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DSJTHROPOLOGY
MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM
FROM S. A. BARRETT
8, A. BARRET!
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOLUME 59, NUMBER 1
THE NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS,
EGYPT
WITH THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES
BY
DR. ALES HRDLICKA1
Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum
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(PUBLICATION 2071)
CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1912
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.
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CONTENTS
PAGE
1. Introduction I
2. Geographical and historical notes on the Great Oasis 3
3. Recent data on the Kharga Oasis people 7
4. General observations and information gathered by the writer 9
Environment 9
Social and medical records 13
5. Vital statistics of the Kharga Oasis 16
Population in 1907 16
Births and Deaths 17
Vital statistics of Kharga Village for five years 17
Vital statistics of Gennah Village for five years 18
Vital statistics of Boulac and Beris for one year 18
Sex rate 19
Vital statistics of Kharga and Gennah by quarters 20
Births and deaths at Kharga by months 21
Resume of vital statistics 21
6. Physiological observations on the Kharga Oasis natives 22
Pulse 23
Respiration 24
Temperature 26
Pulse, respiration, and temperature in relation to age 27
Pulse, respiration, and temperature in relation to extremes of
stature 28
Pulse, respiration, and temperature in relation to vigor 28
Muscular strength 29
Pressure force in hands 30
Traction force 30
Muscular strength according to age 31
Resume of principal physiological observations 32
7. Observations on the body 32
Color 32
Hair 33
Features of the head 34
Facial features 34
Body and limbs . . . 36
Concluding remarks on non-instrumental observations.... 36
8. Measurements 36
Stature , 36
Height sitting . . 38
Relation of height sitting to stature 40
Height and height sitting in the shortest and the tallest 42
Head 42
Length 42
Breadth 43
Relation of length and breadth of head to stature 44
in
067
IV CONTENTS
PAGE
Cephalic index 47
Mean cephalic index in various North- African groups . . 48
Height 48
Cephalic Module 52
Relation of size of head to stature . . ....... .. 54
Relation of size of head to form of head 57
Face '...'..' 58
Height, total 58
Height of forehead 60
Height, chin-nasion 61
Relation of height of face and of height of forehead to
stature, head length, head form, and age 64
Breadth . . 66
Relation of breadth of face to breadth, form, and size
of head 68
Physiognomic index 69
Anatomic index 70
Relation of facial (anatomic) with cephalic index 72
Nose ." . 73
Height 73
Relation of the facial and nasal height in those of short-
est and those of longest faces 75
Breadth 75
Relation of the facial and nasal breadth in those of
shortest and those of longest faces 76
Nasal index 77
Nasal index in the living non-negroid peoples of North-
Africa 78
Dimensions of nose in cases of lowest and highest nasal
index 81
Nasal measurements and index in relation to age 82
Nasal index in adults between 27 and 54 years of age. . 84
Relation of nasal index to nasal height and breadth, to
facial height, breadth and index, and to cephalic
index 85
Secondary facial measurements 86
Diameter frontal minimum 86
Relation of diameter frontal minimum to breadth of face
and breadth of head 87
Mouth, width 87
Relation of the width of mouth to breadth of face,
breadth of nose, and to age 88
Diameter bigonial 89
Relation of diameter bigonial to breadth of face and
breadth of head 90
Ears 91
Height of left ear 92
Breadth of left ear 92
Ear index 93
Dimensions of ears according to age 94
CONTENTS V
PAGE
Additional measurements 95
Hand, left, length 95
Breadth 96
Index 96
Foot, left, length 96
Breadth 97
Index 97
Relation of the length of the hands and feet and of their
indices to stature and age 98
Leg, girth 100
Summary of the main results shown by measurements 100
Tables of comparison 100
Comparison of measurements of the Kharga natives and
various other groups of Egyptians and Nubians.... 101
Comparison of the measurements of the Kharga men
with those of Soudanese and other negroes , 102
9. Conclusions 102
10. Bibliography 104
11. Appendix : Detailed measurements 106
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE
1. The Village of Kharga.
2. A typical street in Kharga Village with women's and children's quarters
on roofs.
3. A street in Kharga Village.
PORTRAITS OF KHARGA OASIS NATIVES
4. Shek Moustafa Hanadi, the Omdeh of the Oasis (his ancestors came,
many generations ago, from Arabia).
5. Young man.
6. Young men ; approach Nubian types in physiognomy.
7. Young men; one on right quite blind.
8. Young men, unusually dark, possibly slight negro admixture.
9. Young farmer, ordinary type of physiognomy.
10. Two young men, showing ordinary facial features in outline.
11. Two young men.
12. A young farmer, typical oasis physiognomy.
13. Young farmer, somewhat asymmetric features.
14. Two men with physiognomy of Mediterranean type.
15. A man near 40 years of age.
16. A farmer, ordinary oasis physiognomy.
17. Man about 40, somewhat Semitic type of face.
18. Man of strong physique, ordinary Kharga physiognomy.
19. One of the better conditioned.
20. Two farmers.
21. Two agricultural natives, side view.
22. Man about 45 years of age.
23. Man approximately 50 years of age.
24. Two middle-aged men.
25. Middle-aged agricultural laborer.
26. Middle-aged man.
27. Middle-aged man of somewhat better class.
28. Middle-aged farmer, somewhat Semitic physiognomy.
29. A farmer.
30. Man about 55 years of age.
31. A slightly ageing farmer, typical Kharga physiognomy.
32. A somewhat ageing man, fine Semitic physiognomy.
33. Man near 60 years of age.
34. Ageing farmer, typical Kharga features.
35. Man about 65 years of age.
36. Somewhat aged man (loss of teeth).
37. Aged but still quite robust man.
38. Aged man.
VI
THE NATIVES OF THE KHARGA OASIS, EGYPT
BY DR. ALES HRDLICKA
CURATOR, DIVISION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
(WITH THIRTY-EIGHT PLATES)
1. INTRODUCTION
For a number of years important and very careful archeological
researches have been conducted in Egypt under the auspices of the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. These researches
have been carried on by Mr. A. M. Lythgoe, Curator of the Egyptian
Department in the Metropolitan Museum, and his able assistants,
Mr. A. C. Mace, and Mr. Herbert E. Winlock. They have extended,
thus far, principally to certain pyramids and cemeteries of the Xllth
Dynasty, and to the temple of Hibis as well as the large early Chris-
tian necropolis at the Great or Kharga (= Eastern) Oasis.
The dynastic monuments and cemeteries actually under exploration
by the Expedition are those of Amenemhat I. and Usertesen I., the
first two kings of the Middle Empire. They are situated on the
western margin of the desert bordering the Nile valley, near the
native town of Lisht, some thirty miles south of Cairo. The research
is being directed in part toward the clearing of the great pyramid
temples, and in part to the examination of what remains of the
contents of the graves, particularly in the numerous and remarkable
burial pits located about the more northern of the two pyramids.
The excavations have been attended from the beginning by the
recovery of skeletal remains dating especially from the Xllth, but
also from the XVIIIth to the XXIst Dynasties. In view of the
fact that a large amount of this skeletal material could be definitely
identified from a chronological standpoint, and because of the great
scarcity of Egyptian skeletal remains in American collections, the
writer endeavored to bring about a saving of such crania and bones
for the U. S. National Museum, and eventually, due to the generosity
of the authorities of the Metropolitan Museum and the aid of Mr.
Lythgoe, an arrangement to that effect was perfected by the two
Institutions. As a result of this arrangement, the National Museum
is already in possession of more than three hundred well dated
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 59, No. t.
2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
Egyptian crania, with a large quantity of other osseous parts ; and
it is hoped that as the field work goes on, this collection will increase
to important proportions and form a study and reference series
unique on this continent and of the highest scientific value.
The Metropolitan Museum's explorations at the Kharga Oasis
resulted also in the unearthing of a considerable number of bodies,
in this case proceeding from the Coptic burials of the second and
third centuries A. D. This material is also destined for the U. S.
National Museum. It comes mostly in the shape of natural mummies
in a remarkably good state of preservation, and will be of especial
value for comparisons and in the study of the entire skeletons.
Some of the bones and mummies from the Oasis have already
reached the National Museum, while another collection awaits trans-
portation.
The co-operation of the two Institutions, however, soon developed
the fact that for a more thorough understanding of the conditions,
and also for the purpose of utilizing favorable local opportunities in
the study of the living remnants of the Egyptians, particularly at
the Great Oasis, a personal visit to the field by an anthropologist
was desirable. Toward the end of 1908, the means provided for
the Metropolitan Museum expedition rendering such a visit feasible,
the writer was detailed by the National Museum for the journey.
He spent ten weeks in Egypt, partly at Cairo, where, due to the
courtesies of Prof. G. Elliot-Smith, he was able to study the skeletal
remains from several important periods, especially the invaluable
early pre-dynastic, Naga-el-Der, collection ; partly at the Lisht exca-
vations, where numerous Xllth Dynasty crania and other skeletal
parts were collected; and partly at the Great Oasis, where, besides
some work on the mummies and skeletal remains, measurements and
observations were made on 150 of the living adult male inhabitants.
The present paper deals only with the last named investigations.
The value of the studies on the Kharga Oasis natives lies in the fact
that these people have received as yet no scientific attention ; and
that, due to their isolation, and their former adherence to the Copts,
they may be regarded as purer representatives of the old inhabitants
of that region than the people of many parts of the valley are of
their more ancient predecessors. Moreover, results of the observa-
tions ought to prove of special interest medically, due to the isolation
of the people and their peculiar environmental conditions.
The studies were restricted to individuals of normal (that is, non-
pathological) development, who did not show by their hair or fea-
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 3
tures negro admixture. The selection on the last mentioned basis
is of particular importance, for an inclusion of those who are visibly
part negro would necessarily vitiate the outcome of the observations.
Even with the precaution taken some individuals were doubtless
included who were not free from negro blood, but the influence of
such unrecognizable cases on the results must be small. The mixture
with the negro at the Oasis is on the whole less extensive than in
some parts of the valley. It is also in general more modern and
more easily eliminated.
The women of the Oasis, regrettably, could not be studied, due to
the restrictions of the Mohammedan religion.
2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE
GREAT OASIS
The Kharga Oasis lies1 130 miles west from Luxor, the ancient
Thebes ; the nearest point on the Nile, however, is less distant. For
the last four years it has been connected with the Nile valley by a
railroad ; before that time it was reached only by from three to five
days' journey across the desert with camels.
The Oasis is a great but shallow and flat depression, over 3,000
square kilometers in extent, in the Libyan Desert, which in these
regions is absolutely barren. It extends roughly between the paral-
lels of 26° to 24° north latitude and forms the eastern portion of an
immense shallow natural excavation, the western part of which is
the Western or Dakhla Oasis (fig. i) .
The Kharga Oasis has been peopled since early dynastic if not
pre-dynastic times. It yields ancient stone implements, is mentioned
in some of the oldest Egyptian records, and contains the remains of
numerous old settlements as well as of several temples. It also has
the best preserved Coptic necropolis.
At the present time, as probably always in the past, a great part
of the Oasis depression is desert. The habitable portions are those
that contain flowing, generally artificial wells. These parts, several
in number, are separated by the sands and barrens and are the real
oases in the great arid desert depression.
Each of these smaller or larger watered areas is represented by
a village or town, the main of which, from north to south, are known
as Kharga, Gennah, Boulac or Bulaq, and Beris. In addition there
following, in the main, J. Ball, "Kharga Oasis: its Topography and
Geology." Geological Survey Report. Survey Department, Egypt, 1899; 8°.
Cairo, 1900; and Beadnell, H. J. L— An Egyptian Oasis, 8°, London, 1909.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 59
are several settlements of minor importance, and a number of places
that are occupied only for a time each year, during the growing or
gathering of crops.
The total number of the present inhabitants of the Great Oasis,
including some Bedouins, is somewhat less that 10,000. Their
28' Longitude £mit from 30 c Gnanwlch
FIG. i. — Sketch map of Egypt, showing the position of the oases. (After
Ball.)
ethnic origin and the time of their immigration into the Oasis are
both uncertain. The earliest record thus far discovered relating
directly to the Oasis dates from the Xllth Dynasty, or a little less
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA 5
than 2000 years B. C.1 It narrates that " Ikudidi, a steward of
Sesostris I., was dispatched by him to the great oasis of El Khargeh
on the west of Abydos, whence the caravans started thither " ; which
would seem to indicate that the Oasis already formed a component
part of upper Egypt and was in frequent communication with that
country.
There is in existence, however, a much earlier and very suggestive
record, which possibly implies a still more ancient suzerainty of
Egypt over the southwestern settlement, and may contain a dew to
the ethnic derivation of the early inhabitants of the Oasis. It dates
from the reign of Mernere, of the 6th Dynasty, or from about 2500
years B. C., and speaks of a general of that king dispatched to the
" distant Yam," which is identified by Egyptologists as a part of
Nubia lying between the second and third cataracts.2 Arriving in
Yam, Harkhuf, the general in question, " found its chief engaged in
a war with the southernmost settlements of the Temehu tribes, related
to the Libyans, on the west of Yam. Harkhuf immediately went
after him and had no difficulty in reducing him to subjection." '
If the tribes west of the Yam people were of the Temehu, related
to the Libyans or Berbers, then it is quite probable that the Kharga
Oasis people, dwelling approximately 300 miles more northward of
the Yam country, in the Libyan desert and in the line of migration
from the Libyan lands in the north, were of the same extraction. It
is even possible that the mention referred directly to the southern
Oasis (Kharga and Dakhla), in which case the record would also
imply that the Oasis inhabitants were at that time subjects of Egypt
and as such received protection.
As to references in foreign authors, Herodotus writes (Thalia)
that the Persian troops of Cambyses " who were sent against the
Ammonians, leaving Thebes, followed their guides, and appear to
have reached the city Oasis, which those Samians, who are said to
be of the Aeschrionian tribe, inhabit, distant from Thebes seven days'
journey across the sand." This can, its seems, refer only to the
Great Oasis ; but it is not clear who were meant by the Aeschrionians.
Edmonstone * mentions a passage from Josephus contra Apionem,
1 Breasted, J. H. : Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago, 1905, pp. 524-
528; A History of Egypt, 2d ed., 8° N. Y., 1909, p. 182.
2 See map at the end of the volume in Breasted's History of Egypt, cited
in the preceding foot-note.
3 Breasted, J. H. : Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. I, pp. 333-336; History of
Egypt, 1909, p. 138.
4 Edmonstone, A. : A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt. 8°.
London, 1822, pp. 133-134.
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
Lib. 2, which indicates that in the time of Josephus the population
of those remote tracts was considered as pure Egyptian. In attack-
ing Apion, Josephus accuses him of wishing to be considered a
Greek, when he is an Egyptian, and says " He believes himself [a
Greek], and that too, being born in the Oasis of Egypt whence he
is, as one would say, the first of all Egyptians."
During the periods of the Persian, Greek, and Roman dominions
of Egypt, the Oasis was evidently regarded as an inherent part of
Egypt and its inhabitants as not differing from the Valley Egyptians.
It suffered, as it probably did before, invasions of the more southern
and more warlike tribes, which, however, did not result in coloniza-
tion.
Edmonstone thus quotes (pp. I 39-140) * two letters of the bishop
Nestorius, referring to later times, particularly to destructive raids
on the Oasis by the " Blemmyes " and other more southern tribes :
" After the Oasis was, as I mentioned above, taken by the bar-
barian (Blemmyes), and completely laid waste and devastated by
fire, they who, for what cause I know not, carried me off, suddenly
took compassion and dismissed me, adding threats, however, if I
did not instantly leave the country, for they said the Maziei were to
take possession as soon as we left it." The Blemmyes, according
to Strabo (Xylandri, L. 17, p. 786), were subject to the Ethiopians,
and inhabited " both sides of the Nile, on the borders of Egypt, to
which country, being a nomad race, they became very troublesome
neighbors." These raids have in all probability repeatedly reduced
the population of the Oasis, but did not alter its ethnic nature.
There are a few later records concerning Kharga, touching on its
famous wines, on its tributes to Egypt, on its being used as a place
of banishment (particularly during the early centuries of the Chris-
tian era) and on its temples, its Christians (Copts), and its garri-
sons,2 but these contain nothing of anthropological interest except
the indication of the affluence to the Oasis, through those who were
banished thither and through the garrison personnel, of foreign
1 From Evagrius, Hist. Eel., Lib. I, cap. 5.
* The references apply in some of the cases to the oases in general. Thus,
for instance, the " Notitia dignitatum," composed under the sons of Theo-
dosius the Great and mentioned by Schweinfurth in his " Notizen zur Kennt-
niss der Oase El-Chargeh " (Petermann's Mittheilungen, 1875, P- 385), speaks
of the garrisons of the oases as having been composed of Quades, Armenians
and Ahasges. And when the Great Oasis is spoken of separately it doubt-
less includes mostly Dakhla as well as Kharga, for these were not always
distinguished as two separate territories.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 7
racial elements, some of which doubtless mixed or fused with the
population j1 but the total effect of these mixtures on the physical
status of the Oasis people was probably only moderate. The inscrip-
tions on the temple of Hibis, at Kharga, refer to the oases, according
to Beadnell, under the comprehensive name " Set-ament," or " the
Western Lands," without any further distinction or information.
The above is about all that can be said about the Oasis from the
anthropological standpoint up to the time of the Arab invasion con-
cerning which there are no details. After the coming of the Arabs,
however, and the introduction of the camel, there followed the estab-
lishment, or more probably an increase in importance, of the Soudan-
Assiout and other caravan routes, which lead across the Oasis. The
Soudan route then became the artery of extensive black slave traffic
and this introduced gradually into the Oasis a supply of Soudanese
negro slaves, and influenced to an important degree the racial char-
acter of the natives. The slaves were obtained from the caravans in
exchange for animals or goods, or as leavings in cases of sickness or
accident, and were eventually embodied into the population. In the
course of several hundred years, this negro admixture accumulated
to such a degree that today nearly one-third of the inhabitants of the
Oasis show more or less pronounced traces of negro admixture.
Some of the negro admixture is recent, or well remembered in
the families, other admixture is older and more difficult to trace ; but
very nearly all is post-Coptic, for the mummies and bones recovered
from the great Coptic necropolis present almost exclusively hair and
features of a non-negroid character.
There doubtless also came into the Oasis in the course of time
some settlers from the Nile valley. How strong the Arab and the
Valley accessions may have been, particularly in periods of partial
depopulation of. the Oasis by epidemics or enemies, it is impossible
to say, yet it is probable that not many were attracted to the isolated,
exposed, initially quite unhealthful, and especially poor region, and
that the bulk of the population maintained or renewed itself princi-
pally through natural augmentation.
3. RECENT DATA ON THE KHARGA OASIS PEOPLE
Modern references to the Egyptians of the Great Oasis are almost
as scarce as those of the older times, and what there are, with one or
two exceptions, touch only indirectly on the people themselves. The
1 During the writer's examination a man was found whose family claims
descent from a Roman soldier married to a native woman; and there are said
to be several such cases in the Oasis.
8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
literature is given in the bibliography. A few data of especial interest
are as follows :
Browne, who passed through the Oasis in I793,1 mentions the
acquiring by the inhabitants of Nubian negro slaves (p. 261) :
" When we came to Beiris we were met by a Cashef, who welcomed
the lelabs with an exhibition of fireworks ; on this occasion .he treats
the chief merchants with coffee, and presents to each a benish of
coarse cloth, worth about a guinea, expecting, however, in return a
slave from each, worth at least ten guineas."
Quatremere,2 in 1811, mentions a new devastation of the Great
Oasis by the Blemmyes.
In 1835, tne Kharga Oasis was visited by Hoskins, and in the.
description of his journey, published in 1837," the author says (p.
81) : "The inhabitants of this town (Khargeh), and indeed of all
the Oasis, have (with some exceptions), not such strongly marked
features as the Arab of the Nile, and their complexion is lighter
than that of the peasants of Egypt in the same latitude. But they
are chiefly remarkable for the pallid and unhealthily hue of their
countenances., just such a tint, or rather expression, allowing for
the difference of color, as distinguishes the inhabitants of the Pon-
tine marshes ; a languid and sickly appearance ; a listlessness in their
manner ; a sluggishness in their movements ; a total want of energy
and vivacity — all proofs of the insalubrity of the climate, and the
wretched effects of a baneful malaria. This pallid hue is most remark-
able in their children and women ; the men, exposed to the influence
of a tropical sun, have an appearance somewhat less unhealthy."
On pp. 82-83 Hoskins mentions the presence at the Oasis of malaria
and ophthalmia ; on pp. 86-88 he says " the women are not obliged
to cover their faces or live in the seclusion of harem " — conditions
now quite changed. The women, he thinks (p. 87), with their
" pale complexion " are better looking than those of the Valley and
have more regular features. Finally, on page 89, he estimates the
population of the whole Oasis at 4,300, of Kharga alone at 3,000.
Caillaud, Schweinfurth, Brugsch, Golenischeff, and Ball give
valuable data on the archeology of the Kharga Oasis, and the last
1 Browne, W. G. : Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria. 4°. 2d ed., London,
1806.
8 Quatremere, E. : Memoires geographiques et historiques sur 1'Egypt, etc.,
2 Vols., 8°, Paris, 1811.
8 Hoskins, G. A. : Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert. 8°, Lon-
don, 1837.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 9
named, as well as Beadnell, quotes the Egyptian census statistics as
to its population respectively in 1897 and 1907.
Brugsch, Sayce, and Beadnell also give historical data concerning
the Oasis. The original inhabitants are regarded as of Libyan
(Berber) origin. Beadnell's work,1 as also that of Ball, contains
much interesting data concerning the Kharga wells and underground
water tunnels, but no special observations are recorded on the
inhabitants of the Oasis. The few references accorded them in this
and other publications represent them as rather a backward, mild,
and somewhat impotent people.
The physical anthropology of the Kharga people, especially, is as
yet a virgin ground. But there is also a dearth of scientific informa-
tion on the living Egyptians of the valley, though valuable series of
observations on the latter have been published by Chantre and more
recently by Myers of Cambridge.
4. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, AND INFORMATION
GATHERED BY THE WRITER
ENVIRONMENT
The shallow depression of the Kharga Oasis is an uneven, barren,
predominantly sandy waste, partly surrounded or cut into by equally
barren rocky scarps or hills. It is covered over a great area with
moving sand-dunes, and spotted with smaller or larger patches of
green within the waste : the watered ground and native settlements.
Some of these patches are near enough each other to be within sight,
but others are separated by large areas of the desert, forming really
separate oases.
The largest of these inhabited and cultivated portions is that of
the principal village or town, named also Kharga, and it was in this
village and the neighborhood that the writer made his observations.
The life in the Oasis depends entirely on the water obtained from
artesian wells, which are of native and to a large extent of ancient
make, and which tap deep supplies in the Nubian sandstone that
forms the floor of the whole depression. The water thus obtained
makes possible the existence of a few moderate groves of date palm
and of some gardens with olive as well as orange trees, and it serves
for the irrigation of a limited extent of ground used for agricul-
Beadnell, H. J. L. : An Egyptian Oasis, 8°, London, 1909, pp. 66-67.
IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 59
ture.1 On the irrigated fields the natives raise a variety of barley,
rice, and some wheat, with a little sorghum and a few vegetables.
The land is generally poor and, as at Ball's visit, over a decade ago,
what is raised, excepting the dates, barely suffices for the home con-
sumption. A quantity of the dates is exported to the Valley.
The climate is that of the Libyan desert in general, subtropical,
except that the air, due to local evaporation, is less dry. Rain is
very rare. The predominating winds are from the north, although
during a part of the summer season sultry winds blow from the
south. Sand storms are frequent at certain times of the year and
are very troublesome.
The wells in the condition in which they are kept are by no means
an unmitigated blessing. They are all open and many form pools,
overflows, and marshy spots, which are instrumental in the genera-
tion of great numbers of mosquitoes of several varieties, including
that which disseminates malaria.
The Oasis is also infested, especially in the spring and the summer
months, with great numbers of small and ordinary-sized flies, which
possess the annoying and dangerous instinct of trying to feed on the
moisture or discharges of the eyes, nose, and mouth. They are the
transmitters of trachoma and doubtless of other pathological condi-
tions. Curiously they are decidedly more numerous and troublesome
outside than inside the villages. In April of each year there appears
at the watered places, in addition to the common varieties, a larger
fly, which bites camels, inoculating them with a disease that often has
a fatal result. Occasionally this fly also bites men, but in this case the
bite is not dangerous. The Oasis harbors also several poisonous
reptiles/
The Oasis natives live, as mentioned above, principally in four
villages (Kharga, Gennah, Boulac, and Beris), though tHere are six
other smaller settlements. These villages are of considerable inter-
est from the standpoint of primitive architecture. By far the largest
and most populous is Kharga, which is inhabited by about one-half
of the total population of the Oasis, and deserves a brief special
description (plates 1-3).
1The number of taxable palm trees in 1897, according to Ball (1. c. p. 46),
was rather less than eight to each head of population, while the total taxed
water supply per person amounted to about 15 cubic meters per day. These
conditions have changed but little, if any, since then. The cultivated area
of land was, in 1907, less than 19 square kilometers, or a little over half an
acre to a person, out of the total oasis area of considerably over 3,000 square
kilometers.
2 Further details are given under notes on pathology.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
KHARGA OASIS: A TYPICAL STREET IN KHARGA VILLAGE WITH WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S
QUARTERS ON ROOFS
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
KHARGA OASIS: A STREET IN KHARGA VILLAGE
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA II
Kharga may be called a great Egyptian village, modified in a
peculiar manner by local requirements. It is constructed with special
regard to protection from the sun, heat, and winds, and also for
easier defense against invaders, an important precaution in the
past. It is built of mud and sun-dried bricks ; the posts of the
dwellings are of palmwood, the ceilings of palm leaf ribs and mud.
The main part of the village is a maze of narrow, sinuous, intri-
cate streets. Futhermore, in the case of most of the narrower pas-
sages the upper stories of the houses have been built completely
across to the opposite side, converting the street into a tortuous, very
dark, tunnel or gallery, five to seven feet high, which is always cool,
quiet and free from blowing sand, and in which defense would be
easy. A visitor can not find his way through these passages without
a guide.
The houses are one to two stories high, in style like those of the
poorer classes in the Valley. They are mostly small, irregular and
piled together, as everywhere in Egypt. In many instances there
is an open air living room on the top of the dwelling, fenced in by
a hedge of dry palm leaves or ribs ; this room is made use of mainly
by the women and children (plate 2) .
The dwellings as well as the streets are now kept, due to govern-
ment regulations, in a neat condition, but formerly are said to have
been filthy. There is, of course, no system of sewers and the dis-
posal of sewage is primitive. Water is carried to the dwellings
principally from a small open reservoir located within the town and
fed by a surging well. It is distributed in goat-skins, and curiously,
by blind men who, notwithstanding their defect, are said to be mas-
ters of all the intricacies of the streets and tunnel-like passages.
The apartments, so far as seen, are of very moderate dimensions
and often lacking in light. There are also only poor provisions for
the escape of smoke ; but the inside rooms are quite fireproof and
afford good protection against heat as well as cold, and against the
winds and sands.
The people are in general poor. In occupation, the large majority
are agriculturists, and they gain only enough for the bare necessi-
ties. They dress cheaply and lightly, in the main much like the
fellaheen (agricultural workers) of the Nile Valley. The ordinary
external robe or garment does not differ much in the two sexes;
vests and inner garments, however (where worn), and also the
outer garments of better quality, as well as decorations, are dis-
tinctive. Some of the women wear a metal ring which pierces one
12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
of the alae of the nose and hangs down to the lips. The head in
men, closely cropped or even partly shaved, is covered with a closely
fitting cap, or is lightly turbaned, that of the women at home bare,
in public covered with an outer garment. The neck as a rule is
uncovered. A large majority of individuals of both sexes go bare-
footed, except on special occasions.
The family life appears to be the same as that of the poor Egyptian
of the Valley. Except the few who are better to do, the people
sleep on the floor, on thin palm-strip mats, and, according to the
village authorities, often without covers ; not because they do not need
the latter (though the rooms are probably never very cold), but
because they have none.
The meals are generally only two a day, morning and evening;
and among the majority of the population there is but little variety
in the food. The predominant and often exclusive articles of diet
are rice, in rice time ; barley, in barley time ; and dates, in date time.
There is scarcely any milk and no butter. There are small tough
chickens and their small eggs, but these go in a large part to the
better conditioned and now in a measure also to the Valley. Meat
among the ordinary people is not eaten more than perhaps, on the
average, once a month, and then it is usually not of the best quality.
They eat cats and probably dogs, though the latter are scarce, there
being now only about a score in the whole village. The Kharga
natives used to eat household animals of all kinds. They even ate
camels that were diseased, butchering them just before they died,
but this practice is now prohibited by the government.
Domestic animals consist of donkeys, a few cows, goats, and sheep.
Donkeys are the most common. All these animals are diminutive in
size and often poorly nourished. The few families who are better
off financially own one or more camels, which alone of the domesti-
cated Oasis animals are usually in a fairly good condition.
