden  Chords.    Old  Notation,  2s.    Words,  Id. 
harles  Carson.     A  Story  with  Song.    By  A.  J.  Foxwell.    Staff 

Notation,  4d. ;  Tonio,  3d.     Words,  4s.  per  100. 
oming  Years,   The.     Part  Song.    By  E.  Foskett,  Music  by  J. 

Cornwall.    Old  Notation,  2d. ;  Tooio,  Id. 
onquest  of  Drink,  The.     A  Cantata.     By  J.  H.  Hewitt.     Staff 

Notation,  Is. ;  Tonic,  6d. 
rystal  Spring,  The.    90  Pieces.    Old  Notation,  Is.  aiKlls.4d.    Tonic 

Sol-fa  EditiuD,  8d.  and  Is.     Words  only,  Id.  and  2d. 
rystal  Fount,  containing  Hymns,  Songs,  and  Rounds.    With  music, 

6d. ;  words.  Id. 
own,  thou  God  of  Wine.    Words  by  E.  Foskbtt,  Music  by  O.  C. 

Martin.    Either  Notation,  IJd. 

21 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


Foolish  Francis.     A  Dialogue  for  Two  Ladies  and  One  Gentlcmaa. 

ByT.H.  Evans.     Id. 
Geoffrey  Grainger's  Guests.    A  Dialogue  on  Bad  Tiada    For  six 

Males  and  one  Female.     By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Good  Gifts  misused ;  or,  Father  Christmas  in  a  new  Charactsr. 

By  S.  M.  GiDLEY.    6d. 
Harriet  Harland's  Husband.     Dialogue  for  two  Ladies  and  ttvu 

GentleniPD.    By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id.     Tenth  thonaand. 
Havart's  Temperance  Entertainer.    Is.  Gel. 

Juvenile  Frolic,  The ;  or,  The  Teetotal  Chairman  in  a  Fix.    Qy 

ThOUAS  FKATIlBRSrONE.      Id. 

Juvenile  Temperance  Discussion,  The,  for  Sixteen  Youths.    By 

Thoma?  Feathkustone.     2d. 
Eirton's  School  and  Temperance  Dialogrues*     Feap.    8?o,  li; 

gilt,  Is.  6d. 
Milly  Morton's  Mistake ;  or,  The  Little  Missionary.    A  DiaJogue  for 

two  Ladies,  one  Gentleman,  and  a  little  Girl.     By  T.  H.  Etans.     Id. 
Moderation  venus  Total  Abstinence,  and  other  Dialogues.    Bj 

R.  E.  C.    3d. 
Mysterious  Stranger,  The.  A  Dialogue  for  Three  Young  Men.   Bty  T. 

H.  Evans.     Id. 
Nancy  Nathan's  Nosegay.    A  Temperance  Operetta  for  a  Lady  and 

Gentleman.     By  T.  II.  Evans.     Eighth  Edition.     8d. 
National  Sobriety.    A  Dialogue  between  a  Physician,  PublicaD,  and 

a  Parson.     By  Hev.  Dawson  Burns.     Id. 
Original  and  Complete  Temperance  or  Band  of  Hope  Bnter- 

tainment.  An.     By  M.  T.  Yates.     3d. 
Out  of  the  World.    Humorous  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    By 

T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
Bocreative  Pleadings.    A  Scnes  of  Recitations  written  to  enaUe  a 

Chairman  and  fonrteen  Juveniles  to  carry  on  a  Temperance  Tifiwthif,  cr 

for  single  Recitation.     By  Thomas  Fsathkrstonb.     2d. 

Bhyming  Temperance  Advocate.    A  complete  Temperance  MwH^g 

in  verse.     By  T.  Fratherstonk.     2d. 
Selina  Selby's  Stratagem ;  or,  The  Three  Cripples.    A  Tempennoe 

Entertainment  for  two  Ladies  and  fonr  Gentlemen.    By  T.  H.  EvAira.   Sd. 

Something  more  dangerous  than  Fire,  and  other  Dialogaea*   By 
B.  £.  C.     Paper  covers,  3d. 

Something  to  their  Advantage.  A  Dialogue  for  five  Young  Men.  B^ 

T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 
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Teetotalism  Triumphant.     A  Tragio- Comic  Dramatic  Sketob,  Ibr 

twenty  Characters.     3d. 
Temperance  Dialogues  and  Recitations.    Original  and  Selecti  ti 

Poetry  and  Prose.     6d. 
Temperance  Minstrels.    An  Evening's  Entertainment  for  three  Ch9> 

acters.     By  T.  Dousing.     Id. 
Tippler's  BlTinder,  The.    For  a  Lady  and  Gentleman  and  two  llUli 

Girls.     8d. 
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G.  Whits  Akmstronq.    Is. 

20 


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Trial  of  Banefiil  Alcohol.  A  companion  to  the  Trial  of  John  Barley- 
corn.   By  Thomas  GsimTRs.    8d. 

Trial  of  Jolm  Barleycorn,  alias  Strong  Brink.  By  F.Beardsall.  2(1. 

Trial  of  Br.  Abstinence,  Temperance  Advocate ;  or,  the  Tiial  of 
John  Barlejcom  roTersed.    By  Thomas  Fbathbrstonk.    8d. 

Trial  of  Suits  at  the  Brewster  Sessions,  A ;  or,  A  Laugh  on  the 
LiceoM  Day.    By  Thomas  Fsathesstokb.     8d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Timothy  Traffic.    By  T.  Fbathbrstone.    Sd 

Trials  and  Troubles  of  an  Aspiring  Publican.    An  Entertainment 

for  eighteen  Characters.    2d. 
Try  your  Best ;   or.  Proof  against  Failure.     By  W.  Wiguthan. 

3d.     A  Band  of  Hope  Entertainment. 
Two  If  admen,  The.  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.  By  T.  H.  Evaks.  Id. 
Vacant  Chair,  The.  An  Onginal  Sketch.  By  two  W.'s.  6th  Edition.  2d. 
Village  Bane,  The ;  or,  Two  High  Boads  of  lafe.    A  Temperance 

Drama  in  Three  Acts.     By  A.  Moulds.     8d. 
Vincent  Varley's  Vision.    A  Dialogue  for  four  Characters.    3il. 
Walter  Wyndham's  Whim.    For  Four  Males  and  Two  Females.  By 

T.  H.  Evans.     Sd. 
Water  Sprite,  The.    A  Comic  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men.    8d. 
Where  there's  a  Will,  there's  a  way.    An  Entertainment  for  five 

Characters.     By  Miss  E.  H.  Hicklbt.    4d. 
Why  Matthew  Mason  could  not  eat  his  Supper.    A  Dialogue  for  a 

Lady,  Gentleman,  and  Little  Boy.    Sd. 

TEMPERANCE   MUSIC,   SONGS,   HYMNS,  &o. 

Adviser  Album,  of  Hymns  and  Temperance  Songs.    In  Tonic  Sol-fa, 

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Band  of  Hope  Treasury  Music.    Both  notations.    0  Nos.  Id.  each  ; 

or  in  cover,  6d. 
Book  of  Song  for  Bands  of  Hope,  compiled  by  the  Rev.  James 

TiAUFS.     Id.  and  2d.     Mnsic  and  Words,  paper,  Is.  6d.;  oloUi,  28.  6d. 
British  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.    450th  thousand.    Id. 
Bugle  Notes.    A  Collection  of  Pieces  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Home 

Ciide.    Edited  by  W.  M.  Miller.    Tonio  Sol-fa,  paper  covers,  l^d. ; 

Old  Notation,  clotb,  9d. 
Capper's  Golden  Chords.    Old  Notation,  2s.    Words,  Id. 
Charles  Carson.     A  Story  with  Song.    By  A  J.  Foxwell.    Staff 

Notation,  4d. ;  Tonio,  3d.     Words,  4s.  per  100. 
Coming  Years,   The.     Part  Song.    By  E.  Foskett,  Music  by  J. 

CoENWALL.     Old  Notation,  2d. ;  Tonic,  Id. 
Conquest  of  Brink,  The.     A  Cantata.     By  J.  H.  Hewitt.     Staff 

Notation,  Is. ;  Tonic,  6d. 
Crystal  Spring,  The.    90  Pieces.    Old  Notation,  Is.  and  ls.4d.    Tonic 

Sol-fa  Edition,  8d.  and  Is.     Words  only,  Id.  and  2d. 
Crystal  Fount,  containing  Hymns,  Songs,  and  Rounds.    With  music, 

6d. ;  words,  id. 
Down,  thou  Chod  of  Wine.    Words  by  E.  Foskbtt,  Music  by  O.  C. 

Martin.    Either  Notation,  IJd. 

21 


clotb,  2b.  fid.     x<,..._  _. 
Hoyle'a  Band  of  Hope  Helodiat.     inr  ^..._ 

olotlj,  2d. 

Hynma  and  Songs  for  Bands  of  Hope,  pri 
Kingdom  Bund  of  Uope  UdIod.  Words  only,  Ic 
limp  clotb,  Bd. ;  cloth  boardi,  li.  Masio  &Dd  V 
paper,  li.  Sd.  i  oloth  limp,  Es. ;  clotb,  boardi,  gilt,  ! 
HTmnforAbatainers,  A.  B7  F.  Sdbblocx.  Thi 
Jubilee  Ode,  The  (Bung  at  the  Naiional  Ten 
b;  3,000  AdnhTnon&ttbeCrjiUlPilue).  Wot 
Uiuio  b;  J.  A.  BiiCH.      Both  Notation!.     Id.  Mo 

Ei&K  Alcohol :   a  Tsmperaace  KiuiOAl  Bu 

FoxniCL.    Id  both  NoUtiont.    id. 
Eirton's  124  HymsB.    tjultable  for  aU  Ordinaiy 

Ueny  Tempetance  Sonntsr,  conUlnlDg  Ha 

kod  TrioB  forTemperuica  EatertuDinenta.  Oomfi 
Monntein  BiU,  The,  for  Bands  of  Hope.  In  T 
Xj  Happy  Home.    A  New  Temperance  Bong 

forte  kocompuJmeDL     6d. 

Kational  Temperance  Hymnal,  The.  Edit 
CbupETOH.  4IK)  Fieeel.  Paper  corer,  3d. ;  lim| 
Tonio  5ol-fa  Edition,  mniio  and  word*  eompt' 
olotb.  Si. ;  itroag  elothi  8i.  M. ;  best  bindiiiai  < 

National  Temperance  Hymn  and  Sonir  Boi 

and  14  Beoitationj.     132  pagei.    id. 
Beacue  of  Harry  Oray,  The.     A  Dramall 

A.  J.FoiwiLi..     Mono  bjT.  MimiiTowKB. 

BcDr«,  with  reading!,  li.    Tonio  Sol-fa  Tool 

Wordi,  41.  p«r  100, 
Baint  Oeorge  and  th«  Bra^n.    A  Miwci 

'^  B.  LoKOBOTTOM.     Btaff  NotatioD,  li. ;  T( 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Btan^Uurd  Book  of  Son^r*  The,  for  Temperance  Meetings  and  Home 
Use.  A  Collaetioii  of  298  Temperaaoe,  Morml,  and  Saored  Songi  and 
Anttwmn,  oompilad  by  T.  BowicK ;  J.  A.  Birch,  Hub.  Editor.  Wor£  only, 
paper  coven,  2d. ;  limp  doth,  3d. ;  cloth  bds.,  gilt,  6d.  Large  Type,  cloth 
boarde,  gilt,  1b.  Mode  and  WordB,  either  Notation,  limp  doth,  Sb.  6d. ; 
d.  bdB.,^  bevelled,  red  edges,  Sb.    A  meet  excellent  aelection  of  good  masio. 

Standard  Musio  Leaflets.  Printed  with  Old  Notation  on  one  side 
and  Tonic  Sol-fa  <m  the  other,  li.  4d.  per  100  asBorted.  82  in  wrapper 
as  samples,  6d. 

SuxiTise  Series.  *'  The  Fragrant  Cup,"  <'  Sound  the  Clarion/'  &c 
^os.  1  to  4,  4d.  each. 

Teaofoerance  Ohoralisty  The,  consisting  of  Original  Temperance  Qlees, 
Part  Songs,  and  ChornBCs.  Edited  by  J.  A.  Bibch,  Gentleman  of  H.M. 
Chapds  Sc^aL    Nos.  1  and  2  in  eithpr  Notation,  14d.  each. 

Ttenperance  Course,  The.    By  .John  Curwbk  and  J.  S.  Curwek.  6d. 

Temperance  Xission  Hymn  Book.  A  Selection  of  Gk)spel  Tem- 
perance Song*.     4^*  Music  and  Words,  6d.  and  Is. 

Temperance  ICotto  Songs.  By  W.  H.  Birch  (both  Notations). 
"Another  man's  gone  Wrong,"  « Stick  to  the  Right/'  "She  told  him 
'twoold  be  so,"  "  Lads  and  Lasses,"  *'  <  Hdp  myself'  onr  Motto,"  *'Pity, 
but  do  not  Abnse."     1b. 

Temperance  Vocalist.  ^*  Bring  me  the  Bowl,"  ''  Marching  on  to 
Victory,"  "King  Bibler's  Army,"  **Oar  Home  is  Not  what  it  Used  to 
be,"  "  The  Poor  Drunkard's  CbUd,"  «  Whistling  Tom,"  &o.  Songs  with 
Chomses.    Nos.  1  to  12.    Old  Notation,  8d. ;  Sol-fa,  id.  each. 

Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs,  with  Tunes,  pablished  under  the 
direction  of  the  Chnrch  of  England  Temperance  Society.  Paper  covers. 
Is.  6d. ;  cloth  boards,  29.  6d.     Words  only,  2d. 

Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs.  For  the  Use  of  Methodist  Bands  of 
Hope  and  Temperance  Societies.  16mo,  Id.;  Ump  cloth,  2d.  Music 
with  Words,  in  paper  covers,  1p.  ;  limp  cloth,  Is.  6d. ;  cloth  giH,  28.  6d. 

Temperance  Melodies  and  Hymns :  Compiled  under  the  direction  of 
the  Leicester  Temperance  Society.  With  a  Preface  by  Thomas  Cook. 
Paper  covers,  Sd. ;  cloth  boards,  6d. 

Temperance  Music  Leaflets.  In  both  Notations.  Is.  per  100.  As- 
sorted Is.  6d.  per  100. 

Temperance  Stories  with  Song,  similar  in  style  to  the  Sunday  School 
*'  Services  of  Song."     Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  3d.  each.     Words  of 
the  pieces  only,  48.  per  100. 
Little  Davie ;  or,  That  Child.     Story  by  Mrs.  G.  S.  Bzinet. 
John  Tregenoweth — His  Mark.    From  the  Story  by  the  Bov.  Mark  Guy 

PSABSB. 

Bart's  Joy.     By  M.  A.  Paull. 

The  Start  in  Life.     By  John  Nash  (not  issued  in  the  Old  Notation). 

Jessica's  First  Prayer.     Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  4d. 

Bay  your  own  Cherries.     Both  Notations,  8d.  each.     Words,  48.  per  100. 

Templar's  Course,  The.    Edited  by  John  Curwen  and  A.  L.  Cowlet, 

An  elementary  conrse  for  Templar  ClaBses,  &c.     6d. 
Templar's  Lyre,  The.  A  popular  Collection  ofTemperance  Part  Songs. 

Price,  in  wrapper,  Is. 

28 


TEMPERANCE    PUDLICATIONS, 


True  to  the  Fledge.    In  both  Notations.    A  Service  of  Song,  Hosic 

Selections  from  tbe  Standard  Book  of  Song.     8d. 
Trystingr   Well,   The.     A   Ballad.     By   E.    Foskktt.     Music  by 

Bekthold  Toubs.     Fall  mriHic  size,  4fl. 
Welcome  Home.    A  Service  of  Song.    By  W.  P.  W.  Buxton.    i&. 


PLEDGE  BOOKS,  &o. 

Onward  Pledge   Book.     Thirty  pledges,  with  counterfoiL     Bipcr 

coTer,  6d.     Seventy  pledges,  Is.     150,  2s. 
Pledge  Books  for  Temperance  Societies.     Oblong.     Is.  and  28., 

cloth,   interleaved  with  blotting-paper,  and  adapted  either  for  Bands  of 

Hope  or  Adult  Societies.     The  pledge  on  top  of  each  page. 
Pledge  Books.  Same  as  the  above,  bound  in  cloth  boards,  Is.  6d.  &  2s.  Gd. 
Pledge  Book.    Square.     Strongly  bound  in  doth,  interleaved  with 

blotting-paper,  the  pledge  at  the  top  of  each  page.     8a.  6d.  and  6i.  6d. 
Pledge  Scroll,  printed  in  colours,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top  and 

bottom  rollers.  Buled  for  100  signatures.  For  either  TemperanoeBoeiecics 

or  Bands  of  Hope.     Ss.  each. 
Pocket  Temperance  Pledge  Book,  interleaved  with  blotting-paper. 

Limp  cloth,  6d. 

Sunday  School  Teacher's  Class  Pledge  Book,  The.  6d.  in  nctt 
cloth  cover.  Provision  is  made  for  the  Teacher  to  give  a  Certifioate  from 
the  Book  to  each  Scholar  who  signs. 

Temperance  Certificate  Pledge  Book,  The.  For  the  pocket  G«m* 
taining  twenty-four  pledges  (with  counterfoil).  The  pledge,  which  is  per^ 
f orated  for  tearing  out,  is  neatly  printed  on  atont  paper,  eneirdad  bv  a 
fancy  border  and  Scripture  texts,  forming  a  valuable  Pocket  OompaaiflB 
for  Temperance  Missionaries,  District  Visitors,  and  abataioers  gwisnUj. 
Limp  cloth,  6d. ;  48  pledges,  Is. 

MEDALS,  STABS,  BADGES,  &c. 

<*  Total  Abstinence  "  Cross.   With  Heart  and  Anchor  centre;  lo  wesr 

on  rihbon,  watch-chain,  &o.,  in  bronze.     Is. 
Standard  Silver  Cross  or  Brooch.    Enamelled  in  three  coloars.  88. 6d. 
Bands  of  Hope  Medals.    In  best  white  metal    No.  1,  6d.  per  dores; 

No.  2,  Id.  each ;  No.  3,  2d.  each  (two  patterns) ;  No.  4,  Sd.  seek  (tee 

patterns);  No.  9,  6d.  each. 
Temperance  Medals  for  Adults.    3d.  (three  sorts),  Od.,  and  M.  t$A 
Medal  Suspenders.    With  pin.    l^d.  each,  oris,  per  dozen. 
Silver  Medals  to  Order. 

Oval  I.  O.  Q.  T.  Medal.  With  tricolour  ribbon  and  enamelled  pin.  lAL 
Good  Templar  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity  Emblem*    EnanieUed  is 

three  colours,  with  pin.     is.  6d. 

Star  Badges  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Temperance  Booieticfr 

With  clasped  hands,  Is.  2d.;  with  ribbon.  Is.  8d. 
Templar  Cross  or  Brooch.    Enamelled,  lOd. ;  with  ribbon  and  pin,  U 
Band  of  Hope  Scarf.    Blue  or  cerise,  and  ornaments,  Is.  8d. 

N.B. — ^Name  of  Society  printed  on  ribbons  in  gilt  letters  for  8s.  64,  per 
24  o  *f- 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


PLEDGE  CARDS. 

Fob  Gkneral  Usk. 
No.  1.     Floral  Border  Card,  in  seven  coloura,  with  blank  centre  for  societies 
to  print  their  otrn  pledge-     2d. ;  124.  per  100.     Printing  extra. 
M  lA.    Floral  Border  Card  as  above,  with   pledge.     2d.;  128.  per  100. 
,,  IB.    League  Golden  Card,  printed  in  colours.     Id.;  68.  per  100. 
„  19.     General  Gospel  Temperance  Card.     Is.  per  100;  Cs.  per  1,000. 
„  20.     League  Floral  Card,  printed  in  colours.    2 J. ;  12i.  per  100. 
„  32.     League  Illuminated  Card,  printed  in  colours.     6d. 

Fob  Bands  op  Hope. 
No.  8.     Wild's  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  Gs.  per  100. 
,,     4.     Glasgow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  1.     Id. ;  Gs  per  100. 
,,     6.     Cheltenham  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  1.     4d. ;  3s.  per  100. 
„     6.     Union  Band  of  Hope  Card — A.    ^^*  >  ^'*  P^'  ^^^* 
„     6T.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  included  in  pledge.     Id.     Os.  per  100. 
„     7.     Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— B.     Id. ;  6i.  per  100. 
„     7T.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  included  in  pledge.     Id. ;  6f.  per  100. 
„     8.     Union  Band  of  Hope  Card — C.     l^*  i  ^>*  P^*^  ^^O- 
„     9.    Union  Band  of  Hope  Card — d!     Id. ;  Gs.  per  100. 
„     9T.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  included  in  pledge.     Id.;  6s.  per  100. 
„  10.    Union  Band  of  Hope  Card — Er     ^k^'i  d>*  P^^  ^00. 
„  lOT.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  included  in  pledge.     2d. ;  lOs.  per  100. 
„   10 A.  Crown  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  da,  per  100. 
y,  11.     Union  Band  of  Hope  Card — P,     3d. 
„  1  IT.  Same  Card,  with  Tobacco  included  in  pledge.     4d. 
,f  12.     Primrose  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 
„  18.     Cheltenham  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  2.     Id.;  69.  per  100. 
.,  14.     Cheltenham  Band  of  Hope  Qird,  No.  2.     Coloured,  2d. ;  128.  per  100. 
„  13.    Heath  and  Bell  Band  of  Hope  Card.    2d. ;  12i.  per  100. 
„  16.     Glasgow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  2.     2d. ;  12s.  per  100. 
„  16 A.  Four-Fold  Band  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  68.  per  100. 
„  17.     Glasgow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  3.     6d. 
„  18.     Union  Senior  Band  of  Hope  Card.    Od. 

Fob  Tbmpbbancb  SociiCTiEs. 

No.  20.  League  Golden  Society  Card.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 

„     21.  Cheltenham  Card,  No.  1.     ^d. ;  3s.  per  100. 

„     22.  Wild's  Card.     Id. ;  6s.  per  100. 

„     23.  Glasgow  Card,  No.  1.     Id.;  6a.  per  100. 

,,     24.  Cheltenham  Card,  No.  2.     Id. ;  Gs.  per  100. 

„     25.  Same  Card.     Coloured,  2d. ;  12s.  per  100. 

„     26.  Glasgow  Card,  No.  2.    Two  designs.     2d. ;  128.  per  100. 

„     27.  Church  of  England  Abstaining  Declaration.     Id. ;  7s.  per  100. 

„     28.  Church  of  England  Non- Abstaining  Declaration.     Id. ;  78.  per  100. 

„     29.  Church  of  England  Juvenile  Card.     Id.;  78.  per  100. 

„     80.  Cheltenham  Card,  No.  3.     2d. ;  Ss.  6d.  per  100. 

„     31.  Same  Card.     Coloured,  3d. ;  17s.  per  100. 

„     33.  Glasgow  Card,  No.  3.     Is. 

„     84.  Same  Card,  with  additional  lines  for  a  family.     Is. 

„     35.  Cheltenham  Family  Card.     Is. 

„     3^.  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association  Card.     Id.;  6j.  per  100. 

25 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


ILLUMINATED  TEXTS,  &o. 
Temperance  Texts  and  Mottoes.      In  oolouis,  Floral  deslfipiifi;  foi 
rewards,  wall  deoorations,  &o,  fa,  Oontainiiig  Six  Illuminated  Floral 
Cards.     Selected  from  the  Poets. 

"  Honest  water  which  ne'er  left  man  i'  the  mire.** 
"  Lessened  drink  brings  doabled  bread." 
'*  Quaffing  and  drinking  will  nndo  jon." 
"  Becoming  graces :  Justice,  Yeritj,  Temperanoe." 
"  Oh  that  men  should  put  an  enemy  in  their  montha ! " 
"  Take  especial  care  thou  delist  not  in  wine." 
Shilling  Packet.    Containing  0ns  Hundred  Texts  and  Mottoes 
from  Holy  Scripture  and  the  Poets.    For  Letters,  Ac,  with  Flonl  Bordtrs. 
The  following  are  a  few  of  them :— • 


"  Who  hath  woe,  who  hath  sorrow  ? 

They  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine,  they 

that  go  to  seek  mixt  wine."^Prov. 

xxiu.  29,  80. 

"  In  my  youth  I  never  did  apply 
Hot  and  rebellious  liquors  to  my  blood. 
Therefore  my  age  is  as  a  lusty  winter- 
Frosty,  but  kindly.** — Shdkgpere. 


*'  Far  henoe  be  Baodhoa'  gifts,  the  ehisf 

rejoined: 
Inflaming  wine,  iMmioioiia  to  mankiod, 
Unnerrea  the  limbs,  and  dolls  the  noble 

mind." — Homer, 
"  Joy  and  temperance  and  rsposSi 

SUm  the  door  on  the  doctor's  nose.' 

— LtmgfMmn 


Sixpenny  Packet.  Containing  Fifty  Scbiftubb  Tiexts.  Uniform 
with  aboTC. 

Six  Cheap  Texts.  On  Stout  Paper,  88  in.  by  6i  in.  ''Union  is 
Strength,"  *<  Come  and  Join  Us,*'  *<  ProTention  is  Better  than  Cove,*' 
"  Strong  Drink  is  Baging,"  "  Wine  is  a  Mocker,"  <*  Water  is  Best" 
Is.  6d.  for  six  Texts ;  poet  free,  Is.  Sd. 

'<  Text  Packet,"  The.  Aselectionof  texts  firom  Holy  Scripture,  lUiimi- 
nated  on  twelve  cards.    6d. 

Twelve  Shakesperian  Temperance  Mottoes.  Colonn.  One  packet 
9d.     Two  others,  6d.  each. 

*«  Water  Packet,"  The.  Twelve  cards  with  borders  of  Water  Flsnti, 
Ac,  chromo-litbographed;  and  original  Tersea  by  S.  C.  Hall,  F.SJL     Is. 

Wall  Mottoes.  86  inches  by  12  inches.  Is.  6d.  each.  "Wins 
is  a  Mocker  ;**  "  Water  is  Best."  70  inches  by  12  inches.  8s.  eaeh. 
**  Strong  Drink  is  Bagingy  **  Look  not  thon  upon  the  Wine ;"  *«  Be  sot 
Drunk  with  Wine  ;**   "  Prevention  is  Better  than  Care." 

Six  Large  Type  Texts.  45  inches  by  28  inches.  Is.  6d.  each.  '*Be 
not  drank  with  wine  wherein  is  excess ;"  "  Take  heed  lest  at  any  time  year 
hearts  be  overcharged  with  surfeiting  and  drunkenness ;"  *'  Every  bmb 
that  striveth  for  the  mastery  is  temperate  in  all  things  ;**  **  Toneh  not, 
taste  not,  handle  not ;"  **  Giving  all  diligence,  add  to  knowleidge  Tea- 
perance  ;'*  "  Wine  is  a  mocker,  strong  drink  is  raging,  and  whososftr  ii 
deceived  thereby  is  not  wise." 

Six  Largre  Thrift  Texts.  45  inches  by  28  inches.  Is.  6d.  esd. 
"  Seest  thou  a  man  diligent  in  business,  he  shall  stand  before  longs  ;**  "  Go 
to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard,  consider  her  ways,  and  be  wise ;"  **  Show  thj- 
self  approved  unto  God,  a  workman  that  needeth  not  to  be  asbsBsd}" 
"  The  hand  of  the  diHgent  shall  bear  rule,  but  the  alothf  al  shaU  be  ttndsr 
tribute ;"  *'  She  looketh  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household,  sad  satilhaot 
the  bread  of  idleness  •/*  "  lu  all  labour  there  is  profit^  bat  the  tslk  el 
the  lips  tendeih  only  to  ^^hut^^* 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES'  BOOKS. 

Hinute  Book.     For  recording  the  proceedings  of  tlie  meetings,  &c. 
Cloth,  28. 

Members'  Pay  Book.    For  entering  the  pajments  periodically  mode 
by  the  Members.     Cloth,  1b.  6d. 

Register  of  Members.      For  entering  names  and  addresses   of  all 
memben  on  joining  the  Society.    Cloth,  2b. 

Treasurer's  Cash  Book.    For  keeping  an  account  cf  the  society's 
reoeipta  and  payments.     Cloth,  1b. 

Absentee  Visitors'  Book.    To  place  in  the  bands  of  Visitors,  having 
eolomns  for  dates,  reason  of  absence,  &o.    Cloth,  6d. 

BANDS   OP   HOPE   REQUISITES. 

The  cost  of  transmission  is  not  included  in  the  prices  given  under  this  ?ieading. 

Band  of  Hope  Attendance  Card.    Is.  per  100. 

Band  of  Hope  Member's  Pay  Card.      Ruled  for  thirteen  weeks. 

Is.  per  100.    Bnled  for  one  year,  28.  per  100. 
Band  (»  Hope  Register.  Alphabetical  and  chronological  Cloth,  Is.  6d. 

and  2s.  6d. 
Band  of  Hope,  The,  in  the  Sunday  School;  Hints  as  to  their  necessity, 

purpose,  formation,  and  management.    By  J.  Milton  Smith.     Id. 
Band  of  Hope  Manual,  The.    The  Formation  and  Management  of 

Bands  of  Hope  (Junior  and  Senior)  and  Band  of  Hope  Unions.     6d. 
Band  of  Hope  Hand-Book,    prepared  under  the  direction  of  the 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope  Union.     8d. 
Band  of  Hope  Pledge  Scroll,  in  colours,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top 

and  bottom  rollers,  and  raled  for  100  signatures.     88. 
Bands  of  Hope  in  Town  or  ViUage ;  how  to  start  and  work  them. 

By  Bev.  John  Burnett,  Wesleyan  Minister.     6d. 
Band  of  Hope  Minute  Book,  for  recording  the  proceedings  of  the 

Meetings,  &c.     Cloth,  2s. 
Band  of  Hope  Treasurer's  Book,  for  keeping  an  account  of  the 

receipts  and  expenditure  of  a  Society.     Cloth,  Is. 
Graham's  Band  of  Hope  Popular  Manual,  containing  instructions 

for  the  formation,  management,  and  success  of  Juvenile  Societies.     Id. 
Members'  Attendance  Register,  for  keeping  an  exact  account  of  the 

attendance  of  each  Member  at  the  Meetings.     Is.  6d.  and  28.  6d.,  cloth. 
Members'  Pay  Book,  for  entering  the  Periodical  Payments  made  by 

paying  Members.     Is.  6d.  and  2s.  6d. 
Model  Band  of  Hope.     A  Manual  containing  forms  for  opening, 

closing,  &c.,  with  rules.     By  Rev.  J.  Tbames.    4d. 
Parents'  Certificates.    Consent  forms,  to  be  signed  by  the  parents  before 

a  child  can  join  a  Band  of  Hope.     Is.  per  100.     (Postage  2d.) 
Responsive  Readings  for  Bands  of  Hope.    Id. 
Rules  for  Bands  of  Mope,  leaving  space  for  filling  in  name  of  Society, 

and  night  of  Meeting.     Is.  per  100.     (Postage  2d.) 
Temperance  Teaching  for  tbe  Young.     TweWe  Addreaaot  b^  1. 1. 

JdtDOK,  M.D.     id. 


Bands  of  Hope  and  th?  Christian  ChuT 

But;  of  Sunday  School  Teachers  in  Belt 
MoicniMiT,      iiy  Dr.  B.  IV.  Thi  iiAiii.>i.N,      li 

Facts  and  Opinions  for  Sunday  School  ' 
M'Cbee.     2t.  per  100. 

Oood  and  Bad  Times.    By  T.  B.  Fox,  J.F 
Ke  npster's  Pictorial  Beadings.    70  nns 


(nttt],  wilkilluuntloB 


klnc  itea  ud  Women. 
■*  uUict  Ptpn. 

I  lor  Tnnpoum  II«Bb*i 


tir; 


a.  LomuAQ*^ 
S.  Oencnl  Rnli 

10.  EiplmUoiI     ____    —    ..„ ,     ...  — j_. 

IM-lhbutlon.  I  X).  I^M 

Medical  Men  and  Intoxicating-  Drinka. 
Moderate  Drinking.  By  SirHBNiir  Tnoi 
Moderation  v.  Abstinence.  By  8.  Bowi 
My  Doctor  Ordered  It.  By  Miea  Helena 
Only  for  my  Baby's  Sake.  ATempemnce 

Price  1*.  4d.  per  100 1  2i  po>t  free  for  G  ita 
Our  Higrber   Aims;    Prevention  of  Drai 

CooMcretion  to  Oixl.     By  Mn.  C.  L.  Wtqh 
Philoaopby  of  Drinking  and  Drunkenoe 

li.  4J.  per  100. 
Poor  Man'a  Poor  Beer,  Tbe.    Br  Job.  K 
PraMical  Biau;  or,  WbitcanldoF 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


TRACTS  AT  ONE   HALFPENNY.    3*.  per  100. 

LdTantages  of  Bring^g   up    Childrea   on   Total   Abstinence 

Prineiples.     Bj  Dr.  Mobman  Kebr. 
L£Bbctionate  Appeal,  An,  to  a]l  who  love  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  in 

■ineerity.     By  the  lato  Arohdeaoon  Jrfprrys. 
Ucobol  inBelation  to  Health.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richatidson,  P.RS. 
land  of  Hope  Triumph,  A.    By  Miss  Munroe. 
'hurch  of  England  Temperance  Tracts.    Illustrated.    By  Rev.  C. 

CouBTENAY  and  others.     A  aeriea  of  tirenty,  )d.  each. 
Sommon  Sense.    By  Rev.  W.  Wight. 
kmnt  the  Cost;    or,  IVhat  the  Doctors  Say.      By  Dr.  B.  W. 

Richardson. 
>rink  in  the  Hay  and  Harvest  Fields. 
Svils  of  Intemperance.    A  Sermon.    By  Rev.  W.  Marsh,  D.D. 
Uostrated  Windsor  Tracts.  B^  Canon  Lllison.  Nine  tracts,  ;d.  each. 
:  never  Thought  of  It.    By  Mrs.  Hind  Smith. 
Jook  out  for  the  Safest  Path.    By  8.  A.  Blackwood. 
somt  Brother,  The.    By  Rev.  Alex.  Wallace. 
Ky  Brother's  Keeper.    By  Rev.  William  Arnot. 
lor  Duty  in  Regard  to  Intemperance.    By  Rev.  B.  Wilrerforce. 
lur  Female  Servants. 

nedge.  The  ;  and  Reasons  for  Signing  it.    By  Miss  E.  G.  Wilson. 
^opmar  Tracts  for  the  People.    No.  1.  Physical  Dangers  of  Strong 

Drink.    No.  2.  Strong  Drink  not  Food. 
Resent  Bay  Papers.    No.  1,  Rescue  the  Children.    By  Rev.  Canon 

Fabrar.    No.  2,  Twenty-tiro  Mayors  on  Total  Abstinence.    No.  3,  Diseases 

from  Alcohol.     By  Dr.  N.  Kebr.     No.  4,  Roosons  for  Abstinence.     By 

Bev.  C.  H.  Spubgron.       No.  5,  Bondage  and  Victory.      By  Sir  Edward 

Bainrs.      Also  in  assorted  packet,  Cd. 
teasons  for  Continuing  an  Abstainer.    By  .Jonathan  Hyslop. 
leadings  for  the  People.    Illustrated.    A  series  of  three,  Jd.  each. 
temperance  Reform  in  the  Village. 

7raflic  in  Intoxicating  Liquors,  The.    Bv  Rev.  Alrert  Barnes. 
Tow  of  the  Rechabite,  The.    By  Canon  Farrar. 
RTho  Fetches  your  Beer  P    By  E.  T.  H. 
ITho  is  on  the  Lord's  Side  P    By  the  Rev.  W.  W.  Robinson. 
IThy  not  be  a  Teetotaler  P    By  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
Thy  should  I  be  a  Teetotaler  P  A  Paper  for  Young  Wcinien.  By  C.  8. 
IThy  Sign  the  Pledge  P      A  Seven-lold  Answer.     By  Rev.  F.  B. 

Meykr,  B.A. 
^ord  in  Season,  A.    By  Rev.  Tho^iab  Guthrie. 

CATECHISMS  FOR  JUVENILES. 

(and  of  Hope  Catechism.    By  J.  J.  Ridqb,  M.D.    Id. 

atechism  on  Alcohol.    By  Julia  Colman,  of  New  York.    Revised 

and  adapted  for  English  Bands  of  Hope.     Id. 
latechism  for  Juvenile  Societies,  A.    By  the  Rev.  Qeorge  Pater- 

soN,  East  Linton,    lllnstrated,  4d. 
temperance  Catechism  ;  or,  Band  of  Courage  Conversations.     By 

Kev.  David  Macsab.    Id. 


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TRACTS  AT    ONE   PBNNT. 
IMPORTANT  STANDARD  SERIES.     One  Penny  each.    6«.  p^r  100. 

Abstinence  from  Evil.    By  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.R.S. 

Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind,The.  By  Dr.  B.  W.RicnARDBON,F.RS. 

Alcoholic  Brinks  as  Diet  for  Nursing  Mothers.  By  J.ED>tuinMfB.DL 

Alcoholic  Drinks  not  Necessaries  of  I«ife.    By  Dr.  A.  GARPSirm. 

Between  the  Living  and  the  Dead.    By  Rev.  Canon  Farrab,  D.Di 

Church  Buins.    By  Rev.  Alex.  Macleod,  D.D. 

Claims  of  Total  Abstinence  on  the  Educated  ClassaSy  Tha.    By 
the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.R,8. 

Death  in  the  Pot.    By  Rev.  Dr.  Cutler. 

Doctors  and  Brandy.    By  Rev.  B.  Wilberforce,  M.A. 

Does  the  Bible  support  Total  Abstinence  P  iRev.  R.  V.  Frkkcb,  D.C.L. 

Enemy  of  the  Race,  An.    Fiftli  Edition.    By  Dr.  Andrew  Clark. 

Example,  and  its  Power  over  the  Yoimg.    By  Miaa  Ellbx  Webl 

Female  Intemperance.    By  Dr.  Norman  Rerr.* 

Giant  with  the  Three  Heads,  The.    Bv  Rev.  W.  M.  Taylor,  DJ). 

Gilgal ;  or,  Boiling  away  the  Reproach.  By  Rev.  R.  Maguirb,  DJ). 

Habits  and  Health.    By  Joun  Gill,  M.D. 

How  is  England  to  be  Saved  P   By  Rev.  Alex.  Hannat. 

Heredity  of  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 

Hospital  Nursing  without  Alcohol.    By  Two  Lady  Nurses. 

Intemperance  and  its  Remedy.    By  Norman  S.  Kerk,M.D..F.L8. 

Is  Total  Abstinence  Safe  P    By  Rev'  H.  S.  Patbrsok,  M.D. 

Make  Straight  Paths  for  your  Feet.    By  Canon  Farrar. 

Moderate  Drinking.   By  Sir  Henry  Thomfson,  F.IiC.a    Dr.  R  W. 

Richardson,  F.R.S.,Ao. 
National  Sin,  The.    By  Rev.  D.  Wilberforge  M.A. 
New  House  and  its  Battlements.    By  Rev.  Joseph  Cook. 
Personal  Advantages  of  Total  Abstinence.  Bv  Rev.VALPT  Fbexch. 
Results  of  Researches  on  Alcohol.    By  B.  W.  Ricrardson,  MJ). 
Stimulants  and  Narcotics.    By  James  Muir  Howie,  M.D. 
Stimulants  and  Streng^th.    By  Rev.  H.  S.  Paterson,  M.D. 
Strong  Drink  and  its  Results.    By  Rev.  D.  8.  Govett,  M. A 
Stumbling- Block  Removed,  A.    On  Scripture  Wines.   By  L.  L.  H. 
Temperance  in  Relation  to  the  Young.    By  Miss  Rigkbtts. 
Temperance  in  the  School.    By  the  Bishop  of  Exeter,  Rev.  CsnoB 

Hopkins,  Rev.  Dr.  Valpy  French,  Rev.  G.  W.  Oliver,  Ac. 
Thou  Shalt  not  Hide  Thyself.    By  John  Clifford,  ]tf.A,  LL.R 
Total  Abstinence  in  its  jProper  Place.    By  Samuel  Bowlt. 
To  the  Rescue  :  an  Appeal.    By  Rev.  H.  S.  Paterson,  1M.D. 
Twenty-one  Years'  Scientific  Progress.   By  Dr.  B.  W.  RicoABDfiOX 
Under  the  Shadow  of  the  Cross.    By  Rev.  J.  R  Wood. 
Vegetarianism  a  Cure  for  Intemperance.  By  C.  O.  G.  Napier,F.G.S. 
Verdict  of  Science.    By  N.  S.  Davib,  M.D. 

Vow  of  the  Nazarite,  The.  By  tlic  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  P.RB' 
Vow  of  the  Rechabite,  The.  By  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.R8 
What  shall  Medical  Men  say  about  Alcoholic  Beverages  f   Bf 

J.  Jamrs  Ridor,  M.D.,  Ac. 
What  is  my  Duly  P    By  the  Rev.  J.  Lewis  Pbarsb. 
Why  should  Moderate  Drinkers  become  Abstainers  P     By  Rer. 

Dawson  Burns,  H.^. 
Woxnan's  Bespoiuibillt^.   'By 'ito.U.vws^T^\wv««<. 

SO 


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MISCELLANEOUS   PENNY  TRACTS.    Os.  per  100. 

ittitude  of  our  Churches  to  the  Temperance  Awakening  of  our 

Time.     By  Bev.  F.  B.  Meyer.  B.A. 
Lre  Tou  Sure  You  are  Bight  P    By  the  Kev.  J.  H.  Townsend. 
kittlements  and  Bloodguiltiness.    By  S.  A.  Blackwood. 
toBsbrook  and  its  Linen  Mills.    A  Short  Narrative  of  a   Model 

Temperance  Town.    By  J.  Ewiko  Bitchib. 
bishop  of  Rochester's  Sermon.    Preached  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
hrandy :  What  it  is,  What  it  does,  and  What  it  cannot  do.    By 

Miw  Firth. 
lautions  about  Drink.    By  Rev.  Canon  Ellison. 
Ihurch's  War  with  National  Intemperance,  The.    By  Hcv.  J. 

Clifford,  M.A. 
Christianity  and  the  Temperance  Movement.  By  Rev.  J.  F.  Porter. 
naims  of  the  Temperance  Movement  upon  every  Member  of 

the  Chnrch  of  England.     By  A.  M.  Chance. 
>ownfall  of  the  Brink  Dagon.    An  Argument  and  an  Apology.    By 

Bev.  G.  M.  HuBPBT. 
>rink  in  the  Workshop.    By  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
>uty  of  the  Church  in  the  Present  Crisis.    By  Canon  Farrar. 
>uty  of  Sunday-school  Teachers  in  reference  to  the  National 

Sin  of  Intemperance.     By  A.  Saroant. 
>aty  of  the  Christian  in  relation  to  prevailing  Intemperance. 

By  Bev.  A.  Lows,  Ph.D. 
>rinking   System   and  its   Evils,   Viewed  from   a   Christian 

Standpoint.     By  W,  Hoylb. 
economic  Influence  of  the  Drinking  Customs  of  Society.    By  W. 

HOTLB. 

Soonomic  Conditions  of  Good  Trade.    By  W.  Hoyle. 

fifty  Years  of  Drinking  and  its  Influence  upon  the  Wealth 

and  industrial  well-being  of  the  Nation.     By  W.  Hoyle. 
lod's  purpose  in  Abstinence.    By  Rev.  J.  Gk)6SETT  Farmer. 
lard  work  in  the  Harvest  Field. 

low  to  Cure  and  Prevent  the  Desire  for  Drink.    By  T.  H.  Evans. 
low  to  Check  Drunkenness.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 
low  Working   Men   may   Help   Themselves.    By  Rev.  Canon 

Fabbar,  D.D.,  and  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardson. 
:  Cannot  Abstain,  What  Can  I  Do  P     (Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society.)     By  Bev.  H.  G.  Sprioo,  M.A. 
Is  Alcohol  Necessary  to  Life  P    By  Dr.  Munrob. 
rohn  Hampton's  Home :  What  it  Was,  and  What  it  Became.     With 

Prefaca  by  the  Bev.  B.  Maguire,  M.A.    Xllnstrated  by  Sir  John  Gilbert. 
:«aw  of  Liberty   in    the   Matter  of  Abstinence,    The.     By    C 

Stanford,  D.D. 
Ifalt  Liquor.    New  Lecture  on.    By  J.  Livesey. 
ICedical  Orders.    By  Mrs.  Best. 
lioderate   Use    of  Intoxicating   Drinks,    The.    By  Dr.   W.   B. 

Carpenter. 
>ur  Homes  in  Danger.    By  Mauie  Hilton. 
?lea  for  Total  Abstinence  with  the  Members  and  Officers  of  our 

CharoheB.    By  Bev.  S.  H.  Booth. 


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Public  House  against  the  Public  Weal,  The.  By  Rev.  William 
Arnop,  E^diobaneb. 

Rescue  Work.    By  Alfred  S arc  ant. 

Bight  Hand  Cut  off,  The.    By  llev.  C.  H.  Bullock. 

Scriptural  Claims  of  Teetotalism.    By  Rev.  Newhax  Halu 

Six  Sermons  on  the  Nature,  Occasions,  Signs,  Evils,  andBemedy 
of  Intern ppraoce.     By  tbo  Rev.  Dr.  Bkechkr. 

Son  of  my  Friend,  The.    By  T.  S.  Artiiuiu 

Stopford  J.  Batn.    A  Memorial  Sermon.    By  Rev.  H.  G.  Sprioo. 

Sunday-schocl  Teacher,  The.    By  Rev.  J.'U.  Potter. 

Suggestions  as  to  Imparting  Ssrstematic  ^lowledge  of  Tem- 
perance at  R-tnd  of  Hope  Meetings.     By  G.  L.  Balpour. 

Teachers  and  Temperance.    By  Rev.  J.  II.  Potter. 

Testimony  of  Sir  William  Gull,  M.D.,  before  the  I«ords'  Oem- 
raittee  on  Intemperance. 

Throne  of  Iniquity,  The ;  or.  Sustaining  Evil  by  Law.  By  the 
Rev.  Albert  Babnrs.     Netr  Edition.     Tenrh  Tboneand. 

Water  and  Alcohol,  the  two  Great  Rivals,  Physiologically  and 
Chemically  considered.     By  K.  R.  H,  Unokr.  M.A. 

Why  do  People  Drink  P    A.  Lecture.    By  Professor  Fowler. 

Will  it  Injure  my  Health  P    By  Dr.  Stmbs  Thompson. 
Women's  Medical  Use  of  Alcohol.    By  Mrs.  Helen  Kirk. 
Word  to  the  Pledged,  A.    By  Rev.  C.  Courtenay. 
Word  for  the  Pledge,  A.    By  Rev.  C.  Courtenay. 
Word  upon  Hanging  Back,  A.    By  Rev.  C.  Courtenay. 
Words  from  the  Workshop.    By  Newman  IIall. 

TRACTS  AT  TWOPENCE. 

<*  British  Workman  "  Series  of  Tracts.    32  pp.  and  glazed  cover. 

A  Scries  of  4  L  Tracts.     2d.  each. 

Coloured  Tracts.  Twenty  pages.  With  coloured  Cover  and  many 
IlIostratioDs.  Containin^r  Stories  for  Working  Men  on  Temperanoe  tiibjecti. 
A  Series  of  4 1 .     2d.  eacb. 

Devil  Drink  Family,  The.      By  Rev.  P.  B.  Power,  M.A. 

Established  Church  and  the  Liquor  TrafOic.    By  Rev.  Canon  E 

WlLBEllFOUCB. 

Our  Young  Men  for  Temperance,  and  Temperance  for  our  Young 
Men.    By  the  Rev.  W.  M.  Taylor.  M.A. 

Parochial  Temperance  Work.    By  Rev.  Canon  Ellison. 

Philosophy  of  Moderate  Drinking.    By  Jamrs  Inwari>s. 

Physiological  Errors  of  Moderation,  The.    By  W.  B.  Carpbhtuu 

What  Stops  the  Way.    By  Mrs.  Bayly,  Author  of  '*  Rugged  Homeii 

and  How  to  Mend  Them."     Fifth  Tlioasand. 

What  will  you  take  to  drink  P    By  Rev.  H.  W.  Jones,  F.RM.& 
Work  and  Wages.    By  J.  W.  Kirton,  Author  of  **  Buy  your  own 

Cherries." 

Who  should  Clear  the  Way  P    By  Mrs.  Bayly. 
S2 


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6d.  eaob. 
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containing  50,  6d. 
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Friend  in  Need  Papers,  The.    24  Numbers  in  a  Packet    Price  9d. 

Half-hour  Tracts.  By  Rev.  G.  Courtbnay.  An  assortment  of  twelve, 

Is. 
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per  100,  or  4d.  per  dozen. 

Juvenile  labrary.  Numbers  1  to  86  may  now  be  had  in  three  assorted 
packets,  A,  B,  and  C.    Price  6d.  each  packet 

Juvenile  Temperance  Series.  Small  books  by  various  authors,  a  most 
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Packets.  Packets  1,  2,  and  8,  are  now  ready,  or  in  two  vols.,  doth,  gilt. 
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Contents  op  Packet  No.  1. 


1.  A  story  for  Esater  Sunday. 

2.  BftTCd  from  a  Watery  Grave. 
8.  Aunt  Nellie'i  Fairy  Tale. 

4.  The  Thief  of  Thievee. 

5.  The  Silver  Star. 

6.  Avice  HadBon*i  Secret 


7.  Aunt  Ethel's  Sacrifice. 

8.  Floatie'i  Fault. 

0.  Harry  Ilarweli'i  Promise. 

10.  How  Johnny  made  his  Welcome. 

11.  How  Bertie  Spent  his  Pocket-mon^, 
II.  Cowardly  Charlie. 


Contents  op  Packet  No.  2. 


1.  The  Fo^et-M  e-Kota. 

2.  May  Lennard'e  AdTonture. 

3.  Only  the  Wine. 


4.  Mark  Halmond. 

6.  Mother's  Silrer  Wedding. 

6.  Dickey's  Work  for  Temperance. 


Contents  of  Packet  No.  3. 


10.  What  a  **  Band  of  Hope  "  Boy  did. 

11.  Dr.  Kent'e  Temperance  Meeting. 

12.  Tiny  Tom's  Mitdon. 


7.  The  Terrible  Little  Man. 

8.  Teddy. 

9.  Baby  Josephine. 

Norwich  Tracts.    In  assorted  packet   Is. 

National  Temperance  Reader.    Parts  1  to  12  in  packet.    Is. 

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paoketa,  6d.  each.    The  whole  Thirteen  in  a  neat  paper  wrapper,  6d. 


1.  Jennie  Dnncan'i  Pint  Lie.    What  came 

from  Telling  the  Truth. 

2.  Neddie's    Temptation.      Stmfnrle  and 

Triamph.    Oay  Well  and  ik>  WelL 
8.  SyWester  the  Hunchback.  What  ia  that. 
Mother? 

4.  Jcnie;  or.  Father  Coming  Home.    A 

Ballad. 

5.  The  Poor  Scholar,  and  How  the  Girls 

Troubled  Her.    Behold  the  Fowls  of 
the  Air. 


S.  Minnie's  TemptatioB. 

7.  Only  one  of  Kitty's  Whlnu. 

8.  Boiiaoe  CarroU'a  SiLeteh. 

9.  Willie  and  the  Doctor. 

10.  Charley  and  hia  Bailway  CoBpanloa. 

U.  The  Orphans. 

18.  Cold  Water  Boya. 

18.  A  Glimpse  of  Schoolboy  Lift. 


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each,  lo.    Also,  in  a  Volame,  paper  coTcrs,  Is. 
Scottish  League's  Tracts  for  the  Young.     IHnstrated  with  Fn- 

grayinga  on  wood.    Assorted  in  Five  paoketa,  price  6d.  each. 
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BTAHQARQ    MOSfC    LEAFLETS. 

Ko.  1.  Merrily  Sing  of  Temperance.— 2.  Temperance  Anthem.— 3.  Fether  ia  eassiBS.— 
4,  Kindly  Words  and  Smiling  F»oe8.— 6.  Stay  at  Home.— S.  The  Be«it  of  all  UnMsj— 
7.  The  Boys  and  Girls  of  England.— 8.  Make  your  Marie.— 9.  Come.  Brothers,  Jon  «»-• 
10.  O  Praii^  Ihe  Lord.— 11.  The  Cabman's  Song.— IS.  TheMUler  of  the  Dee.— IS.  O  Ui4 
my  God.- 14.  Blest  be  the  Cause.- 15.  Beeutilul  Brooklet  —IS.  Lend  a  Helpiaff  llsndi 
17.  Might  with  the  Bight.-18.  The  Pledge  —19.  The  Land  o'  the  LeaL— ]0.  U  thaWflS 
of  True  Temperance.- 21.  Away  on  the  Glorious  Field.— IS.  Up,  Abetalnen.— S.  WeA 
for  the  Nixht  is  Coming.— 24.  Forgive  aod  Forget.— 2S.  Little  Children.— IB.  Thai, 
Lord  —27.  Tonr  Mission.- 28.  A  Crystal  Cup.-29.  When  wilt  Thoa  save  the  Fmlsr- 
90,  The  Cabman*t  8ong.— 3\.  L\te\a  taxneiX.— St,  Be  kind  to  ane  anitber. 

94 


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QOOD  TEMPLAR  LITERATURE,  &c. 

Absentees'  Visitixig  Book.    100  leaves.    Is. 

An  Exposition  of  the  Order,  Principles,  and  Aims  of  the  Oood 

Templari.     By  GouDoillor  J.  Coward.     Id. 
Card  of  Kemberahip .    Id. 
Catechism.    By  William  Drew.    Id.  each. 
Ceremonies  for  the  Dedication  of  Halls,  for  Funerals,  Reception  of 

Card  Memben  and  Yiiitors  iu  Lodges,  Slc,     Id. 
Concise  History  of  the  OFbod  Templar  Order.    By  S.  P.  TnoMPsoN. 

2d. 
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J.  Malins,  3d. ;  or  lartre  type  edition,  6d. 
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PERIODICALS. 

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British  Workman.    Monthly,  Id. 

Church  and  Home  ISIagazine.    Monthly,  id. 

Church  of  England  Temperance  Chronicle,  The.  The  Oifldsl 
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Crusade,  The.    Monthly.    Id. 

Good  Templars'  Watchword,  The.  The  Official  Organ  of  the  Giand 
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Hand  and  Heart.    Monthly.    Id. 

Irish  Temperance  League  Journal,    Monthly,  Id. 

Juvenile  Templar,  The.    Monthly,  id. 

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constrain  Itim  to  hear  tlie  arguments  for  total  abatinence  "—Rev.  Ckabues  H. 

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4.     BeT.  Canon  Farrar  on  the  Permissive  BilL 

6.  Sir  William  Gull  on  Alcohol. 

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18.  Gin  Shop. 

17.  Bay  your  own  Cherries. 

18.  Fied*B  First  Great-Coat. 

19.  Reduced  to  the  Ranks. 
21.  The  Fools*  Pence. 

2i*  A  Pledge  for  a  Pledge. 

28.  Losings  Bank  and  Savings  Bank. 

28.  John  Morton's  New  Harmonium. 

80.  The  •*  'TIS  But's  '*  Box. 

88.  My  First  Ministerial  Difficulty. 


86.  Something    to  show    for   your 

Money. 
40.  Jack  and  the  Yellow  B3ys. 
80.  John  Rose  nod  his  Freehold. 
67.  **  Dip  your  Roll  in  your  own  Pot.** 
88.  Our  Christmas  Tree. 
69.  I1m*s  Oration. 

93.  Chalk  your  own  Door. 

94.  John  B.  Gough. 

96.  Story  oi  Rough  Will. 

97.  "  I  like  to  wear  my  own  clothes 
first." 


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2,  How  Peter  Pendlebury  got  a  Clock  and  a  Watch. 

8.  How  Sam  Snmmernlie  got  a  Trip  to  the  Isle  of  Man. 
4.  Her  Majeety  the  Queen. 

The  Bridge  of  Choice  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Young  People. 
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A  Nation's  Curse  and  Cure.    Plain,  Id.;  coloured,  8d. 


87 


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« 


THE    WORSHIP    OP    BACCHUS,"    &o. 


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present  century.  Artist's  PtooCb,  originally  £5  6b,  now  £2  2a.  MbIs^ 
originally  £1  Is.  now  10s.  6d.  Coloured  Prints,  originally  £S  Sn.  nov  £S 
2s.  SuiUble  Frames,  with  Full  Maigins,  2-in.  Maple,  18a.  6d. ;  S4n.  best 
Kosewood,  85s.  Handsome  Oak,  Rosewood,  or  Walnut^  40a.,  46b.,  and  60b. 
Gold  Bead  and  Slip,  148.,  2l6.,  and  258.  Gilt  Alhambra,  SOs.  Bast  Gold 
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Rafely  packed  for  railway  transit  for  One  Shilling  extra;  If  ordered  firams^ 
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Worsliip  of  Bacchus,  The.  A  critiqae  of  this  patating  by  the  late 
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Key  to  the  Worship  of  Bacchus,  A,  as  described  by  t&e  artist.  Printed 

the  same  size  as  the  plates  and  arranged  in  the  same  order  as  the  pietars 

itsel£    A  necessary  companion  to  the  woriu    4d. 
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Eleven  Letters  to  Brother  John,  on  Life,  Health,  and  Disease.    By 

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Miss  AGNES  WESTON. 
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Sir  EDWARD  BAINES. 
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STEVENSON  S.   BLACKWOOD, 

Esq. 
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U.S.A. 
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Rev.  Dr.  de  COLLEVILLE. 
GEORGE    CRUIKSHANK,    Esq. 

(The  late). 
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Dr.  JAMES  EDMUNDS. 
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*•*  Tkg  mdg  Okmrck  ^Engkmd  T§mptrame§  JoMrnal  publitked  WMktf, 

The  Ghnrcb  of  England  Temperance  Chronicle, 

BoiTKO  BT  FREDK.  SHERLOCK. 

Hm  now  bctn  pemanMitlj  EnUrgad,  and  is  contribntod  to  bj  the  foliowing  weU-knowm 

writer!  :— 


Tlw  Bitbop  of  Gloneeiter  and  BrittoL 

The  Bisbop  of  RoobMtcr. 

Hm  Dean  of  York. 

Bajljt  Mrs.,  Antbor  of  '*  Bagged  Homeff, 
and  bow  to  mand  then." 

BaUf  D.D^  Tba  R«t.  Canon,  Rector  of 
Cbeltenbam. 

BlaekloT.  ILA.,  The  Bev.  W.  Lewerj,  Ree- 
tor  of  North  Waltbam,  Hants. 

Boorno,  F3.8.,  Stephen. 

Burbidge,  The  Rot.  John,  Vicar  of  Emma* 
noel  Qiareb,  Ii*erpooL 

Oupcnter,  J.F^  Dr.  Alfred. 

Cooitenay,  The  B«t.  Charles,  Author  of 
"  Haif-Hour  Temperanoe  Readings,"  Ac 

Dangliah,  Edith  M.,  Autborof  ** The  Mes- 
sage of  the  Primroflca,"  Ac. 

Biggie,  1I.A.,  The  Rer.  J.  R.,  Member  of 
the  London  School  Board. 

Duckworth,  Dr.  Djce. 

Bdmnnds,  Dr.  James. 

EUerton,M.A.,The  Rct.  J.,Rector  of  Barnes 

Ellison,  jLA..  The  Rot.  Canon,  Rector  of 
Grant  Haseley. 

ETeraid,  MJL,  The  Rev.  George,  Vicar  of 
St.  Mark's,  WolTerhampion. 

Farrar,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  The  Kev.  Canon,  Rec- 
tor of  St  Margarefc's,  Westminster. 

Fansaett,  Mrs.  Henry  (Alessle  Bond),  Author 
of  *'  Rang  In,"  and  other  Poems. 

Franoes,  M.D.,  8ur.-Gen.,  H.M.  Ind.  Army. 

Frcneb.  D.O.U,  F.8.A.,  The  Kct.  R.  Valpy, 
Rector  of  Llanmartin  and  Wilcrlck. 


rSedgley. 
r.    W.,   Vlcar   of 


Grier.  MJL,  The  Rer.  Prebendary.  Vicar  of 

Rngeley. 
Griffiths,    M.A.,  The    Rer. 
Grindrod,  F.L.8.,  I>r.  R.  B. 
Hart,  Ernest.  [Littlepoft. 

Hopkins,  B.D.,  The  Rer.  Canon,  Vicar  of 
Hort>ley,  M.A..  The  R«t.  J.  W.,  Chaplain  of 

H.M.  Prison,  ClerkrnwelL 
Hoyle,  F.8.S.,  WiUUm,  Author  of  '•  Our 

National  Resources,  and  How  they  aro 

Wasted." 
Humphrey*,  M.A.,  The  Rer.  A.  1.,  Fellow 

of  trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
Kerr,  F.L.8.,  Dr  Norman. 
Knowles,  Mark,  Esq.,  Banister-at-Law. 
MilK  M.A.,The  Rev.  J.  Giant,  St  Thomas's 

UospiUl. 
Potter,  M.A.,  The  Rct.  J.  Hasloch,  Author 

ot  ••  A  Present  Chri»t." 
Pry nne,  The  tier.  G.  R.,  Vicar  of  St.  Peter's, 
Richardson,  F.R.S.,  l>r.  B.  W.    [Plymouth. 
Kidgf,  Dr.  J.  J. 
Shaawell,  Mis.  Lucas,   Author  of  *'For 

Baby's  Sake." 
Smith,  B.D..  The  Rev.  Canon  W.  Saumares, 

Principal  of  St.  Aidau's  College. 
Sprigg,  M.A.,  The  ReT.  H.  G.,  Vicav   of 

Christ  Chuicb,  Batter8«ia. 
Btobe,  M.A.,  Ttie  fier.  S.  J..  Vicar  of  St. 

Paul's,  Haggerston. 
Sturges,  M.  A. ,  i'he  iicT.  S., Vicar  of  Wargrave 
Wightman,  Mrs.  C.  E.  L.,  Author  of  **  Hasta 

to  the  Rescue,"  Ac. 


First-Class  {Illustrations. 

■— -   ■■■  ■   ■  ■  ■   ■    -       ^ 

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tftf 


NEW   SERIES  OF 

HAND    AND    HEAUT," 

A  Family,  Social,  and  Temperance  Journal. 

Edited  by  FasnK.  SHKaLocx,  Author  of  **  Illustrious  Abstainers,"  Ac. 


F  B I  C  E     ONE     PBNN  Y. 

Special  and  most  faTourablc  terms  for  Parish  or  Temperance  Society  Localisation  may  be 

hod  upon  application. 

LONDON:  ''HAND  AND  HEART"  OFFICE,  1,  Paternoster  Builoinos.  E.G. 
CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  BRioaE  Street.  Westminster,  S.y(. 


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Tbe  Aeademg  sayit  '*  Mr.  Bberlook  is  irell-lmoini  as  tn  abls  mriter  on  Tsnptniiee  satJccU." 

TEMPERASCE   BOOKS  BY  FRKDK.   SHERLOCK. 

A  New  Edition,  Fourth  Thoossnd,  handfoxneljr  bound,  Ss.  6d. 

t.— ILLUSTRIOUS  ABSTAINERS. 

Containing  Biographical  Sketches  of  Dr.  D.  W.  RICHARDSO)^  F-IL&t  CAxe» 
FABRAB,  D.D.,  F.R.8.,  Sir  WILFRID  LAWSON,  Bart^  M.P.,  Sir  WALTER 
TREVELYAN.  Fatoxr  MATHEW,  JOHN  B.  GOUOH.  Caxom  BASIL  WILBEBFOBCE. 
THOMAS  BURT,  M.P.,  Sir  H.  THOMPSON,  F.R.C.8.,  Prrsidsiit  HAYES^  THOMAS 
EDWARD,  SAMUEL  PLIMSOLL,  S.  MORLEY,  M.P.,  Ac,  &e. 

Second  Thousand,  handsomel  j  bound,  Ss.  Od. 

n.— HEBOES     IN     THE     STRIFE: 

Or,  The  Temperanoe  Testimonies  of  some  Bmintnft  Xan. 

Containing  Sketches  of  JOHN  BRIGHT,  M.P..  JOHN  WESLBT,  ABRAHAM 
LINCOLN,  DA.YID  LIVINGSTONE,  CHAS.  H.  SPUROEON.  Cardinal  MAVNING. 
HUBERT  HERKOMEB,  A.R.A.,  Sir  CHARLES  NAPIER,  JOHN  LOCKE,  *e. 

Second  Thousand,  handsomely  bound,  with  line  portrait.  Is. 

m.-^OSEPH  LIVESEY:  A  Life  and  its  Lessons. 

"  We  hsve  read  the  sketch  through'.with  pleasure,  and  strongW  recommend  it  to  tpemj 
man,  young  or  old,  who  is  desirous  of  bettering  his  prospects,  and  making  his  hone  hsppi 
and  comfortable."— DaiZjr  ChronieU, 

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IV.— MORE  THAN  CONaUERORS: 

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Second  Thousand.    Paper  boards,  8d. ;  doth.  Is. 

V — FIFTY  YEARS  AGK> :  or,  Erin's  Temperance  Jubilee. 

[Personal  Reminiscences  and  Historical  Notes  by  various  contribatom. 

Edited  by  Frcsx.  Srrblocx. 

Cloth  boards,  Is. 

VI.— THE     AKETHYST: 

A  Beleotion  of  Temperanoe  Readings  in  Froae  and  Vent. 
Edited  by  Fridk.  Sbxrlocc. 

In  the  Press. 

VII — SHAKESPEARE     ON    TEMPERANCE. 

With  brief  Annotations.    Compiled  by  Fbxdk.  Shkrlock. 

Vm.^TEMPERANCE     ARROWS. 

Selected  by  Fixdk.  Shkrlock. 


Q^^J^XjXj^H 


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TJBIjia-A.TIOITS- 


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Work.    Twenty*  fifth  Thousaad. 
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A  Hymn  for  Abataioera.    Maik  ly 

Sir  R.  P.  Stewart.  Tbirtj>tbiid  Tho«- 

sand.    Id. 


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The  Trial  of  John  Barleveom,  alias  Strong  Drink.    By  Fbakois 

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Jnatice,  Bon.  M.  Inpartiality ;  Associate  Judges,  Hon.  O.  rUilanthropos,  M.  Patriot, 
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Second  Edition,  revised  and  corrected,  36  pages,  price  8d. 
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Sir  Joshua  Goodeause,  Seijeani  Plausible,  Edward  Opright  (Clerk  of  the  Court),  Crowner 
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mented.  Hopeful  Hodge,  Dismal  Destitute,  Harry  Halt,  Dr.  McCallock,  Peel  Tip«taff, 
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The  Trial  of  John  and   Jane   Temperance,  for  conspiiiDg:  against 

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Most  Gntcious  Majesty  the  Queen.  By  C.  D.  Hickmav  and  W.  Dabbt&hirk.  Cha- 
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Soaker,  carpenter:  Mrs.  Slysup,  housewife t  Dr.  Mugge, a  physician ;  Grab  Muohprofit, 
Esq.,  brewer.  Witneeses  for  Defence— John  Freeman,  retired  loldier;  Joseph  Clesn- 
•>we»p,  surgeon:  Miss  Mary  Goodheurt,  (pinster;  Mr.  James  Steadyirsn,  railway  signal- 
man  ;  Robert  Everstraight,  able  seaman.  [Wigs,  Gowns,  and  Dresses  nay  be  hired  from 
the  Publishers.] 

Ro^al  3?mo,  64  page*.  Id. 

Capper's  Temperance  melodist.    A  popular  collection  of  Ton  iToranco 

Uymna,  Poems,  Ac 

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in  Poetry  and  Prose. 

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Sketches  from  the  Coroner's  Court,  with  a  Monday  Morning  in  the 

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Walker.  F.S.S. 

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DIALOGUES  and  DRAMATIC  PIECES. 

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FACT,   FUN,  and  FICTION. 

lEHPERAKCE  READINGS,  SHORT  STORIES, 
RECITATIONS,  and  DIALOGUES. 


<^K*\.'    '  vyxyv 


BY  T.  H.  EVANS. 


THE  PICTTXBE-GALLEBY  OF  BACCHUS  : 

TEKPEBAXCE  BE  ADINGS  on  FT7BLIC-H0USE  SIGNS 

With  FacU  and  Anecdotes,  Quaint,  Hamorone,  and  Hiatorical. 
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EVANS'S  TEMPERANCE  ANNUAL  for  1883.    (SeTentb  8eMon.) 
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THE  AB8TAINEB*8  COMPANION;  A  Collection  of  OiiginsI  Tern- 
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FOPULAB  TEMPERANCE  DIAIjOGUES,  BEADINQS,  and 
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SHOBT    8TOBIES  ON    TEMPEBANCE.    Illustrated.    Six  No*,  at 
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I 


THE  LEAFLET  BECITEB  FOB  BANDS  OF  HOPE.     ByT. 
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8ELINA   SELBT8   8TBATAGEM;  or,  the  Three  Cripples.    A  Tem- 
perance Enteitainroent  for  two  Ladies  and  four  Gentlemen.    Fourth  Ed.    8d. 


1  NANCY  NATHAN'8  NOSEGAY;  A  Temperance  OperetU  for  a  Lady 
I         and  Gentleman.    3d.    Eighth  Edition. 


HOW    TO    CURE    AND    FBEVENT    THE    DE8IBE    FOB 
DRINK.    Id.    Third  Edition. 


! 


National    Temperance    Publication    Depot, 

8  3  7,     STRAND,    \V.  C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


DV^  TJ   S  I   O    I 


^' IMP  36* 


sTimn  WEhL. 


A    BALLAD. 

Poetry  by  ED¥A£D  POSEETT.    Hmio  ]sj  BEEIEOLD  TOUBS. 


Bonny  Spring,  beneath  the  ihadow. 

Of  the  OTerhanging  treeiL 
There  I  love  to  sit  and  ponder. 

With  my  pitcher  on  my  knees. 
Oft  I  bear  of  wealth  and  greatneea. 

Pleasure*  linked  with  ruby  wine. 
But  I  feel  these  scenea  are  dearer. 

And  I  want  no  draaght  bat  thine  I 

XI. 

From  our  cottage,  when  the  bnnlight 

Oshers  in  the  dewy  mom. 
Forth  I  go  with  mernr  laughter 

Rippling  through  the  ripeninr  com. 
Someone  hears  me  o*er  the  meadows 

As  the  echoes  sweetly  telU 
Do  you  think  'tis  he  that  meeta  me 

Every  eve  beside  the  well  ? 


in. 
Someone  sap  be  loves  ms  d«rly, 

But  I  cannot  Ox  my  mind. 
And  I  answer,  half  in  samesi^ 

That  some  other  he  most  find. 
But  he  says  there  is  no  otiicr 

He  can  ever  love  like  m%. 
And  if  I  reftase  to  have  him 

He  will  go  aeross  the  sea! 

IT. 

Hark!  I  hear  his  merry  whistle. 

And  l*ve  promited  I  would  svy. 
On  this  very  night  for  certain* 

If  he  is  to  J0W  or  efajf. 
Here  he  oomes  I    Oh,  now  I  havt  it ! 

Dear  old  Spring,  he  loves  not 
Tell  him,  if  hell  wed  thy  plessoni 

He  may  ttag  and  marry  me  I 


POST     FREE,    28. 

Published  by  WEEKES  A  Co.,  Hanover  Street 

JUST   OUT. 


A  Dramatic  Part-Song  for  Double  Choroa. 

Written  by  EDWAED  I08KETT.     Mnsio  by  JOHN  OOEFWAIL 

OLD.  NOTATION,  6d.  TONIC  SOL-FA,  2d. 

PubUshed  by  NOVELLO,  EWER  A  Co.,  Bemers  Street 


FOUR-PART    SONG. 

Words  by  EDWAED  I08EETT.    Musio  by  JOHN  COEFWAIL 

OLD  NOTATION,  2d.  TONIC  SOL-FA,  1o. 

Published  by  F.  PITMAN,  Paternoster  Bow. 

ALL  THE  ABOVS  MAY  BE  OBTAINED  FROM  THB 

NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATION  DEPOT, 

887,  STBAKD,  LONDON. 


ADVBRTISEMENT8. 


BOWERS  BROTHERS, 

Temperance  and  General  Printers  and  Publishers, 

89,  BLACKFRIARS  ROAD,  LONDON. 

steam  Works— JOHN   STREET   WEST,    S.E. 


BOWERS'  TEMPERANCE   SHAFTS 

are  well  adapted  for  backing  aDnonncements  of  Meetings,  &o.  They  are 
written  in  a  plain,  practical  style,  upon  erery  phase  of  the  Temperance  question, 
social,  religious,  and  scientific,  A  large  rariety.  Many  millions  hare  been  cir. 
culated  during  the  past  nine  years,  and  we  hare  many  cheering  letters  of  the 
good  work  these  littie  leaflets  bare  done. 


SPECIAL  GOSPEL  TEMPERANCE  SHAFTS. 


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are  single-page  Leaflets,  uniform  with  the  above,  tract  on  one  side,  and  (he 
other  is  used  for  iuTitation  to  Chapel,  Meetingp,  Lectures,  &c.  Both  these 
aeries  are  used  for  general  distribution. 

TEBMB  (Gospel  and  Temperance). 
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Including  Notice  of  Meeting, 

Plain,  for  General  Miaaionary  Purpose  a. 

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TWO-PAGE   NARRATIVE  TRACTS. 

GOSPEL  AND  TIMPEBAMCE. 

Cd.  per  100.  |  500  copies,  2s.  6d.  [         1,000  copies,  4s. 

BOWERS'    LETTER   SHAFTS. 

Tiiese  are  specially  printed  on  Tarioufly  tinted  paper,  for  enclosing  in  letters. 
All  these  in  Packets,  SIXPENCE  and  ONE  SHILLlNa. 

NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  837,  Strand. 

WITHOUT  BISK  every  Society  may  hare  its  own  Local  Illus- 
trated Monthly  Jouknal,  free  of  cost.     Terms  on  application. 

We  have  special  facOities  for  the  speedy,  efficient,  and  economical  production 
of  all  kinds  of  PRINTING :  Sermons,  Reports,  Manuals,  Statements  of 
Accounts,  Rules  and  Cards  for  Dorcas  and  other  Societies,  Savings  Banks,  Ac. ; 
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ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE  GOOD  TEMPLARS'  WATCHWORD. 

Officiar  Organ  of  I.O.G.T. 
PUBLISHED  WEEKLY.       PRICE  ONE  PENNY. 

Prikcifles. — Haman   Brotherhood  ;    Total  Abstinence  from    Intoxicftnta ; 
Prohibition  of  the  Liquor  Traffic 

CONTINTS.— Temperance  News,  Tales,  Sketches,  RociUtions,  Ori^nal  Artidet 
on  Corrent  Topics. 


^fii     W     IMiHi     10^      Hi 


Illustrated  Montbly  Paper  for  the  Young. 

For  the  inculcation  of  TemperanoOf  Kindness,  Fidelity,  and  Christian  Prindplea 
A  liveiy  paper,  that  should  be  given  away  by  hundreds  of  tbonsinds. 

PRICE    ONE  HAT.yPEtTOY. 


CHEAP    PUBLICATIONS 

For  Free    Distribution 

At  Blue  Ribbon  Temperance  Meetings,  and  in  aid  of  Mission  Work,  ineliKliiig 

Kempster's  Pictorial   ReadingSi 
The  Jug  Series  of  Leaflets, 
Blue  Ribbon  Music, 

AKD  OTHER  CHEAP 

TRACTS,    PAMPHLETS,    &c., 

For  Sale  at  Temperance  Bosk-StalUi. 

London :    JOHN    KEMPSTER    &   Co., 

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And  at  the  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand.  W.O. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE  DRINK  PROBLEM 

AND    ITS    SOLUTION, 

By  DAVID   LEWIS,   J.P-, 

Ez-lfagistraie  of  the  Cttj  of  Edinburgh ;   Author  of  **  Britain's  Social  Statot" 

"  Tbo  Gothenburg  Lioeniing  System/'  &o.,  &c 

Demy  Sro,  333  pagea,  oloth  boards,  gilt,  4t.  6d. 

LOKDON  :   NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT. 

Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  :  JOHN  MENZIES  &  Co. 

And  all  Bookskllsbs. 


OPINIONS  OF   THE    PRESS. 

"  This  is  a  book  which  has  cslled  forth  f  olden  opinionii  vrhererer  it  hss  been  criticised, 
and  it  certainly  desenres  the  commendation  it  has  received.*'— -Border  Adoerfiter. 

*'The  book  is  one  of  grest  value.  No  inch  collection  of  fscts  bcsrlnv  on  the  liquor  trade 
•»  it  affects  Society,  the  Church,  and  ihe  State,  us  is  contained  in  this  volume  has  ever  before 
been  presented  to  the  reading  public." — Edinburgh  Dailg  Beview, 

**  He  argues  his  case  so  calmly  and  so  logically  that  we  feel  he  will  carrr  conviction  even 
to  Mome  minds  which  will  receive  it  rather  re\acUni\y**— Aberdeen  Dailf  Fr$e  Prtn. 

**  We  srs  not  saying  too  much  when  we  say  that  this  U  one  of  the  best,  if  not  the  very  best 
work  which  hss  ^>pear^  on  this  subject."— CAri«<taa  Ifew$. 

"The  chaptcr'on  *  Labour  and  Commerce  '  deserves  verr  serious  consideration  at  the  handa 
alike  of  emplojer  and  employed,  aud  is,  to  our  thinking,  quite  unanswerable."— S»ciaf 
Seformer, 

**  It  is  an  able  Tolnme  on  an  ail«important  question  by  one  in  every  way  entitled  to  speak 
with  authority ."—Aiiii&wr^i  Courant, 

"  All  parties  moat  agree  that  this  is  a  moit  useful  book.*'— PuiZic  Opinion, 

"  Telling  array  of  Ikcts  and  arguments."— £««(ij  Mercury, 

**  Than  Mr.  Lewia,  there  is.  perhaps,  no  man  living  more  capable  of  dealing  with  this  great 
subject." — Ramiek  Exprttt, 

^  There  are  few  works  which  we  would  more  willingly  plsce  than  ihU  one  in  the  hands  of 
an  eamest>minded  man,  who  was  awakening  to  a  sense  of  the  importance  of  our  question.*' 

—  The  Brititk  Temperaneo  AdwooaU. 

*«  The  subject  \b  treated  with  great  ability."— ffoci^ 

**  He  states  the  argument  againat  the  trafBo  very  forcibly."— ^oif/ord  Telegraph, 

"  Mr.  Lewis  makes  out  a  very  good  case  for  prohibition,  and  his  reply  to  objectors  will  need 
a  very  clever  man  to  meet  and  an»wer."—  Literary  Woi  Id, 

**  The  treatment  of  the  subject  bears  throughout  the  mark  of  a  matiter  htiud,'*~'lfewoa$tU 
Ckroniele, 

**The  author  makes  out  a  strong  esse  fur  prohibition."— dicrci  of  England  Temperance 
Chronicle, 

**  Mr.  Lewis  argues  up  to  his  conclusion  with  sn  accuracy  of  aim  and  force  of  argument 
which  are  refreshhig  in  these  days  of  sophiatry." — Liverpool  Mercurg, 

**  It  is  calculated  to  exert  an  important  influence  on  the  temperance  policy  of  the  ftatore." 

—  Southern  Beporter, 

'*  The  book  is  throughout  an  indictment  of  the  liquor  traffic.  It  is  the  work  of  an  able  and 
earnest  man,  animated  by  motivea  of  the  highest  philanthropy,  and  contains  much  that 
deserves  to  be  seriously  pondered."— 2>ai*/»rM/»a«  Freee. 

"It  should  be  in  every  temperance  library,  and  every  temperance  advocate  should  read, 
study,  and  help  to  circulate  iV^AUiauce  Wewe. 

**  A  book  of  great  vulue.  .  .  It  is  one  of  the  best  books  ever  published  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Atlantic."— A'aMoMtt^  Tempera»ice  Advocate  (America J, 


ADVERTISEUBNT8. 

Deacriptive  Price  Iiiat,  poit  &•«. 

BAND  OF  HOPE  REQUISITES, 

PLEDGE  CARDS  of  ALLKmos. 
^^^^Raoitationa  ami  DUlopue*. 
Medal* 
PUDGE  BOOKS. 


BAND  OF  HOPE  HAND-BOOK. 
Certipcatea  for  Parents'      j^ 

Consmi.         ^^iJ^^^O^J.-'^v^ 

I^O^  j/ MOTTO 


MELODIES  FOR  FESTIVE  GilTHEfilNGS. 
AriMDAHCE  OiaDS. 

PDBLI3H1NG  0FF10E^^''•^^^'^^^*^         ''  ■'"""°'"'  ^- 
i3,  MOUKI    StBekt,  MiNCHEsrKtt,  "^^^^      JUaS  HEVWOOD,  Di 


Every  Band  of  Hope  or  TsmperBoee  SaereUry  ihoald  seod  for  thli  Uit  at  once. 

Manasen  of  Bands  of  Hope  ue  invited  to  Bend  tOr  tha  oomplete  Gatalofiu  Of 

BAND  OF  HOPE  REQUISITES, 

CONTAINISa  FULL  PAETiCntARB  AND  PHICR3  OF 


Attendance  Cards. 

Band  of  Hope  Manual. 

Dia^rrams  and  Charts. 

Handbooks  for  Conductors. 

Hymns  and  SonSB. 

Library  Cards. 

Medals, 

Motto  Cards. 

Parents'  Certiflcatea. 

Pledge  Books. 

Pledge  Cards. 

Pledge  Scrolls. 

SS  per  cent.  diMount  ftom  fi 


Portable  Blaokboarda. 

Prize  Tales. 

Recitations  and  Dialognee. 

Begistere. 

Rules. 

Selections  of  Muato, 

Subaoription  Cards. 

Temperance   Stories  with 

Song. 
Tracts. 

Transfer  Form. 
Visitors'  Books. 
WaU  Texts  and  Mottoes. 


rioea  to  Bands  of  HoDft  ordnins  d 


UNITED  KINGDOM   BAND  OF  HOPE   UNION, 

4,  IittDQA.'SS  'B.X\Ai,  I.OKDON.  Z.a 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


SUNLIGHT  AND  SHADOW: 

OB, 

GtEAHmeS  FROM  MV  LJFE-WORK. 

JOHN  B."gOUGH. 


PRICE    SIXPENCE. 


Suitable  for  Distribution.  Terms  for  quantities  on  application. 


London : 

HAMILTOir,  ADAMS  A  Co.,  32,  Paternoster  Row. 

S.  W.  Partridge  &  Co/s  Temperance  Publications. 

TILIi  THX  QOAIj  BB  BEACHBD.  A  Temperanoe  Tale.  By  J.  McL. 
Imperial  16mo,  cloth,  lettered,  U,  6d.    With  Four  En^rayin^ 

HIB  CHABGB  ;  OB,  COBNEB-CBAQ  CHASE.  A  Temperance  Tale, 
founded  on  Fact.  By  MAoeix  Fsarm,  Author  of  "  The  Pledged  Eleven."  Imperial 
16mo,  doth,  lettered,  2a.  6d.    With  Six  Engravinga. 

BITBTON  ]3BOTHIlBB.  A  Temperance  Tale,  founded  on  Fact.  By  Lavea  L. 
Pratt.    Crown  8to,  cloth,  lettered,  la.  6d.    With  Four  Engraringa. 

S'BVIIiIiB  HATHBBIiEY.  A  Tale  of  Modem  English  Life.  By  Mrs.  Lvcab 
Shadwbll,  Author  of  **  I  Forgot,*'  "  For  My  Baby'a  Sake,'*  Ac  Cronn  8to^  214  pp., 
limp  cloth,  lettered.    Second  and  cheaper  edition,  la.  6d« 

QBANDMOTHEB'B  CHUiD.  By  Akkib  S.  Swak.  Royal  lOmo,  cloth,  Illui- 
trated,  1.. 

THE  BIBLE  AND  TEMFEBANCE  ;  or,  Tbe  True  f  criptural  Basia  of  the 
Temperance  Movement.    By  Rer.  Tbomab  Pxabson.    Crown  8vo,  cloth,  3s.  6d. 

IjIIi  obey  :  or,  Arthur  Chester's  Courtship.  By  Mrs.  E.  Bbatav.  Frontispiece. 
Crown  8to,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

BIBB  AND  BON:  A  Startling  Contraat.  A  Temperance  Tale.  By  Rev.  Amor 
WuiTB.    With  Engravings.    Crown  8vo,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

THE  FEOFIiE  OF  FENTONBY.  A  Temperance  Story.  By  Miss  Jessik 
M.  Maxtxd.  With  the  portrait  of  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.l\,  and  Engravings.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth,  2b.  ed. 

TEE  FETBEL :  A  Stoiy  of  Cornish  Life.  By  Alfrbd  Colbbck.  Royal  16mo. 
Frontiapiece.    Cloth,  Is.  6d. 

Ix>ndon :  S.  W.  PARTRIDGE  &  Co.,  9,  Paternoster  Row. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


HOYLB'S    HYMNS    AND    SONGS 

For  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES  and  BANDS  OF  HOPE. 

Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition,  217  pieoae,  tuiUble  for  every  defMitmekt  of 
Temperance  Work,  llrioe  1  id. ;  cloth,  3d.  Urge  tjpe  Editioo,  doth,  6d.  Wordi 
and  Moaio:  Tonic  Sol-Fa,  cloth.  It.  8d.;  Old  NeUtioo,  paper,  Is.  8d.,  olotli.  8ii.6d. 

HOYLE'S  MELODIST,  Id.;  cloth,  2cl. 

inunnu'   i  NATIONAL   TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,   3S7,  Stnni. 
Lunuun .   I  ^   jy  PARTRIDGE  d  Co.,  9,  Patornostor  Row, 

PLEDGE    CARDS. 


The  OHELTBNHAM  OABDS  are  by  fleur  the  meet 
artistic  and  Cheapest  in  the  market.  SooietieB  are 
strongly  recommended  to  send  for  Samples. 


HORACE    EDTVARDS, 

396,  High  Street,  Cheltenham. 

THE    ALLIANCE     NEWS 

(SIXTEEN  PAGES), 

The  0tgtxn  of  the  Ignited  Kingdom  ^^lUance. 

PBIOB    ONE    PSlbTNY. 

Tai:  Alliavcb  Niwg,  In  additioo  to  a  copiont  Mlection  of  the  Gentral  Keve  of  the 
couUiiia  Leading  Articlea,  Heporta  of  Meetlnva,  Coimpondenoe,  and  other  Talnable 
mation,  hearing  on  the  agitation  on  behalf  of  the  PermiaalTe  prohibitioa  of  the 


I'raffio,  and  the  progreai  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  England,  Bcotlaad,  aad  InkmL 
Kxtracta  fVom  Good  lioolia,  Aneodotca,  Poetry,  and  MiaceUaneoua  Paragraph*  are  alee  gifMb 
•u  as  to  render  Tht  Miiame*  NtwM  a 

XJHOICE    FAMILY  PAPER, 
As  >vell  as  an  effective  Organ  of  the  Movamant.. 

The  AUianoe  Newi  may  be  ordered  through  any  Hewsrendor  or  BookMllv. 
Wholonle  Publishers  of  THE  ALLIANCE  NEWS : 

UanekeHer:  John  Haywood,  Deanrgate;  Abel  Beywood,  61,  Oldham  8tieeC|  W.  ■. 
Kraith  A  Son,  New  Brown  Street.— i.oii(/o«.-  jMnea  Clarke  A  Co.,  IS,  Fleet  Street  (MV 
Temple  liar),  E.C.|  W.  H.  Smith  ft  Son,  186,  Strand,  W.C. 


*•*  Single  CopiM  (on  frtpajimenfj  tent  jioai  free  for  U.  M,  por  qmaHer,  mmd  ^ 
umaer  on*  eovtr,  4*.  p«r  quarter  ;  Six  Vopieefur  %•.  por  quarter,  Jirom  tk€  Mlimmto 

44,   JOHK  DAliTO^  ^TB.^'Qfl!,  MAMOHESTBOL 


ADVBRTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  AND  EDUCATION. 

DRINK  AND  STRONG  DRINK. 

A  feriei  of  Beading  LeMona  for  Schools  and  Famillrs,  and  intended  for  all  who  are  willing 
to  aee  the  Total  Abstinence  side  of  the  Alcoholic  Question  (airly  and  faithftilly 

stated  in  plain  and  simple  words. 

By  BENJAMIN  WABD  BICHAJEIDSON,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.B.S. 

reap.  8to,  cloth,  150  pp^  Is. ;  or,  in  Three  Parts,  cloth  limp.  4d.  each.    (Pottagt  td.) 

*e*  Thit  new  work  it  tpeeiallf  reeomwundtd  to  the  notice  of  Conduetort  of  Bmndt  tf  Rope, 
Temperamee  Soeietiee,  Temperance  Clateee,  and  HmUar  O^anieatione, 

London :  WM.  COLLINS,  SONS  &  Co.  (Limited),  Bridewell  Place,  E,C. 

CAMPBELL   &   TUDHOPE'S 

TEMPERANCE   AND    BAND    OF   HOPE    PLEDGE   CARDS. 


pecial  Motto  Cards  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Temperance  Societies. . 


9. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 

8. 
9. 

10. 
11. 

If. 
13. 

14. 
16. 

le. 

17. 
18. 
19. 


d. 


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Band  of  Hope  Card,  in  Coloors,  6i  in.  by  4i  in.  (Floral) 

Temperance  Society  Card,  do.        do.  

Band  of  Uope  Card.  New  Design  (Crown),  6|  in .  by  4i  in.    . . 

Temperance  Society  Card,   do.         do.  do. 

Temperance    Society   Card,    richly    lUnminated    Floral    Dcdgn, 

7iln  by6lin. ..     „ 

Band  of  Hope  Card,  do.  do.  do. 

Band  of  Uope  Card,  richly  Illuminated  Floral  Design,  8  in.  by  7  in., 

lUnstrating  I udostry  and  Temperance         

Temperance  Society  Card,  do.  do. 

Temperance    Society   Card,   richly   Illaminated    Floral    Design, 

9t  in.  by  5\  in.,  lllnstratbg  Heligion  and  Temperance    . .        .. 
Band  of  Hope  Card,  do.  do 

Temperance  ^ociety  Card,  8^  in.  by  6\  in..  Emblematic  Design, 

printed  in  Colours  

Band  of  Uope  Card,  do.  do 

Baud  of  Hope  Cat d,  Senior  Division,  12  In.  by  9  in 

Mew  Band  of  Hope  Card,  richly  Illuminated,  IS  in.  by  10  in.  , . 

Mew  Temperance  Society  Card,  same  Design,  IS  in.  by  10  in. 
Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Gilt  and  Colours,  161  in.  by  13  in. 
Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Family,  Gilt  and  Colours,  16  in.  by  IS  in. 

(Blank   Cards   kept   in   Stock   for    Printing   in   Special   Pledges. 
Sample  Cardi  sent  on  Beceipt  of  Stamps  for  th«  Amount. 

Qtasiow:  CAMPBELL  d  TUDHOPE,  137,  Weal  Campbell  Street 
London:  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  387,  Strand,  W.C. 

New  Cross  Total  Abstinence  Pendant  or  Broooh,  enamelled  three 
eolours,  9d.  each;  same  Crofs,  with  best  Pin  and  Bibbon,  Is.  each. 
Neat  Temperance  or  Band  of  Hope  gilt  Star  Badges,  suitable  emblems, 
on  scarlet  veWet  centres,  best  pin,  bar,  and  ribbon.  Is.  Id.  each. 
Temperance  Medals,  fblly  mounted,  6d.,  8d.,  and  Od.  each.  Good 
Templar  Star  Badges,  Is.  and  Is.  2d.  each.  811? er  Ifodals,  Crosse*, 
and  Stars  for  Prizes,  See, 

Three  different  samples  of  best  quality  end  best  selling  Bsnd  of 
Hope  M edaiR,  with  Price  List  and  sketch  of  nsme  of  a  society,  6d. ; 
name  of  any  society  placed  in  gold  Utters  on  ribbons  for  Medalfi  an«i 
Stars  on  orders  for  12  or  more;  either  of  the  above  post  free.  New 
Illustrated  Price  List  one  stamp.    Procure  samples  and  compare. 

Blue  Bibbon  Army  Badges— Illustrated  Prioe  List  post  Aree. 

B.  CHABDLEE,  Temperance  Medallist,  &  Emblem  Maker, 

5,  TENBY  STREET  NORTH,  BIRMINGHAM. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


NOAV     READY. 

BE-IS3UB  OF 

THE    BOTTLE, 

Eight  Plates,  Folio  Edition,  in  Wrapper li. 

Colourod  Copies        ...         ...         •••         •••         ...         •..         ...        b. 

THE    DBUNKABDS'    CHILDBEK, 

Eight  Plates,  Folio  Edition,  in  Wrapper li. 

Coloured  Copies        ...         ...        2l 

THE    BOTTLE, 

Eight  Plates,  Smaller  Edition  in  Quarto,  in  Wrapper      6d. 


IT  is  now  thirty-five  years  since  the  justly-celebrated  Pictures  of  thJa  popolir 
Artist  were  first  brought  before  the  public.  With  the  preaent  tnereaiing 
interest  in  the  Temperance  cause,  it  is  belioTed  that  a  re-iasoe  of  GraUohank's 
Tirid  illustrations  of  the  horrors  of  intemperance  and  its  reealti  will  be  well 
received. 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT, 

337,    STRAND,    LONDON,    W.C. 

"  THE  WORSHIP  OF  BACCHUS  A  GREAT  DELUSIOH," 

By  EBENEZEB  OLASKE,  F.8.8. 

ILLUSTRATED  with  DRAWINGS  and  DDLGRAM8. 

C/oth  boards,  28,;   cloth  limp,  gilt,  7&;  Abridged  Edition,  2d. 

30,000    HAVE   ALREADY    BEEN    SOLD. 

"  This  book  is  what  has  long  been  a  desideratum.  We  are  more  than  pleased 
with  it.  It  is  well  printed  and  well  bound,  and  would  grace  the  table  of  any 
drawing-room.  It  gives  a  full  description  of  the  system  of  malting,  fermentatUm, 
and  brewing,  all  of  which  are  well  and  properly  illustrated.  The  diagranu  and 
explanations  supply  the  reader  with  a  lai^  amount  of  useful  knowledge.  Ws 
adrise  every  Temperance  reformer  to  purchase  it." — Timpiranci  RteonL 


Set  Large  Diagrams,  illustratixig  the  chief  points  in  ''The  Worihlp  of  Bmtai," 
for  the  use  of  Lectnren  and  Band  of  Hope  Conduoton,  with 
eomplete,  lOi.  6d.  nett;  tingle  Di«grama,  9d.,  eolourad. 


LONDON: 

BAND    OF    HOPE    UNION,    LUDGATE    HILL; 

NATIOHAL   TEMPERAHOE    Pii&UCATIQN  DEPOT:  and  of  all  Boolmam. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  HOTELS. 


VrSITORS   TO    LONDON. 

TRANTER'S    TEMPERANCE    HOTEL. 

9.   BRIDOEWATER  SQUARE,  BARBICAN,  CITT,  E.C. 

MOST  OENTBAL  FOB  BUSINESS  OB  PLEA8UBE. 
OIOM  to  Aldflngat«  Street,  Ifekropolitan   Railway  Statioo,  oear  General  Toat  Office. 

Homely,  Highly  Setpeetable,  and  Select. 

Bedroom  from  If.  6d.    Breakfast  or  Tea  from  la.     HO  Charge  for  Attenduioe. 

Eatablished  1859.  Tariff  Card  on  application. 


IiONDON. 

INSULUS 

TBMPBRANOB    HOTEL, 

21,  BURTON  CRESCENT,  EUSTON  RD.,  W.C. 


PiTe  mlnutea  from  Klng'a  Croaa,  St 
Paocraa,  and  Euston  Railwaya;  twenty  from 
Paddington,  tIA  Gower  Street  Station ; 
twelve  from  LiTerpool  Street,  rik  Metro- 
politan  Railway;  and  easy  of  access  from 
Cannon  Street,  Holbom,  Waterloo,  Charing 
Cross,  and  Victoria  Stations.  "Comfort 
with  Economy." 

Tarivf  Card,  with  Hap,   forwarded  on 
application. 


LONDON. 

MILTON 

TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 
r,  FEATHERSTONE  BUILDINQ8, 
Holbom,  London,  W.O. 


An  old-established  House  with  high  repu- 
tation for  Cleanliness,  Comfort  and  Economy. 
The  situation  is  central,  and  also  retired  and 
quiet,  there  being  no  thoroughfare  for  ve- 
hicles through  Featherstone  Buildings.  Beds 
from  Is.  6d.;  Breakfast  or  Tea,  Is.  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  the  Proprietor, 
WILLIAM  CHAPMAN. 


LONDON. 

HORNER'S 

TEMPERANCE    HOTEL, 

19,  EUSTON  ROAD,  KINQ'S  CROSS, 

Opposite  the  Great  Northern  and  Midland 
Stations. 


LONDON. 

WEST-CENTRAL  TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 

97  A  98,  Southampton  Row,  Russeu  Sq..  E.C. 


Convenient  for  all  Railway  Termini, 
and  Omnibuses  to  ali  parts  constantly  mm 
at  a  short  distance.  Brcaicfast  or  Tea, 
Is.  3d. ;  Beds  from  Is.  6d.  Tariff  Card,  with 
Sketch  Map  of  London  and  List  of  PabUo 
Exhibitioua.  Ac,  on  application. 

FREDERIC  SMITH,  Proprietor. 


BBIQHTON. 

EMERY'S 

OLD-  KSTA  BUSn  ED 

TEMPERANCE   HOTEL, 

41,  42  d  100,  QUEEN'S  ROAD. 

Established   Quarter   of  a  Century. 

Terms  very  moderate.  Home  comforts. 
Patronised  by  the  leading  rocrobprs  of  the 
Temperance  movement.  Priuted  Tariff  on 
application. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


NEW     "WINES. 

Direct  from  the  Vineyards.    Guaranteed  GENUINE  GRAPE  JUICE, 
X7NFERMENTED    AND    UNINTOXIOATIHG. 


ALT0-D0T7B0.      MADEIRA.       MUSCAT.      CONQBBSB. 

BIESSLING.        I«ACHBYM2B  CH&ISTI. 

