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J^roTvtispiece . S ee 236\
Jl Slavy li'czrfp..
A
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT
OF
BRITISH PLANTS,
ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONS TO EACH OTHER,
AS POINTED OUT BY
JUSSIEU, DE CANDOLLE, BROWN, &c.
INCLUDING
THOSE CULTIVATED FOR USE;
WITH
AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
IN WHICH THE TERMS NEWLY INTRODUCED ARE EXPLAINED
ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES.
BY
SAMUEL FREDERICK GRAY,
Lecturer on Botany, the Materia Medica, and Pharmaceutic Chemistry,
VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
182L
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Thy works themselves would raise a general voice,
Ev’n in the depths of solitary woods.
By human foot untrod; proclaim thy power,
And to the choir celestial Thee resound,
Th’ eternal Cause, Support, and End of all.”
Thomson, —Shimmer.
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<?7 m
IS? 2,1
V. I
SChlUf^M
TO
THE MOST REVEREND
CHARLES,
BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE,
LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,
PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND, AND METROPOLITAN,
THIS WORK
IS DEDICATED BY
HIS GRACE’S
MOST DEVOTED AND HUMBLE SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR.
“ Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow 5
4hey toil not, neither do they spin : and yet I say unto
you, that even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed
like one of these.”
Jesus in Matthew.
PREFACE.
A VARIETY of methods have been adopted by authors
for the arrangement of plants, in order that the knowledge
mankind possesses of them may be more readily communi-
cated to students in botany. The ancient authors consi-
dered only the uses of plants, and arranged them accord-
ingly into timber or fruit trees, corn, pulse, culinary and
medicinal plants, those used for dyeing, for garlands, for
spinning or other mechanical purposes, and the like; while,
as a kind of supplementary knowledge, those whose pro-
perties rendered them deleterious to man himself or to the
animals bred or domesticated by him were considered under
the title of poisons; and those which impeded the growth
of the plants cultivated by him were arranged under the
general name of weeds ; while the great mass of vegetables,
to which neither usefulness nor harm could be attributed,
were slighted, and indeed entirely neglected, unless any of
them presented a phenomenon that struck forcibly on the
attention, as the apparently sensitive property of the mimosa,
or the water-dropping faculty of the nepenthes distillatoria.
Succeeding authors have been more philosophically inclined,
and have wished to bestow an equal degree of attention
upon all the productions of the Almighty Creator, to the
end that those now esteemed as useless may be pointed out
for future investigation. The botanists of this school have
given us general or local catalogues of plants, arranged
either in the alphabetic order of their names, or according
to the periodical time of their flowering, or partly from the
whole period of their growth in the open air and partly
from the contrivances they require to produce an artificial
VI
PREFACE.
temperature similar to that of their native climates. None
of these arrangements, however, afford any means by which
a student, in possession of a plant unknown to him, can
discover its situation in the catalogue; and, of course, he
is necessitated to have recourse for this purpose to the
instruction of a living master, who may not always be at
hand.
With the view, therefore, of enabling a solitary student
to refer an unknown plant to its congeners, Lobel discarded
every other consideration than the structure of plants, par-
ticularly of their flowers, that being the period when they
principally attract our attention. On this foundation, he
investigated the natural affinities of plants to each other,
and arranged those known to him in between forty and
fifty families, beginning with the grasses ; and gave a list
of those belonging to each family, but without determining
any common character by which the plants of each family
may be known; leaving this decision, in respect to the
plants not noticed by him, to the intelligence and acumen
of the student, Csesalpinus, Ray, Tournefort, Hermann,
Boerhaave, and other authors, who were trained in the
schools of logic and of the mathematics, have endeavoured
to supply this deficiency, and to exhibit the marks or
characters by which the several natural families may be
recognized, and have further attempted to arrange these
families in a regular series, so that the student, instead of
relying upon his own conceptions of the affinity of a plant
with those known to him, may, from a consideration of its
structure when in a perfect state, x’efer it to its proper
famity, and ascertain its name if already known, or have,
in the other case, a well grounded assurance that it has not
hitherto been described or named by authors.
The first scientific botanists, in consequence of their
attempts to employ none but very obvious characters, could
only attain their end by using a multiplicity of them, and
this necessitated an intricate arrangement. Succeeding
authors attempted simpler methods, by choosing a few par-
PREFACE.
Vll
ticular organs, common to the greater part of plants; and
collecting together, in classes and subdivisions, the several
plants which agreed in respect to the structure or number
of these chosen organs, without any regard to the affinity a
more accurate observation of the whole structure of the
plant might develope. Of these mere artificial methods,
as they are termed, Rivinus, professor at Leipzig, was the
introducer, and he took his primary divisions from the
regularity or irregularity of the corolla, or what is com-
monly called the bloom, and the number of parts into
which it is cut, and subdivided each of these primary
divisions in a uniform manner, according to the nature of
the fruit. In this system he was followed by Hebenstreit,
Knaut, Ludwig, and Ruppius. The botanists of this school
considered the method of Rivinus in its proper light, as
being merely a ready means of determining the family, or
what is now called the genus, to which any plant belongs ;
and, therefore, contented themselves with following it up
to that point, leaving the further knowledge of plants to be
sought for in the authors who have arranged their works
by the natural affinities of plants, or other considerations.
The want of the power of locomotion, by which plants
are most evidently distinguished from the generality of
animals, and the consequent inability of approaching
each other, if the organs of reproduction were seated in
distinct individuals and the analogy of animal generation
strictly observed, while, at the same time, they are, from
the same immobility, liable to a variety of accidents, which
animals elude by the power of changing their place,
rendered necessary the adoption of peculiar contrivances
to preserve and multiply the species in which some analogy
may be observed with those of animals, more apparent
however than real.
The prurient mind of Linnaeus, so visibly exhibited in
his mode of describing bivalve shells, was struck by the
great difference between animals and vegetables in this
respect; and he immediately applied himself to arrange
Vlll
PREFACE.
plants by those organs that appear to be analogous in their
functions to the sexual organs of animals. Assuming the
flowering of plants to be what he poetically terms their
nuptials, he likened each separate flower to a bridal cham-
ber, and formed his primary divisions from the number of
the male organs present in each flower, and his subdivisions
were formed from the number of the female organs which
were also present in the same chamber : the Omniscient
Creator having lessened the chances of failure arising from
the immobility of plants by multiplying the points of union,
and increasing the number of the organs, especially of the
male. As Linnaeus considered not only the number of
these organs, but in many cases their situation, connection,
and proportion, he has departed from the simplicity which
ought to form the basis of an artificial system and was so
strictly observed by Rivinus, and has rendered his system
as intricate as some of those who endeavoured to place
kindred plants together. His successor in the chair at
Upsal, Thunberg, has therefore endeavoured to simplify
his method, but with considerable opposition. While
Ludwig, in the second edition of his Genera, and Hill,
along with the primary divisions of Rivinus taken from the
corolla employed those of Linnaeus for their subdivisions,
but have not met with any followers.
The novelty of the Linnaean method, the distinction of
the species being always taken from the variations to be
observed in the plant itself, together with the industry of
Linnaeus and his followers in extending his catalogue, and
forming, as it were, a new science, that of the nomenclature
of plants, instead of the old botany, which, as we have said,
principally devoted itself to the uses of plants, all contributed
to give an eclat to his system, and to extend its influence
beyond its proper limits. So that instead of being taught
to use this method only as a finder, or as an index to the
authors who wrote on the natural history of plants, the
student was led to believe that this was the only arrange-
ment that ought to be adopted in all works that treat of
PREFACE.
IX
plants: and there have not been wanting authors who have
even written works upon gardening, or the materia medica,
arranged on the Linneean system.* This undue extension
of the sexual method is contrary even to the declared
opinion of Linnaeus himself, who expressly says, he con-
sidered it only as a temporary substitute until the natural
method, or that which considers the mutual affinities of
plants, be so far improved as to admit of a clue being ap-
plied to it, by which the student may investigate the place
of a plant in the method without any other help.
* Thus the Linnasan botanists committed the same error as the gram-
marians and the philologers have frequently done in the composition of
dictionaries, vocabularies, and etymologicons, from not considering the
different uses of the various methods. Some interpreting dictionaries are
arranged by roots, as those of Scapula, Mair, Salmon, and for most of the
Oriental languages, to the great hindrance of the young student ; while,
on the other hand, Gesner, Johnson, the Della Crusca, and the French
Academy, have given us critical dictionaries, in the alphabetical order of
the words, and have thus deprived themselves of the great help they might
have deduced from the method of the roots, or the vocabulary form.
If these authors had reflected upon the subject, instead of blindly follow-
ing the track of some preceding author, who had perhaps a different object
in view, they would certainly have discovered that, for interpreting an
unknown language into a known, the alphabetic order either of the initial
or terminal letters was indeed the most proper, because the letters of the
word are, by hypothesis, the only guide. Whether the initial letters, as
used in most clises, or the terminal, as adopted in the Coptic dictionaries,
be the most proper, may admit of some dispute, the latter has the advantage
of exhibiting the sense attached to the various terminations more clearly
than the former. When the words of a known language are used to find
the corresponding words in one that is unknown, the vocabulary form has
the advantage of bringing together all those words that would denote nearly
similar ideas. Whether this form, or the alphabetic order be adopted, this
is the proper part of a double interpreting dictionary, to produce examples
from the classic writers in the less known tongue, as authority for the use
of those words; and not, as was absurdly done by Ainsworth, in the
unknown — known part, since, in reading a foreign work, the context
will enable the reader to choose the proper signification if the word be
ambiguous; whereas, in writing a foreign language, we have occasion for
examples to guide us in our choice of nearly synonymous words. The
utility of the method of roots, for a critical dictionary, and the difficulty of
using one on this plan for interpretation, is surely self-evident.
X
PREFACE.
Linnaeus, considering only the external appearance of
the flower and fruit, despaired of finding this clue; but the
favourers of the older arrangements have bestowed so much
attention in examining the internal organization of plants,
particularly of the fruit and seed, and various organs, which
were neglected by the Linnsean nomenclators, that this
desirable point is now attained. The present work exhibits
the results of the latest investigations into the mutual
affinities of plants; and the synopsis of the subdivisions
attached to the several divisions furnishes a clue which will
enable a student to trace the connexion of the several parts,
and their dependence upon each other. When the author
considered the great pains which had been taken with many
of the families, and especially with those, which, from their
not plainly exhibiting the sexual organs, were huddled
together by Linnaeus in his twenty-fourth class, which
contains probably far more plants than all his other
twenty-three classes put together; and that there had not
yet appeared in this country any detailed account of these
researches, he was led to engage in preparing this system
for the use of the English students of this delightful species
of knowledge.
An essential difference exists between the mere deter-
mination of the name of plants, and the study of their
affinities to each other. The nomenclature of plants re-
quires the study of so many only of their organs, and such
a slight consideration of these as may suffice to determine
the difference that may exist betwixt any two plants that
might otherwise be confounded. The scientific study of
their affinities requires, on the contrary, the whole of their
organization to be kept in view, and the changes it may
undergo during their natural life; hence there arises a
necessity for a more accurate discrimination of the various
forms of their organs than is required for the nomenclature
only. The botanists of the natural school have, therefore,
been led to invent a far greater number of terms than were
introduced into use when Linnaeus wrote his Philosophia
PREFACE.
XI
Botanica. Whatever opinion may be entertained of the
necessity of increasing the number of substantives to denote
the several organs, and their principal variations, instead
of using the old substantives with the addition of appropriate
adjectives to limit their signification, yet as these new sub-
stantives are used by the greatest part of modern authors,
and have not yet been explained in our language, there
appeared a necessity of prefixing an introduction to botany,
principally for the purpose of giving a connected view of
the anatomy of vegetables, according to the latest views of
Mirbel, De Candolle, and other eminent botanists. The
figures annexed to this part of the work have been very
carefully selected, with a view of comprising as much
information as possible in a small compass.
In consequence of the addition of this introduction, this
work contains all that is necessary for the student of English
botany, unless he is desirous of verifying his first steps in
the science by a reference to the figures of plants. The
very high price of Sowerby’s English Botany, which is
seldom to be procured for less than fifty guineas, rendering
it inaccessible to the generality of students, it has been
judged preferable to refer to Gerarde’s Herbal as edited
by Johnson, and the Theatre of Parkinson, either of which
may be purchased at a very moderate price; and their
figures, although only wood cuts, will give a good idea of
the plants. Some may prefer the figures of those parts
only which characterize the genera, and of these the
cheapest is Tournefort?s Institutiones Rei herbarise, whose
genera in general correspond with those of Ray. But
these helps desert the student when he attempts the study
of the plants which were called by the ancient botanists,
on account of their not bearing flowers, imperfect plants ;
and by Linnaeus, because he could not detect in them the
presence of the sexual organs, which his preconceived
opinion required to be present in all plants, cryptogamia,
that is to say, secret marriages. Should the student en-
deavour to penetrate this, the higher botany, and wish for
Xll
PREFACE.
the help of figures, he will require either the Historia
Muscorum of Dillenius, the Hydrophyta Danica of Lyng-
bye, the System der Pilze und Schwamm of Esenbeck, or
Sowerby’s English Fungi, according to his peculiar views.
With the view of assisting those students who have been
accustomed to use the Linnaean mode of investigating plants,
there is prefixed to the second volume, which contains the
perfect, or phenogamous, plants, an analytical guide to the
families, according to the number of the sexual organs.
It remains then only to say a few words respecting the
index. In general, the Latin generic names only have
been quoted, but when a genus contains a great number of
species, as agaricus, lichen, conferva, rosa, juncus, and some
others, the trivial names are referred to, or the second word
of the specific difference, if the plant had no name given to
it by the old botanists. In a few cases, when the second
word was an adjective, agreeing not with the generic name,
but with a following substantive, this adjective is omitted,
and the governing substantive inserted, as bryum perangustis
crebrioribus foliis, &c. of Dillenius in Ran Synopsis, is
referred to in the index under Bryum foliis.
As to English names, a considerable number of new ones
have, for the sake of system, been given to the genera of
plants; in forming the majority of which, the form and
fashion of our ancient names have been as closely adhered
to as was possible ; but, in some instances, Anglicized Latin
names are used : these, however, ought to be regarded as
only temporary. In regard to the manner in which com-
pound English names are inserted in an index, a considerable
difference is observable in authors. Some few insert them
as they are spoken, as plough mans’ spike nard under P,
evening prim rose under E. Other authors seem to consider
spike nard and prim rose as generic names, and place them
under S and P. Some carelessly insert them without any
regular rule, so that a person is frequently obliged to search
for all the words of which a name is composed before he
finds the reference. To avoid this, a general rule has been
PREFACE.
xiii
laid down, and they are inserted under their last word,
even when the composition is not apparent at first sight,
as tur-nep, the nep which is round as if turned in a lathe,
so pars-nep, that which from its size requires to be chopped
or divided into parts to fit it for eating, as schoolboys are
said to parse their lessons, when they divide them gram-
matically. Pars-ley is, by an error only referred to under
ley. It signifies an herb to be chopped, alluding to its use
in sauces and stuffing. The ley being only another spell-
ing of lea, grass, as in the song — •
Over the water and over the lea ;
but, in parsley, is used for herb, as Virgil, on the contrary,
uses herba for grass —
In raolli consedimus herbti. — Buc. 3, 55.
An index of the authors mentioned in the Introduction,
and a very copious index of the botanical terms, are sub-
joined to the first volume. It was at first intended to omit
the references to those terms which are self-evident to an
English reader, but, spon considering that foreigners might
have occasion to ascertain their meaning, they have been
inserted, omitting however those English terms which vary
but slightly in their termination from the corresponding
Latin terms.
I have now to return my thanks for the kind assistance
1 have received, and particularly to A. B. Lambert, R.A.
Salisbury, and A. H. Haworth, Esqrs. Messrs. E. and J.
Bennett, and Mr. Deer. The death of Sir Joseph Banks,
during the printing, has, to my great regret, prevented me
from a similar acknowledgement, as a slight return for
the many advantages I have received from the use of his
Library and Herbari um : and has also been a cause of great
delay, in being obliged to wait the arrival of another copy
of Esenbeck’s work from Germany, that those interesting-
plants the fungi might be arranged according to the latest
improvements.
Principle, genus herbarium, vindemque nitorem,
Terra dedit circum colleis ; camposque per omneis
Florida fulserunt viridanti prata colore :
Arboribusque datum est variis exinde per auras
Crescundi magnum immissis certamen habenis.
Ut pluma atque pilei primum, setaeque, creantur
Quadrupedum membris, et corpore pennipotentum ;
Sic nova turn tellus Iierbas, virgultaque, primum
Substulit ; inde loci mortalia corda creavit,
Multa, modis multis, varia ratione, coorta.
Lucretius, V. 781 — 790„
THE GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS,
According- to their mutual relations , with the number of
species in each genus.
PLANTS CELLULOSiE.
C. 39. Jania .................
. , 8
1 A. Pl. cell, aphyllele.
40. Corailina ............
3
I). 41 . Zonaria
o « SU
1. Hydrophytes.
42. Dicfyofa .. .
A.
1. Vaginaria ............ .
. i
43. Diciyopteris. ...... .. . ,
.. i
2. Oscillatoria ......
E. 44. Asperococcus ........
.. 1
3. Humidp,
. 3
45. Ulva
. . 12.
4. Elisa
. 9
46. Scvtosiphon
.. §
5. itivuiaria ,
. 4
47. Pal me! la
.. 2
6. Sevtonema
. 5
48. Merretia
.. 4
'll.
7. Girard ia . . „
. 2
49. Olivia...........
C.
8. Lemania ..........
. 2
F. 50. Carrodorus. ..
.. I
D.
9. Bryopsis.
. 5
51. Nosloc
. . 1
10. Vaucheria. . . . ...
.13
G. 52. Alcvonidium ........
... I
11. Codium ......... o .... .
2
53. Ephidatia
.. 1
E.
12. Frag ill an a
. 3
54. Spongiila . ..
.. 8
13. Biddulphia ............
. 3
H. 55. Tupha
. . 13
14, Diatoma ........ ....
. 4
56. Scypba ..
.. 9
F.
15. Zygneaia
. 2
57. Spongia, . ....... .. .. .
10. Gnnjiip-ala
. 7
58, Tetbya „ . . . ...
. . '$
17. Choaspis
|
I. 59. Deles3eria ............
. .. 5
. 18. Agardhia
. 1
60, Odontbalia ... ...
.. 1
19. Serpentinaria .........
. 2
63. Spha?roeoccus
. .15
G.
20. Hvdrodictyon
. 1
62. Gigartina ............
PL
21. Chaetophora .......... .
. 1
63. Gastridium ..........
. .is
22. Leathfsia
. 1
K. 64 Fascia, fa .. .
.23. Myriodactylon. ...... ..
. 2
65. Laminaria............
4
24. Draparnaldia .........
o
66. Phasgonon ..........
2
.25. Conferva
.55
67. Chorda
2
68. Chordaria
2. Thalassiophytee.
69. Sporochnus ..........
A.
. 26. Mesogloja
. 1
70. Desmarestia
.. 2
27. Bulbochcete
. 1
7 3. Lichina
.. 8
28. Ectocarpns
. 6
72. Himanfhalia
.. 1
29. Callithamnion .........
.17
73. Cervina
.. i
30. Ceram ium
. 3
74. Fucus....
31. GrifStsia. ............. .
. 3
75. Haiidrys
32. Borrichius
. 1
76. Mackaia
33. Batrachospermum . . . . .
. 2
77. Baccalaria. . . .. ,
... 2
B.
34. Cladostephus
. 3
78. Siliquaria
.. 1
35. Sphacelaria
79. Furcellaria
.. 1
36. Ellisius
2
37. Hutchinsia
.17
3. Homothalameec.
38. Yertebrata, ...........
A, 80, Placynthium. ........
... I
XV
GENERA
81. Enchylium 11
82. Scytenium 1
83. Mallotium 2
84. Lathagrium 4
85. Leptogilnn 3
86. Polychidium 6
B. 87. Usnea 3
C. 88. Cornicularia 6
89. Ramalina 4
90. Alectoria 3
4. Cenothulamcce.
A. 91. Stereocaulon 2
92. Isidium 4
93. Baeotnvces 3
B. 94. Cerania . 1
95. Cladonia 6
96. Helopodiuin 2
97. Schasmaria 1
98. Scyphophora 17
99. Pyenothelia 1
C. 100. Evernia 1
D. 101. Roccella 3
102. Nephroma 2
103. Peltidea 8
104. Solorina 2
105. Siicta 8
106. Cetraria 6
107. Borrera 7
108. Physcia 2
109. Parmelia 31
E. 110. Psoroma 8
111. Placodium 9
112. Rinodina 35
113. Ureeolaria , . . 9
1 14. Lepidoma 1 1
115. Lecidea 58
F. 116. Gyrophora 9
G. 1 17. Arthonia 5
118. Spiloma 8
H. 119. Acolium 3
120. Phacotrum 11
121. Strongylium 3
5. Idiothalamece.
A. 122. Sphaerophoron 3
123. Rhizomorpha 11
B. 124. Variolaria 9
C. 125. Pyrenula 3
126. Thelotrema 3
127. Porina 2
D. 128. Lejophlea 4
129. Lithocia 0
130. Inoderma. 2
131. Endocarpon .13
E. 132. Gi aphis 8
133. Alyxoria 2
134. Hysterina 12
6. Sarcothalamece.
A. 135. Ac lid Sum 1
136. Hypoderma 6
137. Hysterium 3
B. 138. Xylaria...? 6
139. Hypoxylon 5
140. Peripherostoma 15
141. Poronia 1
142. Nemania ..21
143. Cucurbitaria 4
144. Engizostoma 6
145. Circinostoma 6
146. Exormatostoma 10
147. Astoma 21
148. Sphaeria 36
C. 149. Thelebolus 1
D. 150. Nemaspora 5
7. Protomycece.
A. 151. Rcestelia 5
152. iEcidium 21
153. Ustilago 3
154. Uredo 10
155. Albugo 3
156. Ccemurus 5
157. Dicaeoma 9
158. Puccinia 5
159. Podisoma 1
B. 160. Fusidium 3
161. Stilbospora 2
C. 162. Xyloma 5
D. 163. Gymnosporangium 1
E. 164. ASgerita 1
165. Fusarium 1
F. 166. Tubercularia 2
8. Nematomycece.
A. 167. Acremonium 2
168. Epochnium 1
169. Trichotliecium 1
170. Sporotrichum 5
171. Byssocladium 4
B. 172. Haplaria - 1
173. Acrosporium 1
174. Virgaria 2
175. Botrytis 1
176. Stachylidium 2
177. Polyactis 1
178. Penicillum 2
179. Aspergillus 4
C. 180. Erineum 1
181. Rubigo 3
D. 182. Cladosporium 1
183. Helmisporium 2
184. Heliocosporium 1
185. Monilia I
186. Torula 1
187. Racodium 1
188. Dematium 1
189. Byssus 1
190. Typhoderma 4
191. Xylostroma 1
E. 192. Trichoderma 2
GENERA. xvii
F. 193. Thumnidimn I
194. Mucor 5
195. Ascophora 2
196. Pilo bolus 1
G. 197. Ceratium 1
198. Isaria 3
199. Coremium 2
200 Cephalotrichurn 1
H. 201. Stilbuin 3
0. G-asteromgctee.
A. 202. Eurotium 1
203. vEthalium 1
204. Lignidium 1
205. Spumaria 1
206. Strongyliuin 1
207. Lycogala 4
B. 208. Myrotheciura 1
209. Dichosporum 1
210. I.icea 2
211. D-rmodium 2
C. 212. Didymium 3
213. Diderma 1
214. Ciouium 6
215. Physarum 7
216. Leangium 2
217. Leocarpus 2
D. 218. Trichia 8
219. Arcyria 5
E. 220. Cribaria 3
221. Dictydium 2
F. 222. Stemonitis 4
G. 223. Craterinm 3
224. Pyxidium 1
H. 225. Onygena 1
I. 226. Sphajrobolus 1
K. 227. Scleroderma 4
228. llypogaeum 1
229. Bovista 3
230. Lycoperdon 1
231. Geastrum 6
232. Polystoma 1
L. 233. Talostoma 1
M. 234. Polyangium 1
N. 235. Cyathus . 4
10. Sarcothececc.
A. 236. Erysibe 10
237. Thanatophytum 1
238. Sclerotiura 9
B. 239. Tuber 3
C. 240. Tremella 1
241. Gyraria 12
242. Coryne 2
1 1 . Hymenothecece .
A. 243. Amanita 8
244. Vaginata 3
245. Lepiota S
246. Gymnopus 36
247. Omphalia 18
VJQL. I,
248.
Pleuropus
249.
Crcpidopus
250.
Apus.
251.
Resupinatus
B. 252.
Russula
253.
Mycena
254.
Micrompliale
255.
Lac tar i us
C. 256.
Pratella
257.
Cortinaria .......
258.
Prunulus
259.
Coprinus
1). 260.
Asterophora
...... 1
E. 261.
Merulius
|
262.
Cantharellus
5
263.
Corniola .
2
264.
Serpula
...... 1
265.
Gompbus
F. 266.
Deedalea
G. 267.
Poria
268.
Boletus
269.
Grifola
270.
Coltricia
271.
Striglia
1
272.
Albatrellos
273.
Polyporus
1
H. 274.
Suillus
}
275.
Pinuzzus
276.
Lcccinum
277.
Fistulina
I. 278.
Sistotrema
279.
Cerrena
280.
Xylodon
K. 281.
llydnum
I
282.
Dentinum. .......
283.
Auriscalpium... .
1
284.
Steccherinum ....
3
285.
Odontia
286.
Hericium
1
L. 287.
Craterella
288.
Stereum
289.
Corticium
290.
Merisma
M. 291.
Corynoides
292.
Ramaria
293.
Clavaria
12
N. 294.
Geoglossum ......
295.
Mitrula
...... 2
296.
Leotia
297.
Helotium
3
298.
Relhanum
1
O. 299.
Morcliella
4
300.
Helvella
3
301.
Spathularia
P. 302.
Stictis
303.
Patellaria .......
504.
Peziza
305.
Octospora
,306.
Seodellina .......
......10
307.
Calycina
...... 5
308.
Dasyscyphus. . . . .
b
xviii GENERA.
309. Macroscyphus 8
310. Hyinenoscyphus 9
Q. 31 1. Ascobolus 1
12. Lytothecece.
312. Batarrea I
313. Ithyphallus 1
314. Phallus 2
1 B. Pl. cell, folios^e.
13. Hepatias,
A. 315. Riccia . . 5
B. 316. Targionia 1
317. Spiiserocarpus 1
C. 318. Anthoceros 3
D. 319. Marchantia. .......... . 2
320. Strozzius 2
321. Cyathophora 1
322. Staurophora 1
p. 323. Riccardius 3
324. Pallayicinips 2
325. Herverus . . . .. 2
326. Papa...... 1
327. Blasia 1
328. Maurocenius 1
329. Salviatus 3
330. Pandulphinius 4
331. Marchesinus 1
332. Cavendishia. . 2
333. Martinellius 9
334. Mylius .. 4
335. Nardius 3
336. Jungermannia 39
337. Bazzanius 1
338. Seal ins 1
339. Cesius... 1
340o Herbertus. ............ . I
341. Lippius I
342. Kantius. i
14. Musci,
343. Andrsea 4
344. Spagnum ............. . 4
345. Phascum 1 1
346. Schistostega. 1
347. Anictangium 2
348. Gymnostomum 14
349. Diphyscium 1
350. Tetraphis 2
351. Spiachnum 7
352. Conostomum 1
353. Polytrichum ^
354. Cinclidotus I
355. Tortula 1 1
356. Encalypta 3
357. Grimmia 7
358. Pterogonium 3
359. Weissia 18
360. Dicranum 24
361. Trichostornum 9
362. Leucodon 1
363. Didymodon. .......... . 8
364. Funaria 3
365. Zygodon J
366. Orthotrichum ......... ,l6
367. Neckera 2
368. Anomodon g
369. Daltonia ... 2
370. Fontinalis. 3
371. Buxbaumia 1
372. Bartramia 6
373. Hookeria 2
374. Hypnnm 60
375. Bryum ...2^
GENERA.
xix
2. PLANT/E ENDOGENiE.
2 A. Pl. end. cryptogams.
1. Filices.
A. 1. Osmund a 1
2. Cetcrach 1
B. 3 . Polypodium. 4
C. 4. Aspidium ....10
5. Cyclopteris 2
6. Athyrium 4
I). 7. Aspienium ..... 8
K. 8. Scolopendrium 1
F. 9. Blechmim ............. . 1
10. Stegania. 1
G. 11. Pteris 1
12. Adiantum 1
II. 13. Woodsia 1
14. Trichomanes 1
15. Hymenophyllmn ....... . 1
I. 16. Bostrichium ............ 3
K. 17. Ophioglossum 1
2. Lycopodiacece.
18. Lycopodium 5
19. Bernhardia ..... . . 2
20. Isoetes 1
3. Marsileaceee.
21. Pilularia 1
4. Equisetacece.
22. Equisetum ............. . 7
5. Charades.
23. Chara 5
2 B. Pl. end. phenogams.
6. Fluviatiles.
24. Zannicbellia 2
25. Ruppia 1
26. Potamogiton ...14
27. Zostera 1
7. Aroidecc.
28. Arum 1
7 *. Lemnadece.
28 * . Lemna 4
8. Typhacece.
29. Sparganium 2
30. Platanaria 1
31. Typha 3
9. Cyperacea.
A. 32. Carex 25
33. Trasus 34
34. Cobresia 1
B. 35. Cyperus 2
36. Gladhun ............... . 1
37. Cliaetospora 2
38. Rhyricospora 2
39. Sclioenus .............. . 2
C. 40. Scirpus ................. 1 1
41 . Eleocharis 2
42. Isolepis ............ 3
43. Trichophorum ......... . 1
44. Eriophorum ............ 5
10. Gr amines,.
A. 42*. Nardns I
43*.Qphiurus 2
44*.Hordeum 2
45. Zeocriton 5
46. Seeale 1
47. Elymus.. 3
48. Loliurn 3
49. Agropyrum 5
50. Triticum. .............. . 7
B. 51. Cynodon ............ 1
C. 52. Sclerochloa ............ . 1
53. Megastachya 1
54. Poa 20
55. Briza 3
56. Enodium 1
57. Melica. 2
58. Triodia 1
59. Brachypodium . ... 4
60. Schenodorus . 5
61. Zerna 5
62. Bromus 7
63. Festuca 10
64. Yulpia 3
65. Glyceria... 1
66. Dactylis 1
67. Kceleria. 1
68. Cynosurus 1
69. Sesleria 1
70. Chrysurus 1
D. 71, Aruud.o 1
E. 72. Trisetum 1
73. Danthonia 1
74. Avena 7
75. Arrhenatherum 2
76. Catabrosia. 1
77. Aira 4
78. Anthoxanthum 1
78*.Hierochloa 1
79. Holcus 2
80. Deschampsia ............ 2
81. Corynephorus 1
F. 82. Chilochloa 4
83. Plileum 3
84. Phalaris 2
85. Alopecurus 6
86. Psamma 1
87. Spartina. ... 1
88. Vilfa .. 5
89. Agrostis r . ............. 3
90. Apera...., 2
b 2
GENERA.
SI. Agraulus 3
92. Aehnatheriuin. ........ . 1
93. Cal&magrostis 2
94. Gastridium I
95. Polypogon . 2
96. Lagurus 1
G. 97. Stipa.......... 1
H. 98. Milium 1
99. Milora 1
100. Digitaria ...» 2
101. Setaria 3
102. Ecliihochloa 1
11. Uestiace/E.
103. Eriocaulon 1
12. Juncece .
104. Acortis * * 1
105. Juncus .....23
106. Luzula ^
107. Abama.... 1
13. CotcJiicacetB .
108. Tofieldia 1
109. Colchicum 1
14. IJUacecE.
HO. Tulipa 1
111. Fritillaria 1
15. Asphodelece.
A. 112. Phalangium... - 1
B. 113. Muscari • J
114. Hyacinthus 1
C. 115. Honorius * J
116. Scilla £
117. OraitbogaVum 2
118. Gagea....... J
D. 119. Moly 1
120. Allium £
121. Cepa 5
16. Asparagece.
122. Asparagus.. - 1
17. Smllacea „
123. Paris. 1
124. Convallaria 1
125. Polygonatum 3
126. Riiscus . . . .... . ... • 1
18. Tamacece .
127. Tauius 1
19. Amaryllideoe .
128. Narcissus 2
129. Ajax 2
130. Leucojum 1
131. Galanthus 1
20. Iridea.
A. 1 32. Crocus 3
133. Trichomema 1
B. 134. Iris 3
21. Orchidete*
A. 135. Loroglossum 1
136. Aceras I
137. Anacamptis 1
138. Orchis 8
139. Ophrys 3
140. Gymnadenia 1
141. Entaticus 2
142. Platanihera 1
143. Herminium 1
B. 144. Goodyera 1
C. 145. Spiranthes 1
146. Neottia 1
147. lister a 2
148. Cephalanthera .... 3
149. Epipactis 2
150. Cypripedium 1
D. 151. Pseudorchis 1
152. Malax is 1
153. Corallorhiza 1
22. Alismacete.
154. Sagittaria 1
155. Aiisma 3
156. Damasonium 1
23. Butomacece.
157. Butomus 1
24. Juncaginece.
158. Scheuchzeria 1
159. Triglochin 2
25. Hydrocharidea .
160. Hydrocharis 1
161. Stratiotes I
GENERA,
XXL
8. PLANT.® EXOGEN A2.
3 A, Pl. ex. monochlxmyde;e.
I. Abietidece,
1. Pinus I
2. Abies 2
3. Larix i
2. Cupressidees.
4. Juniperus 2
3. Taxidece.
5. Taxus 1
4. Salicince.
6. Salix 57
7. Pop ul us 4
5. Betulideee .
8. Betula 2
"9. Alnus 1
6. Corylidece.
10. Carpi nus I
11. Corylus 1
12. Quercus 3
13. Fagus 1
14. Castanea 1
7. Myricee.
15. Myrica 1
7 *. Empetridece.
15*. Empetrurn 1
8. Ulmacece.
16. Ulrnus .... 5
9. Urticacece,
17. Lupulus 1
18. Urtica 3
19. Parietaria 1
20. Cannabis 1
? 21. Xanthium 1
10. Euphorbiacece.
A. 22. Galarhoeus 4
23. Esula 6
24. Characias 2
25. Chamaesyce 1
55. 26. Mercurialis 2
27. Buxus 1
II. Aristolochice.
28. Aristolochiae 1
29. Asarum 1
12. Sanlalacea.
30. Thesiura 1
1 3. Eleagnea ?»
31. Hippophae 1
14. Thy melee.
32. Daphne 3
15. Polygonee.
A. 33. Bistorfa. 2
34. Persicaria 9
35. Polygonum 1
36. Fagopyrum 3
B. 37. Lapalhum 11
38. Acetosa 3
39. Oxyria 1
16. Chenopodee.
40. Blitum 1
41. Beta 2
42. Spinachia 2
43. Atriplex 7
44. Chenopodium 14
45. Salicornia 4
46. Salsola 1
17. Am ar ant hi dee.
47. Amaranthus 1
3 B. Pl. EX. COROLLIFLORiE.
18. Plantaginidei e.
48. Plantago. 3
49. Arnoglossum 6
50. Asterogeura 1
19. Liltorcllidee,
51. Littorella 1
20. Staticine.
52. Statice l
53. Limonium 2
21. Primulacee.
54. Centunculus i
55. Anagallis 2
56. Irasekia 1
57. Lysimachia 2
58. Naumburgia 1
59. Nu miliaria l
60. Hottonia 1
61. Trientalis 1
62. Primula 4
63. Cyclamen 1
63*.Samolus 1
63**.Glaux 1
22. Rhinanthucee.
A. 64. Veronica 21
65. Sibthorpia 1
66. Euphrasia 1
67. Odontites 1
68. Bartsia 2
xxii GENERA.
*
69. Rhinanthus 1
70. Pedicularia 2
Jj, 71. Melampyrum 4
23. Orobancbece.
72; Orobanche . 6
73. Lathroea i
24. Lentibulance,
74. Utricularia , 3
75. Pinguicuia 3
25. Scrofularim.
76. Limosella 1
77. Scrofularia 4
78. Elatine 2
79. Cymbalaria 1
80. Antirrhinum 4
81. Oronti'um 2
82. Digitalis 1
26. Solanees.
A. 83. Verbascutn . . 8
84. Hyoscjamus .. 2
85. Nicotiana 1
86. Stramonium 1
B. 87. Atropa 1
88. Dulcamara 1
89. Solanum 3
90. Lycopersicon 1
27. Gentian# .
A. 91. Pneumonantlie 2
92. Ericala 3
93. Erythalia 2
94. Erythraea 3
95. Franquevillia 1
96. Chlora 1
97. Swertia 1
B. 98. Limnanthes 1
99. Menyanthes 1
28. Polemoniace# ✓
100. Polemonium !
29. Vine#.
101. Vinca 2
30. Ctmvolvulacces.
A. 102. Calystegia 2
103. Convolvulus 2
B. 104. Cuscuta 1
105. Cassytha 1
31. Boraginees .
106. Myosotis 5
107. Cynoglossum 2
108. Omphalodes 1
109. Borrago 1
110. Asperiigo 1
111. Baglossa 2
112. Anchusa I
113. Pulmonaria . . . ; 2
114. Mertensia . 1
115. TEgonychon 2
116. Lithospermiim 1
117. Symphytum 2
118', Ec ilium 2
32. Labiates,
119. Lycopus 1
120. Mentha ..12
121. Pulegium... 1
122. Bugula 4
123. Chamaedrys 3
124. Scorodonia 1
125. Lavandula....... 1
126. Nepeta 1
127. Betonica 1
128. Stachys 3
129. Trixago 1
130. Eriostomum 3
131. Glechoma... 2
132. Lamium 5
133. Galeobdolon 1
134. Galeopsis 6
135. Cardiaca 1
136. Batlofe 1
137. Marrubium ....... 1
138. Origanum .. 1
139. Majorana . . 2
140. Thymus ^ 4
141. Acynos 1
142. Calamintha 2
143. Satureja 2
144. Clinopodium 1
145. Melissa................ I
146. Melittis I
147. Salvia i
148. Sclarea.... 1
149. Horminum 1
150. Brunella 1
151. Scutellaria 2
33. Pyrenaceep .
152. Verbena I
34. Oleines .
153. Ligustrum ....
35. Fraxinees.
154. Fraxinus 1
3 C. Pn. EX. CALYCIFLORiE.
36. E Heines.
A. 155. Menziesia 1
1 56. Phyllodoce 1
157. Eremocallis 2
158. Gypsocallis 1
159. Caliuna 1
1 60. Andromeda . ........... 3
GENERA,
xxm
161. Arbutus
162. Uva ursi
B. 163. Chamaecistus
165. Pyrola
166. Moneses
£. 167. Hypopitys
37. Vaccinece.
168. Vaccinium
169. Vitis-Idaea
170. Oxycoccus
38. Campanulaceee.
A. 171. Campanula
172. Legousia
173. Phyteuma
174. Jasione
B. 175. Lobelia
39. Composites.
A. 176. Lapsana
177. Arnoseris.
178. Chondrilla
179. Prenanthes
180. Lactuca
181. Sonchus
182. Hieracium
183. Crepis
184. Barkhausia . . , .. .
185. Taraxacum ......
186. Achyrophorus . . .
187. Hypochseris.
188. Thrica
189. Yirea
190. Picris
191. Helminthia
192. Tragopogon ....
193. Cichorium
B. 194. Onopordnm
195. Arctium
196. Serratula
197. Silybum
198. Carduus
199. Cirsium .. .tv. ..
200. Bennettia
201. Carlina
202. Cyanus
203. Phrygia
204. Jacea
205. Hippophasstum .
206. Polyacantha . . .
207. Leucantha .....
C. 208. Calendula
209. Helianthus
210. Bidens
211. Tanacetum
212. Artemisia
213. Absinthium
214. Diotis .........
215. Chrysanthemum.
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
9
2
1
1
2
4
4
18
2
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
3
8
1
3
1
1
2
1
6
1
1
216. Leucanthemum .... I
217. Pyrethrum 2
218. Matricaria 1
219. Chamomilla 1
220. Beilis 1
221. Chamaemelum 2
222. Maruta 1
223. A n them is 2
224. Achillea 4
225. Antennaria 2
226. Gnaphalium 5
227. Filago 4
228. Conyza 1
229. Pulicaria 2
230. Inula 1
231. Eritheis. I
232. Eurybia 1
233. Solidago 1
234. Erigeron 1
235. Trimorpha 3
236. Chrysocoma I
237. Doronicum.. 1
238. Cineraria 3
239. Senecio 9
240. Tussilago 1
241. Petasites 1
242. Eupatorium 1
40. Dipsacece.
243. Dipsacus 2
244. Galedragon 1
245. Succisa 1
246. Columbaria 1
247. Scabiosa 1
41. Valerianeee.
248. Valeriana 4
249. Centranthus 1
250. Valerianella 2
42. Rubiacece .
251. Sherardia 1
252. Asperula 2
253. Galium 14
254. Rubia . 2
43. Caprifoliacece.
A. 255. Linnsea I
256. Xylosteon 1
257. Periclymenum 2
B. 258. Viburnum 1
259, Opulus 1
260. Sambucus 2
C. 261. Cornus 2
262. Iledera 1
44. Loranthidcee.
264. Viscmn I
2 265. Adoxa i
XXIV
GEN Ell A,
45. Umbelliferee .
266. Daucus
267. San i cula
268. Torilis
269. Caucalis
270. Turgenia
271. Cerefoliurn
272. Anthriscus
273. Scandix
274. Myrrhis
275. Chaerophyllum .
276. Drepanophyllum
277. Si um
278. liydrocotyle
279. Cicuta
280. Phellandrium. . .
281. (Enanthe
282. Echinophora ...
283. Crithmum.-
284. Pirn pi nella
285. Trin ia
286. vEthnsa
287. Coni inn
288. Bu nium
289. iEgo podium ...,
290. Carum
291. Meum
292. Ligusticura
293. Pseudospermum..
294. Libanotis ..
295. Thyssel ilium
296. lmperatoria
297. Angelica
298. Archangelica . . .
299. Spondylium
300. Tordylium
301. Coriandrum. . . . .
302. Peucedanum ,
303. Pastinaca
304. Silaus
305. Petroselinum
306. Apium
307. Fceniculum
308. Smyrnium
309. Bupleuruui
310. Agostana
311. Eryngium
46. Saxifragece,
312. Robertsonia .....
313. Hydatica
314. Miscopetalum
315. K ingstonia ......
31 6. Saxiftaga
317. Chrysosplenium .
47. Crassulacece.
318. Umbilicus
319. Tillaea
320. Sesluiu
1
3
7
1
4
5
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
l
13
321. Sempervivtnn ... . . .. 1
48. Portnlacea’.
322. Montia. ....... 1
49. Paronychidece,
A. 323. Seleranthua 2
324. Adenarium 1
B. 325. Illecebrum 1
326. Corrigiola 1
327. Herniaria 2
328. Polyearpon 1
C. 329. Larbrea 1
50. Grossularia,
330. Ribes 5
51. Cucurbit acece.
331. Bryonia 1
332. Cucumis 2
333. Cucurbita 1
52. Salic arice,
334. Ly thrum 2
335. Portula 1
53. Tumaricince .
336. Tamarix I
54. Ceratophyllece.
337. Ceratophyilum ........ 2
55. Ilaloragece.
338. Callitriche 2
339. Hippnris 1
340. Myriophyllnm . . 2
56. Onagrarice.
A. 341. Circsea 3
B. 342. (Enothera . 1
343. Chamaenerion 1
344. Epilobium 7
57. Potnacece.
345. Pyrus
346. Crataegus
347. Mespilus.
58. Rosaceee.
348. Rosa 26
59. Agrimoniacece.
349. Poferium 1
350. Sanguisorba 1
351. Alchemilla 4
352. Agrimonia 1
60. Dryadece.
353. Dryas 1
354. Ceiun 3
355. Sibbuldia i
GENERA,
XXV
356. Potentilla. . 14
357. Fragaria 2
358. Rubus 8
61. Ulmarice .
359. Spiraea 3
62. Drupacece.
360. Cerasus 3
361. Prunus 3
63. Leguminosae.
A. 362. Ulex 2
363. Genista 4
364. Ononis 1
365. Anthyllis 1
B. 366. Trifolium 17
367. Melilotus I
368. Medieago.... 6
369. Trigonella 1
370. Lotus. 3
371. Glycyrrhiza 1
C. 372. Oxytropus 2
373. Astragalus.. 2
D. 374. Lathyrus 7
375. Pisum ... . 2
376. Orobus 4
377. Vicia 12
E. 378. Ornithopus.. 1
379. Hippocrepis 1
380. Onobrychis 1
64. Celastvince .
381. Staphylea... 1
382. Evonymus 1
382*. Ilex 1
65. Rhamnece .
383. Rhamnus 2
3 D. Pl. ex. thalamiflorjE.
66. Geraniece .
A. 384. Erodium 4
385. Geranium 13
B. 386. Impatiens T 1
C. 387. Oxalis 3
67. Hypericinece .
388. Androsaemum. . 1
389. Hypericum ............ 10
68. Acerineoe.
390. Acer. 2
69. Tiliacece .
391. Tilia 2
70. Malvaceae .
392. Malva 3
393. Althapa ... 2
VOL. I.
394. Lavatera 1
71. Linece .
395. Linum 5
72. Caryophylleae.
A. 396. Saponaria 1
397. Dianthus 5
398. Cucebalus 3
399. Silene 8
400. Lychnis . . 6
B. 401. Buffonia I
402. Wiiliselliis I
403. Sagina 3
404. Spergula 5
405. Cherleria. . 1
406. Arenaria 5
407. Alsinella 3
408. Holosteum 1
409. Stellaria ..16
410. Moenchia I
73. Cistinece.
411. Helianthemum ..... 7
74. FrunkeniaCea? .
412. Frankenia 2
75. Droseraceae.
413. Drosera 3
76. Resedacece.
414. Reseda 2
77. Polygaleae.
415. Polygala 2
78. Violacece.
416. Viola 7
79. Parnassiee.
417. Parnassia ............ . 1
80. Cruciferae.
A. 418. Cardamine 7
419. Arabis 6
420. Turritis 1
421. Barbarea 2
422. Nasturtium 4
423. Sisymbrium 3
424. Erysimum 3
425. Cheiranthus 1
426. Matthiola 2
427. Hesperis 1
B. 428. Brassica 5
429. Sinapis 5
C. 430. Raphanus 1
431. Raphanistrum 2
D. 432. Cakile 1
433. Crarnbe 1
E. 434. Coronopus 2
c
XXVI
GENERA,
F. 435. Isatis
G. 436. Vella ...........
437. Thlaspi ...
438. Nasturtiolum
439. Teesdalia
440. Iberis .
441. Lepidium ,
442. Cochlearia
443. Subularia
444. Draba
445. Camelina
446. Alyssum
81. Fumarideee.
447. Fumaria
448. Corydalis
82. Pcipaveracece.
449. Chelidonium
450. Glaucium
451. Cerastites
452. Papaver
83. Nymphacece.
453. Nuphar
454e Nymphaea 1
84. Berberideee.
455. Berberis 1
456. Epimedium. 1
85. Ranunculacece.
A. 457. Actaea 1
458. Paeonia .. 2
B. 459. Consolida 1
460. Aquilegia 1
461. Helieborus 2
462. Trollius 1
463. Caltha S
C. 464. Ficaria 1
465. Ranunculus 13
466. Batrachium 5
467. Myosurus
D. 468. Adonis
469. Anemonanthaja
470. Pulsatilla... 1
471. Thai i drum 4
E. 472. Clematis 1
1
1
4
1
1
1
5
4
1
5
1
1
3
3
2
3
5
2
2
oo to
XXV11
TOTAL NUMBERS.
Fam.
Gen .
Spec .
CelSulosae ....
.... 14
375
3936
Endogense . . . ,
, . . . 26
166
477
Exogenas ....
474
1218
126
1015
3631
XXV 111
“ Call the vales, and bid them hither cast
Their bells, and Oow’rets of a thousand hues,
Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers use
Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing brooks;
On whose fresh lap, the swart star sparely looks.
Throw hither all your quaint enamelled eyes.
That on the green turf suck the honied showers.
And purple all the ground with vernal flowers.’5
Milton.
INTRODUCTION
TO
BOTANY.
1. On the Use of Botany.
The use and pleasure of studying botany have been so
long acknowledged, that it may seem perfectly superfluous
to discourse upon that subject ; but a slight sketch of the
use and pleasure accruing by this study is here given, in
order to convince those students, who have not yet reflected
upon the subject, that in bestowing their time, their labour,
or their money, upon the acquirement of this science, they
will not court an ungrateful mistress, but one who will
amply reward them for the pains they take in acquiring
her.
The greater part of those who study botany, are persons
of the medical profession, and of course the use of botany
in medicine is the first to be considered. It will therefore
be necessary, before any further progress is made, to advert
to the great difference between practising in large cities
and sea-port towns on the one hand, and in country vil-
lages on the other. To the former merchants resort, and
the warehouses are filled with the choicest drugs of foreign
regions; the poverty induced by the vicissitudes of com-
merce requires alleviation from the charity of the rich, hos-
pitals and dispensaries arise, and become medical schools.
The time of the practitioners being fully occupied by the
denseness of the population, they find it more convenient
to use the drugs in the warehouses, than to collect them-
selves the indigenous productions of the surrounding coun-
try; hence they regard with indifference whether the drug
be native or foreign, and this indifference, or rather pre-
ference for foreign drugs, passes of course into the phar-
macopoeias published in those cities.
VOL. I. B
2
■INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
But these commercial ideas have less force in the country.
There the practitioner has more time on his hands ; in his
rounds to visit his patients, he can collect the herbs pro-
fusely scattered in his path, and although his education at
the hospitals in town naturally influences him in his choice,
yet if prudence has any share in his character, he must be
struck with the impropriety of neglecting the resources
freely offered by nature to his possession for purchased ones.
It is a favourite axiom with botanical physicians that where
nature produces diseases, there she also produces the reme-
dies for them, and they adduce in proof of this dogma, the
growth of scurvy grass, and other antiscorbutic plants in
those cold climates where scurvy reigns as an epidemic ; of
pepper and other spices in hot countries where the stomach
is liable to torpor, and requires an extraordinary stimulus to
promote its healthy action ; as also of calamus aromaticus
in those humid situations which are liable to intermittent
fevers; and of sarsaparilla and guiacum in the regions, sup-
posed to be the native seats of the venereal lues, and where,
according to a Spanish traveller, d’ Aranda, in his account
of South America, it is a sporadic disease. Without abso-
lutely professing a dogma, which has much appearance of
truth in it, there can be no doubt but that the remedies ne-
cessary for most of the diseases that afflict human nature
may be found at the country practitioner’s own door, or
very near at hand. That he may be enabled however to
make use of them, it is necessary he should know them well,
the more especially as many plants are so much alike, that
it requires attention directed to proper characteristics to
distinguish them. Now botany is that science which enables
us to distinguish plants from one another, to assign to them
their proper names, and to declare their several uses ;
without which last part, although too often neglected by
the general botanist, it would be a barren study.
Another part of medicine, in which the use of botany
is evident, too frequently happens, in consequence of the
similitude of plants to one another, so that those ignorant
of the means of distinguishing them are led to use a plant
of such powerful action on the human frame as to kill, or
very violently affect, the unfortunate person who has mis-
taken it for some nutrimental vegetable, especially foreign-
ers, who use a greater variety of vegetables than ourselves.
Yet even among us, the instances are not rare in which
hemlock has been mistaken for parsley, the roots of wild
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
3
cicely, or cow- weed, for parsneps, dog’s mercury for a
spinage-herb, the berries of nightshade for esculent ones,
and more especially the deleterious mushrooms for those
that are eatable with some degree of safety, for, in truth,
all are to be held as of doubtful salubrity. Now the skilful
botanist, who can determine from the remains of what has
been taken the cause of the symptoms, has an evident ad-
vantage in respect to the mode of treating his patient, over
one who is ignorant of the cause, and must therefore pre-
scribe at random. And if the practitioner can thus save
one fellow-creature from the grave, and restore him to his
friends, far more a dear relative, a cherished companion,
this alone would amply repay him for the study of this
science. And it is on this account, that the Society of
Apothecaries of London, to whom the legislation have
lately committed the examination of persons intending to
practise as apothecaries, have given public notice, that they
expect the applicants for a license to be competent in me-
dical botany.
As to the economical or general use of botany, although
it be of course more varied than the medical, less need be
said about it. Our houses are principally built and fur-
nished from the vegetable kingdom of nature; and this is
also the case with ships and other vessels : plants furnish
us with a very considerable part of our clothing; this
clothing, and the ornamental drapery of our houses, is
dyed of various colours by different vegetables. Hence
the study of that science which exhibits these various uses
cannot but be instructive to all.
The diet of mankind is, in the warmer regions of the
earth, almost entirely vegetable; as the climate becomes
colder, more and more animal food is taken, until in the
cold regions of the North, man becomes nearly a carni-
vorous animal. But vegetables are never entirely disused
by him ; hence a knowledge of them is of universal use,
more especially to travellers, who may thus instruct a whole
nation in the use of plants abundantly produced in their
country, yet either disregarded by them, or even consi-
dered as deleterious, although in fact one of the agreeable
luxuries of the table : nor is this an idle supposition. The
embassy sent from Bengal to Thibet observed in their route
the strawberry growing plentifully in the woods ; on de-
siring their conductors to gather some, they were informed
that it was a poisonous berry : this naturally enough pro-
duced some hesitation, lest they might be deceived by a
b 2
4
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
mere resemblance of that delicious fruit ; but, upon investi-
gation of the botanical characters of the flower, its identity
was confirmed, and the natives were highly pleased to have
their supposed poisonous berry shown to be one of the
most pleasant and wholesome fruits.
But the most striking use of botany is when famine is
apprehended ; for although direct experiments may enable
a person to discover what plants are wholesome and nu-
tritive from those which are not, yet these experiments re-
quire time when none, particularly in cases of shipwreck,
can be spared, and from the greater number of poisonous,
or, at least, medicinal plants of very violent operation, the
experiments would, if not guided by botanical analogies,
be highly dangerous, and inevitably fatal in many cases.
But by knowing the botanical characters of those families
of plants which abound in edible fruits, or are remarkable
for any other dietetic articles, considerable advantages will
be gained, and unknown articles may be freely used with
little apprehension of danger. This is a species of know-
ledge less cultivated in the British islands than it ought to
be, especially considering the maritime situation which
leads so many of their inhabitants to embrace a seafaring
life, and become exposed to the dangers of shipwreck upon
uninhabited coasts ; and where the dauntless energetic
spirit of our youth impels so many to engage in distant
expeditions, and the unfortunate issue of some of these
expeditions, for what mortal can always command success,
plunges them into distressful circumstances in a foreign and
perhaps inhospitable country.
Another use, if I may so express myself, is the con-
templation of the beauties of nature ; and in this respect
botany yields to no other branch of human knowledge,
and in one respect surpasses most in that, while wealth
may exhibit its splendour in collecting living plants, yet
the study is also compatible with the most humble fortunes,
and may be made to beguile the tedious hours of conva-
lescence, while it need not confine the sufferer to his room,
but will even entice him forth to breathe the dewy incense
of the morn. Few are the studies that require so little
apparatus, or less trouble to produce a collection, which
will lie in a small compass, and will afford an agreeable
exhibition to friends and visitors.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
5
2. The Rise and Progress of Botany , particularly in England .
The modern botanists, who are overwhelmed with the
continually increasing number of new plants offered to their
view, and the necessity of learning the ever-varying no-
menclature, are accused, perhaps with some justice, of
paying less attention to the uses of plants than they ought;
and, on the other hand, the ancients seem to have had no
other idea of botany than as being the knowledge of the
grains, pulse, potherbs, 8c c. of use in domestic economy,
or of those plants which chance, or experiments made in
the great hierarchal colleges of Persia or Egypt, had shown
to be of use in the cure of the sick and hurt; for it ap-
pears by the Greek authors, whose writings Jhave survived
the barbarism which took place in Europe on the sub-
version of the Western Empire by the northern nations,
that it was the intention of the early Greek writers, in their
botanical works, rather to relate the uses or culture of
plants, than to describe them so that posterity might be
enabled to recognize them whenever they were met with.
Hippocrates the Coan, the venerable father of medicine,
the lineal descendant of that Esculapius whom the grati-
tude of mankind had raised to divine honours, is the oldest
author we possess, being born about four hundred and fifty
years before Christ. Those who are versed in the history
of medicine, well know the valuable use he made of the
cases recorded in the temples of his ancestor, which were
the public hospitals of antiquity, especially in respect to
the prognosis of diseases. He has mentioned, in his the-
rapeutic writings, the uses of about two hundred and forty
plants; and he would have merited still more the thanks
of mankind, if he had carefully described them, so that
we might be certain of the species of plants which he in-
tended by those names. — This task he seems to have left
to Cratevas, of whose knowledge in botany he makes the
most honourable mention. The loss of the works of Cra-
tevas is much to be deplored, as they probably contained
the description, or at least place of growth, of the plants
mentioned by Hippocrates.
The expansion of the human intellect which took place
in consequence of the freedom of opinion that was allowed
in Athens, under the mild but firm government of Pisis-
tratus, by wdiich the factious demagogues and the priest
of that city were restrained from persecuting every man
6
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
whose abilities were superior to their own, caused that city
to become the focus of literature and science; and the
waitings produced in that short space of time still remain
the noblest monuments of the powers of the human mind,
for they have commanded the admiration of succeeding
ages, and left nothing for future writers to do but to imi-
tate, as far as is possible, their excellencies. In the schools
which were then established, that of the peripatetics, whose
founder was Aristotle, was the one that, cultivating natural
history, of course merits most notice in a history of botany.
Aristotle, the son of a perfumer, who were in those days
the dispensers of compound medicines prescribed by lay
practitioners, had, from his well-merited reputation, been
raised to be the tutor of Alexander the Great ; and, on his
pupil becoming possessed of the treasures collected by the
Persian monarch, he formed the project, among other vast
schemes of literary renown, of writing a complete history
of natural substances from actual observation, or the rela-
tion of the numerous collectors which his influence over
his former pupil enabled him to employ; and took the
zoological and meteorological parts under his own imme-
diate care ; and his History of Animals, although little re-
garded in the schools engaged in teaching the elements of
knowledge, is a splendid monument of his abilities.
The mineralogical and botanical part of this general
history of nature was entrusted to his pupil Theophrastus,
who also succeeded to the professorial chair in the public
school. A work of Theophrastus on minerals, and two on
plants, have, after a very narrow escape from oblivion,
descended to our times. He treats his subject generally
in a philosophical manner. In his book on the causes of
plants, he considered the propagation, culture, qualities,
and uses of plants in general ; but very few are described
by him in a particular manner,, as he supposes the reader
to be either acquainted with them, or to be informed by
a master. In his larger work, entitled, the History of
Plants, he mentions about five hundred plants, and begins
with the organization, generation, and propagation of
vegetables. In the third and fourth books he goes on to
treat largely upon trees ; then follows his observations
upon timber and choice of it. The sixth book is on shrubs,
thorny plants, roses, and other ornamental plants usually
cultivated in gardens. In the seventh he treats upon
kitchen-garden plants, and those that grow wild. In the
eighth upon grain of different kinds, upon which he is very
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
7
copious. The ninth and last book is upon gums-, exuda-
tions, and the means of obtaining them. It is much to
be lamented, that neither Aristotle nor Theophrastus,
whose mental abilities were of the first order, perceived the
advantages that would accrue from a detailed description
of natural substances, by which a student deprived of the
viva voce instruction of a master might be enabled to re-
cognise them.
The next author that occurs is Dioscorides. As a phy-
sician, the object of Dioscorides being only the materia
medica , he discusses each article used by medical practi-
tioners in a separate chapter, and comprises the whole in
five books ; in which, although the order is not very exactly
kept, the vegetables are treated of as they are aromatic,
alimentary, and medicinal. For the precedence of the
aromatics two reasons may be given : one, the usual pre-
ference given to objects of luxury above those of use ; and
the other, that the perfumers were the apothecaries of
ancient times, and naturally affected those substances which
formed the principal articles of their trade, especially when
we consider the much greater use of perfumed oils and
ointments by the ancients than by the moderns. His de-
scriptions are chiefly respecting the colour, size, mode of
growing as compared with other plants then well known,
and therefore left undescribed. Thus he says : Hyssopus
is well known to all ; and then having compared origanum
to hyssop, he compares centaurium minus, tragoriganum,
serpillum, marum, polycnemon, symphytum petraeum,
ageratum, papaver erraticum, to origanum ; so that the
knowledge of all these plants are made to depend upon that
of hyssop. In like manner ocimum is made a type for the
knowledge of the first sort of calamintha, acinum, oci-
moides, crinum, solanum, mercurialis, and heliotropium;
although by the lapse of years, the ocimum of Dioscorides
is now become uncertain, and of course the knowledge of
the other plants is rendered unattainable.
Although Columella and Cato among the Romans wrote
on Husbandry, yet none of their works can be said to be
botanical. Pliny the elder, who commanded the Roman
fleet stationed in the Bay of Naples, and who perished in
the year of Christ 71, in an attempt to explore an eruption
of Mount Vesuvius, is the only author of that nation whose
writings can be said to belong to the scope of our work.
In his Historia Mundi, a vast encyclopaedia, scarcely less
varied than the world itself, he has treated from the 12th
8
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
to the 2 7 tli book upon plants, as well philosophically as
historically, medically, economically, magically, &c. A
great part of his work is nearly the same as Dioscorides,
who, however, is never quoted by name, and therefore,
considering the candour with which Pliny names the writers
from whom his book was extracted, there is reason to
think that Dioscorides and Pliny wrote about the same
time, and both made use of the same author, either Sextius
Niger, or Diodorus, or Julius Bassus, but more probably,
as it would appear from certain passages in Dioscorides,
of Niger. Pliny, however, was a mere compiler, and
whatever knowledge of plants he might haVe acquired in
his walks in the physic garden of Antonins Castor, it is
certain that none of it appears in his work, which exhibits
only a collection of memorandums badly translated from
the Greek, in which, for want of critical and botanical
knowledge, numerous mistakes are evident. The design
of the work was grand, but far too vast to be accomplished
by any one man, and especially by one immerged in public
business. The order in which he has disposed his subjects
is very confused. The great value of Pliny’s work, there-
fore, consists in his having preserved to us the remains of
ancient knowledge on the subject, and especially the ap-
plication of it to the arts of life in those remote times, so
that he may be considered as the historian of ancient bo-
tany ; and to his indefatigable industry we owe the names
of several hundred substances not mentioned by those other
ancient writers whose works have been preserved ; although
it must be confessed, that much of this knowledge is of little
use, as the substances denoted by those names are un-
known for want of descriptions.
The next writer that occurs is Apulejus. This author,
who lived in the second century, %w as born at Madura in
Africa, which was then a kind of university. Pie afterwards
studied at Carthage and Athens, and for some time applied
himself to the profession of the law in Rome; but marrying
a rich widow, he retired from the bar, and wholly gave
himself up to philosophy and the practice of physic. He
is well known as the author of “ The Golden Ass” one of
the few works of amusement, or what is called light read-
ing, that have descended to us from the ancients. But the
work which entitles him to our notice is his book, De
Herbis, sive de Nominibus et Virtutibus Herbarium In
this work he gives the synonyms of 130 medicinal herbs in
Greek, Latin, Egyptian, Punic, Celtic, Dacian, and of
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
9
some in the oriental languages, which he had acquired in
his travels. After these names he adds a short description
of the plant, the place of growth, and the properties of
it. Some of the critics have supposed that this work is
supposititious, and written long after his time. Johnson,
who edited the second edition of Gerardc’s Herbal, imagined
it was the translation of a work written by some physician
of Constantinople in the eighth century, but Fabricius
thinks this conjecture is not probable; indeed internal evi-
dence seems against it. Apulejus was a heathen priest,
well read in his religion, and much attached to it, as well
by natural inclination as from the persecutions he suffered
from the Christian relations of his wife, who accused him
of magic, and of obtaining her hand and fortune by sor-
cery; now the work is filled with those modes of exhibiting
remedies, which, although only intended by the practitioner
to aid their operation by the power of fancy, are usually
considered by others as superstitious, and even magical.
Galen, who was born about 133 years after Christ, was
contemporary with Apulejus, and became so celebrated as
a physician and medical writer, as to have entirely ruled in
the schools of medicine, to the exclusion of almost every
other author. His industry in acquiring a knowledge of
the materia medica, including medical botany, was very
great, as he sailed to Lemnos to investigate the terra
Lemnia in its native bed, to Cyprus to visit the mines and
collect cadmia, pompholyx, diphryges, chalcanthum, and
other minerals; as also to Cilicia, Phoenicia, Crete, and
Egypt. His writings are as remarkable for their diffuse
style, and his continual digressions, as those of Pliny are
for their conciseness; and it is not easy to say which is
the most tiresome to the reader, or requires the steadiest
attention to peruse. Galen principally treats of plants in
the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of his work, On
Simples, in which he mentions the uses of about 450 me-
dical plants. Pie also occasionally treats of several others
in different parts of his works. It was his great object to
account for their effects from the second and third qualities,
as they were called; that is to say, from the degree of their
dryness or moisture, and heat and coldness, of each of which
he distinguishes four degrees. In his introduction, he
writes against those authors who had attempted to describe
plants, and thinks the knowledge of them is better acquired
by tradition. When we consider the great authority which
the writings of Galen bore in the schools of medicine for
10
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
so many centuries, we need not wonder at the loss of these
writers thus branded as nearly useless.
The Greek writers, Oribasius, Aetius, Egineta, who suc-
ceeded Galen, were such servile copiers of him, that they
merit not notice. At length, after the lapse of a few cen-
turies, the Arabs, inspired by the zeal of a new religion,
burst from their sandy deserts, and over-run the west of
Asia, the north of Africa, and south of Europe. As soon
as they had formed regular establishments, they began to
attend to the sciences, and translated the most popular
Greek authors.
In this they differed from the later Greeks, that being
devoid of that superstitious veneration which the Greeks
possessed for the writers of their golden age of literature,
they did not confine themselves to the knowledge that had
been delivered by those writers, but added much of their
own. To them physicians were indebted for the introduc-
tion into practice of berberries, cam ph ire, cloves, wall-
flower, cassia fistula, galangals, hyssop, kermes, lavender,
mace, manna, Persian manna, mezereon, myrobalans, nut-
megs, nymphsea, rhubarb, opium, sugar, gum sandarac,
red sanders, sebestens, senna, tamarinds, hops, and zedoary.
Though some of these medical plants have fallen into de-
suetude, others still remain, and form some of the prin-
cipal instruments of physicians to this day. Among these
Arab writers Serapio stands pre-eminent, although Rhazis,
Avicena, Actuarius (who wrote in Greek), and Mesue,
must not be forgotten ; and it may be also mentioned, to
the honour of the Arabs, that it is to them we are indebted,
if not for the invention, yet for the introduction of chemical
medicines into practice, so that we may easily estimate
the great improvements of which they were the introducers.
The writings of Galen, and of his Greek and Arabian
disciples, were the only ones taught in the medical schools
of Europe, through the medium of wretched translations,
from the seventh to the fifteenth century. As to those
parts of natural history, not comprised in the multifarious
materia medica of this period, the knowledge of them was
at the lowest ebb. What little was known was a mixture
of extracts from Pliny, and the relations of travellers who
endeavoured to give a wonderful cast to the most common
appearances ; who explained the mercantile names of articles
by some fancied etymology, and then invented a tale to
support the interpretation. In short, in the natural his-
torians of this long period, as Hildeguard, Sylvaticus,
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
J1
Glanville, and others now almost forgotten, the mixture of
truth and falsehood is at least in equal parts, as the authors
wrote down whatever they found in others, without exer-
cising any critical acumen to distinguish the truth.
A book under the name of Macer’s Herbal seems also
to have been common in England before the invention of
printing. Ovid praises the poetry of Macer, a medical
writer on herbs ; but as it is impossible he could mean the
barbarous leonine verses in which this book, De Naturis,
Qualitatibus, et Virtutibus Herbarum, are written, it is
generally allowed to be a pseudonymous work, and accord-
ingly it is ascribed by some to Odo, or Odobonus, said to
have been a French physician. It was translated into
English by Mr. John Lelamar, the master of Hertford
School, who lived about the year 1373. At the first in-
vention of printing two editions of it were published, and
it is surprising that so paltry a work, which treats only of
88 plants, should have been translated or commented upon
by the great Dr. Linacre, one of the medical ornaments of
the reign of Henry the Eighth, and who obtained from
that monarch the establishment of the College of Phy-
sicians.
While these inferior works engrossed the public atten-
tion, the writings of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny,
the true fathers of natural history, and in particular of
botany, were utterly neglected, and indeed scarcely known.
It was not until 1468, or the year after, that Pliny’s
History of Nature was first printed ; and from this author
Isidore and Platearius was speedily compiled, a German
work with the title of The Book of Nature, which treats
of animals and plants; of which latter 176 kinds are no-
ticed, and many of them figured. This work is supposed
by Seguier to be the first book on plants with wood-cuts : it
was published between the years 14-75 and 1478.
As the Greek language was but little understood in
Western Europe, till the conquest of Constantinople by a
people of a different religion drove the Greeks into Italy ;
and as this emigration was speedily followed by the inven-
tion of printing, the learned emigrants, who were obliged
to exert themselves to maintain their former station in so-
ciety, endeavoured to render the Greek authors fashionable
in the West.
Of the Greek naturalists, Dioscorides was the first
printed, with a Latin translation by Barbarus, a Venetian no-
bleman, who died at the early age of 29. This work was
12
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
brought out in 1478, and was followed in 1483 by an edi-
tion of Theophrastus, with a Latin translation by Theodore
Gaza, a Greek emigrant, which is still esteemed the best.
The translation of Dioscorides by Matthiolus, first printed
in 1554, supplanted that by Barbaras, and run through
seventeen editions, 32,000 copies being said to be sold before
the year 1561 ; but the edition of Caspar Bauhin, in 1598,
is now esteemed the best.
The publication of these fathers of botany was followed
by that of a host of commentaries upon them- whose au-
thors endeavoured to find the plants of Syria and Egypt
in Germany, forgetful of the difference of climate; and
thus, instead of dilucidating the author, they merely mis-
lead their followers. Even now7, after the labours of llau-
wolf, who travelled in Syria, Babylon, and Egypt, in the
sixteenth century ; of Tournefort, who travelled also in
Greece, Crete, &c.; and of Sir James Edward Smith; it
does not appear, that of the 700 medical plants mentioned
by Dioscorides, more than 400 can be said to be properly
ascertained.
These translations of the ancients were followed in 1484,
at which time Richard the Third reigned here, by a fa-
mous herbal, printed at Mentz, under the title of Herba-
rium ; and this was followed the next year by the Ortus
[i. e. Hortus] Sanitatis, ascribed to Cuba, a physician,
first of Augsburgh, and afterwards of Frankfort. The
vrood-cuts with which they are adorned, or rather dis-
figured, are rude, and seldom have much resemblance of
the thing wrhich they profess to illustrate.
Although printing was introduced into England in the
reign of Henry the Seventh, yet no works on botany, in
the English language, were produced in his reign, although
hunting and angling had occupied the labours of the press.
It was not indeed till 1516, the seventh of Henry the
Eighth, that the Grete Herbal, with cuts, appeared. This
book was very popular, and went through several editions.
There is no author’s name to it, but it was probably made
up from the French translation of the Hortus Sanitatis,
with some alterations and additions. It mentions more
than 400 vegetables, or their products, and of these about
150 are English, but they are no ways distinguished from
the exotics. The cuts are smaller than those of the Hortus,
but equally rude and inaccurate.
While the mere English reader wras obliged to content
himself with this miserable compilation, Qtho Bruns fel and
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
13
others were studying botany practically in the fields, and
endeavouring, as we already said, to reconcile the plants
of Germany to the descriptions of Dioscorides. Brunsfel’s
work was published in 1530, and Cordus, another writer
on the same subject, in 1535. The learned Gesner bestowed
part of his attention upon botany, and first proposed to
denominate all plants which have the same flower and fruit,
however different they may be in other respects, by the
same common name; or, in modern language, to found
the genera upon the fructification alone. The plants of
Germany were, however, still further examined by Leonard
Fuchs, a physician, and professor at Tubingen. His
History of Plants is adorned with 510 of the most beauti-
ful and correct outlines that have ever been cut in wood.
The draughtsmen employed were Henry FuJlmaurer and
Albert Meyer, and the wood-engraver was Vitus Rudolph
Speckle; all whose portraits, in half-lengths, are given at
the end of the work, as Fuchs’, in full length, ornaments
the back of the title. The author had good reason to be
proud of his artists. His great error was in applying the
names of Dioscorides to the plants of Northern Europe ;
nor was he less an admirer of Hippocrates and Galen,
whose medical writings he vigorously defended against all
opposers.
Although the Great Herbal was the only botanical work
published in England during the reign of the eighth
Harry, much attention was given to agriculture and
kitchen-gardening. One of the judges (Fitzherbert) did
not disdain to write on Husbandry. A committee of privy
council, the prototype of our present Board of Agriculture,
. was appointed to obtain statistical accounts of the king-
dom. Anne of Cleves, when transformed by act of Par-
liament from the wife into the sister of FI enry, endeavoured
to forget the slights of the monarch in the cultivation of
vegetables. And it is a’obable, that some of the kitchen-
gardeners at Chelsea are the descendants of the Flemish
gardeners, whom her real brother sent over to manage her
garden there.
The reign of Edward the Sixth was distinguished by
the publication of Turner’s New Herbal; in which the
alphabetical arrangement of former authors was still fol-
lowed. Turner was born at Morpeth in Northumberland,
and educated at Cambridge, about 1538. Fie complains
much of the ignorance of natural history that then pre-
vailed in England, even in the universities. “ Being then,”
n
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
he says, cc a student of Pembroke Hall, where I could
learn never one Greke, neither Latin, nor English name,
even among the physicians, of any herbe or tree, such
was the ignorance at that time ; and as yet there was no
English Herbal, but one” (the great Herbal just men-
tioned) “ all full of unlearned cacographies, and falsely
naming of herbs.” He went into holy orders, and was a
celebrated preacher as well as a physician, and lived for
some time in Germany, where his fondness for botany led
him to have a botanic garden at Weissenberg; and also
in Italy, where he procured the foundation of a public
botanic garden to be attached to the university of Bologna.
After which he returned to England, and being made
Dean of Wells, divided his time between that place and
his house in Crutched Friars, London. He had a botanic
garden not only at Wells, but also at Kew. His attain-
ments in science were not confined to Botany alone, but
extended to the knowledge of birds and fishes, in which
respects he assisted his friend Gesner in his Historia Ani-
malium, and also paid attention to mineral waters, of
which he published a small tract, annexed to his Herbal ;
to say nothing of his numerous religious books, and his
collation and correction of the Bible.
The complete edition of Turner's Herbal, which was
originally published in three parts, was printed at Cologne
in 1568, embellished with upwards of 400 figures, which
had been used for the octavo edition of Fuchs; and about
90 new figures, making in all 502. In the Dedication he
mentions his contemporary botanists of England, viz. Dr.
Clement, Dr. Merdy, Owen Wooton, and Mr. Falconer,
who appears to have had a hortus siccus of foreign as well
as English plants. Turner was the introducer of lucerne
into England, by the name of horned clover ; and
throughout the whole of his Herbal he appears to have
exhibited uncommon diligence and great erudition, and
fully to deserve the character of an original writer. Our
English herbalists, Gerarde, Johnson, and Parkinson, do
not appear to have been sufficiently just to his merits ; but
Ray was very sensible of his worth, styling him a man of
solid erudition and judgment.
Botany was also pursued at the same time in Germany
by Tragus, who published in 1552; and in the next year
Dodoens, a Fleming, began to publish his Herbal, which
was the first in which the alphabetical lists of plants were
exchanged for some gross arrangement. In the present
8
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
15
case, the plants were divided into six books : the first, a
farrago of very dissimilar plants in alphabetical order : the
second, flowers and umbelliferous plants : the third, medi-
cinal roots, purgative plants, climbers, poisonous plants,
ferns, mosses, fungi : the fourth, grain, pulse, grasses, wa-
ter and marsh plants : the fifth, edibles, gourds, esculent
roots, olera, thistles, and spinose plants : the sixth and
last, shrubs and trees. Certes a most confused arrange-
ment, but it showed the value of bringing the history of
plants which resembled each other near together.
Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, Dr. William Bui-
lein published his C6 Bulwark of Defence against all Sick-
nesse, Soarnesse, and Woundes that doe daily assaulte
Mankinde.” He was, like Turner, a clergyman as well as
a physician. Notwithstanding his high reputation, he
underwent much prosecution from the brother of Sir
Thomas Hilton, who accused him of murdering that gen-
tleman, who had been the patron of Bullein, and who had
died of a malignant fever. Although his innocence was
fully manifested, his prosecutor arrested him for a debt due
to the deceased, and flung him into prison, where he wrote
a great part of his medical writings. In one of the parts
of this collection of his writings he enumerates the virtues
of British simples, partly from preceding writers, and partly
from his own experience. On one point he is very pa-
triotic, and he vindicates the fertility and climate of England
with much ardour.
Contemporary with Turner and Bullein was Dr. Thomas
Penny, who was not only a botanist of repute, but was one
of the first Englishmen who studied entomology. He pub-
lished no works of his own, but he furnished Gesner,
Clusius, and Camerarius, with many communications re-
lating to English botany; and his papers, which he left
to Turner and Mouffet, formed the basis of the Theatrum
Insectorum of the latter.
Lobel, although a Fleming, passed the greater part of
his life in England, where he was afterwards appointed
botanist to King James the First. He published, con-
jointly with Pena, the first edition of his Adversaria, in
1570, which afterwards underwent several improvements.
In this work, the arrangement proposed by Dodonaeus
was much improved, and an attempt made to form a na-
tural arrangement in forty-four tribes ; at the head of each
of which is given a list of the plants belonging to it. He
begins with the grasses, of which he describes a number of
16
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
new species : to each species he adds the Greek, German,
.Dutch, French, and English name; the description, which
is frequently obscure and insufficient ; the time of flower-
ing, and the places in England where some of the rarer
plants are to be found. To these are annexed figures. As
Lobel had carefully studied the ancients, and had spent
much time in practical botany, exploring France, Switzer-
land, part of Germany and Italy, and various parts of
England, the Adversaria is a work of much merit, and
abounds with a deal of curious information. In 1576 he
published “ Observationes, sive Stirpium Historiee, cui
annexum est Adversariorum Volumen,” with 1486 figures.
Some additions were afterwards made to these figures, and
they were printed separately in music quarto, with an index
in seven languages, which rendered them a popular book
for many years. Lobel mentions several English botanists,
as Edward Saint Loo, Esq. of Somersetshire ; Mr. Nas-
myth, a surgeon ; Mr. De Franqueville, a merchant, par-
ticularly fond of flowers ; Mr. Hugh Morgan, apothecary
to Queen Elizabeth; and Mr. Wm. Coys, of Essex. All
the three last had good gardens; that of Mr. Coys was
well stored with exotic plants; and under his care, in 1604,
the yucca first flowered in England. Lobel’s daughter
married a Mr. James Coel, of Highgate, and, from the
frequent mention that Lobel makes of that place in his
last work, the “ Illustrationes,” it is probable that he
spent the evening of his life with his son-in-law.
Hitherto only the appearance of plants, as they appeared
to a common observer, or their uses, or some equally un-
scientific arrangement, had been followed, but, in 1583,
Caesalpinus, an Italian physician, published his book De
Plant is , in which he laid down the basis of a philosophical
division of them, according to their fruit and seed, and
which has been since extended and corrected by Ray,
Hermann, Boerhaave, and Gsertner. This system of Cse-
salpinus, although the first scientific one, is still valuable,
and merits attention. A few years after the publication
of Caesalpinus’s work, namely in 1597, was published the
first edition of Gerarde’s Herbal. This work is in the
main a translation of Dodonseus. Gerarde, although the
Master of the Chirurgeons’ Company, was not sufficiently
versed in Latin to make this translation himself, and
thereof altered a manuscript translation of one Dr. Priest,
which the latter had intended to publish, but died before
he accomplished his purpose; and his papers falling into
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
17
the hands of Gerarde, they were transposed from Dodo-
naeus’s arrangement of his subject into that of Lobell, and
published by Gerarde without any acknowledgement of
Dr. Priest’s labour in the translation; indeed he speaks
in his Preface of Dr. Priest’s translation as having perished,
although both Lobell and Johnson affirm that he used it
himself with no other alteration than the above-mentioned
change of order in disposing the chapters, and some addi-
tions. For the embellishment of the work, the publisher
procured from the Continent the wood-blocks that had
been used in the printing of Dodonseus, Lobell, and Clusius.
Lobell was extremely angry at Gerarde having adopted
his method, at which we may be surprised, since it un-
doubtedly may be considered at this time of day as an
acknowledgement of his superiority over the order, if order
it can be called, of Dodonaeus; perhaps the real cause
of Lobell’s anger was, that Gerarde’s work being in
English, had a preferable sale to that of his own works in
Latin, and might thus injure his purse, however the com-
plaisance of Gerarde might flatter his self-love.
The reign of James the First seems not to have been
favourable to botanical studies, as no works of any con-
sequence were published in his reign in England ; but Basil
Besler, an apothecary at Norimberg, published the Hor-
tus Eystettensis, or account of the plants in the bishop’s
garden there, with 1083 figures on copper, digested ac-
cording to the order of their flowering ; a superb work for
the time. And in 1623 Caspar Bauhin, professor of ana-
tomy and medicine at Basil, published his invaluable Pinax,
the labour of forty years, in which he collected the various
names which all the preceding authors had given to the
then known plants ; so that this work has ever since formed
a repertory, by which, on knowing the name, that any
one old author has given to a plant, we are enabled, with-
out any trouble, to discover it in the works of other writers ;
and this book is of course indispensable in a botanical li-
brary of any extent.
Two authors distinguish the unfortunate reign of the
first Charles, namely, Johnson and Parkinson. Johnson
was a physician, but, during the civil wars, he became a
lieutenant-colonel on the king’s side, and died of the
wounds he received in a sally from Basing-house. His
first botanical publication was the “ Iter Cantianum, or a
Journey into Kent in Search of Plants.” Then followed
his list of the plants growing upon Hampstead Heath,
vol, i. e
18
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
which has ever been one of the favourite resorts of the
London botanists. His great work was a new edition of
Gerarde’s Herbal, with numerous additional articles, by
which it included in all 2850 plants, with 2730 figures.
As this work included foreign plants as well as native ones,
he published, in the next year, his 4t Mercurius Botani-
cus,” which exhibited a list of the plants he found in a
botanical excursion to the west of England ; so that he
was the first author who began to distinguish the native
plants from the others.
Parkinson published his <c Paradisus,” or Flower and
Fruit Garden, in 1629, a work which shows, that at this
time the gardens of our forefathers were far better stocked
than we imagine. His profession of an apothecary, or, as
it is now called, that of a chemist and druggist, taking up
much of his time, and the time necessary for cutting a new
set of figures, delayed the publication of his general his-
tory, or Theatre of Plants, which is more extensive than
those of Gerarde or Johnson, as it contains 3800 plants,
with 2786 figures. The descriptions are new, and the
whole has a true botanical cast, whereas both Gerarde and
Johnson were intended more for mere medical use.
The reign of the second Charles was extremely favour-
able to the knowledge of plants. Gardening and planting
were in high vogue, and among the authors in this depart-
ment Evelyn stands pre-eminent: in 1658 he published his
French Gardener; in 1664 his Sylva, or Treatise on
Forest-trees, to which his Kalendarium Hortense, the first
specimen of this kind, was annexed as an appendix ; and
in a fourth edition he also added Pomona, or a Treatise on
Fruit-trees; in 1675 his Terra, or a Philosophical Dis-
course on Earth. But this reign is still more remarkable
for the attention paid to British botany. In 1650 Dr. How
made the first attempt to give, in his Phytologia, a com-
plete list of the British plants, of which he enumerated
1220. A still larger list was afterwards given by Dr. Mer-
rett, in his Pinax, published in 1667; a very useful work,
which included not only 1400 British plants, but also
mentioned the animals and minerals then known to be
produced in these islands. Three years afterwards the
celebrated Ray, who had already entered upon his career
of natural history, by publishing, in 1660, his Catalogus
Plantaruin circa Cantabrigiam nascentium, extended his
Catalogue to a general one of the British islands, and
enumerated only 1050 species, rejecting many of those
8
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
19
mentioned by How and Merrett, as being either mere va-
rieties, or foreign plants, unjustly called British.
Ray gave a new character to botany, and by his illus-
trating every part of natural history, has left behind him
a series of works which has rendered his name equally dur-
able with the science and the Latin language. He merits
therefore peculiar notice, particularly as his life shows that
riches are not necessary to acquire the highest honours in
science, since his own origin was of the most humble de-
scription. He was born in 1628 at Black Notley, near
Braintree in Essex, where his father was a blacksmith, and,
as usual in the country, probably a farrier. Being in-
structed in Latin in the grammar-school of Braintree, he
went to Cambridge when 1 6 years of age. At 2 1 he was
there chosen minor-fellow of Trinity College ; at 23 was
made Greek lecturer ; at 25 mathematical lecturer ; and at
27 humanity reader. These early appointments show the
opinion his fellow-collegians entertained of his abilities.
No establishment for the study of natural history was then
formed at Cambridge, although Oxford already possessed
a botanic garden. Mr. Ray, therefore, collected a few of
his associates, and formed a small society for this purpose.