The occupation of the natives, as already mentioned, is almost
exclusively agricultural work.1 Industry and manufactures are lim-
xln census of 1907, the occupations of the Kharga people are given as
follows : Ma]e Female
Agriculture 2,170 ....
Cotton industry 5
Straw industry 42 3
Silk industry 2
Basket making 96
Miscellaneous 48 n
Transport and trade 55
Police and other parts of Civil Service 66
Religious 69 ....
Midwives 8
Housework or no occupation 1,899 3.9° I
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 13
ited, the latter consisting of the production of mats, baskets, a
variety of cloth, and some pottery. Of trade there is but little, and
buying and selling has been and is still mostly by barter. Yet there
are now several stores in which simple necessities can be purchased
for money, and regular trade with the Valley is increasing.
The Kharga Oasis natives are not great workers, which, as will
be seen further on, has its physiological and medical reasons.
SOCIAL AND MEDICAL RECORDS
As to social and medical matters, a few details were learned from
the Omdeh (local head official), the Maowen (government head
official) and the government physician. According to this informa-
tion, there is in the Oasis scarcely any serious crime. The people do
not like to fight and do not kill. They do not beat women or chil-
dren. When anything is stolen, which is infrequent, a flag is put up
as a sign that the property has been placed in the protection of a
" sheikh," a dead holy man, in or near the place where the object
was stolen, and this will often lead the thief to return the property.
As to family life, girls are married from nine years onward.
They commence to menstruate mostly at from eleven to thirteen, and
generally bear children soon after.
Marriage is not greatly binding. Among the poor they often
marry when there are plenty of dates or other food ; when the food
supply has run low or been exhausted and the man can no longer
support his wife, they separate. Next year, the parties may re-unite
or marry others. Plurality of wives is said to be rare, they can not
be provided for.
The number of children born is large (see Statistics), but there
is also a high infant mortality. From the medical standpoint, the
people, while not robust, can not be said to be very sickly. Only
little, however, could be learned in this respect about the women,
who are forbidden to associate twith or even show their face to
strangers.1 The government doctor is not called to confinements.2
He is not called to treat women at all. They are left when ill to
nature, and their own devices.
There are no native " doctors " and there is but little folk-medicine.
Written passages from the Koran often take the place of medicines.
Curiously enough, there are traces or remnants of some medical
1The only opportunity the writer had of seeing the women with faces un-
covered and in a larger number was during funerals which they are in the
habit of attending, in fact, conducting.
2 There are several native midwives.
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS ' VOL. 59
usages of European origin, which must have been brought to the
country by the Arabs. One of these is a vaccination which the
natives, particularly the Bedouins, perform one on the other. It is
a direct vaccination, some of the pus from the sores of a subject
attacked with smallpox being introduced into an abrasion produced
by a razor in the skin of the one to be protected. The wound is
made preferably on the leg.
The most interesting condition is the apparent absence among
these poor and mostly under-nourished people of tuberculosis, which
recalls a similar condition among the poor Jews. No case of any
variety, including scrofula, was seen at the Oasis by the writer, and
none was seen by the government physician during his twelve
months' stay at the village of Kharga or in other places in the
Oasis. The physician declared, however, that he found tuberculosis
of the lungs in several cases in camels.
Neither the doctor nor the civil authorities of the Kharga village
could recall a single case of well marked rachitis, and no instance
of the condition was encountered.
There have been no epidemics recently in the Oasis, with the
exception of measles, in 1908.
Children die principally from gastro-enteritis, broncho-pneumonia,
and of measles. The epidemic of the latter disease in 1908 carried
off many infants.
There were seen no evidences of syphilis or gonorrhoea, but the
diseases are said to exist as they do in the Valley.
Malaria is not very frequent, except in the date season (Sep-
tember-October), when there are also extraordinary numbers of
flies and mosquitoes. It is occasionally of a very dangerous form.
Typhoid is rare.
A most prevalent disorder is trachoma. There are great numbers
of blind,1 and in many more the eyes are more or less affected by
various forms of inflammation. *
A frequent condition, due probably in most if not all cases to
trachoma is trichiasis (contraction due to inflammatory changes of
the ventral surface of the lids, and consequent direction of the eye-
lashes inward, so that they irritate the cornea). This condition is
usually observed in the upper lid.
1 According to the returns of the 1907 Egyptian census there were at the
Kharga Oasis 196 blind in both eyes and 432 blind in one eye, or nearly 75
per thousand of the total population blind in one or both eyes. In the
United States the percentage of those partly and completely blind is less than
one per thousand of the population (in 1900, U. S. Census, 0.85 per thousand).
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 15
Insanity, the authorities of the village declared, is very rare ; within
the last decade they knew in the village of Kharga of but one case,
and that in a negro.1 Imbecility and also epilepsy of lower grades,
exist, but no definite data could be obtained as to their frequency.
No one knew of any instance of advanced idiocy.
The presence of albinism is not certain. Two cases were reported
of brown children with blue eyes, but they were not seen. Leuko-
derma or patch-albinism was found in a man of about 55 with Semitic
features. Very premature greyness, of probably different etiology
from the preceding, was seen in one man about 30 years of age;
it was limited to the scalp.
Leprosy occurs, but the cases are isolated and rare.2
Fractures of bones and dislocations are very infrequent.
Scorpion bites occur each year. They are said to be occasionally
fatal in children and sometimes also in adults, when the sting pene-
trates a blood vessel. There are two varieties of scorpion — a small
yellow one which is found about the houses and a larger greenish
one in the desert and hills.
There are in the Oasis at least two and possibly three varieties of
poisonous snakes, including the ordinary sand viper, the horned
viper, and possibly also a cobra. The last named, if it exists at all,
is very rare. Several viper bites happen every year. Within the
last twelve months the physician in the Kharga village treated three
such, all in adult men. One of the bites was in the hand and the
patient died in three days ; the other two men recovered. The treat-
ment in the fatal case consisted of incision, injection of permanga-
nate of potash and bandaging. In the other two (one being in a
hand and one in a foot) it consisted of incisions with bandages and
the administration of antitoxin. The fatal case showed great swell-
ing of the limb without any petechige, then failing vitality with weak-
ening pulse and respiration. The poison acted, apparently, as a
nervous depressant.
The before-mentioned camel fly, which comes in April and causes
the death of camels unless these are driven away into the desert,
will also occasionally bite man. The wound is painful, but no further
consequences have been observed.
Nothing definite was learned concerning parasitism, particularly
internal, nor about numerous other conditions which require ex-
tended and detailed medical observation.
lfrhere were, in 1907, according to the census returns, two insane in the Oasis.
* In 1907 four cases of leprosy were reported to the census from the whole
Kharga Oasis.
l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
5. VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA OASIS
POPULATION IN 1907
The following data are based mainly on records furnished to the
writer by the Kharga authorities,1 and on the last two Egyptian
censuses.
In 1897 the total population of the Oasis, according to the Egyptian
Census of that year,2 was 7,220. At the beginning of 1907, it was
8,424, and at the beginning of 1909, near 8,495. 3 The increase for
the decade to 1907 amounted to 16.7 per cent, but during the last
four years of the period it was in all probability, due to the absence
of epidemics and hence lesser mortality, more rapid, being equal
to 22 per cent per decade. This last is a rate of natural increase
not equalled in any of the larger territorial groups of whites ; but
even the rate of 16.7 (or 16.1 per cent), is a very high one, being
reached among the whites only in some localized areas in Germany
and one or two other countries. But this rate is almost exactly like
that of Egypt as a whole, the net increase of population in that
country from 1897 to 1907 being 16 per cent.
This relatively rapid augmentation in numbers of the Oasis people
is due, as will be seen from later tables, on one hand to a large
birth-rate and on the other to an unexpectedly moderate death-rate,
in years free from epidemics.
The distribution of the population according to the four districts
of the Khar.ga Oasis, and the population per dwelling, was in 1907
as follows :
POPULATION OF THE KHARGA OASIS, AT THE BEGINNING
OF 1907, ACCORDING TO THE DISTRICTS
TV . Total number of Total number of
houses inhabitants
Kharga 1,285 5,322
Gennah 97 520
Boulac 195 1,016
Beris 452 1,566
Total 2,029 dwellings. 8,424 inhabitants.
(A little over 4.1 to a dwelling.)
xThe writer is especially indebted in this connection to M. Mohammed
Cherif, the Maowen of the Oasis. The data were said to be entirely accurate.
'Recensement general de 1'Egypte, Vol. 2, Le Caire, 1898, pp. 215, 274, etc.
Ball (1. c., p. 46) and after him Beadnell ("An Egyptian Oasis," etc., p. 61),
give 7,856. The difference between the number given by the census and that
of Ball is not explainable, but the census number, judging by the increase of
the population from 1904 to 1908, is the more correct.
'The 1907 census of Egypt (4°, Cairo, 1909), gives 41 less or 8,383, which
would correspond to an increase for the decade of 16.1 per cent. As the
figure given to the writer is substantiated by the detailed data on births and
deaths, it will be used in preference. The difference, after all, is small.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
The above shows principally that overcrowding of dwellings is
not, in general, prevalent at the Oasis.
As to the proportion of sexes in the Kharga population, the actual
conditions could not be determined. The Egyptian census of 1897,
however, gave 3,671 males and 3,549 females, or 967 of the latter to
each 1,000 of the former, and exactly the same proportion was found
at that date in the whole of Egypt. The 1907 Egyptian census un-
fortunately seems to be less accurate. It gives for the Kharga Oasis
4,356 male and only 4,027 female individuals, which yields the ratio
of but 925 females to 1,000 males, while for whole Egypt the same
ratio was at the same date 992 to 1,000. The figures applying to the
Oasis are evidently erroneous. They would indicate the existence
of 108.2 males to each 100 females, which great disproportion is in
no way sustained. It disagrees greatly with the data of the previous
census. It is unequalled in Egypt or elsewhere, except in regions
that have received immigrations of males, or at least an excess of
males, which has not occurred in the Oasis. And it is opposed by
the detailed birth and death records given in the following pages.
It has been already shown that the 1907 census figures as a whole
differ from those furnished by the Oasis authorities, and they are
evidently also unreliable in regard to the numbers of males and
females in the population.
BIRTHS AND DEATHS
The details concerning the vital statistics of the Kharga Oasis,
received from the local authorities, are not very extensive, nor equally
complete for all the districts, nevertheless they show several interest-
ing conditions.
VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA VILLAGE FOR FIVE YEARS
Population
at the be-
B
orn
Per 1,000
r
lied
Per i .000
Year
ginning of
the year
Males
Females
lation
Males
Females
lation
1904
1905
1906
IOOQ
4,978
5,094
5,209
5,322
5,471
S-j-jfi
121
I29
135
103
113
119
147
114
254
234
248
282
217
51.0
45.9
47.6
53.0
39.7
.'62
73
61
192
"J&
72
160
138
119
i35
133
352
27.7
23.4
25.9
25.5
64. 3 1
Total.
488 2
493 2
1235 3
3
388 2
35i 2
877 3
Avg..
(5,215)
1004—7:
CT CT
122
123
247
47.4
97
88
i75 3
131
33.7s
25.4
o1;)1
1 Epidemic of measles.
2 For 4 years.
8 For 5 years.
i8
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
VITAL STATISTICS OF THE GENNAH VILLAGE FOR FIVE YEARS
Year
Population
at the be-
ginning of
the year
Born
Total
Per 1,000
of popu-
lation
Died
Total
Per i.ooo
of popu-
lation
Males
Females
Males
Females
1904
498
22
44.2
8
16.1
1905
512
9
12
21
41.0
7
9
16
31.2
IQ06
517
4
8
12
23.2
5
10
15
29.0
1907
520
5
12
17
32.7
7
4
n
21.2
I9O8
526
12
10
22
41.8
3
5
8
15.2
1909
540
••
••
••
• •
• •
• •
Total.
...
30 l
42 l
942
22 l
28 »
58*
Avg..
5i5a
7-5
10.5
19
36.9
5-5
7
n.6
22.5
1 For 4 years.
2 For 5 years.
VITAL STATISTICS OF THE VILLAGES BOULAC AND BERIS
FOR ONE YEAR, APRIL 1, 1907, TO APRIL 1, 1908
Joint population at the beginning of 1907. .. .2,582
Joint population at the beginning of 1908. .. .2,638
Born :
Males 44
Females 45
Total 89
Rate, per 1000 of population, near 34.5
Died:
Males 17
Females 22
Total 39
Rate, per 1000 of population, near 15.1
For 18 months,
to October i, 1908 l
73
66
i39
35-5
63
114
29-5
The birth-rate at the Kharga Oasis, it is seen, is very high. It is
higher than anywhere in Europe, except in some parts of Russia
and in the Hungary group of nationalities.2 It harmonizes, however,
with that of Egypt in general, where it averaged, among the native
1With an epidemic of measles in May at Beris.
2 In Europe the birth-rate ranges, according to the most recent statistics,
from approximately 22 per looo in France to a little over 40 in some of
the groups of peoples under Hungary and to well over 40 in many parts
of Russia. The death-rate ranges from a little less than 17 in Sweden
to 29.9 per thousand (reports of 1904) in Russia, and the natural yearly in-
crease per 1000 population from 0.7 in France to 14.0 in Germany. In the
United States the birth-rate, while not exactly known, is probably less than
30 per 1000 ; the death-rate (in the registration area) approximately 18; and
the yearly increment a little over 12 per 1000.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA IQ
Egyptians of the principal towns and for the seven years from 1901
to 1907, 43.4 per looo population.1
The large birth-rate at the Oasis indicates, outside of its significant
relation to that of the Valley, two interesting conditions. It shows
that the people are very prolific, notwithstanding the seemingly un-
favorable factors of poor nourishment, the Oasis climate, the pre-
valent seclusion of the women, the very early marriages, with con-
siderable intermarriage. It also shows that the people are well
acclimatized to the locality, and suggests that the latter is probably
not as unhealthful as unattractive.
The death-rate of the Oasis is also high when compared with that
of the more civilized countries of white man. But it is not much
higher than in those regions of Europe where the birth-rate is equally
or nearly as high as it is at the Oasis, and is almost identical with
that of Egypt as a whole.
The similarity of birth-rate and death-rate, and hence of natural
increase in population, between the Oasis people and the rest of the
Egyptians, is a fact of considerable importance. It indicates
strongly a fundamental similarity of environmental and social con-
ditions, and also a probable close similarity, at the present time at
least, of the ethnic elements in the two regions.
The birth and death statistics afford also a closer insight into the
proportion of sexes at the Oasis. During the 1905-08 period, cov-
ered by the detailed data, the proportion of males to females at birth
and death has been as follows :
SEX RATE AT THE KHARGA OASIS
Sex rate at birth Sex rate at death
Year Villages (Females = 100) (Females = 100)
1905 Kharga and German districts... 104 104.5
1906 Kharga and Gennah districts... 104.7 I09-9
1907 All districts, near 98 101.8
1908 All districts, near 98 101.8
Evidently the relation of males to females, both born and died,
differs to quite an extent from year to year, and also the same year
i Birth-rate pei 1,000 in the Death-rate per 100 in the Natural Increase per
Year principal towns of Egypt principal towns of Egypt 1,000 population
1901 42.3 33-3 9-0
1902 42.7 36.7 °-°
1903 42.5 32.0 10.5
1904 44-1 38.2 5-9
1905 43-8 34-2 9.6
1906 447 33-9 IO-°
1907 437 36.7
Average 43-4 35-O 8-4
"Births and Deaths in the Principal Towns of Egypt During the Years
1901-1906 (and 1907)," Fol. Cairo, i9O7-'o8.
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
in the different villages — as it does occasionally among smaller
groups of other peoples. But the whole of the data shows conditions
in favor of the relative numbers of the females, which must be
regarded, from what is known on the subject, as a favorable breeding
condition. The average proportion of males to females at birth
among the whites ranges between 105 and 106 to loo,1 or, in round
numbers, there are 94 to 95 females to each 100 males. In the
American negro, however, the proportion rises to 99.1 females to
every 100 males, which is the highest proportion thus far recorded
for any people.2 In the principal towns of Egypt, in 1909, the pro-
portion of sexes at birth among the native population was 103.3
males to each 100 females, or 96.8 females to each 100 males, which
is probably very near to the average condition for the last decade
at Kharga.
The next tables give the movement in population in the Kharga
village month by month, and that in Kharga and Gennah by the
quarter of the year. It will be observed that births predominate
somewhat in April- June, corresponding to conception in August-
October, which latter is a season of the date harvest and relative
plenty at the Oasis, and that the least proportion occurs in the
January-March quarter ; yet the differences are not great, especially
if the probable errors of the data be discounted.
More definite seasonal differences, however, are observed in the
mortality, which is greatest in the last and then in the first quarters
of the year, and least from July to September. The sudden rise
from the late summer and early fall minimum to the subsequent
winter maximum was not known of during the writer's stay at the
Oasis and hence the causes of the fact were not inquired into; but
they are doubtless in the main of environmental origin.
VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA AND GENNAH VILLAGES
FROM 1905 TO 1908, INCLUSIVE, BY QUARTERS
Births Deaths
Average per month Average per month
January-March 19.9 n.i
April-June 8 23.8 10.4
July-September 21.1 9.9
October-December 22.8 14.0
1 Nichols, J. B. : The Numerical Proportion of the Sexes at Birth. Mem.
Anthrop. Assoc. Vol. I, part 4, Lancaster, Pa., 1907, pp. 249-300.
1 It would be interesting to ascertain whether or not this is a racial trait,
or one applicable also to the Soudanese and Nubians, in which case the ad-
mixture of the latter into the Egyptian and the Kharga Oasis people might
possibly account for the relatively high female birth-rate among these.
3 The three months epidemic of 1908 at Kharga, which will be noticed in the
next table, excluded.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
21
BIRTHS AND DEATHS AT THE KHARGA VILLAGE FOR FOUR
YEARS BY MONTHS
BIRTHS
1905
1906
1907
1908
Month
J
v '
73
V
r;
"rt
1
2
-^
j
J
j
j
2
1
i
H
S
£
H
"
h
H
"
fa
H
January
1 1
20
14
T C
13
75
Q
12
27
February
24
g
X
16
14
22
6
70
March
c
18
8
1 1
19
8
72
5
77
April .
8
2J
8
12
20
H
17
24
8
II
79
May
12
12
24
T-J
12
25
IO
H
30
16
June ... ...
II
14
25
13
6
79
14
10
12
22
July..
7
6
7J
10
18
14
14
28
6
27
August ....
c
7
72
12
8
20
14
23
7
76
September . .
14
7<S
8
10
18
12
T8
10
8
77
October ....
II
2
17
16
16
32
10
18
28
g
75
November
12
10
22
14
12
26
14
14
28
g
10
7*
December ....
10
8
7£
12
21
8
7
15
7
Q
76
Total
121
H3
2J4
1 2O
no
248
135
147
282
103
114
277
DEATHS
i9°s
1906
1907
,908
Month
—
*rt
—
U
I
"3
1
V
i
Female
1
JJ
•
S
Female
i
£
rt
V
I
i
January
c
14
10
2
£
6
7
7?
3
2
5
February
o
4'
7
-?
6
9
6
7
7?
6
77
March
•3
4'
7
7
6
13
2
8
70
5
I
7
April .
7
2
9
7
6
H
3
6
9
46
48
94
May
7
12
6
7
7?
3
6
9
90
S6
146
T y
June
4"
I
10
4
7
3
2
?
i?
16
33
July . .
•j
6
9
^
I
7
5
6
77
5
Q
14
August
•3
•i
5
4
6
10
4
4
<?
2
4
6
September
A
6
-Z0
7
4
11
3
8
^
5
10
October
9
Q
6
If
4
5
10
6
2
8
November
8
6
74
4
8
1?
14
5
19
4
6
10
December
8
4
J2
7
6
13
8
10
18
3
5
8
Total
6?
57
H9
73
62
7.?5
61
72
133
IQ2
160
352
RESUME OF VITAL STATISTICS OF THE KHARGA OASIS
To summarize, the vital statistics data of the Kharga Oasis have
shown: (i) A steady high birth-rate; (2) barring years with epi-
demics, a moderately high death-rate; (3) a relatively rapid rate of
natural increase in population; (4) a slight seasonal difference in
proportion of births, and a more marked one in proportion of deaths ;
(5) a relatively high proportion, both at birth and in population, of
females ; and (6) a very close similarity in all these items to the
conditions in Egypt in general.
22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
6. PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE
KHARGA OASIS NATIVES
The people of the Oasis, while ignorant, and therefore apprehen-
sive and superstitious, were found on the whole to be fairly intelli-
gent. They are mild, polite, not very energetic or enterprising, but
not idlers. They are in general poorly nourished and show the
effects of that condition in their lack of initiative and diminished
strength as well as endurance, which conditions are marked in all
their activities.
The observations to be recorded were made during the latter part
of February, which is a season quite free from climatic extremes
and a healthier one than other parts of the year.
The tests undertaken were the same as those on Indians, reported
by the writer in icjoS,1 and were carried out with the same instru-
ments and in like manner, so that these two series of data are entirely
comparable. They relate to the pulse, respiration, temperature, and
manual with arm strength of the people, and extend to 150 adult
males. The subjects were mainly from the Kharga village and nearby
settlements. They were all free, it should be stated again, from negro
admixture, as far as ascertainable, and free from any complaints or
disease which would incapacitate them for work. They were exam-
ined as a rule only after being rested and in the absence of exciting
circumstances. The men took to the examination kindly ; if any were
found in whom the state of the tongue or other organs indicated a
systemic disarrangement of any consequence, they were excluded ;
and with the other precautions taken, it seems safe to say that the
results which will be given in the following pages, represent fairly
the normal or average conditions at the Oasis, at that period. The
examination of the women and children would have added materially
to the interest and value of these tests, but for reasons already stated
was impossible.
PULSE *
The results on 94 healthy male individuals, of all ages, as shown
in the accompanying table, give an average which is by 4 or 5 beats
1 Hrdlicka, A. : Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians
of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Bull. 34, Bureau Amer.
Ethnology, 8°, Washington, 1908, pp. 1-460.
• Compare data in writer's " Physiological and Medical Observations, etc.,
pp. 138 et seq.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
•per minute higher than the general average in male whites, and from
9 to 19 beats per minute higher than shown by various tribes of the
American native. The most common pulse-rates at Kharga are
those between 71 and 80. •
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: PULSE (PER MINUTE) 1
Number of observations : 94.
Average: 76. (ist series of 46: 77.5; 2d series of 48: 74.5.)
Median : 75. Mode : 72,
Minimum : 54. Maximum : 705.
Table of frequencies :
J
$
^
$
5
R
£
f
5
I
4
5
vS
£
R
8
&
10
00
a
g
5
~
Number of cases.. ..
i
8
8
29
21
14
2
8
I
I
I
Per cent . . . .
1 i
8 5
8 5
30 8
22 3
14 9
<?.J
8.5
7 7
1.1
1.1
1 In sitting position.
The causes of the frequency of a relatively rapid pulse and hence
heart-beat at the Oasis are not easy to determine. The phenomenon
is not due to rarefied air, for the Oasis lies, on the average, less than
100 meters above the sea-level. It is in no case connected with
alcoholism, for that vice is practically absent,1 nor with any abuse or
even the use of coffee, tea or tobacco, which articles are still to a
large extent luxuries in the Oasis. There are also no drug habits.
The general environmental conditions, finally, are much like those in
the American deserts, and in the latter no accelerating influence has
been manifested thus far on the slow pulse of the Indian. It therefore
seems that the relatively high pulse rate at the Oasis is in the main a
long established, hereditary condition.
Further inquiries, however, were made into the subject, to show
what, if any, relation the phenomenon had to the most important
conditions of the body.
1The natives make a sort of beer from the sap of the date-palm and a
stronger liquor from the dates, but the quantity made is not large and is
limited, particularly in the latter case, in season. According to Beadnell (An
Egyptian Oasis, p. 218), the weaker liquor is called " lagmi." It "has a pe-
culiar insipid taste. It is obtained by making a deep incision in the top of the
date-palm, the liquid oozing out and being collected in a vessel, generally
made of the rind of a gourd. As much as 10 quarts can be obtained in a day,
and the tree may be bled once or twice a month without sustaining any harm ;
the operation may, in fact, prove of considerable benefit to a sickly palm."
24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
A reference to the table on page 27 will show that, so far as these
data reach, no clear difference is appreciable between the pulse-rate
of the youngest and oldest adults examined. The series, however,
does not comprise many individuals above 55 years of age (esti-
mated), and is in general too limited for definite conclusions. One
point is evident, and that is the fact that age effects on the pulse-
rate up to the fifty-fifth year, if they exist, are irregular at the
Oasis.
A more marked relation was detected between the pulse-rate and
the stature. Taking the healthy adults up to 50 years of age, the
15 men of the highest stature give an average pulse-rate 2.9 beats
higher than the 20 of the lowest stature. The details given on the
table on page 28 show especially the frequent occurrence of sub-
average pulse-rate in those of short height. The association of a
higher average pulse-rate with tall statures has been observed in
whites x and also in Indians,2 so that it is probably a more or less
irregular but prevalent physiological condition. What is the real
direct cause of the pulse acceleration in those of tall stature, is as
yet somewhat problematical.
Still another condition inquired into was the relation of the pulse-
rate to vigor, as indicated by the tests of strength. The 18 weakest
but healthy men gave the average pulse-rate of 74.5, the 16 strongest
75.4. Both of these figures are curiously below the general average
(=76). The difference between the two series is small, but there
are indications that it is not accidental (see table on page 28). The
matter is, however, complicated by the fact that in many instances
greater muscular strength corresponds with taller stature. Some
further light will be thrown on these points by the results of tests
of other functions.
The relation of pulse to respiration and body temperature will be
referred to under these headings.
RESPIRATION
The respiration-rate averages in the healthy Kharga men, as seen
from the figures below, 18.4 per minute, which is slightly above the
general averages in both the whites and the Indian.3 The difference,
lVolkmann, A. W. : Die Haemodynamik nach Versuchen, 8°, 1850, p. 429
et seq.
2 Hrdlicka, A. : Physiological and Medical Observations, etc., p. 141 et seq.
8 Compare data in Vierordt, H., Anatomische, Physiologische und Physi-
kalische Daten und Tabellen, 8. Jena. 1893, p. 166. Also Smith, E. : Trans.
Roy. Med. & Chir. Society, London, Vol. 39, 1856.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
amounting to about one respiration more every two minutes, is so
small that, were it not for the simultaneous and better defined excess
in pulse-rate, it could be disregarded. As it is, it is probably an
expression of correlated action of the lungs and the heart.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RESPIRATION (PER MINUTE) *
Number of observations : 94.
Average: 18.4. (ist series of 46: 18.6; 2d series of 48: 18.3.)
Median : 18. Mode : 18.
Minimum: 14. Maximum: 24.
Table of frequencies :
to
T
Tt
t>*
1
o\
M
00
I
I
$
Number of cases
12
18
-I -I
18
A
Per cent
12 8
19 2
35 1
19 2
9 6
43
1 Sitting, at rest.
The numerical relation of the pulse-beats to respiration averages
4.13, which is practically the same as in whites.
In regard to age, the youngest adults of the series examined show
(see table on page 27) a slightly greater average (+ 0.4 per minute)
than the oldest ones. A similar condition was observed by the
writer in the Indians and it also exists in the whites. As a result
of this and of the frequently observed more rapid pulse in old age,
the pulse-beat: respiration ratio is slightly higher in senility than
earlier in adult life.
As to stature, the shortest healthy men up to 50 years of age gave
a lower average by nearly one breath a minute than the taller ones
(for details see table on page 28). This stands again in correlation
with the lower average pulse in those of short stature, but it is not
possible to say whether the condition is characteristic of the people
of the Oasis, or is merely an accidental feature of this group. How
far it may be true of other ethnic groups is as yet uncertain.
The pulse-respiration ratio in the two groups remains almost iden-
tical (4.18 for the short, 4.16 for the tall), showing that there has
been a harmonious response in this line of the two functions.
A similar condition to that in the shortest adult prevails also in
those who are weakest muscularly — the series give a perceptibly
lower average rate of respiration (as they did of pulse-rate) than
that of the strongest individuals (see details in table on page 28).
The difference of the averages amounts to 0.7 of a respiration per
minute in favor of the strongest. The rate in the latter is also
26
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
higher than the general average. The pulse-respiration ratio, how-
ever, is relatively small in the " strongest," amounting to only 3.97
(in the weakest = 4.07). This condition of subaverage pulse-rate
with above-average respiration-rate in the Kharga " strongest "
group is not understood. As a great many individual elements enter
into every expression of these series and as the latter are not large
enough to submerge the effects of all such conditions, the discrep-
ancy may be accidental. It is regrettable that no detailed extensive
data of similar nature exist as yet on the whites, the subject being
far from exhausted in that race alone.
TEMPERATURE
The temperature of the body was taken in every case with verified
thermometers, under the tongue, with the subject sitting, and with
the instrument in place for at least five minutes. All the tests were
made between 9 A. M. and 5 P. M. and were about equally dis-
tributed over the intervening hours. The results are as follows :
XHARGA OASIS, MEN: TEMPERATURE
Number of observations : 95.