These  Winea  vary  considerably  in  body,  flaTonr,  ooloar,  and  boaqaet^  and  sif 
oalcnlated  to  meet  every  variety  of  taste  and  reqairement. 

The  first  four  are  exoellent  SAOBAMBNTAIi  WINKS. 

"These  Wines  have  considerable  dietetic  and  hygieaio  merit.  Thsy  ait 
Taloable  as  medicinal  remedies,  and  wholesome  and  acceptable  beTeragss."— 
Norman  Kerb,  M.D.,  FX.S. 

"  I  think  Mr.  Wright  is  rendering  an  important  service  to  his  oonntry.  I 
shonld  not  in  the  least  degree  hesitate  to  give  a  dinner  to  any  class  of  people, 
even  the  most  refined,  with  these  Wines  upon  the  table,  which  are  perfeedy 
harmless  in  themselves,  and  withal  nutritions.  They  are  exceedingly  grstsfsl 
to  the  palate,  ^nd  I  think  that  with  their  introduction  we  might  fairly  ooDfidsr 
the  social  difficulty  very  largely  solved." — Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardsoet,  F.B.S. 


PORT  WINE  WITH  BARK. 

UNFERMENTED    AND  UNINTOXICATINQ, 

Tiiis  Wine  is  a  combination  of  the  freshly-expressed  juice  of  the  finasi  grspss 
grown  in  the  vineyards  of  the  Alto-Douro,  with  the  Extract  of  the  best  Psrm- 
vian  Bark.  The  Wine,  being  Unfermented,  retains  all  the  Katritive  aad 
Medicinal  Qualities  of  the  Qrape  unimpaired ;  and  the  Extract  of  Bark  is  so 
prepared  as  to  retain  all  its  active  principles  while  eliminating  tha  Baoseoas 
aud  inert  constituents. 

Most  valuable  as  a  TONIC  and  STOMAGQIC  in  cases  of  EXSAUSTIOH 
from  Overwork,  Severe  Illness,  or  long-continued  indulgenoe  in  Intoxicating 
Liquors.    Also  in  Intermittent  Fever  and  Neuralgia. 

This  Wine  is  highly  approved,  and  frequently  prescribed  by  Dr.  B.  W, 
Kichardson,  F.R.S.,  and  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  F.L.S. 

Prospectus,  giving  full  particulars  of  dose,  &o.,  post  free  on  applioatioo. 

Price  403.  per  Doz.        A  Single  Bottle,  Ss.  6d. 

To  be  obtained  direct ;  or  from  Mr.  Wriqht*8  agents ;  and,  by  order,  froia  all 

respectable  Chemists  and  Qrocers. 


Prospectuses,  containing  full  description  of  tlie  Wines  and  a  list  of  prices^ 
will  be  sent  post  free  on  application  to 

FRANK     WRIGHT, 

97,    UEBTOM    B,OIlT>,    SSNSENaTOir,    LONDOW,    W. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE     UNITED     KINGDOM 

Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institntion, 

1.  ADEIiAIDB  FIiAOE,  LONDON  BBIDGE,  LONDON. 
ESTABLISHED  1840,  FOR  MUTUAL  LIFE  ASSURANCE. 


LOVDON  DOARO. 

BOBKRT    WABXER,    E»q.,    8,    Crescent, 

CrivplegAte,  Chairman. 
RICHAKD  BARKBrr,  Esq.,  Grove  Lane, 

jCtonberwell. 
S.%MUEL  BOWLT,  Etq.,  Gloucester,  and 

1,  South  Place.  Pinsbury. 
JOUN  BKOOMHALL,  Esq.,  J.P.,  Buroott, 


Admiral   Sir    W.    KL\G    HALL,   K.C.U.. 

United  Service  Club,  Pall  Mall. 
J.T.  PRITCRBTT,  B«q., Edmonton.  London. 
T.  II.  SMITHIES.  Ksq.,  ft.  Patcmoeter  Row. 
JOHN  TAYLOR.  Esq..  6,  Token  house  Yard. 
BKNJ.  WHITWORIH,  Fsq.  MP.,  J.P., 

11,  Holland  Park.  I<ondon,  and  Cros!«  Si.. 

Manchester. 


Bnrbiion,  Sorrej. 

Mkoioal  Omcmas— Dr.  James  Educvds.  8,  Grafton  Street,  Piccadilly; 

Dr.  Tbomas  Baklow,  lU,  Moutnt^ue  Street,  RuhsoU  S<iuare. 

Solicitors— Messrs.  GATLirF  A  HotvsE,  8,  Finsbury  Circus.  E.G. 

CoVBULV»o  ACTVAHT— Ralfh  P.  IUrdy,  EFq.  SacnKTABT— Tbouab  Cash,  Vh) 


Position  of  the  Institution,  June.  1882. 


Aooomulated  Capital   .. 

AoQual  Xdcoiho 

Amount  Paid  for  Claim  ■  through  Death 


£8,100,000 

£380,000 

£1.057.058 


This  Institution  offers  the  most  perfect  seourity  to  its  members ;  the 
liabilities  being  assessed  on  the  most  stringent,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
the  most  eqnitable  principles.  Assurances  are  paid  7  days  after  proof 
of  olaim  ;  the  conditions  are  free  from  every  unnecessary  restriction ; 
the  whole  of  the  profits  b  long  to  the  Assured,  and  consequently  the 
Bonuses  are  on  the  most  liberal  scale,  and  are  calculated  up  to  the  time 
of  olaim  (not  merely  to  the  last  valuation,  as  in  the  case  of  most  Offices) ; 
and  its  affairs  are  conducted  in  the  most  economical  manner.  These 
considerations  render  the  Institution  most  favourable  to  Assurers  and 
most  particularly  to  abstainers,  who  obtain,  in  the  form  of  increased 
Bonuses,  the  full  benefit  of  those  principles  so  conducive  to  health  and 
longevity. 

Annual,  Half-yearly,  Quarterly,  and  Single  Premiams  to  assure  £100  psysble  at  death, 

with  Profits.* 


Age  next 
Birthdsy 

Annual 
Premiums. 

Hslfjearly 
Premiums. 

Quarterly 
Premiums. 

Sinarle 
Premtam. 

20 
25 
80 
36 
40 

1  17      4 

2  2      7 

2      8    10 

2  16      7 

3  4    11 

0  19      7 

1  2      4 
1      6      7 
1      9      2 
1    14      1 

0    10      4 
0   n     8 
0    13      4 
0    15      1 
0    17      6 

40    16     5 
43    12      2 

46    10      2 
49      9      1 
62    15      5 

*  The  Premiums  without  Profits  are  10  per  cent  less  than  the  above. 
^  Ttn  ptr  etnt.  additi$m  to  th*  abovt  rattt  i*  ehargtd  •«  FewtaU  liase. 


Ftir  Prospectus  and  any  further  information,  apply  to  THOMAS   CASH,  Seofetary, 
1,  Adelaide  PUcp,  London  Bridfe,  £,C. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


BRITON  LIFE  ASSOCIATION, 


LIMITED. 


Chief  Offic6s--429,  STBAND,  LONDON. 

This  Sooietj  lias  Deposited  £83,000  with  the  British  and  Colonial  Gofeznmanti 

as  a  Special  Seooritj  to  Policy  holders. 


Chairman'^ 
FRANCIS  WEBB,  Esq.,  31,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chanoeij  Laoe. 

Deputy-  Chairman — 
B.  W.  RICHARDSON,  M.A.,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.Ril,  25,  ICandharter  Sqnait. 


IMPOBTANT  ADVANTAQES  TO 

TOTAL    &BST&IKBR81 


Recent  investigations  having  proved  the  increased  valao  of  the  Lives 
who  are  ooDsistent  Abstainers  from  all  Alcoholic  Beverages,  the  Direotocs  bsw 
determined  to  allow  such  persons  a  redaction  of  Tbh  PIB  CXST.  firam  mn 
Ajtnual  Premiums  on  all  Assurances  effected  in  the  Association  on  the  oiditiiy 
Pariiciptiting  Whole  Life  or  EIndowment  Ai&urauce  Tables. 

Absolute  security. 

Large  Proportion  of  Funds  in  Government  Deposits. 

Moderate  Rates  of  Premium. 

Policyholders  of  all  Classes  entirely  Free  from  Lisbility. 

Policies  made  payable  during  life-time. 

Special  Terms  to  Ministers  and  Lay  Preachers. 

New  System  of  Assuring  Invalid  Lives. 

Claims  paid  immediately  on  Proof  of  Death. 

Indisputable  Whole- World  Assurances. 

New  and  Extended  Limits  for  Foreign  Travel  and  Besidonoe. 

Non-Forfoitable  Assurances. 

Protection  afforded  Assignees  against  Polidos  lapsing  or  beoomiog  toMM  \f! 
a  breach  of  their  conditions  on  the  part  of  the  Assured. 

Policies  in  this  Society  not  liable  to  lapse  by  inadvertence,  as  after  Woarfmn 
the  Surrender  Value  is  applied  to  keep  the  Policy  in  force.  Sahstitatioi  ^ 
another  Life  allowed  in  lieu  of  the  one  assured  by  the  Policy. 


Detailed  Prospectus  and  StatemenU  en  appUcaUon, 

JOHN  MESSENT,  F.I.A.,  Actuary  and  SecnUarf. 


The  DircotoTS  will  be  btppv  to  treat  with  Qentlsroan  of  inflosoee  sad  stoadhy  Is  sH* 
Ordinary  or  Special  AgenU  \ot  \:ki«  Comvvai  Va  wuepresenttd  looalitlss. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE  LONDON   AND   GENERAL 

Shares,  £40.      Monthly  Subscription,  &s. 
Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share. 


OFFICES!     337,     STRAND,     W-C 

Chairman  :  THOMAS  HUGHES,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

Vice-Presidents  : 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  LICHFIFLD. 

The  Hon.  H.  F.  COWPER,  M.P.  I  VERNON  LUSHINCiTON,  Esq. 

FREDK.  HARRISON,  Esq.  |  W.  EVAN  FRANKS,  Esq. 


LARGE  or  Small  Sums  received  on  Deposit ;  Repayable  at  Short 
Notice.  Interest  paid  half-yearly.  Sliares  may  be  taken  at  any 
time.  No  back  payments.  Money  ready  to  be  advanced  on  Freehold 
or  Leasehold  Security,  on  very  moderate  terms,  for  which  sec  reduced 
table  in  Prospectus,  to  be  had  on  application  to 

Manaoino  Director,  W.  R.  SELWAY. 

THE  TEMPERANCE  PERMANENT  BUILDING  SOCIETY 

OTFBBS    ADVANTAGES 

UNSURPASSED  BY  ANY  BUILDING  SOCIETY  IN  LONDON. 


Since  its  establishment  in.  1854,  it  has  oontinnously  maintained  its  hold  on 
popular  favonr,  and  has  advanced  upon  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Property 
more  than  £3,000,000. 

BORROWING    DEPARTMENT. 

The  Monthly  Repayments  are  rery  low  (they  inolade  Principal  and 
Fremiam,  and  Interest  at  5  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year),  vis. : — For 
each  £100  advanced 

STiAns.  10  Trabs.  12  Tkabs.  14  Ykars.  ISTkaks. 

£16    7  £12    2  £0    19    6  £0    17    6  £0    16    8 

The  Law  Chargeti  arc  upon  a  verj  moderate  scale.  The  facilities  for  redemption  ore 
exceptionally  farourable. 

INVESTING    DEPARTMENTS. 

BHARSS.— In  consequence  of  the  increasinK  demands  upon  the  Society  for  Advances 
upon  ]lou<»e  Fro[>eTij,  ihe  Investir^  Short  Dfp  trlment  has  been  re-opened  for  the  issue  ot 
Subscribing  and  Completed  Sliares,  such  Shares  to  be  entitled  to  participate  in  the  profits  op 
to,  but  not  exceeding,  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum  upon  the  Subscriptions  paid. 

DEPOSITS.— Interest  on  Deposit^  3  per  cent,  per  annum;  If  made  for  six  months 
3|  per  cent. ;  if  twelve  months  4  per  cent. 

HENRY  JAMES  PHILLIPS,  Seoaktabt. 
001003-4,  LvvoktR  Hill,  Loxdo^t. 


ADVKRTISEMtXTS. 

jrCHARI/rONlanMPHSEYS, 

IRON  BUILDINGS  AND   ROOFING  MANUFACTURER, 

BUILDIO   OF  THE   WE3TI>l"3tEn.    BniaXTOII.  CRYITtL   PlUCE   XD   DTHER   ElWHTIOM.  Z 

ALBERT   GATE  WORKS,    HIGH   ROAD,   KNIGHTSBRIDGE,    LONDON,   S.W. 

MSTABUBSED  1S34.J  [B'ultri—BAyZ  OP  EirSLAKD. 

Onstomen  oan  Inipaat  Filty  Iron   Chtirobei,  Haaiei  and  Hnto.  'Mm 

Sbada,  Sohooli,  Olub,  Hsu,  and  Beadinm  Booms  ereoMd  en 

■how.    A  Church  doliTored  M"" ■  '- "- 


imN  BUILDIHOa,  adapted  for  Properly  held  on  Short  Leau, 

EuT  toreiKO**  and  n-tnct,  oil  piiu  or  Iht  tnmint  mirked  with  It*  dlMlnsilsUni  IMa. 
ThdDteriorwnodwmk  !■  Milneri  ■nd  virMihed,  gW\nt  Urn  llDl(h*d  (Bd  BOmlBtMhip- 


(  Bjrtem  Wng  iHopted  of  nil 


A  Ubsatn'  diit  put  the  whole  uTcrlni;  on  ■  itick  withoot  tsoli,  In  *  ttw  hcmit,  ud  eich 

•hcMnfinmnnioTrdfarHHiTenlrnMafcultliKlh'hiiT. 
TmllliUtOD  It  pratlded  fur  bj  Uis  plitai  undironth  Iht  cnrcrln(. 
N.B.— Tlw>bonir*Mmuabci»n*tALBtHTaATi  Wd»«.  8.ff.,aB(n]aUhar*Urk. 


HDUPHSETS'    HALL   AND   OHOUirilB 


PorthsirarpaHof  nhlMttng  perminentlT  hii  Iron  DqldlDgi,  udloillow  iin 
Iheitjbiot  bnUdlng  rMoirrd,  m  •Imple  deUII<  Bt  caj  Monice  InlBt  ol 
«terT  part  bgloi  nucknil  A.  B,  C,  ud  1,  t,  S,  upwatdi. 

The  Oroat  Hall   la   to  ba   Iiat  on   Hira, 
For  M  nnt-isliHi  Enhlbltlaiu  ud  Publls  Mtrtlnn,  SiudiT  ETcatnv  Berrlsa,  to.    TU 
Iron  flsUdloii  on  EihlnfUoa  all  rtnnd  ihe  Hall  mar  bt  bind  lor  ^oiBitiaa  mmKU 
SagHih  hit*,  and  will  be  la  sH  RenRs^li  •■  iMlnre  and  Baadlajr  Baaji,  or  anT  wnf" 
-H«y  btn4Bli«iriirthautatilntonutt*b^^M\«ivkn.  u:«p(cno:T  lifTI^^ 


ADVERTISIiMKNTS. 


The  "Ocean"  Permanent  Benefit  Bnilding  Society. 

ENROLLED  1869.    INCORPORATED  1876. 

Shares,  £25.    Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share.    Subscription,  2s.  per  Month. 

Office— 727,    COMMBBCIAL    BOAD,    LIMEHOUSE,    E. 

Open  DqU$  from  10  till  4,  and  evtry  Tunday,  10  a.u*,  Wl  9  p.m. 

Jrbiiraton—UeY.  J.  Kennedy,  D.D  ;  T.  Scrutton,  £«q. 

Directon^Kt,  J.  Hilton.  Langreld  House,  Burdett  Road,  E.  (Ckairm'in) ;  Mr.  W.  Kalnii. 
VmUtj  HalJ,  8t.  Oeorgri  Rust.  E.  (Dtputf  Chairman) ;  Captain  John  Cobbj,  194, 
Bnrdrtt  Road.  E.;  Mr.  J.  C.  Essex.  \Ve«tbourne  Villa*,  Uranire  Park  Uoa*!,  Leyton ; 
Mr.  J.  H.  Godwin,  Albion  Hill,  Loufrhton,  Ensex ;  Mr.  J.  GreiriK>n,  236^  Burdett 
Bond,B.t  R6T.  P.  Haalock.  St.  Luke'«  Kquare,  Millwall.  E. ;  Captain  G  Mitchell. 
57,  Ea«t  Indim  Road,  B  ;  Mr.  George  Waller.  2,  Burdett  Terrace,  Gianfpe  Patk  Road, 
Lqrton. 

AfiiJwrt— London  and  County  Bank  (Limehonae  Branch). 

Bolieiior^k,  Kerley,  Esq.,  14,  Great  Winchester  Street,  B.C. 

Auiilart—yr,  E.  Corner,  Esq.,  8,  St.  Thomas  Square,  Hackner,  B. ;  H.  H.  Gill,  Esq.,  107 
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8*eretarp — M.  Humm. 

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application.  M.   HUMM,  Steretarjf, 

GEORGE  W.  EEESEY,  Medalist, 

MOTTO  and  EMBLEMATIC  FLAG  and  BANNER  MAKER,  and  GENERAL  DEALER^ 
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BALEI&E  ¥OSES,  Gonybere  Street,  Sighgate  EiU,  £I£HIN&HAH. 

REGALIA  FOR  ALL  SOCIETIES.    MEDALS  for  EVERY  PURPOSE, 

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36  pagro  List  (100  Illustrations),  4d.  post  free. 

H AllOL D  ~G LY N D E , 

A  Poem,  by  EDWABD  FOSEiETT. 

This  Work  also  forms  a  Novel  and  Effective  CANTATA. 

It  embraces  all  the  elements  of  a  popular  Musical  Prof^ramme,  with  the  additional  interest 

of  a  wall-deflned  Poetical  Narrativk. 

ORIGINAL   MUSIC  ha-*  been  specially  contributed  by  the    following    Compoaers:— 

John  Stainer,  M.A..  Mun.  D.)c. ;  C.  8.  Jekrll,  Composicr  to  Her  Majcaty'ii  Chapels  Royal; 

Georgo  C.  Martin,  Mnti.  Bic. ;   J.  G.   Callcott;    Henry  Guy;    Harper  K'-arton;    Jamei» 

Thomson,  A.RJk.M.;  Fred.  C.  Bevan ;  W.  II.  Bonner;  John  Cornwall ;  and  James  A.  Birch. 

EoxnoHS :  Words  and  Muf>ic  (Old  Notation),  Cloth  2«.  6d  ,  Paper  1*.  Ad. ;  Words  and 
Music  (Tonks  8ol-fk).  Cloth  2s.,  Paper  Is. ;  Words  of  Poem  (Complete).  C<'oth  Is.  6d.,  Paper  Gd» 

Londsn:  F.  PITMAN,  20,  Paternoster  Bow,  E.G. 


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«^^^««    %tfN<M*    #\.. 


PUBLISHED    MONTHLY.    PBICE    ONE    PISKNT. 

The  RECHABITE  AND  TEMPERANCE  MAG 

The  Official  Organ  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Rechahitei. 

May  ho  bad  tbronj^h  all  BookfleI1t>ri>,  from  tbo 
NATIONAL    TEMPERAHOl   PUBLICKIIOH  Dt?Ql»  ^^1,  %Vtm<I,  t 


r_>w*« 


THE 


NATIONAL 


nnperaiice 


% 

} 


ANNUAL 


Koit 


f  » 


IlHIKh   I'.V 


ROBERT      RAE, 

Secretary  of  the  League. 


i. 


/  I  .  * 


Chth,  Ui,i^>  i.'Hii'iU^  'lilt  ?f.'/' r,'./,  1.1  fw/. 


{ 


A 


'i'onbon: 

NATIOXAL  TKMPKRAXiMi   PUJJLIOATION   I)Kr()T. 


■ 

[ 


^A'*«tt**«lAJ^fl**Mft«tor»i«d«ite^r«^«b»  «     ■     .    ^^-v*  ■■ 


THE 


llattflnal  €mpxmt  ^tape's 

ANNUAL 


FOR 


18  84. 


-♦♦«- 


EDITED  BT 


ROBERT     RAE, 


Secretary  of  the  League. 


-»•» 


LONDON: 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT, 

3  3  7,    STRAND,    W.  C. 


/^  .  /w^S7   ^  *  3^ . 


CONTENTS. 


PACB 

The  Tempkbance  Outlook 6 

The   Nation's  Curse   and   its   Remedy.     By  the  Ven. 

Archdeacon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.R.S 14 

The  Vital  Statistics  of  Total  Abstinence.    By  Dawson 

jjumoy  u »\j »  •••          ...          •••          «•.          •..          ...          .*•  2i 

The   Economics   of  Temperance.     By  William  Hoyle, 

£iS>(.l«}    Jl  .0.0.     ••*                    «.•                    ••■                    •••                    ••.                    ■•.                    ...  fKVr 

Legislation  for   Habitual   Drunkards.     By  Norman 

XVcXff  o\.»\Jt%  J7>XiaO*  •«•            •.•            •*•            *••            **•            «•.  ^^ 

The  Habitual  Drunkards  Act,  1879       68 

Inspector's  Report  upon  Retreats  for  Inebriates    ...  73 

Public-Houses  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners...  75 

Intemperance  in  Relation  to  Lunacy.    By  David  M. 

Cassidy,  M.D.          ...        ...        ...        ...        ...        ...  80 

Abstinence  in  Lunatic  Asylums      87 

Pauperism  in  England  and  Wales          91 

The  Use  of  Alcohol  in  Workhouses      97 

Judicial  Statistics  for  1882.    By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley, 

iiX.jCX.    «•.                    ...                    ...                    ...                    ...                    ••.                    ...                    •••  ifif 

The  Metropolitan  Police  Returns.    By  the  Rev.  J.  W. 

Horsley,  M.A.          102 

The  National  Drink  Bill  for  1882.    By  William  Hoyle  104 

Public-House  Returns         106 

Proposed  Temperance  Legislation          108 

The  Sunday  Closing  Petitions  of  1883     Ill 

Temperance  in  the  Army  and  Navy       112 

Scientific  Temperance  in  Schools          114 


CONTENTS. 


PASS 

Band  op  Hope  Unions:  their  Advantages  and  influence. 
By  William  Hoyle 118 

The  Hereditary  Danqer  of  Drinkino.    By  Mis.  Lucas- 
Sliadwell      ...        ...        ...        ...        ...         ...        ...  124 

Chronicle  of  Temperance  Events 129 

Obituary  of  Temperance  Workers 145 

National  AND  District  Temperance  Organisations     ...  149 

Taxes  and  Imposts  upon  the  Liquor  Trade        153 

Alcohol  in  English  Workhouses IGO 

Spirit  Production  IN  THE  United  Kingdom        IM 

Estimated  Consumption  per  Head  of  Population         ...  1C5 

Retail  Licenses  in  the  United  Kingdom 166 

Excise  Licenses  for  Retailers,  Brewers,  &c     167 

Excise  Duties    ...         167 

Consumption  of  Spirits  in  1882  and  1883 168 

Beer  Statistics  for  1882  and  1883 169 

Quantities  and  Alcoholic  Strength  of  Wines  Imported  171 

Licensed  Houses  in  London  173 

Apprehensions  for  Drunkenness  in  London      174 

Summonses  against  Drink  Houses  in  London  ...         ..  175 
Wesleyan  Conference  Temperance  Statistics^     1883...  176 

Miscellaneous  Statistics  and  Facts       178 

National  Temperance  League        183 

Catalogue  of  New  Temperance  Books  and  Taactb   ...  185 
Advertisements  193 


THE 

NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  LEAGUE'S 

ANNUAL  for   1884. 


■ooJ©5t><^ — 


THE  TEMPERAXCE  OUTLOOK. 

Once  again  we  have  arrived  at  a  period  when  it  is  wise  to  take 
a  comprehensive  glance  at  the  position  and  prospects  of  the  Tem- 
perance Reformation,  so  that  we  may  see  how  to  fortify  and  con- 
solidate the  achievements  of  the  past,  and  prepare  ourselves  for 
such  action  as  may  be  likely  to  prove  most  successful  in  the  future. 
Bearing  in  mind  the  rapid  spread  of  Temperance  principles  during 
the  last  few  years,  which  has  been  fully  sustained  during  the  past 
year,  the  general  outlook  must  be  pronounced  hopeful  and 
encouraging. 

It  would,  perhaps,  be  unfortunate  if  we  regarded  the  present 
position  of  the  movement  with  entire  satisfaction,  as  we  might 
then  be  disposed  to  indulge  in  a  sleep  of  delusive  contentment. 
But  while  thankful  to  Almighty  God,  as  all  true  workers  must  be, 
for  the  progress  which  can  be  traced  on  all  sides,  we  can,  as  yet, 
see  no  indications  which  call  upon  us  to  rest  and  be  satisfied  ;  but 
we  do  see  signs  which,  if  read  aright,  demand  from  us  greater 
vigilance  and  increased  activity. 

A  reference  to  the  Chronological  record,  which  we  give  else- 
where, will  be  of  service  to  those  who  may  wish  to  refresh  their 
memories  upon  any  events  of  interest  which  have  transpired 
during  the  past  year.  Much  of  the  quiet,  unseen  labour  of  the 
large  organisations,  and  the  invaluable  work  accomplished  by  the 
numerous  local  societies,  cannot  be  ^tabulated,  and  it  is  only  pos- 
sible to  give  prominence  to  the  more  public  operations  of  the 
leading  associations,  which  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  indication  of 
the  general  activity  which  prevails. 

The  decrease  in  the  revenue  from  spirituous  liquors  has  given 
some  ground  for  congratulation.    Parliament  was  prorogued  just 


THE   TEMPERANCE    OUTLOOK. 


After  the  issue  of  our  last  Annual,  and  the  Royal  Speech  contained 
the  following  memorable  reference  to  the  growth  of  Temperance 
habits : — "After  a  succession  of  unfavourable  seasons  in  the  greater 
portion  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  produce  of  the  land  has, 
during  the  present  year,  been  for  the  most  part  abundant,  and 
trade  is  moderately  active.  The  growth  of  the  revenue,  however, 
is  sensibly  retarded  by  a  cause  which  must  in  itself  be  contem- 
plated with  satisfaction.  I  refer  to  the  diminution  in  the  receipts 
of  the  Exchequer  from  the  duties  on  intoxicating  liquors."  Then, 
in  April,  when  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  made  hia 
annual  financial  statement,  Temperance  reformers  were  again 
gratified  to  learn  that  the  diminution  of  the  drink  revenue  had 
continued.  Mr.  Childers  furnished  in  his  speech  a  striking  com- 
parison of  the  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  1875-6  with 
that  of  the  last  financial  year.  In  the  former  period  the  spirit 
and  wine  duties  produced  about  £23,000,000.  Allow^ing  for  the 
increase  of  population,  the  revenue  from  these  duties  if  it  liad 
increased  in  the  same  proportion  during  the  last  year  w^ould  have 
reached  £24,840,000,  instead  of  which  it  yielded  only  £19,840,000. 
Under  this  head,  therefore,  the  revenue  was  £5,000,000  less  than 
it  would  have  been  had  the  consumption  of  1875-6  been  main- 
tained. The  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  malt  liquors  was 
also  indisputable ;  but,  owing  to  the  change  in  the  manner  of 
assessment,  an  exact  comparison  was  not  available. 

The  foregoing  figures  gave  great  satisfaction  to  Temperance 
reformers,  as  well  as  to  others  who  cannot  regard  the  enormous 
revenue  derived  from  drink  with  complacency.  TVc  think  it  well, 
however,  to  point  out  that  during  the  last  few  months  we  have 
done  no  more  than  maintain  our  position.  This  should  not  content 
us.  We  now  have  the  Christian  Church  largely  with  us  ;  many 
leaders  of  the  medical  profession  support  our  principles  ;  the 
educational  lever  has  long  been  in  operation,  and  evidence  in 
favour  of  total  abstinence  is  incessantly  accumulating,  so  that 
there  ought  to  be  clear,  continuous,  if  not  rapid,  lessening  of 
the  drink  revenue.  Failing  this  it  would  be  well  to  consider 
whether  our  energies  are  wisely  directed  to  this  end. 

Remembering  what  was  accomplished  when  some  of  the 
powerful  influences  now  with  us  were  against  us,  we  are  dk* 


I»V! 


THE    TEMPERANCE    OUTLOOK. 


posed  to  think  that  the  forces  at  our  command  have  not  been 
utilised  to  anything  approaching  their  fullest  extent ;  and,  if 
t}iis  is  so,  it  behoves  us,  if  possible,  to  find  out  the  reason  and 
take  measures  to  remedy  the  defect.  Now,  it  is  well  known 
that  the  National  Temperance  League  has  been  eminently 
successful  in  promulgating  Temperance  principles  amongst  the 
leaders  of  science,  thought,  and  fashion.  By  its  instrumentality 
the  medical  profession  was  induced  to  issue  the  memorable 
declaration  against  the  use  of  intoxicating  beverages,  in  which 
also  a  warning  note  was  raised  against  alcoholic  prescriptions. 
From  this  single  action  many  valuable  results  have  accrued, 
and  there  is  now  a  flourishing  British  Medical  Temperance 
Association,  destined,  we  believe,  to  do  an  important  scientific 
work  amongst  the  members  of  the  profession.  Societies  have 
also  been  formed  in  connection  with  the  different  religious 
denominations,  all  of  which  are  working  successfully  ;  but  their 
respective  operations  are  necessarily  restricted.  They  reach  only 
indirectly  the  vast  complex  public  opinion  outside  their  own 
borders.  We  therefore  regard  it  as  a  misfortune  that  the 
National  Temperance  League,  and  similar  representative  organisa- 
tions, are  not  financially  able  to  embrace  the  golden  opportu- 
nities which  their  activity  has  created.  If^^he  movement  is  to 
progress,  if  we  are  to  do  something  more  than  maintain  our 
present  encouraging  position,  the  defect  we  have  pointed  out 
must  be  remedied  by  the  supply  of  increased  means  to  overtake 
the  work  that  yet  remains  to  be  accomplished. 

The  great  expectations  of  many  that  Parliament  would  aid  the 
Temperance  movement  by  restrictive  legislation,  have  again  met 
with  disappointment.  We  will  not  attempt  to  discuss  the  causes 
which  are  supposed  to  have  influenced  Her  AFajesty's  Ministers 
in  deferring  the  enactment  of  measures  of  much-needed  reform 
affecting  the  drink  traffic.  Happily,  delay  is  not  at  all  likely 
to  lessen  the  demands  of  a  growing  Temperance  opinion.  The 
principal  legislative  achievement  was  the  passing  of  the  Payment 
of  Wages  in  Public-houses  Prohibition  Bill,  introduced  in  the 
House  of  Lords  by  the  Earl  of  Stanhope,  and  in  the  House  of 
Commons  by  Mr.  S.  Morley.  In  the  Parliamentary  Elections 
(Corrupt  and  Illegal  Practices)  Bill,  the  fifteenth  clause  prohibits 


8  THE   TEMPERANCE  OUTLOOK. 


the  use  of  election  committee  rooms  at  public-houses,  and  the 
twentieth  section  is  framed  to  prevent  the  corrupt  practices  of 
treating  for  election  purposes. 

The  foregoing  salutary  enactments  represent  the  practical  Tem- 
perance legislation  accomplished  by  Parliament.  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  on  April  27,  again  introduced  the  Local  Option  Reso- 
lution, which  was  carried  by  a  majority  of  87  in  a  House  of  373 ; 
for  the  first  time  the  Prime  Minister  voted  for  the  resolution,  and 
no  member  of  the  Cabinet  paired  or  voted  against  it.  Great  and 
very  natural  irritation  was  caused  when  the  Government  Bill  for 
the  perpetuation  and  extension  of  the  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act 
of  1878  was  allowed  to  drop  ;  such  a  course  was  clearly  not  anti- 
cipated by  the  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  who  expressed  lus 
deep  regret,  while  Mr.  Gladstone  held  out  the  hope  that  it  mig^t 
be  taken  at  an  early  date  next  session.  A  large  number  of  other 
Bills,  including  many  for  Sunday  Closing  in  diflferent  counties, 
met  with  an  untimely  fate. 

The  (piestion  of  licensing  reform  was  referred  to  at  great  length 
by  Mr.  Bright  in  his  speech  at  the  opening  of  a  Coffee  Tavern  at 
Birmingham  in  August.  Many  controversial  points  were  raised, 
which  have  since  been  freely  discussed.  The  various  schemes 
for  dealing  with  the  liquor  traffic  evoke  a  diversity  of  opinion  and 
not  a  little  confusion.  The  bugbear  of  compensation  raises  its 
head  significantly ;  but  this  and  a  hundred  other  difficulties 
would  be  lessened  or  swept  away  if  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
people  were  induced  to  change  their  habits.  That  we  have  it 
in  our  power,  under  existing  laws,  to  do  much  in  reducing  the 
temptations  to  drink,  was  exemplified  veiy  decidedly  at  the  last 
licensing  sessions. 

The  Dar^'en  Licensing  appeals  were  finally  disposed  of  early 
in  the  year.  The  result  of  the  decision  was  to  close  thirty-four 
houses  in  the  borough  of  Over  Darwen,  licensed  for  the  sale  of 
drink  for  consumption  off  the  premises ;  the  dicta  of  the  judges 
in  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  establishes  the  principle  that 
public-house  licenses  are  held  from  year  to  year,  and  that  the 
licensing  justices  may  in  their  discretion  abolish  such  licenses  •■ 
may  not  be  deemed  necessary  for  the  requirements  of  the  diatiict. 
Strengthened,  doubtless,  by  this  decision,  and  supported  hj  a 


THE   TEMPERANCE   OUTLOOK. 


strong  public  opinion,  the  magistrates  in  many  places  suppressed 
a  large  number  of  "off"  licenses;  applications  for  "new" 
licenses  were  almost  invariably  refused,  and  everywhere  there 
was  a  general  restrictive  tendency. 

The  scientific  bearings  of  the  movement  have  continued  to 
engage  marked  attention.  The  Har\*eian  Society  rendere<l 
valuable  service  by  its  inquiry  into  the  mortality  caused  by  the 
use  of  alcoholic  drinks,  which  tended  to  confirm  the  earlier 
researches  of  medical  temperance  reformers.  The  report  embraced 
the  return  of  10,000  deaths,  7,505  of  which  were  certified  by 
private  practitioners  ;  1,829  occurred  in  hospitals,  infirmaries, 
and  lunatic  asylums,  and  inquests  were  held  on  667.  Of  these 
deaths  14  per  cent,  were  returned  as  having  been  caused  wholly 
or  partially  by  alcoholic  excess  ;  this  would  correspond  to  an 
annual  adult  mortality  of  5,870  from  alcohol  in  London,  38,971 
for  England  and  Wales,  and  about  50,0(X)  for  the  United  Kingdom. 
The  report  also  expressed  the  belief  that  alcohol  caused  an  increase 
in  the  death-rate  from  diseases  of  the  liver,  kidneys,  pneumonia, 
pleurisy,  and  diseases  of  the  nervous  system. 

Many  papers  have  been  read  and  discussed  at  medical  and  other 
scientific  and  semi-scientific  gatherings,  which  have  been  eminently 
useful  in  eliciting  information  and  in  removing  misconceptions. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  British  Medical  Association  at  Liverpool, 
Dr.  C.  R.  Drysdale  read  a  paper  on  the  mortality  of  "  Abstainers 
and  Moderate  Drinkers,"  and  another  was  read  by  Dr.  Norman 
Kerr,  on  "  Habitual  Drunkards,  and  their  Treatment ;"  while  at  the 
British  Association  Mr.  W.  B.  Robinson  introduced  a  discussion 
relative  to  the  increased  value  of  life  by  abstinence  from  alcohol. 

The  use  of  stimulants  in  workhouses  was  discussed  at  the 
annual  meeting,  held  at  Liverpool,  of  the  Poor  Law  Medical 
Officers'  Association,  when  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  contributed  a  paper. 
The  experience  of  the  good  effects  which  follow  the  disuse  of 
intoxicants  cannot  be  gainsaid,  and  we  may  expect  to  see  the  con- 
tinued progress  of  Temperance  in  the  administration  of  institu- 
tions which  are  largely  needed  for  the  relief  of  those  who  are  the 
victims  of  intemperate  habits. 

The  third  annual  report  of  the  Inspector  of  Retreats,  under  the 
Habitual   Drunkards  Act,  1879,  illustrates  the  need   of  more 


lO  THE  TEMPERANCE  OUTLOOK. 

practical  legislation  ;  but  in  the  meantime  such  experiments  as 
the  Dalrymple  Home  for  Inebriates,  which  was  recently  opened  at 
Eickmanaworth,  deserves  hearty  support,  not  only  from  tcetotalen^ 
but  from  those  who  support  the  drinking  customs,  not  ezccptiog 
brewers,  distillers,  and  publicans,  whose  trade  is  responsible  forthoa- 
sands  of  human  wrecks  who  need  sympathy  and  practical  help. 

If  we  turn  to  the  Christian  Church  the  outlook  is  decidedly 
cheering.  The  position  of  the  movement  in  connection  with 
English  Christian  Churches  was  forcibly  demonstrated  at  a  niect^ 
ing  convened  for  the  purpose  at  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  by 
the  National  Temperance  League,  which  was  addressed  exclusively 
by  leading  officials  of  the  different  denominations.  The  Church 
of  England  Temperance  Society,  and  the  numerous  diocesan 
branches  affiliated  with  it,  continue  their  operations  with  un- 
diminished zeal.  Its  membership  includes  all  the  bishops,  several 
thousands  of  the  clergy,  and  432,672  personal  members. 

Amongst  Nonconformist  Churches  the  cause  is  making  clear 
headway,  especially  in  the  "Wesleyan  and  Baptist  denominations. 
The  Connexional  Temperance  Committee  of  the  Wesleyan  Con- 
ference reports  an  unprecedented  growth.  In  thirty-five  districts 
of  Great  Britain  2,644  Bands  of  Hope,  with  271,700  enrolled 
members,  are  reported  ;  being  an  increase  during  the  year  of  299 
Bands  of  Hope,  and  46,550  members.  The  Temperance  Societies 
number  321,  with  28,414  enrolled  members,  or  an  increase  of 
144  societies  and  17,502  members  over  the  previous  year. 

The  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association  has  now  two  travel- 
ling secretaries  engaged  promoting  the  movement.  There  are  at 
the  present  time  1,045  abstaining  members,  against  714  last 
reported,  and  the  membership  also  includes  1,914  Church  offioersi 
&c.  A  majority  of  fifty  pastors  of  Churches  are  now  avowed 
adherents  to  our  principles  ;  and  out  of  235  students  in  Baptist 
Colleges,  223  are  total  abstainers. 

The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association,  although  not 
worked  so  vigorously  as  it  might  be,  owing  to  the  lack  of  funds^ 
has  yet  made  considerable  advance.  For  the  first  time  tha 
Council  reported  a  majority  of  abstaining  ministers,  viz,,  1,317 
out  of  a  total  of  2,605  ;  the  majority  is  believed  to  be  still  largeTi 
bat  positive  evidence  of  the  fact  is  wanting.    In  the  twelve 


THE  TEMPERANCE  OUTLOOK.  II 

colleges,  out  of  363  students,  306  are  teetotalers,  so  that  the  influ- 
ence of  future  ministers  who  favour  abstinence  will  largely  pre- 
dominate. 

Other  denominations  show  a  proportionate  advance.  The  Free 
Methodist  Temperance  League  was  formed  in  1880,  but  the  past 
year  was  the  first  of  systematic  work;  and  the  Committee  report 
that  out  of  340  ministers  on  the  home  circuits  about  300  are 
abstainers,  and  250  are  members  of  the  League.  Temperance 
activity  is  also  well  maintained  in  the  Methodist  New  Con- 
nexion, 73  per  cent,  of  the  ministers  being  total  abstainers.  The 
societies  existing  in  connection  with  the  Bible  Christians  and 
the  Society  of  Friends  have  maintained  satisfactory  progress, 
and  so  also  has  the  Catholic  League  of  the  Cross,  whose  branches 
have  been  largely  multiplied. 

Owing  to  severe  strictures  and  statements  relative  to  public- 
house  property  held  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  a  report 
was  ordered,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Bishop  of  Rochester,  which 
was  presented  and  adopted  on  May  31.  The  document  contra- 
dicted the  statements  which  hod  been  made  as  to  the  large 
number  of  public-houses  held  in  trust  by,  or  belonging  to,  the 
Commissioners ;  it  also  made  known  the  fact  that  the  "  Commis- 
sioners are  of  opinion  that  it  is  desirable  that  their  interest  in 
this  class  of  property  should  be  reduced  wherever  practicable, 
even  though  some  pecuniary  loss  may  be  incurred  in  the 
process.'*  This  opinion,  slightly  intensified  perhaps,  will  be 
shared  by  thousands  of  self-denying  workers  who  are  contending 
against  thd  forces  which  at  present  find  a  shelter  beneath  the 
Ecclesiastical  wing. 

The  question  of  unfermented  wine  for  sacramental  purposes 
has  attracted  considerable  attention,  due  largely  to  the  investiga- 
tions of  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  who,  it  will  be  remembered,  delivered 
an  important  lecture  before  the  Church  Homiletical  Society  in 
November,  1881.  Criticisms  having  appeared  in  the  Church 
Quarterly  Review,  and  the  use  of  unfermented  wine  by  the  Jews 
having  been  discussed.  Dr.  Kerr  delivered  another  lecture  in 
February  at  the  Medical  Society's  Rooms.  On  this  occasion  the 
Delegate  Chief  Rabbi  (Dr.  Adler)  was  present,  and,  in  response 
to  inquiries,  stated  that  the  Jews  had  from  time  immemocial  ^ssn^ 


12  THE  TEMPERANCE  OUTLOOK. 

alike  fermented  and  imfermented  wines  at  the  Passover.  The 
subject  came  before  the  Convocation  of  Canterbury  on  April  10. 
In  tlie  Upper  House  the  Bishop  of  Ely  presented  a  petition  which 
deprecated  the  efforts  made  to  induce  the  clergy  to  use  unfer- 
mcntcd  wine  in  the  Eucharistic  Sacrament ;  a  gravamen  in  similar 
terms  was  also  presented  by  the  Lower  House.  On  the  6th  July 
their  lordships  adopted  a  reply  to  the  gravamen  in  which  they 
stated  that  it  was  ''most  convenient  that  the  clergy  should 
conform  to  ancient  and  unbroken  usage,  and  should  discounte- 
nance all  attempts  to  deviate  from  it."  Abstainers  and  non- 
abstainers  will  alike  agree  that  the  "  fruit  of  the  vine,"  whether 
fermented  or  unfemiented,  is  the  emblem  to  be  desired.  The 
whole  subject  is  one  of  much  delicacy,  but  we  have  faitli  that 
the  good  sense  and  charitable  disposition  of  the  great  bulk  of 
Christians,  who  do  not  as  yet  practise  total  abstinence,  will  ulti- 
mately settle  the  diflficulty.  It  is  often  said  that  moderate 
drinkers  who  sympathise  vrith  the  Temperance  cause  may  do 
much  to  aid  it ;  here  at  least  there  appears  to  be  an  opportunity 
for  the  exercise  of  charity  towards  the  conscientious  convictions, 
and  in  some  cases  the  weakness,  of  others,  which,  if  embraced, 
could  not  but  result  in  the  strengthening  of  the  union  of 
Christian  brotherhood. 

There  are  many  and  varied  signs  of  the  growth  of  temperance 
habits  amongst  different  classes.  Agriculturists  are  doubting 
more  than  ever  the  advantages  of  beer  in  the  harvest  field,  and 
a  large  number  of  conferences  have  been  held  on  the  subject 
Bailway  men  have  been  induced  to  swell  the  ranks  of  Temperance 
in  large  numbers,  and  the  United  Kingdom  Bailway  Temperance 
Union  gives  promise  of  a  career  of  great  usefulness.  The  canse, 
too,  is  evidently  spreading  amongst  those  engaged  in  fishing 
occupations.  A  pleasing  illustration  of  the  fact  was  brought  to 
the  notice  of  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  who  entertained 
about  400  fishermen  and  fisherwomen  at  Marlborough  Hoaae, 
when  it  was  discovered  that  about  half  the  guests  were  teeto- 
talers, and  the  Prince's  butler  had  to  meet  the  emergency  by 
Bending  out  for  supplies  of  harmless  beverages. 

The  important  meeting  convened  by  the  National  Tempeimnce 
League  at  the  Gu\U\\u\\,\\Ti^et\\v^>^\^vU\icy  of  the  Lord  Mayor, 


THE  TEMPERANCE  OUTLOOK.  IJ 


which  was  addressed  by  eleven  of  the  twenty-seven  abstaining 
mayors  of  English  and  Welsh  boroughs,  enforced  the  fact  that 
chief  magistrates  can  discharge  all  their  duties  with  dignity 
and  satisfaction  without  the  aid  of  intoxicating  drinks ;  and, 
in  another  direction,  the  good  example  set  by  the  Duchess  of 
Sutherland,  in  opening  Stafford  House  for  the  furtherance  of 
Temperance,  affords  additional  proof  that  the  movement  is  attract- 
ing attention  in  all  ranks  of  life. 

The  duty  of  indoctrinating  the  young  as  to  the  nature  of 
intoxicants  and  the  danger  attending  their  use,  has  been  fully 
recognised  by  the  National  Temperance  League.  The  publica- 
tion of  various  lesson  books  has  been  followed  up  during  the 
past  year  by  holding  a  large  number  of  conferences  with  ele- 
mentary teachers  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  object  has 
been  to  secure  the  introduction  of  Temperance  teaching  in  schools, 
and,  if  possible,  to  induce  the  instructors  to  support  precept  by 
example.  In  the  Metropolis  conferences  have  been  supple- 
mented by  special  lectures  to  the  children  of  both  sexes,  and  the 
interest  and  value  of  such  efforts  have  been  unmistakably 
manifested. 

With  the  introduction  several  years  ago  of  special  Gospel 
Temperance  Missions,  adopting  the  Blue  Hibbon  badge,  a  decided 
impetus  was  given  to  the  movement.  A  slight  lull  has  recently 
taken  place  in  this  development  of  the  enterprise,  which  was,  of 
course,  expected  ;  but  we  see  no  reason  why  the  good  work  should 
not  go  on.  The  excitement  of  the  revival  element  should  be 
followed  by  an  educational  wave,  so  as  to  weld  together  the 
scattered  and,  perhaps,  wavering  recruits.  A  week  or  a  fortnight's 
mission  is  at  times  most  helpful ;  but  its  value  is  intensified  if 
succeeded  by  persistent  efforts  of  a  more  educational  character, 
which  are  necessary  to  make  people  steadfast  in  our  principles. 
Men,  women,  and  young  persons  become  abstainers  from  strangely 
different  motives,  but  to  remain  firm  adherents  they  all  need  to 
be  fully  persuaded  of  the  soundness  of  the  step  they  have  taken  ; 
then  it  is  that  they  effectively  operate  upon  customs  and  habits, 
which  are  still  the  most  potent  obstacles  against  which  we  have 
to  contend. 

The  outlook  is  indeed  bright,  but  there  are  ominous  clouds  of 


14  THE   nation's   curse   AND   ITS   REMEDY. 

ignorance,  interest,  and  prejudice  Btill  in  the  horizon,  which 
only  he  dispersed  hy  spreading  the  truth -light  of  Tempenmce. 
We  cannot  aiBford  to  indulge  in  empty  boasting,  or  to  rely  on  what 
has  been  done.  We  must  go  forward,  and  with  firmer  faith  than 
ever  in  our  principles  we  look  to  the  future  with  hopeful  antici- 
pations. 


THE  NATION'S  CURSE  AND  ITS  REMEDY  * 
Bt    the    Yen.   Archdeacon   Farrar,   D.D.,   F.R.S., 

Canon  of  Weatmintttri  Chaplain  in  Ordinarg  to  Ktr  M^j^wtg, 

It  is  with  deliberate  purpose  that  I  mean  the  sermon  this  evening 
to  be  almost  exclusively  a  plain  statement  of  plain  facts.  I  wish  it 
to  be  an  appeal,  not  to  the  imagination,  not  to  the  emotions,  bat 
to  reason,  to  the  sense  of  duty,  to  the  conscience  of  Christians  in  a 
Christian  land.  If  I  say  one  word  that  is  not  true,  I  am  guilty; 
if  I  consciously  exaggerate  a  single  argimient,  I  am  morally  respon- 
sible ;  if  I  do  so  from  ignorance  or  from  mistaken  evidence,  I  bail 
any  possible  refutation  of  what  I  urge  as  a  service  to  the  sacred 
cause  of  truth.  But  if  the  facts  be  facts,  indisputable,  and  for  tha 
most  part  even  undisputed,  and  then  if  they  do  not  apeak  to  yoa 
for  themselves,  I  know  nothing  else  that  can  or  wilL  If  they  do 
not  carry  with  them  their  own  fire ;  if  they  do  not  plead  with 
you,  clear  as  a  voice  from  Sinai,  in  their  barest  and  briefest  reality 
and  spur  you  to  seek  redress — 

"  If  not  the  face  of  men,   - 
The  inflferanoe  of  oar  souls,  the  times  abuse. 
If  these  be  motives  weak,  break  off  betimes, 
And  every  man  home  to  his  idle  bed.'* 

Those  who  plead  for  Temperance  reform  ore  daily  chaiged  with 
exaggeration.  Exaggeration  is  never  right,  never  wise,  even  when 
moral  indignation  renders  it  excusable ;  but  before  you  repeat 
that  hackneyed  and  irrelevant  charge,  remember  that  there  naTer 

*  DeliTered  in  WeBimVa«V«t  kX^bv^^'Ko^cmber  19, 1883;  tweaty-finl 
flimifersaiy  of  the  GhuK^  oi  l^^^^*l«mv«c»tf»^  ^ibn9«i«^. 


THE   nation's   curse   AND   ITS   REMEDY.  15 

was  prophet  orreformer  yet  since  time  began  against  whom  the  same 
charge  has  not  been  made.  We  have  no  need  to  exaggerate ;  our 
caase  is  overwhelmingly  strong  in  its  moral  appeal  to  unvarnished 
realities,  and  we  have  nothing  to  do  but  to  set  forth  things  as  they 
are,  till  not  not  only  the  serious  and  the  earnest,  but  even  the  com- 
fortable, even  the  callous,  yes,  even  the  careless  and  the  selfish, 
unless  they  are  content  to  forego  altogether  the  name  of  patriot, 
and  the  name  of  Christ,  shall  be  compelled  to  note  them  for  very 
shame. 

1.  Begin,  then,  with  the  fact  that  the  direct  expenditure  of  the 
nation  for  intoxicating  drinks  is  reckoned  at  £130,000,000  a  year, 
and  the  indirect,  which  we  are  forced  to  pay  from  the  results  of 
dninkenness,  j£  100,000,000  more.  Maintain,  if  you  will,  that 
alcohol  is  a  harmless  luxury,  you  still  cannot  deny  that  for  the 
vast  majority  it  is  not  a  necessity.  Whole  races  of  men,  the  vota- 
ries of  whole  religions,  do  without  it,  and  gain  by  its  absence. 
From  20,000  prisoners  in  England  it  is  cut  off  from  the  day  of 
their  imprisonment,  and  they  are  not  the  worse,  but  the  stronger 
and  the  healthier  from  its  withdrawal  There  are  some  five  million 
total  abstainers  in  England,  and  the  impartial  statistics  of  insu- 
rance prove  conclusively  that  longevity  is  increased  by  abstention 
from  it.  The  most  magnificent  feats  of  strength  and  endurance  of 
which  mankind  has  ever  heard  have  been  achieved  without  it.  At 
the  very  best,  then,  it  is  a  luxury.  If  it  were  not  so  three  Chan- 
cellors of  the  Exchequer  would  not  have  congratulated  the  nation 
on  the  diminution  of  revenue  drawn  from  the  sale  of  it,  nor  would 
a  speech  from  the  throne  have  expressed  satisfaction  at  this  loss  of 
income.  Being,  then,  at  the  best,  a  luxury,  even  if  no  harm  came 
from  it,  I  ask  you  seriously  whether  we  can,  in  these  days,  bear  the 
exhaustion  which  arises  from  this  terrible  drain  on  our  national 
resources  ?  We  live  in  anxious  times.  The  pressure  of  life,  the 
intensity  of  competition,  both  in  the  nation  itself  and  with  other 
nations,  is  very  severe.  Of  late  two  daily  newspapers  have  been 
filled  with  correspondence  which  proves  the  state  of  middle  class 
society.  One  has  given  expression  to  the  sorrows  and  struggles 
of  thousands  of  clerks  in  our  cities,  and  has  told  the  dismal  story 
of  their  hopeless  and  grinding  poverty.  The  other  has  revealed 
with  what  agonies  of  misgiving  thousands  of  parents  contemplate 


1 6  THE   nation's   curse  AND   ITS  REMEDY. 

the  difficulty  of  starting  their  sons  in  the  crowded  race  in  life. 
Can  there  be  a  shadow  of  a  doubt  that  the  nation  would  be  better 
prepared  for  the  vast  growth  of  its  population,  that  the  conditions 
of  average  life  would  be  less  burdensome,  if  we  abatidoned  a  need- 
less, and  therefore  wasteful,  expenditure  ?  Would  not  the  position 
of  England  be  more  secure  if  that  vast  river  of  wasted  gold  were 
diverted  into  more  fruitful  channels? — if  the  88^  millions  of 
bushels  of  grain  (as  much  as  is  produced  in  all  Scotland)  which 
are  now  mashed  into  deleterious  drink,  were  turned  into  useful 
food  ?  If  the  69  thousand  of  acres  of  good  land  now  devoted  to 
hops  were  used  for  cereals  ?  If  England  were  relieved  from  the 
burden  of  supporting  the  mass  of  misery,  crime,  pauperism,  and 
madness  which  dnmkenness  entails  ?  Even  in  this  respect,  as  Sir 
Matthew  Hale  said  two  centuries  ago,  "perimtu  liattB^  we  aie 
perishing  by  permitted  things."  A  Chinese  tradition  tells  ns  that 
when,  4,000  years  ago,  their  Emperor  forbade  the  use  of  intoxi- 
cants, heaven  rained  gold  for  three  days.  Looking  at  the  matter 
on  grounds  simply  economical — considering  only  the  fact  that  the 
working  classes  drink  in  grossly  adulterated  beers  and  madden- 
ing spirits  as  much  as  they  pay  in  rent — considering  that  there  is 
hardly  a  pauper  in  England  who  has  not  wasted  on  intoxicants 
enough  to  have  secured  him  long  ago  a  freehold  house  and  a 
good  annuity — I  say  that  if  the  curse  of  drink  were  thoroughly 
expelled  it  would  rain  gold  in  England,  not  for  three,  but  for 
many  days. 

2.  We  have  assumed  hitherto  that  intoxicating  drinks  are 
nothing  in  the  world  but  a  harmless  luxury;  but  every  man 
knows  that  they  are  not.  The  voice  of  science  has  laid  it  down 
unconditionally  that  all  the  young,  and  all  who  are  in  perfect 
health,  do  not  need  them,  and  are  better  without  them.  Many 
of  the  highest  scientific  authorities  tell  us  further  that  even  their 
moderate  use  is  the  cause  of  many  painful  disorders  and  thousands 
of  premature  deaths.  In  the  middle  classes  the  use  of  two  wines — 
claret  and  sherry — is  nearly  universal ;  and  even  in  the  last  few 
days  the  rival  vendors  of  these  wines  have  been  telling  the  world 
that  each  of  these  wines  consists  of  strange  concoctions  which  are 
the  causes  of  gout  and  all  sorts  of  gastric  disorders.  Further  we 
know,  by  the  universal  experience  of  the  world,  that  wherever 


THE   nation's   curse  AND   ITS   REMEDY.  l^ 

drinking  is  nationally  common,  drunkenness  becomes  nationally 
ruinous.  And  for  this  reason.  Alcohol  is  one  of  a  number  of 
lethal  drugs  which  have  the  fatal  property  of  creating  for  them- 
selves a  crave  which  in  multitudes  becomes  an  appetite ;  an 
appetite  which  strengthens  into  a  vice ;  a  vice  which  ends  in 
disease ;  a  disease  which  constitutes  a  crushing  and  degrading 
slavery.  To  myriads  of  human  beings  it  creates  a  needless,  an 
artificial,  a  physical  temptation,  which  first  draws,  then  drags, 
then  drives  as  with  a  scourge  of  fire. 

"  In  their  helplett  niiiery  blind. 

A  deeper  prison  and  heavier  chain  they  find, 

And  stronger  tyrants.*' 

Aristotle  said  of  human  nature,  generally,  that  "  We  are  prone 
rather  to  excess  than  to  moderation  ;"  but  this  natural  propen- 
sity, this  fatal  bias,  this  original  sin,  is  infinitely  strengthened 
when  it  works,  not  only  as  a  moral  impulse,  but  as  a  physical 
law.  No  drunkard,  since  time  began,  ever  meant  to  be  a 
drunkard.  To  be  a  drunkard  means  nothing  less  than  awful 
shipwreck  of  life  and  body ;  the  curse  of  life ;  the  agony  of 
conscience  ;  the  obliteration  of  nobleness  and  hope.  Why,  then, 
are  there  600,000  drunkards  in  England  7  Why  is  it  that  through 
drink  we  have  seen  ''  the  stars  of  heaven  fall,  and  the  cedars  of 
Lebanon  laid  low  "  ?  The  flood  was  scarcely  dried  before  Noah, 
discovering  drink,  introduced  into  his  own  family,  and  among 
mankind,  a  curse  and  an  infamy, 

"  Which  since  hath  over  whelmed  and  drowned 

Far  greater  nnmbers  on  dry  ground 

Of  wretched  inankind,  one  by  one, 

Than  e'er  before  the  flood  had  done." 
They  who  will  make  a  young  tiger  their  plaything  must  not  be 
surprised  if  there  be  some  to  whom  it  will  show,  at  last,  a  wild 
trick  of  its  ancestors.  In  every  nation  where  there  is  free  tempta- 
tion to  drink  there  will  be  many  drimkards,  and  for  this  reason, 
that  drink  induces  a  taste  which  is  neither  hunger,  nor  thirst, 
nor  pleasure,  nor  reasonable  want,  but  a  morbid  impulse,  an 
indefinable  desire,  and 

"  Like  the  insane  root, 
It  takes  the  reason  prisoner." 


X8  THE   nation's   CURSE   AND   ITS   REMEDY. 

3.  Then,  next,  what  docs  the  prevalence  of  drunkenness  inyolTef 
It  means  that  to  thousands  life  becomes  a  long  disease.  Solonuni 
told  us  that  truth  3,000  years  ago.  ''Who  hath  woef  Who 
hath  sorrow?  Who  hath  contentions?  Who  hath  babbling? 
Who  hath  wounds  without  cause  ?  Who  hath  redness  of  eyes  ? 
They  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine ;  they  that  go  to  seek  mixed 
wine.  At  the  last  it  biteth  like  a  serpent,  and  stingeth  like  an 
adder."  Delirium  tremens — that  inconceivably  awful  and  agonis- 
ing illness — ^is  but  one  of  Qod's  executioners  upon  excess.  The 
fact  that  a  nation  is  addicted  to  drink  and  drunkenness  means 
that  the  health  of  myriads  will  be  ruined  ;  it  means  that  myriads 
of  children,  with  diseased  bodies,  fatuous  minds,  and  depraved 
impulses,  will  be,  in  the  awful  language  of  an  old  preacher, 
'*  Not  bom  into  the  world,  but  damned  into  the  world,"  as  idiotic 
or  cripples,  or  predestined  drunkards  ;  a  curse  to  nations,  a  cuiae 
to  their  neighbours,  and  to  themselves,  a  curse  to  the  very  ideal 
of  humanity  which  they  drag  down  and  degrade,  poisoning  its 
very  life-blood,  and  barring  its  progress  to  the  goal  of  better  days. 
Oh,  nations  may  enjoy  their  revelries  ;  but  the  river  of  enjoyment 
flows  into  a  sea  of  misery,  and  disease  is  only  indulgence  taken  at 
a  later  stage. 

4.  Nor  is  it  only  the  bodies  of  men  that  suffer,  it  is  their  souls. 
Powerless  for  his  deliverance,  the  conscience  of  the  drunkard  is 
not  powerless  for  his  torture.  Robert  Bums,  Charles  Lamb,  and 
Hartley  Coleridge  have  uttered  the  cry  of  men  who  have  thus 
been  swept  over  the  cataract.  The  Spartans,  when  they  wished 
to  turn  their  children  from  the  shame  of  intemperance,  showed 
them  the  physical  degradation  of  dmnken  Helots;  but  the 
physical  results  are  notliing  to  the  moral  devastation,  the  abj^ 
servitude,  the  spiritual  catastrophe  of  the  man,  who  has  given  him- 
self over  to  the  bondage  of  drink.  When  he  recovers  from  the 
degradation  of  the  animal,  it  is  to  feel  the  anguish  of  a  lost  sooL 
That  is  the  reason  wliy,  year  by  year,  drink  not  only  crowds 
the  workhouse  with  paupers,  and  the  gaol  with  felons,  and  the 
asylum  with  lunatics,  and  the  hospital  with  disease ;  but  also 
swells  more  than  any  other  cause — swells  week  by  week,  and  year 
by  year — the  list  of  those  who  through  the  awful  gate  of  suicide 
rush,  with  rude  insult,  into  the  presence  of  their  God.    ^  The 


TRE -nation's   curse  AND   ITS    REMEDY.  XQ 

measoie  of  alcohol  consumed  in  a  district/'  said  Baron  Dowse, 
"is  the  measure  of  their  degradation."  Whenever  the  drink 
tide  rises  highest,  there,  too,  is  the  high-water  mark  of  suicide, 
mortality  and  crime.  Wherewithal  a  man  or  a  nation  sinneth,  hy 
the  same  shall  he  be  punished. 

5.  Nor  is  this  alL  The  curse  does  not  stay  with  him  who 
caused  it.  It  spreads  in  concentric  circles  of  ruin.  The  drunkard 
almost  invariably  drags  down  his  wife  and  family  into  the  lurid 
whirlpool  of  his  own  retribution.  Go  to  some  public-house  on 
Saturday  night,  between  ten  and  twelve,  when  the  miserable 
working-man  is  pouring  into  the  till  of  the  publican  and  the  purse 
of  the  gin-distiller  the  money  which  should  clothe  and  feed 
his  wife  and  little  ones  ;  see  when  the  gin-palaces  in  our  most 
pauperised  districts  are  cleared  at  night,  a  scene  which  for  vile- 
ness  cannot  be  paralleled  in  any  region  of  the  world.  Then 
follow  the  drunken  man  or  drunken  woman  into  the  lair  which 
they  call  their  home.  Home  ?  It  is  a  Dantean  hell  of  brutality 
and  squalor,  of  which  the  very  airxeeks  with  abomination  !  "  In 
former  times  the  wife  was  usually  the  victim  of  her  husband's 
brutish  nesss ;  now  she  becomes,  in  innumerable  cases,  the  partner 
in  his  sin.  In  either  case,  be  she  victim  or  associate,  no  creature 
on  earth  so  demands  our  pity."  While  threats  and  blows  resound 
in  the  curse-laden  air,  the  children — the  ragged,  miserable,  half- 
starved,  degraded  children  ;  the  children  who  will  grow  up  here- 
after to  recruit  the  ranks  of  the  felon  and  the  harlot— huddle 
together  in  mute  terror.  "They  do  not  cry ;  such  children  seldom 
do  shed  tears.  Nature  could  never  furnish  a  foundation  to  meet 
such  demands."  Often  they  make  their  escape  into  cellar  and 
chimney,  or  hide  themselves  under  the  rotting  heap  of  rags  or 
straw,  and  do  not  venture  to  creep  out,  half-suffocated,  till  the 
drink-maddened  fiend  whom  they  call  "  father "  is  away,  or  till 
he  has  slept  off  for  a  time  the  vitriol  madness.  And  in  most  of 
our  large  towns  there  are  whole  streets,  and  alleys,  and  districts  of 
such  drunkard's  homes — ^infamous  streets  which  hide  himdreds  of 
blighted  families,  the  disgrace  of  our  civilisation  and  the  disgrace 
of  our  Christianity — the  only  things  which  flourish  there  are  the 
public-houses  which,  confronting  the  minimum  of  virtue  with  the 
masumum  of  temptation,  drain  from  the  wretched,  neighbourhood 


20  THE   nation's   CURSE  AND   ITS   REMEDY. 

its  last  life  ;  and,  like  the  fungus  on  the  decaying  tree,  feed  on 
the  ruin  which  is  their  boon.  We  have  heard  much  in  these  few 
days  of  "  Horrible  London,"  and  of  the  bitter  cry  of  its  abject. 
What  makes  these  slums  so  horrible  ?  I  answer  with  the  confi- 
dence and  the  certainty  of  one  who  knows,  Drink !  And  what  is 
the  remedy  ?  I  tell  you  that  every  remedy  you  attempt  will  be 
a  mlsemble  failure ;  I  tell  the  nation,  with  the  conviction  founded 
on  experience,  that  there  will  be  no  remedy  till  you  save  these 
outcasts  from  the  temptations  of  drink.  Leave  the  drink,  and  you 
might  build  palaces  for  them  in  vain.  Leave  the  drink,  and 
before  a  year  was  over  your  palaces  would  still  reek  with  dirt  and 
squalor,  with  infamy  and  crime.  Of  the  trade  in  general  which 
ministers  to  this  temptation  I  will  say  nothing  ;  but,  at  least,  in 
such  vile  streets  as  these,  whence  day  and  night  this  bitter  cry  of 
abject  cities  rings  in  the  ears  of  the  Lord  Qod  of  Sabaoth,  I 
should  have  thought  that  any  man  who  believes  in  God,  that  any 
man  who  calls  himself  a  Christian,  would  have  been,  not  ashamed 
only,  but  afraid  to  swell  those  geysers  of  curse  and  ruin.  In  such 
districts,  at  any  rate,  I  know  not  how  they  can  be  blind  to  the 
evils  which  spring  from  what  they  sell ;  or  how  they  can  fail  to 
hear  the  stem  words  ringing  in  their  ears — 

"  Fye,  aurrah ; 
The  evil  that  thou  cansest  to  be  done. 
That  it  thy  meant  to  live." 

They  who  will,'  not  see  this  must  be  left  to  their  own  conacienoe 
in  that  hour  when  she  speaks,  and  we  can  be  deaf  no  longer  to 
her  voice  ;  but  I  ask  every  man  concerned  in  such  evils,  which 
is  best  ?  which  will  they  think  best  when,  a  few  years  hence, 
they  face  the  hour  of  death  and  the  day  of  judgment  ?  to  forego 
such  tainted  gains,  or  to  go  on  contributing — ^inevitably  ccm- 
tributing — to  the  wholesale  manufacture  of  **  infancy  that  knowi 
no  innocence  ;  of  youth,  without  modesty  or  shame  ;  of  maturitj 
that  is  mature  in  nothing  but  guilt  and  suffering ;  of  blasted 
old  age  which  is  a  scandal  on  the  name  we  bear  ?  " 

6.  But  the  tempted,  the  victims  of  drink — I  ask  you,  do 
these  men,  these  women,  do  these  children,  do  these  wretdiad 
districts^  or  do  they  not,  d^secv^  oux  iglty^  and  demand  our 
efforts  at  reform  1    la  it,  ox  \a  \t  ivq\^«qsj^^  "^^  ^a;sua&8«^^ 


THE   nation's   curse   AND   ITS   REMEDY.  21 

plain  and  pressing — our  duty  to  content  ourselves  with  clever 
epigrams  and  plausible  sophisms,  and  to  be  infinitely  tender  to 
vested  interests  in  the  causes  of  human  ruin  ;  or,  with  stem  effort 
and  inflexible  perseverance,  to  reduce  an  evil  so  colossal,  to  redeem 
men,  our  brothers,  from  a  misery  so  deep  as  this  ? 

7.  Yet  even  now  I  have  not  come  to  the  worst,  or  anything 
like  the  worst.  For  the  abuse  of  drink,  besides  being,  by  unanimous 
testimony,  a  main  cause  of  pauperism,  disease  aud  madness,  is 
also,  by  irresistible  evidence,  the  main  cause  of  crime ;  the  all 
but  exclusive  cause  of  crimes  of  violence.  I  might  quote  the 
emphatic,  the  oft-repeated,  the  uncompromising  testimony  of 
almost  every  judge  upon  the  bench.  They  have  done  their  best 
to  interpose  between  us  and  our  degradation  the  purity  of  their 
ermine.  They  have  said,  for  instance,  that  Saturday  "  pay-day," 
means  "  drink-day  and  crime-day ; "  and  that  many  a  man 
"  enters  the  door  of  a  public-house  respectable  and  respected, 
and  leaves  it  a  felon.''  On  one  occasion  several  instances  at 
Liverpool  came  before  Mr.  Justice  Mellor  of  a  savagery  so  loath- 
some, of  a  callosity  so  bestial,  of  a  dehumanisation  so  unutter- 
able, that  he  spoke  of  drink,  which  in  this  country  is  the  sole 
cause  of  such  abnormal  wickedness,  in  terms  which  might,  one 
would  have  thought,  arouse  any  country  however  sunken.  But 
I  will  confine  myself  to  the  remarks  made  by  one  judge  in  one 
Cathedral  city,  by  Mr.  Justice  Hawkins  at  the  last  Midsummer 
Assizes  in  Durham.  Tbey  may  be  well  known  to  you.  Yet  I 
will  repeat  them.  It  may  be  that  the  words,  spoken  so  solenmly 
from  the  bench  of  justice,  may  derive  yet  further  emphasis  when 
they  are  solemnly  repeated  in  the  House  of  God.  "  When  I 
come,**  he  said,  '^  to  look  through  the  calendar,  and  when  I  see 
the  number  of  cases  which  have  been  committed  under  the 
influence  of  drink,  I  cannot  help  saying  a  word  or  two  on  that 
subject.  Every  day  I  live  the  more  I  think  of  the  matter,  and 
the  more  firmly  do  I  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  root  of 
almost  all  crime  is  drink,  that  revolting  tyrant  wliich  affects  people 
of  all  ages,  and  of  both  sexes ;  young,  middle-aged,  and  old ;  father 
and  son,  husband  and  wife,  all  in  turn  become  its  victims.  It  is 
drink  which,  for  the  most  part,  is  the  immediate  and  direct  cause 
of  those  fearful  quarrels  in  the  public  streets  at  night  which  termi- 


22  THE   NATION*S    CURSE   AND    ITS    REMEDY. 

nate  in  serious  mischief,  or  some  other  outrage.  It  is  drink  which 
for  the  most  part  is  the  incentive  to  crimes  of  dishonesty.  It  it 
drink  >yhich  causes  homes  to  be  impoverished,  and  traces  of  the 
misery  Tvhich  it  causes  are  to  be  found  in  many  a  cottage,  denuded 
of  the  commonest  articles  of  comfort  and  necessity,  which  have 
gone  to  the  pawnshop  simply  to  provide  for  that  hideous  tyrant 
drink.  I  believe,  knowing  what  I  do,  and  having  by  experience 
had  my  attention  drawn  to  it,  that*'  (hear  it,  gentlemen!  hear  it^ 
Christians  !  hear  it,  ministers  of  Qod  in  this  Cathedral  which 
stands  at  the  very  centre  of  all  our  history!) — "I  believe  that  nine- 
tcnths  of  the  crime  in  this  country  is  engendered  inside  the  doori 
of  public -houses." 

8.  Will  any  one  venture  to  say,  for  there  is  no  end  to  the 
subterfuges  of  minds  brazened  by  custom,  that  these  are  mexe 
opinions  ?  Well,  if  you  want,  not  opinion,  but  hard,  glarings 
patent  facts,  untinged  with  any  opinion  whatever — ^£scts  black, 
nigged,  comfortless,  and  horrible  —  facts  in  all  their  ghastly 
nakedness,  denuded  of  all  vesture  of  human  thought  and  of  human 
emotion  in  narrating  them — ^it  will  be  the  most  flagrant  hypocrisy 
to  say  that  such  facts  are  not  forthcoming  for  you,  when  every  day 
and  every  newspaper  teems  with  them.  Not  one  single  day  passes 
over  one  single  town^in  England  without  some  wrctchedneM^ 
crime,  and  horror  caused  by  drink.  Week  by  week,  in  the 
Allmnce  News,  is  published  a  ghastly  list,  called  ''  Fruits  of  the 
Traihc.*'  It  is  not  invented ;  it  is  not  concocted ;  it  is  not  garbled. 
It  consists  simply  of  cuttings  from  multitudes  of  perfectly  neutral 
newspapers,  the.  records  of  police  courts  and  sessions.  I  cannot 
enter  into  these.  The  human  hand  can  perpetrate,  the  human 
heart  can  conceive,  the  human  frante  can  suffer,  horrors  of  which 
the  human  lip  refuses  to  speak.  Take  the  evidence  of  two  weeks 
alone ;  the  blessed  week  in  which  we  listen  to  the  melody  of 
angel  songs,  and  the  first  week  of  the  glad  New  Year.  For  two- 
pence you  may  purchase  the  record  of  events  which  drink  canaed 
for  those  two  weeks  in  1882  in  England  only.  It  fills  a  luge 
double  columned  pamphlet  of  thirty-six  pages.  Thirty-six  pages 
of  what — in  this  our  Christian  England  in  Christmas  week! 
Thirty-pages  oi  &laAA^\\ig,  cxxXXm^^,  ^oivvx^j^iii^;  of  brutal 
on  men^  on  vromeii,  on.  t\kVIl\\icii  \  oi  Y^iJt^^i  ^wc^  vd^ 


THE  NATION*S   CURSE   AND   ITS   REMEDY.  2$ 

of  deaths,  sadden,  violent,  preventible ;  of  homicide ;  of  parricide ; 
of  matricide ;  of  infanticide ;  of  suicide ;  of  every  form  of  murder. 
In  four  hours  on  one  evening  in  one  city  36,803  women  were 
seen  going  into  public-houses.  The  results  formed  a  tmgedy  so 
squalid,  and  so  deadly,  as  to  sicken  the  heart  like  the  impression 
of  a  nightmare,  whose  very  memory  we  loathe.  Read  that  hideous 
list,  and  then  prattle,  and  lisp,  and  sneer  about  exaggeration ; 
read  that  list,  and  then,  if  any  man  can  still  quote  Scripture  for 
the  purpose  of  checking  Temperance  Reformers,  or  of  encouraging 
our  immense  capacities  for  delay  and  indifference,  I  can  only  say 
of  such  a  man,  that 

**  Thoogh  in  the  sacred  place  he  stands, 

Uplifting  consecrated  hands, 

Unworthy  are  his  lips  to  tell 

Of  Jesn's  martyr-miraole ; 

Thy  miracle  of  life  and  death, 

Thon  Holj  One  of  Nazareth !  '* 

9.  And  is  all  this  to  take  place  all  over  England  ?  It  was  so 
again  last  year;  it  has  been  so  for  many  years ;  next  year  again,  and 
the  next,  and  the  next,  are  we,  in  those  two  weeks  of  blessedness, 
to  have  the  whole  country,  from  John  o*  Groats  to  Land's  End, 
deluged  and  disgraced  by  this  filthy  stream  of  blood,  and  misery, 
and  crime?  Is  this  to  be  the  prerogative  of  our  national  morality ; 
and  are  we  to  go  on  leaving  these  crimes,  and  the  sources  of  them, 
and  the  temptations  to  them,  unchecked,  till  the  pit  swallow  us 
and  them  ? 

10.  I  must  end  ;  but  I  ask  you  not  to  suppose  that  I  have 
brought  before  you  one-half  of  the  evil,  or  one-tenth  of  the  motives 
which  should  stir  us  up  to  counteract  it,  for  Christ's  sake,  and  in 
Christ's  name.  I  have  not  shown  you,  as  I  could  most  awfully 
show  you,  how,  by  introducing  our  accursed  fire-waters,  we  have 
destroyed  and  exterminated  whole  races  of  mankind,  until  our 
footsteps  round  the  world,  instead  of  being  "  beautiful  upon  the 
mountains,*'  have  been  as  footsteps  dyed  in  blood.  I  have  not 
shown  you  the  extent  to  which  drink  neutralises  the  work  of  the 
school,  the  library,  and  the  Church,  so  that  it  is  the  very  chief 
barrier  against  the  efforts  of  religion.  I  have  not  shown  you  how, 
in  our  great  dependencies,  it  has  gone  far  to  turn  into  a  curse  the 


24  THE   NATION  S  CURSE  AND   ITS   REMEDY. 

blessing  of  our  rule,  so  that,  to  take  but  one  instance,  there  riaes 
louder  and  louder  from  our  great  Empire  of  Hindostan  the  agoois* 
ing  cry  that  her  children  were  once  sober,  and  that  we,  by  our 
beloved  gin  and  spirits— those  good  creatures  of  God — are  rapidly 
turning  them  into  a  nation  of  drunkards.  I  have  not  told  you  how 
this  curse  transforms  into  a  bane  what  would  otherwise  be  the 
great  national  boons  of  larger  wealth,  and  higher  wages,  and 
shortened  hours.  And  how  long  do  you  mean  all  this  to  con- 
tinue ?  How  long  are  our  working  classes  to  be  hemmed  in  with 
glaring  temptations,  and  their  dwellings,  in  the  teeth  of  their  wiBhes, 
to  the  conilagration  of  their  interests,  to  be  ringed  by  public- 
houses  on  all  sides  as  with- a  cordon  of  fire  ?  How  long  is  the  reeling 
army  of  our  drunkards  to  be  recruited  by  those  who  are  now  our 
innocent  sons  and  daughters?  We  pity  the  gladiators,  and  the  poet 
cried,  "  Arise,  ye  Goths,  and  glut  your  ire  ! "  And  will  you  not  pity 
the  widows  who  are  made  widows  by  drink ;  and  the  orphans  who 
are  fatherless ;  and  those  whose  blood  is  poisoned  by  it ;  and  the 
women  who  are  kicked  and  burnt  by  drunken  sons,  and  brothen, 
and  husbands  ;  and  the  little  children  who  are  killed,  or  who  die 
so  slowly  that  none  call  it  murder  ?  Will  you  wait  till  the  accu- 
mulated miseries  of  souls,  which  might  have  been  innocent, — 

'*  Plead  like  angels,  trampet-tongiittd,  against 
The  deep  damnation  of  the  taking-off ; 
And  pity,  like  a  naked  new-bom  babe, 
Striding  the  blast,  on  heaven's  ohembim,  horsed 
Upon  the  sightless  oonriers  of  the  ur, 
Shall  blow  these  horrid  deeds  in  every  eye 
That  tears  shall  drown  the  wind." 

And  if  you  are  careless  about  all  this  misery  ;  if  selfishness,  and 
custom,  and  the  gains  of  brewers  and  publicans,  weigh  with  yon 
against  all  this  evidence,  if  you  see  no  need  to  blush  for  all  this 
national  disgrace,  if  it  rouses  in  your  heart  no  feelings  as  a  patrid, 
as  a  Christian,  or  as  a  man,  are  you  not  at  least  afraid,  lest,  if  we 
suffer  these  things  to  go  on  unchecked,  a  voice  should  at  last  cry, 
'^  Arise  ! "  to  the  awful  angel  of  retribution  ;  and,  lest,  when  he 
stands  with  drawn  sword  over  a  country  so  guilty  and  so  apathetic, 
the  cup  of  our  iniquity  and  of  our  drunkenness  being  full,  there 
should  be  none  to  say  to  him,  '*  Put  up  thy  sword  within  its  sheath**! 


THE   nation's    curse   AND    ITS   REMEDY.  25 

11.  But  if  all  that  1  have  said  admit  of  no  possibility  of  refu- 
tation, how  should  1  possibly  urge  any  more  effectual  plea  for  an 
agency,  which,  like  our  beloved  Church  of  England  Temperance 
Society,  has,  with  such  holy  earnestness  and  such  conspicuous 
moderation,  been  labouring  now  for  twenty-one  years  to  alleviate 
a  nation's  misery,  to  avert  a  nation's  curse  7     It  needs  special 
support     Help,  I  entreat   you,   with  warm  hearts  and  liberal 
hands,  to  avert   the   national  catastrophe,  which  would  be   in- 
volved in  the  failure  or  exhaustion  of  a  Society  so  noble  and  so 
indispensable  !    Let  England,  if  not  for  very  shame,  yet  at  least 
out  of  gratitude  and  in  self-defence,  provide  the  Society  with  the 
^£25,000  which  are  required.    For  if  Temperance  Societies  have 
done  nothing  else,  yet  at  least,  in  the  words  of  Lord  Shaftesbury, 
"  but  for  them  we  should  have  been  by  this  time  plunged  in  such 
a  flood  of  drunkenness,  immorality,  and  crime,  as  would  have 
rendered  the  whole  country  uninhabitable."    "Will  you  then  be 
callously  supine,  will  you  be  immorally  acquiescent,  about  the 
fate  of  your  country  1    Your  fathers  did  a  thousand  noble  deeds  to 
put  down  immorality  and  wrong ;  to  defend  the  cause  of  innocence, 
and  to  smite  the  hoary  head  of  oppression.     Your  fathers,  by  the 
loveliest  act  in  the  long  annals  of  English  history,  swept  away  the 
slave  trade.    With  quiet  perseverance,  which  would  see  no  dis" 
couragcment ;  with  dauntless  courage,  which  would  quail  before 
no  opposition  ;   with    illuminated    insight,  which  pierced    the 
sophistry  of  interested  defenders  ;   with  the  true  freedom  which 
would  not  be  shackled  by  unhallowed  interests — they  fought  to 
the  end  that  glorious  battle !    "Will  you  be  unworthy  of  them  ? 
"Will  you  do  nothing  to  deliver  England  and  all  her  dependencies 
from  a  deeper  misery  and  a  deadlier  curse  ?    Yonder  is  the  grave 
of  Wilberforce  ;  there  is  the  statue  of  Sir  Fowell  Buxton  ;  there 
is  the  monument  of  Granville  Sharpe.     Oh,  that  Qod  would  hear 
our  prayers,  and  out  of  the  gallant  band  of  godly  men  who  fought 
that  battle — 

"  Of  those  three  hundred  grant  but  three 
To  make  a  new  ThermopyliD.*' 

12.  Englishmen  and  Christians,  if  such  facts  do  not  stir  you 
np,  I  ask  you,  could  they  do  so  were  they  even  in  the  thunder's 
mouth  ?    It  is  not  in  the  thunder,  it  is  by  the  still  small  voice 


26  THE    nation's    CURSE    AND   ITS    REMEDY. 

of  history  and  of  experience,  that  God  speaks  to  the  reason  and 
to  the  conscience.     It  is  not  by  the  lightning-flash  that  He  would 
have  us  read  His  will,  but  by  the  quiet  light  that  shows  all  thingi 
in  the  slow  history  of  their  ripening.    When  He  speaks  in  the 
thunder  and  the  lightning,  by  the  tornado  and  the  earthquake^ 
He  speaks  in  retribution  then.    And  what  is  retribution  but  the 
eternal  law  of  consequences  1    If  you  cannot  see  God's  warnings 
against  drink,  if  you  cannot  read  in  the  existing  condition  of 
things  His  displeasure  and  our  shame,  if  you  cannot  see  it  in 
the  marriage-tie  broken  and  dishonoured,  in  sons  and  daughters 
ruined,  in  the  peace  of  families  laid  waste,  in  the  work  of  the 
Church  hindered,  in  whole  districts  blighted,  in  thousands  and 
tens  of  thousands  of  souls  destroyed.    If  you  cannot  see  it  in 
the  records  of  crime,  and  murder,  and  outrage,  and  madness, 
and  suicide,  in  the  fathers  who,  in  their  very  mouths,  through 
drink,  have  slain  their  sons  j  and  the  sons  who,  through  drink, 
have  slain  their  fathers  ;  and  the  mothers  who,  for  drink,  have 
sacrificed  the  lives  of  their  little  ones  upon  the  breast.     Men  of 
England,  if  these  things  do  not  wring  your  heart,  and  fire  your 
zeal,  what  do  yon  expect  ?    Can  the  letters  glare  more  plainly 
on  the  palace  wall  of  your  power  ?    Are  you  waiting  till  there 
fall  on  England  the  same  fate  which,  for  their  sins,  has  fallen 
in  turn  on  Assyria,  and  Greece,  and  Rome,  and  Egypt,  and 
Carthage,  and  Jerusalem,  and  Tyre  ?    They  perished  ;  sooner  or 
later  all  guilty  nations  perish,  by  sudden  catastrophe,  or  by  slow 
decay.  • 

'*  The  sword  of  heaven  ii  not  in  haste  to  smite. 
Nor  yet  doth  linger." 

but  when  it  does  smite,  it  is  apt  to  smite  once  and  smite  no 
more.  Will  you  be  so  complacent  over  your  epigramsy  and  your 
vested  interests,  and  your  Biblical  criticism,  when  vengeance 
leaps  at  last  upon  the  stage,  and  strikes  sore  strokes,  and  pity 
shall  no  longer  avert  the  blow  ?  You  are  Christians  ;  yes,  but 
see  that  you  have  not  been  admitted  into  a  holier  sanctuary  only 
to  commit  a  deeper  sacrilege  !  Why,  had  you  been  pogana  thase 
very  same  aTgameii\A  o\x.^\>\A\^\Tt^'9»Yilvbl<^  to  you !  To  tn^iKftrf 
of  Pagans  they  \iave  \>^ici  wi.  Tk^^  wJonaVj  ^\  ^:3t^aA.^«^  ^sm^  ^ 


THE  VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE.       27 

Confucius.  The  sobriety  of  India  and  of  Burmah  are  due  to 
Buddha.  I  am  horrified  to  read  that  in  contact  with  us  in  the 
last  three  years  the  sale  of  drink  has  increased  in  India  36  per 
eent.y  in  Burmah  74  per  cent.  The  sobriety  of  vast  regions  of 
Asia  and  Africa  was  due  to  Mahomet.  In  the  day  of  judgment, 
ahall  not  Confucians,  shall  not  Buddhists,  shall  not  Mohammedans, 
rise  up  in  judgment  against  this  generation  and  condemn  it,  for  they 
abstained  from  strong  drink  at  the  bidding  of  Confucius,  Buddha 
and  Mahomet,  and  behold  a  greater  than  these  is  here  !  Ah,  if 
the  voice  of  all  these  tempted,  suffering,  perishing  miserable  souls, 
be  nothing  to  you — if  the  voice  of  your  country  be  nothing  to 
yon — yet,  if  you  be  Christians,  listen  to  the  voice  of  Christ, 
pleading  with  you  in  the  pathetic  accents  of  myriads  of  the  little 
ones  that  it  is  not  His  will,  that  it  is  utterly  against  His  will, 
that  His  cross  and  passion  be  thus  rendered  of  none  effect  to 
multitudes  for  the  very  least  of  whom  Clirist  died.  "  If  thou 
forbear  to  deliver  them  that  are  drawn  unto  death,  and  those 
that  are  ready  to  be  slain  ;  if  thou  sayest.  Behold,  we  knew  it 
not "  (when  now,  at  any  rate,  you  have  no  excuse  for  not  know- 
ing it), ''  doth  not  He  that  pondcrcth  the  lieart  consider  it ;  and 
He  that  keepeth  thy  soul  doth  not  He  know  it  ?  And  shall 
not  He  render  to  every  man  according  to  his  works  ? " 


THE    VITAL   STATISTICS    OF    TOTAL    ABSTINENCE. 

By  Dawson  Burns,  D.D. 

I. — The   United  Kingdom   Temperance  and  General  Provident 
Institution,  1,  Adelaide  Place^  London  Bridge,  E.C, 

Sir  James  Paget,  the  eminent  surgeon,  made  a  very  unfortu- 
nate remark  in  his  article  in  the  Contemporary  Review  on  the  use 
of  alcohol,  when  he  said  that  there  had  never  been  any  comparison 
between  large  bodies  of  persons  to  test  the  relative  merits  of  moderate 
drinking  and  total  abstinence.  He  wrote  as  he  thought,  but  he  wrote 
ignorantly ;  for  the  thing  said  not  to  have  been  done  had  1>een  done, 
and  was  being  done,  and  is  still  done  in  the  case  of  the  members  of 


28        THE   VITAL    STATISTICS    OF    TOTAL   ABSTINENCE. 


the  Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institution.  This  Insnnnce 
Society,  on  the  mutual  system,  was  founded  at  the  close  of  1840, 
and  until  the  middle  of  1847  was  composed  of  total  ahstainen 
only ;  but  in  that  year  non-abstainers  were  admitted  into  a 
distinct  Section,  so  far  as  whole  life  policies  were  concerned.  It 
was  not  however  till  1855  that  the  first  quinquennial  (or  five 
years')  bonus  was  declared.  Since  then  five  other  such  bonmei 
have  been  declared,  and  as  the  premiums  in  each  Section  are  the 
same,  the  proportion  of  the  bonuses  in  each  Section  affords  a  fair 
standard  as  to  the  relative  longevity  and  health  of  the  members 
in  each  Section.  In  such  a  comparison,  the  larger  numben 
would  show  most  favourably,  other  things  being  equal ;  and  the 
members  of  the  General  Section  have,  for  many  years,  out- 
numbered the  abstainers  in  the  Temperance  Section  in  the 
proportion  of  three  to  two.  This  difference  is  now  somewhat 
reduced.  What  have  been  the  actual  facts  as  unfolding  them- 
selves over  a  period  of  thirty  years  (1850-1879)  ?  The  bonus  b 
declared  and  paid  in  the  year  following  the  quinquennial  period. 

Percentage  Bonuses  on  Premiums  Paid, 


Temperance  Sectiox. 

1855  From  35  to  75  per  cent. 
1860       „       35  „  86 
1865       „       23  „  56 
1870       „       84  „  84 
1875       „       35  „  114 
1880       ..       41  ..  135 


»» 
I* 


General  Section. 


1855 

From  23  to  50  per  cent. 

1860 

1) 

24  ..  69         „ 

1865 

»i 

17  „  62         „ 

1870 

fi 

20  „  49         „ 

1875 

II 

20  „  64         „ 

1880 

II 

26  ,.  83        „ 

The  relation  between  the  two  Sections  may  be  presented  in 
another  light.  The  figures  for  which  are  available  from  1866  to 
1882  inclusive. 

Expectancy  of  life  is  made  the  basis  of  the  rates  of  premium  in 
the  tables  used  in  Insurance  offices  ;  and  a  mortality  below  that 
expectancy  is,  therefore,  an  evidence  of  special  longevity  and 
vigour.  Out  of  so  many  persons  a  given  number  are  expected  to 
die,  and  if  fewer  die  then  the  body  of  members  as  a  whole  if 
proved  to  be  possessed  of  special  vitality  ;  and  by  applying  the 
same  standard  to  two  bodies  we  get  at  a  certain  index  of  their 
relative  vital  iotc^.  Ho\7  d.o  Wi^  t^o  Sections  of  the  Tempenaee 
and  General  PtoV\d^Mi\.lii«NAX^iN^^^ 


THE   VITAL   STATISTICS    OF   TOTAL   ABSTINENCE.        29 


TkMPCKAKCB  SECTIOIf. 

GcNKRAL  Section. 

Ezpeetad 
Deatba. 

Aotnal 
Deathf. 

Expected 
Deaths. 

Aotnal 
Deathn. 

1866  ... 

1867  ... 

1868  ... 

1869  ... 

1870  ... 

100 
105 
109 
115 
120 

•  •  • 

•  •• 

■  •  • 

•  •  • 

85 

71 

95 
73 

87 

180 
191 
202 
212 
223 

... 
•«. 
... 

•  *  * 
... 

186 
169 
179 
201 
209 

Five  years... 

549 

411 

1,00s 

944 

1871  ... 

1872  ... 
1878      ... 

1874  ... 

1875  ... 

127 
137 
144 
153 
162 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  t 
t  •  • 

•  •  • 

72 

90 

118 

110 

121 

234 
244 
253 
....         263 
274 

... 
... 

... 
... 
... 

217 
282 
246 
288 

297 

Five  years... 

723 

511 

1,268 

1,830 

1876  ... 

1877  ... 

1878  ... 

1879  ... 

1880  ... 

168 
179 
187 
196 
203 

•  ■  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

•  •  • 

102 
13i 

117 
164 
136 

279 
291 
299 
805 
311 

... 
«.  * 
... 
.*• 
... 

253 
280 
817 
326 

804 

FWe  years  .. 

.     983 

651 

1,485 

1,480 

1881  ... 

1882  ... 

214 
225 

« •  • 

•  •  • 

131 
157 

820 
327 

... 

... 

290 
295 

• 
Grand  total 

2,644 

1,861 

4,408 

4,339 

1.  The  above  table  shows  that  as  in  the  Temperance  Section 
2,644  deaths  were  expected,  and  only  1,861  occurred,  the  survivals 
above  expectancy  were  783,  or  29^  per  cent.  ;  and  as  in  the 
General  Section  the  expected  deaths  were  4,408,  and  the  actual 
deaths  4,339,  the  survivals  were  69,  or  1 J  per  cent.,  giving  the 
Temperance  Section  a  superiority  of  28  per  cent. 

2.  In  every  successive  year  the  deaths  in  the  Temperance 
Section  fell  considerably  below  the  expected  number  ;  while,  in 
the  General  Section,  in  six  years  of  the  series,  the  expected  deaths 
were  exceeded  by  the  actual. 


30        THE   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE. 

3.  If,  in  A  comparison  with  selected  lives  of  adultSy  the  Tempe- 
rance Section  showed  a  superiority  of  28  per  cent.,  it  is  reasonable 
to  infer  tliat — takin^v  the  whole  population,  and  remembering 
how  large  a  portion  of  adult  and  infant  life  is  sacrificed  to  intem- 
perance and  its  effects — an  equal  saving  of  life  would  result  from 
the  universal  adoption  of  total  abstinence.  Now  the  population 
of  the  United  Kingdom  was  estimated,  in  the  middle  of  1882,  to 
be  35,250,000,  and  the  deaths  in  1882  wcie  678,486  (England, 
516,783  ;  Scotland,  72,966  ;  Ireland,  88,737),  and  on  an  estimate 
of  28  per  cent.,  we  have.  189,980  lives  that  were  sacrificed,  in  one 
form  or  other,  to  alcohol,  and  that  might  have  been  saved  in  one 
single  year  by  universal  total  abstinence.  This  number  far 
exceeds  the  estimate  of  40,000  persons  directly  slain  each  year  by 
drink,  and  80,000  others  sacrificed  by  privations,  neglect,  acci- 
dents, &c.,  a  total  of  120,000  ;  but  it  falls  short  of  Dr.  Richaid- 
son's  estimate  of  the  hygienic  results  of  a  state  of  perfect  abstention 
from  intoxicating  liquors. 

II. — The  Briton  Life  Associatiox  (Limited),  429,  Strand,  W.C. 

This  Association  insures  total  abstainers  at  a  reduction  of  10 
per  cent,  on  the  premiums  charged  to  others.  The  secretary, 
writing,  October  29, 1883,  states : — "  The  deduction  we  allow  from 
the  premiums  of  total  abstainers  has  been  arrived  at  after  careful 
consideration  of  the  experience  which  we  all  have  before  us  now 
as  to  the  superiority  of  the  lives  of  such." 

III.— The  Emperor  Life  Assurance  Sociktt  (LiMrrsD), 

58,  Cannon  Street,  E,0. 

This  insurance  office  allows  to  total  abstainers  a  somewhat 
lower  rate  of  premium  than  to  non-abstainers ;  but  it  has  not 
published  statistics  as  to  the  comparative  rate  of  mortality 
between  the  two  classes. 

lY.— The  Sceptre  Life  Association  (Liirmn)), 
40,  Finshury  Pav$ment,  B.C. 

According  to  a  printed  document,  in  the  seven  years  ending 
December  31, 1882,  the  deaths  in  the  General  Section  were  335  out 
of  438  expected,  or  24  per  cent,  below  expectancy,  and  in  the 
Temperance  Section  73  out  of  165  expected,  or  56  per  cent  bdoir 


THB   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL   ABSTINENCE.        3Z 

expectancy.  The  secretary,  in  a  letter  dated  October  22, 1883, 
states : — "  For  the  eighteen  years  ending  December  31,  last,  we 
expected  270  claims  in  the  Temperance  Section,  but  had  116  only. 
Of  our  new  insured  over  40  per  cent  are  total  abstainers."  The 
saving  of  life  has  thus  been  at  the  rate  of  57  per  cent. 

V. — ^Victoria  Mutual  Assubancx  Sociktt  (Lihitid), 
1,  Finshury  Square  Buildings,  E.G. 

The  secretary,  writing  October  26, 1883,  states: — "Up to  the 
date  of  our  last  valuation,  1880,  our  Temperance  Section  had  not 
assumed  such  a  proportion  (the  income  being  only  £14,000  and 
upwards  per  annum)  as  to  give  a  fair  average  criterion  of  what  the 
results  of  it  would  be  when  much  larger.  Taking  the  incomes 
and  death-claims  of  the  two  departments  for  the  past  two  years,  I 
find  that  though  the  ages  of  the  assured,  and  the  length  of  duration 
of  the  policies,  would  be  about  the  same  in  the  two  departments, 
the  claims  have  absorbed  20*3  per  cent,  of  the  premiums  in  the 
Temperance  Section  as  compared  with  33*2  per  cent,  of  the 
premiums  in  the  General  Section." 

YI. — THB  WHITTIKOTOIf  LiFB   ASSURANCI   COMPAKT   (LIMITED), 

68,  Moorgate  Street,  E.C. 

The  twenty-sixth  Annual  Report,  presented  in  September, 
1881,  stated: — "  The  continued  favourable  rate  of  mortality  among 
the  policy  holders  in  the  Temperance  Section,  has  enabled  the 
directors  to  declare  a  reversionary  bonus  in  that  section  at  the 
rate  of  from  168.  to  22s.  8d.  per  cent,  per  annum."  At  the 
annual  meeting  in  July,  1882,  the  secretary  renewed  the  state- 
ment as  to  the  exceptional  low  mortality  of  the  Temperance 
Section. 

YIL — Thb  Indbpkxdbnt  Ordbb  or  Bbchabitbs  (Saltord  Unity). 

This  Benefit  Society,  which  makes  certain  payments  during 
sickness  and  at  death,  was  formed  in  1835,  in  order  to  provide 
total  abstainers  with  the  means  of  joining  a  Benefit  Society 
apart  from  the  public-house.  Its  chief  office  is  at  96  and  98^ 
Lancaster  Avenue,  Manchester ;  its  local  bodies  are  called ''  Tents,'' 
and  its  membership  in  the  United  Kingdom  was  reported  to 
the  High  Moveable  Conference,  August,  1883,  at  31,937. 