In December, 1660, being then 32, he entered the church ;
but in September, 1662, on refusing to subscribe an opi-
nion, that an act of parliament could render an oath not
binding upon those who had taken it, he was superseded
in his college appointments, and deprived of all hope of
church preferment. One of his fellow-students, Mr. Wil-
loughby, took him several journeys, engaged him as tutor
to his children, and upon his death left his MSS. upon
birds and fishes, as also his two sons to his care, with an
annuity of 60Z. a year. The small patrimony he received
from his father he settled, at his marriage, upon his wife,
by whom he had four daughters, three of whom survived
him. He died 17th January, 1706, at his native place
(to which he retired some years after Mr. Willoughby’s
death), in the same humble state as he began life.
Besides his two catalogues already mentioned, he pub-
lished at different times,
A Catalogue of Plants observed in his travels.
A new Method of Plants.
A History of Plants, in three large volumes, folio, in
which upwards of 17,000 plants are enumerated, and the
greatest part accurately described.
c 2
20
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
A Methodical Synopsis of British Plants, of which he
gave himself two editions, and a third was published after
his death by Dr. Dillenius.
An emendated Method of Plants, concerning which I
shall hereafter speak more at large.
A controversial tract respecting the two contemporary
systems of Rivinus and Tournefort.
A Synopsis of Quadrupeds and Serpents.
A Method of Insects.
These works are all in Latin, by which means they are
unfortunately less known in their own country than they
are on the Continent: and to this list may be added,
The editing of Willoughby’s History of Birds, in Latin ;
and also translating and publishing it in English.
The editing of Willoughby’s History of Fishes, in
i Latin.
He left in manuscript an unfinished Historia Insecto-
rum, which was published by Dr. Derham, who, after a
long trouble, succeeded in obtaining from the bookseller
in whose hands they had been lodged, Ray’s Synopsis
Avium, and his Synopsis Piscium; both which Derham
published. To this list might be added several philological,
moral, and theological works; a volume of Travels, and two
volumes of his Correspondence, which Derham and Scott
have given to the world : but enough has been said to
prove his indefatigable industry.
To prosecute the history of botany since the time of
Ray, in the same ample manner as I have dwelt upon
the infancy of it, which is always the most interesting por-
tion of the history of any science, would take up too
much time. The remainder, therefore, can only be sketched
by a hasty outline.
In 1677 Dr. Plott gave the first natural history of a
small local district, by publishing his Oxfordshire, which
was succeeded two years afterwards by his Staffordshire :
these still remain very favourable specimens of this' species
of literature, and have not been exceeded.
Sir Hans Sloane, Petiver apothecary to the Charter-
House, and the elder Martyn Professor of Botany at
Cambridge, were the principal disciples of Ray in this
country. The French botanists mostly followed Tourne-
fort, and the Germans Rivinus, or some of the modifica-
tions of his systematic arrangement, until a new adventurer
appeared in the world of science, who was destined to effect
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
21
a great change in botany, and who disputed the palm of
victory with the celebrated Haller. What man, either of
letters or science, has not heard of Haller? In poetry,
devotion, anatomy, physiology, botany, literary history, he
had few equals, perhaps no superior. In respect to botany,
he was a follower of Ray, upon whom he bestows the
highest praise, and attempted to render his arrangement
still more natural than it is, using the simpler method of
Ruppius as a finder, in consequence of the abstruseness of
his own system. Unfortunately his labours were confined
to the plants of Switzerland, while his competitor embraced
the whole extent of nature, and each edition of his Cata-
logue was printed upon an expensive scale, in two elegant
folio volumes, which rendered their circulation very con-
fined, while his edition of Ruppius did not display the cha-
racters of the genera : otherwise the superiority of his own
system, and the easiness of Ruppius’s as an auxiliary,
would have smothered the Lin mean botany in its birth.
Hitherto the names of plants had remained nearly sta-
tionaiy, and if any alteration was attempted the name
quoted by Caspar Bauhin, in his Pinax, was annexed as the
common repertory of botanists. The uses also of plants
had never been neglected. Another point was to use the
words of the language, whether of the Latin or the vulgar
tongue, in their usual signification. To these Ray had.
added a fourth, namely that to excite inquiry, he gave
lists of such plants as were only imperfectly known to him.
Linnaeus violated these old rules by degrees, as his sys-
tematic arrangement of plants became more and more in
use. He changed the names of plants with the utmost
unconcern; he neglected almost entirely the detail of the
uses; and as to the language, he scrupled not to change
the terms used in describing plants, and to affix new signi-
fications to well-known words. Another peculiarity in
Linnaeus’s writings is, that he does not give any lists of
those natural substances of which he had only an imperfect
knowledge; so that a person is apt to suppose them more
perfect than they really are.
Let it not however be thought, that some very great im-
provements were not introduced by him, particularly in
the typographical execution of his works. His taking the
characters of the families, from the same parts, although
carried by him to excess, as being extended to the whole
grand division, now called phenogamous plants, instead of
being changed in each class according to circumstances, is
6
22
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
a great improvement. His distinction of the species being
formed from characters visible in the plants themselves,
instead of the place where found, their size compared with
others, or their use, is a still greater improvement. If we
compare his manner of printing the synoptic tables of
the genera, prefixed to each class, with the tables of Ray,
or Knaut, the superiority of his method will be evident.
The same superiority exists in the manner of printing the
few descriptions he has published. By always observing
the same order in treating of the several parts, breaking
the description into short paragraphs, and using a different
type for the leading word of the several divisions of a
paragraph, the eye of a person accustomed to his works
glances immediately to the information that is required.
These real improvements, added to the industry which
he manifested in publishing the successive improvements
of his system, and the cheapness of his works, in which
the expense of figures was avoided, brought his system
into vogue, particularly in Germany and England, it being
a striking feature in the national characters of their inha-
bitants to prefer the works of foreigners to those of their
countrymen.
In France, however, although he was followed by many,
yet the greater national pride prevalent there forbade them
to discard their own Tournefort to oblivion. Linnaeus had
pronounced the discovery of the natural arrangement of
plants, as attempted by Ray, to be nearly hopeless; but the
French botanists did not so easily despair ; Adanson, Ber-
nard Jussieu, his nephew Anthony Jussieu the present
professor at Paris, Lamarcke, and still more lately De
Candolle, the present professor at Geneva, have again at-
tempted this task, and have certainly carried it to a degree
of perfection, as may be seen in this work, in which the
plants of the British islands are arranged according to the
latest improvements of these celebrated botanists.
The authors since Ray may seem, perhaps, to be passed
over in too rapid a manner ; but when we consider, that
since his time the uses of vegetables have, been almost en-
tirely neglected, and that the Linnean school has princi-
pally supplied us with authors who have new arranged,
and new named old things; so that they have plunged us
again into the same chaos, from which we were rescued by
C. Bauhin in his Pinax, the notice taken of these name-
setters and rangers, as Hooke would emphatically call
them, is fully sufficient for their merit. A few demand
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
23
our thanks, particularly those who have investigated the
imperfect or cryptogamous plants, as Micheli, the liver-
worts and fungi ; Persoon, Link, and Esenbeck, the fungi ;
Dillenius and Hedwig, the mosses ; Gsertner, the fruit of
plants. Of living British authors I purposely abstain from
any mention, or I would bestow the proper meed of praise
upon R. Brown, R. A. Salisbury, Goodenough, Dillwyn,
Turner, and many other successful investigators of nature.
Having thus brought the history of botany to the pre-
sent time, the following chronological epitome will exhibit
a clear view of its progress since the invention of printing,
and also a succinct list of the principal authors, and parti-
cularly of those relative to English Botany, or the esta-
blishment of the natural system, in the order of their
publication.
Edward IV.
1468. Pliny first printed.
1471. Crescentius. Opus ruralium Commodorum. First
dated edition.
1475. Buch der Natur printed. First wood-cuts of natural
history .
1477. iEmilius Macer. DeVirtutibus Herbarum. Printed.
1478. Dioscorides translated and printed.
1483. Theophrastus translated and printed.
Edw. V. and Rich. III.
1484. Herbarium, published at Mentz.
Henry VII.
1485. Printing introduced into England hy Caxton
Cuba ? Ortus Sanitatis.
Henry VIII.
1516. Great Herbal. Latin names alphabetical. The first
English herbal.
1528. Lucius Apulejus. DeVirtutibus Herbarum. Printed
with Galen’s works.
1530. Brunsfels. Herbarium. Restores practical Botany in
Europe.
1534. Judge Fitzherbert. Husbandry.
1535. Valerius Cordus. Dispensatorium. First pharma-
copoeia.
154L Gesner. Historia Plantarum. Proposes genera by
t he fructification .
24
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1542, Fuchs. Historia Plantarum. 516 fig. outlines only,
but beautiful.
Edward VI.
1548. Matthiolus. Commentarii in Dioscoridem.
1551. Turner. New Herbal.
1552. Tragus. De Stirpibus. 567 figures.
Serapio. De Simplicium Historia. Printed.
Dodoens. Frugum Historia.
/
Elizabeth.
1560. Miraldi, Secretorum Enchiridion.
1562. Bulleyn. Castle of Defense against Sicknesse,
Dr. Penny , first British entomologist .
1568. Turner. Herbal. Completed, with figures from
the small editions of Fuchs.
1570. Lobel and Pena. Adversaria. The first arrange-
ment of plants .
1578. Lyte. Herbal. A translation of Dodonteus. 1050
plants.
1583. Dodoens. Herbal, completed and all the parts
published together with 1305 figures.
1585. Caesalpinus. De Plantis. The first strict logical
system .
Newton. Herbal to the Bible.
1588. Tabernaemontanus. Kraeuterbuch, begun.
1592. Columna. Phytobasanos.
1594. Mountain. Gardeners’ Labyrinth. The first Eng-
lish book on Gardening P
1597. Gerarde. Herbal.
1599. Imperati. Historia Naturalis.
1600. Schwenckfeld. Stirpium, &c. Silesiae Catalogus.
The first Flora of any country .
1601. Clusius. Rariorum Plantarum Historia. This au-
thor is highly esteemed for the purity of his Latin.
James I.
1605. Clusius. Exoticorum Libri decern.
Lobel. Adversariorum altera pars.
1611. Clusius. Curae poster iores.
1612. Besler. Hortus Eystettensis. 1083 figures on cop-
per. The first superb work in botany.
1616. Columna. Ecphrasis.
1620. C. Bauhln. Prodromus Theatri Botanici, 1st edit.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*
25
1623. C. Bauhin. Pinax Theatri Botanici, 1st edit. An
immense collection of synonyms .
Charles I.
1629. Johnson. Iter Cantianum. The first account of a
herborisation in England.
Parkinson. Paradisus terrestris. The first catalogue
of common garden plants .
1632. Johnson. Ericetum Hampstediense. The first ca-
talogue of a small botanizing ground.
1633. — Gerarde’s Herbal. 2850 plants.
1634?. Mercurius Botanicus. The first sepa-
ration of British plants from foreign ones .
164?3. Parkinson. Theatre of Botany. 3800 plants, with
new figures, cut in England.
1648. Bobart. Hortus Oxoniensis. The first catalogue of
a British botanic garden .
Marcgraff. Historia Brasilia.
Charles II.
1650. How. Phytologia. 1220 plants. The first attempt
at a complete list of British plants .
J. Bauhin. Historia Plantarum.
1652. Culpeper. The English Physician. 1st edition.
1655. Lobel. Stirpium Illustrationes, a How.
1656. Cole. The Art of Simpling.
Tradescant. Museum. The first catalogue of an
English collection.
1658. Browne. Hortus Oxoniensis.
1659. Lovell. Pambotanologia. 1st edition.
1660. Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Cantabrigensis. 626
plants. The first work by Bay.
1664. Evelyn. Sylva, with Kalendarium Hortense. The
first Gardener's Calendar.
Turner. British Physician.
1665. Lovell. Pambotanologia. 2d edition.
1667. Merrett. Pinax Rerum Britannicarum. 1400 plants.
Willisell mentioned by Merrett as an active collector.
1669. Morison. Hortus Biesensis.
1670. Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Anglise. 1050 plants.
Grew. Anatomy of vegetables begun.
1672. Morison. Plantse umbelliferse. The first monograph.
1673. Ray. Catalogus Stirpium externarum,
1675. Malpighi. Anatome Plantarum.
26
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1677. Plot. Oxfordshire. The first natural history of an
English county .
1678. Van Rheede. Hortus Malabaricus begun.
1679. Plot. Staffordshire.
Evelyn. Terra.
1680. Morison. Historia Plantarum. Tom. ii. The first
general history in a systematic order , and with
copper-plate figures . Note, The first volume on
trees still in manuscript .
1682. Wheeler’s Journey into Greece. An attempt to in-
vestigate the plants of the ancients in their native
soil.
Ray. Method us nova Plantarum.
Dr. Tancred Robinson mentioned by Ray.
1684. Sibbald. Scotland.
1685. Glen. A herbarium of 600 plants , with this date , men-
tioned by Dr. Fulteney as being still in existence.
Abercrombie. Ars explorandi medicas Plantarum
Facultates ex solo Sapore.
James II.
1686. Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. i.
1688. Knaut. Plantae Hallenses.
Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. ii. 16,000 plants
in systematic order.
Fasciculus Stirpium post Catalogum observa-
tarum.
William III.
1689. Magnol. Prodromus Historic Plantarum.
1690. Ray. Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. First
edition. 1050 plants.
Doody and Lawson mentioned by Ray.
Rivinus. Introductio in Rem herbarium.
— Plantas monopetalse irregulares.
1691. - — — — Plantse tetrapetalse irregulares.
Plukenet. Phytographia.
1692. Glen. A herbarium of 660 plants , with this date 9
mentioned by Dr. Fulteney as still remaining.
Petiver. Museum.
1693. Ray. Synopsis Quadrupedum .
Dale. Pharmacologia. First edition.
Slier ard , now known.
1694. Tournefort. Elemens de la Botanique.
Peachy. Compleat Herbal.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*
27
1696. Ray Synopsis. Second edition.
Sloane. Catalogus Plantarum Jamaica}.
Plukenet. Almagestum.
1699. Morison. Historia. Tom. iii. a Bobart.
Rivinus. Plantse pentapetalse irregulares.
Llhwyd. Lithophylacium Britannicum.
1 700. Plukenet. Almagesti Mantissa.
Leigh. Lancashire.
Anne.
1702. Petiver. Gazophylacium.
1703. Ray. Methodus emendata.
Plunder. Nova Genera Plantarum.
170L Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. iii. 11,300 plants.
1705. Plukenet. Amaltheum.
Plunder. Fougeres de l’Amerique.
1 707. Sloane. History of Jamaica;
1708. Lecaan. Advice to the Army, on the Spanish and
Portuguese plants .
1709. Robinson. Westmoreland.
1710. Ray. Historia Insectorum.
Dr. Richar doiiy Mr. Brewery and Mr. Harrison , men-
tioned by Ray.
Johren. Hodegus Botanicus. The first attempt at
an analytical method of plants.
Boerhaave. Index Plantarum Lugduno-Batavorum.
1711. Salmon. Botanologia, or English Herbal.
1712. Morton. Northamptonshire.
1713. Ray. Synopsis Avium et Piscium.
Petiver. Figures to Ray’s British Plants.
Bradleyy now known.
George I.
1716. Knaut (Filins). Methodus Plantarum Genuina.
Bradley. Succulent Plants.
1717. Tournefort. Institutiones, a Jussieu.
1718. Ruppius. Flora Jenensis, First edition.
Blair. Botanick Essays.
1719. Scheuchzer. Agrostographia Helvetica.
Dillenius. Catalogus Plantarum circa Gissam.
1720. Magnol. Novus Caracter Plantarum. Contains
his calycine method.
1721. Knowles. Materia Medica Botanica, in Latin
verses.
28
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*
1723. Blair. Pharmaco-botanologia. Begun.
1724. Ray. Synopsis. Third edition. A Dillenio.
1725. Sloane. Jamaica. Vol. ii.
Douglas. Amaryllis, or- Guernsey Lily .
1726. Martyn. Plant® officinales.
Ruppius. Hora Jenensis aucta.
George II.
1727. Threlkeld. Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum.
Boerhaave. Historia Plantarum in Horto Lug-
duno-Bativorum.
Martyn. Methodus Plantarum Cantabrigensium.
Hales. Vegetable Statics.
1728. Knowlton and Miller begun to be known.
Bradley. Dictionarium Botanicum.
Kaempfer. History of Japan, translated.
1729. Micheli. Nova Plantarum Genera.
1730. Hebenstreit. Definitiones Plantarum. The genera
of Rivinus .
Catesby. Carolina.
Miller. Gardeners’ Dictionary. First edition.
1732. Dillenius. Hortus Elthamensis.
Tournefort. History of Plants, translated by Mar-
tyn.
Linnaeus.
1735.
1736.
1737.
1738.
1740.
1741.
Florula Lapponica.
Systema Naturae. First edition.
Came to England.
Fundamenta Botanica.
Bibliotheca Botanica.
Musa Cliffortiana.
Flora Lapponica. First edition.
Genera Plantarum. First edition.
Critica Botanica.
Hortus Cliffortianus.
Blackstone. Harefield Plants.
Dale. Pharmacologia. Second edition.
Blackwell. Herbal.
Definitiones Plantarum. First edition.
Nottingham Plants.
Florae Leydensis Prodromus. Cow-
Ludwig.
Deering.
Van Royen.
tains his System , and is said to have been written
by Linnceus.
Dillenius. Historia Muscorum.
Linnceus made Professor at Upsal .
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
29
1742. Haller Enumeratio Stirpium Helveticarum.
1744. Wilson. Synopsis of British Plants. Vol. i. A
translation of Ray’s Synopsis , slightly altered from
Tournefort.
1745. Linnaeus. Flora Suecica.
Needham. Microscopical Discoveries.
Parsons. Theatre of Seeds.
Ruppius. Flora Jenensis, a Hallero.
1746. Blackstone. Specimen Botanicum. Contains the
habitats of rare British plants .
1747. Short. Medicina Britannica.
1748. Heister. Systema Plantarum. A near approach to
the present natural system ; hut the trees separated
from the herbs.
1749. Linnaeus. Materia Medica. First edition.
Amoenitates Academicae. First edition
begun.
1750. Ehret and Trew. Centuriae. Begun.
Hughes. Barbadoes.
1751. Fulham-garden very full of plants.
Linnaeus. Philosophia Botanica. First edition.
Forster. Flora Americae Septentrionalis.
Sauvages. Methodus Foliorum.
1 752. Sir Hans Sloane died.
Newton. Compleat Herbal.
1753. Linnaeus. Species Plantarum. First edition.
Alston. Tyrocinium.
1755. Miller. Figures to his Dictionary. Begun.
Ellis. History of the Corallines.
1756. Browne. Jamaica.
Sheldrake. Herbal.
1757. Kniphoff. Herbarium vivum. Begun and carried
on to J2 centuries. First publication of dried
specimens .
1758. Borlase. Cornwall.
1759. Stillingfleet. Miscellaneous tracts.
B. Jussieu arranges the garden at Trianon. Founda-
tion of the present natural system.
George III.
1760. Solander to England.
Lee. Introduction to Botany. First edition.
Flora Danica. Begun by Oeder.
1761. Schaeffer. Fungi. Begun.
30
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1762. Hudson. Flora Anglica. First edition,
Martyn. Herbationes Cantabrigenses.
1763. Lyons. Plantae Cantabrigenses.
Adanson. Families des Plantes.
1764. Oeder. Elementa Botanica.
Berkenhout. Botanical Lexicon.
1766. Crantz. Institutiones Rei Herbariae.
1767. Catesby. Hortus Europae Americanus.
Present taste of planting.
1768. Gmelin. Historia Fucorum.
Hill. Hortus Kewensis.
Haller. Historia Stirpium Helveticarum.
Miller. Gardener’s Dictionary, 8th edition, altered
to the Liinnean system .
1769. Wallis. Northumberland.
Haller. Nomenclator Stirpium Helveticarum.
Plukenet. Opera.
Hill. Herbarium Britannicum.
1770. Alston. Materia Medica.
Berkenhout. Outlines. Vol. ii. Vegetables.
Weis. Plantae cryptogamicae Gottingensis.
Milne. Botanical Dictionary.
1771. Necker. Methodus Muscorum.
Weston. Universal Botanist.
Warner. Woodford Plants.
Milne. Institutes of Botany.
1772. Cook’s Second Voyage began.
Haller. Bibliotheca Botanica.
1774. Cullum. Specimen Florae Anglicae. Left imperfect.
Curtis. London plants.
Hill. Vegetable System. The largest work on bo-
tany , 26 vols. folio ; left unfinished in 1775.
1775. Forskahl. Flora iEgyptiaco-Arabica.
Weston. English Flora.
Jenkinson. British Plants.
Rose. Elements of Botany.
1776. Bulliard. Flora Parisiensis. Begun.
Cook’s Third , or last Voyage , begun.
Withering. Botanical Arrangement. First edition,
1777. Curtis. Flora Londinensis. Begun.
Linnaeus’s System of Botany illustrated.
Lightfoot. Flora Scotica. Begun.
Robson. British Flora.
Jacob. Fever sham Plants.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*
31
1778. Boutcher. Forest-trees.
Hudson. Flora Anglica. Second edition,
Lamarck. Flore Fran$oise. First edition.
Walcot. Flora Britannica.
1779. Giseke. Index Linneanus in Plukenetum et DiF
lenium.
1 780. Bulliard. Herbier de la France. Begun.
Weston. Supplement to English Flora.
1781. Lestiboudois. Botanographie Belgique. First edi-
tion. Recommended by De Candolle to students.
Linnaeus Filius. Supplementum Flantarum.
Methodus Muscoram illustrate,
Pulteney. Review of Linnaeus’s Writings.
1782. Bergius. Materia Medica ex Regno vegetabili.
Broughton. Enchiridion.
1783. Batsch. Elenchus Fungorum. Begun.
Lamarck. Encyclopedic Methodique, Botanique,
Begun.
1784*. Bulliard. Plantes veneneuses.
Forster. Additions to Warner’s Woodford Plants*
Hoffmann. Enumeratio Lichenum.
L’Heritier. Stirpes novae. Begun.
Pallas. Flora Rossica. Begun.
Jones. Religious Use of Botanical Philosophy.
1785. Bolton. Filices Britannicae. Begun.
Rosseau. Letters on Botany, translated by Martyn.
Cavanilles. Monadelphia. Begun.
Dickson. Plantae cry ptogamicoe Britannicae. Begun,
Hoffmann. Historia Salicum.
Relham. Flora Cantabrigensis. Begun.
1787. Curtis. Botanical Magazine. Begun.
R. W. D. Principia Botanica, Newark.
Happe. Botanica Pharmaceutica. Begun.
Withering. Botanical Arrangement. Second edi-
tion by Stokes.
Hedwig. Descriptio Muscorum frondosorum.
Begun.
Hoffmann. Vegetabilia cryptogamica. Begun.
Linnaeus. Families of Plants, translated by the
Litchfield Society.
L’Heritier. Ceranologia. Begun.
1788. Bolton. Funguses about Halifax. Begun.
Gaertner. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum.
Tom. i.
Roth. Flora Germanica. Begun.
32
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*
1789.
1790.
1792.
1793.
1794-.
1795.
Begun.
1791.
Cullen. Materia Medica.
Smith. leones Plantarum.
Jussieu. Genera Plantarum, secundum Ordines
naturales.
Aiton. Hortus Kewensis. First edition.
Leers. Flora Herborniensis.
Donovan. On the minute Parts of Plants.
Pulteney. Progress of Botany in England.
Bolton. Filices Britannicae. Part ii.
Curtis. Brompton Garden. First edition.
Sowerby and Smith. English Botany.
Allen. Exotic Plants at Kew. Begun.
Swayne. Gramina pascua.
Donovan. Botanical Review.
Lamarck. Illustrations des Genres.
Loureiro. Flora Cochin-chinensis.
Necker. Elementa Botanica.
Tode. Fungi Mecklenburgenses.
Woodville. Medical Botany. Begun.
Cavanilles. Plantae Hispanicae. Begun.
Transactions of the Linnaean Society. Begun.
Darwin. Botanic Garden.
R. A. Salisbury. leones Stirpium.
Gaertner. De Fructibus, &c. Plantarum. Tom.
Schkuhr.
Linnaeus.
Begun.
Botanisches Handbuch. Begun.
O
Ordines naturales, a Giseke
Collectio Epistolarum.
Flora Rustica. Begun.
Introduction to Botany.
Flora Austriacae sicca. Begun.
Martyn.
Saunders.
Trattinick.
Coyte. Ipswich Garden.
Milne and Gordon. Indigenous Botany.
perfect .
Martyn. Language of Botany.
Murray. Apparatus Medicaminum.
Paulet. Traite de Champignons.
Rousseau. Lettres sur la Botanique.
Goodenough. British Species of Carex.
Haworth. Mesembryanthemum.
Meyrick. Miscellaneous Botany.
Sibthorp. Flora Oxonienses.
Wade. Plantae Dublinenses.
Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. i*
Stackhouse. Nereis Britannica.
Yelley. Marine Plants of England,
Left im -
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
33
1796. Donn. Hortus Cantabrigiensis. First edition.
Withering. Botanical Arrangement. 3d edit. 4 vols.
Gmelin. Systema Naturae.
Martyn. Language of Botany.
Persoon. Observationes mycologicae.
R. A. Salisbury. Prodromus Horti Chapel Allerton.
Sower by. Fungi. Begun.
J797. Bridel. MuscoJogia. Part L
Freeman. Select British Plants. No. L
Andrews. Botanists’ Repository. Begun.
Lambert. Genus Cinchona*
Miller. Gardeners’ Dictionary, by Martyn. Begun.
Persoon. Tentamen Dispositionis Fungorum.
Roth. Catalecta Botanica. Begun.
Willdenow. Species Plantarum* Begun.
1798. Abbot. Flora Bedfordiensis.
Sole. Menthae Britannicss.
Dryander. Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks' Library *
Acharius. Lichenographiae Suecicae Prodromus.
Bulliard. Champignons de la France.
Symons. Synopsis Plantarum Britannicarum.
Thompson. Botany displayed.
Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. ii.
Ruir and Pavon. Flora Peruviana et Ghilensis.
Begun.
1799. Sims. Botanical Magazine. Begun,
Hull. British Flora. First edition.
Lady C. Murray. British Garden.
Hunter. Analogy between vegetable and animal
Parturition.
1800. St. Pierre. Etudes de la Nature.
Hull* Elements of Botany.
Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom. i. et ii.
Compendium. First edition.
1801. Forster. Plants about Tunbridge Wells.
Hedwig. Species Muscorum, a Sehwa?grichen.
Persoon. Synopsis Fungorum.
1802. Dillwyn. British Confervee. Begun.
Redoute. Les Liliac^es, Begun.
Schkuhr. Carex.
Trattinick. Genera Plantarum Methodo natural!
disposita.
Turner. Synopsis of British Fuci.
Historia Fucorum. Begun,
n
VOL. i.
u
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1803. Schkuhr. Manuale Botanicum, a Schwsegrichen. ,
Acharius. Methodus Lichenum.
Dubois. Plantes d’Orleans.
Haworth. Miscellanea naturalia.
Vaucher. Conferves d’Eau douce.
Kerner. Genera Plantarum Iconibus illustrata.
Begun.
Lambert. Pinusv
Mirbel. Histoire des Plantes, d’apres Jussieu.
1804-. Brotero. Flora Lusitanica.
Wade. Plants of Ireland.
Gaudin. Etrennes de Flora. No. I. Carex.
Knox. Gramina Britannica.
Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom. iii.
Turner. Muscologia Hibernica.
Trattinick. Fungi Austriaci cera expressi.
Thunberg. Flora Japonica.
1805. Rudge. leones Plantarum Guianae. Begun.
Winch. Botanists, Guide through Northumber-
land and Durham. Vol. i.
R. A. Salisbury. Paradisus Londinensis. Begun.
Turner and Weston. Botanists’ Guide through
England.
Persoon. Synopsis Plantarum. The most numerous
collection of phenogamous species hitherto published .
Sims and Koenigs Annals of Botany. Begun.
Palisot de Beauvois. iEtheogames, seu Musci et
Lycopodia.
De Candolle and Lamarcke. Flore Francoise.
Willdenow. Principles of Botany, translated.
Gaertner. Supplementum Carpologiae.
Geoffroy de St. Hilaire. Families Naturelles.
— — Plantes de la France.
Begun.
1806. De Candolle and Lamarcke. Synopsis Florae Gal-
licse.
Lois. Flora Gallica.
Sibthorp and Smith. Flora Graeca. Begun.
Barbier. Pharmacologia.
Smith. Introduction to Botany.
R. A. Salisbury. The generic Characters in the
English Botany (by Sir J. E. Smith), collated
with those of Linnaeus.
Swartz. Synopsis Filicum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*
35
1807. Humboldt. Geographic des Plantes.
1808. and f&onpland. Plantes Equinoxiales.
Begun.
Galpine. Compend. of British Botany.
Richard. Analyse du Fruit.
White. Indigenous Grasses of Ireland.
Hull. British Flora. Second Edition. Yol. i.
1809. Knight. Horticultural Essays. Begun. Protese.
Bonpland. Melastoma.
Freeman. British Plants. No. II.
1810. Acharius. Lichenographia.
Bodard. Cours de Botanique medicale.
Brown. Prodromus Florse N. Hollandise.
Mougeot and Nestler. Stirpes cryptogamicce Vo*
geso-Rhsenanae. Begun.
1811. Lejeune. Flore de Spa. Begun.
Persoon. Novae Lichenum Species.
Schwaegrichen. Supplementum Muscorum.
Gaudin. Agrostographia Helvetica.
1812. Palisot de Beauvois. Agrostographie.
Haworth. Synopsis Plantarum succulentarum.
Hooker. British Jungermanniae. Begun.
1813. De Candolle. Thdorie de la Botanique. First
edition.
Davis. Welsh Botanology.
Hoskert. Flora Glottiana, i. e. Glasgow Plants.
Hooker. Pomona Londinensis.
Sprengel. Introduction to cryptogamous Plants,
translated.
Tupper. On the Probability of Sensation in Vege-
tables.
Dunal. Solanum.
Bonpland. Jardin de Malmaison. Begun.
1814. Brown. Botany of Terra Australis.
Knight. Pomona Herefordiensis.
1815. Hooker. Flora Londinensis. Begun.
Mirbel. Elemens de Botanique.
Seringe. Saules de la Suisse.
Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Nova Plantarum
Genera et Species. Begun.
1816. Keith. System of Physiological Botany.
Forster. Flora Tunbridgensis.
Lamouroux. Polypiers coralligenes flexibles,
1817. Agardh. Synopsis Algarum.
b 2
36
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1817. Purton. Midland Flora
Ordeyno. Flora Nottinghamiensis.
Nees von Esenbeck. Fungi.
Redoute. Les Roses.
1818. Hooker and Taylor. Muscologia Britannica.
De Candolle. Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale.
Begun.
1819. De Candolle. Theorie de la Botanique. Second
edition.
Richard. Fruits and Seeds, translated by Lindley.
Lingbye. Tentamen Hydrophytologiae Danicae.
Haworth. Appendix to Succulents, &c.
Scot and Jameson. Herbarium Edinense.
Bridel. Supplem. Muscorum recentium.
1820. Lindley. Roses.
3. Explanation of the Terms used in Botany.
Plants, vegetables, Plantce , vegetal ilia ; in compo-
sition— phytos , — hotanos , — lot ane.
1. Species .
Tree, Arbor , in composition — dendron . A plant with a
single woody stem, growing at least three times as high as
a man.
Small tree, Arbuscula. A tree which does not grow
above five times as high as a man.
Shrub, Fruiex , Arbus turn, Fruticulus. A plant with a
woody stem, not growing three times as high as a man,
and branched very near the ground.
Bush, Dumus , Dumetum. A low shrub much branched
at the bottom.
Under shrub, Suffrutex . A woody plant, without buds,
which is not an arm’s length in height.
Herb, Her ha, A plant with a soft stalk of the same
consistence as leaves, and renewed every year, at least the
part above ground.
2. Containing Farts .
Elementary parts, Organa elementaria , Partes similares.
Small parts, common to the whole vegetable, and appearing
to be the organic elements of which the vegetable is com-
posed.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
37
Membranous texture, Contextus , Complexus membranaceus .
A tissue of membranes united together, either cellular or
vascular.
Cellular texture, Complexus cellulosus, Tela cellulose/, Com-
plexus utricularis. A membranous tissue composed of cells,
which do not communicate with each other, and resemble
soap-suds. PI. 1. fig. 5, c, d.
Cells, pores, vesicles, bladders, Cellulce , Utriculi. The
void spaces in the cellular texture. They vary in respect to
their sides, a, or form, b.
a. 1. Simple cells, Cellulce simplices. The sides trans-
parent.
a. 2. Dotted cells, porous cells, Cellulce pundatce. The
sides have opake dots, like glands, which are probably
pores. PL 1. fig. 5. e, h, 1.
a. 3. Streaked cells, Cellulce lineatce . The sides have
transverse streaks, of a glandular appearance, which are
probably slits. PI. 1. fig. 5. g. h.
b. 1. Regular cells, Cellulce regular es, Contextus globu-
lar is, Tela vesicularis. Cells exhibit a hexagonal section in
every direction ; forming the principal mass of the paren-
chyme. PI. 1. fig. 5. d.
b. 2. Tubular cells, Cellulce elongatce. C. tubulosce, Tali
parvi , Utriculi jibrosi , Complexus cellulosus lignosus, Tela
elongata, Tela alveolaria. Long cells, closed at each end ;
forming the wood and ribs of plants. PI. 1. fig. 5. g.
b. 3. Necklace cells, Cellulce moniliformes, Cellulce preca -
torice, Vasa moniliformia, Vasa precatoria , Vasa vermicularia ,
Vasa intercepla. Oval cells, dotted, separated from one
another by partitions, resembling the beads of a necklace;
forming the knots and joints of plants, and their roots.
They are intermediate between cells and vessels, and may
be referred to either.
Vessels, Vasa, Tubi. Void spaces in the membranous tex-
ture, open at their extremities : they differ in use, as they
convey the sap, a. or other fluids, b. c.
a. Sap vessels, Vasa lymphaiica, Lymphceductus , Vasa
pneumatica. These are either:
a. 1 . Dotted vessels, Vasa punctata, Vasa porosa . PI. 1 .
fig. 5. h.
a. 2. Streaked vessels, Vasa lineal a, Trachece spurice ,
Vasa Jissa, Vasa scalaria, Vasa annularia. These differ
from cells only by their length.
a. 3. Air vessels, Spiral vessels, V asa spiralia, Trachece ,
Vasa pneumato-chymifera, Pneurnatophora . Tubes com-
SB
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
posed of an elastic membrane rolled up like the spring of
a bell into a cylinder, abundant in young shoots ; supposed
to convey air. PL 1. fig. 5. i.
a. 4. Mixed vessels, Vasa mixta. Tubes of a mixed
nature, in some parts dotted, in others streaked or spiral.
b. Vasa adducentia spiralia , Vasa chymifera , Vasa hydro -
gera . The spiral thread forming the air vessels; consi-
dered by Hedwig as a distinct species of vessels itself.
c. Proper vessels, Vasa propria , Receptacula sued proprii.
Cavities dispersed in the cellular texture, closed on all
sides, and filled with some peculiar juice.
c. 1. Bladdery reservoirs, Receptacula vesiculosa , Glan-
dules vesiculares. Spherical bladders, usually contain essen-
tial oils, dispersed in the parenchyme of the leaves, or
bark. Myrtus communis, Citrus Aurantium.
c. 2. Blind reservoirs, Receptacula cceciformia , Vittec.
Short tubes, filled with essential oils, as in the bark of the
seeds of umbelliferous plants.
c. 3. Milk vessels, Turpentine vessels, Receptacula tu-
lulosa9 Vasa propria solitaria. Single tubes in the cellular
texture, filled with a milky, or turpentine juice.
c. 4. Fascicular reservoirs, Receptacula fascicular ia, Vasa
propria fascicular ia. Bundles of small parallel tubular
cells, filled with a peculiar juice; as in the bark of apo-
cineae.
c. 5. Accidental reservoirs, Receptacula accidentalia.
Accidental cavities, into which the juices formed in other
parts has filtrated : in the coniferae the turpentine frequently
bursts its own vessels, and penetrates the pith and sap-
vessels.
Tubular openings. Open spaces of the pith, Lacunce,
Cavitates aereee, Vasa pneumatica, Receptacula aerea acci-
dentalia. Cavities filled with air, frequently found in the
cellular texture, formed by rupture or absorption.
1. Irregular, L. irregulares. Found in the middle of the
fleshy parts of plants. PL 1. fig. 5. k.
2. Fistular, L. fistulosce. Occupy the centre of the stalk,
and render it hollow like a flute. Gramineae.
. 3. Regular, L . regulares. Occupy the centre of the stem
of water plants, the cells being disposed in a regular order.
Scirpus.
4. Cellular, L. cellulares. Large cavities, of which the
sides are themselves composed of cellular texture. Spar-
gapium.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
39
Fibre, Fibra. A collection of vessels and tubular cells
fastened together, so that they can be detached from the
surrounding cellular texture in long threads; their princi-
pal use is to direct the flow of the juices. PL 1. fig. 5. e.
Nerves, Nervi. Fibres visible on the external surface of
the plant or its leaves.
Fleshy parts, Parenchyma . A pulpy substance, formed
of soft cellular texture ; common in leaves and fruits.
Cuticle, Skin, Epiderma , Epidermis , Cuticula . The fine
membrane, usually transparent, which covers the whole
surface of the plant.
Vasa exhalantia . The lines separating the fleshy part
from which the cuticle has been removed into hexagonal
spaces.
Articulation, Articulation Junctura . A part in which,
at a determinate period, the plant may be separated into
two or more pieces, without much violence.
Joint, Articulus . The interval between two articulations.
Cicatrix, Cicatricula. The mark remaining at the arti-
culation after a joint has been detached.
Knot, Nodus , Geniculum. The swelling of the texture
of the plant, forming a protuberant ring. Grasses. Pinks.
Internodium . The space between two knots.
Nodosity, Nodositas. A concretion formed by vegeta-
tion, and occasioning a swelling, or tumour, as in the
leaves of what are called Junci articulati.
Pores, Pori. Very small openings, in the membranous
texture, visible by the microscope.
Insensible pores, Pori inconspicui, Pori cellulares. Pores
supposed to exist, although invisible, and to be the organs
of insensible perspiration.
Cortical pores, Pori corticales , Stomatia, Glandulce corti-
cales , Fori elongati , Pori magni , Pori evaporatorii , Pori
epider midis, Glandulce miliar es, Glandulce epidermoidales.
Oval pores, very visible with a lens, on the surface of the
fleshy parts which are above ground : appear to be the
organs of exhalation, and perhaps of the inhalation of
watery vapour, but do not admit the passage of coloured
fluids.
Spongiolce. Organs like a sponge, capable of taking up
coloured fluids, although no pores can be observed with
the highest magnifying powers. Lemna, Pandanus, Stig-
mata of flowers.
Glands, Glandulce , in composition — aden , — adenos .
Organs for the purpose of secreting peculiar liquids, and
40
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
tubercles resembling these organs, although they do not
really secrete any liquid.
1. Cellular glands, Glandules cellular es, Glandules excre -
torice. Formed of cellular texture without any communi-
cation with vessels. Nectaries of flowers.
2. Vascular glands, Glandules vasculares , Gl. secretorii9
Gl. urceolares. Formed of cellular texture, traversed by
vessels. Ovary of the cobaea, Tubercles on the petiole of
drupacese.
Hairs, Pili, Villi. Small, tender, hairlike appendages,
composed of one or more cells projecting from the texture
of the plant.
1. Glanduliferous hairs, Pili glanduliferi. Supporting
glands on their tip. Cicer arietinum, Croton penicillatum.
2. Excretory hairs, Pili excretorii. Placed on glands
serving as excretory ducts. Urtica urens, Malpighia urens.
3. Pili lymphatici . Not connected with any gland ; seem
mere organs of evaporation.
Organic parts, Paries organices , Organa composita , Or-
gana. Parts composed of the former; and generally visible.
1. Organs of vegetation, Organa nutritiva. Necessary to
the growth and life of the individual, as the root, stem,
bud, and leaf,
2. Organs of reproduction, Organa reproductiva. Ne-
cessary for the reproduction of the individual, or life of
the species, as the flower, fruit, seeds, buds, &c.
Organs of fructification, Organa fructificationis. Organs
of reproduction by means of fecundation ; as the flower,
fruit, seed.
Organs of germination, Organa germinationis. Organs
of reproduction without fecundation ; as germens, gongyli,
propagines, and conidia.
3. Accessory organs, Organa accessor ia. Not found in
all plants, seated upon the other organs, as thorns, prickles,
cirri.
3. Contained Juices .
Sap, Alimonia , Humor, Lympha. A watery liquid newly
absorbed, and not yet much changed by vegetation.
Cambium , The mucilaginous juice, already changed,
traversing the membranous texture, from which the new
parts are formed ; is perhaps a liquid gum.
Juice, Succus. Any liquid that can be pressed out of a
plant : they vary in different plants.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
41
Nectar. Juices secreted by glands placed upon the organs
of fructification.
Glaucous bloom, Pollen glaucum . Prnina . A substance
like wax, upon certain leaves and fruits, to preserve them
from moisture.
Milk, Lac. An emulsive liquid, usually white and opake.
4. Race .
Primitive, Plantce priniigenice. Species originally created,
and not formed by crossing from others.
Mule, hybridce. Species not originally created, but
formed by the pollen of one species being absorbed by the
female organ of another species. Veronica hybrida, Pri-
mula cortusoides, Delphinium hybridum, Sorbus hybrida.
5. Consistence.
Spumescent, Plantce spumescentcs . Like a scum. Spu-
maria Mucilago.
Gelatinous, gelatinosce. Like jelly. Tremella.
Fungous, fungosce. Solid, elastic, soft. Boletus igniarius.
Corky, suberosce. Solid, elastic, hard. Many Fungi.
Fleshy, carnosce. Thick, juicy, but firm. Tuber ciba-
rium.
Membranous, membranacece , membranosce. In a thin
flake, flexible, rather juicy. Many ulvse and fuci.
Leathery, coriacece. Tough, flexible, rather thick.
Many fuci.
Horny, corner. Dry, hard, compact, flexible, semi-
transparent. Many fuci.
Crustaceous, crustacece. Dry, hard, friable, in form of
a crust. Lepraria, Variolaria.
Filamentous, jilamentosce. In long, slender threads,
either simple or branched. Conferva.
Flerbaceous, herbacece. Stem and branches do not form
a solid wood, but perish after a few months’ vegetation,
and are covered with a bark, usually green, of the same
consistence as the leaves.
Woody, lignosce. Stem and branches at first weak like
herbs, but form a solid wood, and vegetate for several
years.
Succulent, succulentoe . Thick, juicy, with much cellular
texture, and few fibres. Sedum, Sempervivum tectorum.
Milky, ladescentes. Containing a milky juice. Euphorbia,
Lactuca virosa, Sonchus.
42
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
6. Duration.
Once-fruiting, Plantce monocarpicce . Bearing fruit only
once in their life.
1 . Ephemeral, ephemera s, fugaces. Lasting only a few
days, or even hours. Tremella, many fungi.
2. Annual, annuce. Lasting near a whole summer.
Hordeum.
3. Biennial, hiennes . Producing leaves only the first
year, and flowers and fruit in the succeeding. Verbascum
decurrens, CEnothera biennis.
4. Slow growing, perennes. Being several years before
they flower, and dying soon after. Agave.
Many- fruiting, polycarpicce. Bearing fruit several times
during their life.
1. Perennial, perennes , restihilia , rhizocar piece. Dying
down to the ground every year, and in the following pro-
ducing new flowering stems. Aster.
2. Arborescent, caulocar piece, f rut icosce. The stem itself
lasts during the life of the plant. Trees, shrubs.
7. Mode of production.
Seed-bearing, Plantce seminiferce . Bearing seeds. Most
plants.
Gongyliferous, gongyliferce. Bearing gongyles or spores.
Mosses, Algse.
Stool-bearing, Stoloniferce. Throwing out stools, siolones ,
which take root. Pilosella.
Runner-bearing, viticulosce . Throwing out runners,
viiiculce , sar menta , or flagella, which take root from space
to space.
Shoot-bearing, surculif erce. Throwing out shoots, sur-
culi, from the crown of the root, which may be separated,
and will then produce a new plant. Oliva europaea.
Propaculiferce. Throwing out a shoot terminating by a
leaf-bud, which, when separated from the original plant,
will grow. Sempervivum. ?
Bulbous, bulbosce,. Furnished with a bulb, underground,
throwing up leaves and a stem. Lilium, Tulipa, Allium,
Cepa.
Bulbilliferous, lulhillfercB, soholiferce . Producing small
bulbs, hulhilli , propagines , bacilli, soboles , sautellce, on the
axillae of their branches, or leaves, or elsewhere, above
ground, Crinum bulbiferum, Allium.
3
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
43
If Wild, sylvestres , agrestes. Growing without the assist-
ance of man.
Cultivated, sativce. Sown, or planted by man.
8. Mode of Growth .
Stemless, Plantce acaules. Growing without any stem.
Plantago lanceolata, Beilis perennis.
Stalked, caulescentes. Growing with a stem. Most
plants.
% Outside-growing, exogence. Growing by their bark,
and in arborescent plants depositing layers of woods in-
ternally.
Inside-growing, endogence. Growing by their summit
only, not increasing in diameter, the outside being the
older.
9. Repetition of flowering .
Once bearing, Plantce uniferce . Bearing flowers once a
year only. Most plants.
Twice flowering, lifer ce. Bearing flowers twice a year.
Monthly, multiferce . Flowering several times in a year,
as in some roses.
10. Position of certain Parts.
Root-flowering, Plantes rhizanthce. The flower growing
on the root.
Stem-fruiting, caulocarpce. The fruit growing on the
stem.
Calicostemones. The stamens growing on the calyx.
Gynandrous, gynandree. The stamen growing on the
pistil.
Calyx- flowering, calyciflorce. The corolla growing on
the calyx.
Thalamiflora . The corolla growing on the receptacle,
11. Sex.
Neuter, Plantce nentree , agenice, agamce , gyncscice. In
which sexual organs have not been discovered. Fungi,
lichens.
Cryptogamous, crypiogamce. The sexual organs difficult
to be discovered from their small size, their form, or situa-
tion. Mosses.
Phenogamous, pheenogamae. The sexual organs very
distinct and visible. Lily, Rose.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
44
Unisexual, unisexuales. Having the organs of one
sex only, on the same root.
Male, mascules , idiogynee . Having the male organs only
on the same root.
Female, femines. Having the female organs only on the
same root.
Bisexual, blsexuales . Having the organs of both the
4 sexes on the same root.
Androgynous, androgynes. Having male and female or-
gans on the same root, but not in the same flowers. Morus,
Betula, Pinus, Cucumber.
Hermaphrodite, hermaphrodites. Having male and fe-
male organs not only on the same root, but also in the
same flowers. The generality of plants.
Polygamous, poly games. Having on the same root some
flowers with the organs of both sexes, and others with those
of only one.
Necessarily polygamous, poly games necessaries. Plaving
on the same root imperfect hermaphrodite flowers which
are barren from a defect in their female organs, and female
flowers which are the only fruitful ones.
Superfluously polygamous, poly games super flues. Having
on the same root perfect hermaphrodite flowers, and also
fruitful female flowers.
Uselessly polygamous, poly games f rust anees. Having on
the same root perfect fruitful, fruitful hermaphrodite flowers,
and imperfect or barren females.
% Monoicous, rnonoices. All the roots of the same species
are alike in respect to the sex of the flowers.
Dioicous, dioicee. Having in the same species two kinds
of roots, which differ in regard to the sex of their flowers.
Trioicous, trioices. Having in the same species three
kinds of roots, which differ in regard to the sex of their
flowers. Ceratonia, Ficus.
12. Cotyledons.
Acotyledon, Plantes acotyledonece. Without any coty-
ledons. Fungi, Lichens.
Monocotyledon, rnonocotyledonees. With only one coty-
ledon. Grasses, Palms, Liliacese, Orchideag.
Dicotyledon, dicotyledonees. With two cotyledons. La-
bia tas, Ranunculacesp, Cruciferse, Leguminosae.
Polycotyledon, polycolyledonees. With many cotyledons.
Pirms, Abies, Ceratophyllum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
45
Dermoblastce. The cotyledon formed of a membrane
that bursts irregularly. Fungi?
Nemoblastce. The cotyledon threadshape. Mosses,
Ferns.
Plexeoblastee. The cotyledons come out of the ground
in two lobes, which change to leaves different from the
common leaves.
Geoblastee. The cotyledons remain under ground. Peas,
Grasses.
1. Rhizoblastes. The embrio throws out a root.
2. Arhizoblastee. The embrio has no root. Parasitic
plants.
Splueroblastce. The cotyledons do not divide into two
pieces, but come out of the ground like small balls with
footstalks. Juncus bufonius,
13. Surface,
Smooth, Plantes leves. Without any inequalities.
Fumaria vulgaris, Adoxa Moschateilina.
Bald, glalres. Without any downiness. Ruscus aucu-
leatus, Opulus palustris.
Polished, lev i gat es. Bald and smooth. Veronica fonti-
nalis, Valeriana rubra.
Shining, lucidce. Polished and reflecting light like po-
lished metal, or a varnished substance. Arum xnaculatum,
Chenopodium murale.
Rough, asperee. Rubia tinctorum. Galium uncinatum.
Nipply, papuloses . Having round protuberances, Ailed
with a fluid. Mesembryanthemum papulosum.
Glutinous, sticky, glutinosce , viscoses , Covered with a
substance sticking to the Angers. Hyoscyamus niger,
Silene Anglica.
Powdery, pulverulent os. Covered with a dust which
comes ofl' easily. Primula farinosa.
Glaucous, glances. The dust with which they are co-
vered is of a sea-green colour. Chlora perfoliata, Fu-
maria officinalis, Crambe maritima.
Downy, pubescentes. With short, soft hairs, not very
close. Galium verum, Circae Lutetiana, Althaea officinalis.
Velvety, velutines. With soft, close, short hairs, of an
equal length. Digitalis purpurea.
Hairy, piloses. With scattered, long, soft hairs. Hyo-
scyamus niger, Githago segetum, Hieracium Pilosella.
Villous, villoses. With numerous soft hairs. Veronica
officinalis, Geranium pratense, Lychnis dioica.
2
46
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Silky, sericece. With long, soft, brilliant hairs, lying
flat. Absinthium vulgare.
Woolly, lanaixe. With long hair, lying flat, and more
or less clotted, like coarse cloth.
Clothlike, nappy, tomenlosce. With close hairs, more or
less matted, like fine cloth.
Hispid, fiispidce , hispidosce. With rough hair.
Hispidulous, hispidulee. With hair rather rough.
Hirsute, hirsutce , hirtuosce , hirtce. With rough, pricking
hair. Borago officinalis.
Strigose, strigosce. With stiffj long hair, swelled at
their root.
Echinate, echinatce , spinellosce. With points, spinellce,
stronger, thicker, and harder than hairs. Dipsacus fullo-
num, D. laciniatus.
Prickly, aculeate e. With woody points adhering only to
the bark, and easily broke off. Rosa.
Thorny, spinosce. With points growing out of the wood
of the plant. Ulex Europseus, Prunus spinosa.
14. Stations.
Land, Plantoe terrestres, terranece .
Sand, arenarice , sabidosce. Psamma arenaria, Ulex.
Rock, saxatiles , rupeslres9 petrosce. Sedum.
Gravel, glareosce. Aira fiexuosa.
Wall, ruder ales. On walls and ruins. Chenopodium
murale, Urtica dioica, Parietaria officinalis.
Cavern, cauernarice. In caves and mines. Byssus,
Boletus.
Clay, argillosce .
Chalk, cretacece. Hippocrepis comosa, Caucalis dau-
coides, orchideas.
Granitic, graniticae.
Slate, schistosce.
Limestone, calcarece.
Garden, hortenses. Lamium amplexicaule, Galium unci*
natum, Alsine media. These are usually called Weeds.
Vineyard, vineales. Aristolochia infesta.
Field, agrestes . Growing in arable land. Chrysanthe-
mum segetum, Githago segetum.
Fallow land, arvenses . Growing in fallowed fields. Me-
lampyrum arvense, Aphanes arvensis, Acetosa repens.
Meadow', pratenses. Growing in grass-land. Trifolium
pratense, Ranunculus acris.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 47
Woodland, sylvaticce , nemorosa . Anemone nemorosa,
Paris quadrifolia, Adoxa moschatellina.
Shady, umbroscs. Most woodland plants.
Open ground, campestres , apnea, Artemisia campestris,
Draba verna, Echium vulgare.
Hill, collina. Dianthus collinus, Daphne collina.
Mountain, montana , alpestres. Valeriana montana.
Alpine, alpincs . Bartsia alpina, Thalictrum alpinum.
Snow, glaciales , nivales. Growing among the snow and
ice of high mountains. Gentiana nivalis.
Cold country, frigida , hyperborea. Growing only in
cold countries. Linnaea borealis, Saxifraga Grcenlan-
dica.
Salt, salina , salsa. Growing in soils impregnated with
salt, or Glauber’s salt. Salicornia, Salsola.
Freshwater shore, lit tor ales, riparia. Eupatorium can-
nabinum, Scutellaria, Ly thrum.
Saltwater shore, maritima . Glaux maritima, Limo-
nium commune. Hippophae rhamnoides.
Water, aquatica . As the following:
Sea, marina . Fucus, Ulva, Zostera marina.
Lake, lacustres. Isoetes Pilularia, Scirpus lacustris.
Spring, fontinales. Veronica Beccabunga, Sisymbrium
Nasturtium.
River, jluviaiiles , flaviales . Potamogeton, Platanaria
natans.
Sunken, submerges , demersa , immersa . Growing under
water. Conferva iEgagropila, Myriophyllum spicatum.
Emerging, emersa. Rising above the surface of the
water in which they grow. Hottonia palustris, Myriophyl-
lum verticillatum.
Floating, fluitantes. Rooted in the ground, but the
leaves, &c. floating, Potamogeton lucens.
Swimming, natantes . Not rooted in the ground, but
floating freely. Lemna.
Marsh, palustres, palndosa. In marshes and still waters.
Chara, Phellandrium divaricatum, Menyanthes.
Bog, uliginosa. Vaccinium uliginosum, Pinguicula.
Moss, torfacece. In peat mosses. Sphagnum palustre.
f Amphibious, amphibia. Growing indifferent on land
or in water. Cicuta virosa, Apium graveolens.
f Parasitic, epiphyta. Growing upon other plants.
False parasitic, pseudo-par asitica. Not hurting the plant
on which they grow. Mosses.
48
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
T rue parasitic, parasiticus. Growing at the expense of
the plant on which they fix themselves.
1. On the root, epirhizee . Orobanche, Hypopithys
lutea.
2. On the bark, corticales. Many lichens.
3. On the wood, epixylonece. Most hypoxylese.
4. On leaves, epiphyllce . Uredo, iEcidium, Puccina.
If Subterranean, sulterranece . Growing under the ground*
Tuber cibarium.
If Growing on dead animals, epizoarice *
15. Country .
Native, indigence. Natural to the soil on which they
grow, whether wild or cultivated.
Foreign, exoticce . Brought from foreign countries.
16. Fertility .
Fertile, plantce fertil.es . Producing fruits ; Female, Her-
maphrodite, and polygamous plants.
Barren, steriles. Not producing fruit ; Male and neuter
plants.
ROOT.
Radix,— rhizos. That part of the plant , which is usually
buried in the earth , and absorbs the nutriment of the plant.
1. Species.
Root, Radix . A root of the common sort, and of a large
size.
Rootlet, Radicida. A smaller root than common.
Radicelle, Radicella. The new roots when first emitted
in germination.
2. Parts.
Main root, Radix , Descensus , Truncus subterraneus . The
part next the stem, not yet divided into radicles.
Radicles, Radiculce. The ramifications from the main
root.
Head of the root, Caput radicis. The part which touches
an herbaceous stem.
Extremity of the root, Caitdex radicis. That part of a
main root not branched, which is further from the stem.
Fibres, Fibrillce. The fine hair-like extremities of the
radicles. PI. 2; fig. 1. c. c; 11. d.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
49
Root stigmata, Stigmata radicis , Spongiolce radicates ,
Or<£ radicum. Spongioles at the end of the root; very
visible in lemna and pandanus.
Tuber, Tuherculum . A thick, solid part, usually filled
with feculae, placed either upon the root, as in turneps,
earthnuts, filipendula, or on those lower branches of the
stem which are subterraneous and rootlike, as in the po-
tatoe.
Exostosis. A tuber of a woody consistence, not con-
taining feculae. Cyperus disticha.
JLmpullce. Hollow globular bodies found on the roots
of some water plants. Utricularia.
3. Situation *
Subterraneous, Radix subterranea . Most roots.
Exposed, aeria. Growing upon some part exposed to
the air. Viscum.
Aquatic, aquatica . Growing in the water. Lemna,
Utricularia, Trapa natans.
4. Substance.
Woody, Radix lignosa. All trees, shrubs, and under-
shrubs.
Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, juicy, mostly formed of cellular
texture. Iris palustris, Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum.
5. Form.
Threadshape, Radix filiformis. Lemna.
Fibrous, fibrosa. The threads being of some thickness.
Cepa esculenta. Ranunculus flammeus.
Thongshape, flagellifiormis. Long, supple, slender.
Arenaria maritima, Carduus arvensis.
Cordshape, funiliformis . Of thick fibres like ropes.
Palms, Pandanus, Dracena.
Spindleshape, fusifiormis. Simple, long, swelled out in
the middle, and small at each end. Raphanus sativus.
Turnep shape, napiformis. Simple, globular. Brassica
macrorhiza.
Conical, conica . Gradually decreasing from top to bot-
tom, Daucus vulgaris.
Cylindrical, teres. Dictamnus albus.
Roundish, subrotunda. Bunium majus, B. minus.
Tuberous, tuber osa. In thick fleshy masses. Cyclamen,
Solanum tuberosum, Bryonia dioica.
VOL. I. E
50
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Scrotiform, scrotiformis , testiculata . Formed of two
roundish lumps connected .together. Orchis maculata,
O. militaris. PL 2. fig. 1.
1. The old tuber, Tuberculum senior. That part of the
scrotiform root which supported the stem of the former
year. PL 2, fig. 1, d.
2. The new' tuber, Tuberculum junior. That part of the
scrotiform root which would have supported the stem of
the next year. Pl. 2, fig. 1, b.
Handed, palmata. Tuberous, fiat, divided by a few
slight slits so as to resemble an open hand. Orchis macu-
lata, Satyrium nigrum.
Fingered, digitata . Tuberous, divided by deep slits so
as to resemble fingers. Dioscorea alternifolia.
Grumose, grumosa. Tuberous, and resembling a col-
lection of small seeds. Neottia abortiva. PL 2, fig. 8.
Knotty, nodosa , moniliformis. Composed of tubercles, or
knots connected together in strings. A vena elatior nodosa.
PL 2. fig. 5.
Filipendular, jilipendula. In threads having tubercles at
their ends.
Jointed, articulata. Appearing as if composed of several
joints. Gratiola officinalis. PL 2. fig. 4.
Kneed, genicidata. Jointed and bent at each joint.
Gratiola officinalis.
Bent, contorta. Bent in various directions. Bistorta
major.
Truncated, bitten, truncata , prcemorsa. Appearing as
if the end was bitten off. Scabiosa succisa, Leontodon au-
tumn ale. PL 2. fig. 7.
6. Division.
Simple, Radix simplex. Carota vulgaris, Brassica ma-
crorhiza.
Branchy, ramosa. Subdivided into radicles. Most trees
and shrubs.
Fasciculate, fasciculata. Divided to the head into several
long fleshy parts, connected together in a bundle. Aspho-
delus ramosus. PI. 2. fig. 9.
Capillary, capillaris. Composed of many fine threads.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, and most grasses.
IflComose, comosa. Garnished with numerous capillary
ramifications. Rhododendron, Erica.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
51
7. Surface.
Seal-like, Radix siglllata. Having at certain distances
scars resembling impressions of seals, these being the places
where herbaceous stems have formerly grown. Polygona-
tum vulgare. PI. 2, fig. 11, b.
Bladdery, utriculosa. Having small bladders which
appear to serve the purposes of leaves. Utricularia.
Scaly, squamosa. These scales are abortive leaves.
Lathrsea squamosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PL 2, fig. 10.
Toothed, dentata. Furnished with appendages like
teeth, which are abortive leaves. Cardamine amara, Adoxa*
Dentaria pentaphylla.
8. Duration.
Annual, Radix annua. Dying with the year.
Biennial, biennis. Lasting a second year.
Perennial, perennis . Lasting more than two years.
9. Growth.
Perpendicular, Radix perpendicular is. The principal
root growing right down into the ground. Daucus, Fraxi-
nus, Quercus.
Horizontal, fiorizonialis . Growing level with the ground.
Iris, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 4.
Creeping, repens. Growing horizontally, but sending
off shoots and stalks. Mentha, Achillea millefolia. PL 2,
Jig. 4; pi. 8, fig. 9.
Progressive, progrediens. Extending itself one way, and
dying away in another part. Polygonatum vulgare, Bis-
torta major, Anemone nemorosa, Allium nutans. PL 2.
%. 2, 4, 11.
Sucker-bearing, stolonifera. QEnanthe fistulosa, Fra-
garia.
Bulb-bearing, hdbifera. Having a bulb, or onion, at
the top. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. Pl. 2, fig. 8 ; pi. 3,
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Sprouting, iurionifera. Bearing eyes or asparagi. Aspa-
ragus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum. PL 2, fig. 2,
52
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
STEM.
Caulis. Truncus ascendens, Adscensus, — caulon. The
support of those parts of the vegetable which usually appear
above ground , end bear the flowers and fruit.
1. Species.
Trunk, Truncus. That part of a tree which is naked,
and without branches.
Head, Cymus. That part of a tree where the stem is
divided into branches.
Straw, Culmus. The cylindrical, usually hollow, stem
of a grass, with solid knots at certain distances. Triticum,
Avena.
Reed, Calamus. A simple stem, more or less hollow,
without knots. Juncus.
Root-sucker, Surculus. A branch springing from the
root, capable of being separated, and of becoming a new
individual. Rosa.
Stool, Stolo. A branch from the head of the root, bend-
ing dowm, taking root, and emitting leaves here and there.
Pilosella.
Runner, Flagellum , Sarmentum , Viticula. A naked
branch lying on the ground, taking root with a tuft of
leaves at certain distances. Fragaria vesca.
Offset, Propaculum. A runner terminated by a leaf-bud
capable of taking root when separated. Sedum, Semper-
vivum.
Rhizoma. Caudex descendens. A subterraneous, or su-
perficial shoot, which emits radicles. Iris, Filices.
Base of the bulb. Lecus. The flat plate of a bulb,
throwing out radicles beneath, and from its upper surface
the leaves and flowers. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus.
Rulbo-tuber. Combus. A solid tuber placed on the
neck of the plant, and frequently covered with the base of
the leaves. PL 2, fig. 8. Crocus sativus.
Crown, Caudex. The part of an annual stem that re-
mains attached to a perennial root, and throws up the
next season a fresh stem.
2. Internal Parts.
Pith, Medulla. The fine cellular texture, usually white,
contained in a cylindrical cavity in the centre of the stem
of dicotyledon plants, and seeming to nourish the young
shoots. PL 1, fig. 2, i to k.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
53
Medullary canal, Canalis medullar is. The cylindrical
cavity containing the pith.
Medullary sheath, Vagina medullaris. The internal rank
of fibres immediately next to the pith.
Medullary rays. Silver grain. Radii. Productions. In-
sertiones medidlares. Vertical flakes, similar to the pith,
pushed out towards the circumference; appearing, in a
transverse section of a stem, like the spokes of a wheel.
PI. 1, fig. 2, e. It is in the direction of these rays that
wood, however hard, may be easily riven.
Ligneous portion. Corpus ligneum. Lignea portio. The
part of a stem between the pith and the bark, by which the
juices pass from the root to the leaves. PI. I, fig. 2, b to i.
In monocotyledon plants it composes the whole of the
stem. PI. 1, fig. 4, a to d.
Wood, heart, Lignum , — xylon. That part of the
ligneous portion of a stem which has acquired its utmost
hardness : in dicotyledon plants it forms the centre of the
stem, in monocotyledon plants the circumference.
Alburnum. Alburna. That part of the ligneous portion
of a stem which has not acquired its utmost hardness, and
is generally of a paler colour than the rest.
Woody layers. Spurious grain. Strata lignea . Invo-
lucra lignea. Zones formed round the pith or centre of
a stem, appearing in a transverse section like concentric
circles, usually supposed to denote the growth of each suc-
cessive summer that the plant has existed. PI . 1 , fig. 2, b, g, h.
Bark, Cortex , — derma. A part of the stem (and root)
of dicotyledon plants, which encloses the woody portion,
separating easily at certain seasons, or by maceration, and
through which the juices of the plant do not pass in going
from the root-sponges to the leaves. PI. 1, fig. 2, a, b.
Cortical layers, Strata corticalia. The layers, or con-
centric circles to be observed hr the bark. PI. 1, fig. 2,
a, b, c, d.
Inner bark. Bast. Liber. The internal cortical layers,
which may be easily separated from the others. PI. 1,
fig. 2, b to d.
Corky substance, Stratum cellulosus , Complexus cellulosus ,
Parenchyma. A layer of cellular tissue, lying on the out-
side of the cortical layers, and in some plants very thick.
Epidermis , Epiderma. A membrane which covers every
part of the plant as well as the stem.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
54*
3. Duration.
Annual, Caulis annuus. From annual roots, and those
biennials which do not throw up the stem till the second
year.
Perennial, perennis. The stem of trees, shrubs, and
undershrubs.
4. Consistence.
Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a
solid wood.
Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature.
Succulent, succulentus. Orobanche major, Sempervi-
vum tectorum.
Pithy, medullaris. Filled with pith. Helianthus animus*
Sambucus humilis.
Spongy, spongiosus. Filled with a compressible, elastic
tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. Typha lati~
folia, Zea Mays, Hypericum elodes.
Solid, plenuSy solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea
Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale.
Hollow, fistulosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either
continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or
parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineas, Orchis
latifolia. Sonchus arvensis.
5. Form.
Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus , teres. Long, the trans-
verse section being circular; nearly the same size throughout
the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinaci-
folium, Abies, Stramonium foetidum.
Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak;
growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula
esculenta, Reseda salicifolia, Althaea officinalis.
Flagelliform, ftagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a
thong. Vinca major, Clematis Vitalba, Eubus saxatilis.
Melon-shaped, meloniformis . Cactus Melocactus, Eu-
phorbia cucumerina.
Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite
sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia.
Two-edged, anceps . Compressed with two sharp edges
like a dagger. Androssemum officinale.
Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like
leaves. Cactus Phvllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium.
Obtuse-angled, ohtush angulatus. When it has angles
which are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
55
Acute-angled, acutb angulahis. When it has angles
which are acute. Hypericum quadrangulare, Lathyrus
pratensis.
Three-sided, irigonus. When it has three faces, and of
course three corners. Carex acuta, Scirpus sylvaticus.
Four-sided, tetragonus. When it has four sides. Mentha
sativa, Lamium album, and other labiateae.
Five-sided, pentagonus. Cactus pentagonus.
Six-sided, hexagomis. Cactus hexagonus.
Three-cornered, triangularis.
Four-cornered, quadr angular is : and so onwards.
Three-edged, triqueter .
Four-edged, tetraqueter : and so onwards.
Angular, angulosus. When the angles are not, or can
not be counted. Polygonatum vulgare, Solanum nigrum,
Achillea millefolia.
Jointed, articulatus. Formed of joints connected endw7ays
with each other, with or without knots. Fucus articulatus,
Equisetimi, Visciim album, Graminese.
Knotted, nodosus. Having swellings or knots at certain
distances. Many of the graminese, Persicaria acris.
Kneed, geniculatus . Jointed and bent at each joint.
Alopecurus geniculatus, Geranium sanguineum, Stellaria
media, Spergula arvensis.
Stipiform, stipiformis . Stem of a dicotyledon plant,
growing like those of palm-trees; with a bunch of leaves
at top, and bearing the marks where the old leaves have
fallen off. Statice fasciculate, Brassica oleracea capitata.
6. Strength and thickness.
Stiff, Caulis rigidus , strict us, rigens. Straight, not easily
bent, although it be slender. Bistorta major. Bupleurum
rotundifolium.
Brittle, fragilis. Stiff, and breaking as soon as it is at-
tempted to be bent. Sonchus oleraceus, Geranium Ro-
bertianum.
Sarmentose, sarmentosus. Woody, and climbing or
rampant. Hedera communis, Vitis vinifera, Rubus fru-
ticosus.
Weak, dehilis. Too feeble to keep upright. Irasekia
alpina, Geranium lucidum, Sedum dasyphyllum.
Slender, gracilis . Long in comparison with its thick-
ness. Orchis maculata, Stellaria holostea.
Threadshaped, filiformis . Zanichella palustris, Hydro-
cotyle vulgaris.
Hairlike, capillar is. Eleocharis acicularis.
56
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
7. Number.
Single, Caulis unicus. When the root produces only
one stem.
Many, multiplex. When the root produces several
stems.
8. Composition.
Very simple, Caulis simplicissimus. When it has no
branches whatever, Fritillaria tessellata, Bistorta major.
Orobanche major.
Simple, simplex. Without any large branches, but with
some weak ones only. Yerbascum decurreils, Swertia
perennis.
Branchy, ramosus. Divided into branches.
Very branchy, ramosissimus. Cucubalus bacciferus,
Ulex Europeeus.
Shrubby, decompositus. Branched from near the root,
so as to have scarcely any main stem. Ulex Europseus.
Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into
two parts at each division. Stramonium foetidum, Viscum
album.
Three-forked, trichotomus. Divided and subdivided into
three parts at each division. Mirabilis Jalapa.
Continued, integer. Growing up from the root to the
top of the plant like an axis from which the branches
spring out. Abies excelsa, Abies pectinata.
9. Direction of the main Stem.
Upright, Caulis verticalis, perpendicular is, erectus. Grow-
ing perpendicular to the horizon. Mentha sylvestris, An-
droseemum officinale. Abies,
Oblique, obliquus. Growing sloping to the horizon.
Poa annua.
Curved, curvatus , arcuatus. Forming a curve.
Inclined, inclinatus . Growing in a very marked curve,
bending to the ground.
Nodding, nutans , cernuus. The top inclining to the
ground. Polygonatum vulgare, Cedrus.
Ascending, ascendens. Forming a curve, bending up
towards the sky. Veronica spicata. Trifolium pratense,
Circaea alpina.
Procumbent, procumbens , prostratus , humifusus . Spread
upon the ground, and not striking root. Polygonum avi-
culare, Herniaria hirsuta, Ulecebrum verticillata, Are-
naria rubra. Uva-ursi buxifolia.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
57
Creeping, repens , reptans. Spread upon the ground, and
striking root in it. Veronica officinalis. Glechoma he-
deracea, Potentilla l'eptans.
Climbing, scandens. Incapable of keeping itself upright
without support, but raising itself by laying hold of other
bodies.
a. by its own twisting. Cuscuta minor, Fagopyrum ca-
rinatum. Convolvulus sepium.
b. by tendrils. Vitis vinifera, Pisum.
c. by holdfasts. Hedera communis.
d. by the twisting of the leaf-stalks. Clematis Viticella.
Twining from left to right, voluhilis sinistrorsum. Lu-
pulus communis, Tamus communis.
Twining from right to left, voluhilis dexirorsum. Con-
volvulus sepium, Phaseolus vulgaris.
Flexuose, /?ej;M05M5. Bent in various irregular directions.
Aristolochia, Serpentaria, Solidago flexicaulis.
Tortuous, tortuosus. Bent many times in different di-
rections. Cuscuta minor, Cakile maritima.
Straight, rectilineus , rectus . Without any bending.
Lilium album, Rumex aquaticus, Verbascus decurrens.
10. Clothing and appendages .
Leafed, Caulis foliatus. Furnished with leaves.
Leafless, aphyllus. Without leaves. Gassy tha major.
Scaly, squamosus . Furnished with leaves like scales.
Orobanche major. Neottia abortiva.
Sheathed, vaginatus . Clothed with sheaths formed by
the bottom part of leaves. Graminese.
Stipuled, stipulatus. Furnished with stipules. Vieia
sativa, Lathyrus aphyllus.
Winged, alatus. Furnished lengthways with membra-
nous or leafy expansions. Verbascum decurrens, Sym-
phytum officinale, Lathyrus latifolius, Onopordum vul-
gare. Carduus palustris.
Tendrilled, cirriferus. Furnished with tendrils. Vitis,
Bryonia dioica.
Rooting, radicans. Throwing out roots by which it fixes
itself. Hedera communis, Bignonia radicans.
Naked, nudus. Without leaves, scales or tendrils. Tees-
dalia irregularis.
Bulbiferous, hulhiferus. Throwing out bulbilli which
fall off and take root. Cardamine bulbifera.
11. Surface.
Smooth, Caulis Icevis. Tamus communis, Carduus ar-
vensis, Fagus sylvatica.
58
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Bald, glaber . Ulecebrum verticillatum, Vinca major,
Cuscuta. Oenanthe fistulosa. Imperatoria major.
Smoothened, leevigatus. Geranium lucidum.
Shining, lucidus. Lysimachia nemorura.
Powdery, puluerulentus . Covered with a powder pro-
duced by itself. Primula farinosa.
Glaucous, glaucus. The dust is of a sea-green colour.
Oenanthe fistulosa, Angelica sylvestris, Cucubalus in-
flatus.
Dotted, punctatus . Sprinkled with dots, either sunk in,
or projecting, or only spots of colour. Hypericum per-
foratum.
Spotted, maculatus , maculosus. Marked with spots.
Phlox maculata, Coniimi maculatum.
Rough, asper, sealer. Equisetum hyemale, Melampy-
rum arvense, Jasione montana, Sphondylium vulgare,
Lychnis plumaria.
Warty, verrucosus. With small callous excrescences.
Evonymous verrucosus.
Tubercular, tuberculalus. With small protuberances.
Genista pilosa, Malpighia tuberculata.
Streaked, strialus. With small raised lines lengthways.
Aristolochia infesta, Acetosa pratensis, Erysimum cor-
difolium. Orobus tuberosus.
Grooved, sulcatus. Grooved lengthways. Chara his-
pida, Equisetum hyemale, Lampsana communis, Co-
rnu m maculatum.
Wrinkled, rimosus. Ulmus campestris, Castahea vesca.
Corky, suberosus. Covered with a bark of the nature of
cork. Quercus Suber, Ulmus suberosa.
12. Villosity.
Downy, Caulis pubescens. Orobanclie major, Digitalis
purpurea, Ornithopus perpusillus, Sempervivum tectorum,
Saxifraga granulata.
Velvetty, veluiinus. Cotyledon coccinea.
Hairy, pilosus. Clinopodium vulgare, Ranunculus acris,
Erodium cicutarium, Agrimonia vulgaris.
Villous, villosus. Veronica montana, V. agrestis, Cala-
mintha vulgaris.
Silky, sericeus. Protea argentea, Aster sericeus.
Woolly, lanatus. Stachys Germanica, Marrubium vul-
gare, Carlin a vulgaris.
Tomentose, tomentosus. Verbascum decurrens, Gera*
nium rotundifolium.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
59
Hispid, hispidus, liirsutus , hirtus. Galeopsis nodosus,
Scabiosa arvensis, Sinapis arvensis, Geranium dissectum.
Spinose, spinellosus , eckinatus. Dipsacus fullonum.
13. Armature.
Prickly, Caulis aculealus. Arms affixed to the bark.
Rosa rubiginosa, R. centifolia, Rubus fruticosus.
Thorny, spinosus. Arms affixed to the wood. Genista
Anglica.
Branches.
First branches, Ramus. First divisions of the stem.
Second branches, branchlets, twigs, Ramuli, First di-
visions of the branches.
Third branche^, small twigs, Ramunculi. Second divisions
of the branches.
1. Attachment.
Alternate, Rami alterni. Shooting out singly in different
directions at nearly equal distances. Alicea rosea, Rhamnus
catharticus.
One rowed, secundi. Shooting out on one side only.
Alg ae varies.
Two-rowed, distichi. Ranged in two opposite rows.
Ulmus vulgaris, Abies Tkmadensis.
Opposite, oppasiti. Growing in pairs from opposite
points. Fraxinus, iEsculus Hippocastanum.
Crossing, decussati. Growing in pairs which cross each
other at right angles. Syringa vulgaris, Acer major.
Whorled, verticillati. Placed in circles round the main
stem. Equisetum fluviatile, Abies pectinata, Pinus syl-
vestre.
Scattered, spar si. Placed without any determinate or-
der. Usually owing to abortion.
2. Direction.
Erect, Rami erecti. Growing almost perpendicular to
the horizon. Salsola fruticosa, Euphrasia officinalis, Po-
pulus fastigiata.
Closed, appressi. Converging very close to the main
stem. Genista tinctoria, Populus fastigiata.
Inflected, inirojiexi , bicurvi. Anastatica Hierunchita, & c.
Open, patentes, patuli . Forming with the main stem
an angle of about 45°. Galium vulgare, Erysimum offi-
cinale.
60
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Very open, patentissimi. Growing at right angles with
the stem. Asparagus officinalis, Arctium major, Pyrus
sylvestris.
Divergent, diver gent es. Very open and verticillate.
Abies.
Arm-like, Irachiati. Very open and crossing each other
in pairs. Melampyrum cristatum, Hypericum crispum.
Divaricated, divaricati. Very open and growing in many
different directions. Rumex pulcher, Teucrium fruticans,
Cichorium sylvestre, Ranunculus hederaceus.
Diffused, diffusi. Growing without any order. Cam-
panula hederacea, Fumaria officinalis, Geranium dissectum.
Bent outwards, rejiexi , recurvati. Bent with the con-
vexity upwards. Equisetum sylvaticum, Larix Europsea.
Hanging, penduli . Falling below its origin perpendicu-
larly towards the earth. Salix Babylonica, Betula alba,
Fraxinus excelsior pendula.
Bent back, retroflecti , refracti. Bent back upon them-
selves. Rumex pulcher, Dulcamara flexuosa.
Thorn-ended, Spinescens. Ending in a thorn instead of
a bud. Ononis arvensis, Hippophae littoralis.
OUTLINE OF THE RAMIFICATIONS.
Rounded, Ramificatio sulrotunda. Malus communis.
Flat-topped, corymbose fastigiata Linnaeus. When the
ramifications end all at the same height from the ground.
Dodartia Orientalis, Pinus Pinea.
Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Spread horizontally, and grow-
ing smaller as they approach the top. Abies pectinata.
Fastigiate, fastigiata Mirbell. All the branches growing
close to the stem, and their divisions pointing to the sky.
Populus fastigiata, Quercus fastigiata.
LEAF SCAR.
Cicatricula. A mark left on the stem by the jointed
leaves, when they fall off.
REMAINS OF LEAVES.
Reliquia foliorum. Ramenta . The remains of leaves
which remain attached to the stem, after the death of the
principal part.
CUSHION.
Vulvinus . A small protuberance, frequently found under
the leaf scar.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
61
PROJECTURES.
Projeclurce. Small rising edges, which beginning at the
setting on of a leaf, are prolonged upwards and downwards.
Leguminosee. *
LEAVES.
Folium, in composition — phyllum. Expanded organs
generally attached to the stem , flat, green, horizontal, formed
for imbibing and exhaling different fluids .
1. Situation.
Seed, Folia seminalia. Placed immediately below the
plumule, formed of the cotyledons which rise above ground.
Raphanus sativus.
Root, radicalia , fundi. Growing from the top of the
root. Alisma major, Taraxacum officinale, Drosera ro-
tund i folia. PL 8, fig. 5, e.
Stem, caulinaria, caulina. Growing on the stem.
Branch, ramealia, ramea. Growing on the branches.
Joint, articulares. Growing from the knots or joints of
the stem or its branches. Graminese, Dianthus.
Inferaxillary, infer axillaria. Growing under the branch.
Tilia, Aster Chinensis.
Flower, floralia. Growing at the bottom of flowers,
and not differing from the other leaves. Periclymenum
perfoiiatum. These are not to be confounded with bractece .
2. Disposition.
In whirls, Folia verticillata , stellata. More than two
leaves growing at the same height on the stem. Hippuris,
Asperula odorata, Spergula arvensis. PL 6, fig. 6.
By threes, terna. Forming a whirl of three leaves.
Lysimachia vulgaris, Verbera triphylla.
By fours, quaterna. Valantia cruciata, Rubia tinctorum.
By fives, quina. Myriophyllum verticillaturq, Galium
Witheringii.
By sixes, sena. Galium uliginosum.
By eights, octona . Asperula odorata. PL 6, fig. 6.
% Opposite, opposita. Two by two, on opposite sides of the
stem. Veronica officinalis, Labiatse, Gentianese. PL 6, fig. 8.
Crossed, decussate. Opposite, the pairs placed near to-
gether, and crossing each other. Hypericum quadrangu-
lare, Euphorbia Lathy ris.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Alternate, alterna. One by one by spaces along the
stem. Gramineae, Acetosa vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis,
Rosa, Pyrus.
Spirally, spiralia. Alternate in two, three, or more pa-
rallel series round the stem. Abies Picea, Lycopodium,
abietiforme.
Orderless, scattered, spars'a. Growing without any re-
gular order. Antirrhinum majus, Hedera communis, Re-
seda salicifolia.
Two-ranked, disticha. With their points of attachment,
and their direction on two opposite sides. Ulmus cam-
pestris.
f Distant, remota. Placed at a greater distance from one
another than usual.
Crowded, approximately conferta. Placed at a less dis-
tance from one another than usual. Daphne sempervirens.
Tile-like, imbricata. One covering another like the tiles
of a house. Saxiffaga oppositifolia, Sedum acre, S. ru-
pestre.
Roselike, rosaceous, roselata. Alternate, numerous,
crowded, and diverging, so as to appear like a double rose.
Sempervivum tectorum, Saxifraga pyramidalis.
Crowning, coronaiitia. Roselike, and terminating the
stem or its divisions. Palmae, Filices arborese, Carica
Papaya.
% In bundles, fasciculata. Several leaves from the same
point. Berberis vulgaris, Larix.
Twin, geminaia , Vina. In bundles of two leaves each.
Galanthus nivalis, Atropa lethalis, Pinus sylvestris, P. ma-
ritima.
In bundles of three, terna. Pinus Tseda, P. palustris.
In bundles of five, quina . Pinus Strobus, P. Cembro.
3. Attachment.
Squatted, Folia sessilia. Growing without any footstalk.
Mentha sylvestris, Androssemum officinale, Genista, Te-
lephium.
Decurrent, decurrentia. Sessile, and the lower part of
the leaf extended along the stem. Symphytum officinale,
Carduus lanceolata. PI. 6, fig. 11.
Embracing, amplexicaulia. Embracing the stalk, by an
enlargement of their base. Silybum Mariae, Papaver som-
niferum. PI. 6, fig. 7.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
63
Perfoliated, perfoliata. Having the disk pierced by the
stem. Bupleurum perfoiiatum. PI. 6, fig. 10.
Grown together, connate ?, coadnata. Opposite or whirled
leaves sessile and conjoined together by their lower part.
Dipsacus fullonum, Saponaria officinalis, Lychnis plumaria,
Periclymenum perfoliatum. PL 6, fig. 8.
Sheathing, vaginantia. The base enveloping the stem
like a sheath. Orchis latifolia.
4. Direct ion.
Reversed, Folia deviala , ohliqua , adversa. When the
upper surface of the leaf is not turned from the ground.
Lactuca virosa, Allium obliquum.
% One-rowed, unila ter alia , secunda. When they grow
all on one side. Convallaria multiflora.
Two-sided, lilateralia. When they grow on two oppo-
site sides. Taxus baccata, Abies taxifolia.
f Adpressed, appressa. When the face of the leaf is
applied close to the stem. Buchnera gesnerioides.
Erect, erecta . Forming an acute angle with the utmost
part of the stem. Typha latifolia, Sagittaria, Pinus syl-
vestris.
Inflected, inflexa , incurva . Bent inwardly, Araucaria
excelsa, &c.
Open, patentia , patula. Forming an angle of about
45 deg. with the upper part of the stem. Veronica fonti-
nalis, Antirrhinum vulgare.
Very open, patentissima. Forming an angle of about
90 deg. with the stem. Glechoma hederacea, Cucubalus
bacciferus, Androsseinum vulgare.
Reflected, rejlexa , recurva. Bent down towards the
ground. Bryum pellucidum, Pulicaria uliginosa.
Hanging, dependentia , demissa. Growing down perpen-
dicular to the ground. Laureola sempervirens. Convol-
vulus sepium.
Lying down, humifusa. Growing flat on the ground.
Beilis perennis.
II Floating, natans. Lying flat on the water. Pota-
mogeton natans, Nymphsea alba, Nuphar luteum.
Sunken, suhnersa , demersa. Growing in the water.
Hottonia palustris.
Emergent, emersa. Rising by their footstalk above the
water. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Alisma major.
64?
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
5. Substance.
Herbaceous, Folia herbacea . Green and soft. Spinachia
oleracea.
Membranous, membranacea , membranosa. Soft, supple,
very thin. Most plants.
Paper-like, papyracea. Thin, dry, may be bent like
paper. Dracaena terminalis.
Scarious, scariosa. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Pota-°
mogiton crispum.
Soft, mollia . Althaea officinalis.
Leathery, coriacea. Viscum album.
Stiff, rigida . Arundo arenaria, Ruscus aculeatus, Pinus
sylvestris.
Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, and formed of a cellular tissue
resembling the pulp of an apple. Lemna, Sempervivum
tectorum.
Succulent, succulenta , succosa . Thick, and formed of a
cellular tissue resembling the pulp of a plum. Sedum re-
flexum, S. dasyphyllum.