Average: 98.6° F. (ist series of 47: 98.7°; 2d series of 48: 98.5°.)
Median: 98.7°. Mode: 2 groups, 98.5°, 98.9°.
Minimum: 96.2°. Maximum: 99.9°.
Table of frequencies :
0
0
o
ON
o
Os
0
q\
0
q\
ON
tx
ON
od
Ov
ON
ON
o
Q
0
ON
0
ON
0
01
IT)
Q<
to
0'
o
to
4
4
0^
t>x
ON
*&
%
g '
£
Number of cases
• i
2
4
12
14
29
25
8
Per cent
2 1
2 1
4 2
J2 <5
14 7
30.5
26.3
<J.^
The average temperature in the European amounts to about 98.9°
F. (37.2° C.) ; the male Indians have given the writer averages,
according to tribes, varying from 98.1 to 98.8; the Kharga males
show 98.6°.
In the whites each 10° F. temperature correspond, on the average,
to 7.28 pulse-beats and 1.82 respirations; in the Indians, to 6.40
pulse-beats and 1.78 respirations; and in the Kharga natives to 7.71
pulse-beats and 1.87 respirations. These are differences well beyond
the limits of the probable error, and hence are of significance, though
their exact explanation can hardly as yet be attempted. The tempera-
ture of the Oasis men is, plainly, low in relation to both pulse and
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
respiration as compared with the whites, and especially with the
Indians. It is also absolutely somewhat lower than in the whites.
This condition means probably, in the main, a somewhat lower
intensity in the Kharga natives of general metabolism, which agrees
well with the poorer nutrition of a large proportion of the Oasis
population ; but it is doubtless also influenced by a greater heat
radiation from the skin, due to the subtropical climate of the Oasis.
As to age, the oldest Kharga adults show, as seen in the next table,
a slightly lower average temperature than the youngest ones. The
difference would be quite insignificant, however, except for the fact
that it agrees with what is known in this respect of whites and what
KHARGA OASIS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND TEMPERATURE IN
RELATION TO AGE
Fifteen youngest men: 21-26 years
Fourteen oldest men: 55-65 years
Age
Pulse (sit-
ting) per
minute
Respiration
(sitting)
per minute
Tempera-
ture (sub-
lingua),
grades
Age
Pulse (sit-
ting) per
minute
Respiration
(sitting)
per minute
Tempera-
ture (sub-
lingua),
grades
Years
°F
Years
°F
21
72
18
98.0
55l
(100)
(17)
(98.8)
22
81
20
98.7
55
92
16
98.6
23
72
20
97-4
55 2
62
20
97.9
24 l
75
15
99.1
55 3
78
19
98.3
24*
(72)
(16)
(96.2)
55
72
17
98.2
24 3
(84)
d9)
(99-2)
55*
90
22
99.2
24
78
20
99.4
55
69
16
97.6
24 4
96
19
99-3
55
60
15
97-7
25 5
81
22
97.7
55 5
84
JQ
99.3
25
74
18
98.4
58 •
72
lo
98.4
78
19
99.1
60
72
20
98.7
26
21
99-2
60 7
(72)
(22) (99-6)
26 6
66
18
98.5
60 8
72
14
98.6
26
84
18
98.9
65 9
90
20
99-4
26
72
18
98.8
Averages (exclusive of the cases in parentheses):
24.3
75.5
18.9
98.7
57
76.1
18.5
98.5
X3 P. M. ; tongue slightly whitish.
* 10 A. M. ; low temperature pos-
sibly due to hunger.
3 Sore throat.
A. M. ; tongue somewhat
4 11-55
coated.
5 10.40
coated.
6 12.50
coated.
A. M. ; tongue slightly
P. M. ; tongue slightly
throat.
2 2.15 P. M. ; tongue slightly coated.
3 9.40 A. M. ; tongue yellowish.
4 4.10 P. M. ; tongue yellowish
coated.
5 1.50 P. M. ; tongue slightly coated.
8 1 1. 50 A. M. ; tongue slightly
coated.
7 10.25 A. M. ; tongue all coated.
8 12.30 P. M. ; cause of slow respir-
ation ?
"3.15 P. M. ; tongue yellow-coated.
28
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
has been observed in the Indians. The smallness of the difference is
due principally to the fact that no really senile or very old individuals
are included in the Kharga series.
KHARGA OASIS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND TEMPERATURE IN
RELATION TO EXTREMES OF STATURE *
20 shortest men, 152.3-159.8 cm.
15 tallest men, 167.1-173.8 cm.
(average age 33.9 years)
(average age 39.7 years)
Stature
Pulse
(sitting)
Respiration
(sitting)
Temper-
ature
(sub-lingua)
Stature
Pulse
(sitting)
Respiration
(sitting)
Temper-
ature
(sub-lingua)
per minute
per minute
5 minutes
per minute per minute
5 minutes
exposure
1
exposure
cm.
°F.
cm.
°F.
152.3
78
18
97-9
167.1
78
18
98.3
153-6
78
16
99.2
167.3
78
22
98.5
155-7
65
14
98.3
168.2
78
22
98.3
155-9
156.0
157.5
72
77
81
20
17
22
98.9
97-9
97-7
168.3
168.8
168.9
72
g
17
21
17
98.1
98.9
157.8
158.3
72
92
20
22
97-4
99-5
169.4
169.4
68
84
18
19
98*9
158.4
70
16
97.8
170.5
82
18
98.8
158.5
74
20
99-2
171.3
76
18
158.5
70
18
172.2
92
16
98.6
158.7
72
21
98 9
172.4
7i
18
99. i
158.7
76
16
98.5
172.5
18
98 i
158.8
18
98.0
172.7
82
21
98.2
159-3
80
15
99-3
173.8
78
18
99-6
159-4
78
15
98.9
159.5
69
18
98.7
159.6
72
16
97-5
159-7
78
20
99.4
159-8
72
16
96.2
Averages :
157.8
74.9
17.9
98.4
170.2
77.8
18.7
98.7
1 In adult healthy men of not more than 50 years of age.
KHARGA OASIS: PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND TEMPERATURE IN
RELATION TO VIGOR
18 weakest healthy men (up to 50 years of age)
1 6 strongest healthy men (up to 50 years of age)
Average
pressure
force in
right hand
Average
pulse (sit-
ting)
Average
respiration
(sitting)
Average
temperature
(sub-lingua)
Average
pressure
force in
right hand
Average
pulse (sit-
ting)
Average
respiration
(sitting)
Average
temperature
(sub-lingua)
*&'
28
Permin.
74.5
Permin.
18.3
0 F.
08.3
Kg.
4i
Per min .
75-4
Per min .
19.0
0 F.
98.6
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 29
In relation to stature, the temperature is on the average higher
in the " tallest " than it is in the " shortest " Kharga natives. And
the temperature goes hand in hand in these groups with both pulse
and respiration. The " shortest " males at the Oasis show thus on
the average a somewhat less active metabolism, as well as a slower
heart and slower respiration. They manifest lesser vitality, which
suggests a causal relation between at least some of the low statures
at the Oasis and the agencies which condition lowered vitality.
The main of these conditions are probably chronic malnutrition, and
protracted effects during the developmental stage of life of malaria
or other systemic disorders. The tallest Kharga men are, on the
average, of a distinctly superior vitality.
Muscular potency shows similar relation to temperature as age
and stature : It is in general perceptibly below the average in those
who give low temperature, and both go together with sub-average
pulse rate as well as respiration-rate. The individuals of the best
muscular vigor show mean temperature, with slightly sub-average
pulse, but somewhat above average respiration. A larger series of
observations would in these respects be very desirable.
MUSCULAR STRENGTH
The tests of muscular strength were those of pressure in each hand
and traction.1 They were made by Mathieu's dynamometer and repre-
sent the maximum exertion of the subjects determined in two to
four consecutive trials. The hands and arms were in every case
held free from the body and cases with crippled or sore fingers,
hands or arms were excluded. There was no unwillingness or lack
of interest on the part of those examined in making the tests, so that
the record obtained may be regarded as fairly representative of the
true condition in regard to muscular strength of the Kharga men.
The results are seen in the following tables.
xWith the medius of each hand linked into the arch of the instrument at
its small end and the arms held not higher than the chin.
SMITHSONIAN- MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHAEQA OASIS, MEN: PEESSUEE FOECE IN THE HANDS 1
Number of observations in each hand: 115.
Average, right hand: 33.8; left hand: 31.1 kg. (ist 50: right hand 33.4, left
hand 30.9; 2d 50: right hand 33.4, left hand 31.2.)
Median : right hand 33, left hand 31. Modes : right hand 28 and 34, left
hand 31.
Minimum : right hand 24, left hand 21. Maximum : right hand 49, left hand 45.
Table of frequencies :
I
s?
I
lO
1
*^
01
I
%
I
CO
I
1
Number of cases:
right hand
2
14
16
14
1^
left hand
2
2
I?
17
12
22
7
Per cent :
right hand
1 7
12 2
13 9
12 2
11 3
left hand
1 7
1 7
11 3
14 8
10 4
19 1
6 1
3
t^
8
M
m
iO
***
ON
V
CO
I
1
£
£
Tf
|
\
i
Number of cases :
right hand
10
10
4
O
c
6
2
i
left hand
1C
ii
I
4
Per cent :
right hand
16 5
8 7
3 5
7 8
4 3
5 2
1 7
0 9
left hand
13 0
7 8
9 6
0 9
35
1 Maximum, in kilograms.
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: TESTS OF MUSCULAE FOECE: TEACTION
Number of observations: in.
Average: 22.3kg. (ist 50: 21.3; 2d 50: 22.6.)
Median: 21. Mode: 25.
Minimum : 12. Maximum : 37.
Table of frequencies :
CO
I
M
10
M
•<t
M
t^
v|
O\
(£
I
!
M
?
JT
&
{
%
1
i
|
CO
10
?
fO
t^
fO
i
Number of cases.
Per cent
2
1 8
10
9.0
14
1? 6
12
10 8
17
11 ?
10
9 0
16
14 4
13
11 7
3
? 7
7
rf ?
5
4 5
I
0 9
I
0 0
1 In kilograms.
The above data show that the Kharga natives are on the average
a rather weak lot. The pressure force, with the same instrument and
method, averages in white males in the right hand about 45 kg., in the
left 37 kg., and the traction 27 kg. Fifteen healthy and as far as
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA 3!
could be determined full-blood American negro men gave the writer,
with the same instrument, as the mean pressure in the right hand 41.5,
in the left hand 38.6 kg., and traction of 30 kg. In the Indian,1 in
general, the corresponding figures are about 40, 34, and 25 kg. At
Kharga they are, as seen above, 34, 31, and 22 kg.
The debility of the Kharga men is in all probability the effect, in
the main, of poor and scant nutrition. The Valley fellaheen impress
one as somewhat better off in this respect, and also as somewhat
stronger, yet even they, so far as observed, do not approach in
muscular strength the whites or the negro of similar vocations.
The average difference between the pressure force of the right and
that of the left hand is less marked in the Kharga natives than that
in the white and also the Indian, showing that the right hand is not
only absolutely but also relatively weaker in those of the Oasis.
The age differences in strength are quite pronounced and follow
what is probably a general rule, showing a gradual decline after 40
years of age. The maximum mean of muscular power is reached
between 30 and 40, or more properly between 25 and 35 years,
which appears also to be most frequently the case in the whites as
well as in the American Indians.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RESULTS OF TESTS OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH OF THE
HANDS (PRESSURE) AND ARMS (TRACTION), ACCORDING TO AGE 2
Age groups Maximum pressure Maximum pressure Maximum traction,
2I-3O years right hand left hand horizontal
Number of subjects (42) (42) (39)
Average 33.9 3*>6 22.3
Minimum 26 21 14
Maximum 49 45 35
31-40 years
Number of subjects (20) (20) (19)
Average 3&-5 33-7 24.6
Minimum 29.5 26 16
Maximum 46 45 33
41-50 years •
Number of subjects (35) (35) (35)
Average 33-2 31-0 21.6
Minimum 24 21 14
Maximum 46 44 3O-5
51-60 years
Number of subj ects (17)
Average 3i-6 29.1 21.2
Minimum 25 24
Maximum 42 4* 33
1 Details in writer's " Physiological and Medical Observations, " etc., p. 143
et seq. The tests on the Indians were equally made by the same method and
instrument.
2 All records in kilograms.
32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
As to the relation of strength with stature, the 15 healthy tallest
Kharga men gave the average right hand pressure of 36.5 kg., the
20 shortest ones 33.9 kg., a decided advantage for those of higher
stature. Everything indicates that those of the lowest statures at the
Oasis are also those who present a greater general weakness, as well
as subnormal metabolism, while with those of the highest statures
these conditions are reversed. From this it seems safe to conclude
that short and tall statures, in this locality at least, are not pure racial
characteristics, but that they are largely due to the state of health
and nourishment of the individual during growth, and hence to en-
vironment ; and it can be assumed that when the economic and hy-
gienic conditions of the Oasis shall ameliorate, as they are bound to
do with the advance of civilization, the population will respond to
an important degree by better physical development.
RESUME OF THE PRINCIPAL PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
The Kharga Oasis men show on the average, in comparison with
the European whites, a perceptibly faster pulse ; a slightly faster
respiration ; a perceptibly lower temperature ; and decidedly lower
muscular power.
The differences in these functions according to age and stature
follow in general the same laws as among whites, American Indians,
and other races.
The principal defects observed in the Kharga natives in these
tests are evidently not anthropological characteristics, but local and
temporary phenomena, attributable in the main to the immediate
environment, particularly nutrition, and are in all probability largely
remediable.
7. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BODY
COLOR
The skin of the Kharga natives, like that of the Egyptians of the
Valley, is predominantly more or less brown. The color is, in the
main, quite the same as that of the American Indian of the moderate
zones. Individually it ranges from tawny and light brown to
medium brown ; darker shades in those who show no evidence of
negro mixture are rare. The records show that lighter shades of
yellow-brown or brown existed in 18 per cent; moderate brown in
81 per cent, and dark brown in but i per cent of the men examined.
The secondary shadings of different parts of the body are, so far as
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 33
observed, in no way particular, and the exposed parts, as elsewhere,
are generally darker than those habitually covered. On the head,
which is always covered, the skin is occasionally nearly as white as
in brunet Europeans. The color of the eyes is generally medium to
dark brown.
HAIR
The hair is as a rule black, and in those who are not mixed with
the negro it is generally straight or approaching straight. It runs
thus in 88 per cent of the men examined ; in 6 per cent it was black
and distinctly wavy ; in 5 per cent black with a tendency to curl ;
and in I individual it was dark brown and straight. In women,
where the hair is much longer (many of the men clip the hair short
or even shave the head), it is, so far as could be observed, generally
more or less wavy, with occasional tendency to curl ; in children it is
straight, wavy or slightly curly. The Coptic mummies at El Baguat
showed in general hair that was black and straight to moderately
wavy. A decidedly curly hair in Kharga natives was as a rule found
associated with thick lips and other negro features. It appears, in
fact, as if the tendency to curly hair was one of the most lasting
effects in the progeny of one-time negro admixture.
Grey hair, to any appreciable extent, was only seldom noticed
before the 4Oth year, and occasionally men of 48-50 years of age
showed hair that was nearly all black. At 55 and above greyness was
as a rule advanced.
As to beard, conditions were found as follows : In 94 per cent of the
men examined the color of the hair on the face was black, while in
6 per cent it was dark but not quite black; and in a number of
additional cases the moustache showed a trace lighter than the rest
of the beard which was black. The quantity of the moustache was
fair in 8, moderate in 49 and scanty in 43 per cent of the individuals ;
the chin beard was fair in quantity in 5, moderate in 30, scanty in
49 and absent (naturally) or nearly so in 16 per cent of the cases.
The total absence of beard was noticed however, with a very few
exceptions, only in those below 30 years of age. In form the hair of
the face, when longer, shows generally more or less tendency towards
waviness. This is especially true of the chin beard and of the more
distal parts of both beard and moustache. Greyness of moustache
was found to begin somewhat later and to be generally less advanced
than that of the hair of the scalp ; that of the chin beard was seen to
begin about the same time as that of the head.
34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
. No instance was found of a well developed baldness of the top of
the head; in 26 of the men (17 per cent) there was more or less of
a loss in the front, so that the original height of the forehead could
not be determined. In no case, however, did this calvitia reach near
to bregma.
Abnormal hairiness of the body was not noticed in any instance.
FEATURES OF THE HEAD
The head was observed to be generally of moderate size. No
instance of either artificial or pathological deformation came to
notice. In shape it is generally oblong and with either an elliptical,
somewhat ovoid, or pentagonal outline of the norma superior. On
the whole the head of the average Kharga native is much like that
of the ordinary non-negroid Egyptian, and lacks all distinctive negro
features.
The forehead in 86 per cent of the cases was found comparable
with the average form in the whites ; in 5 per cent it was high
(naturally), in 6 low and in 2 per cent sloping.
The supraorbital ridges were large in I case; they were about as
developed as in average white males in .27 per cent, of a submedium
to very small development in 71 per cent, and wholly absent in one of
those examined.
The occiput was in no case especially protruding, the external
occipital protuberance or ridges in no case pronounced.
The ears were found to be generally fairly well formed, lying
normally near the head or but moderately abstanding, and both in
size and shape quite like those of whites, but unlike the charac-
teristic ear of the negro,1 which only appeared occasionally in the
mixed-bloods. The separation of the lobule is occasionally more or
less deficient.
FACIAL FEATURES
The outline of the face is generally near elliptical or ovoid, with
the lower portion occasionally angular.
The eyes, or more properly eye-slits, were in 97 per cent of the
examined horizontal or nearly so, as in Europeans ; in I case they
were perceptibly oblique with the distal canthi higher, and in 2 cases
they were oblique with the distal canthi lower than the proximal.
The nasion depression was but slight in 12, moderate or medium
1 See Hrdlicka, A. : Anthropological Investigations on One Thousand White
and Colored Children, etc. 8°, New York, 1899.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 35
(as compared with whites) in 86, and pronounced in 2 per cent of
the cases.
The nose is generally not of great size or prominence. The bridge
was found straight in 42, slightly convex in 41, convex in 3, con-
cavo-convex in 10 and slightly concave in 4 per cent. It may be said
then to be in general straight or slightly convex.
The nasal septum is prevalently horizontal or somewhat inclined
downward. It was horizontal in 62 per cent, slightly inclined down-
wards (distal end lower than proximal) in 18, very perceptibly
inclined downward in 9, and slightly inclined upward (distal part
higher than proximal with head in natural position) in n per cent
of the cases.
The alse of the nose are seldom broad and in the unmixed never
show the characteristics of those in the negro.
The lips were found to be of about medium size, or not exceeding
the ordinary dimensions of lips in white males, in 83 per cent of the
men, while they were perceptibly to moderately thicker in 17 per cent.
Prognathism on the whole is somewhat more marked than in the
average Europeans, but in a pronounced form is rare ; the conditions
in this respect were about as the mean in white men, or but slightly
more marked, in 78 per cent, moderately more pronounced in 19 per
cent, and decidedly more pronounced than in average whites in 3
per cent of those examined.
The chin was in 85 per cent of the cases of medium proportions
and form, compared with the whites ; in 13 per cent of the individ-
uals it was more or less angular or " square," in I man it was un-
usually pointed and in I unusually long. The angles of the lower
jaw showed in 84 per cent of the individuals medium development,
in 14 per cent they were above average in size or prominence, and
in 2 per cent they were perceptibly below such average.
The malar regions showed about medium size (as compared with
whites) and moderate prominence in 78 per cent, were sub-medium
in both these features in 4 per cent and above medium in 18 per cent
of the cases.
Among the 150 men who were specially examined, there was no
one with any marked asymmetry of face or with any anomalies of
importance.
The neck is usually of medium development and quite cylindrical ;
in the younger men it is frequently rather high.
36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
BODY AND LIMBS
So far as could be determined without undressing the subjects,
96 per cent of them presented a body of medium development and
without marked abnormalities ; none were obese, but 4 per cent were
unusually thin, though not decrepit. No special differences were
observed in the various parts of the body from the normal or most
common type in whites.
The hands and feet are generally fairly well formed and not
large. No anomaly of fingers came to notice. The fingers and toes
are not long. The toes were normal in 95 per cent, in 5 per cent of
the individuals they presented some peculiarities.1 They were only
very rarely seen markedly separated, as they are frequently in the
Indian. In those who work and go bare-footed the toes are generally
thickened.
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON NON-INSTRUMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
The features of the Kharga natives are in general much like those
of the fellaheen of the Valley who do not show an admixture with
the negro. Nevertheless the physiognomy of the Oasis men seems
somewhat distinctive. They could be easily told from the often finely
shaped Berberine or Barabra of upper Egypt, and the student comes
to believe that he could recognize them even from the natives of the
neighboring parts of the valley; but the differences would not be
easy to define. The Egyptians of the Valley, however, present a
larger number of individuals of a decidedly Semitic type of face.
Beyond the Valley, the physiognomy of the Oasis people is close to
that of the Arab and the north African non-negro native in general.
The various characteristics of the head, face, and body, barring
the color, when closely scrutinized, are found to be closely related to
those of the white race and to have nothing in common with what is
distinctive of the negro.
8. MEASUREMENTS
STATURE
The height of the Kharga Oasis men is unusually small, averaging
barely 163.8 cm. (5 ft. 4^ in.). The exact conditions were as
follows :
1The principal anomalies were as follows: (a) The 4th and 5th left toes,
especially the latter, turned outward and downward; (b) the 5th left toe is di-
minutive; and (c) the great toe shows a small toe-like (nailless) growth on
its inner side and near the end.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
37
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: STATURE
Number of individuals measured: 150.
Average: 163.8 cm.1 (ist 50: 164.3; 2d 50: 162.3; 3d 50: 164.9 cm.)
Median 164.0 cm. Modes: 161.5 (161-162) and 168 (167-168) cm.
Minimum : 150.6 cm. Maximum : 174.6 cm.
Table of frequencies :
in
oi
m
m
in
tx.
m
0
»n
VO5
IN.
R
ji
' a
V £
1 £
5 ~
t fci
vo "
i £
i £
T E
'0 ^
. u
&
in
m
m
tx
m
3
£
^
^o
R
R
Number of cases
3
2
O
2^?
24
25
30
21
8
5
Per cent
? 0
1 ?
6.0
75 ?
76 7
^ 0
5 ?
Probable error = ± 0.269 ; standard deviation, <?, =4.89, ±0.190
efficient of variability, C, — 2.987, ±0.116.
Height
in cm 150 155 160 165 170 175
; co-
PERCENT,
OF CASES
—'20'
\
— 15
\
10-
\
FIG. 2. — Curve showing the distribution of statures among 150 adult males
of the Kharga Oasis.
The range of variation extends over 24 cm., or ± 0.073 per
centimeter of the average, which can not be regarded as excessive.
The distribution of the statures, however (fig. 2), is somewhat
peculiar. If considered centimeter by centimeter, it gives two sepa-
rate modes well apart. These conditions are probably not without
38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
significance, but to determine their exact bearing is difficult. They
may be anthropological in nature, due to admixture of two or more
elements outside of the negro, or they may be physiological, con-
nected especially with the prevalent defective nutrition in the Oasis.
Perhaps they are the complex result of both these* factors. Problems
like this can usually be solved only by long extended and comparative
investigations.
There are some means of contrasting the stature measurements of
the Kharga people with those of the Valley Egyptians. In 1904 E.
Chantre published a work on anthropological research in Egypt1
and the following male statures are recorded : 127 Copts — 166.0 cm. ;
91 Fellaheen — 168.4 cm. ; 134 Bedouins — 167.8 cm. ; and 223 Bedjah
(Ababdeh, Barabra, Bichariet) — 167.6 cm. All these means are very
perceptibly higher than those of the Kharga natives. Other meas-
urements on an extensive series of Egyptians and Soudanese con-
scripts have been published by Myers,2 but as these were men
selected for the military on the basis of good stature and strength,
their height records are of no value in this connection.
HEIGHT SITTING
The actual measurements are given in the following list. They are
of less importance than the comparisons to be given later. They
give a relatively solid curve of distribution (fig. 3). The extent of
variation is slightly higher, when compared to a unit of measurement,
than that of the total height of the body.8 No data on the Valley
Egyptians are in this respect available for comparison.
1 Recherches anthropologiques dans 1'Af rique orientale : Egypte. 4°, Lyon,
1904.
* Myers, Chas. : Contributions to Egyptian Anthropology : Tatuing. Jour-
nal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 33, January- June, 1903, pp. 82-89. The
Comparative Anthropometry of the most Ancient and Modern Inhabitants.
Ibid. Vol. 35, January- June, 1905, pp. 80-91. III. The Anthropometry of the
Modern Mahommedans; IV. The Comparison of the Mahommedans with
the Copts and the " Mixed " Group. Ibid. Vol. 36, July-December, 1906, pp.
237-271. Contributions to Egyptian Anthropology. Ibid. Vol. 28, January-
June, 1908, pp. 99-147-
8 Variability per centimeter : stature ±: 0.073 > height sitting ± 0.091.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
39
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT SITTING
Number of individuals measured : 150.
Average 84.0 cm.1 (ist 50 : 84.7 cm ; 2d 50 : 82.7 cm. ; 3d 50 : 84.5 cm.)
Median: 84. 1 cm. Modes: 84.0 (83.1-85.0) cm.; 86.5 (86.1-87.0) cm.
Minimum : 75.1 cm. Maximum : 90.4 cm.
Table of frequencies:
£ S
Q
g
rf
£
00
00
g
C 1^
o <->
13 o
~ S
« e
- 6
• u
T g
- 6
y
«oo
fc
eg
00
08
0^
^8
&rt
Number of cases
2
II
28
-JT
-7C
Per cent
1.3
7 J
J<? 7
22 0
2J J
20 7
6 0
0 7
1 Probable error ±0.155; standard deviation, <r, =2.820, zto.no; coefficient
of variability, C, = 3-357. — 0.131.
Height sitting
in cni 77.5 80 82.5 85 87.5 90
P
OF
ER
• C
25
CENT
ASES
^
^*-
-^-
ss
/
X
N,
20
/
/
/
\
/
\
/
\
1
15
1
\
/
\
f
/
\
/
\
-
10
I
\
I
/
\
\
1
\
\
5
/
^
1
\
I
/
v
^
1
\
n-m
•n"
• -'
"
B
FIG. 3. — Curve showing the distribution of height above ischia (height
sitting) among 150 adult males of the Kharga Oasis.
The relation of the length of that portion of the body above (or
that below) the lowest level of the ischia to total stature is a feature
of considerable anthropological interest. The Kharga natives show
in this respect the conditions given in the next table.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 59
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: PERCENTAL RELATION OF HEIGHT SITTING,
TO HEIGHT STANDING
Number of individuals: 150.
Average: 51.26* (Sub ischia = 48.74. )
Median: 51.5. Mode: 51.5.
Minimum: 47.3. Maximum: 54.3.
Table of frequencies :
<$
*
o
in
m
a
eo
m
Tf
in
m
in
i
1
i
1
1
tx
IT
00
Tf-
§
d
in
m
oi
m
CO
in
s
Number of cases
8
40
CJ
3O
10
I
Per cent
0 7
5 3
6 0
26 7
34 0
20 0
6 7
0 7
1 Probable error — ±0.071 ; standard deviation, <r, =1.281, ±0.050; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 2.499, — 0.097.
According to older sources, the following proportions of the
upper and lower part of the body, as obtained by measuring the
height sitting, have been found in different groups of whites, etc. :
PERCENTAL VALUE OF HEIGHT SITTING, IN REGARD TO STATURE
(After different authors, from Topinard, Elements tf'Anthrop. gen., p. 1070. )*
Height Below
sitting ischia
88 Sards (d'Hercourt) 54.9 (45.1)
100 Esthonians (Grube) 53.7 (46.3)
loo Keltic French (Collignon) 52.6 (47-4)
100 Cymric French (Collignon) 52.2 (47-8)
329 Americans (white) of 21 yrs. of age
(B. A. A. S. 1879) 52.7 (47-3)
364 English, of 21 yrs. of age (B. A.
A. S. 1879) 52.4 (47-6)
60 Lithuanians (Waeber) 51.9 (48.1)
100 Livonians (Waldhauer) 51.4 (48.6)
100 Jews (Blechmann) 51.5 (48.5)
184 Kabyles (Prengruber) 51.4 (48.6)
The most interesting and probably anthropologically significant
feature in regard to the Kharga natives, is their proximity in the
characteristic under consideration to the Jews, and especially to the
Kabyles. Such relation is not, however, always racial in nature, for
it may be merely a like result of similar environmental agencies,
particularly poor nutrition.
Among the Indians, the typically dolichocephalic Pima gave the
writer, for the height above ischia, 52.9 per cent ; for that below the
1 Compare also the results obtained on the dead by W. Pf itzner, Social-
anthropologische Studien, Zeitschrift f. Morphologic and Anthropologie,
Vol i, 1809 p. 325 et seq. ; Vol. 3, 1901, p. 485 et seq.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 4!
ischia 47.1 per cent of the total height; while among the typically
brachycephalic Apache these proportions were respectively 53.2 and
46.8 per cent.1 In twenty apparently full blood male American
negroes, measured by the writer, the same proportions were respec-
tively 51.4 and 48.6 per cent.