33       THE   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL   ABSTINENCE. 


In  a  paper  by  Mr.  Z.  Catlow,  read  at  Biadford,  June  8, 187^ 
tome  interesting  statietica  ore  presented  : — 


1 

i 

1 

li 
Si 

1 
1 

1 

1 

J 

i 

s 

B89 
871 

g.4s3 

i 

D.T.. 
S3.l» 

11 
IS 

i: 

£        p,   d. 
LMSIl   T 

Itm  1  1 

i,!83   «  0 

11  10 

u 

69 
H 

7« 

a 

a 

ToUb 

,v« 

M0,6M 

« 

It    iD,s:7 11  e 

K    8 

1 

1 

■i 

i 

ii 

ll 

< 

1^ 

1 

■3 

§ 

5 

863 
SB8 
879 
871 

m 

« 

D.J,. 

i.4fia 

a.U» 
I'.tra 

n. 

» 

£  f.  a. 

113    B    4 

til 

is 

iia 

81 

m 

MS 

Totil. 

ifiis 

,..m 

" 

,»., 

lasi 

In  a  paper  by  Dr.  Thomlej,  at  Bolton,  KoT«mber  9,  1B8S, 
it  is  stated—"  In  Blackburn,  Bolton,  and  Uiuichester,  there  in 
3,400  Bechabites  ;  their  deaths  in  1876  were  forty-ris,  or  «  nte 
of  13-fi  per  1,U00.  In.  \h&  Bolu^u  di!,tTict  ot  Rechabites  in  the 
aune  year  the  4ea.tti-mte  Nftta  qtA-j  wi-^t  \jssa,  ' 


THB  VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE.        33 


here  are  3,500  Oddfellows,  and  in  1876  they  had  seventy-six 
leaths,  or  a  death-rate  of  2142  per  1,000.  In  the  Rechabities 
hey  had  554  members  sick,  16*2  per  cent.  ;  while  the  Oddfellows 
lad  720  sick,  or  20*53  per  cent.  The  total  number  of  weeks* 
ick  pay  in  the  Rechabites  was  2,999,  or  an  average  for  each 
nember  sick  of  five  weeks,  two  days,  and  twenty-one  hours.  The 
)ddfellow8  had  a  totiil  of  6,355  weeks^  sickness,  or  an  average  for 
•ach  member  sick  of  eight  weeks,  five  days,  and  eight  hours, 
^or  every  100  Rechabites  there  were  sixteen  sick.  For  every  100 
)ddfellow8  there  were  twenty  sick.  In  Bolton  district  of 
.lechabites  for  ten  years  the  death-rate  was  13  per  1,000,  while 
n  Blackburn  district  of  Oddfellows  for  ten  years  their  death- 
ate  was  19  per  1,000.  During  the  year  1874,  when  typhoid 
ever  prevailed  in  Over  Darwen,  the  Rechabites,  out  of  164 
nembers,  had  three  deaths,  while  the  Darwen  Oddfellows  had 
linety-one  deaths  out  of  620  members,  or  Rechabite  death-rate 
LB  per  1,000,  Oddfellows  31  per  1,000.  But  the  publicans 
n  Over  Darwen  during  the  same  fever  year  died  at  the  rate 
)f  150  per  1,000.  That  is  for  one  Rechabite  eight  publicans 
lied.  Again,  during  the  fever  year,  the  Rechabites,  who  pay 
I  less  contribution  per  member,  in  the  Darwen  Tent  alone 
•eceived  £\i\  19s.  Ijd.,  and  they  paid  for  sickness  and  funerals 
679  4s.,  thus  leaving  a  surplus  of  £32  15s.  IJd. ;  the  Oddfellows 
n  Darwen  in  the  same  year,  although  they  paid  a  larger  weekly 
contribution,  lost  over  £90,  In  1873  the  average  sick  pay  in 
Darwen  to  Rechabites  was  43.  9^d.,  and  the  Oddfellows 
lOs.  lOd." 

The  Sanitary  Review^  in  a  comparison  of  vital  statistics, 
remarked  : — "  The  greater  healthiness  of  the  members  of  Absti- 
ner.ce  Friendly  Societies  is  strikingly  proved  by  the  following 
Bgures.  Among  adult  males  in  England  the  mortality  per  1,000 
between  twenty  and  twenty- five  is  8  83,  between  twenty-five  and 
;hirty-five  it  is  9*57,  and  between  thirty-five  and  forty-five,  12*48  ; 
but  in  publicans,  aged  thirty,  it  is  as  high  as  13  per  1,000. 
[n  those  districts  from  which  complete  returns  have  been  obtained, 
there  were  16,269  Rechabites  ;  of  these  2,630  were  ill  in  1874, 
the  number  of  weeks  of  illness  amounting  to  14,403,  while  the 
ieaths  were  120.    The  percentage  of  sick  during  the  year  was 

0 


34       THE   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL   ABSTINENCE. 


16*16  ;    the   death-rate   was  7*4   per  1,000,  and  the  number  of 
days'  illness  per  member  was  6*16.    The  Oddfellows  is  a  laige, 
well-established  Friendly  Society  a  little  over  fifty  years  old,  and 
numbers  upwards  of  500,000  members.    In  1874  their  receipts 
exceeded  £625,000.    Two  years  ago  the  average  amount  of  funds 
per  member  was  as  high  as  £l  4s.  9d.,  and  the  estimated  capital 
of  the  Society  now  falls  little  short  of  £3,800,000.     Like  the 
Rechabites,  the  Oddfellows  have  ramifications  in  many  foreign 
countries.     Every  five    years  the  Oddfellows  draw  up  copious 
returns  of  the  mortality  and  sickness    during    the    preceding 
quinquennial  period.    The  last  of  these  reports,  July  Ist^  1872, 
is  for  the  five  years  ending  1870.    Fortunately  in  these  returns 
members  living  in  foreign  countries  are  excluded.     The  mean 
annual  mortality  appears,  in  the  five  years  ending  1870,  to  have 
been  12  626  per  1,000 ;  the  mean  sickness  per  member  was  in 
the  same  period  10*5  days,  and  the  number  constantly  ill  averaged 
28*75  per  1,000.     These  figures  apply  to  the   Oddfellows  as  a 
whole,  and    are    therefore    available   for  comparison  with  the 
Rechabite    grand    totals.    In    those    districts    from  which  the 
returns  are   full  and  accurate,  there  were   16,269  JHechabites. 
Now,  had  the  mortality  among  them  in  1874  been  12*626  per 
1,000  (the  rate  that  obtained  among  the  Oddfellows)  instead  of 
7*4,  the  deaths,  instead  of  120,  would  have  been  205.     Had  the 
average  sickness  per  member  been  10*5  days  instead  of  614,  the 
society  would  have  had  to  bear  70,933  more  days'  sickness,  so 
that  the  weeks'  illness  would  have  stood  at  24,536  instead  of 
14,403.    Should  the  Rechabites  at  any  future  time  muster  half 
a  million,  the  annual  saving,  were  the  same  low  mortality  to 
continue,  would  exceed  2,500  lives.    It  is  at  once  apparent  from 
the  above  figures,  that,  making  all  possible  allowance  for  errori^ 
the  Rechabites  compare  very  favourably  with  the  Oddfellows^ 
one  of  the  best  managed  and  the  largest  non-temperance  friendly 
societies  in  the  world  ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  they  comptn 
favourably  with  the  corresponding  non-temperance  claaaea  taken 
as  a  whole." 

The  lUchahite  Magazine,  May,  1883,  states  : — "We  extract  the 
following  tables  from  tlie  20th  page  of  the  Friendly  Sociotiei' 
EcpoTt  for  1881,    1\i^  ^<i^\vbVwx  \w»>X>i  «fi«s^\— *  It  may  be  woith 


THE  VITAL   STATISTICS   OP   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE.      35 

while  to  give  the  following  comparisons  between  the  total  results 
of  the  Ancient  Order  of  Foresters'  Experience,  and  the  last 
compiled  by  the  late  Mr.  Ratcliffe  from  the  Manchester  Unity 
of  Oddfellows'  Experience.' " 


Akciixt  Ordsr  of  Forbstsbs.  1870-1875. 


• 
5 

i 
1 

Weeks  of  Sick- 
ness* Claim. 

MorUllty  per 
cent,  per 
Annum. 

Sickness  Claim 
per  Member 

Rural  DiBtriots 
Town         do. 
City          do. 

421,793 
379,623 
600,860 

4,409 
4,671 
6,836 

630,574 
635.267 
703,196 

1-045 
1-204 
1-366 

WeeTct. 
1*268 
1-410 
1*414 

Total   

1,302,166 

15,815 

1,769.036 

1-214 

1-368 

Manchxbtkr  Unitt  of  Oddpxllows^  1866-70. 


Number  of  Mem- 
bers exposed 
to  Kisk. 

8 

Weeks  of  Sick- 
ness' Claim. 

Mortality  per 
cent,  per 
Annum. 

Sickness  Claim 
per  Member 
per  Annnm. 

Raral  Dintricts 
TowD         do. 
City           do. 

292.969 
677,719 
350,360 

3,108 
8,566 
6,006 

399.899 

1,008.859 

566,286 

1061 
V264 
1-429 

Weeke. 
1-366 
1-490 
1-616 

Total    

1,321,048 

16,680 

1,975,034 

1-263 

1-496 

We  urge  upon  all  our  readers  the  duty  of  studying  the  above 
carefully,  and  compare  them  with  the  statistics  of  our  own 
Order. 

c  2 


36       THE   VITAL   STATISTICS    OF   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE. 

VIII. — The  Soxs  op  Tempkranck. 

The  Sons  of  Temi>erance  is  a  Temperance  Benefit  Society  of 
increasing  numbers  and  importance.  The  M.  W.  Scribe  resides 
at  29,  Pitt  Terrace,  Miles  Platting,  Manchester.  In  the  report 
for  the  year  1882,  of  the  National  Division,  the  statistical  retnm 
shows  that  the  Divisions  numbercil  351  and  the  membership 
17,290,  giving  a  net  increase  of  2,450.  The  Fund  account 
showed  that  in  the  year  the  cash  received  was  X  18,446  158.  lOJ. ; 
cash  paid  for  sickness  and  accidents,  £11,102  10s.  lid  ;  cash  paid 
for  funeral  allowances  on  account  of  deceased  members  and  wives, 
;£2,280  1  Is.  2d.  Cash  in  hand,  including  moneys  invested  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  £38,129  8s.  4d.  The  deaths  in  the  year  1882 
were — of  members  142,  and  of  members*  wives  82. 

In  a  "  Valuation  of  the  Grand  Division  of  London,"  dated 
November  12,  1881,  made  by  W.  L.  Gumme,  for  Messrs.  W.  L. 
Gomme,  Sons  &  Ilatton  (the  valuation  embracing  five  yean, 
1871-5) — the  following  comparative  table  is  given  : — 

Amount  op  Sickness  feb  Ansiux  fob  baco  Mexbbe  at  Risk. 


- 

M.U.  Oddrellows' 

M.U.  Oddfellowa' 

Age. 

Sons  of 
Temperance. 

Experience, 

Rural  Townn  and 

City  DiiitricU, 

lS8«-7». 

Eiperiencc. 

Rural  Distrieta, 

1866^70. 

Forerteri^ 
1871-7ft. 

We»k«. 

Weeks. 

Wcekt. 

WmU. 

18-20 

•41 

•66 

•68 

•91 

21--25 

•64 

•76 

•77 

•81 

£6-80 

•52 

•82 

•84 

•87 

81—85 

CS 

•9.1 

•97 

Id 

86     40 

106 

108 

106 

118 

41     45 

•82 

132 

1-82 

1*44 

46-50 

102 

175 

1-83 

17T 

61-55 

•97 

2-35 

2-45 

2-48 

66-60 

•75 

2'M) 

8-28 

8-89 

CI— 65 

•73 

513 

4*68 

5'IS 

66-70 

Ml. 

8-06 

6-90 

6-88 

7-4ft 

y       l^lli 

24^68 

THE   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL   ABSTINENCE. 


37 


PXBCBKTAOS  PSB  ANXOM  OF  DEATHS  TO   MSMBIRS  AT  RibK. 


M.U.  OddfelloirB' 

M.U.  Oddfellowa' 

Age. 

BODf  of 

Temperaoee. 

Experience,  Rural 
Towns  and  City 

Experience, 
Raral  DlitricU, 

Fo'entert, 
1871-76. 

Diitiicta,  186«-7d. 

1860-70. 

t 

18—20 

•34 

•66 

•61 

•73 

21— -25 

•46 

•67 

•62 

•75 

28-80 

•25 

•77 

•72 

•74 

81—85 

•79 

•84 

•81 

•92 

86—40 

•54 

100 

•96 

112 

41—45 

•6i 

1-25 

1^19 

1  34 

46—50 

-ee 

1-51 

1-22 

1-78 

61—55 

105 

201 

1-76 

2-26 

66—60 

•98 

2-66 

2*45 

805 

61     65 

5-55 

8'9S 

8*42 

414 

66—70 

Kil. 

5-35 

4-35 

622 

• 

11-24 

20-64 

18  01 

23  00 

In  the  fifteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  London  Grand  Divi- 
sion, Messrs.  J.  P.  Heath  and  J.  Vincent,  present  a  statement 
dated  February,  1882,  in  which  they  say  ; — "  In  June,  1875,  the 
Society  numbered  1,800  members,  and  had  a  capital  of  ;£4,201  ; 
it  now  numbers  2,258  members,  and  has  a  reserve  fund  of 
£12,779,  besides  having  paid  claims  during  that  period  of  ;£8,036. 

IX. — The  London  Tempebakcb  Hospital,  Hamfstead  Boad,  N.W. 

This  important  Institution  was  opened  October  6th,  1873,  for 
the  treatment  of  medical  and  surgical  cases  without  the  use  of 
alcohol.  In  Marcli,  1881,  it  was  removed  from  Gower  Street  to 
buildings  specially  erected  in  the  Hampstead  Hoad,  the  cost  of 
which,  including  furnishing  and  the  purchase  of  a  freehold  site, 
exceeded  j£26,000.  The  present  accommodation  comprises  an 
Out-patients*  department,  and  54  beds  for  In-patients.  It  is 
expected  that  before  long,  by  the  erection  of  other  buildings  at  a 
cost  exceeding  .£10,000,  the  beds  for  In-patients  will  be  100  and 
upwards.  Down  to  April  30,  1883,  the  number  of  Out-patients 
had  been  12,883,  and  of  In-patients  1,765.    The  following  statis- 


38       THE   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE. 


tics  give  the  number  of  In-patieats  cured,  relieved,  died,  and 

remaining  under  treatment ;  also  causes  of  death,  < 

kc  : — 

R«- 

Under 

Cured. 

liflTCd. 

DMd. 

Treat- 

Tbtal. 

ment. 

Oct.  6,  1878,  to  April  30,  1874 

33 

39 

1 

^^^ 

73 

Year  endiag  April  30,  1875    ... 

62 

66 

11 

— 

129 

„        April  80,  1876    ... 

63 

54 

6 

— 

123 

„        April  30,  1877  ... 

81 

44 

5 

— 

180 

„        April  80,  1878    ... 

70 

55 

5 

m— 

130 

April  30,  1879    ... 

87 

47 

6 

— 

140 

„        April  30,  1880   ... 

76 

55 

4 

— 

135 

April  80,  1881    ... 

92 

46 

5 

— 

143 

„         April  80,  1882    ... 

207 

125 

19 

— 

851 

„        April  30,  1883    ... 

182 

162 

15 

52 

411 

Total 

953 

6S3 

77 

52 

1,765 

Camea  of  Death  (77). 

Pneumonia,  10.— (Of  these,  two  were  double  pneumonia ;  another 
a  tubercular  pneumonia  with  empyema ;  another  a  combi- 
nation of  rheumatism,  pneumonia,  and  double  hernia ;  and 
another  was  the  result  of  fractured  ribs). 
Phthisis,  13. — (One  had  pleuro- pneumonia  as  well ;  one  albumi- 
nuria ;  another  was  complicated  by  extensive  heart  disease). 
Heart  Disease,  14. — (One  was  complicated  by  pleuro-pneumonia ; 

one  by  broncho-pneumonia ;  and  two  by  phthisis). 
Asthma,  1  ;  pericarditis,  1  ;  rheumatic  fever,  3  ;  kidney  disease, 
1  ;  bronchitis,  3  ;  aneurism,  2 ;  liver  disease,  3  (cirrhosis,  and 
hydatids)  ;  hasmoptysis,  1 ;  diseases  of  brain,  4  ;  amputation  of 
thigh,  1 ;  fracture  of  spine,  1  ;  diphtheria,  1  ;  fracture  of  skull,  1 ; 
tlisease  of  spinal  cord,  2  ;  paralysis,  1  ;  ovarian  tumour,  2  :  stric- 
ture of  (Tsophagus,  1  ;  diseases  of  bowels,  2  ;  tuberculosis,  3 ; 
cancer,  4  ;  typhoid  fever,  1 ;  sulphuric  acid  poisoning,  1. 

The  rate  of  mortality  during  the  whole  period  (October  6, 1873 — 
April  30,  1883),  was  4^  per  cent. 

In  a  letter  to  tlie  Manchester  Courier^  Mr.  S.  N.  Williams,  of 
Manchester,  states  : — "  The  following  figiires  are  from  ten  jeKof 


THE   VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   TOTAL   ABSTINENCE.       39 

reports  of  the  Manchester  Royal  Infirmary,  and  its  adjuncts,  the 
Cheadle  Convalescent  Hospital,  and  the  Monsall  Fever  Hospital, 
which  accommodate  together  some  6,000  patients  in  the  course  of 
the  year.  The  medical  staff  embraces  physicians  and  surgeons 
of  the  highest  eminence  and  widest  experience  ;  and,  if  these 
figures  'tell  true,'  these  gentlemen  are  coming  round  to  our 
opinions,  for  in  1875  the  sum  of  7s.  2|d.  was  spent,  on  an 
average,  upon  intoxicating  liquor  for  each  In-patient,  whereas  in 
1882,  lljd.  per  head  was  found  sufficient.  The  following  is  the 
table  referred  to  : — 

Manohesteb  Royal  Infirm  art,  and  Cheadle  and  Monsall 

Hospitals. 


« 

a 
a 

faB 

0 

1 

cs 

0) 

umber  of  In- 
patieuts. 

**  •  0 
«  ij 

1 

n 

• 

8 

B 

a 

ercentagc  of 
Deaths. 

^ 

'A 

H  ^ 

-< 

*A 

Pk 

£ 

B.  d. 

1878 

3,825 

1,273 

6  7J 

852 

92 

1874 

8,631 

1,153 

6  4i 

377 

10-4 

1875 

3,828 

1.383 

7  2J 

433 

11-8 

1876 

4,938 

1,248 

5  Of 

517 

10-5 

1877 

5,977 

1,170 

3  11 

675 

96 

1878 

5,347 

878 

8  31 
2  lU 

440 

8-2 

1879 

6.527 

811 

421 

7-6 

1880 

6.688 

431 

1  6 

384 

6-8 

1881 

5,817 

401 

1  4i 

441 

7a 

1882 

9,092 

292 

0  111 

478 

7-8 

Total ... 

50,670 

4,418 

87 

In  comparison  with  this  take  the  figures  of  the  London  Tempe- 
rance Hospital,  founded  ten  years  ago,  and  from  wliich  intoxicants 
of  all  kinds  are  absolutely  excluded,  and  how  do  we  find  the  facts? 

Here  they  are  : — 

lo-patienls.  Deaths.        Feroentage. 

8  J  year»,  October,  1878,  to 
April,  1882       1,354  61  4-5 


40  THE    ECONOMICS    OF    TEMPERANCE. 

Your  readers  will  note  that  the  mortality  under  the  *  non- 
alcoholic' treatment  has  been  in  9J  years  only  4 J  i>er  cent, 
whereas  in  some  years  the  infirmary  mortality  has  exceeded 
10  per  cent.  As  bearing  upon  the  point  at  issue,  one  fact 
deduced  from  these  figures  stands  out  in  bold  relief,  and  it  is 
this  : — In  1875,  alcoholic  drinks  of  an  average  value  of  Ts.  2jd. 
were  supplied  to  every  patient,  and  more  than  1 1  per  cent,  died 
under  the  treatment;  whereas,  in  1882,  only  lljd.  per  head  is 
spent  on  intoxicants,  and  the  deaths  fall  below  8  per  cent." 


THE    ECONOMICS   OF    TEMPERANCE.* 
By  William  Hoyle,  Esq.,  F.S.S. 

Economic  science  has  to  do  with  the  principles  whicli  govern 
action,  and,  if  correctly  applied,  ought  so  to  guide  that  action  as  to 
secure  from  it  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  good,  with  the  least 
possible  expenditure  of  money  or  force. 

When  we  speak  of  the  Economics  of  Temperance,  we  understand 
the  exposition  of  economic  principles,  as  affected  by  the  teachings 
of  Temperance. 

And  here  I  would  remark  that  the  question  of  economicii,  when 
truly  applied,  is  not  one  that  simply  has  to  do  with  illustrating  the 
getting  and  piling  up  of  money,  it  has  to  do  with  the  whole  of 
human  life.  Its  principles  guide  man's  actions  so  as  to  secure  to 
liim  in  the  course  of  life  the  greatest  amount  of  good ;  the  standard 
of  measurement  being,  the  aggregate,  not  only  of  material,  hut  of 
physical  and  moral  good. 

Let  us  then  first  look  at  the  Temperance  qnestion  as  affecting 
the  economics  of  life  from  a  material  standpoint. 

During  the   past  ten  years  the  money  spent  in  intozicatiog 


*  Read  at  the  XTiT\xi«\  Cjouw^vV  \k\.«^^va5^  of  the  Chnreh  c  f  Ea/aiA 
Temperance  Sooiei^j ,  'bl%.Tit\L«%Vw ,  '&w^^a:^«:t  Yi  ^X'^'^^, 


THE    ECONOMICS    OF   TEMPERANCE.  4I 

liquors  has  averaged  not  less  than  £135,000,000  yearly.  In  1876 
it  reached  £147,000,000,  but  under  the  pressure  of  bad  tnule,  and 
also  influenced  by  Temperance  teaching,  it  declined  up  to  the  year 
1880,  when  it  stood  at  £122,000,000;  since  then  it  has  risen  a 
little,  and  last  year  (1882)  it  was  £126,251,359,  or  £3  123.  per 
head  of  the  population,  as  compared  to  £4  9s.  in  1876,  and 
£3  10s.  lid.  in  1880. 

There  are,  as  yet,  some  slight  differences  of  opinion  as  to  whether 
alcoholic  liquors  serve  any  good  purpose  in  the  human  body  or  not. 
Those  who  read  the  address  of  Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  the  greatest 
physiologist  of  the  present  day,  delivered  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  at  Oxford,  will  see 
good  reason  to  accept  the  opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Carpenter,  that 
the  case  of  the  Temperance  Reformers  is  a  proven  case,  and  that 
even  in  moderation  the  evils  which  ultimately  result  are  such  as 
to  make  it  advisable,  even  for  the  sake  of  their  own  personal 
health,  that  individuals  should  wholly  abstain. 

I  have  been  led  to  these  remarks,  because  the  thought  may 
possibly  aiise  in  some  minds  that  in  speaking  of  the  drink  expen- 
diture as  wholly  waste,  there  is  exaggeration.  But,  when  money 
is  paid  for  that  which  is  worthless,  it  is  unquestionably  waste ;  and 
if  it  be  paid  for  what  produces  evil,  then  by  the  extent  of  the  evil 
produced,  the  expenditure  is  so  much  worse  than  waste;  and 
therefore,  if  we  would  arrive  at  the  true  facts  touching  the  economic 
influences  of  the  drink  expenditure,  we  must  add  the  evils  result- 
ing from  our  drinking  customs  to  the  total  of  the  money  spent 
upon  the  drink. 

As  every  one  knows,  during  the  past  seven  or  eight  years  the 
trade  of  this  country  has  on  the  whole  been  very  depressed ;  there 
has  always  been  a  glut  of  goods  in  the  market.  From  what  cause 
has  this  glut  occurred  ?  As  the  Economist  newspaper  remarked 
sonie  years  ago,  it  can  only  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that  "  the 
means  of  consumers  from  some  cause  has  been  lessened."  What  is 
it  that  has  lessened  the  means  of  consumers  ?  There  are  many 
causes  that  do  this,  for  waste  of  any  kind  does  it,  and  so  has  an 
injurious  effect  upon  trade.  But  the  drink  expenditure  is  pre- 
eminently the  caus3  which  has  reduced  the  means  of  consumers. 
An  average  of  £135,000,000  spent  directly  on  drink  each  year  for 


42         THE  ECONOMICS  OF  TEMPERANCE. 

ten  years,  and  at  least  another  £100,000,000  lost  yearly,  because  of 
the  mischief  caused  by  the  first  expenditure,  makes  a  total  of 
^235,000,000,  and  if  we  deduct  the  odd  £35,000,000,  as  a  set-off 
for  what  goes  to  the  revenue,  it  still  leaves  £200,000,000  as  lost  to 
the  nation,  an  amount  very  nearly  equal  to  the  total  of  our  foreign 
trade. 

Let  me  give  an  illustration  as  to  how  this  waste  affects  trade. 
I  will  take  the  illustration  from  the  cotton  trade.  The  value  of 
the  entire  cotton  manufactures  of  this  country  varies  from 
£90,000,0(K)  to  £100,000,000  yearly.  I  will  call  it  £96,000,000 ; 
of  this  seven-eighths  have  been  exported,  and  about  one-eigbth 
used  at  home ;  and  so,  whilst  we  have  sent  to  foreign  markets 
cotton  goods  to  the  value  of  from  £80,000,000  to  £85,000,000,  our 
home  consumption  of  them  has  only  been  from  £12,000,000  to 
£14,000,000  yearly,  whilst  our  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors 
has  been  £135,  being  £4  per  head  in  drink,  andaboat  8s  per  head 
in  cotton  goods. 

The  result  of  oUr  enormous  exports  to  foreign  markets  has  been 
to  produce  a  glut  in  those  markets  ;  and,  as  a  consequence,  a  con- 
tinued fall  of  prices,  which  has  made  the  cotton  trade  a  losing  tnde 
both  to  the  merchant  and  manufacturer.  Now,  if  one-tenth  of  the 
£135,000,000  spent  in  drink,  or  £13,500,000  more  had  gone  to  the 
cotton  trade,  it  would  have  doubled  the  home  trade  in  cotton 
goods,  that  is,  instead  of  using  one-eighth  of  our  production  at 
home,  we  e^hould  have  used  two-eighths  ;  and  instead  of  sending 
seven-eighths  abroad,  we  should  only  have  sent  six-eighths  ;  the 
glut  of  foreign  markets  would  thus  have  been  relieved,  and  the 
fall  in  prices  would  not  have  occurred,  and  so,  merchants  and 
manufacturers  would  have  made  a  profit  instead  of  sustaining  a 
loss.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  will  be  evident  that  the 
discussions  now  going  on  as  to  a  reduction  of  wages  would  never 
have  occurred. 

The  illustration  here  used  in  regard  to  cotton,  might  be  applied 
to  any  other  of  the  nation's  industries,  and  to  some  of  thenii 
especially  to  the  woollen  trade,  with  more  force  than  to  eotton, 
because  the  home  consumption  of  woollen  goods  is  much  greater 
than  of  cotton,  and  con^vY\\<iTv>\^^«K^^^^oC  money  will  affect 
woollen  allthemoieYo^wWVVj  V\\\«i<io\.\ftTu 


THE   ECONOMICS   OF   TEMPERANCE.  43 

The  (lifTerence  in  the  demand  for  goods  which  is  needed  in  order 
to  secure  a  steady,  good  trade,  as  compared  to  a  dull,  unprofitahle 
one,  is  very  small.  If,  for  instance,  the  merchant  finds  that  Uie 
production  of  cotton  goods  exceeds  the  demand  for  them  by,  say, 
only  1  per  cent.,  he  knows  that  it  largely  gives  to  him  the 
command  of  the  market.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  he  finds  that  the 
demand  for  cotton  goods  is  1  per  cent,  in  excess  of  the  supply, 
then  he  knows  that  the  manufacturer  can  command  the  market, 
and  is  thus  enabled,  not  only  to  maintain  his  prices,  but  to  demand 
higher  ones.  If,  then,  the  ;£i 35,000,000  spent  annually  in  drink 
during  the  last  ten  years,  or  even  j£  100,000,000  of  it,  had  gone  in 
the  purchase  of  manufactured  goods,  the  demand  for  these  goods, 
which  has  probably  been  some  5  per  cent,  below  the  supply, 
would  doubtless  have  risen  to  be  5  per  cent,  above  it,  and  instead 
of  the  dull,  dragging  demand,  and  the  losing  trade  which  there  has 
been,  the  demand  would  have  been  steady,  if  not  brisk,  and  there 
would  have  been  a  profitable  trade  to  all  concerned  ;  and,  at  the 
same  time,  we  should  have  been  relieved  from  the  heavy  taxes  and 
other  burdens  which  result  from  drinking. 

Time  will  not  permit  me  to  dwell  further  upon  the  commercial 
aspect  of  Temperance  Economics  ;  I  will  therefore  pass  from  it,  to 
notice  briefly  the  physical  and  moral  aspects  thereof. 

In  a  lecture  which  was  delivered  at  Binuingham  by  Dr.  Richard- 
son, on  February  15,  1875,  on  "Vitality  in  Men  and  Races,"  he 
observed  : — "  /  do  not  over-estimate  the  facts  when  I  say  that  if  such 
a  miracle  could  be  performed  in  Englandy  as  a  general  conversion  to 
Temperance,  the  vitality  of  the  nation  would  rise  one-third  in  value  ; 
and  this  without  any  reference  to  the  indirect  advantages  that  would 
of  necessity  follow. 

The  average  annual  death-rate  in  the  United  Kingdom  is  about 
700,000,  or  21-5  per  1,000  of  the  population.  If  this  be  so,  then 
it  follows  that  there  are  about  233,000  deaths  yearly  which  directly 
or  indirectly  are  caused  by  the  drinking  customs  of  the  country. 

If  we  come  to  examine  actual  statistics  we  find  that  the  opinion 
expressed  by  Dr.  Richardson  is  fully  sustained  by  facts. 

For  example,  if  we  take  the  Temperance  Provident  Institution, 
from  statistics  which  were  given  at  the  British  Association,  South* 
port,  and  quoted  by  Dm  Carpenter  at  Oxford,  I  find  that  in  the 


44  THE    ECONOMICS    OF   TEMPERANCE. 

Temperance  Provident  Institution,  of  2,644  deaths  which  ought  to 
have  occurred  during  the  last  seventeen  years,  taking  the  oidinaij 
rates  of  mortality  as  the  basis,  there  occurred  only  1,861,  orneaily 
30  per  cent,  fewer  than  in  the  insurance  societies  where  people  do 
not  abstain. 

Dr.  Carpenter,  in  his  address  at  Oxford,  gives  a  compaivon  of 
the  sickness  in  the  town  and  vicinity  of  Bradford,  in  the  orders  of 
Kechabites  and  Oddfellows.  Among  the  Rechabites  the  annual 
sickness  per  member  was  4  days  2  hours,  whilst  among  the 
Oddfellows  it  was  13  days  10  hours.  The  deaths  among  the 
Kechabites  were  1  in  141,  whilst  among  the  Oddfellows  they 
were  1  in  44. 

From  a  paper  by  Dr.  Thornley,  Medical  Ofl&cer  of  Health  for 
one  portion  of  the  Bolton  Union,  I  find  that  the  death-rate  of  the 
Rechabites  in  the  Bolton  District,  for  an  average  of  ten  years,  was 
13  per  1,000  per  annum  ;  whilst  the  Oddfellows  in  the  Blackboni 
District  died  at  the  rate  of  19  per  1,000.  If  time  allowed,  these 
facts  might  very  largely  be  extended. 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  statistics  which  I  have  given  refer 
only  to  the  best  class  of  lives  among  the  masses  of  our  population ; 
drunkards  snd  drunkards*  children,  whose  lives  are  so  deplorably 
shortened,  are  not  included  ;  if  they  were,  Dr.  Richardson's  esti- 
mate would  be  fully  bom  out  by  the  painful  facts  which  would  need 
to  be  recorded. 

In  a  paper  which  was  read  by  Dr.  AVatts,  in  connection  with  the 
health  lectures  in  this  city,  during  the  winter  of  1878-9,  he  shows 
that  every  day's  sickness  of  the  population  of  Manchester  cost  the 
city  the  sum  of  /24,182.  He  states  that  the  average  sickness  of  the 
whole  country  is  17^  days  ;  whilst,  as  we  have  seen,  among  the 
Oddfellows  it  is  13  days  10  hours,  as  against  4  days  6  hours  in  the 
Rechabites.  If  these  9  days  4  hours  of  sickness  could  be  saved  to 
Manchester,  it  would  add  to  the  w^ealth  of  Manchester,  according  to 
the  computation  of  Dr.  Watts,  some  £222,000  per  annum,  and  if  it 
could  be  saved  to  the  United  Kingdom,  it  would  give  about 
£17,000,000  per  annum. 

But  the  physical  injury  done  to  the  population  is  not  to  be 
measured  merely  by  the  number  of  deaths,  and  the  days  of  tkk- 
Uesa  which  reauVt.     Iw  ^wjx^  <iWA\:\\.Ni.^^sii.  Vd:^^ 


THB  ECONOMICS  OF  TEMPERANCE.         45 

there  is,  to  the  extent  of  the  enfeeblement,  a  subtraction  from  the 
earn  total  of  power;  in  all  of  which  there  is  a  constant  loss. 
Many  a  man  and  woman  would  be  able  to  do  double  the  work 
they  do,  were  it  not  that  their  constitutions  are  enfeebled;  they 
are  not  laid  aside  by  sickness,  may  be,  more  than  the  thirteen 
days  ten  hours  yearly;  but  during  the  remaining  351  days  of  the 
year,  they  are  below  par,  and  not  able  to  take  one  person's  share 
of  the  world's  work.  The  difference  between  what  they  do,  and 
what  they  ought  to  do,  represents  the  loss  which  the  nation  suffers 
from  this  cause,  and  if  it  be  added  to  the  loss  from  actual  sick- 
ness and  from  death,  it  will  give  an  enormous  sum  as  lieing  by 
these  causes  subtracted  from  the  wealth  of  the  nation  owing  to  the 
evils  which  our  drinking  habits  entail  upon  the  physical  health 
of  our  population. 

Passing  from  the  physical  to  the  moral  aspect  of  the  Economics 
of  Temperance,  the  case,  to  the  mind  of  the  Christian  man, 
assumes  a  still  more  painful  aspect.  If  it  be  ''righteousness 
which  exalteth  a  nation,"  then,  to  attain  this  righteousness,  the 
nation  should  be  willing  largely  to  sacrifice  of  its  material  wealth 
in  order  to  attain  its  chief  good;  but  what  do  we  do?  As  a 
nation  we  pay  or  sacrifice  over  £200,000,000  of  wealth,  and  along 
with  the  j£200,000,000  sacrifice  to  an  enormous  extent  the 
physical  and  social  well-being  of  large  masses  of  our  population; 
and  what  do  we  get  in  return?  Is  it  the  righteousness  which 
exalteth  a  nation?  Alas,  no!  It  is  the  reproach  which  attaches 
to  vice,  misery,  and  degradation,  which  exist  to  a  degree  that  appals 
every  thoughtful  mind;  whilst  the  labours  of  the  social  reformer,, 
and  of  the  Christian  worker,  are  to  a  great  extent  occupied  in 
warning  against  the  evils  thus  created.  Christian  and  Moral 
Keformei's,  instead  of  making  headway  in  social,  moral,  and 
religious  progress,  often  find  it  hard  work  to  hold  their  ground. 
They  toil  hard,  but  their  toil  has  always  to  be  directed  not  to 
leading  forward  the  forces  of  progress,  but  to  withstanding  the 
forces  of  evil;  yes,  and  sad  to  say,  the  forces  of  evil  against  which 
they  have  to  contend  are  such  as  are  created  by  the  Government 
of  the  country,  whose  duty  it  is  to  legislate,  to  make  it  easy  to  do 
right,  and  difficult  to  do  wrong. 

In  the  reading  of  Old  Testament  History,  there  is  often  a 


^6  THE   ECONOMICS   OF   TEMPERANCE. 


reference  to  one  ruler,  and  it  is  invariably  associated  with  circnm- 
stances  which  have  brought  infamy  upon  his  name.  It  is  said  of 
Jeroboam,  the  son  of  Nebat,  that  he  made  Israel  to  sin.  Did  he 
make  them  to  sin  by  compelling  them  to  sin  ?  No ;  he  established 
groves,  and  set  up  idols,  which  became  temptations  to  the  people, 
and  so  lured  them  into  idohitry.  May  it  not  be  said  of  onr 
mlers,  that  they  make  the  British  people  to  sin  ;  not  by  patting 
temptations  to  the  worship  of  Baal  in  the  way,  but  temptations 
to  the  worship  of  Bacchus  ;  and  so  luring  them  into  habits  of 
drunkenness.  Will  not  then  the  guilt  of  Jeroboam  attach  to 
them  ?  and  will  it  not  attach  also  to  the  Christian  Church,  if  it 
neglects  to  lift  its  voice  in  earnest  protest  against  the  national 
sin. 

One  word  more,  when  we  consider  the  fearful  economic  losses 
which  result  to  the  material  resources  of  the  nation  from  habits 
of  intemperance ;  and  when  we  see  also  the  economic  losses  which 
arise  from  the  physical  evils  which  result  from  drinking ;  and 
when  further,  we  see  to  what  an  extent  habits  of  drinking 
neutralise  all  efforts  of  good,  and  so  cause  a  waste  of  the  monl 
and  religious  efforts  which  the  Church  puts  forth  ;  we  shall  be 
overwhelmingly  impressed  with  the  vast  importance  of  the 
economics  of  the  Temperance  Reformation,  and  of  the  obligation 
resting  upon  all  earnestly  to  strive  to  bring  the  habits  of  Societji 
both  individually  and  legislatively,  into  harmony  with  those  tme 
economic  laws,  which  when  obeyed  will  always  contribute  to  the 
material,  physical,  and  moral  well-being  of  the  nation.  * 


*  Mr.  Hoyle  has  recently  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled  **  ProbltoBe 
to  Solve :  Social,  Politioal,  and  Economic,"  an  address  delivered  undflr 
the  am  pices  of  the  Birmingham  Liberal  Association  ;  also  "  Bemediee 
for  the  PoTerty,  Degradation,  and  Misery  which  Exist : "  three  lett«t 
to  the  Editor  of  The  Times. 


LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS.  47 


LEGISLATION  FOR  HABITUAL  DRUNKARDS  * 

IS   IT    DESIRABLE    TO    AMEND    Oft    EXTEND    THE    HABITUAL 
DRUNKARDS  ACT  ?  AND,  IF  SO,  IN  WHAT  DIRECTION  ? 

Bt  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S., 

Somorarf  ConnUimg  Pkjfiieian  to  tk*  DalrgmpU  HotMfor  iMhriaUi  ;  H9norarf 
8ter$tart  Habitual  Drunkards  Legislation  Society, 

The  movement  on  behalf  of  le^slation  for  habltnal  drunkards 
appears  to  have  been  first  proposed  in  this  country  in  1839,  in 
his  popular  prize  essay  "  Bacchus,"  by  my  friend  the  veteran 
reformer,  Dr.  R.  B.  Grindrod.  This  clear-headed  and  far-seeing 
pioneer  of  temperance  then  recognised  what  some  fashionable 
temperance  reformers  nowadays  seem  to  be  in  total  ignorance 
of —the  physical  aspect  of  intemperance,  and  the  diseased  con- 
dition of  the  confirmed  inebriate. 

Favoured  by  an  approving  reference  in  the  Report  of  the 
Scottish  Lunacy  Commissioner  in  1857,  important  papers  by 
Sir  Robert  Christison  and  Drs.  Peddie  and  Bodington  in  1868, 
and  by  other  influential  testimonies,  the  necessity  for  legislation 
for  such  diseased  inebriates  gradually  became  apparent  to  intelli- 
gent medical  men  and  social  reformers,  till  Dr.  Dalrymple,  M.P., 
brought  his  first  Bill  before  the  House  of  Commons,  in  1870, 
and,  following  on  valuable  evidence  before  a  Select  Committee, 
in  1872  his  second  Bill.  After  his  deeply  lamented  death  the 
work  was  carried  on  by  a  joint  Committee  of  the  Social  Science 
and  British  Medical  Associations,  since  merged  into  a  special 
association  for  the  promotion  of  legislation  for  the  control  and 
cure  of  habitual  drunkards,  and  notably  by  the  late  devoted 
Stephen  Alford.  The  latter  association  drafted  a  Bill  which 
was  taken  charge  of  by  Dr.  Cameron,  M.P.,  and  Earl  Shaftesbury, 
in  the  Houses  of  Commons  and  Lords  respectively. 

Dr.  Dalrymple's  original  Bill  provided  for  the  admission  into 
retreats  of  habitual  drunkards. 

*  Bead  in  the  Health  Department,  Social  Soienoe  OongreM,  Hadders* 
deld,  October  8tb,  1883. 


48  LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS. 

(1)  Voluntary — simply  on  their  own  written  request  that  they 
were  such,  and  that  they  desired  to  be  admitted. 

(2)  Compulsory — on  the  request  of  a  near  relation,  friend,  or 
guardian,  or  on  the  certificate  of  two  duly  qualified  medical 
practitioners,  and  the  affidavit  or  declaration  of  some  credible 
witness.  The  Bill  also  provided  for  the  establishment  of 
inebriate  reformatories,  or  sanctuaries,  or  refuges,  and  for  the 
maintenance  of  habitual  drunkards  therein,  to  be  charged  oa 
the  rates ;  for  the  appropriation  by  boards  of  guardians  of  a 
special  place  for  habitual  drunkards ;  for  the  committal  of  a 
pauper  habitual  drunkard  to  a  retreat  on  the  production  of 
two  medical  certificates  for  a  limited  period  ;  and  for  the  com- 
mittal, without  certificate,  of  any  person  convicted  of  drunken- 
ness three  times  within  six  months. 

The  Bill  introduced  by  Dr.  Cameron  in  1877  was  much  on 
the  same  lines,  but  leaving  it  to  a  jury  instead  of  a  magistrate 
to  decide  whether  any  person,  for  whose  compulsory  committal 
to  a  retreat  application  was  made,  was  an  habitual  drunkard ; 
and  with  the  additional  proviso  that  any  one  without  lawful 
authority  taking  into  a  retreat,  or  giving  to  any  person  detained 
therein,  any  intoxicating  liquor,  or  sedative  or  stimulant  dmg^ 
should  be  deemed  guilty  of  an  offence  against  the  Act. 

The  opposition  to  most  of  these  proposals  was  so  resolute 
that  the  sponsors  of  the  Bill,  in  order  to  ensure  its  passage, 
were  compelled  to  withdraw  many  of  them.  The  final  issue,  &r 
which  great  praise  for  their  tact  and  perseverance  is  due  to  Lord 
Shaftesbury  and  Dr.  Cameron,  was  the  enactment  of  the  Habitual 
Drunkard's  Act,  1879,  a  measure  far  short  of  what  the  friends 
of  habitual  drunkard  legislation  asked  for,  but  still  of  the  highetfc 
importance  as  the  affirmation  of  a  principle. 

The  Act  defines  an  "  habitual  drunkard "  a^  "  a  person  who^ 
not  being  amenable  to  any  jurisdiction  in  lunacy,  is  notwitli- 
standing,  by  reason  of  habitual  intemperate  drinking  of  intoxi- 
cating liquor,  at  times  dangerous  to  himself  or  herself  or  to 
others,  or  is  incapable  of  managing  himself  or  herself,  and  his  oar 
her  affairs." 

JBy  the  provisions  of  the  Act,  an  habitual  drunkard  maj.  be 
admitted  into  a  retr^l  M<ifcuawiL\i^  V>EiSi  Xq^^^Jl  vqs^^y^^^v^  ii)uAk 


LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS.  49 

letreat  is  attached  a  qualified  medical  practitioner,  on  the 
production  of  a  statutory  declaration  by  two  persons  that  the 
applicant  13  an  habitual  drunkard,  and  on  his  own  application 
for  admission  for  any  period  not  exceeding  twelve  months,  which 
application  mu'it  be  attested  by  two  justices  who  shall  have  satis- 
fied themselves  that  he  is  an  habitual  drunkard,  and  has  under- 
stood the  effect  of  his  application  for  admission  and  reception. 
The  applicant,  once  so  admitted,  unless  discharged  or  legally 
authorised  by  license,  is  not  at  liberty  to  leave  the  retreat  until 
the  expiry  of  the  term  for  which  he  has  signed  away  his  liberty. 
If  he  escape,  a  warrant  may  be  issued  for  his  recapture.  ^  The 
introduction  into  a  retreat,  and  the  supplying  to  any  inmate 
detained  therein,  of  any  kind  of  intoxicating  liquor,  or  sedative 
narcotic,  or  stimulant  drug  or  preparation,  without  the  authority 
of  the  licensee  or  medical  officer,  is  prohibited. 

Ample  and  effectual  prevention  of  any  Abuse  of  the  powers 
Tinder  the  Act  is  secured  by  the  licensee  having  to  report  all 
admissions,  offences,  discharges,  leaves  of  absence,  escapes,  &c., 
of  patients,  by  visitation  by  a  Government  inspector,  and  by 
power  to  a  judge  to  order  a  special  inquiry. 

The  Act,  unless  renewed,  will  expire  in  1889.  Imperfect  and 
incomplete  as  it  is,  it  has  not  had  a  fair  trial.^  As  the  period 
during  which  the  Act  was  to  be  in  operation  was  too  short  to 
warrant  the  outlay  of  capital  as  a  commercial  venture,  only  a 
few  licenses  for  retreats  have  been  applied  for.  The  Inspector 
of  lUtreats,  Dr.  Hoffman,  in  his  last  published  report,  stated  that 
but  two  licensed  retreats  were  then  open  for  the  reception  of 
patients. 

It  has,  therefore,  been  felt  that  an  effort  should  be  made  to 
establibh  an  inebriate  institution,  from  which  none  of  the  friends 
or  promoters  could  derive  any  profit.  Accordingly,  the  Dairy mple 
Home  Association  was  formed,  with  Lord  Shaftesbury  as  Presi- 
dent, and  this  association  has  purchased  a  commodious  house 
with  four  and  a  half  acres  of  grounds  at  Rickmansworth.  This 
retreat  has  been  licensed  under  the  Act,  and  is  now  open  with  a 
number  of  patients  under  the  Act,  the  sanitary  arrangements 
having  been  thoroughly  reconstructed  under  the  experienced 
guidance  of  the  honorary  architect,  Mr.  H.  H.  Collins.    It  is 


50  LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS. 


designed,  if  sufficient  funds  be  forthcomings  to  be  a  philanthropic 
institution  conducted  without  profit  and  with  the  utmost  publi- 
city, in  order  that  the  Habitual  Drunkards  Act  may  have  an 
open,  disinterested,  and  fair  trial. 

The  Inspector  of  Retreats,  Dr.  Hoffman,  in  his  Report  for  1881, 
stated  that  ''such  an  institution,  charging  moderate  fees,  standing 
in  extensive  grounds  in  a  healthy  situation,  under  the  eare  of  an 
experienced  medical  man  with  an  independent  remuneration,  is, 
in  my  opinion,  much  needed.''  Speaking  of  the  Dalrympls 
Home,  the  inspector,  in  his  Report  for  1882,  says,  *'  An  examina- 
tion of  its  programme  leads  me  to  think  that  it  is  a  well-directed 
effort  to  give  the  provisions  of  the  Act  a  fair  trial  under  principles 
mentioned  in  my  last  report,  and  under  circumstances  which  seem 
to  promise  success.'' 

The  very  limited  number  of  habitual  drunkards  whom  Dr. 
Hoffman  reports  as  laving  availed  themselves  of  the  Act,  and 
who  have  formed  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  inmates  of  the 
licensed  retreats,  prove  the  Act  thus  far  practically  to  have  been 
almost  a  dead  letter. 

Even  if  the  Dalrymple  Inebriate  Home  should  have  all  the 
success  its  most  sanguine  supporters  wish,  a  full  measure  of 
success,  under  the  conditions  of  present  legislation,  cannot  be 
anticipated.  It  ought  to  be  noted  that  the  inspector  reports  some 
of  the  cases  visited  by  him  as  having  much  improved. 

We  have  thus  seen  that  there  are  three  kinds  of  defects  in  the 
existing  state  of  the  law ;  one  relating  to  the^liceQse^  of  retreats, 
another  to  the  patients,  and  a  third  to  the  friends  of  habitnil 
drunkards  and  to  the  community. 

It  may  be  useful  here  to  refer  to  the  United  States. 

In  the  State  of  New  York  there  are  three  modes  of  adnusuon 
into  an  inebriate  retreat.  1.  The  inebriate  may  enter  Tolontarilj, 
with  the  consent  of  the  committee,  they  having  power  to  detain 
him  for  any  period  not  exceeding  six  months,  2.  The  neaiett 
relatives  or  friends  may  take  action  before  any  Jostiee  of  tlie 
Peace  having  jurisdiction  in  the  district  where  the  inebriate 
resides.  This  summary  procedure,  where  there  is  no  property  ■! 
stake,  is  the  quicke^l  Qjnd.\e«A\.  ^^^\sav7«.  3.  The  nearest  relalifM 
or  friends  may  apply  V«  V^i^  wvmdXi  wsva\»^  wXa^ 


LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS.  5 1 

on  the  exhibition  of  a  medical  certificate  to  the  effect  that  the 
person  is  not  suffering  from  delirium  tremens,  and  is  free  from 
disease  other  than  arising  from  intoxicating  drink.  There  most 
be  produced  an  agreement  from  an  inebriate  home  to  receive  the 
patient,  and  the  period  of  duration  may  be  any  period  not 
exceeding  one  year. 

In  the  British  colony  of  Victoria  during  the  year  1881,  while 
36  drunkards  were  admitted  into  the  Melbourne  Retreat  for 
Inebriates  on  their  own  request,  8  were  compulsorily  sent  in. 

In  the  Inebriates  Home  at  Fort  Hamilton,  New  York,  in  1881, 
there  were  altogether  518  patients,  of  whom  195  were  at  the  latest 
accounts  doing  well,  131  remaining  in  the  Home.  Of  GOO  admis- 
sions into  this  institution,  406  had  been  voluntary  and  194 
involuntary. 

L — AS  REGARDS  THE  LICENSEES. 

The  brief  term  during  which  the  present  Act  was  to  be  in 
operation  has  proved  a  barrier  to  the  investment  of  capital  on  any 
large  scale  as  a  business  enterprise.  It  could  not  be  expected  that 
any  one  would  sink  an  amount  of  money  adequate  to  securing 
extensive  grounds,  in  addition  to  a  large  house,  as,  in  the  event 
of  the  lapsing  of  the  Act  in  1889,  the  outlaid  capital  would  be 
lost.  What  a  contrast  to  the  state  of  matters  in  America,  where, 
owing  to  the  permanence  of  the  law,  capital  has  been  confidently 
invested  in  inebriate  reformatories,  some  of  which  can  receive 
hundreds  of  cases  in  a  year,  with  such  an  influence  on  public 
opinion,  from  the  unmistakable  benefit  from  treatment  in  the 
best  conducted  of  these  establishments,  that  they  hold  a  high 
place  in  popular  estimation.  In  fact,  persons  in  all  conditions  of 
life,  doctors,  lawyers,  clergymen,  editors,  and  others,  who  are  the 
subjects  of  an  inherited  or  acquired  predisposition  to  alcoholic 
excess,  at  once  seek  the  shelter,  protection,  and  care  of  such  an 
institution,  when  they  feel  the  premonitory  symptoms  which 
bitter  experience  has  taught  them  indicate  an  approaching 
paroxysm.  To  meet  this  serious  defect  in  the  Act — its  short-lived 
existence — the  only  effectual  remedy  would  be  the  enactment  of  a 
permanent  instead  of  a  temporary  measure. 


52  LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS. 

II. — AS  REGARDS  THE  PATIEKT8. 

Hindrances  to  Voluntary  Admission. — The  voluntary  admission 
of  an  habitual  drunkard  into  a  retreat  is,  under  the  present  system, 
made  very  difficult  and  irksome.  Confirmed  inebriates,  from 
the  diseased  condition  of  the  brain  and  nervous  centres,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  frequent  collapse  of  their  purely  bodily  energy,  are 
very  often  so  utterly  broken  down  in  morale,  and  so  shorn  of 
will-power,  that  they  are  insensible  as  a  rule  to  appeals  to  their 
manhood  and  self-respect.  They  seem  in  general  dead  to  all  the 
nobler  impulses  of  humankind.  In  this  demoralised  and  appa- 
rently hopeless  prostration  of  brain,  mind,  and  moraL^,  it  is  an 
arduous  tack  to  get  them  to  realise  their  diseased  state,  and  their 
utter  inability,  to  tamper  with  intoxicating  liquor  in  any  form 
and  in  any  circumstances.  You  succeed,  however,  in  a  happy 
moment.  The  victim  sees  his  condition  clearly,  with  the  urgent 
call  for  treatment  in  a  retreat  and  seclusion  for  a  time,  and  he 
consents  to  go  under  the  Act  and  surrender  his  liberty.  He 
cannot  do  so  till,  on  the  production  of  the  statutory  declaration 
of  two  persons  that  he  is  a  confirmed  drunkard,  two  magistrates 
have  been  found  in  whose  presence  he  has  to  declare  himself  an 
habitual  drunkard.  You  might  with  some  little  trouble  find  one 
magistrate,  but  to  find  two  is  not  unseldom  by  no  means  easy  of 
accomplishment.  Appointment  after  appointment  may  be  made, 
aye,  has  been  made,  till  after  repeated  disappointments  the  flicker- 
ing effort  of  the  shifty  dipsomaniac  has  become  fainter  and  fainter, 
till  it  has  died  away  altogether,  and  an  excellent  opportunity  for 
a  trial  of  the  Act  and  of  firm  curative  treatment  has  been  lost 
This  has  occurred  with  males.  How  much  more  powerfully  will 
the  having  to  undergo  a  similar  ordeal  operate  to  deter  femalet 
from  applying  to  be  placed  under  the  compulsory  detention 
provisions  of  the  Act ! 

This  grave  obstacle  to  the  voluntary  admission  of  the  habitnal 
drunkard  into  a  retreat  must  be  removed,  or  at  all  events  dimi- 
nished, if  any  considerable  number  of  inebriates  are  to  have  a 
fair  opportunity  of  placing  themselves  in  a  retreat  in  cixenni^ 
stances  favourable  to  a  cure.  Why  should  not  the  confinncd 
drunkard  be  adm\tUd,m\.\i  ot  mthout  a  medical  or  other  ew- 
tificate,  on  hia  own  wtvUwi  coiA^^iViTL  ^QQaX\i<^Nik  v^\i&iftML 


LEGISLATION   FOR    HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS.  S3 

dronkard;  and  on  his  own  written  request  that  he  be  taken  care 
of  and  treated  ?  Efficient  inspection  would  be  a  bar  to  improper 
detention. 

If  this  be  deemed  too  easy  an  entrance  into  an  inebriate  home 
(though  for  my  part  1  fail  to  see  how  voluntary  admission  can  be 
too  simple  and  easy,  a?  every  inducement  ought  to  be  held  out  to 
the  habitual  drunkard  to  give  himself  up  to  protective  and  curative 
influences),  the  presence  of  two  magistrates  ought  to  be  dispensed 
with,  and  a  declaration  before  one  magistrate  be  sufficient. 
Though  appearance  before  even  one  justice  is  formidable  enough 
to  repel  most  female  inebriates,  this  would  not  deter  so  many 
applicants  as  appearance  before  two  justices  does  at  present.  To 
this  proposal  I  do  not  see  how  there  can  be  any  reasonable  objec- 
tion, as  it  is  in  the  power  of  one  magistrate  now  to  commit  a 
person  of  unsound  mind  to  a  lunatic  asylum,  a  much  more 
delicate  and  responsible  office  than  simply  attesting  the  desire 
of  an  inebriate  to  voluntarily  surrender  his  liberty  for  a  time, 
in  the  hope  of  temporary  or  permanent  benefit. 

Prohibition  of  the  Supply  of  Liquor  to  Patients. — It  would  be 
an  enormous  advantage  if  there  were  a  provision  whereby  any 
neighbouring  publican,  who  had  been  made  aware  that  certain 
patients  were  under  the  Act,  would  be  guilty  of  an  offence 
against  the  Act  if  he  supplied  such  patients  with  intoxicating 
drink.  At  present  a  patient  is  allowed  to  go  outside  the  retreat 
only  at  considerable  risk  from  the  abounding  temptations  on 
every  hand. 

III. — AS  REGARDS  THE  HABITUAL  DRUNKARD'S   FRIENDS  AND 

THE  C0MMUNIT7. 

At  present  the  habitual  drunkard,  in  the  impossible  endeavour 
to  satisfy  his  irrepressible  craving  for  strong  drink,  may  drag  his 
vife  and  family  to  beggary,  and  may  wring  th^ir  hearts  with  a 
sorrow  the  depth  of  which  must  for  ever  remain  untold  ;  and  if 
only  he  takes  care  to  be  guilty  of  no  overt  criminal  act,  he  is 
allowed  to  scatter  hunger  and  desolation  at  his  pleasure.  Ruined* 
disgraced,  and  dishonoured  by  a  father^s  habitual  drunkenness, 
the  weary  wife  and  tortured  children  have  no  redress.  Ought 
this  to  be  ?    There  can  be  but  one  reply :  "  It  ought  nof 


5+ 


LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS. 


How  is  the  mischief  to  be  remedied  ?  By  penal  enactment  f 
Assuredly  not.  The  punishment  of  habitual  drunkenness  by  the 
law,  and  its  denuQciation  as  but  a  vice  and  a  sin  from  the  pulpit^ 
are  alike  futile.  Habitual  drunkenness  in  many  cases  is  a  true 
disease,  a  madness  for  strong  drink,  a  veritable  dipsomania.  In 
not  a  few  cases  the  inebriate  is  more  sinned  against  than  Mnning. 
He  may  have  an  inherited  alcoholic  taint,  an  irresistible  impul- 
sion to  excessive  indulgence  in  intoxicating  liquor,  once  the  blood 
has  felt  the  warm  provocative  glow  of  the  irritant  narcotie 
intoxicant.  Theorists,  whose  vision  is  limited  to  their  own 
circle,  whose  belief  is  based  on  preconceived  notions  without 
reference  to  facts,  whose  intellect  is  given  up  to  tradition,  and 
whose  judgment  is  surrendered  to  others,  may  deny  the  existence 
of  alcoholic  heredity ;  but  to  the  skilled  medical  eye  then  it 
stands  as  clearly  displayed  as  is  the  hereditary  taint  of  goat,  of 
scrofula,  or  of  insanity.  On  the  whole  system  of  the  subject  of 
this  inviolable  natural  law  are  stamped  a  susceptibility  to  the 
narcotic  influence  of  alcohol,  and  a  proclivity  to  its  intempente 
use,  which  last  through  life  itself,  and  which  may  truly  be  said 
to  combine,  in  the  words  of  the  poet,  to  form — 

"  A  wreathed  serpent,  wbo  does  ever  seek 
Upon  bis  enemy's  heart  a  mortal  wound  to  wreak." 

From  physical  causes  other  than  heredity,  habitual  drunken* 
ness  may  fasten  on  a  human  being  with  its — 

**  Strong  and  cold  and  iron  grip," 

Defective  nerve-power,  nervous  shock,  excessive  study,  neuiat- 
thenia  (exhaustion  of  the  nerves)  from  any  cause,  and  many 
other  physical  conditions,  may  set  up  such  a  state  of  brain  and 
nervous  centres,  and  such  a  derangement  of  the  intelleetnal 
and  moral  powers,  as  may  induce  habitual  drunkennesa  in  the 
previously  regular  and  moderate  drinker. 

The  gist  of  the  whole  matter  is  that  alcohol  is  an  irritalu^ 
narcotic  poison,  and  that  intoxicating  drinks  have  an  iiritant 
narcotic  poisoning  property.  The  majority  of  persons  are  not 
specially  susceptible  to  thia  i^ison^but  can  go  on  croditeb|j 
through  life,  steady)  cacc^l^^imSXft^  ^xvs^^c^  V»^«kT&a!&iata^Ua 


LEGISLATION    FOR    HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS.  55 

can  live  in  insanitary  conditions  without  ever  appearing  the 
worse  for  such  dangerous  surroundings.  But  there  are  those 
who  are  peculiarly  susceptible  to  alcohol,  as  there  are  those  who 
are  peculiarly  susceptible  to  sewage  poison.  Such  can  be  total 
abstainers  from  intoxicants,  or  can  driuk  to  intoxication,  but 
drinking  in  ''  moderation  "  is  an  impossibility  to  them.  Of  such 
material  are  habitual  drunkards  made.  Apart  altogether  from 
moral  or  religious  considerations,  they  are  afflicted  with  a  physical 
disease,  which  must  be  met  by  physical  remedies,  the  chief  of 
which  is  unconditional  total  abstinence  from  all  intoxicants  in 
all  circnmstances.  Even  when  life  itself  appears  involved,  the 
risk  inseparable  from  the  smallest  sip  of  an  intoxicating  liquor  is 
80  great,  that  the  experienced  and  judicious  physician  would 
administer  to  such  a  one  an  intoxicating  remedy  only  with  fear 
and  trembling. 

Besides  the  terrible  injury  he  inflicts  on  his  household,  the 
habitual  drunkard  works  much  mischief  to  the  community  in 
which  he  lives.  He  is  not  a  friend,  but  a  foe,  to  the  public  good. 
He  is  a  disturber  of  the  peace,  a  promoter  of  riot,  and  the  occa- 
sion of  a  large  proportion  of  the  criminal  and  reformatory 
expenditure  of  the  country.  He  is  also  a  standing  menace  to 
the  security  of  life.  Take  one  instance  of  the  wrong  he  does 
to  the  community.  In  some  extensive  workhouses  there  are 
paupers  who  have  been  regular  attenders  for  years.  They  go 
into  ''the  house'*  penniless  and  broken  down  after  a  debauch, 
and  as  soon  as  they  have  recovered  from  the  effects  of  their  excess 
and  have  been  set  on  their  feet  again,  they  take  their  discharge 
and  recommence  their  career  of  drink  and  unthrift  This  process 
of  wreck  and  despair  is  repeated  several  times  in  the  twelve 
months.  What  an  enormous  expense  is  thus  thrown  by  even 
one  such  habitual  offender  on  the  rates  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years  ! 

Is  it  just  that  this  course  of  outrage  and  wrong  on  the  family 
and  on  the  community  should  go  on  unchecked  ?  Common  sense 
replies,  **  No,  it  is  not  just."  How  can  it  be  stopped  ?  This 
could  be  done  by  the  removal,  on  the  part  of  the  State,  of  all 
temptations  to  drinking — in  other  words,  by  the  total  prohibition 
of  the  liquor  traffic.    Such  a  measure  thoroughly  enforced  would 


56  LEGISLATION    FOR    HABITUAL    DRUNKARDS. 

be  an  effectual  preventive  of  most  of  the  vagaries  and  misdeeds  of 
the  dipsomaniac.  I  have  seen  its  efficient  operation  in  the  State 
of  Maine,  and  ri^'ht  thankful  would  I  be  to  see  it  enacted  and 
enforced  in  the  United  Kingdom.  But  that  desirable  consum- 
mation is  not  yet,  nor  is  it  even,  notwithstanding  the  jubila- 
tion of  the  most  enthusiastic  of  abstainers,  within  measurable 
distance. 

Such  being  the  fact,  the  only  course  left  is  to  lay  hold  on  the 
drunkard.  He  is  a  public  nuisance  and  a  private  curse.  Lock 
him  up,  seclude  him  from  drink,  place  him  under  wise  curative 
and  hygienic  inflaenceB,  and  he  may  yet  become  an  orderly, 
sober,  and  useful  citizen.  It  ought  to  be  in  the  power  of  the 
injured  relatives,  or  of  any  one  interested  in  the  welfare  of  the 
habitual  drunkard,  to  apply  to  a  magistrate  to  commit  such  a 
person,  who  by  reason  of  his  habitually  intemperate  habits  u 
unfit  to  manage  his  own  affairs,  or  is  dangerous  to  himself  or 
others,  to  an  inebriate  home,  where  he  may  have  a  chance  of  being 
cured.  No  real  objection  to  this  power  can  be  based  on  "  the 
liberty  of  the  subject.''  The  class  of  persons  I  am  now  referring 
to  are  the  most  abject  on  earth,  bound  by  the  iron  chains  of 
habit,  and  grovelling  at  the  feet  of  their  implacable  narcotising 
tyrant. 

Not  the  most  wretched  victims  of  the  despotism  of  Eastern 

antiquity — 

'*  In  their  helpless  misery  blind, 

A  deeper  prison  and  heavier  chains  did  find. 

And  stronger  tyrants ;" 

and  the  only  liberty  they  enjoy  is  liberty  to  destroy  themselves 
and  to  annoy  others.  The  true  liberty  of  the  subject  can  easily 
be  safeguarded  ;  and  efficient  inspection  would  effectually  prevent 
any  abuse  of  the  powers  of  compulsory  committal  and  detention. 
With  reference  to  pauper  habitual  drunkards,  the  British 
Medical  Association  issued  two  circulars  to  Boards  of  Quardians, 
asking  their  opinion  as  to  whether  guardians  should  be  entrusted 
with  the  power  (if  they  chose  to  exercise  it)  of  paying  for  the 
detention  and  cure  of  habitual  drimkards  who  might  be  pauperis 
on  similar  conditioii&  lo  luualica  and  tho^e  having  special 
viz.,  of  detainiug  wic\i  '\i«^>^X^MJ^  'Ytts^smXs^,  «c^«t  Ytt.  ^^^ 


LEGISLATION   FOR   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS.  57 

house,  or  in  some  special  establishment  There  were  replies  in 
the  affirmative  from  forty-one  Boards,  and  in  the  negative  from 
ten. 

The  power  to  detain  habitaal  inebriate  paupers  for  a  definite 
period  would  be  of  inestimable  value  in  giving  them  the  chance 
of  reformation  and  cure,  a  chance  that  they  would  probably  have 
in  no  other  way,  and  their  cure  would  be  a  great  saving  to  the 
rates. 

As  the  industrial  classes  cannot  be  expected  to  pay  for  their 
food  and  treatment,  the  establishment  of  industrial  inebriate 
reformatories,  where  the  labour  might  be  remunerative,  is  much 
to  be  desired.  At  present,  however,  the  British  public  are  not 
convinced  of  the  value  of  inebriate  homes,  and  it  seems  hopeless 
meanwhile  to  ask  for  any  increased  charge  on  the  rates  for  an 
experimental  undertaking.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  cure  of  a 
few  typical  cases  at  the  Dalrymple  Home  will  show  the  value  of 
appropriate  treatment  so  clearly  that  there  may,  ere  long,  be 
provision  made  for  these  two  classes  of  inebriates. 

On  the  whole,  the  conclusion  to  which  we  seem  to  be  driven  is 
that  the  Habitual  Drunkards  Act  ought  to  be  made  permanent 
and  ought  to  be  amended  ;  and  that  the  amendment  ought  to  be 
in  the  direction  (1)  of  removing  the  present  hindrances  to 
voluntary  admission  into  a  retreat ;  (2)  of  diminishing  the  sur- 
rounding temptations  to  drinking ;  (3)  of  conferring  on  magis- 
trates the  power  to  commit  habitual  drunkards  to  retreats  ;  (4)  of 
empowering  guardians  to  detain  pauper  habitual  inebriates  for 
ameliorative  treatment.  By  some  such  amendments  the  Act, 
permanently  prolonged,  might  be  made  an  efficient  and  useful 
measure,  as  valuable  to  the  friends  and  to  the  community  at  large 
as  to  the  unfortunate  victims  whom  the  Act  was  designed  to  aid 
in  their  restoration  to  health  of  body,  strength  of  mind,  to  their 
families,  to  a  life  of  activity  and  usefulness  to  their  fellows,  and 
to  the  common  weal. 


58  THE   HABITUAL  DRUNKARDS  ACT,    X879. 


THE  HABITUAL  DRUNKARDS  ACT,  1879  * 

[42  &  43  Vict.,  Ch.  19.] 

An  Act  to  facilitate  the  control  and  cure  of  Habitual  Drufihudh 

Passed  3rd  July,  1879. 

Whereas  it  is  desirable  to  facilitate  the  control  and  care  of 
Habitual  Drunkards  : 

Be  it  therefore  enacted  by  the  Queen's  moat  Excellent  Majesty, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritoal  and 
Temporal,  and  Commons,  in  this  present  Pftrliament  aaaembled, 
and  by  authority  of  the  same,  as  follows  : 

1.  This  Act  may  be  cited  as  the  Habitual  Dmnkarda  Act,  1879. 

2.  This  Act  shall  commence  and  come  into  operation  on  the 
first  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty, 
and  shall  be  in  force  until  the  expiration  of  ten  years  from  the 
passing  thereof,  and  to  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  Parliament 

3.  In  this  Act — 

The  expression  "Secretary  of  State **  means  one  of  Her  Majesty's 

Principal  Secretaries  of  State. 
The  expression  "summary  conviction"  means  conTiction  before 

a  court  of  summary  jurisdiction. 
The  expression  "  Summary  Jurisdiction  Acta  "  means — 
(1.)  As  regards  England,  the  Act  of  the  session  of  the  eleventh 
and  twelfth  years  of  the  reign  of  Her  present  Majesty, 
chapter  forty-three,  intituled  ''An  Act  to  facilitate  the 
performance  of  the  duties  of  justices  of  the  peace  ont  of 
sessions  within  England  and  Wales,  with  respect  to  sum- 
mary convictions  and  orders,'*  and  any  Act  amending  the 
same  ;  and 
(2.)  As  regards  Scotland,  the  Summary  Procedure  Act,  1864 ;  and 


*  Namerons  appHcatioDs  being  constantly  made  for  speeifio  informa- 
tion concerning  this  Act,  it  has  been  deemed  desirable  to  reprint  it  entirib 
from  the  official  copy  issued  under  the  authority  of  both  Hooaca  of 
Parliament. 


THE    HABITUAL    DRUNKARDS    ACT,    1879.  59 

(3.)  As  regards  Ireland,  with  reference  to  any  matter  or  proceed- 
ing in  the  police  district  of  Dublin  metropolis,  the  Acts 
regulating  the  powers  and  duties  of  justices  of  the  peace 
for,  or  the  police  of,  such  district,  and  with  reference  to  any 
matter  or  proceeding  elsewhere  in  Ireland,  the  Petty  Ses- 
sions (Ireland)  Act,  1851,  and  the  Acts  amending  the  same. 
The  expression  "  court  of  summary  jurisdiction  "  means — 

(a)  As  regards  England  and  Ireland,  any  justice  or  justices  of  the 

peace  to  whom  jurisdiction  is  given  by  the  Summary 
Jurisdiction  Acts ;  provided  that  the  court,  when  hearing 
and  determining  an  information  or  complaint  under  this 
Act  shall  be  constituted  either  of  two  or  more  justices  of 
the  peace  in  petty  se;»sions  sitting  at  some  place  appointed 
for  holding  petty  sessions,  or  of  some  magistrate  or 
officer  sitting  alone  or  with  others  at  some  court  or  other 
place  appointed  for  the  administration  of  justice,  and  for 
the  time  being  empowered  by  law  to  do  alone  any  act 
authorised  to  be  done  by  more  than  one  justice  ;  and 

(b)  As  regards  Scotland  the  sheriff  or  his  substitute. 

'' Justice"  means  a  justice  or  justices  of  the  peace,  metropolitan 
police  magistrate,  stipendiary,  or  other  magistrate,  by  what- 
ever name  called,  having  jurisdiction,  under  the  Summary 
Jurisdiction  Acts,  in  the  place  where  the  matter  requiring 
the  cognizance  of  a  justice  aiises. 

^'  A  retreat ''  means  a  house  licensed  by  the  licensing  authority 
named  by  this  Act  for  the  reception,  control,  care,  and  cura- 
tive treatment  of  habitual  drunkards. 

"Habitual  drunkard*'  means  a  person  who,  not  being  amenable 
to  any  jurisdiction  in  lunacy,  is  notwithstanding,  by  reason 
of  habitual  intemperate  drinking  of  intoxicating  liquors,  at 
times  dangerous  to  himself,  or  herself,  or  to  others,  or  inca- 
pable of  managing  himself  or  herself,  and  his  or  her  affairs. 

4.  The  schedules  to  this  Act,  with  the  notes  and  directions 
therein,  shall  have  effect  as  part  of  this  Act ;  and  the  rules  con- 
tained in  those  schedules,  and  the  forms  therein  given,  or  forms 
to  the  like  effect,  shall  be  observed,  with  such  variations  as  cir- 
cumstances require,  by  the  persons  for  the  purposes,  and  in  the 


6o  THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS  ACT,    1879. 

manner  therein  indicated ;  but  no  instrument  made  in  execudon 
or  intended  execution  of  this  Act  shall  be  invalidated  for  defect 
in  form  only. 

6.  The  several  bodies  and  ofKcers  mentioned  in  the  second  and 
third  columns  respectively  of  the  First  Schedule  to  this  Act  shall 
be  the  local  authority  and  clerk  of  the  local  authority  respectively 
under  this  Act,  in  reference  to  the  several  corresponding  districts 
mentioned  in  the  first  column  of  the  said  Schedule. 

6.  The  local  authority  may,  subject  to  any  conditions  which 
such  local  authority  shall  deem  fit,  grant  to  any  person,  or  to  two 
or  more  persons  jointly,  a  license  for  any  period  not  exceeding 
thirteen  months  to  keep  a  retreat ;  and  may,  from  time  to  time, 
revoke  or  renew  such  license.  The  application  for  such  license 
shall  be  in  the  Form  No.  1  in  the  Second  Schedule  hereto,  or  to 
the  like  effect.  The  license  shall  be  in  the  Form  No.  2  in  the 
same  Schedule,  or  to  the  like  effect.  One  at  least  of  the  persons 
to  whom  a  license  is  granted  shall  reside  in  the  retreat  and  be 
responsible  for  its  management  A  duly  qualified  medical  man 
shall  be  employed  as  medical  attendant  of  such  retreat,  provided 
that  when  the  name  of  the  licensee  shall  be  on  the  Medical 
Register  he  may  himself  act  as  such  medical  attendant. 

7.  No  license  shall  be  given  to  any  person  who  is  licensed  to 
keep  a  house  for  the  reception  of  lunatics. 

8.  If  the  licensee  of  any  retreat  becomes  incapable,  from  sicknen 
or  otherwise,  of  keeping  such  retreat,  dies,  or  becomes  bankrupt, 
or  has  his  affairs  liquidated  by  arrangement,  or  becomes  mentally 
incapable  or  otherwise  disabled,  the  local  authority,  by  writing 
under  their  hands,  indorsed  on  the  license,  may  transfer  the 
license  to  another  person,  if  the  local  authority,  in  its  d&Bcretion, 
shall  think  fit. 

9.  If  any  retreat  becomes  unfit  for  the  habitation  of  the  peraons 
detained  therein  under  this  Act,  or  otherwise  unsuitable  for  its 
purpose,  the  local  authority  or  the  Inspector  of  Retreats  appointed 
under  this  Act  shall  order  their  dischaige  from  such  retreat  en 
a  day  to  be  mentioned  in  the  order.  Such  order  shall  be  signed 
by  the  clerk  of  tlie  local  authority  or  by  the  inspector,  as  the 
may  be. 


THE  HABITUAL    DRUNKARDS    ACT,    1879.  61 

The  licensee  of  the  retreat  from  which  such  persons  or  person 
are  to  be  so  removed  shall,  with  all  practicable  speed,  send  by 
post  a  copy  of  such  order  to  the  person  by  whom  the  last  payment 
for  each  person  so  to  be  removed  from  the  retreat  was  made,  or 
-one  at  least  of  the  persons  who  signed  the  statutory  declaration 
under  section  ten  of  this  Act. 

10.  Any  habitual  drunkard  desirous  of  being  admitted  into  a 
retreat  may  make  application  in  writing  to  the  licensee  of  a  retreat 
for  admission  into  such  retreat,  and  such  application  shall  be  in 
the  Form  No.  3  in  the  Second  Schedule  hereto,  and  shall  state 
the  time  during  which  such  applicant  undertakes  to  remain  in 
such  retreat.  Such  application  shall  be  accompanied  by  the 
statutory  declaration  of  two  persons  to  the  e£fect  that  the  applicant 
is  an  habitual  drunkard  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act. 

The  signature  of  the  applicant  to  such  application  shall  be 
attested  by  two  justices  of  the  peace,  and  such  justices  shall  not 
attest  the  signature  unless  they  have  satisfied  themselves  that  the 
applicant  is  an  habitual  drunkard  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act, 
and  have  explained  to  him  the  effect  of  his  application  for  admis- 
sion into  a  retreat  and  his  reception  therein,  and  such  justices 
shall  state  in  writing,  and  as  a  part  of  such  attestation,  that  the 
applicant  understood  the  effect  of  his  application  for  admission 
and  his  reception  into  the  retreat. 

Such  applicant,  after  his  admission  and  reception  into  such 
retreat,  unless  discharged  or  authorised  by  license  as  hereinafter 
provided,  shall  not  be  entitled  to  leave  such  retreat  till  the  ex- 
piration of  the  term  mentioned  in  his  application,  and  such 
applicant  may  be  detained  therein  till  the  expiration  of  such  term  ; 
provided  that  such  term  shall  not  exceed  the  period  of  twelve 
calendar  months. 

11.  Every  licensee  of  a  retreat  under  this  Act  shall,  within  two 
clear  days  after  the  reception  of  any  person  received  therein 
under  this  Act,  send  a  copy  of  the  application  of  such  person  for 
admission  under  which  such  person  is  so  received  by  any  such 
licensee,  to  the  clerk  of  the  local  authority  and  to  the  Secretary 
of  State. 

12.  Any  person  admittel  into  any  retreat  under  this  Act  may, 


62  THE    HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879. 

at  any  time  thereafter,  be  discharged  by  the  order  of  a  justieey 
upon  the  request  in  writing  of  the  licensee  of  the  retread  if  it 
shall  appear  to  such  justice  to  be  reasonable  and  proper. 

13.  The  Secretary  of  State  may  from  time  to  time  appoint  such 
person  as  he  shall  think  fit,  who  may  hold  office  during  his  plea- 
sure, and  shall  be  styled  ''  the  Inspector  of  Retreats." 

The  Secretary  of  State  may  also,  if  it  appears  to  him  and  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Her  Majesty's  Treasury  necessary  for  the  doe 
execution  of  this  Act,  from  time  to  time  appoint  a  fit  person  ai 
'^  Assistant  Inspector  of  Retreats,'^  who  shall  also  hold  office  during 
his  pleasure,  and  every  person  so  appointed  shall  have  such  of 
the  powers  and  duties  of  the  Inspector  of  Retreats  as  the  Secretaiy 
of  State  may  from  time  to  time  prescribe. 

The  Secretary  of  State  may  assign  to  the  Inspector  of  Retretti 
and  Assistant  Inspector  of  Retreats  such  salaries  or  remuneration 
and  allowances  as  he  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  Commissionen 
of  Her  Majesty's  Treasury,  think  proper ;  the  said  salaries,  rema- 
neration,  and  allowances,  and  the  expenses  of  the  Inspectors  of 
Retreats,  and  Assistant  Inspectors  of  Retreats,  in  carrying  oat 
the  provisions  of  this  Act,  to  such  amount  as  is  allowed  by  the 
Commissioners  of  Her  Majesty's  Treasury,  shall  be  paid  oat  of 
moneys  provided  by  Parliament  in  that  behalf. 

14.  Every  license  granted  in  pursuance  of  this  Act  shall  be 
subject  to  a  duty,  and  be  impressed  with  a  stamp  of  five  pounds, 
and  ten  shillings  for  every  patient  above  ten  whom  it  is  intended 
to  admit  into  the  retreat,  and  every  renewal  of  a  license  shall  be 
impressed  with  a  stamp  of  the  same  amount.  The  said  sums  shall 
be  deemed  to  be  stamp  duties  and  be  under  the  management  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Inland  Revenue ;  and  all  enactments  for 
the  time  being  in  force  relating  to  stamp  duties  and  to  dies,  platc% 
and  other  implements  provided  for  the  purpose  of  stamp  datiei^ 
including  all  enactments  relating  to  forgery  and  frauds  relating 
to  stamp  duties,  shall  apply  accordingly.  All  expense  inconed 
by  the  local  authority  in  connection  with  any  application  for  the 
granting,  renewing;,  or  transferring  of  such  license  shall  be  bone 
by  the  applicant,  together  with  the  stamp  and  fee  for  the  lioeoie; 
and  all  fees  for  licenses  and  for  searches,  if  any,  under  thii  Ac^ 
ehall  be  pcdd  ovet  to  l\i^  c\^xk.l.Qit  >0Ki.^V^(»^%si!^^QSD&6)« 


THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879.  63 

15.  Every  retreat  shall,  from  time  to  time,  and  at  least  twice 
in  each  year,  be  inspected  by  the  Inspector  or  Assistant  Inspector 
of  Retreats.  The  Secretary  of  State  may  at  any  time,  on  the  re- 
commendation of  the  Inspector  or  Assistant  Inspector  of  Retreats 
or  in  his  own  discretion,  order  the  discharge  of  any  person 
detained  in  any  retreat. 

16.  The  Inspector  of  Retreats  shall,  in  the  month  of  January 
in  each  year,  present  to  the  Secretary  of  State  a  general  report 
setting  forth  the  situation  of  each  retreat,  the  names  of  the 
licensees,  and  the  number  of  habitual  drunkards  who  have  been 
admitted  and  discharged  or  who  have  died  during  the  past  year, 
with  such  observations  as  he  shall  think  fit  as  to  the  results  of 
treatment  and  the  condition  of  the  retreats.  The  Secretary  of 
State  shall  lay  such  report,  together  with  the  rules,  before 
Parliament. 

17.  The  Secretary  of  State  may  from  time  to  time  make  rules 
for  the  management  of  a  retreat,  and  may  from  time  to  time 
cancel  or  alter  such  rules. 

Any  person  who  contravenes  or  fails  to  comply  with  any  of 
such  rules  for  the  management  of  a  retreat  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
guilty  of  an  offence  against  this  Act. 

A  printed  copy  of  rules  purporting  to  be  the  rules  of  a  retreat, 
signed  by  the  Inspector  or  Assistant  Inspector  of  Retreats,  shall 
be  evidence  of  such  rules  of  the  retreat 

18.  A  Judge  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  on  an  application 
ex  parte  at  chambers,  or  a  County  Court  Judge,  within  whose 
district  the  retreat  is  situated,  may  at  any  time,  by  order  under 
his  hand,  authorise  and  direct  any  person  or  persons  to  visit  and 
examine  a  person  detained  in  a  retreat  under  this  Act,  and  to 
inquire  into  and  report  on  any  matters  which  such  judge  may 
think  fit  in  relation  to  the  person  so  detained.  The  judge,  on 
receiving  such  report,  may,  if  he  shall  think  fit,  order  the 
discharge  of  any  person  so  detained  from  any  such  retreat. 

19.  A  Justice  of  the  Peace,  at  the  request  of  a  licensee  of  a 
retreat,  may,  at  any  time  after  the  admission  into  a  retreat  of 
an  habitual  drunkard,  by  license  under  his  hand  permit  such 
habitual  drunkard  to  live  with  any  trustworthy  and  respectable 


64  THE    HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS    ACT,     1879. 


person  named  in  the  license  willing  to  receive  and  take  chaige  of 
him  for  a  definite  time  for  the  benefit  of  his  health. 

Such  a  license  shall  not  be  in  force  for  more  than  two  moDthi, 
but  may  at  any  time  before  the  expiration  of  that  period  be 
renewed  for  a  further  period  not  exceeding  two  inonthSy  and  10 
from  time  to  time  until  the  habitual  drunkard's  period  of  deten- 
tion has  expired. 

20.  The  time  during  which  an  habitual  drunkard  is  absent  from 
a  retreat  under  such  a  license  shall,  except  where  the  license  is 
forfeited  or  revoked  as  hereinafter  provided,  be  deemed  to  be  part 
of  the  time  of  his  detention  in  such  retreat.  Where  such  license 
is  forfeited  or  revoked,  the  time  during  which  such  habitml 
drunkard  was  so  absent  from  the  retreat  shall  be  excluded  in 
computing  the  time  during  which  he  may  be  detained  in  the 
retreat. 

21.  An  habitual  drunkard  absent  from  a  retreat  under  snch  a 
license,  who  escapes  from  the  person  in  whose  chaige  he  is  placed 
as  aforesaid,  or  who  refuses  to  be  restrained  from  drinking  intoxi- 
catiug  liquors,  shall  be  considered  ipso  facto  to  have  forfeited 
the  license,  and  may  be  taken  back  to  the  retreat  as  hereinafter 
provided.  An  unauthorised  absence  from  a  retreat  of  a  person 
ordered  to  be  detained  therein  shall  not  be  excluded  in  compatiDg 
the  time  during  which  he  may  be  detained. 

22.  Any  such  license  may  be  revoked  at  any  time  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Inspector  or 
Assistant  Inspector  of  Retreats,  or  by  the  Justice  of  the  Peace  by 
whom  such  license  may  have  have  been  granted,  by  WTiting  under 
his  hand,  and  thereupon  the  habitual  drunkard  to  whom  the 
license  related  shall  return  to  the  retreat. 

23.  If  any  licensee  of  any  retreat  knowingly  and  wilfully  fails 
to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  thb  Act,  or  neglects  or  penniti 
to  be  neglected  any  habitual  drunkard  placed  in  the  retrett  ill 
respect  of  which  he  is  licensed,  or  does  anything  in  contrayention 
of  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  he  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  an 
offence  against  this  Act. 

24.  If  any  person  does  any  of  the  following  things  :— 
(1.)  Ill-treat?^i  or,  ^iw^  va.  ^\Sl^«^  ^kcs^ssX.^  ^-t  \»3bA9t 


THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879.  ^5 


employed  in  or  about  a  retreat,  wilfully  neglects,   any 
habitual  drunkard  detained  in  a  le treat ; 

(2.)  Indnces  or  knowingly  assists  an  habitual  drunkard  detained 
in  a  retreat  to  escape  therefrom  ; 

(3.)  Without  the  authority  of  the  licensee  or  the  medical  officer 
of  the  retreat  (proof  whereof  shall  lie  on  him)  brings  into 
any  retreat,  or,  without  the  authority  of  the  medical  officer 
of  the  retreat,  except  in  case  of  urgent  necessity,  gives  or 
supplies  to  any  person  detained  therein,  any  intoxication 
liquor,  or  sedative  narcotic,  or  stimulant  drug  or  prepa- 
ration, 

he  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  an  offence  against  this  Act. 

25.  If  an  habitual  drunkard,  while  detained  in  a  retreat,  wilfully 
neglects  or  wilfully  refuses  to  conform  to  the  rules  tliereof,  he  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  an  offence  against  this  Act,  and  shall  be  liable 
upon  summary  conviction  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  five  pounds, 
or,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  to  be  imprisoned  for  any  period 
not  exceeding  seven  days,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  imprison- 
ment (if  any)  for  such  offence  he  shall  be  brought  back  to  such 
retreat,  there  to  be  detained  for  curative  treatment  until  the 
expiration  of  his  prescribed  period  of  detention  in  the  retreat,  and 
in  reckoning  such  period  the  time  during  which  such  person  was 
in  prison  shall  be  excluded  from  computation. 

26.  If  an  habitual  drunkard  escapes  from  a  retreat,  or  from  the 
person  in  whose  charge  he  has  been  placed  under  license  as  herein- 
before mentioned,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  justice  or  magistrate 
having  jurisdiction  in  the  place  or  district  where  he  is  found,  or 
in  the  place  or  district  where  the  retreat  from  which  he  escaped  is 
situate,  upon  the  sworn  information  of  the  licensee  of  such  retreat, 
to  issue  a  warrant  for  the  apprehension  of  such  habitual  drunkard 
at  any  time  before  the  expiration  of  his  prescribed  period  of 
detention  ;  and  such  habitual  dnmkard  shall,  after  apprehension, 
be  brought  before  a  justice  or  magistrate,  and  may,  if  such  justice 
or  magistrate  should  so  order,  be  remitted  to  the  retreat  from 
which  he  had  so  escaped. 

j27.  In  case  of  the  death  of  any  person  detained  in  any  retreat 

D 


66  THE   HABITUAL    DRUNKARDS    ACT,    1 879. 

a  statement  of  the  caase  of  the  death  of  Buch  penBony  with  the 
name  of  any  person  present  at  the  death,  shall  be  drawn  up  and 
signed  by  the  principal  medical  attendant  of  such  retreat,  and 
copies  thereof,  duly  certified  in  writing  by  the  licensee  of  such 
retreat,  shall  be  by  him  transmitted  to  the  coroner  and  to  the 
registrar  of  deaths  for  the  district,  and  to  the  clerk  of  the  local 
authority,  and  to  the  person  by  whom  the  last  payment  was  made 
for  the  deceased,  or  one  at  least  of  the  persons  who  signed  the 
statutory  declaration  under  section  ten  of  this  Act. 

Every  medical  attendant  who  shall  neglect  or  omit  to  draw  up 
and  sign  such  statement  as  aforesaid,  and  every  licensee  of  a 
retreat  who  shall  neglect  or  omit  to  certify  and  transmit  such 
statement  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  an  offence 
against  this  Act. 

28.  Any  person,  not  being  an  habitual  drunkard  detained  in  a 
retreat,  who  is  guilty  of  an  offence  against  this  Act  to  which  no 
other  penalty  is  affixed,  shall  be  liable,  on  summary  conviction, 
to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  twenty  pounds,  or  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Court,  to  be  imprisoned  for  any  term  not  exceeding  three 
months  with  or  without  hard  labour. 

29.  The  Summary  Jurisdiction  Acts  shall  apply  to  all  offences 
in  respect  of  which  jurisdiction  is  given  to  any  court  of  summary 
jurisdiction  by  this  Act,  or  which  are  directed  to  be  prosecuted 
enforced,  or  made  before  a  court  of  summary  jurisdiction^  or  in  a 
summary  manner,  or  upon  summary  conviction. 

30.  In  England,  if  any  person  thinks  himself  aggrieved  by  any 
conviction  or  order  of  a  court  of  summary  jurisdiction,  he  may 
appeal  therefrom,  subject  to  the  conditions  and  regulations  fol- 
lowing : 

(1.)  The  appeal  shall  be  made  to  the  next  court  of  general  or 
quarter  sessions  for  the  county,  borough,  or  place  in  which 
the  case  of  appeal  has  arisen,  held  not  less  than  fifteen  days 
and  (unless  adjourned  by  the  court)  not  more  thaa  four 
months  after  the  conviction  or  order  appealed  from  : 

(2.)  The  appeWant  i^\vq^  viWXvm  %^^^u  days  after  the  caoBe  of 
appeal  bHA  «lto^ti,  %v?ft  h^Nas.^  \a  >Qs3k&  ^'Ccket  \wa^?|  ^lo^^i^  iIm 


THE   HABITUAL  DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1 879.  67 

Clerk  of  the  court  of  Bummary  jarisdiction  appealed  from 
of  his  intention  to  appeal,  and  of  the  ground  thereof  : 

(3.)  The  appellant  shall,  within  three  days  after  such  notice, 
enter  into  a  recognisance  before  a  justice,  with  two  suffi- 
cient  sureties,  conditioned  personally  to  try  the  appeal, 
and  to  abide  the  judgment  of  the  appellate  court  thereon, 
and  to  pay  such  costs  as  may  be  awarded  by  the  court,  or 
give  such  other  security,  by  deposit  of  money  or  otherwise, 
as  the  justice  allows : 

(4.)  Where  the  appellant  is  in  custody,  any  justice  having 
jurisdiction  in  such  complaint,  may,  if  he  thinks  fit,  on  the 
appellant  entering  into  such  recognisance,  or  giving  such 
other  security  as  to  such  justice  shall  seem  sufficient, 
release  him  from  custody  : 

(5.)  The  appellate  court  may  adjourn  the  appeal ;  and  on  the 
hearing  thereof  they  may  confirm,  reverse,  or  modify,  the 
decision  of  the  court  of  summary  jurisdiction  appealed 
from,  or  remit  the  matter,  with  the  opinion  of  the  appel- 
late court  thereon,  to  the  court  of  summary  jurisdiction, 
or  make  such  other  order  in  the  matter  as  the  court  thinks 
just,  and  if  the  matter  be  remitted  to  the  court  of  summary 
jurisdiction,  the  said  laAt-mentioned  court  shall  thereupon 
rehear  and  decide  the  matter  in  accordance  with  the  order 
of  the  said  court  of  appeal.  The  court  of  appeal  may  also 
make  such  order  as  to  costs  to  be  paid  by  either  party  as 
the  court  thinks  just. 

31.  Any  action  against  any  person  for  anything  done  in  pursu- 
ance or  execution  or  intended  execution  of  this  Act  shall  be  com- 
menced within  two  years  after  the  thing  done,  and  not  otherwise. 

Notice  in  writing  of  every  such  action,  and  of  the  cause  thereof, 
shall  be  given  to  the  intended  defendant  one  month  at  least  before 
the  commencement  of  the  action. 

32.  The  time  during  which  a  person  is  detained  in  a  retreat 
shall  for  all  purposes  be  excluded  in  the  computation  of  time 
mentioned  in  section  one  of  the  Act  of  the  ninth  and  tenth  years 
of  the  reign  of  Her  present  Majesty,  chapter  sixty-six,  intituled 

D  2 


68  THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879. 


*'  An  Act  to  amend  the  laws  relating  to  the  lemoval  of  the  poor," 
as  amended  by  any  other  Act. 

33.  Persons  who  hold  their  estates,  being  other  than  ecclesiis- 
tical  beoefices,  su})ject  to  any  condition  of  residence  shall  not 
not  incur  any  forfeiture  through  being  detained  in  any  retreat. 

34.  The  Secretary  of  State  may,  subject  as  herein  mentioned, 
prescribe  the  fees  to  be  paid  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this 
Act. 

35.  In  the  application  of  this  Act  to  Scotland  the  following 
provisions  shall  have  effect  : 

(1.)  The  term  *'  sheriff''  includes  sheriff  substitute  : 

(2.)  All  penalties  for  offences  under  this  Act  shall  be  recovered, 
with  expenses,  in  a  summary  manner  before  the  sheriff 
at  the  instance  of  the  procurator  fiscal  of  court : 

(3.)  An  appeal  against  a  conviction  or  order  of  a  couit  of  sum- 
mary jurisdiction  under  this  Act  shall  be  to  the  Court  of 
Justiciary  at  the  next  circuit  court,  or,  where  there  are  no 
circuit  courts,  to  the  High  Court  of  Justiciary  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  not  otherwise ;  and  such  appeal  may  be  made  in 
the  manner,  and  under  the  rules,  limitations,  and  condi- 
tions contained  in  the  Act  of  the  twentieth  year  of  the 
reign  of  King  Qeoige  the  Second,  chapter  forty-three, 
**  for  taking  away  and  abolishing  heritable  jurisdictions  in 
Scotland,*'  or  as  near  thereto  as  circumstances  admit ;  with 
this  variation,  that  the  appellant  shall  find  caution  to  pay 
the  fine  and  expenses  awarded  against  him  by  the  convic- 
tion or  order  appealed  from,  together  with  any  additional 
expenses  awarded  by  the  court  dismissing  the  appeal : 

(4.)  The  jurisdiction  and  authority  conferred  on  a  CDunty  court 
judge  under  this  Act  in  England  may  in  Scotland  be  exer- 
cised by  a  sheriff. 

36.  In  the  application  of  this  Act  to  Ireland  the  following 
provisions  shall  take  effect : 

(1.)  An  appeal  against  a  conviction  or  order  of  a  cooit  off 
summary  juiisdiction  shall,  within  the  police  district  off 
Dublin  metro^oUa,  be  made  in  manner  prescribed  or 
allowed  by  lYie  kcVa  x^^«M\xv^  >iJsi^  \w^^s^  *=^^  ^s^Sannf 


THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879. 


69 


justices  of  the  peace  for  such  district,  and  as  regards  other 
places  in  Ireland  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
Petty  Sessions  (Ireland)  Act,  1851,  and  any  Act  or  Acts 
affecting  or  amending  the  same,  or  as  nearly  in  accordance 
with  their  several  Acts  in  each  case  as  the  circumstances 
will  permit : 

(2.)  All  fees  for  licenses  and  searches,  and  other  fees,  if  any, 
under  this  Act,  shall  be  paid  over  to  the  clerk  of  the  local 
authority,  and  in  every  case  in  which  such  clerk  is  a  clerk 
of  the  peace,  or  temporary  clerk  of  the  peace,  shall  be 
receivable  by  him  for  his  own  use,  but  in  every  case  in 
which  such  clerk  is  a  clerk  of  the  Crown  and  peace,  shall 
be  accounted  for  by  him  in  the  same  way  as  fees  payable 
to  him  under  the  provisions  of  the  County  Officers  and 
Courts  (Ireland)  Act,  1877. 


THE  SCHEDULES 

KIPKRRBD  TO  IN  THE  PBKCSDIKG  ACT. 

The  first  SCHEDULE. 
Part  I. 
Eiigland, 


District. 


orongh  or  city  cor- 
porate having  a 
separate  conrt  of 
quarter  sessions. 


Gonnty,  riding,  divi- 
sion,  or  part  of  a 
county,  liberty,  or 
other  place,  not  be- 
ing a  county  of  a 
city,  or  a  county  of 
a  town,  or  a  borough 
or  city  corporate  as 
aforesaid. 


Local  Authority. 


The  justices  of  the 
peace  for  the  bo- 
rough or  city  in 
specidl  sessions  as- 
sembled. 

The  justices  of  the 
peace  for  the  county 
or  place  in  general 
or  quarter  sessions 
assembled. 


Clerk  of  Local  Authority. 


The  clerk  to  the  jus- 
tices of  the  borough 
or  city. 


The  clerk  of  the  peace 
for  the  county  or 
place,  or  the  person 
acting  as  such,  or 
a  deputy  duly  ap« 
pointed. 