Hollow, cava. Having an internal cavity. Cepa cs~
culenta.
Pitchershaped, utricularia . Hollow and bellied out
like a pitcher. Aldrovanda.
Bilocular, bilocularia . Hollow and divided into two
parts by a partition. Lobelia Dortmanna.
Many-locular, loculosa. Hollow and divided into several
parts by partitions. Juncus articulatus, &c.
6. Formation.
Petiolean, Folia petiolanea. Formed from footstalks.
Mimosa suaveolens, Mimosae of New Holland.
Ramean, rameanea . Formed from branches. Ruscus
aculeatus.
7. Production.
Flowerbearing, Folia jlorifera. Producing flowers.
Lemna, Xylophylla falcata. PI. 8, fig. 3.
Rooting, radicantia. Producing roots. Asplenium rhi-
zophyllum.
Thornbearing, spinifera. Producing thorns. Solanum
Py racantha.
Proliferous, prolifera. Producing other leaves. Lemna,
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
65
8. Figure.
Round, Folia orbicularia. Outline resembling a circle.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris.
Rounded, subrotunda , rotundata. Approaching to a
round figure. Lysimachia repens, Mentha rotundifolia,
Marrubium vulgare, Corylus sylvestris.
Oblong, oblonga . Longer than broad, the ends being
rounded. Carlina vulgaris. Inula dysenterica.
Elliptic, elliptica Mirbel, ovalia Linnaeus, once and a
half or twice as long as broad, with rounded ends equal to
each other. Convallaria majalis, Hieracium repens.
Oval, ovalia Mirbel, ovata Linnaeus. Resembling elliptic
leaves, the lower end larger than the other. Hernaria
glabra, Vinca major, Alsine media, Androsaemum vulgare.
Reverse oval, obovalia. Resembling elliptic leaves, but the
upper end larger than the other. Samolus Valerandi, Vitis
Idaea punctifolia.
Parabolic, parabolica. Oblong, diminishing insensibly
to its end, which is obtuse. Amaranthus minor.
Wedgelike, cunearia. Enlarging from the base to the
end, which is very obtuse, or even truncated. Galarhoeus
helioscopius.
Fanshaped, Jlabelliformia. Wedgelike, rounded at the
top. Salisburia aspleniifolia.
Lanceshaped, lanceolata. Longer than broad ; diminish-
ing each way from the middle. Daphne florida, Plantago
lanceolata, Salix alba.
Spatulashaped, spathulata. Drawn in at the bottom,
broad and round at the top. Beilis perennis, Silene par-
viflora, Montia fontana.
Three-cornered, triangularia. The face has three straight
sides. Atriplex hortensis, Betula alba, Chenopodium
urbicum.
Four-cornered, quadrangularia . The face has four
straight sides. Trapa natans.
Rhombic, rhombea. The leaf is four-sided, the opposite
ones being parallel. Hibiscus rhombifolius.
Trapezoid, trapezoidea . The leaf is four-sided; the op-
posite sides, or at least two of them, are not parallel. Po-
pulus nigra.
Scalelike, squamiformia. Partly embracing the stem,
short and broad, like a scale. Orobanche major.
f Long, elongata. Long and narrow ; to which belong
the five following ones.
VOL. i.
F
66
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Linear, linearia. Long, not above one twelfth of an
inch broad; with the sides parallel, from bottom to top.
Lolium perenne, Taxus baccata, Juncus bufonius, Poa an-
nua.
Ribband, fascialia , gr amine a* Like linear leaves, but
much larger. Typha latifolia.
Awlshape, subulata. Linear at the bottom, but; becoming
narrower by degrees, and ending in a point. Ulex Europseus,
Juniperus communis.
Tj airlike, capillar ia. Very fine, and very flexible, re-
sembling hairs. Asparagus tenuifiolius.
Needlelike, acerosa , acicularia, selacta. Long, fine, stiff,
and sharp, resembling bristles or needles. Asparagus
acutifolius, Juniperus communis.
If Dissimilar, dissimilia. Of different figures on the same
plant. Quercus nigra, Broussenetia papyrifera, Dorstenia
arifolia, Boehmeria, Ludia heterophylla.
9. Form or Substance .
Cylindrical, Folia cylindrica, teretia. Long, and like a
rod. Sedum album, Cepa tenuifolia.
Half-cylindrical, hemicylindrica , hemicylindracea , semi-
cylindrica . Long, one face being flat, the other convex.
Isoetes, Pinus sylvestris, Typha angustifolia.
Pipelike, Jistulosa. Cylindrical and hollow. Cepa escu-
lenta, Allium oleraceum.
Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways, so that they
are much thicker than broad. Mesembryanthemum do-
labriforme.
Very much compressed, compressissima. So much flat-
tened sideways, that the sides appear like faces. Iris, many
lycopodia.
Swordshape, ensiformia , gladiala. Rather thick in the
middle, sharp-edged, and narrower from their bottom to
their point. Iris, and many iridese.
Sabreshape, acinaciformia . Fleshy, and flattened so as
to have two edges, one thick and blunt, the other sharp,
bent backwards. Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme.
Adzeshape, dolabrijormia. Fleshy, nearly cylindrie at
bottom, flat at top with two edges, the one straight and
thick, the other circular, broad, and cutting. Mesem-
bryanthemum dolabriforme.
Tongue-shape, linguiformia. Fleshy, long, convex be-
low, blunt at top. Semper vivum teetorum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
67
Gibbous, gibbosa. Fleshy and raised up in a hunch upon
both surfaces. Crassula Cotyledon, Sedum dasyphyllum,
S. Anglicum.
Deltoid, deltoidea. Short, narrow at the two ends, hav-
ing three faces. Mesembryanthemum deltoides.
Three-sided, triquetra , trigona. Long, prismatic, having
three faces. Butomus umbellatus, Asphodelus luteus.
Four-sided, tetragona. Long, prismatic with four faces.
Gladiolus tristis.
10. Bottom.
Heartshape, Folia cordiformia, cor data. Longer than
broad, parted at bottom into two lobes. Tamnus com-
munis, Erysimum cordifolium, Tilia Europaea, Nymphaea.
Oblique heartshape, oblique cordata. Heartshaped, with
the point on one side. Begonia obliqua.
Kidneyshape, reniformia , renaria. Rounded and divided
into two broad obtuse lobes. Asarurn Europaeum, Gle-
choma hederacea.
Halfmoonshape, semilunata , lanata. Rounded and di-
vided into two narrow lobes. Hydrocotyle lunata.
Arrowshape, sagittata. Bottom lengthened into two
sharp-pointed lobes, not or but little spread out. Sagittaria
sagittifolia, Fagopyrum esculentum.
Halbert-shape, hastata . Bottom prolonged into two
lobes spread out wide apart. Arum maculatum, Elatine
hastata.
f Unequal at bottom, bad incequalia . Bottom length-
ened more on one side than the other. Stramonium foeti-
dum, Ulmus campestris.
Narrowed at bottom, basi attenuata. Becoming narrow
at bottom. Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium sylvaticum,
Chenopodium.
11. Point.
Sharp, Folia acuta. The two edges forming an acute
angle. Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, Scrophu-
laria nodosa.
Pointed, acuminata. The two edges change their di-
rection when they approach each other, and are prolonged
beyond the place where they would otherwise meet. Cornus
mascula, Corylus sylvestris, Cerasus racemosa.
Cuspidated, cuspidata. Long, narrowing by degrees,
ending in a sharp hard point resembling awlshape leaves,
but much larger. Bromelia Ananas.
f 2
68
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Dagger-pointed, mucronala . Finishing in a narrow
point. Sempervivum tectorum, Amaranth us minor.
Hooked, uncinata . Ending in a crooked point or hook.
Mesembryanthemum uncinatum.
Obtuse, obtusa. Rounded at top. Rerberis vulgaris,
Corrigiola littoralis.
Bluntly notched, retusa. Ending in a'blunt notch. Vitis-
Idaea punctifolia, Amaranthus lividus.
Notched, nicked, emarginata. Ending in a sharp notch.
Asarum Europaeum, Buxus sempervirens. PI. 5, fig. 1 5.
Truncated, truncata . Ending abruptly by a transverse
line. Aloe retusa.
Bitten, preemorsa. Ending as if bitten by the teeth.
Caryota urens.
Three-toothed, tridentata. Ending in three teeth". Saxi-
fraga tridentata, Genista tridentata.
Five-tootlied, quinquedentata. Hydrocotyle tridentata,
Saxifraga ascendens.
Reverse-heartshape, obcordata , obcordiformia. Oblong
and parted at the end into two rounded lobes. Leaflets of
Oxalis vulgaris.
If Circinated, circinata , cipice cirrosa. Lengthened out at
the end into a long point rolled upon itself. Gloriosa
superba.
Ascidiated, ascidiata . Ending in a hollow vase, qscidium ,
covered with a moveable cover. Nepenthes distillatoria,
N. phyllamphora.
12. Contour,
Not in the least notched, Folia integerrima. The edge
being without the least incision whatever. Lysimachia re-
pens, Periclymenum vulgare, Androsaemum vulgare.
Crenate, crenata. The edge cut into small rounded
parts. Chamaedrys palustris, Betonica officinalis, Marru-
bium vulgare, Glechoma hederacea, Caltha palustris, Po«
pulus tremula.
Doubly crenate, duplicator crenata. The crenules of the
edge crenulated also. Chrysosplenium alternifolium.
Reversely crenate, oberenata. The edge cut into sharp
points, separated by rounded sinuses. Theophrastus Ame-
ricana.
Serrate, serrata. The edge cut into teeth, serraturcs
sharp-pointed and inclined to the tip of the leaf. Scro-
phularia aquatica, Vaccinium montanum, Viola odorata.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
69
Evonymus Europaeus, Acer Pseudoplatanus, Viburnum
Lantana. PL 6, fig. 2.
Doubly serrate, dupiicato-serrate. The serratures of
which are also serrate themselves. Ribes rubrnm, Ulmus
campestris, Corylus Avellana.
Toothed, dentata. The edge cut into teeth, which do
not incline either to the tip or bottom of the leaf. Tus-
silago vulgaris, Senecio vulgaris. Erysimum cordifolium,
Sinapis alba.
Denticulated, dent iculata,! When the teeth or serratures
Serrulated, serrulata. j are extremely small. Lactuca
virosa, Circma Lutetiana, Inula dysenterica, Senecio Doria.
Gnawed, erosa. The edge cut into small unequal parts,
as if eaten by an insect. Senecio Doria, Sinapis alba.
Sinuated, sinuata. The edge cut into rounded jags, se-
parated by sinuses also rounded. Stramonium foetid um,
Carduus natans, Quercus longseva, Onopordium vulgare.
PI. 4, fig. 8.
Violon-shaped, panduriformia. Oblong, with a rounded
sinus on each side. Rumex pulcher, Convolvulus pandu-
ratus. PI. 4, fig. 9.
Repand, sinuolata , repanda. When the sinuses are very
shallow. Solan um nigrum , Inula dysenteria, Chrysople-
nium oppositifolium, Alnus glutinosus.
Angulous, angulosa. The edge having several angular
jags, whose number is indeterminable. Stramonium fceti-
dum, Tussilago vulgare, Chelidonium glaucum, Ficaria
verna. PI. 6, fig. 7.
Five-angled, qiunque-angulata. Pelargonium peltatum,
&c.
Seven-angled, seplem-angulata. Hibiscus Abelmoschus,
See.
Fringed, cilia ta. Bordered with straight hairs like eye-
lashes. J uncus pilosus, Sempervivum tectorum, Eremocallis
glomerata. PI. 4, fig. 9.
13. Edge .
Callous, margine calloso. Covered with small hard tu-
mours. Saxifraga Cotyledon.
Gristly, cartiiagineo. Hard, elastic, and of some other
colour than green. Vitis Idsea punctifolia. PI. 4, fig. 6.
Thorny, spinoso. Armed with hard prickles. Agave
Americana, Carduus lanceolatus, Silybum Marioe, Carlina
vulgaris. PL 6, fig. 9.
70
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Rolled up, revoluto. Rosmarinus officinalis, Andromeda
polifolia, Oxycoccus palustris, Eremocallis glomerata.
14. Incisions.
Cut, Folia incisa Mirbel, lobata De Candolle. With
deep incisions on the edges, the size and form being left
undetermined.
Jagged, laciniala. The incisions irregular.
Feather-cut, pinnciticisa . Incisions disposed sideways
like the feathers of a quill.
Lyrate, lyraia. Feather-cut leaves, the side lobes being
much smaller than the end one. Barbarea prascox, Bras-
sica Eruca, Geum urbanum, Raphanistrum vulgare. PI. 4,
fig. 10.
Runcinate, runcinata. Feather cut leaves, the side lobes
sharp-pointed and bent towards the stem like a hook.
Taraxacum officinale, Sonchus arvensis, S. oleraceus, Pre-
nanthes muralis, Hypochaeris radicata. PI. 4, fig. 11.
Eared, auriculata. Having two small lobes at their base.
Salvia officinalis.
Lobed, lobata Mirbel, partita De Candolle. The
incisions penetrating more than halfway into the face of
the leaf, but not reaching the middle rib so as to separate
the parenchyme of the leaf into segments.
Two-lobed, biloha , bilobatci. Bauhinia porrecta.
Three-lobed, triloba. Anemone hepatica, Opulus pa-
lustris, Ribes alpinum. PI. 6, fig. 18.
Five-lobed, quinqueloba . Veronica hederaefolia, Cym-
balaria hederacea, Acer majus, Bryonia officinalis, Ribes
rubrum. PI. 5, fig. 6.
Seven-lobed, septemloba. Malva sylvestris.
Nine-lobed, novemloba. Alchemilla vulgaris, A. hybrida.
Many-lobed, multiloba , &c.
% Split, Jissa. Cut leaves like the lobed, but the incisions
are straight.
Two-cut, bifida.
Three-cut, irifida. Chamaedrys officinalis, Mespilus
monogyna.
Four-cut, quadrifida.
Feather-cut, pinnatifida Mirbel, pinnatipartita De Can-
dolle. Divided sideways into shallower or deeper lobes,
the parenchyme of the leaf not being interrupted by
the divisions. Polypodium vulgare, Silybum Marise, Co-
ronopus coadunatus. PI. 4, fig. 13.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
71
Pedately cut, pedatifida. Cut into two lobes, and each
of these divided into segments on the side next the division.
Helleborus niger, H. foetidus. PI. 5, fig. 1.
Comblike, pectinata. Feather-cut leaves, the lobes being
straight and placed parallelly like the teeth of a comb.
Lavandula dentata, Achillea pectinata.
Parted, partita Mirbel, secta De Candolle. Side
incisions penetrating to the middle rib of the leaf the pa-
renchyme being interrupted by the division ; and the Ion-.,
gitudinal incisions beyond two-thirds of the face.
Two-parted, bipartita. Divided into two, by a very deep
longitudinal incision. Bidens tripartita, Passiflora incar-
nata.
Five-parted, quinque-partita . Ipomea quinque-loba.
Many-parted, multi-partita. Consolida regalis, Trollius
Europaeus.
Palmate, palmata. Many-parted leaves, with longitu-
dinal divisions like fingers. Ipomaea quinque-loba, Passi-
flora caerulea. PI. 5, fig. 7.
Forked, dichotoma. Ceratophyllum demersum.
Feather-parted, pennatipartira Mirbel, pinnatisectus De
Candolle. Cut sideways to the middle rib of the Jeafi the
parenchyme being interrupted by the divisions. Valeriana
Sibirica, Polypodium unitum.
Twice feather-cut, Bipennaticisa. The segments of the
leaf cut again in a similar manner.
Twice feather-parted, Bipennatipartita.
Thrice feather-cut, Tripennaticisa. The secondary seg-
ments cut again in a similar manner.
15. Composition.
Compound. Folia composita. Footstalk not divided,
but bearing several leaflets.
One leafletted, unifoliata. A jqinted footstalk bearing
only one leaflet. Citrus Aurantium, Rosa simplicifolia,
Hedysarum vespertilionis, &c. Analogy, and the joint
of the footstalk, causes these to be considered as compound
leaves.
Fingered, digitata , palmata De Candolle. Leaflets ter-
minating the common footstalk, like fingers, instead of
being placed on the side.
Two-fingered, bidigitata , digit ata-bifoliolata , binala Lin-
naeus. No example known. Zygopbyllum Fabago, quoted
by Linnaeus, is one-paired.
72
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Three fingered, tridigitata, digitata trifoliolata , ternala
Linnaeus. Menyanthes trifoliata, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 5,
%• 9-
Four-fingered, quadridigitata , digitata quadrifoliolata .
Marsilia quadrifoiia.
Five-fingered, quinquedigitata, quinata Linnaeus. Po-
tentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosa, Lupinus albus.
Seven-fingered, septemdigilata. iEsculus Hippocastanum.
PI. 5, fig. 8.
Nine-fingered, novemdigitata. Sterculia foetida.
Many-fingered, multidigit at a. Lupinus varius.
Vertebral, vertehrata Mirbel, lomentacea De Candolle.
Leaflets narrowed at distances, and at each narrowing there
is a joint. Cussonia spicata, Citrus Aurantium. PI. 5,
fig. 10.
Pinnate, pinnata. Leaflets disposed upon two sides of a
foostalk.
Three-1 eafletted, trifoliolata. Dolichos, Hedvsarum gy-
rans. PI. 5, fig. 13.
Paired, conjugata , opposite-pinnata. Leaflets in pairs.
One-paired, Unijuga, conjugata Linnaeus. One pair
only of leaflets. Zygophyllum Fabago, Lathyrus pratensis,
L. sylvestris.
Two-paired, hijuga. Mimosa nodosa.
Three-paired, irijuga. Orobus tuberosus,, Vicia lathry-
roides.
Four-paired, quadrijuga. Cassia longisiliqua.
Five-paired, quinquejuga. Cassia occidentalis.
Many-paired, multijuga. Orobus sylvaticus, Vicia multi-
flora. PI. 4, fig. 15.
Alternately disposed, foliolis alterriatim positis. Leaflets
alternate, instead of being opposite and in pairs. Potentilla
rupestris.
Abruptly terminated, abrupte pinnata , abruple termmata ,
pari-pinnala. Leaflets in pairs, without an odd leaflet, or
tendril, at the end of the footstalk. Orobus tuberosus.
PI. 4, fig. 15.
With an odd leaflet, foliolo impari.9 imp ari- pinnata. Pin-
nate, terminated by an odd leaflet. Asplenium saxatile,
Fraxinus excelsior, Cardamine impatiens, Erodium cicuta-
rium, Rosa. PI. 4, fig. 14.
Terminated by a tendril, cirrho terminato. Pinnate, ter-
minated by tendrils instead of an odd leaflet. Fumaria
claviculata, Vicia, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus odoratus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
73
Interruptedly pinnate, foliolis interruptis , interrupte pin -
nata. Leaflets alternately large and small. Solanum tu-
berosum, Agrimonia vulgaris, Spiraea odorata, Sp. vul-
garis, Potentilla anserina. PI. 4, fig. 14.
Decreasingly pinnate, foliolis decrescentibus. Leaflets
diminishing in size as they approach the top. PI. 4, fig. 17.
Decursively pinnate, foliolis decursivis , decursive pinnata.
Footstalk winged by the prolongation of the bottom of the
leaflets. Melianthus major.
If Twice compounded, decomposila. Second degree of
composition; the common footstalk divided into secondary
ones.
Fingered-pinnate, digitato-pinnata , conjugato-pinnata.
Secondary footstalks, arising from the end of the common
footstalk.
Two-fingered-pinnate, bidigit at o-pinnat a. Secondary
footstalks, two in number. Mimosa purpurea. PI. 5,
fig. 14.
Bigeminate, bigeminata , biconjugata. Two secondary
footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves. Mimosa
Unguis cati. PI. 5, fig. 12.
Trigeminate, tergimina , tergeminata . Two secondary
footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves, and a
third pair of leaves is borne at the parting of the two se-
condary footstalks. Mimosa tergimina.
Three-fingered pinnate, tridigit at o-pinnat a, ternato-pin-
nata. The common footstalk has three secondary foot-
stalks from its tip, all of which have leaflets attached on
their sides. Hoffmanseggia.
Four-fingered pinnate, quadridi git at o-pinnat a, Mimosa
pudica.
Many-fingered pinnate, mid tidigi tat o-pinnat a.
Bipinnate, bipinnata , duplicato-pinnata. The secondary
footstalks, to the sides of which the leaflets are attached, are
placed on the sides not the tip of the main footstalk. Ca-
rum officinale, Fumaria officinalis. PI. 4, fig. 16.
Biternate, biiernata , duplicato-ternate. The common
footstalk is parted into three secondary footstalks, each of
which has leaflets. Fumaria bulbosa, Cicuta virosa, Im-
peratoria major.
Pedate, pedata . The common footstalk is parted at top
into two diverging branches, bearing leaflets on that side
only which is nekt the fork. PI. 5, fig. 2.
It Thrice compounded, supra-decomposita. Third degree
74
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
of composition : the primary footstalk divided into secon-
dary footstalks, and those into third-rank footstalks.
Triternate, triternata. The primary footstalk divided
into three, and each of these into three others; all the nine
bearing three leaflets each. Epimedium alpinum, Crith-
mum maritimum, Smyrnium vulgare, Actsea spicata. PL 6,
%• 1 •
Tripinnate, tripinnata . The common footstalk has on
its sides secondary footstalks, and these have also on their
sides third-rank footstalks, to the sides of which leaflets are
attached. Daucus vulgaris, Phellandrium aquaticum, Tha-
lictrum minus.
The leaflets of compound leaves admit most of the
characters of simple leaves.
16. Expansion.
Flat, Folia plana. Most plants.
Convex, convexa. The upper face convex, the lower
concave. Gey mum Basilicum majus.
Concave, concava. The upper face concave, the lower
convex, Drosera rotundifolia, Umbilicus pendulinus, Saxi-
fraga oppositifolia.
Grooved, channelled, canaliculata. Long, with a hollow
channel throughout their whole length. Lygeum Spar-
turn, Salsola decumbens, Pinus sylvestris.
Keeled, carinata. Grooved, with a projection on the
under surface the whole length, like the keel of a vessel.
Sparganium erectum, Tragopogon pratense, Stella ria ho-
lostea, Narcissus biflorus, Ajax fenestralis.
Folded, plicata. Flaving several folds lengthways. Ve-
ratrum album, Althaea officinalis, Malva sylvestris.
Puckered, crispa. Wrinkled irregularly over the whole
surface. Rumex crispus, Mentha crispa, Malva crispa,
Hypericum crispum.
Bui late, hullata. With the upper surface raised up in
bubblelike or conical tubercles, which are hollowred on the
under side. Lamium Orvalla, Qcymurn Basilicum maius.
PI. 6, fig. 2.
Wrinkled, rugosa . With the veins sunk in a little, so
as to form a number of wrinkles. Salvia officinalis, Sco-
rodonia solitaria, Marrubium vulgare.
Waved, nndulata. The edge rising and falling alter-
nately in roundish folds like waves. Persicaria acris, Bis-
torta major, Jasione montana, Inula pulicaria.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
75
Capped, cucullata. Rolled up lengthways like a cornet.
Geranium cucullatum, Plantago maxima.
17. Nervature.
Ribbed, Folia nervata , nervosa. With one or more ribs.
Linum perenne, Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Op ulus
palustris.
One-ribbed, uninervia , uninervata. With only one rib.
Linum perenne.
Three-ribbed, Irinervia . With three ribs extended
lengthways the leaf, from the base. Saponaria officinalis,
Linum usitatissimum. PI. 5, fig. 16.
Five-ribbed, quinquenervia. With five ribs, lengthways
the leaf, from the base. Gentiana lutea.
Seven-ribbed, septem-nervia. Alisma major.
Melastoma grandiflora.
Cypripedium ferrugineum.
Nine-ribbed, novem-nervia.
The rib is tripled, throwing
little above the base of the leaves.
PI. 6, fig. 3.
With four side
side
Many-ribbed, multinervia.
PL 4, fig. 2.
Triple-ribbed, triplinervia.
out two side-branches a
Melastoma multiflora.
Quintuple-ribbed, qiiintupli-nervia .
branches. Melastoma discolor.
Multiple-ribbed, multipli-nervia. With many
branches. Hydrogeton fenestralis. PL 5, fig. 15.
% Straight-ribbed, rectinervia , penninervia. Ribs running
in a straight line. Ain us glutinosa, Castanea vesca, Car-
pinus ulmoides. PL 4, fig. 4.
Curve-ribbed, curvinervia , converginervia. Ribs describe
a curve. Plantago media. PI. 5, fig. 15 ; Pl. 4, fig. 2.
Parallel-ribbed, parallelinervia. Ribs keep at an equal
distance from one another. Crataegus alpina, Alnus glu-
tinosa, Castanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides.
Diverging-ribbed, diver ginervia. Ribs spread out as they
go from base to tip. Opulus palustris, Alchimilla vulgaris.
Pl. 6, fig. 16.
Star-ribbed, stellinervia , peltinervia. Ribs run from the
middle of the leaf to the circumference. Hydrocotyle vul-
garis, Ricinus communis. Pl. 6, fig. 9.
U" Nervato- veined, nervato-venosa. Ribs divided several
times, and divided into veins. Tropaeolum majus.
Ribless, innervia. The ribs being enveloped with pa-
renchyme do not appear externally, and the leaves are
considered as being without ribs. Sempervivum tectorum.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
% Veined, venosa. With veins appearing on the siirface
of the leaf. Androsaemum officinale, Lithospermura offici-
nale, Vitis Idaea punctifolia.
Parallel, paralleli-venosa. Musa Sapientum.
Diverging-veined, diver gi-venosa. Salisburia asplenii-
folia.
Reticulate-veined, reticulato -venosa. The veins anasto-
mosing in all parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxi-
folia, Salix aurita, Salix reticulata.
Veinless, avenia. Limonium commune, Lithospermum
arvense, Arenaria maritima.
18. Ribs or veins .
Straight, nervis vel vents reclis . Ribs or veins running
in a straight line. Betula. Castanea vesca.
Curved, curvis , convergentibus. Running in a curve line
so as to meet at each end. Plantago media.
Featherlike, pennalis. A main rib throwing out branches
on each side, which keep parallel to one another. Castanea
vesca.
Footlike, pedatis. Two main ribs throwing out branches
on the side next to each other. Helleborus foetidus. PI. 5,
fig. 1.
Handlike, palmatis. Several main ribs thrown out from
the insertion of the leaf, and tending to the circumference.
Vitis vinifera.
Shieldlike, peltatis , stellatis. Several main ribs thrown
out from the insertion of the petiole, in the disk of the
leaf. Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9.
Netted, reticuiatis . Ribs and veins anastomosing in all
parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxifolia, Salix aurita.
19. Surface.
Pierced, Folia pertusa. ‘Pierced with large holes irre-
gularly distributed, Menispermum fenestratum.
Fretted, cancellata. Having no parenchyme, but only
nerves and veins which anastomose and form an open net-
work. Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15.
Furrowed, sulcata. Digitalis ferruginea, Asphodelus
luteus.
Streaked, striata. Scirpus maritimus.
Even, Icevia. / Convallaria majalis, Nymphsea.
Smooth, glabra. Tamnus communis, Androssemum
officinale, Linum usitatissimum, Reseda salicifolia, Acer
Pseudo-platan us.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
77
Shining, lucida , nitida , splendentia. Tamnus communis,
Vitis Idsea punctifolia, Silybum Mariae, Hedera communis,
Prunus Lauro-cerasus, Ficaria ranunculoides.
Dotted, punctata. Anagallis Phoenicea, Thymus cam-
pestris, Calamintha vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum.
Rough, scab?' a, aspera. Lithospermum officinale, Ja-
sione montana, Ulmus campestris, Tordylium maximum.
Papulous, papulosa, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
Papillous, warty, papillosa , verrucosa. The surface co-
vered with round firm eminences.
Glutinous, viscous, glutinosa , viscosa. Nicotiana gluti-
nosa, Inula viscosa.
20. Villosity.
Downy, Folia pubescentia. Cynoglossum officinale, Al-
thaea officinalis, Geranium molle, Circsea Lutetiana.
Velvetty, velutina. Cotyledon coccinea.
Hairy, pilosa. Scorodonia solitaria, Antirrhinum spu-
rium, Daucus vulgaris.
Villous, villosa. Valantia cruciata, Epilobium hirsutum.
Silky, sericea, Potentilla anserina.
Woolly, lanata, Stachys Germanica, Verbascum de-
currens.
Cottony, tomentosa. Geranium rotundifolium, Onopor-
dum acanthium.
Floccy, Jloccosa, Covered with hair matted together,
which come off in small lumps. Verbascum floccosum.
Hispid, hispida, Galeopsis nodosa, Pulmonaria offi-
cinalis, Borrago officinalis, Lycopsis arvensis.
Spinellose, spinellosa, echinata. Helminthia echioides.
21. Colour.
Green, Folia viridia. As in most leaves.
Coloured, color aba. Of another colour than green.
Atriplex hortensis rubra.
Glaucous, glauca. Brassica oleracea, Stellaria holostea,
Arenaria rubra, Sedum dasyphjdlum.
Spotted, maculata. Orchis mascula, Persicaria maculosa,
Pulmonaria officinalis, Hieracium murorum.
Variegated, variegata. Amaranthus tricolor, Silybum
Marise.
Banded, fasciata. Phalaris arundinacea picta.
Differently coloured, discoloria . The two faces of the leaf
are of different colours. Cymbalaria hederacea, Lemna
polyrrhiza, Oxalis purpurea.
78
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Zoned, zonata. Having coloured bands disposed round
a central point. Geranium zonale.
22. P etiolation.
Nearly sessile, sulsessilia. The footstalk of the leaf very
short. Epilobium angustifolium, Buxus sempervirens.
Footstalked, peholata. The footstalk very distinct.
Pyrus, and most plants. PI. 6, fig. 9.
Peltate, peltata . The leaf attached to the leafstalk by
its lower surface, and not by its edge. Tropaeolum majus,
Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9.
23. Duration.
Fugacious, Folia fugacia , caduca. Falling soon after
their first appearance. Cactus Opuntia.
Annual, decidua , annua. Falling off in autumn. Pyrus,
iEsculus, and most plants which are natives of temperate
climates.
Evergreen, persistenlia , sempervirentia, per ennia. Keeping
on the plant for more than a year. Daphne sempervirens,
Vinca major, V. minor, Uva-ursi buxifolia, Hedera com-
munis, Pinus, Taxus.
24- . Time of appearance.
Anticipating the flowers, Folia proteranthea. Coming
out before the flowers appear. Most plants.
Accompanying the flowers, synanthea. Coming out at
the same time as the flowers.
Succeeding the flowers, hysteranthea. Coming out after
the flowers haye begun to appear. Amygdalus communis,
Tussilago vulgaris.
25. Disposition during sleep.
Connivent, somno conniventia. Simple leaves, opposite,
turned up at night, and applied against the stem by the
upper face. Atriplex hortensis.
Including, includentia. Simple leaves, alternate and ap-
plied against the stem. Sida Abutilon.
Surrounding, circumsepientia . Rolled inwards, and sur-
rounding the, young shoots. Malva Peruviana.
Sheltering, munientia. Bowing towards the earth, and
forming a shelter above the lower flowers. Impatiens pa-
lustris.
Conduplicant, conduplicantia . Opposite and brought up
so as to be applied to each other by their upper surface.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
79
Cradling, involventia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf
bend their tops towards each other so as to form a cradle
which hides the flowers. Lotus ornithopodioides.
Diverging, diver gentia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf
rise up and come near each other by their base, but further
separated by their tips. Mclilotus.
Hanging, dependentia. The leaflets of a compound leaf
fall below their footstalk, and turn their tip to the ground.
Oxalis.
Turning, invert entia. The leaflets turn half round on
their footstalk, so that the upper face of the leaflets is turned,
where the lower face was, and vice versa. Cassia.
Tiling, imbricantia. The leaflets, directing their tips
towards the top of the leaf, apply themselves to the foot-
stalk, and cover one another. Mimosa pudica.
Bent back, retrorsa. The leaflets, directing their tips to
the base of the leaf, apply themselves to the footstalk, and
cover one another. Galega Caribaea.
LEAFSTALK.
Petiole, Petiolus. The support of the leaf connecting it with
the stem , or root.
Simple, Petiolus simplex . Without any division or joint.
Pyrus.
Compound, compositus . Divided into petiolules or partial
footstalks, which bear the leaflets. Epimedium alpinum.
PL 6, fig. 1; PI. 4, fig. 16.
Jointed, articulatus. Appearing as if formed of pieces
connected together lengthways, by having at its point of
attachment, or at the places where it is divided, a swelling,
or contraction, or a change of direction, of colour, or of
substance. Rodinia Pseudo-acacia, Gleditsia. PI. 4, fig. 16.
Jointless, inarticulatus. Without any joint. Umbelli-
ferae.
% Primary, common, primarius , communis . Common to
several leaflets, or to several secondary leafstalks. Pha-
seolus. PL 4, fig. 15 and 16; PI. 6, fig. 1.
Secondary, secundarius. First division of the primary
leafstalk.
Partial, proper, partial , proprius. Peculiar to one leaflet.
If Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into
secondary, &c. leafstalks by being split each time into two.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Three-forked, trichotomies. Divided and subdivided into
secondary, &c. leafstalks by being split each time into
three. Epimediuin alpinum. PI. 6, fig. 1 .
Tendril-bearing, cirriferus. Bearing tendrils. Smilax
horrida. PI. 8, fig. 2.
Tendril-like, cirriformis. Twining like a tendril. Fu-
maria capreolata, Clematis orientalis. PL 6, fig. 14.
Stipuled, stipuliferus . Leafstalk, or the primary leaf-
stalk, if compound, furnished at the bottom with stipules.
Rosa, Ononis, Mespilus Germanica, Oxalis corniculata.
Stipulated, siipelldti . Secondary, &c. leafstalks fur-
nished at their base with small stipules.
Gland-bearing, glanduliferus. Furnished with glands.
Op ulus palustris, Prunus.
Margined, winged, marginatus , alatiis. Furnished with
expansions on the sides. Pisum Ochrus, Citrus Aurantium.
Sheathing, vaginans. Forming a sheath round the
stem or scape. Gramineae, Cyperacese, Umbelliferae. PI. 4,
fig. 1.
Convolute, convolutus. Resembling a lamina rolled
round the stalk. Gramineae.
Tubular, tubulatus. Forming a tube sheathing the stem.
Cyperacese.
Inflated, inflatus. Hollow and swelling. Trapa natans.
Locular, loculosus. Hollow and divided by partitions.
Eryngium corniculatum.
Thorned, spinescens . Ending in a thorn. Robinia
Halodendron.
Beside these characters, it is necessary to attend to the
form of the leafstalk, whether cylindrical, clubshape,
grooved, compressed, depressed; to its length compared
with that of the leaf; and to its length in respect to our
common measures.
LIGULE.
Ligula, Collare. A membranous appendage surmounting
the sheathing petiole , at the junction between the sheath
and the blade of the leaf.
Uncut, Ligula Integra. Poa pratensis.
Cleft, Jissa. Phleum crinitum.
Torn, lacera. Milium lentigerum.
Fringed, ciliata. Holcus lanatus.
Truncated, truncata . A vena fatua.
Acuminated, acuminata. Phalaris paradoxa.
Scalelike, squamiformis. Poa arenosa. PL 4, fig. 1 .
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
81
STIPULE.
Stipula. A leqflike appendage accompanying the proper
leaves of the plant.
1. Attachment to the plant.
Cauline, Stipvlce caulinares . Attached to the stem ra-
ther than to the leaves. Rubiacese, Malvaceae, Lathyrus
aphyllus, Alnus glutinosa.
Amplexicaul, amplexicanles. Embracing the stem. Car-
damine impatiens, Morus, Ficus. «
Sheathing, i m gin ante sy luhulosoe. Forming a tube round
the stem. Polygoneae, Alchemilla vulgaris.
Hypocrateriform, hypocrateriform.es. Forming a tube
round the stem, terminating at top by an enlarged flat rim.
Polygonum orientale, Platanus.
In ferax illary, infer axillares. Attached to the stem below
the leaves. Berberis, Ribes spinosum.
Intermediate, intermedia. Growing upon the stem be-
tween opposite leaves. CofFea. In the rubiacese they
unite with the leaves in forming a whirl, and appear to be
really abortive leaves.
Lateral, laterales. Placed on the stem on each side of
the base of the leafstalk. Tilia, many leguminosse, Alnus
glutinosa.
Ambiguous, amhiguce. Attached nearly equally to the
stem and to the leaves. Polygoneae, Lotus siliquosus.
^ Petiolar, petiolares. Attached on the leafstalk. Rosa,
Mespilus, Ononis.
Marginal, marginales , adnata. Attached along the sides
of the leafstalk. Rosa canina, Piper nigrum, Nymphsea.
Detached, solutce. Attached to the leafstalk by their
base only.
Anterior, anterior es, intrafoliacece. Joined at their base
only to the anterior part of the leafstalk, free at their upper
part, and so forming a lamina placed between the stem and
the leafstalk. Melianthus, Trifolium pratense, Illecebrum
verticillatum, Arenaria rubra.
Petiolular, petiolulares. Growing at the base of the
leaflets of a compound leaf, upon the petiolules. Dolichos.
PI. 5, fig. 13.
2. Number.
Single, Stipulce solitarice, A single stipule to each leaf.
Berberis. In ruscus the solitary stipule appears to be an
VOL. I. G
82
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
abortive leaf, and the apparent leaf in reality a metamor-
phosed branch.
Twin, gemince. Two stipules to each leaf. Almost all
plants that have stipules.
3. Connexion .
Distinct, Stipulce distinct ce. Separated from one another
throughout their whole length. Almost every plant that
has stipules.
Conjoined, connate,, connalce . Joined one to the other.
Melianthus, Humulus.
4. Nature.
Leaflike, Stipulce foliacece. Resembling leaves in colour
and consistence. Agrimonia vulgaris, Lathyrus aphyllus,
Lotus corniculatus.
Membranaceous, membranacece. Polygonum amphi-
bium, Herniaria glabra, Corrigiola.
Scarious, scariosce. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Poly-
gonum aviculare, Illecebrum verticillatum, Erodium cicu-
tarium, Potentilla fruticosa.
Spinescent, spinescentes. Becoming spines, or thorns.
Berberis vulgaris, Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16.
Very small, minutes. Gleditsia triacanthos, Ceratonia
Siliqua.
5. Figure.
Rounded, Stipulce subrotundee . Spiraea odorata.
Oval, ovales. Erodium cicutarium, Trifolium pratense,
Astragalus glycyphyllos.
Semioval, semiovales . Trifolium procumbens, Medicago
sativa.
Rather heartshaped, sub cor diformes, subcordatce. Gera-
nium inquinans, Lotus tetragonolobus.
Obliquely heartshaped, oblique-cordatce. Pisum sativum.
Half-heartshaped, semi- cor diformes. Mespilus Pyra-
cantha.
Kidneyshape, renarice , reniformes . Salix capraea.
Halfmooned, lunatce , semi-lunatce. Agrimonia vulgaris,
Mespilus digyna, Crataegus Crus galli.
Sagittate, sagittatce. Galea officinalis.
Semi-sagittate, semi-sagiltatce. Vicia multiflora, Vicia
sativa, Lathyrus odoratus, Lathyrus annuus, Lathyrus
sylvestris, Orobus vernus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
85
Lanceolate, lanceolatce. Viola odorata, Hippocrepis
comosa.
Linear, line ares. Pyrus sylvestris, Pyrus communis,
Trifolium arvense. ;
Awlshape, suhulatce. Rubus Idmus, Lathyrus Nissolia,
Cytisus Laburnum.
Bristlelike, setacece. Populus tremula.
Edge and incisions.
Uncut, Stipules integree. Polygonum amphibium, La-
thyrus aphyllus, Trifolium procumbens.
Toothed, dentatce. Mespilus digyna, Medicago poly-
morpha, Pisum sativum, Vicia sativa.
Pinnatifid, pinnatifidee. Viola tricolor, Viola grandi-
flora.
Jagged, laciniatce . Medicago orbicularis, Medicago
coronata.
Torn, lacerce. Illecebrum verticillatum, Arenaria rubra.
Fringed, ciliatce. Persicaria maculosa, Cardamine impa-
tiens, Trifolium procumbens.
Duration .
Fugacious, fugaces. Falling off before the leaves. Tilia,
Gleditsia, Ficus Carica.
Deciduous, caducce , deciduce. Falling with the leaves.
Most plants.
Remaining, persistentes. Remain after the falling of the
leaves. Coccoloba pubescens.
The stipules may also have the other characters of the
leaves, of which they are in fact a species.
Sheath.
Vagina. A portion of certain leaves, surrounding the
stem, and considered by some botanists as a kind of pe-
tiole.
Not cut, Vagina Integra. Forming a perfect tube. Cy-
peracese.
Slitj^ssa. Slit down lengthways. Graminese.
Ocrea.
A membranous sheath, not completely surrounding the
stem. Polygonese. Some look upon it as a stipule.
Gr 2
84
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Reticulum.
A fibrous sheath at the base of the leaves of the palmae.
t Pericladium.
A hollow part of the base of the leaves which surrounds
the branches or peduncles. Umbelliferae.
Phyllodium.
A greatly expanded petiole of compounded or deeply
cut leaves, which assumes the appearance of a real leaf.
Sunk leaves of the Alismaceae, Bupleurum, Batrachium.
Some botanists call these, petiolaneous leaves, folia petio-
lanea.
Support.
Stipes , Peridroma , Rachis. The petiole of a fern, dif-
fering from the proper petiole, as bearing the fructification
as well as the leaf, or leaflets.
Stipelle.
Stipella. A kind of stipule placed at the base of the
leaflets on the common petiole. Phaseolus.
Hypophyllium.
A small sheath, representing the true leaf, having
branches at the axilla similar to leaves. Asparagi.
Vaginelle.
Vaginella. A small membranaceous sheath, embracing
the base of bundles of leaves. Pinus, Larix.
Auricle.
Auricula , Amphigaster . A kind of stipule accompanying
the leaves of the jungermanniae.
Vesicles.
Vesicula. A hollow enclosed part, full of air, found on
the leaves, Fuci; or in the petiole, Trapa natans.
Goblet.
Ascidium , Vasculum. A kind of cup formed either by the
leaf being rolled up and the edges soldered together, Sar-
racenia ; or by the concavity of the leaf itself, Cephalotus ;
or by a peculiar hollowing out of the extremity of the main
rib, Nepenthes.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
85
Cover.
Operculum. A moveable leaflike expansion, which covers
the goblet. Sarracenia, Nepenthes.
BUTTONS.
Gemmae. The rudiments of young shoots , either naked or
surrounded with peculiar coverings.
Species .
Bulb, Bulbus. Thick, placed on the roots. Liliacese,
Asphodelese.
Bulbille, Bulbillus. Small, growing on different parts,
above the ground, falling off’ and taking root. Lilium
bulbiferum.
Bud, Gemma. Growing on the stem or its branches,
not falling off, but expanding itself on the place. Most
trees in temperate and cold climates.
Eye, Turio. Growing ok the root, smaller than the
bulb. Arum Italicum, Asparagus officinalis, Solanum tu-
berosum.
Sobole, Soholes , Bacillus. Growing in the pericarpium,
instead of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.
Bulb.
Tuberose, Bulbus tuber osus, solidus. Uniform in its
texture, without concentric coats or scales. Colchicum
autumnale, Crocus, Gladiolus, Fumaria bulbosa.
Coated, tunicatus. Enveloped with coats. Fumaria
bulbosa.
Scaly, squamosus , imbricatus. Composed of straight
scales or tiles overlaying one another. Lilium, Saxifraga
granulata.
Formed of coats, tunicosus > Composed entirely of fleshy
coats, one surrounding the other. Cepa esculenta.
Aggregated, compositus , aggregatus. Composed of
several cloves, or bulbuli , Allium sativum.
Bulbille and Sobole.
Scaly, Bulbillus squamosus. Lilium bulbiferum.
Solid, tuberosus , solidus. Crinum Asiaticum.
If Axillary, axillaris. Growing at the setting on of the
leaves. Lilium bulbiferum.
Pericarpial, pericarpialis. Growing in the pericarpium
in the place of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.
S6
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Floralis, Jioralis . Growing in the place of the flowers*
Allium arenarium, A. carinatum.
Bud and Turio.
Naked, Gemmae nudce . Without any perule. Hippo-
phae littoralis.
Perulated, perulatee. Covered with a perule. Daphne,
Syringa, Malus, Ficus, Pinus.
if External, externa. Appearing above the surface as
soon as it begins to be formed. Daphne, Fraxinus, Pyrus,
PL 3, fig. 5 and 6.
Internal, internee. Hidden in the stem until it is de-
veloped. Dircsea, Robinia Pseudo-acacia.
If Simple, simplices. Exhibiting the rudiments of only
one branch. Fraxinus, Ficus, Alnus, Carpinus.
Composite, compositce. Containing under se single pe-
rule, the rudiments of several branches, distinct even before
their shooting. Pinus maritima.
if Leaf-bearing, foliiferce. Producing a shoot of leaves
only. Terminal bud of daphne florida, Populus, Alnus.
Flower-bearing, Jtoriferce . Producing flowers only.
Daphne florida, Populus.
Mixed, mixta, foliifloriferce. Producing both leaves and
flowers. Syringa. PL 3, fig. 5.
if Sessile, sessiles. Growing upon the stem without any
footstalk.
Pedicelled, pedicellatce. Growing upon a small excre-
scence or support. Alnus communis.
Perule.
Ferula , The cover of a bud.
Simple, Ferula Integra. Formed of one piece, and
therefore torn when the bud shoots. Persicaria and other
polygon eae.
Scaly, squamosa. Daphne, Syringa, Malus.
Petiolane, petiolanea. Formed of enlarged and abortive
leaf-stalks. Juglans.
Stipulane, stipulanea. Formed of stipules. Persicaria,
Carpinus, Ficus.
Vernation.
Vernatio , Disposition of the leaves, &c. in the bud.
Revolute, Vernatio revoluta, revolutiva. The two edges
of the leaves rolled to the outside. Persicaria maculosa,
Carduus, Tussilago. PL 3, fig. 10 and 20.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
The two edges rolled to
Viola,
Pyms,
Involute, involute , involution.
the inside. Periclymenum perfoliatum
Populus. PI. 3, fig. 9, 18 and 19.
Convolute, convolute, convolution. The leaves rolled on
one only of their edges. Aster, Solidago, Berberis. PL 3,
fig. 8 and 16.
Bent, curvativa . The leaves being very large the rolling
up is but slight.
Circinate, circmaia , circinalia. Rolled up on their main
rib from the tip to the base. The ferns.
Conduplicate, conduplicata , conduplicativa. Rolled up
lengthways, and placed side by side. Tilia, Rosa, Cerasus,
Corylus, Quercus. PL 3, fig. 11.
Riding over one another, equitantia , equitation, amplexa .
One leaf folded lengthways receives into its folding ano-
ther leaf folded in the same manner. Carex, Poa, Heine-
rocallis, Iris. PL 3, fig* 12, 17, and 21.
Mutually riding, se invicem equitantia , semi-amplexk , oh -
voluta. One leaf folded lengthways receives into the fold
only the half of a leaf folded in the same manner. Salvia,
Marrubium, Saponaria, Lychnis. PL 3, fig. 14.
Opposite, se invicem spectantia , imhricativa , imhricata.
Two leaves opposite to each other, and slightly folded
lengthways touch one another’s edges. Syringa, Ligustrum.
PL 3, fig. 13.
Folded, plicata , plicativa. Folded in small folds length-
ways like a fan that is shut up. Opulus palustris, Acer,
Vitis, Althaea, Crataegus, Alnus glutinosa. Pl. 3, fig. 15.
Inflected, inflexa , replicative , reclinata. Folded from tip
to base. Cyclamen, Aconitum, Anemone Hepatica, Pul-
satilla vulgaris.
Applied together, adpressa. Faces of the leaves flat, and
close to each other. Amaryllis.
GLANDS.
Gland ulae. Organs of secret ion.
Miliary, Glanduloe miliar est Visible by the microscope.
Leaves of the grasses, larix, pinus, and almost alFthe parts
of plants which are exposed to the air.
Bladdery, vesiculares . Leaves, calices, corollae, pistils,
fruits, cotyledons of most aurantiaceae.
Globular, globular es. Anthers of cardiaca.
Utricular, utriculares . Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Papillary, papillares, Satureja hortensis, Horminum
Pyreniacum.
Cupshape, eyathiformis. Leafstalks of amygdalus Per-
sica, Cerasus hortensis, Ricirms.
% Sessiles, sessiles. Mimosa Julibrissin.
Footstalked, pedicellate. Rosa, Amygdalus, Croton pe-
nicillatum.
If Stem, caulinares . Upon the stem.
Leafstalk, petiolares . Opulus palustris.
Lea foliar es. Pinguicula, Drosera, Amygdalus.
Stipular, stipulates . Primus Armeniaca.
Calycine, calycince. Malpighia.
Corolla, epipetalee. Delphinium, Berberis.
Staminal, epistaminales. Geranium, Dictamnus albus.
HAIRS.
Pili. Threadlike organs growing upon different parts of a
plant , and appearing to be excretory ducts.
Simple, Pili simplices . Without branches, Borrago,
Urtica dioica.
Awlshape, subulati . Borrago laxiflora.
Headed, capitati . Swelled to a head at their top. Dic-
tamnus albus.
Nailsbape, claviformes. Swelling into a club from the
base to the summit. Dictamnus albus.
Jointed, articulati. Marked at certain distances by lines
in rings, which mark the places of internal partitions.
Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonicus.
Beadlike, moniliformes . Jointed, with the joints nar-
rowed. Mirabilis Jalapa.
Pointed, mucronati. Having a very small fine point at
top. Dictamnus albus.
Two-forked, bifurcati. Ending in a fork of two teeth.
Three- forked, trifurcati. Ending in three teeth.
Branchy, ramosi. Lavendula Spica, Turritis verna.
Starred, stellati. Producing simple branches which di-
verge from a common centre. Althaea officinalis.
Bottle-brush like, aspergill formes. Producing simple
branches disposed round a common axis. Marrubium
peregrin um.
Two-pointed, bi-acuminati. With two points tending
opposite ways, and appearing fixed by their middle. Lu~
pulus communis.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
89
Dotted, punctati . Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonica.
Gland-bearing, glanduliferi. Rosa maxima, Croton pe-
nicillatum. These are identical with footstalked glands.
Perforated, perforati. Perforated at top. Urtica dioica.
Based, basilati. Raised upon cellular nipples. Lupulus
communis, Urtica dioica.
Sessile, squat, sessiles . Growing on a flat surface. Mal-
pighi a.
Cobweblike, aracfmoides . Long and crossed like a
spider’s web. Sempervivum arachnoides.
Flock-like, floccosi. Resembling flocks of wool. Ver-
bascum floccosum, Solanuni marginatum.
In rows, seriates. The stalk-hairs of veronica bibarbata,
and of alsine.
Perpendicular, perpendicular es , pater, ti. Growing up-
right. Geranium Pyreniacum, Hieracium aurantiacum,
Crepis foetida.
Ascending, ascendentes. Directed towards the top of the
part on which they grow. Cerastites macrocephala.
Descending, turned backwards, descendentes , rejiexi .
Directed towards the bottom of the part on which they
grow. Bromus dumetorum, Veronica spicata, Geranium
dissectum.
Appressed, appressi . Applied close to the part on which
they grow, throughout their whole length. Malpighla,
Stem hairs of cerastites macrocephala.
ARMS.
Arma. Woody excrescences , sharp-pointed , attached on
various parts of the plant.
1. Species.
Prickles, Aculei. Adhering to the bark only of the plant.
Rosa, Rubus. PI. 6. fig. 17.
Spines, thorns, Spines. Adhering to the internal tissue
or wood of the plant. Prunus, Ribes spinosum.
2. Situation.
Stem, Aculei fvel spinee) caulini . Growing on the stem.
Cactus, Gleditsia ferox, Rosa, Rubus.
Terminal, terminates. Growing at the end of the
branches. Elseagnus.
Leaf, foliares. Growing on the leaves. Solanum Me-
longena, Silybum Marise.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Leafstalk, petiolares. Growing on the leafstalks. Cha-
maerops humilis.
Axillary, axillares. Growing at the setting on of the
leaves. Citrus Medica, Celastrus multiflorus.
Infraxillary, infer axillares. Growing below the setting
on of the leaves. Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16.
Superaxillary, super axillares. Growing above the setting
on of the leaves. Gleditsia triacanthos. PL 4, fig. 16.
Involucrab involucrales. Growing on the involucrum.
Silybum Mariae, Centaurea benedicta.
Pericarpial, pericarpiales. Growing on the pericarp.
Allamanda cathartica.
3. Origin.
Stipulean, Aculei stipuleani. Growing near the leaves,
and appearing to arise from stipules changed. Berberis,
Ribes spinosum. Paliurus aculeatus.
Petiolean, petioleani. Arising from leafstalks changed
into arms. Mimosa verticillata.
Foliolean, folioleani. Arising from leaves changed into
arms. Chamserops humilis.
Ramean, rameani. Arising from branches changed into
arms. Prunus spinosi, Elaeagnus angustifolia.
4. Direction.
Bent upwards, Aculei inflexi. Bent and pointing to the
upper part of the stem, or branch. Rosa muscosa, Mimosa
cineraria.
Bent downwards, reflexi . Bent and pointing to the
lower part of the stem, or branch. Rubus fruticosus, Rosa
rubiginosa, R. canina.
5. Form. \
Awlshape, Aculei subulati. Rosa villosa, Robinia
Pseudo-acacia.
Bristlelike, setacei. Very slender, Rosa spinosissima.
Conical, conici. Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis.
If Straight, rectilinei , recti. Rosa spinosissima.
Bent, curvi. Rosa muscosa, R. rubiginosa.
6. Simplicity.
. Simple, Aculei simplices. Cactus, Celastrus.
Branched, ramosi. Gleditsia horrida.
Two-parted, lipartiti.
Three-parted, tripartiti. Berberis vulgaris, Ribes syl-
yestris. PI. 6, fig. 16.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
91
Many-parted, multipartiti. Divided to the base.
Feather-cut, pinnatifdi. Disposed on two opposite sides.
Carduus. Centaurea.
7. Number.
Single, Aculei solllarii . Insulated from one another.
Euphorbia cucumerina.
Bundled, fasciculati. Several coming out from the
same point. Cactus cylindricus, C. heptagonus, C. Peru-
vianus.
TENDRILS.
Cirri, Capreoli, Claviculi. Threadlike appendages twisting
round other substances , by means of which the plants are
supported and raised above the ground.
1. Situation.
r
Axillarjr, Cirri axillarii. Growing in the setting on of
the leaves. Passiflora.
Opposite to the leaves, Oppositifolii. Vitis vinifera.
PI. 6, fig. 18.
2. Origin .
Petiolean, Cirri petioleani, petiolares. Resulting from the
change of a leafstalk. Fumaria vesicaria, Pisum sativum,
Lathyrus latifolius. PI. 4, fig. 17; PI. 6, fig. 14.
Leaf, foliares. The leaf itself is lengthened, and forms
a twining appendage. Methonica superba.
Stipulean, stipuleani. Resulting from the change of
a stipule. Smilax horrida, S. herbacea. PI. 8, fig. 2 a.
Leaf-rib, nervales. The main rib of the leaves length-
ened into twining appendages. Nepenthes.
Pedunculean, pedunculeani. Resulting from the change
of a flower-stalk. Vitis vinifera, Passiflora. PI. 6, fig. 18.
Corolla, corollares . The petals lengthened into twining
appendages. Strophanthes.
3. Simplicity.
Simple, Cirri simplices . Single undivided threads. La-
thyrus Aphaca, Vicia lathyroides, Bryonia officinalis.
Two-cut, bifidi. Divided in two branches. Vitis, Ervum
tetraspermum. PI. 6, fig. 18.
Three-cut, trifidi. Bignonia Unguis cati.
Many-cut, multifidi, ramosus. Vicia multiflora, Cobea
scandens. PI. 4, fig. 17.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Suckers.
Haustoria. Tubercles placed on the stem, fastening it
to another plant, and also serving to extract nourishment
from the supporting plant. Cuscuta.
Holdfasts.
Fulcra. Tubercles serving to fasten a plant to other
bodies, but not organized so as to extract nourishment from
the support. Hedera communis, Fucus.
FLOWER.
Flos, in composition, — anthos. A temporary part of a
vegetable , in which the fecundation of the ovules take place;
and which consists essentially of the sexual organs.
1. Situation.
Root, Flores radicates . Proceeding from the crown of
the root. Colchicum autumnale, Primula, Beilis, Sarra-
cenia purpurea. PI. 8, fig. 5, b.
Stem, caulinares . Proceeding from the stem. Cuscuta,
Vicia sativa.
Branch, rameales. Upon the branches. Daphne florida,
Cucubalus bacciferus, Pyrus.
Terminal, terminates. From the tip of the stem and
branches. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Eremocallis glomerata,
Pastinaca.
Leaf \foliares. Upon the leaves. Xylophylla montana,
Ruscus aculeatus. PI. S, fig. 3.
Petiolar, petiolares. Upon the footstalks of the leaves.
Hibiscus moschatus.
Axillary, axillares. From the axillce , or angles made by
the leaves with the stem or branches. Polygonatum vulgare,
Veronica fontinalis, Chamaedrys officinalis, Stramonium
fcetidum, Vinca, Spartium scoparium, Vicia sativa.
Extra-axillary, extra-axillares, laterales. Growing on
the outside of the axillae. Solarium nigrum, Physalis,
Capsicum.
Super-axillary, super axillares. Growing above the axillae
of the leaves. Boragineae.
Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolii . Growing from a
point diametrically opposite to the setting on of the leaf.
Dulcamara ffexuosa, Sium nodiflorum, Tordylium maxi-
mum, Phellandrium divaricatum, Batrachium heterophyl-
lum, Erodium cicutarium, Vitis vinifera.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
93
Interposed, interpositivi , intrafoliacei. Browing between
a pair of opposite leaves, and alternately with them. Stel-
laria aquatica, Arenaria lateriflora, Asclepias Syriaca.
By the side of the leaves, laterifolii. Growing on the
sides of leaves which are not opposite. Solanum Bonari-
ense, Atropa physaloides. *
2. Attachment.
Peduncled, Flores pedunculati . Borne on a peduncle.
Cerasus. PI. 8. fig. 2, 5, 6.
Sessile, sessiles. Not having any peduncle. Daphne
fiorida, Salsola decumbens, Erythrsea vulgaris, Cactus
Opuntia.
3. Disposition.
Alternate, Flores alterni . Not placed opposite to each
other. Vinca, Passiflora.
Opposite, oppositi. Placed opposite to each other. Num-
mularia repens, Bugula arvensis.
Scattered, sparsi. Daphne florida.
One-rowed, unilaterales. All placed on one side of the
peduncle or support. Digitalis purpurea, Scorodonia so-
litaria.
Facing one way, secundi. When they not only come out
on one side only of the support, but also all face one way.
Polygonatum vulgare.
Two-rowed, distichi. When they grow in two rows op-
posite to each other. Triticum monococcum, T. Spelta,
Zeocriton distichon.
Four- rowed, tetrastichi. When they grow in four
rows, two rows on one side of the support, and two on the
other. Hordeum tetrastichum.
Six-rowed, hexastichi. In six rows. Hordeum hexa-
stichum.
Spiral, spirales. Disposed in a spiral line round the
support. Neottia.
4. Position.
Upright, Flores erecti. Directing themselves to the sky.
Colchicum, Crocus, Vinca minor, Ericala verna, Thalictrum
flavum.
Drooping, nodding, cernui, nutantes . Inclining to the
earth. Galanthus nivalis, Fritillaria tessellata, Cypripe-
dium ferrugineum, Linnsea borealis, Viola odorata, Geum
rivale.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Hanging down, penduli. Hanging perpendicularly to-
wards the ground. Impatiens palustris.
5. Number.
Unique, Flos unions . Only one flower on the plant.
Tulipa. Gesneriana, Narcissus majalis, Sarracenia pur-
purea.
Single, Flores solitarii. Flowers many, but only one in
a place. Stramonium fcetidum, Vinca, Vicia lutea.
By twos, hinati , hint geminati. Flowers many, growing
only two together in a place. Chamsedrys palustris.
By threes, ternati. Flowers many, growing three to-
gether. Chamsedrys officinalis, C. laciniata.
Aggregated, aggregati , cortgesli. Collected into a bundle.
Polygonum aviculare, Trientalis Europsea, Cuscuta minor,
Malva vulgaris, Buxus sempervirens, Ulmus campestris.
Compound, composiii . Several flowers borne on the
same peduncle in a regular manner. Salix, Graminese,
Labiatse, Umbelliferee, Composite.
6. Perfection.
Complete, perfect, Flores completi, perfecti. Composed
of the organs of both sexes, with two covers, the outer
usually green, herblike, the inner of a finer texture, and
coloured. Viola, Rosa canina. PI. 9, fig. 10, 12; PI. 10,
fig. 15.
Incomplete, incompleti. Wanting either the organs of
one or both sexes, or one or both of the covers. Hyacin-
thus, Narcissus, Galanthus, Crocus, Lupulus communis,
Cannabis sativa, Cucumis sativus.
Regular, regulares . When they may be divided from
the centre, in three or more parts perfectly alike in all re-
spects. Tulipa. PI. 9, fig. 9.
Uniform, uniformes. When they may be divided by a
longitudinal section into two parts perfectly alike. La-
biatse, Cruciformes. PI. 10, fig. 8.
Irregular, difformes , irregulares. When they cannot be
mentally divided into two or more parts perfectly alike.
7. Sex.
Hermaphrodite, Flores hermaphroditi. Containing the
organs of both the sexes. Lilium, Tulipa, Dianthus, and
most plants. PI. 8, fig. 4; PI. 9, fig. 7, 9, 12; PI. 10,
fig. 1, 2, 5, 13, 15.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
95
Male hermaphrodites, hermaphrodili masmili. Apparent
hermaphrodite flowers, in which, however, the female or-
gans are too imperfect to perform their proper office.
Musa Paradisiaca.
Female hermaphrodites, hermaphroditi fceminei. Appa-
rent hermaphrodite flowers, in which, however, the male
organs are too imperfect to perform their proper office.
Musa Paradisiaca.
Unisexual, unisexwdes. Some of the flowers containing
the organ of the male sex only, and others that of the
female. Lupulus communis, Cannabis sativa, Cucumis
sativus.
Male, masculi . The flowers which contain the male
organs only.
Female, fceminei. The flowers which contain the female
organs^only.
Neuter, neulri , agami. Flowers in which the sexual or-
gans have disappeared, or become too imperfect to perform
their office, in consequence of monstrosity. Opulus palus-
tris, Hortensia, Saccharum officinale.
% Fruitful, fertiles. Flowers which are succeeded by
seeds. This includes the hermaphrodite, female herma-
phrodite, and fejnale flowers.
Barren, steriles. Flowers which are not succeeded by
seeds. This includes the male, male hermaphrodite and
neuter flowers.
8. Stamens.
One-stamened, Flores monandri. Having only one anther
in each flower. Hippuris, Salicornia, Valeriana rubra.
Two-stamened, diandri. Having two anthers in each
flower. Jasminum, Syringa, Olea, Veronica.
Three-stamened, triandri. Having three anthers in each
flower. Most cyperacese, most graminese, Iris, Gladiolus.
Four-stamen ed, letrandri . Plantagineae, Labiatse, most
rubiacese. PI. 9, fig. 1 7.
Five-stamened, pentandri. Most plants. PI. 9, fig. 12;
pi. 10, fig. 17.
Six-stamened, hexandri. Asparagi, Liliacese, Asphodeleae,
Narcissus, Cruciferse.
Seven- stamened, heptandri. Trientalis, iEsculus Hippo-
castanum, Saururus.
Eight-stamened, octandri. Fagopyrum esculentum, Eri-
cinee, Acer, Epilobium.
Nine-stamened, enneandri . Butomus, Laurus, Rheum
Rhaponticum.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Ten-stamened, decandri . Many caryophylleae, most le-
go min osse. PI. 10, fig. 5.
Dodecandrous, dodecandri. Having not less than twelve,
nor more than nineteen anthers in each flower. Reseda,
Sempervivum, Lythrum spicatum.
Icosandrous, icosandri. Having twenty stamens, at least,
inserted on the sides of the calyx. Rosaceae, Pomaceae.
Polyandrous, polyandri. Having twenty stamens, at
least, not attached to the sides of the calyx, but at the bot-
tom, under the ovary. Ranunculaceae, Papaveracese. PL 10,
fig. 1.5.
f Gynandrous, gynandri. When the male organs are
seated on some part of the female. Orchideae, Aristolochia.
If Isostemones. The stamens equal in number to the pe-
tals, or lobes of the corolla. Umbelliferae. PI. 10, fig. 17.
Anisostemones . The stamens not equal in number to the
petals, or lobes of the corolla.
Meiostemones . The stamens fewer than the petals, or
lobes of the corolla. Veronica.
j Dyplostemones. The stamens twice as many as the petals.
Sedum, Caryophylleae.
Polystemones. The stamens much more numerous than
the petals. Ranunculaceae, Papaveracese.
If Didynamous, didynami. Two of the stamens longer
than the others. Labiatae.
Tetradynamous, tetradynami. Four of the stamens
longer than the others. Cruciferse. PI. 10, fig. 1.
^f Symphyostemones. Stamens soldered together.
Monadelphous, monctdelphi , cylindrolasiostemones. Fila-
ments soldered together in a tube. Malvaceae, Jatropha.
PI. 11, fig. 14.
Diadelphous, diadelphi . Filaments in two divisions.
Fumaria, most leguminosae, but in the latter one of the fila-
ments remains separate. PL 10, fig. 9.
Polyadelphous, polyadelphi. Filaments soldered together
in three or more bundles. Hypericum. PI. 10, fig. 15.
Syngenesious, syngenesis symphytantheris cylindrantheri9
synantheru Anthers soldered together. Composite,
Viola.
EleutherantherL Anthers not soldered together. Most
simple flowers.
9. Pistils.
One-sty led, Flores monogyni . When each flower has
only one style. Cruciferae, Lilium.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Two-styled, digyni. When each flower has only two
styles. Most graminese.
Three-styled, trigynk When each flower has only three
'styles. Dianthiis.
Four-styled, ietragyni. Potamogeton.
Five-styled, pentagyni. Silene.
Six-styled, kexagyni. Damasonium.
Seven-styled, heptagyni. Septas.
Twelve-styled, dodecagyni. SemperviVum.
Many-styled, polygyni. Anemone, Alistna.
10; Multiplication .
Plores multiplicati. Flowers which have more petals
than is natural to them in a wild state.
Double, duplicatu The petals are twice, thrice, or four
times as many as are natural.
Fall, pleni. The petals are in very great number, and
the stamens are wanting. Ranunculus Asiaticus flore
pleno.
Semidouble, multiplicati Mirbell. The number of the
petals is increased, but part of the stamens still remain.
Hyacinthus orientalis flore duplicato, Ranunculus Asiaticus
flore duplicato. Rosa.
T Petaloid, petaloidei. Becoming double by the change
of part or all the sexual organs into petals.
Multiplied, multiplicati De Candolle. Becoming double
by the increase in number of the parts of the corolla, or of
the sexual organs changed into petals.
Changed, permutati. The abortion of the organs of one
or both sexes produces a remarkable change in the form or
dimension of the floral covers.
% Calycinarii . Petals increased by the parts of the calyx
being changed into them.
Corollarii. Petals increased in number.
Staminarii. Stamens changed into petals.
Pistillarii. Pistills changed into petals.
Perigoniarii. Perigonium changed into petals, or the
calyx changed into petals, and the petals themselves mul-
tiplied.
Androgynarii. Sexual organs changed into petals with-
out any alteration in the floral covers.
Corniculate, corniculati , antherogeni. Anthers changed
into liornshape petals. Aquilegia vulgaris corniculata.
Semi-staminariu Part of the stamens changed into petals.
VOL. I. H
98
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Hemigoniarii. Part of the organs of both the sexes
changed into petals.
Andropelalarii. Petals increased in number, and the
stamens changed into petals ; the pistil remaining un-
changed.
Olopetalarli . The floral coverings changed either entirely
or in part, and the stamens and pistils changed into petals
or petaloid lobes.
Agynarii. The floral covers and changed stamens form
the entire flower, the pistil being wanting.
Anandrianl. The multiplied floral covers and pistils
form the entire flower, the stamens being wanting.
IT Bractearii, Changed flowers in which the change has
taken place in the bracteae.
Calycinarii. Flowers changed in respect to the calyx.
Corollarii. Flowers changed in respect to the corolla.
Perigoniarii. Flowers changed in respect to the peri-
gonium, or single floral cover.
If Liguliferi. Compound flowers whose tubular flowrets
are changed into ligulate flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore
pleno.
Tubiferu Compound flowers whose ligulate flowrets are
changed into tubular flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore pleno.
If Hen and chicken, childing, proliferi. When another
flower, or a leaf-bud grows out of the centre of a flower.
Anemone, Dianthus, Rosa, Beilis.
1 1 . Envelopes.
Naked, Flores nudi . Having neither ealyx nor corolla.
Arum maculatum, Fraxinus excelsior.
Perianthei. Having a calyx or corolla, or both. Liliacese,
Labiatae, Boraginese, Cruciferae, Carophylleae. PI. 9, fig. 12.
Petaloid, petaloidei, corollati , bracteati, Having a corolla,
and consequently a calyx. Primulaceae, Boragineae, Ca-
ryophvllese. PL 9, fig. 10, 12, 13, 14? and 15.
Apetalous, stamineous, apetali , staminei . Not having
any corolla. Juncese, Polygonese.
IT Glumaceous, glumacei. Sexual organs enclosed in
flumes instead of a calyx or corolla. Gramineae. PL 11,
g. 12 to 19.
Bracteated, bracteati. Sexual organs accompanied with
bracteae. Origanum, Convolvulus sepium. PL 7, fig. 5
and 6.
INTRODUCTION TO EOT A NY.
99
Spathaceous, spcithati , spathacei. Sexual organs accom-
panied with a spathe. Arum maculatum, Calla, Palmse,
Narcissus. PI. 7> fig. 12.
Involucrated, invoLucrati. Sexual organs accompanied
with an involucrum, Daucus vulgaris, Anemone, Ammi
majus. PL 7? fig. 1.
Cupped, cupulati . Sexual organs accompanied with a
cupula. Cupressidese, Corylideae.
12. Time of flowering.
Springtide, vernal, Flores vernales , verni. Flowering in
the spring of the year, that is in England, in April and
May. Primula veris, Draba verna.
Summer, estivales. Flowering in summer, that is, June,
July, and August. Most plants.
Autumnal, auiumnales . Flowering in autumn, that is,
September and October. Crocus serotinus, Colchicum
autumnale.
Winter, hyberni , hyhernales , hiemales. Flowering in
winter, that is, from the beginning of November to the end
of March. Galanthus nivalis, Helleborus niger.
f Early, precoces. Flowering earlier than those of the
same division. Daphne florida, Cornus mascula.
Late, serotini. Flowering later than other plants of the
same division.
13. Opening and shitting.
Meteoric, Flores meteorici. Influenced by the weather
which accelerates or retards their opening or shutting.
Calendula pluvialis, Oxalis versicolor, Sonchus Sibiricus,
Anagallis Phoenicia.
Equinoctial, equinoxiales. Opening and shutting at
certain hours.
Ephemeral, ephemen. Remaining open a few hours
only, and then either fall off, or close never more to open
again. Convolvulus purpureus, Cistus, Cactus grandi-
florus.
Periodical, periodici. Opening and shutting for several
days successively. Omithogalum umbellatum, Mesernbry-
anthema.
Day, diurni. Open and shut in the course of the day.
Anagallis arvensis, Calendula arvensis, Cistus.
Morning, matutini. Opening in the morning. Cicho-
rium sylvestre, Leontodon officinale, Nymphaea alba.
h 2
100
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Noon, meridiani. Not opening until the middle of the
day. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, M. nodiflorum.
Night, nocturni. Open late in the evening, and close
again in the morning. Mirabilis Jalapa, Geranium triste,
Silene noctiflora.
1 4. Parts of a flower .
Sexual organs, Genitalia , — gonoi. The parts of the
flower appropriated to the reproduction of the species;
which include the pistil, stamens, and gymnostemium, and
are essential to the very being of a flower.
Pistil, Pointal, Pistillum, — — gynos. The female
organ of the plant, seated in the centre of the flower, and
most commonly single. PI. 9, fig. 7, b ; pi. 10, fig. 1, a, b ;
5, d; 6, e; 9, c; 17, a.
Chive, Stamen , — stemon. The male organ of the plant
surrounding the pistil, and most commonly five in number.
PI. 9, fig. 7, c; pi. 10, fig. 1, c; 5, c; 6, d; 9, a, b.
Gymnostemium , Columna. An organ found only in some
few plants, and formed by a union of the male and female
organs, into a single columnar mass. Orchideae. PI. 12,
fig. 2, 3, 4, 6, spid 8.
Floral integuments, Covers of the sexual organs, Tc-
gumenta , Integumenta floralia , Perigynandra . The parts of
the flower which cover and defend the sexual organs, at
least while young ; usually two, but one or even both are
wanting in some plants : they comprise the corolla, calyx,
and perigonium.
Bloom, Blossom, Corolla , Auleum , Perigynandra interior .
The internal integument when there are two ; it is usually
of a fine texture and gay colour, does not remain and ad-
here to the fruit, and is inserted on the receptacle either
conjointly with the stamens, or at the same point. PI. 9,
fig. 10, 11, 12; pi. 10, fig. 5, b; 8, b, c, d; 13, 14, 15, 17.
Empalement, Flower-cup, Calyx , Thalamus , Perianthium ,
Perigynandra exterior . The external integument when
there are two ; it is usually of a coarse texture and green
colour ; it frequently remains after the flowering is over,
and adheres to the fruit, and is always perfectly distinct
from the stamens. PI. 9, fig. 10; 12 a; 13; pi. 10,
fig. 8a; 15.
Perigonium De Candolle, Perianthium Mirbel, Brown,
Calyx Jussieu. The integument of a flower when there is
but one, whatever may be its appearance. Convallaria,
Lilium, Hyaciuthus, Tulipa, Aristolochia, Daphne semper-
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
101
virens, Juncus : but Link and others with more propriety
restrict the term+perigonium to those single integuments of
flowers whose appearance renders it doubtful whether they
ought to be considered either as a calyx or corolla, or as
a union of the two soldered together, the inner surface
having the characters of a corolla, and the outer of a calyx :
and as to the others, they consider them either as calyces
or corollse, according to circumstances.
Receptacle of the flower, Seat of the flower, Receptacle
lum floris , Sedes floris9 Torus , — clinium , — thalamum. That
part of the flower on which the sexual organs and corolla
are placed, and which is surrounded by the calyx ; being
an enlargement of the peduncle. PL 10, fig. 4 e; 6 f ;
pi. 11, fig. 12 a.
Nectary, Nectarium. Glandular organs which in some
flowers are situated on the receptacle, or base of the pistil,
and secrete peculiar juices. Menyanthes nymphoides, Scro^
phularia sambucifolia, Scutellaria alpina. PI. 11, fig. 5,
4, 12 b.
Flowret, Flosculus. A small flower considered as part
of a larger compound flower. Umbelliferse, Composite,
15. Modes of Composition,
In catkins, amentaceous, Flores amenlacei , in julos col-
lecti. Disposed on bracteae on a common axis. Betula,
Salix, Pinus, Quercus. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6 ; pi. 10, fig 18,
Spiked, spicati. Sessile on a common axis. Triticum,
Chenopodium spinacifolium, Plantago. PI. 7, fig, 3 ; pi. S,
fig. 1.
Bunched, in bunches, racemosi. On single-flowered pe-
dicel Is upon a common axis. Ribes rubrum, Cerasus ra-*
cemosa, Borago officinalis. PI. 8, fig. 6.
In panicles, paniculate, paniculati, jubali, On branched
pedicells upon a common axis. Avena sativa, Juncus acu-
tus, PI. 8, fig. 7.
In thyrses, in thyrsos collecti. In a close, oval panicle,
Syringa vulgaris. PL 7, fig. 4.
Irregularly umbelled, corymbose, corymbosi , In umbels
whose peduncles are irregularly branched, Achillea mille^
folia, Cardamine pratensis, Iberis umbellata, PL 7, fig. 2.
Cymose, cymosi. In umbels \ nose peduncles are branched
twice, and irregularly. Sambucus niger, S. humilis, Cornus
PL 7, fig. 8.
102
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
In bundles, fasciculate, fasciculati. Grouped together
very close, and nearly of the same height. Dianthus bar-
batus, D. Carthusianum. PI. 7, fig. 10.
In umbels, umbellated, umhellati. On peduncles divided
once or twice, the branches of each division being of equal
length. Umbelliferee. PI. 7, fig. 1 and 9.
In whirls, verticillate, verticillati . Attached in a ring
round their support. Plippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum
verticillatum,DamasoniumDalechampii, Lapathum aureum,
Illecebrum verticillatum. PI. 8, fig. 4.
In half whirls, semiverlicillati. In a half ring. Acetosa
pratensis, Lapathum acutum.
In heads, in capitulos collecti. Collected into a dense
round head. Cephalanthus, Jasione montana. PI. 7? fig. 7.
In glomerules, in glomerulos collecti . In small heads,
placed along the stem, or uniting together to form a larger
head. Blitum capitatum.
In calathides, composite in calaihides collecti . Sessile, in
a flat or hemispherical head. Composite. PI. 9, fig. J 9.
^ Flosculous, Jlosculosi. In calathides, the corollas of all
the flowers being tubular. Carduus, Centaurium.
Semiflosculous, semifloscnlosi , pleni. In calathides, the
corollae of all the flowers being ligulate. Leontodon,
Hieracium.
Radiated, radiati. In calathides, the corollse of the
centre flowers being tubular, and those of the circumference
ligulate. Aster, Helianthus. Or although tubular yet
larger. Scabiosa. Also in umbels, cymes or cor^mbi,
the flowers towards the circumference being enlarged.
Caucalis, Heracleum, Coriandrum, Iberis.
Flower-bud.
Alahastrum. The flower previous to its full opening.
Disposition of its contents .
Simple, JEslivatio Linnaeus, Prefoliaiio Richard, simplex.
When the integuments of the future flower are all disposed
in a uniform manner.
Compound, composita. When the calyx is disposed dif-
ferently from the corolla, onthe external divisions of the
perigonium from the internal. Dianthus, Tradescantia
Yirginica.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
103
5T Valvular, valvaris, valvata. When the petals, or other
parts, only touch each other at their edges. Composite,
Araliacese.
Induplicativa. When the petals, or other parts, only
touch other, and are then folded inwards. Clematides
viticellse.
Twisted, obvoluta , contorta . When the petals, &c. are
placed obliquely, and cover one another spirally. Dian-
thus, Apocynise.
Alternate, alternata , alternativci. When the petals, &c.
are placed in two or more rows, so that each petal of the
exterior rows cover two halves of the petals of the interior
rows opposite to them. Liliacese.
Quincuncial, quincnncialis. When there are five pieces,
two interior, two exterior, and a fifth, one side of which
covers the interior pieces, and the other side is covered by
the exterior. Calyces of rosse and dianthi.
Covering, vexillaris. WThen one of the pieces, folded
inwardly on the middle rib, encloses all the others which
are placed opposite to each other. Leguminosse.
Snail-like, cochlearis. When one of the pieces, being
larger than the rest, and bent in a curve, covers all the rest.
Aconitum, many labiatse.
Tiled, imlricata , imbricativa. When the pieces are in
diverse series, and the exterior series being smaller than
the interior, cover them only at the base. Involucra of
many of the compositae, petals of double peionies.
Calycular, calycularis. The pieces being in two series,
the external covers only the base of the internal. In-
volucra of the seneciones.
Enveloping, convolutiva. When each exterior piece in
succession is bent so as to cover all the pieces within it.
Petals of cheiranthus, and of many other cruciferae.
Rumpled, plicativa. The pieces are folded, or rumpled
up without any apparent order. Corollae of the papavera-
cea e, Cistus, Punica.
These are the principal variations that have been hitherto
noticed, but the study of the flower-bud is s'till in its in-
fancy, although of great use in ascertaining the natural
affinity of plants.
104
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
SUPPORTERS OF THE FLOWER.
Fulcra floris. Distinguished from the stem and its branches
by not bearing any Leaves like those of the other parts of
the plant .
Species.
Scape, Scapus. A supporter of the flower arising im-.
mediately from the crown of the root, and appearing like a
naked stem. Plantago, Hyacinthus, Tulipa, Cepa. PL 8,
fig. 5 c.
Flower-stalk, Peduncle, Pedunculus , — pes, — podos,
— pus. A supporter of the flower growing out of the stem,
or its divisions. Most plants, all trees. PI. 8, fig. 2.
Spadix. A supporter accompanied with a spathe,
Arum maculatum. Calla /Ethiopica. PI. 7> fig. 12 c.
Anthurus . Long peduncles bearing flowers in bundles.
Receptacle of the flower, Clinanthe. Receptaculum floris9
Clinanthmm, Phoranthium , Thalamus , Amphantmm. The
enlarged tip of a peduncle, supporting several sessile
flowers. Composite, Dipsacese, Dorstenia, Ficus.
Rachis , Axis, Receptaculum flliforme. An elongation of
the supporter bearing several flowers, either sessile, or
upon pedicells. Gramineae. PL 8, fig. 1, 6 and 7,
Pedicell, pedicellus . The last divisions of a branched
support, to which the flowers are attached.
Scape.
Simple, Scapiis simplex. Plantago lanceolata, Taraxa-
cum officinale, Hieracium repens, Statice pulchellum. PL 8,
fig. 5 c.
Branched, rcimosus. Limonium vulgare, Alisma major,
5) Intrafoliaceous, intrafoliaceus. Growing among the
root-leaves. Hyacinthus, Plantago, Taraxacum officinale,
Beilis perennis.
Extrafoliaceous, extrafoliaceus. Springing from a dif-
ferent point than the root-leaves. Convallaria majalis,
Limodorum purpureum.
51 Cylindrical, cylindricus. Hyacinthus nutans, Tulipa,
Butomus umbellatus, Taraxacum officinale, Beilis perennis.
Half-cylindrical, hemicylindricus . Flat on one side, con-
vex on the other. Convallaria majalis, Hyacinthus Ori-
entalis, Allium ursinum.
Compressed, comprcssus , Pancratium declinatum, Ama-
ryllis longifolia.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
105
Two-edged, anceps. Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis,
Leucojum vernum.
Cornered, angjilosus, Triglochin palustre, Allium ur«
sinum.
Three-sided, trigonus, Alisma major, Sagittaria aquatica,
Pipey, fistalosus. Cepa esculenta, Taraxacum officinale.
Bellied, ventricosus. Swelled out in one part of its
length. Cepa esculenta,
IT Scaly, squamosus. Clothed with scales, or rudiments
of leaves. Tussilago vulgaris, Petasites vulgaris.
Sheathed, vaginatus. Enveloped among leaves, or clothed
with a sheathing petiole. Musa Paradisiaca.
H One-flowered, unijlorus. Ajax fenestralis, Cyclamen,
Pl. 8, fig. 5,
Many-flowered, multijlorus . Hyacinthqs nutans, ButO*
mus umbellatus, Primula elatior.
Peduncle.
Cylindrical, Pedunculus cylindricus, Statice pulchellum,
Atropa lethalisj Ranunculus acris.
Grooved, sulcatus . Ranunculus repens, R. bulbosus.
Threadlike, filiformis. Vicia tetrasperma, Fuchsia coc^
cinea.
Hairlike, capillaris. Elatine hastata, Erica vagans, BE
dens ten el la.
Cornered, angulatus. Paris quadrifolja, Ranunculus
bulbosus, Vicia multiflora.
Three-sided, trigonus. Loranthus Stelis.
Four-sided, tetragonus. Convolvulus sepium.
Kneed, geniculatus. Pelargonium.
Thicker at top, apice incrassatus. Convolvulus arvensis,
Solanum Melongena, Tragopogon porrifolium, Arnoseris
pusilla.
Much thinner at bottom, apice attenuatus. plieraciuui
paniculatum.
If Stiff, rigidus, strictus. Tropaeolum majus.
Weak, deiilis. Ribes oxyacanthoides.
Nodding, nutans. The end inclining to the ground.
Atropa lethalis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Ribes spinosum.
Hanging down, pendulus . Inclining perpendicular to
the ground. Cytisus Laburnum, Ribes rubrum.
Turned, backed, rej'r actus, retroflectus. Changing its di-
rection suddenly, as if bent by force, Stellaria aquatica,
Spergula arvensis.
106
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Spiral, heliacal, spiralis , heliacalis. Bent round like a bell-
spring. Vallisneria spiralis fceminea. PL 8, fig. 5 b.
Very long, longissimus. When its length is very great,
compared with that of the plant. Vallisneria spiralis
feeminea,. Stellaria holosteea, Geranium sanguineum, An-
t hem is montana.
Very short, brevissimus . Vallisneria spiralis mascula,
Stramonium fcetidum, Cuscuta minor, Galium rubrum,
Ulmus campestris.
% Simple, undivided, simplex. Asarum, Vallisneria,
Viola canina.
Compound, compositus. IJm belli Perm, Cerasus racemosa.
PI. 7, fig. 1, 2, 4, 8 ; pi. 8, fig. 2, 6 and 7.
Two-forked, dickotomus. Divided and subdivided into
two partial peduncles, or pedicells. Dianthus caryo-
phylleus, Cucubalus inflatus, Stellaria holostea, Evonymus
Europaeus.
V One-flowered, unifiorus. Asarum, Atropa lethalis,
Glaucium luteum, Papaver soniniferum.