The range of variation in the relative proportions of the height
above and that below the ischia in the Kharga natives is remark-,
able. Each of these proportions is evidently influenced by numerous
factors which do not act with equal effect on the other.
A research into the influences capable of modifying these propor-
tions was possible in one important direction : the effects of the low-
est and the highest statures. It has been shown already that the
lowest statures, where not due to senility, stand often in close con-
nection with weaker muscles and prolonged general poor nutrition,
while in the case of the highest statures, the case is often the reverse.
And the lowest statures, as will be shown in the next table, are also
frequently accompanied with a subaverage relative length of the
lower limbs, whereas in the tallest individuals the length infra ischia
is perceptibly above the average. These conditions suggest that the
main causative agencies of low statures, and probably above all
chronic poor nutrition, affect adversely the length of the lower limbs
more than that of the rest of the body, while favorable conditions of
growth, especially, in all probability, good nutrition, cause in general
a proportionately greater development in length of the lower limbs.
The body supra ischia is the more stable portion, as regards length,
of the human organism. There are indications that these conditions
are not restricted to the Kharga natives, but will find a much wider
anthropological application.
1 " Physiological and Medical Observations, etc.," p. 112 et seq.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT AND HEIGHT SITTING IN THE SHORTEST
AND TALLEST INDIVIDUALS
Stature 157.5 cra« an^ less
Stature 170 cm. and more.
Percental
Percental
Percental
Percental
Stature
Height sit-
ting
relation of
height sit-
ting to
relation of
the parts
infra ischia
Stature
Height sit-
ting
relation of
height sit-
ting to
relation of
the parts
infra ischia
stature
to stature
stature
to stature
cm.
cm.
150.6
79 • 8
53-0
47-0
170.5
85.6
50.2
49-8
152.3
80.4
52.8
47.2
170.7
89.5
52.4
47.6
152.3
80.3
52.7
47-3
171.1
88.5
51-7
48.3
153-6
81.7
53.2
46.8
I7I.3
87.4
51.0
49-0
154-5
81.0
52.4
47-6
172.2
87.6
50.9
49.1
155-2
81.2
52.3
47-7
172.4
84.8
49-2
50.8
155.7
81.4
52.3
47-7
172.4
87.1
50.5
49.5
155.7
155.7
75-1
78.6
48.2
50.5
Si.*
49-5
172.5
172.7
49-2
5i. i
50.8
48.9
155-9
156.0
79.9
80. i
51-2
5i-3
48.8
48.7
172.7
173-8
88.3
85.5
5i.i
49-2
48.9
50.8
156.3
80.4
5i-4
48.6
174.5
90.4
51-8
48.2
156.5
79-0
50.5
49-5
174-6
85.8
49.1
50.9
157.5
82.1
52.1
47-9
Averages (14 individuals):
Averages (13 individuals):
154.8
80.1
51.7
48.3
172.4
87.4
50.6
49.4
As to the effect of age on the relative proportion of the upper and
lower parts of the body, the Kharga series shows nothing definite ;
but it includes no really senile individuals. It seems safe to assume
that, due principally to the frequent greater bending of the spine in
the aged, the average value of the height above ischia in relation
to that below the ischia diminishes in advanced age. This principle
is, of course, applicable to all groups of mankind, not merely the
Egyptians.
THE HEAD
Length of Head
The maximum length of the head averages 18.9 centimeters, which
is a fair dimension. Its range of variation extends over 28 mm.,
equaling ± 0.74 per each cm. of the average, which is not excessive.
The curve of distribution of the measurement (fig. 4) is somewhat
unusual.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
43
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER ANTERO-POSTERIOR OF MAXIMUM HEAD
Number of individuals measured : I5O.1
Average: 18.9 cm.2 (ist 50: 19.0; 2d 50: 18.8; 3d 50: 18.9 cm.)
Median : 18.9 cm. Mode : 19.0 cm.
Minimum : J/.6 cm. Maximum : 204 cm.
Table of frequencies:
00
01
•<t
VO
00
N
Tt
vo
00
M
•*
B
IN,
00
00
00
00
00
o\
o\
0\
a
ON
p
8
8
VO
iLE
-g
~ 6
1»G
toS
tLe
A.E
JL 5
<t>&
4>E
t^E
o>S
iE
<!oS
ts.
lxU
txU
00
00
00
00
00*
d\
0\
o\
d\
ON
8
8
Number of
cases ....
I
3
3
8
10
22
22
30
22
Q
9
4
5
i
i
Per cent...
0.7
2.0
2.0
5.3
6.7
14.7
14.7
20.0
±
d. a
6.0
2.7
3.3
0.7
0.7
1 Includes no deformed or pathological heads ; and the same applies to the
other skull measurements.
a Probable error = ± 0.028 ; standard deviation, <r, = 0.5054, ± 0.020 ; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 2.674, — 0.104.
Breadth of Head
The greatest breadth of the head gives the moderate mean of 14.4
cm. It varies to the extent of 25 mm., or 0.088 per each cm. of the
average, hence slightly more than the length ; the curve of distribu-
tion, however (fig. 4), though quite shouldered, is unusually solid.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER LATERAL MAXIMUM OF HEAD
Number of individuals measured : 150.
Average: 14.14cm.1 (ist 50: 14.14; 2d 50: 14.06; 3d 50: 14.22 cm.)
Median: 14.2 cm. Mode: i^cm.
Minimum : 12.8 cm. Maximum : 15.5 cm.
Table of frequencies:
ON
CO
to
K
ON
CO
to
^
ON
u
CO
01
M
CO
CO .
CO .
CO .
•4>
•^t .
Tf .
rf .
10 .
(£§
CO
M
1-1 £5
N O
TS
"fr 0
**•
ss
"* 0
vi§
£§
1
SI
N
CO
CO
CO
co
CO
Tj-
•^-
Tf
•^-
•^
to
l~l
Number of cases.
I
2
7
13
IQ
25
27
28
14
5
4
2
Per cent
0.7
2.0
1.3
4.7
8.7
12.7
16.7
18.0
18.7
9.J
J.^
2.7
1 Probable error = dr 0.025 ; standard deviation, <r, = 0.4507, ± 0.018 ; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 3.196, ± 0.124.
Both the length and the breadth of the head augment, as will be
seen in the next table, with the height of the body, and they augment
at nearly the same ratio. The latter fact indicates that it is in
44
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF LENGTH AND BREADTH OF
HEAD TO STATURE
Length and breadth of head in the loivest and highest statures
14 shortest individuals of the series
13 tallest individuals of the series
Stature
Length of head
Breadth of head
Stature
Length of head
Breadth of head
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
150.6
18.5
'3-9
170.5
19.2
13.1
152.3
18.0
13-35
170.7
19.4
13.0
152.3
18.9
12.9
171.1
18.8
13-8
153.6
18.2
12.7
I7L3
19.9
14.15
154-5
18.5
12.5
172.2
19.0
13-3
155.2
19.2
13.7
172.4
18.6
12.8
155-7
19-3
13.5
172.4
19.9
13.55
155.7
19.6
13-05
172.5
18.4
13.55
155.7
19.4
13.25
172.7
19.0
13.05
155.9
18.2
13-0
172.7
18.9
13.4
156.0
18.8
12.95
173-8
19.0
13.1
156.3
18.2
13.0
174.5
18.3
13.45
156.5
19.5
13.2
174-6
18.7
13.5
157-5
17.7
13-2
Averages :
154.8
18,7
(17.7-19.6)
13.16
(12.5-13.9)
172.4
19.0
(18.3-19-9)
13.37
(12.8-14.15)
Stature and breadth of head corresponding to shortest and longest heads
15 shortest heads
15 longest heads
Length of head
Stature
Breadth of head
Length of head
Stature
Breadth of head
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
17-6
162.0
13.0
19.6
155-7
13.05
17.7
17.7
157-5
169.4
13-2
12.85
19.6
19.6
159-8
168.8
13.3
13.15
17-8
157-8
12.6
19.6
164.7
13.3
i8..o
163.0
12.9
19.7
165.0
13-3
18.0
152.3
13-35
19.8
168.3
I4.I
18.0
163.7
12-5
19.8
164.8
13.5
18.1
160.7
13.05
19.8
165.8
13.4
18.1
I60.8'
I3-I
19.9
172.4
13.55
18.1
l6l.3
13-0
19.9
I7I.3
14.15
18.2
164.7
13-55
20.0
163.3
13-55
18.2
153-6
12.7
20.0
169.4
13.7
18.2
155.9
13.0
20. 0
I66.I
13.4
18.2
168.0
12.3
20.1
163.4
13.05
18.2
156.3
13.0
20.4
168.6
13-4
Averages
18.0
160.5
12.9
19.85
265.8
13.64
(152.3-
(I2.3-I3.55)
(155.7-
(13.05-
169.4)
172.4)
14.15)
NO. 1 NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 45
reality the size of the head and not its length or breadth that is
directly correlated with the stature.
The augmentation in both measurements is not exactly propor-
tionate to stature in all its grades, but lags behind as the stature
increases, so that while in the shortest men the length and breadth
of the head represent respectively 12.1 and 8.5 per cent of the body
height, in the tallest men they represent only n.o and 7.75 per cent
of the same.
Cephalic Index
The cephalic index averages 74.83, which characterizes the Kharga
people as in general dolicho- and mesocephalic. The extremes extend
on one side- to hyperdolichocephaly while on the other they barely
reach the beginning of brachycephaly, showing that there is but little
tendency towards real broad-headedness. The range of variation,
12.7 or ± 0.085 Per unit of the average, is not unusual. The curve
of distribution (fig. 4) of the index, however, shows two pro-
nounced and well separated points, which exceed considerably any
effects of the mathematical probable error and which, considering the
number of subjects involved, can not well be regarded as without sig-
nificance. The tendency towards this double grouping is recog-
nizable in the distribution curves of both the measurements the rela-
tion of which is expressed by the cephalic index, but in the latter the
condition is especially clear. It is interesting to note that Myers a
found a very much similar condition in the soldiers from several of
the Egyptian provinces, but decided, not warrantably, it seems, that
the two peaks of his polygons " were purely due to chance." The
two peaks were located in all cases one at 73 and the other at 76-77,
which agrees closely with the 72.5 and 75.5 peaks at Kharga.
The writer feels obliged to regard the principal grouping shown
by the cephalic index curve or polygon at Kharga as not wholly
accidental. It has very probably other causes. These may be racial,
in which the condition would express a mixture of two ethnic
elements, one more and one less dolichocephalic; or it may be
pathological, using this term especially in its extension to various
defective conditions that are liable to affect adversely the develop-
ments and growth of the organism. The problem is difficult of
definite solution from the data at hand. The writer's impression is
that in this case it is principally the anthropological factor that is
accountable.
1 Myers, C. S. : Contribution to Egyptian Anthropology ; III. The Anthro-
pometry of the Modern Mahommedans. Jour. Anthr. Inst. Vol. 36, 1906, p.
246 et seq.
Cm. 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
FIG. 4. — Curve showing the distribution of Length of Head (L. //.),
Breadth of Head (B. H.) and Cephalic Index (C. /.), in 150 adult males of
the Kharga Oasis.
NO. 1
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
47
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: CEPHALIC INDEX
Number of individuals: 150.
Average cephalic index: 74.83* (ist 50: 74.5; 2d 50: 74.8; 3d 50: 75.2.)
Median: 75.0. Modes: 7^.5 (72.1-73) and 75.5 (75.1-76).
Minimum : 68.2. Maximum : 80.9.
Table of frequencies:
f
R
M
tx
i
$
S
V
I
^
i
?
3
T
8
£
R
£
i.
R
S
£
*
&
*
R
5
Number of cases.
I
2
6
IS
19
17
15
26
17
M
7
9
3
Per cent
0.7
liJ
4.0
10.0
12.7
J7.J
.70. 0
17.3
J7.J
4.7
6.0
1 Probable error = ± 0.146; standard deviation, <r, =2.655, ±0.103; coef-
ficient of variability, C, = 3.544, ± 0.138.
The length of the head, the breadth of the head and the cephalic
index of the men at Kharga show in general a close relation to
similar determinations made by Chantre and Myers on the Valley
Egyptians, as will be seen from the following comparison :
Head:
Subjects Observer Length Breadth Index
150 Kharga Oasis men Hrdlicka 18.9 14.1 74.9
127 Copts Chantre 18.85 14-2 75.2
91 Fellaheen Chantre 19.0 14.2 74.7
44 Copts (soldiers) Myers 19.3 14.3 74.0
369 Egyptian Moslems (soldiers) Myers 1946 14.43 74-3
Myers' subjects, selected in recruiting for their tall stature, give
naturally higher absolute values for the length and breadth meas-
urements than the other series, but the index remains much the
same as in the other groups ; it varies, as seen, only to the extent of
1.2 points in the five series recorded.
The cephalic index of the Kharga men agrees well with that of
the Coptic mummies of the Oasis, and also, as will be shown below
on one hand with that of the Arabs, and on the other with that
of most of the Berbers and other non-negroid north-Africans. Of
course it should be borne in mind that the similarity of the cephalic
index is of anthropological value only when other important charac-
teristics of the given groups are alike. Such agreement actually
exists in the here adduced non-negroid peoples.
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
MEAN CEPHALIC INDEX IN VARIOUS NORTH AFRICAN GROUPS
(Arranged from data given by Chantre.1)
Males
No. of Cephalic
Tribes Observer individuals index
Arabs of Ougorla (?) Elisseieff 20 72.00
Arabs of Oran (?) Bleicher 10 73.21
Arabs of Sinai Elisseieff 20 73-87
Arabs of Ouled Touarah Chantre 18 73.30
Arabs of Ouled Ayaideh Chantre 41 b. s. 74.48
Arabs of Ma'azeh Chantre . . . , 40 b. s. 75 oo
Arabs of Alep Chantre 22 77.05
Berbers of Aures Elisseieff 10 72.00
Berbers of Chemini Bertholon 40 72.62
Berbers of Menzel Bertholon 53 72.79
Berbers of Ouled Harabi Chantre 29 72.82
Berbers of Kroumirie Bertholon 358 73-99
Berbers of Kama Bertholon 64 74-37
Berbers of Djara Bertholon 14 74.80
Berbers of Medjez-el-Bab Collignon 16 75.39
Berbers of Chaouias Faidherbe 15 75.60
Berbers of Palestro Prengrueber 184 76.04
Berbers of Biskra Seriziat 180 76.07
Berbers of Mozabit Amat . . : 50 77.03
Berbers of Kairouan Collignon 61 77-59
Berbers of Gerba Bertholon 330 79-94
Ouled Nagama Chantre 21 75-26
Ouled Aly Chantre 20 75.39
Ouled Said Collignon 16 77.79
Beoni-Maguel of Gerba Bertholon 34 82.24
Ouled Zelofras of Gerba Bertholon 11 82.50
Height of Head
The height of the head measured by the writer throughout his
investigations on the living, is that from the line connecting the
floor of the auditory canals to the scalp over the bregma. The method
relied upon and which gives results somewhat higher than those ob-
tained by the means of Gray's radiometer, is given briefly in the foot-
note.2 Regrettably both Chantre and Myers in their measurements
on the Egyptians used other methods, and their results are not com-
parable with those here recorded.
1 Recherches anthropologiques dans 1'Afrique orientale : Egypte. 4°, Lyon
1904.
2 The measurement is obtained by a spreading and a sliding compass. The
branches of a suitable compos d'epaisseur are introduced well into the audi-
tory meati and allowed to rest on their floor. The expansion of the instru-
ment is noted, with the scale held over the bregma region ; the distance from
the bregma region to the lower edge of the scale is measured by the rod of
the compos glissicre, and a simple arithmetical process gives the biauricular
line-bregma height. With practice the measurement becomes easy, rapid, and
at least as reliable as the measure of the same height by any other method.
With due care, particularly as to the temperature of the instrument, the
branches of the compass in the ears cause but very little discomfort. The
writer has used this method now for many years with satisfactory results,
and after testing the Gray's radiometer, must prefer it to that instrument.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
49
The conditions shown by this measurement in the Kharga men
were as follows : *
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF HEAD
Number of individuals measured: 150.
Average: 13.17 cm.1 (ist 50: 13.2; 2d 50: 13.1; 3d 50: 13.2 cm.)
Median: 13.2 cm. Modes: 13.0 and 13.4 cm.
Minimum : 12.3 cm. Maximum : 14.1 cm.
Table of frequencies :
;:.
u-)
t^
o\
o
co
if)
t*+
ON
u
s
01 .
N .
01 .
co .
co .
CO .
CO .
o
co
^- o
VO 0
00 0
co
r s
01 0
Tj- 0
51
oo o
-^-
01
01
01
01
CO
CO
co
CO
CO
4r
Number of cases
T.
4"
TQ
•2T
?2
•3T
8
6
2
Per cent
9 0
2 7
9 3
12 7
20 7
21 3
20 7
5 .?
4 0
7 J
1 Probable error =±0.020; standard deviation, <r, =0.3646, ±0.014; co-
efficient of variability, C, =2.762, ± 0.108.
The average height of the head, based on the above measurements,
namely 13.17 cm., corresponds to a somewhat higher basion-bregma
height on the skull and indicates that the cranium of the Kharga
Oasis natives is relatively of moderate height.
The variation of this dimension extends to 18 mm., which is
± 0.069 f°r eacn cm- °f the mean measurement.
Several interesting features are revealed by the study of the rela-
tion of the height of the head to the form of the head, the height of
the body, and the size of the head.
As shown in the following table, the relation between the height
of the head and the cephalic index is quite insignificant. The
average of the cephalic index in the lowest and the highest heads is
very much alike. Among the lowest heads seven are dolichocephalic
(below 75), while among those of the highest heads there are eight
of that form.
It may then be concluded that in the Kharga men the head form
as expressed by the cephalic index is not in any appreciable way
dependent on, nor does it affect in any appreciable way, the height of
the head.
The relation of stature to the height of the head is more evident.
The series of lowest heads shows an association with notably smaller
1 For results of the measurement on the American Indian, see writer's
"Physiological and Medical Observations, etc." p. 118.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
average body height than that of the highest vaults. In the former
series there are only two individuals (15%) of 1.65 m. in stature
or above, while in the equally as large series of the highest heads,
there are seven (or nearly 54%) of such statures.
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF HEIGHT OF HEAD TO STATUEE,
FOEM OF HEAD AND SIZE OF HEAD
Cases with smallest height of head
(13.65 cm* and below)
Cases with greatest height of head
(13.7 cm. and above)
Height of
head
Stature
Cephalic
index
Cephalic
module
Height of
head
Stature
Cephalic
index
Cephalic
module
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
12.30
164.5
75-8
15-0
13.70
165.0
73-4
15-7
12.30
12.35
168.0
160.0
70.3
71.7
14.4
I4.8
13.70
13.70
155-2
163.3
75-0
77-4
15.8
15.6
12.50
163.7
77-8
14.8
13.70
169.4
73-5
16.1
12.50
12.55
^'5
169.4
73-5
72-4
14.9
14.8
13-75
13.80
161.6
169.4
K
15-7
15.8
12.55
12.60
12.60
163.5
157.8
158.5
68.2
78.6
75-5
14.9
14.8
15-2
13-80
13-80
13.80
160.0
171.1
159.6
71.6
76.6
74-3
15-7
15-7
15-7
12.65
158.7
73-1
14.9
13.85
167.1
74-7
15.7
12.65
162.2
72.1
I5-I
13.90
150.6
75-3
15.3
12.65
161.3
77-0
15.2
14.10
168.3
72.7
16.1
12.65
164.1
77-6
15.0
14.15
171-3
72.9
16.2
Averages (13 cases):
Averages (13 cases):
12-53
162.0
74.1
14.9
13-83
164.0
74-7
15-8
It then appears that higher stature tends in general to be ac-
companied with an absolutely higher head, than low stature. But
there is no direct proportion between the increase in the height of
the head and that of the stature. Among the lowest heads the pro-
portional relation between the height of the head and the height of
the body is as i : 12.1, while among the highest heads it is only as
1 : 11.9. This indicates that the growth of the head in height, while
it to some extent augments in accord with increasing stature, is in
the main subject to other influences.
The most interesting comparison is that between the height of the
head and the size of the same. The size of the head is most con-
veniently represented by the mean cephalic diameter or the cephalic
module. Compared with this, it is found that low height of the head
corresponds in general to a small head as a whole, and vice versa.1
1 See in this connection Boas, R, The Cephalic Index, Amer. Anthropologist,
N. S., I, 1899, pp. 448-461. All the statements advanced there are, however,
not borne out by the present study.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
This condition is expressed not only by the averages, but is also
illustrated by the fact that in the series of the lowest heads there
are no instances of a cephalic module higher than 15.2, while in the
series of highest heads there is no module lower than 15.3.
It is further found, however, that in the case of the lowest heads,
the average height of the head corresponds to the average cephalic
module of the same heads only in the proportion of 84.1 to 100,
while in the case of the highest heads that proportion is as 87.6 to
loo. This indicates that the height of the head increases faster than
the size of the head as a whole, and hence to some extent indepen-
dently of the same.
As to the relation of the height of the head to the length and
breadth of the same, the following data show conclusively that the
highest heads are also as a rule absolutely longer and broader than
the lowest ones. Under normal conditions, therefore, an exceptional
cephalic height is largely a function of the size of the head (which,
in turn, as brought out before, stands in close connection with the
stature).
KHAKGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF HEIGHT OF HEAD TO LENGTH AND
BREADTH OF SAME
Cases with smallest height of head
(12.65 cm- and below)
Cases with greatest height of head
(13.7 cm. and above.)
Height of head
Length of head
Breadth of head
Height of head
Length of head
Breadth of head
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
12.30
18.6
I4.I
13.70
19.2
14.1
12.30
18.2
12.8
13.70
19.2
14.4
12.35
18.7
13.4
13.70
18.6
14.4
12.50
18.0
I4.O
13.70
20.0
14.7
12.50
18.5
13-6
13-75
19-3
14.2
12.55
18.5
13-4
13.80
I9.I
14.2
12.55
12.60
19.2
17.8
I3.I
14.0
13.80
13.80
18.6
19.4
14.9
13.9
12.60
18.8
14.2
13.80
18.8
14.4
12.65
18.6
13.6
13-85
19.0
14.2
12.65
19.0
13.7
13.90
18.5
13.6
12.65
18.7
14.4
14.10
19.8
14.4
12.65
18.3
14.2
14.15
19-9
14.5
Averages (13 cases):
Averages (13 cases):
12.53
18.53
13.73
13.83
19.18
14.30
Percental rela-
tion of height
to length and
breadth
67.6
91.3
....
72.1
96.7
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 59
The mutual relation of the three main diameters, however, does
not remain the same from the lowest to the highest heads. With the
height it is as 110.4 m the latter to 100 in the former, but with the
breadth similar proportions are only 104.2 to 100, and with the length
103.5 to loo. Hence, the highest heads are not only highest abso-
lutely, but also relatively to head length and breadth. The length
has evidently lagged behind even slightly more than the breadth (C. I.
in lowest heads 74, in highest 74. 6) , but the difference is small and
within the possibilities of accidental.
The above conditions do not fall, it seems to the writer, in the
category of simple compensations ; they are more likely directly
connected with the anatomical peculiarities of the vault of the skull
and are expressions, in the main, of the law of expansion of the skull
in the directions of lesser resistance.
Cephalic Module
The sum of the length, breadth and height of the head, divided by
three, gives the mean diameter of the head or the cephalic module,1
Cm. 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5
PERCENT*
OF CASES
-20
\
C.M
15
10
\
FIG. 5. — Curve showing the distribution of cephalic module (mean diameter
of the head) among 150 adult males of the Kharga Oasis.
which, for comparative purposes, represents the size of the head
1 The term " modulus " was first employed by E. Schmidt, who designated
by it (in Archiv f. Anthrop., Vol. 12, i87Q-'8o, p. 179, and in his " Anthropolo-
gische Methoden " Leipzig, 1888, p. 212 et seq.) the mean of the three diame-
ters of the skull.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
53
better than the circumference or any other single dimension. When
its relations to cranial capacity are better known, the cephalic module
will serve capably, particularly in the form of its averages, as an
index of the size of the brain.
The conditions shown by the Kharga Oasis men in regard to the
cephalic module are given in the next table. The average is per-
ceptibly smaller than that of the central or north Europeans, and
also smaller than that of the majority of the tribes of the Indians.
Some details concerning this point will be given in succeeding
paragraphs. The range of variation is moderate, extending over
17.5 mm., which equals the variability of 0.057 Per centimeter of the
mean. The distribution of the module gives two fairly separate and
distinct modes.
KHABGA OASIS, MEN: CEPHALIC MODULE.1
Number of observations : 150.
Average: /5.4cm.2 (ist 50: 15.45; 2d 50: 15.31; 3d 50: 15.45 cm.)
Median: 15.38 cm. Modes: 15.25 (15.21-15.3) and 15.55 (15.51-15.6) cm.
Minimum : 14.43 cm- Maximum : 16. 18 cm.
Table of frequencies:
VO
^
00
ON
_
HH
01
«>
^
J
n-
rt
Tj-
IO
IO
10
10
to
£ g
ii £
I £
1 £
i £
i £
i £
JH £
is
J2 <->
VO U
lx 0
00 0
O\ O
O 0
HH U
04 O
ro 0
«
Tf
TJ-
M
3
Zf
10
M
IO
to
to
Number of cases.
I
I
2
5
10
10
15
I?
15
Per cent
0 7
0 7
J 3
J 3
6 7
6.7
10.0
11.3
10.0
1O V
vo
t-^
00
ON
HH
N
IO
IO
IO
IO
IO
vo
VO
NO
Is
Tf 0
is
IO O
is
\o o
1 £
t^ u
i £
00 0
Ea
ON 0
SB
o o
Ee
<-* u
IO
IO
IO
IO
IO
IO
VO
VO
Number of cases
IT.
18
15
14
6
3
2
I
Per cent
8.7
12.0
10.0
9.3
4.0
2.0
1.3
^.(7
1 Diameter antero-posterior max. + diameter lateral max. + auricular line — bregma height
3
2 Probable errors ± 0.018; standard deviation, <r, =0.3312, ±0.013; co-
efficient of variability, C, =2.151, ± 0.084.
The size of the head, expressed by the module or in any other
manner, possesses in the whites and in other races, as is well known,
certain relations to stature. This relation is not the same for all the
different statures found in any group, nor is it equally proportionate to
54
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
the different grades of stature. In general the head shows larger
size the more considerable is the height of the body, and vice versa ;
however, in individuals above the average in stature the relative size
of the head lags behind the body height, while in those of statures
below the average the body height decreases in a more rapid ratio
than the size of the head. The short men or women of any racial
group, therefore, may be expected to possess heads absolutely smaller,
but relatively to stature larger, than the tall individuals.
Precisely such conditions as outlined above are shown by the
Kharga natives. They appear clearly in the succeeding tables, the
first of which gives the average head-stature index, with its range
of variation, in this series of Egyptians, while the second exhibits
the variation of the index with that of stature.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: THE HEAD-STATURE INDEX, OR PER-MILLE RELATION
OF CEPHALIC MODULE (MEAN CRANIAL DIAMETER) TO
STATURE (STATURE=1000)
Number of observations : 150.
Average: p^.o.1 (ist 50: 94.0; 2d 50: 94.3; 3d 50: 93.7.)
Median: 94. 1. Mode: 94.5 (94.1-95}.
Minimum: 85.9. Maximum: 101.8.
Table of frequencies:
!
<£
t*^
t
$
!
IN.
00
f
88
I
&
?
i
!
0\
I
i
I
5
Number of cases.
Per cent
i
0.7
..
6
4 0
i
0 7
5
3 3
10
6.7
16
10.7
16
10.7
19
12.7
00
?
I
?
|
I
8
T
o
T
M
o
i
ON
i
&
%
«
8
o
Number of cases
21
18
9
4
5
i
4
Per cent
14.0
12.0
9.3
6.0
2.7
J.J
(7.7
2.7
1 Probable error = ± 0.169; standard deviation, <r, =3.066, ±0.119; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 3.258, it 0.127.
The average head-stature index of the Kharga men with the mean
body height of 163.8 cm., namely 94.0 (94 mm. of body height to
each centimeter of the mean head diameter), is about equal to that
of male whites of 170 cm. in stature (according to the writer's obser-
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
55
vations) but is smaller (by about 2 points) than that of white men of
the same body height as these Egyptians. It is even slightly smaller
(by about I point) than the average in the American Indian.1 The
head of the Kharga native is therefore both absolutely and relatively
rather small.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: CEPHALIC MODULE IN THE SHORTEST, MEDIUM
AND TALLEST INDIVIDUALS
Stature below 158 cm.
Stature 163.1-165 cm.
Stature above 170 cm.