70 


THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,     1879. 


Part  II. 
Scotland. 


District. 

Loe«l  Attthoritj. 

Cl«Tk  of  Local  AatlMrity. 

Gonnty,  inolading  any 
towo  or  place  which 
doea  not  return  or 
contribnte  to  return 
a  member  to  Par- 
liament. 

Burgh  which  ao  returns 
or  contributes. 

The  JQstices  of  peace 
for    the    county  in 
general   or    quarter 
or  special    sessions 
assembled. 

The  provost  and  ma- 
gistrates. 

The  olerk  of  the  peace. 
The  town  clerk. 

Part  III. 
Ireland. 


District. 


Borough  having  a  re* 
corder. 


Quarter  sessions  divi- 
sion of  a  county,  in- 
clndiog  county  of  a 
city  and  county  of  a 
town. 


Local  Authority. 


The  recorder. 


The  justices  of  the 
peace  for  the  county 
sitting  in  the  court 
of  (Quarter  sessions 
of  the  quarter  ses- 
sions division. 


Clerk  of  Local  Authority. 


The  clerk  of  the  peao^ 
or  temporary  clerk  of 
the  peace,  or  cleriE  cl 
the  Crown  and  peace. 

The  derk  of  the  peace, 
or  temporary  derk  of 
the  peace,  or  derk  cl 
the  Crown  and  peace. 


The  second  SCHEDULE. 
Form  No.  I. 

APPLICATION     FOB      LICENSE     07     BSJBXAT. 

The  Habitual  Drunkards  Act,  1879. 

To  the  juBticea  oC  the  ^eace  for  the  couuty  [or  borough]  of  [ 
[or  as  the  case  raar)  he\. 


] 


THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879.  Jl 

I,  the  undersigned,  hereby  apply  for  a  license  for  the  house 
described  below,  as  a  retreat  for  the  reception  of  male 

[or  female,  or  male  and  female]  persons 

being  habitual  drunkards  within   the  meaning  of  the  above- 
mentioned  Act,  to  be  detained  and  treated  as  patients  therein. 

And  I,  the  undersigned,  undertake  to  reside  in  the  house,  and 
give  my  personal  attention  to  the  management,  care,  and  treat- 
ment of  the  patients. 

Witness  (Signed) 

^  Name Name 

Address Address 

Description  Description    

[House  to  be  described,  with  the  following  (among  other)  partieU" 
lars;  and  a  plan,  on  a  scale  of  not  less  than  one  eighth  of  an  inch  to 
afoot,  to  accompany  the  description  and  be  referred  to  therein : — 

a.  Dimensions  of  every  room, 

b.  Arrangements  for  separation  of  sexes, 

c.  Quantity  of  land  available  for  exercise  and  recreation  of 

patients, 

d.  Extent  of  applicant's  interest  in  the  house,] 

EULES. 

1.  An  application  may  include  two  or  more  houses  belonging  to 
the  same  person  or  persons,  provided  no  one  of  the  houses  is 
separated  from  another  or  others  of  them  otherwise  than  by  land 
in  the  same  occupation  and  by  a  road,  or  in  either  of  these  modes. 

2.  The  application  is  to  be  made  not  less  than  ten  days  before 
the  sessions  or  meeting  at  which  it  is  to  be  considered. 

3.  The  clerk  of  the  local  authority  is  to  give  notice  of  the 
application  having  been  made,  by  advertisement  published  in  a 
newspaper  circulating  in  the  district  of  the  local  authority  six 
days  at  least  before  the  same  sessions  or  meeting. 


72  THE   HABITUAL   DRUNKARDS   ACT,    1879. 


Form  No.  II. 

LICENSE. 

The  Habitual  Drunkards  Act,  1879. 

c  This  is  to  certify  that  in  pursnance  of 
County  [or  borough]  of  j     the  above-mentioned  Act  the  jus- 

'     tices  of  the  peace  acting  in  and  for 
the  county  [or  borough]  of  [or,  cu  the  cau 

may  he"]  in  general  or  quarter  (or  special)  sessions  assembled,  upon 
the  application  of  A,  B.,a  copy  of  which  application  is  indorsed 
on  this  license,  have  licensed  and  do  hereby  license  the  said  A.  B. 
to  use  the  house  described  in  that  application  for  the  reception 
of  persons  being  habitual  drunkards,  as  follows  ;  namely, 
male  [or  female,  or  male  and  female]  patients 

for  calendar  months  from  this  date. 

Dated  this  day  of  18        , 

(Signed) 

Clerk  of  the  Local  Authority. 
Rules. 

1.  A  fee  of  ten  shillings  is  to  be  paid  for  the  license. 

2.  The  clerk  of  the  local  authority,  within  ten  days  after  a 
license  has  been  granted,  is  to  give  notice  of  the  granting 
thereof  by  advertisement  published  in  a  newspaper  circnlating 
in  the  district  of  the  local  authority,  and  is  to  send  a  copy  of 
the  license  to  the  Secretary  of  State.J 


Form  No.  III. 

BiqUEST    FOR    BECEPTIOK     INTO    BBTKXAT. 

The  Hahiiual  Drunkards  Act,  1879. 
To 

I,  the  nndersigned,  hereby^  reqnest  you  to  receive  me  aa  a 

patient  in  your  retreat  at  in  accordance  with  tin 

above-mentioned  Act,  and  I  undertake  to  remain  thefein  te 

at  leaat,  \inV«iK&  %QoiL«t  ^xA^j  ^w.\x«x^!d^  and  to 


inspector's  report  on  retreats  for  inebriates.  73 

form  to  the  regulations  for  the  time  being  in  force  in  the  retreat. 
The   above-named  signed  this  application 

in  our  presence,  and  at  the  time  of  his  [or  her] 
so  doing  we  satisfied  ourselves  that  he  [or  shej 
was  an  habitual  drunkard  within  the  meaning  of 
the  Habitual  Drunkards  Act,  1879,  and  stated  to 
him  [or  her]  the  effect  of  this  application,  and  of 
his  [or  her]  reception  into  the  retreat,  and  he  [or 
she]  appeared  perfectly  to  understand  the  same. 
Dated  this  day  of 

Justices  of  the  Peace  for  the  county 
[or  borough]  of 
Witness's  Applicant's 

Name  in  full .,      Name  in  full    

Address  Address 

Description Description 


INSPECTOR'S    REPORT    UPON   RETREATS  FOR 

INEBRIATES. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  report,  for  the  year  1882,  of  the 
Inspector  of  Retreats  under  the  Habitual  Drunkards  Act,  1879,  to 
the  Home  Secretary  : — 

''Home  Office,  July  1,  1883. 

''  Sir, — I  have  the  honour  to  submit  my  third  annual  report 
upon  retreats  licensed  during  the  year  1882  under  the  Habitual 
Drunkards  Act,  1879.  No  changes  have  as  yet  been  made  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  in  the  model  rules  (a  copy  of  which  I 
enclose),  but  the  addition  of  further  clauses  which  will  give  rather 
more  power  to  the  licensees  than  they  at  present  possess  have 
been  submitted  by  me  and  are  now  under  consideration.  (1) 
Cannock  Retreat  was  re-opened  for  the  treatment  of  patients 
under  a  new  licensee,  Mr.  F.  J.  Gray,  and  formed  the  only  addition 


74  inspector's  report  on  retreats  for  inebriates. 

to  the  number  of  licensed  houses  which  existed  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  year.  (2)  During  the  twelve  months  I  have  paid  as 
many  visits  to  these  retreats  as  I  found  necessary,  and  investigated 
all  matters  brought  to  my  notice  both  by  the  patients  and  the 
licensees.  The  complaints  made  by  the  former  have,  for  the  most 
part,  been  few  in  number  and  trivial  in  character,  but  those  made 
by  the  licensees,  although  happily  not  numerous,  have  been  more 
serionsi,  and  I  have  been  obliged  in  some  instances  to  warn  the 
delinquents  that  a  repetition  of  the  offence  would  probably  lead 
to  prosecution.  (3)  The  licensee  of  the  Westgate  Retreat,  having 
learnt  by  experience  the  disadvantages  of  a  retreat  without  grounds 
attached,  proposes  shortly  to  move  into  another  house  (at  Westgate 
or  elsewhere)  which  will  be  surrounded  by  grounds  large  enough 
for  the  purposes  of  recreation  and  exercise.  (4)  The  general 
condition  of  both  retreats,  and  also  the  health  of  the  patients,  has 
been  on  the  whole  very  good.  (5.)  The  results  of  treatment  have 
been  on  the  whole  satisfactory.  From  the  detailed  returns  made 
to  me  by  the  two  licensees  I  find  that  in  one  case  three  out  of 
the  five  patients  admitted  during  the  year  have  received  decided 
benefit,  and  in  the  other  case  nine  out  of  twenty  are  spoken  of  as 
*  certain  or  probable  cures.'  Both  licensees  agree  that  a  shorter 
period  than  twelve  months'  detention  in  a  retreat  is  insufficient 
for  permanent  cure  in  the  majority  of  cases.  One  of  them  states 
his  opinion  with  respect  to  the  working  of  the  Act  in  the  following 
words  : — *  With  regard  to  the  success  of  the  Habitual  Drunkards 
Act,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  bearing  testimony  to  the  gn^at  assist- 
ance afforded  by  it,  and  the  manifest  advantages  that  exist  in  a 
licensed  retreat  for  the  successful  treatment  and  control  of  dipso- 
maniacs. Having  had  experience  in  the  management  of  an 
establishment  for  a  similar  purpose  prior  to  obtaining  a  license 
under  the  Act,  I  feel  justified  in  asserting  that  it  is  scarcely 
possible  to  conduct  a  retreat  for  dipsomaniac  patients  in  a  satiii- 
fiactory  manner  without  the  aid  afforded  by  the  Act.'  (6)  Since 
the  foregoing  report  was  written  the  St.  Albans'  magistrates  liave 
Ucensed  under  the  Act  a  house  and  four  and  a  half  acrea  of  gioniid, 
called  '  The  Cedars,'  near  Rickmansworth,  for  the  reception  of 
sixteen  male  patients.  This  establishment  is  started  onder  the 
ftuspices  and  paliona^  oi  \Xi^  kcf^^v^^-^  ^V  ^^^»aEiNx93^QB!<i^^l^ 


ECCLESIASTICAL   COMMISSIONERS*    PUBLIC-HOUSES.     75 

Duke  of  Westminster,  the  Lord  Mayor,  Lord  Shaftesbury,  Sir 
Henry  Thompson,  Dr.  A.  Clark,  Dr.  B.  W.  Eichardson,  Canon 
Duckworth,  Dr.  Alfred  Carpenter,  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  and  many 
other  eminent  persons  in  the  philanthropic  and  scientific  world. 
It  is  to  be  called  the  Dairy mple  Home  for  the  Treatment  of 
Inebriates,  and  is  intended  for  the  use  of  persons  of  moderate 
means.  [This  Home  was  formally  opened  on  Monday,  October 
29,  and  is  now  in  full  operation,  with  a  considerable  number  of 
inmates.]  An  examination  of  its  programme  leads  me  to  think  it 
is  a  well-directed  effort  to  give  the  provisions  of  the  Act  a  fair 
trial  under  principles  mentioned  in  my  last  report,  and  under 
circumstances  which  seem  to  promise  success.  I  anticipate  that 
much  experience  of  the  working  of  the  Act  will  be  gained  by  this 
movement. 

"  I  have,  &c. 

"  (Signed) 

H.  W.  Hoffman.* 


PUBLIC-HOUSES  OF  THE  ECCLESIASTICAL 

COMMISSIONERS. 

RKI'ORT  OF   SELECT  COMMITTEE   (HOUSE  OF  LORDS)   ON   PUBLIC -HOUSES, 

Agreed  to  at  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  held  \Oth  Mag,  18S3.    Preeented  to  aui 
adopted  bg  tlie  Board  at  a  General  Meeting  held  on  Thuredag,  $Ut  Mag,  1883. 

The  Committee  appointed  on  the  2nd  of  November  last*  to 
consider  the  subject  of  the  communication  made  to  the  Board  by 
the  late  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  October  last,  in  reference  to 


*  Tbe  Committee  coDBisted  of  the  Arcbbisbop  of  York ;  Earl  Stan- 
hope ;  Earl  of  Chichester ;  Earl  Brownlow ;  Yisconiit  Emlyo,  M.P. ; 
Bishop  of  London  ;  Bishop  of  Dnrham  ;  Bishop  of  Carlisle ;  Bishop  of 
Exeter ;  Bishop  of  Gloncester  and  Bristol ;  Bishop  of  Boohester ;  Lord 
Egerton  of  Tatton ;  Hon.  Evelyn  Ashley,  M.P. ;  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  B. 
Mowbray,  Bart.,  M.P. ;  Bight  Hon  J.  G.  Goschen,  M.P. ;  Thomas  Salt, 
Esq.,  M.P. 


jS  PUBLIC-HOUSES    OF   THE 


a  letter  which  had  been  addreBsed  to  His  Grace  by  Canon  Basil 
Wilberforce,  beg  leave  to  report  as  follows  : — 

The  Committee  have  confined  their  consideration  of  the  matter 
to  the  public-house  property  which  belongs  to  the  Commissionen 
in  London  and  its  suburbs,  partly  because  it  is  in  the  Metropolitan 
district  that  by  far  the  larger  part  of  such  property  is  situate,  and 
partly  because  any  principle  of  management  adopted  by  the  Board 
with  regard  to  London  will  be  applicable  to  other  urban  districtfi, 
and  also,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  the  few  village  inns  which  are 
the  property  of  the  Board. 

The  house  property  belonging  to  the  Commissioners  has  been 
derived  at  various  times  from  various  Ecclesiastical  Corporations. 
Under  the  old  system  of  leasing  by  way  of  fine  on  lenewal,  the 
beneficial  lessees,  and  not  the  reversioners,  occupied  virtuaUy  the 
position  of  landlords,  and  a  large  number  of  the  leases  granted 
under  that  system  are  still  in  existence.  The  Committee  find 
that  about  one-half  of  the  public-houses  in  and  about  London  in 
which  the  Commissioners  have  an  interest  have  not  come  into 
their  possession,  but  are  still  in  the  ownership  of  the  beneficial 
lessees.  Of  these  leases  a  majority  are  for  terms  extending  be- 
yond the  year  1900,  and  some  properties  which  were  subleased 
for  building  by  the  Church  lessees,  under  the  provisions  of  special 
Acts  of  Parliament,  are  outstanding  for  terms  which  will  still 
have  some  fifty  or  sixty  years  to  run. 

For  the  management  of  the  property  thus  held  by  beneficial 
lessees  and  ground  lessees,  the  Commissioners,  it  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  say,  are  not  in  any  way  responsible.  From  such  properties 
they  derive  only  small  reserved  rent«,  and  the  conditions  of  the 
leases  are  not  such,  generally,  as  to  give  them  power  to  control 
the  action  of  a  lessee.  The  appropriation  of  any  house  so  held  to  the 
purposes  of  a  public-house  is  a  matter  with  which  they  cannot  inter- 
fere so  long  as  the  lease  granted  by  the  prior  owner  subsista,  nor 
have  they  any  compulsory  power  of  purchasing  the  lessee's  interest. 
A  lessee,  however,  in  the  case  of  the  Commissioners  declining  to 
sell  to  him  the  reversion,  can  compel  them  to  buy  his  leasehold 
interest.    In  the  case  of  such  a  purchase  the  yaluation  wonU 
necessarily  have  to  \>e  mtw^^  oiv  >i>DL^  \^^\^  ^C  the  rental  aetQellj 
yieliJpd  by  the  house.   '1^Vi>3a  mo  ^\a\v^  ^w^\  >w^  \jawa. 


ECCLESIASTICAL   COMMISSIONERS.  77: 

putting  an  end  to  the  present  use  of  any  such  property  except  by 
the  consent  of  the  lessee,  and  it  is  evident  that,  were  such  action  in 
any  case  practicable,  it  could  only  be  carried  out  at  a  cost 
involving  very  considerable  pecuniary  loss. 

The  wide-spread  misconception  as  to  the  position  of  the  Commis- 
sioners in  this  matter  is  well  illustrated  by  some  of  the  inaccuracies 
in  the  statement  quoted  by  Canon  Wilberforce  in  his  letter  to  the 
Archbishop.  Four  public-houses  are  specially  referred  to  in  that 
statement.  No  one  of  these  has  ever  been  in  the  possession  of 
the  Commissioners.  Two,  those  at  Knightsbridge,  are  held  by 
beneficial  lessees  under  a  lease  granted  many  years  back  by  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster,  which  lease  has  still  sixteen 
years  to  run.  In  the  other  two  the  Commissioners  have  never 
had  any  interest.  One,  the  ^*  Royal  Oak,"  at  Paddington,  is  not 
a  part  of  the  ''Paddington  E^^tate,"  nor  is  it  ecclesiastical  property 
at  all ;  and  the  other,  the  **  Hero  of  Waterloo,"  in  the  Waterloo 
Road,  is  part  of  a  block  of  property  which  formerly  belonged  to 
the  See  of  Canterbury,  but  which  was  sold  to  the  South-Eastem 
Railway  Company,  in  the  year  1860,  by  the  then  Archbishop. 

The  public-houses  held  on  lease  under  the  Commissioners, 
other  than  those  the  tenancies  of  which  were  created  under  the 
old  system  of  beneficial  leasing,  fall  into  two  groups  :  first,  those 
situate  upon  new  building  estates,  that  is,  on  suburban  proper- 
ties which  have  been  covered  with  buildings  for  the  first  time  under 
leases  granted  by  or  under  the  sanction  of  the  Commissioners  ; 
secondly,  those  which  already  existed  upon  estates  which  were 
covered  with  buildings  before  they  passed  into  the  ownership  of 
the  Commissioners. 

The  Committee  find  that  the  public-houses  on  the  new  building 
estates  are  a  very  small  portion  of  the  houses  erected,  and  that 
the  number  of  such  houses  has  varied  according  to  the  character 
of  the  property.  In  laying  out  these  estates  care  was  taken  to 
limit  strictly  the  number  of  building  plots  on  which  the  lessees 
might  erect  public-houses,  and  on  many  large  estates  no  such 
liberty  was  given  to  any  lessee.  The  following  table  shows  approxi- 
mately the  extent  to  which  these  estates  have  been  let  for  building, 
and  gives  the  number  of  public-houses  on  each.  The  total  number 
oC  houses  already  erected  on  these  estates  is  about  4,500. 


78 


PUBLIC-HOUSES   OF   THE 


Name  ov  Estitb. 


Number  of 
AcTM  (mpproxU 
maiely)  let  for 
BaildiDff. 


Number  of 
Pablie- 
Hooen. 


Agar  Town,  St.  Panoras         

j}ani6i««>  •••         •••         •••         *•• 

Gipey  Hill,  Norwood 

Goat  Honee,  Croydon 

SammcrsiDitu . . .         ...         ..*         ... 

Hampstead  and  Bekize 

Hen  don  •••         •••         •••         ••• 

Hornsey  and  Fincbley  (London  Bieboprio) 
Homsey  (Browns wood  Prebend) 

Milk  wood,  Brixton      ...         

Mitcbam  Boad,  Croydon       

Norwood  ...         ...         •••         ••• 

Paddington,  Harrow  Boad     

Park  Hill,  Croydon 

Parley,  Croydon        % 

Selharet,  Croydon      ...         ...         ... 

Stoke  Newington         ... 
WaddoD,  Croydon 
Kilbnrn  and  WiUesden 


•«• 


•*• 
... 
•*• 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 
... 


7 

1 

15 

None. 

59 

1 

20 

1 

21 

None. 

174 

2 

50 

Noneu 

45 

None. 

80 

2 

40 

2 

2 

None. 

183 

None. 

74 

2 

100 

None. 

22 

None. 

17 

None. 

11 

I 

5 

1 

2S0 

11 

With  regard  to  the  re-letting  of  pablic-houses  on  old  bailding 
estates  (such  as  Finsbury,  Soathwark,  &c.)  the  Commissionen  do 
not  fail  to  exercise  vigilance  and  discretion.  It  is  now  the  esta- 
blished practice  of  the  Estates  Committee  in  dealing  with  appli- 
cations for  the  renewal  of  leases,  not  to  take  the  opinion  of  their 
agents  as  to  the  question  of  value  until  they  have  first  inquired 
into  the  circumstances  of  the  locality,  and  endeavoured  to  satuff 
themselves  that  there  is  no  sufficient  reason  for  the  suppreaeion  of 
a  public-house  already  existing. 

The  Committee  find  that  in  the  past  two  yean  the  Estates 
Committee  have  had  before  them  twenty-one  casea,  involving  tlie 
re-letting  of  public-houses,  or  questions  as  to  such  re-letting.  The 
result  of  their  action  in  these  cases  has  been  to  suppress  or  pros- 
pectively suppress  public-houses  in  nine  cases,  to  extend  the  tenDS 
of  the  leases  in  eleven  cases,  and  to  leave  one  lease  not  dssll 
with. 

It  is  not  the  practice  of  the  Commissioners  to  let  as  a  piablio* 
lionae  a  house  wbich  Yisa  xLQi^X^c&.X^I'cstft  -^qa^  ^s^  ^s^sS^ vM^i&  eB. 


\-i 


ECCLESIASTICAL   COMMISSIONERa.  79 

their  leases  of  house  property  provisions  are  inserted  whereby 
the  lessee  is  restrained  from  any  such  use  of  the  house  without 
their  consent  Further,  it  is  their  invariable  practice,  whenever 
«n  opportunity  occur?,  to  suppress  beer  houses  on  their  estates, 
and  a  considerable  number  of  such  houses  have  been  suppressed. 

The  Committee  have  most  carefully  considered  what  policy 
should  in  future  be  pursued  as  to  public-house  property  held  by 
the  Commissioners. 

It  is,  in  their  opinion,  clearly  desirable  that  their  interest  in 
this  class  of  property  should  be  reduced  whenever  it  may  be 
practicable,  even  though  some  pecuniary  loss  may  be  incurred  in 
the  process.  But,  as  has  been  already  shown,  the  powers  of  the 
Commissioners  are  limited,  owing  to  the  existence  of  beneficial 
leases,  and,  as  regards  the  sale  of  public-houses  generally,  positive 
disadvantage  to  the  community  might  sometimes  ensue  if  the 
houses  in  question  were  simply  transferred  under  sale  to  new 
owners.  Where  a  public-house  belonging  to  the  Commissioners 
is  situated  in  the  midst  of  other  house  property  belonging  to 
them,  its  sale  would  often  be  a  serious  damage  to  the  estate.  The 
Commissioners  would  suffer,  as  would  also  their  tenants,  by  the 
loss  of  control  over  the  house.  If  it  were  continued  as  a  public- 
house  under  less  responsible  ownership,  no  advantage  would  be 
gained,  nor  would  the  cause  of  Temperance  be  served,  while  its 
existence  as  an  independent  property  would  involve  the  risk  of 
its  falling  into  the  hands  of  owners  who  might  use  it  for  various 
objectionable  purposes. 

The  Committee  strongly  recommend  that,  where  real  practical 
advantage  is  to  be  gained,  progress  should  be  made  in  reducing  the 
number  of  public-houses  owned  by  the  Commissioners  by  selling 
the  houses,  while  the  practice  of  declining  to  renew  a  lease  (for 
public-house  purposes)  whenever,  after  full  inquiry,  it  appears  that 
that  course  may  properly  be  taken,  should  certainly  be  continued, 
and,  if  possible,  carried  further.  They  also  recommend  that  the 
agents  of  the  Board  should  be  instructed  to  lose  no  opportunity  of 
forwarding  this  policy. 

With  regard  to  new  building  estates,  it  is  impossible  to  lay 
down  an  absolute  rule  that  no  public-house  should  be  erected 
thereon  under  any  circumstances,  but  the   Committee  recom- 


8o  INTEMPERANCE   IN   RELATION   TO   LUNACY. 


mend  a  strict  adherence  to  the  policy  of  not  allowing  any  men 
consideration  of  income  to  induce  the  Commiasioners  to  sanc- 
tion the  erection  of  ordinary  public-hooses,  such  as  depend  Uxt 
their  profits  mainly  on  the  consumption  of  spirits  on  the  pre- 
mises. 

It  id  evident,  however,  that,  notwithstanding  all  the  efforts 
which  may  be  made  by  the  Commissioners  and  their  agents, 
time  will  be  required  before  any  large  change  can  be  bronght 
about. 


INTEMPERANCE  IN  RELATION  TO  LUNACY .♦ 
By  David  M.  Cassidy,  M.D., 

Mtdieal  Superimttndeni  qf  th§  Lancaaier  Counijf  A^tuim^ 

In  presenting  to  you  this  short  sketch  of  the  relationship 
between  drink  and  intemperance,  it  is  my  desire  to  appear  in  no 
partisan  attitude,  but  to  state  a  few  of  the  facts  as  fairly  and 
truly  as  I  can.  It  will  be  for  you  afterwards  to  review  these 
facts,  and  to  draw  your  own  inferences  from  them.  I  hope  I  will 
not  be  considered  guilty  of  an  exaggerated  statement  if  I  begin 
by  stating  that  pure  alcohol  is  a  poison. .  No  medical  man  will,  I 
think,  deny  that.  When  administered  to  dogs  in  small  doses  it 
causes  delirium,  hallucination,  restlessness,  paralysis,  convulsioiMy 
and  death,  and  the  modes  of  death  and  the  post-morUm  appear- 
ances are  precisely  those  seen  in  chronic  drunkards.  But  alcohol^ 
deadly  to  most  animals,  is  tolerated  to  a  remarkable  extent  by 
man.  Man,  so  wonderful  a  creature  in  all  respects,  is  in  none 
more  wonderful  than  in  his  power  of  toleration.  He  can  endure 
all  extremes  of  climate,  can  live  on  almost  any  diet,  and  can 
survive  the  injection  of  poisons  such  as  alcohol,  opium,  hashish^ 
and  others,  indefinitely.  Not  with  impunity,  however,  can  1m 
exercise  those  powers  of  toleration  in  the  case  of  alcohol.    Ev«ij 


*  Read  at  a  GoDferenoe  of  the  Yorkshire  Band  of  Hope  Uoioo,  hM 
in  Lsacaster,  Itt  OQto\>et,  \%%%. 


INTEMPERANCE   IN    RELATION   TO   LUNACY.  8l 

moderate  dose  of  alcohol,  while  causing  a  feeling  of  itimulatioDy 
followed  by  reaction,  results  in  a  lowering  of  the  bodily  tempera- 
tare  and  a  blunting  of  certain  nerve  ends  which  control  the 
circulation  and  nutrition  in  the  body.  A  small  part  of  the  alcohol 
taken  into  the  stomach  is  probably  chemically  acted  on,  but  most 
of  it  passes  at  once  into  the  blood,  and  is  found  there  as  well  as  in 
the  viscera,  and  also  in  every  tissue  of  the  body.  Traces  can  be 
detected  in  the  breath  for  eight  hours,  and  in  the  secretions  for 
fourteen  hours,  after  a  moderate  dose.  Its  effects  on  the  system 
are  due  first  to  its  direct  influence  in  the  free  state  in  the  blood. 
It  alters  the  character  of  the  blood,  and  excites  the  nervoui 
system.  In  larger  doses  it  abolishes  the  functions  of  the  brain 
and  nerves.  Secondly,  its  more  permanent  effects  are  in  time 
seen  in  every  organ.  The  subject  is  too  vast  to  enter  on.  I  will 
only  say,  as  my  second  proposition,  that  alcohol,  as  well  as  being 
a  poison,  has  a  special  affinity  for  nerve  tissue.  After  that  its 
effects  are  mostly  seen  in  the  liver  and  stomach.  The  symptoms 
of  alcoholism  are,  I  think,  sufiicient  proof  that  my  second  propo- 
sition is  a  true  one.  I  need  not  detail  them.  You  all  know 
what  a  drunkard  is  like,  and  know,  no  doubt,  something  of  the 
symptoms  of  dipsomania  and  delirium  tremens.  Now,  as  to  the 
causation  of  insanity.  Intemperance  acts  first  directly,  causing 
madness  ;  second,  some  other  influence  may  cause  drink-craving, 
and  then  madness ;  third,  intemperance  along  with  some  other 
cause,  acting  concurrently,  causing  madness.  That  the  subject  is 
not  free  from  doubts  and  difficulties  of  a  statistical  kind  you  wUl 
further  see  when  you  consider  that  intemperance  acts  as  a 
causative  agent — on  the  one  hand  in  a  very  powerful  and  complex 
way,  as  a  physical  agent,  causing  changes  of  structure  by  chemical 
and  physical  action,  directly  producing  irritation  and  degeneration, 
through  altered  nutrition  in  the  brain,  with  derangement  of  the 
vessels  of  the  brain  and  of  the  blood  circulating  in  them  ;  in- 
directly, through  serious  gastric  diseases,  fa^ty  degeneration  or 
hardening  of  the  liver,  &c. ;  in  short,  through  destroying  the 
constitution,  reacting  upon  the  brain.  Again,  consider  its  indirect 
effects  upon  the  mind  through  those  domestic  quarrels  and  strifes, 
crimes,  ruined  homes,  businesses  neglected  and  lost,  and  all  the 
sorrows,  vexations,  and  degradations  upspringing  from  it    We 


82  INTEMPERANCE   IN    RELATION    TO   LUNACY. 

need  not  pause  to  consider  how  again  these  mournfal  impressioiii 
react,  leading  many  to  seek  for  consolation  by  means  of  the  sams 
indulgence,  intemperance  being  thus  consequence  as  well  as 
cause,  and  tending  to  spread  itself.  Then  the  drunkard,  though 
escaping  for  a  time  himself,  bequeaths  to  posterity  a  feaifnl 
legacy  of  insanity  and  disease.  In  addition  to  these  sources  of 
complexity,  there  are  other  dilHculties,  of  the  nature  of  defective 
or  unreliable  information  as  to  the  histories  of  many  patients 
admitted  into  asylums,  and  in  many  cases  the  total  absence  of  any 
history  whatever.  There  is  yet  one  more  difficulty  about  the 
statistics,  and  that  is  the  effect  upon  men  of  personal  bias.  When 
you  find  in  the  statistics  of  a  county  asylum  in  an  agricultural 
district  5*17  per  cent,  of  the  admissions  attributed  to  intemperance^ 
and  16  6  in  a  similarly  situated  county  asylum  in  the  same  year, 
you  niU6t,  I  think,  conclude  that  more  pains  have  been  taken  in 
one  case  than  in  the  other  to  collect  information,  or  that  some 
bias  has  influenced  one  or  another  of  the  sets  of  tables. 

I  will  illustrate  this  by  a  quotation  from  a  work  by  an  eminent 
man  in  my  specialty,  formerly  a  medical  superintendent  of  a 
County  Asylum.  He  says  : — "  Consider  one  great  part  which 
grief  and  anxiety,  w^orry  and  overstrain,  play  in  the  production 
of  insanity ;  the  depressing  effects  of  poverty,  and  the  failing 
struggle  for  existence,  of  misery  in  all  its  forms  ;  and  then  con- 
sider to  how  great  an  extent  the  use  of  alcohol  oftentimes  tends 
to  make  the  burden  of  life  bearable — if  not  by  stimulating  the 
powers,  by  deadening  the  sensibilities  of  men ;  and  I  think  you 
will  agree  with  me  that,  by  the  occasional  help  of  strong  drink, 
a  man  may  sometimes  be  able  to  weather  that  point  of  wretched- 
ness upon  which  the  sanity  would  otherwise  have  been  wrecked." 
I  only  read  this  fatal  advice  to  you  to  point  out  that  a  super- 
intendent holding  those  views  would  not  be  likely  to  unduly 
press  the  case  as  against  intemperance,  but  there  is  zeMon  to  fear 
his  tendency  might  be  in  an  opposite  direction. 

Of  707  patients  admitted  into  the  Lancaster  County  Aaylom, 
since  January  1st,  1883,  I  can  only  tell  for  certain — and  I  haft 
gone  over  them  most  carefully — that  intemperance  was  i 
a  contributory  cause,  in  86,  of  whom  55  were  men  and  31 
This  is  a  proportion,  ol  \\\X\ft  wet  \^  ^xVxaaAs^  wbick  I  Ml 


INTEMPERANCE   IN   RELATION   TO   LUNACY.  83 

mm  is  far  below  the  real  percentage.    And  as  a  matter  of  fact,  in 
upwards  of  300  of  these  707  admissions  no  cause  whatever  was 
assigned.    In  previous  years  we  have  had  a  proportion  of  14  per 
cent,  or  more,  and  I  find,  looking  at  the  last  report  of  the  Com- 
miBsioners  in  Lunacy,  that  of  13,581  admissions  into  English 
County  and  Borough  Asylums  last  year,  1,779  were  attributed  to 
intemperance  in  drink,  a  proportion  of  13'1  per  cent,  but  at  the 
same  time  causation  in  21  per  cent  of  these  13,581  odd  cases  is 
classed  as  unknown.     There  is  a  reasonable  certainty  that  many 
of  these  unknown  cases  are  due  to  drink,  and  we  will  be  quite 
within  the  mark  I  think  in  believing  that  not  less  than  15  per 
cent  of  the  cases  of  insanity  annually  occuring  are  due  more  or 
less  directly  to  intemperance,  and  in  the  case  of  criminal  lunatics 
it  is  within  my  knowledge  that  at  Broadmoor  we  used  to  find  that 
intemperance  acted  in  from  30  to  33  per  cent  of  the  cases.    I 
have  extended  this  inquiry  among  my  own  cases,  and  I  find  that 
in  addition  to  the  86  cases  already  mentioned,  51,  or  7  per  cent  of 
the  cases  admitted  this  year,  are  known  to  have  had  parents  or 
grandparents  addicted  to  drink,  the  same  doubts  and  difficulties 
however  occuring  in  regard  to  this  class  of  cases.    In  some  of 
these,  cases  the  offspring  have  evinced  the  same  tendency,  in 
others  they  have  not,  but  it  is  impossible  to  doubt  that  an  in- 
fluence has  been  inherited  in  most  cases,  and  an  evil  one  which 
has  at  least  powerfully  predisposed  to  insanity. 

I  think  you  may  take  it  that  as  15  per  cent  is  a  very  low 
estimate  of  the  number  of  cases  caused  more  or  less  directly  by 
drink,  so  7  per  cent,  in  addition  is  a  very  low  estimate  of  the 
proportion  among  the  annual  admissions  of  insane  children  of 
intemperate  parents  or  grandparents. 

In  the  report  of  the  Commissioners  in  Lunacy  already  quoted, 
the  total  number  of  lunatics  in  England  and  Wales  on  the  Ist  of 
last  June  is  given  as  76,755.  Going  backwards  25  years  we  find 
the  number  then  was  36,762,  and  the  question  is  often  asked — is 
this  enormous  increase  proportionate  or  not  to  the  increase  of 
population  in  the  same  period  ?  Well,  there  were  18*67  lunatics 
to  every  10,000  sane  on  January  Ist,  1859,  whilst  in  the  present 
year  the  ratio  is  28  68  in  every  10,000.  We  know  that  increased 
longevity  among  the  insane,  and  therefore  an  annual  increase  of 


84  INTEMPERANCE   IN    RELATION    TO    LUNACY. 

chronic  cases  from  year  to  year,  will  account  for  some  of  this 
increased  ratio,  but  I  am  one  of  those  who  think  it  will  not 
account  for  all,  and  it  is  at  least  a  striking  coincidence  that  our 
consumption  of  drink  per  head  between  the  years  1850  and  1870 
was  more  than  doubled,  and  as  Mr.  Hojle  has  xecently  pointed 
out,  our  annual  expenditure  in  drink  has,  with  the  exception  of 
three  years  ending  1882,  gone  on  increasing  every  year  since. 
Let  us  compare   this  experience  with  that  of   other  countries. 
Dr.  Lunier,  an  inspector-general  of  lunatics  in  France,  has  dis- 
cussed the  increase  of  insanity  and  suicide  in  that  country  at 
great  length  and  with  much  detail  in  a  memoir,  read  to  the 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  1869,  and  has  followed  it  up  subaequently 
in  a  series  of  articles  in  the  Annales  Med.  Phsycol.     He  has 
obtained  statistics  of  all  the  departments  in  France  separately,  and 
shows  that  in  those  departments  where  increased  consumption  of 
wine  or  spirit  have  been  most  marked,  there  has  been  a  steady 
and  corresponding  increase  in  the  number  of  cases  of  insanity 
caused  by  drink.     In  France,  generally,  consumption  of  wines  and 
spirits  has  much  increased.    Spirits  and  absinthe  especially  wevs 
not  consumed  to  any  great  extent  some  20  or  30  years  ago.    With 
their  largely-increased    consumption   has  marched    an    increase 
of  the  graver  forms  of  insanity,  and  new  forms  have  arisen. 
Dr.  Lunier  gives  the  consumption  of  alcohol  of  fixed  strength  per 
head  for  the  years  1831,  1841,  1851, 1861,  1866,  and  1809,  in 
litres, as  1*09,  1*49,  1*74,  223,  2*53,  2'54,  and  he  has  been  able  to 
ascertain  the  proportion  per  cent,  of  cases  of  insanity  attributed 
to  alcoholism  in  corresponding  years,  and  those  proportions  are 
7-64,  7-83,  8-89,  1022,  and  in  1869,  14-78.    Thus,  whilst  the  am- 
sumption  of  alcohol  in  the  period  named  has  been  doubled,  the 
proportion  of  insanity  due  to  alcohol  has  doubled  also.    Dr.  Lunier 
also  states  that  suicides  associated  with  intemperance  (and  I  would 
add  probably  with  insanity  also)  were,  in  1849,  240  out  of  3,583 
suicides,  or  6  69  per  cent.,  whilst  in  1869,  664  suicides  oat  of 
5,114,  or  12' 98  per  cent.,  were  associated  with  intemperanoe. 
Thus,  it  will  be  observed,  the  population  of  intemperate  suieidef^ 
of  intemperate  insane,  and  the  consumption  of  drink  per  held, 
coincide  in  a  remarkable  manner. 
In  Sweden  vre  aee  V\i^  c«iiVtw^ .  ^VytN.-^  ^^«s%  ^^  \3mw  tdtate  of 


INTEMPERANCE    IN   RELATION   TO   LUNACY.  85 

things  in  Sweden  was  described  by  various  writers  as  frightful ; 
dime,  insanity,  and  suicide  were  increasing,  and  the  ruin  of  the 
country  seemed  impending.  Dr.  Magnus  Moss,  author  of  a  well- 
known  book  on  alcoholism,  and  inspector  of  asylums  in  Sweden, 
writing  in  1872,  states  that  the  consumption  of  alcohol  per  head 
in  that  country  diminished  by  one-half  in  twenty  years,  a  result 
which  he  attributes  to  progressive  increase  in  the  duty  on  spirits, 
to  the  stringent  regulations  of  the  licensing  system,  and  to  the 
influence  of  the  temperance  societies. 

.  The  proportion  of  insanity  due  to  intemperance  in  that  country 
he  gives  as  4*74  per  cent.  How  that  contrasts  with  the  French 
14*78  and  with  our  14  or  15  per  cent ! 

In  Holland  in  the  period  from  1844  to  1870  the  consumption 
of  alcohol  increased  from  8  litres  per  head  to  as  much  as  15  litres 
in  South  Holland  and  21  litres  in  North  Holland,  associated  with 
an  increase  of  2  per  cent,  of  cases  of  alcoholic  insanity  among 
men,  and  a  slight  decrease  among  women.  Why  the  increase  of 
alcoholic  insanity  in  Holland  has  not  been  greater  considering  the 
greatly  increased  consumption  of  drink  I  cannot  explain,  but 
racial  peculiarities  and  climate  have  probably  something  to  do 
with  it. 

In  Russia,  where  the  strongest  and  coarsest  spirits  are  con- 
sumed in  large  quantities,  the  proportion  of  insanity  due  to  drink 
is  probably  larger  than  in  any  other  country.  Some  writers  say 
as  many  as  |  of  the  cases  are  due  to  that  cause.  I  am  unable  to 
give  you  exact  figures,  but  there  is  no  doubt  the  proportion  is 
large.  In  America  the  country  is  over-run  with  asylums  for 
inebriates,  and  the  percentage  of  lunatics  admitted  into  tho 
asylums  is  about  the  same  as  with  us.  It  is  I  believe  a  fact  that 
the  consumption  of  drink  per  head  there  has  been  increased  year 
by  year.  Time  will  not  allow  me  to  give  further  statistics  under 
this  head,  but  I  think  it  will  be  found  all  the  world  over  that  the 
proportion  of  drink-caused  insanity  and  the  ratio  of  its  increase, 
as  well  as  the  increase  of  insanity  generally,  will  be  found  to  be 
related  to  the  consumption  of  strong  drink  among  the  population. 
It  follows  from  what  I  said  in  my  opening  remarks  as  to  the 
complexity  of  this  agency,  that  varied  forms  of  insanity  are 
associated  with  it.    Among  the  cases  admitted  this  year,  we  have 


86  INTEMPERANCE   IN   RELATION   TO   LUNACY. 

firstly  and  in  the  majority  the  maniacal  form  of  insanity,  secondly 
the  melancholic  form,  both  of  these  being  commonly  associated 
with  hallucinations  or  illusions  of  the  senses,  and  also  with  un- 
reasonable suspicions,  such  as  the  fear  of  being  poisoned,  bumt| 
or  murdered.    Many  of  the  cases  have  been  associated  with 
paralysis,  and  several  with  dementia  and  epilepsy.     One  form  of 
alcoholic  insanity  is  with  difficulty  distinp;uishable  from  that 
fatal  disease  general  paralysis.    Though  many  of  these  cases 
recover  and  are  discharged  from  the  asylum,  I  should  say  the 
outlook  is  bad  in  the  majority,  and  in  this  opinion  I  am  in  agree- 
ment with  the  best  authorities,  for  the  tendency  U  to  recur  and 
ultimately  the  patient  dies  insane.    Some  of  our  drinking  lunatics 
have  been  as  many  as  six  times  and  upwards  in  the  asyhmi. 
Nearly  all  at  last  reach  the  last  stage,  that  of  dementia,  the  end 
of  all  insanities,  where  the  various  forms  are  merged  and  become 
practically  undistinguishable. 

I  have  stated  that  alcohol  is  a  poison,  that  it  has  a  specisl 
affinity  for  nerve  tissue,  that  15  per  cent  at  least  of  the  cases  ad- 
mitted into  English  asylums  are  due  more  or  less  to  drink.    That 
in  addition  to  the  15  per  cent,  another  7  per  cent,  have  been 
children  of  intemperate  parents  or  grandparents.    That  the  pro- 
portion of  insanity  has  increased  in  this  country  since  1859  from 
18*67  per  10,000  to  28*68  per  cent.    That  the  consumption  of 
drink  has  in  the  same  period  been  more  than  doubled.     That  in 
France  the  increase  of  insanity,  ^of  suicide,  associated  with  in- 
temperance, and  of  drink-caused  insanity,  have  marched  pro- 
gressively with  the  increased  consumption  of  drink,  especially 
the  stronger   wines,    spirits,  and   absinthe.     That  in   Sweden 
diminished    consumption    of   drink  has   been  associated    with 
diminution  of  drink-caused  insanity,  and  that  in  other  countriea 
there  is  an  evident  relationship  between  drink  and  insuiiiy. 
That  in  the  case  of  lunatics  in  the  criminal  lunatic  asylum  of 
Broadmoor  the  proportion  of  drink  cases  reached  30  to  33  per 
cent.    I  will  leave  you,  then,  to  draw  your  own  inferences  fioiii 
these  few  and  imperfect  observations,  and  after  thanking  yon  ibr 
your  patience  and  attention,  will  conclude  with  a  quotakioii  from 
M.  MoreVa  c\a»&\c&\  "woitVL  on  \.\v&  defeneration  of  the  hiimfli 
race.    He  saya ; "  VJ^x  «i.^  «js^\\3l\!qa>sv>x.^^  ^TlftR!c^m&sML^^aMk 


ABSTINENCE   IN   LUNATIC   ASYLUMS.  87 

principal  degenerationB  of  the  race  ?  Because  one  is  placed  here 
as  a  maniac,  an  epileptic,  an  imbecile,  or  an  idiot,  he  is  not  the 
less — ^in  the  majority  of  cases,  if  not  all — the  product  of  one  or 
more  of  the  causes  of  degeneration  now  enumerated.  We,  as 
physicians,  are  better  able  than  others  to  appreciate  the  influence 
of  alcoholic  excesses,  of  hereditary  affections,  of  misery  and 
privations,  of  insalubrious  professions,  of  unhealthy  localities. 
If,  then,  the  causes  of  so  much  evil  may  yield  before  the  efforts 
of  the  administrative  authority,  surely  we  are  right  to  appeal  to 
it.  The  influence  which  we  can  exert  in  our  own  departments  is 
undoubtedly  great,  but  still  small  when  confronted  with  the  great 
mass  of  incurable  cases  committed  to  our  care.  We  must  not, 
then,  remain  inactive  spectators  of  so  many  destructive  agencies. 
Medicine  alone  can  sufficiently  appreciate  the  causes  producing 
degeneracy  of  race  ;  to  it  alone,  therefore,  it  belongs  (and  this,  I 
may  here  interpolate,  will  sound  like  an  appeal  to  all  my  medical 
brethren)  to  point  out  the  positive  indication  of  the  remedies  to 
be  employed.  I  admit  that  the  experience  to  be  acquired  in  even 
a  long  career  scarcely  would  suffice  to  resolve  a  few  of  the 
problems  proposed,  but  I  say,  with  the  author  of  the  Introduction 
to  the  Science  of  History,  *  No  one  knows  when  his  hour  may 
come  ;  no  one  knows  if  the  idea  he  bears  may  die  with  him.  In 
this  uncertainty  only  one  part  remains — to  make  haste,  that  when 
the  night  comes  our  work  may  be  done. ' '' 


ABSTINENCE  IN  LUNATIC  ASYLUMS. 

It  is  most  gratifying  to  notice  the  spread  of  temperance  prin- 
ciples and  practice  in  the  County  Lunatic  Asylums.  The  following 
extracts  are  taken  from  the  last  annual  report  of  Dr.  Murray 
Lindsay,  medical  superintendent  of  the  Derbyshire  Asylum,  to 
the  committee  of  visitors.    At  page  23  he  writes  : — 

"  The  most  important  event,  perhaps,  of  the  past  year  has  been 
the  decision  of  the  committee,  on  the  recommendation  of  their 
medical  officer,  to  discontinue  entirely  the  use  of  beer,  which  is 
no  longer  an  article  of  ordinary  diet  for  patients,  attendants,  and 


88  ABSTINENCE    IN    LUNATIC   ASYLUMS. 

servants.     The  new  arrangement  took  effect  from  Januarj  1, 
1883. 

"  Working  patients,  as  heretofore,  get  some  extra  cliet,  the 
attendants  and  servants  receiving  a  liberal  money  allowance  as 
compensation  in  place  of  beer.  It  is  greatly  to  their  credit  that 
all  the  female  attendants  and  servants,  on  beinp;  asked,  and  tlie 
large  majority  of  the  male  attendants,  preferred  a  money  allowance 
to  beer. 

"On  October  7  last  the  medical  superintendent  brought  the 
question  of  the  disuse  of  beer  under  the  notice  of  the  committee, 
and,  at  a  subsequent  meeting,  the  suggestions  contained  in  Ids 
report  were  approved  and  adopted  by  the  committee. 

"  To  show  how  general  the  disuse  of  beer  is  becoming  as  in 
article  of  ordinary  diet  in  pauper  asylums,  it  may  be  stated  that 
in  eighteen  pauper  asylums  beer  has  been  discontinued  as  an 
article  of  ordinary  diet,  the  last  convert  to  the  disuse  of  beer 
being  the  Devon  County  Asylum,  and  at  another  County  Asylum 
(Oxfordshire)  the  question  is  at  present  under  the  consideration 
of  the  committee.  At  the  last  new  asylum  opened  (Birmingfaam 
Borough  Asylum,  Rubery  Hill,  near  Bromsgrove)  beer  has  noi 
been  include<l  in  the  ordinary  diet.  In  a  few  years  it  will  pro- 
bably be  found  that  in  the  majority  of  English  pauper  asylums 
beer  will  not  be  given  as  an  article  of  ordinary  diet ;  the  minority 
at  present  giving  no  beer  will  soon,  I  believe,  be  converted  into 
a  majority. 

"I  am  of  opinion — an  opinion,  I  believe,  shared  by  many 
asylum  medical  superintendents — that  the  small  allowance  (half- 
pint)  of  asylum  beer  of  the  quality  (about  6d.  per  gallon)  given 
to  patients  contains  so  little  nutritive  or  stimulant  property  as 
not  to  be  entitled  to  serious  consideration  from  a  strictly  medical 
point  of  view.  It  cannot  nowadays  be  maintained  that  beer  la 
necessary  for  the  purposes  of  health,  nor  can  it  be  shown  tlial 
beer  has  formed  part  of  the  daily  diet  of  most  of  the  Derbyahin 
patients  prior  to  admission  to  the  asylum,  for,  as  far  as  my  inquirifll 
have  gone,  it  would  appear  that  the  large  majority  of  patiently 
especially  females,  had  not  been  accustomed  to  the  duly  nsa  of 
beer  prior  to  admission.  The  most,  therefore,  that  can  be  aaid  im 
its  favour  is  lYiat  it  m«k?j  \i^  wi  \wgc^%»X^fc  «A  >«ft  \ks.^> 


ABSTINENCE   IN   LUNATIC   ASYLUMS.  89 

beverage  (certainly  better  than  bad  or  tainted  drinking  water), 
but  a  luxury  that  may  be  done  without. 

"To  my  mind  the  chief  objections  against  its  use  are  of  a 
domestic  and  disciplinary  nature  connected  with  the  working  of 
the  establishment.  It  is  frequently  wasted  altogether,  given  away 
to  or  taken  by  other  patients  of  gluttonous  or  intemperate  habits, 
who  thus  get  more  tlian  their  allowance,  and  it  is  often  the  source 
of  loss  of  time  and  of  divers  troubles  from  misuse  and  quarrelling. 
In  short,  the  supposed  advantages  from  its  use  are  not  proportionate 
to  its  cost,  and  are  more  than  counterbalanced  by  the  disadvantages 
attending  its  use  and  misuse. 

*'  I  am  not  disposed  to  attach  undue  importance  to  the  question 
of  the  use  of  beer  from  a  temperance  point  of  view,  although  I 
believe  every  asylum  medical  officer  of  experience  must  admit 
that  even  from  this  standpoint  something  can  be  said  against  its 
use,  for  it  is  a  practical  and  important  point  to  bear  in  mind  that 
its  abuse  must  also  be  considered,  the  excessive  use  of  even  light 
beer  being  attended  with  disadvantages,  whilst  its  daily  though 
moderate  use  no  doubt  tends  to  keep  up  and  encourage  the 
drink-craving  in  those  of  intemperate  habits — the  rock  on 
which  many  have  been  wrecked  prior  to  their  reception  into 
the  asylum,  intemperance  having  been  in  a  considerable  propor- 
tion of  cases  a  partial  factor  at  least  in  the  causation  of  their 
insanity. 

"  The  financial  or  economic  aspect  of  the  question,  although 
of  secondary  importance  to  the  health,  welfare,  and  interest  of 
the  patients,  is  also  worthy  of  consideration. 

"  In  carrying  out  the  new  arrangement  of  the  entire  disuse  of 
beer,  I  was  prepared  to  encounter  some  difficulties,  but  in  reality 
I  have  met  with  none,  and  it  appears  to  work  very  smoothly 
and  satisfactorily ;  in  fact  better  than  I  had  anticipated  at  so 
early  a  stage,  for  I  never  had  any  doubt  of  its  ultimate  success.    1 

"  In  accordance  with  a  growing  conviction  entertained  by  the 
medical  officers,  the  use  of  stimulants  in  the  treatment  of  disease 
and  of  the  sick  in  this  asylum  has  been  greatly  diminished  for 
the  last  year  or  two,  more  reliance  being  placed  now  on  milk, 
arrowroot,  beef-tea,  and  other  nutritious  articles  of  food.  The 
amount,  of  stimulants  has   now,  I  think,  been  reduced  to  a 


go  ABSTINENCE    IN    LUNATIC    ASYLUMS. 


minimum.  On  December  31  there  were  no  stimulants  (beer, 
wine,  or  sx>irits)  on  the  sick  diet  lists  for  female  patient^and 
for  male  patients  the  quantity  on  sick  diet  lists  was  veiy  moderat^ 
viz.,  four  ounces  port,  four  ounces  brandv,  and  two  ounces  gin, 
On  the  same  day,  at  the  morning  visit  of  the  medical  officer, 
there  were  no  female  patients  confined  to  bed,  and  in  the  male 
division  six  patients  were  in  bed,  which  shows  the  favourable 
state  of  the  general  health  of  the  inmates  at  that  time.'* 

To  these  extracts  may  be  added  a  few  lines  from  tlie  report  of 
the  visitors,  signed  by  the  chairman,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Mosley, 
viz. : — "  They  would  direct  attention  to  the  general  satisfactory 
condition  of  the  asylum,  as  disclosed  by  the  low  death-rate  and 
high  rate  of  recovery  amongst  the  patients.  On  the  recom- 
mendation of  Dr.  Lindsay,  your  committee  recently  ventured  to 
sanction  the  entire  disuse  of  beer  at  the  asylum  as  an  ordinary 
beverage,  whereby  a  great  saving  of  expense  will  be  effected,  and 
as  it  is  believed  will  be  the  case  with  perfectly  satisfactory  results. 
The  same  thing  has  been  tried  at  other  asylums  with  success.*' 

In  a  letter  dated  August  14, 1683,  the  medical  superintendent 
of  a  large  county  asylum,  says : — "  The  last  asylum  that  bis 
become  a  convert  to  the  entire  abolition  of  beer  is  BristoL    Only 
a  few  days  ago  (about  a  fortnight  since,  I  think)  the  Committee 
of  Visitors  of  the   Bristol  Asylum,  on  the   recommendation  of 
their  medical  officer,  decided  to  discontinue   the   use  of  beer. 
There  arc  sixty-one  county  and    borough  asylums  in  England 
and  Wales,  and  at  twenty-nine  of  these  institutions  beer  does 
not  form  part  of  the  dietary.     The  foUo^ving  is  a  list  of  twenty- 
nine  asylums  7ioi  giving  beer  as  a  part  of   the  ordinary  diet, 
viz.,  Cornwall,  the  Three  Counties  (Beds,  Herts,  and  Hunts), 
Devon,   Abergavenny ;  two  Kent  asylums  (at  Buming  Heath, 
Maidstone,  and  Chartham,  Canterbury),  Norfolk,  Northampton, 
Hereford,  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire  (Beverley)  and  West  Riding 
(Wakefield),  Essex,  Somerset,  Gloucester,  Derby,  Northumber- 
land, Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland  (Carlisle),   Wilts,  Salop 
and  Montgomery,  Worcester,  two  Lancashire  asylums  (Whitting- 
ham  and  Lancaster   Moor),  Oxford,  two  Birmingham  borough 
asylums  (0\d  w\Ol  "^^^V  ^^^^'^<ih  Borough,  Bristol  Boroogfa, 
Leicester    Botou^\v   (Ji^^x   ^n«\v  Vq  ^w^-Wvs^  ^  ^Oa^  iK^iwitiX 
Nottingham  Botom^^v  (>i%^  v;v^'^^  ^^^  ^-^N^^^^  ^\^«aG««&^  ^^ 


PAUPERISM    IN    ENGLAND   AND    WALES.  9 1 

is  surely  a  goodly  array  of  '  no  beer  *  asylums,  almost  half  the 
total  number,  and  probably  before  long  this  number  will  be 
increased.  Perhaps  some  of  the  other  asylums  have  also  decided 
not  to  give  beer." 


PAUPERISM  IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALES* 
Thb  Census  having  been  taken  during  the  parochial  year,  the 
statistics  of  which  are  given  and  discussed  in  the  present  Report, 
a  fitting  opportunity  arises  for  contrasting  the  leading  facts  and 
figures  in  relation  to  the  pauperism  and  poor  law  expenditure  of 
the  country,  as  given  in  the  poor  law  Returns  for  the  parochial 
years  1882  and  1872,  and  for  summarising  some  of  the  principal 
changes  that  have  taken  place  during  the  intervening  ten  years. 

In  1872,  the  population  of  England  and  Wales  was  23,000,000  ; 
the  mean  number  of  paupers  computed  on  the  July  and  January 
enumerations  of  the  parochial  year  was  977,200,  of  whom 
150,930  were  adult  able-bodied  persons  ,*  the  total  cost  of  the 
relief  of  the  poor  was  £8,007,403,  and  the  rateable  value  of  the 
property  liable  to  contribute  to  such  relief  was  j£  107,398,242.  In 
1882,  though  the  population  had  risen  to  26,055,000,  the  mean 
number  of  paupers  had  fallen  to  788,289,  of  whom  102,208  only 
were  adult  able-bodied  persons  ;  and  though  the  total  cost  of  the 
relief  of  the  poor  had  grown  to  j£8,232,472,  the  rateable  value  of 
the  property  liable  to  contribute  to  the  poor  rate  had  become 
£139,636,307.  In  other  words,  though  the  population  had  increased 
more  than  13  per  cent,  there  had  been  an  absolute  decrease  of 
more  than  19  per  cent,  in  the  mean  number  of  paupers  and  a 
decrease  of  32  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  adult  able-bodied 
paupers  ;  ahd  though  there  had  been  an  increase  of  something 
less  than  3  per  cent,  in  the  amount  expended  on  the  relief  of  the 
poor,  the  rateable  value  of  the  property,  on  which  this  expenditure 
was  a  charge,  had  increased  to  the*extent  of  more  than  30  per  cent. 
The  absolute  decrease  in  the  pauperism  of  the  country,  as 
shown  by  the  above  figures,  is  considerable ;  but  it  is  the  more 

*  From  the  Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  the  Local  Goyemment  Bolrd^ 
1882.83. 


92 


PAUPERISM    IN    ENGLAND    AND    WALES. 


remarkable  wheu  the  increase  of  the  population  iu  the  meanwhile 
is  taken  into  account.  The  mean  number  of  paupers  amoantad 
in  1872  to  a  twenty-fourth  part  of  the  population  of  the  coaotiy, 
whilst  in  1882  it  was  less  than  a  thirty-third  part  of  the  popala- 
tion.  In  1872,  the  mean  number  of  adult  able-bodied  paapert 
was  equal  to  one  out  of  every  150  of  the  population,  and  in 
1882  to  only  one  out  of  every  254. 

The  expenditure  on  poor  relief  during  the  year  represented  an 
average  impost  of  6^.  3}d.  per  head  on  the  population,  and 
an  average  rate  of  Is.  2'ld.  in  the  £  on  the  rateable  value  of 
the  property  contributing  to  the  poor  rate.  The  following  table 
furnishes  materials  for  a  comparison  of  this  expenditure  with 
that  of  the  ten  preceding  years,  and  shows  also  the  propoitioii 
which  the  expenditure  in  each  year  bore  to  population  and 
rateable  value.  It  will  be  observed  that,  though  the  rate  per 
head  on  the  population  was  slightly  higher  than  in  any  of  the 
seven  preceding  years  with  the  exception  of  1880,  it  was  slightly 
below  the  average  of  the  eleven  years,  and  very  considerably 
less  than  the  rate  per  head  in  1872.  The  rate  in  the  £  was 
lower  than  in  any  preceding  year.  As  compared  with  1872,  it 
shows  a  reduction  of  3^.  or  20  per  cent. 


Pnrn/tfiim^l 

Bate  per 

Bate  in  £ 

Yaaf 

Population.* 

Relief  to  the  Poor. 

headoa 

on  BatMbit 

I  enT. 

Population. 

ValM. 

£ 

jr.  d. 

9.        d. 

1872 

23,000,000 

8,007,403 

6  lU 

1     6-6 

1873 

23,300,000 

7,692,160 

6     U 

1     4*4 

1874 

23,580,000 

7,66*,957 

6     6 

1     4-4 

1875 

23,860,000 

7,488,481 

6    8i 

1    s-s 

1876 

24,160,000 

7,335,858 

6    OJ 

1     28 

1877 

24,460,000 

7,400,034 

6    04 

1     2S 

1878 

24,76^,000 

7,688,650 

6    24 

1     8*4 

1879 

25,010,000 

7,829,819 

6    81 

1     29 

1880 

25,823,000 

8,015,010 

6    4 

1     8*4 

1881 

25,968,000 

8,102,136 

6    8 

1     88 

1882 

26,056,000 

8,232,472 

6    8} 

1    81 

*  The  popalation  o!  1881  ij  that  enumerated  in  the  preliaiioaiy 
Ceo  SOS ;  the  other  fivcoLie^  %.t«  ^^^^^^^^  It^x^tha  «atimates  puhlithsd  \f 
the  Registrar-OeneTsX. 


PAUPERISM    IN    ENGLAND   AND   WALES. 


93 


In  the  folLowiug  table  the  atnouats  of  the  seTeral  items  of  the 
expenditure  for  the  year,  so  far  as  they  are  ascertainable,  are 
separated  and  contrasted  with  the  corresponding  amounts 
expended  in  the  preceding  year. 


18S1. 

1881. 

DifTervDce  in  168S. 

More. 

Lpss. 

£ 

£ 

€ 

£ 

1.  In  maiotenanoe 

1,838,641 

1,831,595 

— 

7,046 

2.  Oat-relief 

2,600,022 

2,626,875 

— 

33,617 

3.  Maintenance  of  Lnna-] 

tics   in   Asylums  or  • 

1,0S3,780 

1,059,460 

25,680 

— 

Licensed  Honses    ... 

4.  Workhouse  and  other] 

loans  repaid  and  in-  ■ 

338,419 

851,203 

12,784 

_ 

tereit      

5.  Salaries  and  Bations  of  ] 

Officers  and  Super-  ■ 

1,069.188 

1,087,641 

18,453 

— 

annnations      

6.  Other  Expenses  of  or' 

immediately  conneo-  - 

1,135,286 

1,296,523 

161,237 

— 

ted  with  relief 

Total  Relief  to  the  Poor 

8,102,136* 

8,232,472* 

130,336 

— 

Though  the  result  of  the  comparison  on  the  whole  is  to  show 
some  increase,  yet  it  is  noticeable  that  both  the  in-maintenance 
and  the  out-relief  decreased ;  the  former  by  £7,046  and  the 
latter  by  £33,647,  or  1*2  per  cent. 

Passing  from  the  statistics  of  the  expenditure  on  relief  to  those 
relating  to  the  persons  relieved,  we  find,  as  already  stated,  that 
the  mean  number  of  paupers  relieved  in  the  parochial  year  1882 
was  788,289,  as  against  977,200  in  1872.  From  the  following 
table,  which  gives  the  mean  number  of  indoor  and  out-door 
paupers  for  each  year  from  1872  to  1882,  both  inclusive,  and 
their  ratio  per  1,000  of  the  population  in  each  year,  it  will  be 
seen  that,  while  the  mean  number  relieved  in  every  1,000  of 

*  The  discrepancy  between  these  totals  and  the  sum  of  the  six  items 
arises  in  adjusting  the  charges  for  Belief  to  the  Poor  in  the  Metropolij 
through  the  common  Poor  Fnnd. 


94 


PAUPERISM    IN    ENGLAND    AND   WALES. 


the  population  was  forty-two  in  1872,  it  was  onlj  tliirtj  in  1881 
In  two  years,  viz.,  1877  and  1878,  it  was  even  lower.  The  whole 
decrease,  it  will  be  observed,  is  attributable  to  the  xednctioD  ia 
the  number  of  out-door  paupers,  the  indoor  paapeza  having 
increased  from  149,200  to  183,374.  There  can  be  little  doabt 
that  the  great  diminution  in  the  number  of  the  out-door  poor 
is  to  a  considerable  extent  attributable  to  the  salutary  effect  of 
applying  the  workhouse  test,  and  it  should  be  noted  that  the 
diminution  of  the  number  of  out-door  paupers  during  the  decade 
by  223,085  was  accompanied  by  an  increase  of  only  34,174  in  the 
number  of  those  relieved  in  the  workhouse. 


Parochial 

Mean  Namber  of  Paupen. 

Batiopar 

Tear. 

Indoor. 

Oatdoor.* 

ToUl. 

1,000  01 
PopnIalkB. 

1872 

149,200 

828,000 

977,200 

42 

1873 

144,338 

739,350 

883,688 

88 

1874 

148,707 

683,739 

827,446 

S5 

1875 

146,800 

654,114 

800,914 

S4 

1876 

143.084 

606,392 

749,476 

SI 

1877 

149,611 

570,888 

719,949 

29 

1878 

159,219 

569,870 

729,089 

29 

1879 

166,852 

598,603 

765,455 

80 

1880 

180,817 

627,218 

808,030 

82 

1881 

183,872 

607,065 

790,937 

80 

1882 

183,374 

604,915 

788,289 

80 

The  next  table,  which  gives  the  population,  and  ^'adjnited" 
expenditure  on  relief  in  the  Metropolis  during  each  of  the  yean 
from  1872  to  1882,  the  rate  per  head  on  the  popuiadon  and  the 
average  rate  in  the  £  on  the  rateable  value  of  the  propeity 
liable  to  contribute  to  the  poor  rate,  shows  the  extent  to  which 
the  pecuniary  burden  of  the  relief  of  the  Metropolitan  poor  bai 
fluctuated  in  each  year  of  the  decade.  It  will  be  seen  firon  it 
that  the  expenditure,  which  fell  from  £1,756,929  in  187S  to 
£1,588,709  in  1875,  has  risen  steadily  since  the  latter  year  to 
£2,090,753  in  1882  ;  and  that  this  growth,  though  mora  npid 

*  Theo^l-dooT^^^T%%T«v&.^V^^%c£  thoM  obargcable  to  the 
ratei  who  are  in  CQxmV.^  in^  ^nTn-f^  — j^ '-  '^-rmwift'Mi^M 


PAUPERISM    IN   ENGLAND   AND   WALES. 


95 


than  the  increase  in  the  population  during  the  interval,  has  been 
slightly  surpassed  by  the  increase  in  the  rateable  value  ;  the 
result  being  that  the  average  rate  in  the  £^  which  was 
Is.  6jd.  in  1875  was  only  Is.  6^*1.  in  1882.  Comparing  1882 
with  1872,  there  was  a  decrease  of  threepence  in  the  £  in  the 
average  rate  required  in  the  metropolis  for  the  relief  of  the  poor. 


Parochial 
Year. 

Population. 

Relief  to  the  Poor. 
•'  Adjusted." 

Rata  per 

head  on 

Population. 

Rate  in  £ 
on  Rateable 
Value. 

£ 

a.     d. 

«.      d. 

1872 

8,311,298 

1,756,929 

10    7^ 

1     9i 

1873 

8,856,073 

1,630,886 

9    8) 

1    74 

1874 

3,400,701 

1,633,182 

9    7i 

1    7i 

1875 

8,4i5,160 

1,588,709 

9    2| 

1     6k 

1876 

3,489,428 

1,618.822 

9    Si 

1    6k 

1877 

3,583,484 

1,695,590 

9    7i 

1     5} 

1878 

3,577,304 

1,757,183 

9  10 

1     6 

1879 

3,620,868 

1,806,637 

9  111 

1     6i 

1880 

3,664,149 

1,817.972 

9  11} 

1     5} 

1881 

8,814,571 

1,907,155 

10    0 

1     6i 

1882 

3,893,272 

2,090,753 

10    9 

1     64 

A  considerable  amount  of  the  increased  expenditure  during 
the  decade  is  attributable  to  the  increase  in  the  contributions 
which  the  Unions  have  baen  called-upon  to  make  to  the  expenses 
incurred  by  the  Metropolitan  Asylum  Board. 

The  statistics  relating  to  in-maintenance  and  out-relief  and  to 
the  number  of  iu-door  and  ont-door  paupers  in  the  Metropolis 
contrast  very  favourably  with  those  for  the  remainder  of  the 
country,  and  prove  the  satisfactory  working  in  this  respect  of 
the  Metropolitan  Poor  Amendment  Act,  1869,  under  which  a 
large  portion  of  the  cost  of  the  in-maintenance  was  made  repay- 
able out  of  the  Common  Poor  Fund.  In  1872,  the  cost  of  the 
in-maintenance  was  £433,215  and  that  of  the  out-relief  was 
^0374,736.  In  1832,  while  the  in-maintenance  had  increased  to 
£569,992,  the  out-relief  had  fallen  to  £198,757.  In  other  words 
an  increase  of  £136,777  in  the  in-maintenance  had  been  accom- 
panied by  a  decrease  of  £175,979  in  the  out-door  relief,  the 
result  being  a  net  decrease  of  £39,202  on  the  sum  of  the  two 


96 


PAUPERISM    IN    ENGLAND   AND    WALES. 


items,  notwithstanding  the  growth  of  the  population.  In  the 
meanwhile  the  proportion  which  the  out-door  relief  bore  to  the 
aggregate  of  the  two  items  had  fallen  from  46*4  per  cent 
to  25  9. 

The  Metropolitan  pauper  statistics  for  the  decade  are  even 
more  s^itisfactory.  The  mean  number  of  paupers  in  the  Metro- 
polis fell  from  135,703  in  1872  to  100,323  in  1882,  being  a 
diminution  of  more  than  26  per  cent.  This  result  was  brought 
about  by  a  reduction  of  48,137  or  more  than  49  per  cent  in 
the  mean  number  of  out-door  paupers,  accompanied  by  an 
increase  of  12,757  or  33  per  cent,  in  the  mean  number  of 
in-door  paupers. 

The  establishments  under  the  control  of  the  Metropolitan 
Poor  Law  Authorities,  the  average  number  of  inmates  relieved 
in  them,  and  the  totals  of  the  several  items  of  expenditure  for 
provisions  incurred  in  respect  of  each  class  of  institution  during 
the  year  ended  Lady-day  1882,  are  given  in  the  following  table  : 


Average  No.  of  In- 
matea  daily. 

ExPi:(Drruai. 

1 

• 

M 

1 

i 

s" 

-si 

•sis 

39  Workhouaes.. ") 
1  Infirmary .... } 

19  Schools 

20  Inflrmariea  .. 

6  Infectiooa  "> 
Hofpitals    .} 

4  Imbecila  A*y-") 
lama S 

2I»052 

11.098 
8.567 

878 
4i,711 

£ 

38.979 

22.647 
13.224 

1,C68 
9.277 

£ 

88.644 

3\318 
45.429 

5,370 
21,412 

£ 

13.516 

Iff. 743 
13.972 

2.95t 
3.068 

£ 

6.051 

6) 
2.339 

629 
4.246 

£ 

3,637 

361 

3,683 

1.379 
912 

sje^iei 

88,323 
106,837 

18»eil 
58,2:1 

83*               ToUI.. 

49.306 

85.695 

191.073 

49,251 

12.328 

9.903 

477.ia 

*  Exclading  24  cataal  warda  and  two  or  three  tenporar  j  eatabliahvaeiita  Cut  ^ 
Atlia  "  Hospital  Ship  and  the  Small-pox  Convaleaeent  Camp  at  Damtlu  ' 


THE    USE    OF   ALCOHOL   IN   WORKHOUSES.  gy 


THE  USE  OF  ALCOHOL  IN  WORKHOUSES. 

There  was  a  large  attendance  of  members  and  others  at  the 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  Poor  Law  Medical  Officers*  Association, 
which  was  held  on  the  2nd  of  August  in  one  of  the  rooms  of  the 
Liverpool  College,  in  connection  with  the  session  of  the  British 
Medical  Association.  The  chair  was  occupied  by  Dr  Joseph 
Rogers  (London),  President  of  the  Council  and  Medical  Officer  of 
the  Westminster  Workhouse,  who  expressed  his  strong  disap- 
proval of  the  use  of  stimulants  in  workhouses,  and  referred  in 
detail  to  his  own  personal  relations  with  the  Westminster  Board 
of  Guardians. 

Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  F.L.S.,  proposed  the  following  resolu- 
tions : — 

"  That  in  view  of  the  very  large  proportion  of  pauperism  pro- 
duced by  intemperance,  and  the  disturbance  and  impairment  of 
discipline  where  intoxicants  are  in  use,  this  meeting  notes  with 
pleasure  the  greatly  diminished  consumption  of  intoxicating 
drinks  in  workhouses,  and  strongly  urges  on  all  poor  law  medical 
officers  the  propriety  of  prescribing  as  little  of  intoxicating  liquor 
as  may  be  found  compatible  with  the  safety  of  the  sick. 

"  That  this  meeting  also  is  of  opinion  that  no  pauper  should 
receive  payment  in  intoxicating  drink  for  work  done,  and  that  all 
parochial  officials  should  have  the  option  of  a  money  equivalent 
in  lieu  of  an  allowance  of  beer  or  other  intoxicating  beverages. 

"  That  this  meeting  instructs  the  chairman  to  forward  a  copy 
of  the  above  resolution  to  Sir  Charles  Dilke,  the  President  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  and  to  the  medical  and  general  press." 

Dr.  Kerr  pointed  out  the  anomaly  of  a  sick  pauper  in  one 
locality  being  ordered  intoxicating  stimulants  at  the  rate  of  £2  148. 
per  case,  and  in  another  locality  being  treated  without  such 
remedies  at  all.  In  1881  the  cost  for  alcohol  in  metropolitan 
workhouses  ranged  from  2^.  to  32s.  per  inmate.  In  the  AtUu 
iiospital-ship  the  average  was  £4  7s.  6d.  The  prescription  of 
alcoholic  drinks  to  the  sick  poor  was  surrounded  by  peculiar 
difficulties,  inasmuch  as,  as  he  himself  had  seen,  everybody  but 


gS  THE    USB   OF  ALCOHOL  IN   WORKHOUSES. 

the  patient  might  consume  the  liquor.  Then  the  poor  generallj 
descended  into  pauperism  through  strong  drink  ;  and  a  free  or 
routine  administration  of  this  pleasant  and  powerful  drug  ohIt 
tended  to  confirm  their  prejudice  in  favour  of,  and  their  previous 
desire  for,  intoxicants.  It  was  gratifying  to  find  that  there  had 
been  a  marked  decrease  in  the  cost  of  beers,  wines  and  spirits 
during  the  past  few  years.  There  would  have  been  a  still  greater 
decrease,  but,  in  cases  within  his  knowledge,  the  efTorts  of  the 
medical  officer  had  been  thwarted  by  his  being  subjected  to  endless 
worry,  annoyance,  and  even  injury  to  reputation  and  practice, 
by  guardians  and  others  who  are  strongly  in  favour  of  a  lai]ge 
expenditure  on  drink.  In  some  cases  he  was  bound  to  confess 
the  difficulty  lay  with  the  medical  officer.  A  recent  return  by 
Lord  Der\^'ent,  showed  that  in  1881  £22,000  less  had  been 
expended  on  intoxicants  in  workhouses  in  England  and  Wales 
than  in  1871,  a  decrease  of  over  25  per  cent.,  though  there  had 
been  an  increase  of  over  8  per  cent,  in  the  average  daily  number 
of  pauper  inmates.  In  this  last  return  it  is  noted  that  there  had 
been  no  consumption  of  strong  drink  in  1881  in  the  following 
workhouses  : — Shoreditch,  Greenwich,  and  Leeds.  Had  the 
period  embraced  in  this  return  extended  a  little  later,  the  exten- 
sive workhouse  of  St.  Marylebone,  with  a  daily  average  of  1,577 
inmates,  would  have  been  reported  as  having  consumed  no 
intoxicating  drink  in  1882.  From  this  1881  return,  it  would 
appear  that  in  seventeen  unions  no  liquors  had  been  used,  eight 
of  these  being  Welsh.  Owing  to  the  change  from  infirmary  ind 
workhouse  under  one  roof,  to  separate  infirmaries,  it  is  impractie* 
able  yet  to  make  out  the  actual  decrease  in  the  amount  ordered 
to  the  sick  ;  but  in  several  of  the  infirmaries,  such  aa  SU  GeorgeV 
in-tlie-Wcst,  Wandsworth,  and  St.  Marylebone,  there  had  been  a 
very  decided  reduction.  All  this  showed  that  poor-law  medical 
officers  did  not  now  place  so  much  reliance  on  the  alleged 
therapeutic  virtues  of  intoxicating  remedies  m  they  oaed  to  do. 
He  (Dr.  Norman  Kerr)  ordered  them  very  rarely  and  very  ipar- 
iDgly>  and  he  had  never  seen  reason  to  be  dissatisfied  with  the 
results  of  this  non-alcoholic  treatment  It  was  impoenUie  for 
the  present  to  eay  v^lvat  effect  this  disminished  atimiilatioii  bad 
on  moTtaUty,  a\\  \.\\^  ItvoX^t^  x^^^  \i<'«v^  ^>5Sksb.  ^<^  xeadu 


JUDICIAL   STATISTICS   FOR    1882. 


99 


He  had,  for  example,  found  a  very  high  mortality  where  no 
liquor  had  heen  given.  But  there  was  evidence  enough  to  show 
that,  other  conditions  being  equal,  the  withdrawal  of  alcoholic 
drink  did,  to  say  the  least,  neither  injure  the  health  nor  increase 
the  death-rate. 

The  resolutions  moved  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr  were  seconded  by 
Dr.  C.  R.  Drysdale,  and,  after  a  long  and  animated  discussion, 
they  were  put  and  carried  ;  only  three  persons  voting  against 
them.  As  the  proceedings  were  reported  at  great  length  in  all 
the  Liverpool  newspapers,  and  long  editorial  articles  also  appeared; 
as  the  Press  throughout  the  country  prominently  recorded  the 
event ;  and  as  the  resolutions  were  sent  to  the  President  of  the 
Local  Government  Board,  much  increased  attention  has  been 
drawn  to  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  the  workhouses  of  England. 


JUDICIAL    STATISTICS    FOR    1882. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley,  M.A., 

Chaplain  o/H.M.  Prison,  CUrkenwell, 

This  yearly  Blue-book  gives  statistics  for  England  and  Wales 
which  are  indispensable  to  those  who  would  study  crime,  ita 
causes,  and  its  increase  or  decrease,  comparative  or  absolute.  I 
extract  those  figures  which  may  be  of  especial  interest  to  Tem- 
perance and  other  social  reformers,  comparing  them  in  some 
instances  with  the  records  for  several  previous  years. 

I.  The  number  of  persons  summarily  proceeded  against  for  being 
drunk,  or  drunk  and  disorderly,  for  the  last  seven  years  is : — 


1876... 

•  •  • 

...  205.567 

1879... 

178,429 

1877... 

•  •  • 

...  200,184 

18S0... 

172,859 

1878... 

•  ■  ■ 

...  194,649 

1881... 

174,481 

1882 ...     189,097. 

The  increase  is  probably  due  to  the  revival  of  trade,  as  the  high 
figures  of  1876  to  1878  were  admittedly  owing  to  commercial 
prosperity  and  the  continuance  of  the  habits  gained  in  ''good 

E  2 


lOO  JUDICIAL    STATISTICS   FOR    1882. 


times."  The  increase  of  fifteen  thousand  during  the  last  year  ii, 
however,  alarming,  especially  in  view  of  the  exceptional  activity 
of  all  forms  of  Temperance  effort. 

II.  The  places  with  the  largest  totals  for  drunkenness,  and 
their  figures  for  the  last  three  years,  are  as  under,  and  show,  m 
most  cases,  an  increase  which  in  some  instances  is  remarkable. 


1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

Loodon 

32,710 

...     27,368 

...     29.044 

Lancaster  CouDty 

15,650 

...     16,661 

...     19,0C5 

Liverpool 

14.252 

...     14.287 

...     16,00:« 

Dorbam  County  ... 

8,308 

...       9,124 

...     10,650 

MancbeBter 

8,815 

...       9,29r 

9,»oe 

West  Riding 

8,717 

...       7/42 

...       8,045 

Stafford  County  ... 

4.445 

...       4,854 

...       6,896 

Newcastle 

4,135 

...       4.268 

...       4.245 

Glamorgan  Cuunty 

2,484 

...       2,756 

...       8.185 

Chester  County  ... 

2,632 

...       2  443 

...       2,804 

Worcester  County  . 

1.684 

...       2,016 

...       2,584 

Northumberland  ... 

1,967 

...       2,145 

...       2,529 

Birmingham 

2,218 

2,345 

...       2,443 

Derby  County 

1,849 

...       2,001 

...       2,248 

Shropshire 

1,543 

...        1,823 

...       2,020 

Salford     

2,148 

...       2,480 

...       1,928 

It  will  be  observed  that  a  decrease  compared  with  18S1  is  only 
found  in  the  case  of  Newcastle  and  Salford.  In  London  the 
figures  for  the  last  few  years  hardly  represent  the  real  state  of 
affairs,  owing  largely  to  the  efifect  of  the  police  order  whereby 
drunkards  are  not  detained  when  they  become  sober  in  the 
police-station.  The  figured  for  Manchester  for  the  last  five  yean 
are  8,045,  8,596,  8,815,  9,297,  9,409,  a  serious  and  steady  progren 
downwards,  unless  the  population  has  increased  out  of  proportimi 
to  the  increase  in  other  places,  and  this  hardly  supports  the 
optimism  of  the  Bishop  of  Manchester,  who  recently  declared 
that  it  was  long  since  he  had  seen  a  drunken  man  in  the  city. 

III.  Other  offences  against  the  Licensing  Act,  1872,  amount 
only  to  14,588,  a  decrease  of  115  in  spite  of  the  general  increaae 
in  apprehensions  for  drunkenness,  and  as  there  are  at  least  13,800 
licensed  houses  in  London  alone,  and  as  over  300,000  licenses  an 
issued  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  as  licensed  '<  victaaUen* 
are  constantly  com^Uvuiu^  of  the  o^i^ressiveness  of  thie  Act  tad 
the  number  oi  poasvXA^  o\JL^\\<i^^  MxAwt  \x^Sx\&  ^x>ssQa^ 


JUDICIAL   STATISTICS   FOR    1882.  lOI 

offences  are  either  far  more  rare  than  anyone  believes,  or  that  the 
offenders  are  remarkably  successful  in  escaping  conviction. 

lY.  Amongst  those  apprehended  for  indictable  offences  or 
Biimmarily  proceeded  against,  39,845  (300  more  than  in  1881),  of 
whom  11,000  are  females,  are  described  as  habitual  drunkard?. 
This  indicates,  of  course,  cases  and  not  individuals.  Many, 
however,  come  under  other  heads,  e.g.,  disorderly  prostitutes,  of 
whom  there  were  22,944  apprehended  ;  and,  moreover,  habitual 
drunkards  have  not  invariably  the  fortune  to  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  police. 

V.  Under  the  h^ad  of  Coroners'  Returns,  443  deaths  are 
described  as  being  from  excessive  drinking.  A  perusal  of  the 
daily  papers  will,  however,  show  that  this  verdict  is  rarely,  from 
various  reasons,  recorded  when  it  can  be  avoided. 

VI.  Of  993  houses  the  resort  of  thieves,  depredators,  and 
suspected  persons,  433  are  public-houses,  and  346  beershops. 
As  it  is  an  offence  to  harbour  such  persons,  we  may  wonder  why 
this  item  appears  year  after  year  in  undiminished,  and  even  in 
increasing,  size. 

VII.  The  offenders  who  have  been  convicted  for  any  crime 
above  ten  times  are  4,391  males,  and  8,946  females,  or  8'9  and 
29'3  per  cent,  respectively  on  the  total  commitments.  In  other 
words,  more  than  a  quarter  of  all  women  in  prison,  whose  offence 
is  not  the  first,  have  been  in  over  ten  times.  A  comparison  of 
five  years  will  show  how  women  have  been  steadily  getting  worse 
in  this  respect :— 1878,  5,673  females;  1879,  5,800  females;  1880, 
6,773  females ;  1881,  7,496  females  ;  1882,  8,946  females.  This 
preponderance  of  women  is  almost  entirely  due  to  the  special 
character,  and  the  increase,  of  female  Intemperance. 

VIII.  The  daily  average  population  of  the  local  prisons  was 
17,876,  at  a  cost  of  -£20  19s.  3d.  a  head  ;  of  the  convict  prisons, 
10,192,  at  £32  83.  4d. ;  and  there  were  873  criminal  lunatics,  t.e., 
a  daily  average  of  28,941  criminals  in  confinement  (not  including 
4,487  juvenile  offenders  in  reformatories,  and  11,027  in  industrial 
schools),  at  a  cost  of  ;£754,146.  As  three-fourths  of  crime  is 
directly  or  indirectly  attributable  to  Intemperance,  the  unneces- 
sary cost  to  the  country  may  readily  be  computed.  It  may  be 
added  that  the  cost  of  the  police  is  £3,264,377. 


102  THE   METROPOLITAN   POLICE    RETURNS. 


THE  METROPOLITAN  POLICE  RETURNS. 
By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley^  M.A. 

1.  The  number  of  persons  taken  into  custody  on  all  charges  in 
the  Metropolitan  area  during  1882  was  78,416,  the  totals  for  the 
five  preceding  years  being  77,377,  79,490,  81,385,  83,746,  77,982. 
The  average  for  the  decade  ending  1880  is  76,314. 

2.  Of  these,  7,042,  of  which  2,945  were  females,  are  charged 
with  drunkenness.  The  figures  for  the  last  five  years  would  seem 
to  show  that  in  spite  of  the  vast  increase  of  the  population 
drunkenness  has  decreased  by  more  than  half.    Thus  in 

1S78  there  were  16,227  apprehenaions,  7,810  being  women. 

1879  „  15,454  „  7.462 

1880  „  13.348  „  6.433  „ 

1881  „  8,567  „  3.854  „ 

1882  „  7,042  ,,  2.945 

It  must,  however,  be  remembered  that  this  improvement  if 
more  apparent  than  real,  being  due  largely  to  the  fatuous  police 
onler  which  resulted  from  some  magisterial  decisions,  whereby 
drankcn  persons  are  ordered  to  be  released  when  sober  on  their 
own  recognizances  to  appear.  "  As  a  rule,"  says  Sir  E.  Hender- 
son, "  nothing  more  is  seen  of  them,"  and  we  have  also  to  bear  in 
mind  that  the  police,  as  their  superintendents  have  reported,  do 
not  trouble  to  apprehend  drunkards  while  conviction  is  so  easily 
evaded  by  a  false  address  and  non-appearance;  1,460  thus  failed 
to  appear. 

3.  The  separate  charge  of  being  drunk  and  disorderly  contains 
19,254  cases,  of  whom  8,927  are  females,  which  shows  pretty 
clearly  the  misleading  effect  of  the  order  and  action  above 
mentioned.  If  intemperance  had  decreased  as  steadily  and  x«- 
markably  as  the  table  given  above  would  suggest,  the  decrease 
would  also  be  visible  here.  But  the  figures  for  the  last  three 
years  for  the  apprehension  for  being  drunk  and  disorderly  aiG:«- 

1880—  9,0S9  males,  7,481  females,  total  16,520 
1S81-VQ,0^^      „      8,689  „  18,781 

18Sa— \^,"i'i1  ^^^'il  .^  V^^Vw 


THE   METROPOl-ITAN  J>OLICE   RETURNS.  IO3 

In  this  case  the  culprits  are  not  released,  as  there  is  against 
them  the  additional  charge  of  being  disorderly.  The  London 
drinking  charges  pure  and  simple  thus  stand  at  the  total  of  26,296, 
of  which  women  account  for  11,872. 

4.  Of  those  convicted  the  ages  were  as  follows: — 

10  years  to  noder  20,    ...  1,286  cases,      368  being  females. 

,..  7,084      „  2,536 

...  5,503      „  2,547 

...  8,405      „  1,548 


20 

80, 

80 

40. 

40 

50, 

60 

60, 

60  and  upwards 

ff 
It 
t» 


1,420      „         581 


690      „  809  „ 


The  decade  from  twenty  to  thirty  is,  therefore,  far  the  worst, 
as  it  is  for  nearly  all  kinds  of  crime  except  begging.  The  in- 
crease, as  compared  with  last  year,  is  in  those  under  twenty  (1,236 
as  against  993).  We  may  also  note  that,  in  spite  of  the  accumu- 
lated and  varied  evidence  as  to  the  futility  of  the  present  system 
of  punishment,  17,001  out  of  19,188  convicted  of  drunkenness 
are  merely  fined,  and  a  month  remains  the  maximum  of 
punishment,  even  for  those  who  have  scores  of  previous  con- 
victions for  being  drunk  and  disorderly.  In  January  the  number 
of  females  apprehended  for  dninkenness  actually  exceeded  the 
males. 

5.  There  were  1S2  publicans,  &c.,  summoned  by  the  police, 
but  only  126  convicted,  t.«.  one  to  every  208  persons  apprehended 
for  drunkenness — an  eloquent  fact  when  one  remembers  the  pub- 
licans' wail  over  the  number  of  offences  under  the  Licensing  Acts. 

6.  The  learned  professions  are  thus  represented:— Clergymen 
and  ministers,  6  ;  lawyers,  22  ;  and  medical  men,  49.  Of  those 
who  described  themselves  of  no  trade  or  occupation,  2,739  were 
men,  and  8,597  were  women,  these  being  in  the  most  cases 
married  women. 

7.  We  must,  of  course,  take  these  figures,  saddening  as  they 
are,  as  but  one  item  in  the  calculation  of  the  amount  of  crime 
that  is  due  to  intemperance  ;  for  thousands  of  other  cases  of 
murder,  manslaughter,  assault,  suicide,  wilful  damage,  furious 
driving,  desertion,  and  even  vagrancy  or  theft,  were  due  to,  or 
committed  when  under  the  influence  of,  intoxication.  And  even 
then,  taking  three-fourths  of  all  crime  as  due,  at  a  moderate  esti- 


104 


THE    NATIONAL   DRINK   BILL   FOR    1882. 


mate,  directly  or  indirectly  to  intemperance,  we  must  add  thos2 
thousands  who  escaped  notice,  or  evaded  apprehension,  and  the 
quiet  8ot-at-home  drunkards.  Any  parish  clerg3rman,  doctor,  or 
relieving  officer,  would  probably  know  of  nine  undoubted 
drunkards  who  had  for  the  year,  or  perhaps  altogether,  escaped 
apprehension,  for  every  one  who  had  the  benefit  of  a  sojourn  in 
one  of  Her  Majesty's  Tetotal  Hotels.  We  can  begin  to  calculate 
from  these  figures,  but  must  not  consider  the  whole  extent  of  the 
evil  as  herein  indicated. 


THE  NATIONAL  DRINK  BILL  FOR  1882. 
By  William  Hoylb, 

Author  of  *'  Our  National  Eeiourcu^  and  kow  tkry  art  Watttd,**  J^e, 

The  following  figures,  which  I  have  calculated  from  the  recently 
issued  Government  returns,  give  particulars  as  to  the  consump- 
tion of  intoxicating  liquors  during  the  year  1882.  I  also  give  the 
figures  for  1881 : — 


188S. 

1881. 

OallonR.              s.    d.               £ 

£ 

British  Spirits     ... 

28,554.264  at  20  0  *=  28.554.264 

28.730.719 

ForeigD  Spirits  ... 

8,292,125   „   24  0  «    9,950,425 

9,954.318 

Wine       

14,431,282  „   18  0  -  12.988,15« 

14,090,281 

.D  c  V  t                •  •  ■                •  •  • 

976,780,224   „     16*  73,258,510 

72,809,l4i 

British  Wines  (es- 

timated) 

15,000,000  „     2  0=    1,500.000 

£126,251,355 

1,500.000 

127,074,455 

A  word  of  explanation  touching  the  beer  given  in  the  above  table 
is  needed.  It  is  this.  Prior  to  the  abolition  of  the  malt  duty, 
and  its  transfer  to  beer  by  Mr.  Gladstone  in  1880,  the  private 
brewer  who  brewed  for  his  own  domestic  consumption  paid  duly 
upon  the  malt  which  he  used.  When,  therefore,  the  malt  duty 
was  abolished,  Mr.  Gladstone,  in  order  to  make  up  for  the  loM  of 
revenue  thus  caused,  imposed  a  license  tax  of  63.  upon  all  prtmle 
brewers  who  resided  in  houses  below  the  annual  valae  of  £\% 


THE    NATIONAL    DRINK   BILL   FOR    1882. 


t05 


and  9a.  upon  all  private  brewers  who  resided  in  houses  between 
£10  and  £15  in  annual  value.  At  the  end  of  the  last  financial 
year  (March  31,  1882)  there  were  102,642  persons  who  paid  68., 
and  7,383  persons  who  paid  9a.  license  duty  ;  the  two  together 
yielding  a  total  income  from  this  source  of  £34,114  19s.  If  we 
assume  that  every  6s.  3d.  of  the  foregoing  represents  a  barrel  of 
beer  used,  as  Mr.  Gladstone  intended  it  should  do,  we  shall  have 
109,168  barrels,  or  3,930,048  gallons,  of  beer  as  brewed  in  private 
houses.  These  figures  are,  therefore,  included  with  the  beer  in 
the  table  given  above. 

It  will,  doubtless,  be  interesting  if  I  supplement  the  above 
table  by  giving  the  amount  of  intoxicating  liquors  consumed  in 
the  other  years  from  1876,  the  year  of  the  highest  drink  bill,  to 
1880.  The  following  table  shows  the  amount  for  the  various 
years  : — 


1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1870. 

1880. 

British  Spirits 
Foreign  Spirits 

Wine 

Beer 

Brititih  Wines,   &c. 
(ettiinsted) 

£ 
29.950.288 
13,786,354 
16,794,7(}1 
85,008,316 

1,750,003 

£ 
29.888,176 
li.742,277 
15,904,146 
81.722,632 

J,75\O0O 

£ 
29.358.715 
12.636,364 
14.646,065 
83.796,766 

1,750,000 

£ 
27,936,650 
11,449,021 
13,450.683 
73,667.609 

1,760.00) 

28,457.486 
10,178,014 
14.267,10S 
67,881,673 

1,500,000 

147,288,759 

142,007,231 

142.188,900 

128,143,863 

122,270,275 

If  the  above  table  be  examined  it  will  be  seen  that  between  the 
years  1876  and  1880  there  was  a  considerable  diminution  in 
the  quantity  of  intoxicating  liquors  consumed  by  the  nation, 
arising  partly,  no  doubt,  from  the  progress  of  Temperance  prin- 
ciples, but  mainly  from  the  reduced  means  caused  by  the  great 
depression  in  trade.  Taking  the  consumption  upon  the  basis  of 
population,  I  find  that  in  1876  the  cost  per  head  of  intoxicating 
liquors  reached  £4  9s.;  in  1880,£3  10s.  lid.;  in  1881, £3 12s.  lOd.; 
and  in  1882,  £3  lis.  7d.  In  giving  the  Drink  Bill  a  year  ago,  I 
pointed  out  that  the  change  in  assessing  tax  upon  the  beer,  instead 
of  upon  the  malt,  gave  a  larger  return  of  beer  for  the  same  quantity 
of  malt  used,  estimated  to  be  about  one-nineteenth  more.  In 
making  comparisons,  therefore,  of  3  ears  prior  to  1880  with  subse- 
quent years,  this  fact  ought  not  to  be  overlooked. 

March,  1883. 


lo6  PUBLIC-HOUSE   RETURNS. 


PUBLIC-HOUSE  RETURNS. 

Compiled  by  Corney  SimfONDS,  Brighton. 

The  appended  table  is  compiled  partly  from  official  retonis 
and  partly  from  estimates  based  on  national  averages.    It  was 
collected  in   the  first  instance   with  a  view  to  compare  the 
number  of  drink  shops  to  the  number  of  inhabited  houses  and 
population  in  each  town  named.    It  will  be  seen  that  twenty- 
three  large  towns  are  included  in  the  list,  and  of  these  Norwich 
and  Manchester  have  the  highest  number  of  licensed  houses  in 
proportion  to  the  population,  while  Cardiff  and  Birkenliead  nnk 
lowest.    It  is  worthy  of  note  in  how  many  instances,  even  in 
these  large,  populous,  and  highly-rated  districts,  the  expenditure 
upon  intoxicants  and  the  rateable  value  are  nearly  equal,  and 
these  figures  illustrate,  when  the  agricultural  districts  are  com- 
bined, the  truth  of  a  statement  often  made  upon  temperance 
platforms,  that  we  spend  more  on  intoxicants  than  we  pay  as 
rent.    The  expenditure  per  head  and  per  family  in  each  town 
upon  intoxicants  is  given,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  to 
obtain  the  expenditure  per  head  per  adult  we  must  double  the 
figures  given  as  the  expenditure  per  head,  as  at  least  half  the 
population  is  juvenile.    A  comparison  may  be  made  between  the 
estimated  expenditure  upon  intoxicating  drinks  by  the  occupant 
of  each  inhabited  house  and  the  estimated  annual  rateable  value 
of  each  inhabited  house  :  or,  in  other  words,  between  the  drink 
bill  and  rent  book  of  each  householder.    Coming  to  totals  we 
find  tliat  the  twenty-three  towns  may  boast  of  a  total  of  20,700 
licensed  drink  shops,  being  one  to  every  thirty-fifth  householder, 
one  to  every  181  of  the  inhabitants,  and  one  to  every  ninety 
adults.     On  an  average  every  drink  shop  takes  £6b0  per  year, 
and  as  each  thirty- five  householders  have  to  supply  this  sum, 
it  cost^  them  £18  lis.  5d.   a-piece.    The   total  convictions  for 
drunkenness  are  25,113.     But  no  argument  may   be   based  on 
this  estimate,  as  in  the  majority  of  cases,  drunkards  are  never 
apprehended,^  and  many  are  dismissed  without  a  public  <>TAintn^ 
tion. 


PUBLIC -HOUSES    RETURNS. 


Illll 


jili 


iai 


':':i 


nnnnmnoQstSU 


I08  PROPOSED   TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION. 


PROPOSED  TEMPERANCE  LEGISLATION. 

On  "Wednesday,  November  7,  a  conference  of  lepresentaiives 
of  various  temperance  organisations  of  the  United  Kingdom,  was 
held  at  the  head  offices  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance 
Society,  Westminster,  for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  question 
of  Licensing  Reform.  The  resolutions  agreed  to  were  as 
follows  : — 

I.  That  in  the  opinion  of  this  Conference  grievous  injuries 
arc,  and  for  a  long  time  have  been,  resulting  to  the  moral, 
spiritual,  and    physical  interests  of  the  people  of  the  United  1 
Kingdom,  through  the  facilities  afforded  for  the  sale  of  strong 
drink. 