Two-flowered, liflorus. With two flowers on each pe-
duncle or pedicell. Geranium phaeum, G. pratense.
Three-flowered, triflarus. Convolvulus f'arinosus.
Spadix.
Simple, Spadix simplex . Arum, Calla. PL 7, fig. 11
and 12.
Branched, ramosus. Phoenix dactylifera.
Cylindrical, cylindricus. Calla ALthiopica.
Spherical, spficericus. Pothos.
Eggshaped, ovoideus. Artocarpus incisa.
Ciubshape, claviformis. Arum inaculatum, A. Italicum.
Compressed, compressus. Zostera marina.
Straplike, linearis. Zostera marina.
VI Fleshy, carnosus. Arum maculatum, Calla iEthiopica.
Pip ejijlslulosus. Arum Dracunciilus.
V Naked at top, apice niidus. Arum maculatum, Calla
JEthiopica. PL 7, fig. 11 and 12.
Clinanthe.
Flat, Clinanthium planum. Matricaria vulgaris, Achillea
millefolia, A. sylvestris, Borstenia.
Concave, concavum. Amhora.
Convex, convexum. Carthamus tinctorius, Erigeron
Canadense, Leucanthenmm vulgare.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
107
Conical, conicum . Beilis perennis, Chamaemelum ar-
vense, Helenium quadridentatum.
If Dotted, punctatum. Marked, after the fruit has sepa-
rated, with points, which distinguish the places where the
fruit was attached. Taraxacum officinale, Leucanthemum
vulgare, Inula grandiflora, Senecio vulgaris, Beilis perennis.
Pitted, scrohiculatum. Covered with small holes in
which the flowers are lodged. Erigeron Canadense, Anten-
naria montana, Tussilago vulgaris.
Honeycombed, favosum , alveolatum. Hollowed out in
angular, regular pits, like those of a honeycomb. Crepis
tectorum, Barkhausia fcetida, Onopordum vulgare, Dor-
stenia.
% Villous, villosum. Andryala, Lagasca mollis.
Hairy, pilosum . Absinthium vulgare.
Bristly, setosum. Covered with long, straight bracteae,
or setae. Carduus, Centaurea, Carthamus, Arctium majus,
Maruta foetida.
Chaffy, paleaceum. Covered with membranaceous or
scarious bracteae, or chaffs. Bidens tripartita, Anthemis
arvenis, A. tinctoria, Achillea sylvestris, A. millefolia,
Scabiosa.
Tubercled, tuberculatum. Gnaphalium luteo-album,
Filago filiformis, F. vulgaris, Conyza squarrosa.
Nippled, papillous, papillosum . Inula grandiflora, Puli-
caria uliginosa.
Naked, nudum. Taraxacum officinale, Hyoseris minima,
Artemisia vulgaris.
Axis.
Simple, Axis simplex . Plantago, Trasus sylvaticus,
T. chlorostachyos.
Branched, ramosus . Dactylis glomerata, Alisma major.
^f Straight, rectus. Triglochin palustre, Plantago.
~Bent, Jlexuosus. Bromus dumetorum, Dactylis glome-
rata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne.
^f Cylindrical, cylindricus. Zea Mays foeminea.
Threadlike, filiformis. Carex sylvatica, Phleum pratense.
Hairlike, capillar is. Briza media, B. maxima, Apera
effusa.
Three-sided, trigonus. Alisma major.
Four-sided, tetragonus. Salvia pratensis, S. verticillata.
Spearshape, lanceolatus. Cycas.
Compressed, compressus . Cycas.
108
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Jointed, articulatus. Composed of joints, placed end to
end. Triticum, Secale, Hordeum, Lolium, JEgilops.
Vertebrated, vertebratus. Jointed, and the joints easily
separating from one another when the seed is ripe. AEgilops
ovata.
Toothed, dentatus . Jointed, the joints bearing alternately
to the right and left, and leaving between each a shelf on
which the flowers are affixed. Triticum, Lolium.
IT Membranaceous, membranaceus . Paspalum membra*
naceum.
Fleshy, carnosus . Bromelia, Ananas, Musa.
COMPOUND FLOWERS.
1. Catkin.
Amentum, Catulus, Julus, Nucamentum. The flowers borne
upon bractece which, are themselves borne upon an axis.
Male, Amentum masculum. Having only male flowers.
Betula, Taxus, Corylus.
Female, fcemineum. Betula, Taxus, Corylus.
Simple, simplex. The flowerbearing bracteae are borne
immediately on the axis. Populus, Salix. Pi. 7, fig. 5 and 6.
Compound, compositum. The flowerbearing bractece are
borne upon short branches springing from the axis. Jug-
lans regia.
Single, solitarium. Betula alba, Cedrus, Larix, Salix,
Caprsea.
Grouped together, agglomeratum. Male flowers of pinus
sylvestris, P. maritima.
If Globular, sphserical, globosum , splicer icum, globulosum .
Piatanus, Male flowers of taxus communis.
Eggshape, ovoideum , ovatum. Female flowers of larix,
cedrus, alnus glutinosa, salix caprsea.
Cylindrical, cylindricum . Male flowers of fagus sylva*
tica, corylus sylvestris, betula alba, juglans regia.
% Slender, gracile. Male flowers of fagus purnila, salix
alba.
Thick, crassum. Male flowers of juglans regia, salix
capraea.
Growing narrower, altenuatum . Diminishing in thick*
ness towards the end. Castanea vesca.
If Compact, compactum. Axis covered with flowers quite
close to each other. Betula, Piatanus, Salix capraea,
6
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
109
Interrupted, interruption, . Flowers formed into groups
at a distance from each other along the axis. Quercus
longaeva, Q. Cerris, Q. fastigiata.
% Upright, erectum. Salix triandra, S. capraea, S. pruni-
folia, Pinus, Abies, Cedrus.
Drooping, pendulum . Betula alba, Populus, Corylus.
PI. 7, fig. 5.
If Naked, nudum . Flowers attached immediately upon
the axis, and not accompanied with bracteae. Quercus,
Castanea vesca. — These are in strict language spikes, but
their analogy to other plants obliges botanists to consider
them as naked catkins.
Spike.
Spica, — stachys. The sessile , or nearly sessile , flowers are
home immediately upon an axis .
Male, Spica. mascula . Carex pilulifera, Trasus chloro-
stachyos.
Female, fceminea. The same plants.
If Simple, simplex . The axis having no branches.
Plantago, Orobanche, Verbascum decurrens, Heliotropium
Indicum, Hyoscyamus niger, Phyteuma spicata.
Branched, compound, composita , ramosa. The axis is
divided into branches, and these branches entirely covered
with sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Chenopodium spina-
cifolium, Heliotropium Europasum, Sempervivum tectorum.
Spikeletted, spiculata. Composed of several small spikes,
sessile or nearly so, and pressed close to the axis. Carex
divulsa, C. muricata, Lolium perenne. PI. 8, fig. 1.
Paniculated, paniculala. The branches of the axis dis-
posed like a panicle. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla,
Mentha rotundifolia, M. viridis.
Fingerlike, digitata. Axis divided to the bottom into
several branches, not afterwards divided. Trasus digitatus,
Andropogon Ischaemum, Chlora scoparia, Heliotropium
Indicum.
Terminal, terminalis. Triglochin, Musa, Persicaria
amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Verbascum
decurrens, Hyoscyamus niger, Fumaria lutea, Reseda lutea,
Agrimonia vulgaris.
Nearly terminal, suhapicilaris. When the top of the
stem, or scape, without any branches or leaves, is prolonged
a little beyond the spike. Acorus aromaticus.
Axillary, axillaris , Melilotus officinalis.
no
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolia. Fumaria officinalis.
If Cylindrical, cylindrical Trasus pendulus, Typha,
Female flowers of zea mays, Loroglossum hircinum, Bis-
torta major, Verbascum decurrens.
Eggshape, ovoidea. Luzula campestris, Persicaria am-
phibia, Poterium minus, Trifolium pratense.
Oblong, ohlonga . Luzula spicata.
Slender, gracilis . Listera ovata, Persicaria acris.
Threadlike, jiliformis. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla.
Thick, cfassa. Typha latifolia, Female flowers of zea
mays, Orobanche major.
Four-cornered, quadrangularis. Melampyrum cristatum.
Compressed, compressa. Flattened on the sides. Tri-
ticum cristatum.
% Loose, open, laxa. Platanthera bifolia, Melampyrum
arvense, Fumaria officinalis.
Close, compact, compacta. The flowers pressed close
towards each other, and hiding the axis entirely. . Typha
latifolia, Trasus pendulus, Orchis maculata, Persicaria
amphibia, Bistorta major, Plantago media, Mentha sylves-
tris, Phyteuma spicata, Trifolium arvense, Melilotus offi-
cinalis.
Interrupted, inlerrupta. Flowers placed on the ,axis in
groups, or whirls at some distance from each other. Pota-
mogeton compressum, Damasonium Dalechampii, Lavan-
dula Tragi, Mentha rotundifolia, Lythrum spicatum.
With flowers in whirls, verticiliijlora. Composed of
flowers in whirls. Lythrum spicatum, Mentha rotundi-
folia, Myriophyllum spicatum.
1. Whirls distant, veriicillis distantihus , v . remotis. At a
good distance from one another. Rumex palustris, Pule-
gium aromaticum.
2. Whirls slightly distant, verticillis approximate , v . re-
motiusculis. At a small distance from one another. Mentha
viridis.
3. Whirls crowded, verticillis confertis. Not sensibly
distinct one from another. Rumex maritimus, Mentha
sylvestris.
Rolled up, circinalis . Rolled up on itself. Heliotropium
Europseum, Hyoscyamus niger. Pi. 7, fig. S.
Leafy, foliata. Rhinanthus glaber, Odontites rubra,
Hyoscyamus niger, Orontium arvense.
Crowned, comosa. Terminated at top by leaves, or large
bractese. Salvia Horminum, Lavandula Steechas, Euchomis
regia, Bromelia Ananas.
5
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Ill
Bracteated, bract eat a. Orchideae, Melampyrtim crista-
tum, M. arvense, Lavandula.
Spathed, spathata. Vallisneria spiralis fbemina, Arum,
Calla.
Involucrated, involucrata. Having an involucnrm .at
bottom. Brunella vulgaris.
% Upright, erecta. Triticum, Triglochin palustre, Per-
sicaria amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Reseda
lutea.
Hanging, pendula . Trasus pendulus, Musa, Hura cre-
pitans.
Besides these distinctions, there are also to be considered,
the number of the spikes, their disposition relative to each
other, and the insertion of the flowers in each spike.
Spikelets.
Spiculae, Locustse. The small spikes which are the divishm
of a compound spike , or panicle. PL 8, fig. 1.
These admit most of the distinctions of the simple spike.
Raceme.
Bunch, Racemus, — botrys. The flowers are borne upon
pedicells , which are generally single-flowered , and these
again upon an axis.
Simple, Racemus simplex. The axis having no branches.
Actea spicata, Cerasus racemosa. PL 8, fig. 6.
Branched, ramosus . The axis branched. Fagopyrum
esculentum. Borrago officinalis, Acer campestre.
Upright, erectus. Acer campestre, Scrofularia nodosa,
S. aquatica, S. scorodonifolia.
Hanging, pendulus. Berberis vulgaris, Cerasus racemosa,
Acer majus. PI. 8, fig. 6.
IT Axillary, axillaris. Acer majus, Cerasus racemosus,
Orobus sylvaticus. PL 8, fig, 6.
Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolius . Herniaria glabra,
Phytolacca.
There must also be noticed, the number of the racemes,
and their position in respect to one another.
112
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
Panicle.
Paiiicula, Juba. The flowers are borne upon peduncles whim
are Variously branched , and seated upon an axis.
Terminal, Panicula terminalis. Bromus, Juncus acutus,
Arbutus serratifolia.
Not quite terminal, subapicularis , lateralis . Juncus coil*
glomeratus, J. effusus.
Axillary, axillaris . Nepeta melissaefolia.
If Very much branched, ramosissima . A great numbeT
of ramifications on the axis. Juncus effusus, J. sylvaticus*
Lapathum obtusifolium.
Open, loose, laxa , effusa. The secondary, third, &c*
peduncles are long, flexible, distant from one another, and
inclined at the tip. Bromus arvensis,Avena sativa, A. fatua,
Yucca gloriosa. PI. 8, fig. 7.
Divaricated, divaricala. Ramifications separate from
one another in every direction. Juncus pilosus, J. sylva-
ticus, Prenanthes muralis, Gypsophila paniculata,
Spread open, palula. Secondary peduncles very open$
but not inclined. Prenanthes muralis.
Pyramidal, pyramidalis . Becoming smaller, from the
base to the top. Yucca, Agave.
Closed, coarctata. Ramifications upright and pressed
close to the axis. Achnatherium lanceoiatum, Hypericum
montanum.
Leafy, foliata. Ramifications intermingled with leaves*
Rumex oppositifolius, Rheum undulatum,
Thyrse.
Thyrsus. A panicle of flowers very closely compacted , so
as to form an oval head. — Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum
vulgare, Vitis vinifera, iEsculus Hippocastanum.
Corymbe.
Irregular umbell, Corymbus. The flowers are borne upon
secondary peduncles, which , although springing from dif-
ferent points of the main peduncle , are themselves of such
different lengths as to raise the flowers nearly on a level.
Simple, Corymbus simplex. The pedicells springing im-
mediately from the main peduncle, Scilla bifolia, Ledum,
Cardamine.
i
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
113
Branched, ramosus. The main peduncle divided into
secondary and third peduncles. Achillaea crithmifolia.
PI. 7, %. 2.
f Close, coarctatus. The peduncles are brought close to
each other. Achillea millefolia, Sedum triphyllum, Mes-
pilus monogyna, Crataegus terminalis, Pyrus aucuparia.
Loose, laxus. The peduncles are far apart from one
another. Ornithogalum umbel latum.
IT Regular, regular is. The peduncles are so proportioned
that all the flowers are on a regular height, either flat or
convex. Achillea millefolia. PL 7, fig. 2.
Irregular, irregularis. The peduncles are of such dif-
ferent length, that the flowers are of an irregular height.
Many of the radiated compositae.
The loose and irregular corymbi degenerate into panicles.
The simple corymbi are only depressed racemes ; in
many of the cruciferae the original corymbus lengthens out
into a raceme.
Muscarium.
A corymbus of flowers not all on the same level. — Eu-
patorium .
Cyme.
Cyma. The main peduncle throws out secondary peduncles
from one and the same point , and these separate again into
pedicels which spring from different parts of the secondary
peduncles , and raise the flowers nearly to the same height. —
Sambucus, Cornus, Erythraea vulgaris, Nerium Oleander.
The variations of it are nearly the same with those of
the corymbus.
Bundle.
Fasciculus. The flowers are upright , grouped parallelly
together very close , and are all nearly of the same height.—
Dianthus barbatus, D. Carthusianorum.
The variations are but slight, and easily made out by
analogy.
Umbel.
Umbella. The flowers are borne upon peduncles springing
from the same point , the branches being of an equal length .
Simple, Umbella simplex. The peduncle only once di-
vided into rays. Butomus umbellatus. PI. 7? fig. 9.
VOL. i. i
iu
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Compound, composita. The rays of the peduncles are
again subdivided. Daucus vulgaris, Pastinaca, Ammi and
many other umbelliferee. PL 7, fig. 1 .
If Naked, nuda. Without any involucra at the base of
the rays. Solanum nigrum, Pimpinella major.
Involucrated, involucrata. With involucra. Daucus
vulgaris.
Spathed, spathata. Proceeding from a spathe. Allium.
H Rounded, splicer ica. Forming a spherical head of
flowers; Allium laetum. Cepa esculenta.
Convex, convexa . Forming a rounded surface. Asclepias
Syriaca, Daucus hispida.
Flat, plana. Forming a fiat surface. Sphondylium vul-
gare, Fceniculum vulgare, Imperatoria major.
Concave, concava. Forming a concave surface. Daucus
vulgare when in fruit.
Loose, laxa . The peduncles at some distance' from
each other. Athamanta latifolia.
Close, coarctata , densa. The peduncles very near each
other. Cepa vulgaris, Daucus vulgaris, Hydrocotyle vul-
garis.
If Few-rayed, pauciradiata, depauper ata. Having only a
few rays. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Scandix vulgaris.
Proliferous, prolifer a. If one or more of the peduncles
of a simple umbel throw out one or more umbellules. Hy-
dro cotyle vulgaris.
^f Like-flowered, uniform, similiflora . All the flowers
alike. Sium verticillatum, Imperatoria major.
Unlike-flowered, radiant, diversiflora , radians. The
flowers in the centre regular, and those in the circumfe-
rence irregular, the outside petals being larger than those
towards the centre. Tordylium officinale, Coriandrum
sativum.
Umbellule.
Umbellula. A small partial imbel , being part of a large
umbel , and formed by the secondary rays. — Daucus vulgaris,
and many other umbelliferse. PI. 7, fig. 1.
Bouquet.
Sertulum. A simple umbel in which the peduncle is only
once divided into rays. — Buttomus umbellatus. Pl. 8, fig. 2.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
115
Head.
Capitulum, Glomus, Glomerulus, Corymbus Pliny , Caput
florum, — cephalum. Flowers collected into a ball , and
so close together that at a distance they might be taken
for a single flower.
Naked, Capitulum nudum. Cephalanthus.
Involucrated, involucratum . Gomphrena globosa, Jasione
montana. PL 7, fig. 7.
Compound Flower.
Calathide, Flos compositus absolute compositus, Antho-
dium,' Cephalanthium, Calathidis. Sessile flowers , or
nearly sessile , upon a clinanthe , surrounded by an involucrum .
Radiated, Calathidis radiata. Having tubular flowrets
in the centre, and ligulate flowers at the circumference*
Calendula, Helianthus, Beilis, Chrysanthemum.
Flosculous, flosculosa. All the flowrets tubular, both in
the centre and the circumference, Carduus, Centaurea,
Cynara.
Semiflosculous, semiflosculosa , ligulata. All the flowrets
ligulate. Taraxacum officinale, Lactuca, Sonchus.
f Open, aperta . The involucrum open, so that all the
flowrets are visible. Carlina, Hieracium, Helianthus and
the other composite, Scabiosa, Dorstenia.
Half open, semi-aperta. The involucrum brought partly
over the flowers so as to hide them in some degree. Am-
bora.
Closed, clausa. The involucrum brought entirely over
the flowers, so as to leave only a very small opening, and
thus hiding them entirely. Ficus.
If One-flowered, uniflora. Echinops. This is considered
as a compound flower from the analogy of its other parts
to those of compound flowers in general.
Few-flowered, pauciflora. Knautia.
Many-flowered, multiflora . 'Helianthus annuus, Eu-
phorbia, Ficus, Dorstenia.
Disk, Discus. The flowrets composing the central part
of a compound flower.
Rays, Radii. The flowrets composing the circumference
of a compound flower*
116
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
BRACTEdE.
Leaf-like organs accompanying the flowers .
Floral Leaf.
Bractea. Leaf-like organs , placed near the flowers , and'
frequently very slightly differing from the common leaves .
Rounded, Bractea subrotunda . Salix viminalis.
Heartshape, cordiformis , cor data. Melampyrum crista-
turn, Salvia pratensis, S. bicolor, Lactuca virosa.
Spearshape, lanceolata. Orchis morio, O. mascula,
Orobanche major, Melampyrum arvense, Mentha rotundi-
folia, Ribes alpina.
Awlshape, subulata. Cephalanthera ensifolia.
Bristlelike, seiacea . Mentha viridis.
Keeled, carinata. Gomphrena globosa.
Fringed, ciliata. Mentha viridis, Calamintha vulgaris,
Brunella vulgaris, Carpinus ulmoides.
Thornlike, spinescens. Salsola decumbens.
Palmate, palmata. Fumaria bulbosa, Anthyllis vulne-
raria.
Feather-cut, pinnatifida. Melampyrum vulgatum.
Comblike, pectinata. Melampyrum cristatum.
Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown above the
flowers. Fritillaria imperialis, Eucomis regia.
Coloured, color at a. Melampyrum cristatum, Salvia ne-
morosa.
Flower-bearing, florfera. Bearing the flowers. Populus,
Corylus, Salix, Larix, Cupressus. PI. 7, fig. 6.
Bracteole.
Bracteolee. Smaller floral leaves attached to the divisions oj
an assemblage of flowers.
Tuft.
Coma. An assemblage of floral leaves crowning the tip of
some spikes or racemes.— Salvia Horminum.
Spathe.
Spatha, Calopodium, Valva. A leaflike organ , which at
first envelopes the flowers , but afterwards opens and lets
them escape .
Common, Spatha communis . Enclosing several flowers,.
Arum, Phoenix.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
117
General, generalise Enclosing several flowers, each fur-
nished with its particular spathille.
Particular, propria. Enclosed in a larger spathe.
If Hoodlike, cuculliformis , convolula . Rolled up like a
cornet. Arum. PI. 7, fig. 12.
One-leafed, monop hylla, univalvis . Formed only of one
piece. Arum, Calla, Phoenix, Chamserops.
Two-leaved, diphylla , livalvis. Formed of two pieces.
Allium oleraceum, A. carinatum.
Many-leaved, polyphylla. Caryota, Corypha.
If Tearing, ruptilis . Tearing instead of opening regu-
larly. Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis.
If Two-flowered, hiflora. Narcissus biflorus.
Many-flowered, multiflora. Arum, Calla, Narcissus Jon-,
quilla, N.Tazetta.
^f Blossom-like, peialoidea. Soft and coloured like a
blossom. Calla AEthiopica.
Leaf-like, herbaceous, foliacea, herhacea. Similar in sub-
stance and colour to leaves. Gladiolus communis.
Membranaceous, memlranacea. Allium.
Woody, lignosa. Having the consistence and structure
of wood. Phoenix dactylifera.
^f Fugacious, fugax, caduca . Falling off soon after it
opens. Allium leetum.
Lasting, persistens . Continuing until the fruit is ripe.
Arum Calla.
Spathilles.
Spathillse. Smaller spalhes enclosed in a larger one.
Involucrum.
Involucrum. A collar of one or more hr act ece placed under
the flower.
Single-flowered, Involucrum uniflorum. Placed under
only one flower. Anemonanthea nemorosa.
Many-flowered, multiflorum , commune. Placed under
several flowers. Umbelliferse, Compositee, Euphorbia,
Ficus.
If Umbel-flowered, umlellifenm. Surrounding the bot-
tom of an umbel. Androsace, many Umbelli ferae.
General, generale . Surrounding the bottom of a com-
pound umbel. Daucus vulgaris, Tordylium officinale.
Particular, proprium. Surrounding the bottom of an
umbellule. Daucus vulgaris, Ammi majus.
118
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Halved, dimidiatum. Only surrounding one half of the
peduncle. Petroselinum vulgare.
Turned back, reflexum . Turning over from the top to
the bottom. Meum Athamanticum.
If Calathide-flowered, calathidiflorum. Surrounding a
clinanthe and resembling a basket. Composite.
Globular, glohulosum , globosum . Achillma sambucina,
Centaurea nigra.
Pitchershape, urceolatum. Swollen at bottom, con-
tracted at top, and dilated at its orifice like the calyx of a
rose. Crepis biennis, Cirsium palustre.
Reverse topshape, olturbinatum. Swollen and rounded
at bottom, growing narrow to the top. Carthamus tine-
torius.
Bellshape, campanulatum. Lampsana lyrata, Chryso-
coma Coma aurea.
Hemispherical, hemisphericum . Like a bason, Matri-
caria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria.
Egglike, ovoideum. Cirsium lanceolatum, Artemisia vul-
garis, Tagetes patula.
Reverse conical, obconicum. Growing narrower from
the bottom to the top. Aster fruticosus, Anthemis clavata.
Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Long, and nearly cylindrical.
Senecio vulgaris, Achillea millefolia.
Cuplike, cupular e. Trimofpha alpina, Achillea syl-
vestris.
Contracted, coarctatum. Becoming much narrower to-
wards its orifice. Centaurea, Carduus.
Open, patens , planiusculum . Chamomilla vulgaris, Leu-
canthemum vulgare.
One-leafed, monophjllum. Of one single piece. Tagetes
patula.
Many-leaved, polyphyllum. Of several pieces. Taraxa-
cum vulgare, Cynara Scolymus, Aster Chinensis.
Simple, simplex. Of a single piece, or rather of several
pieces disposed in a single row. Urospermum picroides.
Double, calyculate, calyculatum . Having an outer row
of bractess which compose a second involucrum. Crepis
biennis.
Tiled, imbricatum. Achyrophorus imbricatus, Carduus,
Centaurea.
Leaflike, foliaceum . The bracteae that form the invo-
lucrum are large, thin, green, like the generality of leaves.
Silphium perfoliatum, Carthamus tinctorius.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
119
Scarious, scariosum. The bracteas that form the invo-
lucrum are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum,
Gnaphalium Staschas, G. dioichum.
Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteas, close
together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cemuus, Car-
duus pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus.
Spinous, spinosum. The brae teas are armed with spines.
Hippophasstuin vulgare, Silybum Marias, Onopordum vul-
gare.
Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum , kamosum. The bractese
bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium.
Involucelle.
Involucellum . The braciece that are attached to umhellzdes ,
or the partial divisions of compound flowers that have an
involucrum attached to the whole assemblage.
Calycule.
Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single
flower , and adheres by its base to the trice calyx.
Collar.
Collare. The involucrum of an umbel when composed of a
single row of brae tew, placed in a whirl .
Pericline.
Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigy-
nandra communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of a
true compound flower , surrounding the clinantke. Compo-
site.— The same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, men-
tioned in the preceding page.
Cupule.
Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers , never
perfectly closed , and remaining attached to the fruit.
One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus bae-
cata, Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya,
Corylus.
Two-flowered, biflora. Fagus sylvatica.
Three-flowered, triflora . Castanea vesca.
IT Double, duplex . The inner woody, one-flowered; the
exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a
slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form
of a berry. Taxus baccata.
120
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
The principal distinctions of the cupule must be taken
from its appearance in the fruit.
In general the cupule is very different from the common
leaves, but there is a regular series of changes from the
cupule of the corylus avellana, which resembles two leaves
united together by their edges, through the quercus com-
posed of small scales or bractese soldered together by their
lower part, and scarcely differing from some involucrums,
and the ephedra, in which the sheaths at each joint are
evidently opposite leaves soldered together, approaching
near the fruit, and composing a series of cupules set one
within another; and so on to the cupule of pinus, abies, &c.
Glume.
Bale, Calyx, External glume, Gluma, Calyx, Gluma ex-
terior, Gluma calycinalis, Tegmen, Lepicena. The ex-
ternal common involucrum of the flowers of the grasses ,
situated at the bottom of the locusta.
Cupule-like, Gluma cupuliformis. Having the appear-
ance of a cupule. Alopecurus agrestis.
Involucrated, involucrata. Surrounded by an involu-
crum. Cynosurus cristatus.
*jf One-flowered, uniflora . Alopecurus agrestis, Oryza
sativa, Hordeum, Zeocriton.
Two-flowered, biflora. Panicum, Holcus mollis, H. la-
natus, Aira caryophyllea.
Three-flowered, triflora. Anthoxanthum odoratum.
Many-flowered, multiflora . Briza, Cynosurus, Festuca
fluitans, Lolium, Avena, Bromus, Secale.
If Longer than the glumelle, glumelld longior. Avena
fatua, A. sterilis, Achnatherium lanceolatum.
Shorter than the glumelle, glumelld brevior . Bromus
arvensis, Secale cereale.
% One-spathelled, unispathellata , unipaleacea. Formed
of only one spathelle. Eleocharis palustris.
Two-spathelled, bispathellata , bipaleacea . Formed of
two spatlielles. Bromus, Triticum, Avena, Secale.
SpatJielles.
Valves, Glumes, Chaffs, Spathellse, Valvulse, Glumae,
Palese. The pieces that compose the glume.
Opposite, Spathelloe oppositce . Two pieces, attached
opposite each other at the same height. Triticum, Secale,
iEgilops. PI. 12, fig. 12.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
121
Conjointed, connatce , coadunatce, coadnatee , coalilce. Two
pieces, attached opposite to each other, and joined by
their edges. Alopecurus pratensis, A. agrestis, A. bul-
bosus.
One-sided, unilaterales . Attached side by side, on one
side only of the axis, at the same height. Hordeum.
Alternate, alternce. When the two spathelles are at-
tached on opposite sides of the axis, but with one rather
higher than the other. Agrostis canina, Phleum, Phalaris,
Briza, Melica, Bromus, Avena. PL 12, fig. 14.
If Similar, similar es . When both the upper and lower
spathelles are alike.
Dissimilar, dis similar es. When the spathelles are dif-
ferent. Bromus, Vulpia, Festuca.
If Equal, (Equates . Spathelles of equal length. Triticum,
Secale, Hordeum, Phalaris.
Unequal, inequales. Arrhenatherum elatius, Panicum,
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lolium temulentum.
If Herbaceous, herlacece. Milium effusum.
Membranaceous, membrandcece . Arrhenatherum elatius,
Melica nutans.
Scarious, scariosce. Phalaris Canadensis.
Thick, crassce. Tripsacum hermaphroditum.
Leathery, coriaceoe. Bambusa arundinacea.
Bibbed, nervatce , nervosce. With rising ribs. Paspalum.
Spined, spinellosce, echinatce. Tragus racemosus.
^f Rounded, suhrotundce. Paspalum.
Ovales, ovules. Melica nutans.
Lanceolate, lanceolatce. Dactylis glomerata, Bromus
dumetorum, Achnatherium lanceolatum, Avena.
Linear, linear es. Oryza sativa.
Awlshape, subulatce. Hordeum, Secale.
Bristlelike, setacece. Zeocriton secalinum.
Concave, concavce. Hollowed like a spoon. Briza minor,
B. major, B. media.
Compressed, compresses. Folded in two, lengthways*
Phleum pratense, P. nodosum.
Keeled, carinatce. Dactylis glomerata, Phalaris.
Boatlike, naviculares . Concave, and compressed side-
ways. Triticum sestivum, Phalaris.
Not cut, integree. Without teeth or notches. Briza.
Two-teethed, lidentatce. Triticum hybernum.
Four-teethed, quadridenlatce . Pommereulia.
Pointed, mucronalce. Dactylis glorneratse, Phleum pra-
tense, P. nodosum, Digitaria.
122
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
if Awned, aris tales . Furnished with awns. Secale.
Unarmed, mutices . Without awn, or point. Briza.
Glumelle.
Stragule, Corolla, Interior glume, Glumella, Stragula,
Gluma interior, Glurna corollina, Perigonium. The in-
ternal particular involucrum of the flowers of the grasses 9.
similar in structure to the glumes , hut peculiar to each
flower , and situated next the sexual organs.
One-spathelluled, Glumella imispathellata , unipaleacea.
Composed of one piece only. Agraulis caninus, Alope-
curus. PL 12, fig. 13, 14, and 19.
Two-spathelluled, bispat hellulata , hipaleacea. Composed
of two pieces. Bromus, Avena, Secale, Briza.
Spathellules .
Valves, Spathelles, Chaffs, Spathellulas, Valvulse, Spathellse,
Glumse, Palese. The pieces that compose the glumelle.
Similar, Spathellules similares. When both spathellules
are alike.
Dissimilar, dissimilares. When the lower spathellule is
different from the upper.
^ Two-rowed, distiches. Briza, Bromus.
Tiled, imbricates. Briza, Bromus.
Conjoined, connatee , coadnutcc, coalites . Alopecurus
agrestis, A. pratensis, A. bulbosus.
Rounded, subrotundes. Briza.
Oval, ovules. Melica nutans.
Lanceolate, lanceolates. Bromus, Avena.
Truncated, truncates. Phiernn.
Concave, concaves. Briza, Melica nutans.
Compressed, compresses. Oryza sativa.
Boatlike, navicular es. Triticum sestivum, Secale cereale,
Phalaris Canariensis.
Uncut, integres. Briza.
if Membranaceous, membranacece. Melica altissima.
Leatherlike, coriacecs. Olyra pauciflora, Stipa.
Ribbed, nervates, nervoses. Secale cereale. PL 12, fig. 12.
Two-teethed, bidentales. Agraulis caninus, Bromus ar~
wensis, Achnatherium lanceolatum, Aira caryophyllea.
Four-teethed, quadridentates. Achnatherium lanceola-
tum.
if Pointed, mucronatce . Uniola,
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
123
Awned, aristatce. Alopecurus, Apera efFusa, Agraulus
caninus, Holcus, A vena, Hordeum, Triticum, Secale,
Bromus. PL 12, fig. 14 and 17.
Awns.
Aristae, — athcra. A stiff hair , or threadlike point , in-
serted on the spathelles and spathellules , and not appearing
to he the continuation of a rib or nerve , hut arising sud-
denly from the hack or end.
Straight, Aristae rectilinece , re dee.
Kneed, geniculatce . Bent in the middle, Avena.
Twisted, tor see. Avena, Agraulus caninus. PI. 12, fig. 14
and 17.
Jointed, articulatce. Stipa.
Featherlike, plumosce. Stipa pennata.
If From the tip, apiculares. From the tip of the glumes.
Below the tip, sub apiculares. PI. 12, fig. 16.
Dorsal, dorsales. From the back of the glumes. Avena,
Agraulus caninus. PI. 12, fig. 17.
From the base, basilar es.
5T Persistent, persistentes. Avena.
Falling off, caducce. Stipa.
Bristles.
Setae, — chaeta. A stiff hairlike point , inserted on the spa-
thelles and spathellules , being a visible continuation and
elongation of a rib or nerve. PI. 12, fig. 12.
The bristle admits the same distinction as the awn, and
has been generally confounded under the same name.
Lodicule.
Nectary, Glumelle, Corolla, Lodicula, Glumellula, Glu-
mella. An mvolucrum formed of very small petaloid scales
attached to the receptacle of the gramineee with the sexual
organs , and surrounded by the glumelle.
One-paleolated, Lodicula unipaleolata. Composed of a
single paleole.
Two-paleolated, bipaleolata. Of two paleoles. Avena,
Bromus, Triticum, Secale. PI. 12, fig. 1,5.
Three-pal eolated, tripaledlata . Of three paleoles. Ram-
busia arundinacea. *
1*24?
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Paleoles .
Scales, Paleolse, Squamae. The pieces that compose the
lodicule .
Eggshape, Paleoloe ovatce . Secale cereale, Triticum
aestivum. PI. 12, fig. 15.
Lanceolate, lanceolatce, Bambusa arundinaceae.
Awlsliape, subulatce. Arrhenatheruin elatius, Milium
elf u sum.
Truncated, truncates, Melica nutans.
Bunched, gibbosce. Brachypodium pinnatum.
IT Velvety, villosce. Elymus giganteus.
Fringed, ciliatce. Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum.
The bristles that accompany the ovary of some cype-
raceae, PI. 12, fig. 13, and the inflated nectary of others,
PI. 12, fig. 18, which afterwards covers the akenium, are
considered by some botanists as lodicules.
CALYX.
Empalement, Flower-cup, Perianthium, Perigynandra ex-
terior, Thalamus. The outer cover of the flower , defend-
ing the blossom if there he any , and the sexual organs ; or
a coarse, green, single cover .
1 . Composition .
Gamo-sepaled, one-leafed, Calyx monosepalus, gamosepa-
lus, monophyllus . Formed of one piece, however deeply it
may be divided. Labiatae, Hyoscyamus, Dianthus, Cucu-
balus, Leguminosae. PL 9, fig. 12, 13, 14, and 15; pi. 10,
fig. 7, 8, 11, and 14.
Two-sepaled, two-leaved, disepalus, diphyllus . Com-
posed of two pieces. Papaver, Fumaria, Impatiens pa-
lustris.
Three-sepaled, three-leaved, trisepalus, triphyllus. -Tra-
descantia, Ficaria.
Four-sepaled, four-leaved, tetrasepalus , tetraphyllus .
Cruciferae, Epimedium, Sagina.
Five sepaled, five-leaved, pentasepalus , pentaphyllus.
Six-sepaled, six-leaved, hexasepalus, hexaphyllus. Ber-
beris vulgaris.
Many-sepaled, many-leaved, polysepalus, polyphyllus .
All calyces that are adherent to the ovary, or which
support the corolla or stamens, or which accompany a ga-
INTRODUCTION- TO BOTANY.
125
mopetalous corolla, are gamosepalous, and of course per-
sistent. It is very rare that a calyx which is not gamo-
sepalous is persistent.
2. Regularity.
Regular, Calyx regularis. When all its parts as taken
from the centre of the flower are perfectly alike. Cucubalus,
Adonis, Androsaemum, Tormentilla.
Irregular, irregularis. When the several parts are not
all alike. Salvia, Delphinium, Tropaeolum.
3. Form.
Tubular, Calyx tubulatus. In form of a tube.
Pipelike, tubulosus . The tube very long, and narrow at
top. Primula, Stramonium, Nepeta longiflora, Silene,
Dianthus.
Conical, conicus. In form of a cone. Stachys coccinea,
and many labiatae.
Topshape, pearshape, turbinqtus. Conical, but slightly
contracted towards the orifice. Spiraea trifoliata.
Swollen, injlatus. Membranous and dilated like a blad-
der. Rhinanthus glaber, Cucubalus inflatus, Anthyllis
leguminosa.
Pitchershape, urceolatus , ventricosus. Swollen in the
middle, contracted towards the top, the limb spread out.
Hyoscyamus niger, Rosa.
Cupsliape, cupular is. Very short and quite open. Citrus
Medica, Verbena glomerata.
Cylindrical, cylindricus. Forming a pipe which is nearly
equal throughout its whole length. Dianthus.
Clubshape, claviformis, clavatus. Tubular, long, and
swollen at top. Silene latifolia.
Bellshape, campanulatus. Hollow, and becoming more
and more open from its bottom to the top. Statice pul-
chella, Melittis grandiflora, Cucubalus bacciferus.
Compressed, compressus. Large, and flat as if squeezed
sideways. Rhinanthus glaber, Pedicularia palustris
Prismatic, prismaticus. Having longitudinal angles and
flat surfaces. Stramonium fcetidum, Pulmonaria officinalis.
Angular, angulosus. Having longitudinal angles. Pe-
dicularia sylvatica, Silene latifolia.
Ribbed, costatus . With raised ribs. Pedicularia pa-
lustris, Thymus campestris, Lychnis segetum, Silene co-
nica, S. nutans, S. quinquevulnera.
126
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Furrowed, sulcatus. Calamintha vulgaris.
Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation, re-
sembling the spur of a cock. Delphinium, Tropaeolum.
Two-lipped, bilabiatus. With two principal divisions,
one above, the other below ; not quite equal, and open so
as to resemble two lips. Salvia, and many other labiatae.
Calyculate, calycidatus . Having a calycule, or involu-
crum resembling a second calyx. Calluna sagitteefolia,
Linnaea borealis.
4. Limb and edge.
Not cut, Calyx integer. Having neither teeth nor lobes,
used indefinitely in opposition to toothed or lobed.
Truncated, truncatus. Appearing as if cut off across.
Fissilia.
Torn, erosus. Edge uneven, as if bitten by some insect.
Chenopodium spinacifolium.
Crenated, crenatus. Guarea trichilioides.
Toothed, dentatus. With slight angular cuts.
Fine toothed, denticulatus. With very slight angular
cuts.
Three-toothed, tridentatus. Triphasia, Cneorum.
Four-toothed, quadridentatus. Ligustrum, Cornus.
Five-toothed, quinquedentatus. Stachys and many other
labiatee. Coriandrum, Dianthus, Cucubalus, Silene.
Divided, incisus , divisus. Split, lobed, or parted, used
in opposition to not cut.
f Cut, jissns. Divided, the incisions reaching to the mid-
dle of the length of the calyx ; the divisions being narrow.
Two-cut, bifidus. Divided into two divisions. XJtricu-
laris, Pedicularia palustris, Verbena nodiflora.
Three-cut, trijidus .
Four-cut, quadrifidus. Rhinanthus, Reseda salicifolia.
Five-cut, quinquejidiis. Hyoscyamus niger, Cucubalus
bacciferus, Rosa.
Six-cut, sexfidus .
Eight-cut, octqfidus. Tormentilla.
Ten-cut, decemfidus. Potentilla, Fragaria.
Twelve-cut, duodecemfidus. Peplis.
% Lobed, lobatus. Divided into cuts, but the divisions
are broad.
Two-lobed, bilobatus.
Three-lobed, trilobatus, Scc.
IT Parted, partitas . Divided, and the incisions reaching
nearly to the bottom.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
127
Two-parted, lipartitus. Orobanche.
Three-parted, tripartite. Alisma major, Sagittaria
aquatica.
Four-parted, quadripartite. Veronica officinalis, Ery-
tlialia campestris.
Five-parted, qiiinqiiepartitus. Digitalis speciosa, Oron-
tium majus, Borrago officinalis.
Many-parted, pluripartitus. The number of divisions
not being required to be exactly expressed, or being really
indefinite.
5. Length , in relation to the corolla.
Long, Calyx corolla longior. Longer than the corolla.
Lychnis segetum, Stellaria media, Arenaria rubra, A. te-
nuifolia.
Equal, corolla equalis. Stellaria vulgata.
Short, corolla hrevior. Shorter than the corolla, Dianthus,
Stellaria arvensis.^
6. Attachment .
Adherent, Calyx adherens. United throughout its whole
length to the ovary. Compositse, Myrtus, Agrimonia,
Pyrus.
Superior, superus. United to the ovary, but with the
limb free. Punica granatum.
Semi-adherent, semi-adherens , semi-inferus. The calyx
adhering to the ovary only part of its length. Limosella
aquatica.
Not adherent, free, inadherens , liher , inferus. The calyx
totally detached from the ovary. Labiatae, Catyophylleae,
Fragaria, Rubus, Rosa.
7. Colour.
Coloured, Calyx coloratus . Of some other colour than
green. Tropaeolum, Andromeda polifolia, Fuchsia, Punica
Granatum.
Blossomlike, petaloideus. Aquilegia.
Doubtful, ambiguus. Appearing like a calyx externally,
and like a corolla internally. Grewia.
8. Duration .
Fugacious, Calyx fugax , caducus . Falling off as soon as
the flower opens. Papaver, Epimedium.
Deciduous, deciduus . Falling off after the fecundation
of the ovules, at the same time with the corolla. Actsea
spicata, Chelidonium majus, Cruciferae, Berberis.
128
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Persisting, persistens. Remaining after the flowering is
over. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Labiatae, Hyoscyamus niger,
Boragineae, Convolvulus, Androsaemum officinale, Cucu-
balus bacciferus, Saxifraga, Rubus.
Withering, marcescens. Persisting, but withering and
becoming dry. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Rubus.
Enlarging, acrescens. Persisting, and continuing to
grow and increase in size along with the fruit. Physalis
Alkekengi, Fissilia disparilis, Heisteria coccinea.
Induvial, induvialis. Persisting and enclosing the fruit.
Physalis, Rosa.
Se PALES.
Leaves , Sepala , Phylli , Folioli calycini. The distinct seg-
ments into which the calyx is divided.
Upright, Sepala erecta. Parallel to the axis of the
flower. Primula, Nicotiana, Erythraea vulgaris, Cheiran-
thus, Silene, Dianthus.
Contiguous, contigua , conniventia lateraliter , clausa .
Placed side by side, without any considerable intervals.
Raphanus, Cheiranthus.
Imbricated, imhricata. Covering one another by their
edges. Convolvulus, Thea.
Connivent, conniventia . Converging together at top.
Trollius Europaeus.
Diverging, spreading, patentia , paiula , divergentia. Se-
parating from one another, and placed nearly parallel to
the base of the flower. Borrago officinalis, Hydrophyllum,
Reseda, Adonis, Nigella, Ranunculus acris, R. repens,
Lychnis segetum, Saxifraga aizoides.
Turned back, reflected, reflexa, , dejlecta. Turned over
outwards, so as to show their internal surface. Ranunculus
bulbosus, R. flammea, Androsaemum officinale, CEnothera
biennis, Cerasus hortensis.
Rolled over, revoluta , Turned over, and rolled up.
Proteaceae.
Rolled inwardly, involuta . Valeriana rubra.
f Equal, cequalia . All of one size. Primula, Borrago
officinalis, Adonis, Ranunculus, Nigella.
Unequal, inequalia. Of different sizes, Salvia, Erythralia
campestris, Androsaemum officinale, Tormentilla, Poten-
tilla.
The lobes, segments, and teeth, admit of similar distinc-
tions to the sepales.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
129
COROLLA.
Blossom, Bloom, Auleum, Perigynandra interior. The
internal integument of the sexual organs , when there are
two ; or a fine and coloured single integument of the same
texture as the stamens , and either inserted along with
them on the receptacle , or hearing them itself
1. Insertion.
Hypogynoiis, Corolla hypogyna. Growing out from
below the ovary, whether the ovary be sessile. Cheiran-
thus, Cruciferae; or seated on a gynophore, Dianthus,
Silene, Cucubalus, and other caryophylleee, Cleome. PI. 10,
fig. 4, 6.
Perigynous, perigyna . Growing out from the internal
surface of the calyx. Campanulaceae, Salicaria, Rosaceae.
Epigynous, epigyna. Growing from the top of the ovary.
Compositae, Caprifoliaceae, Rubiaceae, Umbelliferae.
2. Structure .
Polypetalous, Corolla polypetala. Composed of several
separate pieces, or petals. Urfibelliferae, Cruciferae, Cary-
ophylleae, Saxifrageae, Rosaceoe, Pomaceae, Dryadeae, Le-
guminosae.
Gamopetalous, monopetalous, Corolla gamopetala, mono -
petala. Composed of only one piece, surrounding the
sexual organs on every side, the several divisions or petals
being soldered together. Labiatae, Borragineae, Apocyneae,
Composite. Pi. 9, fig. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,20,21.
If Regular, regidaris. Borrago, Convolvulus, Aquilegia,
Cruciferae, Carophylleae, Rosaceae, Dryadeae, Pomaceae.
Irregular, irregularis . Labiatae, most leguminosae.
3. Composition.
Two-petaled, Corolla dipet ala. Formed of two pieces.
Circaea.
Three-petaled, tripetala. Formed of three pieces. Alisma,
Sagittaria.
Four-petaled, telrapetala . Of four pieces. Cruciferae,
Chelidonium.
Five-petaled, pentapeiala . Umbelliferae, Adonis, Ra«
nunculus, Caryophylleae, Rosa.
Six-petaled, hexapeiala. Berberis, Anona.
Eight-petaled, oclopetala. Nigella Hispanica.
VOL. i. k
130
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
% One-petaled, monopetala , unipetala . A single petal
not entirely surrounding the sexual organs, as in the gamo-
petalous corollas. Amorpha.
4. Form .
Crosslike, Corolla cruciformis. Regular and composed
of four petals with long claws, and the expansion open,
disposed in a cross. Cruciferse.
Roselike, rosacea , roselala . Regular and composed of
three, four, or five petals, with short claws, and diverging
from one another. Rosacese, Dryadeae, Chelidonium,
Papaver.
Clovegilliflowerlike, caryophyllata . Regular and com-
posed of five petals, the claws being, very long, but sur-
rounded and hidden by the calyx. Dianthus, Silene.
Butterflylike, papilionacea. Composed of five petals, of
three different forms and sizes, and to which peculiar
names have been assigned. Leguminosae.
1. The standard, Vexillum. The large wide petal,
usually turned back, that overtops the others.
2. The two wings, Alee , Talarce. The two side petals.
3. The keel, Carina , Scaphium , — tropis. Formed of the
two lowermost petals usually turned up at their tip, and
either touching each other, or soldered together.
Irregularly many petaled, polypetala anomala . Com-
posed of irregular petals, but not butterflylike. Aconitum,
Delphinium, Tropaeolum, Viola.
Tubulate, tubulata. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube.
Many labiatae.
Tubulous, tubulosa . Monopetalous, regular, with a tube
longer than the diameter of the tube. Hamelia, Spigelia
Marylandica.
Bellshape, campanulata , campaniformis . Monopetalous,
regular, in form of a bell. Atropa lethalis, Pneumonanthe
vulgaris, Vitis-Idaea punctifolia, Campanula urticifolia.
Globular, globosa, globulosa . Andromeda polifolia.
Eggshape, ovata. Arbutus, Eremocallis glomerata,
Menziesia polifolia.
Pitchershape, urceolata. Vaccinium montanum.
Clubshaped, claviformis , clavata. Erica pinea, E. ce-
rinthoides.
Funnelshape, infundibulifprmis. Nerium Oleander, Ni-
cotiana Tabaciun*
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
131
Oldfashion-salvershape, kypocrateriformis. The tube
long, the limb regular and spread out flat* or nearly so.
Vinca, Phlox, Ericala verna.
Gobletshape, cyathiformis . Tube long, slightly dilated
at top, the limb regular and upright. Symphytum tube-
rosum.
Wheel-like, rot at a. Tube very short, limb regular,
open, flat, with broad divisions. Borrago officinalis, Ver-
bascum decurrens, Physalis Alkekengi.
Starlike, stellata. Tube very short, limb regular, open,
flat, with pointed divisions. Galium verum, Valantia cru~
ciata.
f One-lipped, unilabiata. Monopetalous, irregular, the
lower part of the limb prolonged beyond the rest. Acanthus.
Scooplike, ligulata. One-lipped, the lip very long and
straight. Taraxacum officinale, Helianthus, and many
other composite.
Two-lipped, lilaliata. The limb split on the sides into
two lips, of different forms. Labiatce, Rhinanthus, Pedi-
cularis.
Gaping, r ingens. The two lips being placed apart re-
semble the throat of an animal. Salvia officinalis, Lamiurn
album, Dracocephalum, Stachys.
Masklike, per sonata. The two lips are closed by an in-
ternal projection of the throat of the flower, called the pa-
late, palatium. Orontium majus. Antirrhinum vulgare. —
Some include under this irregular monopetalous corolise of
various anomalous forms.
Turned over, resnpinala. Two-lipped, and appearing at
the first view, as if the lips had changed their usual places.
Ocymum Basilicum, Plectranthus punctatus.
5. Appendages.
Appendiculated, Corolla appendiculata. Having an
elongation or additional part, more than the ordinary form
of petals, either at the base, Hypericum iEgyptiacum, or
at the summit, Silene.
Hooked, uncinata. With an appendage like a hook,
placed at the top of the petals. Heisteria coccinea, Xirne-
nia aculeata.
Glanduliferous, glandulifera. With glands. Statice mo-
nopetala, Ranunculus, Berberis.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
132
6. Colour .
Red, Corolla rubra . Rosa Damascena, Dianthus Caryo-
phyllus ruber.
Reddish violet, rubro-violacea. Lythrum spicatum, Ce-
losia cristata.
Violet, violacea. Aconitum Napellus, Campanula Car-
path ica.
Bluish-violet, cceruleo-violacea. Convolvulus tricolor,
Cyanus vulgaris, Cineraria amelloides.
Blue, ccerulea. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Delphinium
grand ifiorum.
Bluish-green, cceruleo-viridis.
Green, viridis.
Greenish-yellow, viridi-lulca. Hedera communis, Acer
xnajus, Silene parviflora.
Yellow, lutea. Ranunculus longifolius.
Yellowish-orange, luteo-aurantiaca. Calendula officinalis.
Orange, aurantiaca. Tropseolum majus.
Reddish-orange, rubro-aurantiaca. Salvia coccinea, Pa-
paver erraticum.
IT White, alba . Parnassia palustris.
7. Duration .
Persisting, withering, Corolla persistens , marcescem .
Lasting after the fecundation of the ovules, but in a wi-
thered state. Trientalis Europsea, Erica, Campanula,
Corrigiola, Trifolium procumbens, Cucumis.
Passing away, decidua , tr ansi tor ia. Falling soon after
the fecundation of the ovules. The generality of flowers.
Fugacious, fugax, caduca. Falling off* as soon as the
flower is completely open, or even before. Actaea, Thalic-
trum, Chelidonium corniculatum, Glaucium violaceum,
Cerastites macrocephala, Peplis Portula.
Petals.
Petala.
divided.
The several pieces into which the corolla is
1. Position.
Opposite, Petala oppositiva , calyci opposita. Placed be-
fore the divisions of the calyx. Berberis, Epimedium.
Interposed, alternate, interpositiva , calyci alterna. Al-
ternating with the divisions of the calyx. Cruciferae, Rosa,
and most plants.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1SS
2. Attachment.
Clawed, Petala unguiculata . Attached to the other
parts of the flower by a long claw. Cheiranthus and other
cruciferae, Dianthus and other caryophylleae, Statice pul-
chellum.
Sessile, sessilia. The claw very short. Vitis, Elatme,
Gypsophila.
3. Direction.
Bent inwards, Petala hiflexa. Curved towards the centre
of the flower. Astrantia major.
Involute, involuta. Bent and rolled from the top towards
the centre of the flower. Anethum graveolens.
Upright, erecta . Placed parallel to the axis of the flower.
Geum, Hermannia.
Incumbent sideways, later aliter incumhentia. Covering
the sides of one another. Oxalis versicolor, Hermannia.
Open, spreading, patentiq. At right angles with the
axis of the flower. Rosa, Fragaria, Geum urbanum.
Bent back, reflexa. Turned over from the centre of the
flower. Aralia arborea.
One-sided, unilaleralia. Inclining to one side of the
flower. Cleome.
Ascending, ascendentia . Inclining to the top of the
flower. Cleome.
4. Form.
Roundish, Petala subrotunda. Silene latifolia, Ranun-
culus bulbosus, Potentilla fruticosa, Fragaria vesca.
Oval, ovalia. Statice pulchellum, Linum usitatissimum.
Elliptic, ellipticum. Saxifraga decipiens.
Lanceolate, lanceolata. Hypericum montanum, Saxi-
fraga sarmentosa.
Linear, linearia . Fraxinus Ornus, Chionanthus, Iiama-
melis Virginiana.
Spatulashape, spathulata. Dictamnus albus, Cleome
pentaphylla.
Wedgeshape, cunearia. Linum Austriacum.
Heartshape, cordijbrmia, obcordiformia. Hear tsh ape,
the notch being at top. Parnassia palustris, Geranium
Pyreniacum, Cerastium arvense, Stellaria holostea, CEno-
thera odorata.
Concave, concava. Parnassia, Tilia Europasa, Ruta
graveolens.
Boatshape, navicularia . Cookia punctata.
134
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Helmetshape, galeiformia. Hollow, arched, and open
in front. Aconitum.
Cornetshape, cuculliformia. In the form of a cone. Del-
phinium, Aquilegia.
Spurred, calcarata. Prolonged at bottom in a hollow
point, like the spur of a fowl. Viola.
Two-lipped, Lilabiata. Tubular with a limb having two
lips. Nigelia, Helleborus, Isopyrum.
Mis-shapen, difformia. Irregular, and not to be com-
pared to any known form. Epimedium.
Unequal, inazqualia . Different, either in form, or size,
or in both. Anoxia, Viola, Pisum, and other leguminosae.
Conjoined, coadunata. Joined and soldered together by
their edges, but so feebly that they may be separated with-
out any visible tear in the texture. Statice monopetala,
Fissilia disparilis. This junction is sometimes by their
tips, Vitis; or their base, Oxycoccus palustris.
Radiating, radiantia. The petals next the circum-
ference of an assemblage of flowers larger than those next
the centre. Tordylium.
5. Edge .
Wavy, Peiala undulata. Geranium phoeum, Lager-
strsemia.
Gnawed, erosa. Glaucium luteum, Frankenia laevis.
Crenated, crenata . Dianthus Caryophyllus, Linum usi-
tatissimum.
Toothed, dentata. Dianthus barbatus, D. capitatus,
Silene Lusitanica.
Fringed, fimbriata. Cucubalus fimbriatus.
Lashed, ciliata. Edged with fine jags or hairs like the
eyelashes. Tropseolum, Ruta.
Notched, emarginata. Cheiranthus sinuatus, Geranium
sanguineum, G. dissectum, Agrostemma coronaria, Dian-
thus prolifer, Rosa rubiginosa.
6. Division.
Jagged, Petala laciniata . Cut into slips. Reseda, Di-
anthus plumarius.
Two-cut, bifida. Draba verna, Cucubalus inflatus,
Lychnis vespertina, L. diurna, Silene conica.
Three-cut, trifida. Hypecoum procumbens.
Four-cut, quadrifida. Lychnis plumaria.
Two-parted, bipartita. Silene nutans, Stellariar aquatica,
S. media.
135
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Lacinule.
Lacinula. A smali claw or appendage to the petals.
Uncut, Lacinula Integra. Astrantia, Sanicuja.
Bent, inflexa. CEnanthe.
Hooked, uncinata. Torilis, Sphondylium.
Straight, recta.
Oblique, obliqua. Chaerophyllum.
Linear, linearis. Bulbocastanum.
Linear pointed, linearis acuta . iEthusa tenuifolia.
Linear blunt, linearis obtusa. iEthusa elata.
Furrowed, sulcata. Tragium.
Notched, emarginata. Cnidium.
Streaked, striata. Selinum.
Channelled, canaliculata . Sanicula.
Waved, undulata. Athamanta.
Dilated, dilata. Athamanta.
Narrowed, angustaia . Pimpinella minor.
Awlshape, subulata. CEnanthe.
Long, longa. As long as the petals themselves. Astrantia,
Sanicula.
Crenulated, crenulata. Peucedanum.
Wavy-crenulated, undulata- crenulata. Heracleum.
Apiculate, apiculata. With a point. Heracleum.
Toothed, denticulata. Astrantia, Sanicula.
Blunt, obtusa. Conium, Apium.
Three-pointed, tricuspidata. Astrantia.
Tube.
Tubus. The lower part of a gamopetalous corolla*
PI. 8, fig. 4.
Straight, Tubus rectilineus, rectus. Not having any
curvature. Vinca, Hamelia.
Cylindrical, cylindricus. Mirabilis Jalapa.
Threadlike, gracilis, filif or mis. Plumbago rosea.
Bellied, veniricosus , inflatus. Erica inflata, E. ventricosa.
Clubshape, claviformis, clavatus. Spigelia Marylandica.
Prismatic, prismaticus. Hamelia.
With an internal appendage, internb appendiculatus •
Furnished with an appendage (nectary, Linnaeus) in the
interior part of it. Hydrophyllum, Lithospermum tenui-
folium, Cuscuta.
•IF Bent, curvatus , arcuatus , curvus . Martynia, Nepeta
longiflora.
136
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Compressed, compressus . Many of the labiatse. Justicia
quadrifida.
Bunched, gib bus, gibbosus. Having externally a kind of
bunch, hollow like a pocket on the inside. Orontium ma-
jus, Valeriana Cornucopiae, Martynia.
Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation like
the spur of a fowl. Valeriana rubra, Linaria. PL 9,
fig. 11a.
Split, Jissus. The tube is split down lengthways, sa
that it may be Spread out flat without tearing. Goodenia,
Lobelia.
Throat.
Faux . The orifice of the tube.
Circular, Faux circularise Phlox, Mirabilis.
Cornered, angulata . Having a determined number of
angles. Vinca rosea.
Dilated, dilaiata. Larger than the tube itself. Mirabilis
Jalapa, Nicotiana Tabacum. PI. 9, fig. 12 and 13.
Contracted, conlracta. Smaller than the tube. Verbena
officinalis, Scrofularia lutea, Vinca rosea.
Obstructed, obstruct a . Furnished with hairs, lashes,
glands, or other appendages that block up the entrance.
Verbena multifida, Erythalia pulchella.
Villous, villosa . Obstructed by hairs. Verbena multi-
fida, Thymus.
Lashed, ciliata. Obstructed by stiff hairs like the eye-
lashes. Erythalia pulchella, E. campestris.
Bunched, gibbifera . Obstructed by bunches; the throat,
being enlarged and dilated in some parts, rises up in
bunches which are hollow, and open beneath. Lycopsis
arvensis, Cynoglossum officinale, Borrago, Anchusa. PI. 9,
fig. 10 a.
Horned, cormculifera. Obstructed by hollow horns,
open beneath, like the bunches just mentioned. Symphy-
tum tuberosum.
Flakey, lamellifera . Furnished with lamellar appen-
dages. Nerium Oleander.
Naked, mida. Without any hairs, bristles, bunches,
or the like. Nicotiana Tabacum, Cerinthe major, Phlox.
Palate.
Palatium . An internal swelling of the throat, being the
two lips of a masklike flower. — Orontium majus, Linaria.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
137
Crown.
Cup , Corona . A cuplike appendage, placed on the throat
of the flower. — Silene, Narcissus.
Orbiculus.
A circular swelling of the base of the corolla, surrounding
the sexual organs. — Stapelia.
Limb.
Limbus . The upper expanded part of a gamopetalous
corolla.
Folded, Limbus plicatus . In regular folds like a fan.
Convolvulus, Pneumonanthe vulgaris.
Twisted, tortus , contortus. The divisions of the limb
are cut obliquely, and cover one another, before the open-
ing of the flower, by twining round the axis of the flower.
Nerium Oleander, Vinca, and other Apocyneas.
Upright, erectus . Parallel to the axis of the flowTer.
Hydrophyllum, Cynoglossuin officinale, Cerinthe.
Spreading, patens. Forming a right angle with the
tube. Verbena multifida, Anchusa Italica, Nerium Olean-
der, Chironia, Centaurium.
Turned back, reflexus . Turned over outwardly. Cycla-
men, Dulcamara flexuosa, Asclepias, Oxycoccus palustris.
Revolute, revolutus. Rolled over outwardly. Cestrum
cauliflorum, C. fastigiatum, C. odontospermum.
Upper Lip.
Labium superius . The upper division of a two-lipped
gamopetalous corolla.
Spread forward, Labium superius porrectum. Carried
out in the fore-part, in the same direction as the tube.
Monarda, Phlomis Leonurus, Galeopsis nodosa.
Ascending, ascendens. Following at first the direction
of the tube, and then rising up. Nepeta longiflora, Stachys
annua, Betonica officinalis. PL 9, fig. 13.
Turned back, reflectum,. Turned over on the tube.
Plectranthus punctatus. PI. 9, fig. 15.
Turned in, inflectum . Turned inwards on the low er lip.
Brunella.
Sicklelike, falcatum. Bent like a reaping-hook. Salvia
bicolor. S. pratensis.
138
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Arched, fornicatum, galeatum. Bent and hollowed within.
Pedicularia palustris, Phlomis, Lamium, Galeopsis.
Compressed, compressum. Folded in two lengthways,
and flattened sideways. Rhinanthus, Pedicularia palustris,
Many salviee, Many phlomides, Trichostema.
Flat, planum. Melittis grandiflora.
Uncut,’ integrum. Molucella lsevis.
Notched, emarginatum. Lycopus.
Split, fissum. Euphrasia officinalis, Salvia bicolor, Ne-
peta longiflora.
Parted, partitum. Divided to the very orifice of the
tube. Teucrium, Lobelia Cardinalis. L. syphilitica.
Louver Lip.
Labium inferius. The lower division of a two-lipped
gamopetalous corolla.
Longer than the upper, Labium inferius superiore longius .
Molucella lsevis, Phlomis Zeylanica.
Shorter than the upper, inferiore brevius. Phlomis Leo-
nurus.
Prolonged, porrectum . Melampyrum vulgatum, Salvia
bicolor, Molucca lsevis.
Fallen down, demissum. Eriostomum Germanicum.
PI. 9, fig. 13.
Turned back, reflexum . Turned over backwards upon
the tube. Chelone barbata.
Turned in, inflexum. Bent inwards towards the orifice
of the tube. Plectranthus punctatus. PI. 9, fig, 15.
PERIGONIUM.
Perianthium, Calyx. The integument of a flower when there
is but one , and its appearance renders it doubtful whether
it ought to be esteemed a calyx or a corolla.
This admits all the various distinctions of both calyx
and corolla.
Galea.
The upper hollow part of the perigonium of the orchidese.
Lip.
Labellum. The lower spread out part of the perigonium
of the orchidese ; which is sometimes divided into two dis-
similar parts.
Epichilium . The upper part of the labellum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
139
HypochiUum , The lower part of the labellum.
Spur, Calcar. A hollow spur formed by an elongation
of the labellum.
Perule.
Perula. A hollow part, often resembling a spur, formed
of two elongated and soldered sepales. Qrchideae.
STAMENS.
Chives, Attire, Stamina, — stemon. The male organ of the
plant , usually placed next within the corolla , and im-
mediately surrounding the pistill.
1. Origin.
Hypogynous, Stamina hypogyna, receptacido inserta*
Exserted from the receptacle, . either below the ovary, or
even with its bottom. Graminese, Cruciferae, Ranuncu-
laceae.
Perigynous, perigyna , calyci inserta. Exserted from the
internal surface of the floral integument, above the part
where it is detached from the ovary. Thymeleas, Rosacese,
Leguminosae, Myrtaceae.
Epigynous, epigyna , pistillo inserta. Exserted from the
pistill itself. Aristolochia, Umbelliferae.
Immediate, immediata. Exserted from the receptacle,
calyx, or pistill. Crucifers, Rosacese, Umbelliferae.
Mediate, mediate , epipetala. Exserted from the co-
rolla, and therefore judged to have the same insertion in
respect to the ovary as the corolla itself. Labiatae, Cam-
panulaceae, Compositse.
2. Number.
Definite, Stamina defnita. The number constant and
not exceeding twelve. 1 Hippuris, 2 Syringa, 3 Iris,
4 Plantago, 5 Lonicera, 6 Lilium, 7 iEsculus, 8 Fuchsia,
9 Butomus, 10 Saxifraga, 11 not yet discovered, 12 Ha-
lesia.
Indefinite, indefnita. More than twelve, and not usually
counted, or constant. Papaver, Ranunculus, Rosa.
3. Connexion .
Distinct, Stamina distincta , discreta. Not united together
either by their filaments, or their anthers. Lilium, Ra-
nunculus.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Conjoined, coalita , connata. United together, either by
their filaments or their anthers. Malvaceae, Compositae.
^f Adelphous, adelphica , adelpha . The filaments united
together into an androphore.
Monadelphous, monadelpha. Having a single andro-
phore in a flower, carrying several anthers. Malvaceae,
Meliaceae.
Di^adelphous, diadelpha. Two androphores in each
flower, each carrying several anthers. Fumaria, Monniera.
— But Linnaeus has applied this term to the leguminosae,
in which nine of the stamens have their filaments united
into an androphore, and the tenth is distinct. PI. 10,
fig. 9, a, b.
Triadelphous, iriadelpha. Three androphores, each car-
rying several anthers. Hypericum iEgyptiacum. PI. 10,
fig. 15.
Pentadel plious, pentadelpha. Five androphores. Mela-
leuca hypericifolia.
Polyadelphous, polyadelpha . Several androphores. Me-
laleuca.
If Syngenesous, syngenesa , syngenesica. Several stamens
ioined by their anthers. Most compositae. Lobelia, Viola.
PI. 11, fig. 27.
4. Proportion .
Equal, Stamifia cequalia. All of the same length. Bu-
tomus, Lilium, Borrago, Ledum, Tribulus.
Unequal, incequalia. Some longer than the others.
Labiatae, Cruciferae, Oxalis, Lychnis, Silene, Gypsophila.
Didynamous, didynama. Four in number, two longer
than the other two. Labiatae.
Tetradynamous, tetradynama. Six in number, of which
four are longer than the others. Cruciferae. PI. 10, fig. 1.
5. Disposition .
Oppositive, Stamina oppositiva , petalis opposita. Placed
opposite to the lobes of the corolla, or of the perigonium.
Lilium, Moms, Urtica, Statice, Primulaceae, Lorantheae,
Vitis.
Interpositive, interpositiva, petalis allerna . Placed be-
tween the divisions of a corolla, Boragineae, Umbelliferae ;
or of a simple perigonium, Elaeagnus.
If Distant, distanlia . Lycopus.
Close, approximata . Touching the sides of one another.
Solanum, Borrago.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
141
Coherent, coherentia. Fastened to one another, either
by crossed hairs, or by a glue. Lycopersicon esculentum,
Calluna sagittsefolia, Viola.
Crowded, confer la. Numerous and squeezed close to-
gether.
Agglomerated, agglomerata. Collected together into a
ball. Anona triloba.
Tiled-like, imlricata. Disposed in rows, one covering
another like the tiles of a roof. Liriodendrum tulipifera.
Magnolia.
In stages, serialia. Disposed in stages of circular rows.
Daphne, Passerina.
6. Length , in relation to the floral integuments.
Exserted, Stamina exserta . Coming out beyond the
orifice of the floral integuments. Plantago, Mentha,
Lycium Europaeum, Scabiosa, Fuchsia. PI. 9, fig. 12.
Included, inclusa, non exserta. Shut up in the floral in-
teguments, and not appearing outwardly. Jasminum,
Syringa, Verbena officinalis, Leguminosas. PL 10, fig. 8.
7. Direction.
Bent inwards, Stamina inflexa . The top bent in towards
the centre of the flower. Salvia, Dictamnus, Gypsophila
fastigiata.
Upright, erecla. Keeping of itself in the direction of
the axis of the flower. Tulipa, Lilium, Nicotiana. PI. 10,
fig. 5.
Spreading, patentia. Standing horizontally in respect to
the base of the flower. Pyrola minor, Hedera communis.
Bent back, reflexa. Bent outwards. Urtica, Parietaria.
Hanging down, pendentia. Hanging downwards through
weakness. Graminese, Clerodendrum infortunatum.
Sidelying, unilateralia . Hanging on one side. Pyrola
rotundifolia, Salvia, Amaryllis formosissima.
Ascending, ascendentia , Rising towards the upper part
of the flower. Salvia, Teucrium, Phlomis, and most la-
biatae.
Declining, decnmbentia , declinala. Inclining towards the
lower part of the flower. Amaryllis formosissima, Heme-
rocallis fulva, JEsculus Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.
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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
8. Abortion.
Antherless, inantherata , castrata. The filaments being
without anthers. Many filaments of sparmannia Africana,
two filaments of gratiola officinalis, and the greater part of
the orchidese.
Merely rudimental, rudimentaria. So very imperfect,
and so small, that it is only by analogy that their nature
can be determined. Orchidese, Salvia, Collinsonia Cana-
densis.
9. Parts.
Anther, Summit, Anthera, Capitulum , Theca , Capsula ,
Apex , Testiculus , Testis , Spermatocystidium. The upper
part of the stamen usually at the top of it, and containing
the fecundating powder, in two distinct cells. PI. 11,
fig. 15, 16, 19, and 20.
Cells, Loculi , Thecce. The two cells that contain the
fecundating powder. PL 11, fig. 20.
Lobes, Lobi. The cells when they are perfectly distinct
and at some small distance from each other.
Connective, Connectivum, Filamentum Link. A fleshy
part that connects the lobes;' or that part of a jointed fila-
ment which is immediately next the anther.
Basillary appendages, Setce. Small threads formed by
the elongation of the cells in their lower part.
Fecundating powder, Pollen. The powder contained in
the cells of the anthers, and which is composed of globules.
Globules, Utriculi. Small bladders appearing like dust,
forming the substance of the pollen.
Fovilla. The fine substance, imperceptible to the naked
eye, which the pollen discharges on the moist surface of the
stigma.
Filament, Thread, Filamenta9 Pediculus , Capillamentum ,
Stipellus , — nema. The footstalk raising the anther from
the receptacle or corolla.
Androphore, Androphora , Columna9 Fasciculus , — - adel-
phia. Filaments soldered together in one or more bundles.
Antherbearing joint, Articulus antheriferus. That part
of a jointed filament that is next to but below the anther.
Terminal appendage. Appendix terminalis. That part
of a jointed filament that is above the anther.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
145
Filament.
1. Form.
Flat, Filamentum planum. Allium fragrans, Koempferia,
Fissilia, Heisteria coccinea, Hermannia denudata.
Petal-like, petaliforme. Broad, thin, flexible and co-
loured like a blossom. Koempferia, Maranta arundinacea,
Calothamnus.
Two-edged, sword-edged, anceps. Canna Indica.
Awlshape, subulatum. Tulipa, Butomus, Acer majus.
Wedgeshape, cuneiforme. Thalictrum petaloideum.
Nailshape, claviforme , clavatum. Thalictrum atro-pur-
pureum .
Cylindrical, cylindricum. The generality of plants.
Threadlike, capillare. Graminese, Plantago.
Knobbed, torulosum , nodosum. With swellings at a
small distance from one another. Sparmannia Africana.
Crenate, crenatumi Marked on the internal edge with
wrinkles lying across, and forming creases.
Kneed, geniculatum. Bent like a knee or elbow joint.
Mahernia pinnata.
Appendixed, appendiculatum. Having an appendage,
which does not seem to belong to the filament, but to be
an extraneous addition. Borrago, Zygophyllum.
Spiral, spirale, tortum. Bent like a bellspring. Hirtella.
2. Base.
Enlarged, Filamentum dilatatum. Ornithogalum palli-
dum, Campanula, Geranium pratense, Tamarix Gallica.
Arched, fornicatum . Enlarged and concave. Aspho-
delus, Campanula.
5. Tip.
Sharp, Filamentum acutum. Lilium, Tulipa, Scutellaria
alpina, Ternstromia.
Blunt, oltusum . Anona triloba.
Headed, capitatum. Swelled into a head. Dianella,
Cephalotus.
Notched, emarginatum. Having a re-entering angle at
the tip. Allium laetum.
Two-forked, bifur catum . Brunella, Crambe.
Three-pointed, tridentatum , tricuspidatum . Allium por-
raceum.
Prominent, prominens. Lengthened out beyond the an-
ther. Paris quadrifolia, Anona triloba, Ternstromia el-
liptica.
144
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
4. Surface .
Velvetty, Filamentum villosum. Laurus Persea, Gual-
teria.
Bearded, larbatum . Hairy in some parts and not in
others. Anthericum, Anagallis, Verbascum.
Glandbearing, glanduliferum . Dictamnus albus.
5. Motion .
Elastic, Filamentum elasticum. Springs back again after
it has been forcibly bent.
Irritable, irritabile . Moving at the moment of fecunda-
tion without any apparent mechanical force. Berberis,
Ruta, Parnassia.
'Androphore.
Simple, Androphorum simplex. In a single body without
any branches whatever.
Divided, divisum. Parted into several filaments at top.
Hypericum iEgyptiacum, Melaleuca. PI. 10, fig. 15; pi. 11,
fig. 14.
Branched, ramosum . Divided and subdivided. Ricinus.
PI. 11, fig. 16.
Solid, solidum . In a solid mass. Hura crepitans,
Stylidium.
Thick, crassum. Hura crepitans.
Slender, gracile . Typha.
Cylindrical, cylindricum . Stylidium, Xylophylla, Hura
crepitans.
Pillarlike, columnare . Rising upright in the centre of
the flower like a small column.
Tubular, tuhulosum . Malvaceae. PI. 10, fig. 13.
Split, fissum . Tubular, and split lengthways. Most
leguminosse. PI. 10, fig. 9, a; fig. 12.
Sheathing, vaginans. Tubular, and forming a sheath
round the pistill. Malvaceae. PI. 10, fig. 13.
Ringlike, annulare. Anacardium occidentale.
Blossomlike, coroll forme. Gomphrena globosa, Guarea
trichilioides.
Crenate, crenatum. Crenated on its edge. Gomphrena
globosa.
Hoodlike, cuculliferum. Furnished with appendages in
form of hoods. Asclepias.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
145
Anther.
1. Attachment.
Sessile, Anther a sessilis. Without any filament or • an-
drophore. Aristolochia, Grevillea.
Adnate, adnata. Annexed to the filament throughout
its whole extent, and consequently without any particular
connective. Asarum, Soldanella, Podophyllum peltatum,
Ranunculus. PL 11, fig. 18.
Jointed, articulata . The union of the filament and an-
ther having some change of form, colour, shape, or other
visible mark. Salvia, Scutellaria.
If Lateral, lateralis. Fastened on one side of the fila-
ment. Canna Indica.
Terminal, terminalis . Fastened to the end of the fila-
ment. Cyperacese, Datura, Raphanus, Cleome.
If Base-fixed, basifixa. Attached by one end, which is
looked upon as the base of the anther. Iridese, Composite.
Middle-fixed, medifixa. Attached by the middle. Lilium.
If Immoveable, immobilis. So solidly attached to the
filament that it cannot be moved without injury. Com-
posite, Limnanthes peltata.
Moveable, molilis. Attached by a single point which
acts like a hinge. Lilium, Limodorum.
Turning, vacillans , versatilis. Long, fastened by its
middle, and moveable. Lilium, Tulipa, Amaryllis.
If Opening inwards, adversa , antica , introrsa. The suture
of its valves turned to the'7 centre of the flowers. Most
plants.
Opening outwards, inner sa, postica , extrorsa. The suture
of its valves turned towards the circumference. Iridese,
Cucumis. Most ranunculaceae.
2. Direction.
Upright, Anthera erecta. Long, fastened by its base,
and holding itself parallel to the axis of the flower. Tulipa,
Solanum, Composite.
Lying along, incumbens. Fastened by its middle, so that
its lower half is close to the filament. Amaryllis formo-
sissima, Hypopitys lutea.
Flat, horizontalis . Lying across the filament. Lilium.
VOL. i.
L
146
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
3. Form,
Globular, Anther a globulosa. Mercurialis, Juniperus.
Mis-shapen, difformis. Of an irregular or singular form.
Justicia hyssopifolia, Commelina tuberosa.
Twin, didyma. With two rounded lobes united by a
small point. Chenopodium, Spinacia, Mercurialis, Eu-
phorbia.
Egg-like, ovoidea . Fuchsia.
Oblong, oblonga. Ledum, Lilium, Sparganium erectum.
Lanceolate, lanceolata. Cerinthe major.
Linear, linearis. Campanula.
Awlshape, subulata. Borrago officinalis.
Threadlike, filiformis. Ternstromia.
Arrowhead like, sagittala. Crocus, Limnanthes peltata.
Heartshape, cordiformis , cordata. Ocymum basilicum.
Kidneyshape, reniformis. Glechoma hederacea, Lavan-
dula, Digitalis.
Shielded, peltata . Broad, and fastened to the filament
by its centre.
Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways. Iris.
Four-cornered, telragona. Tulipa.
If Straight, recta , rectilinea . Without any windings. Tu-
lipa, Borrago.
Bent, arcuata. Trollius Europseus.
Twisted, torsa. Bent in a spiral form. Erythrsea vul-
garis.
Winding, sinuosa. Long, linear, and zig-zag. Cucumis,
Cucurbita.
If Truncated, truncata . Appearing as if its top had been
cut off.
Pointed, acuta. Borrago, Cerinthe.
Two-cut, bifida. Having a fork at one or both ends.
Many gramineas, Sparganium erectum.
Two-horned, bicornis. Having two diverging horns
formed by its pointed lobes. Arbutus, Vaccinium monta-
num, Pyrola, Many ericae.
Four-horned, quadricornis. Gualteria procumbens.
Apipen&hiedfappendiculata. Nerium Oleander, Centaurea
collina, Inula grandiflora.
Awned, aristata . Furnished with appendages like awns.
Euphrasia officinalis, Vaccinium uliginosum, Andromeda
polifolia.
Crested, cristata . Furnished with appendages like crests.
Erica triflora, E. comosa. PI. 1 1, fig. 21.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 14} T
Tailed, caudata . Furnished with appendages like a tail.
Stsehelina.
Opercular, opercularia , operculiformis. Shutting up, like
a lid, the cavity in which the pollen is contained. Serapias,
Neottia, Limodorum.
4. Proportion.
Shorter than the filament, Anther a jilamenlo brevior
Lilium, Fuchsia.
As long as the filament, Jilamcnti longitudine. Herman-
nia denuclata.
Longer than the filament, filamento longior. Cerinthe
major.
IT Unlike, Antherce dissimiles. Different in the same
flower. Cassia.
5. Surfaces.
Smooth, Anthera Icevis . The greatest part of flowers.
Bald, glabra. Orobanche major.
Downy, pubescens . Digitalis ferruginea.
Shaggy, hispida , hirta. Lathraea simplex.
Fringed, ciliata. Orobanche minor, Brunella, Lavan-
dula, Galeopsis segetum.
Bearded, barbata. Having a tuft of hairs in some pecu-
liar part. Pedicularis, Acanthium, Carpinus.
Glanduliferous, glandulifera . Having glands. Cardiaca
vulgaris, Marrubium Hispanicum, Molucella levis.
6. Lobes .
One-lobed, Anthera uniloba. Pinus, Larix, Cupressus,
Juniperus, Thuya. — In pinus, larix, abies, the anthers ap-
pear to be two-lobed, because, as they are fixed two together
upon scales that appear like filaments, they resemble the
two lobes of a single anther ; but their analogy to other
plants show that they are two single distinct anthers.
Two-lobed, biloba . The generality of plants. PI. 11,
fig. 15, 19 and 20.
Many-lobed, multiloba . Taxus.
7. Cells.
One- celled, Anthera unilocularis. Cycas, Larix, Cu-
pressus, Juniperus, Thuya.
Two-celled, bilocularis. Orchis, Ephedra.
Four-celled, quadrilocularis. Most plants.
Many-celled, multilocularis . Taxus.
L 2
148
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
If Fertile, fertilise fecunda. Containing pollen. Most
plants.
Barren, sterilis. Not containing pollen. Five stamens
out of the ten in musa, 3 out of 6 in cassia grandiflora,
9 out of 1 0 in Bauhinia, 5 out of 8 in fissilia disparilis.
8. Opening.
By slits, Anther a fissuris dehiscens. Most plants.
By pores, ports dehiscens . Arum, Galanthus, Solanum,
Pyrola, Humuius.
One-holed, uniforata .
Two-holed, hiforata. Solanum. PI. 11, fig. 26.
By a cover, operculo dehiscens. Brosimum.
By valves, valvulis dehiscens . Berberis, Epimedium. —
The number of valves is to be mentioned.
Three-valved, trivalvis.
Four-valved, quadrivalvis, &c.
On the fore part, parte antica dehiscens . Opening by the
part looking towards the centre of the flower. The gene-
rality of anthers.
On the hind part, parte postica dehiscens . Opening by
the part looking towards the circumference of the flower.
Iris, Calycanthus.
By the tip, apice dehiscens . Galanthus, Solanum, Erica,
Ephedra.
By the base, Last dehiscens , Pyrola,
Lengthways, longitudinaliter dehiscens . The opening of
the valves parallel to the sides of the lobes. Lilium, Tulipa.
Cross-ways, transversim dehiscens. The opening of the
valves running from one side to the other. Lavandula. —
This expression is not to be taken strictly, as the appear-
ance arises only from the divergence of the lobes.
Lobes.
Confluent, Labi confluentes . Uniting so as to appear
only a single lobe. Plectranthus.
Distinct, distincti . The contour of each being well
marked. Lilium, Tradescantia Yirginica.
Near together, approximate Touching each other, but
perfectly distinct. Lilium, Acetosa pratensis.
Parallel, paralleli. When they run together for some
length, without altering their distance. Koempferia, Anona
triloba.
Superimposed, superpositi. Placed one upon another.
Monarda.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
349
Diverging, divergentes. When they are nearer together
at one end than at the other. Digitalis.
Distant, remoti . Kept at a distance from one another,
either by the filament, Begonia dichotoma ; or by the con-
nective, Salvia, Melissa grand iflora.
Two-sided, bilaterales. Separated from one another by
being placed on different sides of the filament. Kcemp-
feria, Begonia dichotoma, or of the filament, Tradescan-
tia Virginica.
If Alike, similes. Not differing from one another. Most
flowers.
Unlike, dissimiles. Most salvise.
Connective.
Long, Connectivum extensum. Of a notable length.
Salvia, Melastoma.
Loose, laxum. Separating the lobes so that they do not
touch. Melissa grandiflora.
Contracted, contr actum. Very short, and the lobes close
together. Lilium.
None, nullum. The anther being inserted immediately
upon the filament, or some part of the flower. Gramineae,
Aristolochia, Acetosa pratensis.
Pollen.
Powdery, Pollen pulverulenlum . Composed of many
distinct utricles, like a fine dust.
% Elastic, elasticum. Lengthens when pulled, and con-
tracts itself again. Orchis, Limodorum.
Horny, corneum . In a hard mass, flexible like horn.
Asclepias. *
Grumous, grumosum , granulatum. Composed of many
corpuscles united together, and placed on a receptacle;
these corpuscles, attached to an axis, are squeezed together
so as to form an ovoid mass, parted in two by a longitudinal
groove. Orchis, Ophrys, Satyrium. PI. 12, fig. 9 and 10.
Lobed, lobaium. The pollen mass is divided into several
lobes. Limodorum.
Synstigmatic, synstigmaticum. The pollen mass is ter-
minated below by a thread having at its end a corpuscle
which adheres to the stigma. Many orchidese and ascle-
piadese.
If Sea-green, glaucum . Some irides.
Whitish, albidum. Actsea spicata, Salvia formosa.
Yellowish, jlavescens. Impatiens palustris.
150
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Yellow, flavum. Lilium album.
Sulphur-colour, sulpkureum. Pinus.
Orange-colour, aurantiacum . Lilium croceum.
Blue, coeruleum . Epilobium angustifolium.
Utricles.
Agglutinated, Utriculi azglutinati . Connected together
by a moist humour* Serapias.
Tied, ligati. Attached by threads. Azalea viscosa,
CEnothera.
If Smooth, Iceves. Asphodelus fistulosus, Vicia hirsuta.
Shaggy, hispidi. Covered with fine points. Malva mi-
niata, Cucurbita esculenta.
Thorny, muricati . Covered with points, strong in pro-
portion to their size. Hibiscus Syriacus.
If Globular, sphcerici . Phleum nodosum, Malva miniatay
Hibiscus Syriacus, Cucurbita esculenta.
Egglike, ovoidei . Impatiens Balsamina.
Oblong, oblongi . Anethum segetum.
Nearly cylindrical, subcylindrici. Cerinthe major.
Kidneyshape, ren formes. Commelina tuberosa.
Angular, angulati . Tropaeolum majus.
Three-lobed, trilobi. Serapias- longifolia.