Per millc rela-
Per mille rela-
Per mille rela-
Stature
tion of cephalic
module to
Stature
tion of cephalic
module to
Stature
tion of cephalic
module to
stature
stature
stature
150.6
IOI.8
163.1
Q2.8
170.5
91.9
152.3
IOI.I
163.2
97-6
170.7
92.4
152.3
99-9
163.3
98.3
I7I.I
91.6
153-6
97-2
163.3
95-3
I7I.3
94-5
154-5
96.2
163.4
97.0
172.2
98.0
155-2
101.6
163.4
06.2
172.4
87.8
155-7
100.3
163.5
91.4
172.4
g2.I
155-7
101.5
163.6
93-0
172.5
89.7
155.7
99.7
163.7
90.6
172.7
91-3
155.9
156.0
97-5
95-6
164.0
164.1
94-1
91.7
172.7
173.8
p-4
156.3
96.4
164.3
92.4
174.5
£•!
156.5
99.2
164.4
93.6
174.6
87.6
157-5
92.9
164.5
91.2
157-6
97-1
164.7
93-6
157.8
93-8
164.7
95-5
164.8
94.6
164.8
94-5
164.8
95-7
165.0
95-6
165.0
95-0
Averages (16 individuals)
(21 individuals)
(13 individuals)
155.2
98.2
164.1
94.3
172.4
90.5
The second table shows the effects of stature on the size of the
head among the Oasis men themselves. These effects are seen to
be pronounced and quite uniform ; there is, of course, some individ-
ual variation, but it is small. In general the higher the stature, the
1 Six groups of the latter show the following conditions :
Average Average
stature cephalic module
1. 50 Otomi men 159.3 15.5
2. 50 Aztec men 161.0 15.4
3. 50 Tarasco men 163.1
4- 53 Cora men 164.1 l[
5. 50 Apache men 170.0
6. 53 Pima men 171.8 15.9
(306) Mean 164.9
15-7
Head-stature
index
97-3
95-8
95-0
96.3
94.0
92.3
95-1
56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
larger is the head absolutely, but the smaller relatively. If we take
the mean stature and mean cephalic module as basis of comparison,
we see that in advancing from these in either direction the changes
in stature are more rapid than those of the head. As a result of this
as we advance with stature above the mean, the head-stature index
gradually diminishes, while if we progress below the mean body
height, it gradually increases. Thus, as already stated, the shortest
men have a head absolutely smaller but relatively to stature larger
than the tallest.
The table under consideration and a still closer analysis of the
data reveal further that the diminution of the head-stature index
from the mean, as well as its augmentation, go on with a fair regu-
larity and that the change averages, in well preserved adults, approxi-
mately 0.45 mm. (of the mean head diameter) for each i.o cm. of
the stature. This 0.45 may well be regarded as the mean, stable,
differential quotient between a regular theoretical and the actual
increase of head size in proportion to stature.
The main conditions dealt with in the preceding paragraphs are, so
far as the writer can ascertain, not peculiar to the Kharga natives. A
similar variation of the head-stature index, and a similar value of
the head-stature differential quotient, occur in the Indians and also
in whites.
Regrettably, there are no means of direct comparison in this
respect of the Kharga natives with the Valley Egyptians. Chantre's
data are not detailed enough, besides which his head height is
generally so low that it must have been measured by a method unlike
that of the writer and can not be utilized for the determination of
the cephalic module comparable with that used in this paper. Myers'
data on the Egyptian soldiers, on the other hand, apply, as already
mentioned, to men selected for their stature ; moreover, Myers has
measured the height of the head from the bi-meatus line to maxi-
mum elevation of the vault measurement, which on the average is
about ii mm. in excess of the bi-meatus-bregma height measured by
the writer. Nevertheless it is possible to make some indirect colla-
tion between the two series of subjects, resulting as follows :
Height of
head (bi-
Length of Breadth of meatus line Cephalic
head head to bregma) module
Egyptian soldiers from the
Valley (Myers) of average
stature above I7ocm 19.5 14.4 about 13.5 .about 15.8
Male Egyptians from the
Kharga Oasis (H.) of aver-
age stature above 170 cm.... 19.0 14.4 13.36 15-6
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
57
The above determinations, however imperfect, seem to indicate
that the head of the Kharga native is even slightly smaller than that
of the Valley Egyptian ; the differences in this regard between the
Oasis and Valley Egyptians are, however, as also indicated by
Chantre's data, not very material.
Another point especially inquired into in connection with the
cephalic module was its relation to the form of the head, as expressed
by cephalic index. The interesting results are given below. They
show that in this particular ethnic group there is, on the average, a
perceptible difference in the size of the head between those of the
lowest and those of the highest cephalic index and that the difference
is in favor of the latter. This agrees well with what was indicated by
some of the foregoing observations brought out in this paper.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF SIZE OF HEAD, AS EXPRESSED BY THE
MEAN CEPHALIC DIAMETER, OR MODULE, TO THE FORM OF
HEAD AS SHOWN BY THE CEPHALIC INDEX
Head Forms Corresponding to Smallest and Largest Sizes of Head
20 lowest modules: 15.0 cm. and below
17 highest modules: 15.8 cm. and above
Cephalic module
Corresponding cephalic
index
Cephalic module
Corresponding cephalic
index
cm.
cm.
14-43
70. 3
16.18
72.9
14.63
73-4
16.13
73-5
14.78
78.0
16.13
71.6
14.80
78.6
16.10
72.7
14.82
" 72.4
16.05
73-0
14.82
71.7
15-97
72.5
14.83
77-8
15.93
75.4
14.87
79-6
15.93
73.7
14.87
73-5
15-88
7L4
14.92
69.1
15-87
78.9
14-93
75-i
15-87
80.0
14-93
76.4
15.85
71.6
14-93
75-4
15.85
80.9
14.95
68.2
15.82
75.8
14.95
73-i
15-80
75.6
14-97
75-0
15-80
79.8
14.98
7i-3
15-80
77-i
15
75-8
15
72.0
15
70.7
Averages:
14.87
(14.43-15.0)
73.9
(68.2-79.6)
15.94
(15.80-16.18)
75.1
(71.4-80.9)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF SIZE OF HEAD, AS EXPRESSED BY THE
MEAN CEPHALIC DIAMETER, OR MODULE, TO THE FORM OF
HEAD AS SHOWN BY THE CEPHALIC INDEX
Sizes of Head Corresponding to Most Oblong and to Most Rounded Head
Shapes
22 lowest cephalic indices: below 72.0
19 highest cephalic indices: above 78.0
Cephalic index
Corresponding cephalic
module
Cephalic index
Corresponding cephalic
module
cm.
cm.
68.2
14-95
78.1
15.32
69.I
14.92
78.4
15.47
69.6
15.15
78.5
15.40
70.2
15.23
78.6
14.80
70.3
14-43
78.8
15.48
70.7
15-02
78.9
15.87
70.7
15.77
78.9
15.03
70.9
15.52
79 -f
15.20
70.9
15.08
79-4
15.77
71.2
15.25
79-4
15.22
71-3
14.98
79-5
14.87
71-3
15.53
79-5
15.32
7i-4
15.88
79-7
15.42
71.6
15.13
79.8
15.48
71.6
15.13
79-8
15.80
71.6
I6.I3
80.0
15.87
71.6
15.85
80. i
15.77
71.6
15-22
80.7
15.25
71.6
15.70
80.9
15.85
71.7
14.82
71.8
15.23
71.8
15.60
Averages:
70.9
(68.2-71.8)
15-30
(14.82-16.13)
79-4
(78.1-80.9)
15.43
(14.80-15.87)
THE FACE
Chin-Hair Line Height
The total height of the face in the Kharga men averages 17.6 cm.,
which, compared with the same dimensions in other races, is rather
low.1 The range of variation is quite large ; this is due partly to the
inclusion in the measurement of the forehead, which varies inde-
pendently of the face proper. The variation amounts to 51 mm., or
± 0.145 per cm. of the average, which is more than shown by any of
the principal head measurements. The curve of distribution (fig.
6) even when condensed, is not entirely uniform.
1 Compare for this and other face measurements especially Weisbach, A.,
Korpermessungen verschiedenen Menschenrassen, Supplement z. Zeitchr. f.
Ethnologic, Vol. 9, 1877; 8° Berlin 1878; Pfitzner, W. : Social-anthropolo-
gische Studien Zeitschr. f. Morphol. und Anthrop., Vol. I, 1899, and Vol.
3, 1901; and Myers, Chas. S., Contribution to Egyptian Anthropology, Jour.
Anthr. Inst., Vol. 38, 1008, (detailed measurements only).
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
59
o .£
.. Crt
£ rt
•^ bo
.a S
S -G
IS
bo
.2
'S5
6o
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 5Q
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF FACE, CHIN TO HAIR LINE
Number of observations: I23.1
Average: 17.6 cm.2
Median: /7.6cm. Mode: 17.8 (17.6-18} cm.
Minimum : 14.6 cm. Maximum 19.7 cm.
Table of frequencies :
vo
10
10
U">
m
»o .
10 .
vO .
VO .
t^ .
tx .
oo
00 .
ON .
ON .
0 .
\o u
:§
vO 0
7 £
HH O
T £
vo 0
T £
M U
^o u
r £
HH O
T E
VO 0
r £
Ja
\O o
TT
in
to
VO
vo
tX
tx
00
00
O\
ON
Number of cases.
Per cent
I
o 8
I
o 8
2
T 6
8
6 5
22
17. Q
21
I7.I
32
20. 0
24
10. 5
6
4.9
5
4. I
n 8
1 In 26 individuals of the series of 150 there was more or less pronounced
frontal loss of hair and in one another defect prevented the measurement.
* Probable error = 0.035 ; standard deviation, <r, = 0.6366, ± 0.025 ; coef-
ficient of variability, C, =5.634, ±0.219.
The Forehead
The height of the forehead from nasion to the hair line 1 averages
6.2 cm., which is noticeably less than in most groups of male whites
and also other races, exclusive of the Indian and most of the Negro.
The range of variation is very large, amounting to 3.5 cm., or
T 0.282 for each unit of the average ; but the mass of the cases is
comprised within the limits of from 5.6 to 7.0 cm. (fig. 7).
KHABGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF FOREHEAD1
Number of observations: I24.2
Average: 6.2 cm.3
Median: 6.3 cm. Mode: 6..? cm.
Minimum : 4.1 cm. Maximum : 7.6 cm.
Table of frequencies :
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
0
0
0
B
0
0
CJ
o
B
o
o
e»j
vo
ON
0
10
00
M
•^
fs
0
CO
VO
_
T
I
J
to
T
PO
to
t
1
£
at
tx
1
t^
"i-
Tj-
4
10
10
10
10
vo
VO
VO
tx
*^
Number of cases
i
I
2
4
<
16
20
29
24
18
2
3
Percent
0.8
0.8
1.6
A
A
7^.9
J6.J
23.4
79.J
1 From point corresponding to nasion in the skull, to the hair line.
2 In 26 of the 150 individuals examined there existed more or less pro-
nounced frontal baldness, which made the measurement of height of the
forehead uncertain.
'Probable error = ± 0.036 ; standard deviation, <r, =0.5983, ±0.026; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 9.650, ± 0.413.
1 Where the hair extended downward in a V-shaped manner in the median
line, the measurement was taken to the middle of a curved line, moderately
convex downward, connecting the lateral parts of the hair boundary; but
such cases were rare.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
Cm. 4.5 5.- 5.5 6.- 6.5 7r
61
7.5
FIG. 7. — Curves showing the distribution of the height of the forehead
(nasion-hair line) measurement, among 124 Kharga men free from calvitia.
Chin-Nasion Height
The distance from the lowest point of the chin in median line to
a point corresponding to the middle of the fronto-nasal articulation,1
gives the height of the facial parts proper, speaking anatomically.
Due to this fact the measurement is more suitable for the study
of the relations that exist between the development of the face and
that of the vault of the skull than the total or physiognomic facial
height, which includes the forehead and is affected by the variation
of the latter, representing to an important extent external conditions
of a portion of the vault.
The dimension (as also the total facial height) increases to some
extent with age ; but in old people it is frequently found to be more
or less reduced, due to the wear or loss of the teeth and absorp-
tion of the alveolar processes. In the Kharga series no individual
presented such conditions in a marked degree and no decided effects
of age on the measurement, as will be seen later on, are perceptible.
1 The point on the skin corresponding to nasion on the skull can in many
cases be determined accurately by feeling, in others it must be estimated on
the basis of the knowledge regarding the usual situation of the point in th$
cranium. It is generally somewhat above the middle of the intercanthic line.
62
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
Such defects, therefore, have not influenced materially the average of
the series, and this may safely be used for comparisons.
The average of the chin-nasion height in the Kharga men is 11.35
cm. ; 19 Jews measured by Weisbach (1. c.) gave the mean of 12.6, 26
Roumanians 11.7, 25 northern Slavs n.6 and 20 Magyars n.i cm.,
while a large series of Alsatians and Germans gave Pfitzner (1. c.) the
mean of approximately 12.5 cm. No data, regrettably, on the Valley
Egyptians are available for comparison, Chantre having measured
the face height from chin to ophryon and Myers that from upper
alveolar point to nasion. The range of variation of the measurement
in the Kharga men, though less than that of the chin-hair line facial
height, is still relatively large; it extends over 43 mm., which
amounts to ± 0.189 Per umt of the average; but 85.4 per cent of the
cases are within the limits of 10.5-12 cm. The detailed distribution
of the cases shows two well separated modes, which condition in the
somewhat condensed curve (fig. 8) manifests itself in a distinct
shouldering, quite like that which appears in the curve of distribu-
tion of the physiognomic facial height (fig. 6).
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF FACE, CHIN TO A POINT
CORRESPONDING TO NASION
Number of observations : 150.
Average: 11.35 cm.1 (ist 50: 11.5; 2d 50: 11.25; 3d 50: 11.3 em.).
Median : 11.4 cm. Modes : 10.9 and n.6 cm.
Minimum : 9.6 cm. Maximum : 15.9 cm.
Table of frequencies :
E
00 .
£§
2e
<?°
6 .
7E
w O
6
d .
Al
o'
vo
6 .
££
0
00
o" .
II
O
ON 0
d
7 E
i-i (J
HH
ro CJ
Number of cases.. ..
Per cent.
i
0 7
0 7
2,
1 3
i
0 7
I
0 7
ii
7 J
18
12 0
19
12 7
13
^ 7
14
9 3
VO
00
N
•*
0
00
_' .
_'
<N .
0) .
N .
04 .
M .
<*5 .
E
7 E
IT) O
1%
U
2g
7 £
CO 0
7 £
10 U
tx u
Ov 0
o
ON
H
~
I-I
0*
<N
04
N
CVJ
ro
Number of cases
25
15
J-l
7
•}
2
2
I
I
Per cent
16.7
10.0
8.7
4 7
2 0
1 3
1 3
0 7
0 7
1 Probable error = ± 0.035 > standard deviation, <r, ± 0.6366, ± 0.025 ; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 5.634, it 0.219.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
4-1
3
•o
rt
9>
bo
C
O
c«
<— N
§
(A
S
d
43
o
v-^
1
• —
0
bo
.«
rt
§
O
A
«-M
O
5
ro
s
T"
^
v
ID
f
T-
/
^x
x-
,/
^*
x^*
^*
t^
r^
«<*
«»
V
T-
m
0
0
Ifi
0)
a
x
/•
^
*r
^
\
^
X
\
^
\
fi
^
^-i
—--.
===,
~— .
•».
-^.
-~.
1 — .
--
^-.
— -
Sii.
— .
— ^
— ^
"^Si
1
distributio
4>
43
c
\
O
43
w
<
u
r-i
|
V-
OF CASES
od
£
o
%
§
o
O
in
o
1
1
w
64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
The height of the face is believed to be to some extent directly
related to the length of the head, and, as shown in the following
table, the condition holds good in general for the Kharga natives ;
the average length of the head in the 17 men with the shortest faces
is, in absolute figures, decidedly lower than that in the 16 men with
the highest faces. But the height of the face and length of the head
do not retain the same relations from the minimum to the maximum
grades of the dimensions. The average height of the face amounts
to 60. 1 per cent of .the average length of the head; but the average
of the series of 17 shortest faces stands only in the proportion of
55.1 to ico to the head length of the same individuals, while in the
1 6 men with the longest faces the proportion rises to 65.3 per cent.
Or, if we express the relation in another way, the length of the head
is to the height of the face in those with average height of the latter
as 166.5, m those with the absolutely lowest faces as 181.5, and in
those of absolutely highest faces as 153.2 to ico. The height of the
face therefore does not preserve throughout the series equal pro-
portions with the length of the head, but augments at a more rapid
rate. The causes of this phenomenon, which will probably be found
in all ethnic groups, offer a field for further investigation.
The height of the head averages exactly as much in the Kharga
men with the lowest as in those with the highest faces, and there-
fore these two dimensions in this particular ethnic group influence
each other, if at all, only immaterially.
The relation of face height to head form is disappointingly small ;
it is such that the average of the series of lowest faces corresponds
to a slightly higher (by 1.2 points) average cephalic index than that
of the highest faces ; but in the individual cases there are many
irregularities. These data, and those spoken of in the preceding
paragraph, show that in the Kharga Egyptians a correlation exists
in a plainly evident form only between the height of the face and the
length of the head — which agrees with other observations on the sub-
ject; and that no regular correlation appears between the facial
height and the head height or head breadth.
The height of the face shows apparently also, it is seen in the
next table, a certain relation with the stature. The series of
individuals with the lowest faces is marked by a very perceptibly
lower average stature than that of the highest faces. A high stat-
ure, therefore, carries with it, in general, a higher face. It how-
ever also carries with it, as seen in previous sections, a longer or
rather larger head, and it is the latter with which the facial height is,
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF HEIGHT OF FACE (CHIN-NASION) , AND
OF HEIGHT OF FOREHEAD, TO STATURE, HEAD LENGTH,
HEAD FORM AND AGE
17 Shortest Faces of the Series
Height efface
chin to nasion
point
Height of fore-
head: nasion
point to hair-
line
Stature
Length of
the head
Height of
the head
Cephalic
index
Approximate
age of sub-
ject
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
Years
9.6
5.8
163.7
18.0
12.5
77-8
38
9-8
6.0
165.2
19.2
13.0
77.1
45
9.9
6.4
156.3
18.2
13.0
76.9
40
10. 0
7.2
163.0
19.0
13.4
80.0
45
10. 1
S-o
157.5
ll'7
13.2
73*4
25
10.4
6.9
159.7
18.4
12.7
75-0
24
10.5
6.7
152.3
18.0
13.3
79-4
50
10.5
4.1
169.4
18.5
12.6
72.4
50
10.5
6.1
158.8
18.4
12.8
76.1
21
10. 5
5-6
161.9
18.9
12.9
75-7
55
10.5
?
165.9
18.5
13.4
78.4
40
10.6
6.2
166.2
19.2
13.2
72.9
28
10.6
5-9
164.7
19.6
13.3
72.4
32
10.6
6.3
167.3
19.1
13.2
70.2
50
10.6
?
167.5
19.0
13.6
78.9
45
10.6
6.2
l6l.5
19.0
12.7
74.2
30
10.6
6.0
167.5
18.6
13.4
75-3
55
Averages (16 individuals):
10.5
(9.6-10.6)
6.0
(4.1-7-2)
162.8
(152.3-
169.4)
18.7
(17-7-
19.6)
13-1
(I2-5~
13-6)
75*7
(70.2-
80.0)
39-6
(21-55)
16 Longest Faces of the Series
Height of face
chin to nasion
point
Height of fore-
head: nasion
point to hair-
line
Stature
Length of
the head
Height of
the head
Cephalic
index
Approximate
age of sub-
ject
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
Years
12. 1
6.4
163.1
19.0
12.8
71.6
26
12. 1
6.2
160.7
18.8
12.7
7i-3
55
12. 1
6.2
168.9
19.0
13.0
74-7
32
12. 1
?
170.5
19.2
13.1
76.6
45
12. 1
7-4
172.7
18.9
13.4
79-4
50
12.2
?
165.0
19.7
13.3
75-0
55
12.2
6.0
164.5
18.6
12.3
75'&
52
12.3
5.6
172.4
18.6
12.8
75-3
32
12.4
?
163.2
19.5
13.4
75-4
55
12.4
5-8
168.3
18.7
12.9
72.7
50
12.5
5-3
159.6
19.1
13.8
74-3
28
12.6
6-7
166.1
20.0
13.4
72.5
28
12.7
6.8
161.7
18.8
13.3
76.1
40
12.7
7.0
• 169.4
20.0
13.7
73-5
30
12.9
?
166.1
19.2
12.8
73-4
45
13.9
p
165.6
19-3
13.2
74-6
45
Averages (16 individuals):
12.5
6.3
166.1
19.15
I3.i
74-5
4L7
(12.1-13.9)
(5.3-7.4)
(I59-6-
(18.6-
(12.3-
(71-3-
(26-55)
172.7)
20.0)
13-8) 79-4)
66
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
in the main, directly correlated. The correlation of the dimensions of
the facial parts with stature is wholly indirect, and it is scarcely
suitable or useful to compare the two measurements. The lack of
direct connection between the facial height and stature is illustrated
by the fact that in the series under consideration the percental ratio
of the average stature to the average facial height amounts in those of
shortest faces to 1581, while in those with the longest faces it is only
1329.
No definite correlation appears, further, between the height of the
face and that of the forehead.
Breadth of the Face
(Diameter bizygomatic maximum.)
The greatest or bizygomatic breadth of the Kharga men shows
the very moderate average of 13.15 cm., and the rather small range
of variation of 22 mm., or db 0.083 Per umt °f tne average. It is
considerably less variable than the chin-nasion height of the face
(±0.189 Per umt °f tne mean) (fig. 9).
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF FACE (DIAMETER
BIZYGOMATIC MAXIMUM)
Number of observations : 150.
Average: 13.15 cm.1 (ist 50: 13.18; 2d 50: 13.16; 3d 50: 13. 12 cm.)
Median 13.2 cm. Mode 13.4 cm.
Minimum 11.8 cm. Maximum 14.0 cm.
Table of frequencies :
o
n
N* .
10
oi .
t>s
o\
fO
IO
t^
Ov
7 £-
00 CJ
~i E
HH 0
se
il
vo cj
<£§
^e
7 °
11
11
V E
vo w
^1
£
0
n
N
N
M
N
01
C<5
ro
CO
ro
f)
Tf
Number of cases
I
3
8
12
23
24
24
27
16
10
2
Percent
0.7
2.0
5.3
8.0
15. 3
16. 0
16.0
18.0
10.7
6.7
1.3
1 Probable error = ± 0.023 ; standard deviation, <r, =0.425, ±0.017; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 3.23, ± 0.13.
In general, in common with other facial breadths, the bizygomatic
diameter possesses a high degree of correlation with the breadth of
the head ; and the same fact is observed in the Kharga Egyptians.
As seen in the next table, the average breadth of head correspond-
ing to the narrowest faces is decidedly lower than that correspond-
ing to those of greatest breadth.
The proportional relation of the two dimensions follows what was
observed in the case of the height of the face and length of the head
— the face measurement augments at a more rapid rate. The ratio
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
between the facial and the head breadth, taking the latter as 100,
is in those of the narrowest faces 91, in the broadest 95.5.
The broader faces correspond also, on the average, to a percep-
tibly higher cephalic index, but, again, as in the case of the facial
height, the correlation between the face dimension and the head
form is in the mean far less and offers much more individual
Cm, 12 12.5 13 13.5 14
PERCENT.
OF CASES
— 25
20
15
10
\
FIG. 9. — Curve showing the distribution of the diameter bizygomatic maxi-
mum in 150 adult men of the Kharga Oasis.
irregularity than that between the former and the corresponding
diameter of the head. The whole can be reduced to the statement
that face height stands, to a certain degree, in correlation with the
head length and the face breadth with the head breadth ; the correla-
tion between the face measurements and head form are indirect and
seemingly only proportionate to the liability of the corresponding
head length or breadth to be accompanied with a definite head shape.
68
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
The relation between the breadth of the face and the size of the
head is such, that in general larger heads will show larger and hence
also absolutely broader faces than small ones. But, as the ratio of
the cephalic module to the face breadth indicates, being in the nar-
rowest faces as 121.5 and in the broadest as only 112.8 to 100, the
face augments at a greater rate than the size of the head.. The same
condition of more rapid facial growth was shown above in relation
to the separate head diameters. And as what is true in this respect of
the breadth is also true of the height of the face, it may be concluded
that, while in the main correlated in growth with the length and
breadth of the head, yet large faces show also a degree of develop-
ment independent of these factors. The causes of such growth are
probably partly of hereditary and partly of acquired, especially func-
tional nature (connected with the use and development of the muscles
of mastication).
KHABOA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF FACE IN RELATION TO BREADTH,
FORM, AND SIZE OF HEAD
33 narrowest faces (12.6 cm. and below)
1 8 broadest faces (13.7 cm. and above)
Diameter
bizygomatic
maximum
Breadth
of head
Cephalic
index
Cephalic
module
Diameter
bizygomatic
maximum
Breadth
of head
Cephalic
index
Cephalic
module
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
11. 8
14.0
78. 6
14.80
13-7
14.2
74-7
15-68
12.0
13-2
70.7
15.02
13-7
I4.I
75-8
15.00
12. 1
12. 1
12.4
13.0
12.8
I4.I
73-4
70.3
75-8
14.63
14-43
I5.I8
13-7
13.7
13-7
14.9
I4.6
I4.8
80. i
75.6
77-1
15.77
15.80
15.80
12.5
13-4
70.9
15.08
13-7
15-0
77-3
15-77
12.5
13-9
72.8
15.27
13-8
14.2
75-1
15-45
12.5
13-6
73 -i
14-95
13-8
15.2
80.0
15-87
12.5
13-6
71.6
15.22
13.8
13-4
7i-3
14.98
12.5
14-2
75-5
15-20
13-8
14.2
77-6
15.32
12.5
13-6
72.0
I5.I8
13.8
14-4
71.6
15-85
12.5
I4.2
75-5
15.33
13.8
14.4
77-4
15-27
12.6
14.8
77-i
15.67
13.8
14.8
77.1
15.78
12.6
13.8
73-0
15.25
13.9
I4.I
73-4
15.37
12.6
I4.O
76.1
15.07
13-9
14.4
75-o
15-77
12.6
- 13-8
75-0
15-22
13-9
14.3
76.1
15.52
12.6
13-4
70.2
15.23
14.0
14.6
76.4
15-67
12.6
13-5
71.8
15.23
14.0
14.4
74-6
15-62
12.6
I3-I
68.2
14-95
12.6
13-6
75-3
15-33
12.6
14.0
76.9
15.07
12.6
13-6
»
71.2
15.25
Averages :
12.45
13.7
73.4
15.12
13.8
14.45
75.9
15.57
(II. 8-
(12.8-
(68.2-
(I4.43-
(13.7-
(I3-4-
(7i.6-
(14-98-
12.6)
14.8)
78.6)
15.67)
14.0)
15.2) 80. l)
15.87)
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
69
Facial Form
The Physiognomic Facial Index (diameter bizygomatic max. X ioo\
\ chin— hair line height /
The total physiognomic facial index averages in the Kharga men
74.7, showing a tendency to leptoprosopy, which will be even more
clearly apparent in the anatomical index. The range of variation is
not excessive, extending over 16.3 points, or ± 0.109 per point of
the average. The distribution of the index presents two distinct
modes (fig. 10).
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: FACIAL INDEX, PHYSIOGNOMIC
Number of individuals : 121.
Average: 74.7.
Median: 74.2. Modes: 73.3; 77.5.
Minimum 68.1. Maximum 84.4.
Table of frequencies:
f
R
t^
R
$
f
I
£
^
s
i
R
tx
ii
S
±
8
fc
Number of cases.
Per cent
5
4 1
5
4 1
5 8
6
5 0
16
13 2
20
16 5
II
9 1
10
8 3
7
5 8
V
tN.
t^
f
H
<&
\
R
1
&
!
00
f
a
1
8
°?
a
Number of cases
14
6
7
2
I
2
I
i
Percent
11.6
5 0
5.8
1 6
0.8
1.6
0.8
^.^
T,, . . T, . . T . /chin-nasion point height X 100 \
The Anatomical Facial Index T. — — r-^-
\diameter bizygomatic maximum/
The anatomic, or facial index proper, averages 86.3, which ap-
proaches the boundary between meso- and leptoprosopy.1 Its range
of variation is unexpectedly larger than that of the physiognomic
index, extending over 30.7 points, or ±0.178 per unit of average,
but the distribution of the index shows that 93.3 per cent of the
cases are concentrated between the boundaries of 78 and 94. Only
two individuals occur with chamseprosopy ; in 119 the face is meso-
prosopic and in 29 leptoprosopic (fig. 10).
1 Chamaeprosopic, below 74.9; mesoprosopic, 75-89.9; leptoprosopic 90 and
above.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: FACIAL INDEX, ANATOMIC
Number of observations : 150.
Average: 86. j.1 (ist 50: 87.2; 2d 50: 85.5; 3d 50: 86.1.)
Median: 86.5. Mode: 8? (86-87.9).
Minimum : 72.5. Maximum : 103.2.