II.  That  in  view  of  this,  and  of  the  impossibility  of  removing 
the  evil  under  the  existing  licensing  laws,  a  comprehensive 
remedial  measure  is  imperatively  demanded,  and  in  asking  Her 
Majesty's  Government  to  introduce  such  a  measure,  the  con- 
ference respectfully  submits  that  no  legislative  proposals  ought 
to  take  precedence  of  one  bearing  so  directly  on  the  condition  of 
the  people. 

III.  That  for  any  such  measure  to  be  effectual,  the  control 
of  the  granting  of  licenses  for  the  first  time,  or  by  -way  of 
renewal,  transfer,  or  removal,  and  that  the  regulation  of  all 
licensed  houses,  subject  to  legislative  restrictions  upon  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  drinks,  should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  rate- 
payers of  each  locality. 

IV.  That  in  the  present  circumstances  this  maybe  satisfactorily 
accomplished  by  the  formation  of  licensing  control  boanls,  to  be 
elected  by  the  ratepayers. 

V.  That  inasmuch  as  the  competence  and  healthy  action  of 
such  boards  will  depend  upon  their  being  strictly  representative 
of  the  minds  of  the  constituency  on  this  one  point,  any  mode  of 
election  which  should  merge  the  licensing  question  into  a  variety 
of  others — such  as  would  be  the  case  in  the  electioii  of  town 
coanclUon  or  couiily  boards — would  wholly  fail  to  meet  the 
requirements  ol  iVift  wiae. 


4 


PROPOSED  TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION.  IO9 

VI.  That  the  functions  of  such  boards  besides  those  referred 
to  above,  should  be — to  reduce  the  number  of  licensed  houses, 
even  to  the  withholding  of  all  licenses,  as  the  opinion  of  the 
locality  should  permit,  to  restrict  the  hours  of  sale,  to  supervise 
the  structure  of  houses,  and  to  appoint  inspectors  for  securing 
the  enforcement  of  the  penalties  where  there  has  been  violation 
of  the  law. 

YII.  That  the  election  should  be  triennial. 

Resolutions  were  also  passed  in  favour  of  the  repeal  of  the 
Grocers'  License  Act,  and  Sunday  closing. 


On  the  following  day,  Thursday,  8th  November,  a  meeting  of 
representatives  from  National  Temperance  organisations,  convened 
by  the  British  Temperance  League,  was  held  in  the  Council 
Boom  of  Exeter  Hall,  when  it  was  resolved  that  a  combination  of 
Temperance  bodies  be  formed  under  the  title  of  "  The  National 
Temperance  Federation,"  whose  objects  were  defined  to  be  "  the 
promotion  of  Temperance,  both  by  moral  suasion  and  legal  enact- 
ment, by  the  aid  of  the  joint  action  of  Temperance  organisations." 

The  suggested  basis  of  co-operation  for  the  federated  societies 
was  that  they  should  work  together,  in  view  of  legislative  or  other 
action,  on  the  points  upon  which  they  are  agreed,  and  bring  their 
influence  to  bear  upon  Parliament  and  with  Her  Majesty's 
Government,  and  through  the  country  generally,  as  a  united  body; 
such  common  action  to  extend  of  course  only  so  far  as  there  is 
common  agreement,  and  to  be  made  subservient  to  the  carrying  of 
measures  of  positive  advance,  as  well  as  to  the  careful  guarding 
against  any  proposals  of  a  retrograde  nature. 

The  suggested  points  on  which  common  action  might  be  taken 
were : — 

1.  The  federation  might  at  once,  by  a  united  memorial  signed 
by  the  officers  of  each  organisation,  urge  on  the  Cabinet  the  duty 
of  extending  and  making  perpetual  the  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Act, 
and  of  acceding  without  delay  to  the  nation's  manifest  desire  for 
an  English  Sunday  Closing  Bill  ;  and  also  the  duty  of  their 
seeing  that  time  is  made  available  during  the  coming  session  for 
such  legislation  ;  and  at  the  proper  time  the  federation  might  be 


no  PROPOSED   TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION. 


strongly  represented  in  the  lobby  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in 
order  to  ensure  the  success  of  these  measures. 

2.  The  federated  organisations  might  urge  upon  Her  Majesty's 
Government  the  further  duty  of  fulfilling  the  pledges  so  often 
given  by  them,  to  deal  with  the  licensing  laws  in  general,  and  to 
no  longer  postpone  action  in  this  regard.  Viewing  the  now 
thrice  expressed  opinion  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  favour  of 
an  efficient  measure  of  local  option,  they  might  urge  especially 
two  points : — 

(a)  That  the  control  of  the  issue  of  licenses,  whether  for  the 
first  time,  or  by  way  of  renewal,  or  transfer,  or  removal,  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  the  ratepayers ;  and  that  in  present  circum- 
stances this  may  be  satisfactorily  done  by  the  formation  of 
licensing  control  boards  specially  elected  for  the  purpose  by  the 
ratepayers,  and  with  full  power  to  withhold  all  or  any  of  the 
licenses ;  but  that  in  any  well-defined  area  forming  part  of  a 
district  for  which  a  board  has  been  elected,  the  ratepayers  shall 
have  a  direct  veto  for  the  withholding  of  all  licenses. 

(6)  That  by  no  Parliamentary  enactment  should  there  be  a 
creating  of  vested  interests  in  licenses,  which  interests  legal  deci- 
sions have  emphatically  declared  do  not  exist. 

With  reference  to  this  question  also,  a  joint  memorial  to  the 
Cabinet  might  be  of  value  at  this  time,  as  well  as  the  carefal 
watching  of  any  Government  or  other  measure  proposed,  and 
prompt  action  either  in  support  of  or  opposition  to,  or  for  amend- 
ment of  the  same. 

3.  An  emphatic  joint  expression  of  opinion  in  favour  of  the 
suppression  of  grocers'  and  off  licenses  might  likewise  be  at  once 
forwarded  to  the  Government ;  as  well  as  against  the  power  of 
granting  occasional  licenses,  or  extension  of  hours,  and  in  favour 
of  closing  public-houses  on  the  days  of  municipal  and  ParliA- 
xnentary  elections. 

It  was  also  resolved — That  the  federation  does  not  approve  of, 
but  will  oppose  to  the  full  extent  of  its  influence,  the  placing  of 
the  power  to  grant  licenses  in  the  hands  of  town  councils  or 
county  boards. 


TIfE    SUNDAY   CLOSING    PETITIONS   OP    1883.  Ill 


THE  SUNDAY  CLOSING  PETITIONS  OF  1883. 

Up  to  July  24, 1883,  there  had  been  presented  to  the  House 
of  Commons,  in  favour  of  Mr.  Stevenson's  Bill  for  England, 
6,144  petitions,  with  1,481,404  signatures,  and  in  favour  of  Bills 
for  English  counties  394  petitions,  with  314,478  signatures,  giving 
a  total  in  favour  of  English  Sunday  Closing  legislation  of  6,538 
petitions,  with  1,795,882  signatures. 

The  Wesleyan  Methodists,  with  their  596,877  signatures,  the 
United  Methodist  Free  Churches,  with  78,474  more,  and  the 
British  Women's  Temperance  Association,  with  a  total  of  223,467 
women's  and  men's  signatures,  deserve  special  recognition.  We 
are  greatly  indebted  also  to  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and 
York,  to  Cardinal  Manning,  and  to  the  heads  of  other  religious 
bodies,  for  commendatory  letters  and  other  helps.  Not  less 
heartily  do  we  thank  those  who  in  parishes,  in  congregations  and 
otherwise,  have  laboured  individually  to  obtain  signatures  and 
produce  this  grand  result.  The  co-operation  of  our  fiiends  is 
most  cheering  and  stimulating.  We  rejoice  to  know  that  over 
the  wide  field  of  labour  is  scattered  such  a  host  of  devoted  and 
faithful  workers,  who  value  far  beyond  any  thanks  which  can 
be  offered  them  the  consciousness  that  they  are  contributing  to 
speed  the  triumph  of  so  holy  a  cause. 

The  figures  we  have  given,  noble  as  they  are,  mean  more 
than  appears,  and  must  be  enlarged  to  bring  out  the  real  facts. 
Many  hundreds  of  these  petitions  bear  each  but  one  signature. 
This  remark  applies  to  petitions  signed  by  officials  on  behalf  of 
Town  Councils,  Boards  of  Guardians,  and  School  Boards ;  by 
presidents,  &c.,  representing  clerical  bodies,  large  and  influential 
associations  of  churches,  presbyteries,  and  other  religious  organisa- 
tions ;  and  by  chairmen  of  hundreds  of  public  meetings,  attended 
in  many  cases  by  thousands  of  people.  Such  signatures  count 
as  units,  but  stand  for  multitudes,  which,  if  enumerated,  would 
enormously  swell  our  total.  We  instance  the  case  of  Cornwall, 
from  which  we  derive  one  hundred  petitions  for  the  County 
Bill,  bearing  only  148  signatures,  and  issuing  mainly  from  public 


112      TEMPERANCE  IN  THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 


meetings.  The  Cornish  population  is  330,000,  and  last  year 
contributed  al)out  120,000  signatures  in  favour  of  their  measure. 
Having  spoken  so  loudly  once,  they  have  not  thought  it  neces- 
sary, as  yet,  to  repeat  the  process.  Similar  views  have  ruled 
in  other  districts  :  the  Isle  of  Wight  for  example.  We  must, 
therefore,  largely  augment  these  figures  to  arrive  at  the  resi 
state  of  the  case. — Sunday  Closing  Reporter, 


TEMPERANCE  IN  THE  ARMY  AND  NA\^. 

Temperance  work  in  various  forms  is  extensively  carried  on 
amongst  British  soldiers  both  at  home  and  abroad.  In  English 
garrisons  the  Temperance  societies  are  not  so  thoroughly  oiganised 
as  in  India  and  other  British  dependencies,  but  there  is  a  growing 
interest  in  Temperance  work  in  all  branches  of  the  service,  and 
facilities  are  readily  afforded  by  commanding  officers  for  the 
holding  of  meetings  in  barracks,  and  the  formation  of  regimental 
societies.  Much  has  been  done  in  this  department  of  effort  by 
the  National  Temperance  League,  whose  military  organising 
agent,  Mr.  Samuel  Sims,  is  indefatigable  in  liis  efforts,  and  is 
constantly  endeavouring  to  develop  and  extend  the  work  which 
has  been  carried  on  by  the  League  during  the  last  twenty-three 
years,  with  the  assistance  of  Miss  Robinson  and  other  voluntary 
workers. 

Great  progress  continues  to  be  made  in  India,  where  the 

Soldiers'  Total  Abstinence  Association  is  still  carried  on  under 

the  able  superintendence  of  the  Rev.  J.  Gelson  Gregson.    In  the 

three  Presidencies  there  are  now  10,615  pledged  abstainers ;  in 

Bengal,  7,426  ;  Madras,  2,025  ;  Bombay,  1,164  ;  in  Egypt,  1,499  ; 

making  a  total  of  12,114  members.    There  is  a  decrease  in  the 

consiimption  of  beer  to  the  extent  of  2,194  hogsheads,  and  in  mm 

to  the  extent  of  103,453  gallons.    It  is  satisfactory  to  find,  Irom  « 

Speech  delivered  on  l\i^  &U\  October  last  by  the  Conunander-in- 

Chief  (Sir  Donald  ^VeN«jw!\*'i  ^\.  ^\\s\^  ^^\.  \sa  "^AsfS&staajc^  k 


TEMPERANCE    IN    THE    ARMY   AND    NAVY.  1 13 

thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  the  work  of  Mr.  Gregson,  whom  he 
introduced  as  "  the  Apostle  of  Temperance  for  India."  His  Excel- 
lency further  said  : — "  From  my  own  experience,  since  I  have 
been  Commander-in-Chief,  I  have  had  a  number  of  opportunities 
of  watching  the  results  of  drunkenness,  and  it  is  very  curious, 
but  it  is  a  fact,  that  almost  every  soldier  whom  I  have  had 
to  punish  severely  has  been  brought  to  grief  by  drunkenness 
In  fact,  if  it  were  not  for  drunkenness  there  would  be  no 
crime  in  the  army  to  speak  of  at  all,  and  this  shows  how 
very  necessary  it  is  for  persons  of  influence  to  induce  men  to 
become  abstainers.  A  great  many  offences  which  might  be 
excusable  in  a  civilian  are  looked  upon  in  quite  a  different  light 
when  it  is  committed  by  a  soldier,  and  it  is  quite  impossible  that 
discipline  can  be  maintained  where  there  is  the  slightest  degree  of 
drunkenness  ;  and  it  is  on  this  account  that  I,  and  others  who 
are  much  interested  in  this  movement,  do  all  we  can  to  support  it. 
Of  course  it  is  very  often  said  that  a  man  who  is  accustomed  to 
drink  cannot  stop  it,  and  that  he  must  take  something.  Well,  I 
can  only  say  that  I  am  before  you  an  example  of  the  other  line. 
For  eight  and  thirty  years  I  have  drunk  wine  and  spirits  more  or 
less.  However,  a  few  years  ago  I  was  in  a  position  where  liquor 
was  not  easily  obtained,  and  then  my  temperate  habit  served  me 
well.  The  liquor  that  was  served  out  was  such  that  I  could  not 
drink  it,  and  so  I  dropped  it  altogether.  And  from  that  time  till 
now,  nearly  three  years,  I  have  been  practically  a  total  abstainer 
myself." 

Not  less  satisfactory  is  the  Temperance  work  going  on  in  the 
Royal  Navy,  imder  the  superintendence  of  Miss  Weston,  who  has 
for  many  years  most  efficiently  represented  the  National  Tempe- 
rar.ce  League  in  the  naval  service.  In  her  last  annual  report  to 
the  Committee  of  the  League,  Miss  Weston  says  :— "  The  number 
of  total  abstainers  in  the  Navy  is  very  difficult  to  arrive  at  on 
account  of  the  constant  changes  in  ships ;  but  Mr.  Trevelyan's 
estimate  of  10,000  may  be  safely  adhered  to,  and  another  1,000 
added,  and  yet  the  margin  would  not  be  reached  ;  the  gratifying 
fact  still  remains  that  in  the  Navy  one  man  <nU  of  every  »ix  is  a 
total  abstainer,  so  that  if  the  whole  naval  force  of  England  could 
march  by,  every  sixth  man  would  have  to  drop  out  of  the  ranks 


114  SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE    IN    SCHOOLS. 

to  represent  the  teetotal  strength  afloat.  Large  quantities  of 
Temperance  supplies  have  been  sent  away  during  the  year  :— 
1,860  pledge  cards,  1,050  rosettes,  230  civil  cards,  and  353  cvsH 
rosettes,  also  240  Baud  of  Hope  ditto,  2,200  Temperance  eong 
sheets,  800  hymn  sheets  and  books,  264  pledge  books,  and  maij 
thousands  of  Temperance  tracts,  papers,  and  perioilicals  ;  100,000 
pledge  forms  have  been  circulated  by  the  help  of  the  monthly 
letters  through  every  ship  in  the  British  Navy,  United  States 
Navy,  and  also  far  into  the  Merchant  Service." 


SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE  IN  SCHOOLS. 

There  is  no  more  hopeful  effort  in  connection  with  the  Tem- 
perance movement  than  that  which  aims  at  securing  the  general 
introduction  of  scientific  instruction  respecting  alcoholic  drinks 
into  tlie  public  elementary  schools  of  the  country.  This  woik, 
we  are  aware,  has  never  been  entirely  neglected  by  abstaim'ng 
teachers,  but  it  is  only  in  recent  years  that  the  importance  of  the 
subject  has  been  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  the  great  body  of 
the  profession,  and  the  progress  made  has  been  exceedingly 
encouraging,  although  the  need  for  further  exertions  is  by  no 
means  exhausted. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  an  accurate  list  of  the  schools  in  which 
Temperance  instruction  is  systematically  imparted,  but  the  number 
is  increasing,  and  the  feeling  appears  to  be  gaining  ground  that 
incidental  references  and  illustrations  are  more  useful  than  regular 
lessons,  altliough  some  teachers  prefer  the  more  systematic  fonn 
of  teaching.  The  School  Board  for  London  has  manifested  its 
unabated  interest  in  the  question,  by  reaffirming  its  valuable 
declarations  of  the  year  1877,  which  have  been  issued  to  all  head* 
teachers,  under  the  authority  of  the  present  Board  ;  the  resolu- 
tions relating  to  teachers  being  as  follows  : — 

(1.)  That  "wYvencvct  \Xv^  cv^\i\\i^  V^^satl  of  the  day — ^from  thie 
Holy  Scriptvixe— w\v^\v<A  c.  «vs:\\»\>V^  ^y^xJcosL^  Vst' 


SCIENTIFIC    TEMPERANCE    IN    SCHOOLS.  II5 

instruction  of  children,  by  examples,  warnings,  cautions,  and 
admonitions,  in  the  principles  of  the  virtues  of  temperance,  the 
teachers  should  avail  themselves  of  it. 

(2.)  That  the  reading  books  and  copy  books  for  use  in  schools 
might  be  rendered  useful  in  this  direction.  Such  reading  books 
and  copy  books  are  now  to  be  had,  and  might  well  be  placed  on 
the  Requisition  Form. 

(3.)  The  picture  cards,  diagrams,  and  wall-papers,  illustrative 
of  the  subjects  of  industry,  sobriety  and  thrift,  may  be  beneficially 
exhibited  as  part  of  the  wall  furniture  of  schools. 

(4.)  That  songs  and  hymns,  at  the  selection  of  the  teacher,  on 
temperance,  be  incorporated  with  the  musical  exercises  of  the 
school. 

(5.)  That  the  Board  be  recommended  to  grant,  free  of  charge, 
the  use  of  their  schools  after  the  usual  school  hours,  for  illustrative 
lectures,  by  well-qualified  lecturers,  to  children  attending  the 
schools,  but  that  the  attendance  at  such  lectures  be  purely 
voluntary  on  the  part  of  both  teachers  and  scholar? ;  the  lecturers 
and  their  subjects  in  each  case  to  receive  the  approval  of  the 
School  Management  Committee. 

With  the  view  of  securing  more  fully  the  sympathy  and 
practical  co-operation  of  teachers,  the  Committee  of  the  National 
Temperance  League  have  continued  on  an  extended  scale  the 
special  educational  conferences  which  have  done  so  much  to  unite 
together  on  common  ground  the  friends  of  temperance  and  educa- 
tion. The  usual  breakfast  to  representative  members  of  the 
National  Union  of  Elementary  Teachers,  held  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  was  numerously  attended  by  schoolmasters  and  school- 
mistresses from  difi'erent  parts  of  the  kingdom,  some  of  whom 
stated  that  they  had  been  led  to  become  abstainers  and  active 
temperance  workers  by  the  meetings  of  a  similar  kind  which  had 
been  held  in  preceding  years.  A  similar  meeting  was  held  with 
the  General  Association  of  Church  Managers  and  Teachers,  when 
they  held  their  Annual  Conference  during  the  summer  at  Reading ; 
and  important  conferences  have  also  been  held  with  the  teachers 
of  both  sexes  at  Nottingham,  Norwich,  Hertford,  Canterbury, 
Lowestoft,  Hastings,  Liverpool,  and  Leeds,  in  addition  to  drawing- 
room  and  other  meetings  in  London  and  the  neighbourhood. 


Il6  SCIENTIFIC    TEMPERANCE    IN    SCHOOLS. 

Deputations  have  also  visited  some  of  the  training  colleges  ;  and 
the  League's  Educational  lecturer,  Mr.  F.  R.  Cheshire^  has  daiii^ 
the  past  year  delivered  165  lectures  to  large  and  deeply  interested 
audiences  of  boys  and  girls  in  almost  every  district  of  the  Metro- 
polis, the  greater  number  being  given  in  buildings  belonging  to 
the  School  Board  for  London.  Mr.  Cheshire  reports  that  the 
teachers,  of  whom  about  1,000  were  present  at  his  lectures,  have 
almost  invariably  manifested  a  lively  personal  interest  in  his 
work,  and  many  have  urgently  requested  him  to  renew  his  visits 
as  early  as  possible.  Similar  lectures  have  been  given  in  London 
schools  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  H.  Sinclair  Paterson,  as  the  representative 
of  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union. 

The  National  Temperance  League  has  recently  added  a  little 
book,  entitled  "  First  Steps  in  Temperance,"  to  the  three  school- 
books  formerly  published — Dr.  Richardson's  "  Temperance  Lesson 
Book,"  Dr.  Ridge's  "Temperance  Primer,"  and  Mr.  Ingham's 
"  Temperance  Reading  Book  " — which  are  still  doing  a  good  work 
in  the  extension  of  temperance  instruction  ;  and  it  is  encouraging 
to  know  that  temperance  lessons,  more  or  less  pronounced  in 
favour  of  abstinence,  have  been  included  in  several  school-books 
and  new  editions  issued  by  other  publishers  during  the  year.  Dr. 
Richardson's  "  Lesson  Book  "  has  been  officially  recognized  by  the 
Commissioners  of  National  Education  in  Ireland,  and  also  by  the 
Education  Departments  of  New  Zealand,  Nova  Scotia,  Prince 
Edward's  Island,  and  New  Brunswick.  In  the  province  of  Qnebec, 
copies  of  the  "  Lesson  Book  "  have  been  sent  out  to  the  teachers  of 
provincial  schools,  with  a  semi-official  recommendation  that  a 
chapter  of  the  book  should  be  read  once  a  week  to  the  assembled 
schools  ;  and  in  Ontario  the  Minister  of  Education  has  sanctioned 
and  recommended  its  use  in  the  normal  schools  of  the  province. 
An  American  edition  of  the  book  has  had  an  extensive  circala« 
tion  in  the  United  States,  where  it  has  proved  of  great  serrioe 
in  intensifying  a  growing  desire  for  scientific  temperance  instrae- 
tion  in  colleges  and  schools,  and  in  several  States  the  school 
laws  have  been  altered  to  bring  them  in  accordance  with  the 
public  opinion  of  the  time. 

In  Vermont  an  amended  Act^  which  was  approved  in  NoTeniber, 
1882,  provides  iot  l\ie  iii&\.t>\^NAOTL  ^t  >i3t^^  ^wsbj^vol** 


SCIENTIFIC    TEMPERANCE    IN    SCHOOLS.  II7 


physiology  and  hygiene,  which    shall   give  special  prominence 
to  the  effects  of  stimulants  and  narcotics  upon  the  human  system," 
and  instructs  the  hook  committees  to  select  and  recommend  a 
suitable  text  hook.     In  Connecticut  a  State  law  was  adopted  in 
March,  1882,  enacting  that "  if  in  any  town  twelve  persons  of 
adult  years  shall  petition  the  Board  of  School  Visitors  to  order 
instruction  in  the  public  schools  concerning  the  effects  of  intojd- 
cating  beverages  on  individuals  and  on  the  community,  the  Board 
of  School  Visitors  shall  consider  this  petition,  and  by  a  formal 
vote  decide  whether  or  not  to  grant  its  request.    If  any  persons 
feel  aggrieved  by  the  decision  thus  made  by  the  Board  of  School 
Visitors,  then,  upon  the  petition  of  twenty  legal  voters  of  the 
town,  the  question  shall  be  submitted  to  the  next  annual  town 
meeting,  which  shall  have  power  to  finally  decide  it  for  one 
year."    An  amending  Act  for  the  State  of  Michigan,  approved 
in  May,   1883,  provides   "that   provision   shall   be   made  for 
instructing  all  pupils  in  every  school  in  physiology  and  hygiene, 
with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic  drinkSf  stimulants, 
and  narcotics  generally,  upon  the  human  system;'*   and   enacts 
that  the  Board  of  School  Examiners  shall  not  after  September  1, 
1884,  grant  a  certificate  to  any  person  who  shall  not   pass   a 
satisfactory  examination  in  "  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks,  stimulants, 
and  narcotics  upon  the  human  system.''    It  will  be  some  time, 
we    fear,  before  similar    laws   will   be   in   operation    in   this 
country,  but  an  important  step  has  been  taken  during  the  past 
year  by  the  Committee   of  Council  on  Education,  who  have 
added  Hygiene,  including  "  food,  water,  and  beverages,"  to  the 
list  of  sciences  towards  instruction  in  which  aid  is  afforded  by 
the  Science  and  Art  Department  at  Kensington.    A  compre- 
hensive study  of  hygiene  as  defined  in  the  code  cannot  fail  to 
lead  many  teachers  to  encourage  and  promote  total  abstinence 
from  the  use  of  poisonous  beverages,  which  are  attended   by 
even  greater  dangers  than  those  which  spring  from  unsuitable 
food,  impure  air,  and  bad  sanitary  conditions. 


Xl8  BAND  OF  HOPE  UNIONS: 


BAND  OF  HOPE  UNIONS  :  THEIR  ADVANTAGES  AND 

INFLUENCE* 

By  William  Hotle, 

Hon.  Sec.  Laneaskire  and  Cheikirt  Band  ofHopt  Union, 

Anyone  who  has  watched,  with  an  unbiassed  mind,  the  pro- 
gress of  Temperance  during  the  past  twenty  years,  must  haye 
been  impressed  with  the  power  and  excellence  of  the  Band  of 
Hope  movement  as  an  agency  to  train  the  youth  of  our  land  in 
Temperance  principles.  It  is  impossible  to  recount  even  half 
the  blessings  which  Bands  of  Hope  have  conferred  upon  the 
entire  nation.  There  is  no  section  of  society,  no  honourable 
calling,  no  profession  or  occupation  in  life,  which  has  not  bene- 
fited thereby  ;  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  who  were  once 
Band  of  Hope  members  are  to-day  showing  the  blessed  fruits  of 
early  Temperance  training,  filling  positions  of  honour  and  respon- 
sibility in  all  the  large  centres  of  commerce  throughout  our  land. 

If  we  want  to  discover  the  source  of  power  and  influence  in 
any  movement  claiming  to  be  national,  we  must  examine  care- 
fully its  organisation.  It  is  a  glorious  fact  that  to-day  there  are 
about  9,000  Bands  of  Hope  in  the  United  Kingdom,  but  the  fact 
that  Bands  of  Hope  are  scattered  all  over  the  country  does  not 
reveal  to  us  the  source  of  their  strength  ;  they  are  evidences  of 
progress,  but  their  usefulness  and  vitality  may  be  traced  to  that 
intelligence  or  organisation  which  brought  those  Bocieties  into 
existence,  and  is  nourishing  and  sustaining  the  movement  all 
over  the  kingdom. 

We  need  not  pause  to  consider  the  condition  of  the  movement 
before  Band  of  Hope  Unions  were  established  ;  the  'miserable 
effort,  the  isolation,  the  waste  of  power,  the  uncertain  result^  the 
terrible  want  of  intelligent  method  everywhere  visible,  conrineed 
the  leaders  that  nothing  short  of  complete  organisatioii  would 
raise  the  movement  to  its  true  level,  and  win  for  it  that  Aational 
respect  and  support  which  its  importance  demanded. 

*  Bead  at  the  AuttuimBl  CiQ!tiC%t«iiCQ  of  the  United  Kiogd<mi  Baaft  of 
Hope  Union,  BirmVn^xAm^  ^«^\,«n^a«t)\%'^^. 


THEIR  ADVANTAGES   AND   INFLUENCE.  II9 

The  local  or  town  Band  of  Hope  Union  is  the  earliest  and 
simplest  form  of  organisation.  Its  operations  may  be  briefly 
described  as  a  speakers'  plan,  conferences  of  workers,  special 
meetings,  festivals,  and  similar  work.  But  these  efifortK,  excel- 
lent and  indispensable  as  we  know  them  to  be,  cannot  possibly 
meet  every  necessity  in  the  movement.  Where  it  is  practicable 
every  county  should  have  its  central  or  parent  Union.  A  large 
central  town,  with  smaller  towns  clustering  round,  is  especially 
adapted  to  promote  Band  of  Hope  work  by  forming  a  large  and 
influential  Union  for  county  work. 

It  is  impossible  to  estimate  all  the  good  which  a  large  central 
Union  is  able  to  accomplish.  I  may  be  allowed  to  illustrate  this 
by  a  reference  to  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope 
Union.  What  was  the  condition  of  the  movement  in  Lancashire 
before  the  Unioti  set  itself  vigorously  to  do  county  work?  There 
were  Bands  of  Hope  here  and  there,  and  a  few  earnest  workers 
who  rendered  excellent  service,  but  in  many  Bands  of  Hope  the 
movement  died  out  when  the  leading  worker  was  withdrawn. 
There  was  no  steady  progress,  no  vigorous  concerted  action,  no 
robust  life  or  vitality  throughout  the  county.  The  committee 
saw  the  necessity  of  a  much  larger  concentration  of  power  and 
influence  than  could  possibly  be  obtained  by  a  town  Union. 
They  had  the  men,  they  found  the  money,  and  at  once  proceeded 
resolutely  to  mission  the  surrounding  towns  and  districts.  In 
many  places  they  were  confronted  with  difficulties  in  the  shape 
of  prejudice,  indifference,  or  open  hostility  ;  but  they  were  pre- 
pared for  opposition,  and  these  things  only  increased  their  zeal, 
until  by  repeated  endeavour  their  labours  were  triumphant. 

Let  us  glance  at  a  few  of  the  advantages  which  the  movement 
in  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  has  received  through  the  efforts  of 
the  county  Union,  In  their  report  for  the  year  ending  October 
31st,  1882,  there  is  a  statement  showing  the  extent  of  this  Union. 
Forty  local  or  town  Unions  are  in  association,  embracing  735 
Bands  of  Hope,  which  (with  societies  directly  connected)  brings 
the  total  membership  up  to  111,000.  This  fact  alone  is  a  power- 
ful argument  in  favour  of  large  central  or  county  Unions,  for  it 
must  be  evident  that  so  large  a  body  of  workers  would  never 
consent  to  one  common  bond  of  fellowship  unless  there  was  extra- 


120  BAND    OF    HOPE    UNIONS  : 

ordinary  power  and  influence  in  a  large  central  Union.  These 
men  must  have  discovered  the  value  of  complete  oi^ganisation. 
They  must  know  that  unity  is  strength,  and  that  large  numberi 
banded  together  in  a  common  cause  gives  fresh  life  and  inspira- 
tion to  the  movement.  The  representatives  of  the  local  Unions 
have  frequent  opportunities  of  coming  together  in  connection 
with  the  various  operations  of  the  county  Union  ;  a  constant 
interchange  of  opinion  is  thus  maintained,  superior  methods  are 
made  popular,  defects  are  remedied,  help  and  counsel  is  imparted 
to  weaker  districts,  progress  is  reported  from  each  centre  of  opera- 
tion, and  workers  are  everywhere  encouraged  to  press  on  with 
renewed  zeal  and  stronger  determination. 

In  the  lives  of  individuals  there  is  such  a  thing  as  timidly  and 
cowaidly  yielding  to  what  some  would  call  fate ;  there  is  also,  for 
our  encouragement,  in  the  lives  of  earnest  men,  a  nobler  aspect  of 
humanity  ;  men  of  large  f  oul  and  undying  zeal,  who  never  yield 
to  circumstances  ;  they  wrestle  with  every  opposition  until  the 
giants  are  all  slain,  and  the  man  stands  forth  on  the  pedestal  o^ 
fame  a  pattern  of  excellence  and  true  nobility.    As  it  is  with 
individuals  so  is  it  with  societies  and  organisations  —  nothing 
venture,  nothing  win.     One  society  says,  "  It  can't  be  done,"  and 
the  committee  are  magnifying  every  little  trouble  into  mountains 
of  difficulty,  while  another  society  goes  steadily  to  work,  and 
the  result  is  obtained.    What  is  the  difference  between  the  two 
societies  ?   One  wants  faith  and  earnest  determination — and  fails; 
the  other,  having  both  faith  and  determination,  succeeds.     This  is 
the  secret  of  success  in  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope  Union.    When  any  real  want  arose 
the  committee  never  rested  until  they  succeeded  in  meeting  that 
necessity.      Were  speakers  required  for   festivals  or  important 
meetings,  good  men  were  brought  to  the  front  and  pressed  into 
service ;  was  any  local  Union  showing  signs  of  weakness  or  deeaj, 
a  large  conference  of  workers  was  arranged  to  infuse  fresh  life  and 
vigour  into  the  district.    Did  any  complaint  arise  concerning 
Band  of  Hope  management — the  poverty  of  the  recitations^  the 
unfitness  of  the  songs,  the  necessity  of  teaching  power  in  addmtet ; 
the  commitlee  «wpi^\\^(V  ^«hfi\!L^«LTi\.V3  \.\\^cAutinuous  developmoit 
of  the  various  \)raTic\iea  ol  \>cLra^QtV  ^'^w^  ^vssXNb^^^mbI^^ 


THEIR    ADVANTAGES   AND    INFLUENCE.  121 

Hope  management  is  anticipated^  and  every  plan  likely  to  bring 
the  movement  more  prominently  before  the  public  receives  the 
vigorous  support  of  the  committee. 

One  most  encouraging  feature  in  this  Union  is  the  large  stafif  of 
honorary  speakers  and  deputations  which  the  Union  is  able  to 
command.  During  the  past  year,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  plan 
meetings,  deputations  were  supplied  to  upwards  of  fifty  annual  or 
special  meetings  and  conferences.  This  voluntary  service  is  of  the 
utmost  importance  in  large  central  Unions,  and  it  is  a  work  that 
many  gentlemen  of  ability  and  position  are  willing  to  render. 
Much  more  might  be  said  about  this  vigorous  and  enterprising 
Union,  its  annual  Free  Trade  Hall  festivals,  its  extensive  publica- 
tion department,  its  widespread  mission  work,  all  demonstrating 
the  importance  of  a  large  Central  Union  in  promoting  and  sus- 
taining the  Band  of  Hope  movement  and  advancing  temperance 
sentiment ;  it  will  perhaps  be  more  to  our  purpose,  however,  if  we 
show  in  the  simplest  and  most  practicable  form  the  advantages 
which  a  large  central  or  County  Union  is  likely  to  secure. 

First,  then,  a  large  central  or  county  association  establishes  a 
strong  bond  of  union. 

One  of  the  most  disastrous  things  among  Temperance  workers 
has  been  the  want  of  unity.    This  defect  has  continually  exposed 
our  ranks  to  the  attacks  of  the  enemy ;  it  has  wasted  untold 
resources,  and   has  neutralised  a  world  of  Temperance  effort. 
Temperance  should  be  free  and  catholic  as  the  air  which  encircles 
the  earth,  or  the  streams  which  leap  from  the  mountain  side. 
The  more  we  can  lose  sight  of  our  miserable  sectarian  divisions 
and  unite  as  one  man,  standing  shoulder  to  shoulder  and  hand  to 
hand,  the  sooner  shall  we  convince  the  world  that  we  are  in 
earnest  and  mean  to  succeed.    What  is  the  watchword  to-day 
among  politicians,  religious  leaders,  and  men  of  science  ?  Organise  I 
Orf'anise!!    The  power  of  unity  is  everywhere  recognised,  and 
nothing  seems  impossible  when  men  are  thoroughly  united.    If 
we  have  faith  in  our  principles,  let  us  renew  our  strength  and 
establish  our  influence  by  forming  these  large  central  Unions  for 
county  work  ;  we  shall  breathe  a  purer  atmosphere  and  drink  in 
larger  enthusiasm,  our  efforts  will  be  more  vigorous,  and  our  souls 
radiant  with  a  brighter  hope  of  success. 


122  BAND   OF    HOPE    UNIONS  : 


Again,  a  large  central  Union  enables  us  to  bring  the  moTement 
prominently  before  the  public.  The  deadneas  of  our  movement 
in  many  districts  is  largely  due  to  the  pettifogging  way  in  which 
operations  are  conducted.  The  world  is  moving  on,  and  we  also 
must  make  some  progress  if  we  would  succeed  ;  the  tactics  which 
years  ago  we  admired  must  to-day  be  superseded  by  a  policy 
more  extensive  and  efficient.  The  "  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade,** 
when  "  all  the  world  wondered,"  has  been  repeated,  alas,  too  often 
by  Temperance  reformers  !  What  sight  can  be  more  ridiculous 
or  pitiable  than  a  mere  handful  of  workers  with  more  zeal  than 
prudence,  like  the  three  tailors  of  Tooley  Street,  vainly  attempting 
to  move  the  inert  masses  of  society.  There  must  be  something 
extraordinary  nowadays  to  arrest  public  attention,  and  this  can 
only  be  done  effectually  by  a  large  central  Union ;  a  monster 
gala,  a  grand  united  festival,  the  employment  of  paid  lecturers 
and  agents,  the  circulation  of  pure  Temperance  literature — all 
such  exercise  a  powerful  influence  on  society ;  they  enter  the 
family  circle  ;  they  penetrate  the  avenues  of  social  and  commercial 
life  ;  they  reach  our  educational  and  religious  institutions  ;  they 
mould  the  habits  of  our  young  men  and  women,  and  bring  on  a 
brighter  dispensation. 

Again,  a  large  central  Union  can  more  effectually  promote 
mission  work.  If  we  are  Band  of  Hope  workers  of  the  genuine 
type  we  shall  feel  an  intense  desire  to  extend  the  circle  of  our 
operations  until  we  have  missioned  every  outlying  district.  The 
wealth  and  intelligence  of  a  people  gather  in  lai^ge  centres  of 
population,  and  a  grave  responsibility  rests  upon  communities 
that  are  unwilling  to  use  these  resources  for  the  benefit  of  those 
around  them.  God  has  entrusted  to  us  one  of  the  noblest  reforms 
that  ever  moved  the  world,  and  we  must  not,  dare  not,  trifle  with 
it  !  What  glorious  opportunities,  what  mighty  results,  lie  within 
the  grasp  of  a  large  central  Union  !  The  committee  who  direct 
the  operations  of  such  a  Union  may  justly  be  proud  of  their 
position  ;  their  deputations  go  forth,  conferences  are  held,  new 
fields  are  missioned,  the  movement  spreads  from  one  village  to 
another,  until  Sabbath  schools  everywhere  learn  the  value  of 
Temperance  training,  and  homes  are  made  radiant  with  the 
and  purifying  influences  of  our  movement. 


THEIR  ADVANTAGES  AND  INFLUENCE.       I23 

Again,  a  large  central  Union  receives  a  greater  measure  of 
public  support  and  recognition.  We  live  in  an  age  of  large  insti- 
tutions, and  public  philanthropy  flows  most  readily  into  the 
widest  channels.  When  you  tell  a  man  you  represent  the 
national,  or  county  association,  he  will  show  some  respect  to 
your  appeal,  but  if  he  learn  you  come  from  some  local  or  obscure 
eociety,  he  will  find  some  excuse  to  get  rid  of  you  unless  you 
have  a  special  claim  upon  him.  Many  grievous  abuses  follow 
in  the  wake  of  public  benevolence,  and  one  is  the  multiplicity  of 
societies  which  depend  upon  public  support.  Whatever  may  be 
eaid  to  the  contrary,  it  is  a  fact  that  men  of  benevolent  disposition 
are  growing  sick  of  the  spectacle  presented  by  so  many  separate 
and  distinct  societies  established  for  the  same  object.  It  is  a 
ehameful  waste  of  money  and  appliances  which  nothing  can 
justify.  The  promoters  of  our  Band  of  Hope  movement,  above 
all  others,  should  set  a  noble  example  in  this  matter  by  rolling  a 
host  of  minor  societies  into  one  grand  central  Union  for  county 
work  ;  this  will  command  extensive  public  support ;  every  good 
feature  in  the  work  will  rapidly  develop,  and  a  rich  harvest  of 
glorious  results  will  be  gathered  in. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  observe  that  a  large  central  Union 
rests  upon  a  broader  basis  and  ensures  greater  success  and  con- 
tinuity. The  abuses  which  too  often  creep  into  small  societies 
and  destroy  their  usefulness,  cannot  easily  find  lodgment  in  a 
large  organisation.  The  operations  of  a  large  central  Union  are 
recognised  as  county  work,  open  to  public  criticism,  and  this  has 
a  wonderful  influence  in  preventing  abuses.  Moreover,  the  mag- 
nitude and  extent  of  operations  in  a  large  central  Union  create  a 
charm  and  attractivenesss  which  is  invaluable  to  success.  Thou- 
aands  will  rush  madly  to  witness  a  grand  review,  while  few  will 
turn  aside  to  look  at  some  ever}'day  spectacle.  Men  deem  it  an 
honour  to  be  identified  with  great  institutions.  The  leaders  of 
political  thought  and  opinion  reach  the  climax  of  their  orations 
with  "  Our  noble  institutions  ! "  "  Our  glorious  freedom  ! "  and 
a  burst  of  acclamation  rings  out  from  ten  thousand  throats.  An 
Englishman's  soul  is  fired  with  anything  which  appeals  to  his 
patriotism,  and^  when  all  other  arguments  fail,  he  can  be  won 
over  when  you  show  him  the  magnitude  and  greatness  of  a.  ^<^ 
movement. 


124  "^"^    HEREDITARY    DANGER   OF    DRINKING. 

Much  more  might  be  advanced  on  this  deeply  interesting  aspeet 
of  our  movement ;  but  it  seems  unnecessary  to  plead  farther  for  a 
scheme  which  must  commend  itself  to  every  intelligent  observer 
of  Band  of  Hope  work.  It  is  not  enough  for  us  to  sing  in  charm- 
ing measures,  **  There's  a  glorious  work  before  us ; "  we  must  rise 
to  the  dignity  and  importance  of  our  work.  The  glory  must  not 
be  confined  within  the  four  walls  of  our  ordinary  meeting-roomi, 
or  the  local  efforts  of  small  Unions.  The  world  must  see  us  ;  tbe 
inert  masses  of  society  must  yield  to  our  united  influence  ;  public 
sentiment  must  receive  a  new  impress  through  our  mightier 
organisation,  and  when  the  children  are  all  rescued,  and  the  drink 
curse  is  swept  away,  and  historians  record  the  victory,  the  mighty 
legions  of  our  Band  of  Hope  army  will  stand  in  the  front  rank  of 
Britain's  noblest  defenders,  and  receive  the  plaudits  of  a  people 
walking  in  the  light  of  a  glorious  reformation. 


THE  HEREDITARY  DANGER  OF  DRINKING.* 

By  Mrs.  Lucas-Shadwell. 

I  have  been  asked  to  say  a  few  words  on  the  Temperance  ques- 
tion, which  is  now,  thank  God,  receiving  far  more  attention  at  the 
hands  of  Christians  than  wiien  (after  reading  "  Haste  to  the 
Rescue,"  by  Mrs.  Wightman),  twenty-three  years  ago,  I  first  saw 
it  my  duty  and  pri\'ilege  to  become  a  total  abstainer.  I  learnt 
then  how  fearful  a  stumbling-block  strong  drink  had  become  in 
my  country ;  a  hindrance  to  the  reception  of  the  Gospel,  and  an 
inciter  to  every  sort  of  vice.  I  felt  I  could  not  say  to  my  weak, 
erring  brother  and  sister,  "  You  must  give  up  this,  which  is  min- 
ing you  body  and  soul,"  whilst  I  took  my  glass  of  luxury  under 
the  then  mistaken  impression  that  it  was  needful,  and  helped  me 
to  do  my  work.  With  the  Apostle  of  old,  I  felt — if  these  alcohdie 
drinks  cause  my  brother  to  offend,  I  will  take  no  moi«  of  them  ; 
and  such  self-denial  falls  very  far  short  of  the  standard  of  thie 
loved  disciple  who  had  so  deeply  drunk  in  of  the  Master^s  8piiit» 

•  From  a  paper  read  at  the  ChriBtian  Women's  UaioQ  Confeiioot, 
CliftoD,  September  27th,  1883. 


THE    HEREDITARY   DANGER    OF    DRINKING.  I25 

Hereby  we  perceive  the  love  of  God,  because  He  laid  down  His 
life  for  us,  and  we  ought  to  lay  down  our  lives  for  the  brethren. 
But  in  1860  I  gave  up  alcoholic  drinks  in  the  hope  of  rescuing 
some  victims  (a  precious  hope  most  graciously  and  richly  rewarded). 
I  found  that  after  a  few  weeks'  missing  of  the  accustomed  stimu- 
lant I  was  far  better  and  stronger,  and  was  enabled  by  the  Lord 
to  do  ten  times  more  than  I  had  ever  dreamt  of,  and  could  bear 
exposure  to  weather  at  all  seasons  and  night  air,  and  enjoyed  im- 
munity from  two  former  enemies — neuralgia  and  influenza.  I  also 
became  a  great  walker,  and  though  not  now  able  to  climb  moun- 
tains or  do  twelve  or  twenty  miles,  I  am,  thank  God,  better  able 
to  walk  than  I  was  twenty-five  years  ago.  So,  though  there  was 
self-denial  in  intention,  there  was  none  in  reality.  I  lost  nothing 
and  gained  much,  and  in  the  few  occasions  of  illness  during 
the  last  twenty-three  years  I  have  been  brought  through  by 
God's  loving  hand,  without  alcohol,  even  as  a  medicine,  in  diph- 
theria, carbuncle,  and  heart  affection.  Not  because  I  have  ever 
been  attended  by  a  teetotal  doctor,  but,  though  I  would  not  blame 
others  for  using  alcohol  in  sickness  under  medical  advice,  I  felt 
example  in  this  matter  a  heavy  responsibility.  Among  the  work- 
ing classes,  and  others  also,  I  had  known  the  grief  of  rescued  men 
resorting  to  it  under  the  doctor's  advice,  and  seen  the  terrible  fire 
relighted  that  had  been  quenched  in  their  veins.  I  had  known 
the  misery  entailed,  the  heartbroken ness  of  real  Christians  brought 
back  to  the  old  craving,  though  finally  restored  at  fearful  cost  ; 
and,  alas  !  had  seen  others,  who  had  for  a  while  run  so  well,  go 
back  fatally  through  the  doctor's  prescription.  Not  long  ago  I 
saw  witliin  the  doors  of  a  public-house  a  man  who  now  avoids  my 
eye,  with  whom  I  years  ago  knelt  in  prayer  and  read  the  Word 
scores  of  times  ;  then  he  hungered  and  thirsted  for  the  bread  of 
life  and  living  waters,  and  received  the  Word  with  joy  and  glad- 
ness. Those  were  happy  times,  he  says  ;  and  now  he  is  a  miser- 
able slave  ;  but  I  have  not  time  to  tell  you  his  remarkable  story. 
Such  cases  kept  me  from  touching  medically  such  stimulants,  lest 
any  should  say,  "  Our  lady  takes  it  in  illness,  so  we  may  do  the 
same." 

But  before  going  on  to  the  special  point  I  feel  so  strongly  on, 
and  desire  to  bring  before  you — the  heredity  of  alcoholic  disease — 


126.  THE    HEREDITARY   DANGER   OF    DRINKING. 

I  would  say  how  it  gladdens  my  heart  to  know  God  s  children 
have  been  and  are  daily  awaking  to  their  responsibUity  and 
privilege  in  this  work.  Some  speak  as  if  Gospel  Temperance  work, 
was  a  new  phrase,  but,  thank  God,  it  is  not ;  only  it  was  the  few, 
the  little  band  that  had  to  bear  the  bnmt  of  battle,  and  (what  was 
harder)  the  misunderstanding  of  their  brethren  and  sisters  in 
Christ,  when  I  first  enlisted  in  the  cause.  I  never  had  to  do  with 
it  save  as  in  Jcsu's  name,  looking  to  Him  alone  for  the  strength  for 
the  poor  victims  to  break  their  chains. 

In  my  dear  husband's  lifetime  (and  he  took  up  the  work  just  a 
year  after  I  did)  we  had  opportunities  and  facilities  for  very  lai^ 
and  frequent  gatherings  for  Temperance  addresses  to  bring  the  sub- 
ject before  the  people.  We  never  had  any  difficulty  in  getting  Chris- 
tian advocates;  the  only  sort  we  would  have.  I  recall  the  names  of 
Samuel  Bowly,  Canons  Ellison  and  Fleming;  also  StentonEardley, 
John  Rodgers,  and  T.  B.  Smithies  (lately  gone  to  their  blessed 
rest),  Newman  Hall,  Admirals  Prevost  and  King  Hall,  General 
Eardley  Wilmot,  and  a  host  of  others.  We  were  always  sure  of  a 
supply  of  the  right  sort  in  those  days,  through  the  late  hononuy 
secretary  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  the  good  William 
Tweedie,  a  dear  and  honoured  friend,  to  whom  we  were  indebted 
for  all  our  best  Christian  friends  in  the  Temperance  cause,  as  well 
as  for  his  own  ready  sympathy  and  help.  Early  called  home  to 
lay  his  many  sheaves  at  the  Master's  feet,  his  place  in  some  ways 
has  never  been  refilled,  though  another  Christian  man,  Robert 
Rae,  wull  occupies  the  office  of  secretary  to  the  National  Tem- 
perance League.  But  William  Tweedie's  Christ-like  sympathy 
was  inexhaustible.  No  case  cast  off  by  relatives  and  friends  was 
too  hopeless  for  his  help  ;  and  God  used  him  as  a  restorer  of  the 
breach  and  rescuer  of  very  many  who  will  rise  up  in  the  great  day 
and  call  him  blessed,  some  of  whom  are  now  working  in  the  Lord*8 
vineyard.  How  would  his  large  heart  have  rejoiced  over  the  Blue 
Ribbon  ]^Iissions  !  In  them  I  see  an  answer  to  the  prayer  which, 
in  the  stillness  of  the  last  night  of  his  life,  broke  upon  the  watchers' 
ears,  as,  with  dying  breath,  he  pleaded  aloud,  "  O  Lord  God,  now 
that  my  race  on  earth  is  run,  do  Thou  in  Thy  meicj  raise  up 
othcra  to  do  l\v(i  ^^'ox^5.  \,q  xvd  our  land  of  the  terrible  evil  oif 
druiikeiineas.     Do  T\\o\\,  O  liSst^Jv,  \xv  'Wii  tbksc^  xmm  u^  the 


THE    HEREDITARY   DANGER    OF    DRINKING.  12J 

■ — ~- —     -  .  -  . 

young,  especially  the  young  men,  to  fight  this  great  evil.  0  Lord 
God,  in  Thy  mercy,  look  down  on  our  land,  polluted  through 
strong  drink  ! " 

Now  that  the  ears  are  opened  of  God*8  children  I  earnestly  desire 
to  sound  the  warning  of  the  hereditary  danger  and  the  immcns3 
importance  of  meeting  this  fearful  evil  in  the  only  practical  way. 
I  can  safely  also  appeal  to  medical  men  of  large  practice  in  town  or 
country  to  confirm  me  when  I  say  with  shame  and  sorrow  that  the 
intemperance  in  the  educated  classes,  especially  among  females,  is 
terribly  sad.  With  the  widespread  interest  in  the  practice  of  total 
abstinence  now,  how  is  this  to  be  accounted  for  ?  Just  as  you  will 
find  that  many  other  sad  hereditary  maladies  have  increased  a 
hundredfold  through  the  growth  in  the  population.  The  children 
of  intemperate  fathers  or  mothers  are  not  in  the  same  position  to 
resist  the  dangers  of  drink  as  you  and  I  may  be.  You  know  gout 
descends,  and  renders  it  advisable  for  those  inheriting  it  to  be  care- 
ful as  to  certain  articles  of  diet.  So  with  alcoholic  disease.  There 
is  only  one  security  against  it  for  children  thus  bom  to  a  terrible 
heritage,  that  they  be  brought  up  without  tasting  strong  drink. 
But  that  alone  is  not  enough.  They  must  be  informed  tenderly 
why  they  cannot  safely  partake  of  that  which  others  may  be  able  to 
take  in  moderation.  I  will  give  one  out  of  many  such  sad  histories 
to  illustrate  my  meaning.  A  widowed  mother  whose  life  had  been 
embittered  by  the  fell  destroyer,  resolved  that  the  curse  which  had 
brought  her  husband  and  his  father  to  a  drunkard's  grave  should  be 
stamped  out,  and  trained  up  her  children  in  total  abstinence 
principles  and  practice.  Her  first-born  son,  a  youth  of  much 
promise,  went  to  college,  and  soon  found  it  a  cross  to  remain  an 
abstainer  there.  Thank  God,  now  there  are  bands  of  Christian 
manly  abstainers  at  both  universities,  but  this  poor  young  man 
believed  he  could  take  a  little,  to  avoid  singularity,  as  well  as  those 
around  him.  He  knew  not  that  he  had  the  hereditary  fire  in  his 
veins  which  only  needed  the  match  to  put  to  it.  He  tasted,  the 
fatal  thirst  took  possession  of  him,  he  went  down  to  an  early  dis- 
honoured grave  for  lack  of  instruction  in  the  physical  danger  to 
which  he  was  heir.  This  instance  came  to  me  through  a  non- 
abstaining  medical  man  of  large  practice,  therefore  I  single  out 
the  case  as  one  without  prejudice.    One  other  only  will  I  mention 


128  THE    HEREDITARY   DANGER    OF    DRINKING. 


to  show  the  subtle  power  of  this  hereditary  foe.  An  old  officer 
who  had  served  well  his  Queen  and  country  sank  into  the  grave 
broken-hearted  by  the  disj^prace  of  his  son,  who  had  preceded  him 
to  the  tomb,  wrecked  by  drink.  His  daughter  had  suffered  the 
terrors  and  sorrows  inevitable  where  a  home  is  open  to  a  drunken 
brother.  Surely  the  sight  and  name  of  strong  drink  would  be 
abhorred  by  them  ;  yet  a  few  years  only  passed,  and  one  of  these, 
Laving  married,  brought  the  same  dark  shadow  across  her  husband  s 
home.  Alas  !  she  knew  not  her  hereditary  danger  ;  thought  to 
partake  in  moderation,  but  soon  became  a  secret  drinker.  Another 
ruined  lifej  It  transpired  that  the  grandfather  had  been  a 
drunkard,  and  the  evil  reproduced  itself  again. 

I  cannot  help  thinking  that  Christian  mothers,  wives,  and  sisters 
may  influence  sons,  husbands,  brothers,  in  the  noble  medical  pro- 
fession, and  enlist  their  sympathy  and  aid  in  the  good  cause,  and 
induce  them  to  pause  ere  they  do  as  I  tremble  to  see  some,  prescribe 
port  wine  and  brandy  to  patients,  women  especially,  whose  near 
relatives  they  have  seen  dying  from  intemperance.  There  is  no 
lack  of  medical  testimony  from  the  highest  quarters  that  alcoholic 
beverages  are  unnecessary  as  diet.  Surely  it  is,  not  too  much  to 
entreat  of  doctors,  in  the  face  of  this  sad  and  increasing  evil,  to 
refrain  from  prescribing  these  perilous  remedies,  often  worse  than 
the  disease,  unless  well  assured  there  is  no  hereditary  alcoholic 
evil  in  the  patient's  family.  Prevention  is  better  than  cure,  and 
far  easier.  If  you  have  ever  heard  the  bitter  wails  of  Christian 
men  and  women  over  the  awful  craving  which  keeps  recurring  at 
reasons,  a  heritage  of  w^oe  to  which  they  were  bom,  and  know 
how  such  look  to  the  rest  beyond  the  grave  as  the  only  perfect 
freedom  from  it,  you  will  not  wonder  at  my  anxiety  to  plead  with 
iny  Christian  friends  to  use  their  influence  to  bring  up  the  young 
in  security  from  the  foe,  choosing  schools  where  temptation  may 
be  avoided  for  these  hereditary  victims.  There  are  such  where 
Gospel  truth  and  total  abstinence  can  be  secured  together. 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.       I29 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

1882. 

Dec.  2. — The  Queen's  Speech  referred  in  congratulatory  terms 
to  the  diminution  in  the  receipts  of  the  Exchequer  from 
tlie  duties  on  intoxicating  liquors. 
3. — Dr.  W.  B.  Carpenter  delivered  a  lecture  on  the  "  Alcohol 

Habit,"  in  Tremont  Temple,  Boston,  U.S.A. 
4. — A  large  meeting  at  the  Vestry  Hall,  St.  Pancras,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  St'Pancras  Total  Abstinence  Association. 
8. — Provost  Moncur's  annual  (teetotal)  banquet  at  Dundee. 
9.— Mr.   W.   R.  Selway  and  Mr.   T.    M.    Williams,    B.A., 
representing  the  National  Temperance  League,  addressed 
a  meeting  of  elementary  teachers,  at  Plumstead. 
10. — Wesleyau  Temperance  Sunday.    Numerous  Temperance 

sermons  were  preached. 
11. — The  annual  soiree  of  the  London  Auxilary  of  the  United 
Kingdom  Alliance  was  held  at  the  Memorial  Hall,  Far- 
ringdon  Street. 
11.— Dr.  H.  E.  Trestrail  lectured,  at  Aldershot,  on  "Why 

should  we  abstain  from  Alcoholic  Drinks  ? " 
12. — A   Temperance    demonstration  in  connection  with  the 
Manchester  district  of  the  Wesleyan  MethodiU  Temperance 
Society. 
13. — The  Bishop  of  Newcastle,  who  was  presented  with  an 
address  from  the  Temperance  organisations  of  his  diocese, 
spoke  at  length  on  the  Temperance  question. 
16. — A  Conference  with  elementary  teachers  at  Nottingham, 

convened  by  the  National  Temperance  League. 
19. — The  Bishop  of  Dover,  presiding  at  a  lecture  in  Canter- 
bury, delivered  by  the  Rev.  F.  B.  Aleyer,  B.A.,  spoke  on 
the  progress  of  Temperance. 
21. — Nearly  6,000  pledges  were  taken  during  a  mission  at 

Wolverhampton. 
21. — A  new  Temperance  organisation,  the  "Linen  Trade  Total 
Abstinence  Society,"  held  its  first  social  meeting  at  Belfast. 
29. — The  Malagasy  envoys  received  a  deputation  from  the 
United  Kingdom  Alliance  with  respect  to  the  liquor  traffic 
in  Madagascar. 
1883. 

Jan.  1. — A  six  days'  Blue  Ribbon  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  was 
started,  by  Major  and  Mrs.  Evered  Poole,  at  Holloway, 
which  resulted  in  600  new  pledges. 
2. — At  the  annual  soirSe  of  the  Arbroath  Gospel  Temperance 
Union,  7,240  abstainers  were  reported  to  be  on  the  register, 
or  about  one- third  of  the  population. 


130       CHRONICLE  OP  TEMPKRANCB  EVENTS. 

Jan.  3. — The  Darwen  Licenelng  Appeab  were  abandoned,  the 
eflfect  being  to  close  thirty-four  houses  in  Over  Darwen, 
licensed  for  the  sale  of  drink  for  consumption  off  the  pre- 
mises. 

3. — The  members  of  the  various  branches  of  the  Young 
Abstainers'  Union  held  their  first  aggregate  meeting  in 
£xeter  (Lower)  Hall. 

S. — A  ladies'  demonstration  was  held,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  St  Pancras  Total  Abstinence  Asaociation  ;    Mrs. 
Margaret  Lucas  in  the  chair. 
9. — ^The  annual  meeting  of  the  Borough  of  South wark  Local 

Option  and  Alliance  Union  was  held  at  Bermondtej. 
9. — The  Bishop  of  Exeter^s  speech,  "In  Qod's  name  go  on,* 
at  one  of  the  meetings  in  Exeter,  organised  by  the  Western 
Temperance  League. 

12. — The  first  of  a  fresh  series  of  meetings  arranged  by  the 
City  of  London  Total  Abstainers'  Union  was  held  at  Messn. 
Leaf,  Sons  &  Co. 

12. — Annual  meeting  of  the  Brighton  and  Sussex  Gtoepel  Tem- 
perance and  Band  of  Hope  Union. 

14. — Mr.  Francis  Murphy's  week's  mission  at  Bournemouth 
closed.     The  number  of  new  pledges  was  920. 

15. — The  fifty-second  annual  festival  of  the  Leeds  Tem- 
perance Society  took  place  ;  Sir  Edward  Bainet  presiding. 

17. — The  Chelmsford  Temperance  Society  celebrated  its  forty- 
fourth  anniversary. 

17. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Highland  Temperance  League 
was  held  at  Oban. 

18. — A  conversazione  was  held  at  the  Westminster  Palace 
Hotel  by  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society. 

18. — Lord  Wolseley  received  deputations  representing  various 
temperance  organisations  in  Blackburn,  and  spoke  on  the 
value  of  abstinence  in  the  Army. 

20. — The  Marquis  of  Hartington  spoke  at  Darwen  on  licensing 
reform. 

20. — A  fortnight*s  temperance  miraion  in  Falmouth  closed. 
The  juvenile  and  adult  pledges  numbered  l,493w 

22. — A  fortnight's  mission  at  Darlaston,  conducted  by  Mr.  S. 
Knell,  of  the  Midland  Temperance  League,  resnlted  in  the 
register  of  2,011  pledges. 

22.— Pastor  Chiniquy,  of  Canada,  lectured  in  Exeter  Hall,  oa 
'*  Forty- five  years'  Experience  as  an  Abstainer.'* 

23. — Mr.  W.  S.  Allen,  M.P.,  explained,  in  a  speech  at  Poole, 
how  he  was  converted  to  temperance  principlea. 

24. — A  large  and  influential  deputation  waited  upon  the  Chief 
Secretary  li>t  \i^\ASid^  m  reference  to  the  iritli  Sandaj 
Closing  Xal. 


CHRONICLE   OP   TEMPERANCE   EVENTS.  I3X 

)an.  25.— A  paper  on  the  "  Relations  between  Intemperance  and 
Insanity/'  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  was  read  to  the  American 
National  Association  for  the  Protection  of  the  Insane  and 
the  Prevention  of  Insanity,  held  at  Philadelphia. 

26. — Mr.  Samuel  Smith,  M.P.,  spoke  on  the  licensing  laws  at 
Liverpool. 

26. — At  the  sixth  ordinary  annual  meeting  of  the  Birmingham 
Coffee  House  Company,  a  dividend  of  10  per  cent  per 
annum  was  declared. 

27. — The  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  at  Rotherham  was  con- 
cluded.   During  the  fortnight  1,280  new  pledges  were  taken. 

27. — The  week's  mission  at  Fleetwood  closed.  Nearly  2,000 
persons  signed  the  pledge. 

28. — The  Rev.  Dr.  Dawson  Bums  preached  the  forty-third  annual 
temperance  sermon  in  Church  Street  Chapel,  Edgware  Road. 

27. — Annual  session  of  the  London  Grand  Division  of  the 
Sons  of  Temperance. 

28. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Manchester  and  Salford 
Temperance  Union  was  held  at  Manchester. 

28. — A  meeting  of  undergraduates  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford. 
Temperance  addresses  were  delivered  by  the  Bishop  of 
Rochester  and  others. 

29. — The  annual  soiree  of  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope 
Union  took  place  in  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon 
Street. 

30. — An  entertainment  on  behalf  of  the  London  Temperance 
Hospital  at  Neumeyer  Hall,  Bloomsbury,  with  readings 
by  the  Rev.  Canon  Fleming,  B.D. 
Feb.  1. — An  address  by  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  Farrar,  D.D.,  on 
the  importance  of  temperance  meetings,  delivered  at  the 
New  Town  Hall,  Bermondsey. 
5. — Mr.  George  Howard,  M.P.,  spoke  at  Carlisle  on  Absti- 
nence and  moderation. 
5. — At  a  conference,  convened  by  the  Oxford  Diocesan  Branch 
of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  important 
testimony  was  given  by  Mr.  G.  G.  Dixon,  a  teetotal  farmer. 
6. — The  annual  meetings  in  connection  with   the  Central 
Association  for  Stopping  the  Sale  of  Intoxicating  Liquors 
on  Sunday,  were  held  at  Manchester. 

10. — The  Temperance  Mission,  conducted  by  Mr.  William 
Noble  at  Bradford,  for  eight  days,  secured  7,887  pledges. 

12. — The  lifth  anniversary  of  the  Blue  Ribbon  Gospel  Tempe- 
rance Mission  was  celebrated  at  Hoxton  Hall. 

12. — An  eight  days*  mission  at  Shrewsbury,  conducted  by 
Mr.  T.  E.  Murphy,  resulted  in  the  taking  of  2,213  pledges. 

14. — Mr.  William  Welman,  hon.  sec.  of  the  Reading  Tempe- 
rance Society,  was  presented  with  a  testimonial. 

72 


132       CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

Feb.  14. — The  thirtieth  aDniversanr  of  the  South  Metropolitan 
Temperance  Society  was  held  at  Blackfriars  Road. 

16. — The  inaugural  meeting  of  the  Midland  Branch  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Railway  Temperance  Union,  was  held  at 
Derby  Station. 

17. — A  drawing-room  meeting,  convened  by  the  National 
Temperance  League,  of  teachers  in  Elementary  Schools, 
in  reference  to  Temperance  teaching,  at  the  residence  of 
Mr.  W.  J.  Armitage,  Chelsea  Embankment. 

18. — The  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  which  commenced  at 
Oxford,  and  extended  over  fourteen  days,  resulted  in  over 
2,000  pledges. 

19. — The  forty-sixth  anniversary  of  the  Chelsea  Temperance 
Society  took  place. 

20. — A  special  public  meeting  was  held  by  the  National 
Temperance  League  in  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle,  in 
reference  to  the  progress  of  Temperance  in  English  Chris- 
tian Churches.  Mr.  Samuel  Bowly  (Society  of  Friends) 
presided,  and  the  meeting  was  addressed  by  the  Very  Rev 
K.  Payne  Smith,  D.D.,  Dean  of  Canterbury ;  the  Rev. 
Charles  Garrett,  President  of  the  Wesleyan  Conference ; 
the  Rev.  J.  A.  Macfadyen,  D.D.,  Chairman  of  the  Congre- 
gational Union  ;  and  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Chown,  President- Elect 
of  the  Baptist  Union. 

20. — The  first  annual  meeting  of  the  Tailors'  Total  Abstinence 
Society  was  held. 

20. — Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  at  the  Medical  Society's  Rooms, 
Chan d  OS  Street,  read  a  paper  on  "  Passover  Wine." 
The  Delegate  Chief  Rabbi  (Dr.  Adler),  took  piurt  in  the 
proceedings. 

20. — At  the  Meeting  of  the  Norwich  District  Association  of 
Elementary  Teachers,  the  subject  of  Temperance  teaching 
in  schools  was  introduced  by  a  aeputation  from  the  Nationu 
Temperance  League. 

21. — At  the  Exeter  Mission,  conducted  bv  Mr.  Noble,  the 
Bishop  of  Exeter  spoke  on  the  objects  or  the  Blue  Ribbon 
movement.  At  the  end  of  the  mission,  which  lasted  a 
fortnight,  4,499  pledges  had  been  taken. 

21. — A  conference  and  public  meeting  at  Exeter  Hall,  in 
reference  to  the  Sunday  Closing  Bill  for  England. 

24. — Ten  davs'  mission  in  Worksop  was  brooght  to  a  close. 
The  number  of  pledges  taken  was  1,133. 

26. — A  drawing-room  meeting,  convened  by  the  National 
Temperance  League,  for  conference  on  the  qneetion  of 
Temperance  teaching  in  Elementary  Schools,  was  held  at 
the  Te^idence  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  Walker,  Highboiy* 

27.—  At  lYift  q\\M\.^i\^  m^^NASk^  ^1>2&!^  Btltiah  Medical  ~ 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.       I33 


pcrance  Association,  held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  London,  Dr.  Morton,  of  Kilbum,  read  a  paper 
on  "  The  Mortality  from  Alcohol." 
Feb.  27. — The  Mayor  of  Bradford  presided  at  the  twenty-first 
annual  demonstration  of  the  Bradford  Band  of  Hope  Union. 
Mar.  1. — The  twenty-second  anniversary  of  the  Central  Tempe- 
rance Association  was  held  in  the  Central  Hall,  Bisbopsgate. 

2. — During  the  fourteen  days' Temperance  Mission  atdxford, 
3,897  new  pledges  were  taken. 

2. — Lady  Brabazon  presented  the  prizes  awarded  to  the 
tenants  of  the  Dublin  Artisans'  Dwellings  Company,  and 
spoke  on  Temperance  and  home  comfort. 

3. — Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.,  presided  at  a  Temperance 
demonstration  in  connection  with  the  Polytechnic  Total 
Abstinence  Society. 

3. — Mr.  John  Taylor,  Chairman  of  the  National  Tempe- 
rance League,  accompanied  by  the  Hon.  Conrad  Dillon, 
attended  as  a  deputation  at  a  meeting  of  the  Herts  Edu- 
cational Association. 

5.— Joseph  Livesey,  of  Preston,  completed  his  eighty-ninth 
year. 

5. — The  first  annual  meeting  of  the  Dalrymple  Inebriate 
Home  Association,  at  the  rooms  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  London. 

5. — Mr.  Mundella,  in  the  House  of  Commons,  referred  to  the 
wrongful  dismissal  of  children  from  school  for  wearing  the 
blue  ribbon. 

6. — The  House  of  Lords  passed  the  second  reading  of  the 
Payment  of  Wages  in  Public-houses  Prohibition  Bill. 

6. — Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  F.L.S.,  lectured  at  St.  John's  Wood 
on  the  "  Laws  of  Health." 

6. — The  Ven.  Archdeacon  Farrar  presided  at  a  meeting  to 
commemorate  the  thirty-second  teetotal  birthday  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Austin,  aged  members  of  St.  Margaret's  Tempe- 
rance Society. 

7.— The  twenty-first  aniversary  of  the  Peckham  Rye  and 
Nunhead  Temperance  Society  was  held. 

8. — A  complimentary  breakfast  was  given  at  Newcastle  to 
the  Rev.  Charles  Garrett,  then  President  of  the  Wesleyan 
Conference,  in  recognition  of  his  Temperance  labours. 

9. — A  great  meeting,  addressed  exclusively  by  medical  men, 

at  the  Royal  Victoria  Coffee  Hall. 
10. — A  deputation  from  the  National   Temperance  League 
addressed  a  meeting  of  the  Thames  Valley  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation, at  Isleworth^ 
10. — The  award  of  Mr.  A.  M.  Sullivan,  the  arbitrator  in  the 
Good  Templars'  libel  case,  was  given. 


134  CHRONICLE   OF   TEMPERANCE    EVENTS. 

Mar.  11. — The  Gospel  Temperance  Misaion  at  Plymouth  closed. 
In  three  weeks  6,65G  pledges  were  recorded. 

12. — The  eleventh  anniversary  of  the  Liverpool  League  of  the 
Cross. 

13.— The  Payment  of  Wages  in  Public-houses  Prohibition  Bill 
passed  through  Committee  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  was 
read  a  third  time  on  March  16. 

14.— A  public  meeting,  convened  by  the  National  Temperance 
League,  was  held  at  the  Guildhall,  London.  The  Lord 
Mayor  presided,  and  addresses  were  delivered  by  a  few  of 
the  twenty-seven  English  and  Welsh  Mayors  who  are  total 
abstainers. 

14. — First  anniversary  of  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle  Total 
Abstinence  Society.  Address  by  the  president,  the  Rev. 
C.  H.  Spurgeon. 

15. — Major  Knox,  Governor  of  Gloucester  Gaol, 'spoke  at  Eves- 
ham on  Drinking  as  a  cause  of  crime. 

15. — The  House  of  Lords  passed  the  second  reading  of  the 
Irish  Sunday  Closing  Bill.  The  third  reading  was  passed 
on  March  20. 

20. — Statement  of  Sir  A.  Hayter,  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
relative  to  offences  arising  out  of  drunkenness  in  the  Anny 
during  1882. 

21. — The  fifth  annual  meeting  of  the  City  of  London  Abstain- 
ers* Union,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P. 

26.— The  fourteenth  annual  session  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
England  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars  at  Glou- 
cester. 

26. — Meeting  of  the  Southwark  Help  Myself  Society  in 
Exeter  Hall. 

26.—  Letter  from  Mr.  William  Hoyle  in  the  Times^  and  a 
lea'ling  article  on  the  Drink  Bill. 

28. — A  breakfast,  followed  by  a  conference,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  National  Temperance  League,  with  the  members  of 
the  National  Union  of  Elementary  Teachers  at  Newcastle. 

28. — Second  reading  of  the  Payment   of  Wa^es  in  Public- 
houses  Prohibition  Bill  was  passed  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 
i      29.— Meeting  of  the  senior  members  of  Bands  of  Hope  in 
Exeter  Hall,  convened  by  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of 
Hope  Union. 
Apl.  2.— Colonel  Carmichael  (chief-constable)  presented  his  xepori 
as  to  drunkenness  in  Worcester,  and  an  important  discus- 
sion followed. 
5. —  The    financial  statement  of  the    Chancellor  of  the 

6. j^xi  agrcem^ii\.  %\^xk^\>^\.^^Ti>Osi^^^^^srGa&w(^ik^Q!(Ml 


•  fcMoNiCLE  6f  temperance  events.  135 

Britain  and  Siam  for  regulating  the  trafiSc  in  spirituous 
liquors. 
I.pl,  6.^— Twelfth  anniversary  of  the  Greenwich  Hospital  Schools 
Band  of  Hope. 

6. — Annual  Meeting  of  the  Manchester  Nonconformist  Col- 
leges' Total  Abstinence  Union. 
7. — National  Temperance  League's  Conference  with  elemen- 
tary teachers  at  Canterbury. 
7. — Meeting  at  Oxford  to  establish  a  Temperance  Society,  in 

connection  with  the  Wesleyan  Church. 
7. — The  last  of  the  series  of  wintei:  evening  meetings  at  the 

Lambeth  Baths. 
8. — An  eight  days'  mission  at  Middlesborough  ended.    The 
adult  pledges  numbered  2,803  ;  children's,  3,615. 

10. — The  Upper  House  of  the  Convocation  of  Canterbury  dis- 
cussed the  question  of  unfermented  wine. 

10. — A  local  option  meeting  at  Bristol  was  broken  up  by  a 
riotous  mob. 

11. — A  meeting  of  drivers  and  omnibus  conductors  was  held, 
at  midnight,  arranged  by  the  National  Temperance  League, 
and  addressed  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 

15. — Twenty-one  Temperance  sermons  preached  at  Battersea, 
in  connection  with  a  Blue  Ribbon  Mission.  The  pledges 
received  at  the  end  of  two  weeks  were — adults,  3,519 ; 
children,  1,062. 

17. — Tlie  thirty-third  anniversary  of  the  Fitzroy  Band  of  Hope. 

IS. — The  Lord  Bishop  of  Exeter  and  Mrs.  Temple  were 
initiated  into  the  Rechabite  Order. 

19. — Lord  £.  Fitzmaurice  replied  to  a  question  in  the  House 
of  Commons  respecting  the  mm  duties  in  Madagascar. 

20.-  -A  meeting  in  the  Royal  Victoria  Coffee  Hall,  addressed 
by  members  of  the  legal  profession ;  Sir  Thomas  Chambers, 
Q.C.,  M.P.,  in  the  chair. 

20. — Annual  soiree  oi  the  Students'  Total  Abstinence  Union  at 
Richmond. 

21. — An  address  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Selway,  Vice-Chairman  of  the 
National  Temperance  League,  to  the  members  of  the 
Great  Yarmouth  District  Teachers'  Association. 

21. — A  large  number  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  attended  at 
Stafford  House,  St.  James's,  upon  the  invitation  of  the 
Duchess  of  Sutherland,  to  further  the  cause  of  Temperance. 

24. — The  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Aissociation  held  its  annual 
meeting  in  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle. 

24. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society,  at  Lambeth  Palace. 

25. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  total  abstinence  section  of  the 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  in  Exeter  HalL 


136  CHRONICLE   OF   TEMPERANCE   EVENTS. 

Apl.  26. — The  fourth  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Metropolitan 
Hail  way  Temperance  ABsociation. 
27. — The  Local  Option  resulation  was  moved  by  Sir  Wilfiid 
Lawson  in  the  Ilouse  of  Commons,  which,  after  a  debate, 
waa  carrieA  by  206  to  130. 

28. — The  t^^'enty-8ixth  anniversary  services  and  meetingi  of 
the  Midland  Temperance  League  commenced. 

29. — The  Scottish  Temperance  League  celebrated  its  thirty- 
ninth  anniversary  by  numerous  sermons  and  meetings  on 
following  days. 

29. — The  annual  sermon  of  the  National  Temperance  League 
in  the  Metropolitan  Tabernacle,  and  the  annual  tem- 
perance sermon  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

30.  —The  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Temperance  League 
in  Exeter  Hall. 
May  3. — Annual  conference  of   the  Women's  Union  branch  of 
the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society,  in  Exeter 
(Lower)  Hall. 
6. — The  annual  conference  and  meeting  of  the  United  King- 
dom Band  of  Hope  Union  was  held  at  Exeter  HalL 
9. — A  conference  of  farmers  respecting  beer  in  the  harvest 

fiehi,  at  Lady  de  Rothschild's  residence,  Aston  Clinton. 
9. — The  annual  breakfast  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church 
Abstinence  Society  at  Edinburgh. 

10. — The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  held  its 
annual  meeting  in  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street. 

10. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  British  Women's  Temperauce 
Afti^ociation,  in  Exeter  (Lower)  Hall. 

14. — The  Whit-Monday  demonstration  in  Hyde  Park,  ia 
favour  of  Sunday  Closing  for  London. 

16. — Four  hundred  fishermen  and  fisherwomen  were  enter- 
tained at  luncheon  by  the  Prince  and  Princess  of  Walei, 
when  it  was  found  that  half  the  guests  were  teetotalers. 

19. — The  National  Temperance  League  convened  a  conference 
in  connection  with  tne  annual  congress  of  the  Association 
of  Church  Managers  and  Teachers,  at  Reading. 

19. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Young  Abrtainers  Union,  in 
the  Lower  Room,  Exeter  HalL 

21. — A  conference  called  bv  the  Blue  Ribbon  Gk>Bpel  Tempe- 
rance Mission,  followed  by  a  public  meetins  in  Exeter 
Hall.  * 

22. — The  forty-second  general  meeting  of  the  United  Kingdom 
Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institution. 

23.— Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson  opened  a  Coflfee  Tavern,  named  after 
himself,  at  Woodford. 

25. — ^T\i^  anTiwaX  cA>\iii^T«aaAATie  of  the  National  Temperance 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.       I37 


Britain    and    Madagascar   for  regulating    the    traffic  in 
spirituous  liquors. 
May  26. — Conference  of  the  National  Temperance  League  Avitli 
the  Hastings  and  District  Teachers'  Association. 
27. — An  eight  days*  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  commenced 

at  Exeter  Hall. 
29. — The  annual  general    meeting  of    the  British   Medical 

Temperance  Association. 
29. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Governors  of  the  London 
Temperance  Hospital,  and  public  meeting  in  the  Memorial 
Hal),  Farringdon  Street. 
31. — A  meeting,  presided  over  by  the  Lord  Mayor,  in  the 
Egyptian  Hall,  Mansion  House,  in  support  of  the  Dalrymple 
Inebriate  Home. 
31. — Annual  meeting  of  the  Friends*  Temperance  Union,  at 
Devonshire  House. 
June  4. — A  temperance  bazaar,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baptist 
Total  Abstinence  Association,  opened  at  the  Cannon  Street 
HoteL 
4. — A  large  meeting  at  Carnarvon,  in  connection  with  the 
Welsh   Wesleyau  denomination,  addressed   by  the  Rev. 
Charles  Garrett. 
9. — A  conference  with   elementary  teachers  at  Liverpool, 

convened  by  the  National  Temperance  League. 
14. — The  Irish  Temperance  League    entertained  the   Be  v. 
Charles  Garrett,  then  president  of  the   Wesleyan  Con- 
ference, at  Breakfast. 
14. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Methodist  New  Connexion 

Temperance  and  Band  of  Hope  Union  at  Sheffield. 
15. — Temperance  meetings  in  connection  with  the  sixty-fourth 

Primitive  Methodist  Conference  at  South  Shields. 
16. — The  twenty-third  annual  fete  of  the  Bradford  Band  of 

Hope  Union  in  Peel  Park. 
17. — A  Temperance  sermon  preached  in    Bedford  Chapel, 

Bloomsbury,  by  the  Rev.  Stopford  Brooke,  M.A. 
18. — The  annual  soirh  of  the   Catholic  Total    Abstinence 
League  of  the  Cross  in  the  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon 
Street. 
20. — The  Ely  Diocesan  Conference  held  a  discussion  on  the 
religious  duty  of  Churchmen  with  regard  to  the  Temperance 
movement. 
23. — The  Metropolitan  Drinking  Fountain  Association  held 

its  annual  meeting  at  Grosvenor  House. 
24. — A  sermon   on  the  ''  Christian    Attitude    towards   the 
Temperance  Movement,"  preached  by  the  Rev.  A.  Row- 
land, LL.B.  at  Crouch  End. 
24.— The  Venerable  Archdeacon  Farrar,  D.D.,  preached  a  Tem- 
perance sermon  at  St.  John's  Churchy  Betnnal  Green. 


X38       CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS. 

June  26. — At  a  conference  at  Salisbury  relative  to  the  advisability 
of  discontinuing  alcoholic  drinks  in  the  harvest  field,  Mr. 
Abbey,  of  Oxford,  accepted  the  challenge  of  Mr.  Terrill, 
a  local  farmer,  to  do  a  aay's  harvest  work,  the  former  to 
drink  water,  the  latter  beer. 

27. — A  monstre  fete  promoted  by  the  local  Temperance  asso- 
ciations of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  was  held  on  the  Town 
Moor,  and  continued  on  the  following  day.  About  160,(XH) 
persons  were  present  each  day. 
July  8.— At  the  Gospel  Tempeiance  Mission'conducted  by  Major 
Poole  at  Homsey,  1,500  pledges  were  received  in  twelve 
days. 

10. — A  bust  of  the  late  Sir  Hugh  Owen  was  presented  to  the 
Bangor  Normal  College  by  the  chairman,  Mr.  David 
Roberts. 

10. — The  National  Temperance  Fete  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
attended  by  66,957  persons. 

12.— Mrs.  Youmans,  of  Canada,  was  entertained  at  a  reception 
in  the  Lower  Room,  Exeter  Hall,  by  the  British  Women's 
Temperance  Association. 

15.  -The  Rev.  Canon  Vaughan  preached  on  the  progreM  of 
Temperance,  in  connection  with  anniversary  of  Briti^ 
Temperance  League. 

16. — Mr.  Justice  Hawkins,  in  charging  the  grand  jury  at 
Durham,  spoke  in  reference  to  drink  as  the  cause  of  crime. 

16. — Lord  Shaftesbury  presided  at  a  drawing-room  meeting  at 
his  residence  on  behalf  of  the  Dalrymple  Inebriate  Home. 

16. — The  Hou^e  of  Lords  passed  the  second  reading  of  the 
Cornwall  Sunday  Closing  Bill. 

17.— The  forty-ninth  annual  conference  of  the  British  Tempe- 
rance League  at  Sheffield. 

17. — In  the  House  of  Commons  the  order  for  the  second  read- 
ing of  the  Irish  Sunday  Closing  Bill  was  discharged,  and 
the  Bill  was  withdrawn. 

19. — The  Home  Secretary  received  a  deputation  from  the 
Scottish  Temperance  League  and  the  Temperance  Com- 
mittee of  the  Free  Chuich  Assembly  in  favour  of  local 
option  for  Scotland. 

19. — The  annual  festival  of  the  Ely  Diocesan  Church  of  Eng- 
land Temperance  Society  was  held  in  the  grounds  of 
Downing  Collefje,  Cambridge. 

25. --Reception  of  Temperance  deputations  at  the  Bible  Chris- 
tian  Conference  at  Exeter. 

26. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Highland  Tempeiance  Lei^|Q« 
at  Inverness. 

28. — ^The  Qn[vtiwal  demonstration  of  the  Temperance  oiganin* 

30. — Ou  a  dv\\a\ou.  ou  VJn^  ^Oko^  x%»^\&%  ^  ^ftw«w  ^^demill 


CHRONICLE  OF  TEMPERANCE  EVENTS.       I39 

Sunday  Closing  Bill  in  the  House  of  Lords,  the  votes  were 
equal  (38 — 38),  and  the  Bill  was  consequently  lost. 
July  31. — A  large  Temperance  meeting  in  connection  with  the 
annual  assembly  of  the  United  Methodist  Free  Church,  at 
Rochdale. 
Aug.  1. — The  two  thousandth  consecutive  nightly  meeting,  in 
connection  with  the  Hoxton  Blue  Ribbon  Gospel  Tempe- 
rance Mission,  was  held  at  the  Shored  itch  Tabernacle, 

2. — The  Poor  Law  Medical  Officers*  Association,  at  a  meeting 
held  at  the  liiverpool  College,  discussed  the  subject  of  alco- 
hol in  workhouses  upon  motions  proposed  by  Dr.  Norman 
Kerr. 

2.  The  Bishop  of  Rochester  moved,  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
for  a  copy  ol  any  minutes  recently  made  by  the  Ecclesias- 
tical Commissioners  upon  the  subject  of  public-houses  of 
which  they  are  the  owners,  which  was  agreed  to. 

2. — The  Rev.  Charles  Garrett  gave  Temperance  advice  to 
sixty -three  young  ministers  at  an  ordinance  service  at  Hull. 

2. — In  connection  with  the  meeting  of  the  British  Medical 
Association  at  Liverpool,  Dr.  C.  R.  Drysdale  read  a  paper 
on  the  "  Mortality  of  Abstainers  and  Moderate  Drinkers ;" 
and  another  was  read  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr,  on  "Habitual 
Drunkards  and  their  Treatment." 

3. — The  National  Temperance  League  entertained  the  mem- 
bers of  the  British  Medical  Association  at  Breakfast  at 
Liverpool.  Mr.  John  Taylor,  Chairman  of  the  League, 
presided,  and  important  addresses  were  delivered. 

3. — The  report  of  the  Habitual  Drunkards  Committee  was 
adopted  by  tlie  British  Medical  Asssociation. 

4. — The  Noel  Park  estate,  which  covers  about  100  acres,  and 
has  no  public-houf  e  upon  it,  was  opened  by  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury. 

4. — A  lecture  on  "  Cholera  and  its  Prevention,  with  Special 
Reference  to  Alcohol"  was  delivered  by  Dr.  Norman  Kerr, 
at  Maid  a  Hill. 

4. — The  House  of  Commons  read  the  Payment  of  Wages  in 
Public- houses  Prohibition  Bill  a  third  time. 

6. — Temperance  Bank  Holiday  demonstrations  were  held  at 
Wolverhampton,  Sheffield,  Leeds,  Luton,  Watford,  South- 
end, and  many  other  places. 

7. — The  thirteenth  high  moveable  conference  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Rechabites,  At  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man. 

9. — Sir    S.  Leonard    Tilley,  Finance  Minister  of  Canada^ 

explained  the  position  of  Temperance  legislation  in  the 

Dominion,    on   the  invitation   of  the  United  Kingdom 

Alliance,  at  the  Westminster  Palace  Hotel. 

10. — The  report  of  the  Temperance  Committee  was  presented 

and  adopted  by  the  Wesleyan  Conference  at  Hull. 


140  CHRONICLE    OF   TEMPERANCE    EVENTS. 


Aug.  10. — The  Durham  Sunday  CIosid^  Bill  was  loet  upon  the 
third  reading  division  in  the  House  of  Commons  bj  a 
majority  of  twelve. 

13. — The  denominational  Temperance  Society,  connected  with 
the  New  Jerusalem  Church,  held  its  annual  meeting. 

20.— The  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  League  of  the  CroMhcld 
a  demonstration  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  attended  by  18,501 
persons. 

23. — For  the  seventh  time  the  magistrates  refused  the  Brighton 
Railway  Company's  application  for  a  license  for  the  refresh- 
ment rooms  attached  to  the  Worthing  Railway  Station. 

24. — The  reaping  match  between  Mr.  Abbey  and  Mr.  Terrill 
took  place  near  Amesbury,  and  was  won  by  the  latter,  who 
drank  beer. 

24. — At  Kidderminster  the  licensing  magistrates  announced 
that  in  future,  where  holders  of  off-licenses  were  convicted 
of  offences  against  the  Licensing  Act,  their  licenses  would 
be  withdrawn.  At  Burnley  about  half  the  "  o£f  ^  licenses 
were  refused. 

24. — The  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley  read  a  paper  to  the  members  of 
the  Balloon  Society  of  Great  Britain  on  the  "  Legal  Treat- 
ment of  the  Intemperate." 

28.— The  report  of  the  Inspector  of  Retreats  under  the 
Habitual  Drunkards  Act,  1879,  w*as  issued. 

29.— Mr.  John  Bright,  M.P.,  opene<l  the  "Cobden"  Coffee 
Tavern  at  Birmingham,  and  spoke  at  length  on  the  legis- 
lative aspects  of  the  Temperance  movement. 

30. — Sixty-one  out  of  eighty-three  "  off"  licenses  were  refused 
at  Blackburn. 

31. — The  Derby  County  Licensing  Sessions  refused  all  appli- 
cations for  new  licenses. 
Sep.  4. — Farewell  meeting  to  Mr.  Francis  Murphy  at  Dundee. 
4.— The  Worthy  Grand  Lodge  of  Good  Templars  commenced 

its  sixth  annual  session  in  Sunderland. 
6. — The  licensing  magistrates  at  Margate,  for  the  sixth  time, 
refused  to  grant  a  license  for  the  sale  of  intoxicants  at  the 
Jetty  Extension  Pavilion. 
7. — At  Rotherham  the  licenses  were  reduced  from  seventy- 
five  to  forty-five. 

10. — The  session  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  English  GoodTemplan 
of  Wales  at  Brynmawr. 

11. — The  forty-sixth  anniversary  of  the  Western  Temperanee 
League  at  Taunton.  * 
•      11.  -The  Rev.  Canon  Wilberforce's  letter  in  the    TimUy  on 
the  Church  and  the  Drink  Traffic,  followed  bj  nomeioiu 
letters  otv  V\v^  %\\\v^^t\.. 

12. — A  weeV*  imwvow  «X  'SJ^siOK^t^^  ^\i^t^»^\s>^  Ut.  B^  T. 
Booth ,  Etcvxt^i^  \  ,^^  ^\«^^^ 


CHRONICLE   OF    TEMPERANCE    EVENTS.  I4I 

Sep.  14. — ^Speech  of  Mr.  George  Howard,  M.P.,  on  Temperance 
legislation,  at  Brampton. 

17. — A  Gospel  Temperance  Mission,  organised  by  Mr.  Swin- 
ford  Francip,  at  St.  Albans,  closed.  The  pledge  roll  was 
auj?raented  by  1,122  adults  and  241  children. 

17. — The  fifteenth  anniversary  of  the  planting  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Good  Templars  in  England  was  celebrated 
in  the  Birmingham  Town  Hall. 

19. — The  annual  conference  and  meetings  of  the  Dorset  and 
Southern  Counties  Temperance  Association.  Anniversary 
sermons  were  preached  on  the  preceding  Sunday. 

21. — A  conference  was  held  at  Ilkley,  on  the  future  of  the 
Blue  Ribbon  movement. 

22. — Mr.  W.  B.  Robinson,  Chief  Constructor,  R.N.,  read  a 
paper  in  the  Economic  Section  of  the  British  Association, 
relative  to  the  increased  value  of  life  by  abstinence  from 
intoxicants. 

23. — The  ninth  annual  demonstration  of  the  Oxford  Band  of 
Hope  and  Temperance  Union. 

24. — The  autumnal  conference  of  the  United  Kingdom  Band 
of  Hope  Union  at  Birmingham. 

24. — The  Blue  Ribbon  Gospel  Temperance  Mission  at  Brixton 
closed.     During  sixteen  days  1,541  new  pledges  were  taken. 

25. — The  twenty-fifth  annual  conference  of  the  North  of 
England  Temperance  League  at  Middlesbrough,  under 
the  presidency  of  Mr.  Arthur  Pease,  M.P. 

26. — Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.,  delivered  an  address  before 
the  Sanitary  Congress  on  '* Felicity  as  a  Sanitary  Research/' 
in  which  he  referred  at  length  to  Narcotics. 

£8.— Mr.  A.  M.  Powell,  of  New  York,  delivered  an  address  on 
the  legislative  &<tpects  of  Temperance  in  the  United  States 
at  a  reception  given  by  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance. 
Oct.  1. —  The    Bristol  licensing  justices  refused    to  renew  the 
licenses  of  sixty-six  public-houses.    Bristol  has  at  present 
1,284  licensed  nouses,  or  one  to  every  164  of , the  popula- 
tion. 
1. — The  autumnal  gathering  of  the  Baptist  Total  Abstinence 
Association  was  held  at  Leicester,  presided  over  by  Mr. 
W.  S.  Caine,  M.P. 
1. — The  seventeenth  annual  meeting  and  conference  of  the 
Yorkshire  Band  of  Hope  Union  was  held  at  Lancaster. 

2. — A  meeliiig  was  held  under  the  auspices  of  the  National 
Temperance  League  at  Devonshire  House,  Bishopsgate,  to 
hear  an  address  from  Mr.  A.  M.  Powell,  of  New  York,  on 
the  social  and  moral  aspects  of  the  Temperance  cause  in 
the  United  States. 

5. — At  the  close  of  ten  days'  mission  at  Highbuiy  Yale  it  was 
stated  that  nearly  1,500  pledges  had  been  received. 


142  CHRONICLE   OF  TEMPERANCE    EVENTS. 

6. — A  conference  of  workers  was  held  at  Hoxton  Hall,  to 
consider  the  hest  means  to  promote  Gospel  Temperance 
work  during  the  winter. 
Oct.  7. — The  celebration  of  the  seventh  anniversary  of  the  United 
Working  Women's  Teetotal  League  was  commenced  at  the 
Qreat  Central  Hall,  Shoreditch.    Other  meetings  followed 
in  different  parts  of  the  Metropolis. 
8. — At  the  Social  Science  Congress,  at  Huddersfield,  a  paper 
was  read  on  Legislation  fur  Habitual  Drunkards,  by  Dr. 
Norman  Kerr. 
8. — The  twenty-seventh  anniversary  of  the  Midland  Tem- 
perance League  was  celebrated  at  Walsall. 
8. — The  Oxford  Diocesan  branch  of  the  Church  of  England 
Temperance  Society  held  a  demonstration  at  Reading. 

10. — A  meeting  to  consider  the  medical  aspect  of  the  Tempe- 
rance question  was  held  in  the  Council  Chamber,  Birming- 
ham, with  Dr.  Heslop  in  the  chair. 

10. — The  Rev.  Canon  Fleming  spoke  at  York  on  Women's 
Work,  in  connection  with  the  York  Temperance  Society. 

10.— The  Bishop  of  Exeter  spoke  on  reasons  for  abstinence  at 
a  gathering  of  the  clergy  and  laity  of  Totnes. 

11. — The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association  held 
its  autumnal  meeting  at  Shefheld,  with  the  president,  Sir 
Edward  Baines,  in  the  chair. 

15. — Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  in  presiding  over  a  meeting  of  the 
St  Pancras  Total  Abstinence  Society,  spoke  on  the  weather 
and  its  influence  on  the  drink  revenue. 

16. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance 
was  held  at  Manchester,  presided  over  by  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  Bart.,  M.P. 

17. — A  conference  of  representatives  of  Temperance  Associa- 
tions in  the  United  Kingdom  was  held  at  Manchester,  in 
reference  to  a  proposed  federation  of  Temperance  societies. 

18. — The  first  anniversary  of  the  United  Kingdom  Railway 
Temperance  Union  was  celebrated  at  Nine  Elms,  Wands- 
worth. 

22. — A  meeting  was  held  at  the  Shoreditch  Town  Hall,  by  the 
Catholic  League  of  the  Cross  Toted  Abstinence  Society,  to 
commemorate  the  ninety-fourth  anniversary  of  the  biiUi  of 
Father  Mathew.    Mr.  A.  M.  Sullivan  presided. 

25.—  A  conference  of  Temperance  workers  in  the  county  and 
city  of  Gloucester  was  held  in  the  Com  Exchange. 

25. — The  Bishop  of  Newcastle  was  initiated  as  an  hononiy 
member  of  the  Independent  Order  of  RechabiteiL 

28. — Mr.  Arthur  Pease,  M.P.  preached  a  Tempefmnee  unasm 
in  BA^etiV^  "^ttcV  0\i«:^\^  \^  connection  with  the  forty- 

PubUc  meeXvav;  "w^'^^^  wv^w  .'^. 


CHRONICLE   OF   TEMPERANCE   EVENTS.  .X43 

Oct.  29. — A  niiasionat  Preston,  conducted  by  Mr.  Noble,  was.con- 
eluded.    During  eight  da3'a  4,741  pledges  were  taken. 
29. — The  Dalrymple  Home  for  Inebnates  was  opened  at  Rick- 

mansworth. 
30. — The  ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  Diocesan  Branch  of  the 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  was  held  at  Sun- 
derland. 
Nov.  2. — A  meeting  of  the  Nonconformist  Colleges'  Total  Absti- 
nence Union  at  Manchester. 

3. — The  twenty-second  series  of  meetings  at  the  Lambeth 
Baths  was  commenced. 

3. — A  conference  convened  by  the  London  Auxiliary  of  the 
United  Kingdom  Alliance,  with  the  secretaries  and  con- 
ductors of  Bands  of  Hope,  was  held  in  the  lower  Exeter 
Hall. 

3. — A  fourteen  days*  Temperance  Mission  was  concluded  at 
Manchester.     Nearly  10,000  pledges  were  enrolled. 

6. — The  Mayor  of  Bradford  (Alderman  J.  Priestman)  and 
Mrs.  Priestman  were  enteilained  at  a  soirie  by  the  friends 
of  Temperance  in  Bradford. 

6. — The  twenty-seventh  anniversary  of  the  Frome  Band  of 
Hope  and  Temperance  Union  was  held. 

7. — The  Rev.  Charles  Gkirrett  read  a  paper  on  the  relationship 
of  the  Sunday  School  to  the  Band  of  Hope,  at  the  autumnal 
convention  of  the  Sunday  School  Union. 

7. — The  seventh  annual  conference  of  the  Yorkshire  Women's 
Christian  Union  was  concluded  at  Middlesborough. 

7. — A  conference  in  reference  to  licensing  reform  was  held  at 
the  offices  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society. 

8. — A  meeting  of  the  representatives  of  the  leading  Tempe- 
rance organisations  was  held  in  the  council-room,  Exeter 
Hall,  when  resolutions  in  reference  to  a  National  Tempe- 
rance Federation  were  adopted. 