Four-lobed, quadrilohi. Azalea viscosa.
Twelve-sided, dodecciedri, Geropogon.
Twenty-sided, icosaedri. Tragopogon.
Exhausted Anther.
Anlhera dejtorata. The state of its cells after the emission
of the pollen.
PISTIL L.
Pointal, Pistillum, — gyne, — gynos. The female organ of
the plant , placed in the centre of the flower.
Parts.
Ovary, Germen, Ovarium. The lower part of the pistil!,
containing the ovules. PL 11, fig. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12.
Ovules, Ovula , Ova. The rudiments of future plants,
not yet impregnated. PL 11, fig. 4.
Podogyne, Podogynium. A narrow pedicell, on which
the ovarium is sometimes placed. Papaver, Robinia.
Gynohasis. The bottom part of the style, when it is
swelled, and distinguishable from the other. PL 11, fig. 2.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
151
Style, Stylus , Tula , Vagina. An elongation of the
ovary supporting the stigma. PL 11, fig. 2, 6, 7, and 9.
Collectors, Collector es . Branches of the style, or hairs,
serving to irritate the anthers, cause them to discharge the
pollen, and at the same time to collect it.
Summit, Stigjna. The part of the pistill which is spread
out, generally on the top of the style, to receive the fecun-
dating powder of the anthers. PI. 11, fig. 2, 6, 7,8,9,
and 10.
Cornua. The branches of the stigma.
Styliscus, Chorda pis t illar is, Vasa addacentia aura semi -
nalis. Fibrelike vessels passing from the stigma to the
ovules. PL 11, fig. 4.
Ovary.
Single, Ovarium unicum. Convolvuli, Crucifer®, Papa-
verace®. PL 11, fig. 6 and 7.
Manifold, multiplex. Several in the same flower. La-
biatae, Ranunculaceae. PL 11, fig. 2 and 3.
IT Free, calici inadherens , liberum, superum . Not having
any adhesion to the calyx or perigonium ; being attached
to the flower by its bottom only. Lilium, Labiat®, Cruci-
fer®, Papaverace®, Ranunculace®, Leguminos®. PL 10,
fig. 1 and 4.
Semi-adherent, semi-adherens. Connected to the calyx
or perigonium at bottom, but not in its upper part. Saxi-
fraga granulata, S. c®rulea.
Adherent, adherens , inferum. Enveloped within the ca-
lyx, or perigonium, only the limb of the calyx surmounting
the whole. Narcisse®, Iride®, Rubiace®, Caprifoliace®,
Umbel! ifer®.
If Raised, sublatum. Placed on a gynophore, or nar-
rowed into a podogyne. Most caryophylle®, many legu-
minos®.
Sessile, sessile. Having neither gynophore nor podo-
gyne. Lilium, Prunus, Saururus.
If One- celled, unilocular e. The interior cavity not di-
vided by any partition. Anagallis, Dianthus, Amygdalus,
Juglans.
Celled, pluriloculare. The interior cavity divided into
two or more cells. Lilium, Rhododendron.
*[[ Two-celled, biloculare. Divided internally into two
cells, either by a general partition, Cheiranthus, or two
partial ones, Syringa, Ruellia.
152
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Half-two-celled, sub-bilocular e. With partitions that do
not entirely join, but leave a small interval between them.
Three-celled, triloculare. Lilium, Tulipa, Convolvulus,
Euphorbia.
F ou r-cel led, quadrilocu lare .
Many-celled, multiloculare. Citrus Medica, Cassia fistula.
Gaping at top, hiulcum . Open at top while the plant
is in flower. Parnassia, Reseda, Datisca.
One-styled, monostylum. Having only one style.
Convolvulus, Cynoglossum, Prunus, Rosa.
Two-styled, distylum. Apium, Dianthus, Saponaria,
Gypsophila.
Three-styled, tristylum. Acetosa scutata, A. pratensis,
Hypericum perforatum, Silene, Cucubalus, Arenaria. '
PI. 11, fig. 6.
Four-styled, tetrastylum . Spinacia.
Five-styled, pentastylum , Statice pulchellum, Lychnis,
Agrostemma, Cerastium, Spergula, Linum.
Many-styled, polystylum. Phytolacca, Illicium.
Style-less, acephalum. Not having any styles. Labiatae,
Ochnaceae.
The form of the ovary admits most of the distinctions
of the pericarpium.
The number of the cells, and the number or position of
the ovules, are not the same in the ovary as in the ripe
fruit, on account of the abortions that take place.
Style.
Single, Stylus unicus. When there is only one style to
one ovary, Lilium, Centaurea, Compositae, Citrus; or to
many ovaries, Labiatae, Boragineae, Apocyneae.
Many, multiplex. Many styles upon a single ovary.
Phytolacca.
None, nullus . Paeon ia, Crambe maritima.
f Terminal, terminalis. On the geometric summit of
the ovary, which in this case is also the organic summit.
Liliaceae, Apocyneae, Cruciferae.
Lateral, lateralis . When the organic summit on which
the style is placed is on the side in respect to the geometric
summit. Thymeleae, Rosaceae.
Basilary, basilaris. The organic summit on which the
style is placed is confounded with the base, and conse-
quently opposite to the geometric summit. Artocarpus
incisa, Hirtella Peruviana.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
153
Receptacular, receptacularis. Placed upon the receptacle
instead of the ovary. Borrago officinalis, Anchusa, Sym-
phytum.
Gynophorian, gynophorianus. Growing out of a promi-
nent receptacle or gynophore. Scutellaria, Gomphia.
IT Very long, longissimus . In respect to the ovary. Zea
Mays, Tamarindus. PI. 11, fig. 9.
Very short, brevissimus . Asarum, Aristolochia.
Included, inclusus, non exsertus. Not appearing above
the opening of the floral integuments. Narcissus, Verbena,
Syringa.
Exserted, exserted. Rising above the opening of the
floral integuments. Salvia bicolor, Centranthus marinus,
Fuchsia. PI. 8, fig. 4; pi. 9, fig. 9.
IT Cylindrical, cylindricus, teres . Cynoglossum linifo-
lium, Hypopitys lutea.
Hair-like, capillaris. Cucubalus bacciferus.
Thread-like, jiliformis. Vicia tetrasperma, Helesia te-
traptera.
Awlshape, subulatus . Slender, and growing
from the base to the tip, which ends in a point
album.
Three-sided, trigonus. Lilium bulbiferum, L.
Ornithogalum luteum, Pisum.
Swordshape, ensiformis. Canna.
Clubshape, claviformis , clavatus. Leucojum sestivum.
Conical, conicus. Lecythis.
Topshape, turbmatus . Viola Rothomagensis.
Pipey, tululosus. Long and hollow along its whole
length. Lilium.
Funnelshape, infundibuliformis. Hura crepitans.
Petal-like, petaliformis . Thin and coloured like a blos-
som. Iris.
V Bald, glaber. Lilium.
Velvetty, villosus . Statice pulchella, Echium vulgare.
Bearded, barbatus. Salvia formosa.
5T Upright, verticalis. Relative to the ovary. Lilium,
Nicotiana, Vinca rosea.
Straight, rectilineus , rectus . Without any bending. Li-
lium, Nicotiana, Convolvulus inflatus, Vinca rosea.
Bowed, arcuata. Amaryllis, Pisum, Phaseolus.
Ascending, ascendens. Departing in an irregular flower
from the axis, and growing up towards the top. Salvia,
Lamium, Scutellaria alpina, Teucrium.
narrower
Allium
croceum,
154
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Declining, declinatus. Growing down towards the lower
side of the flower. Hemerocallis fulva, Amaryllis, iEsculus^
Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.
Spiral, spiralis. Bent in a spiral form. Glycine.
Bent inwards, inflexus , incurvus. Bent towards the
centre of the flower. Grevillea, Vicia tetrasperma.
Bent outwards, rejlexus. Bent from the centre of the
flower.
Kneed, geniculatus. Bent suddenly, so as to form an
angle, more or less acute. Geum urbanum.
5T Simple, simplex. Without any division whatever.
Cepa esculenta.
Cut, fissus. Divided lengthways in the upper part.
Two-cut, bifidus. Salicornia.
Three-cut, trijidus. Gladiolus communis, Ixia Chinensis,
Iris.
Five-cut, quinquejidus. Hibiscus.
Many cut, midtifidus. Lavatera, Malva.
Parted, parlilus. Divided more than halfway down.
Two-parted, bipartitus. Limeum, Casuarina.
Three-parted, tripartitus , Sic.
Two-forked, dichoiomus. Forked, and each branch
forked again. Cordia, Varronia.
IT Falling off, caducus. Withering as soon as the fe-
cundation is effected, and leaving no vestige on the fruit.
Scilla, Prunus, Amygdalus.
Persisting, persislens. Not falling off as soon as the fe-
cundation is effected. Ornithogalum, Anagallis, Pulsatilla
vulgaris, Geranium, Cruciferae, Buxus.
Increasing, accrescens. Persisting, and continuing to.
enlarge. Pulsatilla vulgaris, Clematis, Geum.
Stigma.
Single, Stigma unicum . Only one stigma to each style.
Primula, Raphanus, Cleome.
Double, duplex. Two stigmas to each style. Triticum,
Convolvulus sepium, Dianthus.
Triple, triplex . Iris, Gladiolus, Ixia, Crocus, Rheum
Lapathum, Silene.
Quintuple, quintuplex. Hibiscus, Campanula aurea.
Sextuple, sextuplex . Aristolochia infesta.
Multiple, multiplex . Empetrum, Nigella Hispanicum,
Lavatera Malva.
If Terminal, terminate, Placed at the end of the style.
Lilium, Tulipa, Mirabilis Jalapa, Vinca.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1 5B
Lateral, lateralis . Placed on the side of the style or
ovary. Platanaria natans, Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllse,
Platanus.
Opposed, adversum. Turned from the centre, and facing
the circumference of the flower. Cucurbitaceae.
Facing inwards, inversum. Several in each flower, turned
to the centre. Ranunculacem, Saxifrages.
Anterior, anterius. In an irregular flower, facing the
fore part of the floral integuments. Orchideae.
Sessile, sessile. Cleome, Parnassia.
•[T Fleshy, carnosum . Thick, strong, and juicy. Li-
lium.
Blossomlike, petaliforme . Having the appearance of a
petal. Iris.
% Globular, globosum . Mirabilis Jalappa, Primula,
Hottonia, Linnsea, Limoselia.
Headed, capitatum. Thick, more or less rounded.
Atropa lethalis, Vinca.
Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Hyoscyamus aureus,
Tournefortia mutabilis, Hibiscus Syriacus.
Conical, conicum. Heliotropium.
Egglike, ovoideum. Genipa.
Clubshape, clavatum , claviforme . Jasione montana,
Cinchona, Epilobium tetragonum.
Arrowhead-like, sagittatum. Thalictrum elatum.
Linear, lineare. Sparganium erectum. Campanula,
Dianthus, Silene.
Awlshape, subulatum. Hippuris vulgaris, Tripsacum
dactyloides, Castanea vesca.
Threadlike, jfiliforme, capillare. Zea Mays, Casuarina.
Angular, angulosum. Muntingia.
Three-cornered, trigonum , triquetrum. Tulipa sylvestris,
Albuca major, Peganum.
Four-cornered, tetragonum. Ludwigia.
Five-cornered, pentagonum.
Dilated, dilaiatum. Spreading out in a plate from the
centre to the circumference. Rumex scutatus, Orobanche
major, Hura crepitans.
Orbicular, orbiculare. Round and flat. Berberis, Ly-
thrum spicatum.
Bucklershape, peltatum. Fixed upon the ovary or style
by its centre, and spread out into a large surface. Sib-
thorpia Europaea, Arbutus Unedo, Pyrola minor, Stapelia,
Sarracenia, Hypopitys lutea.
156
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Radiated, radiatum. Base enlarged into a buckler, limb
forming rays. Papaver somniferum, P. erraticum, Nym-
phasa.
Starlike, stellatum. Cut into lobes like a star. Asarum,
Pyrola uniflora, Garcinia.
Umbilicated, umbilicatum. Having a depression in the
centre. Hura crepitans.
Funnelshape, infundibuliforme. Koempferia longa.
Perforated, perforatum. Pierced with a hole in the
middle. Lilium, Viola Rothomagensis.
Folded, plicatum . Limnanthes plicata.
% Hooked, uncinatum , hamatum. Bent at the end like
a hook. Verbena glomerata, Colutea.
Pointed, acutum. Leucojum asstivum, Salix viminalis.
Blunted, ohtusum. Allium porraceum, Tulipa sylvestris,
Physalis Alkekengi, Andromeda, Brassica, Crambe Tar-
tarica.
Truncated, truncatum. Maranta.
Nicked, emarginatum. Butomus umbellatus, Lathraea
simplex, Jasionemontana, Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Circaea.
Halfmoonlike, semilunatum , lunatum , lunulatum. Fu-
maria lutea.
IT Toothed, dentatum. Hura crepitans.
Fine-toothed, denticulatum. Fumaria sempervirens.
Crenated, crenatum , crenulatum . With rounded cuts.
Crocus sativus, Pyrola.
Fringed, ciliated . Furnished with fine hairs on the
edge. Acetosa scutata, Sanguisorba media.
If Simple, simplex. Not divided. Pedicularia palustris,
Borrago officinalis, Centranthus marinus.
Divided, divisum . Divided more or less deeply.
Jagged, laciniatum. Xylophylla.
Two-cut, lifidum. Most labiatae, Compositse, Salix alba.
Three-cut, trifidum . Narcissus, Phlox, Polemonium,
Cneorum.
Four-cut, quadrifidum . Plumbago, Heliotropium Eu-
ropaeum.
Many-cut, multifidum. Crocus multifidus, Turnera.
Two-lobed, bilobatum. Divided into two large segments.
Glaucium luteum, Scrofularia sambucifolia.
Three-lobed, trilobaium . Lilium, Tulipa, Campanula.
Four-lobed, quadrilobatum. Parnassia, Chameenerion
spicatum.
Five-lobed, quinqueloibatum . Moneses grandiflora, Mat-
thiola sinuata.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 157
Parted, partitum. When it is difficult to determine
whether the stigma be cut or lobed.
Two-flaked, bilamellatum. Composed of two flakes.
Gratiola, Iris.
Sheathing, vaginans. Composed of two flakes, one
sheathing the other. Sideritis.
If With a ring of hairs, annulo villoso instructum . Lo-
belia.
With a glandular ring, annulo glanduloso instructum .
Tournefortia mutabilis.
With a membranaceous border, limbo membranaceo in-
structum. Vinca rosea.
With a membranaceous pitcher, urceolo membranaceo in»
structum. Scaevola.
% Upright, erectum. Long, and in the direction of the
axis of the flower. Statice pulchella.
Oblique, obliquum. Not in the direction of the axis.
Acteea.
Twisted, tortum. Bent like a corkscrew, or twisted
pillar. Nigella Hispanica, Begonia.
Bent inwards, inflexum. Maranta, Goodenia.
Revolute, turned outwards, rejlexum , recurvum. Bent
towards the circumference of the flower. Many campanula,
Acer majus, Chamsenerion spicatum.
If Bald, glabrum . Castanea vesca.
Velvety, velutinum . Glaucium luteum, Hyoscyamus
aureus.
Downy, pubescens „ Acer majus, Platanus.
Villous, villosum . Tripsacum, Graminese, Myriophyllum
spicatum.
Hairpencil-like, penicilliforme . Covered with hairs col-
lected together like a painter’s brush. Triglochin marl-
timum, Oxyria rotundifolia.
Bottlebrushlike, aspergilliforme . Hairs disposed in
whirls round an axis, like a bottlebrush, holy water sprinkle,
or gunbrush. Arundo vallatoria, Many other gramineae.
Feathery, plumosum . Hairs placed along the sides like
the vanes of a feather. Avena elatior, and many other
graminese. PI. 11, fig. 7.
Granular, granulosum . Covered with small nipplelike
grains. Mirabilis Jalapa, Convolvulus inflatus, Hibiscus
Rosa- Sinensis, H. Syriacus.
Viscous, viscosum . Nicotiana fruticosa.
Furrowed, sulcatum . Salix rosea, Musa.
158
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
The colour of the stigma ought also to be observed.
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the style
and the stigma, especially when the stigma is lateral as in
col u tea.
GYNOSTEMIUM.
Column, Columna, Pistillum antheriferum. A sexual organ
formed by the union of those of the two sexes into one co-
lumnar mass . PI. 12, fig. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.
Parts.
Filaments, Synema . The part that appears to support
the male organs.
Stigma, Gynizus . The moist and viscous surface of the
Female organ. PI. 12, fig. 2a; 4b; 6c; 8 d.
Rostellum . An elongation of the stigma above the
gynizus, frequently covering it. PI. 12, fig. 6 e.
Caudicle, Caudicula . The pedicel], or solid filament,
that carries the pollen masses. PI. 12, fig. 1 b ; 5 a.
Retinacle, Retinaculum. The globular, viscous body to
which the caudicles are attached, and by which the pollen
masses are connected together. PI. 12, fig. la; 5 b'.
Clinandrum. The cavity in the upper part of the gym-
nostemium above or behind the gynizus, in which the an-
thers or pollen masses are lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2, e; 4 f.
Locellus. The particular cavity in which each anther or
pollen mass is lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2 e.
Pollen mass, Anther Linnaeus, Massa pollinica , Anthera .
The whole mass of pollen, or naked anther. PI. 12.
fig. 1 c, d ; 2 e ; 4 f.
Massula . The two separate pieces of which each pollen
mass is composed in some genera. Pl. 12, fig. 9 and 10.
Septulum. The division between the two locelli. PI. 12,
fig. 2 f; 4 g.
Proscolla. The glandular swelling at the top or middle
of the rostellum, secreting a viscous humour, which enables
the pollen masses to slide down, when the clinandrium
opens. PI. 12, fig. 2 c; 5 b.
Staminodium. Appendages which appear to be abortive
anthers. PI. 12, fig. 2 d ; 3 e; 4 e; 6 f g.
Bursicle, Bursicula. The end of the rostellum forming
a hollow in which the retinacle nestles. PI. 12, fig. 2b; 4 a.
As this construction is found only in the orchideae, it is
needless to mention the several variations ; the principal
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
159
ones will occur in the explanation of the twelfth plate. —
The Orchidece are the 21st family of the second series, and
are described in vol. ii. p. 197 to 215.
RECEPTACLE OF THE FLOWER.
Receptaculum, Torus, Sedes floris, Thalamus, Discus, —
thalamum — clinium. The expanded point of the peduncle
from which the several parts of the flower arise .
Contracted, Receptacnlum contractum. The dimension
being small. — The limits of the receptacle are the points
from whence the corolla arises, if there is one, or the
sexual organs, if there is not any corolla.
Dilated, dilatation , latum. Potentilla.
Fiat, planum. Potentilla.
Hollow, cavum . Rosa.
Convex, convexum. Rubus.
Prominent, with a gynophore, prominens , gynophoratum.
Having a prominent projection, or gynophore. Cleome,
Reseda, Dianthus, Silene.
Gynophore.
Carpophore, Gynophorum, Carpophorum. A prominency
arising from the receptacle , supporting the pis till.
One-styled, Gynophorum monoslylum. Supporting a
single ovary. Cleome, Dianthus, Silene.
Many-styled, polystylum . Myosurus, Ranunculus, Gom-
phia nitida.
Stamen-bearing, staminiferum. Supporting the stamens
also. Thalictrum, Cleome pentaphylla, Silene, Passiflora.
Blossom-bearing, corolliferum . Supporting the petals
also. Dianthus, Silene.
If Conical, conicum .
Cylindrical, cylindricum .
Hemispherical, hemisphericum.
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the gyno-
phore and the nectary.
Disk.
Discus. A protuberance on the receptacle of the flower*
from whence the petals and stamens arise, Rhamnus,
160
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY*,
Gonophore.
Gonophonm . An elongation of the receptacle of the
flower, from whence the stamens and pistills arise. Anno-
nacese, Magnoliacese.
Anthophore.
Anthophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the
flower, arising from the bottom of the calyx, and throwing
out by the petals, stamens, and pistills. Caryophylleae,
especially in Silene.
Thecaphore.
Thecaphorum , Basigynium. A gynophore from whence
only one ovary arises. Phaca, Cleome.
Polyphore.
Polyphorum. A gynophore from whence several ovaries
arise. Fragaria.
NECTARY.
Nectarium. A glandular organ , situated upon the receptacle
of the flower , distilling peculiar juices.
Position .
On the receptacle, Nectarium epiclinum . To which be-
long the following variations :
Gynobasic, gynobasicum. Growing under the ovary,
and not extending beyond it. Labiatse, Ruta, Cneorum
tricoccum.
Epigynophoric, epigynophoricum . Placed under the
ovary, on the top of the gynophore. Cucubalus.
Contracted, contractum . Under the ovary, and not
wider than it. Aurantiaceas, Cneorum tricoccum.
Marginal, marginans . Broader than the base of the
ovary. Menyanthes, Boraginese, Rhamnus. PI. 11. fig. 5.
Adherent, adherens . The edge extends along the surface
of the ovary, and is united with it throughout its whole
extent. Lycium, Physalis Alkekengi, Convolvulus — some-
times this nectary can only be distinguished from the ovary
by its different colour, and glandular appearance.
Half-adherent, semi-adherens. The edge adheres only
to the bottom of the ovary, and is free at the upper part.
Melampyrum, Scrofularia.
Free, liberum. The edge not connected with the ovary.
Menyanthes.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
161
One-sided, unilateral. Attached to one side only of the
ovary. Melampyrum arvense, Saxifraga sarmentosa.
Peristomic, perislomicum. Spread over the receptacle,
as far as the place from whence the stamens arise. S^ipin-
dese, Myrteae, Rosacese, Leguminosae. — This nectary is
found only in flowers whose calyces are gamosepalous and
stamens perigynous, or in those which have only a single
floral integument of one piece; and seems to push the
stamens towards the opening of the calyx or perigonium.
Periandric, periandricum. Placed round the stamens.
Xylophylla montaiia. — Found only in monad elphous
flowers.
Peripetalic, peripetalum. Surrounding the corolla. Chi-
ronia frutescens.
If Epigynous, epigynum. Placed upon the ovary.
Cornus, Rubiaceae, Umbelliferae, Cucurbita esculenta.
Crowning, coronans . Forming a crown upon the ovary.
Composite, Astrantia. — When this nectary is situated on
the junction of the ovary with the calyx, it is difficult to
distinguish it from a peristomic nectary. Campanula.
Expanding, expansum. Extended upon the top of the
ovary. Saxifraga hypnoides.
2. Form. *
Gy noph ore-like, Nectarium gynophoroideum. Rising up
the ovary, like a gvnophore. Creorum tricoccum, Zygo-
phyllum Morgsana, Corchorus hirsutus. — This is usually
of a closer and more glandular texture than a true gyno-
phore.
Disk-like, discoideum, disciforme. Flat, orbicular, and
serving as a basis for the ovary to rest upon. Gratiola
officinalis.
Ringlike, annularium . In form of a ring. Scrofularia
sambucifolia, Cestrum, Polemonium vulgare, Chironia
frutescens, Passiflora cserulea. PI. 11, fig. 4.
Sack-like, sacelliforme. Forming a purse in which the
ovary is placed until it is fully grown. Balanites iEgyp-
tiaca.
Scale-like, squamiforme. In the form of a scale. Gre-
villea.
Bunched, gilhosum . Swelled out upon one side. Salvia.
Beaked, rostratum. Lengthened out in a beak upon
one side. Scutellaria. PI. 11, fig. 12.
Fine-toothed, denticulatum . The edge divided into small
teeth. Datura, Tatula.
VOL. i.
M
162
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Sinuated, sinuatum. Cut into sinuses, the divisions not
being very deep. Cobea scandens.
Lobed, lobatum. Cuts very deep.
Two-lobed, bilobatum.
Three-lobed, trilobatum. And so forth.
3. Duration.
Persisting, Nectarium persistens. Remaining after the
ripening of the fruit. Cobea scandens.
Vanishing, evanescens. Becoming smaller as the fruit
ripens, and disappearing at last. Saxifraga hypnoides.
Nectariferous Flakes.
Lamince nectariferce , Glandular nectariferce . Small
rounded flakes, performing the office of nectaries. Coty-
ledon and some other crassulaceae, Crambe, Biscutella and
other cruciferae, Hypericum iEgyptiacum, Xylophylla
montana, Jatropha pandursefolia.— Tilia alba.
APPENDAGES TO THE FLOWER.
Nectaria Dinnceus , Appendicula florum. All those ano-
malous integuments or organs , not included in the before-
mentioned parts ; some of which appear to be abortive organs;
others to be destined for the secretion of peculiar juices ; and
a third set to be formed for the sake of variety, and of afford-
ing means to distinguish the several races and families of
vegetables ; so that a polytheist who should consider the work
of creation to be performed by subordinate agents, under the
inspection of The Supreme , might reasonably infer them to he
mint marks for each agent to recognize his own handywork.
Spur , Calcar , Productum , Nedarotheca , — cenlhrum . A
hornlike or tubular projection of one of the floral integu-
ments ; as of the calyx, Balsamine ; of the corolla, Linaria j
or of the perigonium, Orchideae: it generally contains a
nectariferous gland.
Bunch, Gibbositas. A very short and obtuse spur.
Cornet, Hood, Helmet, Cornu , Capulum , Galea. Broad
spurs resembling the articles mentioned.
Perapetalum , Nectarilyma. Any appendages attached
to the corolla or its petals. Menyanthes.
Peraphyllum. Any appendages attached to the calyx,
Scutellaria ; or to the perigonium, Soda.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
163
Crown, Cup, Corona , Scyphus , Paracorolla. A kind of
corolla placed within the real corolla, or corollalike perigo-
nium. Narcissus.
Parapetala. Apparent petals seated within the true pe-
tals. Helleborus. — They appear to be abortive stamens.
Parastades . Barren filaments, composed of cells in
divers rows, situated between the petals and the stamens.
Passiflora, Sparmannia.
Nectaristigmata . Coloured spots at the base of the
petals. Papaver.
Scales, Squamae. Small appendages to flowers.
Periphyllia , Appendices, Scales surrounding the ovary.
Graminem.
Lamellae. Scales, or petal-like appendages upon the
corolla. Silene, Nerium, Oleander.
Paraslyli, Prosp/iyses. Abortive or imperfect pistills,
mixed with the perfect ones.
Paracarpium . An abortive or imperfect ovary ; or that
part of a male flower where the ovary would be placed, if
it were hermaphrodite.
Parastamina. Abortive stamina, or parts which resemble
stamina, but do not perform their office.
Perispornm . Filaments surrounding the ovary. Cype-
raceaea.
Lepisma. A membranaceous or slightly fleshy scale at
the base of the ovary. Paeonia, Aquilegia vulgaris : these
appear to be in some cases abortive stamens, in others ex-
pansions of the receptacle, which latter sometimes entirely
surround the ovary. Paeonia Moutan papaveracea.
Sarcoma. A fleshy part, of various shape, either sur-
rounding the ovary, or placed near it. Cobaea.
Urceolus , Perigynium. A small cartilaginous, or mem-
branaceous bladder, surrounding the ovary, and open at
top, to let the style pass through. Carex. Some call this
a nectary, although it does not secrete a nectareous juice;
others a corolla, although it is seated within the stamens ;
others a capsule, although it is no part of the pistill or
fruit ; others a lodicule.
Hood, Stylotegium. A hollowing out of the united fila-
ments of the stamens, covering . the ovary like a hood.
Asclepiadeae.
Saccus, Corona , Stylotegium. Filaments of the stamens
united together. Stapelia.
Horns, Cornua. The hornlike appendages by which
the stylotegium is terminated. Stapelia.
M 2
1 64
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Beak, Rostrum. Cornu clavatum. The upright points
of the horns. Stapelia.
Wing, Ala, Appendix ; A compressed appendage on the
back of the stylotegium. Stapelia.
Tongues, Lingulce . Appendages from the bottom of the
stylotegium, alternating with the horns, and resting upon
the corolla. Stapelia.
Shield, Scutum . A circular disk surrounding the stylo-
tegium. Stapelia.
FRUIT.
Fructus, — carpon. The ovary arrived at its maturity.
General Distinctions.
Simple, Fructus simplex. Coming from a single ovary.
Cerasus.
Compound, compositus, multiplex . Arising from several
ovaries, all belonging to the same flower. Rubus.
Aggregated, aggregatus. Arising from several ovaries
originally belonging to different flowers. Morus.
Autocarpicus. Growing without adhering to any organs,
or being covered by them.
Heterocar picus. Conjoined to other parts that alter its
appearance.
Pseudocar picus. Hidden by the surrounding parts, which
appear to constitute the fruit itself.
If Gymnocarpicus. Naked, without any cover. Cerasus.
An giocar picus. Enclosed in a cover, either a cupule, Quer-
cus ; aggregated bractese, Pinus, Larix ; or an involucrum,
Composite.
Carpelle, Carpellum , Chorion. The separate parts of a
compound fruit arising from each ovary.
Carpidium. The separate fruits, in an aggregated fruit,
that arise from each flower.
Pericarp, V ericarpium,- Concept aculum seminum. That
part of the fruit that contains the seeds.
Induvice , Induvice florales, Folliculi. Parts of the flowers
that remain and accompany the pericarp.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
165
PSEUDOSPERMIC FRUITS.
Naked seeds, Fructus pseudospermi, Fructus carceru-
lares, Semina nuda. Simple fruit s, not opening of them-
selves when ripe , containing only a single seed , or at most
hut few , and having the pericarp so exactly joined to the
seed , that the latter appears to have only its own covers .
Cariopsis.
Seed, Grain, Cerio, Cerium. Fruit simple , drip one-
seeded , with the pericarp strictly united to the proper covers
of the seed . Gramme®. PI. 13, fig. 1, 2 and 3.
Globular, Cariopsis globulosa. Panicum Italicum.
Roundish, subrotunda. Zea Mays, Holcus succulentus-.
Oblong, ohlonga. Triticum.
Grooved, canaliculata. Hollowed out in a groove.
Triticum, Secale, Avena, tlordeum.
If Beaked, rostrata. Having a kind of beak or point at
top, the remains of the style. Phleum pratense.
Two-beaked, lirostrata . Having two points or beaks at
top. Briza, Ehrharta panicea.
IT Enveloped, induviata, glumella tecta. Enveloped in a
persistent glumelle. Oryza sativa.
Naked, nuda. Zea Mays.
Akenium.
Seed, Achsena, Achenium, Akena, Acenium, Cypsela.
Fruit simple , one-seeded , usually dry , the pericarp more or
less intimately united with the proper covers of the seed} and
with the tube of the calyx. Composite. PI. 13, fig. 4, 5, 6.
Egglike, Akenium ovoideum. Balliera.
Reverse egglike, obovoideum. In form of an egg , the
small end being the basis. Hippophsestum vulgare, Qno-
pordum vulgare, Polymnia.
Topshape, turbinatum. Galardia, Agriphyllum, Galin-
saga triloba.
Three-sided, trigonum. Baltimora.
Compressed, compressum. Flattened sideways. Careopsis,
Zinnia, Silphium, Beilis.
Bent, curvatum. Tragopogon pratense, Calendula.
Angular, angulatum. Sigesbeckia.
Winged, alatum. Having a thin, broad edge. Achillea
millefoiia, Ximenesia encelioides.
166
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
IT Drupe-like, drupeolatum. Having a succulent sarco-
carp resembling that of a drupeole, Clibadium.
Pappous, papposum , lanuginosum . The edge of the
top having hairs or bristles, the remains of the limb of the
calyx. Taraxacum vulgare, Lactuca, Carduus, Senecio,
Inula, Aster.
Awned at the tip, apice aristatum. Having awlshape
awns at the tip. Coreopsis, Bidens.
Two-horned, hicorne. Having two hornlike points at
top. Silphium.
Chaffy at the tip, apice paleaceum. Having at top small
scales or chaffs, not sufficiently numerous to form a pappus.
Helianthus.
Two-chaffed, lipaleaceum.
Three- chaffed, tripaleaceum.
Fringed at the tip, apice ciliata . With hairs like eye-
lashes. Echinops.
Margined at top, apice marginatum . Having a mem-
branous ring round the edge of the tip. Cotula, Tanace-
tum Matricaria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria, Pyrethrum
inodor um.
Notched at top, apice emarginatum . Silphium Encelia.
Narrow-necked, colliferum . Narrowed at top, and sur-
rounded by a pappus. Taraxacum.
Bald, unarmed, calvum , muticujn. Having neither pap-
pus nor any other remains of the calyx. Lapsana com-
munis, Hippophsestum vulgare, Tanacetum, Artemisia,
Anthemis, Leucanthemum vulgare.
The calyx sometimes forms a double crown of two dif-
ferent kinds.
Co Hum.
Stipes, Pedilis. The narrow elongated tip of the akenium9
destined to support the pappus.
Pappus .
Lanugo. The limb of the abortive calyx that surmounts
the akenium in many plants. PI. 13, fig. 5.
Sessile, Pappus sessilis. When the limb of the calyx
which forms the pappus is not contracted at bottom.
Hieracium, Sonchus, Centaurea, Carduus, Senecio, Eri-
geron Cineraria. PI. 13, fig. 5.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
167
Pedicelled, pedilatus , slipitatus . When the pappus is
placed upon an ovary that is contracted and drawn out
into a pedile or stipes. Taraxacum vulgare, Tragopogon.
Lactuca.
Simple, simplex , pilosus, pilaris . The hairs which form
the pappus appear to the naked eye to have neither teeth
nor branches. Lactuca, Sonchus, Centaurea, Erigeron,
Senecio.
Feathery, plumosus , ramosus. The hairs having other
hairs upon them. Taraxacum vulgare, Achyrophorus ra-
dicatus, Urospermum picroides.
Silky, sericeus. Composed of soft, brilliant hairs, like
silk. Lactuca, Sonchus.
Bristly, setosus. Composed of stiff’ hairs like hog’s
bristles. Hyoseris hedypnois, Arctium major.
Chaff-like, paleaceus. Composed of small narrow chaffs.
Cyanus vulgaris, Phrygia nigra, Bidens tripartita.
Equal, cequalis. All the hairs are of equal length. Most
pappi.
Unequal, incequalis . Some of the hairs longer than the
others. Picris hieracioides, Serratula tinctoria, Cyanus
vulgaris, Onopordium vulgare.
Wanting, nullus . The calyx has no pappus. Lapsana,
Tanacetum.— This is only used when the plant has a con-
siderable analogy to those that are pappose.
CliEMOCARPIUM.
Fruit, Polakena, Polachena, Carpadelium. Fruit simple ,
composed of two cells , or coques united , and shit up in the
calyx , but separable lengthways when ripe. Umbelliferse.
PI. 1 3, fig. 7 and S.
Sphserical, Cremocarpium sphcericum. Coriandrum sa-
tivum.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Carum officinale, AEthusa tenui-
folia.
Egglike, ovoideum , ovatum. Bupleurum.
Oblong, oblongum. Myrrhis odorata.
A wish ape, subulatum. Sandix vulgaris.
Orbicular, orbicular e. Tordylium.
Compressed sideways, utroque latere compressum . Carum
vulgare, Apium, Smyrnium vulgare.
Compressed on the two faces, utraque facie compressum.
Cicuta, Smyrnium vulgare.
Angular, angulosum. Smyrnium vulgare, Myrrhis odo-
rata,
168
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
"Winged, alatum. Laserpitum triquetrum.
Crowned, coronaium . The limb of the calyx left and
forming a crown on the summit. CEnanthe, Coriandrum.
sativum.
Indivisible, impartibile. When the fruit of an umbel-
liferous plant is not separable into two cells — Sanicula
Marylandica — A very rare case, referred here by analogy.
Two-partible, bipartibile . Partible into two cells. Most
umbelliferae.
Latuscules.
Latusculse. The external surface of the cells , or cogues ,
opposed to that by which they are united . PI. 13, fig. 7 d.
Convex, Latuscules convexes. Bolax, Cachrys.
Turgid, turgidce. Smyrnium.
Contracted, contracts, Pimpinella, Sison.
Bent in and wrinkly, introflexo ruguloscs. Hasselquistia.
Flattened, explanatce. Spread out into a membranaceous
margin.
If Uncut, integrce. Mulinum.
Nicked, emarginates. Pastinaca, Heracleum Sphon-
dylium.
Winged, alatee. Imperatoria, Angelica.
Crenulated, crenulatoe. Hasselquistia.
Toothed, denticidates . Hasselquistia.
Thickened, incrassatce. Tordylium.
Binged, annulatce. Cachrys dichotomum.
Sinuatedly lobed, sinuato-lohates. Artedia.
Glochidated, glochidatcs. Drusa.
Commissures.
Commissures. The internal faces of the cells , or coqyes9
which are next to each other , before the fruit is parted.
PI. 13, fig. 7 c, c.
Flat, Commissures planes. jEthusa.
Streaked, striatce. Exoacantha.
Convex, convexce. Angelica.
Bibbed, costatce. Fischera.
Concave, concaves. Hollow, with a membrane spread
over it. Coriandrum sativum.
Furrowed, sulcatce. Chaerophyllum.
Holed, f orates. Coriandrum testiculatum.
Smooth, eequabiles.
Transversely wrinkled, transversim ruguloso-lamellatce.
Artedia.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
169
Raphe .
The line of junction of the two cells , or coques , of a cremo -
carpium .
Plain, Raphe simplex . Cachrys oclontalgica.
Straight, rectilinea.
Narrowed, attenuata .
Acute, acuta.
Blunt, ohtusa. ,
Thickened, incrassata.
Ribbed, cos tat a . Coriandrum sativum.
Waved, undulata . Tordylium.
Wrinkled, rugulosa. Cachrys microcarpa.
Sinuatedly waved, sinuato-undulata. Artedia.
Toothed, denticulata.
Bristly, setosa. Scandix.
Marginal, marginalis. Imperatoria.
Nearly axile, subaxilis. The cells being contiguous to
each other by their flat sides, either about the middle of
the commissure or behind the axis. Mulinum.
Lateral, lateralis. The axis being in the narrowest part
of the fruit, which is compressed sideways. Hydrocotyle,
Smyrnium.
Spermapodium.
The axis that is between and supports the two cells , or coques
of a cremocarpium of the umbellifera ; usually c2-parted at
top. PI. 13, fig. 7 a.
S perm apodophore .
Spermapodophorum. The thickened bottom part of the
axis . PI. 13, fig. 7 f.
Vallecules .
Valleculae. Depressions between the ribs , striae y fyc. of tke
cells , or coques , of a cremocarpium. Pk 13, fig. 7 e.
Flat, Valleculce plance.
Convex, convexce.
Acute, acutce.
Obtuse, obtusce.
Smooth, cequabiles .
Polished, leaves .
Streaked, striatce .
Wrinkled, rugulosce.
Waved, undulata . Coriandrum sativum.
Scrobiculate, scrobiculata. Hydrocotyle, Solandra.
170
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Reticulate, reticulatce . Hydrocotyle, Solandra.
Warty, verrucoses . Odontites, A mini Copticum.
^f One-vittated, univittatce. With one vitta under each
vallecule.
Two-vittated, hivlttatce,
Many-vittated, multivittatce. Chaerophyllum.
Without vittae, evittatce. ^Egopodium.
% Thorny, muricatcc. Odontites, Ammi Copticum.
Hairy, pilosce.
Roughish, hispidulce . Anisum, Bubon Macedonicuni.
Downy, pubescenies. Tragium.
Villous, villosce . Libanotis.
Clothlike, tomentosce. Erioclaia.
Bristly, setosce. Torilis.
Prickly, aculealce . Caucalis.
Hooked, hamosce. Sanicula.
Glochidated, glochidatce. Daucus.
Ribbed, costatce. Anisum.
Winged, alatce. Laserpitium.
Vittae.
Bands or channels filled with an aromatic resin, or oil, con-
tained in the cells, or coques, of a cremocarpium.
In the external integument of the cells, Vittce integumento
externo, epicarpicce . Physospermum, Cuminum, Anisum.
In the internal integument, integumento inierno, endo-
carpicce. Pleurospermum, Cachrys, Coriandrum sativum.
In the proper membrane of the albumen, membrand
albumini propria, epispermio. Agasyllis, Ferula.
In the cortical or corky substance, substantia corticali
vel suberosa, mesocarpio. Phellandrium.
If Dorsal, dor sales. In the vallecules of the latuscules.
Siler, Cuminum. In which case, the cells being embossed,
the vittae have been confounded with the ribs.
Commissural, commissurales . In the commissures. Most
umbelliferous plants; Coriandrum sativum has only these,
wanting the dorsal.
If From the stylopodium (or calyx) to the base of the
fruit, a stylopodio (vel calyce) ad basin. iEthusa.
From the tip of the commissure, in an acute angle,
ex apice commissurarum sub angulo acuto, conjugatce. Sphon-
dylium.
From the tip of the commissure, distant bent, ex apice
commissurarum , distantes incurvce. Heracleum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
171
5T Bowed, arcuatce. ALthusa.
Elliptical, ellipticce. Tordylium Syriacum.
Concentric, concentriccc . Tordylium Apulum.
Excentric, excentrices. Ferula nodiflora.
Simple, simplices. Anethum.
Double, duplices. Athamanta.
Multiple, multiplices . Ferula.
Anastomosing, anastomosantes. Ferula Tartarica.
IT Undivided, integrce.
Jointed, articulates .
Necklaceshape, moniliformes.
Antennesformes. Like the feelers of insects. Ammi
Boeberi.
Fills succosis muscorum similes. Like the succulent
threads of mosses. Ferula, Peucedanum Ruthenicum.
Partitioned, septulis distincte. Cuminum.
Waved, undulatce. Agasyllis Caucasica, Cachris latifolia.
Linear, lineares.
Acute, acutce.
Acuminate, acuminates. Coriandrum sativum.
Narrow, attenuates. Pastinaca.
Blunt and clubshape, obtuses claviformes. Heracleuni
sphondylium.
Tubular, tululoses. In most umbelliferse.
Solid threadlike, solides Jiliformes . Myrrhis, Caucalis.
PoLAKENA.
Fruit, Polachena, Carpadelium. A cremocarpium com-
posed of more than two cells , or coques. Araliaceae.
Carcerule.
Carcerula. Fruit simple , not opening , nor adhering closely
to the proper coats of the seed ; being neither a cariopsis nor
an akenium.
Globular, Carcerula globulosa. Lagetta.
Roundish, subrotunda . Ternstromia punctata.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Zostera marina.
Reniforme, reniformis.
Orbicular, orbicularis. Neurada prostrata.
Three-cornered, trigona , triqueter , triangularis. Fago-
pyrum esculentum, Rumex, Rheum.
Four-cornered, tetragona. Halesia tetraptera.
Compressed, compressa. Flattened on two opposite sides.
Fraxinus, Ulmus.
172
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Depressed, depressa. Flattened downwards. Neurada
prostrata.
Tongueshape, linguiformis. Compressed and drawn out
like a tongue. Fraxinus.
Winged, alata. Extended out into a wing.
One-winged, monoptera , unialata. Fraxinus.
Winged at top, epiplerata. Fraxinus, Casuarina.
Winged all round, peripterata . Ulmus, Paliurus.
Three winged, triptera. Rheum, Polygonum emargi-
natum.
Four winged, tetraptera. Combretum laxum.
Five winged, pentaptera. Combretum secundum.
% Adhering, adhcerens. United to the calyx. Trapa
natans, Halesia tetraptera.
Free, inadhcerens. Not united to the calyx. Rumex,
Rheum Polygonum, Ternstromia.
Induviated, induviata. Covered by a persistent calyx.
Salsola Fragus.
IT One-celled, unilocularis . Scirpus, Polygonum, Salsola.
Two-celled, bilocularis. Circaea ovalifolia, Ternstromia
punctata.
Many-celled, mullilocidaris . Punica Granatum.
If One-seeded, monosperma. Rumex, Salsola.
Two-seeded, disperma. Circaea ovalifolia.
Three-seeded, trisperma , &c.
Many-seeded, polysperma. Ternstromia punctata.
Cystidium.
Utriculus. Fruit one-seeded , not adhering to the calyx ,
pericarp scarcely visible , umbilical cord distinct. Amaran-
thaceae. PI. 13, fig. 9 and 10.
Sacellus.
Fruit consisting of a seed covered ivith a membranaceous
envelope. Soda. PI. 13, fig. 12 and 13.
Thecidion.
Thecidium. Pericarp dry , hard, crustaceans. Polygo-
num. PI. 13, fig. 6.
Achena.
Pericarp leatherlike , not woody , not adhering to the seed .
Cyperaceae. PI. 13, fig. 15 and 16.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
173
Catoclesium.
Pericarp leatherlike, not woody , covered ly the enlarged ,
lut not fleshy calyx . Chenopodium. PL 13, fig. 18 and 19.
Sphalerocarpe.
Sphalerocarpium. Pericarp leatherlike , not woody , co-
hered hy the calyx become fleshy . Blitum.
SCLERANTHE.
Scleranthum, Dyclosium. Fh«7 consisting of a seed
united with the bottom part of the hardened perigonium .
Mirabilis Jalappa. PI. 13, fig. 20 to 23.
Samara.
Pterides, Pteridium. Fruit few-seeded , membranaceous ,
much compressed , one or two-celled , not opening , frequently
enlarged on the edges into a wing or appendage. Fraxinus.
PL 13, fig. 24, 25 and 26.
Glans.
Calybion. Fruit fleshy and feculent , one- celled, one-
seeded , pericarp adhering closely to the seed , fastened by it's
basis into a kind of leatherlike cup , cupule, formed of the
scales of the involucrum.
Open, Calybion apertum . Pericarp not totally hidden
by the cupule. Quercus longseva. Corylus sylvestris.
Pl. 14, fig. 2.
Closed, clausum . Pericarp totally hidden. Fagus syl-
vestris, Castanea vesca. PL 14, fig. 4.
If One-corned, uniglans. Cupule containing only one
pericarp. Corylus sylvestris, Quercus. Pl. 14, fig. 1.
Three- corned, trig Ians . Castanea vesca.
% Opening, dehiscens . Cupule opening by valves, like
a capsule, when ripe. Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvestris.
Not opening, indehiscens. Cupule remaining closed
when ripe. Taxus, Ephedra.
Drupelike, drupaceum. Cupule formed of two substances,
the inner woody, the exterior juicy so as to resemble a
drupe.
Cupule , when in fruit. Vide p. 119.
Sphaerical, Cupula spheerica , globosa. Castanea vesca.
Hemispherical, hcemisphcerica. Quercus longseva. Pl. 14,
fig. 2.
1 74?
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Ovoid, ovoidea. Ephedra.
If Upright, erecta. The orifice turned towards the point
opposite to the base of its support. Taxus, Ephedra.
Reversed, resupinata. Fixed so that the orifice faces the
base of its support. Podocarpus.
For the characters of the pericarp, reference may be
made to akenium.
Nucule.
Nucula, Nux. Fruit one-celled , one-seeded , not opening
when ripe , with a long covering , the pericarp only slightly ,
or not distinct from the seed ; frequently sunk in an involu-
crum . Corylus sylvestris, Corylus tubulosa. PL 14, fig. 4.
Xylodium.
Fruit like a nucule , hut without a cupule , and home upon a
fleshy support. Anacardium. PI. 14, fig. 7.
Carcerulus.
Eacca sicca, Capsula indehiscens. Fruit not openings dry ,
many-celled , many-seeded . Tilia. PI. 14, fig. 8 and 9.
Amphisarca.
Capsula indehiscens. Fruit not opening , dry, many-celled ,
woody on the outside , pulpy internally. Adansonia. PI. 14,
fig. 13.
GYNOBASIC FRUITS.
Fructus gynobasici, Cenobionares, Cenobia. Fruits simple ,
hut composed of four or more cells , eremi, so far apart that
they appear like so many separate fruits ; hut are all home
upon a gynolasis , more or less dilated and being the base of a
single style . PI. 14, fig. 16 to 20.
Two-celled, Cenobium bieremum. Cerinthe.
Four-celled, quadri-eremum . Labiatae, Boragineae.
Five-eremed, quinque-eremum. Gomphia nitida. PI. 14,
fig. 16.
Six-eremed, sex-eremum , &c.
Eremes .
Globular, Eremi glqbulosi. Collinsonia Canadensis,
Salvia officinalis.
Ellipsoidal, ellipsoidei. Salvia Hispanica, S. bicolor.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 1*75
Ovoid, ovoidei. Lithospermum officinale, iEgonychon
arvense, Cerinthe major.
Reverse ovoid, obovoidei. Gomphia nitida. Pl. 14, fig. 16.
Three-sided, trigoni . Molucella lsevis, Lamium album.
% Leathery, coriacei. Phlomis fruticosa.
Crustaceous, crustacei. Salvia officinalis.
Boney, stonelike, ossei, lapidei. Lithospermum officinale,
iEgonychon arvense.
Drupe, drupeolati. Prasium majus.
If One-celled, uniloculares. Labiatse, Borrago officinalis,
Gomphia nitida. PI. 14, fig. 16.
Two-celled, biloculares. Cerinthe major, C. minor.
% One-seeded, monospermi. Labiates, Gomphia. PL 14,
fig. 16.
Two-seeded, dispermi. Cerinthe major, C. minor.
Sarcobasis.
Fruit formed of a very large , very fleshy gynobasis , bearing
Jive or more eremi , which were always very distinct . Och-
naeeae, Simaroubese, Castela. Pl. 14, fig. 16.
Microbasis.
Exostylus, Polexostylus. Fruit formed of a very small ,
slightly fleshy gynobasis , bearing four eremi , but slightly
parted when in flower . Labiatee, Boragineee. PL 14,
fig. 1 7 to 20.
SUCCULENT FRUITS.
Fructus succulenti, Fructus carnosi. Fruits having a
soft or pulpy sar cocarp, containing also only a few seeds , and
not opening when ripe . Pl. 15.
Drupe.
Stone fruit, Drupa, Prunus. Fruit simple , fleshy , con-
taining a single boney or woody cell . PL 15, fig. 1.
Flesh, Caro. The sarcocarp, or pulpy part surrounding
the stone.
Stone, Pyrena , Nucleus , Ossiculus . The boney or woody
cell, in the middle of the drupe, being the endocarp or
panninterne.
Shell, Putamen . The boney or woody part of the stone.
176
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Sphserical, Drupa sphcerica. Prunus Mahaleb, Cerasus
racemosa.
Rounded, subrotunda . Prunus spinosa, Amygdalus Per-
sica, Juglans regia.
Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Amygdalus communis.
Three-sided, trigona. Cocos nucifera.
One-furrowed, unisulcata. Daphne florida, Amygdalus.
% Large, magna. Cocos nucifera.
Small, parva. Daphne florida, Rivinia.
Utricular, utricular is. Very small, and having only
a simple, membranous pannexterne. Chenopodium.
Pulpy, pidposa. Sarcocarp pulpy. Cerasus hortensis.
Fleshy, curnosa. Sarcocarp fleshy. Amygdalus com-
munis, Juglans.
Thready, fibrosa. Sarcocarp thready. Cocos nucifera.
Juiceless, dry, carcerularis , exsucca. Pannexterne and
sarcocarp dry, so thin and closely united with the stone
that they can scarcely be distinguished. Ceratophyllum
cornutum, Poterium minus.
Adherent, adhcerens. Juglans.
Free, inadhcerens . Cocos, Prunus, Amygdalus.
Pannexterne .
Persistent, Pannexterna persistens. Cocos nucifera.
Falling off, caduca . Falling off when ripe, and leaving
the stone. Juglans regia.
Stone.
Globular, Putamen globulosum , globosum . Cerasus.
Ovoid, ovoideum. Cocos nuciferum.
Cylindrical, cylmdraceum. Cornus mas.
Compressed, compressum. Prunus domestica.
Lobed, lobatum. Guettardia speciosa.
If Valveless, evolve . Olea.
Two-valved, bivalve. Prunus, Amygdalus, Juglans.
Three-valved, trivalve , &c»
Furrowed, sulcatum . Cornus sanguinea, C. mas.
Engraved, scrobiculatum. With deep furrows, Amyg-
dalus Persica.
Dotted, punctatum. Amygdalus communis.
One-celled, uniloculare. Amygdalus, Juglans.
Two-celled, bilocular e. Cornus sanguinea, Zizyphus.
Three-celled, triloculare. Trixis palustris.
Four-celled, quadrilocidare. Tectona grandis.
Six-celled, sexloculare. Guettarda speciosa.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 177
If Boney, ossewn. Cocos nucifera, Cornus sanguinea,
Amygdalus, Mespilus.
Paperlike, chartaceum. Areca Faufel.
Membranaceous, memhranaceum . Phoenix dactylifera.
If One-seeded, monospermum. Juglans.
Two-seeded, dispermum , &c.
Drupeole.
Drupeola. A drupe smaller than a pea.
Utricle.
Utricula. An utricular drupe. Chenopodium.
Nut.
Nux. Fruit containing a stone , the sarcocarpe being rather
leathery than fleshy. Juglans regia, Amygdalus. PL 15,
fig. 2.
Rind, Naucum. The leatherlike sarcocarpe of a nut.
Nuculane.
Nuculanium. Fruit fleshy , not crowned by the lobes of
the calyx (the ovary not adhering to it) and containing
several distinct stones.
Pips, Pyrence , Nuculce . The small stones included in a
nuculane.
Pome.
Pomum, Melonida, Pyridion, Melonidium, Antrum.
Fruit fleshy , crowned by the limb of the calyx , containing
several cells , disposed round the axis of the fruit. PL 1 5,
fig. 12 and 13.
Spherical, Pomum sphericum. Pyrus aucuparia.
Roundish, subrotundum. Pyrus sylvestris.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Mespilus Oxyacantha.
Topshape, turbinatum . Pyrus sylvestris, P. Cydonia.
If Cartilaginous- celled, loculosum . Panninterne thin
cartilaginous, with a fleshy sarcocarp. Pyrus sylvestris.
Woody-celled, nuculosum. Panninterne woody or boney.
Mespilus Germanica, M. digyna.
Pyrenarius.
A woody-celled pome. Mespilus. Pl. 15, fig. 16.
VOL. i.
N
178
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Balausta.
Fruit adherent to the calyx , crowned ly its lobes, having
a hard, leatherlike bark, with rather irregular cells containing
seeds like nuts . Punica Granatus. Pi. 15, fig. 17.
Malicorium. The boney seeds of the punica granatus.
Pepo.
Peponida, Peponium. Fruit Jleshy or pulpy, bearing the
seeds towards the circumference, which is harder than the
centre, the latter being frequently empty . Cucurbita. PI. 15,
Globular, Pepo sphcericus, globosus . Cucurbita esculenta,
Bryonia ruderalis.
Oblong, oblongus. Cucumis sativus.
Bottleshape, lagenflormis. Cucurbita lagenaria.
Spindleshape,^sz/br?7m. Cucumis chate.
Reverse topshape, obturbinatus. Sicyos angulata.
Kidneyshape, renformis . Elaterium.
Curved, curvatus . Cucumis flexuosus.
If One-celled, unilocularis. Sicyos angulata.
Three-celled, trilocularis. Bryonia ruderalis, Cucumis
prophetarum.
Ten-celled, decemlocularis. Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita
esculenta.
In general a pepo has originally six or ten radiant par-
titions, three or five of which, taken alternately, have pla-
centaria ; but these characters are only visible in the ovary :
after the fecundation the barren partitions are absorbed,
and frequently the placentarian partitions also.
Hesperidium.
Aurantium, Bacca corticata. Fruit fleshy, divided inter-
nally into several membranaceous cells, ivhich may be divided
without any tearing , pannexterne tough, covered with vesi-
cular glands . Citrus, Limon. PI. 15, fig. 23.
Berry.
Bacca. Fruit fleshy, without any stone, not included in
the preceding kinds oj fruit. PI. 17, fig. 1, 2, 4 and 5.
True, Bacca vera. Cells none, seeds not disposed in any
order. Atropa Mandragora. PI. 17, fig. 11.
False, spuria . Divided into ceils with seeds disposed
in a regular order. Ribes. PL 17, fig. 4 and 5.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
179
If Globular, sphcerica, globulosa. Ruscus aculeatus, Aspa-
ragus officinalis, Empetrum nigrum, Vitis, Ribes rubrum.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Ribes alpinum, Coffea Arabica.
Topshape, turbinata . Psidium pyriferum.
Discoid, discoidea. Phytolacca.
If Adherent, adhcerens. United with the calyx, Ribes ;
or with the perigonium, Musa.
Free, inadheerens. Not united to the calyx, or perigo-
nium. Asparagus, Physalis, Yitis.
If Crowned by the calyx, coronala calyci . Bearing at
top the limb of the calyx. Ribes.
Crowned by the stigma, coronata stigmate. Bearing at
top the stigma. Nymphaea.
% Barked, corticosa. The pannexterne strong, thick, dry
or but slightly succulent. Citrus, Arbutus serratifolia.
Gourd like, cucurbitina. Barked, thick, round, and like
a pumpkin. Crescentia Cujete.
Camare-like, camarea . Having, like a camare, a furrow
lengthways, and on the inside a placentarium corresponding
with that furrow. Actea.
If One-celled, unilocularis. Cucubalus bacciferus.
Two-celled, bilocular is. Ligustrum vulgare.
Three-celled, trilocularis. Asparagus officinalis, Andro-
saemum officinale.
Four- celled, quadrilocularis. Paris quadrifolia.
Five-celled, quinquelocularis. Arbutus, Cookia punctata.
Many-celled, multilocularis . Citrus.
If Nuculaneous, nuculosa. Contains nucules. Sambucus
nigra, Ilex vulgare. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4.
Two-seeded, disperma. Berberis.
Few-seeded, oligosperma . Asparagus.
Many-seeded, polysperma . Paris quadrifolia, Solanum,
Vaccinium, Citrus, Ribes, Atropa lethalis.
Acinos.
A very soft berry , full of juice, transparent , one-celled ,
with boney seeds . Vitis vinifera. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4.
Acrosarcum.
Bacca infera. A berry crowned by the limb of the calyx.
Ribes spinosum.
180
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
CAPSULAR FRUITS.
Fructus capsulares, Fructus dehiscentes. Fruits dry ,
many-seeded , and opening of themselves when ripe .
Follicle.
Folliculus, Conceptaculum. Fruit membranaceous , uni-
valve, long , and opening hy a longitudinal suture. Asclepia-
dese. PL 17, fig. 12. — They are never found single, unless
by abortion.
Cylindrical, Folliculi cylindracei. Ceropegia.
Bellied, ventricosi . Asclepias- Syriaca, Plumaria.
Swollen, inflati. Asclepias fruticosa.
Spindleshape, jusiformes. Nerium Oleander. N. Zey-
lanicum, Asclepias niger.
Upright, erecti. Nerium Oleander.
Spreading, divergentes, divaricati . Tabernaemontana,
Vinca major, Cameraria, Asclepias nigra.
Camare.
Camara. Fruit more or less membranaceous, two-valved 9
always several united together proceeding from a single
flower , each containing one or more seeds attached to the in-
ternal suture . Ranunculacese. PL 17, fig. 13, 14, 15, 16*
17 and 19.
Deltoid, Camarce deltoidece. Triangular, Ranunculus
bulbosus.
Cod-like, leguminiformes. Delphinium, Aconitum.
Swollen, turgidce. Poeonia.
Compressed, compresses. Alisma major, Helleborus vi-
ridis.
Winged, alatee. Liriodendrum tulipifera.
Beaked, rostratce. Helleborus, Sempervivum.
Tailed, caudate e. Clematis recta, Atragene, Dryas.
Upright, erectee. Aconitum, Delphinium, Sedum.
Spreading, divergentes . Poeonia.
In whirls, verticillatee, . Poeonia, Clematis, Sempervivum,
Tiled-like, imbricates. Liriodendrum, Magnolia.
Soldered together, coadunatce . Rubus.
% Dry, siccee. Ranunculus, Trollius, Aconitum.
Drupelike, drupeolatce. Potamogeton, Rubus.
If One-seeded, monospermce. Anemone, Adonis, Ranun-
culus, Rubus.
Many-seeded, polyspermes. Delphinium, Poeonia, Aco-
nitum, Trollius.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
181
«[f Opening inwardly, intus dehiscent es. Aconitum,
Trollius Europaeus, Poeonia. PL 17, fig. 18.
Opening outwardly, extns dehiscentes . Magnolia.
Not opening, indehiscentes. Ranunculus, Liriodendrum.
Hemigyrus.
Fruit woody , opening on one side , one or two-celled , eacji of
which are one or two-seeded, Proteacese.
Cod.
Legumen. Fruit irregular , membranaceous , two-valued ,
rarely three or four-valued, with a pistillary cord divided into
two branches running parallelly along the upper suture , 50
Z/ia/ the seeds are attached along this suture , alternately to
one and the other valve . Leguminosae. PI. 16, fig. 1, 2.
Ovoid, Legumen ovoideum. Lotus hirsutus, L. Graecus.
Halfmoonlike, semilunatum. Cynometra.
Sabreshape, acinac if or me. Bent like a sabre. Phaseolus
lunatus, Dolichus ensiformis.
Oblong, oblongum. Ulex Europaeus, Trifolium repens.
Cylindrical, cylindricum. Cassia Fistula.
Nearly cjdindrical, cylindraceus . Lotus corniculatus.
Linear, linear e. Lathy rus gramineus, Indigofera.
Compressed, compressum. Pisum sativum, Lathyrus
aphyllus.
Inflated, inflatum. Membranaceous, dilated, filled with,
air like a bladder. Colutea.
Swollen, turgidum . Swelled out, but not membranaceous,
Genista Anglica, Ononis.
Bowed, arcuatum . Ornithopus.
Bent, curvatum , recurvaium. Astragalus glycyphyllus,
Medicago falcata.
Spiral, spirale. Medicago sativa, Scorpiurus vermicu-
lata.
Strombus-like, cochleatum , strombulforme. Bent in a
long spiral like the shell so called, Medicago strombulifera.
M. polymorpha.
Four-sided, tetragonum. Doliclios tetragonolobus.
Four-winged, tetrapierum. Lotus siliquosus.
Top-winged, epipterum. Securidaca volubilis.
Reverse-crenated, obcrenatum. Bisserula pelecinus.
Jointed, articulatum. Formed of pieces, united endways
to one another, each containing a single cell. Ornithopus,
Scorpiurus, Hedysarum. ,
182
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Knobby, nodosum . Swollen at certain distances. Scor-
piurus.
Beadlike, monilijorme . Divided by contractions into
small round pieces placed close together, like the beads of
a necklace. Ornithopus perpusillus, Hedysarum monili-
forme.
Vertebrated, vertebratum. Jointed, the joints parting
from one another when ripe. Ornithopus scorpioides, He-
dysarum Canadense. PI. 16, fig. 6.
Carcerular, carcerulare . Dry, not opening, resembling
a carcerule. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca volubilis.
Transversely divided, phragmigerum. Divided into two
or more one-seeded cells by transverse partitions. Cassia
Fistula. Pl. 16. fig. 1.
Drupe-like, drupaceum. Pannexterne succulent and
fleshy, panninterne woody. Detarium, Geoffraea.
Induviated, induviatum . Enveloped in a persistent calyx.
Trifolium repens.
Channelled, canaliculatum. Having two edges, that form
a groove along the placentarium-bearing suture. Pisum
Ochrus.
IT One-celled, unilocular e. Pisum, Lathy rus, Genista.
Two-celled, bilocular e. Astragalus.
Many-celled, multiloculare . Cassia Fistula. Pl. 16,
%•!.
% Opening, dchiscens. Opening when ripe. Genista.
Keeping closed, indehiscens. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca
volubilis. Considered as legumes by analogy. PL 16, fig. I.
One-seeded, monospermum. Medicago lupulina, Secu-
ridaca volubilis, Pterocarpus.
Two-seeded, dispermum . Trifolium dragiferum. Vicia
hirsuta, Arachis hypogaea.
Few-seeded, oligospermum . Vicia vulgaris.
Many-seeded, polyspermum . Lathyrus, Ornithopus per-
pusillus, Genista Hispanica.
Lomentum.
A legumen divided into two or more one-seeded cells by
transverse joints. Hippocrepis. Pl. 16, fig. 6.
Pod.
Siliqua. Fruit dry , two-valved , bearing the seeds on the
two sides of a placentarium dilated into a longitudinal par-
tition. Cruciferae. Pl. 16, fig. 8, 9 arid 11.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
183
Four-sided, Siliqua t etraguna . Brassica orientalis, Ery-
simum alpinum.
Linear, linearis. Arabis hirsuta, Cheiranthus cuspidatus.
Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea. Brassica oleracea, Chei-
ranthus annuus.
Cylindrical, cylindrica. Barbarea vulgaris.
Awlshape, suimlata. Sisymbrium officinale.
Swollen, turgida. Raphanus sativus.
Brawny, torulosa. Sinapis alba, Brassica, Raphanus,
Arabis major.
Compressed on each face, utraque facie compressa . Flat-
tened in the direction of the valves. Arabis major.
Beaked, rostrata. Terminated by a beak formed by the
elongation of the partition. Sinapis alba, S. nigra, Rapha-
nistrum vulgare. PI. 16, fig. 9 and 11.
If Spurious, spuria , Having the seeds attached to the
edges of the valves, instead of the edges of the partitions.
Ruellia.
Pouch.
Silicula. A siliqua less than four times as long as it is
broad. Thlaspi. PI. 16, fig. 14, 15 and 16.
Carcerular, Silicula carcerularis . Coronopus coadunata,
Crambe,. Bunias.
Four-cornered, quadrangular is. Bunias Erucago.
Nicked, emarginata. Iberis, Thlaspi campestre.
Two-horned, licornis. Thlaspi ceratocarpon.
Reverse-heartshape, oh cor dif or mis. Teesdalia irregularis,
Thlaspi perfoliatum, T. cuneatum.
Beaked, rostrata. Bunias Balearica.
Elliptic, elliptica. Draba verna, Lepidium latifolium.
PI. 16, fig. 15.
Oval, ovalis. Alyssum argenteum.
Orbicular, orhiculata. Lunaria annua, Alyssum cam-
pestre.
Twin, didyma. Biscutella didyma, B. laevigata, B. leio-
carpa.
Globular, glohulosa. Cochlearia officinalis, Myagrum
saxatile, Crambe maritima.
Inflated, infiata. Camelina sativa.
Compressed sideways, utroque latere compressa . Thlaspi
arvense, [satis tinctoria, Coronopus coadunata.
Compressed on the faces, utraque facie compressa. Lu-
uaria, Alyssum campestre.
Winged, alata. Bunias Erucago.
184
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Jointed, articulata. Myagrum perenne.
Drupe-like, drupeolata. Pannexterne succulent, and
panninterne woody. Crambe maritima.
Pyxis.
Pyxidium, Capsula circumscissa. Fruit dry , globular ,
opening of itself into two hemispherical valves , by a trans-
verse horizontal suture. PI. 16, fig. 19 and 20.
Amphora . The lower valve, attached to the peduncle.
Cover, Operculum. The upper valve which is detached
when ripe.
Globular, Pyxis globulosa. Anagallis phoenicea, Centun-
cuius minimus.
Roundish, subrotunda . Gomphrena globosa.
Cylindrical, cylindrica. Lecythis.
Ovoid, ovoidea , ovata. Hyoscyamus niger, Plantago.
If One-celled, unilocularis. Centunculus, Anagallis. Le-
cythis.
Two-celled, bilocularis. Hyoscyamus, Plantago.
H Two-seeded, disperma. Arnoglossum lanceolatum.
Many-seeded, polysperma. Plantago major, Centunculus.
Dieresile.
Dieresilis, Sinochorium, Sterigmum, Capsula dissepi-
mentis valvaribus. Fruits dry , capsular , regular , many -
celled , cells formed of re-entering valves , arad ranged round a
central axis. Malvaceae, Galium. Pi. 16, fig. 24 and 25.
Two-celled, Dieresilis dicocca. Galium, Acer.
Three-celled, tricocca. Tropaeolum majus.
Four-celled, tetracocca. Clerodendrum infortunatum.
Five-celled, pentacoccci . Geranium.
Six-celled, hexacocca. Triglochin maritimum, Lavatera
arborea.
Many-celled, polycocca. Alisma major.
If Starry, stellata. Cells pointed and diverging. Althaea,
Damasonium Dalechampii.
Ovoid, ovoidea. Helicteres Raruensis.
If Adherent, calyci adhcerens. Rubiaceae.
Free, calyci non adherens. Lavatera arborea.
If Axilled, axillata. The cells disposed round an axis,
which, when they fall off, is left standing. Geranium,
Lavatera arborea, Cynoglossum.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
185
Berrylike, baccata , Pannexterne succulent at first.
Clerodendro'n infortunatum, Sapindus.
Cenobionare, cenobionaris. The cells, differing slightly
from eremes, are attached to an axis which supports the
style. Cynoglossum officinale, C. montanum. — These fruits
are intermediate betwixt cenobions and dieresiles.
Coques.
Hemispherical, Cocca hemisphcerica. Lineum Africanum.
Three-sided, irigona. Knoxia stricta.
Compressed, compressa. Alisma major.
Spiral, spiralia. Helicteres.
One-celled, unilocular ia. Alisma major, Galium, Althaea,
Lavatera.
Many-celled, multilocularia. Tribulus terrestris.
Not opening, indehiscentia. Tropaeolum majus.
Opening, dehiscentia. Geranium.
Winged, alata. Acer.
Regma.
Elaterium, Capsula di-, tri-, vel multi-cocca. Fruit with
sides frequently embossed, formed of several bivalve cells dis-
posed round an axis , and not adhering to the calyx. PI. 17,
fig. 17, 18 and 19.
Two-celled, Regma dicoccum. Mercurialis.
Three-celled, tricoccum. Euphorbia, Ricinus, Croton.
Five-celled, pentacoccum. Dictamnus albus.
Many-celled, polycoccum. Hura crepitans.
IT Round, rotundatum.
Twin, didymum . Mercurialis.
Discoid, discoideum. Hura crepitans, Bradleya.
Lobed, lobatum. Dictamnus albus.
Dyplotegia.
Capsula infera. Fruit dehiscent , adherent to the calyw.
Campanulaceae, Orchideae. PI. 16, fig. 25.
Capsule.
Capsula. Fruit dry , opening when ripe , not belonging to
the former kinds. PI. 1 6, fig. 24*, 25, 26, 27? 29 and 30.
Podlike, Capsula siliquceformis. Chelidonium majus
Corydalis, Plypecoum, Cleome.
Pouchlike, siliculaformis. Bocconia.
Brawny, torulosa. Chelidonium majus, Hypecoum.
Cylindrical, cylindrica . Silene alpina, Arenaria tenuifolia.
186
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea , subcylindrica. Aloe per-
foliata.
Three-sided, Irigona. Iris, Tamarix.
Four-sided, tetragona. Erysimum officinale.
Five-sided, pentagonci. Oxalis.
Six-sided, hexagona. Fritillaria imperials, Yucca dra-
conis.
Linear, linearis. Chelidonium majus, Glaucium luteum.
Spherical, globular, sphcerica , globularis. Asphodelus
luteus, Antirrhinum repens, iEsculus Hippocastanum, Stel-
laria holostea.
Roundish, subrotunda. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scoro-
donifolia, Buxus sempervirens.
Ovoid, ovoidea . Digitalis speciosa, Verbasum thapsoides,
Scrofularia nodosa, Polemonium vulgare, Cucubalus in-
flatus.
Reverse ovoid, obovoidea. Anthericum annuum, Spi-
ranthes autumnalis.
Topshape, lurbinata. Lilium Martagon.
Reverse topshape, obturbinata. Digitalis purpurea.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Acanthus mollis, Silene latifolia,
Ly thrum spicatum.
Compressed, compressa. Rhinanthus glaber, Veronica
arvensis, V. verna, Melampyrum cristatum.
Flattened, depressa . Illicium anisatum.
Radiating, radians. With many cells disposed in rays.
Illicium anisatum.
If Reverse heartshape, obcordiformis , obcordala . Veronica
officinalis, Sibthorpia Eurdpsea.
Halfmooned, semilunata , lunata. Melampyrum cristatum.
Orbicular, orbicularis. Rhinanthus glaber, Sibthorpia.
Elliptic, elliptica. Veronica multifida.
If Three-winged, triptera . Dioscorea sativa.
Five-winged, pentaptera. Evonymus latifolius.
Six-winged, hexaptera. Fritillaria imperialis.
If Blunt-pointed, obtusa. Antirrhinum minus, Evony-
mus latifolius.
Pointed, acuta. Scrofularia aquatica, S. seorodonifolia.
Truncated, truncal a. Nemesia.
Notched, emarginata. Euphrasia officinalis.
One-headed, monocephala. Coming from an ovary which
has only one organic summit. Rhododendron, Silene.
Two-headed, beaked, dicephala , biros Iris. Coming from
an ovary that has two organic summits. Saxifraga.
Three-headed, tricephala, Buxus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
m
Many-headed, polycephala . Coming from an ovary that
lias many organic summits. Nigella Hispanica.
Dieresilean, partible, dieresilea , partiiilis. The cells
formed of re-entering valves, separate when ripe, into
many open coques, which only differ from those of the
dieresiles because they do not separate completely after
they have opened. Rhododendron, Kalmia, Linum pe-
renne.
Two-parted, hipartibilis . Tvvo-coqued, dieresilean. Di-
gitalis, Scrofularia.
Three-parted, iripartibilis , &c.
Etairion-like, etcerionea. Many-headed, nearly com-
pletely divisible into several camare-like lobes. Illicium
anisatum, Thea viridis.
If One-celled, unilocular is. Glaucium violaceum, Papa-
ver, Viola, Silene.
Two-celled, bilocularis. Veronica, Digitalis, Scrofularia,
Antirrhinum, Glaucium luteum, Saxifraga, Ly thrum.
Three-celled, trilocularis. Lilium, Tulipa, Iris, Allium,
Juncus, Campanula. Pk 16, fig. 23 and 24.
Four-celled, quadrilocularis . Epilobium.
Five-celled, quinquelocularis . Rhododendrum, Oxalis,
Evonymus.
Six-celled, scxlocularis. Asarum, Aristolochia.
Many-celled, multilocularis. Nigella Hispanica, Linum.
^f One-valved, follicleshape, univalvis , folliculiformis .
With a single valve, whose edges being turned over form
a suture, like that of a follicule. Avicennia.
Several valved, plurivalvis . Used in opposition to one-
valved.
Two-valved, bivalvis. Veronica, Syringa, Ruellia.
Three- valved, trivalvis. Viola, Tulipa, Glaucium vio-
laceum, Polemonium.
Four-valved, quadrivalvis. Epilobium.
Five-valved, quinquevalvis. Rhododendrum, Evonymus.
Many-valved, multivalvis . Nigella Hispanica, Illicium.
H One-seeded, vionosperma . Plumbaginese.
Two-seeded, disperma.
Three-sided, trisperma. Montia, Claytonia.
Four-seeded, tetrasperma. Melampyrum cristatum. M.
arvense.
Few-seeded, oligospernia. Koelreuteria.
Many-seeded, polysperma. Lilium, Nigella, Silene, Epi-
lobium, Saxifraga.
188
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
IT Adherent, adhcerens , infer a . United to the calyx, or
perigonium, which covers it entirely. Campanulacese, Iris.
Semi-adherent, semi-adhcerens . United at bottom with
the calyx. Samolus.
Free, inadhcerens, supera. Not united with the calyx or
perigonium. Lilium, Papaveracese, Caryophylleae.
*[ Opening outwards, exterius dehiscens . Lilium, Orchis,
Convolvulus, Oxalis.
Opening inwards, interim dehiscens. Opening in the
centre, which can only take place in many-headed capsules.
Nigella Hispanica, Saxifraga. PI. 16, fig. 24.
Opening by the teeth, dentibus dehiscens. Statice, Pri-
mula officinalis, Silene.
Opening by cracks, fssuris dehiscens. Canna, Epiden-
dron.
Opening by holes, foraminihus dehiscens. Antirrhinum,
in which the holes are irregular, and produced by the rup-
ture of the sides of the pericarp. Papaver, in which the
holes are regular, and produced by the gaping of the upper
part of the valves. Ledum, Campanula. PI. 16, fig. 31.
Opening at top, apice dehiscens. Antirrhinum majus,
Papaver.
Opening at bottom, Iasi dehiscens. Ledum, Campanula
rigida, Fumaria bulbosa. PI. 16, fig. 25.
Septifragal, septifraga. Opening opposite the partitions.
Saxifraga, Ipomsea purpurea. PI. 16, fig. 29.
Septicidal, septicida. Opening between the cells, the
cells parting from one another, the partition splitting into
twro flakes, one of which remains attached to each valve.
Rhododendrum Ponticum. PI. 16, fig. 27.
Loculicidal, locnlicida. Opening in the middle of the
cells. Irideae. PI. 16, fig. 26.
If a one-celled capsule, having parietal placentaria,
opens so as to divide the latter longitudinally, the dehiscence
is analogous to the septicidal ; but if it divides into two or
more valves, each furnished with a parietal placentarium
in its middle, the dehiscence is analogous to the loculicidal.
COMPOUND FRUITS.
Fructus etserionares, Fructus chorionares. Fruit com-
posed of several simple fruits united together .
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
189
Double Follicle.
Bifolliculus. Follicula. Fruit composed of two long mem-
branaceous, univalve pericarpiums , each opening by a longi-
tudinal suture. Asclepiadese. PL 17, fig. 12.
Erythrostomum.
Syncarpa, Etaerio. Fruit composed of several small berry-
like utricles, seated upon a scarcely apparent polyphore .
Rubus. PL 18, fig. 8.
Baccalaurius.
Fruit analogous to the erythrostome, but the pericarps are
fewer , and not so close . Dry mis.
Asimine.
Asimina. Fruits analogous to the erythrostome , but the
fleshy carpelles are more or less soldered together. Anona.
PL 18, fig. 21.
Et^rxon.
Etaerio, Plopocarpium. Fruit composed of several ca-
mares , united together round a real or ideal axis. Crassu-
laceae, Aconiti, Spireae. PL 17, fig. 17, 18 and 19.
Sphaerical, Etcerio sphcericus, globosus , capitalus. Ra-
nunculus bulbosus, Magnolia, Liriodendrum.
Nearly ovoid, subovoideus. Rubus.
Dishlike, discoideus. Alisma major.
Spikelike, spiciformis. Myosurus minimus.
Berrylike, baccatus. Composed of juicy camares which
unite together as they ripen, and form a kind of berry by
their union. Anona, Rubus.
Induviated, induviatus. Enclosed in the persistent calyx.
Rosa.
H Three-camared, tricamarus. Veratrum album, Aco-
nitum lycoctonum.
Four-camared, tetracamarus. Potamogeton natans.
Five-camared, pentacamarus . Paeonia, Clematis erecta,
Sedum.
Many-camared, polycamarus . Ranunculus, Magnolia,
Lyriodendrum, Rubus.
190
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Hip.
Cynarhodon. Fruit composed of several small utricles
enclosed in the calyx , which grows fleshy after the fecunda-
tion is over. Rosa. PL 1 8, fig. 2.
Amalthea.
Fruit similar to the hip , but the calyx does not become
fleshy. Agrimoniaceae. PL 18, fig. 3.
PoLVCHLORION.
Polychlorio, Polychorionides, Polysecus. Fruit com-
posed of several cariopsides or akenia united together on a
receptacle. Ranunculaceae, Dryadeae. PL 18, fig. 4.
AGGREGATED FRUITS.
Fructus aggregati. Fruits composed of many simple
pericarpia united together , the form of ivhich is concealed or
altered by the floral leaves , which frequently grow larger
after the fecundation, and unite with some part of the fruit.
Sorose.
Syncarpa, Sorosus. Fruit composed of several fleshy
utricles , united together by succulent floral leaves. PL 18*
fig. 6, 8.
Oblong, Sorosus oblongus. Movus.
Oval, ellipsoideus . Artocarpus incisa.
Ovoid, ovoideus . Rromelia Ananas.
The nature of the pericarpia and the floral leaves must
be noted.
Fig.
Ficus, Syconus. Fruit composed of several carcerules or
drupeoles , united upon a fleshy and succulent involucre. PL 1 8,
fig IX.
Flat, Syconus planus. Dorstenia.
Hemispherical, hemisphcericus. Ambora.
Pearshape, pyrformis , turbinatus. Ficus carica, Ambora.
Sphserical, sphcericus , glohosus. Ficus.
The form and nature of the pericarpia must be noted.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
191
Cone.
Strobile, Conus, Strobilus. Fruit composed of many
membranaceous utricles , concealed in the axil Ice of very large ,
dry bractece , disposed in the form of a cone. PL 18, fig. 12.
Roundish, Strobilus subrotundus . Cupressus semper-
virens, Juniperus communis.
Conical, conicus . Pinus sylvestris.
Ovoid, ovoideus. Pinus Pinea.
Cylindrical, cylindraceus. Abies pectinata, Pinus Stro-
bus.
% Berrylike, baccatus . Bracteae juicy, and unite with
one another. Juniperus communis.
Bractean, bracteanus. Strobile foriped of bracteae only
Alnus glutinosa, Juniperus communis^ Thuya.
Pedunculean, pedunculeanus. Strobile formed of pe-
duncules. Pinus, Abies, Cedrus, Larix.
Ovoid, Cupula ovoidea , ovata. Pinus.
Angular, angulosa. Juniperus communis, Cupressus
sempervirens.
Woody, lignosa . Pinus Pinea.
Membranaceous, membranacea. Thuya occidentalis.
Boney, ossea . Schubertia disticha.
% Upright, erecta. Thuya, Cupressus, Juniperus.
Reversed, resupinata. Abies, Pinus, Larix, Cedrus.
% Winged at bottom, hypopterata. Pinus, Abies, Larix,
Cedrus. — At first sight the cupule appears winged at top,
because it is reversed, but it is enchased in a prolongation
of the wing, which only grows at the bottom, and falls off.
Winged all round, peripterata. Thuya occidentalis.
% Headed, capitata. Limb swelled into a head. Larix.
Two-horned, bicornis. Limb prolonged into two small
diverging horns. Pinus.
Oblique, obliqua . Limb oblique and jagged. Cedrus.
The form, & c. of the utricles should be remarked.
Galbule.
Nut, Nux, Pseudocarpium, Galbulus. A kind of cone ,
in which the bractece are enlarged at top , form a spherey and
scarcely open when ripe. Cupressus. PI. 18, fig. 15,
192
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Arcesthide.
Berry, Bacca, Pseudocarpium, Arcesthida. A cone whose
Iractece are fleshy , and do not separate when ripe . Juni-
perus.
PERICARP.
Pericarpium, Conceptaculum seminum. That part of
the fruit that contains the seeds.
1. Surface,
Smooth, Pericarpium Iceve. Asphodelus, Cerefolium syl-
vestre, Sisymbrium absinthioides, Malus.
Bald, glaber. Pastinaca, Coriandrum.
Shining, lucidum, nitidum. Lithospermum officinale,
Onopordum vulgare, Isatis tinctoria.
Rough, scahrum, iEgonychon arvense, Cuminum.
Dotted, punctatum. Ceratophylium, Citrus Medica,
Mespilus Germanica.
Warted, verrucosum, Tragopogon undulatum, Eu-
phorbia verrucosa.
Veiny, venosum. Koelreuteria, Staphylea pinnata.
Wrinkled, rugosum. Geranium Robertianum, Melilotus
officinale.
Striated, striatum . Anethum graveolens.
Furrowed, sulcatum, Tragopogon pratense, Carum
officinale, Myrrhis odorata, Meum Athamanticum.
One-furrowed, unisulcatum. Amygdalus communis.
Two-furrowed, lisulcatum. Veronica officinalis.
Three-furrowed, trisulcatum . Ornithogalum pyramidale.
Four-furrowed, quadrisulcatum , and so on.
2. Pubescence,
Velvetty, Pericarpium velutinum, Amygdalus Persica,
Characias purpurea.
Downy, puhescens. Digitalis speciosa, Aquilegia vulgaris,
Amygdalus Persica.
Hairy, pilosum. Geranium pratense.
Villous, villosum, Pseonia officinalis.
Woolly, lanatum, Alyssum clypeatum.
Nappy, tomentosum, Amygdalus communis.
3. Arms.
Scaled, Pericarpium squamosum. Sagus, Calamus Ro-
tang.
Thorny, muricatum . Arbutus serratifolia, Canna Indica.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
195
Hooked, lappaceum. Furnished with hooked points,
like the involucrum of arctium lappa. Sanicula Europasa,
Myosotis Cappula.
Spinous, spinellosum , echinatum. Stramonium foetidum,
iEschylus Hippocastanum, Cucumis prophetarum.
4. Substance .
Membranaceous, Pericarpium membranaceum. Salsola
Tragus, Colutea.
Paperlike, chartaceum . Anagallis phcenicia, Cerefolium
sylvestre, Coriandrum.
Leatherlike, coriaceum. Flelianthus annuus, Trapa na-
tans, Lupinus, Arachis hypogosa.
Crustaceous, crustaceum. Dry, thin, and brittle. Pas-
serina.
Woody, lignosum. Lecythis, Cassia Fistula, Hymensea
Courbaril.
Corky, suberosum , fungosum. iEthusa cynapium, Ra-
phanus sativus.
Pulpy, pulposum . Ribes, Vitis, Rubus.
Fleshy, carnosum . Mai us.
Valves.
Valvse, Valvulae. The pieces composing the sides of
some pericarps , which open when ripe , and separate. PI. 16,
fig. 8, 14, 15 and 29.
Longitudinal, Valvce longitudinales. The suture perpen-
dicular to the base of the pericarp. Cheiranthus fruticu-
losus, Ruellia ovata.
Transverse, transverscE. The suture parallel to the base
of the pericarp. Anagallis arvensis, Hyoscyamus.
Re-entering, inirojlexce. Edges bent inwards towards
the centre of the pericarp. Oolchicum, Rhododendrum.