Table of frequencies :
1
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
.2 ^
tx
£
00
00
oo5
00
M^
ft
£
&
I
00
<*
Number of cases
2
2.
ii
g
24
26
Per cent
1 3
1 3
7.3
6 0
16.0
15.3
17.3
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
•0 w
|
i
i
!?
i
|
§,O
s
«5
ON
ON
0\
ON
ON
Number of cases
24
12
II
2
2
I
I
Per cent
16 8
5 0
7 J
7 J
7 J
0 7
(7 7
Probable error = 0.260; standard deviation, <r, =4.724, ±0.184; coeffi-
cient of variability, C, = 5.48, it 0.213.
The relation of the facial form with the head form is shown in
the next table. The average lowest facial indices, in other words
the least oblong faces, correspond to a somewhat higher cephalic
index, that is to somewhat more rounded heads, than the average of
the highest indices or most oblong faces ; and the same result appears
when the lowest and highest cephalic indices are taken as the base
of the comparison. The correspondence of the facial and head form
is seen to be quite limited, which is rather surprising, for it was
shown before that there exists a considerable direct correlation be-
tween, on one side, the facial height and the head length, and on the
other between the facial and head breadth. And the weakness of
reciprocal relations between the two indices is made still more evi-
dent by the many individual exceptions to their correspondence. A
partial explanation at least of these facts appears to be possible by
the assumption, justifiable by the conditions shown by the individual
measurements, that the face dimensions vary to some extent inde-
pendently of those of the head, and that this form of variation dis-
turbs or obscures more or less the otherwise well established cor-
relation of the parts.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF FACIAL (ANATOMIC) WITH
CEPHALIC INDEX
Head Forms Corresponding to Most Oblong and to Least Oblong Faces
19 lowest facial indices: 81.0 and below
20 highest facial indices: 91.0 and above
Facial index
Corresponding cephalic
index
Facial index
Corresponding cephalic
index
72.5
80.0
91-3
68.2
73.8
77^8
91.5
77-4
77.1
76.4
91.6
75-i
77.8
77 -i
92.1
73-3
78.3
71.6
92.4
78.6
78.4
75-8
92.4
75-0
78.6
76.9
92.8
73-4
79.1
72.9
92.8
73-1
79.1
78.9
92.8
75-5
79-3
75-8
92.9
73-0
79-4
75-0
93-1
71.6
79-5
72.4
93-2
75-3
79-5
78,4
93-4
73.5
79.6
77.1
93-6
70.9
79.8
75-7
94.0
72.5
80. i
73-2
94.8
76.1
80.3
75-3
96.1
72.7
80.8
75-7
96.9
75-4
80.9
72.4
99-3
74.6
103.2
74-3
Averages:
78.6
(72.5-80.9)
75-7
(71.6-80.0)
94.0
(91.3-103.2)
74.0
(68.2-78.6)
Facial Forms Corresponding to Most Oblong and Least Oblong Heads
22 lowest cephalic indices; below 72.0
19 highest cephalic indices: 78.0 and above
Cephalic index
Corresponding facial
index
Cephalic index
Corresponding facial
index
68.2
91.3
78. 1
88.4
69.1
83.6
78.4
79-5
69.6
88.5
78.5
90.9
70.2
78.6
92.4
70.3
88.4
78.8
90.8
70.7
90.0
78.9
83.0
70.7
89-5
78.9
79.1
70.9
86.8
79.1
90.7
70.9
93-6
79-4
82.0
71.2
88.1
79-4
89.0
71-3
81.1
79.5
88.4
71-3
87-7
79-5
86.5
71-4
86.6
79.7
85.8
71.6
93-1
79.8
84.4
71.6
84.8
79.8
89.5
71.6
84.6
80.0
72.5
71.6
78 3
80. i
84.7
71.6
87.2
80.7
87.8
71.6
89.5
80.9
84.5
71.7
83.6
71.8
86.8
71-8
84.9
Averages
70.9
(68.2-71.8)
86.9
(78.3-93.1)
79.4
(78.1-80.9)
85.8
(72.5-92.4)
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
73
THE NOSE
Nasal Height
The dimensions of the nose are among the most useful and most
frequently practiced anthropometrical determinations, and as there
is but one system of landmarks for the measurements, the data avail-
able for comparison are much more numerous than those concerning
other facial proportions. Unfortunately the existing series of nose
measurements are not of uniform value, for the reason that, to those
who are not well trained in anatomy, the determination of the nasion
Cm. 3 3.5 4 .4.5 5 5.5 6
FIG.
nasal
Oasis.
ii. — Curves showing the distribution of the nasal height (N. H.) and
breadth (N. J5.) measurements among 150 adult men of the Kharga
point is -of ten a stumbling block; and also because the pronounced
effect of age on the nose dimensions, which have received as yet but
scanty attention. A habitual estimation of the nasion too high or too
low, which is doubtless frequent in those who do not carry a clear
mental view of the osseous parts of the face, is capable of resulting
in important modifications of the results; and any series in which
nose measurements of persons of old age are included must be
tegarded as altered from its normal standard in proportion to the
number of the aged it embraces. The age differences in this respect
74
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
are such that a series of measurements in any people on the adults in
the prime of life and on those above 60 years of age will invariably
stand well apart. The nose grows with the face far into the adult life,
but with the advance of senility becomes often independently broad-
er ; finally in those of old age its height tends rather towards diminu-
tion. The nasal index in the aged is thus heightened and the change
is at times such that what formerly was a leptorhinic nose becomes
mesorhinic, while one originally mesorhinic may become platyrhinic.
In the Kharga men, among whom but few were older than 55
years of age, the age element, though not completely eliminated, is
relatively unimportant and the series may be considered in its en-
tirety.
The average height of the nose was found to be only moderate,
amounting to 4.87 cm., and it was much the same in each group of
50 ; it is also practically the same with the mode and the median1.
The range of variation of the measurement is ordinary, extending
over 1 8 mm., or ± 0.18 per unit of the average. Eighty- four per
cent of the cases are contained within the limits of 4.4 to 5.25 cm.
The range of distribution of the measurement is fairly regular
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF THE NOSE
Number of individuals measured: 150.
Average: 4.87 cm.1 (ist 50: 4.91; 2d 50: 4.82; 3d 50: 4.87cm.)
Median : 4.9 cm. Mode : 4.9 cm.
Minimum : 4.0 cm. Maximum : 5.8 cm.
Table of frequencies:
!?
10
10
<N
IO
co
«
IO
10
10
\O
10
tx
IO
00
§
Ii
?B
M <•>
T-E
A <j
T-E
co°
re
4f«
T-E
lo"
TJ-£
VO u
YE
t^w
TE
00 "
zs
<*
Tf
Tf
Tf
Tf
Tj-
Tj-
-<r
Tf
Tt
Number of cases.. ..
Per cent
i
0.7
I
0.7
2
1.3
3
2.0
8
5.3
13
8.7
12
8.0
12
8.0
I?
11.3
22
14.7
IO
IO
10
10
10
IO
0
HI
04
^f
IO
VO
IN
IO —
10 g
10 g
10 g
10 g
lOg
10 g
10 g
48
hi <•>
' u
CO U
Tf y
\O °
t>. u
00
.0
IO
">
10
10
IO
IO
IO
IO
18
17
7
5
6
3
J
J
I
Per cent
12.0
JJ.J
-#.7
J.J
^.i7
2.0
(?i7
^7.7
0.7
,
Probable error = ± 0.018 ; standard deviation, ff, =0.330, ±0.013; co-
efficient of variability, C, =6.78, ± 0.264.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASI<
-HRDLICKA
75
A comparison with the other facial measurements shows that, as
in other ethnic groups, so in the Kharga Egyptians the nasal height
bears a close correlation with the height of the face. This condi-
tion is brought out very plainly in the following table. The nasal
height does not, however, rise exactly proportionately with the
facial height, but shows a slight retardation ; this indicates an in-
crease, with advancing height of face, not only in the absolute, but
also in the relative height of the subnasal region.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE FACIAL AND NASAL HEIGHT IN
THOSE OF THE SHORTEST AND THOSE OF THE LONGEST FACES
17 shortest faces of the series
16 longest faces of the series
Height of face,
chin-nasion point
Height of nose
Height efface
chin-nasion point
Height of nose
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
9.6
4-5
12.
5.0
9.8
4.2
12.
4-8
9.9
4.4
12.
5-5
IO.O
4.6
12.
5.1
10. 1
4-6
12.
5.3
10.4
4.0
12.2
5-0
10.5
4-5
12.2
5-2
10.5
4-5
12.3
5-2
10.5
4-5
12.4
5.8
10.5
4-7
12.4
5.05
10.5
4-6
12.5
4.7
10.6
4-4
12.6
4-7
10.6
4.5
12.7
5-5
10.6
4-5
12.7
5-3
10.6
4-7
12.9
5.0
10.6
4-4
13-9
5-7
10.6
4-6
10.3
4.5
12.5
5.2
(4.0-4.7)
(4-7-5.8)
(Nose height — face height index 43.7} (Nose height — face height index 41.6}
Nasal Breadth
The breadth of the nose averages in the Kharga men 3.73 cm., and
the range of variation is larger than that of the nasal height, extend-
ing over 1 6 mm., or ± 0.216 per unit of the average. Eighty-nine
per cent of the cases fall between 3.4 and 4.15 cm.
76
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS MEN: BREADTH OF THE NOSE
Number of individuals measured : 150.
Average: 3.73 cm.1 (ist 50: 3.8; 2d 50: 37; 3d 50: 37 cm.)
Median: 3.7 cm. Mode: 3.6 cm.
Minimum : 2.9 cm. Maximum : 4.5 cm.
Table of frequencies:
m
o\
X
lO
S
m
r*5
m
TT
m
vo
IO
^0
lO
r^
7 6
^°
oi
?S
4°
CO
7>£
H-l W
CO
7>S
A w
ro
?s
<?
CO
?S
^r°
e*j
?S-
J>°
CO
7>£
vi "
ro
T^e
^«
CO
Number of cases.
Per cent
I
0-7
I
0-7
4
2.7
J.J
9
6.0
18
12-0
26
17.3
20
7J.^
oo
a
o3
3
X
CO
^
p
CO g
co g
rrg
Tj-g
Tj-g
TT£
f a
o
OO
£U
4°
M. u
^
C0°
t°
4
Number of cases
21
16
15
8
3
i
i
Per cent
14.0
10.7
10-0
5-J
2.0
0.7
0.7
1 Probable error ;= ± 0.014 ; standard deviation, <r, =0.263, ±0.0107; co-
efficient of variability, C, = 7.06, ± 0.27.
KHABGA OASIS, MEN: KELATION OF THE FACIAL AND NASAL BREADTH IN
THOSE OF THE SHORTEST AND THOSE OF THE LONGEST FACES
22 narrowest faces
18 broadest faces
Diameter
bizygomatic maximum
Breadth of nose
Diameter
bizygomatic maximum
Breadth of nose
ii. 8
3.25
13-7
3-8
12.0
3-9
13.7
3-7
12. 1
3-75
13.7
3.65
12. 1
3-35
13-7
3-7
12.4
3-6
13-7
3-95
12.5
12.5
3.65
3.8
13.7
13-8
3-7
3-8
12.5
3-5
13.8
3-9
12-5
3-7
13.8
3-5
12.5
3-3
13-8
4-15
12.5
3-6
13.8
3-9
12.5
3-6
13.8
3-65
12.6
3-9
13-8
3-6
12.6
3.65
13-9
3.65
12.6
3-6
13.9
3.8
12.6
3.65
13-9
3.65
12.6
3-9
14.0
3-8
12.6
3.65
14.0
3.5
12.6
3.3
12.6
3-8
12.6
12.6
3*1
12.45
3.62
13.8
3.75
(3.25-3.9)
(3.5-4.15)
(Nose breadth— face breadth index : (Nose breadth— face breadth index
2Q.I) 27.1)
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
77
As the height of the nose stands in correlation with the height of
the face, so the breadth of the organ is correlated with facial
breadth. The correspondence of the two dimensions in the Kharga
natives is, however, not quite so close as in the case of the height,
and individual exceptions are much more frequent, due to the
variability and to some extent independent development of the zygo-
matic arches, which are included in the face measurement. The
dimensions of the arches are influenced, it is well known, by the
development of the temporal muscles.
Nasal Index
/breadth of nose X 100
\ height of nose
The average nasal index of the Kharga men, /d,(5, is typically
mesorhinian. It corresponds closely, as will be shown below, to
that of the Valley Egyptians, the Bedjah Nubians and also some of
the Berbers and other non-negroid African peoples. It is moderately
higher than that of the pure Arabs and that of the whites, but is
decidedly lower than that of the Soudan and other negroes.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: NASAL INDEX
Number of observations : 150.
Average: 76.59? (ist 50: 77 ", 2d 50: 76.8; 3d 50: 75.8.)
Median 76.3. Mode: 75.5 (72.6-75).
Minimum: 56.7. Maximum: 95.1-?.
Table of frequencies:
.
vo
VO
IO
1
s
i
I
^
R
f
1
0
^
£
3
vS
10
g
R
8,
£
Number of cases.
i
I
4
I
6
9
19
23
21
Per cent
0.7
0.7
2.7
0.7
4.0
6-0
12^7
15.3
14.0
"?
"?
"?
XO
5
f
%
?
1
J
1
_,
£
c2
£
(J0
£
8,
a
s
Number of esses
21
14
6
12
5
3
3
I
Per cent
14.0
9.3
4.0
*.0
J.J
2.^7
2.0
a.7
'Probable error ± 0.403 ; standard deviation, <r, =7-3^0, ±0.285; coeffi-
cient of variability, C, =9.51, ±0.371.
78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
As to comparative data, we have especially the measurements of
Chantre and Myers on the Egyptians and Nubians, and those of
Collignon on the Tunisians and various other more western North
Africans. Chantre's records are, regrettably, of only limited use, as
his measurements of the height of the nose, due to some peculiarity
of his method, are too low and his nasal indices result correspond-
ingly high. Nevertheless they show a fairly close relation of the
nasal index in the several Egyptian and Nubian (Bedjah) groups
that were examined. Myers' observations, though applying to a
more heterogeneous material than that of Kharga and one com-
posed of only young men, give results that show a close accordance
with those from the Oasis. The mean nasal index of 349 Mahom-
medan soldiers is 75.83 and that of 42 Copts 75.8. The index aug-
ments from north to south, ranging from 73.4 in .the district of
Dakahlia to 78.1 at Assiut (in the same latitude as Kharga) and to
78.9 in that of Kena. An abstract of Collignon data and those he
quotes, are as follows:
NASAL INDEX IN THE LIVING NON-NEGROID PEOPLES OF NORTH AFRICA
(After Collignon ')
23 Tunisian Arabs (Collignon) 65.2
184 Kabyls (Prengruber) 66.5
120 Tunisians, Berber race II, (Col.) 69.8
33 Algerians, divers (Col.) 69.9
1334 Tunisians (Col.) 70.2
40 Tunisians, Berber race IV of Ellez (Col.) 72.0
50 Tunisians brachycephalic Berber race, I (Col.) 72.5
6 Moroccans (Col.) 74.3
— Berbers of Touggourt (Rouaras. Weissgerber) 75.0
113 Tunisians, Berber race III, of Djerid (Col.) 76.6
In whites (French, Mediterranean, Finns, Galtchas), as quoted
by Collignon, the mean nasal index ranges from 63 to 69.4, in
Negroes, African and Oceanic, from 87.9 to 108.9. These data are
not very extended, but suffice to show the position in respect to the
nasal index of the Kharga Egyptians.
The range of variation of the nasal index in the Kharga men is
large, reaching 38.4 points, which amounts to 0.25 for each unit of
the average.
1 Collignon, R. : La nomenclature quinaire de 1'indice nasal du vivant, Rev.
d'anthropol, 3me sen, II, 1887, pp. 8-20.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICK A 79
The distribution of the nasal index of the Kharga men is some-
what peculiar. The apex of the curve illustrating the same precedes
unusually both the average and the median ; following the apex
the curve is shouldered, and finally it shows a smaller secondary
grouping between 85.1 and 87.5. It seems as if there were a ten-
dency toward a double mode (at about 73.5 and 78) or even a triple
mode (+86). These features might be disregarded were it not
for the fact that Myers, on the Valley Egyptians, obtained " in all
the provinces which we chance to have examined frequency poly-
gons showing one peak at 72 or 78." 3 By mathematical considera-
tions Myers 2 is " forced to the conclusion that the coincident position
of the peaks, in the various provinces which we have been consider-
ing, is a matter of pure accident, and that it is in no sense a proof
of the presence of two or more distinct ethnic types, variously dis-
tributed in the different provinces of the country."5 But to the
present writer the accidental nature of the peculiarities of the dis-
tribution of the nasal index, both in the Valley and at the Oasis, is
not so clearly demonstrated. However the case may be, the follow-
ing facts are well established and should be borne in mind in this
connection : The Egyptian, in the Valley or the Oasis, is funda-
mentally distinct by descent and in physical characteristics from the
Nubian or Soudan negro ; but he is now everywhere more or less
mixed with the negro, and his nose, as well as hair, color, lips, and
doubtless other features, have suffered accordingly ; the nose of the
Egyptian, as known from the crania, mummies, and the present
more pure-blooded population, is mesorhinic, while that of the
negro is platyrhinic, and an admixture of the negro would tend
to augment the mesorhiny and cause the appearance, or make more
frequent the appearance, of platyrhiny — as well shown by Myers on
his " mixed " group and also in comparisons of the Copts and
Mahommedans ; 3 and the here enumerated effects can not but have
influenced the averages of the nasal measurements and index, as well
as their range and curves of distribution, in the present day Egyptian.
Whether they are responsible for the double apex of the nasal index
polygons in the Valley and for the peculiarities of that of the Oasis
men can be better determined when we have more knowledge con-
cerning the process of racial mixture and its effects, but the conditions
of the case are such that consequences of that nature may be regarded
as at least possible (fig. 12).
*L. c., Journ. Anthr. Inst, Vol. 36, 1906, p. 246.
2 Ibid., p. 255.
3 Ibid., p. 263 et seq.
8o
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
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NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
8l
An inquiry as to the respective values of the two nasal measure-
ments shows, as will be seen in the next table, in the thirteen cases
with the lowest indices (av. 65.), that the height exceeds the average
nasal height of the entire series in the proportion of 108 to 100, while
the breadth stands to the general average nasal breadth in the Kharga
men as 90 to 100; it is evident, therefore, that in leptorhiny, at
Kharga, the nose is both higher and narrower, differing in both
dimensions nearly alike from the general average. And an inquiry
into the twelve cases with the highest nasal indices shows similar
conditions, in a reversed way — the nose is both lower and broader
and that by nearly the same proportion (height = 91.8, breadth
= 109.1 per cent) as the general averages of these dimensions.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIMENSIONS OF THE NOSE IN CASES OF LOWEST
AND THOSE OF HIGHEST NASAL INDEX
13 lowest nasal indices
12 highest nasal indices
Index
Height of nose
Breadth of nose
Index
Height of nose
Breadth of nose
56.73
5-2
2-95
88.04
4-6
4.05
6O.OO
5-0
3-0
88.24
5.i
4-5
61.40
5-7
3.5
88.37
4-3
3.8
61.82
5-5
3-4
88.89
4-5
4.0
62.26
5-3
3-3
89.78
4-4
3-95
62.50
5.2
3.25
90.70
4-3
3-9
64.00
S.o
3-2
91.11
4-5
4-1
65-45
5.5
3.6
92.31
4-55
4-2
66.04
5-3
3-5
93-33
4-2
3-9
66.35
5.2
3-45
92.86
4-5
4.2
66.67
5-4
3.6
94-56
4-6
4.35
66.67
5-4
3-6
95-12
4.1
3.9
67-35
4-9
3-3
Averages:
63.63
5.28
3-36
91.03
4-47
4.07
Ratio of mean:
....
108.3
90.0
....
91.8
109.1
The relations of the two nose measurements and of the nasal index
to age, can not be discussed to best advantage with a series from
which all senile subjects were excluded; nevertheless certain facts
of interest are apparent. The following table gives the nasal dimen-
sions and index in 21 youngest and 25 oldest men of the series. It is
82
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
seen that both the nasal dimensions as well as the nasal index are
higher in the old than in the young, though there are individual
exceptions. The breadth has augmented more than the length, hence
the higher index.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: NASAL MEASUREMENTS AND
INDEX IN RELATION TO AGE
21 youngest individuals examined: 21 1026
25 oldest individuals examined: 55 to 65
years of age
years of age
Approxi-
mate age
of subject
Length of
nose
Breadth of
nose
Nasal index
Approxi-
mate age
of subject
Length of
nose
Breadth of
nose
Nasal index
21
4-5
3-6
80.00
55
5-0
3-7
74.00
22
4.9
3-8
77-55
55
5-8
4-2
72.41
23
4-9
3-55
72-45
55
5.15
4-15
8i.37
23
4-7
3.25
69.15
55
5-1
3-7
72.55
24
5-0
3-6
72.00
55
5-0
4-1
82.00
24
4-6
3-7
80.43
55
4-6
4-35
94-57
24
4-8
3-3
68.75
55
4-55
4-2
92.31
24
4.0
3.5
87-50
55
4-8
3-5
72.92
24
4.7 3-7
78.72
55
4.7
4.1
87.23
24
5-1 3-6
70.59
55
5-1
4-4
86.27
24
4-8 3-55
73.96
55
5.6
4-0
71-43
24
4-9
3.7
75-51
55
5-5
3-4
61.82
25
25
4-6
4-6
3-75
3-65
81.52
79-34
55
55
to
3.8
3.65
86.36
79-35
25
4-8 3-7
77-08
55
4.6
3-5
76.09
11
4.9
5-0
3.8
3-6
77-55
72.00
55
55
5.1
4-9
3-7
3-95
72.55
80. 61
26
4-8
3-7
77.o8
55
5.0
3-8
76.00
26
4-4
3-35
76.13
55
4.6
4.05
88.04
26
5-1
3-45
67-65
58
5-4
4.0
74-07
26
4-8
3-9
81.25
60
5.1
4-5
88.24
60
4.8
3-9
81.25
60
60
5-0
4-8
4-15
3.65
83.00
76.04
65
5-0
3-4
68.00
Averages:
24.3
4.76
3.6
75. 8
56.4
4.97
3.9
78.8
(4.0-5.1)
(3.25-
(67.6-
(4.4-5-8)
(3-4-4-5)
(61.8-
3-9)
87.5)
94.6)
The above comparison can be made still more complete by the
inclusion of the measurements and index that correspond to the
adults of mean age, or say those from 35 to 45. The data are then
as follows:
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
Percental
Percental
Mean
Mean
relation
Mean
relation
Mean
age
nasal
length
to general
average
nasal
breadth
to general
average
nasal
index
length
breadth
The entire series of 150..
40.0
4.87
100
3-73
100
76.6
21 youngest adults .
24 ^
476
97 7
<> A
Of. c
7 c a
42 adults between 35
6-v
and 45 years of age..
40.O
4.85
99.2
3.72
99.7
76.7
c^ A
4Q7
102 1
ind f\
JO 0
• y/
•9
These figures show that the average nasal measurements and in-
dex in the adults in the " best " years agree very closely with the
general averages of the entire series ; and that both the measurements
and the index are smaller in the youngest and larger in the oldest
adults than in those of mean age or in the Kharga series as a whole.
These conditions, notwithstanding individual exceptions and varia-
tions, are so regular and well marked that they can not be regarded
as accidental. They bear evidence to the fact .that in general the
nose grows both in length and breadth even after a fully adult life
is reached, apparently even after 45 years of age; they show that
the growth is perceptibly greater in the breadth than in the length ;
and as a result of these alterations the mean nasal index increases
with age, advancing towards platyrhiny. Judging from the writer's
experiences with the Indian, the augmentation in length ceases some-
where before the age limit of the present series, and later on the
dimension may diminish; but the breadth seems to increase slightly
or retain its maximum proportions — unless affected by emaciation or
pathological conditions, to the end of the life. A series of the oldest
individuals in the Kharga Oasis would, it can be confidently ex-
pected, show a nasal index of still higher value than that shown by
the group of the oldest men that were measured.
The differences in the mean nasal index in the youngest and that
in the oldest men in the present series, suggested that the age factor
might be responsible for what irregularities there were observed in
the distribution of the index. But eliminating the " youngest " and
" oldest " groups had actually the opposite effect, accentuating the
main mode at 72.6-75, as well as the tendency towards a second
mode at 77.6-80 and not influencing appreciably the third grouping
at 85.1-87.5. And the large variability of the series is not dimin-
ished. In this manner the curve of distribution of the index ap-
proaches that obtained by Myers in the Valley and the probability
grows that the irregularity is due to admixture, which otherwise
passed undetected at Kharga, of the platyrhinic Soudanese.
84
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: NASAL INDEX IN ADULTS BETWEEN 27
AND 54 YEARS OF AGE
in
m
i-O
IO
m
rC.
•
m
|
i
|
§
|
1
V
£
£
m
i
£
NO
£
R
R
m
Men 27-54 years of age
j
j
•j
I
e
6
12
18
12
Per cent
1 0
1 0
2 9
1.0
4.8
5.8
77.5
77. J
77.5
Whole series (150)
I
I
I
6
g
19
23
21
Per cent
0 7
0 7
2.7
0.7
6.0
75. J
m
m
m
f
f
m
a
NO
f
|
CN*
ON
f
CN^
•
o
m
,^
Q
04
m
•*
OD
00
00
00
ON
ON
ON
Men 27-54 years of age
(104 cases)
17
7
—
8
7
2
2
I
Per cent
76 3
6 7
4 5
7 7
2.9
7.9
7.9
7.0
Whole series (150)
21
14
6
12
5
3
3
I
Per cent
74.0
J.J
2.0
0.7
It remains to inquire into the relations of the nasal index to that of
the face, and to the cephalic index. In detail these relations appear
as shown below.
The first important point observed is that low or high nasal in-
dices are in adults, before senility becomes established, not due as a
rule to excess or defect in one of the measurements from which
the index is determined, but to concurrent and to a large extent
correlative excess in one and defect in the other. Low nasal index,
as has already been shown in other connections, goes with a greater
than average height and a subaverage breadth of the organ, while
high index is conditioned by a less than average height and greater
than average breadth of the nose. And in both categories of cases,
that is, in low as well as high nasal indices, the differences in the
measurements from the general mean of the same dimensions are
quite alike for the length and the breadth. Thus in the group of
the lowest nasal indices the height of the nose stands to the general
average of the measurement in the Kharga series (4.87 cm.) in
round figures as 107 to 100, or +7, and the breadth as 92 to 100,
or —8; while in the group of the highest indices, similar proportions
are respectively 92, or —8, and 108, or +8, to 100.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE NASAL INDEX TO NASAL HEIGHT
AND BREADTH, TO FACIAL HEIGHT, BREADTH AND INDEX,
AND TO CEPHALIC INDEX
20 Lowest Nasal Indices; below 68.0
Nasal
index
Nasal
height
Nasal
breadth
Height of
the face
Breadth of
the face
Facial
index
Cephalic
index
56-7
5-2
2-95
12.3
13-2
93-2
75-3
60.0
5-0
3-0
' II.Q
13-2
90.1
73-8
61.4
5-7
3-5
13-9
14.0
99-3
74-6
6l.8
5-5
3-4
n-5
13-3
86 5
79-5
62.3
5 3
3-3
10.9
12.5
87.2
75-5
62.5
5-2
3 25
n-5
I3-I
87.8
75 8
64.0
5-0
32
11. 8
13-0
90.8
75-4
66.0
5-5
5-3
3-6
3-5
12.7
ii. 5
13-4
13-2
94-8
87.1
76.1
77-9
66.3
5-2
3-45
11.7
12.7
92. i
73-3
66.7
5-4
3-6
12. 0
13.4
89.5
79-8
66.7
5-4
3.6
II-9
13.4
88.8
76.1
63.7
4.9
3-3
H-S
12.6
91-3
68.2
67 6
5-1
3-45
II. 2
12.9
86.8
71:8
68.0
5-0
3-4
ii. 8
12.9
91-5
77-4
68.0
50
3-4
II. 2
13 2
84.8
7i 6
68.3
5-2
3-55
II.4
13-0
87.7
74 2
68.7
69.1
4.8
4-7
3-3
3-25
II. 0
10.9
13.0
ii. 8
84.6
92.4
jfc*
69.1
5-5
3-8
12. 1
13.5
89.6
74-7
Averages:
65.4
(56.7-
69-1)
5.2
(4-7-
5-8)
3.4
(2.95-
3-8)
11.7
(10.9-
13-9)
13.1
(n. 8-
14.0)
89.8
(84.6-
99-3)
75.2
(68.2-
79-8)
21 Highest Nasal Indices, 84.0 and above
Nasal
Nasal
Nasal
Height of
Breadth of
Facial
Cephalic
index
height
breadth
the face
the face
index
index
86.4
86.4
4-4
4-4
3-8
3-8
10.8
12.0
12-7
13-4
85.0
89.5
77-5
71.6
86.3
5-1
4.4
12.0
13-2
78.5
86.7
4-5
3-9
10.6
12.6
84 9
75-0
86.9
4.2
3-65
10.7
12.6
84'.!