8. — A  meeting  of  old  Temperance  reformers  was  held  at  the 
Lambeth  Baths,  all  taking  part  in  the  proceedings  being 
teetotalers  of  upwards  of  thirty  years'  standing. 
10. — The  first  of  a  series  of  four  weekly  lectures  to  ladies  on 
the  maintenance  of  health,  under  the   auspices  of   the 
Women's  Union  Branch  of  the  Church  of  England  Tempe- 
rance Society,  was  delivered  by  Dr.  James  Edmunds. 
10. — A  deputation  from  the  National    Temperance  League 
addressed  a  meeting  of  the  Sheffield  District  Certificated 
Teachers'  Association. 
12. — The  annual  public  meeting  of  the  Rochester  branch  of  the 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Society  was  held  at  the 
Victoria  Hall,  Lambeth,  when  the  Bishop  of  Rochester  spoke 
at  length  on  Temperance  in  the  United  States.    Numerous 
sermons  were  preached  on  the  previous  day. 


144  CHRONICLE    OF   TEMPERANCE    EVENTS. 

Nov.  12. — The  forty-seventh  anniversary  meeting  of  the  Derby 
Temperance  Society  was  hehl. 

12. — Dr.  W.  Carpenter  delivered  an  important  address  in  con- 
nection with  the  Oxford  Diocesan  Branch  of  the  Church  of 
England  Temperance  Society. 

15. — The  sixth  anniversary  meeting  of  the  General  Post  Office 
Total  Abstinence  Society  was  held. 

IC— A  farewell  meeting  to  Mr.  R.  T.  Booth  and  Mr.  T.  W. 
Glover,  prior  to  their  leaving  for  Australia,  was  held  at  the 
Metropolitan  Tabernacle,  presided  over  by  the  Rev.  C.  H. 
Spurgeon. 

19. — Over  10,000  persons  signed  the  pledge  during  a  mission 
concluded  at  Sheffield. 

19. — The  celebration  of  the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  the 
Lancaster  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope  Union. 

19. — The  first  meeting  of  the  season  m  connection  with  the 
City  of  London  Abstainera'  Union  at  the  warehouse  of 
Messrs.  I.  &  R.  Morley,  when  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,  pre- 
sided. 

19. — A  festival  service  was  held  in  Westminster  Abbey  in 
celebration  of  the  tweniy-first  anniversarv  of  the  Church 
of  England  Temperance  Society.  Canon  Farrar  preached. 
A  breakfast  and  conference  was  held  at  St.  James's  Hall 
on  November  2^,  and  a  public  meeting  was  held  in  Exeter 
Hall  on  November  21. 

20. — Mr.  Edward  Pay  son  Weston  started  at  midnight  on  hii 
walk  of  5,000  miles. 

27. — At  the  quarterly  meeting  of  the  British  Medical  Tempe- 
rance Association  Dr.  C.  R.  Drysdale  read  a  paper  on  the 
"  Comparative  Death-rate  of  Assured  Abstauers  and 
Moderate  Drinkers." 

27.— The  Rev.  M.  de;Colleville,  D.D.,  of  Brighton,  delivered 
a  lecture  at  St.  John's  Wood,  on  Alcoholism  on  the 
Continent. 

28. — The  Bishop  of  Exeter  spoke  at  the  annivenaiy  meeting 
of  the  St.  Andrew's  (Rechabite)  Tent  at  Exeter. 
Dec  1. — A  memorial  to  the  late  Dr.  James  EUia,  was  unveiled 
at  Abney  Park  Cemetery. 
!•• — ^A  conference  with  teachers  and  others,  on  Temperance 
and  Education,  convened  by  the  National  Temperance 
League,  was  held  at  the  Church  Institute,  Leeds,  presided 
over  by  the  Mayor  of  Leeds  (Alderman  Woodhonse.)  Mr. 
T.  M.  Williams,  B.A.,  also  addressed  a  meeting  of  the 
Leeds  Branch  of  the  Church  Schoolmasters'  sad  School 
mistresses'  Benevolent  Institution. 


OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE   WORKERS.  I45 


OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE  WORKERS. 

"  The  soul,  of  origin  divioe, 
God's  glorioDs  image,  freed  from  daj, 
In  heaven's  eternal  sphere  shall  shine, 

A  star  of  day.*' 

Ma.  BaRWOOD  Qodlee,  J.P.,  of  Lewes,  died  on  December  9, 
1882.  The  deceased,  who  had  reached  fourscore  years,  was  widely 
respected  for  his  philanthropic  efforts,  especially  those  promoted 
by  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  was  a  warm  supporter  of  the 
Temperance  cause., 

Mr.  W.  A.  Venning,  died  at  Bristol  on  December  9,  at  the  age 
of  seventy- three.  He  made  unobtrusive  but  persistent  efforts  to 
promote  Temperance  and  other  good  works,  taking  special  interest 
in  the  dissemination  of  healthy  literature.  He  bequeathed  a 
legacy  of  j£100  to  the  National  Temperance  League. 

Mr.  Samukl  Eliott,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  devoted  Tem- 
perence  reformers  in  the  West  of  England,  ended  his  earthly 
career  on  December  9,  at  Plymouth,  at  the  age  of  sixty-four.  The 
deceased  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 

The  Very  Rev.  Dean  Close,  who  was  born  in  1797,  died  at  Pen- 
zance on  December  17.  In  1856  he  was  elevated  to  the  Deanery  of 
Carlisle,  which  he  resigned  in  1881  owing  to  failing  health.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  Church  of  England  Total  Abstinence ' 
Society,  and  stated  at  its  inaugural  meeting  in  May,  1862,  that  he 
had  then  been  a  teetotaler  for  seven  years,  and  was  able,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-five,  to  '^  do  an  amount  of  labour,  both  of  body  and  of 
mind,  which  he  had  never  equalled  in  the  earliest  days  of  his  life." 

Mr.  Isaac  Phillips,  of  Bradford,  died  on  the  3ni  of  February^ 
in  hia  sixty-third  year.  He  was  connected  with  the  Baptist 
denomination,  but  was  best  kuown  in  the  town  for  his  sympathy 
with  the  Temperance  movement.  He  was  president  of  the 
Bradford  Band  of  Hope  Union  in  its  earliest  years,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  one  of  its  vice-presidents  and  a  member  of 
the  executive.  He  wrote  several  useful  papers  relative  to  the 
Band  of  Hope  and  the  Sunday  School,  which  have  had  a  large 
circulation. 

Mr.  Benjamin  West  died  at  the  ripe  a^e  of  seventy-eight,  od 
February  22,  at  Clerkenwell.  Mr.  West  had  strone  fedth  in  the 
power  of  the  Press,  and  was  the  proprietor  of  seyerid  well-known' 
publications.  It  was  he  who  suggested  the  idea  of  the  Samuel 
^owly  Celebration  Fund. 

Mr.  Joseph  Harrap,  of  Leicester,  ended  a  useful  and  active 
life  on  the  19th  March,  when  in  his  sixty-first  year.    Mr.  Harrap 
was  associated  with  the  Temperance  movement  for  a  period  of 
forty-four  years.    He  exemplified  in  a  marked  manner  tk<^  isbiiJ^ 
and  practice  o[  Christianity  in.  p\x\)^&  «Lti^  ^feq^NA\i\^« 


146  OBITUARY  OF   TEMPERANCE   WORKERS. 

Mr.  Edward  West,  J.P.,  of  Bradford,  a  member  of  theSodetj 
of  Friends,  and  a  warm  supporter  of  the  Temperance  movement, 
departed  this  life  on  22nd  March.  He  was  very  much  respected 
by  a  wide  and  influential  circle. 

Mr.  Henry  Hugh  Tipper,  who,  in  the  early  days  of  the  move- 
ment, was  well  known  as  an  active  worker  in  Whitechapel,  died 
suddenly,  at  his  residence,  in  Hammersmith,  on  March  31,  at 
the  age  of  sixty-five.  He  became  an  abstainer  in  1840,  and 
remained  faithful  unto  death. 

Mr.  WiLLiA&f  Inwards,  of  Leamington,  an  elder  brother  of  the 
late  Jabez  Inwards,  passed  away  in  March.  It  is  recorded  of  Mr. 
William  Inwards,  that  in  September,  1835,  he  assisted  the  now 
venerable  Joseph  Livesey  in  arranging  for  a  teetotal  meeting  in 
Theobald's  Road,  Holbom,  and  he  remained  true  to  the  Tempe- 
rance cause  during  the  remainder  of  his  long  and  honourable  life. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Watchurst,  widely  respected  by  a  large  number  of 
Temperance  friends,  died  at  Old  Brompton,  Kent,  on  April  25. 
He  was  eighty  years  of  age  when  called  home,  and  for  half  that 
time  rendered  good  service  to  the  Temperance  cause. 

The  Very  Rev.  George  Connor,  on  the  first  day  of  May,  and 
at  the  age  of  sixty-one,  entered  into  rest  He  became  vicar  of  New- 
port, Isle  of  Wight,  in  1852,  and  was  appointed  to  be  one  of 
Her  Majesty's  Chaplains  in  1874.  Upon  the  death  of  Dean 
Wellesley,  in  September,  1882,  the  Queen  appointed  the  deceased 
to  the  Deanery  of  Windsor.  Soon  after,  however,  symptoms  of 
disease  began  to  appear,  and  his  eminently  useful  life  was  brought 
to  a  close  within  a  few  months.  When  at  Newport  he  co-operated 
heartily  with  the  friends  of  Temperance,  and  rendered  valuable 
help  to  the  National  Temperance  League  on  many  occasions. 
Three  years  ago  he  preached  the  annual  Temperance  sermon  at 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  fifteen  months  later  took  the  chair,  as  a 
vice-president  uf  the  League,  at  the  annual  medical  breakfast  at 
Ryde.  His  memory  is  cherished  by  all  who  were  privileged  to 
know  him. 

Mr.  H.  J.  Rowntrbe,  of  York,  died  on  2nd  May.  He  was  well 
known  as  an  energetic  Temperance  reformer,  having  been  secretanr 
of  the  York  Temperance  Society,  and  president  of  the  York  Adolt 
School  Temperance  Society. 

Mr.  William  Simpson,  the  late  well-known  refreshment  con- 
tractor at  the  Liverpool  landing-stage,  passed  away  in  June.  Mr. 
Simpson  enjoyed  considerable  popularity,  particularly  amoogil 
dock  labourers.  In  1874  he  contested  Liverpool,  and  stood  as  a 
candidate  for  Preston  in  1880.  Throughout  life  he  was  a  stann^ 
advocate  of  Temperance  principles. 

Mr.  Peter  Spence,  of  Manchester,  an  active  friend  of  thfl 
Temperance  reform,  died  on  July  5,  at  the  age  of  seventy  ■•eywu 
He  was  the  discoveiei  ol  VXi^  ^vk»a  lost  tnannfactaring  alum 
from  the  refuse  shale  ol  coVii«nfta  wjAl  Siafc  *«^i^  ^ 


OBITUARY   OF  TEMPERANCE  WORKERS.  I47 

liquor  of  gas  works,  and  the  inventor  of  many  valuable  chemical 
and  mechanical  processes.  He  became  an  abstainer  in  his  youth, 
and  so  recently  as  last  year  was  the  chief  promoter  of  Mr.  Francis 
Murphy's  mission  in  Manchester. 

Rev.  Joseph  Fisher,  D.D.,  died  on  July  9.  Dr.  Fisher,  who 
was  minister  of  St.  George's  Presbyterian  Church,  Southwark, 
became  a  total  abstainer  many  years  ago,  and  remained  faithful 
to  the  close  of  a  long  and  useful  life. 

Rev.  Stenton  Eardley,  B.A.,  vicar  of  Immanuel  Church, 
Streatham  Common,  one  of  the  most  deservedly  honoured 
friends  of  Temperance  amongst  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of 
England,  ended  his  earthly  career  on  July  17.  Mr.  Eardley 
was  born  near  Chapel-en-le-Frith,  Derbyshire,  on  September 
26,  1821.  He  became  a  total  abstainer  about  twenty-four  years 
ago,  and  from  the  beginning  was  enthusiastic  in  his  efforts  to 
change  the  drinking  habits  of  society.  Many  of  the  workine 
people  of  his  parish  were  rescued  from  intemperance,  and 
became  honourable  members  of  the  Church,  through  his  noble 
efforts.  The  report  of  the  Temperance  Society,  from  his  pen, 
afforded  remarkable  testimony  of  the  good  accomplished.  His 
pamphlet  entitled  "  Your  country's  and  your  Savioui^s  call"  has 
nad  an  immense  circulation.  He  looked  upon  the  drinkine 
customs  as  an  unmitigated  evil,  and  hence  regarded  totu 
abstinence  as  the  only  sound  remedy. 

Mr.  George  Lovejot,  a  highly  respected  bookseller  of  Reading, 
who  was  in  his  seventy-sixth  year,  died  on  July  19.  Up  to 
within  a  week  of  his  death  he  was  well  and  active  in  his  business. 
Half  a  century  ago  he  established  the  Southern  Counties'  Library, 
and  lived  to  see  it  take  a  position  amongst  the  large  libraries 
of  the  country.  His  interest  in  the  Temperance  cause  was  very 
decided,  and  thirty  years  ago  he  was  instrumental  in  bringing  the 
first  female  lecturer  on  Temperance  to  Reading,  in  the  person  of 
Mrs.  Balfour. 

Mr.  Thomas  Bywater  Smithies,  so  long,  so  widely,  and  so 
honourably  known  fur  his  many  signal  services  in  the  cause  of 
Christianity,  temperance,  and  kindness  to  animals,  passed  to  his 
eternal  inheritance  on  the  20th  July.  His  association  with  the 
Temperance  cause  dated  back  to  his  youth,  and  he  never  wavered 
in  his  devotion  to  its  principles.  He  rendered  illustrious  service 
by  his  many  pictorial  publications.  The  Band  of  Hope  Review^ 
the  first  periodical  of  the  kind,  was  followed  by  the  British 
IVorJcman,  and  others  similarly  attractive,  all  of  which  have  had 
an  immense  influence  for  good.  Mr.  Smithies  was  a  most  inces* 
sant  worker,  and  his  multifarious  labours,  which,  it  is  thought, 
hastened  his  death,  were  all  on  behalf  of  humanity.  Philanthropic 
movements  generally,  and  especially  the  Temperance  reform^  luuL 
in  him  a  sincere  friend  and  practical  \ieV^. 


148  OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE    WORKERS. 

The  Eev.  Canon  Harford  Battersby  died  at  Keswick  on 
July  23,  at  the  age  of  sixty.  The  deceased,  who  was  vicar  of 
St.  John'p,  Keswick,  and  honorary  Canon  of  Carlisle,  was  also  the 
author  of  several  theological  works,  and  an  active  supporter  of 
the  Temperance  movement 

Mr.  John  Holder,  much  respected  in  Beading  for  his  labours 
amongst  the  sick,  the  poor,  the  intemperate,  and  the  bereaved, 
died  suddenly  while  bathing  at  Brighton  on  August  27.  The 
deceased,  whose  age  was  fifty-eight,  had  been  connected  with  the 
firm  of  Huntley  and  Palmers  for  nearly  forty  years,  and  for  the 
last  ten  or  twelve  years  had  been  chiefly  occupied  as  sick  visitor 
to  the  factory  hands,  general  almoner  to  one  of  the  senior  members 
of  the  firm,  as  well  as  Temperance  missionary. 

Mr.  Charles  Jupe,  of  Mere,  Wilts,  died  on  August  30,  at  the 
age  of  seventh-seven.  He  was  long  known  throughout  the 
county  as  a  liberal  and  devoted  Christian  philanthropist,  and 
was  an  ardent  promoter  of  the  Temperance  movement. 

The  Rev.  Lloyd  Harris,  after  a  short  illness,  died  on 
September   12,  in  his  forty-first  year.     The  deceased  was  the 

Sastor  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  Congregational  Church,  New 
lent  Road.  For  the  past  three  or  four  years  he  did  an  immense 
amount  of  good  in  the  formation  of  a  Help  Myself  Society  for 
working  men,  and  a  similar  association  for  women.  He  sustained 
large  meetings  on  Saturday  evenings,  at  which  healthy  entertain- 
ment was  provided  as  a  counter-attraction  to  the  public-house 
and  music-hall.  He  was  a  most  energetic  Temperance  worker, 
and  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  was  testified  in  a 
remarkable  manner  at  his  funeral. 

Mr.  Frederick  Alexander,  of  Ipswich,  brother  of  the  late 
Richard  Dykes  Alexander,  who  published  the  Ipswich  Tempe- 
rance Tracts,  died  on  September  20,  in  his  seventieth  year.  Mr. 
F.  Alexander,  was  a  well-known  and  respected  member  of  the 
Societv  of  Friends,  and  for  some  years  past  had  publicly  declared 
his  adnerence  to  total  abstinence. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Bdrderik,  of  Islington,  after  a  long  and  painful  ill- 
ness, died  on  November  1.  He  was  married  to  a  sister  of  the  late 
Mr.  T.  B.  Smithies,  along  with  whom,  both  at  York  and  since  his 
removal  to  London,  he  heartily  co-operated  in  promoting  the 
Temperance  movement 

Dr.  J.  P.  ScATLiFF,  who  during  his  forty  yeaxs^  connection  with 
the  medical  profession  was  prominently  identified  with  the  Tempe- 
rance reformation,  died  on  November  6,  in  his  sixty-fifth  Tear. 
Dr.  Scatliff  rendered  valuable  service  to  the  cause  when  it  haa  hat 
few  friends  in  his  profession.  He  was  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  committee  of  the  National  Temperance  League,  and  was 
treasurer  of  the  Br\\.\s\i  U^^vcal  Temperance  Association  from  tlie 
time  of  its  formation.  11\a\lvgl^'j  v:\£nsiQasi  ^^tsbba;^  vuieand 
him  to  a  large  citole  ol  inea^ 


OBITUARY   OF   TEMPERANCE   WORKERS.  I49 

Mr.  Thomas  L.  Jackson,  a  devoted  missionary,  connected  with 
the  London  City  Mission  for  a  period  of  forty-five  years,  died  on 
November  16.  He  was  a  total  abstainer,  and  earnestly  advocated 
the  adoption  of  the  pledge  as  an  auxiliary  to  his  religious  efforts. 

Dr.  R.  B.  Grindrod,  who  passed  away  on  November  18,  in  his 
seventy-third  year,  was  probably  the  first  medical  man  in  England 
who  signed  the  teetotal  pledge,  which  he  did  in  the  year  1833  at 
Manchester.  As  early  as  1835  he  delivered  lectures  on  alcohol, 
and  subsequently  addressed  numerous  audiences  in  different  parts 
of  the  country.  He  obtained  the  £100  prize  awarded  by  the 
National  Temperance  Society  for  his  comprehensive  work  entitled 
**  Bacchus,"  wnich  was  published  in  1840.  Dr.  Grindrod  con- 
ducted a  hydropathic  establishment  at  Malvern.  His  interest  in 
the  Temperance  movement  was  maintained  to  the  dose  of  his  useful 
life. 

Mr.  G.  J.  Knight,  of  South  Hackney,  died  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
five,  on  November  25.  He  was  well-known  and  respected  for  his 
labours  in  East  London,  especially  in  connection  with  Fairlop 
Friday  celebration. 


NATIONAL  AND  DISTRICT  TEMPERANCE 

ORGANISATIONS. 

The  National  Temperance  League. — President :  Samuel 
Bowly,  Esq.  Treasurer  :  Charles  J.  Leaf,  Esq.  Secretary  :  Mr. 
Robert  Rae.  Official  organ :  The  Temperance  Record,  published 
weekly.    Last  year's  income,  £5,574. 

The  National  Temperance  Publication  Depot.—  TheMedical 
Temperance  Journal,  issued  quarterly :  The  National  Temperance 
Mirror,  monthly.  Total  sales  for  twelve  months  ending  March 
31,  1883,  iPlO,527.  Head  quarters  of  the  League:  Publication 
Depot  and  Lecture  Hall,  337,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

The  British  Temperance  League. — President:  JamesBarlow, 
Esq.,  J. P.  Treasurer:  William  Hoyle.  Esq.  Secretary:  Rev. 
C.  H.  Collyns,  M.A.  The  British  Temperance  Advocate,  issued 
monthly.  Last  year's  income,  £2,073.  Offices :  29,  Union  Street, 
Sheffield. 

The  Western  Temperance  League. — President:  Thomas 
Harris,  Esq.  Treasurer  :  J.  T.  Grace,  Esq.  Secretary :  Mr.  J.  G. 
Thornton,  Kedland,  Bristol.  The  Western  Temperance  Herald  is 
published  monthly.    Income  last  year,  £1,787. 


150  NATIONAL  AND   DISTRICT    ORGANISATIONS. 

The  North  of  England  Temperance  LAoub. — Prerident : 
Arthur  Pease,  Esq.,  M.P.  Treasurer -/Joseph  Lingfoid,  Esq. 
Secretary :  Mr.  Alderman  Cbarltoir.  '  Income  last  year,  j£500. 
Offices  :  2,  Charlotte  Square,  Newcastle-on-Tviie. 

The  Midland  Temperance  League. — President :  Charles 
Stnrge,  Esq.,  J. P.  Secretary  :  Mr.  S.  Knell.  Income  last  year, 
£617.     Office  :  133,  Varna  R^ad,  Birmingham. 

Dorset  and  Southern  Counties  Temperance  Association. — 
President :  He  v.  H.  Pelham  Stokes,  M.A.  Treasurer  :  Mr.  Alder- 
man Curtis.  Last  yearns  income,  £422.  Secretary :  Rev.  F. 
Yaiighan,  Broad winsor,  Beaminster.  The  Temperance  Mirror, 
issued  monthly. 

The  East  of  England  Temperance  League. — President : 
Rev.  Sydenham  L.  Dixon.  Secretary :  Mr.  W.  Smyth,  King's 
Lynn. 

The  United  Kingdom  Alliance. — President :  Sir  Wilfrid 
Lawson,  Bart,  M.P.  Treasurer :  William  Armitage,  Esq.,  J.P. 
Secretary :  Mr.  T.  H.  Barker.  The  Alliance  News,  puhlished 
weekly.  Last  year's  income,  £18,760.  Central  office ;  44,  John 
Dalton  Street,  Manchester. 

The  Central  Association  for  Stopping  the  Sale  of 
Intoxicating  Liquors  on  Sunday. — President :  Sir  Thomas 
Bazley,  Bart.  Treasurer :  Richard  Haworth,  Esq.,  J.P.  Secre- 
tary :  Rev.  W.  H.  Perkins,  M.A.  Last  year's  income,  £2,817. 
Offices  :  14,  Brown  Street,  Manchester. 

The  Scottish  Temperance  League. — President :  Sir  William 
Collins.  Treasurer  :  Alexander  Thomson,  Esq.  Secretary  :  Mr. 
William  Johnston.  Last  year's  income,  £6,876,  including  £3,946 
from  the  Publication  Department  Ilu  League  Joumaly  issued 
weekly.    Offices  :  108,  Hope  Street,  Glasgow. 

The  Scottish  Permissive  Bill  and  Temperance  Associa- 
tion.— President :  James  Hamilton,  Esq.,  J.P.  Treasurer  :  Wil- 
liam Smith,  Esq.  Secretary  :  Mr.  Robiert  Mackay.  Last  year*B 
income,  £2,261.     Offices  :  112,  Bath  Street,  Glasgow. 

The  Irish  Temperance  League. — President :  M.  R.  Dalway, 
Esq.,  J.P.  Treasurer  :  Lawson  A.  Browne,  Esq.  Secretary : 
Mr.  William  Wilkinson.  Monthly  organ  :  The  Iri^  Temperance 
League  Journal,  Last  year's  income,  £2,040.  Offices:  1,  Lombard 
Street,  Belfast. 

The  Irish  Association  for  the  Prevention  of  Istem- 
PERANCB. — Chairman :  Henry  Wigham,  Esq.  Treasurer  :  D, 
Drummond,  Esq.,  J.P.  Hon.  Sec. :  Mr.  T.  W.  Russell  Offices : 
102,  Stephen's  Green,  Dublin. 

The  Church  of  Ireland  Temperance  Societt.— Genenl 
Secretary :  Mr.  William  Jones.  Office :  8,  Dawson  Street^ 
Dublin. 

The  United  "Ki^Qiio^  "^Nsxi  o^  '^Q'«^\i^5\^^.-J8iiMBA«Bfct 


NATIONAL  AND   DISTRICT   ORGANISATIONS.  I5I 

Samuel  Morley,  Esq.,  M.P.  Treasurer :  Ebenezer  Clarke,  Esq. 
Secretarj  :  Mr.  Frederic  T.  Smith.  The  Band  of  Hope  Chronide 
id  issued  monthly.  Last  year's  income,  ^1,628.  Offices :  4,  Ludgate 
Hill,  London,  E.C. 

County  Band  of  Hope  Unions.— There  are  sixteen  County 
Unions  affiliated  with  the  parent  society,  the  most  important 
being  The  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope  Union, 
which  issues  the  Onward  magazine,  and  other  publications. — Hon. 
Secretaries  :  Mr.  William  Hoyle,  Mr.  T.  E.  Hall&worth,  18, 
Mount,  Manchester.  The  Yorkshire  Band  of  Hope  Union — 
Hon.  Secretaries :  Rev.  R.  Dugdale  and  Mr.  Clarke  Wilson,  2, 
Lee  Mount,  Halifax. 

The  Young  Abstainers'  Union. — President:  S.A.Blackwood, 
Esq.,  C.B.  Secretary  :  Miss  Andrew,  23,  Exeter  Hall,  Strand 
London,  W.C. 

The  British  Medical  Temperance  Association.— President: 
Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.R.S.  Hon.  Secretary :  Dr.  J.  J.  Ridge, 
Carlton  House,  Enfield. 

The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society. — Presidents : 
The  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York.  Clerical  Secretary  : 
Rev.  O.  H.  Wricht,  M.A.  General  Secretary :  Mr.  Alfred 
Sargant.  Hon.  Editorial  Secretary  :  Mr.  Frederick  Sherlock. 
The  Church  of  England  Temperance  Chronicle,  published  weekly. 
Total  receipts  for  the  year,  j^l  1,634.  Head  offices  :  Palace 
Chambers,  Bridge  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 

The  Congregational  Total  Abstinence  Association. — 
President :  Sir  Edward  Baines.  Secretaries :  Rev.  G.  M.  Murphy 
and  Mr.  G.  B.  Sowerby,  Jun.,  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street, 
London,  E.C. 

The  Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association. — President : 
W.  S.  Caine,  Esq.,  M.P.  Organ  :  the  Bond  of  Unions  monthly. 
Hon.  Secretary :  Mr.  James  Tresidder  Sears,  11,  Crane  Court, 
Fleet  Street,  E.C. 

The  Wesleyan  Temperance  Committee. — Secretaries  :  Rev. 
Hugh  Price  Hughes,  M.A.,  Selbome  Villa,  Black  Hall  Road, 
Oxford  ;  and  the  Rev.  R.  Culley,  Scarborough. 

The  Methodist  New  Connexion  Temperance  and  Band  op 
Hope  Union.  General  Secretary :  Rev.  F.  H.  Robineon,  30, 
Oliver  Road,  Ladywood,  Birmingham. 

The  Free  Methodist  Temperance  League. — Treasurer: 
Thomas  Watson,  Esq.,  J.P.  Travelling  Secretary :  the  Rev. 
John  Thomley,  21,  New  Porter  Street,  Sheffield. 

The  Primitive  Methodist  Temperance  League. — Convener : 
Mr.  Councillor  Beckworth,  Leeds. 

The  Bible  Christian  Total  Abstinence  Society. — Secre- 
tary :  Rev.  W.  B.  Lark,  7,  Grove  Terrace,  St.  Peter's  Park, 
Southsea. 


152  NATIONAL   AND   DISTRICT   ORGANISATIONS. 

The  New  Church  (Swedbnborqian)  Temperance  Society. 
— Secretary  :  Mr.  Ernest  Braby,  15,  Holland  Villas  Road,  Ken- 
Binf2;toD,  W. 

The  Friends'  Temperance  Union. — Secretary  :  Mr.  William 
Frederick  Wells,  12,  Bishopsgate  Street  Within,  London,  E.G. 

The  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  League  of  the  Cross.— 
President :  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Manning.  Secretary :  Mr. 
Thomas  Campbell,  50,  Hatton  Wall,  Hatton  Garden,  London,  E.G. 
The  British  Women's  Temperance  Association. — Secre- 
tary :  Mrs.  Boocock,  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street,  London, 
E.C. 

The  Christian  Workers*  Temperance  Union. — Secretary : 
Miss  C.  Mason,  8,  Cambridge  Gardens,  Kilburn,  London,  N.W. 

The  United  Working  women's  Teetotal  League. — Secre- 
tary :  Mrs.  Durrant,  4,  F  Street,  Queen's  Paik  Estate,  Harrow 
Road,  London,  W. 

The  Blue  Ribbon  Gospel  Temperance  Mission,  Hoxton 
Hall,  Hoxton,  N.— President:  W.  I.  Palmer,  Esq.,  J.P.  Vice- 
President:  Mr.  William  Noble.  Secretary  :  Mr.  John  T.  Rae. 
Hon.  Finance  Sec. :  Mr.  T.  H.  Ellis,  Jun.,  51,  Jewin  Street, 
London,   E.C.      Ten  months'  income,  j£1.239. 

Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars.  Grand  Lodge  of 
England. — Grand  Worthy  Chief  Templar :  Joseph  Malins,  Esq., 
Grand  Worthy  Secretary :  Mr.  J.  J.  Woods.  Head-quarters, 
Congreye  Street,  Birmingham. 

Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars.  Grand  Lodge  of 
England. — Grand  Worthy  Chief   Templar :   Dr.  F.  R.  Lees. 

The  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites  (Salford  Unity). 
— The  Eechahite  and  Temperance  Magazine  issued  monthly.  Secre- 
tary :  Mr.  R.  Hunter,  98,  Lancaster  Avenue,  Fennell  Street, 
Manchester. 

The  Sons  of  Temperance.-— Monthly  organ  :  The  Son  of  Tem- 
perance, The  Most  Worthy  Scribe :  Mr.  William  Clarke,  27,  Pitt 
Terrace,  Miles  Platting,  Manchester. 

The  Original  Grand  Order  of  the  Total  Abstinent  Sons 
op  Phcenix. — Secretary  :  Mr.  John  Cearer,  31,  Camden  Street, 
Islington,  London,  N. 

The  United  Order  of  the  Total  Abstinent  Sons  of 
Ph(enix.— Secretary :  Mr.  T.  Wilson,  122,  Roman  Road,  Old 
Ford,  London,  E. 

The  London  Temperance  Hospital.  Hampstead  Road.  In- 
come last  year  j£3,651.  Treasurer:  John  Hughes^  Esq.,  CO., 
3,  West  Street,  Finsbury  Circus,  London,  RC. 

The  Good  Templar  and  Temperance  Orphanage,  Sonbuty* 
on-Thames.    Last  year's  income  £1,341.   Hon.  Sec  :  Mr.  Edwtra 
W^ood,  9,  King^dov^tL  Villas^  Bolingbroke  Road,  Wandawotlh 
Common,  S.W . 


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164 


SPIRIT  PRODUCTION  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

Dbtailrd  Statiement.  showing  the  Quantity  of  Siibits  produced, 
and  how  disposed  of,  in  each  part  of  the  United  Kingdov,  in  the 
Year  ended  SUt  March,  1883. 

DUTY  PAID  ^IRITS. 


ENGLAND. 

Spirits  on  which  daty  was  paid  in  England 
n      imported  from  Scotland,  daty  paid 
*t  M         M      I.'elind  „ 


Deduct— 

Spirits  sent  to  Scotland       

„         „      Ireland         

, ,     warehoused  on  Drawback  for  exportation 
M     methylated 

Number  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as  beverage 
only,  in  England 


SCOTLAND. 

Spirits  on  which  duty  was  paid  in  Scotland 
„      imported  from  England,  duty  paid . . 
„  „         „      Ireland  „ 


Deduct— 

Spirits  sent  to  England       

„         .,       Ireland         

„     warehoused  on  Drawback  for  exportat ion 
„     methylated 

Number  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as  beverage 
only,  in  Scotland 


IRELAND. 

Spirits  on  which  duty  was  paid  in  Ireland . 
„      imported  from  England,  duty  paid 

Scotland 


>> 


>* 


»* 


Deduct— 

Spirits  sent  to  England       

„  „      Scotland 

warehoused  on  Drawback  for  exportation 
methylated 


*» 
»» 


Number  of  gallons  retained  for  consumption,  as  bevengv 
only,  in  Ireland 


UNITED  KINGDOM. 

Total  Quantity  warehoused  on  Drawback  for  Exporta- 
tion. &c .. 

Total  Quantit;  TnelYi^\^V%4 

only    ..        .•       ** 


Gallons. 

I3,M7.3S9 

1.933,440 

3,83«,43» 


«,*3» 

17,421 

295,07a 

3tti,727 


6,729,189 

23,239 

251.903 


1,933,441 

17,472 

2in,(ijs 

315,556 


7,454,163 
17,421 
17,472 


1,836,436 

251,963 

133 

23,073 


\ 


Gallooa. 


17,357,266 


701,457 
16,655,806 


9,003,371 


2LCO7,301 
6.486.07^ 


7,480,0e« 


ftM.€W 


ESTIMATED 

P 

si 


CONSUMPTION  PER  HEAD  OP  POPULATION 


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j66       RETAIL  LICENSES    IN    THE    UNITED   KINGDOM. 

RETAIL  LICENSES  IN  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

DiTiiL  or  LicrKsis  ox  Dkai^iss  im  akd  BniiLias  or  Excihablb 

LittiioKa  usao  *■  Betibiqk, 

roi  TBB  Ybab  ekdbd  SLr  UiftcB,  1633. 


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EXCISE   DUTIES. 


167 


EXCISE  LICENSES  FOR  RETAILERS,  BREWERS,  &c., 
Fob  the  Year  ended  31st  Mabch,  1833. 


Licenses  on  Dealers  in  and*) 
Bitailera  of  Exciseable  >■ 
Liquors  used  as  BeT«rage^ 

Refn^haM^Dt  Houses 

Distillers  and  Rectiflrn    . . 

Brewers,  viz. :  for  sale     . . 
,,  other  Brewers 


England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

No. 

186,76J 

7,119 

131 

14,867 

91,3.9 

No. 
18,755 

143 

153 

2,33i 

No. 

24,480 

144 

65 

52 

1 

No. 

229,997 

7,163 

338 

15,071 

9d,676 

Amount 

of  Duty 

charged. 


No. 

1,868,819 

6,248 

8,63a 

16,071 

30,11 J 


EXCISE  DUTIES 
For  the  Years  ended  SIst  Mabc:i  1882  a.vd  1883. 


QUAMTiriBS  Chaboxd. 

Year  ended  Slst  March 

ARTICLKS  CntRGBD. 

1882. 

1883. 

United 
Kingdom. 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Beer     Barrels 

Spirits GaUs. 

Licenses     ..     ..    No. 

27,870,626 

29,680,663 

8.669,447 

23,874,682 

11,687,889 

2.246,783 

1,122.360 

8.729,169 

220,769 

2,143,899 

7,451,163 

70,698 

87,140,691 

89.770,721 

3,638,140 

Amodkt  ov  Dutt  Ckaxobd. 

Year  ended  31st  Ultfch 

DuTIBfl. 

1882.      , 

1883. 

United 
Kingdom. 

1 
England.   Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Beer 

£ 

8,7C9,634 

14,840.298 
3,584,181 

£ 
7,460.972 

6,793.751 

3,060,613 

£ 

350,761 

4,361,590 
322.893 

£ 
C69,969 

3,727,081 

18),634 

£ 

8,481,702 

14,885,448 
8,564,040 

Spirits 

Licenses 

1 68      CONSUMPTION    OF    SPIRITS    IN    1882   AND    1883. 


CONSUMPTION  OF  SPIRITS  IN  1882  and  1883. 


Qaaniities  charged  with  Dntj. 

Year  ended  3l8t 

March 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

Unit«d 
Kingdom. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

18o!l^      

13,868.00ft 

8.620,225 

7,192,329 

29,680,560 

1883     

13,587,389 

8,729,169 

7,454.168 

29,770,721 

locrease        

_ 

108.944 

261,834 

90,161 

Decrease      

280,617 

^^ 

^^^* 

^^^ 

Qoantities  consm 

nod  as  Bevera^s. 

ITear  ended  31  st 

March 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

United 
Kingdom. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

Gallons. 

1882      

16,950.078 

6,542,324 

6,131,785 

28,624,187 

1883     

16,655.808 

6,496,070 

5,877.452 

28,529,880 

Increase        

_^ 

245.667 

Decrease      

294,270 

46,254 

— 

94,857 

Per.centage  of  In- 
crease        

wHi^ 

— 

479 

^^^ 

Per.centage  of  De> ) 
crease       { 

1-73 

•70 

•38 

Qaaatity  consamed  1 
per  head  of  popu-  >■ 

•642 

1729 

1009 

•811 

lationin  1882  ...  ) 

Popniatlon,  1882... 

26,406,820 

8,784,100 

5,088.079 

83,278,999 

(Estimated  to  middle 

of  Year.) 

The  decrease  in  the  consumption  in  England  and  Scotland 
appears  comparatively  small,  but  it  becomes  more  significant  of 
altered  habits  when  considered  in  connection  with  the  natural 
increase  which  must  have  taken  place  in  the  population.  There 
cannot  be  any  doubt  that  in  some  localities  the  spread  of  tempe- 
rance principles  has  already  caused  a  marked  diminution  in  Uie 
consumption  of  intoxicating;  lii^uors,  and  the  tendency  is  still  in- 
creasing. 

On  the  olW  hand^  it  is  remarkable  to  find  in  Ireland,  in  spite 
of  any  eatimaledi  ^^cx^^^  ^l  '^o.v^^.Xx^w^  an  increased  eoiisamp> 
of  245,667  g^WoTift.— TM)eul>i-«uiVK  'R*^\.  ^k\  V^  ^^*iici»MiiiMiiwrt  ^ 

Inland  Revenue. 


BEER  STATISTICS  FOR  1882  AND  1883. 


169 


BEER  STATISTICS  FOR   1882  and  1883. 


Number  of  Barbsls  of  Bekr  cuakged  ivith  Duty. 

Year  ended  Slst  March 

1882. 

1883. 

Brewed  by 

Total. 

Brewed  by 

Brewers 
for  sale. 

Other 
Brewers. 

Brewers 

for  sale. 

Other 
Brewers. 

Total. 

England  ... 
Scotland  ... 
Ireland     ... 

United 
Kingdom 

Barrels. 
24,555,755 
1,087,476 
2,044,881 

Barrels. 

182,358 

524 

82 

Barrels. 
24,738,113 
1,088,000 
2,044,413 

Barrels. 
23.735,553 
1,122,110 
2,143,866 

Barrels. 

189,079 

250 

83 

Barrels. 
28,874,632 
1.122,360 
2,143,899 

27,687,562 

182,964 

27,870,526 

27,001,529 

189,362 

27,14  D,891 

The  receipts  from  the  beer  duty  for  the  past  year  have  fallen 
short  of  our  expectations. 

The  gross  charge  for  the  year  amounted  to  ^£8,570,746  ;  deduct- 
ing from  this  the  sum  repaid  in  respect  of  beer  exported,  the  net 
receipt  amounted  to  /8,400,368,  as  against  out  estimate  of 
£8,550,000  ;  thus  showing  a  decrease  on  the  estimate  of  £149,632, 
und  on  the  net  receipt  for  the  previous  year  of  £130,450. 

As  in  the  case  of  spiritF,  the  decrease  in  duty  may,  to  some 
extent,  be  due  to  the  iufluence  of  temperance  Eocieties ;  but, 
however  that  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  brewers  met  with  great 
discouragement  by  the  failure  of  the  hop  crops,  not  only  in 
England,  but  in  every  other  country  in  which  the  plant  is  culti- 
vated. The  result  being  an  increase  in  price  from  an  average  of 
£6  10a.  to  above  £22  per  hundredweight. 


BREWING  FOR  DOMESTIC  USE. 


The  amount  of  duty  charged  on  beer  so  brewed  is  included  in 
the  gross  amount  of  beer  duty,  but  the  following  table  will  be 
interesting  as  showing  the  extent  to  which  domestic  brewing  is 
carried  on : — 


IJO  BEER  STATISTICS  FOR  1882  AND  1883. 


NuMBKB  OF  Persons  Licensed  in  the  Tear  ended  Slat  March,  18S3, 
at  the  rates  of  98.  and  6«.  respectively,  and  Amount  qf  Duty  charged 
thereon ;  and  total  Number  of  Licenses  issued  in  the  Tear  ended 
sue  Jfarc^,  1882. 


Yetr  ended 

Namber  of  Licensei  ieaaed. 

Amount  of 

Licenaa  Datj 

charged. 

1 

i 

Total 

ynmber  of 

liicenies 

i»-saed  in 

aist  March,  1883. 

At  8b. 

No. 
7,828 
67 

At  68. 

No. 
87,011 
2,269 
1 

Total. 

tba  Tear 

ended 

Slat  March 

ISSi. 

England 
Scotland 
Ireland 

No. 
94.339 
2,330 
1 

£     «.    d. 
29,400  18    0  ' 
710  17    0 
0    6    0 

No. 
107.523 
2,497 
S 

Total   ... 

7,895 

1 

89,281  , 

1 

90,676 

80,112    1    0 

110,025 

The  license  at  98.  is  applicable  only  to  persons  who  brew  solely 
for  domestic  use,  and  occupying  houses  not  exceeding  £lb  of 
annual  value.  The  license  at  6s.  is  paid  by  persons  occupying 
houses  not  exceeding  ;£10.  Farmers  occupying  houses  which 
exceed  ;£10  annual  value,  if  they  brew  beer  to  give  their  labourers, 
and  persons  occupying  houses  exceeding  £lb  annual  value  must, 
in  addition  to  the  license,  pay  beer  duty  on  the  quantity  of  malt 
and  sugar  used  in  brewing.  The  number  of  breweis  thus  charged 
in  the  year  was  10,650.  The  materials  entered  being  286,^368 
bushels  of  malt,  and  120,627  lbs.  of  sugar,  and  the  duty  chargeable 
thereon  £23,313  as  against  £57,000  in  1882,  which,  however,  in- 
cluded the  duty  then  paid  by  occupiers  of  houses  of  rentals  over 
£10,  but  not  exceeding  £15  a  year,  whose  beer  duty  is  now 
covered  by  the  new  Qs.  license. 

The  number  of  persons  brewing  for  domestic  use  has  consider- 
ably fallen  off  during  the  year,  but  the  decrease  is  satisfactorily 
accounted  for  by  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  bops  at  a  moderate 
price. — Twenty-sixth  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Irdand 
Bevenue, 


Ilucit  Distillation. — The  number  of  detections  made  in  the 
year  ending  March  31, 1883,  was  910— England,  11 ;  Scotland,  16; 
Ireland,  8B'3 — ^bein^  an  increase  of  16  over  the  preceding  year. 


ALCOHOLIC  STRENGTH  OF  WINES  IMPORTED.    I7I 

^— —        ■■  ■  ■        I  I— ^^^^^^^^»    I  ■■■■»■■■  ■  m  ^^M^^M^^B^»^^^—  ■  M 

QUANTITIES   AND    ALCOHOLIC    STRENGTH    OF 

WINES    IMPORTED. 

A  RETURN  from  Her  Majesty's  Customs,  ordered  by  the  House 
of  Commons  in  April  last,  has  recently  been  published  showing 
the  quantities  of  wine  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  the  year 
1882,  and  the  alcoholic  strength  of  those  imported  in  casks,  with 
the  countries  from  which  they  arrive. 

For  several  years  past  we  have  annuallv  been  made  aware  by 
the  Budget  speeches  of  successive  Chancellors  of  the  Exchequer 
that  the  importation  of  wine  was  falling  off,  and  the  revenue 
derived  from  it  diminishing  in  consequence  ;  but  not  since  1879, 
when  a  similar  return  was  presented  respecting  the  importations 
for  1875,  have  the  means  existed  for  examining  so  closely  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  changes  taking  place,  and  it  cannot 
therefore  fail  to  be  interesting  to  compare  the  return  for  1882 
with  that  for  1875. 

The  first  fact  to  be  noticed  is  that  the  total  quantity  of  all 
wines  imported  in  casks  was  in  these  years  as  follows : — In 
1875,  16,501,020  gallons;  in  1882,  12,793,187  gallons— decrease, 
3,707,833  gallons,  or  upwards  of  22  per  cent 

This  falling  oS  is,  to  a  certain  extent,  counterbalanced  by  the 
largely  increased  quantity  imported  in  bottles,  which  is  given  as 
follows  :— In  1875,  1,928,285  gallons  ;  in  1882,  2,922,626  gallons 
— increase,  994,341  gallons,  or  upwards  of  50  per  cent. 

Combining  both  forms  of  package,  it  thus  appears  that  the  total 
quantity  imported  in  these  two  years  was  as  follows  : — 1875— In 
casks,  16,501,020  ;  in  bottles,  1,928,285.  Total,  18,429,305  gallons. 
1882— in  casks,  12,793,187;  in  bottles,  2,922,626.  Total,  15,715,813 
gallons — a  net  decrease  of  2,713,492  gallons. 

The  total  falling  off  in  quantity  is  thus  at  the  rate  of  nearly  15 
per  cent.,  but  it  may  be  noted  that  the  i-evenue  in  the  correspond- 
ing period  shows  a  still  greater  rate  of  decrease,  having  declined 
from  £1,719,000  in  1874-75  to  £1,306,000  in  1881-82,  or  rather 
over  20  per  cent. ;  indicating  that  the  diminished  quantity  now 
imported  comprises  a  larger  proportion  than  formerly  of  low- 
strength  wines  admissible  at  Is.  per  gallon  duty. 

The  alcoholic  strength  of  the  wines  now  remains  to  b« 
referred  to. 

The  proportion  of  wines  from  Spain  of  a  strength  between 
30  degrees  and  31  degrees  has  increased  from  9*12  to  33*53  per 
cent.,  while  the  stronger  descriptions  between  34  degrees  and  38 
degrees  have  declined  from  51*21  to  39*55  per  cent.,  and  those  of 
still  higher  strength  from  35*49  to  10*49  per  cent.     PortuLSSi««^ 


172         ALCOHOLIC    STRENGTH    OF   WINES    IMPORTED. 


wines  between  30  degrees  and  38  degrees  have  increased  in  like 
manner  from  54-52  to  78-89  per  cent.,  while  at  higher  strengths 
they  have  declined  from  437 1  to  18*85  per  cent.  France  practi- 
cally sends  nothing  now  not  admissible  at  the  lowest  rate  of 
duty,  whereas  in  1875,  8  32  per  cent,  of  our  iniports  from  that 
country  contained  26  degrees  or  more  of  spirit.  Even  the  reduced 
(]uantitics  imported  from  Australia  show  a  decided  tendency  in 
the  same  direction,  with  the  remarkable  exception  that  wines  of 
tlie  highest  strength,  admissible  at  the  duty  of  28.  6d.  per  gallon, 
have  increased  from  2*70  to  a  fraction  over  12  per  cent.  To  complete 
our  analysis  of  the  facts  before  us,  it  may  he  worth  while  to  sub- 
divide the  wines  from  "  other  countries,"  and  to  show,  as  has  been 
done  in  the  return  for  1882,  what  proportion  of  them  at  different 
istrengths  is  derived  from  the  different  sources  specified  in  that 
return : — 


Strengths. 

Couritrifii. 

Under 

Uoder     Under 

Under     Under 

4Sdeg. 

26  deg. 

90  deg.    S4drg. 

SSdrg.    4<drg. 

Ac. 

Per  ct. 

Peret 

Perct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Perot. 

Madeira 

0  02 

0-25 

4-86 

4-26 

019 

— 

Germany            

5-44 

0-25 

4*95 

18-30 

8-20 

003 

Holland 

8-48 

002 

0-16 

066 

0-18 

2  gal. 

Italy 

7-73 

0-47 

8289 

289 

— 

16gal. 

Other  conn  tries 

2  38 

0  25 

127 

0-81 

0-C4 

002 

In  1882 

24-05 

1-24 

44*13 

26  92 

8*61 

0-05 

Total  of  fame  classes  in 

1875  ...         ...         ... 

16-87 

8-34 

20  82 

46-66 

10-77 

I-S4 

These  returns,  elaborate  and  interesting  as  they  are,  show  little 
on  the  face  of  them  of  the  labour  and  expense  that  must  have 
attended  the  preparation  of  the  materials  for  them.  Supposing 
every  sample  tested  to  represent  not  less  than  a  thousand  gallons, 
there  has  been  in  these  two  years — and  it  may  be  presumed  there 
must  be  in  every  year — an  average  of  nearly  15,000  samples  of 
wine  distilled,  and  the  results  of  each  operation  recorded.  If  all 
this  is  necessary  for  no  other  practical  purpose  than  to  jiistify  the 
admission  of  little  more  than  one-fourth  of  our  importations  at  a 
duty  of  Is.  per  gallon,  and  the  exaction  of  2s.  6d.  from  the  remain- 
ing three-fourths,  it  seems  well  worthy  of  consideration  whether 
the  game  is  worth  the  candle,— Times. 


LICENSED    HOUSES    IK   LONDON. 


LICENSED  HOUSES  IN"  LONDON. 

Brubk  ff  the  Numbtr  of  PtiblicHousef,  Bter  Botuet,  and  B^eih- 
mtnt  Hottiti  in  tht  Metropolilan  PoUca  Ditirict,  tog«thar  nith  th4 
number  of  Periont  apprehended  for  i>runl:<nnfi«,  Stc,  dvring  lh< 
r«r  1SS2. 


1 

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34 

BRiTFsn  Wricks  in  Notiubek. — The  nnmber  *nd  toanage  of  Britiih 
TTOtels  reaptetiog  nhois  lofs  reportj  wrra  rMtifad  at  the  Bmud  of 
Tnde  dnriuK  tba  manth  of  NoTember,  IS^S,  and  the  DonibaT  of  Utm 
lo*t  are  aa  follow  : — 


D««rtpllm. 

Kunlwr. 

Tomapi. 

LlTMlOrt. 

127 
13 

si.iei 

7,(113 

174 

1*0 

28,777 

2  Is 

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SUMMONSES   AGAINST    DRINK    HOUSEA    IN   LONDON.       175 

SUMMONSES  AGAINST  DHINK  HOUSES  IN  LONDON. 


■tar. 

DUmlwd. 

ToUL 

1844 

899 

128 

827 

18411 

734 

IfS 

889 

1S10 

781 

223 

1,004 

18)7 

7se 

177 

913 

IS48 

783 

158 

920 

1849 

I,12S 

247 

1,37a 

laso 

1,086 

see 

1,864 

ISfil 

980 

226 

1.186 

1852 

1,298 

321 

1.614 

ISSS 

1,138 

263 

1,401 

18S4 

1,087 

290 

1,867 

18S5 

718 

asB 

974 

1SB8 

881 

329 

1,110 

im 

917 

236 

1,162 

1898 

879 

336 

1,114 

ISSB 

983 

310 

est 

leoo 

648 

237 

B8S 

ISOl 

931 

2i7 

1,188 

18(11 

ess 

184 

1,179 

1883 

1,05! 

206 

1,3£9 

1884 

8sa 

276 

l,l«8 

1866 

824 

235 

l.«W 

1888 

671 

876 

1,048 

188T 

818 

19( 

1,010 

1888 

1,084 

238 

1.332 

1S69 

9S& 

381 

1,367 

1870 

770 

266 

1,036 

1871 

862 

176 

638 

1872 

279 

220 

4S9 

1878 

171 

128 

294 

1874 

249 

149 

388 

18TS 

263 

113 

876 

1878 

186 

86 

272 

18TI 

210 

109 

819 

1878 

187 

89 

278 

1879 

183 

111 

2S6 

18SD 

lfi8 

61 

3S9 

1891 

122 

74 

196 

18Sa 

126 

66 

183 

Tbtal 

36,611 

7,881 

S4,S03 

176   WESLEYAN 


TEMPERANCE  STATISTICS. 


WESLEYANCE    CONFERENCE 


BAintS  OP   HOPI. 


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WESLEVAN  CONFERENCE  TEMPERANCE  STATISTICS.      I77 

TEMPERANCE    STATISTICS,  1663. 

TEMPERANCE   SOCIETIES. 


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178  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND   FACTS. 


MISCELLANEOUS   STATISTICS  AND   FACTS. 

National  Debt. — The  total  amoant  of  the  National  Debt,  in- 
clusive of  unclaimed  stock  and  dividends,  on  the  3l8t  March,  1883, 
was  je756,376,519. 

'  Leqact  and  Succbsbiok  Dutt. — ^The  value  of  property  upon 
which  legacy  and  succession  duty  was  paid  for  the  year  ending 
3l8t  March,  1882,  was  jg  147,603,034. 

Property  and  Profits  Assessed. — ^The  total  annual  value  of 
roperty  and  profits  assessed  to  the  Income  Taxes  in  the  United 
ingdom  for  the  year  ending  5th  April,  1881,  was  £585,223,890. 

Deaths  from  Starvation. — A  Parliamentary  Return  shows 
that  the  number  of  deaths  from  starvation,  or  deaths  accelerated 
by  privation,  in  the  metropolian  district  during  the  year  1888, 
wa?  58. 


g 


Railways. — The  total  paid-up  capital  of  railways  in  the  United 
Kingdom  at  the  end  of  1882  was  j£767,898,665.  The  gross  receipU 
from  Passenger  and  Qoods  Traffic  for  the  year  1882  amounted 
to  j£69,390,322. 

Emigration. — The  total  number  of  British  emigrants  who  left 
the  United  Kingdom  during  the  year  1882,  was  279,366.  The 
foreigners  who  left  British  ports  during  the  same  period  nnm- 
bered  130,029. 

Imports  and  Exports. — The  total  value  of  imports  into  the 
United  Kingdom  during  the  year  ending  3l8t  March,  1682,  was 
£413,019,608,  being  j£ll  14s.  Id.  per  head  of  the  popolatioii; 
and  the  exports  amounted  tojC306,660,714. 

The  Army  and  Auxiliary  Forces. — The  total  strength  of 
the  regular  army  during  the  year  1882  was  189,229  officers  and 
men,  atx)ut  one-half  being  abroad  ;  and  the  army  reserve,  militia, 
yeomanry,  and  volunteers,  numbered  207,336. . 

Shipping. — The  number  of  registered  sailing  and  ateam  reaseb 
(exclusive  of  river  steamers^  employed  in  the  Home  and  Foieigii 
trade  of  the  United  Kingaom  m  the  year  1882  waa  18,966; 
and  the  number  of  men  (exclusive  of  masters)  waa  195,937. 

The  People's  Savings.— The  amount  of  capital  in  Pdat  Qffiee 
Saving  Ba\^ks  in  the  United  Kingdom  at  the  end  of  186S 
was  £^9,0^*7  ^'b^l  \  ^tv\  >^cl^  viii^TnsL\  in  &Lvin0i  Baoka  ludcr 
Trustees  at  l\Le  fewa^  xKisifc  ^^  £\\,^vi;^Y— "VsjSi  isK^$fii(i^402. 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS   AND   FACTS.  X79 

Estimated  Population.— The  estimated  population  of  the 
United  Kiogdom  on  30th  June,  1883,  exclusive  of  the  army,  navy, 
and  merchant  seamen  abroad,  was  —  England  and  Wales, 
26,762,974;  Scotland,  3,826,744;  Ireland,  5,042,572.  Total, 
36,631.290. 

Public  Revsnuk  and  Expenditure. — The  Exchequer  Receipts 
for  the  year  ending  3l8t  March,  1883,  were  ;£89,004,456,  and  the 
pavments  amounted  to  ^£88,906,278.  The  receipts  from  April  1 
till  December  1,  1883,  amounted  to  £62,129,766;  and  the  pay- 
ments to  ;£56,063,624. 

The  Rotal  Navy. — The  number  of  offences  tried  by  court- 
martial  on  Seamen  and  Marines  afloat,  in  1882,  was  444,  the 
total  number  of  men  and  oflicers  being  41,991.  Of  the  444 
offences  twenty-four  were  for  drunkenness,  but  many  of  the 
other  offences  had  their  origin  in  drinking. 

Education. — The  number  of  children  under  inspection  in 
Primary  Schools  in  the  year  ending  September  30,  1882,  was 
4,033,114.  The  total  expenditure  from  Parliamentary  grants 
for  Primary  Schools  in  Qreat  Britain  during  the  year  ending 
March  31,  1883,  was  £3,247,996.  The  amount  of  expenditure 
by  the  Commissioners  of  National  Education  in  Ireland  from 
Parliamentary  grants  and  rates  for  the  year  ending  March  31, 
1883,  was  ^£7 19,536. 

Inbanitt  in  France. — One  of  the  most  striking  features  of 
modern  French  life  is  the  rapid  increase  of  insanity,  the  number 
of  cases  of  which,  and  especially  those  induced  by  alcoholism,  is 
becoming  larger  each  year.  During  1882  there  were  13,434  admis- 
sions into  the  asylums,  of  which  10,184  were  new  cases  ;  the  total 
number  under  treatment  in  the  year  being  68,760,  of  which  about 
27,000  were  men  and  31,000  women,  showing  that  females  are  the 
most  liable  to  the  disease. — Times. 

BuiLDiNQ  Societies  in  England. — A  return  bearing  on  this 
subject  shows  that  there  are  1,687  societies  in  existence,  with  a 
membership  of  493,271,  and  the  total  receipts  during  the  last 
financial  year  amounted  to  no  less  than  ^£20,919,473.  Of  societies 
making  a  return  of  liabilities  there  were  1,528,  the  liabilities  being 
to  the  holders  of  shares  ;£29,351,61 1,  and  to  depositors  ;£16,351,611. 
There  was  a  balance  of  unappropriated  profit  to  the  extent  of 
j£l,567,942.    The  assets  amounted  to  £44,567,718. 

Irish  Criminal  Statistics. — The  Blue-book  of  Criminal  and 
and  Judicial  Statistics  for  1882  shows  that  the  total  number  of 
criminal  offences  was  228,157  as  compared  with  218,108,  in  1881, 
showing  an  increase  of  10,049.  An  increase  is  seen  of  8,924 
drunken  cases,  the  total  number  being  87,497.      The  cl\&.^<.^x 


l80  MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS    AND    FACTS. 

entitled  "  Coat  of  the  Suppression  of  Crime,"  shows  the  total  to 
have  been  £1,970,707,  as  against  £1,793,636  in  1881,  or  an  increase 
of  £177,071.     The  increase  of  cost  for  police  alone  was  £141,545. 

American  Drink  Statistics. — Recently  published  statistics, 
issued  from  the  National  Bureau  of  Statistics,  shows  a  steady 
increase  during  the  past  five  years  in  the  consumption  of  liquors 
in  that  country.  The  consumption  (not  manufacture)  of  distilled 
spirits  during  the  years  1878,  1879,  1880,  1881,  and  1882  respec- 
tively, was  57,111,982,  54,278,475,  63,526,694,  70,607,081,  and 
73,556,036  gallons.  For  the  same  years  the  consumption  of 
wines,  native  and  foreign,  was  19,812,675,  24,532,015,  28,484,428, 
24/231,106,  and  25,628,071  gallons.  But  the  chief  increase  has 
been  in  malt  liquor?,  which  aggregated  310,653,253,  345,076,118, 
414,771,690, 444,806,373,  and  527,051,236  gallons. 

The  Census  of  1881.— The  general  report  on  the  census  of 
1881  has  been  issued  by  the  Registrar- General,  Mr.  W.  Clode,  and 
Dr.  W.  Ogle.  After  giving  a  large  number  of  figures  and  many 
details  showing  the  aggregate  population  of  EngUnd  and  Wales  in 
1881  (25,974,439),  the  rate  of  increase  in  the  last  decade — namely, 
14'36  per  cent.,  which  was  higher  than  in  any  decennium  since 
1831-41,  and  the  causes  of  this  high  rate  of  increase,  the  report 
goes  on' to  state  that  in  the  course  of  the  last  half  century  the 
population  of  England  and  AVales  has  increased  86*9  per  cent.,  and 
that  were  a  similar  rate  of  increase  maintained  the  population 
just  mentioned  would  be  doubled  by  the  year  1936. 

Australasian  Statistics. — Mr.  Hayter  has  just  issued  a  pre- 
liminary resume  of  the  statistics  of  the  Australasian  colonies  for 
the  year  1882  from  returns  furnished  by  the  Qovemments  of  all 
the  colonies,  with  the  exception  of  New  South  Wales.  The 
estimated  population  of  the  various  colonies  on  the  31st  of 
December  last  was  :  —  Victoria,  906,225  ;  New  South  Wales, 
817,463;  New  Zealand,  517,707;  Queensland,  248,255;  South 
Australia,  293,509  ;  Tasmania,  122,479 ;  Western  Australia, 
30,766  ;  making  a  total  population  throughout  Australasia  of 
2,936,409.  During  the  year  the  births  numbered  99,952,  deaths, 
43,154,  and  the  marriages  22,607.  The  total  imports  for  Austral- 
asia were  £63,844,359,  and  the  exports  j£5(),633,335.— Afe<6oicnie 
Argn>3, 

Suicides  in  Great  Cities. — It  appears  from  recent  statistics 
on  this  subject  that  Paris  occupies  a  very  unenviable  posttioiL 
The  ratio  of  suicide  for  every  million  inhaoitants  averages  yearly 
402,  while  in  Naples  it  ia  only  34.  The  Frendi  capital  is  thus 
the  saddest  as  wtfU  as  the  gayest  city  in  Europe.  The  ratio  fx 
Other  ciUes  i&  «a  {ollowa  : — Stockholm,  354  (this  high  aTerage  is 
quite  uiiacco\\ti\^\^  in  x\i«  n^tCcATi^  ^>au)^  where  the  preitaitt  of 


MISCELLANEOUS    STATISTICS  AND    FACTS.  l8l 


life  is  not  great) ;  Copenhagen,  302  ;  Vienna,  287  ;  Brussels,  271 ; 
Dresden,  240  ;  St.  Petersburg,  206  ;  Florence,  180;  Berlin,  170  ; 
New  York,  144;  Genoa,  135 ;  London,  87 ;  and  Rome,  74.  London 
thus  occupies  a  very  advantageous  position  in  the  list.  With 
regard  to  New  York,  it  is  said  that  the  majority  of  the  suicides  in 
that  city  are  Qermans. 

Drink  and  Insanity.  —  According  to  the  thirty-seventh 
Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioners  in  Lunacy,  the  total  number 
of  persons  of  unsound  mind  registered  as  being  under  care  on  the 
let  of  January,  1883,  was  76,765  (34,482  males  and  42,283 
females),  or  an  increase  of  1,923  over  the  return  of  the  previous 
year,  which  is  largely  accounted  for  by  the  diminish^  death 
rate.  The  number  of  insane  persons  to  every  10,000  of  the  popula- 
tion is  28  68,  the  males  being  2648,  and  the  females  30*77. 
The  new  admissions  during  the  year  numbered  13,621,  in  the 
proportion  of  6,665  males,  and  6,956  females.  The  number  of 
cases  attributed  to  excess  in  drink  was  1,779,  or  13*1  per  cent, 
of  the  cases  in  which  the  causes  of  insanity  were  ascertained, 
19  6  per  cent,  being  males  and  6*8  females.  As  the  cause  of 
insanity  was  not  traced  in  2,858  of  the  new  case?,  and  as  intempe- 
rance was  doubtless  a  predisposing  cause  in  many  of  them,  the 
foregoing  percentage  would  probably  have  been  higher  had  the 
full  facts  been  ascertained. 

A  Year's  Railway  Accidents. — The  total  number  of  persons 
returned  to  the  Board  of  Trade  as  having  been  killed  in  the  work- 
ing of  the  railways  during  the  year  1882,  was  1,121,  and  the  num- 
ber of  injured  4,601.  Of  the  above  numbers — 127  persons  killed 
and  1,739  persons  injured  were  passengers  ;  but  of  these  only  18 
were  killed  and  803  injured  in  consequence  of  accidents  to  or 
from  collisions  between  trains  ;  the  deaths  of  the  remaining  109 
passengers  killed,  and  injuries  to  936,  were  due  to  a  variety  of  other 
causes,  but  more  especially  to  a  want  of  caution  on  the  part  of  the 
individuals  themselves.  Of  the  remainder  553  killed  and  2,576 
injured  were  officers  or  servants  of  the  railway  companies,  or  of 
contractors  ;  441  persons  killed  and  286  injured  were  trespassers, 
suicides,  and  others  who  met  with  accidents  at  level-crossings 
or  from  miscellaneous  causes.  In  addition  to  the  above,  the  com- 
panies have  returned  42  persons  killed  and  4,367  injured  from 
accidents  on  their  premises,  which  cannot  be  considered  as  "  railway 
accidents,''  as  they  were  not  connected  w*ith  the  movement  of  rail- 
way vehicles. 

Insanity  in  the  United  States.— One  of  the  results  of  the 
last  census,  as  shown  in  the  recently-issued  compendium,  shows 
a  very  startling  increase  in  the  number  of  insane  and  idiots  of 
late  years;  and  that,  while  the  population  during  the  last  decade 
increased  by  30  per  cent.,  the  apparent  increase  of  the  insane 


neMHuilj  implr  that  the  Im 
it  u  believed  tut  tho  figsp 
poMibl«  liM  thoM  of  prenone 
cMB.  It  appean  that  tlie  acco 
ia  for  40,942  in  hospitak  and . 
9,302  in  alnuhonsee,  and  417  i 
41,101  to  be  eared  for,  mon 
76,890  idiots,  76,200  an  to  ba 
therefore,  that  Uiera  ia  agnat 
—Timet. 

CoNTi  MENTAL  Wines. — Oa 
de  Collerille,  of  Brighton,  vlu>] 
bj  his  intemalionu  Tempetai 
ins  statittical  table  in  rel^M 
what  is  knoirn  as  "  natnnl  «1 
alcohol  generated  bv  fermmti 
adopted  for  the  Sngliah  maiki 
thus  occasioned  eTeiy  jeaz  »■ 
tion  of  natural  wines  in  £ni 


lulj 

Auittia- Hnuaiij 

Spain,  4U.£12,S9e  gallotM 


NATIONAL 

TKMPKRANCK    laKAGUE, 

337,   STRAND,   LONDON. 

OBJ£CT. — The  promotion  of  Temperance  by  the  practice  and 
advocacy  of  Total  Abstinence  from  intoxicating  Beverages. 

MJBMBEBSHIP. — The  League  consists  of  persons  of  both 
sexes,  who  have  subscribed  their  names  to  a  pledge  or  declaration 
of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicating  beverages,  and  who  contribute 
to  the  funds  of  the  League  not  less  than  2s.  6d.  per  annum.  Con- 
tributions are  gratefully  accepted  from  all  friends  of  Temperance, 
whether  abstainers  or  not. 

AGENCIES. — ^The  League's  agencies  are  comprehensive  and 
unscctarian.  It  assists  local  societies  and  individual  workers,  and 
seeks  to  accomplish  its  great  object  by  means  of  public  meetings, 
lectures,  sermons,  tract  distribution,  domiciliary  visitation  ;  con- 
ferences with  the  clergy,  medical  practitioners,  schoolmasters, 
magistrates,  and  other  persons  of  influence ;  deputations  to 
teachers  and  students  in  universitie**,  colleges,  training  institu- 
tions and  schools ;  missionary  efforts  amongst  sailors,  soldiers,  the 
militia,  the  police,  and  other  classes. 

BE3TJLTS.— The  operations  of  the  League  have  been  largely 
instrumental  in  awakening  public  attention  to  the  necessity  for 
effective  measures  against  Intemperance,  as  well  as  in  promoting 
distinctive  Temperance  action  amongst  Clergymen  and  Ministers 
of  different  denominations,  the  Medical  Profession,  teachers  of 
youth,  and  other  influential  bodies  ;  and  a  very  gratifying  degree 
of  success  has  attended  its  efforts  to  advance  sobriety  in  the  Army 
and  Navy. 


FORM  OF  BEQUEST.— I  give  and  bcqneath  to  the  "  National  Tem- 
peraoce  League  "  the  sum  of  Pounds  sterling,  to  be  raised 

and  paid  for  the  purposes  of  the  said  Society  out  of  such  part  only  of 
raj  personal  estate  as  shall  not  consist  of  chattels  real  or  nooney  secured 
on  niortgsge  of  lands  or  tenements,  or  in  any  other  manner  affecting 
lands  or  tenements ;  for  which  Legacy  the  receipt  of  the  Treasurer  for 
the  time  being  of  the  said  Society  shall  be  a  sufficient  discharge  of  my 
executors. 


NATIONAL    TEMPERANCE    LEAGUE. 


8AMUEL  BOWLT,  Esq..  Gloacester. 

VUt^xtitHtnii. 


Her.  Canon  BABINGTON,  M.A.,  Brighton. 
Sir  EDWARD  BAINI^S.  Leeds. 
Rev.  Canon  BABDSLEY,  M.A.,  Mancb(»ter. 
NATHANIEL  BARN  A  BY,  E8q.,C.B..London. 
Rev.  LLEWELYN  D.  BEVAN.  D. D..London. 
S.  A.  BLACKWOOD.  Erq..  C.R..  London. 
JOHN  BB00.\1HALL,  Esq,  J. P..  I^ndon. 
JOHN  CADBURY,  Esq..  blrmingham. 
W.  8.  CAINE,  Esq.,  M.P.,  Scarborough. 
Rev.  J.  P.  CHOW N.  London. 
Rev.  JOHN  CLIFFORD,  D.D.,  London. 
THOMAS  COOK.  Esq.,  Leicester. 
HANDEL  COSSHAM.  Esq.,  F.G.S..  Bath. 
WILLIAM  CROSFIELD.Ewq.,  J.P.. Liverpool. 
HENRY  DiXON,  Esq..  M.R.C.8..  Watlington. 
The  Yen.  Archdeacon  FARRAB,  D.D.,  F.R.S.. 

Westminster. 
Rev.  Canon  FLEMING,  B.D..  London. 
Rev.  B.  VALPY  FRENCH.  D.C.L..Llanmartin. 
Rev.  CHARLES  GARRETT,  LiverpooL 
Rear-Admiral  H.  D.  GRANT,  C.B.,  London. 
JONATHAN  GRUBB,  Esq..  Sudburj. 
Rev.  NEWMAN  HALL,  LL.B..  London. 
Admiral  Sir  WILLIAM  KING  HALL,  K.C.B., 

London. 
Rev.  ALEXANDER  HANNAT.D.D., London. 
Rev.  Prof.  HAKLEY,  F.R.S.,  Huddersfleld. 
THOS.  P.  HESLOP,  Esq.,  M.D.,   F.R.C.P., 

Birmingham. 
Rev.  HUGH  UULEATT,  U.A.,  London. 


CHARLES  J.  LEAF,  Esq..  London. 
GEORGE  LIYE3EY.  Emi.,  C.E..  London. 
Kev.  J.  A.  MACPADYEN,  D.D.,  Manchester. 
Rev.  ALEX.  MACLEOD.  D.D.,  Birkenhead. 
Rev.  Professor  M'ALL,  London. 
ROBERT  MARTIN.  Esq.,  M.D..  Manchester. 
H.  M.  MATHESON,  Esq..  London. 
Rev.  MARMADUKE  MILLER,  Manchester. 
8AMUBL  MORLEY,  Esq.,  M.P.,  I^n<'on. 
HENRY  MUNEOE,  Esq..  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  UulL 
Rev.  G.  W.  OLVER,  BJl.,  London. 
Kev.  H.  8.  PATBBSON,  M.D,  London. 
ARTHUR  PEASE,  &q.,  M.P.,  Darlington. 
FREDERICK  PRIESTMAN,  Esq  .  Bradford. 
B.  W.  RICHARDSON,   Esq.,  M.D.,  LL.D.. 

F.R.S.,  London. 
W.  B.  ROBINSON,  Esq.,  Sonthampton. 
W.  D.  SIMS,  Esq.,  Ipswich. 
The  Very  Rev.  R.  PAYNE  SMITH,  D.D.,  Dcsa 

of  Cantsrburv. 
Major  R.  C.  bTILEMAN,  J.P.,  Winchelses. 
Rev.  81M0N  8TUR0ES.  M.A.,  Wargrave. 
Admiral  Sir  B.  JAMES  BUUVAN,  K.C.B.. 

Bournemouth. 
WILLIAM  WHITE,  Esq.,  Birmingham. 
BENJ.  WHITWOErH,  Esq..  M.P.,  Loadoa. 
Bev.  Canon  BASIL  WILBEUFOBCB,  M.A^ 

Southampton. 
GEORGE  WILLIAMS,  Esq.,  Londoa. 


iE^tcutt^e  Commi'tttr. 

C%a»maa— Mr.  JOHN  TAYLOR. 
Fk«-C&a*raia»-Mr.  W.  R.  SELWAY,  M.B.W. 


Mr.  P.  B.  COW,  Rtreatham. 

Mr.  JOSHUA  COX,  Canterbury. 

The  Hon.  CONRAD  DILLON,  Chelsea. 

Mr.  B.  P.  EDWARDS,  Shepherd's  Bush. 

Mr.  J.  H.  ESTERBROOKE,  Now  Cross. 

Mr.  ARTHUR  GUNN,  Haverstock  Hill. 

Mr.   RICHARD    LIITLEBOY,    Newport 

Pagnel. 
Mr.  EDWARD  MABRIAGE.  Colchester. 
Mr.  T.  E.  MINSHALL,  Tottcridge. 
Mr.  W.  I.  PALMER,  J.P.,  Reading. 


Mr.  THOMAS  SMITH.  Canonborv. 
Mr.  FROOMB  TALPOURD,  Wandsworth. 
Mr.  A.  I.  TILLYAED,  M.A.,  Cambridgt. 
Mr.  WILLIAM  WALKER,  Highbury. 
Mr.  MARRIAGE  WALLISu  BrighUNi. 
Mr.  GEORGE  WHITE,  Norwich. 
Dr.  H.  W.  WILLiAMd,  Bromptoo. 
Mr.  T.  M.  WILLIAMS,  BJk.,UQUovay. 
Mr.  R.  WILSON,  Asb,  Surrey. 
Mr.  MICHAEL  YOUNG.  ClapCoD. 
Colonel  T.  N.  YOUNO,  laltwortb. 


Treasurer. 

CHARLES  J.  LEAF,  Esq. 

Bankers. 

LONDON  AND  COUNTY  BANK,  COYENT  GARDEN. 

Secretary. 

Mr.  ROBERT  RA£. 

OFf  ICES,    LECTX7BE   HALL,    &   PUBUOATIOK  DEPOT, 

837,    STRAND,    LONDON. 


TEMPERAN'CE    PUBLICATIONS. 


CATALOGUE 


OF 


NEW  TEMPERANCE  BOOKS 


DECEMBEB,  1883. 


6/. 
Boons  and  Blessing.    Stories  and  Sketches  to  illustrate  the  advan- 
tage of  TemperaDce.     With  illastratioos  bj  firet-clafs  Artistf.     By  Mrs. 
S.  C.  Uall.     Domy  8vo,  clotb,  gilt,  282  pages. 

8/6 

Brief  Notei  for  Temparance  Teachars.  By  B.  W.  Ricdarbson, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Ac.  Demy  8vo,  208  page*,  cloth,  gilt.  N.B.— This  is  also 
issned  in  Nine  Separate  Sections,  each  Section  being  complete  in  itself,  at 
4(].  each. 

Booth ;  or  the  Factor/  Boy  who  became  a  Qospel  Temperance 

Evaoffelipt.     Cloth  boaHii.     Illustrated. 

By  Uphill  Paths  ;  or  Waiting  and  Winning.   By  E.  Yak  Sommer. 

Cloth.     Illustrated. 

Legion  ;  or  the  Modem  Demoniac.    By  William  Gilbert.    Cloth 

lettered. 
Out  of  the  Way.    A  Temperance  Tale  by  H.  L.  Tatlob.    Cloth,  gilt. 

Illustrfited. 

Study  and  Stimulants  ;  or  the  Use  of  Intoxicants  and  Narcotics 

in  R4>lation  to  Intellectual  Life,  as  illustrated  by  personal  commnnicatioiis 

on  the  subject  from  Men  of  Letters  and  of  Science.     Edited  by  A.  A. 

Rbadr.     Cloth  board?. 
Shakespeare  on  Temperance.    With  brief  annotations  selected  by 

F.  Shkrlock.     Cloth  boards. 
Temperance  Arrows.    A  Selection  of  Facts,  Figures,  and  Illustrative 

Anecdot<*s.     Reprinted  from  Home  Wwds,     By  F.  Sbcrlock.     Crown 

8vo,  handsomely  bound. 
Victor  or  Victim;  or   the  Mine    of   Barley   Dale.      By  John 

Saunders,  Author  of  •*  Abel  Drake's  Wife,"  "  The  Tempter  Behind."  Ac. 

Illustrations  by  R.  C.  Wood?ille.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt« 

2/6 

Dick's  Fairy :  A  Tale  of  the  Streets,  and  other  Stories.  By  S.  K. 
Hocking,  F.RH.8.     Cloth,  gilt. 

Drink  Problem  and  its  Solution,  The.  By  David  Lewis,  J.P., 
Author  of  "Britain's  Social  State,"  Ac.  Second  Edition.  Demy  8vo, 
cloth,  gilt. 

Our  National  Drink  Bill,  as  it  affects  the  Nation's  Well-being. 
A  series  of  Letters  to  the   Times  and  other   newspapers,  together  with 
original   Articles.     By   William     Hotlk,     AuthoT    ot    "  Ox«   ^^N2«stia^ 
Resources,  and  how  they  are  Wasted,"  &o.    Ctown^^o,    'i^^  \^%*** 


TEMPERANCE   1>UBLICATIONS. 


2/. 
Iiyndon  the  Oatcait.    By  Mrs.  Clara  Lucas  Balfoub,  Author  of 

*'  Morniog  Uewdrops."  &o.     Cloth  boards. 

Bonald  Clayton's  Mistakes.      By  Miss  M.  A.  PaulIj,  Author  x>r 
"  Tim's  Troubles/'  **  The  Bird  Angel/'  &o.     Cloth  boards. 

1/6 

Helping  Hand  and  its  Owner,  The.    By  Mrs.  Price.    Cloth,  gilt. 
Heroism  in  Humble  Life.  A  True  Tale.  By  Rev.  E.  N.  Iloare,  M.A. 

Cloth  boards,     lllostrated. 
Messengers  of  Truth.    Au  Allegorical  Story.    BypAirn  CniLTEHX, 

Author  of  •*  The  Daily  Cross,"  Ac.     Cloth  boards. 
Pledged  Eleven,  The  ;  or,  Valentine's  Broken  Vows.   By  Maggie 

Fkakn,  Author  of  *'  Chains  of  Iron/'  &o.     Cloth,  gilt,     lUosirated. 

1/- 
A  Lady  of  Property,  and  other  Talcs.    By  P.  Sherlock.    Cloth. 
Children  of  Light ;   or,  Temperance  Talks  with  the  Children.    By 

8.  U.  Gardner.    Limp  oloth. 
Doctor's  Dream,  The ;  or,  Seven  Phials.    By  the  Author  of  **  The 

Insidious  Thi«f /'  &o.     Cloth  boards. 
Chippings.    By  Mrs.  Reaney.    Cloth. 
Found  at  Last.    By  Mrs.  Reanet.    Cloth. 

Gospel  and  Temperance  Stories.    By  P.  T.  Maude-Hauill.    Cloth. 
Hints  and  Topics  for  Temperance  Speakers.    By  the  Rev.  J.  M. 

Morrill.     Is.,  cloth  board*  1p.  6d. 
Little  Qlory's  Mission.    By  Mrs.  Reanet.    Cloth. 
Malcolm's  Enemy.    By  Mrs.  S&inneb,  Author  of  '*  Led  by  a  Child," 

Ac.     Cloth  boards. 
Not  Alone  in  the  World.    B^  Mrs.  Reanet.    Cloth. 
Number  Four,  and  other  Stories.    By  Mrs.  Reanet.    Cloth. 
Reuben  Touchett's  Qranddaughter.    Cloth  boards.    lUuetnOed. 
Short  Anecdotes,  Illustrative  of  the  Benefits  of  Temperance,  and  the 

Evils  of  Drunkenness.   Compiled  by  A.  Arthcb  Bkade,  Editor  of  **  8tady 

and  Stimulants/'  &o.     Crown  8vo,  oloth,  gilt. 
The  Temperance  Speaker's  Companion.    A  Collection  of  fifty-two 

Addresses  for  Band  of  Hope  and  Temperanoa  Meetings.     9 J.  pspereortr, 

oloth  Is. 
Teetotalism  the  Teaching  of  the  Bible.  A  reply  to  the  (Herieul  F^itf, 

by  Dr.  Lees.     Is.,  clotu,  is.  6d. 
Unspoken  Addresses.    By  Mrs  Reanet.    Cloth. 
Waifs  and  Strays.    A  Story  of  London  Streets.    Cloth  boards. 

6d. 

First  Steps  to  Temperance.  For  Tonng  Children  in  Scbooli, 
Families,  or  Bands  of  Hope.  A  New  Klementaiy  TsinpsraBes  htmam 
Book.    By  the  Author  of  "  Miss  Margaret's  Storiea/'  fte.    Cloth. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The,  a  Temperance  TbI^  ia  ¥«»•.  Br 
B.  C.  Hall,  F.S.A.     Cheap  Edition. 

The  Red  Flag  -.  ot^  Danger  on  the  Line.    By  Bltb.    dolh. 

Zrapfl.   ByELT^  C\o\Jau 

2 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


3d. 

Dora  Day's  Deception :  or,  an  Angel  in  DisgiiiBe.  A  New  Tem- 
perance Tale.  By  T.  H.  Eyans.  la  ooloared  wrapper,  with  three 
illastratioDB. 

Old  Friends  and  New  Faces.  By  Q.  W.  M'Oreb.  Author  of 
*'  Poets,  Painters,  and  Flayers/'  Ac. 

The  Black  Speck.  A  Temperance  Tale.  By  F.  W.  Robinson.  Cheap 
Edition,  nnabridged.     lUastrated. 

READINGS,  DIALOGUES.  AND  RECITATIONS. 
Almost  an  Orphan,  and  other  Readings  in  Prose  and  Verse, 

being  Evans's  Temperance  Annual  for  1884.     Paper  coTers,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Bearing  others*  Burdens.    Dialogue  for  three  Females.    By  T.  U. 

Evans.    Id. 
Brooklet  Reciter,  The :  for  Temperance  Societies  and  Bands  of  Hope. 

By  H.  A.  Glazkbrook.     Complete  in  twelve  numbers,  at  Id.  each.    Two 

parts  6d.  each,  or  in  limp  doth,  is. ;  gilt,  Is.  6 1. 
Leaflet  Reciter,  The :  Facket  III.,  containing  fifty  (assorted.)    By 

T.  H.  Evans  and  others.     Price  6d.,  post  free,  7d. 
Xiizzie  Lawson^s  Lover.    Dialogue  for  three  Ladies  and  one  Gentle- 
man.    By  T.  H.  EvAKs.    Id. 
National  Temperance  Reader,    The.    Readings,  Recitations  and 

Dialogues  in  prose  and  verse,  original  and  selected.     Second   Series. 

Imperial  16mo,  cloth,  gilt,  Is.  6d. 
Onward  Reciter.    Vol.  12,  cloth  lettered.    Is.  6d. 
Original  Dialogues  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Good  Temples.    By  Author 

of  •*  The  Vacant  Chair."     First  Series,  price  3d. 
Ralph  Raymond's  Ruse.    A  Dialogue  for  two  Males  and  one  Female. 

By  T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
8t.  Nicholas'  Visit.    By  Dawson  Rooeiis.    A  New  Sketch  for  five 

Juveniles  and  two  Adults.     Price  2d. 
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Temperance  Annual  for  1883.     6d.,  cloth,  Is. 
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ByD.  Burns,  D.D.    6d. 
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Dialogues  and   Recitations.     By  T.   H.   Evaks.    Lunp  cloth,    Is.    6d. 

Cloth  boards,  gilt,  28. ;  post  free. 
Temperance  Readings    in   Prose.    By   Jabez    Inwabds.    Paper 

covers,  4d. 
Trial  of  John  and  Jane  Temple.    By  C.  D.  Hickman  and  W.  Dabbt- 

SBIRB.     2d. 

Women's  Rights.  Humorous  Dialogue  for  Lady  and  Gentleman.  By 
Habbiet  Glazbbrook.     Id.    Third  Edition. 

SERVICES  OP  SONG. 

Boys  of  Medeham  School,  The.  A  Temperance  Sei'vice  of  Song.    By 

Eev.  W.  Kipling  Cox.    4d.    Words  only,  48.  per  100. 
Children's  Home,  The.    A  Temperance  Service  of  Song.    By  Rey. 

W.  KiPLiNO  Cox.    4d.     Words  only,  4s.  per  100. 
Dan  Dabberton's  Dream.    New  Temperance  Story  with  Song.    By 

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per  100. 


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only,  4i».  per  100. 
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8d.  each. 
**  His  Father's  Imagre."    A  New  and  original  Temperance  Service  of 

Song.     By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull.     Complete,  with  Words  and  Masic,  io 

either  Notation,  price  4d.  each. 
Poor  Mike  :  the  Story  of  a  Waif.    Service  of  Sacred  Song.    By  Rev. 

Silas  K.  Hock  i no,   F.B.H.8.     Complete,  with    Musio  and  Words,    ia 

Tonio  Sol- Fa  or  Old  Notation,  price  41.  each. 

ONE    PENNY. 
Abstaining  Mayors,  The,  at  the  Quildhall.    A  Series  of  Addresses 

by  Teetotal  Mayors. 

Christian  Church  and  the  Abstinence  Movement,  The.  Addresses 

by  Samuiel  Bowlt,  Esq.,  the  Very  Reverend  the  Dean  of  GAirrKRBURT,  Ac 
Dog's  Protest,  A,  against  Intemperance.  By  Rev.  J.  M.  Mobrkll. 
Brink  and  the  Drink  Traffic.    By  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Spriqgs  Smith. 

Senond  Edition. 
Evils  of  Grocers'  and  Shopkeepers'  Licenses.    Evidence  collected 

by  the  Women's  Qnion  of  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society. 
How  to  Provide  for  a  Bainv  Day.    By  Arthur  Prasb,  M.P. 
Last  of  the  Drawboys.    By  Kev.  A.  Wallace,  D.D. 
Nation's  Curse,  A.    Sermon  by  Yen.  Archdeacon  Farrar.  D.D. 
Practical  Manual  for  the  Formation  and  Working  of  Bands  of 

Hope  and  Temperance  Societies.     By  Bev.  W.  L.  Lang,  F.R.6.S. 
Prohibitory  and  Local  Option  Legislation  in  the  Dominion  of 

Canada.     By  Sir  S.  L.  Tillet,  K.C.M.C.,  and  Sir   Charles  Tuppii, 

K.O.N.O. 
Problems  to  Solve :  Social,  Political,  and  Economic.  By  William 

HOYLE. 

Points  for  Politicians  and  Thoughts  for  Thinkers.    A  Series  of 

Leaflets  issaed  by  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance. 
Sunday  Closing  of  Public-Houses.    By  Rev.  J.  Grant  Mills,  M.A 
Taproot  Series  of  Tracts.    By  Rev.  Charles  Courtemat.    Tippling 

Women.  Tippling  Sons.  Tippling  Husbands.  Tippling  Berrants.   ld.eaeb. 

Who  was  Number  Eight  P    A  Band  of  Hope  Tale,  by  T.  H.  EvAsai 

ANNUALS. 

The  National  Temperance  League's  Annual  for  1884.  Edited  by 
Robert  Rak,  Secretary  of  the  League.  Foarth  year  of  publicatios. 
Crown  8vo,  paper  cover.  Is. ;  cloth,  gilt,  la.  6d. 

The  National  Temperance  Mirror.  The  Third  Yearly  Volume. 
Containing  288  fdip.  4to.  pages.  Toned  paper.  Tfreaty-aeveB  high-elsis 
Engravings,  twelve  original  Pieces  of  Music,  and  a  verj  atinotivs  Fros- 
Uspieoe  taken  from  the  Art  Journal^  enUtltd  *'  Temperaaos." 

8.  a. 

Paper  Boards,  V\N^i\i^ak^%^m^%.u^^\X.T^^^%tsc«sis(&s^^               ...    1    6 
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Cloth  oases,  lot  V>Vti^YB^ Vj^^  UouvV\i  ^«n.% «  V  v 

4 


I  .*  '.- 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


ONE  SniLLING  EACH. 

A  New  Series  of  Ulaminated  Floral  Cards  in  the  most  Improved 

Style  of  Art  Printing.    Twelve  Cards  in  each  Packet,  bearing  Scriptare 
Texts,  Poetical  QaoUtions,  and  Personal  Testimony  on  Temperance. 


Packet  A. — Christmas  Greetings. 

B. — Bible  Texts  on  Temperance. 
C. — Temperance  Testimony. 


» 


ft 


Packet  D.—The  Poets  on  Temperance. 
E.— The  Crystal  Spring. 
F. — Temperance  Sentiment. 


>» 


BOOKS    AT    2s.  6d. 

(Cloth  Boards.) 

Andy  Luttrell.    By  Claba  Vance. 

Daisy  Tracers ;  or,  The  Qirls  of  Hive  Hall.    By  A.  F.  SAMUET^i. 

Finding  the  Way.    Bv  Panst. 

Oood-for-Nothing  Polly.    By  Ella  Farman. 

lattle  Tiz,  and  other  Stories.    By  the  Rev.  Dayid  Mackae. 

life's  Struegles.    By  the  Key.  J.  J.  Hillocks. 

Kaster  ancTFupil ;  or,  School  Life.    By  E.  D.  K. 

Kan :  The  New-Fashioned  (Hrl.    By  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hallowell. 

Obeying  the  Call.    By  Panst. 

Stella ;  or,  Hidden  Treasure.    By  Clara  Vance. 

Wadsworth  Boys,  The  ;  or,  Agnes'  Decision.  By  D.  S.  Erickson. 

A  National  Badge  of  Total  Abstinence.  Issued  by  the  Committee 
of  the  National  Temperance  Publication  Dep6t.  In  best  white  metal,  8d. ; 
mounted  with  tricoloar  ribbon  and  pin,  6d. ;  in  bronze,  2j.  post  free ; 
sterling  silver,  Ss. ;  18-carat  gold,  £2  2s. 

Coloured  Diagram,  comparing  ths  annual  expenditure  of  the  United 
Kingdom  on  intoxicating  iiqaora  with  various  others  of  the  chief  items  of 
expenditure  in  daily  life  for  the  ten  years  ending  1882.  Coostmoted  by 
J.  Spencer,  from  figures  published  by  William  Hoyle.    Price  2d. 


THE     COLOURED    SERIES. 

Edited  by  Mr.  THOS.  B.  SMITHIES. 

Quarto  Foolscap. 

Twenty  pages.  With  Coloured  Cover  and  many  Illustrations.  Containing 
Stories  for  Working  Men  on  Temperance  and  Religious  Subjects. 

Price  2d.  each. 


1.  Buy  Toar  own  Cherries. 

5.  Matthew  Hurt's  Dream. 

8.  Old  Janet's  Christmas  Gift. 
4.  A  Little  Child  shall  Lead  Them. 

6.  The  Last  Penny. 
tf.  Oat  of  Work. 


7.  John  Steppingr  Forth. 

8.  The  Independent  Labourer. 

9.  Bouffht  with  u  Price. 

10.  Bethlehem. 

11.  The  Three  Bags  of  Gold. 
1?.  The  Oldden  V<m. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  COLOURED  SERIES— (conemued). 


IS. 
14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
SI. 
2S. 
33. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
80. 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 


No  Work.  No  Bread. 

Lighl  In  the  Bin, 

Tramp  Story. 

ThadT  O'Connor. 

The  Shadow  on  the  Door. 

Fiaherman*8  Shas^een  Box. 

Qoinif  Down  Hill. 

'*  Not  a  Drop  Moiv,  Daniel." 

Mike  Slattery. 

The  Holly  Bor. 

Melodious  Mat. 

Blind  Mary  of  the  Monntain. 

Old  BontR. 

Tottio'a  Christmas  Shoes. 

Died  at  h's  Po««t. 

Jim  Llneham's  Happy  Blander. 

The  Emp4Tor*s  Proclamation. 

Oointr  Aloft. 

Joe,  the  Crossing^sweeper. 

The  Conscientious  Gardener. 

What  the  Lark  nng  to  Robert  Morley. 

The  Hasbaod*s  Preaent. 

The  Patchwork  Quilt. 


36.  The Qolden  Napoleon. 
87.  "  I  hare  Redeemed  Thee. " 
81  No  Tohaceo  Sold  Here. 
89.  ^'The^  Potty  Yeire." 

40.  The  Park-keeper  and  liU  Oli  Tent. 

41.  Ctalkyonrown  Door. 
4t.  Story  of  Robert  Annan. 

43.  Stories  of  Indian  Chiefi. 

44.  Peter. 

45.  Two  Sides  of  the  Medal. 

46.  A  Country  Visit  and  What  ems/M  of  it. 

47.  Whv  did  they  Quirrel  ? 
4S.  My  Mother's  Bible. 

49.  A  Word  spoken  In  Season. 

60.  Jamas  Stevens' Trials. 

51.  At  his  Wit's  End. 

69.  Story  of  a  Flower. 

63.  Judfe  Payne's  Sermon. 

51.  Richird  Jeffries*  BeTen^*. 

55.  The  Christian  Trar^Iler. 

5t.  Stturday  Jiighi  on  CoraUh  Gout 

67.  Heilchy,  Wealthy,  and  Wise. 

6i.  I'll  Knock  Again. 


THE    EABLHAM    TEMPERANCE    SBBIES. 

Edited  by  Mr.  THOS.  B.  SMITHIES. 

Of  16-page  Illustrated  Tracts.     One  Halfpenny  each.    No.  1  to  73  mty 
be  had  In  assorted  packets,  Nos.  1,  2,  3, 4,  5,  and  G. 

Price  6d.  each. 


1 .  Buy  your  own  Cherries. 

2.  The'^'TiiBaU"  Box. 

3.  The  Fool's  Penc^. 

4.  The  Rloquenoe  of  Grief. 

6.  The  Honest  Doctor. 

(4.  The  Door  in  the  Heart. 

7.  Ned  Stokes. 

8.  The  Losings  Bank  and  the  Savings  Bink. 

9.  Facts  for  Riteparers. 

10.  The  Blue  Cart  with  Red  Wheels. 

11.  Tim»«  Oration. 

13.  The  Brown  Juff. 
18.  The  Last  Penny. 

14.  The  Inch  Auger. 

15.  What  Twopence  a  D  ly  will  do. 

16.  Dip  your  Roll  in  your  own  Pot. 

17.  "  Ohalk  your  own  Door." 

18.  '•  Not  a  Drop  more,  Daniel !  " 

19.  JobnMoitoiOtlStii^txmvoSnnu 


^ 


80.  The  P»lit««  Postmaater. 
SI.  Good  for  Trade. 

88.  The  Press  Gsng. 
88.  Pledn  for  Pledge. 

84.  The  Fire  Stepa. 

86.  The  Irish  Coaehman  and  Bobsri  Qnf 

Mason. 
SS.  The  Poor  Man's  Hount  Repniied. 

87.  Mt  Mother's  Gold  Rinv. 

88.  What  do  the  Admirale  aar  f 

89.  Whatdothe«*Frl«ida'«nyr 

50.  Good  Fmit :  or  Dr.  LealWs  Two  ApylM. 

81.  How  John  Roes  began  te  Cneel  Oeve. 
38.  *•  I  Like  to  Wear mjown CMhm FMt* 
S3.  How  they  R«lHiUnreat  Walth«n  < 

eel. 

51.  Wheal  or  Chaff. 

85.  "PntontheBvfnk^  J|B«» 

86.  Remarkabbr 
Xl.^^cMiihWill. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  EABLHAM  TBMPEEANGE  QEViiEB -(continued). 


38.  The  HoaM  th«t  Jack  Bailt. 

39.  Tk«  Liltle  Shoes. 

40.  HaiTT'e  Pint ;  or  Threepence  a  Day. 

41.  The  Liqaor  8el)«r  and  Miiaionarj. 

45.  How  to   Pay  Rcni   and   Buy   Sewing 
Machines. 

43.  **  Be  ture  yon  take  your  Glan  of  Wine." 

44.  The  Hnaband'a  Praecnt. 

46.  Ooinir  Aloft. 

46.  The  Town  Pnmp ;  Bia  Last  Olaaa. 

47.  The  Brewer'a   Uorse,    and   Beclaimed 
Gardener. 

48.  The  Doctor*!  M iaUke. 

49.  The  Pablic-houae  Signboard. 

60.  Jim  Lihehiim'e  Happy  Blander. 

61.  «*  Tipped  *'  to  Death ;   or,  a  Plea  for 
Bailway  Porter*. 

33.  A  Clergyman's  Reasons  for  Teetotalism. 
63.  The  Story  of  a  Flower. 


54.  '*  Time  enooif h  when  I  see  Danger.*' 

51.  Is  Alcohol  Poison  f 

58.  The  Power  of  Pence. 

67.  Temperance  Pills. 

58.  The  Reformed  Family. 

69  The  Man  who  swallowed  Briekflelds  and 

60.  Jack  and  his  Hard  Lamp.  [Hoasca. 

61.  John  Jasper ;  as  he  was  and  as  he  la. 
63.  The  Fire  Nips. 

63.  A  Mother's  Sorrow. 
6 A.  Bnb*s  Talking  Leg. 

66.  *<Yoar  Health.  Sir!" 

64.  ••Turn  the  Key." 

67.  Two  Wiae  Physicians. 

68.  Blue  Jacket's  Sampler, 

69.  ••  Father,  don't  go  I  " 

70.  Dr.  Dodd's  Sermon  on  '*M<ilt." 

71.  "The  Siipenc*.  of  course," 

72.  The  Family  Pledge  Card. 


THE  EABLHAM  BAND  OF  HOPE  SERIES.  ] 

Edited  by  Mr.  THOS.  B.  SMITHIES. 

These  16-page  Illustrated  Tracts  contain  interesting  Temperance  Stories 
for  Young  People.     Nos.  1  to  12  now  ready,   One  Hfdrx>enny  eacb ; 

or  may  be  had  in  one  Assorted  Packet. 

r*rice  6d.;  post  free,  7d. 


Contents  of  Packet  No.  1. 


1 .  The  Child's  Resolution. 

5.  Four  Noble  Temperance  Boys. 

3.  Our  Holiday  Rambles. 

4.  The  Trembling  Eyelid. 

6.  The  Pitcher  of  Cold  Water. 
6.  A  Child  shall  Lead  Them. 


7.  The  Baby  In  the  Brown  Cottagt. 

8.  *'  Birdie  in  the  Home  Nest." 