Re-entering conjointly, conjunctim introflexce. The
contiguous re-entering valves united together in that part
which • penetrates within the pericarp. Rhododendron
Ponticum .
Re-entering distinctly, d is t i n dim- inirojlexce. The con-
tiguous re-entering valves not united together in that part
which penetrates into the pericarp. Colchicum.
Parting, bipartibiles. Splitting when they open into two
parts lengthways. Veronica, Digitalis speciosa, Nicotiana.
-—These bipartible valves are evidently composed of two
VOL. i. o
194-
introduction TO BOTANY.
valvules united by their contiguous edges; nevertheless
custom compels botanist^ to look upon them as a single
valve.
Elastic, elasticce . Dentaria, Cardamine impatiens. Ri-
cinus. PL 16, fig. 8.
Partition-bearing, sept ferae. Ruellia ovata.
Seed-bearing,1 seminifero. ?, placent ferae. Gentianese.
Flat, plancE. Lunaria, Alyssum clypeatum.
Concave, concave. Alyssum utriculatum.
Boatlike, naviculares. Keeled like a boat. Ruellia ovata.*
Subularia aquatica, Isatis tinctoria.
Keeled, carinatae. Lepidium, Isatis tinctoria.
Cover-like, operculares. Like the cover of a bowl. Plan-
tago, Anagallis, Centunculus. PI. 16, fig. 17.
Sutures.
Suturse. The line of junction between two contiguous
valves.
Prominent, Suturae prominenies . Placed upon an ele-
vated surface.
Winged, pteroideoe. The elevations extended into wings.
Evonymus latifolius.
Sunk, recessae. Placed at the bottom of a channel of
greater or less depth. Rhododendron.
' Partitions.
Dissepimenta, Lignum intergerinum, Distinctio. — - The
doublings of the panninterne of the pericarpium which divide
its cavity into two or more cells.
Longitudinal, Dissepimenta longitudinalia. Extending
from the bottom to the top of the pericarp, parallel to the
axis. Lilium, Ruellia ovata, Thlaspi, Cheiranthus.
Cross, transversalia. Extending from side to side, pa-
rallel to the plane of its base. Cassia Fistula.
Indeterminate, vaga. Without any determinate di-
rection. Many partitions of punica granatum.
False, spuria. Formed only of cellular tissue. Glaucium
luteum.
% General, generalia. With edges that reach the in-
ternal surface of the pericarpium ail round, so that each of
them divides the cavity into two parts. Plantaginese, Cru-
ciferse, Astragalus, Cassia Fistula.
Partial, partialia. With edges that reach the internal
surface of the pericarp on one side only, and on the other
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
195
side touch a placentarium, or some other partition ; so that
each partition, taken separately, does not divide the hollow
of the pericarp into two cells. Syringa vulgaris, Citrus,
Nigel la Hispanica.
Complete, completa. Dividing the cavity of the peri-
carp completely, by being either a general partition itself,
Cheiranthus, or if partial, by touching some other par-
tition.
Incomplete, incompleta. Only dividing the cavity in-
completely, being partial partitions that do not touch one
another, nor abut upon a placentarium. Fapaver.
Valvean, valve ana. Formed by the expansion of the
substance of the valves, and remaining fixed to them, when
the pericarpium splits open.
Median, mediana , medivalves , valvis contraria , valvis me-
dio septiferis. Valvean and arising from the middle of the
valves^ Liliurh, Syringa, Acanthacem, Polemonium, Hen-
an them um.
Marginal, marginalia , valvis utroque margins inlroflexo
singulis loculum constitutentibiisP valvar es. Valvean, and
formed by the edge of the valves, which turns into the
interior of the pericarp, towards a real or imaginary cen-
tral axis.. Antirrhinum, Rhododendrum, Astragalus.
Two-flaked, bilame Hares. Marginal, anti formed by the
union of the edges of two contiguous turned-in valves,
which separate when the fruit opens. Digitalis, Rhodo-
dendrum.
Placentarian, placentariana. Produced by the expansion
of the placentarium, or its lobes, so as to reach the internal
surface of the pericarpium, or its sutures, and separate
when the fruit is ripe. Plantagineae^ Cruciferse, Tunica
Granatum, Cucurbitaceae.
Interposed, inter positive^ valvis margine appositis 'anguUs
dissepimenti. Several placentarian partitions diverging
from the centre of a many-valved pericarpium to the su-
tures, so that they alternate with the valves. Convolvu-
laceae.
Obsutural, obsuturalia. The placentarian partitions
applied only to the sutures, and not fastened between the
edges of the contiguous valves. Convolvulus.
Opposite, oppositiva , valvis contraria . The edges of the
placentarian partitions applied to the middle of the valves.
Paullinia pinnata.
Parallel, parallelica , valvis parallela . The placentarian
partition expanded parallel to the valves of a bivalve peri-
o 2
196
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
carpium, and joining by its edges the two opposite sutures.
Cruciferse.
Doubtful, ambigua. Connected with the centre and
sides of a pericarp that does not open ; and whose origin,
therefore, cannot be determined exactly. Citrus.
Fixed, Jixa. Remaining immoveable, and attached as
Usual when ripe; which seldom takes place except in inde-
hiscent pericarpiums, or those that open by pores or slits.
Antirrhinum, Campanula, Papaver, Nigella Saxifraga.
Free, libera . Formed of a placentarium that becomes
free by the dehiscence of the pericarpium. Plantaginese.
Persisting, persisteniia. Remaining in their place after
the opening of the fruit. Cruciferse.
Meeting, obcurrentia. Partial partitions meeting together,
and dividing the cavity of the pericarpium into several
cells. Acanthacese, Antirrhinum, Convolvulaceae, Saxi-
fragese.
Whirled, verticillata. Several partial partitions disposed
in the pericarpium like the spokes of a wheel. Convolvu-
iacese, Rhodoracese, Aurantiaceae.
Seed- bearing, seminifera, placentifera. Carrying the
seeds. Ruellia, Nymph sea, Helianthemum.
The distinctions are usually taken from their appearance
after the pericarpium has split open ; but this is frequently
a bad guide to their original formation.
Septum.
A Partition that is longitudinal. Lilium, Cruciferse.
PI. 16, %. 8, 14 and J 5.
Phragma.
A Partition that is transverse . Cassia Fistula. PL 16,
%. i.
Placentarium.
Placenta, Trophospermum, Spermophorus, Colum, Re-
ceptaculum seminum. That part of the pericarpium to which
the seeds are attached. PI. 17, fig. 4, 5.
Fleshy, Placentarium carnosum. Vaccinium, Ruta, Saxi-
fraga granulata.
Corky, suberosum,. Centunculus, Anagallis, Hyoscya-
mus, Nicotiana, Stramonium.
Leatherlike, coriaceum. Papaver, Begonia.
Woody, lig nosum. Swietenia M ah ogam.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
197
5f Honeycombed, alveolatum. Centunculus, Anagallis.
Tuberculated, tuberculatum. Stramonium.
Villous, villosum. Cucubalus, Silene.
% Partitioning, septif orme. Enlarged into a partition.
Plantagineae, Cruciferse. This is the same as the placen-
tarian partition, but considered in another light.
Globular, sphcericum , globosum. Centunculus minimus,
Anagallis phoenicea.
Cylindrical, cylindraceum . Lychnis, Silene, Cerastium.
Th readlike, filiform e. V elezia.
Awlshape, subulatum. Dodecatheon, Dianthus.
Th ree- sided, irigonum , triqueter. Polemonium vulgare,
Dodonaea viscosa.
Four-sided, tetragonum , tetraqueter. Adoxa tuberosa.
Five- sided, pentagonum , pentaqueter . Swietenia Maho-
gani.
Lobed, lobatum. Forming thick projections within the
cavity of the pericarp. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitaceae.
Radiating, radiatum . Rhododendrum, Cucurbitacese.
% Central, centrale. Placed in the centre of the peri-
carpium. Antirrhinum, Campanula, Saxifraga.
Axile, axile. Growing up from the bottom to the top
of the pericarpium, in the direction of its diameter. Lilium,
Digitalis, Polemonium.
Apicilar, apicilare. Placed at the top of the cavity of
the pericarpium. Umbelliferae.
Basilary, basilar e. Placed at the bottom of the cavity of
the pericarpium. Berberis, Chrysosplenium.
Fixed at bottom, basifixum , liberum. Attached only to
the bottom of the cavity of the pericarpium when ripe.
Primulaceae, Silene.
Sessile, sessile. Fixed at bottom without any footstalk.
Footstalked, pedicellatum.
Parietal, parietale. Attached to the sides of the cavity
of the pericarpium. Ribes, Punica Granatum. — An axile
placentarium in a multilocular ovary, sometimes becomes
parietal in consequence of the absorption of several of the
cells.
One-sided, unilaterale. Attached to one side only of
the pericarpium. Many apocyneae, Actrna, Leguminosae.
PI. 16, fig. 2.
Two-sided, bilaterale. Ribes. PL 17, fig. 4 and 5.
Three-sided, trilaterale , and so on.
Valvular, valvare. Attached to the valves of a dehiscent
pericarpium. Orchis, Bixa, Orellana.
198
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Middle-valved, medivalve , mediis valvls adnalum. Fixed
along the middle line of the valves. Lathrsea, Parnassia.
Sutural, ohsuturale , suturce applied turn. Applied over
against the sutures. Asclepias, Argemone.
Marginal, viarginale. Fixed solidly either to the edges
of the valves, or of the partitions when these latter are not
themselves formed of an enlarged placentarium. CEno-
thera, Leguminosae.
Partitiorial, septile. Fixed to the partitions. Ruellia,
Helianthemum mutabile, Papaver, GEnothera.
Fastened, adnatum. Fixed throughout their whole
length, either to the internal surface of the pericarpial ca-
vity, Orchidess, Lathrsea;' or to the edges of the partitions,
Tulipa; or the central axis, Ixia Chinensis ; or the edges
of the valves, Vjola.
Free, liberum. Totally detached from the pericarp, and
not adhering to any part when it opens. Plantaginese.
% Two-parted, bipartitum. Divided into two branches.
Ribes, Bixa Orellana.
Three-parted, tripartilum. Orchideae, Passiflora.
Four- parted, quadripartitum. Parnassia palustris.
_ Five-parted, quinquepartitum. Argemone Mexicana.
Many-parted, multipartitim. Papaver, Punica. — These
divisions of the placentarium are usually fastened to the
sides of the pericarpial cavity, but sometimes they are only
attached to the pericarpium by their extremities, as in the
portulacese.
% Two-parting, bipartibile. Splitting, when ripe, into
two seed-bearing portions, which remain fixed, either to
the edges of the valves, Leguminosae ; or to the partitions,
Ruellia.
Three-parting, tripartibile. Splitting when ripe into
three seed-bearing portions, which remain attached to the
edge of the partitions. Liliurn, Roelreuteria.
Four-parting, &c.
Remaining, persistens. Not splitting when ripe, but re-
maining whole. Digitalis, Polemonium, Rhododendrum,
Swietenia Mahogani.
One-ribbed, uninerve .
Two-ribbed, binerve.
Three-ribbed, trinerve.
Many-ribbed, multinerve.
The position of the placentarium may be discovered in
dry pericarps when the seeds are loose, or have even been
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
1 99
taken out, by the scar or hollow in the panninterne, as that
covering is always interrupted at the place where the pla-
centarium is connected with the sarcocarp to which it is
always united.
Ribs of the placent avium.
Collected, Nervi colli gati Collected into a single mass
by cellular tissue. Lilium, Rhododendfum, Silene.
Distinct, distinctly Forming separate cords. Portulaca.
Intervalvular, intervalves. Placed in the sutures between
the valves. Cruciferae.
Axile, circumaxiles. Surrounding a central axis which
separates when the fruit splits open. Epilobium, (E no-
th era.
Umbilical Cord.
Funiculus, Funiculus umbilicalis, Podospermium. A
vascular cord , that fastens the seeds to the pericarpium.
Threadlike, Funiculus filiformis. Cheiranthus, Alyssum
campestre, Ribes spinosum glabi urn, Cassia Fistula.
Hooked, uncinatus. Acanthus, Ruellia, Justicia, Bar-
leria.
Pappus-like, pappiformis . Formed of silky threads
united into a pappus. Asclepias Syriaca, A. nigra. PL 17,
fig. 12.
Cells.
Loculi, Loculamenta, Thecae. The hollow spaces in the
pericarpium formed by the doubling of the panninterne.
CogUE.
Coccum. A cell that opens elastically by a membra-
naceous spring , placed at the bottom. Euphorbiacese.
Retinacles.
Retinaculae. Crooked points growing from the placenta -
rium, close to the seeds , b\it not serving to support them.
Acanthaceae. PL 16, fig. 21.
Pannexterne.
Pannexterna, Epicarpium. The external skin of the
epicarpium.
Panninterne.
Panninterna, Endocarpium. The internal skin of the
which in celled fruits forms the partitions by its
pericarpium ,
doublings.
200
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Flesh.
Caro, Sarcocarpium. The more or less fleshy substance
which in some fruits is placed between the pannexterne and
panninterne , and is always intimately connected with the
placentae him.
Pulp.
Pulpa. The soft and half-liquid substance , found in the
cells of some fruit s, surrounding the seeds .
Induvle.
Induviae fiorales, Folliculus. Those parts of the flower
that remain after fecundation, and accompany the fruit,
Calycine, Induviae calycince . Arising from the calyx.
Labiates, Rosa.
Perigonal, perianthiance , perigonales. Arising from the
perigonium. Basella, Salsola tragus.
Glumellar, glumelleance . iirising from glumes. Oryza.
5T Free, liber ce. Not united to the fruit. Labiatae,
Rosae.
Adherent, adherentes . United with the fruit. Basella.
Induviated fruits always proceed from a single flower,
whose ovary or ovaries did not adhere to the calyx; and
are thus distinguished from covered or angiocarpic fruits.
SEED.
Grain, Corn, Vegetable egg, Semen, Granum, Ovum,
— spermum. The fecundated rudiment of a new plant con-
tained in the fruit.
]. Situation in the fruit.
Upright, Semen erectum. The hile being placed directly
above the placentarium, is the lowest part of the seed in
the pericarpial cavity. Ranunculus, Berberis.
Rising, ascendens. The hile being on a level with the
placentarium, or nearly so, is situated a little above the
lowest part of the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Mai us,
Mespilus.
Reversed, hanging, resupinalum , pendens , pendulum. The
hile being below the placentarium, is the highest part of
the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Fraxinus, Asclepias,
Umbeili ferae, Myriophyilum. PI. 13, fig. 24.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
201
Hanging, pendens , pendulum. Attached to the sides of
the pericarp by its funicular cord only. Ceratophyllum
cornutum.
Appendent by the end, appendens ah exlremilate. The
hile being on a level with the placentarium, or nearly so,
is placed below but near the uppermost part of the seed.
Prunus, Amygdalus. PL 15, fig. 1.
Appendent by the middle, appendens a medio. The hile
being on a level with the placentarium, or nearly so, is
placed in the middle of the side. Quassia Simarouba.
Shieldlike, peltatum. Hanging by the middle, which is
connected by a large surface to the placentarium. Ruta,
Plantago stricta.
Falling, cadens. The hile being opposite to the upper
part of the pericarpial cavity, and the placentarium seated
in the lower part, the umbilical cord is forced to elongate
itself to reach the level of the hile, and to pass over one of
the sides of the seeds. Plumbagineae. PI. 13, fig. 17.
Horizontal, horizontale. The seed being flat, or long,
is fastened to the placentarium b}^ its edge, or one of its
ends, in a plane parallel to the base of the fruit. Lilium,
Cucumis prophetarum. PI. 15, fig. 21.
Nestling, scattered, Semina nidulantia , vaga. Placed
without any order, like eggs in a nest. Nymphasa.
Spread, perfusa. Spread over the whole surface, either
of the valves, Butomus, Gentiana; or of the partitions,
Plantaginese, Papaver.
In rows, serialia. Disposed in rows. Tulipa, Lilium,
Polemonium.
Tiled-like, imhricata. Asclepias, Cobea scandens.
Enchased, placentario semi-inelusa. Fixed single in the
pits of an alveolar placentarium. Primulaceae.
Footstalked, Semen funiculatum. Fastened by an um-
bilical cord. Plumbagineae, Magnolia.
Sessile, sessile. Attached to the placentarium without
any umbilical cord. Plantagineae, Primulaceae.
.If Naked, nudum. The seed expanding after fecunda-
tion, and not the ovary, the latter is ruptured and the seed
protrudes, Leontice; or the pericarpium opening, the seed
h exserted and hangs by its umbilical cord. Magnolia.
202
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
2. Form.
Globular, Semen sphcericnm , globosum. Brassica, Sinapis,
Pisum sativum, Vicia sepium.
Globulous, globulosum. Globular, and also small.
Nearly globular, subglobosum.
Roundish, tubrotundum. Asparagus officinalis, AEsculus
Hippocastanum, Yicia lutea.
Cubical, cubicum. Vicia latbyroides.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Once and a half, or twice as
long as broad, equally round at each end, and swelled in-
sensibly in the middle. Quercus longseva.
Egglike, ovoidemn. Once and a half, or twice as long
as broad, round at each end, the one end sharper than the
other. Nymphsea, Ribes spinosum glabrum, Aconitum,
Cocos nucifera.
Tearlike, lachrymceforme. The small end sharper than
in the egglike, and frequently compressed. Pyrus, Malus,
Amygdalus, Linum.
Elliptic, ellipticum. Sisymbrium latifolium, Isatis tinc-
toria.
Oblong, oblongum . At least twice and a half as long as
broad, and rounded at each end. Phoenix dactylifera,
Lonicera Zeylanica.
Topshape, turbinatum . Conical with a round base; the
cone at least once and a half as high as broad. Bixa.
Straight, rectilineum , rectum. Chserophyllum aromati-
cum, Hieracium glaucum.
Kidneyshape, reniforme. Papaver somniferum, Acer
majus, Many malvacese, Silene, Phaseolus.
Bent, curved, arouatum , curvatum. Slightly bent. Ero-
teum undulatum, Tournefortia mutabilis.
Much bent, recurvum , recurvatum. Bent so that the two
ends nearly meet. Potamogeton.
Folded, replicatum. Folded in two, so that the two
halves are close together, and even united. Alisma major,
Damasonium Dalechampii, Sagittaria.
Compressed, compressurn. Broader than thick. Fraxi-
nus, Vicia vulgaris, Cucurbita esculenta.
Orbicular, orbiculare. The edge circular. Carex di-
vulsa, Ervurn lens.
Lentilsh ape, lenticular e, rotunda to-compressum. Convex
on both sides, with a sharp edge. Carex muricata, Ama-
ranth us minor.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
*203
Discoid, discoideum. Thick, with two flat parallel faces,
and a bluntly rounded edge. Dioscorea, Strychnos Nux-
vomica.
Flat, planum. Lilium, Tulipa.
Angular, angulosum. Having prominent corners upon
its surface. Trasus sylvaticus, Cepa esculenta, Rumex,
Fagopyrum esculentum, Primula.
Three-cornered, trigonum , triquetrum. Rumex, Rheum,
Fagus sylvestris.
Four-cornered, tetragonum9 &c.
Sawdust-like, scobiforme, Fine, long, like sawdust.
Orchidese, Rhododendron.
Grooved, canaliculatum. Hollowed out into a gutter
lengthways. Phaenix dactylifera.
3. Surface .
Bald, Semen glabrum. Asparagus officinalis, Nymphsea,
Brassica, iEsculus Hippocastanum.
Smooth, Iceve. Nymphaea, iEsculus Hippocastanum.
Polished, Icevigatum. Geranium Robertianum, G. molle,
Melampyrum arvense.
Shining, nitidum9 lucidum. Polygonum aviculare, Ama-
ranthus minor, Nymphaea, Linum usitatissimum, Spartium
scoparium, iEsculus Hippocastanum.
Streaked, striatum. Lysimachia stellata.
Furrowed, sulcatum. Digitalis speciosa, Viburnum fa-
rinosum.
Networked, reliculatum. Geranium rotundifolium, G.
dissect um, G. columbinum.
Wrinkled, rugosum . Damasonium Dalechampii, Aco-
nitum, Cymbalaria hederacea, Elatine hastata.
Pitted, scrobiculatum. With irregular pits. Arum Xta-
licum, Datisca cannabina.
Honeycombed, alveolatum^faveolatum. With pits, placed
regularly. Antirrhinum, Papaver.
Rough, scabrum. Ruta graveolens, Primula veris.
Dotted, punctatum. Covered either with rising points,
Cyclamen vernum, Anagallis Phoenicia, Geranium colum-
binum; or with coloured dots, Clausena.
Tubercular, tuberculatum. With elevated lumps. Vicia
lathyroides.
Warty, carunculatum . With spongy or pulpy excre-
scences. Chelidonium majus, Ricinus.
204*
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Furnished with an operculum, vperculatum. Having
an operculum, or embryo-cover, placed over the radicular
extremity of the embryon, and falling oft1 when the seed
germinates. Phoenix dactylifera, Asparagus officinalis.
Villous, villosum. Roellia cristata, Murraya exotica.
Woolly, lanatum . Bombax, Gossypium.
Edged, marginatum. With a prominent narrow edge.
Spergula pentandra, Matthiola sinuata.
Fringed, ciliaium. Edged, and the edge cut into fine
jags like eyelashes. Limnanthes peltata.
Winged, aldtum. Furnished with large thin expansions
of the edges or corners.
One-winged, uni-alatum. , monopterum .
Winged all round, peripteratim. Surrounded by the
wing. Veratrum album, Rhinanthus glaber.
Winged at top, epipteratum. Banksia, Bignonia.
Two-winged, bi-alatum , dipterum.
Three-winged, tri-alatum , triptemm . Moringa, Ptero-
spermum.
Tufted, comatum. With a tuft of hairs or coma, pro-
duced either by an expansion of the seed-covers, Tamarix;
or by the umbilical cord drying, and splitting into fine
filaments, Asclepias, Epilobium.
Bald-headed, calvum. Without any tuft. Vinca.
Drupelike, drupeolatum.. Surrounded with pulp and
like a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Granatus.
Arilled, arillatum. Having an arill. Myristica, Oxalis,
Evonymus.
Parts of the seed .
Seed covers, Integumenla propria seminum , Tunicas, semi -
nales. The covers that grow along with the ovule, and are
not very distinct until the ovary is ripened into a pericarp :
they comprise the arill, the outer and the inner skin.
The kernel, Amygdala. The seed stripped of its covers,
being either a simple embryo, or an embryo accompanied
with a perisperm.
Arill.
Arillus, Calyptra. An appendage to the hile , usually
forming an expansion round the seed, which falls off of itself
and is peculiar to a few seeds only .
Complete, Arillus complelus. Covering the seed entirely.
Oxalis.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
205
Incomplete, incompletus. Covering the seed only par-
tially. Evonymus verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens.
% Cuplike, cupular is. In form of a hollow cup. Evo-
nymus verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens.
Caruncular, strophiolate, caruncularis , slrophiolatas .
Formed of one or more caruncles. Polygala vulgaris.
Parted, partitus. Divided into several broad parts.
Three-parted, tripartitus. Polygala vulgaris.
Many-parted, inultipartitus. Myristica.
Jagged, laciniatus. Divided into narrow strips. Rave-
nala.
Pulpy, pulposus. Texture cellular, very fine, full of
juice. Bocconia frutescens.
Fleshy, carnosus. Texture thick, juicy, but firm. My-
ristica.
Elastic, elasticus. Extending as the seed enlarges, to
a certain length, then tearing open, and retracting, in con-
sequence of its tenacity. Oxalis.
Tearing, ruptilis. Tearing irregularly when the seed
enlarges. Meliacese.
Pellicle.
Pellicula, Epidermis. A very thin arill which hears the
hairs that accompany some seeds. Bombax, Gossypium.
Tuft.
Coma. A small tuft of hairs growing at one end of some
needs. Asclepias, Epilobium, Tamarix.
Skins of the Seed.
Spermoderme, Spermodermis, Perispermum, Episper-
mum. The coats of seeds in general , surrounding and co-
vering their kernel , including the outer and inner skin , and
the flesh of the seed.
Outer Skin.
Shell, Testa, Lorica. The smooth , scalelike , external
covering of the kernel , which , notwithstanding its appearance ,
easily imbibes moisture . PL 15, fig. 22 a.
Crustaceous, Lorica Crustacea. Thin, dry, brittle like a
snail-shell. Papaver orientale, Ricinus.
Bony, ossea , lapidea. Dry, solid, thick, and resembling
a bony or stony substance in its appearance. Nymph sea
alba, Nuphar luteum.
£06
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Leatherlike, eoriacea. Camellia Japonica, Hura cre-
pitans.
Fungous, corklike, fungosa , suberosa . Tulipa, Lilium,
Iris.
Pulpy, pulposa. Juicy externally, giving the seed the
appearance of a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Gra-
natus, Magnolia.
Bladdery, vesicularis. Membranaceous, and much larger
than the parts they cover. Philadelphus coronarius.
„ Flesh of the Seed.
Sarcodermis. A parenchymatous substance , placed between
the outer and inner skin of the seed, frequent ly scarcely visible,
but sometimes very apparent . Iris faetidissima.
Inner Skin.
Tegmen, Endopleura, Tunica interior, Xntegumentum,
Hiloferus. A thin pellicle placed next the kernel , scarcely
separable from the flesh of the seed, and which, notwithstand-
ing its appearance, is not permeable to moisture . PL 15,
fig. 2£ b.
Membranaceous, Tegmen membranaceum. Nymph ma
alba, Amygdalus, Cerasus, Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvatica.
Paperlike, chartaceum. Dry, smooth, flexible, tough
like a card or parchment. Pyrus communis.
Leatherlike, coriaceum . Cocos nucifera.
Crustaceous, crustaceum. Areca Faufel.
. Cobweblike, arachnoideum. Ixia Chinensis.
Partition-bearing, septiferum . Expanding internally in
the form of incomplete partitions, that divide the kernel
into several lobes. Castanea vesca, Juglans regia.
Gummy, gummatum. Covered with a gummy substance.
Pyrus Cydonia.
"Distinct, a loricd distinctum. Separable from the outer
skin, without any tearing. Nymphaea, Hydrocharideae.
Coherent, loricce cohmrens. Not separable from the outer
skin without tearing. Citrus, Murraya.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
207
Hile.
Eye of the seed, Base of the seed, Hilum, Hylus, Umbi-
licus, Cicatricula, Fenestra. A scar upon the surface of the
outer skin of the seed , which shows the point by which the
umbilical cord fastened the seed to the mother-plant .
The hile is frequently placed in the middle of a spot*
hollow, or elevation, and in describing plants ihis spot, &c.
is included in the signification of the word hile.
Dot like, Hilum punctiforme. Cruciferae.
Linear, linear e . Long, narrow, with the sides parallel,,
Faba.
Line-like, lineolare. Resembling a plain stroke. Com-
melina communis.
Orbicular, orbicular e. JEsculus.
Elliptic, ellipticum . Phaseolus.
Heartshape, cordiforme. Areca, Cardiospermum.
Convex, convexum . iEsculus.
Concave, concavum. Cyclamen vernum.
Strophiolate, strophiolatum . Composed of a row or rows
of tubercles. Polygaleae.
Comose, comosum. Woolly, Polygaleae.
Ambiguous, ambiguum. Corresponding at the same time
to the two ends of a bent or folded seed.
Omphauode.
Omphalodium. A protuberant point , usually placed in
the middle of the cicatrix , where the nutrimental vessels en-
tered the seed .
Foramen.
Micropyla. A point near the hile , which appears to be
the place where the fecundating vessels entered the seed .
Spile.
Spilus. A small spot under the first cover of the fruit of
the graminece at the 'internal base , which appears to be the
real umbilicus or point where the vessels of the pericarpium
enter the spermoderme , which is closely united with the peri-
carp.
Prostype.
Prostypum, Prostypum funiculare. A slight elevation
on the surface of the seed-covers , formed by the internal
elongation of the vessels of the umbilical cord.
208
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Raphe.
Rapha. The prominent rib of the proslype that passes
from the hile to the chalaze.
Straight, Rapha rectilinea , recta. Labia he.
Winding, sinuosa. Passing along in a serpentine line.
Cookia.
% Simple, simplex. Passing in a single uniform line,
without any ramifications. Labiatae, Most aurantiaceae.
Branched, racemosa. Throwing out branches, on each
side, which usually anastomose, and form a network.
Amygdala.
Chalaze.
Chalaza, Umbilicus internus. A mark on the inner skin ,
showing where the umbilical cord pierces it : this point is
usually directly under the hile , but sometimes at a distance ,
and connected with it by the raphe.
Tubercular, Chalaza tuberculosa. Swelled out in bunches.
Labiates.
Cuplike, cupularis. Dilated within the flesh of the seed
into the form of a cup, or such like vessel. Most auran-
tiaceae, especially Citrus Medica, Cookia punctata.
f Coloured, colorata. Of a different colour than that of
the skin. Citrus Medica.
Not coloured, incolor . Phaseolus.
Kernel.
Nucleus, Amygdala. The internal part of the seed , con**
tamed within the skins , and composed of an embryo either
alone , or accompanied with a perisperm.
Coated, Arnygdala tunicata. Covered with skins very
distinct from the inside of the ovary. Polygonum, GEno-
thera.
Tegmined, tegminatci. Covered with a tegmen. Scirpus,
Heisteria coccinea.
Loricated, loricata. Covered wfith a lorica. Eroteum
wndulatum, (Enothera.
Naked, nuda , sine tunica. Naked within the sides of the
ovary. Abietideae, Cupressideae, Taxideae.
Free, libera. The surface not adhering to the covers
which envelope it. Amygdaius, Phaseolus, Faba.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
209
Adherent, adhcerens. Adhering to its covers. Gramineae,
Urn bell iferae. — This only takes place when there is a peri-
sperm, and in this case the true place of the hile, and con-
sequently the base of the seed, is frequently very difficult to
be ascertained.
If Single, unica. Only one kernel in a seed. Most
plants.
Double, duplex. Two in each seed. Eriolithus.
Perispermed, perispermata , perispermica , albummosa.J
endospermica. Having a perisperm. Cyperaceae, Gramineae,
Rubiaceae, Umbelliferae.
Not-perispermed, aperispermata, exallmminosa , episperm -
ica, epiperispermica. Without a perisperm. Alismaceae,
Compositae, Faba, Phaseolus.
Tuberous, tuberosa. Composed of an uniform mass, with
several germinating points. Aroideae, Calladium.
Perisperm.
Perispermum, Albumen, Endospermum, Secundinae in-
ternae, Medulla seminis. Cellular tissue accompanying the
embryo in the kernel , but scarcely ever adhering to it , and
having no vascular organization ; furnishing , during germi-
nation, the first nourishment to the young plant. PI. 18,
fig. 20 e; 22.
Central, Perispermum centrale. Forming a mass in the
centre of the kernel, and surrounded by the embryo. Cus-
cuta Europaea, Silene, Nyctagineae.
Circumferential, periphcericum. Surrounding the em-
bryo, and concealing it. Abietideae, Cupressideae.
One-sided, unilaterale. Placed on one side, and the em-
bryo on the other. Gramineae.
If Dry, siccum , aridum. Gramineae.
Mealy, farinosum. Dry, and reducible by trituration
into a fine, soft powder. Triticum, Avena, Secale.
Friable, friabile. Dry, and crumbling by a slight rub-
bing, Piper nigrum, Gunnera scabra.
Oily, oleagineum. Greasy to the touch, and yielding oil
by expression. Euphorbiaceae, Nyssa sylvatica.
Mucilaginous, mucilaginosum. Having, while moist, the
consistence of a gummy matter slightly wetted. Convol-
vulus.
Pellicular, membranaceous, pellicular e, membranaceum.
Formed of a thin flake or pellicle. Most labiatae, Prunus,
Amygdalus.
VOL. i. p
210
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Fleshy, carnosum. Euphorbiaceae.
Horny, corneum. Tough, elastic, hard like horn. Palmse,
Aristolochia, Rubiacese.
Leathery, cartilaginous, coriaceum, cartilogineum , dense
carnosum . Tough like leather, or a cartilage. Umbel-
life rae.
Transparent, pellucidum . Oryza saliva.
Opake, opacum. Triticum.
If Lobed, lolatum.
Three-lobed, trilobcitum. Coccoloba, Lon tar us.
Five-lobed, quinquelobnturn. Aquilicia.
Creviced, rimosum . Having more or less deep incisions,
into which folds of the seed-covers are inserted. Uvaria,
Anona.
% Large, magnum. Relatively to the embryo. Grami-
neae, Umbelliferae, Ranunculaceae.
Thick, crassum. Having a notable thickness. Graminese,
Hydrophyllum.
Thin, tenue. Labiatae, Rosaceae, Thymelese.
% White, album. In most plants.
Green, viride . Viscum album.
% Hollow, cavum . Having another internal cavity be-
sides that containing the embryo. Cocos, Myristica.
Wrinkled, corrugatum , contortuplicatum. Folded to-
gether in different senses along with the embryo. Convol-
vulus.
Hile-bearing, hiliferum. Bearing the hile. Abietideae,
Cupressideae, Taxideae.
Chorion.
/I pulpy liquor which appears to form the whole substance of
the kernel before its fecundation , and disappears before its
maturity.
Amnios.
A transparent gelatinous or emulsive liquor that is not to be
seen before fecundation , in which the embryo swims , and
which appears to serve for its nourishment; the concrete re-
siduum forming the perisperm. Cocoa.
Naked, Amnios nudum.
Enclosed, inclusum. Enclosed in a sac.
Embryo.
Proper seed, Heart of the seed, Corculum, Cor seminis.
The rudiment of the new plant . PI. 15, fig. 22 d; pi. 18,
fig. 20 f ; 22 a.
/
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
211
Not cotyledonic, Emlrio acotyledoneus . Without any
cotyledons, and of course consisting only of a blasteme.
Cuscuta, Confervse.
One-cotyledon, monocoty ledoneus . With only one coty-
ledon. Gramineae, Liliaceae, Cyclamen Europseus, Zani-
chellia.
Two-cotyledon, dicoty ledoneus. With two cotyledons.
Labiatas, Composite, Umbelliferae, Cruciferae, Rosaceae,
Leguminosae.
Many-cotyledon, poly coty ledoneus. With more than two
cotyledons. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Cedrus, Ceratophyllum.
If Spherical, globular, sphcericus, glohulosns.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoideus. Quercus longaeva.
Egglike, ovoideus. Juncus, Corylus, Nelumbo.
Conical, conicus. In form of a sugar-loaf. Epilobium
hirsutum.
Topshaped, turbinatus . Nymphaea alba, Scirpus sylva-
ticus.
Threadlike, filiformis. Slender and cylindrical like a
thread. Typha, Allium, Atriplex, Oamasonium Dale-
champii.
Spindleshape, fusiformis. Long, and growing narrower
at each end. Triglochin palustre.
Clubshape, claviformis. Hyacinth us nutans.
Mushroom sh ape, fungifor m is. Having a hemispherical
broad head placed upon a cylindrical stem. Musa sapie il-
ium, M. coccinea.
Hear tsli ape, cordiformis, Azarum, Aristolochia, Gun-
nera.
Saucerlike, patelliformis. Flagellaria Indica.
Bucklershape, scutelliformis. Broad, more or less round,
Riders but little from the preceding. Holcus.
Cylindrical, cylindricus. Antirrhinum.
Sheavelike, trochlearis . Cylindrical, very short, narrower
in the middle, like the sheave of a pulley. Commelina
communis.
Lenticular, lenticularis. Erviirn lens.
% Straight, rectilineus , rectus. Neither bent, nor twisted.
Abietidese, Cupressidese, Taxideae, Aroideae.
Bent, arcuatus , curvatus. Vaccinium montanum. Galium
uncinatum, Papaver.
Bent back, re cur mis, recurvaius. Bent so that the tip of
the cotyledons either touches the radicle, or approaches
very close to it. Nyctaginese, Morus.
p 2
212
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Knee-bent, geniculatus. Folded so as to form an angle.
Guettarda speciosa.
Folded, replicatus , condupLicaius. Folded in two, and
the folds brought close together. Alisma, Sagittaria, Da-
masonium.
Ringlike, annularis . Slender, long, bent so that the
cotyledon end touches the radicular. Salsola, Silene.
Pill-like, in orbem contractus. Bent so as to form a ball.
Sinapis alba.
Spiral, spiralis , cochleatus. Bent in a spiral. Salsola
tragus, Cuscuta Europaea. PI. 13, fig. 14*.
Crooked, Jlexuosus. Bent in different directions. An-,
guillaria Bahamensis.
f Enclosed, reclusus, inclusus . Shut up in the perisperm.
Anagallis phoenicia, Campanula, Galium.
Axile, axilis. Slender, surrounded with a perisperm,
and placed in a straight line from one point to that dia-
metrically opposite. Typha, Plantagineae, Fraxinus, Cam-
panula, Berberis, Saxifragese.
Medial, medians. Spread out broad, placed in the
middle of the perisperm, and dividing it into two nearly
equal parts. Cassia Fistula, Ricinus, Plura crepitans.
Central, centralis. In the centre of the perisperm.
Taxus baccata. PI. 13, fig. 22.
Excentric, excentricus. Enclosed in the perisperm, but
not placed in the centre. Cyclamen.
External, exterior . On the surface of the perisperm.
Scirpus, Gramineae, Nymphaea.
Peripheric, periphcericus, albumine circumpositus. Ex-
ternal, and surrounding the greater part of the perisperm.
Mirabilis, Silene. Very rare.
Nearly peripheric, siibperiphcericus. The perisperm that
forms the central part of the kernel throws out the embryo,
which spreads in a very thin flake over its surface. Atri~
plices, Amaranthideae.
Crosswise, transversus . Long, and nearly parallel to
the hile. Asparagus officinalis, Plantagineae, Cyclamen
Europseiun, Primulacese, Polemonium, Many boraginese.
Oblique, obliquus. One end further from the axis of the
seed than the other. Gramineae.
On the side, lateralis. Thrust on one side. Gramineae,
Polygonum scandens, Cyclamen.
At the base, basilaris. Placed entirely at the bottom of
the seed near the hile. Cyperaceae, Juncus, Asarum,
Aristolochia, Pedicular is, Umbelliferae, Papaver, Aconi-
tuin, Ranunculus.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
213
At the tip, apicilaris. Placed opposite the hile. Col-
chicum.
Vague, vagus. Placed in the perisperm, but neither at
the bottom, top, or side of the seed.
Nestling, nidulatus. Placed in a sac formed by a fold of
the inner skin of the seed. Commelina.
f White, albus, lacteus. Most embryos.
Yellowish, lutescens. Ribes spinosum glabrum.
Green, viridis. Acer majus, Pistachia Terebinth us.
Leadcolour, plumbeus. iEchinops.
Purplish, purpureus . Bidens and Zinnia when the seeds
are fresh.
If Large-footed, macropodius . The radicle very large,
and bulging out like a head.
Large-headed, macrocephalus . The cotyledons swelled
out into a mass much larger than the other part.
Roots within, endorhizus. Radicles growing from the
base of the embryo and piercing the covers.
Roots without, exorhizus. Radicles completely developed
in the embryo, and only lengthening in germination.
Roots united, synorhizus. Radicle united in some degree
with the perisperm.
Cotyledons.
Cotyledones, Lobi, Valvae seminum. The part of the
kernel that forms the first leaves of the plant during germi-
nation. PL 14, fig. 12; pi. 15, fig. 19, 22 c; pi. 16, fig. 13.
In one-cotyledon embryos, the cotyledon forming nearly
the whole mass of the embryo, the external characters are
common both to the embryo and the cotyledon, and it is
indifferent whether it be said that the embryo or the coty-
ledon of holcus is bucklershape ; but in other embryos,
the cotyledons are in general ver^ distinct.
Fleshy, Cotyledones carnosa. Thick, juicy, firm, and
breakable. Corylus, Faba, Amygdalus communis, A.
Persica.
Leaflike, foliacece. Thin, and frequently ribbed like
leaves. Nyctagineae, Tilia, Cassia Fistula, Euphorbiacese.
PL 14, fig. 12.
If Dotted, punctata . Surfaces with either transparent
points, Aurantiacese ; or coloured ones. Anagallis when
germinating.
Ribbed, nervata. Surface ribbed. Tilia, Mirabilis Jalapa.
Ribless, enerves. Faba.
214
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
IT Large, magn(£. Relatively to the radicle. Amygdaltis*
Faba, Quercus, Castanea vesca.
Middlesize, mediocres. Polygonum, Galium, Pinus.
Small, parses. Orontium majus, Polemonium.
Very small, parvules. Rhododendron.
Long, longce. Salsola.
Short, hr eves. Hopea.
Shortened, abbreviates. Short, but broad.
Broad, lates. In respect to their length. Avicennia,
Narrow, angustes. Salsola, Hieracium, Pinus.
Thick, crosses. iEsculus, Amygdalus, Phaseolus, Qucr-
cus, Castanea vesca.
Side, laterales. On one side of the blasteme, which
position is peculiar to the one-cotyledon embryos. Gra-
mineae.
Opposite, opposites. Placed at the same height on the
blasteme, but diametrically opposite, as in two-cotyledon
embryos. Phaseolus, Faba, Pisurn.
In -whirls, verticiUates. Many, and placed round the
blasteme at the same height. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Cera-
tophyllum.
Contiguous, contigucs. Their internal faces closely ap-
plied to each other. Most two-cotyledon plants, Rosacese,
Leguminosae.
Incumbent, incumbentes. Contiguous and lying upon
one another, the one towards the summit of the seed, the
other towards the hile. Hesperis, Smyrnium.
Accumbent, accumhentes. Contiguous, and lying side by
side. Nasturtium, Cardamine.
Wide apart, divergences. Separating from one another
by their tips. Delphinium puniceum, Myristica.
Turned back, reflexes. Bent, and turning their tip to
the tip of the radicle, Nyctagyneae, Dorstenia; and that
either by their faces, a faciebus , Mirabilis Jalapa ; or by
their side, a lateribus , Genista Hispanica, Cheiranthus,,
IJLelianthemum.
Rolled lengthways, circulates. Forming a spiral by their
tip being rolled inwards to the bottom. Basella, Anabasis.
Roiled sideways, convuh/tes. Forming a spiral by one
of their sides being rolled inwards. Punica Granatum,
PI. 15, %. 19.
Riding, sc invicem equitantes, obvolutce , opposites. The
half of one cotyledon folded sideways receives into the fold
the half of the other folded in a similar manner. Coldenia
procumbens.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
215
Folded together, conduplicatce. Applied close to one
another, and folded togther. Avicenna.
Folded up, plica toe. In regular folds like those of a fan.
Fagus sylvatica.
Rumpled, contortuplicatce , corrugates . Folded irregularly,
in different directions, like a rumpled stuff’. Convolvulus,
Malva, Gossypium.
Joined together, coalites. United after the seed ripened,
and forming only a single mass. Tropaeolum.
Pierced, pertusce. Pierced with large holes. Menisper-
mum fenestratum.
If Rounded, orhiculares , subrotundes. More or less
rounded. Acanthacese, Hura crepitans.
Oval, ovules. Resembling the longitudinal section of an
egg, one end being rounder than the other. Cheiranthus
Cheiri, Amygdalus communis.
Elliptic, ellipticcE. One third longer than broad, edge
rounded, the two ends equal. Quercus longaeva.
Kidneyshape, reniformes . Anacardium orientale.
Heartshape, cordiformes. Ixora, Coffaea, Phyllis Nobla.
Lanceolate, lanceolatcs. Two thirds longer than broad,
and ending in an acute angle.
Linear, linear es. Flat, long, narrow, with the sides
nearly parallel. Hieracium glaucum.
Long, elongates. At least twice and a half as long as
broad. Salsola radiata.
_ Semicylindrical, hemicy lindriccs. Long, with one face
flat and the other convex. Salsola radiata.
Sickleshape, faleates. Long and bent like a reaping-
hook. Ceratospermum, Hypecoum.
% Alike, ' similar es . Equal in size and form. Faba,
Amygdalus, and indeed most cotyledons.
Unlike, dissimiles. Differing from one another. Trapa
natans, Ceratophyllum demersum.
f Lobed, lobates . Cut to the middle, or even deeper.
Juglans, Hernandia.
Two-lobed, bilobates . Brassica oleracea.
Five-lobed, quinquelobatce . Tilia alba.
Feather-cut, pinnatifidee. Long, and divided on the
sides. Geranium moschatum.
Uncut, integree. Having neither teeth, sinuses, nor lobes.
Most cotyledons.
f Footstalked, petiolatce. Narrowed at bottom into a
kind of footstalk. Mirabilis Jalapa when germinating,' *
iEsculus Hippocastanum, Trapaeolum when germinating,
Dorstenia Contrayerva.
ne
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Sessile, sessiles. Without any petiole. Most cotyledons.
Jointed, articulates. Narrowed at bottom, and appearing
as if united to the blasteme by a joint. Mespilus Ger-
manica.
Indistinct, confluentes. Not narrowed at bottom, but
confounded together and with the blasteme. Compositse,
Nelumbo.
If Hypogeous, hypogece. Remaining under ground dur-
ing germination. Gramineae, iEsculus.
Epigeous, epigece. Rising out of the ground during
germination. Abietideas, Faba, Mirabilis.
The other characters of cotyledons are to be sought for
by considering them as leaves.
Primordial Leaves.
Folia primordialia. Those small leaves which , besides the
cotyledons , are sometimes visible in the seed .
PlLEOLE.
Piled a. A primordial leaf, closed , and covering like an
extinguisher, the other leaves of the sprouting seed . Scirpus.
PI. 13, fig. 2 c.
Main Body.
Corpus Cotyledoneum. The cotyledonary mass formed of
cotyledons closely united together.
Synzygia.
The place vjhere two opposite cotyledons are united.
Lobule.
Lobula. That cotyledon of two opposite ones which is
placed farthest from the radicle.
Coleoptile.
Coleophyllum, Coleoptila. A small sheath formed by
the cotyledons , and surrounding the base of the plumule . Alis-
macese, Liliaceae.
Seed Roots.
Radices seminales, Vasa mammaria. The small vessels
proceeding from the plumule into the cotyledons.
1NTKODUCTION TO BOTANY.
217
Blasteme.
Blastema. That part of the embryo that remains when
the cotyledons are taken away .
Lateral, Blastema laterale. The axis on one side relatively
to the mass of the embryo. Gramineae.
Plumule.
Plantule, Plumula. That part of the blasteme that is
destined to rise above ground and form the future plant.
Conspicuous, Plumula visibilis. Visible before germina-
tion, either by the naked eye, Gramineae, iEsculus Hippo-
castanum, Faba, Nelumbo, Ceratophyllum; or by the as-
sistance of glasses. Damasonium Dalechampii, Triglochin
palustre. PI. 13, fig. 1 e.
Inconspicuous, invisibilis , inconspicua. Commelina, Cepa
esculenta, Cyclamen Europaeum.
Coleoptiled, coleoptilata. Enclosed in a coleoptile.
Alismaceae, Liliaceae.
Naked, nuda, acoleoptilata. On the surface of the blas-
teme, without any coleoptile. Gramineae, Faba.
Dotlike, punctiformis. So very small, that it appears
like a dot only. Abies. ,
Tigellated, tigellata. Having a visible tigelle. Faba.
Leaved, foliata. The gemmule so far developed that
small leaves may be seen in it. Faba, Ceratophyllum.
Caulicle.
Cauliculus. That part of the plumule which is seated be-
tween the cotyledons and the radicle .
Radicle.
Rostellum, Radicula. That part of the blasteme that
forms the future root of the plant ; but is generally taken
for all beneath the insertion of the cotyledons.
Visible, Radicula visibilis. Faba.
Invisible, invisibilis. Not to be seen before the seed ger-
minates. Commelina communis.
Coleorhized, coleorhizata. Enclosed in a coleorhize.
Gramineae, Tropaeolum majus.
Naked, nuda. Not enclosed in a coleorhize. Faba,
Phoenix dactylifera.
Hilebearing, hilifera. The kernel being naked, the ra-
dicle receives its vessels immediately from the umbilical
cord. Avicennia.
Prominent, prominens. Prolonged below the insertion
of the cotyledons. Cheiranthus, Genista.
218
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Drawn in, retract a . Hidden by the cotyledons which
are prolonged below their insertion on the blasteme.
Acanthus, Quercus, Cory] us.
If Slender, gracilis . Cheiranthus fruticulosus.
Conical, conica. In form of a reverse cone. Faba, La-
biatae, Cucurbitaceae.
Roundish, subrotunda. Nearly globular. Viscom album,
Berberis, Cassia Fistula.
Eggshape, ovoidea. Ribes, Castanea vesca, Glaucium
luteum.
Clubshape, clavceformis . Rhizophora.
Flatted, depressa. Flattened as from top to bottom.
-ZEgle Marmelos, Thea.
Pointed, acuta. Faba major.
Blunt, obtusa . Cassia Fistula.
Short, brevis. Shorter than the cotyledons. Cassia
Fistula.
Long, longa. Longer than the cotyledons. Abies, Finns,,
Symploca.
5T Straight, rectilinear recta. In the same direction as
the axis of the cotyledons. Abietideae, Compositee.
Bent back, recurvata. Bent, so that it becomes nearer
to the hile. Genista Hispanica.
Bent backwards, regressa. Bent, but with the tip point-
ing from the hile. Cornucopias cucullatum.
Opposite, adversa , olversa , umbilicum spectans. Turned
towards the hile.
Directly opposed, directe adversa. The point of the ra-
dicle turned' towards the hile. Fraxinus, Compositae, Um-
belli ferae, Genista.
Opposed sideways, later aliter adversa. Radicle turning
its side to the hile. Rosaceae, Ricinus.
Inverted, inner sa, aversa. Turned diametrically opposite
to the hile. Polygonum scandens, Acanthus, Ceratophyl-
lum cornutum.
Lateral, lateralis. Turned towards some other point
than the tip or bottom of the seed. Commelina.
Superficial, supcrjicialis. The seed having a perisperm,
the radicle spread on the surface of the kernel. Phoenix
dactyl ifera, Commelina.
IT High, alia, super a. Turned towards the summit
of the fruit. Borragineae, Prunus, Amygdalus, Ricinus,
Abietideae.
Low, demissa. Turned towards the base of the fruit.
Galium, Polemonium, Plantago stricta.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
219'
Centrifugal, centrifuga. Directed horizontally to the
side of the fruit. Kibes, Cucurbitaceae.
Centripetal, centripeta. Directed towards the centre of
the fruit. CEnothera, Citrus.
Coleorhize.
Appendage to the radicle. Coleorhiza. A fleshy sac
enclosing the radicle like a sheath . Gramineae, Cycas?
Nymphaea, Saururus, Piper.
V ITELLUS.
Any part adhering to the embryo , which is neither cotyle-
don, nor plumule , nor radicle , not extending beyond the seed ,
and withering during germination .
O Z>
Bacillus . A fleshy part growing in the seed of hyacin-
thus instead of the cotyledon, from which it does not seem
to differ.
Blastus. That part of an embryo with a large radicle
that enlarges during germination.
Blastophore. That part that supports the blastus. This
is usually the vitellus of Gaertner.
Epiblastus. An anterior appendage to the blastus of
.some gramineae.
Rhiziophysis. Appendages prolonged beyond the extre-
mities of the radicles. Nenuphar.
Tigelle.
Tigella. That part of the plumule which lies between
the collar and the gemmule.
Visible, Tigella visibilis. Apparent before germination.
Trophaeolum, Faba, Nelumbo, Damasonium Dalechampii,
Inconspicuous, mvisibilis. Scarcely developed before the
seed germinates. Allium, Pinus.
Gemmule.
Gemmula. The small bud that is at the end of the
tigelle.
Sessile, Gemmula sessilis. The tigelle being inconspi-
cuous, the gemmule appears as if seated on the collar with-
out any tigelle. Calla iEthiopica.
Pileolated, pileolata. Hidden under a pileole. Gra-
jnineae, Scirpus.
220
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Collar.
Collum, Coarctura, Limes communis, Fundus plants,
Nodus vitalis. The plane interceding between the plumule
and the radicle , which afterwards becomes that between the
root and the stem; or the place where the fibres commence on
the one hand to rise up , and on the other hand to descend .
Ascending, Collum ascendens. Rising out of the ground
in germination, along with the plumule and cotyledons.
Abies, Mirabilis Jalapa, Avicennia.
Descending, descendens . Burying itself deeper in the
ground, during germination, along with the radicle. Da-
rn as onium Dalechampii.
As it is most frequently impossible to distinguish the
collar while in the seed, from the radicle, it is usually com-
prehended under that name.
Plantule.
Plan tula. The embryo when in a state of germination .
Acrospire, Acrospira. The plumule when it first bursts
out of the seed covers.
Seed leaves, Folia seminalia . The cotyledons when ex-
panded by germination, and rising out of the ground.
Such are the different varieties of form to be found in
plants, taken in general ; but a few tribes of them, such as
ferns, mosses, lichens, algae or marine plants, and mush-
rooms, differ so much in their structure, especially in the
organs destined for reproduction, that they require peculiar
terms to describe their parts.
AGAMOUS AND CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.
Cormus , Anabasis , Frons . Every part of an agamous or
cryptogamous plant, except the roots or holdfasts, and the
organs of reproduction.
Sporangium, Perisporium. The part that immediately
contains the seeds or sporae, analogous to the fruit of pha-
nerogamous plants.
Spore, Spora, Sporata, Gongylus, Besimen . The repro-
ductive corpuscles of agamous plants, analogous to the seed
of sexual plants
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
221
Ferns.
Stipes. The stem, or rather leafstalk of a fern, as it is
not alike on every side. PI. 8, fig. 8.
Son. The groups of capsules, usually seated on the back
of the frons or leaf. PL 19, fig. 15.
Involucrum , Indusium , Memhranula , Glandulce squamosa .
A membrane that covers the sori, when young. PI. 19,
fig. 15.
•Capsule, Capsula. The vessel containing the sporae,
usually torn open when ripe by the force of the elastic ring.
PL 19, fig. 15 b, 16 and 17.
Elastic ring, Annulus elasticus , Gyrus , Gyroma . A strong
ligamentous belt surrounding the capsules. PL 19, fig. 16
and 17.
Lycopodiace^e, &c.
Involucrum. The indehiscent envelope of the spori of the
marsileaceae.
Conceptacles, Conceptacula , Nephrosta. The coques that
contain the sori of the lycopodiacese. PL 19, fig, 3, 6, 7
and 11.
Mosses.
Surculus. The stem of a moss.
Perichatium , Perocidium, Perigonium . An involucre
composed of small floral leaves which surround the base of
the organs of reproduction in mosses. PL 20, fig. 7, 11.
Perichaetial leaves, Folia perichetialia. Imbricated, leaf-
like organs surrounding the reproductive organs. PL 20,
fig. 11a.
Paraphyses, Fila succulenta. Fistular hairs divided into
cells, intermixed with the organs of reproduction in the
perichaetia of mosses. Pl. 20, fig. 6 e, lib.
Urn, Capsule, Urna , Theca , Pyxidium , Capsula , Sporan-
gium, Anther a, Aggedula. The fruit of the mosses. Usually
ary, oblong or round, and covered with an operculum,
which separates when ripe by a transverse division. PL 20,
fig. 3,4, 5 g, 9,10, 12, 14,17.
Calpa. The urn of fontinalis.
Pedicell. Seta , Stipes , Pedicellus. The footstalk that
supports the urn. PL 20, fig. 4, 8 a.
Gynocidium. A small enlargement at the base of the
pedicell.
Vaginule, Vaginula. A small membranaceous sheath
that surrounds the bottom of the pedicell.
222
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Apophysis , Stroma. A swelling at the base of the urn.
Polytrichum, Splachnum.
Calyplra. The scarious or membranaceous remains of
the perigonium, which is carried up with the urn when the
pedicell lengthens, and which covers the operculum like
a hood. PL 20, fig. 3.
Operculum . A cover that lies over the orifice of the urn.
PI. 20, fig. 9.
Conjunctorium. The very small operculum of the Andrsea.
Peristome, Peristoma. The edge of the opening into the
urn, which is sometimes naked, sometimes surrounded with
a single or double row of teeth. PL 20, fig. 9, 10, 12, 14-,
15,16.
Memlramtla. The fine membrane that supports the
teeth of the peristome.
Teeth of the peristome, Dentes peristomatis , Blepharce>
— pogon. The small jags that sometimes surround the
peristome. PL 20, fig. 15, 16.
Barhula. The bearded edge of mosses, formed by the
union of the teeth of the peristome. Tortula.
Epiphragme, Epip/iragma. A membrane stretched across
the peristome, which shuts up the urn. Polytrichum.
PL 20, fig. 10.
Fringe, Annulus , Fimbria. An elastic toothed mem-
brane, situated under the operculum.
Sporangidium. The panninterne of the urn. PL 20,
fig. 5.
Columelle, Columella , Sporangidmm. A threadlike pil-
lar in the centre of the urn to which the seeds are attached.
PL 20, fig. 5 c.
Prosphyses. Threads intermixed with the seeds or spores.
Hepatic^e, &c.
Capsule, Capsida , Rwolucrum, Receptaculum. The vessel
containing the seeds or sporae. PL 19, fig. 20, 21, 23.
Fdateres , crinulce. The elastic, membranous, twisted
threads that first attach the sporse to the capsule, and when
ripe, by their elasticity, disperse them. PL 19, fig. 20 e.
Raphida. A kind of bivalve pericarpium containing
sporse. Anthoceros, Targionia.
Globulus. The globular capsule of the jungermanniae.
Colesida. A small membranaceous bag, containing sporse.
Jungermannise, Marchantia.
Origoma. A conceptacle placed on the frond, resembling
a basket. Marchantia. PL 19, fig. 23 b.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
223
Lichens.
Frond, From , Thallus , Receptaculum universale . The
frond or cormus of a lichen, containing sporee or gongyli
dispersed through its substance.
Fibrils, Fibrillce. The rootlike holdfasts.
Cortical substance, Substantia corticalis . The external
substance of the frond.
Medullary substance, Substantia medullaris. The internal
substance of the frond, when it can be distinguished.
Podetium. An elevation of the thallus raising up the
apothecia.
Podicellum. A very small, short podetium.
A pothecium ^Thalamus , Receptaculum par tiale. The par-
tial receptacle of the gongyles either sessile or raised upon
a podetium, that are placed on the frond.
Apothecia vera , Organa foe mina. The apothecia that are
more constant in their appearance, and of which only one
kind are found in the same individual.
Apothecia spuria , Apothecia accessorial Organa mascula .
The apothecia less constant, and of which several kinds are
sometimes found on the same plant, including cephalodia,
cyphellse, pulvinuli, and perhaps soredia.
Scutellce . Orbicular sessiie apothecia surrounded by an
edge similar to the thallus. Parmelia.
Patellulce. Orbicular sessile apothecia, with a border
not similar to the thallus. Lecidea.
Lirellce. Sessile, linear, winding apothecia, opening by
a longitudinal slit. Opegrapha.
Pilidia. Orbicular, hemispherical apothecia, whose sur-
face resolves into a powder. Calycium.
Orbillce. Apothecia placed on podetia, enlarged into a
disk, fringed or radiated on the edge. Usnea.
Peltce. Rather leatherlike apothecia, on the edge of the
thallus, without any edge, or a very narrow one, and co-
vered at first with a thin, gelatinous membrane. Physcia.
Tricee , Gyromata . Orbicular, sessile apothecia, with
rising folds in a spiral form, opening longitudinally, and
emitting capsules, or elytrae, containing eight spores each.
Mammula. Apothecia which are sessile, but are more
convex than the scutellae or patellulae, and have neither
edge or border. Coniocarpon.
Tuberculee. Spherical apothecia, which ' contain within
them agglomerated globular spores. Verrucaria.
224*
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
Cistalce. Globular apothecia, at first closed, and filled
with spores adhering to filaments, afterwards splitting ir-
regularly. Sphaerophorus.
Cephalodia. Apothecia like the patellulae, but with
scarcely any edge, and the disk more convex. Stereo-
caulon.
Globules, Globules . Globular apothecia, falling off and
leaving a hollow wherein it was inserted. Isidium.
Orbiculus. Flat orbicular apothecia, placed in the pe»
ridium of the nidularia.
Stroma. Irregular apothecia in which the sporae are
immersed. Sphaeria.
Spherules, Sphcerulce . Globular receptacles, opening at
top, and emitting the spbrse, mixed with a gelatinous pulp.
Cyphellce. Tubercles on the lower surface of the thallus,
from the cortical substance, and usually white or pale.
Sticta.
Pulvinulu Branched tubercles, or shapeless masses co-
hering together, and appearing like little shrubs or globes
formed from the cortical substance of the thallus : they are
usually black or dark green. Parmelia.
Soredia. Whitish powder collected in small heaps, com-
posed apparently of unattached gongyli. Ramalina, Alec-
toria.
Nucleus proligerus , Lamina proligera. A cartilaginous
disk, distinct from the substance of the thallus, scarcely
ever split, but coming out whole from the apothecia, or
sometimes dissolving into a gelatinous substance, contain-
ing sporae or gongyli.
Perithecium. The visible cartilaginous or transparent
skin containing the nucleus proligerus. Verrucaria. — It is
probably present in all apothecia, but in many cannot be
seen.
Thalamia. Apothecia which consist of a nucleus proli-
gerus contained in a perithecium. Yariolaria.
Gongyles, Go?igylce, Propagines , Propagacula, Spores ,
Semina . Opake, globular corpuscles, sometimes nestling
on the surface ; still more frequent in the substance, parti-
cularly the cortical, of the thallus ; and constantly present,
very copiously in the apothecia.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
225
Mushrooms.
Stem, Stipes. The round footstalk that supports the
cap of pileiferous mushrooms. Agaricus.
Cap, P ileus. An expansion of the stem, usually hemi-
spherical or conical. Agaricus.
Volva. A membranaceous envelope surrounding the
whole mushroom while quite young, or in the egg-state.
Agaricus.
Collar, Annulus. A membranaceous envelope covering
the cap while the plant is young, afterwards ruptured and
remaining round the stipes like a collar, either fixed.
Boletus annulatus ; or moveable, Agaricus procerus.
Curtain, Cortina. A kind of thready collar, or network,
which, after the rupture of it by the growth of the plant,
remains attached to the edge of the cap. Agaricus aranfr-
osus, Agarici cortinarii.
Hymenium , Memhrana fnictificans. The part of the pi-
leus that contains the sporae or gongyles.
Gills, Lamellae , Vence. Thin expansions of the hyme-
nium, either single, in pairs, or other determined number;
sometimes distinct, sometimes anastomosing together.
Agaricus, Merulius,
Tubes, Tnbi. Tubular expansions of the hymenium.
Boletus, Poria.
Capsule, Peridium , Involucrum. A dry, membranaceous
hollow vessel, filled with sporae or gongyles. Lycoperdon.
Perithecium. A hard, hollow receptacle, containing a
gelatinous substance filled with thecae.
Capellitium. Hairlike fibres, or elateres interwoven
with sporae into a globular or oval form, and contained in
a peridium.
Slime, Latex. A mucilaginous liquid containing the
sporae floating in it. Phallus, Clathrus.
Vesicles, Vesicular. Collections of sporae united together.
Sporidia. • Conceptacles containing sporae. Puccinia.
Flocci . Tubular threads intermixed with the sporae.
Cisli. Very small round conceptacles containing sporae,
borne upon small footstalks. Mucor.
Cislophori. The footstalks that support the cisti. Mucor.
Seeds, Sporce , Spondee. The reproductive corpuscles of
mushrooms.
vol. r.
9
226
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
APPENDAGES.
Appendices, Appendicula. Small accessory parts of
plants added to other organs . The following have had
special names given to them.
f Wing, Ala . A membranous or leaflike appendage.
Ear, Auricula . A short, roundish appendage, placed on
the side of any part.
Tail, Cauda , — ura . A long, soft, flexible appendage,
placed at the end of any part, like the tail of an animal.
Wart, Verruca. A small, roundish protuberance, rather
soft and compact.
Nipple, Papilla. A small, long, soft, compact protu-
berance.
Papule, Papula . A roundish, soft protuberance, con-
taining a fluid.
Lens, Lenticula . A roundish or oblong spot on the
smooth bark of young trees.
Pit, Fovea. A slight depression.
Fleeciness, Villosity, Villus. Numerous soft hairs,
placed close together.
Down, Pubes. Soft hairs, not very close to one another.
Rough coat. Hirsuties. Numerous long hairs.
Wool, Wooliness, Lana, Lanugo, — erion . Long, soft
hairs, much interwoven together.
Cotton, T omentum. Long, crisp hairs, much inter-
woven.
Velvet, Velumen. Very close, soft, short, even-topped
hairs.
Fringe, Ciliurn. Rather stiff hairs, placed on the edge
of any part.
Beard, Barba , — - pogon . Hairs disposed in a tuft, or in
any regular order.
Awn, Arista , — athera. A stiff hair, or threadlike point
inserted at the end, or on the back of any part, and not
arising from the lengthening out of any rib.
Bristle, Seta , — cficeta . A stiff hair, usually attached to
the end of any part, and appearing to be the prolongation
of a rib.
Crine, Crinus. Stiff’ hair, like that of horses’ tails, grow-
ing on any part.
Apicule, Apiculus . A hair, or hairlike point, not very
stiff, but acute and short, placed at the end of any part.
Cusp, Cuspis . A long, needlike, rather stiff termination
of any part.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
227
Mucro. A stiffj straight terminal point to any part.
Hook, Hamits , Rostellum , Uncus . A crooked point.
Glochis. Fine, stiff hair, with branches bent back.
Sting, Stimulus. Fine hair, rather stiff, causing an itch-
ing when touched. Urtica.
IT Scale, Squama , — lepis. A small, membranaceous, or
scarious appendage to any part.
Chaff, Palece. Small scales intermixed among dowrets
or seeds.
Striga. A narrow, long scale, approaching to a hair.
CHARACTERS.
The authors of the Linnsean school have introduced
the uses of characters to denote terms that often occur.
The following are those most usually employed, as being
found in most printing-houses, and not requiring any extra
expense of casting on purpose.
©. An annual plant; because the earth takes a year to
perform its motion round the sun.
c?. A biennial plant; because Mars takes nearly two
years to perform its revolution.
"V- . A perennial plant; because Jupiter takes several
years to perform its revolution.
\ , A tree or shrub ; because Saturn takes nearly thirty
years to perform its revolution.
d. A male individual among plants.
$ . A female individual.
? • An hermaphrodite plant.
*f. A plant not seen by the author, and therefore in-
serted with some degree of doubt.
I. II. to XII. are used to express the months in which
the plants flower, beginning with January.
De Candolle has introduced a greater number of cha-
racters, but as they are not yet current among other writers,
they do not require any notice to be taken of them, espe-
cially as contractions are at all times far superior to cha-
racters, and more convenient for printing.
228
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
4. On making a Collection of dried Plants, Fruits , and Seeds .
The most exact description, and the most accurate
drawings or engravings of plants, are necessarily imper-
fect ; and it is absolutely necessary for a botanist to see the
plants themselves. And as plants soon go out of flower,
and perish, it is also equally requisite to devise some me-
thod of preserving them, or at least their most important
parts, so that they may be re-examined at any subsequent
period, and compared together at pleasure.
For this purpose Botanists have at all times made col-
lections of dried plants, under the name of an herbarium,
or hortus siccus : and since the examination of the fruits
and seeds of plants have been found of such great use in
detecting the natural analogies of plants, there has been
added to this collection that of fruits and seeds.
The drying of plants is a very simple operation, if the
botanist is provided with plenty of paper. A plant in full
flower, or if too large, a branch only, is the most necessary
specimen to be kept; but if opportunity will admit, others
in various stages of growth should be collected and pre-
served.
The specimen should be laid down flat upon a leaf of
paper, and spread out so that the several parts may not
cross over each other, nor be put into an unnatural and
forced position. The sheet thus charged with the plant is
then to be placed between several other leaves or sheets of
dry paper, and slightly compressed, either by weights put
upon a board placed over them, or by the screw-press,
commonly used for linen. When several plants are laid
down at once, a number of empty sheets, or leaves of paper,
should be placed between each charged leaf; the more the
better and the seldomer do they require to be changed,
which must be done every day, or oftener, especially if the
paper is used sparingly. When only a few specimens are
dried at once, and they are not very succulent, it is suf-
ficient to put them between the leaves of an old book of
sufficient size and thickness. The great point is to prevent
the colours of the flowers from changing, and this is best
obtained by hastening the drying ; which, when the botanist
is pressed for time and convenience, is sometimes done by
ironing them over with a hot smoothing iron, such as are
used by laundresses, and which can be procured by the tra-
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
229
seller at most inns, the plant being covered with paper to
protect it from the iron.
Some plants are so vivacious that they continue to grow,
even when dried and placed upon paper ; and others are
apt to lose their leaves ; the remedy for both these defects is
to dip them for a few minutes in boiling water.
When the plants are dried, they should be placed upon
leaves of paper of a proper size, either foolscap folio, or
demy quarto; which last size is in general sufficient, and
should a long grass occasionally require more room it may
be laid down on a double leaf, and then folded. The
mosses, being almost universally minute plants, require only
an octavo or even duodecimo leaf. The plants are gene-
rally fastened down with paste, gum-water, isinglass-jelly,
or, still better, a mixture of the two latter : other botanists
sew them down, or fasten them by narrow slips of paper
passed through slits made in the leaf. In the first me-
thod, it is difficult to take the plants off for re-examination
and comparison, and paste is apt to attract insects ; while,
in the second method, the threads and ends of the slips
catch hold of the plants placed on the sheet below them,
and derange, if not in some measure destroy, these plants :
upon the whole, the fastening of the specimens by slips of
paper glued down at each end seems preferable to any
other mode, and attended with the fewest inconveniences.
No more than one species of plants should be fastened
upon the same leaf, and the leaf should be subscribed with
its different names, or at least with that of the botanical
author in most repute; to this name should be added the
place and time, where and when it was gathered, or from
whom procured.
Botanical writings being usually arranged either in the
alphabetical order of the names as in dictionaries, or in
what are called artificial systems, according to the differ-
ences observable in any particular set of organs chosen by
the author, as the phanerogamous plants are arranged by
Linnaeus, according to the number, situation, and con-
nexion of their sexual organs, and the cryptogamous plants
by their general appearance; or, lastly, in the natural
method, founded upon the analogy and relation subsisting
between plants, so far as they have been discovered : so the
specimens thus collected may be arranged in either. While
the collection is yet in its infancy, the alphabetical order is
not improper ; as the student advances in the science, the
artificial system adopted as a guide will be found more
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
tso
convenient; but he cannot too soon endeavour to become
acquainted with the natural method, and arrange his col-
lection by it: this being the ultimate goal of the science, to
which the two other arrangements are merely subordinate.
Whatever arrangement is adopted, the leaves charged
with the plants of the same genus, or, in other words, which
bear the same common or family name, as the various
kinds of poppy, papaver5 mint, merit ha , &c. are to be col-
lected together and placed between the fold of a sheet of
paper, inscribed with the common name: when this com-
mon, or generic name as it is called, comprises a great
number of species, as in willow, salix, rose, rosa , the genus
must be divided into sections, and a sheet allotted to each
section.
These genera, or first divisions, are then to be distri-
buted into larger collections, either by their initial letters,
orders, or families, and each of these grand divisions placed
in a kind of port- folio, usually made of strong blue or car-
tridge paper, and inscribed with its proper distinction.
Lastly, these port-folios are to be placed methodically
in a cabinet of a proper size, the shelves of which are
either the size of the port-folios, or which will hold two or
more of them. Linnaeus and Withering have given sections
of such cabinets, with the shelves placed at different dis~
tances, so as to hold the plants of one of their classes in
the order in which they occur in their systems ; but as the
greater divisions of both the natural and artificial arrange-
ments are very unequal, so that some shelves are ordered
by them to be only two and others fourteen inches apart ;
this is very awkward, and it is far better to have the shelves
at equal distances, and to mark, by appropriate labels, the
contents of each shelf.
When, instead of a general collection, the botanist in-
tends only a collection of the plants of the country in which
he lives, and there exists any good systematic catalogue of
them, it may be sufficient, if he procure a sufficient number
of folio or quarto volumes of blue or cartridge paper, having
the alternate leaves cut out within an inch of the back, as
are sufficient for the large plants, and writing the names of
the several species at the head of the pages, allowing one to
each, fills them up as he procures the plants, and dries therm
in many cases, when the plants are not succulent, they may
be put at once in their place. The mosses may have a
similar series of octavo or duodecimo volumes allotted for
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
231
them. In like manner medical students may proceed with
respect to the plants of the materia medica.
Succulent fruits and seeds can only be preserved in spirit
of wine, or saturated brine, changing it when it becomes
too highly coloured : the dry fruits and seeds require no
other care than to prevent the ravages of insects.
Mushrooms may be dried by being buried in very dry
sand, and placed in a warm situation : but some of these
are so watery, that they cannot be preserved even in this
or any other known method.
To prevent the destruction of this collection b}r the in-
sects, which soon begin to attack some tribes of plants,
especially the acrid and pungent families of the cmci ferae
and euphorbiacese, as also the composite and umbelli ferae,
the best method seems to be the washing over of the spe-
cimens with a hair pencil charged with a solution of cor-
rosive sublimate in spirit of wine, after which no insect
can touch them : but as foreigners always examine plants
by their taste, as well as their other characters, it will be
necessary to notice this impregnation, either at the com-
mencement of the series, or by annexing some mark to
each plant thus treated.
5. On the Names of Plants .
The old botanists, studying things rather than words,
and more engaged in finding the uses of the plants (hat
grew the most abundantly around them, or were imported
by the merchants, than in forming catalogues to compre-
hend all that nature or the province produced, contented
themselves with the names given to the best known plants
by the peasantry of the country, and which, when we can
discover their true etymology, are usually strikingly signi-
ficative of them, or refer to their use in medicine, economy,
or the arts ; and as to the less known ones, they referred
them from their appearance to some of the better know n
plants; and if they had occasion to mention them, they
added to the name of the better known plants such short
phrases as they judged necessary to explain the difference.
By this means each of the well known plants, the rose, rue,
pea, &c. and sometimes the cultivated varieties of them, as
chasselas, muscats, became, to use our modern language,
the type of a genus, the species of which were distinguished
by descriptive phrases, of greater or less length, as the dif-
ferences were more or less distinctly marked, as the white
232
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,
rose, musk-rose, garden-rue, meadow-rue. In some cases*
when the smallness of the plants, as in mosses, or their
common use did not require accurate discrimination, as in
grasses, these genera were inconveniently long, and they
required a line or two of description for their distinction,
as Gramen paniculatum nemorosum, latiore folio, glabrum,
panicula nutante non aristata (now called schenodorus
elatior, see vol. ii. p. 115): but in justice to the old botanists
it must be confessed that these long names, the plants not
being of any use, were to be found only in catalogues ;
whilst those which frequently occurred seldom exceeded
two or three words, and most commonly were designated
by a single word.
The distress induced by the conquest of the South of
Europe by the Northern nations having abolished the use
of garlands in feasts, and of course the cultivation of
flowers, there remained only the economical and medicinal
uses of plants to engage persons in the study of them;
hence the appellation of physic-gardens given to the oldest
collections of living plants : but the conquest of Mexico
by the Spaniards having introduced a taste for the cultiva-
tion of flowers from that city, and the novel appearance
of the vegetation of the new Continent a similar taste for
collecting rare plants, the name of physic-garden became
changed into that of botanic-garden.
These new plants requiring new distinctions, they not
being in many cases referrible to European types, and their
native names, either unknown, or barbarous to our ears and
refractory to our mode of orthograplw, occasioned bo-
tanists to turn their attention to the forming of a regular
nomenclature. Gesner first proposed that all plants having
similar flowers and fruits should be called by a common
name; a rule which, in many cases, required the disuse of
the old substantives, and the supplying of their place by
adding distinctive phrases to those substantive's that were
retained. Rivinus, agreeing with Gesner in the main, first
limited the accompanying discrimination to a single adjec-
tive. Linnaeus adopted this restriction of what he called
the trivial name, to a single word; but used, in some cases,
the old substantive denoting the plant in apposition with
the new one, as Triticum Spelta, Artemisia Absinthium.
In a few instances he violated his own rules, and used two
words for his generic or specific name, as Liquid ambar
styraciflua, Ros marinus officinalis, Alisma Plantago aqua-
tiea, Amomum Granum Paradisi, Mimosa Unguis cati.
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
233
The regularity of this nomenclature was hailed as a great
improvement, and as a means of fixing the names of plants;
indeed, as long as the Species Plantarum of Linnaeus him-
self was considered as the common repertory of botanists,
it was such ; and this advantage would have remained if
he had been incapable of error, or botany remained sta-
tionarv : but further researches have shown that many of
his species do not agree with the generic character, and
of course they have since been removed to other genera ;
that several are collections of a number of species, or even
of several genera of plants, and of course have been di-
vided; while new plants have been discovered which are
not comprehended in his writings.
The rapidity of these alterations, and the number of the
works in which they are scattered, exceeding the power of
the enumerators of plants to collect together as fast as they
are proposed, obliges those writers who have occasion to
mention a number of plants, not only to quote once for
all the repertory, or pinax, from whence the generality of
the names they use are taken, whether it be the Species
Plantarum of Linnaeus, or of Wilklenow, the Synopsis
Plantarum of Persoon, the Dictionnaire de la Botanique
of Lamarcke, the Systema Vegetabilium of Roemer and
Schultze, the Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale of De
Candolle, or any other similar work; but also to annex to
the other names not taken from this more common re-
pertory, the books, and frequently the editions, from
whence they are taken, as modern botanical authors often
change the names they have themselves given to plants.
This necessity of quoting the works from whence the
names are taken, because the same name has been used by
different authors, or even by the same author in different
works, or editions, to denote different plants, renders the
supposed advantage of what is falsely called the Linnaean
nomenclature, since Rivinus was the original proposer,
and which appears so brief and regular in theory, not only
a mere nullity in practice, but in reality proves its infe-
riority to the old method of adding specific differences
to the generic name, when this method is corrected by the
canon of Linnaeus, that the distinctions should be taken
from what may be observed in the plant itself, and not
from its place of growth or other extraneous circumstances,
although the convenience of these being noted as accessories
are acknowledged and used by all ; since neither have the
234
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
majority of readers the power of referring to so many
works, some probably very expensive; nor does the mere
quoting of these trivial names, and the works in which
they are used, give the same satisfaction to the reader, as
common types with specific differences, while it is equally
long in reading, although, from the contractions used in
printing the titles of the books, it appears much shorter
to the eye, it is not so easy to remember.
To avoid in part these inconveniences, it has lately been
proposed, when plants are removed from one genus to an-
other, to give the preference, in all cases, to the adjunct
given by Linnaeus himself, or the first of his followers who
has mentioned the plant, unless this adjunct has been al-
ready applied to some other species in the genus into which
it is removed : but the changes made by Linnaeus, and still
more those by his followers, have so embroiled the science,
in applying the names of the older authors to far different
plants than those to which they were originally applied; as
melia, a name given by the ancients to a species of ash, is
applied by them to an Indian shrub; bromelia, another
species of Grecian ash, to an American tree; and gingidium,
the name of a Greek umbelliferous plant, to a plant of the
South Sea Islands ; that it would appear necessary to go
still further back, and to establish as a canon, that the
name given to a plant by the oldest author, who has so
described, or otherwise designated the plant, in the lan-
guage in which we speak or write, as to render us certain
of its due application to the plant of which we treat, shall
be esteemed the preferable name for it, although the sub-
stantive should not be the same as the name of the genus
under which it is arranged in the system that may happen
to be in fashion; indeed, if this anomaly should, contrary
to the opinion and practice of Ray, who always used the
names of the authors whose writings were in common cir-
culation, although the substantive might be different, be
esteemed of any consequence, the method used by Boer-
haave, of connecting the name of the genus when different
from the substantive, by the introduction of the relative
and the ellipsis of the substantive verb, in the manner by
which the synonyms of Ray have been quoted, as for ex-
ample, the adiantum album crispum alpinum of Schw’enck-
feld being placed by Ray in his genus, Filix fcemina, is
thus quoted in vol. ii. p. 16, Filix foemina quae (est) Adi-
antum album, &c. By this means alone can the perm a-
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
235
nence of names be secured and joined with the advantages
derived from a systematic arrangement, since it appears of
little consequence to retain the adjective, common perhaps*
as latifolius, multiflorus, and the like, to an hundred
plants, if the substantive, or original generic name, be
alterable &t the pleasure of every systematist.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE TPIE FIRST.
ANATOMY OF THE STEM.
Fig. 1. Platanus orientalis, Salicince. A transverse
section of a young branch, to exhibit the organization,
■which is similar to that of the greater part of dicotyledon
trees.
Fig. 2. A magnified representation of a portion cut out
of the above section.
a to b. Bark.
a to c. Outer part of the bark, dry and disorganized.
b to c. The live part of the bark.
c to d. A part of the bark which is continually pushed
to the circumference.
b to d. Inner part of the bark, called the liber or bast.
e. The origin of the medullary radii that fill up the in-
terstices of the wood, and which are formed of the cellular
tissue of the bark.
f. The extremity of the filaments that form the inter-
stices of the wood.
b to i. The woody mass, composed of three zones, or
layers, b— g, g — h , and h — i.
h to i. The oldest of the three layers.
g to fi. The second layer.
b to g. The third or youngest layer.
b , g, and h. Zones which show the periods when the ve-
getation slackened.
i to k. Pith.
Fig. 3. Ptychosperma gracilis. Palmce . Vertical and
transverse section of the stem, to show the difference be-
tween the stems of monocotyledon plants and those of di-
cotyledon plants.
Fig. 4. A magnified figure of the same.
a to b. That part of the stem where the hardest woody
fibres are the most closely collected together.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
237
l to c. Fibres less numerous, less thick, less compact,
and less hard.
c to d . Weak fibres at a greater distance from one ano-
ther: in the centre of each of which there is a tube which
has been filled up in the fibres a to b and b to c. The cel-
lular tissue is evidently more considerable in this part than
in the space b to c, and still more than in the space a to b9
where the wood predominates.
e. The oldest fibres.
f. The fibres of a middle age.
g . The youngest fibres. This arrangement shows that
the growth of the wood is entirely different from that in
the stem of dicotyledon plants.
h. Union of the woody fibres as they run along the stem*
Fig. 5. Vitis vinifera. Viniferce. A vertical and dia-
metrical section of a young branch magnified.
a to b. Bark.
b to c. Wood.
c to d. Pith.
e. Woody fibre of the bark.
f. Medullary rays.
g. Cellular tissue, constituting the solid part of the wood*
h. Large porous or slit tubes.
i. A double trachea, or air vessel.
k. Cells of the pith,
L Porous cells.
EXPLANATION . OF THE PLATES®
ms
PLATE THE SECOND.
Roots.
Fig. 1. Orchis militaris. Orchidece. Root scrotiform.
a. Old tuber, that sent up and nourished the stem of
the preceding season.
b. New tuber, that sent up and nourished the present
year’s stem.
c. Fibrous radicles.
Fig. 2. Arum Italicum. Aroidece. Root progressive,
tuberous. — a. Turions.
Fig . 3. Neottia abortiva. Orchidece . Root grumous. 1
Fig. 4. Gratiola officinalis. Scrofulmince ; Root hori-
zontal, progressive, jointed, fibrous at the joints. This
root, or rhizoma, formed by the base of the stem, is fre-
quently kneed.
Fig. 5. Arrhenatherum elatius. Graminece. Root knotty,
jointed, comose at the joints.— -This root is formed by the
base of the culm, the joints of which are swollen.
Fig. 6. Helianthus tuberosus. Composite e. Root fibrous
and tubercular.
Fig. 7. Succisa Fuchsii. Dipsacece . Root bitten, and
having fibrous radicles.
Fig. 8. Ixia polystachia. Iridece. Root fibrous, bulb-
bearing.— a. Bulb placed above, coated.
Fig. 9. Asphodelus ramosus. Asphodeles. Root fasci-
culate.
Fig. 10. Saxifraga granulata. Saxifrages , Root co-
mose, bulbille-bearing ; bulbilles scaly.
Fig. 1 1 o Allium nutans. Asphodelece . Root progressive,
bulb-bearing at a9 seal-like at bf fibrous at d .
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
239
PLATE THE THIRD.
Bulbs.
Fig. 1. Allium sativum. Asphodelece , Root fibrous,
bulb- bearing; bulb ovoid, rounded, compound, coated*—
a . Cloves.
Fig . 2. Lilium candrdum. Liliacece. Root fibrous,
bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, scaly.
Fig. 3. Cepa esculenta. Asphodelece . Root fibrous,
bulb-bearing ; bulb roundish, coated.— Cut transversely to
show the fleshy coats of which it was composed*
Fig. 4*. Gladiolus. Iridece. Root fibrous, bulb-bearing;
bulb roundish, tuberous, coated; coats fibrous. — -Cut trans-
versely to show the structure of the turion.
Fig. 5. Syringa vulgaris. Jasmine ce. Branch bearing
buttons; buttons mixed, opposite, covered with a scaly
perule. — Cut transversely to show the thyrse of flowers
formed in the autumnal buttons.
Fig. 6. Daphne florida. Thymelece . Branch with flower®
bearing buds on the sides, and a leaf-bearing bud at the
end ; perules scaly. Cut transversely to show the internal
structure of the leaf-bud.
Fig. 7. Hippophae littoralis. Elceagnetf, Part of a
young stem, cut vertically.
a. Bark.
1. The second layer of wood in the stem which becomes
the first in the branches.
c. Stem.
d. Branches.
e. The first layer of wood in the stem, which being
formed before the branches does not enter into them.
Figs . 8 to 21. Represent various diposition of the leaves
and floral covers in their buds.
/. Pith.
Fig. 8. Convolute*
Fig . 9. Involute.
Fig . 10. Revolute.
Fig. 15. Folded.
Fig . 16. Enveloping.
Fig. 11. Conduplicate.