70-2
87.0
4-6
4.0
10.9
13-3
81.9
74-7
87.0
4-6
4.0
II. 0
I3.I
84.0
72.7
87.2
4-7
4.1
10.9
13-6
80 I
73-2
87.5
4.0
3-5
10-4
I3.I
79-4
75-0
88.0
4.6
4 05
10.6
13-2
80.3
75-3
88.2
5-i
4-5
12.0
I3-I
77-1
76.4
88.4
4-3
3-8
10.8
14.0
91.6
75-1
88.9
4-5
4.0
10.5
12.8
82.0
79-4
89.8
4-4
3-95
10.6
12.9
82.2
74.2
90.7
4-3
3-9
II. 2
13.3
84.2
77-6
91.1
4-5
4.1
II. I
13.3
83.5
72.4
92-3
4-55
4.2
ii-5
12.9
89.1
73-0
92.9
4.2
3-9
9.8
12.6
77-8
77.1
93-3
4-5
4-2
10.5
13.2
79-5
72.4
94.6
4.6
4-35
10.7
13.2
Bz.i
71-3
95-1
4.1
3-9
10.8
12.0
90.0
70.7
Averages:
88.9
4.5
4.0
10.9
13.1
83.7
74.4
(86.4-
(4-0-
(3-5-
(10.4-
(12.6-
(77-I-
(70.2-
95-1)
5.i)
4-5)
12. 0)
14.0)
91.6)
79-4)
86
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 59
The influence of the facial height on the nose is again seen to
be pronounced. It affects primarily the nasal height, secondarily
the nasal index. The higher the face, the higher, as a rule, the nose
and the lower the nasal index ; and vice versa.
The breadth of the face, notwithstanding the correlation with it
of the nasal breadth, evidently influences the facial index only sec-
ondarily and very irregularly. This is unexpected, but so far as
this particular ethnic group is concerned, the lack of correspondence,
at least for the cases with the lowest and the highest nasal indices,
is very plain.
As to the relation of the nasal with the cephalic index in the
Kharga men, the results are negative. It is seen in the two groups
representing the extremes of the nasal index that not only the mean
corresponding cephalic index but even the range of variation are
quite alike.
SECONDARY FACIAL MEASUREMENTS
Diameter Frontal Minimum
The smallest frontal breadth, determined in 100 of the Kharga
men, averages 10.26 cm., and varies to the moderate extent of 18
mm. or ±0.087 per unit of the average. The distribution of the
measurement is fairly regular. Its anthropological value is not great.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER FRONTAL MINIMUM
Number of individuals measured : 100.
Average: 10.26 cm. (ist 50: 10.3; 2d 50: 10.2 cm.)
Median : 10.2 cm. Mode : 10.2 cm.
Minimum : 9.4 cm. Maximum : 11.2 cm.
Table of frequencies:
,_,
CO
10
^
ON
N
10 .
tx
o
O .
O .
o .
o .
O .
M
?§
?l
51
00 0
7 e
o o
T
^
°°.
o
0
o
o
0
M
Number and per cent
of cases
3
5
11
18
2J
J5
Jd
8
7
The correlations of the smallest frontal breadth with the greatest
breadth of the head and that of the face are shown in the next
table. A broader forehead is seen to correspond in general to a
broader head as well as face ; but on the average the breadth of the
forehead increases in this series at a more rapid rate than either of
the dimensions with which it is compared.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF DIAMETER FRONTAL MINIMUM TO
BREADTH OF FACE AND BREADTH OF HEAD
19 narrowest foreheads :
less than 10.0 cm.
19 broadest foreheads:
10.7 cm. and above
Diameter Diameter
Greatest
Diameter
Diameter
Greatest
frontal
bizygomatic
breadth
frontal
bizygomatic
breadth
minimum
maximum
of head
minimum
maximum
of head
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
9-4
12. 1
13 o
10.7
13-6
14.6
9-4
13-7
I4.I
10-7
12.9
14.2
9 4 13-8
14.4
10 7
13-4
I4.I
9.6
12.8
13-4
10.7
136
13-9
9.6
12.0
13-2
10.7
13-4
15-0
9-7
12-9
13 8
10.7
13-4
14.2
9-7
13-3
14.0
10.7
13-3
13-9
97
12 6
13-8
10.7
I3-I
14.4
9.8
13-0
14.4
10.7
I3-I
14.2
9.8
13 2
13-4
10.7
13-9
14-3
9.8
13-8
13-4
10.8
12.8
14.7
9-8
13-0
13-3
10.8
13-9
I4.I
9.8
13-8
14.2
10.8
13-4
I4.O
9.8
12.6
14.0
10.8
12.9
13-4
9.8
12 5
13-6
10.9
13.0
14.0
9.9
12.5
13 9
10.9
13-7
14.2
9-9
12.6
14.8
10.9
13-2
14.4
9 9
13-0
14-5
10.9
13-6
14-6
9 9
13-1
13-9
II. 2
13-4
14-3
Averages :
9.7
(9.4-9.9)
13.0
(12.0-13.8)
13.8
(13.0-14.8)
10.8
(10.7-11-2)
13.35
(12.8-13-9)
14.2
(13.4-15.0)
Per cent :
100
74.6
70 3
100
80.9
76.1
Averages and per cent that would exist if the rela-
tion of the measurements were the same as in the
group with lowest foreheads.
(14-5)
(83.1}
(15-4)
(78.3}
Width of the Mouth1
One hundred observations on the Kharga men concerning this
feature give the average of 5.4 cm., representing a medium dimen-
sion. The range of variation is not very large, extending over 13
mm. which represents ±0.12 per unit of the average. The distri-
bution is regular.
1 Between the extremities of the oral fissure with the mouth closed and face
at rest.
88
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 5Q
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: WIDTH OF THE MOUTH
Number of individuals measured : 100.
Average: 5.4 cm. (ist 50: 5.4; 2d 50: 5.4 cm.)
Median : 5.4 cm. Mode : 5.3 cm.
Minimum : 4.7 cm. Maximum : 6.0 cm.
£
a
g
a
£
B
o
0
u
u
o
o
B
ON
hH
fO
to
tx
ON
g
o
4
IO
IO
to
to
IO
tx
Jo
£
c^
•*
NO
00
0
Tf
TJ- 10
to
to
to
to
VO
Number and per cent of cases .
'
5
75
w
27
18
7(5
4
The breadth of the mouth, as will be more clearly seen from the
succeeding figures, bears to some extent a direct relation with the
breadth of the nose, the breadth of the face and especially with age.
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: EELATION OF WIDTH OF MOUTH TO BEEADTH OF
FACE, BEEADTH OF NOSE, AND TO AGE
23 narrowest mouths: 5.1 cm. and less
20 widest mouths: 5.8 cm. and more
Width of
mouth
Breadth of
face
Breadth of
nose
Age of
ndividual
Width of
mouth
Breadth of
face
Breadth of
nose
Age of
individual
cm.
cm.
cm.
Years
cm.
cm.
cm.
Years
4-7
I2.g
3-4
36
5-8
13.0
3-6
24
4-7
13-0
3-8
38
5.8
13-0
3-6
26
J:2
12.9
11. 8
3-35
3.25
26
23
5-8
5-8
13.5
13-9
3-9
3.65
40
45
4.8
13.0
3-3
24
5-8
13.7
3-8
40
4-9
12.9
3.65
25
5-8
12.9
4.0
58
4.9
13.2
3-55
32
5«8
12.0
3*9
40
4.9
13.1
3-5
24
5.8
13.0
3*8
50
5-0
12.5
3.65
45
5-8
13-9
3.65
48
5-o
12.9
4.0
28
5.9
13.6
3.6
27
5-o
13-2
3-7
24
5-9
12.8
3-6
50
5-0
13-8
3.8
50
5-9
13-6
3-2
40
5-0
13-4
3-55
28
5-9
13.8
4-15
50
5-0
13-4
3-7
55
5-9
I3-I
4.0
50
5-
12.9
3.5
5-9
13.6
4.1
55
5-
13-4
3-9
60
5-9
12.9
4.0
55
5-
13-4
3-7
30
6.0
13.2
4.1
40
5-
13-0
4.0
48
6.0
13.2
4-35
55
5.
13-0
3-7
38
6.0
13.6
4.1
50
5-
I3-I
3-7
24
6.0
13-9
3.8
50
5.
12.9
3-45
26
5-
13.2
3-5
28
5-
13-3
3-55
54
Averages:
5.0
13.05
3.6
35
5.9
13.3
3.85
44
(II. 8-
(3.25-
(23-60)
(I2.O-
(3-2-
(24-58)
13-8)
4.0)
13.9)
4-35)
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
The older adults at Kharga ha-ve in general broader mouths than
the young adults, and a correspondence is frequently noticeable
between broad noses and faces and broad mouths. The nose and
mouth influence each other probably but very little, if at all, but
both are affected alike by age and breadth of face.
The Bigonial Diameter of the Lower Jaw
The greatest lower facial breadth, or diameter bigonial, presents
in .the Kharga men the very moderate average of 10.3 cm. Weis-
bach1 obtained in the Patagonians 13.0; Australians 11.5; Maori
11.4; northern Slavs and Roumanians 11.3; Tagalogs n.i ; southern
Chinese, Magyars n.o; Javanese 10.9; Gypsies 10.8; Hawaiians
10.7; Jews 10.6; Siamese, northern Chinese, Congo negroes 10.4;
Japanese 10.2; Kaffirs 10.1 ; and Hottentots 9.2 cm.
The range of variation of the measurement in the Kharga series
is 3.2 cm., equalling ±0.156 per unit of the average, which is not
above the ordinary. The distribution of the measurement is some-
what irregular, which is doubtless due to functional causes, or more
directly, to uneven development of the masseters.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIAMETER BIGONIAL OF LOWER JAW
Number of individuals measured: 100.
Average: 10.3 cm. (ist 50: 10.4; 2d 50: 10.2 cm.)
Median : 10.4 cm. Modes : 10 and 10.6 cm.
.Minimum : 8.9 cm. Maximum : 12. 1 cm.
Table of frequencies:
B
c^
Tf
VO
00
H
M
d •
<^- i
VO .
00 .
g
o .
O .
O .
0 .
HH
H-l .
W •
i
7s o
1 o
?l
?l
y £
7 £
AS
to u
XI
3J
S§
AS
9s
M.
*?
"?
t"
.
o
O
o
0
o
M
M
Number and per
cent of cases
1
3
3
6
8
^^
11
Ji7
19
13
6
5
J
The bigonial diameter bears a direct relation with the greatest
breadth of the face and an indirect one with that of- the head. But,
as in the case of the breadth of the forehead, the dimension aug-
ments within the series at a greater rate than those with which it is
compared, in other words it is enlarged to some extent through
other agencies than the correlation with the breadth of the upper face
. c., pp. 279-280.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
and the more distinct one with the head. These conditions are seen
clearly in the following table.
The increase of the measurement with the increase in the breadth
of the head is due on one hand to the correlation with the latter of
the breadth of the upper face, which in turn influences the lower
jaw ; and on the other to .the effect of the broad base of such a skull
on the condyles and the ascending rami of the lower jaw. Broaden-
ing of the bigonial diameter independent of these factors is due
almost entirely to the action of the masseters, which in some instances
results in a marked eversion of the lower portion of the jaw at the
angle.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: EELATION OF DIAMETER BIGONIAL TO BREADTH
OF FACE AND BREADTH OF HEAD
17 narrowest jaws:
9.7 cm. and below
14 broadest jaws:
10.9 cm. and above
1
n;, _ Diameter
» -ass*
Greatest
breadth
of head
Diameter
bigonial
Diameter
bizygomatic
maximum
Greatest
breadth
of head
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
cm.
8.9
12. 1
13.0
10.9
13 5
14.2
9.1
12.6
14.8
IO.9
13.1
14.4
9.1
n.8
14.0
10.9
13.0
14-5
9.2
12.8
14.7
10.9
13-4
14.4
9-3
13.0
14.0
II.O
13-8
14.2
9-3
13.4
14.2
II. O
13-9
14.4
9-4
13.2
13-9
II. I
13.7
14.2
9-5
13-0
13.3
II. I
13-5
14.4
9-5
12.9
13-4
II. I
13-4
13.7
9-5
13-1
13-9
II. 2
13.8
13-4
9-6
12.8
13-4
II. 2
12.6
13-8
9.6
12.9
13-8
11.4
13.6
13-9
9-6
12. 0
13.2
11.8
13.2
14.6
9-7
12.9
13.6
12. 1
13.6
14.6
9-7
I3-I
13-6
9-7
13-6
14.2
9-7
13-3
13.6
Averages :
9-4
(89-9-7)
12.85
(11.8-13-6)
13.8
(13.0-14-8)
11.2
(10.9-12.1)
13.4
(12.6-13.9)
14.2
(13.4-14.6)
Per cent :
100
73.1
68.1
100
83.6
78-9
Averages and per cent that would exist if the rela-
tion of the measurements were the same as in the
group with narrowest jaws.
(15-3)
(87.1)
(16-4)
(81.1)
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA QI
The Ears
The dimensions of the ears possess certain anthropological value;
the small ear of the negro is clearly separable from the larger one of
the white, and there are probably other racial differences.
The writer measures invariably the left ear, which to a right-
hand observer is more easily approachable with the instruments than
that on the opposite side, and the measurements taken are the maxi-
mum height and the maximum breadth.1
The average height of the ear obtained in Kharga men amounts
to 6.3 cm., a relatively large proportion. Two hundred and fifteen
ears ( right and left) of Alsatian and German males from 20 to over
80 years of age gave Schwalbe the average ear height of 6.59; but
the 125 of these ears from individuals between 20 and 59 years of
age, representing a more suitable group for comparison than the
total Schwalbe series which includes the ears of many old individuals,
give the average of 6.33 cm. — much the same as at Kharga. The
Alsatians and Germans are, however, of decidedly taller mean stature
than the Kharga natives, and stature exercises a certain amount of
direct influence on the size of the ears irrespective of other conditions.
As to further comparative data, Weisbach records the ear height
of 6.4 in the Javanese, 6.3 in the Japanese, 6.2 in Hawaiians, 6.1 in
northern Chinese, Jews and Slavs, and 5.9 cm. in Gypsies and
Kaffirs; while the writer obtained the average of 5.99 cm. in 20
apparently full-blood American negroes, and 6.76 cm. in 76 American
Indians — all males. The short Kharga natives have therefore evi-
dently an ear somewhat above the general average in length and
differing very perceptibly in this respect from that of the negro.
The range of variation of the dimension amounts to 2.0 cm., or
±0.159 per unit of the average. The distribution of the measure-
ment is regular.
'They are the same as those of Topinard (Elements d'Anthropol. gen.,
Paris 1885, p. 1004 et seq.), Weisbach (Zeit. f. Ethnologic. IX, Supplement,
Berlin, 1878), and Schwalbe (Beitrage zur Anthropologie des Ohres, Vir-
chow's Festschrift, 1891, p. 95 et seq.) The breadth is measured at right
angles to the height; the fixed branch of the sliding compass being applied,
with some pressure, parallel to the long axis of the ear and so as to touch
the anterior subcutaneous limit of the cartilaginous helix, while the movable
branch is brought to touch the most posterior part of the skin of the pinna.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: HEIGHT OF LEFT EAR
Number of individuals measured : 105.
Average : 6.3 cm. (ist 50 : 6.33 ; 2d 50 : 6.28 cm.)
Median : 6.3 cm. Modes : 6.2 and 6.4 cm.
Minimum : 5.4 cm. Maximum : 7.4 cm.
Table of frequencies:
B
B
B
B
EJ
g
B
g
u
u
g*
u
u
o
0
g
u
u
c
vo
00
o
CNI
Tf
vo
00
o
w
•<fr
^
T
10
£
IN
3
^
^
1
4
1
X
1O
10
1O
10
VO
vo
vo
vo*
vo
^
^
Number of cases
2
2
8
21
18
6
3
4
3
Per cent
1.9
1-9
7.6
14.3
27 .$>
5-7
The breadth of the ear in the Kharga natives averages 3.7 cm.
In the above referred to Schwalbe's series of Alsatians and Germans
the same measurement averaged 3.97 cm., or, if we take only the
group of 125 ears of individuals from 20 to 59 years of age, which
is more comparable with the Kharga series, the mean breadth was
3.91 cm. The Kharga men have, evidently, an ear about equally as
long, or only a trace shorter than the Alsatian and German whites,
but one which is distinctly more narrow. The group of 20 American
negroes measured by the writer, and who, notwithstanding their
taller stature have been shown to possess a very noticeably shorter
ear than the Kharga natives, gave a nearly equal breadth (3.69 cm.),
as the latter, showing that their ear is relatively broader ; while in
the 76 Indians the measurements averaged 3.87 cm.
The range of variation in the breadth of the ear in the Kharga
men extends n mm., which amounts to ±0.149 per unit of the
average. The distribution of the measurement is less uniform than
that of the height of the ear.
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF LEFT EAR
Number of individuals measured: 105.
Average: 3.7 cm. (ist 50: 3.77; 2d 50: 3.66cm.)
Median: 3.7 cm. Mode: j./cm.
Minimum : 3.3 cm. Maximum : 4.4 cm.
Table of frequencies:
g
B
B
B
B
B
E
B
g
B
B
u
u
0
0
0
w
0
0
u
u
0
10
If)
IO
10
10
10
10
1O
1O
10
10
m
CO
•<t
10
vo
tx
00
O\
0
CV1
CO
g
T5
CO
"J
Tf
cp
lO
S
fp
t^
S
•<*5
ON
1
Tt
j
rf
CO
0
•*•
ro
ro
fO
fO
CO
m
fj
"fr
Tj-
n-
Tf
Tj-
Number of cases
6
5
17
13
26
15
II
6
3
I
I
j
Per cent
5.7
4.8
16.2
12.4
24-8
14.3
10.5
5.7
2.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
93
The mean of the two measurements of the ear( - - Wives the
"dimension" (etendue, Topinard) or module (Schwalbe) of the
ear, a determination useful for comparison. In the Kharga series,
the average ear module is 5.0, the least 4.4, and the greatest 5.75
cm. In the 20-59 vear group of Schwalbe's series the module aver-
ages 5.12; in 13 male negroes measured by Topinard (1. c.) it was
4.78, in 8 " Europeans " 4.86, in 8 Melanesians 5.58 and in 3 Poly-
nesians 5.2. In the 20 American negroes measured by the writer it
was 4.84, in the 76 Indians 5.3. The mean size of the ear in the
Kharga natives stands evidently nearer that of the whites than that
of the negro, particularly when the stature differences are taken into
consideration.
The percental relation of the breadth to .the height of the ear
f — VrIC~) gives the ear index, which is of some racial importance.
In the Kharga men it averages 58.9. Topinard (1. c.) obtained for
8 "Europeans" 54.0; 13 African negroes 61.2; 8 Melanesians 59.5
and 3 Polynesians 60.0 ; while in Schwalbe's series the index ranges
from 61.5 in the adults between 20 and 59 to 58.7 in those between
70 and 79 years of age. The 20 American negroes measured by the
writer gave the mean index of 61.6, the 76 Indians 57.2. The ear of
the Kharga men may therefore be regarded as a relatively narrow
one, in which respect it differs from that of the Alsatians and the
Germans, so far as represented in the Schwalbe series and especially
from that of the negro.
The range of variation in the ear index in the Kharga men is
rather large, extending over 17.4 units, or ±0.148 per unit of the
average. Its distribution is regular.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: EAR INDEX
Number of individuals measured : 105.
Average: 58.9. (ist 50: 59.5; 2d 50: 58.3.)
Median : 59.0. Mode : group 58.5-60.0.
Minimum : 49.3. Maximum : 66.7.
Table of frequencies :
-
£
\
J
*j
<$>
«'
^
?
A
S
ON
to
JN,,
O^
^O
to
fs^
*
to
10
to
to
10
VO
VO
VO
Number of cases
2
1-9
2
1.9
7
6-7
15
74. J
21
£0.0
22
-?i7.9
;5.7
"1 »
J0.5 4.5
I
1.0
Per cent
1 First group comprises indices to 50.5, second from 50.6 to 52.5, etc.
94
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
The dimensions of the ear differ in the whites, it was shown by
Schwalbe,1 with age, both the height and the breadth, but especially
the former, increasing up to at least the 7Oth year of age. The
module and ear index modify accordingly, the module increasing, the
index decreasing; in the words of the just mentioned author,2 "the
ear in the aged is on the average absolutely longer and broader, but
relatively narrower, than that in the young adult. The same condi-
tions were found by the writer in the Indians, and they also exist
among the Kharga Egyptians. As seen from the following table, the
average height of the ear in the seventeen oldest men of the series is
to that of the seventeen youngest adults as 109.9 to 100; the breadth
is as 104.2 to 100; the module or mean diameter as 107.7 to 100;
while the cephalic index is but as 94.6 to 100. We are dealing here
evidently with morphological conditions of wide extension, in which
racial or tribal differences are restricted to degree and other secon-
dary features of the phenomena.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: DIMENSIONS OF EARS ACCORDING TO AGE
17 youngest men: 21-26 years
17 oldest men: 55-65 years
Age of
subject
Height of
left ear
Breadth of
left ear
Ear index
Age of
subject
Height of
left ear
Breadth of
left ear
Ear index
years
cm.
cm.
years
cm.
cm.
21
6-0
3-55
59-2
55
7-i
4-3
60. 6
22
6.1
3-85
63.1
55
6-2
3-3
53-2
23
58
3-8
65-5
55
6-65
3-9
58.6
23
5-4
3-45
63-9
55
6.3
3-9
61.9
24
6.1
3-3
54-1
55
6.1
3-9
63.9
24
6.0
3-6
60.0
55 •
6.7
3-75
56.0
24
6.4
38
59-4
55
5-8
3-6
62-1
24
5-7
3-3
57-9
55
7-o
3-8
54-3
24
6.4
3-75
58.6
55
6-3
3-5
55^6
25
5-4
3-5
64.8
55
6.2
3-5
56.4
25
5-9
3-3
55-9
55
7-3
4.2
57-5
3
6.0
6-45
3-75
3-65
62.5
56.6
58
60
1:1
3-5
4.0
49-3
58.0
26
6-3
3-7
58.7
60
7-3
3-7
50.7
26
6.2
3-65
58.9
60
6.4
3-5
54.7
26
6.4
3-7
57-8
60
6-5
3-5
53.8
26
6-5 3-5
53-8
65
7-4
3-8
5L3
Averages :
24.4
6.05
3-6
59-5
57
6.65
3-75
56.3
(21-26)
(5-4-6-5)
(3-3-
3-85)
(53-8-
65-5
(55-65)
(5-8-7-4)
(3-3-4-3)
(49-3-
63-9
Module : 4.8 cm.
5.2 cm.
General averages of the whole series (105) : Height 6.3; breadth 3.7; module
5.0 cm.^index 58.9.
c., pp. 123-124 et seq.
2 Ibid., p. 144.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS
95
It was, regrettably, impracticable to secure at Kharga any meas-
urements of the covered parts of the body. It was observed that
the chest, abdomen and pelvic regions are in general moderately
developed, and so far as could be perceived they present no uncom-
mon features. It was possible, however, to measure the hands, feet
and the calf of the leg, with the following results.
The Hand
On the hand the writer takes two measurements, the length and
breadth. The length is taken in full extension of the hand from the
middle of a straight line connecting the proximal boundaries of the
thenar and hypothenar eminences, to the tip of the longest finger.
The line frequently, but not always, coincides with a delimiting
folding or wrist line in the skin. The breadth measured is the
maximum breadth of the palm, taken, in full extension of the
hand, from the angle between the thumb and the palm across the
latter at right angles to the length. These measurements secure,
the writer believes, the expression of the racial features of the hand
better than others. And in view of the fact that the right hand is
often more modified by the work or habits of the individual than the
left, measurements are restricted to the latter.
At Kharga the left hand was measured in 100 men, and the fol-
lowing two tables show the results.
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: LENGTH OF LEFT HAND
Number of individuals measured : 100.
Average: 19.0 cm. (ist 50: 19.1; 2d 50: 18.9 cm.)
Median : 18.9 cm. Modes : 18.6 and 19.7 cm.
Minimum: 17.2 cm. Maximum: 21.7 cm.
Table of frequencies :
in
o
in
g
o
m
£
o
m
£
o
»n
t^ .
00
00 .
ON
o\ .
o
o .
,_,
H
11
|
r e
vi
1%
CM
I
1%
1
1%
u
tx
t*+
lx
00
00
ON
o\
o
?\
Number and per cent of cases. .
1
11
18
26
15
19
6
2
1
1
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHAEGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF LEFT HAND
Number of individuals measured : 100.
Average 8.8 cm. ( I st 50 : 8.9 ; 2d 50 : 8.7 cm. )
Median : 8.9 cm. Mode : 9.1 cm
Minimum : 7.7 cm. Maximum : 9.8 cm.
Table of frequencies:
o
E
g
E
o
E
u
0
E
o
E
u
u
U
00
0
0)
Tj-
*o
00
0
OJ
•Tt
M3
00
£
I
"2
%
3
1
I
J
CO
J
2!
^
^
00
00
00
00
00
ON
o\
ON
0
Number and per cent of
cases
2
1
8
o
7?
27
19
J7
9
A
j?
It is seen that the average length and especially the average
breadth of the hand are moderate. The range of the variation is
proportionate, extending for the length over 4.5 cm., or ±o 118 per
unit of the mean, and for the breadth over 1.9 cm., or ± 0.108 per
/ T i T)
unit of the mean. The hand module ' ""
hand index
B
f - } averages 13.9, the
46.3.
The Foot
Conformably with the practice of measuring the left ear and
especially the left hand, the writer measures also the left foot. The
dimensions ascertained are the maximum length and maximum
breadth (back of the toes), while the foot reposes so lightly on the
floor that there is no deformation. The results of such measure-
ments on 103 of the Kharga men are as follows :
KHAKGA OASIS, MEN: LENGTH OF LEFT FOOT
Number of individuals measured : 103.
Average: 25.4 cm. (ist 50: 25.6cm.; 2d 50: 25.2 cm.)
Median : 25.5 cm. Modes : 24,6 and 26.2 cm.
Minimum: 20.3 cm. Maximum: 28.4 cm.
Table of frequencies:
IO
y
10
o
1O
u
10
o
m
u
*t
u
n
u
t^
?s
hH V
S
v&
fs
-H U
1
is
t-t U
I
!i
tx
5
tx .
7E
HH O
«
4
!e
8
SI
0?
PO
M
ot
ct
£
%
*
^
l-x
01
tx
0<
«
Number of cases.
i
2
3
0
7
18
IS
13
16
9-
5
3
2
Per cent
1.0
1.9
2.9
8.7
6.8
17.5
14.6
12.615.5
8.7
4.9
2.9
7.9
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
97
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: BREADTH OF LEFT FOOT
Number of individuals measured : 103.
Average: lo.ocm. (ist 50: 10.1 ; 2d 50: 9.9 cm.)
Median: 10.0 cm. Mode: 10.1 cm.
Minimum: 8.S cm. Maximum: u.<?cm.
Table of frequencies :
£
E
B
s
G
B
u
u
o
o
o
c^
Ti~
*o
00
u
M
(j
N.
T
^
00
o
o ,_;
Z g
? a
? a
M
M —
00
00
00
ON
*?
Q\
o°\
k
o'
d
10 «->
d
t>» o
d
d
M. °
~
Number of cases.
3
2
4
4
13
14
14
14
14
8
8
3
2
Per cent
2.9
1.9
J.5>
12. 6
7J.6
JJ.(5
JJ.6
7.8
7.8
^.9
7.9
The preceding data show that the foot of the Kharga men, like
the hand, is of moderate proportions. The individual variation is
but slightly larger than in the hand ; it extends for the length over
8.1 cm., or ±0.159 Per umt of the average, and for the breadth
over 2.4 cm. or ±0.120 per unit of the average. The mean module
of the foot (Jt-+_B_\ I?I) the mean index / B_>^joo\ ^^
\ 2 / \ _L, /
These dimensions will be mainly useful for future comparisons.
An inquiry as to the bearing of stature on the absolute and rela-
tive dimensions of the hands and feet, brings out interesting results.
As will be seen from the following figures, there is a clear, direct
correlation between the height of the body and length (as well as
breadth) of the hands as well as the feet; but the index in each case
shows but little alteration. The correlation between the stature and
the hand and foot length is so close that proportions of the latter
to the stature are almost identical in the shortest and the tallest
groups of the series, and the little change in the index shows that
the same must be true of the breadth of the two parts.
Another inquiry was directed into the effects on the hand and foot
dimensions of age, and the results of this are wholly negative. The
differences in the mean hand and foot length (as well as breadth)
and their indices between the group of the youngest and that of the
oldest men (both groups showing nearly equal average of stature),
are so small as to be quite negligible.
98
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE HANDS AND
FEET, AND OF THEIR INDICES, TO STATURE AND AGE
Length and Indices of Hands and Feet in Shortest and Tallest Individuals
17 SHORTEST MEN: 158.5 CM. AND BELOW
Stature
Length of left
hand
Hand index
Length of left
foot
Foot index
cm.
cm.
cm.