9.  Bennie  Wilson'a  Antl  Society. 

10.  What  Two  little  QirU  Did. 

11.  Tbeir  Reward, 

12.  PhoDbe  Qray. 


THE    STARLIGHT    TEMPERANCE    SERIES. 

Of  4-page  Illustrated  Tracts.    Compiled  by  the  Editor  of  the  BrUM 

Workman^  Nos.  1  to  80  now  ready  in  two  Sixpenny  Assorted  Packets^ 

post  free  7d.,  and  in  two  volumes,  cloth,  Is.  each. 


Contents  of  Packet  or  Volume  No.  1. 


1.  Testimony  of  Admiral  Sir  William  King- 
Hall,  K.O.B. 
S.  Taitimony  of  Mrs.  Cash,  of  Dorking. 

3.  A  NaT? y's  Short  Speech. 

4.  The  Power  of  Pence. 

5.  Swallowing  Fifteen  Cowii 


6.  The  Family  Pledge  Card. 

7.  The  Losings  Bank. 

8.  Little  Shoes. 

9.  Ss.  6d.  a  Week  Saved. 

10.  A  Fact  for  Costermongers. 

11.  Chief  Jattiaa  HaL«'%  RmaVi«« 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  STARLIGHT  TEMPEttiNCE  SBBIE3— (co»f»i»»*«i). 


12.  A  Mother's  Sorrow. 

13.  Dr.  Dodd'i  S«rmoa  on  **  Milt." 

14.  *' Carpenter,  here's  your  Allowance." 
16.  •*  The  Sixpence,  of  ooursd." 

16.  How  to  Pay  Rent. 

17.  A  PatrlotN  ReaoWe. 

18.  ••That'iTrue,  Sir!" 

19.  The  British  Jusr^maut. 

20.  The  Story  of  a  Flower. 

21.  Swallowing  a  Yard  of  Ltnd. 
22. "That's  my  Yard  of  Land." 

25.  *•  Not  Lost  for  Ever." 
24.  "Clothe  your  owa  Bora." 

26.  The  Puzzle  Explained. 

26.  "  How  rn'my     Courts    Mirtial    Inside 
Here  I" 


27.  Try,  John  I  Try  John  ! 

83.  What  Sixpence  will  do. 

23.  James  S.  Buckin^hftrn's  Test. 

30.  Rin^s  Temperance  Cottage. 

31.  A  CoalheaTer's  Testimony. 

S3.  Refusing  to  Drink  with  General  WaahUf- 
ton. 

33.  The  PoHmin'a  "  Cooler." 

34.  **  Strike  at  ihe  Root.  Doctor." 

35.  Fiye  Shillings  a  Week,  and  What  eaou 
of  it 

38.  A  W  >rd  to  Smokers. 

37.  A  Pledge  for  a  Pledge. 

38.  **  I'll  Take  What  Father  Takes." 

39.  Tempting  Byes. 

40.  Way  to  the  Poor-Hoose. 


Contents  op  Packet  or  Volume  No.  2. 


41.  The  Broken  Pipe. 

43.  Jack  and  hl4  I  lard  Lump. 

43.  How  I  became  a  Vot«r. 

44.  "  We  shall  Bat  the  Fruit  OurseWes." 

46.  A  Reformed  Crew. 

48.  A  Woman's  TctUmony. 

47.  **  What  did  your    Se^t  in  the  Public- 

house  Cost  you  ?  " 

49.  The  Two  Witnesses. 

49.  A  Water  DrinkHf**  Experience. 

50.  The  SoldierN  Patchwork  Quilt. 

61.  Little  Mary  and  her  Drunken  Fath*.r. 

62.  The  Man  who  Swallowed  Three  Brick- 

fields. &c. 

63.  A  Strike. 

64.  Eat  your  Pig. 

66.  Honest  Dr.  Oregory  and  his  Patient. 

66.  The  Wedding  Prvsent 

67.  Testimony  of  Furnacemen. 

68.  The  Fiye  Stepn. 

69.  "  rye  done  with  Tobacco." 

00.  **  1*11  do  it ; "  or,  the  Broken  Jar. 
<fl.  Indian  Chief  and  Englishmen. 


62.  The  Shaylnj  Prootu ;  or,  Core  for  Wift- 

beaters. 
61.  "  Whtt  is  it.  Sir.  please  T  " 

64.  Old  Hunter's  Home,   and  how  he  was 

ReoLaimeJ. 

65.  Washerwoman  and  Lady. 

66.  How  Fires  Arise. 

67.  A  Bargain  with  the  Pamp. 

68.  A  New  Cure. 

69.  Musie  in  the  Dinner-hour. 

70.  Dicky  Tomer  and  Teetoul. 

71.  A  Railway  Incident. 

72.  Wheat  and  Chaff;  or,  George  Howktt^ 
the  Coal-whipper. 

73.  ••  Boy  my  Primroses." 

74.  The  Learned  Blacksmith. 

75.  Ijosses  by  Snuff-ukers. 

76.  Qod  Helps  those  who  Help  tbemsslfss. 

77.  The  Marriage  Festiral ;  or,  Ths  Ustgei 

of  Workshops 

78.  A  Blue  Jaoksi's  Story. 

79.  *'  Dip  your  Boll  in  your  own  P^" 

80.  Tabiiha  Hassle  and  the  Farmer's  M«l 


THE    KIBTON    SERIES. 
One  Penny  each,  or  twelve  post  free  for  la. 


1.  Buy  your  own  Cherries, 

2.  But  tout  own  Goose. 
8.  Build  your  own  House. 

4.  Christmas  ** 'Tis  BuU."  [Cherries. 

6.  How  Bachel  Hunter  bouf^ht  her  own 

6.  How  Sam  Adams*  Pipe  became  a  Pig. 

7.  *T\i  Vote  for  Yon  if  You'll  Vote  for  Me." 


8.  **  Help  Myself  Boeicty.'* 

9.  Never  Game  and  yoa  caaH  Ga«kls. 

10.  Polly  Pratt's  Beerirt  for  making  £6  ViML 

11.  Take  Care  of  your  **  *na  Bats." 

12.  The  Wonilar*wocldnf  Btdst—dL 
IS.  Two  Ways  of  Keapinf  «  HolMsgr* 
14.  Tim's  TobMoo^box'sBirtlite. 


8 


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S.  W.  Partridge  &  Go.'s  Illustrated  Monthly  Periodli 

Suitable  for  the  Family  Circle,  &o. 
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The  Tearlj  Part  for  1893,  with  coloured  cover, 
and  full  of  Engravings,  Is.  6d. ;  gilt,  2s.  Od.-; 

THE  BBITI8H  "WORKMAN.    An 

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The  Yearly  Volume  for  1883,  coloured  cover. 
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Chnrcli  of  England  Temperance  Socie^, 

PAUGE  CHAMBERS,  9.  BRIDGE  STREET,  WESTMINSTER,  S.W. 

Few  Hymn  and  Song  Book.    Enlarged  Edition,  2d. 

each ;  limp  cloth,  3d. ;  large  print,  6(1. ;  cloth  boards.  Is. 

Tune  Book   for   ditto.      Is.   6d.  paper,  2s.  6d.  red 

edges  and  cloth  boards. 

Hew  Mission  Hymn  Book,  containing  40  Hymns,  large 

print.  Compiled  by  Rev.  J.  H.  Potter,  M.A.,  and  revised 
by  Rev.  Joiix  Ellerton,  M.A.  Price  ^d.  each,  or  3s.  per 
100  nett. 

« 

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Music  and  Words,  3d.  each.  Words  of  Songs  only,  4s.  per  1(J0. 

Tie  Boys  of  Medeliam  ScllOOL     A  Temperance  Service 

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Words  only,  4s.  per  100. 

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CMldren  of  Light;   or,  Temperance  Talks  with  the 

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Sir  William  Gull,  Bait. ;  Dr.  T.  Lauder  Brunton  ;  Albert  J. 
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Dr.  S.  Wilks;  Dr.  J.  Risdon  Bennett;  Dr.  Charles  B. 
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Price  2s.  nett,  published  at  3s.  6d. 

The  Temperance  Reformation  MoYement  in  the  Church 

of  England.  By  the  Rev.  Henrt  J.  Ellison,  M.A.,  Hon. 
Canon  of  Christchurch.     Is. 

Windsor  Tracts;  or,  Brands  plucked  from  the  Burning. 

By  Rev.  Henrt  J.  Ellison,  M.A.,  Hon.  Canon  of  Christ^ 
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i 


COMMEWCEMEMT  OF  A  TOW  YOLUME. 

With  tb«  DECEMBER  NU1£BER  arriniremenU  hare  been  made  for  the  pabliemti 

■eriea  of 

HOMELY  TALES  FOR  HOMELY  PEOPI 

Each  etory  will  be  complete  in  itaelt;  and  will  be  aoeomoanled  with  a  raperb  ft 
innatratinn  expressly  detif^ned  and  engrared  for  S'snd  mnd  Start  by  eminent  Artisti 

The  Tales  will  deal  with 


Sunday  Observance, 
Kindness  to  Animals, 
Popular  Recreation, 

A>'D  xivDBBB  Tones. 
The  following  w9UJ:nomn  Auihort  kaot  promi$§d  to  eomtrikmie  dmrimg  the  f  i 


Temperance, 

Thrift, 

Marriage, 


Cleanliness, 
Window  Qardenl 
Harvesting, 


EVELYN  L.  FABBAB, 

Author  of  *'  Margaret's  EndeaTonr/'  Ac. 

B.  M.  BALLANTTNE, 

Author  of  '*  The  Iron  Ilorae,"  Ac. 

W.  OILBEBT. 

Author  of  *'  De  Profundia,**  Ac. 

J.  W.  KIBTON. 

Author  of  "  Buy  Your  Own  Cherrict." 

Th«  Bey.  CHABLE8  COUBTEKAY, 

Vicar  of  Upper  Armley,  Author  of  *'  Half 
Hour  Temperance  Readings/*  Ac. 

The  Bey.  W.  LEWEBY  BLACKLEY, 

M.  A..  Vicar  of  King's  Sombourne,  Author 
of  **  Nationul  Compulsory  Insurance,"  Ac. 

F.  M.  HOLMES, 

Author  of  "  Faith*s  Father,"  Ac 

The  Bey.  J.  BUBBIDGE, 

Vicar  of  Emanuel  Church,  Liverpool; 
Author  of  •«  ThoughU  by  the  Way/'  Ac. 

The  Bey.  C.  W.  BABD8LEY,  M.A., 

Vicar  of  riverston;    Author  of  "The 
Romance  of  the  London  Directory, 


The  Bey.  J.  GBANT  KILLS, 
Hospitaller  of  8t.  Thomas's  R 
Author  of  "  Bottle  Stopper  Bill,' 

The  Bey.  F0BBE8  E.  WIBI 
M.  A.,  Raetor  of  8t.  Paul's,  Sr.  U 
on-Sea;  Author  of  *'The  Child' 
Geography,  **  Ac. 

The  Bey.  A.  B.  BUCKLAHD, 
Curate  of  Spitalfields;  Author  of ' 
of  East  London,"  Ac. 

The  Bey.  Canoii  BELL,  D.B., 

Rector  of  Cheltenham;  Author  < 
Roll  CaU  of  Faith,"  Ac. 

The  Bey.  JOHN  ELLEBTOH, 

Rector  of  Barnes :  Author  of  *' 
Hymns,"  Ac. 

The  Bey.  BICHABD  WILTOH, 

Rector  of  Londesborongh  :    Aq 
■*  Wood  Notes  and  Church  Bdb,* 

The  Bev.  8.  J.  STOVE,  K.A., 
Vicar  of  St.  Paul's.  Haggerstoa ; 
of'DeartChilde,'' Ac. 

JOHN  8AUVDEB8, 

Author  of  *'  Abd  Drako'a  Wife," 


Ac. 

RTcry  number  will  oontain  a  farourite  hymn  set  to  new  mosie  by  the  popular  co 
W.  H.  JuDi,  Principal  of  the  Liverpool  Organ  School. 

The  Clersry,  Temperance  Workers,  District  Visitors,  andEmploytrt  of  Labow  m 
hoped.  And  Hand  and  Hoart  of  real  help  for  general  distribution. 

The  first  of  the  Homelir  Tales  for  Homely  Psopla.  "  Foiviv«  ead  ForffeC,"  wiU  ■! 
the  December  Number,  and  will  be  ftom  the  pen  m 

B.  M.  BALIiANTYKS. 

It  will  illustrate  the  perils  and  heroism  of  the  Lifeboat  Sorlee.    "  Mandith  Bqw 
Serial  Tale  by  the  Rer.  Ckarlks  Covbtbvat,  View  of  Upper  Armltj,  Lacdai  Ai 
John  Jasper's  Troubles  "  i  will  also  commenet  in  the  samt  Naabcr. 

Prioe  OTSm  Pgyy Y.    At  sU  Book— Haw. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


"Mr.  Sherlock  ii  well  known  as  an  abl«  writer  on  Temperance  subjeota."— Ae  Aoadmg. 

TEMPERANCE  WORKS  by  FREDK.  SHERLOCK. 

I.— Sixth  Thooaand,  crown  Bro,  handsomelj  boond,  Ss.  6d. 

ILLUSTRIOUS    ABSTAINERS. 

••  Moat  entertaining  and  readable.    WiU  do  great  aenrioe.*'— DcOy  Tdtgrapk. 
II.— Second  Thonaand,  crown  8to,  bandaomelj  bound,  3a.  6d. 

HEROES  IN  THE  STRIFE; 

Or,  The  Temparanoe  Testimonies  of  Some  Xminent  Mem 
*  It  la  an  excellent  book."— G.  A.  Sala, 

III.— Second  Thousand,  handsomely  bound,  with  Portrait  hj  T.  D.  Scott,  li. 

JOSEPH  LIVESEY :   A  Life  and  its  Lessons. 

''We  have  read  the  sketch  through  with  pleasure,  and  atrongly  recommend  it."— 2)«<||f 
droiMcfe. 

lY.— New  Edition,  Tenth  Thousand,  handsomely  bound,  la. 
>Vith  Original  lliustrations  by  GoanoN  Bnowva. 

MORE    THAN    CONQUERORS: 

A  Tale  in  Twelve  Chaptort. 
**  A  healthy,  bright,  and  lively  story,  likely  to  do  good  to  young  and  old."— Xi/erory  World, 

v.— Cloth  boards.  Is. 

FIFTY  YEARS  AGO ;  or,  Erin's  Temperance  Jubilee, 

**  A  valuable  contribution  to  Temperance  history." — Public  Opinion, 

YI.— Handaomely  bound  in  cloth,  Is. 

THE    AMETHYST: 

A  Selection  of  Temperance  Beadings  in  Prose  and  V«rMu 
**  Supplies  a  real  want.    An  eminently  tasteful  aelection."-  Ckrutian  World, 

VII.— Cloth  gilt,  price  Is. 

"Talks  with  the  People  by  Men  of  Mark"  Series. 
Sir  WILFRID  LAWSON,  Bart.,  M.P..  on  TEMPERANCE, 

Biographical  Sketch  and  Selections  £rom  his  Speeches. 
"Compiled  with  much  Judgment  and  skill."— (7ra|iJl»e. 

YIII. — Just  published,  handsomely  bound,  price  Is. 
With  Originsl  Illustrations  by  Gokdoh  Unowira  and  others. 

A  LADY  OF  PROPERTY,  and  other  Tales. 

**Mr.  Sherlock's  talcs  are  always  full  of  characteristic  touches.    ,    .    ,    Fathos  aadtrM 
IngUah  humour  an  happily  blended.*'— i)atf|r  ToUgraph, 

IX.— In  the  Press. 

TEMPERANCE    ARROWS: 

▲  Selection  of  Facts,  Figures,  and  Illastratiye  Axieodotes, 
RxMiHTBS  VBOM  '*  Hoxs  Woaoa." 

Z. — Crown  8to,  handsomely  bound,  price  8a.  6d. 

SHAKESPEARE  ON  TEMPERANCE: 

With  Brief  Annotations  selected  £rom  many  Soiizoei. 
**  A  strikingly  interesting  addition  to  Shakespeare  Literature."— Xieerpool  Jferrafy* 


London :  "  HOME  WORDS "  Offce,  7,  PaternotUr  S<\u«Lt%,  e.^% 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


FOR  THE  PLATFORM  OR  HOME  CIRai 

SHORT  STORIES,  DIALOGUES, 

RECITATIONS,    &c 

By  T.  H.  EVANS. 

"  Mr.  Evana  wieldi  a  facile  Pen,  and,  ai  a  ooniequenoe,  hii  namerooi  p 
dnctioQB  have  attained  a  wide-spread  popnlaritj.     He  nerer   faila  to  g 
prominence  to  the  adTantagea  of  teetotaliam,  and  hia  style  ia   free  from 
dnlness  that  forma  the  pet  arersion  of  general  readers." — Temperance  Beeo 


Almost  an  Orphan,  and  other  Readings  in  Prose  and  Ycrsc,  bei 
Evans's  Temperance  Annual  for  1884.  (Eighth  Season.)  Fni 
paper  wrapper,  6d.    Cloth,  Is. 

,  The  Temperance  Ladder.    A  Collection  of  Original  Dialogues  a 

\  •Recitations.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Limp  cloth.  Is.  Cd.    Cloth  boar 

'l  gilt,  28. 

The  Pictiu'e  Gallery  of  Bacchns ;  or,  Readings  on  Piiblic-Hoi 
Signs.    Cloth  boards.  Is.    Twelve  Illustrations. 

The  Abstainer's  Companion.  Illustrated.  ( Evans*  Annual,  1877-€ 
130  Pieces,  in  Prose  and  Verse.    Limp  cloth,  2s.;  cloth,  gilt,  Ss.  6d 

Short  Stories  on  Temperance.  Illustrated.  Fancy  wrapper,  6 
or  in  7  Numbers,  Id.  each. 

Leaflet  Reciter  for  Bands  of  Hope.    Packets  1,  2,  and  3  ( 

assorted  in  each),  6d.  each. 

Popular  Temp^erance  Entertainments,  in  Prose  and  Ver 
Eighteen  Numbers.  Id.  each ;  assorted  packets.  Is. ;  or  in  Three  Pa 
at  6d.  each  (or  in  1  vol.,  see  *•  Temperance  Laader '*). 

Saved  at  Last,  and  other  Temperance  Readings,  in  Prose  and  Ver 

With  Eight  Illustrations.    6d.;  cloth.  Is. 

Dora  Day's  Deception,  or  an  Angd  in  Disguise.  A  Tempenx 
Tale,  with  Three  Illustrations.    Price  Sd. 

How  to  Cure  and  Prevent  the  Desire  for  Drink.    Fom 

Edition.    Price  Id. 


LONDON: 
NATIONAL   TE^IPERANCE    PUBLICATION    DEPOT, 

^^T,  ^'l^ k.^\i^  ^ .Q, 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


><" 


aga^incs  fax  ^berji  Hcttse^olb. 


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and  ARTISAN. 

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\ 


ADVERTISEMENTS, 

HOPPER  feSTOUGHTOW'SUSi 

THE   STANDARD    WORK    ON    PUBLIC    SPEAKING. 
New  Edilion,  lUtft  Thnusund,  TUi-Ued  and  Enlarged. 

BELL'S  STANDARD  ELOCUTIONIST.     Princi] 

■nd  EierclESB,  with  oicr  SOO  Choice  EitrBcta  in  Praia  ud  Poetry,  C 
BiSed  and  adupted  for  Reading  and   BeciUtion.     StroDgl;  balf-booii 
rauD,  510  pp.,  -ia.  Gd. 
■'  ThI.  ii  Ihe  bwl  boiili  gf  Ilia  klnd."~B»*«;i.r, 

DB.   SINCLAIR    PATKBSON'S  LECTtTBES  '. 
YOUNG  MEN.    PrioB  2a.  Bd.  Mch,  hiRdsomely  boood. 
1.    HE&IiTH    STITDIBS. 

a.    THB    HUHA.N    BODY    A1?D    ITS    FUITCTIOHS. 
3.    BTUDIBS  in  I.IFK:  Iti  Origin.  Niture,  Taridii^  ke. 
ThtM  L«ctu[n  Ijj  Dr.  PBtinoa  hiTC  bKnariUan  trom  aT<npcnii»i(udpoiat,uii 
■pccliU;  mltiblB  tar  pr«*enU  to  loanit  men. 

WORKS    BY   JVIRS.   Q.   S.   H.EANEY. 

OTJIt    DADQHTEBS :    Thoir  Uvea   Here    and  Henif 

Serenth  Tbonauid,  Si.  Qd.,  doth. 
"Atboronghljr  wlMunlhilpfiilbook."— CTWi««n. 

MORNING  THOUGHTS  for  our  DAUGHTEI 

FoDitli  ThonMnd.     HradiomelT  bonod,  li.  Gd. 

OUE    BBOTHEBS    AND    SONS.       Third    Thoosa 

Ele^^BDll;  boand,  3>.  Bd. 
"  Odb  or  her  b«t  booka,  wrlttan  in  uMUnit  Kotflih,  tad  with  a  luj,  attna  pa 

DAI87    SNOWFLAEB'S    SECRET.       A    Storj 

Engliih  Horns  Life.     Klegantly  bound.  Si. 
"  n'lniilnElDit)le.  punaDdoniHtlri  tanfcaodofwnaiiundiBg  jatertu,"— Ssilj  X* 

MRS.  KEAB^EY'S  SHILLING  SERIES. 
TaittfiiUy  bound  in  cloffc,  prict  1«.  meK 
POUND  AT  LAST. 
LITTLE  OLOBT'S  UISSION. 
UNSPOKEN  ADDBESSBS. 
NUMBER  POUR,  AND  OTHER  STOBISa 
CHIPPINas. 
NOT  ALONE  IN  THE  WOBLD. 


0*llitlt. 


'■  mU-kaoini  nmtint  and  ptnoMlraMaa  of  iQla.*- 


"OaodlltUaboakilalfn.  RuncrmnrbHtilfU    Wr  hop*  thar  «m  id  ta  k^ 
-flhaniandi."— Si»ni  a«J  Tnwtt. 

.£'S~'Si~,','K--eS.".'.  "■•  -^  ""-  -"^  >•»-  —  — — 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


CAMPBELL  &    TTJDHOPE'S 

TEMPERANCE   AND    BAND    DF   HOPE   PLEDGE    CARDS. 

Special  Motto  Cards  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Temperance  Societies. ,  ^ 

8.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  in  Coloarf,  6^  In.  bj  4|  in.  (Floral)  ..  each  0    1 

4.  Temperance  Soci«tT  Card,    do.  do.  ,.0    1 

5.  Bmna  of  Hope  Card,  New  Desigpn  (Crown),  6|  in.  bj  4^  in.    ..        . .     „    0    1 

6.  Temperance  Society  Card,    do.         do.  do.  ..,,01 

7.  Temperance    Boclttj    Card,    richlj   Illuminated    Floral  Design, 

7}  in  by  6i  in „    0    U 

8.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  do.  do.  do.        „    0    if 

9.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  richly  Illaminated  Floral  Design,  8  in.  by  7  in.. 

Illustrating  Industry  and  Temperance         „    0    S 

10.  Temperance  Society  Card,  do.  do.  „    0    S 

11.  Temperance    Society    Card,    richlr   Illuminated    Floral    Design, 

8|  in.  by  6i  in.,  Illttstrating  Religion  and  Temperance    ..        ..      „    0    S 

12.  Band  of  Hope  Card,  do.  de.  »i    0    2 
18.    Temperance  Society  Card,  8^  in.  by  61  in.,  Embiematie  Design, 

printed  in  Ck)lours ,    0    li 

14.    Band  of  Hope  Card,                        do.                     do.                              „    0    1} 
1ft.    Band  of  Hope  Card.  Senior  Dirision,  12  in.  by  9  in ,08 

18.  Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Gilt  and  Colours,  16|  in.  by  13  in.  . .     „    1    0 

19.  Large  Adult  Pledge  Card,  Family,  Qilt  and  Colours,  16  in.  by  13  In.      „    1    0 

BUkNK    CARDS    KEPT    IN    STOCK     FOR     PRINTINQ    IN    SPECIAL    PLEDGES. 
Sample  Cards  sent  on  receipt  of  Stamps  for  the  Amount. 

Glasgow :  CAKPBELL  ft  TUDHOPE,  137,  West  Campbell  Street. 
London :  K ATIOIT AL  TEKPEBAHCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand.W.C 

PLEDGE    CARDS. 


The  CHELTENHAM  CARDS  are  by  far  the  most 
artistic  and  Cheapest  in  the  market.  Societies  are 
strongrly  recommended  to  send  for  Samples. 


ECO  RACE     ED^W^AUDS, 

396,   High  Street,  Cheltenham. 

aEORGE  W.  EEE3EY,  MedaUst, 

MOTTO  and  EMBLEMATIC  FLAG  and  BANHER  MAKER,  and  GENERAL  DEALER 

In  TRIMMINGS,  GOLD  and  SILVER  LACE,  SPANGLE  STARS, 

FRINGE,  TASSELS,  ORNAMENTS,  dc, 

MLBian  WOEKB,  Conytere  Street,  ffighgate  HiU,  BIEMIlf QHAM. 

REGALIA  FOR  ALL  SOCIETIES.    MEDALS  for  EVERY  PURPOSE.    , 
Cheapest  Houie  for  Good  Templars*  ResalU.  &c.     " 

Good  Tamplars'  Depot  for  all  Beqniremonta. 
BBIiTB,  BUOKIiBS,  CLASPS,  SOABVBS,  BOSBTTBS,  &o. 

S«  pag*  Liai  (100  lllastrationa),  4d.  post  fraa. 


\ 

I 

I 

1 


V 


4 


If 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Important  to  Secretaries  and  Superintendents  of  Sue 

Schools  and  Bands  of  Hope. 


POST  FREE—A  COMPLETE  LIST  OF 

OVER  130  DIALOGUES,  ""*"  "LT^uJ^t^ 
NEW  SERVICES  OF  SONG,  '^^r^a':^:^fZ 

POOR  MIKE.    Bj  Rev.  Silai  K.  Hooxiso,  Author  of  "  Her  Benny,**  kc. 
HIS  FATHER'S  IMAGE.    Bj  MiM  M.  A.  Paull,  Antbor  of  "  Bart'i  Joy,**  kt 

NEW   REWARD  BOOKS,  "  '~*  '"^ZJ^  " 
BAND  OF  HOPE  REQUISITES,  S'^t"-.^ 

Leftfleta  for  gnttoitoai  diitribntion,  Mcuie  and  Hymn  Books,  Goepel  Tempennet  i 
kindf  of  Pledge  Cards,  Account  Booki,  Membership  and  Attendance  Cards,  Ac,  kt. 


Apply— 
''ONWARD"  PUBLISHING  OFFICE,  18,  Mount  St.,  Manchester; 
8.  W.   PARTRIDGE  Sc  CO.,  0,   Paternoatep   Row,   London,  I 

''THE  WORSHIP  OF  BACCHUS  A  GREAT  DELUSK 

By  EBEITEZER^GLASKB,  E.8.8. 

ILLUSTRATED  WITH  DRAWINGS  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

Cloth  boards,  2s. ;  dotli  limp,  gilt,  Is. ;  Abridged  Bditioii,  81 

30,000    HAVE   ALREADY    BEEN    SOLD. 


'*  This  book  if  what  hat  long  been  a  dedderatum.  Wa  are  more  than  p] 
with  it.  It  is  well  printed  and  well  bound,  and  woald  grace  the  table  < 
•drawiDg'foom.  It  gives  a  full  description  of  the  sjttem  of  malting,  fenneot 
and  brewing,  all  of  which  are  well  and  properly  iQustrated.  The  diagxmni 
explanations  supply  the  reader  with  a  large  amount  of  useful  knowtedga. 
advise  every  Temperance  reformer  to  purohaae  iu*'^Ttmperame€  Record. 


A  new  set  of  Large  Diagrams,  illostratixig  the  ehief  poiati  ia  *'  Th«  Wan 
Saechns,"  for  the  use  of  Lecturm  and  Band  of  Hope  Ooadvatoiib 
are  being  prepared,  and  will  bo  xaady  slionly. 

I^QlflTDOK: 

BAND    OF  HOV^  \iW\^W,  \>S^ti«e  HIU 

HATIONAL  T£MPER^MCE  PUBUliKTm  \>^W\^.   wA  .a  A-  ^ 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


^^^^^mm.  "f.  ^ 


DIRECT  PROM  THE  VINEYARDS, 

Guaranteed  to   be  genuine  Grape  Juice, 

UNFEEMENTED    &    TJNINTOXICATINa. 


ALTO     DOUBO,     MADEIRA,     CONGRESSi     B0RDEAI7X, 

HTTSCAT,    VESXTVITTS. 

Theae  Winei  vary  considerably  ia  body,  flavoar,  colour,  and  bonqnet,  and  are 
calculated  to  meet  every  rariety  of  taste  and  reqairement. 

The  first  five  are  EXCELLENT  COMMUNION  WINES* 

**  These  Wines  have  considerable  dietetic  and  hygienic  merit.  Thej  are  ralaable  medicinal 
remedies,  and  wholesome  and  accepUble  beTeragss."— Nosmah  Ksee,  M.D^  F.L.S. 

**  I  think  Mr.  Wright  is  rendering  an  important  service  to  his  country.  These  Wines  are 
ezoeedingly  gratefiu  to  tbe  palate,  and  I  think  with  their  introdnction  we  might  fairly 
eonaider  the  social  difficulty  very  largely  solved."— Dr.  B.  W.  BzcKAansoir,  F.B.S. 


A  ProBpeetuSf  containing  full  descHption  of  the  Wines  and  a  List  of  PricM, 

ioUl  be  sent  Post  Free  on  applieaUon  to 

PBANK    WRIGHT, 

Unfennented  Wine  Works,  27,  lerton  Road,  Kensington,  ¥. 

THE     ALLIANCE     NEWS 

(SIXTEEN  PAGES), 

The  0rgan  ot  the  liniteii  Kingdom  Alliance* 

PRICE    ONE    PENNY. 

Tkb  Aluavci  Kbws,  in  addition  to  a  copious  selection  of  the  General  News  of  the  Week, 
contains  Leading  Articles,  Reports  of  Meetings,  Correspondence,  and  other  valnahle  infor- 
mation, bearing  on  the  agitaiion  on  behalf  of  the  Permissive  prohibition  of  the  Liqoor 
TrsAc,  and  the  progress  of  the  Temperance  Movement  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
Mztraou  firom  Good  Books,  Anecdotes,  Poetry,  and  Miscellaneoos  Paragraphs  are  also  givtn, 
eo  as  to  render  Tna  Allulsck  Nkws  a 


As  well  as  an  effective  Orgran  of  the  Movement. 
The  Alliance  News  may  be  ordered  through  any  Newsvendor  or  Bookseller. 

Wholasala  Fubliahers  of  THB  AT.T.TAigmn  NEWS : 

MmwknUr:  John  Heywood,  Deansgate;  Abel  Heywood  ft  Son,  61,  Oldham  Street; 
W.  U.  Smith  ft  Son,  New  Brown  Street.— -Xo«dMi:  James  Clarke  ft  Co.,  1S»  Fleet  Street 
(near  Temple  Bar),  E.C.;  W.  H.  Smith  ft  Son,  1M»  Strand,  W.C. 

%*  8iii§U  Copiei  fan  frepajfmtntj  stni  pott  fr%%S^  ^b*  ^^*  P*^  9i«vt«r«  •>«&  TWr%vCyt^^^ 
mmim  erne  eevsr,  A§.  ptr  gmarter ;  Sis  Copies  for  8s.  per  ^iianrtert^rma  IIm  a>iaA>^qay> 

44,    JOHN    DAIsTON    6TSXKT,    llAXLOBSaB?SSB-^ 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


4 
1 


THE    UNITED    KINGDOM 

Temperance  and  General  Provident  Institnl 

1,  ADBIiAIDE  FULOB,  IiOBDON  BBIDGB,  IiOBDOH. 

ESTABLISHED  l&IO.  FOR  MUTUAL  LIFE  AS8UEAKGE. 


ROBERT  WARNER,   Eiq.,  8,   Crescent, 
Cripplegate,  Ckairman. 

RICHARD  BARRETT,  Esq.,  Grove  Lane, 
Camberwell. 

SAMUEL  BOWLT,  Eiq.,  Glonoeeter,  and 
1,  South  Place,  Finibory. 


LOKBON  BOAS]>, 

Admiral   Sir  W.    KINO   HALI^  1 

United  Service  Club.  Pall  Mall. 
J.T.PRITCHETT.  Esq.,  Edmonton,  L 
J.  H.  RAPBR,  Etq^  Manchealcr,  wai 

broke  Square,  W.,  London. 
JOHN  TAYLOR,  Esq.,  5,  Tokenbovw 
B£NJ.  WHITWORTH,  Esq.,  M.P., 

11,  Holland  Park,  London,  and  Cro 

Manchester. 


JOHN    BROOMHALL,    Esq.,   Fairholme, 
SurbitoD,  Surrey. 

MsnxcAL  OrncaRS— Dr.  Jambs  Eoifuvns,  8,  Grafton  Street,  Koeadillj; 

Dr.  Thomas  Barlow,  10,  Montague  Street,  Russell  Squai 

SoLicrron— FaAHCis  Howss,  Esq.,  3,  Abchuroh  Yard,  E.C. 

CovsvLTiifo  AcTVART— Ralfh  P.  Haiu>t,  Eiq.        Sbcbxtart— Thomas  Cash, 


Position  of  the  Institution.  June,  1883. 

▲conmulated  Capital —       ••       ..    £3,300,00C 

Annual  Income ••       ..        £391,000 

Amount  Paid  for  Claims  through  Death  ..       ..    £2,064,00C 


This  Institution  offers  the  most  perfect  security  to  its  membew 
liabilities  being  assessed  on  the  most  stringent,  and,  at  the  same 
thB  most  ftquitable  principles.  Assurances  are  paid  7  days  after 
of  claim ;  the  conditions  are  free  from  every  unnecessary  restric 
the  whole  of  the  profits  belong  to  the  Assured,  and  oonsequentl 
Bonuses  are  on  the  most  liberal  scale,  and  are  calculated  up  to  the 
of  claim  (not  merely  to  the  last  valuation,  as  in  the  case  of  most  Oil 
and  its  affairs  are  conducted  in  the  most  economical  manner.  ^ 
considerations  render  the  Institution  most  fayourable  to  Assura 
most  particularly  to  abstainers,  who  obtain,  in  the  form  of  inon 
Bonuses,  the  full  benefit  of  those  principles  so  oonduoiye  to  haaltl 
longevity.  


Annual,  Half-yearly,  Quarterly,  and  Single  Premiums  to 

witS  Profits.* 


£100  payable  si  d 


A^e  next 
Birthday. 

Annual 
Preonlums. 

Hair-ysarly 
Premiuma. 

Quarterly 
Premiums. 

Siiicls 
Prcflsmm. 

20 
25 
SO 
35 
40 

1  17     4 

2  2      7 
2      8    10 
2    15      7 
S      4    11 

0  19     7 

1  S     4 
16     7 
19     2 
1    14      1 

0    10     4 

out 

0    19      4 
0    U      1 
0    17     0 

'40    10     f 
4S    IS     2 

40    10     S 
40     •     1 
02    U     f 

*  The  Premiums  without  ProftU  art  10  per  osnU  Ims  than  the  abofts. 

*  Ttfs  jMT  ctni,  addiiitm  fe  iks  oftest  rmUt  is  tisrysi  •• 


/ 


for  Proipsctua  mA  vbj  t«^«t  VaSoKmittoBt  OFPlF  ^  THOMAS 
1«  AdslaidsP1iAoe,li(Adi»aBi\A«^  ^^% 


cob;  m 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPEBANCE 

txmmtxd  ^mitring  Bacut^. 

(Founded  1854.      Incorporated  1876.) 
Ot'FICES-d,    LUDGATE    HILL,    LONDON. 

Vice-Presidents. 

BENJAMIN  HCOTT,  Esq.  (Chamberlain  of  London). 
EDMUND  CHARLES  TISDALL,  Esq.,  Kensington. 

Directors. 

PHILIP  BAILET,  St.  John's  Wood  Terrace. 

EGBERT  CABLE,  Stockwell  Park  Roa^. 

EBENEZER  CLARKE.  Grore  Road.  Waltbamstow. 

JOSEPH  HARDING.  Perry  Hill.  Kent. 

THOMAS  HUDSON.  8t.  Ann's  Road.  Brixton. 

JOHN  HUTTON,  Taviton  Street,  Gordon  Square. 

JOHN  MANN.  TulRe  Hill. 

JAMES  P0UST7,  Castle  Street,  Holbom. 

ABEL  SIMNER.  Morton  Road.  Islington. 

GEORGE  GORDON  STANHAM,  Grove  Park,  Chiswick. 

SILAS  TUCKER,  Hifrh  Holbom. 

WILLIAM  WINSFORD,  Brodrick  Road,  Upper  Tootinv. 

EDWARD  WOOD.  Bolingbroke  GroTe,  Wandsworth  Common. 

FRANCrS  WRIGHT.  High  8treet,  Kensington. 

MICHAEL  YOUNG.  Upper  Thames  Street. 

Auditors. 

THOMAS  L.  RUTTER,  Calford  Road,  Kingsland. 

MATTHEW  B.  SUTTON,  Dartmouth  Park  Hill,  Upper  Holloway. 

STEPHEN  SHIRLEY,  Queen's  Square,  Bloomsbury. 

Bankers.--oiTT  bank  (ludgate  hill  branch). 

Sol icitOP.— WILLIAM  SHAEN,  Esq.  M.A.  (Shaeii,  Roscoe  ft  Co ),  8,  Bedford  Row. 

Secpetary.-HENRT  james  Phillips,  f.s.s. 


THIS    SOCIETY   OFFEB8   ADVANTAGES 

Unsurpassed  by  any  Building  Society  in  London. 

Since  its  establishment  in  1854,  it  has  continnousW  maintained  its  hold  on  popular 
farour,  and  has  advanced  upon  Freehold  and  Leasehold  Property  more  than  £3,500,000. 

BORROWING    DEPARTMENT. 

The  Monthly  Repayments  are  rery  low  (they  include  Principal  and  Premium,  and  Interest 
at  6  per  cent,  on  the  balance  each  year),  viz. : — For  each  £100  advanced 

8  Ybabs.  10  Ykahb.  13  Yka.b8.  14  Tbars.  IS  Tsabs. 

£16    7  £12    2  £0    19    6  £0    17    6  £0    16    8 

The  Law  oharp-es  are  upon  a  rery  moderate  aoale.  The  facilities  of  redemption  are 
exceptionally  fayourable. 

INVESTING    DEPARTMENTS. 

SHABSS. — The  'Invftiing  Share  DepaHment  has  been  re-oponed  for  the  Isitue  of 
Subscribing  and  Completed  Shares,  such  Shares  to  be  entitled  to  participate  in  the  profits  up 
to,  but  not  exceedingr,  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum  upon  the  Subscriptions  paid. 

DEPOSITS.— Interests  on  Deposits,  3  per  cent,  per  annum;  if  made  for  six  months 
Si  per  cent. ;  if  twelre  months  4  per  cent. 

HENRY  JAMES  PHILLIPS,  Skceitaet. 
Office»*l»  LusoATB  Hili^  Loxdom. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Important  to  Total  Abstainers. 

BRITON  LIFE  ASSOCIATION, unmo. 

Chief  Offlce-429,  STRAND,  LONDON. 

(This  Society  has  deposited  £33,000  with  Home  and  ColQnial  GfoTem- 
ments  as  a  Special  Security  to  Policy  holders.) 

Chairman— FBANCIS  WEBB,  Esq.,  Barriater-at-Law. 
Vice-Chairman— Dr.  B.  W.  BICHARDSON,  F.B.8. 

Assurances  on  the  lives  of  Total  Abstainers  from  the  consumption 
of  Alcohol  granted  at  a  reduction  of  TEN  PER  CENT. 

from  the  ordinary  Premium. 

Absolute  security.  Moderate  Rates  of  ^Premium.  Policyholden  of 
all  Classes  entirely  Free  from  Liability.  Special  Terms  to  Ministers 
and  Lay  Preachers.  Claims  paid  immediately  on  Proof  of  Death  and 
Title.    Surrender  Values  applied  to  keep  Assurances  in  force. 

Prospectus,  Statement  of  Accounts,  Proposal  Form,  &c.,  on  application. 

JOHN  MESSENT,  F.S.A.,  Actuary  and  Secrdarjf. 

The "  Ocean "  Permanent  Benefit  Bnilding  Society. 

ENROLLED  1M9.    IKCORFORATBD  1876. 

Shares,  £25.    Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share.    Subscription,  2t.  per  lioitk. 

0£ace^727,    COMMEBCIAL    BOAD,    I<IMEH0XT8E,    B. 

Qpra  DaiZjf  fnm  10  UU  A,  mud  tvtty  Tutfiaf,  10  «.a.  fiU  9  ^.a. 

ArhUraiort^'ELej,  J.  Kennedy,  D.D.;  T.  Somtton,  R«q. 

i>ir«e/or*— Mr.  J.  Hilton,  Langreld  Honae.  Bordett  Road,  S.  {Chairman);  Mr.  W.  BdM. 
Vestry  Hall,  St.  George'i  Kaat,  E.  (Dtpmig  CkainuM) ;  Captain  John  Cobby.  Iti 
Bardett  Boad.  E. ;  Mr.  J.  C.  Essex,  Westboame  Villas^  Grangt*  Park  Rnad,  Lqlipa ; 
Mr.  J.  H.  Godwin.  Albion  HUl.  Looghton,  Eaitex ;  Mr.  J.  Oivfaoo,  tSt»  Bnim 
Boad,  S.;  Rey.  P.  Haslock,  St.  Lake's  Square,  MiUwall,  K.;  Captain  G.  MitehsB. 
67,  East  India  Road,  E. ;  Mr.  George  Waller,  S.  Bardett  Temee^  Orange  Fiik  Bead, 
L^on. 

Banktrt— London  and  County  Bank  (Umeboaae  Braaeh). 

Solieitor-A.  Kerley,  Esq.,  It,  Great  Wineheeter  Street,  B.O. 

'^■'^^-W.  E.  Corner,  Esq.,  S,  St.  Thomaa  Square,  Hackney.  B  ;  XC.  H.  Gffl,  Mt^  107. 
a  leet  street,  £.C. 

Stertiarf — M.  Hama. 


IriTeiilng  m«i&\>«t%\i>.x«  leoeifed  FIVE  PER  CENT,  iaterert  nd  ilMif  of  Bvptat  fn^ 
which,  tince  the  fonnvXVm  ol  Vb&^bM^<l^?s^\A&amnced  orw  two  pm  tmUL,  iikhn^T^*^ 
intercBt.  ahoTe  wtm  \Kt  waA.  ^     ^^ ^ 

able  at  ahort  BoUco.   U<mtn  %ft.^ia»<ft^  qg^wifttfiA  ^  T  sae^iii. ^g^^jg^gw 
applicatioii.  ^^ 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


THE  LONDON  AND  GENERAL 

Shares,  £40.     Monthly  Subscription,  6s. 
Entrance  Fee,  Is.  per  Share. 

OFFICES!     337,     STRAND,     W.C. 

President  :  THOMAS  HUGHES,  Esq.,  Q.C. 
"Vice- Presidents  * 
The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  LICHFIELD. 
The  Hon.  H.  F.  COWPER,  M.P.   I       FREDK.  HARRISON,  Esq. 

W.  EVAN  FRANKS,  Esq. 


LARGE  or  Small  Sums  received  on  Deposit ;  Repayable  at  Short 
Notice.  Interest  at  4  per  cent,  per  annum,  paid  half-yearly. 
Shares  may  be  taken  at  any  time.  No  back  payments.  Money  ready 
to  be  advanced  on  Freehold  or  Leasehold  Security,  on  very  moderate 
terms,  for  which  see  reduced  table  in  Prospectus,  to  be  had  on  applica- 
tion to 

Managing  Director,  W.  R.  SELWAY. 


HOYLE'S    HYMNS    AND    SONGS 

For  TEMPERANCE  SOCIETIES  and  BANDS  OF  HOPE. 
Used  largely  at  GOSPEL  TEHPEEANGE  and  BLUE   EIBBON   MISSIOITS. 

Revised  and  Enlarged  Editiou,  217  pieces.  Price  IJd.  ;  clotb,  8d.  Large 
type  Edition,  clotb,  6d.  Words  and  Music :  ToDio  Sdl-Fa,  cloth,  Is.:  8d. ;  Old 
KotatioD,  paper,  Is.  8d.,  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

HOYLE'S  MELODIST,   Id. ;  cloth,  2d. 

ntunnu.  ^  NATIONAL   TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEPOT,  337,  Strand, 
LONDON '  ^  s,W.  PARTRIDGE  d  Co.,  9,  Paternoster  Row. 


Good  qoalitr  Total  lAbstinence  tfilt  STAB  BADGE  enamelled  Pin 
snd  centre,  gold  inacription  on  Ribbon,  U.  each.  Sample  post  free  IS 
stamps.  Temperance,  Good  Tsmplar  or  Blae  Ribbon  Army  Medalf,  Star 
Badges,  Crosses,  Pendants,  Broochn,  Ao,  Illustrated  Frioe  Ust  of 
either  post  free. 

Three  samples  best  qnsllty  Band  of  Hope  Medals,  and  Prios  List 
post  fres,  six  stamps.  Ribbon  suspenders  supplied  with  name  of  Societj 
in  gold. 

Bro.  ESUBEN  GHAIQLEE,  Temperanoe  Emblem  Maker,  fto., 

6,  TENBT  STREET  NORTH,  BIRMINGHAM. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


TEMPERANCE  HOTELJ 


ENLARGEMENT    OF    PREMISES. 


INSVIL'S  TEMPERANCE  A  COMMERCIAL  HOI 

20    &   21,    BUBTON   CBESGENT,    liONDON,    W.G 

Within  fire  minutes*  walk  of  Great  Northern,  Midland,  London  and  North- Western  Si 

Easily  reached  from  Great  Western  and  Great  Eastern,  hj  Metropolitan  Baflvq 

Gower  Street  and  King's  Cross. 

Freqoent  omnibuses  firom  South  Eastern,   London,  Chatham,   and  I>0Ter,  and 

Western  Stations. 

"  Comfort  with  economy."        Tariff  Card  on  application. 


VISITORS  TO  LONDON. 


TRANTER'S 

TEMPERANCE  HOTEL, 

8  &  9,  BRIDGEWATER  SQUARE, 

BARBICAN,  CITY,  E.C. 


Most  Central  for  Business  or  Pleasure. 


Close  to  Aldersgate  Street,  Metro- 
politan Railway  Station,  near  Qenend 
Post  Office. 


HOMELY,  HIOHIiY  BE8FBCT- 
ABIiE,  AND  SEIiEOT. 


Bed-room    ...     from  Is.  Gd. 
Breakfast  or  Tea  „     Is.  Od. 

'  No  cltart/tfor  aitendaneg. 


ESTABLISHKD    1859. 


TARIFF  CARD  ON  APPLICATION. 

Viaitor'a  Guide  to  London  :  What  to 
See  and  Ho^  to  Se<i  *\t  Va  %.^««V^  %ad 
Tariff  combined.     Ytee  V}  v^"^  ^^ 
•ppHcaUon  to   Q.  T.  ^  'tBA3B:«a^ 
fVopiietor. 


IiONDON. 

HOENEE'S 

TEMPERANCE    HOI 

19,  EU870N  ROAD,  KING'S  Ci 

Opposite  the  Great  Nortliem  and  ] 
Stations. 


I.ONDON. 

MILTON 

TEMPERANCE    HOI 

1,  FEATHER8T0NE  BUILDh 

Holbom,  liondon,  W.I 

An  old-established  House  with  hii 
tation  for  Cleanliness,  Comfort  andS 
The  sitaatioo  is  eentral,  and  also  i«C 
qniet,  there  beinir  no  thoroarhfaie 
hides  throng  Feathcrstone  BoildiBi 
from  Is.  6d. ;  Breakftet  or  Tea,  la, 
monials  on  application  to  the  Pronri 
WILLIAM  CHAPJ 


EMERY'S 


TEMPERANCE   H(M 

41, 42  d  100,  QUEEUrS  RO 

■rtablished  Qeaitv  of  a  Oh 


k  Complete  Catalogae  of  Temperance  Literatore, 


IH  STOCK  AT  THE 


NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATION  DEP6t, 

837,    BTIi-A.N'ID,   I.0ITr>02Sr.    "W^.O. 


STANDABD  TBMPBBANCE  WOBK& 
Action  of  Alcoliol  on  the  Mind.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Righabdsoit,  F.R.S. 

Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Alcohol,  Besults  of  Besearches  on.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  RicitABi>8DN, 

F.E.8.     (Being  tn  Addreu  deKtered  in  tbe  Sheldosian  Theatre,  Oiford.) 

Specially  rerised  by  the  Author.  Oloth  boards.  Is. ;  neat  paper  ooTen,  6d. 

These  two  in  one  toL,  eioth  boards,  1*.  6d. 
Alcohol  at  the  Bar ;  tbe  highest  Medical  aiid  Scientific  Testimony 

cooceniiog  its  use.  Compiled  by  G.  W.  Bacoi«,  F.B.G.8.  Limp  cloth»  Is. 
Alcohol :  Its  Place  and  Power.    With  an  Appendix,  contiiiniDg  the 

Besam^  and  Conclusions  of  liH.  Lallemand,  Perrin,  and  Duroy,  with  an 

Acconnt  of  Experiments  by  Dr.  E.  Smith,  London.    By  James  Millxb, 

F.B.S.E.,  F.E.C.S.E.    Poet  8to,  on  fine  paper,  with  portrait,  Sb,}  aheap 

edition  Is. 
Alcohol,  On.    A  conrse  of  six  Cantor  Lectures  delivered  befbre  the 

Socisty  oi  Arts.     By  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardsom.    Crown  8to,  paper,  Is.  | 

cloth  boards.  Is.  6d. 
Arrest  the  Destroyer's  Karoh.    By  Mrs.  Wigbtman^    Crown  8vo. 

835  psffss,  8s.  6d. 
Bases  ox  the  Temperance  Beform,  The.    An  Exposition  and  Appeal 

by  the  Rer.  Dawson  Burns,  M.A.    2s.  6d. 
Bible  and  Temperance,  The;  or  the  true  Scriptural  Basis  of  the 

Temperance  Movement.    By  BeT.  T.  Piabson.     Cloth,  gdt,  Ss.  6d. 
Centennial  Temperanoe  Volume :  A  Memorial  of  tbe  International 

Temperance  Conference,  held  in  Philadelphia,  Jnne,  1876.    Published  by 

the  National  Temperanoe  Society,  New  York.    21s. 
Christianity  and  Teetotaliam.    A  Voice  from  the  Army.    By  Miss 

EoBiNSON.    Paper  covers,  6d.;  doth,  Is. 
Christendom  and  the  Drink  Curse.    An  Appeal  to  the  ChrisUan 

World  for  ef&cient  Action  Against  the  Causes  of  Intemperance.    By  the 

Bev.  Dawson  Burns,  M.A.,  F.S.S.  Cloth,  gilt,  berelled  bds.,  345  pp.,  5s. 
Communion  Wine,  fermented  or  onfennented.  By  P.  Waqstafp.  Is. 
Dialo^es  on  Doctors  and  Drink,    A  reply  to  articles  in  the  Cont§m-' 

porary  Review.    By  J  as.  Whttk.     2s.  6d. ;  paper,  Is. 
Dialogues  on  Drink.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Pichardson,  F.R.S.    Paper 

covers,  la.  6d. ;  cloth  boards,  28.  6d. 
Di^^est  of  the  Laws,  Decisions,  Rules,  and  Usages  of  the  I.O.O.T. 

By  S.  B.  Chase.    New  Edttiou,  3«.  6a. 
Diseases  of  Modern  I^ife.   By  Dr.  B.  W.  Hichabdson,  F.RS.    Crown 

8vo,  pp.  520,  6s. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Drink  Problem,  The ;   and  its  Solution*      By  £z-Bailie  L 

Kdiuburgb.     4fl.  6d. 

Stril  and  the  Bemedy,  The,  or  the  Sin  and  Folly  of  Lutempemno 

the  Wisdom  and  Excellence  of  Total  Abitineooe  from  all  Intoxii 
Drinks.  With  observations  on  the  nte  of  Tobeooo  and  other  Nan 
By  the  Rev.  W.  Mouth.    lUuBtrated,  4a. 

Tour  Pillars  of  Intemperance,  The.  By  the  Author  of**  Buy 
own  Charriea."     Ciotb,  la.  6d. 

Haste  to  the  Besoue ;  or,  Work  while  it  is  Day.    By  Mn.  Wiom 

la.6d. 

History  of  Toasting,  The ;  or,  Drinking  of  Healths  hi  England, 
the  Bev.  R.  Valpy  French,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  &o.    Cloth,  gilt,  la.  6d 

Holy  Scripture  and  Total  Abatinence.  By  Rev.  Canon  Hopkik( 

Intoxicating  Drinks,  their  History  and  Mystery,     By  J 

KiETON,  LLJ).  Boards,  la. ;  cloth,  gilt,  la.  6d.,  or  aeparately,  one  ] 
each,  aa  follows :— A  Glaaa  of  Ale ;  A  Glaaa  of  Stoat ;  A  Glaaa  of  8; 
A  Obiaa  of  British  Wine;  A  Glaaa  of  Foreign  Winei  and  What  i 
to  be  Done,  and  Who  Ought  to  Do  it. 

I<aws  of  Life  and  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  T.  P.  LncAa    Ss. 

Kedical  Temperance  Journal.  Thirteen  Yearly  Vols  at  Sa  6d 
Doable  Vols,  at  3b.  each. 

Ministry  of  Health,  A,  and  other  Papers,  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Hichak 
,  F.B.S.,  &a    Grown  Sto,  cloth  extra,  6a. 

^  Morning  Dewdrops;    or,  the  Juvenile  Abstidner.     By  Mrs.  ( 

Balfour.    Bevised  and  illastrated  edition,  oloth  boards,  gUt,  Ss.  6d 

National  Temperance  Mirror.  TwoYearly  Vola, paper  boards,  1 
cloth,  gilt,  28.  ;  cloth,  berellcd  boards,  g^t  edges,  2s.  Sd.  each. 

Nephalism ;    the  True  Temperance  of  Scripture,  Science, 

Experience.  Ky  James  Miller,  F.B.S.E.,  F.B.C.S.E.  Price  3a.  < 
edition,  6d.,  paper ;  cloth,  la. 

Non-Alcoholic  Cookery  Book.    Edited  by  Mart  £.  Docwrj 

the  British  Women's  Temperanoe  Association.     Is. 

Non-Alcoholic  Home  Treatment  of  Disease.  By  J.  J.  Ridge,  '. 

Slc.     Cloth  limp,  gilt  lettered,  Is.  6d. 

Physiology  of  Temperance  and  Total  Abstinence.  An  Exsi 
tioD  of  the  effects  of  the  nse  of  Alcoholic  Liqoors  on  the  Haman  8y 
By  Dr.  W.  B.  C\rpenter,  F.R.8.    Fbper,  Is.;  doth,  8s.  M. 

Religious  and  Educational  Aspects  of  Temperance.  By  C 
B.  WiLBBRFORCK,  Dr.  N.  S.  Kerb,  Rev.  Dr.  Yalpi  FaiNCB,  Ba 
IIannat,  Sir  H.  Thompsok,  Dr.  B.  W.  Bichardsok,  Aa     Is.  Sd. 

Scripture  Testimony  against  Intozicatinsr  Wine.  By  the 
William  Bitchik,  D.D.    Paper  covers.  Is. ;  oloth  boards,  Ss. 

Scripture  Texts  on  Temperance  Examined,     By  Thomas  C 

Edited  b^  ¥ .  Atslik .    Is. 

TemperauceBWAft  Comm^rvXaarj .  ^i!{&\ASMi^  at  One  View,  Ve 
Index.    'B^DK^fto«'a>s^^*«sA'«.^.\iK»-  VIR^ 


TEMPERANCE   PUBUCATI0N8. 


Temperance  Congress  of  1862,  The.  A  Series  of  Papen  and  Ad- 
dreuea  on  all  atpeota  of  the  Mofemeat  by  th^  aarlj  workanL    2t.  6d. 

Temperance  Oyclopasdia.    By  the  Hey.  William  Rbid,  D.D.,  Edln- 

bozgh.    704  p^HS^*  orown  8to,  5a. 
Temperance  Landmarks.    A  Narratiye  of  the  Work  and  the  Workers. 

By  the  Bar.  Eobsbt  Maguikb,  D.D. .  li. 

Temperance  Physiology.  By  the  late  Jomr  Guthrib,  D.D.  Pspsr 
boards.  Is. ;  doth  boards,  2s. 

Temperance  Beformation  and  its  Claims  upon  the  Christian 
Gharoh.  By  the  Bev.  Jambs  Smith,  M.A.  A  Prise  Bssay,  for  wUoh 
250  guineas  were  awarded.    400  pages,  demy  8vo,  eloth  letterod,  5s. 

Temperance  Witness  Box;  being  the  Sayings  of  Doctors,  Press, 
Pablioans,  Statesmen,  Soldiers,  Smployers,  Judges,  Police,  Sailors,  Poets, 
Bishops,  and  Clergy.   Oompiled  by  the  Bar.  Chablss  Bullook,  B.D.   la. 

Total  Abstinence.  A  CoorBe  of  Addresses.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Bicbabdsqv, 

F.B.S.     Crown  8vo.  3s.  6d. 

Voice  of  the  Pulpit  on  Temperance,  The,  By  Revs.  CanoB. 
FASRAa,  Canon  B.  Wilbibtorce,  Dr.  W.  M.  Tatlos,  I>r.  H.  8.  PATsasoK, 
Dr.  A.  Macuod,  John  Clii roRD,  Ac,    Is.  6d. 

Voice  of  Science  on  Temperance,  The.  ByDrs.  BwW.  Righabdson, 
N.  S.  Kerb,  N.  S.  Dayis,  J.  J.  Bidgs,  H.  S.  PAnsaoN, -Jambs  Edmvhds, 
&o.    Is.  6d. 

Wines :  Scriptural  and  Ecclesiastical.  By  Norman  S.  Kerr,  M.D., 
F.L.S.  An  expansion  of  a  lecture  delivered  before  the  Church  Honiiletical 
Society,  November,  1881.     Is.  6d. 

Worship  of  Bacchus  a  Ghreat  Delusion.  Dlostrated  with  drawings, 
diagrams,  facts  and  figures.  Cloth  limp.  Is. ;  boards,  2s.  An  abridgment 
in  paper  covers,  2d.  Fourteen  coloured  Diagrams  for  the  use  of  Leotoran, 
illustrating  the  chief  points  of  this  work.  Price  for  the  set  comjj^ete,  with 
neoessazy  frame  for  suspending,  14s. ;  Single  Diagram,  Is. 

SOCIAL. 

Bright  Firesides  and  Cheerful  Homes.  By  J.  W.  Kirtok,  LL.D., 
Author  of  "  Happy  Homes  and  How  to  Make  Them."     Fcp.  8vo,  Is. 

Britain's  Social  State.  By  Dayid  Lewis,  one  of  the  Magistrates  at 
Edinburgh.    Paper  oovers,  Is. ;  cloth  boards,  2s. 

City,  The,  its  Sins  and  Sorrows.    By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Guthrib.    Clotb, 

Is. ;  paper,  6d. 

English  (Hrls,  their  Place  and  Power.  By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reaust, 
with  PrefiEUie  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Dale,  M.A    2b.  6d. 

Happy  Homes,  and  How  to  ICake  Them ;  or,  Counsels  on  Love, 
Courtship,  and  Marriage.  By  J.  W.  Kibton.  Seventy-eighth  Thousand. 
Five  full-page  Illustrations.     2s. 

Xong  Eveningra,  and  Work  to  do  in  Them.  By  Mrs.  Batlt.  Crown 
8vo,  Ss.  6d. 

Our  Daughters,  their  Lives  here  and  hereafter.  By  Mrs.  G.  S. 
BsANST.    8s.  6d. 


^M(  bi]^>d%  la.  I'deik, 
OoflStt  TkWB  enidA^  X. 
Tjti—  of  UgM  en  •  Su 
UaidMi'a  Tork,  A.  Br 
Hore  ftboat  onr  OoIHm  B 

OiowD  6*0.  S*.  6d. 
Our  Ooffee  Boom.    Bj  I 

LiMt-Qoi.  Sir  ArtkuO 
Booial  InfliuBoaof  thoOt 
ToudiM  of  Bo^  Lift.    I 


Aldenbot:  ABoeord<rf 
■od  ita  SeqoaL     B7  if 

Bxster  Hall  aad  Its  Am 
lUnrtntcd.    if.  M. 

Pifly  T«ar«   ««ro:   ^■ 

BemiDUOtnCM  and  BM 


^d.  ind  li. 

Handbook  of  Tempan 
8««r«tarj  of  tU  S-tfc» 
8amn«l  Bo«lj  wd  Sir  I 

HUtoiy  Of  the  Ttmvm 
Ireland.  With  Biognil 
OouLiKa.    8>.  6d. 

HUtory  of  the  Tamporu 


TEMPERAN'CE    PUBLICATIONS. 


STATISTICAL   WORKS.  ^ 

Convocation  of  Canterbury.    Limp  cloth.  Is. 

Orime  in  England  and  wales  in  the  Nineteentli  Century.    A 

Historical  and  Critical  JEtetroapect.     By  William  ^oylc.     dt.  6d. 
Mortality  from  Intemperance.    By  Norman  Kebr,  IkLD.,  F.L.i^.  8(\ 
Nuts  to  Crack  for  Moderate  Drinkers.     By  J.  ItiLTON  Smith; 

Clotb,  4d. 

Official  Betums  presented  to  the  Lords'  Committee  on  Intem- 
perance by  the  Church  of  England  Temperance  Society.  Papmr  covers,  6d. 
Our  National  Besouxoes,  and  how  they  are  Wasted.  By  William 

HOTLB.     4d. 

SCHOOL    BOOKS. 

Temperance  Lesson  Book,  The.  A  Series  of  Short  Lessons  on 
Alcohol  and  its  action  on  the  Body.  Designed  for  reading  in  Schools  and 
Families.  Thirty-fonrth  Thousand.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.B.S. 
Is.  6d. ;  doth,  gilt,  for  presentation,  2s.  6d. 

Temperance  Primer,  The.  An  Elementary  Lesson  Book,  designed  to 
teach  the  Nature  and  Properties  of  Alcoholic  Liquors,  and  the  action  of 
Alcohol  on  the  body.     By  J.  J.  Ridqk,  M.D.,  ^c.     Id. 

Temperance  Beading  Book,  A ;  or,  Elementary  Chapters  on  Alcohol 
and  Intoxicating  Drinks.  By  John  Ingham,  Ph.  C,  Jacob  Bell  Scholar, 
Double  Medalist  and  Prizeman  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society.     Is. 

Drink'  smd  Strong  Drink.  A  Series  of  Readings  for  Schools  and 
Families.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.  Cloth,  Is.  also  in  three  parts  at 
4d.  pach. 

Temperance  Lessons  for  the  Young-.  By  Rev.  F.  Waostaff, 
F.R.H.S.    3d. 

ORATIONS,    LECTURES,    ESSAYS,    &o. 

Abominations  of  Modern  Society.      By  the  Rev.  T.  dk  Witt 

Talmaoe,  D.D.     Is. 
Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.    Paper 

coTers,  6d.  and  Id. 
Address  of  the  Very  Bav.  Dean  of  Carlisle  at  the  Olasgow 

Abstainers'  Union.     Paper  covpr»»,  8d. 
Between  the  Living  and  the  Dead.    A  Sermon  by  the  Rev.  Canon 

Farrar,  D.D.     Large  typp,  paper  cov^r^,  4d. ;  cheap  edition,  Id. 

Blemish  of  Government,  Shame  of  Beligion,  Disgrace  of  Man- 
kind.; or,  a  Charge  drawn  up  against  Drunkards,  and  presented  to  his 
Highness,  the  Lord  Protector,  in  the  name  of  all  the  Sober  Partie  in  the 
Three  Nations.     A  facsimile  of  a  work  issued  in  1653.     Paper  3d. 

Bows  and  Arrows  for  Thinkers  and  Workers.  Collected  by  Rev. 
G.  W.  McCrke.     Paper  covers,  6d. 

Christian  Serving  his  Generation,  The.  A  Sermon  preached  at 
GljiKpow  by  the  Kev.  W.  M.  Taylok,  A.M.     Paper  covers,  3d. 

Come  out  from  among  them :  An  Expostulation  with  Christian  lovers 

of  Intoxicating  DrinlcB.     Bv  Rev.  Fokbks  E.  WlNSLow.     Paper  covem,  44. 

Death  March  of  Great  Drinkdom,  The.  By  Rev.  Forbes  E. 
WiNsr.ow.     Paper  covers,  3d. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Brinkingr  System  our  National  Curae,  The.    Addressed  to  all ; 

Citisens.     By  the  Rer.  Dawsox  Buens.     Paper  coven,  6d. 
Few  Words  about  Alcohol,  A :  Its  Uses  by  Healthy  Persons, 

the  Dieeevee  it  Prodnoee.     By  Dr.  G.  E.  Drtsdale.     Paper,  6d. 
Intemperance  and  its   Bearing  upon  Agriculture.      By  J 

Abbet.     Paper  ooverp.  6d. 
John  B.  Oough :  the  Man  and  his  Work.    By  Foedertck  Si 

LOCK,     Tenth  Thousand.     Paper  covert,  2d. 
John  Wesley,  Methodism,  and  the  Temperance  Seformat 

By  J.  W.  KiRTON.     Pap«»r  covers.  4d. 
Ladies'  National  Temperance  Convention  of  1876.    With  L 

dnotion  by  Mrs.  W.  Hind  Smith.     Paper  covers,  4d. 
Loose  Bricks  for  Temperance  and  Social  Workers.    By  A 

ScnoLFiRLD.     Paper  covert,  6d. 
Moderate  Drinking.     By  Sir  H.  Thompson,  F.II.C.S.;  Dr.  B. 

Richardson,  F.ILS. ;  Be  v.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F.B.S. ;  and  othert. 

Portraita  of  the  Speakers,  cluth.  Is.;  without  Portrait!  and  first  i 

Speeches  only,  paper  cover,  4d.;  cheap  edition.  Id. 
Moderate  Drinking,  for  and  against,  from  Scientific  Foini 

View.     By  Dr.  B.  W   KiciiARi>suN.     2d. 
Moody's  Talks  on  Temperance.    With  Anecdotes  and  Inciden 

connection  with  the  Tabernncle  Temperance  Work  in  Boston.     By  I 

MooDT.     Edited  by  J.  W.  Kiktok,  LL.D.     Is.  6d. 
Night  Side  of  New  York  Life;  or,  the  Masque  torn  off.    By 

Rev.  T.  DK  Witt  TALyAGR,  D.D.     Is. 
*  Orations  by  J.  B.  Gough.    New  and  Popular  Edition.    First 

'  Second  Series,  Ls.  6d.  each ;  complete  in  one  vol.,  28.  Od. 

Orations  by  J.  B.  Gough.    Delivered  in  the  United  Kingdom  dn 

1878  and  1870.     Paper  ccivers.  Is. ;  hmp  cloth,  It.  6d. ;  boards.  Is.  ( 
Orations  on  Temperance.    By  John  B.  GJouoh.    The  original  edi 

of  fourteen  orations,  published  in  1855.     Cloth  limp,  Is. ;  boards.  Is. 
Our  National  Vice.    By  the  Rev.  William  Rkid,  D.D.,  Edinbu 

Paper  covers,  Od. ;  in  cloth  limp,  It. 

Philosophy  of  the  Temperance  Reformation,  The.    By  F.  Ax 

With  Preface  by  Dr.  P.  R.  Lkk.s,  P.S.A.     8d. 
Fleas  for  Abstinence,    A  Scries  of  Sermons  and  Addresses.    By  ] 

Canon  Fakrak.     Paper  covers,  -Id. 
Poets,  Painters  and  Flayers.    Bv  G.  W.  McCrke.  P^ier  covers 
Besults  of  Researches  on  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Bicoabd: 

Paper  covers,  Gd.  ;  cheap  edition.  Id. 

Six  Days'  Ckip  between  Sunday  and  Sunday:    How  Beat 

Bridge  it  Over.     By  Gkorgr  Whitk.     Paper  covert,  3d. 
Stimulants  in  Workhouses.     By  Dr.  NoR>iAN  Kerb.    3d. 
Talks  with  the  People  by  Sir  W.  Lawson.    Is. 
Temperance  Movement,  The.    By  Rev.  C;mon  KLiii9027.    Is. 
Temperance  Pulpit,  The.    A  Series  of  Dlscoursi.'S.    2s. 
Treatment  of  Inebriates,  The.    An  Appeal  to  the  Clcrg)'.    By 

N.  Kkbr.    (id. 
XInfiBrmented  Wine  a  Fact.    By  Norman  Kerr,  M.D.,  F.L.S.    ;i 
Vow  of  the  Nazarite,  The.   Sermon  by  Canon  Farkar.    Large  t 

4d. ;  ch«a\)  edirion,  Id. 

Women^B  Woxk.  Vn  \^^ ^^m^^T^.^ace  Beformation.    With  au  Id 
daction  by  M.t».  ^.  C  \i^\A»,    \%.  V»\. 

C 


TEMPERANCE    PUBLICATIONS. 


ANBODOTAIi, 

Babyloniaii  Caps.    By  a  Special  Commissioner.    With  introdaction  by 
Dr.  H.  W.  Williams.    Cloih,  gilt,  1b.  Gd. ;  illttimiiatM  paper  ooYen,  It.  ' 

Illustrated  Temperance  Anecdotes.    Compiled  by  the  Editor  of  the 
British  Workman.     1st  and  2nd  Seriea.    Cloth,  la.  od.  each. 

John  Ploughman's  Pictures.    More  Plain  Talk  for  Plain  People. 
By  Ret.  0.  H.  Spurgson.     lUastrated.    Fapar,  la. ;  oloth,  gilt,  2a. 

Xife  in  London  Alleys.    With  ReminiscenceB  of  Mary  McCarthy  and 
her  Work.    By  the  Kev.  Javbs  Ysamss.    2a. 

Kingled  Memories  in  a  Novel  Form.    By  Jabbz  Inwards.    Cloth, 
fa. ;  paper,  6d. 

Sunlight  and  Shadow,  or  Gleanings  from  my  Life-work.  By  John  B. 
Gk)UOH.    2a.  6d. ;  with  portrait  and  illastnttoni,  Ss.  6d.  i  cheap  edition,  6d. 

BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Autobiogrraphy  of  John  B.  Gou^h.    New  Edition,  brought  down 
to  1879.     8a.  6d.    A  cheap  edition,  with  paper  corera,  at  la. 

Autobiogrraphy  of  John  B.  Gtou^h  and  Personal  Becolleotiomr. 

A  reprint  of  the  American  Edition.    Cloth,  2a. ;  paper,  li. 

Autobiogrraphy  of  Joseph  Livesey.    9d. 

Clerical  Experience  of  Twenty-eight  Clerg^ymen  on  the  Tem- 
perance Qoestion.    la.  and  le.  6d. 

Conflict  and  Victory.  The  Autobiography  of  the  Author  of  "  The 
Sinner'a  Friend."    Edited  by  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall.     Si.  6d. 

Early  Heroes  of  the  Temperance  Reformation.  By  William 
LooAN.    Paper,  Is. ;  cloth,  2a. 

George  Easton's  Autobiography,    la  and  28. 

Gloaming  of  life,  The :  a  Memoir  of  James  Stirling.  By  Rev. 
Alixandkr  Wallack,  D.D.    Six  Bngravinga.    Se. ;  cheap  ed.,  6d.  and  la. 

Heroes  in  the  Strifie :  Sketches  of  Eminent  Abstainers.  By  F. 
Sherlock.    Ss.  6d. 

Illustrious  Abstainers.    By  F.  Sheblock.    Short  Sketches.    8s.  6  d. 

Joseph  Livesey;  A  Life  Story  and  its  Lessons.    By  F.  Sherlock.    Is. 

Joyful  Service.  A  Sketch  of  the  Life  and  Work  of  Emily  Streatfeild. 
By  her  Siater.    Sa. 

lAfeof  J.  M'Currey.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Balfour.  With  Portrait  2s.  6d. 

Memorials  of  Frances  Bidley  Haverg^l.  By  her  Sister,  M.  V.  G.  H. 
With  ateel  engraved  portrait.  6t. ;  cheap  edition,  doth,  li.  6d. ;  paper 
coTcra,  6d. 

Fen  Portraits  of  Illustrious  Abstainers.  By  G. W.  Bukoat.  With 
Thirty-two  portraita.     6a. 

Sketches  of  Lifie  and  Character.  By  Rev.  Alex.  Wallace,  D.D 
Paper,  le.  i  cloth,  2m, 


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TBMPBRANOB  LBQISLATION. 

! 

Allianoe  First  Prise  Essay,  The.    By  Dr.  F.  R  Lees.    Is.  6dL 
Clerical  Memorial  to  the  Bishops  on  latemperance.    la. 
Drink  Traffic  and  its  Evils.    By  W.  Hotls.    Id. 
Evidence  on  the  Forbes  Mackensie  Act.    6d. 

Evidence  on  the  Closing  of  Public  Houses  on  Sunday,  gi 

before  tbe  Select  Committee  on  Intempenmoe.  By  Edwabd  Whitwell. 

Local  Option  Speeches,  by  Sir  0.  Tufpeb,  C.B.,  &c.,  and  the  I 
Senator  Yidal,  of  Canada ;  and  Sir  Wilfrid  Lawson,  Bart,  M.P.     Id. 

<<  No  Case  "  against  the  XT.  X.  A.  and  the  Permissive  Bill :  a  R 
to  "  The  Case  "  issued  by  the  FroTinoial  Licensed  Victnallera  *  Def 
Leagne.     Is. 

Politics  of  Temperance.    Papers  issued  by  the  U.  E.  Alliance.    4 

Prohibition  and  Local  Option  in  the  United  States  and  Cans 

Statement  of  Mr.  Commissioner  J.  W.  Manning,  of  Ontario.     Id. 

Sir  W.  Lawson's  Local  Option  Speech  in  Midlothian.    2d. 

^  Sunday  Closing  in  Ireland :  how  it  Works.    Testimony  of  Ai 

J  and  County  Court  Judges,  Magistrates,  &o.     Id. 

'  Throne  of  Iniquity,  The  ;  or  Sustaining  Evil  by  Law.    By  1 

j  Albert  Barnes,  of  Philadelphia.     Id. 

I  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKS,  BY  S.  O.  HALL, 

Boons  and  Blessings  :  the  Advantages  of  Temperance.    Su 

and  Sketcheii.     By  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall.     6s. 

Old  Story,  An ;   a  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.    By  S.  C.  Hi 

F.S.A.    3d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The  :  a  Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.    By  S 

Hall,  F.S.A.     Price,   Is.     A   Drawing-room   Edition,   small   4io, 
Thirty-six  pages  prose  Notes,  handsomely  bound,  printed  on  fine  pa 
6s. 

BIRTHDAY    BOOKS. 
Blue  Bibbon  Birthday  Book,  with  FOrtndt  of  Major  PdOLE.     01 

gilt.  Is. 

Blue  Bibbon  Daily  Text  Book.    Cloth  gilt,  la.  6d. 

Kirton's  Temperance  Daily  Text  Book.  Cloth,  la.;  full  < 
morocoo,  or  russia,  28.  6d. ;  full  oalf,  or  moroeoo  oironit,  •!«. 

Shake BpeTiau  TeTEi-^ei^ii^^  "SaXvii^ax  «Ad  Birthday  Autogn 

Album,    lij  ioa«t^^V»^^^^^«    ^VaJCsi^^v^^v^^, 
S 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


STORIES    AT    FIVE    SHILLINQS. 

Bessie  Gtordon's  Story.     By  Maggie  Stminoton,  Author  of  '^  The 

Snow  Qneen/'  "  NeMie'i  Hero,"  and  ••  Working  to  Win."     Grown  8?o. 
Daisy  Snowflake'a  Secret.    By  Mrs.  G.  8.  Hsankt.    Gilt  edges. 
Flower  of  the  Ghrass  Market,  The.  By  the  A.nthor  of  ^^  Tim's  Troubles." 

Five  fnll-page  Illnttrationi.     Crown  8vo. 
links  in  Rebecca's  Life.    By  Panst.    Dlustrated. 
Sisters  of  Olencoe,  The  ;    or,  Letitia's  Choice.    By  Eva  Wmv. 

Haodsomely  bound. 
Three  People.    By  Panst.    A  Story  of  the  Temperance  Crusade  in 

America.     Twenty-nine  full-page  EngraTingi,  58.     Cheap  Edition,  with 

Frontitpieoe,  paper  oo?ert,  le.  6d. ;  clotb,  %b, 
Westons  of  Biverdale,  The.    By  E.  C.  A.  Allen. 

STORIES  AT  THREE  SHILLINGS  &  SIXPENCE. 

Blessing  and  Blessed,  a  Sketch  of  Qirl  Life.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet. 

Illastrated. 
Brought  to  Bay ;  or,  Experiences  of  a  City  Detective.    By  James 

M'GovAN.     ii'ictorial  boards,  28.  6d. ;  cloth,  gilt  edges,  8s.  6d. 
Bunch  of  Cherries,  A.    Gathered  and  strung  by  J.  W.  Kirton,  Author 

of  "  Buy  your  own  Cherries."     With  Illustrations. 
By  the  Trent.    By  Mrs.  Oldham,  Stroud.    £250  Temperance  Tale. 

Crown  8vo,  in  paper  covers,  Is. ;  in  doth  boards,  3s.  6d. 
Every-Day  Doings.    Prize  Tale.    By  Helena  Richardson.    Ilust 
Frank  Olofleld;  or,  Lost  and  Found.    Prize  Tale.    By  the  Rer. 

T.  P.  Wilson,  M.A.    Illustrated. 
Fanny  Lee's  Testimony.    By  Mrs.  Hanson.    Third  edition. 
Great  Heights  Gained  by  Steady  Efforts.    By  Rev.  T.  P.  Wilson. 

Illustrated. 
Hunted  Down ;  or,  Recollections  of  a  City  Detective.    By  James 

M'GoYAN.     Pictorial  boards,  28.  6d. ;  cloth,  silt  edges,  Ss.  6d. 
John  Lyon ;  or.  From  the  Depths.    By  Ruth  Elliott.    Cm.  8vo. 
Lionel  Franklin's  Victory.    By  E.  Van  Sommbe.   Second  Prize  Tale, 

1879.     With  Six  Engrarings.     Post  8vo. 
Owen's  Hobby.    Prize  Tale.    By  Elmer  Burleigh.  Six  Illustrations, 

aod  uniform  with  the  other  Prise  Tales  issued  by  the  Band  of  Hope  Union. 
Beuben  Gaunt.    The  Leeds  Prize  Novel.    By  Miss  Huddleston. 
Bose  Gumey's  Discovery.  A  Story  for  Girb.  By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet. 

Illustrated. 
Sought  and  Saved.    A  New  Story  by  M.  A.  Paull,  Author  of  **Tim's 

Troubles ;  or.  Tried  and  True."  Prise  Temperance  Tale,  1879.  Illnatrated. 
Step  by  Step;  or,  the  Ladder  of  Life.    A  New  Story  by  M.  A.  Paull, 

Author  ot  ••  Sought  and  Saved,"  "  Tim's  Troubles,"  "  The  Flower  of  the 

Grass  Market,"  Ac.     Four  full- page  Illustrations,  by  E.  C.  Woodyillb. 
Strange  Clues;   or.  Chronicles  of  a  City  Detective.    By  James 

M'GoTAN.     Ss.  6d. ;  paper  boards,  Ss.  6d. 
Tempter  Behind,  The.    By  John  Saunders,  Author  of  **  Abel  Drake*8 

Wife,"  "  Israel  Mort,   Oterman,"    "  The  Sherlocks,"  Ac.    Dedicated  by 

permission  to  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson.    Three  full-page  Ilhtstrationi.    A 

new  and  most  powerful  Stovy  of  high  literary  m^iit. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Tim^a  Troubles;    or,   Tried  and   True.     Prize  Tale,  beautif 

lUuBtiuted.     By  Mias  Paull. 
True  to  hie  Colours ;  or,  the  Life  that  Wears  Best.    By  the  ] 

T.  P.  Wilson,  M.A.,  Author  of  **  Frank  Oldfield."     8iz  EngraTuiscs. 
True  Hearts  make  Happy  Homes ;  or,  Vivians  of  woodifl 

By  Miie  M.  A.  Paull.     Illustrated. 
Una  montgomery.    By  Cartmi&l  Kino.    IlluBtrated. 
Waking  and  Working ;  or,  From  Oirlhood  to  Womanhood. 

Mrs.  G.  S.  Bkankt.     With  Frontispiece. 
West  Thorpe.  By  Alice  O'Hanlos.  Cloth  boards,  2s. ;  papeis  covexi 

STORIES  AT  TWO  SHILLINGKS  &  SIXPENCI 

Bar  Booms  at  Brantley,  The ;  or  The  Great  Hotel  SpeculatJ 

By  T.  S.  AuTHUR. 
Black  Speck,  The.    By  F.  W.  Robikson.    Dlustrated.    Cloth  hoe 
2h.  6d. :  fancy  paper  covers,  Is. 

Caroline  Strtet ;  or,  Little  Homes  and  Big  Hearts.     By  3d 
E.  KopRs.     Illustrated. 

Choice  Tales.    By  T.  S.  Artuur.    Illustrated. 

Dora's  Boy.    By  Mrs.  Ellen  I<ost9.    With  Illustrations.    Small  8^ 

Gerard  Mastyn,  the  Son  of  a  Genius.    A  Story  for  Young  I 
^  Illustrated.     By  £.  H.  Bur&age. 

ji  Harold  HastingH  ;  or,  the  Vicar's  Son.  Bv  J.  Yeamcs.   lUuslr 

I  His  Charge ;  or,  Comer-Crag  Chase.    By  Maggie  Fearn. 

His  Father ;   or,  A  Mother's  Legacy.    By  S.  K.  Hockdso.    B 

Her  Benny :  a  Story  of  Street  Life.    By  S.  K.  IIocking.   Uliistn 

Homes  Made  and  marred.    Illustruted. 

Horace  Harwood.    By  the  Author  or  **  The  Curate  of  West  Norti 

Illustruted. 

How  a  Farthing  made  a  Fortune.    By  AIn.  Bow>:n.    Illustrate 
John  Snow's  wife ;  and  otlier  Stories.    By  the  Rev.  C.  Coubte] 

and  other  writers.     Twelve  Illustrations. 
Lil  Grey;   or,  Arthur  Chester's  Couitship.    By  Mis.  E.  Be' 

Illustrated. 

More  Excellent  Way,  A ;  and  other  Stories  of  the  Women's  1 
perance  Crusade  in  America.     Bv  M.  K.  WiNSLow.     lUastrated. 

Neville  Hatherly :  a  Tale  of  Modem  English  Life.    With  Ii 

ductinu  by  Btknton  KAaDLKY,  B.A     Cloth  boards,  2s.  6d. ;  cloth  1 

Is.  Gd. 
Nora,  the  Lost  and  Bedeemed.    By  Mra.  Ltdia  Fo^xer.    2s 

and  Is.  Gd. 
People  of  Pentonby,    The.    By  Miss  Jessie  H.  3Iaxted.    \ 

Portrait  of  Mr.  S.  Morley,  M.P.,  and  Engravings,     Crown  Sto. 
Pledged  Eleven )  or,  Valentine's  Broken  Vows,  The.    By  Mac 

Fkau.s.     illustrated. 

Sire  and  Son :  A  Startling  Contrast,    By  Rev.  Amos  WnrrB. 
Story  of  Ten  Thousand  Homes.    By  Mis,  R.  O'Reillt.    lUustn 
Temperance  BtOTlem  Iot  the  Young.    By  T.  S.  Abthub,  Auth« 
**  Ten  Ni^hta  in  «l  'ftsA  ^v>ui'^     ^"tv^  VoW^i.^  Uloat rations. 

Until  tie  Qoa\  \>e  -B^aO^^'.^-  ^^  ^.^^^  \^^-Kn^ 
10 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


STORIES  AT  TWO  SHUiLINOS. 

Some  Books  at  ih%8  price  vfill  aUa  he  found  under  other  keadinge. 

At  the  Lion's  Mouth.    By  Mabt  D.  Chbllib. 

Barton  Bxperiment,  The.     Bjr  the  Author  of  *^  Helen's  Babies." 

lUnftrated. 
Beacon  Flashes.    By  Rev.  John  TnoMAS,  H.yj^.    Illustrated. 
Bird  Angel,  The.    By  M.  A.  Paull.    Illustrated. 

Blossom  and  Blight.    By  Miss  K.  A  Paull.    Illustnited. 

Brought  Home.    By  the  Authoress  of  ''  Jessica's  First  Ptayer." 

Clarence  Vane.    By  Mabt  D.  Ghkllzb. 

Ck>ventrys,  The.    By  Stuabt  Millsr.    Ololh  boards,  2b.  ;  paper  la 

Crosses  of  Chloe.    By  IGss  M.  A  Paull. 

Curse  of  the  Olaverings,  The.    By  Mrs.  Fbancbs  GnARAifE.    Cloth' 

boardf,  2f. ;  paper  coven,  la. 

Banesbury  House.    £100  Prize  Tale.    By  Mra  Hbubt  Wood.    Extra 

clotb,  2a. ;  paper  covers,  le. ;  limp  doth,  la.  6d. 
Danger  Signals.    A  volume  of  Temperance  Tales.    ByF.  M.HoLMSfl. 

Hqoare  mo.     Thirteen  lUnatrationa. 

Drift :  a  Story  of  Waifs  and  Strays.     By  Mis.  a  L.  Baj^foub. 

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Oloth  hoarda,  28. ;  paper  ooTera,  la. 
Effie  Bavmond's  JA&  Work.    By  Jrannib  Bell. 
Fallen  Minister,  The.     By  Rev.  John   Massok,  Dundee.     Cloth 

hoards,  2a. ;  paper  oovera,  la. 
Fiery  Circle,  The.    By  the  Rey.  James  Stuabt  Vauoizan,  A.M. 

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George  Harrington.    Bv  Dayid  Mackae.    Extra  Cloth,  28.;  paper 

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Gleneme.    A  Tale  of  Village  Life.    By  Frances  Pallisbb     Extra 

cloth,  2a. ;  paper  covera,  la. ;  limp  cloth,  la.  6d. 
Grace  Myers ;  and  other  Tales.    By  T.  8.  Arthtjb.    Cloth,  gilk,  28. 

paper  covera,  la. 
Isobel  Jardine*s  History.      By  I^Irs.  Harsiet  Miller  DAvmsoir. 

Cloth  boarde,  28. ;  paper  covera,  la. 
Kenneth  Lee.    By  James  Qalbraith. 
King's  Highway ;  or,  Illustrations  of  the  Commandments.    By 

Richard  Nkwton,  D.D.     niaatrated. 
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boar  da,  2a. ;  paper  oovera,  la. 

Light  at  Last.    By  Mi&  C.  L.  Balfour.    Cbth  boards,  2s. ;  paper. 

covera,  la. 
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Merryweathers,   The.    A  Temperance   Story.    By   Mrs.   Wiglbt. 

With  Frontiapiece.  • 

Mrs.  Burton's  Best  Bedroom.     By  the  Anthor  of  '*  Jeadca's  Fint 

Prayer."     Illaatrated. 
My  Parish.    By  Miss  M.  A.  Paulu 
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Out  of  the  Fire.    By  tlie  Author  of  "  Clarence  Vane." 

Bachel  Noble's  Experience.    £105  Prize  Tale.    By  BnucK  Edwjuii 

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Is.;  Ump  cloth,  li.  6d. 
Bev.  Dr.  Willoughby  and  his  Wine.    By  Mabt  Spriso  Walke 

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Shadow  on  the  Home,  The.    By  C.  Duncan. 
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Sydney  Startin;    or,  Time  will  Tell.    By  Mrs.  Wilson.     Clo 

boards,  2a. ;  paper  ooTora,  li. 
Ten  Niehts  in  a  Bar-room.    By  T.  S.  Arthub     Illustrated. 
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Tom  Allardyoe.     By  Mrs.  Flower,  Author  of  *^WyYiIle  Comi 

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covers,  Is. ;  limp  doth,  Is.  6d. 
Two  Students,  The.    A  Tale  of  Early  Scottish  Times.    By  Rev.  1 

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STORIES  AT  ONE   SHILLING  AND  SIXPENCE 

8om£  Books  will  also  hefouvd  under  other  headings  at  this  pricg. 

Alec  Green.     By  S.  K.  Hocktkg.     Crown  8yo,  cloth,  gilt,  Is.  6( 

paper  covers,  1". 
Brewer's  Son,  The.    By  Mrs.  Elltp. 
Burton  Brothers.    By  Laura  L.  Pratt.    Illustrated 
Candle  Lighted  by  the  Lord,  A :  a  Life  Story.    By  Mrsw  Ro 

, lllu»trated. 

Cast  Adrift.    By  T.  S.  Artuur. 

Devil's  Chain,   The.    By  the  Author  of  *'Ginx's  Baby."     Is.  i 

Paper  covers,  Is. 
Facts  to  Impress,  Fancies  to  Delight.    By  F.  T.  Gammon. 
Fearndale.    By  W.  A.  Hakdy. 
Flower  of  the  Flock,  The.    By  3Irs.  Ellen  Robb,  Author  of  " 

Candle  Lighted  bj  the  Lord." 
Grandfather's    Legacy;    or,  The  Brewer's  Fortune.     By  Mart 

CiTKLLIS. 

Holmedale  Rectory :  its  Eicperienccs,  Influences,  and  Burroundinj 

By  M.  A.  R 
Ingle'-Nook  ;  or,  Stories  for  the  Fireside.  By  the  Rev.  J.  Yeabies.  lilu 
Jewelled  Serpent,  The. 
Job  Tufton :  A  Story  of  Life  Struggles.    By  Mrs.  C.  L  Balfou 

llluttrated. 
Just  any  One,  and  other  Stories.    Three  Illustrations.    By  BIra.  G.  I 

Kka.net. 
Little  Mother  Mattie.    By  Mm.  E.  Ross     Illustrated. 
Lord^B  PuTse-Bfe«tT^Tft,  The.    By  IIesba  Stretton. 
MancheateT  "ELoma^.   ^c^L\A^i  ckl'^'?;^  K\!^T«cLtices.  By  J.  Caxvs  Stori 

With  eight  !tA\.y*^\\Vix«^^'^^^'«»- 

12 


ts*- 


TEMPERANCE  PUBLICATIONS. 


Kay's  Sixpence  ;  or,  Waste  Kot,  Want  Kot.    By  M.  A.  Paull.  . 
Kiss  DCargaret's  Stories.     By  a  Cltigyman*s   Wife,  Author   of 

**  Eatie'B  CoanMl/*  &e.     lUoBtrated. 
My  Little  Comer.    For  Mothers'  Meetbgs,  &c    Blastrated. 
Old  Sailor's  Yam,  An,  and  Other  Sketches  of  Daily  JAfe.    Illiut 
Plain  Words  on  Temperance.     Short  Stories  by  Rey.  C.  Ooubtnat. 
Plucked  from  the  Burning'.    By  Lauba  L.  Pratt.    Illustrated. 
Bag  c^cl  Tag.    A  Plea  ibr  the  Waifs  and  Strays  of  Old  Engltfod 

By  Mrs.  £.  J.  Whittakbb.     With  ten  full-page  lUustrationi. 
Satisfied.    By  Catherine  W.  Trowbridgb.    Illustrated. 
Starlight  Temperance  Tracts.    Two  Vols.,  Is.  6d.  each. 
Strange  Sea  Story,  A. 
Stony  B.oad,  The.    A  Tale  of  Humble  Life.    By  the  Author  of  **  The 

Friend  in  Need  Papers."     Illustrated. 
Stories  for  Willing  Ears.    By  T.  S.  £.    Illustrated. 
Sunshine  Jenny,  and  other  Stories.    lUust.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Rennet. 
Sunbeam  Willie,  and  other  Stories.    Illust.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Heanbt. 
Thirty  Thousand  Pounds,  and  other  Sketches  of  Daily  life.    Illust. 
Twilight  Taxes  for  Tiny  rolk.    Illustrated. 
Wee  Donald.    A  Story  for  the  Young.    By  the  Author  of  •'  Tlie  Stony 

Road.''     Illustrated. 

STORIES  AT  OMB  SHILLING. 

Some  Books  will  also  he  fownd  wnder  other  J^eadings  at  this  price. 

Arthur  Douglass.    By  J.  Whytb.    Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 

Bit  of  Holly.  A.     Illiistrat^l. 

Broken  Merchant.  The.    Bv  T.  S.  ARTnuB. 

Burnish  Family,  The.    By  Mrs.  Balfour.    Paper,  6d. ;  limp  doth,  Is. 

Buy  your  own  Oherries,  and  other  Tales.    By  J.  W.  Kirton. 

Boar's  Head,  The.    By  M.  A  Paull. 

Ohips.    By  S.  K.  Hocking.    Illustrated. 

Olub  Night:  AVillage  Record.   By  Mrs.  Baltour.  With  Illustrationa, 

Oome  Home,  Mother.    A  Story  for  Mothers.    With  Illustrations. 

Oousin  Alice.    A  Prize  Juvenile  Tale.    Cloth,  Is. ;  paper  covers,  6d. 

Oousin  Bessie.    A  Stoir  of  Youthfhl  Earnestness.     With  Illustrationa 

Daddy's  Pet.    A  Sketch  of  Humble  Life.    With  Six  Illustrations. 

Danger ;  or   Wounded  in  the  House  of  a  Friend. 

Digging  a  Grave  with  a  Wine  Glass.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Hall. 

Drunkard's  Wife,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthur. 

Fast  Life ;  or.  the  City  and  the  Farm.    Paper,  Od. ;  cloth.  Is. 

Fortunes  of  Fairleigh,  The.    Paper,  6d.  *  cloth,  la 

Frank  Spencer's  Bule  of  Life.  By  J.  W.  Kirton.  "With  Illustratioiia. 

Frank  west;  or,  The  Struggles  of  a  Village  Lad.    Attractive 

binding.     Illustrated. 

From  Dark  to  Light ;  or,  Voioes  from  the  Slums.    By  a  Delver. 

Illustrated. 
Giants,  and  How  to  Fight  Them.   By  the  Rev.  Dr.  Newton.  Illust 
Glimpses  of  Beal  Lii^.    By  Mrs.  Balfoxtr.    Paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is. 
Half-Hour  Headings.    By  Kev.  C.  Courtenat.    Paper  covers. 
How  Paul's  Penny  Became  a  Pound.    By  Mrs.  Bowbn. 
How  Peter's  Pound  became  a  Penny.    By  the  Author  of  "  Jack 

the  Conqueror."     With  Illostrations. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


Juvenile  Temperance  Stories.    By  Various  Authora.    Two  Vols. 

Is.  each. 
Jenny's  Geranium  j  or,  the  Prise  Flower  of  a  IfOndon  Court. 
John  Oriel's  Start  in  Life.    Bv  Mart  nowrrr.    With  many  Illust 
John  Tre^noweth,  his  Kark.    By  Mark  Got  Pearse.    25  Ulast 
Katie's  Counsel,  and  other  Stories.   By  a  Clei^gyman's  Wife.   Illast 
I«athams,  The.    Paper,  6d. ;  doth,  Is. 
Little  Blind  May. 

Little  Blue  Jacket,  and  other  Stories.  By  Miss  M.  A.  Paull.  Illust 
Little  Captain,  The.  A  Touchiug  Story  of  Domestic  Life.    By  Ltkd] 

Palmer.    lUostrated. 
Little  Joe.  A  Tale  of  the  Pacific  Hallway.  By  Jahes  BomncE,  Autha 

of  "  The  Last  of  the  Tasm&niani." 
Little  Mike's  Char^. 
Mind  Whom  you  Marry ;  or,  The  Gardener's  Daughter.    By  thi 

Be7.  C.  G.  RowE. 
Mother's  Blessing,  and  other  Stories.    Illustrated. 
More  than  Conquerors.     By  F.  Sherlock.    lUostrated. 
Mother's  Last  Words,  Our  Father's  Care,  &c.    By  Mrs.  Seweli 
Never  Give  Up.    A  Christmas  Story  for  Working  Men  and  their  Wires 

Bt  Nelsie  Brook. 
Nelly's  Dark  Days.    With  Six  full-page  lUustrations.    By  the  Autho 

of  *'  JcBsica'B  First  Prayer." 
No  Gains  without  Pains.    A  True  Story.    By  n.  C.  Knigrt. 
Nothing  Like  Example.    By  Nelsik  bitooK.    With  Engravings. 

Passages  in  the  Historv  of  a  Shilling.    By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Balfour. 
Passages  from  the  History  of  a  Wasted  Life.      Eight  first-dss 

wood  engravingi.     Paper,  6d;  cloth,  Is. 
Bitter  Bill,  the  Cripple.  A  Juvenile  Tale.  Cloth,  Is.;  paper  covers,  6d 
Bob  Rat.    A  Story  ol 'Barge  Life.   By  Mark  Gut  Peabse.    Illustrated 

Bose  of  Cheriton.    By  Mrs.  Sewell.    Cloth,  Is. ;  paper,  6d. 
Seven  Men.    By  the  Countess  de  Gabparin,  with  Introduction  by  J 

M.  Weylland.     Frontispiece. 
Seven  Phials.  The ;  or,  the  Doctor's  Dream.     By  the  Author  o 

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St.  Mungo's  Curse.    By  M.  A.  Faull. 
Tales  from  Life,  for  Mothers'  Meetings,  &c.    By  IIexiiietta  S 

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Tiny  Tim,  his  Adventures  and  Acquaintances.  A  Story  of  Londoi 

Life.    %*  Francis  Horner.     Illustrated. 
Toil  and  Trust ;  or,  Life  Story  of  Patty,  the  Workhouse  Qirl 

By  Mrs.  Balfour.     Illustrations. 
Told  With  a  Purpose.    Temperance  Papers  for  the  Peopla  By  Rei 

J.  Yeaues.     Illnstrated. 
Una's  Crusade,  and  other  Stories.    By  Adeline  Sehoeabt.  Illast 
Under  the  Old  Roof.    By  Hesba  Stretton.    lUuslpated. 
Wanderings  of  a'&V\A«^«iSidLl£<7  Mother's  Bible.  With  Illustratioiu 
Water  Wa&£&,  The.    K^'Ver^  ck\C*%a^^&«t^\^^^   By  Eboca  Leslie 

14 


TBMPBRANCB   PUBLICATIONS. 