Fig. 12. Riding, oppositely.
Fig. 13. Opposite.
Fig. 14. Mutually riding.
Fig. 17. Riding, alternately.
Fig. 18. Involute, oppositely.
Fig 19. Involute, alternately.
Fig . 20. Revolute, oppositely.
Fig. 21. Riding, oppositely.
540
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE THE FOURTH.
Leaves.
Fig. 1. Poa arenosa. Graminees.
a. Leaf long, linear.
1. Petiole sheathing ; sheath slit.
c. Ligule scalelike.
Fig. 5. Plantago. Plantaginece. Leaf oval, rounded,
pointed, many-ribbed.
Fig. 3. Chamserops humilis. Palmce. Leaves terminal,
crowning, petioled, fanshaped, digitate, folded when young ;
petioles having foliolean spines.
Fig. 4. Podocarpus elongata. Conifer ce. Leaf linear.
Fig. 5. Pinus Strobus. Abietidece. Leaves fasciculate,
in fives, needlelike.
Fig. 6. Vitis-Idsea punctifolia. Vacciniees. Leaf oval,
not in the least cut, dotted ; edge cartilaginous.
Fig. 7. Sida rhombifolia. Malvaceae \ Leaf nearly rhom-
boid, lanceolate, toothed.
Fig. 8. Quercus longaeva. Corylidees. Leaf oblong,
sinuated.
Fig. 9. Barbarea vulgaris. Cruciferce. Leaf lyrate.
Fig. 10. Salvia officinalis. Labiates. Leaf oval, lanceo-
late, eared, crenulate.
Fig. 1 1 . Taraxacum officinale. Composites. Leaf run-
cinate.
Fig. 12. Solanum pyracanthos. Solanece. Leaf lanceo-
late, nearly pinnatifid, thorny.
Fig. 13. Sonchus fruticosus. Composites. Leaf lanceo-
late, pinnatifid.
Fig. 14. Potentilla anserina. Dryadece. Leaf inter-
ruptedly pinnate, jointless.
Fig. 15. Cassia occidentalis. Leguminosce. Leaf pari-
pinnated, jointed ; petiole having a cupshape gland a at
the base.
Fig. 16. Gleditsia monosperma. Leguminosce. Leaf
pari-pinnate, jointed ; secondary petioles three-paired ; leaf-
lets many-paired ; spine super-axillary, three-forked.
Fig. 17. Vicia. Leguminosce. Leaf impari-pinnate,
jointed, tendril bearing.
Fig. 18. Coreopsis ferulaefolia. Composites. Leafbipin-
nate, twice compounded, jointless.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
241
PLATE THE FIFTH.
Leaves .
Fig. 1 . Leaf pedate.
Fig. 2. Leaf compound, pedate.
Fig. 3. Leaf pedately ribbed.
Fig. 4. Cercis Canadensis. Leguminosce . Leaf rounded,
heartshape, pointed, wrinkled.
Fig. 5. Fagopyrum esculentum. Polygonece. Leaf heart-
shape, arrowshape.
Fig. 6. Sterculia platanifolia. Sterculiacece. Leaf five-
lobed.
Fig. 7. ' Passiflora serrata. Passiflorece. Leaf seven-
parted, divisions lanceolate, toothed ; petiole glandular ;
glands pedicelled.
Fig. 8. iEsculus macrostachia. Acerinece. Leaf digi-
tate, seven leafletted, jointed.
Fig. 9. Rhus glaucum. Terehinthacece. Leaf three-
leafletted, jointed; leaflets reverse-heartshape.
Fig. 3 0. Cussonia spicata. Araliacece. Leaf digitate,
seven leafletted ; leaflets pinnately vertebrated.
Fig. 11. Pseonia officinalis. Ranunculacece. Leaf three-
parted, twice compounded.
Fig. 12. Mimosa Unguis cati. Leguminosce. Leaf bi-
geminate.
Fig. 13. Hedysarum gyrans. Leguminosce. Leaf pin-
nate, three leafletted, jointed.
Fig. 14. Mimosa purpurea. Leguminosce. Leaf fingered-
pinnate, jointed ; leaflets four-paired.
Fig. 15. Hydrogeton fenestralis. Family unknown. Leaf
reverse oval, notched at top, multiple ribbed, veined trans-
versely, cancellated.
Fig. 16. Melastoma elaaeagnoides. Melastomece . Leaf
lanceolate, three-ribbed, not in the least cut.
VOL. I.
R
242
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE THE SIXTH.
Leaves.
Fig ■- 1. Epimedium alpinum. Berberidece. Leaf thrice
compounded, triternate; leaflets heartshape, fringed.
Fig. 2. Melastoma Lima. Melastomecs. Leaf elliptical,
pointed, toothed, bullate, rough, quintuple ribbed.
Fig. 3. Melastoma multiflora. Melastomece. Leaf lan-
ceolate, toothed, triple ribbed.
Fig. 4. Erythroxylum cocca. Malpighiacece. Leaf lan-
ceolate, not in the least cut, three-ribbed with veins conti-
nued over the ribs.
Fig. 5. Orobanche major. Orobanchece. Leaf scalelike.
Fig. 6. Asperula odorata. Rubiacecs. Leaves in whirls
by nines, lanceolate.
Fig. 7. Glaucium luteum. Papaveracece. Leaves heart-
shape, angular, embracing.
Fig. 8. Silphium perfoliatum. Composites. Leaves tra-
pezoid, toothed, opposite, conjoined.
Fig. 9. Hydrocotyle vulgare. Umbelliferce. Leaf orbi-
cular, deeply crenulated, peltate.
Fig. 10. Bupleurum rotundifolium. Umbelliferce. Leaf
oval, pointed, perfoliated.
Fig. 1 1 . Coreopsis alata. Composites. Leaves opposite,
nearly lanceolate, decurrent.
Fig. 12. Persicaria maculosa. Polygonece. Leaf oval,
lanceolate.
a. Stipule sheathing.
Fig. 13. Passiflora glauca. Passiflorece. Leaf three-
lobed, nearly peltate; petiole glandular; stipules cauline,
half-moonlike ; tendrils axillary.
Fig. 14. Clematis orientalis. Ranunculacece . Leaves
three-lobed ; petioles tendril-like.
Fig. 15. Genista sagittalis. Leguminosce. Branches
two-winged, or three-winged; leaves oval, sharp.
Fig. 16. Ribes spinosum. Grossalarice. Leaf five-
lobed ; spine inferaxillary, three-parted.
Fig. 1 7. Paliurus aculeatus. Rhamnece. Prickle stipulean,
reflected.
Fig. 18. Vitis Yirginiana. Vmiferae . Leaf heart-shape,
three-lobed ; tendril opposite.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
243
PLATE THE SEVENTH.
Inflorescence .
Fig. 1. Arnmi majus. UmbeUiferce. Flowers in a com-
pound umbell.
a. Involucrum.
h. Involucellum.
Fig. 2. Achilkea crithmifolia. Composites. Calathides
disposed in a corymbus.
Fig. 3. Heliotropium Indicum. Boraginece. Spike cir-
cinate; flowers one-sided.
Fig. 4. Syringa vulgaris. Jasmmece . Flowers in a
diyrse.
Fig. 5. Populus tremula. Salicinece . Flowers of the
female plant in a catkin.
Fig. 6. A detached flower of the same, to show the
palmated, fringed bractea upon which it is supported.
Fig. 7. Cephalanthus occidentalis. Rubiacece. Flowers
m a head.
Fig, 8. Sambulus humilis. Caprifoiiaceee. Flowers in
■a cyme.
Fig. 9. Allium obliquum. Aspliodelece. Flowers in a
simple umbell or bouquet; spathe two-valved; scape three-
sided.
Fig. 10. Dianthus capitatus. CaryopkyllefE. Flowers in
a bundle.
Fig. 11. Arum maeulatum. Aroidece. Spadix separated
from the spathe.
a. Tip clubshaped.
b. Ring of glands, about the middle, each terminated by
z filament.
c. Ring of sessile anthers, below the glands.
d . Ring of sessile conglomerated ovaries, at the base*
Fig. 12. The flowers of the same, in their spathe.
a. The hoodlike spathe.
b. The lower bellying part of the spathe.
g. The spadix.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE THE EIGHTH.
Inflorescence .
Fig. 1. Lolium perenne. Graminecc . Spike spikelettecL
Fig . 2. Smilax herbacea. Smilacece.
a. Tendrills stipulean.
b. Umbell simple or bouquet, axillary, pedunculated.
c. Leaf nearly heartshape, oval, seven-ribbed.
Fig. 3. Xylophylla montana. Euphorbiacece. Flowers on
the edge of the leaf; leaf lanceolate, toothed.
Fig. 4. Monarda didyma. Labiatce . Whirl true, many-
flowered, leafed, bracteated.
Fig. 5. Cyclamen vernum. Primulacece.
a. Root tuberous, depressed.
I, Leaves and flowers radical.
c. Scape one-flowered, spiral before the flowering.
d. Flower drooping.
Fig. 6. Cerasus racemosa. Drupacece. Raceme hanging
Fig. 7. Holcus Halepensis. Graminece. Panicle loose.
Fig. 8. Polypodium aureum. Filices.
a. Root progressive.
b. Leaves pinnatifid, bearing the fructification upon the
lower face.
Fig. 9. Pilularia globulifera. Marsileacece.
a. Stem creeping.
b. Leaves threadlike, awlshape.
c . Involucrums globular, closed, axillary.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
ns
PLATE THE NINTH.
Flowers.
Fig. 1. Cupressus sempervirens. Cupressidea. Male
catkin, long, composed of about twenty opposite bracteae,
dilated at top into a scale, and having at bottom four glo-
bular anthers, one-celled and sessile, as at a.
Fig. 2. A bractea detached from the male catkin of the
same, and seen from behind, with its four anthers opened.
Fig. 3. The bottle-shape cupule of the same cut length-
ways, and much magnified.
a. The female flower; perianthium simple, adherent;
stigma sessile.
Fig. 4. The female catkin of the same. The orifices of
the minute cupules are visible among the bractese.
Fig. 5. Larix Europsea. Abietidece. A scale or bractea
of the female catkin, having at its base two cupules.
a. The two cupules, bottleshape.
b. The scalelike peduncle supporting the cupules; these
peduncles enlarge after flowering, much more than the
bractea itself.
Fig. 6. Hura crepitans. Euphorbiacew. A male flower
detached from the catkin.
a. The perianthium.
b. Androphore thick, cylindrical, with two rows of an-
thers in whirls.
Fig. 7. Euphorbia Illyrica. Euphorbmeece. The many-
flowered calathide.
a. Involucrum.
b. Female flower in the centre, formed of a pedicel led
ovary, with three two-lobed stigmata.
c. Male flowers several, composed of a single stamen,
articulated upon a pedicell ; anthers twin.
d. Filament jointed.
Fig. 8. Hyacinthus cernuus. Asphodelece. Perigonium
monosepalous, six-parted.
Fig. 9. Ixia Chinensis. Iridece . Perigonium adherent,
lobes spreading, stamens three, style three-cut.
Fig. 10. Borrago officinalis. Boraginece. Calyx five-
parted, open ; corolla wheel-like, five-parted, orifice of the
tube having bosses, a; surrounding it.
Fig. 11. Centranthus marinus. Valerianeod. The entire
flower ; calyx adherent, limb rolled inwards, which be-
comes a pappus after the flowering ; corolla tubular, spur-
red, limb irregular; stamen one: stvle one.
246
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig . 12. Echium vulgare. Boragihece. Caly^ five-
parted ; corolla irregular, tube short, orifice bellsliape,
limb* oblique, 5-lobed, lobes unequal ; stamens 5 ; stigma
2-cut.
cl A bractea, or floral leaf.
Fig . 13. Eriostomum Germanicuni. Laliatce. Corolla
2-lipped, tube short ; upper lip or galea ascending, lower
lip bent down.
Fig. 14. Sideritis Canariensis. Laliatce. Calyx tubular,
5-toothed ; corolla tubulous, 2-lipped, lips short and equal-
Fig. 15. Plectranthus punctatus. Laliatce. Calyx five-
toothed, upper tooth the largest; corolla two-lipped,
lying down, upper lip short, turned back, 2-Iobed ; lower
lip bent in, 3-lobed, middle lobe hollowr; stamens lying
down.
Fig. 16. Scabiosa agrestis. Dipsacece. Calathide flos-
cular.
Fig. 17- A central flower of the same; calyx double,
corolla tubular, limb lobed, unequal; stamens 4, exserted.
a. External calyx, bottleshape.
1. Internal calyx, divided into awms.
Fig. 18. A flower from the circumference of the same
calathide ; having the limb of the corolla much larger ;
style 1.
Fig. 19. Andryala cheiranthifolia. Compositce . Calathide
semifloscular, cut transversely.
a. Clinanthe hairy, supporting the ligulate flowers III ;
Fig. 20. A ligulate flower of the same.
a. Fruit crowned by the calycine pappus.
b. Corolla.
c. Filaments of the stamens.
d. Anthers united together.
e. Style single ; stigma two -cut.
Fig. 21. Ximenesia encelloides. Compositce . Calathide
radiated; clinanthe paleaceous; akenium not pappous.™
A hermaphrodite, tubular flower wuth the palea.
Fig. 22. A female ligulate flower of the same, magnified-
7 ale X .
FX.CDWJE.TKS .
Tage 247.
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES.
247
PLATE THE TENTH.
Parts of the Flowers, especially the Sexual Organs .
Fig. 1. Crambe Tatarica. Cruciferce. A flower from
which the integuments have been pulled off, magnified.
a. Ovary. *
b. Stigma sessile.
c. Stamens four, tetradynamous ; filaments of the four
longest stamens two-forked at top.
d. Nectaries, two.
Fig. 2. The entire flower of the same, of its natural size :
calyx 4-sepaled, rather open ; corolla 4-petaled ; tetrady-
namous.
Fig. 3. Reseda Phyteuma. Resedacece. Petal irregular,
jagged, magnified.
Fig. 4. Gypsophila fastigiata. Caryophyllece. Flower
magnified and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of
the petals and stamens on the gynophore.
a. Calyx.
1. Corolla.
c. Stamens.
d. Ovary.
e . Gynophore.
Fig. 5. Silene bupleurifolia. Caryophyllece. A flower with
the tubular, 5-toothed calyx slit down, and pulled back
that the insertion of the petals may be seen ; petals 5,
clawed, also having the limb pulled back to show the fila-
ments.
a. Gynophore from whence grow the petals, stamens,
and pistill.
b. Petals, the limb two-cut, with a claw appendiculated
to their tips.
c. Stamens ten, five opposite and five alternate.
d. Ovary with three styles.
e. Calyx slit down.
Fig. 6. Ranunculus bulbosus. Ranunculacece. A vertical
section of the flower to show the insertions of the different
parts.
a. Calyx.
b. Corolla.
c. Nectariferous gland scalelike at the claw of each petal.
d. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous.
e. Ovary.
f. Gynophore.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
ms
Fig. 7. Hypericum iEgyptiacum. Hypericinece . Calyx
5~parted, corolla 5-petaled.
a. Bractese two.
Fig. 8. Robinia hispida. Leguminosce. Flower with a
papilionaceous or butterflylike corolla.
a. Calyx four-cut, irregular.
b. The standard of the corolla.
c. The wings.
d. The keel.
Fig. 9. The same, having the calyx and corolla pulled
off, to show the diadelphous stamens, and magnified.
a . The tubular androphore, split longitudinally into nine
filaments at top.
b. The single free stamen.
c. Stigma velvetty.
Fig. 10. Rubus odoratus. Dryadece. Longitudinal
section of the flower to show the insertions.
a. Gynophore convex.
b. Stamens indefinite, perigynous.
Fig. 11. Poly gala Heisteria. Polygalece. Calyx five-
parted, lobes equal ; corolla monopetalous, irregular, two-
lipped, split above, and rolled up into a tube at bottom.
Fig. 12. The tubular androphore, split longitudinally,
embracing the pistill, and divided at top into seven short
filaments, bearing the anthers.
Fig. 13. Malva fragrans. Malvaceae. Flower polyan-
drous, monadelphous.
Fig. 14. Linaria. Personates. Calyx five-parted ; corolla
gaping, spurred at the base, limb 2-lipped; above 2-cut,
turned back, below 3-lobed ; palate rather prominent in the
throat.
Fig. 15. Hypericum quadrangulare. Hypericinece. Calyx
5-cut, lobes uncut; petals 5; stamens indefinite, on three
androphores ; styles three.
Fig. 16. Epipactis palustris. Orchidece. Ovary pedi-
celled, not twisted, pubescent; perigonium spread; lip
crenate, blunt, spurless, as long as the sepales, not clasping;
hypochilium concavely bunched ; epichilium inwardly
2-bunched at the bottom.
Fig. 17. Selinum caruifolium. Umbelliferce . Flower
magnified. Petals five, bent in at the tip, and appearing
as if notched ; stamens five, alternate ; styles two.
Fig. 18. Corylus sylvestris. Corylidece. Male flowers
collected into a catkin.
Plate 2ZI.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
2m
PLATE THE ELEVENTH.
Sexual Organs,
Fig, 1 . Myosotis palustris. Boraginece. An ovary sepa-
rated from the gynophore, and magnified.
Fig. 2. Gynophore of the same, also magnified ; and de-
spoiled of its ovaries.
a. The gynophore supporting the style without any in-
termedium.
b. The places from whence the ovaries have been de-
tached.
Fig . 3. Tournefortia mutabilis. Boraginece. Pistil! cut
vertically.
a. The attachment of the ovaries.
b. The direction of the conducting vessels.
c. The nourishing vessels.
Fig. 4. Scrofularia sambucifolia. Scrofularinece. Ovary
and nectaries cut vertically.
a. Ovary.
1. Ovules.
c. Nectaries, opposite.
Fig. 5. Limnanthes peltata. Gentianece . Pistill : style
nearly sessile, in folds ; ovary surrounded at bottom with a
lobular nectary.
Fig. 6. Acetosa scutata. Polygonece. Pistill magnified.
a. Styles three, diverging, turned back.
b. Stigmata three, dilated, fringed.
Fig. 7. Rumex spinosus. Polygonece. Pistill magnified.
a. Stigmata three featherlike.
Fig. 8. Cotyledon tuberosa. Crassulacece. Pistil Is five;
styles five; nectary composed of five glands attached to
the base of the ovary.
Fig. 9. Corydalis lutea. Fumaridece. Magnified.
a. Pistill.
b. Calyx two-sepaled ; sepales oval, pointed, toothed,
peltate.
c. Style articulated upon the ovary.
d. Stigma halfmoonshape.
Fig. 10. Sideritis hyssopifolia. Labiatce. Pistill mag-
nified.
a. Nectary supporting four ovaries.
b. Style ascending.
c. Stigma composed of two channelled flakes, the lower
serving as a sheath for the upper.
250
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 11. Viola Rotbomagensis. Violacece. Magnified.
Pistill surrounded with five stamens united by fringes, two
of the stamens having each a basilary appendage; style
turbinate; stigma globular, perforated, operculated.
Fig. 12. Scutellaria alpina. Labiates. Pistill magnified,
and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of the ovaries
and style.
a. Gynophore, which supports four ovaries.
b. Nectary beaked.
c. Style cut off.
Fig. 13. Asphodelus annuus. Asphodelece. Stamens and
pistills magnified. Stamens unequal, three long, three
short, alternate; filaments fusiform, enlarged, and vaulted
at their base.
a. Anthers heartshape; stigma three-lobed.
Fig. 14. Jatropha pandursefolia. Euphorbiacecc. Sta-
mens of the male flowers, having at the base a nectary
composed of five glands.
a. Androphore divided into ten filaments, five long and
five short.
Fig. 15. Tamarix Gallica. Tamariscince. Stamen mag-
nified.
a. Anther.
b. Filament dilated at bottom.
Fig. 16. Ricinus inermis. Euphorbiacece. A part of the
branched androphore, magnified.
Fig. 17. Borrago laxiflora. Boraginea*. Stamen mag-
nified, as seen sideways.
a. Anther awlshape.
b. Filament appendiculated.
Fig. 18. Begonia dichotoma. Family doubtful. Stamen
magnified, having the filament enlarged at the tip.
a. Lobes of the anther two, adnate on the side, parallel,,
distant.
Fig. 19. Zygophyllum Morgsana. Rutacece. Stamen
magnified; filament appendiculated at the base; appendix
doubly toothed ; anther oval, vacillating.
Fig. 20. Tradescantia Yirginica. Commelinece. Stamen
magnified ; filament bearded at the base ; anther two-lobed,
lobes kidneyshape, adnate laterally, cut transversely to
show the two cells of each lobe.
Fig. 21. Erica comosa. Ericinece . Stamen magnified,
seen sideways ; anther having two basilary crests.
Fig. 22. Mahernia pinnata. Tiliaceca. Stamen magnified
and seen sideways ; anther arrowshape ; filament kneed
and glandular in the middle.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
251
Fig. 23. Laurus Persea. Laurinece. Stamen magnified.
a. Glands heartsliape, pediqelled.
h. Filament velvetty.
c. Anther fixed, opening by four valves, from top to
bottom .
Fig. 24. Scutellaria alpina. Lcihiatce . Stamen magni-
fied ; anther two-lobed, fringed.
Fig. 25. Galeopsis parviflora. Lcihiatce. Stamen mag-
nified ; anthers fringed.
Fig. 26. Solanum. Solanece. Stamen magnified ; anthers
two-holed at the tip.
Fig. 27. Cucumis leucantha. Cucurbit ace ce. Stamens;
filaments three, distinct at their base, united at their upper
part ; anthers soldered, linear, sinuated.
Fig. 28. Scutellaria galericulata. Labiatce. Stamen
magnified.
a. Lobe fringed, single in consequence of the abortion
of the corresponding lobe.
h. Connective bearded.
Fig. 29. Thymus Patavinus. Labiatce. Stamen magni-
fied.
a. Part of the filament.
h. Connective.
c. Lobes of the anther divergent.
Fig. 80. Anona triloba. Anonece. Stamen magnified:
filament truncated at the tip; lobes distinct, adnate, pa-
rallel.
Fig. 31. Melastoma discolor. Melastomece. Stamen.
a. Filament.
h. Connective threadlike, long.
c, d. Lobes distant.
c. The fertile lobe, two-holed at the tip.
d . The barren lobe, of a different form.
U2
EXPLANATION OP THE PLATES*
PLATE THE TWELFTH.
Flowers of the Orehidece and Graminem.
Fig. 1. Orchis.
a . Retinacle.
h . Caudicle.
c. Pollen mass.
d. Pollen mass cut off transversely to show the septu-
lum, cells, and grains, of which it is composed.
Fig. 2. Orchis.
a . Gynizus.
h. Bursicle.
c . Proscolla.
d. Staminodia, or imperfect anthers.
e . Clinandra filled with the pollen masses.
f Septulum.
Fig. 3. Cypripedium.
a. Gynostemium.
h. Supports of the anthers.
c. Anthers.
d. Gynizus.
e. Staminodium.
Fig. 4. Nigritella.
a. Bursicle and rostella.
1. Gynizi.
c. Bursicle cut open.
d . Retinacles.
e. Staminodia.
f. Pollen masses in the clinandra.
g. Septulum.
Fig. 5. Loroglossum,
a. Caudicles.
h. Proscolla seated on the rostellum.
Fig. 6. Liparis.
a. Lower lip turned down, and part cut off
h. Gynostemium.
c. Gynizus.
d. Winged edges of the gynostemium.
e . Clinandrium.
f and g. Staminodia.
h. Anther.
i . Pollen masses.
Fig. 7. Liparis. The solid pollen mass.
Zondon .J*u6tMed by3aLdyn/v, Cradcx Jc 7c Jo\\Jhfc/nojtef-7&ru ' Wo v'Z .
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,
25$
Fig. 8. Epipactis.
a. Part of the ovary.
h , Gynizus.
c . Gynostemium.
d. Proscolla.
e. Filament,
f. Rostellum.
f. Pollen masses.
. Anther.
i. Staminodium.
Fig. 9. Epipactis. The granular pollen masses.
Fig. 10. Epipactis. The pollen mass cut to show the
granules, and magnified.
Fig .11. Granules of pollen, magnified.
Fig. 12. Secale cereale. Graminece. Axis toothed,
jointed; spathelles opposite, inserted parallelly.
Fig, 13. Eleocharis paiustris. Cyperacece. Glume one-
spathelled, one-fiowered; glumelle bristlelike, bristles 4,
denticulate ; stamens three, attached under the ovary ;
stigmata two, featherlike.
Fig. 14. Agrostis rubra. Graminece. Spathelles alter-
nate, lower largest, longer than the spathellules ; lower
spathellule 2-cut at the tip, awned below the middle, awn
twisted ; upper much shorter, 2-cut, toothed ; stamens 3 ;
style short, 2-parted, stigmata villous.
Fig. 15. Hordeum nigrum, Graminece. Ovary ovate:
styles 2 ; lodicules not cut, bald.
Fig. 16. Bromus mollis. Graminece. Locusta many-
flowered ; awns not knee-jointed, subapicular.
Fig. 17. Avena. Graminece. The lower spathellule two-
pointed; awn dorsal, twisted.
Fig. 18. Trasus vesicarius, Cyperacece. Spathellules or
lodicules soldered together, persisting, cartilaginous, form-
ing a bottleshape urceolus.
a. Ovary. •
b. Style, with its three stigmata.
Fig. 1 9. Isolepis paniculata. Cyperacece . Spathelle 1 ;
glumelle () ; stamens 3 ; ovary with two styles.
254
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE THE THIRTEENTH.
Fruits.
Fig. 1. Hordeum Zeocriton. Graminece . Cariopsis mag-
nified, and partly uncoated.
a. Perisperm.
h. Posterior cotyledon saucerlike.
c. Root mamillse, three, enclosed in a eoleorhize.
d. Radicles two, each in a eoleorhize.
e . Plumule; the gemmule having a pileolar, primordial
leaf.
Fig. 2. Embryo of the same, magnified.
a. Cotyledon.
b. Root mamillse 3, in their coleorhizes.
c. Pileolar primordial leaf.
Fig. S. Oryza sativa. Graminece. Cariopsis cut length-
ways and magnified.
a. Gemmule with its pileole, enclosed in the coleoptile.
b. Radicle in its eoleorhize.
Fig. 4. Hieracium giaucum. Compositce. Embryo mag-
nified.
Fig. 5. Akenium of the same, magnified ; pappus sessile,
bristled, appearing simple to the naked eye : the pericarp is
cut open, and the seed divided longitudinally.
Fig. 6. Polygonum scandens. Polygonece . Carcerule cut
lengthways and dissected. Carceruie boney ; seed coated,
upright, perispermed ; embryo 2-cotyledon, lateral, thread-
like, bent; radicle opposite the hile, above.
Fi.o. 7. Chasrophyllum aromaticum. Umbelliferce. Cre-
mocarpe with the two coques separated, but remaining sus-
pended to the axis : magnified.
a. Spermapodium axile, 2-par ted at top.
b. Styles persisting on the fruit.
c. Commissures, or the faces applied to each other.
d. Latuscule, or face opposite to the commissure.
e. Vallecules between the ribs of the coques.
j. Spermapodophore.
g. Stylopodium.
Fig. 8. A coque of the same cut lengthways and mag-
nified.
a. Perisperm, horny.
b. Integument of the coque.
c. Embryo small, basilary.
-Plule m-iz .
Muirs*
Fsye ?S4.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
255
Fig. 9. Amaranthus hypochondriacus. Amaranthidece .
Pyxidium uncovered, and magnified, membranaceous.
Fig. 10. Valves of the same, separated.
Fig. 11. Kernel of the same magnified; perisperm cen-
tral; embryo peripherical, annular ; cotyledons semicylin-
drical, incumbent; radicle threadlike, below.
Fig. 1 2. Salsola decumbens. Chenopodece. Periphyllum
magnified, containing the utriculus.
Fig. 13. Perigonium of the same cut vertically, and
magnified, to show the seed.
Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, highly magnified ; thread-
like, rolled in a ball, cotyledons very long, linear; radicle
nearly cylindrical, placed horizontally in the uppermost part
of the seed.
Fig. 15. Carex vulpina. Cyperacece. Persistent spathel-
lules cut longitudinally and magnified ; akenium pedicelled,
enclosed in the spathellules.
Fig. 16. Akenium of the same cut longitudinally and
magnified; style persistent; embryo at the base of the
seed.
Fig. 17. Gomphrena globosa. Amaranthidece. Pyxidium
cut longitudinally and magnified; st}Tle persistent; seed
single, inverted, hanging by the umbilical cord, proceeding
from the bottom of the pyxidium.
Fig. 18. Beta vulgaris. Chenopodece. Utriculus enclosed
within the fleshy perigonium, and magnified.
Fig. 19. The utriculus of the same cut transversely and
magnified; embryo annular.
Fig. 20. Thesium alpinum. Santalacece. Pericarpium
magnified; crowned by the persistent perigonium.
Fig. 21. The same cut transversely.
Fig. 22. The seed of the same cut longitudinally and
magnified ; embryo straight, central.
Fig. 23. Embryo of the same, highly magnified.
Fig. 24. Fraxinus excelsior. Fraxinece. Samara opened
before it is ripe ; two-celled ; ovules four, hanging two side
by side in each cell.
Fig. 25. The ripe samara of the same; opened; having-
only one seed, pendulous ; the others having perished.
Fig. 26. Ulmus Americana. Utmacece. Samara with the
cell opened ; seed pendent.
256
EXPLANATION OJ THE PLATES.
PLATE THE FOURTEENTH.
Fruits.
Fig. 1. Quercus longseva. Corylidece. Glands cut >
lengthways, coriaceous, one-celled, one-seeded ; seed pend-
ent, without a perisperm ; radicle adverse ; cotyledons large,
fleshy.
Fig. 2. The cupule of the same, with two abortive
glands.
Fig. 3. Carpinus ulmoides. Corylidece. Nucule, or
calybion, boney, ovate, angular, with threadlike, longitu-
dinal ribs.
Fig. 4. Corylus tubulosa. Corylidece. Cupule tubular,
cylindrical, jagged, toothed.
Fig. 5. Corylus sylvestris. Corylidece . Nucule, or ca-
lybion, parted lengthways to show the seed; umbilical cord
rising from the base and ascending ; seed pendent.
Fig. 6. Cotyledon of the same, with the place in which
the embryo is seated.
Fig. 7. Anacardium officinale. Terelintacece. Xylo-
dium, or carcerule, seated upon a fleshy receptacle.
Fig. 8. Tilia parvifolia. Tiliacece. Carcerule opened;
cells two-seeded.
Fig. 9. The carcerule of the same cut transversely, cells
five.
Fig. 10. Asarum Europseum. Aristolochioe. Carcerule
cut transversely ; cells six ; partitions incomplete.
Fig. 11. Carcerule of the same opened, cells four-seeded,
seeds ascending.
Fig. 12. Embryo of tilia parvifolia; cotyledons leaflike,
three-lobed, toothed, incumbent.
Fig. 13. Adansonia Baobab. Malvacece . Amphisarca
cut transversely, cells ten.
Fig. 14. A portion of the spongy, farinaceous pulp taken
out of the cells of the same, interwoven with thready
fibres.
Fig. 15. The point of the pulp dissected to show the
seeds, of the natural size.
Fig. 16. Gomphia nitida. Ochnacece. Sarcobasis five-
eremed ; gynophore ovoid ; eremes one-celled, one-seeded ;
seed straight, coated, without a perisperm; embryo straight,
radicle opposite.
JPlate XV
IPMUITS,
JPage ?57.
London., Publish'd hy Laldvmfradock & Joy,P*temo.sterLowJ5rovrJs.t1821.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
257
Fig. 17. Symphytum officinale. Boraginece. Micro-
- basis. Calyx five-parted, one lobe cutaway; eremes, or
nuts, four ; style persisting.
Fig. 18. Cynoglossum laevigatum. Boraginece. Internal
surface of one of the cariopsides, nut lodged in the hollow
parttff the shield-like cariopsis, or ereme.
Fig. 19. The whole microbasis of the same.
Fig. 20. lhe same, with the several cariopsides cut
transversely, nuts immersed in the shield-like eremes.
PLATE THE FIFTEENTH.
Fruits.
Fig. 1 . Primus domestica. Dryadece. Drupe cut length-
ways: umbilical cord passing within the suture to the tip
of the stone; seed pendent.
Fig. 2. Amygdalus nana. Dryadece. Stone of the drupe
split open; umbilical cord passing within the suture to the
tip of the stone ; seed pendent, ovate rounded, acumi-
nated at top, deeply lenticular, pale with painted veins.
Fig. 3. Vitis vinifera. Viniferce. Acinos cut longitudi-
nally sphaerical, free, seeds boney.
Fig. 4. The same, cut transversely. Acinos five-seeded.
Fig. 5. Sparganium ramosum. Typ Faced. Drupe juice-
less, bark taken off in part to show the stone, with a small
hole at the tip.
Fig. 6. The same : stone cut transversely.
Fig. 7. Vitis vinifera. Viniferce. Embryo taken out of
the seed.
Fig. 8. The seed cut longitudinally, coated, perispermed ;
embryo at the base, straight; radicle opposite.
Fig. 9. The seed cut transversely.
Fig. 10. Aquifolium spinosum. Caprifoliacece. Nuculane
with part of the flesh taken away; pyrense four.
Fig. 11. Pyrene of the same, with the seed cut trans-
versely.
Fig. 12. Pyrus domestica. Pomacece. Pome cut trans-
versely; cells five, two abortive.
Fig. 13. The same cut longitudinally; cells cartilagi-
nous ; ovules in each cell always 2, the fertile cells usually
one-seeded ; seeds rather large".
VOL. i. s
258
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig . 14. Seeds of the same ; the covers cut off in part, to
show the kernel.
Fig. 1 5. Embryo of the same : cotyledons elliptic, fleshy.
Fig. 16. Mespilus Germanica. Pomacece. Woody celled
pome, or pyrenarius, cut transversely, one of the cells
opened : ovules two.
Fig. 17. Punica Granatum. Myrti. Balausta with part
of the rind taken off, crowned by the tube of the calyx ;
partitions indeterminate, some longitudinal, some cross-
ways : seeds numerous, drupelike.
Fig. 18. Seeds of the same, of the natural size; drupe-
like, outer skin pulpy.
Fig. 19. Embryo of the same, cut transversely, and much
magnified; cotyledons convolute, leaflike, very thin.
Fig. 20. Seed of the same, cut lengthways, and the em-
bryo uncovered ; embryo oblong, pointed at each end.
Fig. 21. Cucumus sativus. Cucurlitacece . Pepo cut
transversely; cells three, parted ; placentarium parietal.
Fig. 22. Cucurbita esculenta. Cucurlitacece . Seed cut
longitudinally.
a. Outer skin leatherlike.
1. Inner skin green.
c. Cotyledon, veiny and wrinkled, on the internal face.
d. Embryo.
Fig. 23. Citrus Medica. Aurantiacecc. Hesperidium
ovate, cut transversely ; outer bark glandular ; inner bark
spongy; cells nine, each lined with a fine skin, filled |with
a pulpy flesh.
Plate XVI
FKDITS.
Page 259.
■fSAury tnsufo'
Londorv, I^iblishxd by Baldwin /radoc7c & Joy,jf>afernosltrR<nvfflovyj/&8.?J-
explanation of the plates.
259
PLATE THE SIXTEENTH.
Fruits .
Fig. 1. Cassia Fistula. L'eguminosce. Tip of the legume,
partly opened; legume phragmated, many-celled; cells
one-seeded ; placentarium unilateral ; umbilical cord thread-
like; seeds ovoid, compressed.
Fig. 2. Genista candicans. Leguminosce, Cod, or le-
gume, opened ; legume deeply scrobiculate, nearly celled ;
umbilical cords short, from the convex suture, seeds af-
fixed alternately to each valve.
Fig. 3. Seed of the same magnified; File or umbilicus
prominent.
Fig . 4. The same, with the hile facing the spectator, bile
crescentlike, surrounded by a glandular prominent edge.
Fig. 5. The kernel of the same magnified ; seed peri-
spermed; embryo bent, cotyledons ovate; radicle bent,
centrifugal.
Fig. 6. Scorpiurus sulcata. Leguminosce. Legume
jointed, nodose, furrowed, spiral.
Fig. 7. Astragalus uliginosus. Leguminosce. Legume
cut transversely, two-celled; partition longitudinal, valvean,
marginal.
Fig. 8. Cardamine Gneca. Crucifer ce. Siliqua, or pod,
when dehiscent. Valves fiat, ribless, flown back and rolled
up spirally; partition very narrow, thin; seeds four in each
cell ; umbilical cord fixed alternately to each edge of the
partition.
Fig. 9. Sinapis alba. Crucifer ce. Siliqua hispid, two-
celled, two-valved; valves marked with three hispid ribs
lengthways; upper joint valveless, sometimes containing
one imperfect seed, or partition produced far beyond the
valves into a swordshape beak.
Fig. 10. Embryo of the same, magnified : cotyledons
rounded, nearly leaflike, the outer involving the interior ;
radicle lying in the furrow of the folding, centrifugal.
Fig. 11. Raphanistrum vulgare. Crucifer ce. Part of
the siliqua; valveless, many-celled, jointed, becoming neck-
laceshape; cells boney, separate, in a longitudinal series,
perforated at eaclrend for the passage of the two umbilical
cords, which enter all of them, each cord bearing a seed
in the alternate cells; seeds one in a cell.
Fig. 12. Boney cell of the same cut transversely.
s 2
260
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 13. Cotyledons of the same uncovered; radicle in
the furrow of their fold, centrifugal.
Fig. 14. Thlaspi cuneatum. Crucferce. Silicule ovate,
rounded, compressed, two-celled, two-valved ; valves boat-
shape ; partitions opposite or contrary to the valves.
Fig. 15. Draba verna. Crucifer ce. Silicule oval; two-
celled; valves flat; cells many-seeded; partition parallel to
the valves. ,
Fig. 16. Vella annua. Crucferce. Silicule nearly glo-
bular, with soft bristles, two-celled, two-valved ; partition
parallel to the valves, transparent, bearing three or four
seeds in each cell ; style persistent, leaflike.
Fig. 17. Transverse section of the same.
Fig. 1 8. Anagallis phoenicea. Primulacece. Seed much
magnified, ovate, slightly acuminate on each side, roughly^
dotted ; bile in the middle of the bellyu
Fig. 19. Pyxidium of the same when dehiscent.
Fig. 20. Pyxidium of the same magnified, and opened
on one side; placentarium globular, spongy, honeycombed,
free.
Fig. 21. Dianthera Malabarica. Acanthiacece . Capsule
oblong, two-valved, pointed at the tip, two-celled, two-
valved; partition opposite, or contrary to the valves, with
retinacles close to the seeds.
Fig. 22. Serapias Helleborine. Orchidece. Diplotegia
cut transversely, elliptical, sphaerical, one-celled, three-
valved, six-ribbed; placentaria three, on the middle of the
valves.
Fig. 23. The three alternate, sutural ribs of the same,
remaining after the falling off of the valves.
Fig. 24. Iris Sibirica. Iridcce. Diplotegia when de-
hiscent; three-celled, three-valved, loculicidal; valves one-
ribbed, rib prominent; placentarium on the internal edge
of the valves, which re-enter conjointly ; seeds numerous,
horizontal, depressed, flat on both sides, one side straight,
the other semicircular.
Fig. 25. Campanula rigida. Campanulacece . Capsule
crowned with the withered corolla ; calyx five-cut, segments
turned back, opening by pores at the base.
Fig. 26. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Primulacece. Capsyle
cut transversely and magnified, one-celled, five-vaived ; pla-
centarium globular, spongy, pitted, free, central.
Fig. 27. Capsule of the same when dehiscent, mag-
nified.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
261
Fig. 28. Saxifraga granulata. Scixijragece. Capsule half
adherent, two-headed, opening in the middle of the head ;
calyx.
Fig. 29. Ipomea purpurea. Convolvulacece. Capsule cut
transversely, after its dehiscence, three-celled, three-valved,
septicidal ; partitions verticillate, interpositive, persistent ;
placentaria basilary.
Fig. 30. Orontium majus. Scrofulariece. Capsule cut
transversely; two-celled; partitions two, valvean, marginal,
meeting; placentarium central, two-lobed.
Fig. 31. Capsule of the same entire, three-holed at the
summit.
PLATE THE SEVENTEENTH.
Fruits.
Fig. 1. Actaea spicata. Fanunculacece . Berry cut trans-
versely, fleshy, camarelike; seeds in two rows, nearly semi-
circular.
Fig. 2. The same, with part of the covering removed,
to show the seeds lying over one another in two rows.
Fig. 3. The seed cut lengthways; perisperm the shape
of the seed; embryo very small, nearly ovate, at the base.
Fig. 4. Ribes spinosum. Grossularice . Acrosarcum, or
berry crowned with the persistent calyx, cut longitudinally;
placentaria two, lateral, opposite.
Fig. 5. The same cut transversely; placentaria lateral,
triple.
Fig. 6. Perisperm of the same cut longitudinally and
magnified, with the umbilical cord, as it passes through the
gelatinous pulp surrounding the seed : embryo very small,
at the tip.
Fig. 7. Vaccinium montanum. Vaccinice. Acrosarce, or
crowned berry, spherical.
Fig. 8. The same cut transversely: acrosarce five-celled ;
placentaria central.
Fig. 9. Androsaemum officinale. Hypericinece. Berry cut
transversely, one-celled ; placentaria three, lateral, spongy,
at first solid, but when ripe leaving a vacant space between
their two divisions.
262
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 10. Mandragora acaulis. Solanece. Berry cut trans-
versely, globular ; seeds immersed, towards the periphery,
all around.
Fig. 11. The same, with the pannexterne taken off:
seeds many, kidneyshape; calyx four cut.
Fig. 12. Asclepias nigra. Apocineae. Follicle opened,
one-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent; placentarium sutural,
becoming free by the dehiscence; umbilical cord pappus-
like, or seeds comose.
Fig. 13. Veratrum album. Colchicacece. Etaerion three-
camared, camares oblong, slightly compressed, connected
at bottom, separate at top, and ending in a short style;
perigonium six-lobed.
Fig. 14. Camares of the same dehiscent, and emptied of
their seeds.
Fig. 15. Transverse section of the etaerion, towards the
bottom.
Fig. 16. Rhododendron maximum. Rhododendra. Cap-
sule cut transversely, five-celled ; placentarium central, ra-
diating, lobed.
Fig. 17. Caltha palustris. Ranunculacece. Etaerion eight-
camared, camares compressed, spreading horizontally at
top.
Fig. 18. A camare of the same opened ; placentarium on
the edges of the suture.
Fig. 19. The capsule of the rhododendron maximum,
in dehiscence; cells five, septicidal ; style persistent on the
central placentarium.
Fig. 20. Seed of the same cut lengthways, and magni-
fied; outer coat produced in a kind of beak; kernel ovate
oblong, shorter than the seed; embryo straight; cotyle-
dons very short.
Fig. 21. Butomus floridus. Butomacece. Dieresile mag-
nified, six-coqued, ovate-beaked, connected together about
half their height, membranaceous, opening inwards.
Fig. 22. One of the coques cut transversely; seeds pa-
rietal, very numerous, small, spread all over the internal
surface of the coque.
Fig. 23. Napsea dioica. Malvaceae. Calyx magnified,
five-cut ; central axis of the dieresile winged, pyramidal,
furrowed.
Fig. 24. One of the ten coques of the same cut longi-
tudinally, semicircular, tip ending in a bent-back point;
umbilical cord very small ; seed kidneyshape, single.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
263
Fig. 25. Lavatera arborea. Malvacece. Fruit cut verti-
cally and magnified : dieresile axile, compressed, 6-coqued ;
coques one- celled, one-seeded; seed peltate; embryo bent;
cotyledons plaited ; radicle basilary.
Fig. 26. Ricinus communis. Eaiphorliacece. Regma cut
longitudinally and magnified ; three-celled, covered with a
pannexterne that separates ; coques one-cel led, two-valved,
one-seeded; placentarium under the tip; seed coated, ca-
runculated, perispermed, hanging.
a. Perisperm.
h. Embryo two-cotyledon, straight, in the middle; coty-
ledons leaflike.
c. Caruncle.
d. Umbilical cord.
Fig. 27. The same, with one of the coques taken away
from the two others ; placentarium central, columnar, three-
sided, with three blunt beaks passing into the cells, regma
covered with soft spines.
Fig. 28. The same, cut transversely, showing the three
coques, emptied of their seeds.
Fig. 29. The seed of the same cut across ; embryo two-
cotyledon.
Fig. 30. The seed cut lengthways; embryo nearly the
size of the albumen.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
264?
PLATE THE EIGHTEENTH.
Fruits.
*
.Fig. 1. Rubus Idaeus.' Dryadece. Fruit cut lengthways ;
polycfalorion succulent, composed of several drupeolated
akenia soldered together, one-seeded; seed coated, with-
out a perisperm, hanging.
Fig. 2. Rosa canina. Rosacea ?. Hip cut longitudinally ;
calyx become fleshy, ovate; utricles in pits on thminternal
surface of the hip, the central utricles pedicelled; pedicells
fleshy, yellow, rather hairy; style persisting.
Fig. 3. Agrimonia repens. Agrinionacece. The amalthsea
cut transversely; calyx five-toothed, echinated; seeds three,
ovate, not fleshy, slightly compressed, pointed at top, blunt
at bottom.
Fig. 4. Ranunculus muricatus. Ranunculacece . The poly-
chlorion formed of many cariopsides, prickly on both sides.
Fig. 5. Cariopsis of the same cut lengthways; embryo
very small, in the base of the seed.
Fig. 6. Fragaria vesca. Dryadece. The polychlorion.
Calyx ten-cut; receptacle fleshy, wider than the calyx,
ovate, globular, very large ; akenia numerous, small, ovate,
acuminate, slightly compressed.
Fig. 7. An akenium of the same.
Fig. 8. Morus alba. Urticece. The sorose composed of
several fleshy utricles, soldered with the calycine segments
of the several flowers.
Fig. 9. A single utricle of the same, with the fleshy seg-
ments of its calyx displayed, magnified.
Fig. 10. An utricle of the same opened and magnified.
Fig. 11. Ambora Tamburissa. Urticece. Sycone, or fig,
cut transversely, to show the several carcerules, immersed
in the internal surface of the involucrum.
Fig. 12. Pinus Americana. Abietidece. Strobile egg-
shape ; cupules leatherlike, thick, triangular, rounded on
the outer edge.
Fig. 13. A cupuie of the same; nucules two, winged
upon the outward side.
Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, magnified; cotyledons
four.
Fig. 15. Cupressus sempervirens. Cupressidece. Galbule
ovate, globular ; cupuie angular, upright, headed, edge of
the head oblique and jagged, centre radiated.
Fig. 16. A cupuie of the same.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
265
Fig. 17. The nucules of the same, as seen on either side,
small, boney, irregularly angular.
Fig. 18. Juniperus Virginiana. Cupressidece. Arcesthide
magnified, ovoid, berrylike, composed of 1-seeded glandes,
soldered along with succulent bractese : cupules woody,
close.
Fig. 19. A single glans of the same, magnified, with
small vesicles at the base filled with turpentine.
Fig. 20. A glans of the same cut longitudinally, and
magnified.
a. Cupule.
b. Pericarpium membranaceous, crowned by the limb of
the calyx.
c. Limb of the calyx.
d. Remains of the stigma.
e . Perisperm.
f. Embryo axile, two-cotyledon.
Fig. 21. , Anona squamosa. Anonae. Asimine cut trans-
versely, barked, fleshy, composed of several berries; bark
thick, spongy, corklike, covered all over with ovate, oblong,
nipplelike, ascending tubercles; flesh pulpy, divided into
as many cells as there are tubercles in the bark, so that the
fresh and moist fruit may be separated into as many berry-
like lobes.
Fig. 22. Perisperm of the same split lengthways, embryo
very small, near the hile.
Fig. 23. Seed of the same, elliptic, slightly angular,
smooth.
266
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE THE NINETEENTH.
Filices and Lycopodiacece.
Fig. 1. Lycopodium. Lycopodiacece . Part of a branch
magnified ; leaves oblong, linear, much compressed, two-
rowed ; stipules single, lanceolate, one-sided, tiledlike.
a. Capsular conceptacles, with bractese.
1. Another kind of capsular conceptacles, with bracteae.
Fig. 2. The second kind of conceptacle, much magnified ;
three-lobed, two-valved, three-seeded.
Fig. S. A seminule taken out of these conceptacles, and
much magnified.
Fig. 4. The same opened.
a. The lorica.
1j. The kernel.
Fig. 5. The first kind of conceptacles much magnified ;
kidneyshape, two-valved, many- seeded.
a. The seminules.
1. The same, very much magnified, to show they are
angular.
Fig. 6. Bernhardia dichotoma. Lycopodiacece. A capsu-
lar conceptacle magnified, three-lobed, three-valved, par-
titions median.
Fig. 7. A branch of the same plant magnified.
a. Capsular conceptacles, with two bractese.
Fig. 8. a. Seminules magnified.
1. The same, very much magnified, to show they are
angular.
Fig. 9. Tmesepteris Tannensis. Lycopodiacece. Concep-
tacle magnified, capsular, opening, 2-valved, 2-celled ; with
one of the two leaves between which it was placed.
Fig. 10. Lycopodium umbrosum. Lycopodiacece . Con-
ceptacle magnified, capsular, kidneyshape, 2-valved, many-
seeded.
a. Seminules.
Fig. 11. The same very much magnified to show that
they are angular, and collected together by threes or fours
into globules.
Fig. 12. Equisetum palustre. Fquisetacece. Spike mag-
nified, with the terminal ament.
a. Involucra.
b. Conceptacles attached to the under side of the invo-
lucra.
Fig. 13. A seed? of the same much magnified, with the
hygrometrical threads.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES*
267
Fig. 14. The same, with the threads rolled spirally around
it.
Fig. 15. Aspidium nemorale. Filices. A portion of the
leaf magnified, with a single indusium.
a. Miliary glands.
b. Conceptacles each girt with its elastic, incomplete,
peri spheric ring.
c. Indusium kidneyshape, umbilicated, opened on the
sides.
Fig. 16. A conceptacle of the same much magnified,
with its elastic ring and peduncle.
Fig. 17. A conceptacle of the same torn open by the
force of the elastic ring when ripe, and throwing out the
seminules.
Fig . 18. Gleichena circinata. Filices .• A conceptacle
very much magnified, having an elastic ring completely
surrounding it.
Fig. 19. Schizea dichotoma. Filices . A conceptacle
much magnified, having an elastic ring surrounding it at
the tip.
Fig. 20. Marchantia polymorpha. Hepciticce. Fructifi-
cation when ripe, and much magnified.
a. Perichaetium split lengthways.
1. Sheath.
c. Pedicell.
d. Capsule opened, valves or teeth turned back.
e. Elastic threads dispersing the seminules.
Fig. 21. A globule or capsule of the same not quite ripe,
and much magnified.
a. Paraphyses.
b. Perichaetium.
c. Sheath, being in fact the detached pannexterne.
d. Pedicell.
e. Capsule or globule.
Fig. 22. A fructification of the same, in its early stage,
and much magnified.
a . Paraphyses.
b. The jaggs of the perichaetium.
c. The ovary, according to some authors.
d. The style of the same.
e. The stigma of the same.
Fig. 23. A part of the frond of the same magnified,
having two origomes.
a. An origome beginning to show itself.
b. Another entirely developed, with lenticular bulbilles.
268
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 24. Umbell of what is called the male plant of the
same, cut vertically and magnified.
a. The stamens according to some authors, entire, ovoid,
and sunk into the substance of the umbell.
b. Other stamens cut vertically, to show their cavity.
c. Small vascular threads of the stamen, each of which
abut on a mamilla, or nipplelike eminence, on the surface
of the umbell.
Fig. 25. The umbell of what is considered by some as
the male plant of the same; the upper surface slightly
concave, with nipplelike eminences.
Fig. 26. The umbell of what is considered by some as
the lemale plant of the same ; many-lobed, having the
fructifications, fig. 20, 21 or 22, beneath.
PLATE THE TWENTIETH.
Mosses and Lichens .
Fig. 1. Tortula muralis. Musci. Entire plant magnified;
the lemale flower just beginning to appear; surcule short,
leaves oval lanceolate, terminated with a long hair; peri-
chsetium 0; bristle terminal ; urn upright, cylindrical.
a. Ovary, according to some authors.
b. Style!
c. Stigma.
Fig. 2. Fruit of the same, yet young, and magnified.
a. Calyptra.
b. Vaginule.
c. Pedicell beginning to lengthen and separate them.
Fig. 3. Fruit of the same, more advanced in its growth*
the calyptra split lengthways, and ready to fall off*.
Fig. 4. Entire plant of the same, when the pedicel! has
acquired its full growth, magnified.
Fig. 5. Urn of the same when ripe, split longitudinally
and highly magnified.
a. The urn whose sides are composed of two flakes, the
external one called sporangium, the internal, sporan-
gidium.
b. Seminules contained in the cavity of the urn.
c . Columella.
d. Operculum of the urn.
e. Teeth of the peristome twisted spirally.
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
269
Fig. 6. The female flower of the same, stripped of the
pericbsetium, and very much magnified.
a . Ovary.
b. Style.
c. Stigma.
d. Abortive female flowers.
e. Paraphyses.
f. Clinanthe.
Fig. 7. Polytrichum commune. Musci. Proliferous stem
magnified.
a. Bractese united into bellshaped perichaetia containing
male flowers.
Fig. 8. Stem of the same, bearing the fruit, showing the
pediccll, and urn covered with its hairy calyptra.
Fig. 9. Urn of the same, with the operculum taken off:
the whole magnified.
a. Operculum.
b. Peristome with its epiphragm.
Fig. 10. Urn of the same, the calyptra, the operculum,
and the epiphragm taken off; the whole magnified.
a. Epiphragm.
b. Seminules dispersing.
Fig. 11. A male perichaetium of the same cut vertically,
and very much magnified.
a. The bracteoles.
b. Paraphyses.
c. Stamens.
Fig. 12. Splachnum ampullaceum. Musci. Fruit mag-
nified.
a. Urn, with the calyptra and operculum taken off.
b. Apophysis very large, cruetlike.
c. Peristome simple, eight-toothed.
Fig. 13. A stamen of polytrichum commune, with two
paraphyses placed on water, and very much magnified.
a. . The stamen.
b. Paraphyses.
c. The beak-like opening at the tip of the stamen.
d. The fecundating fluid discharged through the beak,
and floating on the water.
Fig. 14. Grimmia apocarpa. Musci. Fruit, the calyptra
and operculum being taken off, magnified.
a. Peristome.
Fig. 15. Peristome of the same detached from the urn,
spread out and much magnified, to show the sixteen teeth
270
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 16. Hypnum cupressiforme. Musci. Peristome
split, laid open, and magnified, to show the fringe and
teeth. — Peristome double; teeth 16, lanceolate; cilias 16,
opposite, membranaceous, united at bottom; bristles 16,
interposed.
Fig. 17. Sphagnum palustre. Musci. Part of the plant
magnified; surcule branched, leaves oval, blunt, concave,
tiled-like; pedicell short; urn ovoid, upon a disk-like
apophysis ; peristome 0.
a. Urn, the calyptra and operculum being taken off.
I . Orifice naked.
c. Apophysis.
Fig. 18. Gymnostomum pyriforme. Musci. Germination
of its seminule, as observed by Hedwig, very much mag-
nified; showing the seminule throwing out a radicle, and
a succulent thread, considered as a cotyledon, which ap-
pears to be jointed, and having nipples which elongate into
branches.
Fig. 19. Variolaria tumida. Lichenes . Entire plant mag-
nified.
a. Thallus thin, crustlike, growing upon trees.
1. Patellules whitish, convex at first, slightly concave
afterwards.
Fig. 20. Patellaria ocellata. Lichenes. Entire plant mag-
nified.
a. Thallus adherent to stones, solid, crustlike, wrinkled,
areolated, greyish white.
1. Scutelles black, concave; edge elevated, of the colour
of the thallus.
Fig. 21. Isidium corallinum. Lichenes. Entire plant
magnified.
a . Thallus.
I . Podetia solid, cylindrical, branched, crowded, whitish.
c. Terminal globules.
Fig . 22. Tips of the podetia of the same.
a. A globule still adhering to the podetia.
1. Pitt remaining after the globules have fallen off.
Fig. 23. Cenomyce pyxidata. Lichenes . Entire plant.
a. Podetium proliferous, fistular, funnelshape at top.
1. Podetia growing on the edge of the lower podetium.
c. Cephalodiiun thick, irregular, sinuous, brown.
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explanation of the plates.
271
PLATE THE TWENTY-FIRST.
Asphyllous Plants .
Fig. 1. Conjugata decimina. Hydrophytes . Two plants
coupled together, and very much magnified.
m The several cells that are coupled together.
1. A cell throwing out a tube to meet that of the op-
posite cell, of the other plant.
c. Cells in which small grains are to be perceived, dis-
posed in a spiral form, as they appear before the coupling
of the plants.
d. Grains passing out of the cell of one plant into the
conjoined cell of the other plant.
e. The cell that is being emptied.
f. The cell into which the grains are passing.
g. Semin ules that have arisen from the union of the
grains of the two plants.
Fig. 2. A seminule of the same, which has ruptured its
cell, and is in a; state of germination.
Fig. 3. Conferva rivularis. Hydrophytes. Part of the
plant very much magnified, as it floats in rivulets : the cells
filled with an immense number of small grains, appearing
to be seminules, which by enlarging rupture the mother
plant and disperse.
Fig. 4*. Fucus vesiculosus. Thalassiophytee. Part of the
frond.
a. Tubercles terminal, containing a great number of
ostiolated conceptacles.
I . Mouths, or ostioles of the conceptacles.
c . Starlike hairs sprinkled over the surface of the frond,
called stamens by Reaumur, and considered by him as ex-
cretory organs.
d. Bladders, globular, frequently in pairs.
Fig. 5. A part of a tubercle of the same, containing a
conceptacle cut through vertically, and very highly mag-
nified.
a. The conceptacle.
1. Elytrm ovoid, floating in a mucilage.
c. Ostioie, or mouth of the conceptacle.
Fig. 6. Sphserophoron coralloides. Idiot halamecz. A part
of the plant magnified.
a. Podetium solid, cylindrical, branched.
1. Branches divaricated.
c. A cistule.
272
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 7. A cistule of the same, cut transversely, and very
much magnified.
a. Fibrous fungosity, supporting the seminules.
b. Seminules escaped from the cistule.
Fig. 8. Sphasria stigma. Sarcotkalamece. Cut vertically
as it grows within the bark of the hazel-nut-tree, and very
much magnified.
a. Partition dividing the sphaerule into two cells.
Fig. 9. Physarum. Fungi. Several plants as they grow
on dead timber, magnified.
a. Peridium cracked at top, showing the internal cells
containing the seminules.
Fig. 10. Puccinia rosae. Protomyci. A group of plants
as they grow on the under surface of the leaves of the
rose-tree; very much magnified.
a. Pedicell transparent, swelled out at bottom.
b. Peridium black, oblong, pointed, many-celied, par-
titions transverse.
c. A very young plant.
d. An old plant, the peridium of which is torn, and the
seminules' have escaped.
Fig. 11. Ceramium polymorphum. Thalassiophytce . Ex-
tremity of a branch very much magnified.
a. Conceptacles globular, solitary, sessile, just under
the tip.
b. Small pappus on the tip of the conceptacles.
c. Extremity of a branch, extending beyond the con-
ceptacle.
d. Barren branch, terminated by two small lanceolate
frondilles.
Fig. 12. Girardia atropurpurea. Hydrophytce. Parts of
the plants, as they float in water, very much magnified.
a. A young filament, having only a dark line, without
any appearance of cells.
b. A filament in a more advanced state of growth, in
which the partitions begin to be visible, with a small rec-
tangular seminule in each.
c. A filament still more advanced in growth, in which
the seminules have changed their position.
d. A filament containing two seminules in each cell.
e. A filament in which the two seminules have changed
position.
f. A filament in which the cells are become obliterated,
and being ruptured, let the seminules escape.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
273
Fig. 13. Agaricus coprophilus. Bymenothecece . Plant
cut vertically^
a. Stem pipelike.
b. Pileus lamellar beneath; gills radiated, scytheshape,
unequal.
c. Umbilicus.
Fig. 14. Part of a gill of the same, very much magnified.
a. Seminules.
1. Fringed edge, taken by Micheli for stamens, and by
Hedwigfor stigmata.
c. Seminules separated from the gill, which served them
as a placentarium.
Fig. 15. Sphseria. Sarcolhalamece. A part of the plant
cut vertically, and magnified.
a. Spherules ovoid, enchased in the stroma.
b. Strome upon the bark of a tree.
Fig. 16. Calycium sphaerocephalum. Idiot halameai. En«
tire plant magnified.
a. Thallus adherent on bark of old trees, very thin,
scarcely visible.
b. Podetion simple, upright, black,
c. Pileus topshape, black.
Fig. 17. Opegrapha. Idiot halamece. Entire plant mag-
nified.
a. Thallus adherent on the bark of trees, crustlike, flaky,
thin, split, irregular, whitish.
b. Lirelles branchy, black.
Fig. 18. Umbilicaria mu r in a. Ccenothalameoe. Entire
plant magnified.
a. Thallus free, membranaceous, leatherlike, wavy,
brown.
b. Gyromes sessile, hemispherical, black.
VOL. I.
1'
uv-' /■
THE
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT
OF
BRITISH PLANTS.
PLANTS.
Natural BODIES formed of dissimilar parts, of
an organic structure, and although entirely destitute of the
power of voluntarily moving from place to place, or of any
organs of sensation, yet possessed of a living principle by
which they grow and increase, acquiring nourishment, not
by the ingestion of their food into an internal organ, i. e . a
stomach, the assimilation of one part and the rejection of
the remainder, but by the intus-susception of liquid mat-
ters through a portion of their external surface, generally
by the part, root , buried in the ground : capable of pro-
ducing other individuals similar to themselves, either by
the thrusting forth and subsequent spontaneous separation
of sporae, gongyli, or turiones, organized from the first
similarly to themselves, and expanding without fecunda-
tion, or by the formation and dispersion of a kind of eggs,
seeds, produced in one set of reproductive organs, the pis -
tills, fecundated and rendered capable of expansion into a
plant similar to its parent by the intromission of a fluid
secreted by a different set of organs, the stamens, placed
either upon another individual, more commonly on the
same but separate, and still more commonly within the
same covers, or flowers. These reproductive organs, when
present, are rarely solitary, usually numerous, in each in-
dividual, and enclosed in two covers, the inner cover, or
Lloom, of a gay and lively colour, seldom uncovered. The
T 2
276
PLANTS.
seed-bearing, or female organs of Linnaeus, usually occu-
pying the centre of the flower, and single ; the fecundating,
or male organs of Linnaeus, generally more numerous,
mostly five, surrounding the females in a circle: neither of
these organs serving for more than a single fecundation and
production of seeds, but withering and falling off', although
new organs of the same kind are frequently produced on
the same plant in the following years. The fecundation
effected by the motion of the atmosphere, or the passage
of insects, either carrying the fecundating liquid from the
one organ to the other, or occasioning the approach of the
two organs, and the moisture of the one then causing the
rupture of the other, and the consequent emission of the
fecundating fluid. The seeds sometimes growing until they
become similar to their parent before they fall off and are
dispersed.
Plants are primarily divided into three series.
1. PLANTS CELLULOSE.
Structure cellular; emlryo {), reproduced by sporse.
2. PLANTS ENDOGENiE.
Structure vascular; trunk cylindrical, homogeneous, the
centre youngest; emlryo undivided; cotyledon 1 ; plumule
extra-axile.
3. PLANTiE EXOGENJE.
Structure vascular; trunk conical, composed of wood
covered with bark, the outer part of the wood youngest ;
emlryo divided ; cotyledons 2 or many ; plumule axiie.
Series I, PLANTS CELLULOSJE.
PLANTS composed entirely of cellular texture, having
neither lymphatic, spiral, nor proper vessels, nor any cor-
tical pores. Cmculum simple; cotyledons 0; propagation
mostly gemmaceous.
Divided into two subseries : A, aphylleae ; B, foliaceae.
PLANTS CELLULOSE APHYLLEE. 277
Subseries I. A. Plant.® cellulostE APHYLLEiE.
Fungi and Algce, Linnasus. Gynoecice, Stokes. Anandree ,
Link.
Plants similar in all their parts, formed into an universal
receptacle, thallus, or several partial receptacles, thecce either
loose, or fastened to the place of growth by peltate or
fibrous holdfasts; absorbing their nutriment by their whole
surface. Propagation by budlike spores, which are gene-
rally enclosed in sporidia, and these sporidia placed in or
upon the receptacles.
FAMILIES.
j . Aquatic or marine : thallus filamentous , or membra-
naceous., often green. Algae.
Thallus tubular; plants aquatic, greenish ;
sporidia in the tubes HYDROPHYTE. 1.
Thallus fibrous, or netted ; pla?its marine ;
sporidia in thecae or in the thallus
THALASSIOPHYTE. 2.
2. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus crust aceous, or leal 'her-
like , green when wet , and grazed; sporidia enclosed in
apothecia of various construction. Lichenes.
Thallus corklike or fleshy;
apothecia dissimilar, covered SARCOTHALAMEE, 3.
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike ;
apothecia dissimilar, covered . . IDIOTHALAMEE. 4.
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike;
apothecia dissimilar, naked . . CGENOTHALAMEE. 5.
Thallus leatherlike or cartilaginous;
apothecia similar . . HOMOTHALAMEE. 6.
3. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus threadlike or fleshy ,
not green , sometimes wanting. Fungi.
Thallus 0 ; sporidia free, naked, or in
a simple theca PROTOMYCEE. 7.
Thallus threadlike, sometimes jointed ;
sporidia attached, naked NEMATOMYCEE. 8.
Thallus 0 ; sporidia scattered in
a bladder-like theca GASTEROMYCEE. 9.
278 PLANTiE CELLULOSE APHYLLEE.
Thallus solid, fleshy; covering
membranaceous ; sporidia scattered
within the substance SARCOTHECEE. 10.
Thullus cellular, fleshy ; sporidia
in oblong thecae on the membra-
naceous covering HYMENOTHECEE. 11.
Thallus fleshy ; sporidia in longi-
tudinal thecae on the deliquescent
covering LYTOTHECEE. 12.
Fam. I. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Algarum pars, Linnaeus
and Jussieu.
Tliallus tubular, membranaceous, leatherlike or gelati-
nous, continuous or jointed; tubes filled with sporidia;
sporidia globose or elliptical ; plant aquatic, rarely marine.
A. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia transverse , in a single
longitudinal row , within the tube. Oscillatorideae.
Threads gelatinous, simple, several to-
gether enclosed in a cylindrical sheath . . . Vaginaria. 1.
Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent,
upon a gelatinous stratum Oscillatoria. 2.
Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent,
free, tranquil Humida. 4.
Threads gelatinous, tufted, upright,
free, tranquil Elisa. 4.
Threads gelatinous, upright from a
common centre, forming a mass Rjvularia. 5.
Threads leatherlike, free Scytonema. 6.
B. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia in many transverse an-
nular series. Bangidese.
Sporidia globular Girardia. 7.
C. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia in tufts , on the inside of
the tube. Lemanideoe.
Threads torulose ; sporidia elliptical Lemania. 8.
D. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia scattered in the tube and
branches . Yaucherideae.
Thallus pinnate; branches linear Bryopsis. 9*
279
Pl. cell. aph. 1 . HYDROPHYTE.
Thallus mostly branched ; branches blad-
dery Vaucheria. 10.
Thallus entangled, in a determinate form;
branches clublike Codium. II.
E. Thallus jointed , filamentous ; filaments flat , brittle .
Diatomidese.
Joints not banded; sporidia in transverse
lines Fragilaria. 12.
Joints banded transversely, with a cen-
tral spot Biddulphia. 13.
Joints banded longitudinally Diatoma. 14.
F. Thallus jointed , filamentous ; filaments cylindrical ,
coupling . Conjugatidese.
Filaments parallel; granules spiral .. . Conjugata. 15.
Fil. parallel; granules 2-dotted Zygnema. 16.
Fil. bent; granules scattered;
sporce elliptical, in the joint Choaspes. 17.
Fil. bent ; granules scattered ;
sporce cruciform, in the contracted joint . . . Agardia. 18.
Fil. bent ; granules scattered ;
sporce round, in the transverse tubes . . . Serpentina. 19.
G. Thallus cylindrical , anastomosing , neilike . Hydro-
dictyanidese.
Filaments anastomosing; sporce netlike
Hydrodictyon. 20.
H. Thallus cylindrical , simple , or branched , not couplings
nor anastomosing. Confervideoe.
Thallus from a common base ;
branches pointed, pellucid Myriodactylon. 22.
Thallus from a common base ;
branches obtuse, clublike Leathesia. 23.
Thallus from a common axis Ch^etophora. 21.
Thallus uniform, simple or branched . . Conferva. 25.
Thallus difform; branches pencil-
shaped, jointed Draparnaldia. 24.
280 L Vaginaria. 1. HYDROPHYTAE. PL cell, aph .
A. Oscillator i deje. Thallus cylindrical, tubular,
jointless, membranaceous, gelatinous, or rather leatherlike,
mostly unbranched ; sporidia ringlike, often becoming glo-
bular, in a single, parallel, transverse series within the
tube, so that the tube appears annulated, with a pellucid
border and interstices.
Gen. I. 1. VAGINARIA. Sheath-moss „
Threads simple, gelatinous, parallel, decumbent, enclosed
several together in a slippery membranaceous sheath; ends
exserted, radiating, oscillating— -Green.
Vaginaria vulgaris. Common sheath- moss*
Sheath simple or branched, glaucous green, slippery ;
threads equal, rings weak.
Oscillatoria vaginata, Voucher , 202.
Conferva vaginata, Dillwyn Syn. 40; Engl. Bot. 1995.
Oscillatoria autumnalis vaginata, Agardh Syn. 107.
Oscillatoria chthonoplastes 13, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 92.
Damp gravel-walks, garden-pots.
Tuft blackish or bluish green ; sheath twining, attenu-
ated; when cut or pressed, it divides into smaller plants of
the same kind, these interior plants being thrust out at the
end or bursten sides gives it a branched appearance ;
grows very quickly. — Another species of this genus grows
at the bottom of the sea, where, by fixing the sand, it fa-
vours the deposition of mud.
II. 2. OSCILLATORIA, Vaucher. Quick-moss .
Threads simple, membranaceous, gelatinous, straight,
decumbent on a gelatinous, slimy bed ; oscillating. — Plant
aquatic.
1. Oscillatoria limosa.' Mud quick-inoss .
Bed blackish green, slippery, very compact; threads ra-
diating, very long, stiff, straight, bluish green.
Conferva limosa, Roth Catal. 3, 197.
Conferva fontinalis, ' Dillwyn , 64, partly.
Oscillatoria Adansonia, Vouch. 194.
Oscillatoria limosa, Agardh Disp. Alg. 33.
Bottom of still waters; becoming free in the spring.
Threads entangled; radii an inch long, blunt, oscillate
very lively ; rings very close.
PI. cell . aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 2. Oscillat. 281
2. Oscillator ia nigra. Black quick-moss .
Ited black, slippery ; threads radiating, very long, stiff,
straight, grayish yellow.
Oscillatoria nigra, Vauch. 192.
Conferva fontinalis, Dillwyn , 64, fig. and partly the description.
Bottom of running waters ; becoming free in the spring.
Threads entangled; radii about an inch long, blunt,
oscillating very lively ; rings rather distant.
3. Oscillatoria tenuis. Slender quick-moss.
Bed green, slippery; threads radiating, short, rather
stiff, straight, light green.
Conferva gelatinosa, omnium tenerrima et minima, aquarum limo in-
nascens, Dillen in Rail Syn. 477.
Oscillatoria viridis, Vauclier 195.
Conferva fontinalis, Roth Catal. 3, 195.
Conferva limosa, Dillwyn Syn. 30 ; Engl. Bot. 2058.
Oscillatoria tenuis, Agardh Decad. 2, 17.
Still waters on mud ; Summer.
Threads half an inch long, very slender ; rings very close.
4. Oscillatoria tenuissima. Very-slender quick-moss.
Bed velvetty, shagg}^, dark green ; threads crowded in
ascending tufts, straight, rather stiff, pellucid, very slender.
Conferva tenuissima, Engl. Bot. 2584.
Oscillatoria tenuissima, Agardh Disp. ed. 2, 33.
Warm springs, as at Bath.
Beds very irregular ; threads about one-hundredth of an
inch in diameter.
5. Oscillatoria P ochracea. Ochry quick-m,oss .
Bed thick, ochre brown, brittle; threads very slender,
yellowish green, incumbent.
Conferva ochracea, Roth Cat. 1, 165; Dillw. 162.
Oscillatoria ochracea, Lyngbyc Hydr. D. 89*
In chalybeate springs.
Bed thick, slippery, drying to an ochry powder ; threads
slightly bent; rings very close, intermixed with distant
ones.
III. 3. HUMIDA. Humida .
Threads simple, membranaceous, bent, entangled, de-
cumbent, free, not oscillating, nor lengthening.— Damp,
shady places.
f
282 3. Humida. i . HYDROPHYTE. Pl. cell aph .
1. Humida muralis . IVall humida .
Threads green, rather stiff, bent, twining, rather thick,
entangled so as to form a close green matt.
Conferva muralis, Roth Cat. 3, 187 ; Dillw. 7; Engl. Bot. 1554.
Conferva rigida, Roth. Cat. 1, 166.
Oscillatoria parietina, Vouch. 196,
Oscillatoria muralis, Agardh Disp. 1, 27.
Garden-walls, damp areas; all winter.
2. Humida decortieans. Slip-coat humida .
Threads very slender, bluish green, bent, entangled into
a very close green mat.
Conferva muscosa confragosa rivulis innascens, Dillen. Muse. 15.
Conferva confragosa, Lightf. Scot. 976.
Conferva violacea, Hudson FI. Angl. 592.
Conferva decortieans, Dillwyn , 26.
Oscillatoria decortieans, Lyngbye IJydr. Dan. 95.
Damp woods and bark of trees; summer.
Threads three times as slender as those of humida muralis.
3. Humida cyunea. Sky-blue humida .
Threads very slender, glaucous blue, covered with a de-
ciduous coat, entangled into a close sky-blue mat.
Conferva cyanea, Engl . Bot. 2578.
Oscillatoria cyanea, Agardh Disp. ed. 2, 33.
Damp walls and stones.
IV. 4. ELISA. Elisa .
Threads simple, rarely adhering to one another, as if
branched, membranaceous, gelatinous, upright, tufted, free,
not oscillating, nor lengthening.
1. Elisa fontinalis . Spring elisa.
Fresh ivater ; threads simple, very slender, nearly hyaline,
rather stiff, upright, short, forming a dark green mat.
Conferva fontinalis fusca omnium minima mollis, Dlllenin Raii Syn. 58.
Conferva fontinalis, FI. Dan. 651 ; Engl. Bot. 2054.
Oscillatoria fontinalis, Agardh Syn. 110.
Stones and posts in water ; summer.
Tufts very small, dark or light green ; threads aggre-
gated, a quarter of an inch long, straight; adheres to paper.
2. Elisa bicolor . Tiuo-coloured elisa.
Fresh water; threads simple, slender, bright green,
weak, very long, forming a bright green fluctuating mat.
Conferva bicolor, Engl. But. 2288.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 4. Elisa. 283
Stones in rapid rivulets.
Rings close, rounded off at each end, leaving pellucid
intervals here and there.
3. Elisa distorta. Mis-shapen elisa .
Fresh water ; threads branched, bluish green, rather
stiff, upright, tufted.
Conferva distorta, Engl. Bot. 2577.
Oscillatoria distorta, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37.
Decayed grass in boggy pools.
Tyfts thick, short ; threads equal, entangled ; branches
rather distant.
4. Elisa mirabilis. IVonderful elisa.
Fresh water; threads rather short, stiff, bluish green,
bending and uniting side by side at the bend, entangled
into a close mat.
Conferva mirabilis, Dillwyn 96.
Fresh waters.
Rings very close.
5. Elisa genujlexa. Kneelent elisa .
Marine ; threads rather short, stiff, pale blue, bending
and uniting side by side at the bend, entangled into a close
mat.
Conferva mirabilis, Engl. Bot. 2219.
On marine plants.
Tufts half an inch high, uniting and divaricating, then
uniting again; covered with a rather horny coat; sporangia
as long as broad.
6. Elisa majuscula. Largish elisa.
Marine ; threads very long, yellowish, entangled into a
very dense, cylindrical, oblong, fluctuating mat.
Oscillatoria majuscula, Jurin Alg. Dec. 4, 7.
Oscillatoria aeruginosa violacea, Agardh Syn. 109.
Floating in the sea and on zostera marina.
Tufts four inches long and three broad, blunt, brown
or blackish ; threads equal ; rings very close.
0. ramosa. Filaments uniting as if branched, either by
the end, or side by side.
Conferva majuscula, Dillwyn Syn. 40, 15.
284 4. Elisa. 1. HYDROPHYTE.
PL cell. aph.
7. Elisa scopulomm. Pocky-shore elisa.
Marine; threads green, rather stiff, twining, pointed,
very short, forming an upright, close, blackish green mat.
Conferva scopulorum, Weber et Mohr Suec. 195; Engl. Bot. 2171.
Oscillatoria scopulorum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37.
Rocks, planks, and large marine plants.
Tufts very close, very thin ; threads not branched, agglu-
tinated at bottom ; rings very close.
8. Elisa confervicola. Conferva elisa9
Marine; threads simple, verdigris green, rather stiff,
upright, attenuated, short, slightly bundled together.
Conferva marina, parasitica tenuissima et brevissima glauca, Dillen
Muse. 552.
Conferva confervicola, Roth Cat AS, 193 ; Dillm. 8.
Oscillatoria confervicola, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,37.
On cylindrical marine plants ; summer.
Threads a line long, in scattered minute tufts, upright,
often hyaline, free at bottom.
9. Elisa zostericola. Glasswrack elisa .
Marine; threads simple, brown, rather stiff, upright,
attenuated, very short, in tufts.
Conferva zostericola, FL Dan. 1599, I.
Oscillatoria Mucor, Agardh Disp. 3, 27.
Oscillatoria zostericola, Lyngbyc Hydr. Dan. 91.
On zostera marina.
Tufts brownish, about a quarter of an inch long; threads
very slender.
Y. 5. RIVULARIA. Agardh. Rivulet-moss .
Filaments gelatinous, membranaceous, not branched,
straight, attenuated, not oscillating, arising from a com-
mon centre, forming a gelatinous, globular or elongated
blackish green mass.
1 . Rivularia atra . Deep-llack rivulet-moss .
Marine ; tufts hemispherical, solid, very hard, shining;
threads straight, pointed, agglutinated at bottom, free at
top, hyaline, greenish.
Tremella hemispherica, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2,714.
Fucus Tremella hemispherica, Grnel. Hist. Fuc. 225.
Batrachospermum hemisphericum, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2,591.
Chaetophora atra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,43.
Rivularia atra, Roth Cat. 3, 340; Engl. -Bot. 1798.
Linckia hemispherica, Schumach. Enum. 2, 114.
Linckia atra, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.
PI cell. aph. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. 5. Rivularia. 285
Stones and posts in the sea, also on fuci.
Tufts 1 or 2-tenths of an inch in diameter, mostly single.
2. Rivularia natans. Floating rivulet-moss .
Fresh-water ; tufts globular, hollow; threads stiff, not
branched, attenuated; sporidia nearly globular.
Tremella utriculata, Huds. FI. Angl. 564.
Tremella natans, Hedwig Theor. gen. 2,218.
Rivularia angulosa. Roth Cat. 3, 340.
Ulva pruniformis, Eng. Bot.9 68, not of Linnaeus.
Boggy ditches and ponds.
Tufts of various sizes, brownish or greenish ; threads
very stiff, attenuated ; sheath thin, transparent at the base
of the threads.
3. Rivularia dura. Hard rivulet-moss.
Fresh-water; tufts globular, solid, hard, green; threads
not branched, straight, agglutinated together at bottom,
free above, awlshape ; rings inconspicuous.
Tremella globulosa, Roth FI. Germ. 3 , 551.
Tremella verrucosa, Roth FI. Germ. 3, 554.
Rivularia dura, Roth Cat. 3,338.
On aquatic plants ; annual ; summer.
Tufts the size of a large pin’s head.
4. Rivularia nitida. Shining rivulet-moss *
Fresh-water ; tufts hemispherical, solid, hard, shining,
black-green ; threads very close, equal, very slender, light
green.
Rivularia calcarea, Engl.Bot. 1199.
Rivularia nitida, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,44.
Inundated places and sides of rivers.
Tufts about a quarter of an inch in diameter, often
uniting and forming an uneven bed.
VI. 6. SCYTONEMA. Agardh. Leather-thread.
Threads nearly leatherlike, free, not gelatinous, simple
or branched, orange-colour in dark and blackish tufts.—
Inundated places ; appearing like lichens, and being per-
haps the young state of some of their families.
a. Branches given out at right angles .
1. Scytonema myochrous. Mouseskin leather-thread .
Threads olive yellow, very closely entangled into a
blackish brown mat ; branches in pairs, simple, facing one
way ; sporidia ringlike.
286 6. Scyton. I. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.apk.
Conferva myochrous, var. Dillvo. Syn. 37 ; Engl. Bot. 1555.
Scytonema myochrous, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,38.
Caves and sides of rocks.
Tufts green when dry ; threads olive-yellow, rather
weak, slightly attenuated, branches coming out at right
angles ; sporidia black, rarely globular.
2. Scytonema seriatum . Rowed leather-thread .
Tufts very thickly entangled, blackish brown ; threads
slender, purplish brown ; branches in pairs, facing one way ;
sporidia roundish.
Conferva myochrous, Dillw. 19; Engl. Bot. 1555.
Conferva seriata, Wahl FI. Lap. 984.
Scytonema myochrous inundatum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,39.
Alpine inundated places.
Tufts a quarter of an inch thick, wool-like ; threads twice
as long.
j3. simplex. Tufts brown-green ; thread simple, very
rarely emitting branches.
Scytonema myochrous simplex, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 38.
3. Scytonema ocellatum. Eyed leather-thread.
Tufts very dense, blackish ; threads very slender, orange,
weak; branches facing one way, simple; sporidia beadlike.
Conferva ocellata, Dilho. Syn. 60; Engl. Bot. 2530.
Scytonema myochrous ocellatum, Agardh Disp.ed. 1,38.
Scytonema ocellatum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 97.
Floating wood and fresh-water plants in alpine lakes.
Threads slightly bent; branches sometimes solitary.
b. Branches rodlike .
4. Scytonema comoides. Wiglike leather-thread.
Tufts loose, iron black ; threads bent, hair-brown ;
branches single, rather distant, ascending, truncated at the
tip.
Conferva rufa, Roth Cat. 3, 280?
Conferva araneosa, Mohr in Schrad. Journ. 1806, 196.
Conferva comoides, Dillva. 27 ; Engl. Bot. 1700.
Scytonema comoides, Agardh Syn. 112.
Stones on the shores, and marine plants.
Tufts oblong; threads much branched, an inch long;
sporidia beadlike.
5. Scytonema radicans. Rooting leather-thread .
Tufts dark olive-brown, loose; threads creeping, straight,
rather stiff; branches single, simple, scattered, upright,
blunt, thinner at bottom.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 6. Scytonema. 287
Conferva radicans, Dillvo. Syn. 57 ; Engl. Bot. 2138.
Rocks covered by the sea ; August.
Tufts an inch thick ; sporidia globular.
B. Bangideje. Thallus tubular, cylindrical, not jointed,
membranaceous, leatherlike, simple or branched; sporidia
elliptical, globular, in several parallel transverse series,
afterwards free, in the tubes.
VII. 7. GIRARDIA. Girard.
Sporidia spherical.
1. Girardia atrovirens. Blackish- green girard.
Threads branched, stiff; branches coriaceous, scattered,
diyaricated ; sporidia 3 or 4, in each transverse series.
Lichen pubescens? Linn. FI. Suec. 1126.
Conferva atrovirens, Dillvo. 25.
Scytonema atrovirens, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 39.
Cornicularia pubescens, Acharius Syn. Licit. 302.
Barigia atrovirens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 85.
Rocks.
Tufts 3 inches long, black; threads aggregated, uprio-ht
at bottom, then decumbent, very much branched ; branches
thinner at both ends, spreading.
0. prolifera. Threads hispid, spinulose.
Scytonema atrovirens prolifera, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,39.
Cornicularia pubescens hispid ula, Acharius Syn . Licit. 302.
2. Girardia fuscopurpurea. Brownish-purple girard.
Threads simple, straight, unequally torulose; sporidia
many in each transverse series.
Conferva fusco-purpurea, Dillvo. 92.
Oscillatoria fusco-purpurea, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 34.
Bangia fusco-purpurea, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 83.
Piles and stones in the sea.
Tufts pendulous; threads aggregate,[a quarter of an inch
long, elastic, blunt ; sporidia 4? to 1 0 in each series.
j3. atropurpurea. Threads blackish purple.
Conferva atropurpurea, Dillvo. 103.
Conferva triehodes, Ducluz. Essai, 30.
Oscillatoria atropurpurea, Agardh Syn. 109.
Bangia fuscopurpurea /3, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 83.
On piles, just below the surface of the sea.
Holdfasts fibrous.
S88 8. Lemania. 1. HYDROPHYTE PLcelLaph.
C. Lemanide.®. Thallus tubular, cylindrical, not
jointed, torulose, inflated at intervals, cartilaginous, mem-
branaceous, regularly cellular; sporidia in branched, beaded
filaments in pencilshaped tufts, scattered on the inner sur-
face of the tube, afterwards free and filling the tube.