152.3
18.8
47- 3
23.7
40-5
153-6
18.3
47.0
20.3
46.8
154-5
44-3
23.3
37*8
155-2
18.3
47.2
24.1
42.7
155.7
18.0
50.6
24.6
44.2
155.7
155-9
18.3
18.6
44.8
45-2
24.2
24.9
40.1
39-8
^S 7
156.0
18.3
45-9
23.5
38.3
156.5
18.6
43-0
24.7
36.4
157-5
18.1
47.0
23.9
36.8
157.6
18.9
46.0
25.1
39.8
157-8
158.3
17.9
18.4
43-0
47-3
23.2
23.9
40.1
41.0
158.3
18.2
46.7
24.2
40.5
158.4
18.8
46.8
24.7
42.1
158.5
158.5
18.3
18.6
45-4
44.1
24.1
25.4
37.7
39-8
Averages;
156-5
(152.3-158.5)
Proportion to
stature (5=1000)
18.4
(I7.6-I8.9)
H7-5
46.0
(40.3-50.6)
2.4.0
(20.3-25-4)
153-4
40. 3
(36.4-46-8)
17 TALLBST MEN: ABOVE 168.5 CM.
Stature
Length of left
hand
Hand index
Length of left
foot
Foot index
cm.
cm.
cm.
168.6
19.9
49.2
28.4
38.4
168.6
20. o
45.5
26.3
39.4
168.8
19.4
45-9
25.2
38.5
168.8
21.7
40.5
27-7
37.6
168.9
19.9
46.7
26.2
38.5
169.4
18.6
44.6
25.0
38.0
169.4
169.4
18.6
20.4
47.8
45-6
24.8
26.2
38.3
38.2
170.5
19.7
45.7
27.2
38.4
171.3
19.6
46.4
26.9
39-7
172.2
18.5
48.1
25-5
41.9
172.4
19.7
48.7
25.7
42.0
172.4
20.1
47.3
26.9
38.7
172.5
19.4
46.9
26.2
38.5
172.7
19.9
46.2
25-9
40.1
173.8
21-5
44.6
27.2
39.3
174.5
19.4
48.4
27.1
38.7
Averages:
170.8
(168.6-174.5)
19.8
(18.5-21.7)
115.9
46.4
(40.5-49.2)
26.4
(24.8-28.4)
154.6
39-1
(37.6-42.0)
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
99
KHARGA OASIS, MEN: RELATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE HANDS AND FEET,
AND OF THEIR INDICES, TO STATURE AND AGE— Continued
Length and Indices of Hands and Feet in Youngest and Oldest Individuals
17 YOUNGEST MEN: 21 TO 26 YEARS OF AGE
Approximate
age
Length of left
hand
Hand index
Length of left
foot
Foot index
Years
cm.
cm.
21
18.4
46.2
23-7
42.1
22
19.1
47.6
24-7
38.8
23
19.3
43-5
25-7
38.5
23
17.9
43-0
23.2
40.1
24
18.9
47-6
25.2
42.1
24
18.7
44.2
25-7
37-3
24
21.7
40.5
27.7
37.6
24
19.0
47-9
26.2
38.2
24
17.9 •
47.5
22.7
43.2
25
18.1
47-0
23.9
36.8
25
17.6
46.6
22.7
40.5
19.4
43-8
25.8
39.1
26
18.9
50.3
26.2
39.3
26
20.3
46.3
27.2
38.2
26
18.6
47.8
24.8
38.3
26
19.6 .
44-4
25.0
37-2
26
19.7
46.2
27.6
39-1
Averages;
24.4
(21-26)
19.0
(17.6-21.7)
45-9
(40-5-50-3)
25.2
(22.7-27.7)
39.2
(37.2-43.2)
17 OLDEST MEN: 55 TO 65 YEARS OF AGE
Approximate
age
Length of left
hand
Hand index
Length of left
foot
Foot index
Years
cm.
cm.
55
18.6
44.1
23-9
41.0
55
55
18.5
18.7
48.1
49-7
3j
41.9
4i'i
55
19.0
45.8
25.8
38.8
55
18.0
47.8
24.9
40.6
55
18.6
43-0
24-7
36.4
55
18.9
46.0
25-1
fyl
55
17.9
45.8
25-4
38.6
55
18.3
44.8
24.2
4O.I
55
18.3
49.7
25-5
38.4
20.7
44-9
26.7
41.2
58
18.5
45.9
24.6
39-0
60
19.1
49-2
25.6
40.2
60
19.7
45.2
25-9
40.1
60
19.0
45.8
25-7
39-3
60
18.7
45-4
24.8
38.3
65
17.2 .
47.1
23.6
39-4
Averages:
57
(55-65)
18.7
(17.2-20.7)
46.4
(43.0-49-7)
25-2
(23-6-26.7)
39.7
(36-4-41-9)
The average stature of the 17 youngest men is 162.5 cm., that of the 17
oldest i6i.8cm. — no influential difference.
100
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
Girth of the Leg
The maximum girth of the leg is a measurement which in the
main indicates the individual development of the musculature of the
part, but collectively is also of some anthropological significance, for
regardless of age, health, nourishment and exercise of the part, all
of which agencies affect its dimension, there are certain peoples,
such as the Indian's for instance, who have in general a smaller calf
than the whites.
The average maximum circumference of the left leg, which is
measured by the writer, amounts in white men less than 50 years of
age, to about 36 cm., in the Indian the writer obtained, on 200 indi-
viduals in good state of bodily preservation, 34.0 cm., and in 20
apparently full-blood American negroes 36.9 cm. One hundred and
eleven Kharga men in good condition gave the mean of only 32.0
cm., and in more than a half the measurement was smaller. The sig-
nificance of this relatively poor record is doubtless in the main not
racial, but connected with the poor nutrition of the majority of the
Oasis people and their consequent subnormal development, which
was shown already by other determinations.
KHAKGA OASIS, MEN: MAXIMUM GIRTH OF LEG
Number of observations: in.1
Average: 32.0 cm. (ist 50: 32.1; 2d 50: 3 1.9 cm.)
Median : 31.5 cm. Mode : 31.0-32.0 cm.
Minimum : 27.3 cm. Maximum : 37.0 cm.
Table of frequencies:
E
B
B
B
B
B
B
8
E
B
o
0
o
o
u
0
o
o
o
oo
ff
o
ro
£
s
55
JO
VO
Pj
M
HL
«
JL
1
*"?
M
i
i
HH
04
<$
$
&
CO
a
^0
CO
?
3
^
Number of cases
2
3
ii
22
23
20
17
Q
3
I
Per cent
1.8
2-7
p.p
19-8
20.7
18.0
J5.J
8.1
2- 7
^. 9
*No cases of plain emaciation, senile or otherwise, included.
SUMMARY OF THE MAIN RESULTS SHOWN BY MEASUREMENTS;
TABLES OF COMPARISON
The Kharga men are, on the average, of short stature ; the head is
of moderate size, medium height and dolicho- to mesocephalic in
form ; the face is rather narrow, the nose mesorhynian, the mouth of
fair size; the ears are rather long and narrow, the hands and feet
of medium proportions, the legs small. In general the measure-
ments indicate a rather poor physical development.
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
101
The principal available data for comparison of the measurements
are gathered in the following tables. The first of these shows the
close relations of the Kharga natives with the Copt, Fellaheen and
the non-negro Nubian ; the second demonstrates the important dif-
ferences between the Oasis men and the Nubian, Soudanese and the
other negroes.
COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE KHARGA NATIVES AND VARIOUS
OTHER GROUPS OF EGYPTIANS AND NUBIANS (MALES)
Head
Males
Author
Stature
Length
Breadth
Cephalic
index
150 Kharga Oasis
Hrdlicka
cm.
161 8
cm.
18 9
cm.
I A T
74 9
127 Copts
Chantre
166.0
i8-8c.
14-2
75-2
91 Fellaheen
Chantre
168 4
19 -O
I A . 2
74- 7
134 Bedouins
Chantre
167.8
10-27
14-2^
73-9
81 Ababdeh
Chantre
166 o
18 9
14 I
74 .6
64 Barabra
Chantre
168-2
18-9
14.4
76-4
78 Bicharieh
Chantre
16?. -O
18-1
14 "3
79 '0
369 Egyptian Moslems, selected
44 Copts selected.
Myers
Myers
about
(171.0)
( 171 • O }
19.46
TQ. -30
14-43
14- "*!
74.26
74.0
Fa
ce
Nose
Males
Chin-
nasion
height
Diameter
bizy-
gomatic
maximum
Height
Breadth
Nasal
index
Mouth
breadth
150 Kharga Oasis
II . -JET
cm.
IT. . 1C
cm.
4-87
cm.
3.73
76.6
c.4
127 Copts
1^-2^
4.7)1
3.6
(77.6
5-2
91 Fellaheen
I2.Q3
4.6)
3.7
(81.0
C.I
134 Bedouins....
13.2
4-65-)
3-56
(76.6
5-1
81 Ababdeh
I3-I
(4-5)
3-7
(82.2
5-2
64 Barabra
13-0
(4-69)
3.8
(81-1
5-3
78 Bicharieh
12-7
(4-6)
3.5
(76.1
5.0
369 Egyptian Moslems, selected
44 Copts, selected
n-45*
11-47
14. 363
13. 665
4-83
4.78
3-66
3.59
75. &
7J-7/
r*
r6
1 All Chantre's measurements of the height of the nose are evidently too
low; no such low averages of nasal height have been reported on non-negro
populations of North Africa by any other observer.
2 595 individuals. 6 33 individuals.
3 698 individuals. 6Of 42 individuals.
4 Of 349 individuals.
102
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 5Q
COMPARISON OF THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE KHARGA MEN WITH THOSE
OF SOUDANESE AND OTHER NEGROES
Peoples (males)
Kharga
Oasis
Negroes:
Nilotic
group
Negroes:
Nubian
group
Negroes:
American
(full blood)
Observers
Hrdlicka
Chantre
Chantre
Hrdlicka
ICQ
•2C
26
20
AO
36 • 2
163.8
174. 1
169.0
Height sitting, per cent of total height
m .26
CI .AT.
Head:
18 o
l8-Q4
18.98
IQ-6
14* I
T7 .QC
14- 1
JCQ
Bi-meatus line-bregma height cm
1*1.2
I -3 . C
74.9
73.66
74.53
76.3
15-4
16-0
Per mille relation of cephalic mod-
04-0
Q5-0
Face;
Chin-nasion cm ... . .
IT . 1C
n.Q
17.6
17.05
6.2
A/ yo
O-O5
Diam. bizygomatic max., cm
13-15
86.3
13-3
I3-26
13-97
85- 1
74-7
73.5
Nose:
Height cm
A 8?
4.08
4. 2
4.0
Breadth , cm
1.7-J
4.3
4-42
4- 57
Index
76-6
105-4
105.0
92.5
Diam frontal min cm
TO •*
jo. 6
10. T
10.8
Mouth, widtn, cm
C.4
5.3
C.2
5.7
Left ear:
Height, cm
6.3
5-90
Breadth, cm
•3.7
o yy
3-69
58.9
61 .6
Left hand:
ig.Q
20-0
O Q
9. 1C
46.3
45-7
Left foot:
25 .4
26.8
IO-0
10-3
39.4
J£.J
Left leg, circumference cm
1.2. 0
^6-9
9. CONCLUSIONS
The Kharga Oasis Egyptians are people in general of somewhat
subnormal physical development, due principally to long lasting
defective nutrition.
The majority of the people are as yet but little mixed with the
negro.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS — HRDLICKA 103
Those who are not mixed with the blacks, show a fairly uniform
physical type. This type is characterized by medium brown skin,
horizontal brown eye, black and straight hair (with a tendency to
wave when longer), black, straight, wavy or slightly curly and often
scanty beard, moderate stature, dolicho- to mesocephalic and medium
high head, oblong and meso- to orthognathic face, mesorhinic nose,
rather long and narrow ear, and moderately proportioned chest,
pelvis, hands and feet. They give somewhat higher pulse and
respiration than the average in whites, but perceptibly lower tem-
perature, and decidedly lower muscular force.
The type of the Kharga natives is radically distinct from that of
the negro. It is according to all indications fundamentally the same
as that of the non-negroid Valley Egyptians. It is in all probability
a composite of closely related northeastern African and southwestern
Asiatic, or " hamitic " and " Semitic " ethnic elements, and is to be
classed with these as part of the southern extension of the Mediter-
ranean subdivision of the white race.
Judging from the mummies of the Oasis inhabitants from the
2-5 centuries A. D., exhumed at El Baguat, the type of the present
non-negroid Kharga natives is substantially the same as that of the
population of the Oasis during the first part of the Christian era.
The nature of the population of the Oasis in more ancient times can
only be determined by skeletal material from the ancient cemeteries.
In order to facilitate the general use or more extended analysis of
the data, the detailed measurements are appended. There is also
added a bibliography relating or referring to the Kharga Oasis
population.
IO4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING OR REFERRING TO
THE KHARGA OASIS POPULATION
(For older bibliography see works cited in the text.)
BALL, J. Kharga Oasis: Its Topography and Geology. Public, of the Sur-
vey Dept, Cario, 1900 (on cover ==" Geological Survey Report, 1899").
i vol. 8°. Gives archeological survey (locations), also population statis-
tics and bibliography.
BEADNELL, H. J. L. An Egyptian Oasis. 8°, London, 1909. General observa-
tions on the Kharga Oasis people. Census data.
— The Oases and the Geology of Egypt. In "The Nile in 1904," by
Sir Wm. Willcox. 8°, London, 1904.
BEAU DE ROCHAS, A. Oasis et Soudan. I vol. gr. in 8°, Paris, 1888, pp. 1-64.
BROWNE, W. G. Travels in Africa, Egypt, Syria. 4°, 2d ed., London, 1806.
Kharga = p. 197 et seq. Observations on Dar-Fur. Speaks of the
caravan from Assiut across the Oasis to Dar-Fur, and of acquisition of
slaves by the Oasis people — nothing at all about people themselves.
BRUGSCH BEY, H. A History of Egypt. 2d. ed., 2 vol. 8°, London, 1881.
Banishment to the Gr. Oasis during the XXI Dyn. vol. II, 201, 203.
— Reise nach dem grossen Oase el Khargeh in der Libyschen Wuste,
1878.
CAILLAUD, F. Voyage a 1* oasis de Thebes et dans les deserts situes a
1'orient et a 1'occident de la Thebaide, fait pendant les annees 1815 a 1818.
Redige et public par Jomard. Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1821-1862, 2
vol. gr. in folio, en feuilles.
DROVETTI. Itinerary of an Excursion to the Valley of Dakel. New Voyages
and Travels, Vol. 7, London, 1822.
EDMONDSTONE, A. A Journey to Two of the Oases of Upper Egypt. 8°,
London, 1822. Contains references to ancient writers who mentioned
the Oasis — but little of value. No personal observations on the people.
GOLENISCHEFF.
GUEST, A. R. The Oases of the Mudirieh of Assyut. Geogr. Journ., Vol.
16, London, 1900.
HERODOTUS. Thalia.
HOSKINS, G. A. Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert. 8°, London,
1837. Limited notes on the Kharga people — nothing of great importance.
HUME, W. F. The South-Western Desert of Egypt. The Cairo Scientific
Journal, Vol. 2, August-Sept., 1908.
DE MORGAN, J. Recherches sur les origines de 1'Egypte. 8°, Paris, 1897.
" Paleoliths " found on the Oasis and between it and Abydos.
LYONS, H. G, Notes sur le Geographic physique des Oasis de Khargueh et
de Dakhel. Bull. Soc. Khed. de Geogr., Fourth Series, No. 4, Cario, 1894.
MASPERO, G. Histoire ancienne des peuples de 1'Orient classique. 3 vol. in
gr. 8°, Paris, Vol. I. 1895; Vol. 2, 1897; Vol. 3, 1908. References to
Oasis of Kharga I, 431-432, Vlth Dyn., Hirkhouf's expedition. Nothing
more than Breasted.
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA IO5
QUATREMERE, E. Memoires geographiques et historiques sur T Egypte, et
sur quelques contrees voisines. 2 vol. in 8°., Paris, 1811. Gives all
known about the " Blemmyes " — Vol. 2 ; Nothing on the Oasis except
mention of its devastation by the Blemmyes.
SAVARY, C. E. Lettres sur 1'Egypte. 3 vol. in 8°., 1777. English translation,
2 vol., 8°., London, 1887. Mention in Vol. 2 the fact of exiles being sent
to the Oases, but nothing on inhabitants.
SAYCE, A. H. History of the Egyptian Oases. The Egyptian Gazette, April
6, 1905.
SCHWEINFURTH, G. Notizen zur Kenntniss der Oase El-Chargeh. Peter-
mann's Mittheilungen, Vol. 21, 1875, Heft 10, pp. 384-393. Notes on
archaeological remains of the Oasis, including El Baguat. Nothing on the
people or their history.
ZITTEL, K. Beitrage zur Geologic and Palaeontologie der Libyschen Wuste.
Rohlfs'sche Expedition. 8vo., Cassel, 1883.
io6
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
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-pn« -jaq »ui|
I«J»1BJ
ID xo TJ- ON O
^ fOwVO 0400
O Tf ro c^VO
•jsod -JOB -p :peaH
M oq ON oj 0} ONVO rooq 01 q q\ ro 01 rtoq rooq vo
00 00 ON ON ON ON ONOO ON ONOO 00 ONOO ON ONOO OO ON 000 OO" 00 00
qj3ua| IKJOI jo
JOOD jad iqSiaq 3ui
»!S
vqqTrrj-txT^-i-iH-cr^qq'-ivqioojoj r*>oq oq vo vo -^- vooq
VO "^VO ^o O co t*^ vovO 01 Tt* »— ( OO VO vo HH O co lx ONOO VQ VO ON
oooooooooooooooooooooooo r^oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oc 6(5 t^
jq8iaH
s2v aicuiixoaddy
co q oq q vo ONOO ONOO vo ONOO r^ q vq ON co M
!>. Tf ^ O t^. oi vovo rf CO M M 1000 txOO 01 TJ- vo o' « Ix. CJN 6
VO VO vo ^OVO vO *^i i-O^O vo Is* t"xvo vo ^O
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
III
00 VO O
I-H 0) OMO *-< O
i O 00 i^ O t-H (^
ONOOOOOOOO ON
M v Tto v o <N r* r>.
^o HH tx q\ q\ Tj-vq w q vq q\ rx
o M d co d\ w M M w 6 o M
10 q q\ co T}- "poo 01
-3- co 10 rfvo I-H oj HH I-H •-! 6 tx
O\ OOO ON ON ON ON ON ON (^ ONOO
q c^ o< co <N Tt q HH t^vq t>. tv.
ON ^00* ^00 00 O\ O\00 00 00* 00
ONVO 00 00 ^tOO <N 0) txOO t^ Tj-
O ^O ^ "^ "^ 01 O VO co 01 u*^ hn
d d d d ^ co cooo M tx d d\
ON HH covq ^ "p^q to »o ct vo po
6 TfTtcodoo'oo I-H vd ^4-io
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO txOO 00
10 q q *q co H-I i-i 01 rt- up
VO VO vO M3 lovo vo vo VO
112
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
txvo vo tovo ^O ^O VO *O
O\ • rj-
l-HM
pueq "I
OOtotototoooto
vd I-H ro to o\ d i-I w 06
01 T}- co 01 Ol •^•0) CO 01
jl +l
+
x *S
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u
ui c
JS o bo oo bo be be be bo bo be be bo bo bo be bo be bo
H HHHHHHHHHHHh'H HHHHH
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p
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ioqvON"-<qixtxTt-qt-<qtoo
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cocorofOPOrofO^fOfOfO^^
o- ~^^~
xapui jooj
OO NO t^-00 t^^O NO fO 04 00 fOOO tx up to fONO ON -^ O T|- Tj-00 VO
qjpiM 'jooj jjaq 6>6>OO»odoO^OOOOOOo6vOOo6dOO>
ON ON 04 »O
'jooj jjaq
1-1 NO •-< <*500 ^"NO <^00 NO 04 tx rfNO O 04
rf txo6 lx TTOO tx O tx ^ toOO NO >d. ^ Q\ t> O\vp 10 tx to »0
qjpiM 'pueq Jjaq QQ Q^QQ QQ ^QQ d\ O\ ON ONOO ON ON ONOO ONOO ON 0*00 ONOO ONOO
tot>.TTTfiOOOOOO ONfOO COO IXM txcoOOO
CNJ vo HH HH rx tovq vq oj covq >-> ON »ooo tx looq ON tx co 04 oq HH
d\ d d d d\ o d d o ON o o dv d o\ o\ o o ON o o\ d d w
•uira IBJUOJJ -ui
00 O -^ Tf CO tOOO CO tx to rf PONO ON tx M
O >O O 00 ON
OOOOOOONOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
i-i 04 CO Tt iO\O
ON O <-> 04 co ^t to\O txOO ON O w 01 f^ rf
o^o1^o?oT
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 113
to to to toto 10 to to to
OOO t^-vo rtfxlxtoOvi-iOO to tovo tx O t^OO tx tovo VO 00 O\ tx toOO OMO tx O 00 fO
q ^r u-> 04 9* "t 9* *> "! °°. °°. "? "t 9 ^^ *? *1 M. T N oq H!t>91"9TthH. 9v
to iovo \o tovd tovd vd vd vd vd vd vd vd tovd vd vd vd txvd (NiVO vd VO to
$ \O 10 N M too- s I-H IN. .VO . to u-> rv 0 v cvo tooo v to >-H w v
0,MI-H0404l-H W 04 W I-H 04 .04040404l-H.-1|-HhH04l-ll-H . O4 04 £} 04 ft M
•g» tototo • u • u
to «• c |> e v 04 tx HH IN. \ v >-< tv. r o ^ tv to vo o rx to
f^04co01c^Cl(M .fOO)Tf
•8
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a E I , 8 8+S , +
bflbcbbflb) bcbtbot b0 bflt bcv b) b b bfl
HHHHH HHHH H H^ HHH^HH HH
rt O," * rt" d~ ' cj" S
(N q I-H Tj-i-i cotorfi-i up
w CO CO CO w w 01 rj- rf 00 O\ 6 O 6 O HH' t-i (Nl <N 01 <N M w CO CO CO Tf w M 01 (N 01
to rt- M too coo oo
to
to coo -- <r> oj tx M co roo oo T*"u^ "
t>. q vq -^ q q\ « to q vq ONOO oooq "-<vq
6\6\ o\od
up q q vq f^vq q\oo ^^cKojtxqoj
^o?^ ot^ ototo?^ o?^ cT8 ^«r^^cf^eTS ot^o?
vq M w Ti- tovq q\ q\oq to up oj q ^ q oj eo«o«oooqo*O.NO tooq
o tN.toTt-c>dod c^tv.TfcoforxiN. fovd vd oo to to rxvd t^ o> t^ ^t to^ tr> tooo
I-H 01 q^q ONTtcotoo q HH TttxqiN. o tx MOO tow oj
o 0 0 o \ d\ 6\ OMDO oo' oo* oo 06 6\oo' c> o»oo" c^oo* oo' oo' c> d\oo' oo' oo' c>oo oo
oj upvq \q qvq ^q q f»poi >-< q^q r^coo qvqvq q\ •-" qv>-i 01
* ° ^ C*00' ^^ C> O OO Ov OvOO OO' Ov ONOO 00 tx OvOO ON ON O t>.
q ^txi-ivqto t^^q co q «>» co o< t^oq >-< ON rt- q\
tovo to to to to to T}- to to^o
rt- 04 o v rr •*o co M o\ - *o 01 to vo
tx too v t>. « w o ^t T- N * * * o t w tv.\\\o o co oq ix o
tOVO txOO Ov O I-H 01 oo rf tovo tXOO O O w 01 ro rf tovo 1^00 O O
04 04 04 04 04 OOCOCOC^fOrOCOCOcrjCOrtTfrtrtrrrrrtrfrrl-rttO
M 01 ro Tf tOvO
114
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
IO IO IO IO to IO IO
qip^a
UOUOBJi
QiOOOiOO -OOOOOO -OiOtOU->O
ONVO T»- t^OO .t~NH-it>xi-iONT}- .fOOO
pinjq -
b
H
b t
HHH
b b
E. e
. 10 O "<tVO »^ ^l-O VO 00 00 VO ON O tx Tj-QO O 00 HH OO O 00 ^f
•aqnj
-qns)
O\00 <N 00 O O\VO r>» OM-I (M 00 ^00 ON C^ CM <N 00
•XBUI -ranDap *3»i
xspai jooj
qjpiA 'jooj y«q
I-H f^t-H\O O fOtoOl O
qj«u3t 'jooj jj»q
O\00
0100
xapui PUBH
qiSaaj •
OOO t^ OvOO 000000000000000000 ONOO. ON ON ONOO O>00 OiOC
^ O ON t^>> t^ <^5 f5 <"^00 ^fNO f^vO *O O t^ tx O t^xiOvOfO TfVO
00 txOO 00 00 00 00 00 00 OvOO ONOO ON -i ON O\ ONOO ONOO 00 ON
qipiM 'qinoW
ONOO 00 OJ 1-1 co O
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t^ CO ^ >H
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HH NO to CO <r>NO 00 "<t tx O •^-
doNddNddddo'dNddddddddddNONOvdo'
NO. I NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA 115
to to to to
01 to Tf to tN.00 000000 Tj- to Tj- to CO IN.VO O
CO co co CO co co CO
IN. HH to tN.00 HH VO Tj- tO
vo" vd vd vd vo vo* ^_J^^^Q^^Q^^^^^^_^G_^^^Q^Q^Q_^Q_
qqqqtoqqqqqtoqqqiotoqqqoqqtoqqqqqq • oqo
tN, co ro d O O TJ- M IN. d vd «*5 Q O vd to covd tovo vd TJ- tovd <Nt-ninro6\ • (NvdtN.
_M _ro (N. cvi (Scowci 01 01 i-oi 01 O) P-H h- M « MC^MMOJ^ 01 f^rorOOl . ro 01 «
io^oioxoio • oo
b b bobo b b
a,
ON to ON coOO "b~6b" ON "rf 00~~tO~cKOO \O Tl- OvOO • tN,
t-i ONi-ttN.01 co tN,v PO co IN. u 10 "oo • o
w TJ- 10 upoo oivqoooo cv| inoi IN. q\vq rooo 9 "^ "*?"
' M oi od ds co IN. 1006 vd d\od tN. ON 6 vd
-coco-^-co
q oq >H co HH to M q ^ IN. q\oq « oq 01 TJ- to tooq o\oo 01
o\d\ d\od 6v 6\ 6\
01 ^oq »H oivq •^•tN.Ttq q\tN.qNO cotoqoq
>O >O tOVO VO ^ tOVO ^l" to Tf 01 VO tOVO to ^ ^J- CO to Tf >O
01010101CV1010101010101010101010101010101M01
to
VO fN.00 rJ-O\tN.i-( O\cOTfO tovO 01 00 to O Tf CO ^ tN.QO
to ON CO tOVO tN, ^ rt O tN.00 IN.VO to rf IOVO IO Tf IOVO
co <-t tooq HH 01 01 co HH 1-1 vq "poo rj-vq vq tN, tooq
6\ QsOO OO ON ONOO O\ ON QNOQ 00* 00 00 00 00* OO OO tN. QsOQ QQ
^ co ^- rf Tf covO tN, H-I 01 ON ON ONVO Ol O\ ON tN.vo M ^ r*'
o< _ S 2s °^ P^'S ° '
coo --o ONto HH v >-> co rx 10 to tx o
»-i 1-1 ONOO tool ••^NOI oitN.\ cooiv HH
co Tf tovo t-NOC ON O ^01 co rf io\O lN.00 O\ O ^ Ol co Tf iO\O IN.QO ON O >-< 01 co ~T »O
n6
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
g q,p*;>..a
JJj jqSpH
.2
u
.« « p°«q 'i
i i
*
esent state of health
"So
I
3
0
aj--i — i — u-i-H — i — UH — i — i — h ; 4- ; : : :
PH
"o
1
11
E
H
uop^dsaH
asm j
-qns) aaniBjadinaj,
•xeui 'uinDap '3»i yaq
xapui jooj
qjptAv 'jooj ysq
qiSuaj 'jooj yaq
xapui puBu
qipiM 'pueq yaq
qj3u»i 'punq yaq
tl,p.m'q,noW
I«iao3iq -IULMQ
•aim ^aoaj -mina
J3quinK
\O t^OO O\ O "-< oi co Tj- irjvp t^OO ON O >-i 01 co Tf iOVQ t^OO O
Hii-.t-ii-ioiOlOlOl'NOlOlOlOlOlcocococococococococo
NO. I
NATIVES OF KHARGA OASIS HRDLICKA
Il8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 59
The following series of plates illustrate the Kharga natives from
the nearly adult to the aged, showing the principal physiognomic
variations.
•
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JJessff^'
7 DAY USE
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This publication is due on the LAST DATE
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