Wee  Dan ;  or.  Keep  to  the  Right    By  A.  R  Tatlob. 

What  of  the  Night  P  A  Temperance  Tale  of  the  Times.   By  Mabiabub 

Fabningham. 
When  the  Ship  Came  Home,  and  other  Stories.  By  J.  W.  DuNaXT. 

Ulnstrated.  ' 

Widow  Green  and  Her  Three  Nieces.    By  Mrs.  Ellis.  With  Blast 
Widow  Clarke's  Home  and  what  Changed  it.  By  Bev.G.  CoubtnAT. 
Widow's  Son,  The.    By  T.  S.  Abthur. 
Willie  Heath  and  the  House  &ent.    By  William  Lxaxb,  D.D. 

STORIES    AT    SIXPBNCEL 

Some  Books  will  aUo  he  found  under  other  headinge  <U  th%9  priee^ 

Barton  Experiment,  The.    By  Author  of  **  Helen's  Babies." 

Birdie's  Mission.    By  Birdib,  E.  S.    lUostrated 

Black  Bob  of  Bloxleigh ;   or,  We  Can  Bee  Through  It.    With 

lUnBtratioDB.    By  the  Rev.  James  Teames. 
Black  Bull,  The.   By  the  Widow  of  a  Publican.   A  Stoiy  f  or  the  Timesw 

"  Buy  Your  Own  Cherries."  Prose  Edition.  By  J.  W.  Kibton.  Illust 

Cabinet  of  Temperance  Tales. 

Castle  in  Trust,  The.    By  J.  W.  Dungbt.    Illustrated. 

Christopher  Thorpe's  Victory.    By  Nelsib  Bboox. 

Dick,  The  News  Boy.    By  Key.  Thomas  Eetno&th. 

Drunkard's  Son,  The ;  or,  the  Autobiography  of  a  Publican. 

Sight  Bells  and  their  Voices,  The. 

SfSe   Forrester,    and  other   Popular   Stories.     Reprinted  oom 

«  Meliora."     By  M.  A.  Paull.     With  original  S'rontiipieoe. 
Herbert  Owen.    By  M.  M.  Hunter. 
Highway  to  Honour,  The.    By  Mrs.  J.  B.  Hill. 
How  Jeremy  Chisselpence  Solved  the  Bona  Fide  Traveller  Ques- 

tioD.     By  Freeman.    Paper  covers. 
Jack  in  the  Water.    Bv  D.  G.  Paine.    Ulnstrated. 
John  Worth ;  or,  the  Drunkard's  Death, 
lattle  Merev's  Mantle.    By  Annie  Preston. 
Ijittle  Teachers.    By  Nell  a  Parker.    Illustrated. 
Macleans  of  Skorvoust,  The.    By  John  Meiklb. 
Martin  Drayton's  Sin.    By  Nellie  Bllib. 
Matt  Stubbs'  Dream.    By  Mark  Gut  Pearsb. 
Motherless  Alice.    By  Helen  Crickmaur.   lUostrated. 
Mother's  Place.    By  Mina  E.  Goulding. 
Mother's  Old  Slippers.    ByMra  Thatcher. 
Murray  Ballantyne,  the  Heir  of  Tillingford.    Illnstrated. 
My  Nelly's  Story.    By  Adelaide  Sergeant.    Illustrated. 
No  Work,  No  Bread.    By  the  Author  of  ''  Jessica's  First  Prayer." 
Headings  for  the  Youne.   Short,  well- written  Stories.  In  paper  corenu 
Bomance  of  a  Bag,  and  other  Stories.    By  M.  A.  Paull. 
Saved  in  the  Wreck.    By  J.  £.  Chadwicx.    lUostnitecL 
Scrub.    By  Mrs.  0.  L.  Balfour. 
Shadow  of  a  Shame,  The.    By  T.  Liohtfoot. 
Short  Stari^<«T«»p.rano..    ByT.H.ByAH*  ^^ 


SMALLER  STC 
A^es  Uaiiland.  A  P> 
All  a  Fack  of  Nonaeiu 

pormnce  Tsle  tor  Cbildi 

Baby's  Aman.    A  Sugj 
Beneath  the  SurfiMe. 
Big  Tom.    By  Jaius  0. 
Buy  Tour  Own  OlieRi 
Caught  in  Bu  Own  T 

Bj  T.  H.  Btaks.  Id. 
Chrlatmaa  Stories  for  i 

1.  Lame  DLck'i  Laotera. 

5.  Aliek'i  ChrutmM  Box. 
8.  TheFoe,  uidHoirtoF 
4.  Betty'i  Bright  IdM. 
B.  Bob. 

6.  OnrPoU, 

Circled  by  Firo.     By  Ji 
Cripple  for  Iiife,  A.    i 


i>reM  and  Dri&k.    Sd. 
Drunkard's  Bible   The. 
Drunken  F.nher,  The. 

of  ■■  TIiP  T.irmrt't  Boy,' 


•jv-'-K    i^ 


TEMPERANCE   ^UBLICATIONS. 


J.  W.  Kirton'fl  Fenny  Series.    Id.  each. 


•'  rn  Vote  for  You  if  You'U  Vote  for 

Me." 
Never  Game,  and  you  oan't  Gamble. 
Polly  PraU'e  Secret  for  Maldng  Notei. 
Take  oare  of  joar  **  'Tie  BaU." 
The  Wonder-working  Beditead. 
Two  Waye  of  Keepiofir  a  Holiday. 
Tim*8  Tobacco  Box's  Birthday. 


Boy  yonr  own  Cherriei. 

Boy  yonr  own  Goose. 

Boild  yonr  own  Honse. 

Christmas  «'Tis  Bnts." 

How  Baohel  Hnnier  bought  her  own 

Oherries. 
"Help  Myself  Society.*' 
How  Sam  Adams'  Pipe  became  a  Pig. 

Just  for  a  Lark.    A  Tale  for  Working  Men.    By  T.  H.  Eyams.    Id. 

Just  to  Please  Somebody.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Heanet.    Id 

Kiss  of  Death ;  or,  the  Serpent  in  our  own  Eden.    By  the  Kev.  J. 

£.  VfiBNON,  M.A.    4d. 
Lina ;  or,  Nobody's  Darling.    By  Mis.  G.  8.  Reanet.    2d. 

lattle  Captain,  The.     A  Touching  Story  of  Domestic  Lif&     By 

Ltmde  Palmer,     Id.     Sixty.fifth  Toonsand. 
Man  who  could  do  Impossibilities,  A.    By  T.  U.  Evans.    Id. 

Man  Without  a  Fault,  A.    A  Domestic  Story.    By  T.  H.  Evaks.    lil. 

No  Boom  at  Home.    A  new  Christmas  Story.    By  Mrs.  G-.  8.  Kbavby  . 

With  an  lUnatration  by  Thomas  Faed,  R.A.    3d. 
Old  Man^s  Story,  The.    A  Ballad  by  Mrs.  Sewkll.    3i1. 

One  Friendly  Glass ;  or,  Giles  Fleming's  two  Ghristmases.    By  John 

McLAuaHLTN.    A  Story  in  Verse.    8d. 
Our  Ben.  By  Mrs.  Reanet.  With  an  Illustration  by  Mrs.  E.  M.  Wahd.  2d. 

Our  Harry.    A  New  Year's  Address.    By  Fbedeuick  Sherlock.    Id. 

Only  One.    A  Story  for  Christian  Workers.    By  Alice  Price.    Id. 

Put  on  the  Break,  Jim.    Id. 

Poor  Little  Me ;  or,  a  little  Help  is  worth  a  great  deal  of  Pity.    By 
Mrs.  G.  S.  Bran'ey.    8d. 

Prayed  Home.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  IIeaket.    Id. 

Saved  b^  Hope.   Kew  Year's  Address.    Bv  F.  Sherlock.   Id. 

Sermon  in  Baby*8  Shoes,  A.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet,  with  an  Illus- 
tration by  George  Gruiksbank.     2d. 

Scotland's  Soaith ;  or,  the  History  of  Will  and  Jean.    By  Hector 
H*Nbill.    Id. 

Shadow,  The :  How  it  came  and  went  away.    4d. 

Sorry  forit.  A  Temperance  Story  for  Children.  By  Ursula  Gardneb.  2d. 

Tales  from  Life.   Six  Stories.   By  H.  S.  and  E.  Streatfield.  Id.  each. 

Tear  firom  the  Bye  of  a  Needle,  A.    By  T.  H.  Evans.    Id. 

Teetotal  Tim.    A  Temperance  Story.   By  the  Rey.  0.  Courtbnat.   2d. 

The  Devil-Drink  Family.    By  Rev.  P.  B.  Power,  M.A    2d. 

Timothy  Kitt's  Story.    By  Mrs.  G.  S.  Reanet.    Id. 

Tom  Bounce's  Dream.    By  the  Rev.  G.  Cocrtenat.    ld« 

Tommy  Barlow.    By  Primrose.    Id. 

Unsafe;  or.  Mother  Crippled  Me.    By  Alice  Price.    Id. 

TXnsteady  Hand,  The.    By  T.  S.  Arthctr.    2d. 

Why  She  Did  It.    A  Story  for  Sunday  School  Teachers.    By  Mrs.  G. 
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Young  Crusaders,  The;  or,  Every  Man  a  Hero.    By  Rer.  JottK  B. 
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W 


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POETRY. 

Harold  Glynde.  A  Pocdl  By  Edwabd  Foskett.  Pitiper  covers,  6d. 
oloth  boardp,  1b.  6d. 

Iffark  Manley's  Bevenge.  By  John  McLaughlin.  Pftper  coven,  U 
Mary  of  Oarway  Farm ;  the  Despised  Warning.  By  Habbut  Cavs.  2d 
Hilly's  Mission ;  or,  Harry  and  his  ^lother.    By  Harbikt  Cays.    Sd 

Old  Story,  An.    A  Temperance  Tale  in  VerseL    By  S.  C.  Hall,  F.S.  A 

Barristcr-at.Law,  &e.     3fl. 
One   Friendly   Glass;    or,  Giles   Fleming's  Two  Xmases.     By  J 

McLaughlin.    Paper  covers,  8d. 
Poems  and  Hymns.    By  G.  T.  Costbb.    Ss. 
Professor  Alcoholico,   the   Wonderftil   Magician.     By  JosEn 

Malins.     IllxistrationB  by  G.  H.  Bbbnabconi.     le.  6d. 
Squire  Hardman's  Daughter.    By  John  McLauohlih.    2c.6dL 

Story  of  Xing  Alcohol,  The.    By  Sidney  Ireland.    8d. 

Trial  of  Sir  Jasper,  The.  A  Temperance  Tale  in  Versa  By  8.  C 
Hall,  F.S. A.  Is.  A  Drawing  Boom  Kdition,  with  Thiity^iix  Page 
of  Prose  Notes,  handsomely  bonnd,  printed  on  fine  paper,  5s. 

Unveiled.    A  Vision.    By  Edward  Foskett.    8a. 

Vision  cf  the  Night,  A.  By  Mrs.  Sewbll,  author  of  "  Mother's  Las 
Worde,'*  &c.    i'Mper  covers,  4d. 

Weal  and  Woe  of  Caledonia.  By  John  Anderson.  Paper  6d.,cloth  li 

RECITERS,   READERS,   &c. 

Abstainer's  Companion,  The.  A  Collection  of  Original  Temperano 
Keadiogs  in  Proso  and  Verse  (being  £vans*$  Temperance  Annuid  *■(> 
1R77-8.9,  1S80-1S).     Two  voK,  It.  Ad.  eneh.    Donbii*  vol.  2*.  aRd2<^6d 

Amethyst,  The.    Readings  in  Pirose  and  Verse.  By  F.  Sheklock.  1& 

Band  of  Hope  Series  of  Becitations  issued  by  the  Scottish  Tem 

perancA  League.    Nos.  1  and  S,  Id.  each. 
Brooklet  Reciter  for  Temperance  Societies  and  Bands  of  Hope 

By  H.  A.  Glazebrook.    Cloth,  boards,  gilt,  la.  6d. 
Casket  of  Temperance  Readings  in  Prose.     Second  Edition.   I 

choice  selection,  snituble  tor  joung  people.     350  pages.    Is.  6d. 
Drops  of  Water.      A  volume  of   Tempemnoe    Poems.     By  Ell 

Wheeleb.    With  Frontispiece  portrait  of  the  Anthonsa.    Is. 

Echoes  from  the  Well.     Readings  and  Recitationa    By  Cobne< 

Sisijju.Nos.     Taper  covers,  4d. 

Every  Band  of  Hope  Boy's  Beciter,  containing  Original  Redtatioci 
Dialogues,  Ac,  By  S.  Kmowlks.  Eighteen  Kmobwrs,  Id.  each.  Two  paru 
Cd.  each.    Volume,  Is. 

Xir ton's  Band  of  Hope  Reciter.    Boaids,  la;  doth  gilt,  Is.  6d. 
Xirton's  Standard  Temperance  Beciter.    Boards,  la;  d.  gilt,  la  6d 

Leaflet  Beciter,  for  Bands  of  Hope.     By  T.  H.  Evjjni     ftckcli 

1  and  %^  ^Q  aa«OT\AdL  V^  eiMi,V\^  6d.  each. 

T«mp«taxiQ)b  Ox^xax.   K.  ^^^vtdkRL «{  From  wad  Posiiy 

with  DiaVoswLC^'    'a^SX^^VS  ^^awa'U^'^ir^'sxt    '^^^ 
18 


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National  Temperance  Beader.    Recitations,  ReadiDgs  and  DialogOMi 

in  prose  tnd  Terse,  original  and  selected.    Imperial  IGmo.    16  pafl;efl|  with 

oolonrtd  wrapper.     Honthly  Partem  commenoii^  October,  1S81,  Id.  ea^k. 

First  tweWe  parts  in  packet,  Is. ;  in  toL,  cloth,  boards,  gilt,  Is.  6d. 
Vew  Band  of  Hope  Beciter.    Paper  covers,  3dL ;  cloth  boards,  6d. 
New  Temperance  Beciter,  and  Teetotaler's  uand-book.    Riper 

coTsrs,  $d.  s  doth  boards,  6d.    The  two  vols,  together  in  oioth  boards,  ls« 
Onward  Beciter,  The.    11  vols..  Is.  6d.  each. 

Original  Temperance  Beciter,  The.  By  ThokabFeatiibrstonb.  4d. 
Pocket  Temperance  Beciter,  The.    Prose  and  Poetry  select^^  ^m 

the  best  writers.     Six6h  Edition.     800  pages,  Is. 
Popular  Temperance  Beciter.  By  A.  Sabgakt.  Two  Ptffts.  2d.  each. 
Picture  Gallery  of  fiacchus.    Readings  on  Public  Hotise  Signa  By 

T.  H.  KvAKS.    lllostrated.    Is. 
Prise  Pictorial  Beadinge,  in  Prose  and  Verse.   Illastrating  all  Phases 

of  the  Tesaperanoe  Qaestion.     40  original  Woodcuts.    \7^  P^R^  2s. 
Bainbow  Beadings.  Being  a  selection  from  **  Prize  Pictorial  Readings.*' 

114  pages,  iUnstrated,  Is. 
Beadings  for  Winter  Gatherings,  Temperance  and  Vothers* 

Meetings.    Edited  by  the  Bev.  Jauis  Flrk ino.    1st,  2nd,  and  Srd  seriet. 

Is.  6d.  each. 
Becitations  and  Dialogues  for  Bands  of  Hope.    In  48  penny  ntim 

bers.    Price  Id.  each.    Nos.  1  to  6,  7  to  12, 13  to  18,  in  ports,  6d.  each. 

Nos.  1  to  12,  in  cloth.  Is.  Cd. 
8tar  Beciter,  The.    A  Collection  of  Prcse  and  Poetical  Gems  from 

British  and  American  Anthors.     Bj  J.  A  Febguson.     Is.  8d. 

Temperance  Dialogues  and  Becitations,  in  Prose  and  Verse.  Piaper 

coTers,  6d. 
Temperance  Orator,  The :  comprising,  Speeches,  Readings,  Dialogues, 

and  lllastrations  of  the  E^il  of  Intemperance.     By  Professor  Duncan.     Is. 

Temperance  Speaker;  or,  The  Good  Templars' Reciter.    ByProressor 

Duncan.    Is. 
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and  rroBO.     Parts  1  and  2,  6d.  each ;  complete,  in  paper  boards.  Is. 

DIALOGUES,   ENTERTAINMENTS,   &o. 

Bark  Cure,  The.     For  Five  Females  and  One  Male.      By  T.  H. 

Etans.    Id. 
Brothers,  The ;  or.  Lost  and  Found.     A  Temperance  Drama  for 

elpven  Oharacters.    By  William  Aldbidoi,  Jan.    Id. 
Oaught  at  Last.     For  Three  Males  and  Two  Females.     By  T.  H. 

Evans.    Id. 
Darning  a  Cobweb.    A  Humorous  Dialogue  for  Two  Young  Women. 

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Fast  Asleep.    Dialogue  for  Six  Males  and  One  Femala    By  T.  H. 

Evans.    Id. 
Frank  Foster's  Foe.     For  Two  Males  and  Two  Females.    By  T.  H. 

Eyaxs.    3d. 


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By  S.  M.  GiDLET.    6d. 
Harriet  Harland's  Husband.     Dialogue  for  two  LacUes  and  I 

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Juvenile  Frolic,  The ;  or,  The  Teetotal  Ohairman  in  a  Fix. 

Thomas  Fkatubbstonb.  Id. 
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Thomas  Fbathkbstonk.  2d. 
Kirton's  School  and  Temperance  Dialogues*     Fcap.   8to, 

cilt,  In.  6d. 

Milly  Morton^s  Mistake ;  or,  The  Little  Missionary.    A  Dialogue 
two  Ladies,  one  Gentleman,  and  a  iittJe  Girl.     By  T.  S.  Etans.     Id. 

Moderation  tersua  Total  Abstinence,  and  other  Dialogues. 

B.  E.  C.    8d. 
Mysterious  Stranger,  The.  A  Dialogue  for  Three  Toung  Men.   Bj 

H.  Evans.     Id. 
Kancy  Nathan's  Nosegay.    A  Temperance  Operetta  for  a  Ladr 

Gentleman.     By  T.  U.  Evans.     Eightu  Edition.     Sd. 
National  Sobriety.    A  Dialogue  between  a  Physician,  Publican,  ; 

a  Parson.    By  Kov.  Dawson  Bvbns.    Id. 
Original  and  Complete  Temperance  or  Sand  of  Hope  Enl 

tainment,  An.     By  M.  T.  Yatrs.     8d. 
Out  of  the  World.    Humorous  Dialogue  for  two  Young  Men. 

T.  H.  EvAxs.    Id. 
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for  single  Recitation.    By  Thomas  Fkathkbsto.ve.     2d, 

Rhyming  Temperance  Advocate.    A  complete  Temperance  31a  I 

in  verse.     By  T.  Ffatuerstone.     2d. 
Selina  Selby's  Stratagem ;  or,  The  Three  Cripples.    A  Tempera 

Entertainment  for  two  Ladies  and  fonr  Gentlemen.    By  T.  ZL  Evans. 

Something  more  dangerous  than  Fire,  and  other  Dialogaes. 
S.  £.  C.     Paper  covers,  3d. 

Something  to  their  Advantage*  A  Dialogue  for  five  Young  Men. 

T.  H.  Evans.     Id. 
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Teetotalism  Triumphant.     A  Tragio-Comic  Dramatic  Sketch, 

twenty  Characters.     3d. 

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Poetry  and  Prose.     6d. 
Temperance  Minstrels.    An  Evening's  Entertainment  for  three  CI 

octers.  By  T.  DowRixo.  )d. 
Tippler's  Blunder,  The.   For  a  Lady  ami  Gentleman  and  two  11 

Gvrli.    3d. 

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Tiial  of  PaneAd  Alcohol.    A  companion  to  tlio  Trial  of  Jolm  Bartey- 

eom.    By  Thomas  GBirrrrRs.    Rd. 
Srial  of  John  Barleyoom,  alias  Strong  Drinlr.  By  F.BbabdbaIiI.  3S. 
Trial  of  Dr.  Abstinence,  Temperance  Advocate;  or,  the  Trial  of 

John  Barlejoorn  reT«rsad.     By  Tboxas  FiATUSBfTONS.    Sd. 
Trial  of  Suits  at  the  Brewster  Sessions*  A ;   or,  A  Laugh  on  the 

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Trial  of  Sir  Timothy  Traffic.    By  T.  FBATQKii0roH&    8d. 

Trials  ana  Troubles  of  an  Aspiring  Publican.    An  Entcrtaimnent 

for  dghteMi  Ghamotert.    2d. 
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8d.    A  Buid  of  HoM  8nt«Ttaiiimeiit 
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Vacant  Chair,  The.  An  Onginal  Sketch.  Bv  two  W.'s.  5th  Edition.  9d. 
Village  Bane,  The ;  or.  Two  High  Boads  of  Ziife.    A  Tempeirance 

Drama  in  Three  Acts.     By  A.  MouLDi.    Sd. 
Vincent  Varlev's  Vision.    A  Dialogue  for  four  Oharactert.    8d. 
Walter  Wyndham's  Whim.    For  Four  Males  and  Two  Females.  BjT 

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Why  Matthew  Mason  could  not  eat  Ids  Supper.    A  Dialogue  for  a 
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TEMPEBANCE  MUSIC,   SONGS,  HYMNS,  &o. 

Adviser  Album,  of  Hymns  and  Temi^erance  Songs.    In  Tonic  SoLfia, 

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Band  of  Hope  Treasury  Music.    Both  notations.    G  Kos.  Id.  each ; 

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Book  of  Song  for  Bands  of  Hope,  compiled  by  the  Rev.  Jambs 

YiAMFS.     Id.  and  2d.     Masio  and  Words,  paper.  Is.  (Sd.;  oloU),  2s.  6d« 
British  Band  of  Hope  Melodist.    450th  thousand.    Id. 
Bugle  Notes.    A  Collection  of  Pieces  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  the  Home 

Cirde.    Edited  hy  W.  If.  MilL£B«    Tonio  Sol-fa,  paper  eovers,  lid.; 

Old  Notation,  cloth,  9d. 
Capper's  Golden  Chords.    Old  Notation,  28.    Words.  Id. 
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Coming  Years,   The.     Part  Song.    By  E.  Foskbtt,  Music  by  J. 

(jOHWHall.    Old  Notation,  2d. ;  Tonic,  Id. 
Conquest  of  Prink,  The.     A  Cantata.     By  J.  H.  Hewitt.     Staff 

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Crystal  Spring,  The.   90  Pieces.   Old  Notation,  Is.  and  la.  id.   Tonic 

Sol.fa  Edition,  8d.  and  Is.     Words  only.  Id.  and  2d. 
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Down,  thou  Gk>d  of  Wine.    Words  by  E.  Foskett,  Music  by  Q.  0. 

MiKTtN.    £itLer  Notation,  l^d. 


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Mntio,  8d.  and  9d.     Worda  only,  Ss.  per  100,  pAper ;  9t.  per  100,  clot] 
Harold  Glynde,  a  Poem,  by  Edward  Fobkbtt,  forming,  with  Origi 

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Is.  8d.  i  cloth,  28.  8d.    Tonic  8ol.fs«  paper,  is. ;  cloth,  Sa.    Wocds  oi 

paper,  6d. ;  cloth,  Is.  6d. 
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8d. ;  large  type,  oloib,  8d.    Old  Notation,  mnsio  and  words,  paper.  Is.  6 

doih,  2s.  8d.    Tonic  Sol-fa,  cloth,  is.  8d. 

Hoyle's  Band  of  Hope  Melodiat*  145  Pieces.  Pftper  oorer,  1 
cloth,  2d. 

Hymns  and  Songs  for  Bands  of  Hope,  prepared  by  the  Uni 
Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union.  Words  only,  id.  and  Sd.  Large  tj 
limp  cloth,  9d.  {  doth  boards,  Is.  Hnsie  and  Words,  either  NotslJ 
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Hymn  for  Abstainera,  A.  By  F.  Sherlock.  Thirteenth  Thoonad. 
,  Jubilee    Ode,  The  (Sung  at  the  Naiional  Temperance  Jubilee  I 

i  by  3,000  Adnlt  Voices  at  the  Crystal  Pahuse).  Words  by  Edwasd  Foskj 

Music  by  J.  A.  Bikch.     Both  Notations.     Id.  each. 

Eing  Alcohol:  a  Temi>erance  Musical  Burlesque,     ^y  A 

FoxwELL.    In  both  Notations.    2d. 
,  Kirton'a  124  Hymns.    Suitable  for  all  Ordinaiy  Meetings;  no  pecu 

i  ;  metres.     Id. 

i  j  Uerry  Temperance  Songster,  containing  Humorous  Songs,  Da 

and  Trios  for  Temperance  Entertainments.   Compiled  by  C.  J.  Havakt. 

Mountain  Bill,  The,  for  Bands  of  Hope.    In  Tonic  Sol-fa,  2d. 

J  My  Happy  Home.    A  New  Temperance  Song,  with  yochI  and  pia 

1  forte  accompaniment     6d. 

National  Temperance  Hymnal,  The.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  J< 
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cloth,  Ss. ;  strong  cloth,  8s.  6d. ;  best  binding,  4s.  6d. 
National  Temperance  Hymn  and  Song  Book.  73  Hymns,  60  Soi 
and  14  Recitations.     182  psges.    2d. 

Bescue  of  Harry  Gray,  The.  A  Dramatic  Cantata  Adapted 
A.  J.  FoxwxLL.  ^U8ic  by  T.  Mastxm  Towne.  Staflf  Notation,  Pianof< 
Score,  with  resdingg.  Is.  Tonic  Sol*fia  Vocal  Score,  without  rsadiugs. 
Words,  4s.  per  100. 

Saint  George  and  the  Dragon.  A  Musical  Allegory.  Compiled 
T.  H.  LoNGBOiTOM.     Sraff  JSuUtion,  Is.;  Tonic,  6d. 

Scottish  League  Hymn  Book.    By  the  Rev.  T.  C.  Wilsok.    Sd. 

Self  Deceived.     A  Song,  with  Music  by  Pmup  PmLLm.     i 

ongiual  IlJastrations.     8d. 

Songs  sung  by  the  Swiss  Alpine  Choir.    Id.  each. 
You  will  Never  be  Sorry  if  the     I       The  Wife's  AppcaL 

Fledgs  you  Sign.  I       Beware  of  Drink. 

The  Sober  ^an.  He  Never  Told  a  Lisu 

Ten    Thousmd    \q\q«%   vav««c    \    "Y^^w^^^tawMMnfii. 

"No."  \ 

IS 


4   I 

1 

I 

1    ■ 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


BtftAdard  Book  of  Song:«  The,  for  Temperance  Meetings  and  Home 
Uae.  A  CoUeotion  of  298  Temperance,  Hortl,  and  Saored  Sengs  and 
Anthems,  oompUed  by  T.  Bowick  ;  J.  A.  BiacH,  Mns.  Editor.  Worda  onlj, 
paper  ooven,  2cL ;  limp  cloth,  8d. ;  doth  bdf .,  gilt,  6d.  Large  Type,  cloth 
boardt,  gilt,  li.  Hnaic  and  Words,  either  Notation,  Ifanp  doth,  8s.  6d. ; 
cl.  bds.,  bevelled,  red  edges,  58.    A  most  excellent  selection  of  good  mnsio. 

Standard  Music  Leaflets.  Printed  with  Old  Notation  on  one  side 
and  Tonic  Sol-fa  on  the  other.  Is.  4d.  per  100  assorted.  82  in  wrapper 
as  samples,  6d. 

Sunrise  Series.  *'  The  Fragrant  Cup,"  '*  Sound  the  Clarion,"  <&a 
Nos.  1  to  4,  4d.  each. 

Temperance  Ohoralist,  The,  consisting  of  Original  Temperance  Glees, 
Part  SoDf^s,  and  Ghorases.  Edited  by  J.  A.  Birch,  Gendeman  of  H.M. 
Ohapels  RoyaL    Nos.  1  and  2  in  either  Notation,  14d.  eaoh. 

Temperance  Course,  The.   By  John  Cubwen  and  J.  8.  Cttrwbk.  6d. 

Temperance  Mission  Hymn  Book*  A  Selection  of  GkMpel  Tem- 
perance  Song9.     ^d.  Hssie  and  Words,  8d.  and  la 

Temperance  Motto  Songs.  By  W.  H.  BmcH  (both  dotations). 
''Another  man's  gone  Wrong,"  <' Stick  to  the  Eight,"  <'She  told  him 
'twould  he  so/*  "  Lads  and  Lasses/'  ''  <  Hdp  myself  onr  Motto/'  "Pity, 
hnt  do  not  Abuse."     Is. 

Temperance  Vocalist.  "  Bring  me  the  Bowl,"  "  Marching  on  to 
Victory,"  '<King  Biblei^s  Army/'  "Oar  Home  is  Not  what  it  Used  to 
be/'  "  The  Poor  Drunkard's  Child/'  "  Whistling  Tom,"  Ao.  Songs  witb 
Choruses.    Nos.  1  to  12.    Old  Notation,  3d. ;  Sol.fa,  Id.  each. 

Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs,  with  Tunes,  published  under  the 
direction  of  the  Church  of  Kogland  Temperance  Society.  Paper  ooTers, 
Is.  6d. ;  cloth  boards.  2».  ^d.     Words  only,  2d. 

Temperance  Hymns  and  Songs.    For  the  Use  of  Methodist  Bands  of 

Hope  and  Temperauce   Societies.     16mo,  Id.;   limp  cloth,   2d.     Music 
with  Words,  in  paper  covers,  le. ;  limp  cloth,  Is.  6d. ;  cloth  gilt,  2s.  6d. 

Temperance  Melodies  and  Hymns :  Onnplled  under  the  direction  of 
the  Leicester  Temperance  Socittty.  With  a  Preface  by  Thomas  Cook. 
Paper  coTers,  8d. ;  doth  boards,  6d. 

Temperance  Music  Leaflets.  In  both  Notations.  Is.  per  100.  As- 
sorted Is.  6d.  f>er  100. 

Temperance  Stories  with  Song,  similar  in  style  to  the  Sunday  School 
**  Berrices  of  Song."    Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  3d.  each.    Words  of 
the  pieces  only,  4b,  per  100. 
Little  Davie  i  or,  That  Child.    Story  by  Mrs.  G.  8.  Riakit. 
John  Tregenoweth — His  Mark.    From  the  Story  by  the  Bat.  Mark  Gut 

PSAESE. 

Bart's  Joy.    By  M.  A.  Pauil. 

The  Start  in  Life.    By  John  Nash  (not  issued  in  the  Old  Notation). 

Jessica's  First  Prayer.     Old  Notation  or  Tonic  Sol-fa,  4d. 

Buy  yoor  own  Cherries,    fioth  Notations,  3d.  each.     Words,  4s.  per  100. 

Templar's  Course,  The.    Edited  by  John  Cubwbn  and  A.  L.  Cowlbt* 

An  elementary  course  for  Templar  Cla«s<'s,  dbc.     6d. 
Teniplar's  Lyre,  The.  A  popular  Collection  of  Temperance  Part  Songs, 

Prioe,  in  wrapper,  Is. 


Plodn  Booka  for  temp 
^ib,  interUiT^  with  I 

Hnpi.  or  Ad  nit  Socieliea. 

PlBdire  Books.  Scimeusth 

fledge  Book.    Bquare. 
bli>ttiDg.p«peT,  tbe  plMtn 

nsdgo  SoroU,  [rinUd  Td 
boUonnUBn;  Bd«lto 
at  Bud)  of  Hope    8«. « 

Poob«t  Tampwaoc*  n* 
Limp  dot^  U. 

Sanday  Soliool  laa^iari 
«)o(b  ooTOT.  PidtUm  it 
tha  Book  to  Meh  SeholH 

TemporADcs  Cartiflcata  1 
tuning  tw«nt;-(onr  ^ada 
fcMUd  for  tMriu  onl,  { 
luicj  bordw  ud  8«r^ 


IiiMpeleUi,U.i  4SpU4 


■'  Totel  Abatiaane*  *>  On 

on  ribbon,  wMoh>ob*iD,  A 

Standard  ffilver  Orou  or : 
Bands  of  Bopa  Hedala, 
IfaS,  ld.noht  Ko.  S,  S 
p*tt«iiu]|  No.  B,  U.  (mA 
Tempaianca  Uadala  fbr 
KadaJ  Sospaadara.    mu 


TBUPERANCB  PUBUCATIONS. 

PLBDOa  OARDa 

Fob  Qbikml  TJn. 
No.  I.    Flonl  Border  Card,  in  wran  ooloon,  with  bk^  oratn  for  wmUUm 
1«  print  their  awn  pl«dg«.    Sd.  g  l£i.  par  100.     Printing  nitm. 
„  lA.    Flonl  BoTdar  Card  u  abora,  with  pledsa.     £4.  i  12*.  pei  100. 
„  IB.    Lngaa  Goldan  Card,  prinlsd  in  oolon*.     Id.  [  Bi.  per  lOO. 
„  19.     Qeaenl  Qoipal  TemperuuM  Cud.     It.  par  100;  Si.  per  1,000. 
„  SO.     Leagw  Floral  Card,  printad.in  oolonra.    2d.  t  13a.  par  100. 
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No.  a.    WQd'a  Bud  of  Hope  Card.     Id. ;  Sa.  par  100. 
„    4.     Olaaitow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  1.     Id. ,  Sa  per  100. 
H    B.     Oheltaaham  Band  or  Hope  Card,  Ko.  1.     fd.  <  Sa.  par  100. 
„    fl.    Union  Bud  of  Hope  Card— A,     Id.  i  <!«.  per  100. 
„    0T,  flame  Card,  with  Tobaooo  inolndad  in  pledge.     Id.    0«l  par  100. 
„    7.     Union  BaadofHopeCard—B.     Id.i  Si.  per  100. 
„    TT.  Same  Card,  with  Tobaooo  inelndad  in  pledge.     Id, ;  ta.  per  100. 
„    8.    Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— C.     Id.  t  0*.  par  100. 
„     9.    Union  Band  ot  Hope  Oard^Oi     Id. ;  Oa.  per  100. 
„    9T.  Same  Card,  with  Tobaoeo  inolnded  in  pledge.     Id.)  Sa.  par  100, 
„  10.    Union  Bud  ofHope  Card— E.     14<1.|  9a.  per  100. 
„  lOT.  Same  Card,  with  Tobiooo  iodndad  in  pledge.    SJ.j  lOi.  par  100. 
„  lOA. Crown  Band  of  Hope  Oaid.     Id.;  SB.parlOO. 
„  11.     Union  Band  of  Hope  Card— F.     Sd. 
„  IIT.  Same  Card,  with  Tobaooo  incladed  in  pledge.    4d. 
„  12.     Primroaa  B«iid  of  Hope  Card.     Id.  i  6a.  p«r  100. 
„  IS.     Chaltenham  Bind  of  Hopf  Oard,  No.  S.     Id.;  Si.  per  100. 
„  14.    Chaltenbam  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  t.    Colonred,  2d. ;  12a.  par  100. 
„  16.    Heath  and  Bell  Band  of  Hope  Card.    Sd.  t  I2i.  pat  100. 
„  16.     Glaagow  Band  of  Hope  Card,  No.  2.     2d. ;  12a.  per  100. 
„  ISA.  Four- Fold  Band  of  Hope  Card.    Id. ;  6*.  par  100. 
„  IT.     OUigow  Band  of  Hapa  Card,  No.  S.     fid. 
„  18.     Union  Senior  Band  of  Hope  Card.    Gd. 

Fob  TiuniaHCB  Socicnu. 
No.  20.    Laac^  Qoldan  Booiet;  Card.     Id.;  Si.  per  100. 
„    81.    Cheltenham  Card,  No.  1.    U. ;  8a.  par  lOQ. 
„    22.    Wild'iCard.     Id.t  fia.pKlOO. 
„    23.    Gla^ow  Card,  No.  1.     Id.;  6a.  per  100. 
„    24.    Cheltenham  Card,  No.  2.     Id. ;  6a.  par  lOO. 
„     25.     Same  Card.     Colonied,  8d. ;  12a.  par  100. 
„     26.     Qlaigow  Card,  No.  2.    Two  deaigDi.    2d.;  12a.  per  100. 
„     27.     Charch  of  England  Abataining  Daolamtion.      Id.;  Ta.  par  100. 
„    28,     Chnroh  of  England  Non-Abitaining  Deolaration.     Id.  j  Tt.  per  100; 
„     £9.     Chnrob  of  EogUnd  JnfenUe  Card.     Id.;  7a.  per  100. 
„     10.     Oheltanham  Card,  No.  S.     2d.t  B>.  Sd,  per  100. 
.    81.    Bame  Card.    Colonred,  Sd. ;  ITa.  par  100. 
„    8S.    Qlaagow  Card,  No.  8.     la. 

„    14.     Bane  Card,  with  additional  linet  for  a  Eunilj.    la. 
„    86.    Challenbam  Familj  Card.    la. 
„    as.     Bapdit  ToUl  Abatinanoa  * -p"—  Card.    Id. ;  S«.  aw  VXd. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


ILLUMINATED  TEXTS.  &c. 
Temperance  Texts  and  Uottoes.      In  colours.  Floral  deal^s; 
rewards,  wall  deooratioDB,  &o.  <b.  Oontuning  Six  Illuminated  Flc 
Oards.     Seleoted  from  the  Poeti. 

"  Honest  water  which  ne^er  left  min  i'  the  mire.'* 
"  Lessened  drink  brings  doubled  bread." 
<*  Quaffing  and  drinking  will  undo  jou.** 
"  Becoming  graces :  Justice,  Veritj,  Temperance." 
'*  Oh  that  men  should  put  an  enemj  in  their  monthi ! " 
"  Take  especial  care  thou  delight  not  in  wine." 
Shilling  Packet.    Containing  One  Hundred  Texts  and  Mott 
from  Holy  Scripture  and  the  Poets.     For  Letters,  Ac,  with  Floral  Bon 
The  following  are  a  few  of  them : — 


Far  hence  be  Bacchna*  gifts,  the  < 

rejoined : 
Inflaming  wine,  pemieiona  to  manl 
Unnerres  the  limbs,  and  dnlla  the  a 

mind." — Homer. 
**  Joy  and  temperance  and  repose. 

Slam  the  door  on  the  doctor's  n( 

— LongfflUt 


*'  Who  hath  woe,  who  hath  sorrow  ? 

They  that  tarry  long  at  the  wine,  they 

th:it  go  to  seek  mixt  wine."^Prov. 

zziii.  29,  30. 

*'  Id  ray  youth  I  never  did  apply 
n  ot  and  rebellious  liquors  to  my  blood. 
Therefore  my  age  is  as  a  lusty  winter- 
Frosty,  but  kindly," — Shak^pcre. 

SixTKNNY  Packet.  Containing  Fifty  Scripture  Texts.  Unii 
with  above. 

Six  Cheap  Texts.  On  Stout  Paper,  83  in.  by  6^  in.  <<Unio 
Strength,"  **  Come  and  Join  0s,"  **  Prevention  is  Better  than  Ct 
"  Strong  Drink  is  Raging,"  "  Wine  U  a  Mocker,"  **  Water  is  R 
Is.  6d.  for  six  Texts ;  poet  free,  Is.  8d. 

<<  Text  Packet,"  The.  A  selection  of  texts  from  Holy  Scripture,  Illi 
nated  on  twelve  cards.     6d. 

Twelve  Shakesperian  Temperance  Mottoea*  Colours.  One  pa 
9d.     Two  others,  6d.  each. 

*«  Water  Packet,"  The.  Twelve  cards  with  bordera  of  Water  V\t 
itc,  cbromo-Iitho^raphcd ;  and  original  verses  by  S.  C.  Hall,  F.S.A. 

Wall  Mottoes.  30  inches  by  13  inches.  Is.  6d.  each.  ''^ 
is  a  Mocker ;"  "  Water  is  Best."  70  inches  by  12  inches.  3s.  t 
*'  Strong  Drink  is  Raging ;"  "  Look  not  thou  upon  the  Wine  ;*'  **  Be 
Drunk  with  Wine  ;"    **  Prevention  is  Better  than  Cure.'* 

Six  Large  Type  Texts.  45  inches  by  28  inches.  Is.  6d.  each. 
not  drunk  with  wine  wherein  is  excess  ;"  '*  Take  heed  lest  at  any  time 
liearta  be  overcharged  with  surfeiting  and  drunkenness ;"  "  Every 
that  strivcth  for  the  mastery  is  temperate  in  all  things ;"  "  Toach 
taste  not,  handle  not ;"  "  Giving  all  diligence,  add  to  knowledge ' 
])erance ;"  "  Wine  is  a  mocker,  strong  drink  is  raging,  and  whosoei 
deceived  thcrebv  is  not  wise." 

Six  Large  Thrift  Texts.  45  inches  by  28  inches,  la.  Gd.  < 
"  Soest  thou  a  man  diligent  in  business,  he  shall  stand  before  kings  ;" 
to  the  ant,  thou  sluggard,  consider  her  ways,  and  be  wise ;"  "  Show 
self  approved  unto  God,  a  workman  that  needeth  not  to  be  ashaa 
"  The  hand  of  the  diligent  shall  bear  mle,  but  the  slothful  shall  be  \ 
tribute  V'  "  She  looketh  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household,  and  eatel 
t\\e  btefiidL  ol  \^eTi«%«-;^  '^\u  ^l  labour  there  is  profit,  bat  the  ta 
the  Wpa  Iftii^eX^i  oxiVj  \ft  •^wx^tjI^ 
26 


TBlCPBflANCB   PUBUCATIONSt* 


TBMPBRANCB  QOOlEfnES^  BOOKS. 

Minute  Book.     For  recording  the  proceedings  of  the  meetings,  ^ 
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receipts  and  payments.     Cloth,  Is. 

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BANDS  OP   HOPE   REQUISITES. 

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and  2s.  6d. 
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purpose,  formation,  and  management.    By  J.  Milton  Smith.     Id. 
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Bands  of  Hope  (Junior  and  Senior)  and  Band  of  Hope  Unions.     6d. 
Band  of  Hope  Hand-Book,    prepared  under  the  direction  of  the 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Band  of  Hope  Union.     3d. 
Band  of  Hojye  Fledge  Scroll,  in  colours,  mounted  on  linen,  with  top 

and  bottom  rollers,  and  raled  for  100  signatnres.     8s. 
Bands  of  Hope  in  Town  or  Village ;  how  to  start  and  work  thenou 

By  Rev.  John  Buenrtt,  Wesley  an  Minister.     6d. 
Band  of  Hope  Minute  Book,  for  recording  the  proceedings  of  the 

Meetings,  &o.     Cloth,  28. 
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receipts  and  expenditure  of  a  Society.     Cloth,  Is. 
Qraliam's  Band  of  Hope  Popular  ICanual,  containing  instructions 

for  the  formation,  manafl^ement,  and  snooess  of  Jnvenile  Societies.    ■  Id. 
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attendance  of  each  Member  at  the  Meetintj^.     Is.  5d.  and  2s.  6d.,  cloth. 
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paying  Members.     Is.  6d.  and  2s.  6d. 
Model  Band  of  Hope.     A  Manual  containing  forms  for  opening, 

dosing^,  Ac.f  with  mles.     By  Rev  J.  Ycaves.    4d. 
Parents'  Certificates.    Consent  forms,  to  be  signed  by  the  parents  before 

a  child  can  join  a  Band  of  Hope.     Is.  per  100.     (Postage  2d.) 
Hesponsive  Readings  for  Bands  of  Hope.    Id. 
Sules  for  Bands  of  Hope,  leaving  space  for  filling  in  name  of  Society, 

and  niffht  of  Meetinor.     1*.  per  100.     (Postage  2d.) 
Temperance  Teaching  for  the  Young.     TweWe  AddretiM  Vy|   ^.'^, 

BiDOE,  M.D.    Id. 


TEMPBRANCB   PUBLICATIONS. 


LEAFLETS  AND  SMALL  TRACTS. 
Address  to  Teachers  on  Total  Abstmence,  An.  By  Canon  Farba 

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Alcohol  as  a  Medicine  and  as  a  Beverage.  Extracts  from  t] 
Evidence  given  by  Sir  Wm.  Gull,  M.D.,  F.R.8.,  before  tbe  Peen'  Sele 
Committee  on  Intemperance,  18th  Joly,  1877.     Is.  4d.  per  100. 

Are  Moderate  Drinkers  Killing  Themselves  P  Tbe  Poor  Maii 
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Duty  of  Sunday  School  Teachers  in  Belation  to  the  Temx>erani 
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Facts  and  Opinions  for  Sunday  School  Teachers.  By  Rev.  G.  T 
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Good  and  Bad  Times.    By  T.  B.  Fox,  J.P.,  Bristol    2b.  per  100. 

Se    pster's  X^ctorial  Beadings.    78  numbers.     8d.  per  doien,  or  i 

..Hf    100. 

l^eaflets— Church  of  England.    Is.  per  100,  or  8s.  per  1000. 

11.  Barrest  Work  withoat  Beer. 
IP.  Der  1<K). 


1.  Speech  of  Rev.  Dr.  Westcott. 

2.  Public  Houses  withoat  the  Drink. 
8.  A  Few  Word*  to  Cabmen. 

4.  Epihoopal  Utterances. 
6.  Fac'tH  and  Figures 

Jug  Leaflet  hrery  tell'iDg).    0d.  per  100 

(iiett),  with  illustration. 

Fai>t8  for  Working 

5M\9n*a  Obi 
Gain  Leaflet. 
9   (icneral  Rules  for  Temperance  Iffemben. 
M.  Explanatory     Leafleta    for   Preliminary 
l*i>tr>luilion. 


6.  Fai>t8  for  Working  lien  and  Women. 

7.  Working  M\0n*a  Object  Paper. 


OVP 


15.  A  F«w  Words  to  PolicenMn. 

It.  Important  Medieal  Leaflet  (S  pp.)  U,  pi 

100. 
14.  Subatitate  for  Beer  in  the  Harrret  ric!i 

16.  Something  to  Drink.    6d.  per  100  (nsCI 
10.  Admlksion  Service  for  Meinliera. 

17.  Admisfion  Signsture  Forms  for   Dim 
bntion  at  inautmral  Meetings. 

18.  Sir  William  Gull  on  Alcohol. 
la  Do  your  Doty. 

SO.  Tea  vstsm  Beer  in  the  Harvait  Field. 


Medical  Men  and  Intoxicating  Drinks.    A  Leaflet.     Is.  per  IOOl 
Moderate  Drinking.    By  Sir  Henry  Thompson,  F.  liC.  S.    Ss.  per  10 
Moderation  ▼.  Abstinence.    By  S.  Bowlt.    Is.  4d.  per  100. 
My  Doctor  Ordered  It.    By  Miss  Helena  Riciiaudson.    Is.  per  10 
Omy  for  my  Baby's  Sake.  A  Temperance  Tract  for  Nursing  Alutber 

Price  Is.  4d.  per  100;  25  post  free  tor  5  etamps. 
Our  Higher   Aims;    Prevention  of  Drunkenness,  and  Winning  1 

Consecration  to  God.     By  Mrs.  C.  L.  Wightman.     1b.  4d.  p4>r  100. 
Philosophy  of  Drinking  and  Drunkenness,  The.   By  W.  T  wredu 

1p.  4d.  per  100. 
Poor  Man's  Poor  Beer,  The.    By  Jos.  Malin&    9d.  per  100. 
Practical  Hints;  or,  What  can  I  do  P    By  a  Clergyman's  Duughte 

la.  4d.  per  lOl). 
Itfclation  of  the  Church  to  Temperance  Work.    By  SiLra  J.  ( 

liATRMikN.     Is.  4d.  per  100. 
Scientific  Evidence  and  £very-day  Szperience  in  Belation  t 

Total  Abstineoce.     By  Dr.  H.  W.  Rich  ari*son,  F.U.S.     2«.  per  lOil. 
Sir  Henry  Thompson's  Letter  to  his  Grace  the  Archbiidiop  ( 

Canterbury.     A  Leaflet.     Is.  per  100. 

Temperance*  auestion  at  a  Glance^  The.  By  Dr.  J.  B.  Gill.  l8.4d.  101 
The  Great  ']&x^eT\xQ&ii\.\  ox^  ludividual,  Social,  and  Religion 

—  'U  it  Help  "^a^    "B^^«^.Qt.\?.^^vj«A.  *ia^.'V2tNS5«^. 


TBMPBRANCB   PUBLICATIONS. 


TRACTS  AT  ONE  HALFPENNY.   8«.|)ifl00. 

Advantages  of  Bringing   up   Children  on  Total  Abstinence 

Prinoiplefl.    By  Dr.  Norman  Eebb. 
Afl!»ctionate  Appeal,  An,  to  all  who  love  the  Lord  Jeros  Christ  in 

sincerity.     By  the  late  Archdeaoon  Jkpfekts. 
Alcohol  in  Relation  to  Health.    By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richabdson,  F.RS. 
Band  of  Hope  Triumph,  A.    By  Miss  Munboe. 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Tracts.    Illustrated.    By  Bev.  0. 

CouRTENAT  and  others.    A  series  of  twenty,  {d.  each. 
Common  Sense.    By  Rev.  W.  Wight. 
Coimt  the  Cost;    or.  What  the  Doctors  Say.      By  Dr.  B.  W. 

Richardson. 
Drink  in  the  Hay  and  Harvest  Fields. 
Evils  of  Intemperance.    A  Sermon.    Bv  Rev.  W.  BfABSH,  D.D. 
Illustrated  Windsor  Tracts.  By  Canon  Ellison.  Nine  tracts,  4d.  each. 
I  Never  Thoueht  of  It.    By  Mr&  Hind  Smith. 
Z«ook  out  for  the  Safest  Path.    By  S.  A.  Blackwood. 
Lost  Brother,  The.    By  Rev.  Albx.  Wallace. 
My  Brother's  Keeper.    By  Rev.  William  Arnot. 
Our  Duty  in  Regard  to  Intemperance.    By  Rev.  R  Wilbbbfobgb. 
Our  Female  Servants. 

Pledffe,  The ;  and  Reasons  for  Signing  it    By  Miss  £.  G.  Wilson. 
Popiuar  Tracts  for  the  People.    No.  1.  Physical  Dangers  of  Strong 

Drink.     No.  2.  Strong  Drink  not  Food. 
Present  Day  Papers.    No.  1,  Rescue  the  Children.    By  Rev.  Canon 

Farrar.   No.  2,  Twenty-two  Majors  on  Total  Abstinence.   No.  8,  Diseases 

from  Alcohol.     By  Dr.  N.  Kerr.    No.  4,  Reasons  for  Abstinence.     By 

Bev.  C.  H.  Bpukqcon.       No.  5,  Bondage  and  Victory.      By  Sir  Bdwakd 

Baikrs.      Alio  in  assorted  packet,  6d. 
Reasons  for  Continuing  an  Abstainer.    B^  .Tonathan  Htblop. 
Readings  for  the  People.    Illustrated.    A  scries  of  three,  ^.  each. 
Temperance  Reform  in  the  Village. 

Traffic  in  Intoxicating  Ijiquors.  The.    Bv  Rev.  Albert  Babnbs. 
Vow  of  the  Rechabite,  The.    By  Canon  Farrar. 
Wlio  Fetches  your  Beer  P    By  E.  T.  H. 
Who  is  on  the  Lord's  Side  P    By  the  Rev.  W.  W.  RoBmaoN. 
Why  not  be  a  Teetotaler  P    By  the  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
Why  should  I  be  a  Teetotaler  P  A  Paper  for  Young  Women.  By  C.  8. 
Why  Sign  the  Pledge  P      A  Seyen-fold  Answer.     By  Rev.  F.  R 

Meyer,  B.A. 
Word  in  Season,  A.    By  Rev.  Thomas  Quthrib. 

CATECHISMS  FOR  JUVBNILBa 

Band  of  Hope  Catechism.    By  J.  J.  Ridob,  M.D,    Id. 

Catechism  on  Alcohol.    By  Julia  Colman,  of  New  York.    Revised 
and  adapted  for  Euglish  Bauds  of  Hope.     Id. 

Catechism  for  Juvenile  Societies,  A.    By  the  Rev.  George  Pater- 
son,  East  Linton.    Illastrated,  Jd. 

Temperance  Catechism ;   or,  Band  of  Courage  Conv^RASikSosiA.    ^^ 
Kev.  Datid  Hacbas.     Id. 


TEMPERANCE   PUBUCATIONS. 


TRACTS  AT   ONE   PENNY. 

IMPORTANT  STANDARD  SERIES.     One  Penny  ^ach.    (U.  per  1 

Abatinence  from  Evil.    B^  Rev.  Canon  Fabrab,  D.D.,F.R.S. 

Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind,The.  By  Dr.  B.  W. Richabdsosi.F 
!  Alcoholic  Drinks  as  Diet  for  Nursing  mothers.  By  J.Edmukds, 

!  Alcoholic  Drinks  not  Necessaries  of  Life.    By  Dr.  A  Cartes 

Between  the  liiving  and  the  Dead.    By  Rev.  Canon  Fabrar, 
■  Church  Buins.    By  Rev.  Alex.  Macleod,  D.1>. 

Glaims  of  Total  Abstinence  on  the  Educated  Olasses*  The. 
tbe  Rev.  Canon  Fabrar,  D.D.,  F.R,8. 

Death  in  the  Pot.    By  Rev.  Dr.  Cutler. 

Doctors  and  Brandy.    By  Rev.  B.  Welberforce,  M.A 

Does  the  Bible  support  Total  Abstinence  P  Rot.  R.y.  Fbkncb,  I 

Enemy  of  the  Race,  An.    Fifth  Edition.    By  Dr.  Andrew  Ci 

Example,  and  its  Power  over  the  Young.    By  Miss  Ellek  \V 

Pemale  Intemperance.    Bv  Dr.  Norman  Rerr. 

Giant  with  the  Three  Heads,  The.    Bv  Rev.  W.  M.  Taylor,  D 

Oilffal;  or,  Rolling  away  the  Reproach.  ByRev.  R.Mao  cire. 

Habits  and  Health.    By  John  Gill.  MD. 

How  is  England  to  be  Saved  P   By  Rev.  Alex.  Hannat. 

Heredity  of  Alcohol.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerr. 

Hospital  Nursing  without  Alcohol.    By  Two  Lady  Nnnes. 

Intemperance  and  its  Remedy.    Bv  Norman  S.  KERK.M.D..F 
J  Is  Total  Abstinence  SafeP    By  Rev.  H.  S.  Patsrson,  M.D. 

,  Make  Straight  Paths  for  your  Feet.     By  Canon  Farrar. 

Moderate  Drinking.   By  Sir  Henrt  Tuomtson,  F.RC.S.  ;  Dr.  I 

UlCIIAKDSON,  F.K.8.,  &c. 

National  Sin,  The.    By  liev.  B.  Wilberforce,  M.  A 
,  New  House  and  its  Battlements.    By  Rev.  Joseph  Cook. 

Personal  Advantages  of  Total  Abstinence.  Bv  Rev.  Valpt  Fre 

Results  of  Researches  on  Alcohol.    By  B.  W.  Richardbon,  3i 

Stimulants  and  Narcotics.    By  James  Muir  Howie,  M.D. 

Stimulants  and  Strength.    By  Rev.  H.  8.  Paterson,  MD. 

Strong  Drink  and  its  Results.    By  Rev.  D.  S.  Govett,  3I.A 
'  Stumbling-Block  Removed,  A.    On  Scripture  Winea.   By  L.  L. 

Temperance  in  Relation  to  the  Young.    By  Miss  Rickett& 

Temperance  in  the  School.    By  the  Bishop  of  £xeter,  Rev.  Ci 
Ht.pkius,  Rev.  Dr.  Valpv  French,  Rev.  G.  W.  Oliver,  Ac. 
I  Thou  Shalt  not  Hide  Thyself.    By  John  Cliktord,  M.  A,  LL. 

Total  Abstinence  in  its  Proper  Place.    By  Saicttel  Bowlt. 

To  the  Rescue  :  an  Appeal.    Bv  Rov.  H.  S.  Paterson,  KD. 

Twenty-one  Years'  Scientific  Progress.   By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richare 
^  Under  the  Shadow  of  the  Cross.    By  Rev.  J.  R  Wood. 

Vegetarianism  a  Cure  for  Intemperance.  By  C.  O.  G.  Napier,F. 

Verdict  of  Science.    By  N.  jd.  Davis,  M.D. 

Vow  of  the  Nazarite,  The.    By  the  Rev.  Canon  Farrar,  D.D.,  F. 

Vow  of  the  Rechabite,  The.  By  tlic  Rev.  Canon  Farrab,  D.D.,  F. 

w  hat  BhaU  Medical  Men  say  about  Alcoholic  Bererages  P 

J .  3  ARK«  ')^\\>QV.,  1&..\)  .^  ^. 
Wliat  iB  my  "Dut^^    "l^^  V>aft'^CT.^.\a.^"»k^^^.KWBfc, 

80 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


MISCELLANEOUS  PENNY.  TRACTS.    (i8.p^m. 

Attitude  of  our  Ohurohes  to  tlie  Temperance  Awakening  of  our 

Time.     Bj  Bev.  F.  B.  Metib,  B.A. 
Are  Tou  Sure  Tou  are  Bieht  f    By  the  Rer.  X  fl.  Towrsritd. 
Battlements  and  BloodgiultineM.    By  S.  A.  Blackwood. 
BoMbrook  and  its  Linen  Mills.    A  Short  Nanratiye  of  a  Model 

Tempenuoe  Town.    Bj  J.  Bwino  BrrcHii. 
Bishop  of  Boohester's  Sermon.    Preached  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
Brandy :  What  it  is,  What  it  does,  and  What  it  cannot  do.    By 

Miss  Firth. 
Cautions  about  Drink.    By  Rer.  Canon  Ellison. 
Church's  War  with  Nationcd  Intemperance,  The.    By  Bev.  J. 

Cliffobd,  M.A. 
Christianitv  and  the  Temperance  Movement.  By  Bey.  J.  F.  Portxb. 
Claims  of  ihe  Temperance  Movement  upon  every  Member  of 

the  Gboroh  of  EogUnd.    By  A  M.  Ghancb. 
Downfall  of  the  Drink  Dag^n.    An  Argument  and  an  Apology.    By 

Rev.  O.  M.  Murphy. 
Drink  in  the  Workshop.    By  Rev.  Newman  Hall. 
Duty  of  the  Church  in  the  Present  Crisis.    By  Canon  Farrab. 
Duty  of  Stinday-school  Teachers  in  reference  to  the  National 

Sin  of  Intemperance.     By  A.  SaioaNT. 
Duty  of  the  Christian  in  relation  to  prevailing  Int6mx>erance. 

By  Rev.  A.  Lowe,  Ph.D. 
Drinking  System   and   its   Evils,   Viewed  from,  a   Christian 

Standpoint.     By  W.  Hotls. 
Bconomic  Influence  of  the  Drinking  Cxistoms  of  Society.    By  W. 

HOTLE. 

Bconomic  Conditions  of  Good  Trade.    By  W.  Hotls. 

lifty  Tears  of  Drinking  and  its  Influence  upon  the  Wealth 

and  indnatrial  well-being  of  the  Nation.     By  W.  Hoylb. 

God's  purpose  in  Abstinence.    By  Rev.  J.  GtofiSBTT  Farmbb. 

Hard  work  in  the  Harvest  Field. 

How  to  Cure  and  Prevent  the  Desire  for  Drink.    By  T.  H.  Evans. 

How  to  Check  Drunkenness.    By  Dr.  Norman  Kerb. 

How  Working  Men  may  Help  Themselves.  By  Rev.  Canon 
Farrar,  D.D.,  and  Dr.  B.  W.  RrcHAKDSON. 

I  Cannot  Abstain,  What  Can  I  Do  P  (Church  of  England  Tem- 
perance Society.)     By  Rev.  H.  6.  Sprtoo,  M.A 

Is  Alcohol  Necessary  to  LifeP    By  Dr.  Munrob. 

John  Hampton's  Home :  Wliat  it  Was,  and  What  it  Became.  With 
Preface  by  the  Kev.  R.  Maouirb,  M.A    lUoatrated  by  Sir  John  Gilbert. 

I«aw  of  liberty  in  the  Matter  of  Abstinence,  !nie.  By  0. 
Stanford,  D.D. 

Malt  Liquor.    New  Lecture  on.    By  J.  Liybsbt. 

Medical  Orders.    By  Mrs.  Best. 

Moderate  Use  of  Intoxicating  Drinks,  The.  By  Dr.  W.  B. 
Carprnter. 

Our  Homes  in  Danger.    By  IVLarie  Hn.TON. 

Plea  for  Total  Abstinence  with  the  Members  and  Of&cers  of  our 
Churches.    By  Bet.  8.  H.  Booth. 


perauce  at  Bind 
Teachers  and  TeD 
Teatimony  of  Sir 

""tee  on  Intemi 
Throne  of  Iniqul 
.^  Bot.  Albbh  JJai 
WfttM  and  Alook 


■Why  do  Pwiil«  a 
Wm  it  Xqjnn  ny 
Women'i  Hedioal 
Word  to  tlie  Plod, 
Word  for  the  PJm 
Word  upon  Bangi 
Worda  from  tha  V 

TE 
"BritiahWorkiBM 

ASeriatrfilTn 

Oolonred  ^aeta. 

lUnitiatiou.  Coot 

A8aiMof4l.    Si 

Bavil  Drink  Famil J 

KMablJshMI  ObnnI) 

WlLSBHrOBCI. 

Oar  Toons  Han  fbr 
Mbu.    BjtbeBn, 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


TRACTS    IN   PACKETS. 

Bowers'  Temperance  Shafts.     100  crown  Svo  Leaflets,  printed  on 

one  side  only,  aesorted,  6d. ;  200,  la. 
Bowers'  Narrative  Tracts.    100  crown  Svo  Leaflets,  assorted,  6d. ; 

200,  Is. 
Christian  Church  and  the  National  Sin.    Noe.  1  to  80  in  three 

packets,  Is.  eaob. 
Church  of  England  Temperance  Tracts.    Illastrated.     Assorted 

packets.  Is., containing  Noa.  1  to  18  ;  also  in  vol.,  cloth,  Is.  6d. 
Church  of  England  Temjierance  Tracts,  New.    Packets  A  and  B 

6d.  each. 
Death  King,  The ;  holding  solemn  court.    An  Allogory.    Packet 

containing  50,  6d. 
Earlham  Band  of  Hope  Series.    10  pp.,  illustrated,  6d. 

Earlham  Temperance  Series  of  16  pp.  Illustrated  Tracts.    One 

halfpenny  each.  Noa.  1  to  6  in  assorted  packets,  6d.  earh. 
Priend  in  Need  Papers,  The.    24  Numbers  in  a  Packet.    Price  9d. 

Half-hour  Tracts.  By  Rev.  C.  CounTENAY.  An  assortment  of  twelre, 

Is. 
Illustrated  FI7  Leaves.    An  assortment  of  21  Sabjects.    Price  2s.  Od. 

per  100,  or  id,  per  dosen. 

Juvenile  Library.  Numbers  1  to  80  may  now  be  had  in  three  assorted 
packets.  A,  B,  and  C.    Price  6d.  each  packet. 

Juvenile  Temperance  S dries.  Small  books  by  various  authors,  a  most 
attractive  set  of  short  stories  for  Juveniles,  now  being  issned  in  Sixpenny 
Packets.  Packets  1,  2,  and  3,  are  now  ready,  or  in  two  Yols.,  doth,  gilt» 
Is.  each. 

Contents  of  Packet  No.  1. 


1.  A  Story  for  EMter  Sunday. 

2.  Saved  from  a  Watery  Grave. 

3.  Aunt  Nellie's  Fairy  Tale. 

4.  The  Thief  of  Thievae. 
6.  The  Silver  Star. 

6.  Avice  Hudson's  Secret. 


7.  Aunt  Ethel's  Sacrifice. 

8.  Floasie's  Fault. 

9.  Harry  Harwell's  Promise. 

10.  How  Johnny  made  his  Welcome. 

11.  How  Bertie  Spent  hU  Pocket-mon^, 

12.  Cowardly  Charlie. 


Contents  of  Packet  No.  2. 


1.  The  Forget-Me-Nots. 

2.  May  Leonard's  Adventure. 

3.  Only  the  Wine. 


4.  Mark  Halmond. 

6.  Mother's  Silver  Weddiogr. 

6    Dickey's  Work  for  Temperance. 


Contents  of  Packet  No.  8. 

7.  The  Terrible  LitUe  Man.  10.  What  a  "  Band  of  Hope  "  Boy  did. 

8.  Teddy.  11.  Dr.  Kent's  Temperance  MeeUng. 

9.  Baby  Josephine.  12.  Tiny  Tom's  Mission. 

Norwich  Tracts.    In  assorted  packet.   Is. 

If ational  Temperance  Reader.    Ports  1  to  12  in  packet.    Is. 

Our  Homes.    A  Series  of  small  books  on  Christian  Temperance.    By 
Mrs.  G.  S.  Bea.net.    Tv^elve  books  in  packet.     6d. 

Popular  Temperance  Leaflets.    By  Joseph  Livbset,  J.  B.  €k>tJGH, 

Dr.  B.  W.  HicHAiiDsoN.  and  Bev.  Canon  B.  Wilbekforce.    In  packets 
containing  160  Tracts,  6d. 
present-Day  Papers.      (For  Titles  see  under  heading  "Halfpenny 
Tracts.")     Assorted,  61, 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


<b  Minnie*!  Temptation. 

7.  Only  one  of  Kltty'e  WUbm. 

8.  EoitBce  Carroll's  Sketch. 

9.  WUlla  and  the  Doctor. 

10.  Charley  and  hia  Railway  Coiapai 

IL  The  Orphana. 

li.  Cold  Water  Bqje. 

13.  A  Olimpic  of  Schoolboy  Life. 


Headings  for  the  Young.  A  new  Series  of  interesting  Beading! 
able  for  the  Home,  Sunday  Schools,  and  Bands  of  Hope.  In  S-page ' 
One  Halfpenny  each ;  or,  per  100,  for  distribution,  2s.  6d.  In  ai 
packets,  6d.  each.    The  whole  Thirteen  in  a  neat  paper  wxmpper,  6d 

1.  Jennie  DancaD*8  First  Lie.    What  came 

from  Telling  the  Truth. 

2.  Neddie's    Temptation.      Stmfnrle  and 

Triumph.    Say  Well  and  Do  Well. 
8.  Sylvester  the  Honohback.  What  is  that. 

Mother  ? 
4.  Jessie ;  or,  Father  Coming  Home.   A 

Bsllsd. 
6.  The  Poor  Scholar,  and  How  the  Girls 

Troubled  Her.    Uchold  the  Fowls  of 

the  Air. 

Scottish  League  Pictorial  Tracts.    Packets  contiuning  35  ' 

nsBorted.     12  packets  Sd.  each,  or  7  toIs.,  limp  doth,  la.  each. 
Scottish  Leaguers  Crown  8vo  Series.    In  packets  containing 

oach,  Is.    Also,  in  a  Volume,  paper  covers,  Is. 
Scottish  League's  Tracts  for  the  Young.  ^   Hlustmted  wit] 

gravings  on  wood.     Assorted  in  Fi?e  packets,  prioe  6d.  each. 
Scottish  Temperance  Lea^gue  Lea[flets.    Eight  sorts  in  pad 

100.    4d. 
EOiipley  Leaflets.    In  packets  of  100,  3d.    Assorted,  in  packets  4 

Sixpence  each.     400,  Is. 
Standard  Leaflets  and  Small  Tracts  (the  titles  of  which  will  be 

nndf'r  heading  of  "  Leaflets  and  Small  Tracts  ")  in  assorted  packets 
Standard  Tracts  (the  titles  of  which  are  given  under  *'  Penny  1 

important  Standard  Series")  in  assorted  packets,  at  Is. 
Starlight  Temperance  Series.   Forty  illustrated  4  pp.  tracts  in  a  i 

No^.  1  and  2,  6d.  each. 
Temperance  Leaflets  for  Letters,  on  Various  Aspects  of  the 

ponince  Qnovtion.     By  well-known  Writers.    Neatly  printed  on 

paper.    Assorted  paokets,  6d.  and  Is.  each. 

ANNUALS. 

Evans's  Temperance  Annual.    1877-82.     Paper  coven,  Sd. 

1883,  6d. 

The  National  Temperance  League's  Annual.    1881  to  1883. 
covers.  Is. ;  cloth,  boards,  gilt,  Is.  6d.  each. 


TEMPERANCE    MT7SI0    FOB    ALL. 

Just  issued.  Is.  4d.  per  100,  assorted  ;  32  in  wr^per  as  specimen,  6dL 

STANGARG    MUSiC    LEAFLETS 

Ko.  1.  Merrily  Sinr  of  Temperance — 2.  Temperance  Anthem.— a.  Father  is  eoi 
4.  Kindly  Words  and  Smiling'  Faces.— «.  BUy  at  Home.— S.  The  Best  of  all  Li^ 
7.  Tiie  Boys  and  Girls  of  Unyland.— 8.  Make  your  Mark.— 9.  Come,  Brotbcriw  Joi 
10.  O  PraliH!  (he  lA)rd.— 11.  The  Cabman's  Bonr.— IS.  The  Miller  of  the  Dee.— ll  • 
my  God.— 14.  lilcst  be  the  Canse.-lS.  Beaatifol  Brooklet  —10.  Lend  a  Helpbic  1 
17.  Might  with  (ho  Bight.- 18.  The  Pledire  -19.  The  Land  o'  the  LeaL— lO.HS^U 
of  True  TemvcT«&c«.— ^\.  K.wvi  <^^  the  Glorious  Field.- IS.  Up,  AbstaiDciB.— tt 
for  the  l^Vxhl  V»  ComVti^.— %^.  '^ot^^^  vA  ^«t«K.— U.  Little  Childivn.- M 
Lord.— 27.  tour  ^\»\oii.-ia.  k^rjiXA. ^V^.J^;^'t%«a  saTe  the  ftt 
80  The  Cf^marf*  ftotk«.--^\,  VnlaN^  ««^«iifcK-J«i.^afc\»fc.>*iiafc  wfiBMa, 

84 


TEMPERANCE   PUBLICATIOBfS. 


GOOD  TEMPLAR  UTBRATURB,  &o. 

Absentees'  Visitinsr  Book.    100  leaves.    Is. 

An  Exposition  of  the  Order,  Principles,  and  Aims  of  the  Good 

Templars.    By  Gounoillor  J.  Cowaed.     Id. 
Cardof  Ifembership.    Id. 
Catechism.    By  William  Drew.    Id.  each. 
Ceremonies  for  the  Dedication  of  Halls,  for  Funerals,  Reception  of 

Card  Members  and  Yiflitors  in  Lodges,  &o.     Id. 
Concise  History  of  the  Good  Templar  Order.    By  S.  P.  Thompsos; 

2d. 
Degrree  Temple  Constitution.    2d. 
I>istrict  Lodge  Constitation.    2d. 

3>uties  of  Deputies  and  Officers.    Revised  by  J.  MALma    Id. 
Orand  Lodge  Constitution  and  Bye-Laws.    2d. 
Good  of  the  Order,  The.    By  the  Hon.  S.  B.  Chase.     Revised  by 

J.  Malins,  3d. ;  or  lar^^e  type  edition,  6d. 
Good  Templars,  The :  Who  and  What  are  they  ?  By  J.  W.  Ejbtok.  Id. 
^toraldic  Certificate,  20  by  15,  Is.  6d. 
Juvenile  Book  of  Odes.    ^d. 
Juvenile  Card  of  Membership  (Illuminated).    Id. 
Juvenile  Temple  Constitution  and  Bye-Ijaws.    Id. 
Juvenile  Temple  Minute  Book,  Is.    Attendance  Book»  28.    Constito^ 
tion  Book,  6d.     Proposition  Book,  6d.    Financial  Secretary's  Book,  6d. 
Treasurer's  Book,  6d. 
Juvenile  Temple  Pledge  Book.    Id. 
Xempster's  Certificate  of  Membership.    Is. 
ICanual  of  the  Order:    an  Exxx)8ition  of  its  History,  Objects,  and 

Working.     By  S.  B.  Chase.     2d. ;  large  type,  3d. 
Ode  Book,  SuDordinate  and  Degree.    IdL    Music  to  ditto.    Staff 

Notation,  9d.    Tonic  Sol-Fa,  9d. 
Popular  Enlanation  of  the  Order,  A.    By  J.  W.  Kirton.    Id. 
Bight  Worthy  Grand  Lodge  Constitution  and  Bye-Laws.    Sd. 
Seals,  in  boxes.    Is.  per  box.    Silk,  Is.  each. 
Selection  of  Hymns  for  Meetings.    9d.  per  100. 
Story  of  the  Knights  Templars,  The.    By  S.  P.  Thompson,  B.  A    2d. 
Sub-Lodge  Constitution  and  Extracts  of  G.  L.  Bye-Iiaws.    Id. 
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2b.  and  28.  6d.  Constitation  Book,  2a.  and  2s.  6d.  W.  F.  S.'s  Book,  2s. 
and  2b.  6d.  Degree  Boll  Book,  9d.  and  Is.  Officers'  Boll  Book,  Is. 
Treasurer's  Book,  1b.  Visitor's  Book,  28.  6d.  Beceipt  Books  for  Sab- 
scriptions  and  Password,  100  leaves.  Is.  Electoral  Depnties*  Begister,  2d. 
Templar  Arrows.    Is.  6d.  per  1,000. 

Templar  Tracts  :  Good  Templary,  its  History  and  Principles  ;  My  Mother's 
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The  Next  Step.    By  D.  Y.  Scott.    9d.  per  100. 
What  shall  I  do  next  P    By  Roy.  Foiibbs  E.  WdtsIiOW.    Od.  per  100. 
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Why  Abstain  and  become  a  Good  Templar  P    By  D.  Y.  Scott.    Od. 
per  100. 


TEMPERANCE   PI 


PERIOD) 

Subicriplioa  Copies  o/ony  nj  these  PeWoc 
Penny   Wtekliei 

Haifpfnny  Monll-Uet     ... 

Alliance  Neira,  The.     The  Organ  i 

Due  Perm;,  weeklj. 
Adviser,  The.  An  Illustrated  Slaga; 
Band  of  Hope  ChrDnicle,  The.  5 
Band  of  Hope  Review,  MonlUIv. 
Band  of  Hope  Treasury.  Monllilj 
Bible  Temperance  Educator.  Mu 
Blue  Ribbon  Gazette.  Wednesday; 
Blue  Ribbon  Chronicle.  Suturday^ 
Britlih  Temperance  Advocate,  T) 

rancp  Lrafrue.     Monthly,  id. 
British  Workman.     MoDtldy,  Id. 
Church  and  Home  Xagazine.     BT 
Church  of  England  Temperance 

OrEnn  of  Uie  Church  cif  England  Ten 
Crusade,  The.     Monthly.     Id. 
Qood  Templars'  Watocword,  The. 

Lodf^e  01  KoglBDd.      ttondlyt,  Id. 
Hand  and  Heart.     Monilily.     Id. 
Iriah  Temperance  League  Journi 
Juvenile  Templar,  The.     MonUily, 
Lea  true    Journal.      Organ    of    Ihe 

Weekly,  Id. 

Medical  Ttmperance  Joumal,   T 

Teniperance  Medical  AisocintioD.  Pi 
bj  poll,  2«.  per  imnuni.)  In  VOLUJ 
Parta,  free  bv  post,  2«.  6J.  e»ch.  Tb 
Hethodiat  Temper ance  IdagazinE 
National  Temperance  Mirror.  A 
Iho  IIoDio  Circle.  Moolily,  Id.  ^ 
2b.  Cd.  each.     TliiB  magasise  may  &1 

National  Temperance  Reader. 

Ar  ,  otiginiil  ;iqJ  aelflctcd.  MoutMy. 
Onward  and  Onward  Reciter.  Th( 
R«cbabite  and  Temperance  Uag'a 
Son  of  Temperance,  The.  Mnntlil' 
Sunrise.  .\ii  liluslmtiii  JlHf^/.ine  I"i 
-Temperance  Record,  The.     The  Ot 

L..ai.oe.     TliurdJftjis  Id. 


Temperance    Worker    and    Band 

Uwiihly,  3d. 

weatem  Temiieranco  Herald.    On 

l«kg>H.    MuDihlf,  10. 


TBMPBRANCB    PUBUCATIONS. 


m^hh  f^nzn$,  H^s^tm,  &c> 


Eight  Placards,  Double  Demy,  M.,  aa  follows  :— 

1.  Why  is  Trade  ao  Bad,  and  Why  are  Wa^aa  Reduced  f 

2.  Dr.  B.   W.  Richardson  on  the  Permiaaive  BilL 

8.    The  Chanoellor  of  the  Exoheqaer  on  PeroiiaaiTe  Legiilatlon* 

4.  Rev.  CabOQ  Farrar  on  the  PermisaiTe  BilL 

5.  Sir  WUliam  Gull  on  AloohoL 

6w    The  Preaideut  of  the  Social  Seienoe  Congreea  on  the  Drink  Problem. 

7.  The  Lord  Chief  Justice  on  How  to  Empty  Gaols.     Kail  paroels  at  08. 

per  100. 

8.  Intemperanee  and  its  Remedies. 

XUixatrated  Temperance  Wall  Papers.    One  Penny  each,  or  in  One 
Packet  (23  Nos.),  sent  post  free  for  23  Penny  Stamps. 


8.  Swallowing  a  Yard  of  Land. 

7.  **  Will  Father  be  a  Goat  t  *' 
10.  My  Account  with  Her  Majesty. 
18.  Gin  Shop. 

17.  Buy  your  own  Cherries. 

18.  Fred's  First  Great-Coat. 

19.  Reduced  to  the  Ranks. 
21.  The  Fools*  Pence. 

24.  A  Pledge  for  a  Pledge. 

2(1.  Losings  Bank  and  Savings  Bank. 

28.  John  Morton's  New  Harmonium. 

80.  The  ••  rria  But's  "  Box. 

86.  My  nrst  Ministerial  Difficulty. 


86.  Something    to  show   for   your 

Money. 
40.  Jack  and  the  Yellow  Boys. 
50.  John  Rose  and  his  Freehold. 

67.  **  Dip  your  Roll  in  your  own  Pot." 

68.  Our  Chi  istmas  Tree. 

69.  Tim's  Oration. 

93.  Chalk  your  own  Door. 

94.  John  B.  Gough. 

96.  Story  oi  Rough  Will. 

97.  *'  I  like  to  wear  my  own  clothes 
firsU" 


Kexnpster'8  Pictorial  Leafleta.    6d.  per  100,  or  3s.  8d.  per  1,000. 

1.  XXX  Pint  Jog. 

2.  How  Peter  Pendlebury  got  a  Clock  and  a  Watch. 

3.  How  Sam  Summerrille  got  a  Trip  to  the  Isle  of  Man. 

4.  Her  Majesty  the  Queen. 

The  Bridge  of  Choice  for  Bands  of  Hope  and  Young  People. 
Plain,  Id.  J  coloured,  4d. 


Nation's  Cnrse  and  Cure.    Plidn,  Id.    coloured,  8d. 


W 


TSMPBRANCE   PUBLICATIONS. 


<c 


THE    WORSHIP    OF    BACCHUS,-   Ac. 


Worship  of  Bacoliatt  The.  By  Geobgb  Cruikbhank,  engraved  on 
Bteel,  47  iDobes  bj  30  incbos.  Redaction  of  Price.  Tbis  rexnarkubia 
Engraving  contains  over  1,000  figures,  each  figure  portraying  a  cbaracter  or  a 
passion — tbe  wbole  presenting  a  bistory  of  the  ooatoms  and  mannen  of  the 
present  oentuij.  Artistes  Proofs,  originally  £5  5a.  now  £2  2b.  Prints, 
originally  £1  Is.  now  10s.  0d.  Coloured  Prints,  origi&aHy  £S  3s.  now  £2 
2s.  Suitable  Fhtmea,  with  Full  Margins,  2-iii.  Mspl^  ISt.  6d. ;  2-ln.  best 
Rosewood,  85s.  Handsome  Oak,  Rosewood,  or  Walnut^  40s.,  4fis.,  an<l  50s. 
Gold  Bead  and  Slip.  14s.,  81s.,  and  25s.  Gilt  Albambra,  80b.  Beet  Gold 
Albambra,  with  dat,  87s.  6d.,  47b.  6d.,  and  57a.  6d.  The  prints  can  be 
safely  packed  for  railway  tranrit  for  One  Shilling  extra:  If  Ofdered  framed, 
a  packing  case  will  be  sent,  which  is  returnable. 

WoraAip  of  Bacchus,  The.  A  critique  of  this  ptoating  by  the  late 
Jehn  Stewart,  a  descriptire  Lecture  by  Geoige  Gruiksh««ik,  tad  opinions  of 
the  Press.     Eighth  edition.     Sd. 

Key  to  the  Worship  of  Bacchus,  A,  as  described  by  tne  artist.  Printed 

the  same  sise  as  the  plates  and  arranged  in  the  same  order  as  the  picture 

itself.     A  necessary  companion  to  the  woriu     4d. 
Catalogue  of  a  Selection  from  the  Works  of  George  Oruikshank, 

A,  extending  over  a  period   of  upwards  of  sixty  year%  sa  exhibited  at 

Exeter  HaU  in  1868.    2d. 
The  Battle  and  The  Drunkard's  Children.    Eight  Ph&tesin  each. 

By  G.  Cbujkshank,  Is.  each.    The  Bottlb,  in  reduced  sixe,  6d. 

HEALTH    MANUALS,    Sto. 
Bihle  Hygiene ;  or  Health  Hints.    By  a  Phtsician.    Crown  8vo, 

doth,  as.  6d. 

Eleven  Letters  to  Brother  John,  on  Life,  Health,  and  DiseaseL    By 

Edv^'ard  Johnson,  M.D.     Is.,  and  6d. 

Future  of  Sanitary  Science,  The.  By  Dr.  B.  W.  Rtcsabdsox.  An 
Address  delivered  before  the  Sanitary  Institute  of  Gtreat  Britain  at  the 
Koyal  Institution,  on  July  5th,  1S77.    Crovm  8ro.     la. 

Health  and  Home.    By  a  Quiet  Wosiait.    In  handsome  IDnminatcd 

cover.     Fcap.  8vo,  Is.  6d. 

Hints  on  Health*  By  Richard  Paba3C0RB,M.R.C.S.  P^>er  covers,  8d. 

Hygeia :  a  City  of  Health.  By  Dr.  R  W.  Ricbaboson.  Grown  8vo.  If. 

Manuals  of  Health.    Is.  each. 

Food.  By  Albert  J.  Bbenays,  Esq.,  F.G.S.,  Ac — ^Habitation in  Relation  to 
Health, Tbe.  By  F.  S.  B.CuAUJifoxT,  M.D.,F.B.9. — Health  and  OeenpAtioa. 
By  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  F.H.S.— On  Personal  Can  of  Health.  By  the 
late  E.  A.  Fabkrs,  M.D.,  F.B.S.— Water,  Air,  and  Disinfeetenta.  By  W. 
Noel  Uartlry,  F.B.S.E.,  F.C.S. 

Studies  of  Life.  The  Human  Body  and  Health  Stndles.  Lectures 
delivered  before  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asaooiation.  By  H.  SuiCLAlR 
Patkuok,  K.D.    Three  rob.,  2b.  6d.  each. 


TEMPBRANCB   PUBLICATIONS. 


THB    BLUB    BIBBON    MOVEMBNT. 

TiEAFLETS.  By  Bev.  Fobbbs  E.  Winblow.  Is.  per  100,  Os.  per  1,000. 
"  Gome  Over  and  Help  Us,"  '*  How  to  Organise  a  Gospel  Temperanoo 
HiMion,"  "NaU  Yoor  Colonra  to  the  Mast' 


»» 


TBACTS.  *'  How  to  Start  and  Work  a  Blue  Bibbon  lOsaian,"  and 
*'  Seven  Beaaona  for  Wearing  tbe  Bine  Bibbon,*'  by  Bev.  7.  B.  Metsi, 
B.A. ;  "  A  Bibbon  of  Bine,"  by  tbe  Bev.  H.  C.  Stuedt,  M. A. ;  "  The 
Blue  Bibbon  Movement,"  by  Bev.  G.  G.  Baskebvillb,  M.A.  ;  "Two 
Hoars,"  by  Mrs.  W.  Noblk  ;  "  To  the  Wearers  of  the  Bine  Bibbon ;  ^ 
**  The  Work  of  the  Bine  Bibbon  Army,"  by  Wiluam  Nobu.  id.  each. 
"Tbe  Bine  Bibbon  Army,"  by  F.  T.  Gammon.  Id.  "Bine  Bibbon 
Series,"  by  Bev.  G.  Evbbabd,  M.A.    Packet  containing  50,  6d. 

PLEDGE  CABDS- 

Oeneral  Gospel  Temperance  Pledge  Card.  A  new  neat  Card 
in  Bine  Ink.  Is.  per  100,  6b.  per  1,000.  This  can  be  specially  printed 
to  order  with  local  name. 

B.  T.  Booth's  Card,  Is.  per  100,  6s.  per  1,000 ;  also  Id.  each. 

William  Noble's  Card,  Is.  6d.  per  100,  Ss.  6d.  per  1,000 ;  also  Id. 
each. 

Family  Pledge  Card,  printed  in  Gold  and  Bine.    6d. 


The  Temperance  ICiaaion  Hymn  Book.    Words  )d.,  3s.  per 
100.     Mnsic  and  Words,  either  Notation,  6d.  and  Is. 

Gospel  Temperance  Songs  (F.  Murpbt).    Words  Id.  and  2d. 
Mnsio  and  Words,  either  Notation,  Is.,  Is.  6d.,  and  Ss.  6d. 

Gospel   Temperance   Hymns   (R.   T.   Booth).     Words   Id. 
Mnsic  and  Words,  either  Notation,  6d.  and  Is. 

Blue  Bibbon  Songs  (Guiiwen).    Either  Notation,  in  two  parts, 
6d.  ea^h. 

BLTJE  BIBBON,  in  pieces  of  36  yards,  28.  9d. ;  cat  into  convenient 
lengths  for  nse,  Is.  per  100,  6s.  per  1,000. 

BADGES SELF-ADJUSTING  BADGE,  ^d.  each.    A  BLUE  STUD 

for  wearing  in  Buttonhole,  2d.  *•  G.  T.  U.  BADGE,"  4d.  BLUB 
RIBBON  ARMY  BOW,  6d.  BLUE  BIBBON  ARMY  STARS,  8d.  and 
Is.  3d.  each. 

BLTJE  BIBBON  WOBKEBS'  COMPANION'.  A  Pocket  Case, 
containing  Cards,  Ribbons,  and  Pins  for  everyday  nse.    Is.  6d.  each. 

XUSIG.  "  A  Little  Bow  of  Blue."  3d.  «*  The  Wearers  of  the  Blua" 
8d.  •<  March  of  the  Bine  Ribbon  Army."  4d.  "The  Badge  of  Bine,*' 
&o,,  id.     **  Wearing  the  Bine  for  Jesns,"  &o.,  {d. 

PLEDGE  SHEETS  FOB  USE  AT  MEETINGS.  Each  ruled  for 
fifteen  names.     Ss.  6d.  per  100. 

OHAIBMAN'S  AGENDA  FOBM.    2a  6d.  per  100 


TBMPBRANCB  PUBLICATIONS. 


f: , 


fj 


.  - 1 
« I 


THE  NATIONAL 


TEMPERANCE  PORTRAIT  6ALLEI 


Cabinetat  Ba.  etoli,  or  IBi.  per  doMiit  post  tr—, 
Oartea  do  Viaite,  la.  eaoh,  or  9a.  per  doaen*  poet  free. 


Miss  AGNES  WESTON. 
Mu.  G.  S.  BEANEY. 


Sir  EDWABD  BAINES. 
BISHOP  OF  BEDFOBD. 
STEVENSON  S.   BLACKWOOD, 

Esq. 
B.  T.  BOOTH,  Esq. 
SAMUEL  BOWLY,  Esq. 
Bkv.    JOSEPH    COOK,    Boston, 

U.S.A. 
Bvv.  Canon  CONNOB. 
Bev.  J.  P.  CHOWN. 
Bev.  Dr.  de  COLLEVILLE. 
GEOBGE    CBUIESHANK,    Esq, 

(l^he  late). 
Bev.  Canon  DUCKWORTH. 
Bev.  STENTON  EABDLEY. 
Dr.  JAMES  EDMUNDS. 
Bbv.  Canon  ELLISON. 
Bkv.  Canon  FABBAB. 
Bey.  Canon  FLEMING. 
Bkv.  Dr.  VALPY  FRENCH. 
Bev.  CHABLES  GABRETT. 
Bev.  GEOBGE  GLADSTONE. 
BISHOP  ov  GLOUCESTER. 
JOHN  B.  GOUGH.  Esq. 
Bev.  GELSON  GREGSON. 
Admihal   Sim  W.   KING  HALL, 

K.C.B. 
Professor  ROBERT  HARLEY. 
JABEZ  INWABDS  (Tbe  lato). 


Db.  NORMAN  B.  KERB. 
J.  W.  KIRTON,  Esq. 
S»  WILFRID  LAW80N,  M 
GEORGE  LIYESEY,  Esq. 
JOSEPH  LIVESEY,  Esq. 
Rky.  Father  LOCKHABT. 
Rev.  G.  W.  McCREE. 
Ret.  ROBERT  MAGniBS.j 
Cardinal  MANNING. 
DUNCAN  S.  MILLEB,  Esq. 
SAMUEL  MORLEY,  Esq.,  ] 
Rev.  G.  M.  MURPHY. 
FRANCIS  MURPHY,  Esq. 
BISHOP  OP  NEWCASTLE. 
WILLIAM  NOBLE,  Esq. 
BxB  HUGH  OWEN  (The  lati 
BOBEBT  BAB,  Esq. 
Sir  CHAB.  BBSD,  M.P.  (The 
Db.  B.  W.  BICHABDSGN. 
BISHOP  OF  BOCBUBSTEB. 
Pbofessoe  BOLLESTON. 
ALFRED  8ABGANT,  Esq. 
W.  B.  8ELWAY,  Esq. 
STEPHEN  SHIRLEY,  Esq** 
W.  HIND  SMITHp  Esq. 
FBEDEBIC  SMITH,  Esq. 
T.  B.  SMITHIES,  E^ 
Bet.  C.  H.  SPUBGEON. 
BiEV.  S.  BTUBGEB. 
Sib  HENBY  THOMPSON. 
JOHN  TAYLOB,  Eaq. 
Bev.  Canon  B.  WILBEBFOl 
Bev.  FOBBES  B.  WIN8L01 


The  Photographs  have  been  taken  by  some  of  the  leading  London  houiet,  u 
all  recent  and  excellent  likenesses.  Otben  will  bo  added  fiw  tima  to  tii 

40 


Messrs.  Nelson's  New  Books. 

COLEBZDQE'S  ANCIENT  KARIHER.  Itlnttrntwl  hf  DavidScott, 
K.8  A  With  l.ifo  nf  the  Anitt  und  DcMcriptlie  N'oticci  of  (he  I'lalcn.  Ht  R«.  A.  L. 
Ijlviwni,  I).U„  Dnbj,    Clolh  citn,  Kilt  eUgn,  |>ti«  «■. 

r»r  in»  IlluttratitM  anJ  Brtnlifid  ArPtarm—  of  Hi,  Baal,  nutr  Uartrf  nilahla 
ralum^faraPr-nt. 

WATCHWORDS  FOB  THE  WARPABE  OF  UFE.  From  Dr. 
S.'huiilirii-Cutii  Finily."  Au.,  lu.    Si-  fi  Ci'«itr  Biilian,  Pmi  Hro.  vluth  nln, 

BT  UPHILI.  PATHS  ;  or,  Wniline  and  AVlnniiifc.     A  Rtnrv  of  Work  u> 

lwrl..iip.    Rt  E.  VAX  S..»iiiR,  Aiithnrof'T.lnnrl  Friinklin'>  ViFl.nr."  Au.  Ac.    With 

8ii  Illiutraiiunt.    V>M  810,  rlMh  eitti,  priw  3a.  (d. 
SELF-EFFORT  ;  or.  The  Trae  Method  of  Attaiiiini;  Success  in  Lire.     By 

Jnurv  JniiiafM,  Aulbar  •if  l.iTiBir  in  KlmMt,"  "  [.l>ii<i1u  l>ur]H»ie,-  li.,  fci.    With 

Fniullapini  uid  Viinirltr.    PotI  Stu.  c'lulb  (lira,  price  3a  M. 
HOTTNTAINS  AND  HOmfTAIN-CLIUBINa:  Reccrd^of  Adteu- 

FiaHTINO  THE  GOOD  FIQHT  ;  or,  Tbe  Succntral  trifluence  of  Well 
Uulnif.    AT.ile.    I1)'H.  K  K.,  Anthnr  or  "T<HnTenp.!at'H  ViE(orT,"&<-.    Wllb  Fnn- 

ABIDE  WITH  ME.     The  FikrnaHte  Htdid.    B<r  llEXitT  KiiANC-ra  Lnr 

Wilh  15  Pull-iiapc  Eiiijravinri,  uiil  a  Mruiurial  SkMc'i  of  lh<!  Author.    Fcap.  Sra,  cloth 
I'ltta  t(ilt  fdiK«.  prici  If.  Oil. 
HEBOISK  IN   HUHBLE  LIFE ;   or  Tba  Sur*  of  Ben  Prltohard  and 
Cliiriir  l-impi.m.  ^ATvinprrmreTili!.    U.  [t«r.  K.  N.  Hkaie,  M.A.,  lt(..-t«ar  kentr, 
•iiil  Viitncti",  price  I».w'         "   '       "■■    ''  "".'  ■  '" 

ALDA'S  LEAF,  AND  OTHER  STORIES,  lly  t1iDlI..n.Mn.GHBicN. 

Aiilhur  .d'  ■■  The  Om  lldUK  on  llie  Hill."  lb-.,  Av.    With  Vrciitliuini  and  Vik-nrlte. 
Fnip.  BTK.  >-U4fa.  priiw  1«. 

THE  BABE  I'   THE  UILL,  AND  ZANINA,  THE  FLOWER 

tilltLOF  t-LUKBNi-l';.    |]v  Ehillun.  Mn.  liHUN,  Aulb»rar"Jubil»  llall.'-Sc..  &.'. 
Wiih  FnnitiMiKM  uid  VlRnvIlt.    Fcap.  Hvu.  elmh.  |nii'c  H. 

NEW  SERIES   OF   PICTURE   CARDS. 

Ucautirullj  EKi'iiliil  lu  L-h<'>in«.IitlHi)rTapliy,  •rUhDniTiptl.n.t  from  lir.  TitoNnoN'i "  I.aud 
»ua  llnil|i«.li."aBj  I'rvTo-'V  BaLtutR'K  ■'I'laiiwiil  li.e  llil.:.'." 

PLANTS  OF  rllE  HOLY  USD.  Pic-  :  F^STBRX  M.VSSKK-SASDCUSrOlIfi. 
(nrr  ('mdi.  with  Vrntat,  lulrudurlnit  Uoininlir  alid  AirriruUurd.    A  Scrim  ut 

Virn  111  rati-iiliir.  >iiuiI'kr.,prin'M.  |         I'i.mmMnlh    Hii  in  I'ackcl.  |iricf4d. 

FLOWmid  OF  TIIR  HOLY  LAMI.  .  EA8TlJlt.V]lANNRKS&!<DCUST0MS. 
IVlunL'irJ<.wiIhllc<iiin..lnin>ilBi'En(  I  &wfail  wd  Public.  AHmca  nf  fiiturc 
View,  ill  I'atL'K'liHi.  Mi  in  I  kl.  jiricB  4<i.  I         CardH     Mi  in  Pa-kct.  priir  -l<l. 

N«Uon-a  Mew  Illuitmtiil  Book  LUt.    A*  ni-it.„t,-i  am4  D-imptir,  c^taiasm 

m/  Baat..  I,.  kt,J,<,^,  imJi-fl,  ^.ilMrfrr  INyi'.f  ..h.I/^  SrMvl  k.-..rJ,. 

T.  N£IiSON  &  SONS,  35,  Paternoster  Uow,  lonaon,  E-C 
Edinburgh  and  New  Yui'k. 


ESXA.BI,IBIIEX>     1S3S. 
(SAXiTOKD    UNITY). 

HIGH  OFFICERS  AND  BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS.— I 

Mr.  HENR?  ROFEB.  tU,  Broad  Saett,  PcndlituD,  Slucbnu 

Mr.  HENRY  VABDIiOPPl^B,  1!,  A»Ki  JttiKt  SoMtb,  «an<lCTl 
P«ST    KIOH    CH.J,-   RL'  .Id. 
ill.  JolI.N  IIIUONI).  Ml,  Zi'Iknd  6lntt.  SoitHiftt. 

Mr.  CII  RISTni'HEB  HODOSUN',  Huixi  IlxuH,  .New  .Vo»tuu,  Manti 

Mr.  B.  tlUSTElE,  PA  and  H,  Laneuur  Airaue,  Uiiii.-hi^to[. 

Mr.  lIKKIty  SIIARPLES,  97,  AlciaMln  ttn^.  Kwivliott'r  INM.  1  l>i. 
Mr.  H.  T.  VclVER,  lliirkii  E.«4  Uviwb^  Ihii-  ul  Man  iX.i  .;  DWtiv 
»r.  THOMAS  CUNLIFrK,  S>«4u.  ftOrr.  Bult.m  iN'n.  7  IMlri.-.'. 
Hr.  TUIIHAS  U  nXKKK,  114.  Xanbr  Mwl,  KluHMd  (Nil  U  lii-.1n. 
Mr.  JOim  II.  CASl.KT.  IS.  H>iu!^«  SITr^.  Kuirr  iXu.US  In.liirll. 
Mr.  ItlCUAIiDMIN  CtSPRELU  fli.  Ah'imilt.i  V-n-if.  (Ilt-eir  ;N... . 
Hr.  r,  JONKe  PABBV,  Ua(utnltf'Umk'>l>ffln'.  [Irininaur  (Xu.  i*  I 

Mr,  TIIciUAH  HlunPt.y.S,  1>>,  fli.  MatT^  Pnr^niian'.  3l-ii)'-1ii'>ii.r  |N»,  1 

Mr.  JiUlS  Al.l'IN'K.  fHslllililttmr.  Ni<nh>irb(.<>u.  JKlJi.tri.'i. 

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