VIII. 8. LEMANIA. B. de St. Vincent. Leman .
Thallus simple or branched, olive green, papillose on the
outside; sporidia elliptical. — Fresh-water.
1. Lemania Jluviatilis . River leman.
Threads olive-colour; internodes cylindrical, 5 times as
long as broad; papillse mostly 3 together; branches and
.second branches narrower at both ends.
Conferva fiuviatilis lubrica setosa equiseti facie, Dillen Muse. 7, 47.
Conferva fiuviatilis, Lin. S. P. 1635; Engl. Hot. 1763.
Polvspermum fiuviatilis, Vaucher , 99.
Chantransia fiuviatilis, De Candolle FI. Gall. 2, 50.
Lemania corallina, Bory in Berl. Mag. 1809, 277.
Nodularia, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1809, 9.
Lemania fiuviatilis, Agardh Syn. 70.
Nodularia fiuviatilis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 99.
On stones in rapid rivers; summer.
Holdfasts callous, blackish ; threads numerous, simple
or branched, 6 inches long, each knot is composed of 2 or
S papillae, brittle when dry.
2. Lemania torulosa. Swollen leman .
Threads mostly simple, narrower at bottom, generally
thicker at top, olive-colour ; internode about 3 times as long
as broad.
Conferva fiuviatilis nodosa, fucum semnlans, Dillen Muse. 39.
Conferva torulosa, Mohr in Schrad. Journ. 1801, 324.
Conferva fiuviatilis jS, Engl. Bot . 1763.
Lemania torulosa, Agardh Disp. 28.
In mountain-streams. — -A doubtful species.
D. Vauchekideje. Thallus threadlike, tubular, not
jointed, mostly branched, cartilaginous, membranaceous,
regularly cellular; branches vesicular, clubshape or linear;
sporidia globose, scattered in the tubes of the thallus, or
in the branches or ends of the thallus.
IX. 9. BRYOPSIS. Lamouroux. Moss-weed .
Thallus pinnate, tubular, not jointed, membranaceous,
gelatinous, cellular ; branches linear ; sporidia globose,
green, scattered in the stem and branches. — -Marine.
PL cell, aphyl. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 9. Bryopsis. 289
Bryopsis arbuscula. Shrublike moss-weed.
Phallus rather compressed, bright green, branched ;
branches naked at bottom, pinnate at top ; lobes numerous,
long, parallel, linear, opposite.
Ulva plumosa, Hudson Ft. Angl . 571 ; Engl. Bot. 2375.
Bryopsis arbuscula, Lamour. Journ. Hot. 1809, 134.
Fucus arbusculus, Do Caml. FI. Fr. 2, 35.
On stones and rocks on the coast.
Phallus 2 inches long; sporidia clustering towards the
circumference leaving the centre pellucid.
X. 10. VAUCHERIA. De Candolle. Voucher, ,
Phallus threadlike, tubular, mostly branched above, not
jointed, rather stiff, mostly cut, angled ; membrane of the
threads hyaline; sporidia green, minute, globose, scattered
in the tube ; side-branches vesicular, single or aggregate,
elongating into new individuals, or barren incurved.
a. Vesicles single .
1. Vaucheria dicholoma. Pwoforked voucher .
Fresh-water ; threads large, tufted, upright, forked at
top ; branches long; vesicles globose, scattered, sessile.
Conferva dichotoma, Lin. Sp. PL 1635; Dillw. 15; Engl. Bot. 932.
Cerarnium dichotomurn, Roth Cal. 3, 119.
Ceramium caespitosum maximum, Roth Cat. 3, 120.
"Vaucheria dichotoma, Agardh Syn. 47.
Stagnant waters and ditches ; April to August.
Pufts angular, cut, blackish ; threads angular at bottom,
slippery, a foot long.
2. Vaucheria ovaia. Ovate voucher „
Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, rather forked, tessular,
peduncled, single, globose; peduncles naked, curved.
Ectosperma ovata, Voucher , 25.
Vaucheria ovata, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 63.
Conferva bnrsata, Muller Nov. Act. Petr. 3,96.
Vaucheria bursata, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,21.
Ditches and stagnant waters ; April.
Pufts very dense, floating on water; threads 9 inches
long, simple at bottom, twice as long as the vesicles.
3. Vaucheria hamata. Hooked voucher.
Fresh- water ; threads hairlike; branches vague; vesicles
peduncled, solitary, globose; peduncles with a barren hook,
turned back.
VOL. i. u
290 1 0. Vauch. 1 . HYDROPHYTES. PL cell aph.
Ectosperma hamata, Vaucher , 26.
Vaucheria haraala, De Cund. FI. Fr. 2, 63.
Ditches; April.
Tufts very dense, floating in water; peduncles mostly
facing one way, 4 times as long as the vesicle.
4. Vaucheria terrestris . Land vaucher.
Land; threads hairlike, ascending, branched; ramuli
very short, facing one way ; vesicles sessile, single, globose.
Ectosperma terrestris, Vaucher , 27.
Vaucheria terrestris, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2,62.
Naked ground, damp shady places; April and August.
Tufts entangled, very dense ; upper branches spreading,
short ; vesicles in the fork, or at the side of the branches.
5. Vaucheria Dillwynii. Dillwyiis vaucher .
Land; threads hairlike, flexuous, branched; vesicles
nearly sessile, single, globose.
Riccia arachnoidea, Flor. Dan. 1,890.
Ceramium Dilluynii, Roth Cat. 3, 117.
Conferva frigida, Dillw. 16.
Conferva Dillwynii, Weber and Mohr , in Dillw. 16.
Vaucheria Dillwynii, FI. Dan. 1595, 1.
Damp shady places.
Tufts very close; threads decumbent, entangled ; vesicles
rarely peduncled ; peduncles very slight.
6. Vaucheria granulata. Granulated vaucher .
Land; threads branched, creeping, or buried in the
ground ; vesicles solitary, globular, terminal.
Ulva granulata, Lin. S. P. 1633.
Tremella granulata, Hudson FI. Angl. 560 ; Engl. Bot. 324.
Linkia granulata, TVigg Prim. FI. Hols. 94.
Ulva radicata, Retz. Prodr. 303.
Vaucheria radicata, Agnrdh Disp. ed. 1, 22.
Vaucheria granulata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 78-
Dried-up ditches on clay; ephemeral; autumn.
Threads very short, green above; vesicles globular, about
the size of mustard-seeds, cracking under the feet.
7. Vaucheria clavata. Clulled vaucher.
Marine ; threads hairlike, branched at the tip ; vesicles
solitary, in the clublike tips of the reflex branches.
Ectosperma clavata, Vaucher , 34.
Vaucheria clavata, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2,60.
Conferva dilatata, Roth Cat. 3, 183. x
Conferva vesicata, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3, 95.
Salt-water ditches; annual; April and September.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. lO.Vauch. 291
Tufts very densely entangled, an ell long, floating;
branches divaricating.
O
8. Vaucheria ornithocephala. Birds-head voucher *
Fresh-water ; threads branched ; branches scattered ;
vesicles ovate, obliquely beaked ; peduncles perpendicular.
Conferva vesicata, Dillw. 74.
Vaacheria ornithocephala, Agardh Syn. 49.
Ditches; autumn.
Tufts entangled, floating ; threads scattered, rather
straight; vesicles 2 or 4 together, 1-sided, resembling a bird’s
head ; peduncles very short.
b. Vesicles in pairs , with a barren branch between them .
9. Vaucheria sessilis . Sessile voucher .
Fi esh-water ; threads hairlike, branched; vesicles sessile,
mostly in pairs, ovate, intermediate barren branch turned
back.
Ectosperma sessilis, Vaucher, 31.
Vaucheria sessilis, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 63 ; Engl. Bot. 1765.
Stagnant waters and ditches; April.
Tufts very dense, floating; vesicles sometimes solitary.
10. Vaucheria geminata. Doubled vaucher »
Fi esh-water ; threads hairlike, forked; vesicles in pairs,
globose, opposite, on a common horned peduncle; horn in-
termediate, straight.
Ectosperma geminata, Vaucher , 29.
Vaucheria geminata, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 62 ; Engl. Bot. 1766.
Stagnant ditches; February.
Tufts very close, floating;^ peduncles 3 times as long as
broad, horizontal ending in a slightly jointed, barren,
straight point.
1 1 . Vaucheria ccespitosa. Turf vaucher .
Fresh-water j threads hairlike, tufted, forked, branched;
last branches horizontal, facing one way, vesicle-bearing ;
vesicles in pairs, sessile, terminal, with a short, straight,
intermediate point.
Conferva canalicularis, Lin. S. P. 1634.
Conferva fontinalis, Blumenbach in Goett. Mag. 1781, 80.
Ectosperma caespitosa, Vaucher , 28.
Vaucheria caespitosa, yjgardh Syn. 48.
Springs, in clayey soils ; April.
u 2
292 10. Vauch. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. PL cell . apL
Tufts very close, blackish green ; threads light green,
bent at bottom, lying down, above upright ; last branches
horizontal, spreading.
c. Vesicles numerous .
12. Vaucheria racemosa . Bunch voucher.
Fresh-water; threads hairlike, forked ; vesicles crowded,
peduncled, in racemes.
Ectosperma racemosa, Vancher , 32.
Vaucheria racemosa, Dc Candolle FL Fr. 2, 61.
Stagnant ditches; annual; April.
Tufts close, entangled, floating; threads bent, branched;
peduncles coming out at right angles, short, racemose ;
vesicles 4, or many, crowded together.
13. Vaucheria mnlticapsularis. Many-fruited voucher.
Land ; threads very minute, creeping, much branched;
branches upright, simple, thicker at the tip; vesicles on the
branches, spherical, crowded.
Conferva inulticapsularis, Dillwyn. 71.
Vaucheria mttlticapsularis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 89.
Damp shady places, among mosses.
Tufts small, entangled, irregular ; threads appearing as
if stoloniferous ; branches sometimes forked; vesicles stuffed
with sporidia, sometimes solitary; sporidia greenish, cylin-
drical, oblong.
XI. 11. CODIUM. Stackhouse. Codium*
Thallus threadlike, tubular, continuous, very closely en-
tangled into a forked, spherical, or flat dark green sponge-
like mass; branches horizontal, sometimes clublike at the
tip, or divided, all pointing to the surface of the mat;
sporidia granular, green, in the tubes and branches. —
- Marine , dark green becoming white by exposure to the air.
I. Codmm subglobosum. Globular codium.
Mass spherical, hollow.
Bursa marina, Rail Syn. 31,3.
Alcyonimn Bursa, Lin. Syst . Nat.
Spon£ dium Bursa, Lamaroux Essai.
Fucus subglobosus, Ltementi in MSS.
Fucus Bursa, Turner Hist. 3, 6 ; Engl, Rot . 2183.
Codium Bursa, Jgardh Disp, 24.
J§ea coasts.
PL cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 11. Codium. 29S
2. Codium dichotomum . Two-forked codium .
nearly cylindrical, threadlike, forked.
Spongia dichotomos teretifolin, viridis, Raii Syn. 29, 3.
Spongia dichotomos compressa ex viride splendens, Raii Syn. 29,4.
Fucus tomentosus, Hudson FI. Angl. 584 ; Engl. Dot. 7 17.
Fucus fungosus, Des Font. FI. All. 2,428.
Spongidium dichotomum, Lamouroux Essai.
Codium tomentosum, Stackfi. in Agardh Disp.
South-west coast ; perennial; June and July.
Trunks from a dilated base, many, 6 inches long; fork
obtuse-angled; branches even-topped, blunt at the tip.
0. marginifer. Mass two-forked, beset all over with,
short, horizontal, forked segments.
E. Diatomideje. Thallas threadlike, tubular, flat,
jointed, sometimes united parallelly through their whole
length ; joints often separating but still cohering at the
angles; spordia granular, enclosed in the joints — often pa-
rasitic on marine plants, forming when dry a shining white
crystalline crust.
XI L 12. FRAGILARIA. Lyngbye. Breaking-zip .
Thallas threadlike, jointed, flat, not branched, very
brittle; joints without any band, separating but cohering
by one of their corners; sporidia granular, enclosed in the
joints.
1. Fragilaria striatula. Streaked breaking-up .
Threads yellowish green, compressed, even ; joints shorter
than broad, in pairs, regularly streaked tranversely.
Conferva striatula, Engl. Bot. 1928.
Fragilaria striatula, Lyngbye Hydr Dan. 183.
On rocks and marine plants ; April.
Threads about a tenth of an inch long.
2. Fragilaria tceniaformis, Tapeworm breaking-tip .
Threads compressed, pale green, even ; joints three times
broader than long, obscurely variegated.
Conferva tseniaeforinis, Engl. Bot. 18S3.
Diatoma ? taeniceformis, Agardh Disp. 35.
On marine plants ; February.
Tufts a twelfth of an inch long.
294 12. Fragil. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.apk
3. Fragilaria peclinalis. Finlike breaking-up .
Threads simple, flat, stiff, narrow, very brittle, growing
narrower; joints three times broader than long, pellucid in
the middle.
Conferva peclinalis, Muller in N. Act. Petr. 3, 91 ; Engl . Bot. 161 1.
Conferva branchings, Roth Cat. 1, 186.
Diatoma pectinalis, yjgardh Disp. 35.
On decaying leaves in ditches ; March.
XIII. 13. BIDDULPHIA. Biddulph.
Thallus threadlike, jointed, compressed; joints nume-
rous, formed of several longitudinal filaments united to-
gether by a transverse pellucid band ; sporidia granular,
purplish, forming a spot under the tranverse band. — Ma-
rine plants, green or white.
1 . Biddulphia pnlchella. Pretty hiddulph.
Threads simple, pale green ; joints nearly as long as
broad, four-cornered, granular, reddish.
Conferva Biddulphiana, Engl. Bot. 1762.
On marine plants; November and December.
Threads half an inch long; sporidia reddish, scattered ;
joints appearing as if furrowed longitudinally, crenate
where they join.
2. Biddulphia obliquata. Crooked biddulph .
Threads nearly simple, in tufts, brownish white; joints
aggregated, obliquely four-cornered, connected with the
next by one corner.
Conferva obliquatn, Engl. Bot. 1869, left-hand fig.
Diatoma obliquata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 181.
On marine plants.
Joints about as broad as long ; granules red or brownish.
0. longa. Joints nearly twice as long as broad.
Conferva obliquata, Engl. Bot. 1869, right hand fig.
3. Biddulphia stipitata . Stipitated biddulph.
Threads simple, few-jointed, inserted laterally on a long,
hairlike stipes ; joints twice as broad as long.
Conferva stipitata, Engl. Bot. 24S3.
Covering marine plants.
Tufts golden yellow, when dry greyish ; threads composed
of 3 to 5 joints, twice or thrice as long as broad, rather
bent upwards.
PI. cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 14% Diatoma. 295
XIV. 14. DIATOMA. De Candolle. Diatome.
Threads jointed, flat, simple, coupled throughout their
whole length ; joints separating, but remaining adherent
by their alternate angles, with a longitudinal band formed
by the coupling together of the threads.
1 . Diatoma Swartzii . Swartz's diatome.
Fresh water ; threads light-green ; joints half as long as
broad, crenately notched on both edges, when uncoupled
triangular.
Diatoma Swartzii, Agardh Syn. 118.
Ditches and stagnant waters, among confervae.
Threads very brittle, slimy, when coupled separating
suddenly into joints on the least touch.
2. Diatoma flocculosum. Flocculent diatome.
Fresh-water; threads hyaline, forming brownish tufts ;
joints rather broader than long, transversely streaked ; band
longitudinal, pellucid.
Conferva flocculosa, Roth Cat. 1, 192 ; Engl. Hot. 1761.
Diatoma llocculosa, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,35.
Tift small; threads very minute; joints 4-cornered, edge
even.
3. Diatoma tenue. Slender diatome.
Fresh-water ; threads very small, reddish and brownish;
joints 3 times as long as broad, transversely streaked ; band
longitudinal, pellucid.
Conferva flocculosa. Ft. Ban. 1487.
Diatoma tenuis, Agardh Decad, 10.
Diatoma flocculosa /3, Agardh Syn. 120.
In ditches, on confervse.
Threads very minute, stiff, hyaline.
4. Diatoma marinum. Sea diatome.
Marine; threads simple, in tufts, yellowish ; joints half
as long again as broad, with ovate, transverse granules.
Diatoma flocculosum ? Be Candolle FI. Fr. 2,48.
Diatoma marinum, Lyngbye Hydr. Ban. 180.
On marine plants ; summer.
Tufts small, brownish ; threads very slender ; joints as
long or twice as long as broad.
£96 15. Zygnema. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.aph.
F. CoNjUGATiDEiE. Thallus cylindrical, threadlike,
tubular, jointed ; coupling laterally, either by pushing out
s. transverse tube from the middle of the joint, or by uniting
at the angles; spore one in each joint. — Fresh-water, green.
XV. 15. ZYGNEMA. Agardh. Zygneme .
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular ; jointed ; coupling
parallelly by a short traverse tube emitted from the middle
of each joint, through which the granules in the joints of
one plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant,
and there form a single spherical spore; granules form-
ing spots in each joint.
1. Zygnema peclinatum . Comblike zygneme .
Threads shining, rather longer than broad; spots two,
oblong or 3-toothed in each joint.
Conjugata pectinata, Voucher , 77.
Zygnema peclinatum, Agardh Syn. 102.
Conferva pectinata, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2,56; Engl. Hot. 1610,
On stones, or floating in running waters.
Tufts light green, growing blackish ; sporce spherical,
lodged in the transverse tube, according to Agardh.
|3. confluens. Joints as long as broad ; spots dense and
nearly confluent.
Conferva bipunctala, Dillw. 2.
2. Zygnema bipunclatum. Two-dotted zygneme.
Threads shining, twice as long as broad; spots 2, stellate.
Conferva bipunctata, Roth Cat. 2, 204; not of Engl. Bot.
Conferva Stellina, Muller in N. Act. Felr. 3, 93.
Conferva cruciata, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 58.
Conjugata stellina, Voucher , 75.
Conjngata cruciata. Voucher , 76.
Zygnema cruciatum, Agardh Syn. 102.
Ditches and stagnant waters.
Tufts entangled, floating ; spots starlike, radiated or
angular.
#. gracile. Joints three times as long as broad; spots 2,
roundish.
Conjugata gracilis, Voucher , 73.
Conferva gracilis, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 55.
Zygnema gracilis? Agardh Syn. 103.
y. imipunctatum . Joints as long as broad ; spot 1,
roundish.
PLcell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTiE. 16. Conjugat. 297
XVI. 16. CONJUGAT A. Vaucher. Conjugate .
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed ; coupling
parallelly, by a traverse tube, exserted from the middle of
the joints, through which the granules in the joints of one
plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant, and
there form an ovate spore; granules forming spiral lines
in each joint.
a. Granules in a single spiral line .
1 . Conjugata quinina. Roman-five conjugate.
Threads equal, slippery, coupling ; joints three times as
long as broad; granules in a single, very close spiral line.
Conferva quinina, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3, 94.
Conferva spiralis, Roth Cat. Rot. 2,202; Engl. Rot. 1636.
Conjugata quinina, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 27.
Zygnema quininum, Agardh Decad. 2, 26.
Ditches and pools.
Tufts dark green ; joints from once and an half to four
times as long as broad; spiral angles acute, like the letter
V often repeated.
/3. port icalis. Spire bent like an arched gateway.
Conferva porticalis, Muller , ut supra.
Conjugata porticalis, Vaucher , 66.
Zygnema quininum porticale, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 173.
y. monstrosa. Tale proceeding from the joints uniting
with the tube proceeding from the next joint of the same
plant.
2. Conjugata inflat a. Blown conjugate.
Threads here and there inflated; granules in a single
open spire.
Conjugata inflata, Vaucher , 68.
Conferva sordida, Roth FI. Germ. 3, 504.
Conferva inflata, Engl. Dot. 2376.
Zygnema inflatum, Agardh Syn. 101.
Ditches.
Tufts cloudlike, yellowish green; threads very slender;
joints three times as long as broad, thicker in the middle;
spot rarely obsolete.
3. Conjugata longata. Long conjugate .
Threads equal, slippery; joints 6 to 12 times as long as
broad ; granules in a simple, very open spire, forming very-
blunt angles.
298 16. Conjug. 1 . HYDROPHYTE. PL cell. aph.
Conjugata longata, Vaucher , 71.
Conferva longata, Dillwyn Syn. 49.
Conjugata quinina longata, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,27.
Zygnema longatum, Agardh Syn. 101.
Ditches and stagnant waters.
Tufts yellowish green; threads very slender.
4. Conjugata tumidula. Swollen conjugate .
Threads here and there swollen ; granules
Conferva tumidula, Engl. Bot. 1670.
Ditches and marshes.
Threads very slender, about one 700th of an inch dia-
meter ; joints 3 times as long as broad ; spore elliptical. —
Perhaps a variety of c. inflata.
b. Spiral lines two in each joint .
5. Conjugata condensata . Condensed conjugate.
Threads equal ; joints about as long as broad ; spiral lines
very close, two in each joint.
Conjugata condensata, Vaucher , 67.
Zygnema condensatum, Agardh Syn . 100.
Ditches.
Threads crisp, brittle, harsh ; spore spherical.
6. Conjugata decimina. Roman-ten conjugate .
Threads equal ; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad ;
spiral lines open, 2 in each joint, crossing each other.
Conferva decimina, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3, 94.
Conferva nitida, Dillwyn , 4.
Conferva jugal is, Dillwyn , 5.
Conferva setiformis lubrica, Roth Cat. 3,267.
Conjugata decimina, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,26.
Zygnema deciminum, Agardh Syn. 99.
Stagnant waters.
Threads light green, slenderer than in c. nitida; spiral
lines like X many times repeated.
7. Conjugata nitida. Shining conjugate.
Threads equal ; joints about as long as broad ; spiral lines
very open, many in each joint.
Conjugata Princeps, Vaucher , 64.
Conferva nitida, FI. Dan. SI 9 ; Engl. Bot. 2357.
Conferva jugalis, FI. Dan. 883.
Conferva scalaris, Roth Cat. 2, 196.
Conferva setiformis conjugata, Roth Cat. 3,266.
Conferva multistriata, Roth Cat. 3,271.
Conjugata nitida, Agardh Disp ed. 1, 26.
Zygnema nitidum, Agardh Decad. 3, 25.
PL cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 16. Conjug. 299
Ponds; August.
Tufts thick, dark green, floating; threads as thick as a
horse-hair ; transverse tubes very short.
XVII. 17. CHOASPIS. Choaspis.
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, kneebent;
coupling at the bend, by a perforation in each joint, which
transmits the granules from one plant to the other, where
they form an elliptic spore; granules scattered. — Not
slippery.
Choaspis serpentina. Serpentine choaspis.
Threads slender, stiff, here and there slightly bent, and
coupling; joints four times as long as broad; granules in a
triple irregular series.
Conferva stictica, Engl. Bot, 2463.
Ditches.
Tufts floating, pale yellowish green above, blackish
green beneath ; joints when young pale green.
XVIII. 18. AGARDHIA. Agardh.
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, bent, ap-
proximating and uniting here and there with others, the
coupled joints becoming shortened; granules in a single
line, spore formed in the shortened coupled joints, cross-
shape.— Bluish green.
Agardhia ccerulescens. Bluish agardh.
Threads slender, bent, light purplish blue; joints 6 times
as long as broad ; granules and spores greenish.
Conferva caerulescens, Engl. Bot. 2457.
Conferva conjugata, Agardh Syn. 96.
Conferva Agardhiana, Wallin, in Liljebl. Sv. FI. cd. 3.
Zygnema? caerulescens, Agardh bisp.ed. 2,32.
Boggy pools ; July.
Joints pellucid with a central, slightly spiral, dotted line
of green granules.
XIX. 19. SERPENTINARIA. Serpentinare.
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, knee-bent,
coupling at the bend, by a short transverse tube coming
from the middle of the joints, which receives the granules
from each plant, and thus forms a globular spore remain-
ing in the middle of the transverse tube ; granules scattered.
— Slippery.
300 19. Serpent. 1. HYDROPHYTES. PLcelLaph.
1. Serpentinaria cmnpressa . Compressed serpentinare .
Threads brittle, bent, coupling; joints three times as long
as broad ; granules in a compressed mass.
Conferva serpentina, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3.
Conjugal a serpentina, Vaucher , SI.
Conferva genufiexa, Dillicyn Intr. 18.
Zygnema compression, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 171.
Stagnant waters.
Threads as line as human hair, very brittle; spore glo-
bular, in the transverse tube.
2. Serpentina geimflexa . Knee-lent serpenlinare .
Threads brittle, knee-bent, coupling; joints four times as
long as broad, half filled with granules.
Conjugata angulata, Vaucher , 79.
Conferva genuflexa, Roth Cat. 2, 199; Engl. Bot. 1914.
Conferva serpentina, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3, 92.
Conjugata genuflexa, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 28.
Zygnema genuflexion, Agardh Syn. 98.
Ditches and stagnant waters; spring and autumn.
Tufts dense, floating; threads as thick as human hair,
slightly curved or knee- bent; granules entirely or half filling
the joints ; spore globular, in the transverse tube.
G. HYDRODiCTVONiDEiE. Thallus cylindrical, thread-
shape, tubular, jointed, anastomosing like a net; ineshes
many-sided, each side formed of a single joint \jpore P or
emlrio ? like the parent, reticulated, contained with the
joints.
XX. 20. HYDRODICTYON. Roth. Water-net.
Threads jointed, membranaceous, woven into the form
of a purse-net; spared same form as the parent plant, en-
closed in each joint. — Fresh-water; green.
Hydrodictyon utriculatum. Bottle water-net .
Threads united into a tubular net.
Conferva reticulata, Raii Syn. 59, 10 ; Lin. Sp. PI. 1635; Engl. Bot .
1687.
Hydrodictyon utriculatum, Roth FI. Germ. 3, 531.
H\drodictyon pentagonum, Vaucher , 88.
Hydrodictyon rnajus, Roth Cat. 2,2.38.
Hydrodictyon tenelium, Roth Cat. 2,239.
Stagnant, or slightly flowing waters; annual.
Plant forms a dense stratum, floating, from 2 inches to
^ feet long ; 7iieshes mostly 5-sided, rarely 4 or 6-sided.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT7E. 21. Chaetoph. 301
H. Confer voided. Thallus cylindrical, threadlike,
tubular, jointed, simple or branched, uniform or biform ;
joints pellucid; sporce granular, green, scattered in the
joints; fruit external, but the granules often grow in the
joints themselves.
XXI. 21. CHAETOPH ORx\. Schrank. Chcetophore .
Mass threadlike, branched ; threads springing from the
axis, jointed, branched, growing slenderer, and ending in
a long transparent hair extended beyond the surface of the
mass; granules in the joints, sometimes growingwhile still
in the mass.— Reddish.
Chcetophora rubra. - Red cheeiophore.
Mass cylindrical, threadlike, forked ; threads branched®
jointed, red.
Ulva rubra, Hudson FI. Angl. 571 ; Engl. Bot. 1627.
Itivularia inultifida, PFeber and Mohr. Reise, 3, 193.
Chaetophora rubra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,42.
Chorduria inultifida, Lyngbye IJydr. Dan. 51.
Rocks on the sea-shore ; annual ; August and September.
Mass crowded, 3 to 6 inches long, from a callous base;
tip of the branches rather blunt.
XXII. 22. LEATHESI A. Leathes .
Mass globular, leatherlike, gelatinous, brownish ; threads
branched, jointed, springing from a common basis; branches
clubshape, blunt; spores scattered in the swollen joints.—
Marine.
Leathesia tuber if or mis. Tuberous leathes „
Mass globular, rather leatherlike, hollow; outer surface
smooth, brown; threads very close, forked, branched;
branches level at the top ; tips clubshaped.
TremelSa difformis, Lin. Sp. PL 1G26.
Itivularia tuheriformis, Engl. Bot. 1956.
Nostoc maririum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,45.
Chaetophora marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 193.
On marine plants; annual; summer.
XXIII. 23. MYRIODACTYLON. DesVaux.
Myriodaciyle,
Mass elongated or globular, gelatinous, light green;
threads branched, jointed, springing from a common basis;
branches growing finer and ending in a long, hyaline fila»
ment ; knots pellucid.
302 23. Myriodact. 1 . HYDROPHYTAE. Pl.cell.aph .
1. Myriodactylon endivifolium. Endive-leaf myriodactyle.
Fresh-water ; mass light green, long, flattish, solid, pal-
mate, many-cut; lobes roundish, blunt; threads very much
branched ; branches even-topped, spreading.
Tremella palustris gelatinosa, dams cornuum facie, Dillen Muse. 51.
Conferva gelatinosa, damge cornua repraesentans, Dill, in Raii Syn. 60,
17.
Ulva incrassata, Hudson FI. Angl. 572 ; Engl. Rot. 967.
Batrachospermum faseiculatum, Voucher, 116.
Rivularia cornudamae, Roth Cat. 3,332.
Rivularia endivifolia, Roth Cat. 3,334.
Chaetophora endivifolia, Agardh Disp. eel. 1, 42.
Ditches; annual; summer.
Mass tufted, 2 inches long ; threads nearly parallel ;
branches rather one-rowed, closer above; lower joints five
times as long as broad, upper equal.
2. Myriodactylon planum . Flat myriodactyle.
Mass flat, orbiculate, centre brown, edge greenish ;
threads concentric, slender, crowded, green.
Tremella adnata, Lin. S. P. 1672 ?
Chaetophora plana, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 43.
Rocks and stones in the sea ; May.
Mass one inch in diameter, pressed close to the rocks
having the habit of a lichen.
CJ
XXIV. 24?. DRAPARNALDIA. St. Vine. Draparnaud.
Thallus gelatinous, composed of two kinds of threads ;
primary thread equal, jointed ; joints having a transverse
zone; secondary threads pencilshape, in bundles, jointed,
ending in a long, pellucid hair; spores granular, green.
1 . Draparnaldia glomerata. Conglomerated draparnaud.
Threads much branched; branches in bundles, many-
cut, pencilshape, pencils mostly alternate, ovate, blunt,
spreading; joints twice as long as broad.
Conferva gelatinosa (3, Hudson FI. Angl. 598.
Cunferva Chara, Roth Cat. 3, 285.
Batrachospermum glomeratum, Voucher , 114.
Draparnaldia mutabilis, St. Vincent. Ann. de Mus, 12, 402.
Draparnaldia glomerata, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 4L
In rivers ; annual ; winter and spring.
Tufts four inches long, appearing like a green gelatinous
jelly; threads slender, vaguely branched; joints with a
transverse spore in the middle.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTES. 24. Draparn. 303
2. Draparnaldia plumosa. Feathery draparnaud .
Threads very much branched; branches in bundles, m any-
cut, pencilshape, mostly opposite, lanceolate, acute, up-
right ; joints rather longer than broad, with a transverse
band.
Batrachospermutn plumosum, Voucher, 113.
Conferva mutabilis, Roth Cat. 1, 197.
Draparnaldia hypnosa, St. Vincent. Ann. Mas. 12,405.
Draparnaldia plumosa, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,42.
On woods and stones in rivers ; annual ; summer.
Tufts three inches long; last division of the branches
much the longest.
XXV. 25. CONFERVA. Pliny. CrowsilL
Threads uniform, simple or branched, greenish, jointed ;
knots pellucid; spores granular, enclosed in the joints.
a. Plant greenish , sunk, branched.
1. Conferva lubrica. Slippery crow silk.
Threads very much branched, very slender, minute, ge-
latinous, slippery, green; branches divaricating, scattered,
close, awlshape; tip long, transparent; joints 2 or 3 times
as long as broad, with a central, transverse band.
Conferva lubrica, Dillwyn, 57 ; Engl. Rot. 2087.
Draparnaldia tenuis, Agardh Decad. 3, 30.
On wood and stones in rivers or stagnant waters; summer.
Tufts glaucous green, dense, 1 or 2 inches long; threads
weak, flaccid, attenuated.
(3. exigua. Threads less than a quarter of an inch long;
joints about as long as broad.
Conferva exigua, Dillwyn Syn. 62.
2. Conferva protensa. Extended crow silk.
Threads branched, slippery, green; branches diffused,
very long, attenuated ; tip pellucid ; joints rather longer
than broad.
Conferva protensa, Dillwyn , 67.
3. Conferva nigricans. Blackish crowsilk.
Threads forked, rather stiff, straight, thick, equal; branches
distant, long, spreading at bottom ; joints 4? times as long
as broad.
Conferva nigricans, Roth. Cat. 3, 277 ; Dillwyn , 63.
Ponds.
S04? 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYT7E. Pl.cell.apk.
T breads in tufts, 3 or 4 inches long ; small branches short,
scattered, greenish black, does not adhere in drying to
either glass or paper, becomes blackish ; joints sometimes
contracted alternately,
4. Conferva crispata. Crisped crow silk.
Fresh-water; threads branched, crisped, dark green;
branches alternate, very remote ; joints cylindrical, four or
six times as long as broad, when dried alternately com-
pressed.
Conferva crispata, Roth Cat. 1, 178; Engl. Bot. 2350.
Conferva rivuiaris crispata, Agartlk Syn. 86.
Stagnant pools; July.
Tufts very dense, about 2 feet long; threads very closely
entangled.
5. Conferva Jlavescens. Yellowish crowsilk .
Fresh-water ; threads very much branched, bent; branches
alternate, divaricating; lateral twigs short, spreading hori-
zontally ; joints cylindrical, 8 or 10 times as long as broad*
Conferva flavescens, Roth Cat. 2, 224 ; Eng. Bot. 2088.
Conferva pennalula, Dillwyn Syn. 64?
Fresh-water ditches; summer.
Tufts very thick; threads entangled, very slender, 9 inches
long; branches attenuated, blunt.
6. Conferva fracta . Broken crowsilk .
Threads much branched, hairlike, stiff, bent; branches
and twigs divaricating, mostly alternate; joints 4 to 8 times
as long as broad, becoming oblong.
Conferva bullosa, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637.
Conferva vagabunda, Hudson FI. Angl. 601 ; Dillw. 5.
Conferva divaricata, Roth Cat. 1, 179.
Conferva fracta, FI. Ban. 946; Billw. 14; Engl. Bot. 2338.
Ditches and pools.
Tufts expanded, very thick, floating, buliated ; threads
2 to 4 inches long ; branches attenuated, tip acute.
/3. hirta. Knots obsolete, by reason of the echinellae pa-
rasitic upon them.
Conferva hirta, FI. Ban. 947.
Conferva fracta hirta, Lyngbye Hydr. Ban. 152.
y. elongaia. Marine threads straight ; upper branches.
very long, simple.
Conferva divaricata elongata, Roth Cat. 1, 181.
Conferva fracta elongata, Lyngbye Hydr. Ban. 1 52.
PL cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 305
& marina . Threads thicker, greenish yellow.
Conferva fracta marina, Roth Cat. 3,234.
Conferva vagabunda, Roth Ft. Germ. 3, 465.
Conferva refracta, Roth Cat. 2, 193.
7. Conferva Jiexuosa. Bent crowsilk .
Threads very much branched, rather stiff, dark green;
branches bent, twigs mostly simple, alternately 2-ranked,
spreading; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad.
Conferva flexuosa, FI. Dan. 882; Dillwyn , 10; Engl. Bot. 1944.
Conferva rupestris flexuosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 156.
Salt-water ditches, at the bottom ; April.
Threads entangled, main threads once or twice branched ;
knots dark.
8. Conferva rupestris. Rock crowsilk.
Threads very much branched, in bundles, stiff, slender,
dull green ; branches adpressed, nearly 3-forked, blunt ;
joints cylindrical, 4 times as long as broad ; knots pellucid.
Conferva marina triclioides, seu muscus marinus virens tenuifolius, Dil-
len in Raii Syn. 60.
Conferva rupestris, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637 ; Engl. Bot. 1699.
Conferva glauca, Roth Cat. 2, 208.
Conferva virgata, Roth Cat. 1, 195.
Ceramium asperum, Roth Cat. 2, 180.
Ceram ium rupestre, De Candolle. FI. Fr. 2, 42.
Rocks by the sea ; annual.
Threads verdigris green, in very thick bundles, repeatedly
branched from base to tip ; joints , when dry, alternately
compressed.
9. Conferva diffusa. Diffuse crowsilk.
Threads forked, branched, rather zigzag, stifR, green ;
branches diffuse, remote; twigs short, approximate, blunt,
joints cylindrical, four times as long as broad ; knots pel-
lucid.
Conferva diffusa, Roth Cat. 2, 207 ; Engl. Bot. 2289.
Sea- shore.
Base callous ; tufts dull green, loosely entangled, 2 to
6 inches long; threads branched from the base, spreading.
10. Conferva glomer at a. Glomerated crowsilk.
Threads much branched, rather stiff, green; branches
alternate; twigs short, rather bundled, pencilshape, rather
blunt; joints 4 times as long as broad.
VOL. i. x
306 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.apk.
Alga sive Conferva fontinalis trichoides, Park. 1261, 1.
Conferva fontinalis rainosissima, glomeratim confesta, Dillen in Rati
Syn. 59, 8.
Conferva glomerata, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637 ; Engl. Bot. 2192.
Conferva cristata, Roth Cat. 1, 193.
Conferva canalicularis, Girod Chnntr. Conf. 173.
Folysperma glomerata. Voucher , 99.
Chantransia glomerata, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2,51.
Stones in running waters ; summer.
Threads aggregate, 3 inches long, crowded, attenuated ;
branches bundled towards the tip, stiff".
11. Conferva Icetevirens. Light-green crow silk.
Threads very much branched, rather stiff", bent like a
bow, light green ; branches approximate, pointed, twigs
short, alternately, facing one way ; joints 5 times as long
.as broad.
Conferva laetevirens, Dillwyn , 48; Engl. Bot. 1854.
Conferva glomerata marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 154.
Stones on the sea-shores.
Tufts bushy, light green ; twigs pointing many together
all on one side, then several together all to the other.
12. Conferva albida. Whitish crow silk.
Threads very much branched, in close tufts, greenish
white, rather opake; branches clustered about 4 together ;
twigs opposite, zigzag, the smallest nearly parallel; joints
4 times as long as broad.
Conferva marina tomentosn, tenerior et albicans, Dillen in Raii Syn.
59, 13.
Conferva albida, Hudson FI. Angl. 595 ; Engl. Bot. 2327.
Sea-coasts; June and July.
Tufts dull, opake, cottonlike, whitish ; threads 3 inches
long, densely interwoven ; twigs nearly horizontal.
f 3 . protensa. Threads 7 or 3 inches long, rather bushy,
twigs spreading, mostly opposite, straight.
13. Conferva pellucida. Transparent crow silk.
Threads very much branched, stiff", light green ; branches
mostly three together, blunt; joints 4 or 6 times as long as
broad.
Conferva pellucida, Hudson FI. Angl. 601 ; Engl. Bot. 1716.
Sea-shore.
Tufts large, green, shining, pellucid, 6 inches long;
threads naked below, repeatedly branched above, cylin-
drical.
Pl.cell.aph. I. HYDROPHYTiE. 25. Conferva. SOT
14. Conferva riparia. Bankside crowfoot *
Threads nearly simple below, branched above, yellow
green ; handles remote, divaricating, long, mostly simple,
coming out at a rounded angle; joints twice as long as
broad ; knots pellucid.
Conferva riparia, Dillwyn Syn. 69 ; Engl. Bot. 2100.
Conferva obtusangula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 159.
Sea- shore, or banks of salt pools.
Tvfts thickly entangled ; joints divided in the fork*
rounded.
15. Conferva lanosa. Woolly crowfoot .
Threads branched, very slender, straight, clustered, yel-
lowish green ; twigs remote, long ; joints lower twice, up-
per 5 or 6 times as long as broad.
Conferva lanosa, Roth Cat. 3, 291 ; Engl. Bot. 2099.
Rocks near the sea ; summer.
Tvfts very close, roundish ; threads about three quarters
of an inch long ; joints rather bellied, upper much the
longest.
0. zoster a. Threads light green, shining.
On marine plants.
16. Conferva arcta. Contracted crowsilk.
Threads branched, stiff, bluish green ; branches rather
spreading ; twigs scattered, adpressed ; knots pellucid, con-
tracted; joint 5, lower as long, upper 8 or 10 times as long
as broad.
Conferva arcta, Dillwyn , 67 ; Engl. Bot. 2090.
Sea shores, or on rocks.
Tvfts very close, 2 or 3 inches long; branches nearly
parallel.
17. Conferva cervginosa. Coppery crowsilk .
Threads branched, bent, short, verdigris green ; branches
scattered, spreading, blunt; joints rather longer than
broad.
Conferva marina capillacea brevis, viridissima mollis, Dillen Muse .
4, 20.
Conferva aeruginosa, Hudson FI. Angl. 595.
On other marine plants.
Threads about half an inch long.
x 2
SOB 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. El.ceU.aph.
18 .Conferva Hutchinsia . Hutchins’ crow silk.
Threads very much branched, bent, rather cartilaginous,
brittle, glaucous green ; branches and twigs scattered, smallest
1 -rowed, adpressed ; joints torulose, twice as long as broad.
Conferva Hutchinsia, Dillwyn , 65.
Conferva centralis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 161 ?
Sea-shores; spring.
19. Conferva, nana. Dwarf crow silk.
Threads pale reddish green, branched, very minute, in
tufts; branches and twigs alternate, pointed, remote; joints
2 or 3 times as long as broad ; knots obscure.
Conferva nana, Dillwyn , 30.
On fontinalis antipyretica, in alpine rivers.
Tufts about half an inch long, pale reddish.
20. Conferva vini . Wine crows ilk.
Tufts brownish yellow; threads hyaline, much branched,
entangled; branches attenuated, acute, twice as long as
broad.
Conferva vini, Agardh Syn. 72.
In Madeira wine.
Tufts cloudlike, floating, an inch broad, brownish yellow
threads very slender indeed.
21. Conferva stellar is. Starry crowsilk .
Threads hyaline, arising parallelly from an orbicular
basis, very minute, equal.
Conferva stellaris, FI. Dan. 660.
On the inside of glass bottles.
Shoots green, about a line in diameter, edges stellate;
threads about an inch long, branched ; branches remote, al-
ternate; joints 4 or 5 times as long as broad.
22. Conferva cegagropilaris. Hairball crowsilk .
Threads arising from a common centre, forming a globe,
much branched; branches rather crowded, blunt; joints
4 times as long as broad ; rather swollen above.
Conferva iEgagropila, Lin. Sp. PI. 1637 ; Engl. Bat. 1377.
Moor balls.
Bottom of alpine lakes.
Balls dark green, from the size of a pea to 3 inches
diameter, exactly spherical, hollow ; branches rather spread-
ing; knots pellucid, when dry contracted.
PLcelLaph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 3Q9
23. Conferva Brownii. Brown's crow silk.
Tufts close; threads much branched, rather stiff, short,
green; branches slightly 1 -rowed, blunt; joints 4 times as
long as broad, rather thicker above.
Conferva Brownii, Dillwyn , 5S.
On wet rocks in caves.
Tuft flat or convex ; threads upright, about the eighth
of an inch long, rather thick, resembling those of c. sega-
gropilaris.
24. Conferva velutina. Velvetty crow silk.
Tuft close, green, velvetty; threads branched, bent, en-
tangled at bottom, rooting, hyaline, at top blunt ; joints
longer than broad.
Byssus tenerrima viridis, veiutum referens, Dillen in Rail Syn. 56, ,1*
Byssus velutina, Lin. Sp. PI. 1638.
Conferva varia, Roth Cat. 3,301.
Conferva velutina, Dillwyn , 17 ; Engl. Bot. 1556.
On the ground in damp places.
Tufts very close ; branches alternate, bent, lower distant,
twigs nearly one-rowed, short, bent, blunt, diffuses a sweet
fragrance not only when growing, but also for some time
after being dried.
25. Conferva cryptarum. Cave crow silk.
Threads green, entangled, much branched ; branches
forked, divaricating, pointed \ joints twice as long as broad,
rather gibbous.
Conferva cryptarum, Dillwyn , 59 ; Engl. Bot. 2588.
Conferva muscicola cryptarum, Agardh Syn. 73.
Caves and caverns.
Branches recurved, entangled; when dry rather stiff,
elastic, pellucid.
26. Conferva umbrosa . Shade crow silk.
Tuft blackish green, velvetty ; threads entangled, branch-
ed, brittle, branches upright, blunt; joints longer than
broad; those of the tips inflated, as long as broad.
Conferva umbrosa, Roth Cat. 1, 191.
Conferva arenaria, Roth Cat • 2, 217.
Damp shady places; summer.
Tufts very close; threads short; branches rather crowded.
310 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTjE. PLcell, aph*
b. Threads greenish , simple.
27. Conferva P ecliinulala. Hedgehog-like crow silk.
Threads simple, very short, blunt, spreading every way
from a centre, and forming a globe, glaucous green; joints
as long as broad. '
Rivularia echinulata, Engl. Bot. 1378.
Floating on lakes.
Threads rather clubshape ; joints about 5 or 6.
28. Conferva sordida. Dirty crow silk.
Threads simple, very slender, cobweblike, tenacious, yel-
low green ; joints 4 times longer than broad; knots pellucid.
Conferva sordida, Roth Cat. 1,171; Engl. Bot. 2303.
Conferva caljcina, Agardh Syn. 78 ?
Stagnant water adhering to grass; April to July.
Mass cloudlike, yellowish green; threads shining, curved;
hyaline, equal.
Q.fuscata. Threads very slender, very closely entangled
into a light brownish cloud.
y. utriculata. Threads very slender; granules collapsed
into several, distinct, oblong globules in each joint; knots
here and there contracted.
29. Conferva Jloccosa. Flocklike crow silk.
Threads simple, very slender; joints about twice as long
as broad, hyaline with a pellucid, globular spot in the
centre.
Prolifera floccosa, Voucher , 131.
Conferva floccosa, Agardh Dispos, 29.
Ditches and running water.
Tufts straight, 2 or 3 inches long.
30. Conferva fngacissima. Fugacious crowsilk .
Threads simple, very slender, slimy, rather straight ;
joints rather longer than broad, with a granular band in
the middle.
Conferva fngacissima, Roth Cat. 3, 176.
Ditches adhering to grasses.
31. Conferva oscillatorioides. Oscillatoria crowsilk.
Threads simple, cobweblike, very slender, very long;
joints longer than broad, with a granular band in the
middle.
PI. cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 311-
Conferva oscillatorioides, Jgardh Disp , ed. 1,29.
Conferva fugacissima oscillatorioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 137.
Ditches, adhering to grass.
32. Conferva puncialis. Dot crowsilk.
Threads simple, very slender, rather slimy. Ion g’, joints
about twice as long as broad ; granules collapsing into a
solitary globule.
Conferva punctalis, Dillwyn , 51.
Conferva brevi-articulata, Mohr in Schrader Journ. 1801,475.
Ditches and running water.
Tufts about an inch long; threads twice as thick as
c. floccosa, pale yellowish green.
33. Conferva zonata. Girded crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, slimy; joints as long as broad ;
granules in a transverse band.
Conferva zonata, Roth Cat. 2,269.
Conferva lucens, Dillwyn, 47 ; Engl. Bot. 1655.
Lakes and rapid streams.
Tufts gelatinous; threads 2 to 4 inches long, tapering,
acute.
34. Conferva dissiliens. Parting crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, equal, straight, slimy, brittle;
joints half as long as broad ; at length separating from one
another.
Conferva disiliens, Dillwyn , 63 ; Engl. Bot. 4464.
Diatoma? dissiliens, yjgardh Disp. ed. 1,34.
Ditches.
Tufts floating; joints hyaline, with a transverse or ovate
spot in the centre.
35. Conferva mucosa. Mucous crowsilk.
Threads simple, very slender, slimy, yellowish green ;
joints rather torose, about as long as broad.
Conferva mucosa, Dillwyn} 46.
Stagnant pools.
Tufts floating ; threads straight, 3 inches long, very
slimy.
36. Conferva vesicata . Bladder ed crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender ; joints here and there inflated,
and proliferous, rather longer than broad.
m 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pi. cell. aph.
Prolifera vesicata, Vaucher , 132.
Conferva vesicata, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 30.
Conferva alternata, Dillwyn , 43 ; Engl. Bot. 2304.
Chantransia vesicata, Be Candolle Ft. Fr. 2, 52.
Floating in ditches and rivulets.
Tufis closely entangled ; threads 6 or 8 inches long ;
joints sometimes alternately green and brownish.
fi.fusca. Threads brownish.
Conferva alternata /3, Dillwyn.
37. Conferva capillar is. Hair crow silk*
Threads simple, slender, crisp, proliferous, entangled ;
joints even, about twice as long as broad, alternately com-
pressed when dry ; spores scattered, or in an oblong spot.
Conferva fluitans filamentis genieulatis, Dillen Muse. 26.
Conferva-capillaris, Lin.S. P. 1636.
Conferva crispa, Dillwyn, 46.
Chantransia crispa, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 52.
Stones in rapid rivers.
Threads 8 to 20 feet long, slimy, rough and brittle when
dry.
0. ramosa. Threads proliferous.
Conferva capillaris, Engl. Bot. 2364.
Prolifera crispa, Vaucher , 130.
38. Conferva rivularis. Rivulet crow silk.
Threads simple, slender, straight, very long, dark green;
joints about 3 times as long as broad, alternately com-
pressed when dry ; knots pellucid.
Conferva Plinii, Ger.em. 1570,2; Park. 1261,2; Raii Syn. 58; 1.
Conferva fluviatilis serieea vulgaris et fluitans, Dillen Muse. 12.
Conferva rivularis, Lin. Sp. PI. 1633.
Prolifera rivularis, Vaucher , 130.
Conferva funiformig. Roth Cat. 1, 169.
Crow-silk. Hairy river-weed.
Running waters: June to September.
Tufts 1 to 2 feet long, fluctuating, loosely entangled;
threads rather stiff.
& aculeata. Branches many, very short, acute.
39. Conferva compact a. Compact crow silk.
Threads simple, slender, compactly entangled, dark
green; joints rather longer than broad; alternately com-
pressed when dry.
Pi. cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 313
Conferva compacts, Roth FI. Germ. 497.
Conferva rivularis, Dillwyn y30 ; Engl. Bot. 1654.
Rivers and rivulets; June and July.
Threads about 100th of an inch thick, sometimes less.
40. Conferva lipartita. Two-parted crowsilk .
Threads simple, slender, very long, densely compacted,
yellow green ; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad ; granules
forming 2 transverse bands in each joint.
Conferva bipartita, Dillwyn , 105; Engl. Bot. 2302 ?
Conferva semistriangulata, Roth.
Salt ditches; July.
Joints vary from as long as broad, Eng. Bot. to 3 times
as long as broad, as in Dillwyn.
41. Conferva linoides. Flaxlike croivsilk.
Threads simple, very long, rather thick and stiff, curled,
brittle, loosely entangled, green ; joints as long as broad;
when dry cylindrical.
Conferva palustris seu Filurn marinum Anglicum, Rail Syn. 60, 16.
Conferva filamentis longis geniculatis simplicibus, Dillen Muse. 25.
Conferva capillaris, Hudson FI. Angl. 598.
Conferva Linum, FI. Ban. 771 ; Engl. Bot. 2364.
Conferva Melagonium, FI. Dan. 1438.
Marsh thread.
Stagnant salt-ponds, and in the sea.
Threads dull green, elastic, slimy, rather even; knots
pellucid.
0. minor. Threads 3 times slenderer.
Inland ditches.
42. Conferva aere a. Brazen crowsilk .
Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, light green ;
joints broader than long; knots pellucid.
Conferva serea, Dillwyn , 80; Engl. Bot. 1929.
Sea-coasts on wood or stones.
Tufts bright verdigris green, 3 to 5 inches long, fluc-
tuating ; granules forming two bands.
£. luhrica. Threads very soft, slippery, glossy.
43. Conferva Melagonalis. Blacksided crowsilk.
Threads simple* stiff, rather thick, straight, dark green;
joints cylindrical, 3 times as long as broad.
Conferva Melag°nium, Weber et Mohr. Reiscj 194.
Conferva area, var. Dillwyn Descript. 80.
314. 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl.cell.aph.
Sea-coasts on wood.
Threads 6 to 9 inches long, appearing like polished iron
when in the sea, when dry dark green ; lower joints short,
alternately compressed when dry ; granules contracting in
drying, and forming a black line on each side of the knot.
44. Conferva tortuosa. Winding crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, rather stiff, curled, twisted,
loosely entangled, dark green ; joints cylindrical, 3 times
as long as broad.
Conferva tortuosa, Dillwyn, 46 ; Engl. Bot. 2220.
Sea-shore, or salt-water ditches.
Tufts rather elastic ; knots pellucid.
j3. ramosa. Threads with open lateral branches.
45. Conferva ramosa. Branched conferva.
Threads simple, very slender, curled, entangled, even
soft, dark lurid green; joints even, rather longer than
broad.
Conferva impleva, Dillwyn , 46.
Bangia viridis, FI. Dan. 1601.
Rocks, salt-water ditches, and on marine plants.
Tuj'ts closely entangled ; threads rather silky not stiff ;
knots and edges hyaline; spores ovate.
46. Conferva nummuloides. Money crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, brittle, yellowish brown ; joints
shorter than broad, becoming close, beadlike, and nearly
oval.
Conferva nummuloides, Dillwyn , 44.
Fragilaria nummuloides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 184.
Leaves of fresh-water plants.
47. Conferva Youngana . Young’s crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, in tufts, weak, blunt,
equal, light green ; joints as long as broad ; knots con-
tracted.
Conferva Youngana, Dillwyn , 102.
Conferva isogona, Engl. Bot. 1930.
Sea-shores, on wood and marine plants.
Tufts yellowish green, half an inch long; threads rather
stiff, not attenuated.
Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 515
48. Conferva fiacca . Flagging crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, very minute, flaccid;
joints rather shorter than broad ; knots pellucid, contracted.
Conferva flacca, Dillwyn , 49.
On stones, or wood in the sea, and on marine plants.
c. Coloured , brownish , marine .
49. Conferva curt a. Short crowsilk .
Threads simple, in bundles, nearly cartilaginous, short,
attenuated below, olive brown ; joints rather longer than
broad ; knots pellucid, contracted.
Conferva curta, Dillwyn , 76 ; Engl . Hot. 2084.
On marine plants.
Threads nearly upright, light brown.
50. Conferva flaccida. Flaccid crowsilk .
Threads simple, in bundles, short, flaccid, straight,
broader at bottom, attenuated at the tip, light brown ;
lower joints shorter than they are broad ; upper longer.
Conferva flaccida, Dillwyn, 6.
On marine plants.
Tufts half an inch long; threads rather cartilaginous.
5 1 . Conferva fucicola. Fucus crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, tufted, straight, short, blunt,
iron-brown ; joints twice as long as broad ; knots pellucid.
Conferva fucicola, Velley Marine , PI. 4 ; Dillwyn , 66.
Conferva ferruginea, Roth Cat. 3,274.
Coiiferva fucorurn, Roth Cat. 3, 273.
On marine plants.
Tufts half an inch long; threads from a shieldlike base,
tip attenuated, blunt.
c
52. Conferva scutellaia. Saucer crowsilk.
Tufts depressed, peltate, closely entangled, rooted in the
centre; threads branched at the bottom; joints as long as
broad.
Conferva scutellaia, Engl. Bot. 2311.
Parasitical on the apothecia of himanthalia loreus.
Threads above simple, long; below having a fewT short
alternate branches, entangled into a dense, viscid, pale ap-
parently homogeneous mass.
SI 6 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. PLcell.apli.
e. Coloured , simple , brittle. Chantransia.
53. Conferva fas data. Banded crow silk.
Threads simple, slender, slimy, purplish brown ; joints
as long as broad, with a narrow, central, transverse band.
Conferva fasciata, Dillwyn , 23.
On decayed sticks and leaves, in fresh water.
Threads about half an inch long.
54. Conferva lineata . Lined crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, brittle, brown ; joints two or
three times as long as broad, with one or two transverse
lines at uncertain distances from each other ; knots con-
tracted.
Conferva lineata, Dillwyn , 44.
Fragilaria lineata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 184,
Leaves of fresh-water plants.
55. Conferva Borreri. Borrer* s crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, brittle, palish brown ; joints ra-
ther shorter than broad, combined in pairs ; spores in the
centre of each joint.
Conferva nummuloides, Engl. Hot. 2287.
On marine plants.
Threads short, tortuous, cylindrical, dirty white.— These
three last species, as also c. dissiliens, might be formed
into a very natural genus, bordering upon the diatomideae,
from which they differ by the threads being cylindrical and
solitary.
PL cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT JE.
317
Fam. II. 2. THALASSIOPHYT^. Lamouroux.
Algarum pars , Linnaeus and Jussieu,
Thallus coriaceous, membranaceous, or fleshy; continuous
or jointed; fibrous or cellular; sporidia enclosed in thecae,
or immersed in the substance of the thallus*— Plants mostly
marine, olive green or red, absorbing water by their sur-
face in the immersed part, but not transmitting it to other
parts ; emit oxygen gas by the action of light.
A. Thallus jointed, membranaceous, titbular ; joints formed
of a simple tube; sporidia enclosed in thecae. Ceramideae.
Thallus olive-green, gelatinous,
from a common axis Mesogloja. 26.
Thallus green ; secondary branches
simple, bristlelike, swollen at bottom .. BuLBOCHiETE. 27,
Thallus brownish ;
branches jointed ; thecae naked Ectocarpus. 28.
Thallus red; knots pellucid;
thecae naked Callithamnion. 29.
Thallus red; knots coloured;
thecae involucrated Ceramium. 30.
Thallus red ; knots pellucid ;
sporidia involucrated Griffitsia. 31.
Thallus red, gelatinous;
branches in whirls; thecae naked Borrichius. 32.
Thallus green, gelatinous;
branches in whirls ; thecae naked Batrachospemum. 38.
B. Thallus jointed , coriaceous , or membranaceous ; main
stem solid , or compoundly jointed ; sporidia enclosed in thecae *
Hutchinsideae.
Thallus olive- green ;
branches in whirls; joints simple .... Cladostephus. 84 >
Thallus olive-green;
branches 2-rowed; joints compound .. Sphacelaria. 35,
Thallus red ;
branches scattered; joints simple; Ellisius. 36,
Thallus red ;
branches scattered ; joints compound . . . Hutchinsia. 37.
Thallus red, pervaded by a
central, jointed axis Vertebrata. 38,
318
2. THALASSIOPHYTAE. PI cell. aph.
C. Thallus with a continued fibrous axis j bark chalklike ,
jointed . Corallideae.
Thallus forked; joints cylindrical Jania. 39.
Thallus three-forked ; joints wedgelike Corallina. 40.
D. Thallus continutus green or reddish ; fibres parallel ,
diverging from the base; lark chalklike or hairy . Zonarideae.
Thallus ribless, fanshaped Zonaria. 41.
Thallus ribless, forked . . . . Dictyota. 42.
Thallus ribbed, forked Dictyopteris. 43.
E. Thallus continuous , cellular , green becoming luhite ;
bark smooth ; sporidia scattered , immersed. Ulvoideae.
Thallus compressed ; sporidia prominent
Asperococcus. 44.
Thallus membranaceous, flat; sporid. immersed Ulya. 45.
Thallus tubular ; sporidia immersed Scytosiphon. 46.
Thallus threadlike, solid Palmella. 47.
Thallus flat, fleshy Merrettia. 48.
Thalli globular or ovate, aggregated Olivia. 49.
F. Thallus continuous , gelatinous, fleshy, cellular ; spori-
dia in many immersed beaded filaments. Linkidese.
Thallus long; sporidia elliptic Carrodorus. 5J.
Thallus bullated ; sporidia globular Nostoc. 50.
G. Thallus continuous , gelatinous , cellular , smooth, olive
becoming black ; spoiidia scattered , immersed. Alcyonidese.
Cells 6-edral, long ; marine Alcyonidium. 52.
Cells long, regular, radiating Ephidatia. 53.
Cells irregular ; marsh Spongilla. 54.
H. Thallus continuous , spongy , gelatinous, formed of in-
terlaced fibres or spicula yellowish ; sporidia scattered, im-
mersed. Spongidiae.
Thallus branched, solid; fibres entangled .. Tupha. 55.
Thallus tubular y fibres entangled Scypha. 56.
Thallus not branched ; fibres entangled . . Spqngia. 57.
Thallus orbicular ; fibres radiated Tethya. 58.
319
PL cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE.
I. Thallus continued , fibrous , membranaceous or leather-
like, purple or red ; sporidia immersed or in thecae, Floridese.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined ;
sporidia immersed and in tubercles .... Delesseria. 59.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined;
thecae podshaped, axillary Odonthalia. 60.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless ;
thecae tubercular . Sph^erococcus. 61.
Thallus linear, compressed or round,
much branched ; thecae tubercular Gigartina. 62.
Thallus linear, round or compressed ;
sporidia immersed and in thecse Gastridium. 63.
K. Thallus continuous, woody, fibrous, coriaceous; olive-
brown becoming black ; sporidia in thecae or immersed . Fu-
coidea.
Ka. Sporidia superficial among gelatinous fibres.
Thallus membranaceous, flat;
fruit scattered ; holdfasts peltate Fascia. 64.
Thallus leatherlike, flat;
fruit scattered; holdfasts fibrous Laminaria. 65.
Thallus leatherlike, flat;
fruit on the stirps ; holdfasts fibrous .... Phasgonon. 66.
Thallus threadlike, tubular, supple ;
sporidia scattered on the surface Chorda. 67,
Thallus threadlike, solid, branched ;
sporidia scattered on the whole surface . . Chordaria. 68.
Kb. Sporidia in scattered, immersed thecae .
Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous .... Sporochnus. 69.
Thallus compressed, membranaceous Desmarestia. 70.
Kc. Sporidia in a terminal theca.
Thallus shrubby, compressed Lychina. 71.
Kd. Sporidia in thecae, immersed on an apothecium.
Thallus cupshaped ; vesicles 0;
apoihecia compressed, forked Himanthalia. 72.
Thallus round, forked, ribless;
vesicles 0 ; apoihecia terminal Cervina. 73.
320
2. THALASSIOPHYTAE. PI. cell aph.
Thallus confluent, flat, ribbed, forked ;
vesicles innate or 0 ; apothecia terminal Fucus. 74.
Thalhis confluent, compressed, ribless;
vesicles innate ; apothecia pedicelled Halidrys. 75.
Thalhis leaflike, branched ;
vesicles innate ; apothecia terminal Mackaia. 76.
Thallus leaflike, branched ; t
vesicles pedicelled, globular Baccalaria. 77.
Thallus confluent; vesicles pedicelled,
podshape; apothecia lateral Siliquaria. 78.
Ke. Sporidia scattered in the swollen tips of the branches .
Thallus threadlike, forked Furcell aria. 79.
A. Ceramide.32. Thallus threadlike, membranaceous,
or leatherlike, tubular, jointed ; joints all formed of a single
tube ; knots generally pellucid ; sporidia enclosed in a naked,
or involucrated capsular theca.-— Generally rose-red, rarely
brown or green, mostly marine.
I. 26. MESOGLOJA. Agardh. Slime-gut .
Thallus threadlike, jointed, forked ; branches springing
horizontally from an imaginary central axis; the whole
forming a branched, threadlike, olive, gelatinous mass ;
inner part very compact, outer looser ; thecce ovate at the
end of the threads, surrounded by the swollen beadlike
branches. — Marine.
Mesogloja vermiculata . Wormlike slime-gut .
Mass much branched, cylindrical ; branches scattered,
crooked, attenuated, mostly divided ; thallus branched ;
branches alternate ; joints rather longer than broad ; knots
contracted.
Rivularia vermiculata, Engl. Bot. 1818.
Sea-shores; July and August.
Mass 4 to 9 inches long, olive-brown, very unequally
branched. It differs from the M. vermicularis of Agardh,
Syn. 126, and Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 165, by the lower joints
being 3 or four times as long as broad, and the mass not
being so much branched.
Pl.celLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTAS. 27.Bulboch. 321
II. 27. BULBOCHiETE. Agardh. Bristle-weed .
Th alius green, membranaceous, much branched, jointed;
Iranches bristlelike, continuous, bulbous at the bottom,
from the end of the joints; thecce ovate, capsular, sessile,
lateral, alternating with the branches.
Bulhochcete Rolhii. Rottis bristle-weed .
Thallus branched, flexuous, yellowish-green ; branches
bulbous at the base ; joints 3 times as long as broad.
Conferva vivipara, Dillwyn , 59.
Conferva setigera, Roth Cat. 3,238.
Bulbochaete setigera, Agardh Syn. 71.
Fresh-water plants.
Tafts half an inch long, upright, weak; stem forked;
Iranches very slender, simple, straight, very long.
III. 28. ECTOCARPUS. Lyngbye. Brown-weed .
Thallus threadshape, jointed, membranaceous, very
much branched, brown ; joints all simple ; knots pellucid;
thecce ovate or podshape, on the side or ends of the twigs.
—Mostly marine; threads entangled into a branched tuft.
1. Ectocarpus tomentosus. Woollike brown-weed.
Thallus very slender, very closely entangled into a rope-
like, spongy mass, very much branched; branches vague,
divaricated ; joints 4* times as long as broad.
Conferva marina toinentosa minus tenera et ferruginea, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 59, 1 5.
Conferva tomentosa, Dillwyn Conf. 56.
Ceramium tomentosum, Agardh Syn. 64.
Ectocarpus tomentosus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 132.
Sea-shores.
Tufts 2 or 3 inches long, very much branched, pale
green; threads equal; branches spreading; thecce capsular,
lateral, podshaped terminal.
2. Ectocarpus littoralis. Shore brown-weed .
Thallus ropelike ; threads very slender, entangled ;
Iranches upright, opposite and alternate ; joints as long as
broad.
Conferva marina capillacea longa ramosissima mollis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 59, 9.
Conferva littoralis, Dillwyn , 31 ; Engl. Bot. 2290.
Ceramium tomentosum, Roth Cat. 3, 147.
Sea-shores on rocks, shells, or other sea-plants.
Thallus pale green, not spongy, less densely entangled.
TOL. I. Y
3M 28.Ectoear. 2.TH AL ASSI OPH YTiE . Pl.cell.aph.
3. Eciocarpus granulosus Granular brown-weed.
Threads slender, free; branches scattered, compound,
spreading, with pellucid, taper points; joints as long as
broad, becoming tumid, terminal joints the longest.
Conferva granulosa, Engl. Bot. 2351.
Sea-shores; July.
Tufts olive-green, flaccid ; branches various, spreading ;
tkeecB’ lateral, scattered, sessile, reverse-ovate.
4. Ectocarpus siliculosus. Touch brown-weed.
Threads very slender, free ; branches numerous, upright,
alternate, awlshape; joints rather longer than broad.
Conferva siliculosa, Dillwyn , 69; Engl . Bot. 2319.
Ceramium confervoides, Roth Cat. 3, 148.
Ceram i urn siliculosum, Agardh Disp. 18-.
Sea-shores.
Tufts greenish or yellowish brown, 3 to 6 inches high,
flaccid; threads membranaceous, not entangled; branches
alternate, nearly upright.
5. Ectocarpus brachialus. Cross-armed brown-weed.
Threads slender, wavy, entangled; branches very nume-
rous, opposite,, crossing each other, widely spread, taper,
pointed ; joints cylindrical, about as broad as long.
Conferva brachiata, Engl. Bot. 2571.
Ceramium braehiatum, Agardh Syn. 67 ?
Salt-marshes and the sea-shore.
Light yellowish-brown, woolly, very soft.
6. Ectocarpus chalybeus . Steel brown-weed.
Threads crowded; branches stiff, ascending y joints three
times as long as broad ; thecce ovate, racemose.
Conferva chalybea, Roth Cat. 3, 286 ; Dillw. 91.
Conferva corymbifera, Engl. Bot. 1996.
Ceramium chalybeum, Agardh Disp. 19.
Ceramium pulchellum chalybeum, Agardh Syn. 69.
Eresh- water.
Tufts small, close,, 2 or 3 lines broad?; threads. irregu-
larly branched; branches pressed close.
IT. 29. CALLITHAMNION. Lyngbye. Pretty-weed.
Thallus rose-red, threadlike, jointed, very much branch-
ed; joints formed of a single longitudinal tube; knots pel-
lucid; thecce ovate-globular, capsular, naked, nearly sessile,
on the side of the twigs at the tips of the joints,— Marine.
PL cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^E, 29. Callith.
1. Callith. purpurascens. Purplish, pretty-weed.
Threads thrice pinnately divided, very slender, membra-
naceous, purplish red ; branches and twigs spreading; knots
contracted; joints 3 times as long as broad.
Conferva marina nodosa, coralloidis montani instar ramosa, Dillm
Muse. 36.
Conferva purpurascens, Huds. FI. Angl. 600 ; Engl. Hot. 2465.
Conferva rosea, Dillwyn Conf. 17.
Ceramium rose um, Roth Cat. 2, 182.
Callithamnion roseum, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan. 126.
Sea-shore, on stones or marine plants.
Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long ; branches many, alter-
nate; twigs very numerous; capsules on the upper side of
the twigs.
0. rosea. Tuft closer, rose red.
Conferva rosea, Engl. Bot. 966.
2. Callithamnion corymbosum. Corymbus pretty-weed.
Thallus branched like network, corymbose, slender*
tufted, rose-colour; branches alternate, many-cut, in bun-
dles; apex 2-cut; joints slightly dilated above, about twice
as long as broad ; knots pellucid ; thecae ovate, scattered*
peduncled; peduncles very short.
Conferva corymbosa, Engl. Bot. 2352.
Ceramium pedicellatum, Ft. Dan. 1596.
Callithamnion corymbosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 125.
Sea-shores.
Thallus outline round.
3. Callithamnion Borreri . Borrer’s pretty-weed l
Thallus repeatedly branched, hairlike, bright red;
branches all alternate, spreading in 2 directions, zigzag*
level-topped; joints cylindrical, about twice as long as
broad.
Conferva Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1741.
Sea-shore; October.
Thallus tufted, about 2 inches high, becomes orange-
yellow by weathering, very slender ; twigs corymbose; knots
slightly contracted.
4. Callith. thujoides. Arbor-vitce pretty-weed .
Thallus repeatedly branched, very slender, tufted ;
branches alternate, zizgag ; side-shoots alternate, com-
pound; joints very short, cylindrical.
Conferva thujoides, Engl. Bot. 2205.
Y 2
324 29. Callith. S.THALASSIOPHYTbE. Pl.ceU.aph.
Sea-coast; September, October.
Thallus tufted, 1 or 2 inches long; joints of the stem 4
to 6 times as long as broad, of the twigs only as long.
5. Callith. tetragonum. Four-sided pretty-weed .
Thallus much-branched, red; twigs bundled, short,
spreading horizontally attenuated at bottom, pointed at
the tip ; joints ovate-cylindrical, twice as long as broad.
Conferva (etragona, Withering Bot. 4, 405; Engl. But. 1690.
Sea-shore, or parasitical on other sea-plants.
Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long; branches 4-sided,
sides hollowed ; joints of the twigs about as long as broad ;
thecae globular.
6. Callithamnion tetricum. Dirty pretty-weed .
Thallus several times pinnated, brown red, lurid ; seg-
ments and lobes alternate ; points rather curved ; joints
about 3 times as long as broad ; thecae single, slightly pe-
dicelled.
Conferva tetrica, Dillwyn Conf. 81 ; Engl. Bot. 1915.
Sea-shore, on stones and marine plants.
Stems many, tufted, 6 or 8 inches high, alternately*
doubly pinnate ; twigs pinnate ; joints equal.
7. Callithamnion Hookeri. Hooker s pretty-weed .
Thallus very much branched; stem thick, not visibly
jointed, pale reddish-brown; twigs crowded, short, ‘[pin-
nate ; lobes alternate, jointed ; joints rather longerj’than
broad.
Conferva Hookeri, Dillw. Conf. 106.
Sea-shore.
8. Callithamnion floccosum. Flock pretty-weed
Thallus branched, rose-colour ; branches alternately pin-
nated ; segments opposite, pectinated, horizontally recurved;
lobes pointing one wa y ; joints about [3 times Jas long as
broad.
Conferva Turneri, Engl. Bot. 1637.
Conferva Plumula, Ellis Ph. Tr . 57, 425 j D iliac. Conf. 50.
Conferva floccosa, Ft. Dan. 828.
Ceramium floccosum, Roth Cat. 2, 185.
Ceram iu rn Plumula, Agardh Syn, 62.
Sea-sliore; May to July.
Thecae sessile, globular, on the lobes.
PL cell. aph. 2. THAL ASSIOPHYTiE. 29. Callith. 325
9. Callithamnion Turneri . Turner's pretty-iveed .
Thallus pinnated, rose-colour; lobes opposite, simple,
or rather pinnate; joints 3 times as long as broad.
Conferva Turneri, Dillw. Conf. 100.
Ceramium Turneri, Roth Cat. 3, 128.
Sea-shore, on sea-plants.
Thallus closely tufted, an inch high, upright, linear,
lanceolate.
10. Callithamnion repens . Creeping pretty -weed*
Thallus creeping, closely entangled, branched, minute,
light rose-red; branches and twigs mostly pointing one
way ; knots slightly contracted ; joints 3 times longer than
broad.
Conferva repens, Dillw. Conf. 13; Engl. Bot. 1608.
Ceramium repens, Agardli Syn. 63.
Callithamnion repens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 128.
Sea-shore on shells and marine plants; Autumn.
Tufts rather stiff, brownish red; stem creeping; branches
upright, mostly divided ; twigs spreading.
tenellum. Thallus light rose- red, flaccid, very slender;
branches simple.
Conferva tenellu, Dillw. Syn. 72.
Callithamnion repens tenellum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 128.
11. Callithamnion plumosum.. Feather pretty-weed*
Thallus creeping, branched, minute, deep rose-colour;
branches upright, below rather naked, above pinnated;
segments opposite, close ; joints twice as long as broad.
Conferva Plurna, Dillw. Syn. 72.
Parasitic on larger marine plants.
Thecce globose, mostly terminal.
12. Callithamnion Davie sii. Davies' s pretty-weed *.
Thallus branched, tufted, upright, very minute, free,
rose-red; branches and twigs alternate, scattered, pointed;
joints 3 times as long as broad.
Conferva Daviesii, Dillw. Syn. 73; Engl. Bot. 2329.
Callithamnion Daviesii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 129.
Sea; on marine plants.
Thallus rarely more than a quarter of an inch long, not
entangled ; thecce placed in rows along the upper side of
the twigs.
326 29. Callitli, 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.ceU.apL
13. Callithamnion Rolhii. Roth’s pretty-weed .
Thallus forked, branched, tufted, upright, short; tuft
close, scarlet; branches and twigs alternate; joints about
3 times as long as broad.
Conferva phoenicia, R. Brown MSS. With Bot. 4, 165.
Conferva Rolhii, Turton's Syst. Nat. 6,1806; Dillw. Conf. 13 ; Engl .
Mot. 1702.
Conferva violacea, Roth Cat. 1, 190.
Callithamnion Rolhii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 129.
Sea-shore.
Tufts oblong, bright red, when dry crimson or purplish;
thallus about half an inch high ; branches below distant,
above crowded.
14. Callithamnion lanuginosum. Woolly pretty-weed.
Thallus short, slender, mostly branched, light reddish ;
branches simple, upright, scattered, going out horizontally.
Conferva lanuginosa, Dillw. Conf.
Callithamnion lanuginosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 131.
On marine plants.
Threads very minute, coming out horizontally from the
base, simple or branched above.
15. C alii ih. flor idulum. Smallflowered pretty-weed.
Thallus short, slender, tufted, entangled, mostly branch-
ed, very light rose-red ; branches scattered, mostly simple,
remote, placed towards the apex ; joints about 3 times as
long as broad.
Conferva floridula, Dillw. Syn. 73.
Rocks on the sea-shore.
Threads very fine, about half an inch long; becomes dull
reddish green when dry.
16. Call'll h. interruptum. Interrupted pretty-weed.
Thallus branched, short, purplish; branches and twigs
alternate ; joints dilated above, truncated, about four times
as long as broad ; thecae lateral, elliptical, with a transverse
separation, on short pedicells.
Conferva interrupta, Engl. Bot. 1838.
On marine plants.
Thallus dull rose-red, about an inch high.
17. Callith. pedicellalum. Pedicelled pretty-weed.
Thallus much branched, forked, hairlike, red ; twigs
many-cut; joints slightly dilated above, 5 or 6 times as
PL cell, aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTbE. 29. Callith. 327
long as broad; thecae reverse ovate, pedicelled, solitary;
pedicells short, in the forks.
Conferva pedicellata, Engl. Hot . 1817 ; DlUw. Conf. [08.
Sea-shores.
Thallus 2 inches high, forming straight, stilt tufts of a
very pale dull rose-colour.
V. 30. CERAMIUM. Agardh. Horn-weed .
Thallus rose- red, threadlike, jointed, forked, branched;
joints (solid ?) when magnified coloured in fine network ;
thecce ovate, lateral, involucrated with the short branches,
1. Ceramium rulrum. Red horn-weed.
Threads very much branched, red, cartilaginous; twigs
bristlelike, forked at the tip ; joints ovate, about as long as
broad ; knots contracted.
Conferva marina geniculata ramosissima lubrica, longis sparsisve ra-
mul is, Dillen in Raii Syn. 61. S3.
Conferva rubra, Ifuds. FI. Angl. 600 ; Diltu . Conf. S i.
Conferva nodulosa, Liglilf. Scot. 094.
Conferva fiosculosa, Ellis Phil. Tr. 57,425.
Ceramium virgatum, Roth Cat. 1.
Ceramium elongatum, Roth Cat. 2, 178.
Ceramium riibrum, Agardh Syn. 60.
Ceramium diaphanum purpureum, Roth Cat. 2,228.
Fucus Lagasca, Clem. Ens. 315.
Parasitic on other sea-plants.
Tufts dark red, becoming yellow by decay; joint pel-
lucid in the centre.
j3. maculatum. Thallus small, thin ; joints with a dark
central spot.
2. Ceramium diaphanum . Transparent horn-weed „
Thallus threadlike, very much branched, rather mem-
branaceous, variegated with transparent and purple; twigs
forcepshape at the tip ; joints cylindrical, hyaline; knots
elevated, coloured.
Conferva marina nodosa lubrica ramosissima et elegantissima riibens,
Dillen in Rail Syn. 62, 25.
Conferva diaphana, Lightf. Scot. 996 ; Engl. Bot. 1742.
Conferva nodulosa, Hitds. FI. Angl. 600.
Conferva elegans, Roth Cat. 1.
Conferva fastigiata, Roth Cat. 2, 224.
Conferva globulosa, Roth Cat. 2, 233.
Conferva moniliformis, Roth Cat. 2,236.
Ceramium diaphanum, Roth Cat. 3, 154.
Ceramium forficatum glabellum, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2, 46.
328 30. Ceram. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. PI. cell. aph.
Sea-coasts on rocks and large marine plants.
Threads divaricated ; joints vary in length ; sporidia im-
mersed in the joints.
3. Ceramium ciliatum. Fringed horn-weed .
Thallus threadlike, forked, slender, very much branched,
variegated, transparent, and pale red; twigs forcepshape
at the tip ; joints cylindrical, hyaline, scarcely longer than
broad ; knots fringed, in a single whirl.
Conferva ciliata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425; Dillw. Conf. 53; Engl. Bot.
2428
Ceramiuui ciliatum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 121.
Conferva pilosa, Ruth Cat. 2,225.
Ceramium forcipatum ciliatum, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2,46.
Sea-shore, on stones and sea-plants.
Thallus tufted ; knots red, fringed with short, white,
spreading, pellucid spines; tkecce aggregated.
VI. 31. GRIFFITSIA. Agardh. Griffiths.
Thallus rose-red, threadlike, branched ; branches forked,
whirled, or scattered ; joints pearshaped, composed of a
single tube ; knots pellucid ; thecas lateral, appearing like
a young shoot, surrounded by many jointless threads ;
sporidia roundish. — Marine.
1. Grffitsia seiacea. Bristle grffiths.
Thallus forked, branched, rodlike, stiff, deep rose-colour,
shining; branches long; joints nearly cylindrical, five times
as long as broad.
Corallina confervoides gelatinosa rubens, ramulis et geniculis peran-
gustis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8.
Conferva marina gelatinosa corallinae instar geniculata tenuior, Dillen
Muse. 33.
Conferva setacea, Huds. FI. Angl. 599; Eng. Bot. 1689; Dillw. Conf.
82.
Griffitsia setacea, Agardh Disp. 28.
Sea-shores; June to September.
Thallus very bushy, becoming orange-coloured by ex-
posure to the air; branches rather obtuse; fruit peduncled.
2. Griffitsia corallina. Coralline griffiths.
Thallus forked, shining, fine golden-red ; joints thickenecf
above, 4 times as long as broad.
Pl. cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTJE. 31. Griffit. 329
Corallina confervoides gelatinosa alba, gcniculis crassiu3culis pelluci-
dis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8.
Conferva marina, gelatinosa, corallinae instar geniculata crassior, Dil-
len Muse. 33.
Conferva geniculata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425.
Conferva corailoides, Lin. S. P. 1636.
Conferva corallina, Lin. Syst. Peg. 973; Dillwyn Conf. 98; Engl. Bot .
1815.
Callithamnion corallinutn, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 126.
Sea-shore; July.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high ; thecce sessile.
3. Griffitsia larbnia. Bearded griffiths.
Thallus forked, branched, pale crimson, fibrous at the
tip; twigs opposite, many-cut, very slender ; joints thick-
ened above, 5 times as long as broad.
Conferva florifera, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,425.
Conferva barbata, Engl. Bot. 1814; Dillvo. Syn. 75.
Griffitsia barbata, Agardh Disp. 28.
Sea-shores; July.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high; lower branches divaricating;
thecce lateral, often sessile.
4. Griffitsia multifida. Many-cut griffiths.
Thallus branched, red ; twigs opposite or ternate, dis-
tant, many-cut ; joints cylindrical, 4 or 5 times as long as
broad.
Conferva multifida, Engl. Bot. 1818, not of Hudson; Dillvo. Syn. 75.
Griffitsia multifida, Agardh Disp. 23,
Thalli several, 3 to 5 inches high, fugacious rose-colour;
branches unequal.
5. Griffitsia equiseti folia. Horsetail griffiths.
Thallus very much branched, thick, purplish red ;
branches attenuated at both ends; twigs in whirls, tiledlike,
short, many-cut, covering the stem entirely ; joints 3 to
5 times as long as broad.
Conferva imbricata, Huds. FI. Angl. 603.
Conferva multifida, Huds. FI. Angl. 603.
Conferva equisetifolia, Light/ . Scot. 984; Engl. Bot. 1479; Dillvo.
Conf. 54.
Sea- shore.
Thallus 3 or 4 inches long, branched, bright red when
young; purplish brown when older; branches cylindrical,
alternate.
330 32. Borrich. 2.THALASSIOPHYT,E. PL cell. aph.
VII. 32. BORRICHIUS. Borrichius.
Thallus rose-red, threadshape; branches forked, verti-
cillate ; joints cylindrical, composed of a single tube ; knots
pellucid ; thecce ovate, naked, on the side of the twigs.—
Gelatinous, marine.
Borrichius g elatinosus. Gelatinous borrichius .
Thallus cylindrical, much branched, very gelatinous,
very pale pink ; branches alternate, very numerous, cylin-
drical, blunt, recurved.
Iiivularia verticillata, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 127 ; Engl. Bot. 2466.
Sea-coasts; July and August.
VIII. 33. BATRACHOSPERMUM. B. de St.Vincent.
Knot weed.
Thallus green or brown, threadlike, branched ; twigs
forked, in whirls ; joints cylindrical, composed of a single
tube ; knots pellucid ; thecce ovate, naked, on the side of
the twigs. — Very gelatinous, beadlike, appearing like a
dotted picture when dry, in marshes.
1. Batrachospermum moniliforme. Necklace knot-weed.
Thallus much branched, forming tufts, attenuated ;
branches alternate, spreading; twigs in whirls, forked, very
close; joints ovate, necklacelike.
Conferva fontana nodosa, spermatis ranarum instar hibrica, major et
fusca, Dillen in Rail 8yn. 62,26.
Ctiara batrachosper ma, Weiss Crupt. Gott. 33, 1.
Chara gelatinosa, Roth Cat. 125.
Conferva gelatinosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 720; Billie. Conf. 32: Engl.
Bot. 6S9.
Batrachosperma ludibunda, B. de S. Vine. Ann. Mus. 12,310.
Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth Germ. 3,480.
In clear rivulets and springs, on pebbles.
Thallus 1 to 3 inches long; lower joints very long, upper
shorter.
£. purpurascens . Branches more pointed ; thallus pur-
plish blue.
y. deter sum. Twigs wanting ; thallus appearing like
naked, knotted threads.
Conferva fontana nodosa, lubrica; filamentis tenuissimis nigris, Dillen
Muse. 39.
Conferva atra, ffuds. Angl. 597 ; Dillw. Conf. 11 ; Engl. Bot , 690.
Ceramium nodulosum, Agariih Dec. 23.
Batrachospermum moniliforme detersum, Agardh Syn. 122.
PL cell, aph. 2.THALASS10PHYTYE. 33. Batrach. 331
2. Batrachospermum vagum. Vague knot-weed .
Thallus forked, round, equal; branches spreading ; twigs
in whirls, forked, very close ; joints ovate, beadlike.
Conferva alpina lubrica, filarnentis nodosis caeruleis, Dillen Muse.
Conferva gelatinosa 8, Huds. FI. Angl. 598.
Chara gelatinosa vaga, Roth Germ. 1, 127.
Conferva gelatinosa caerulescens, Wahl, 510.
Batrachosperma turfosa, B. de St. Vine. Ann Mus. 12, 310.
Batrachospermum moniliforme vagum, Roth Cat. 3,482.
Batrachospermum vagum, Agardh Syn. 123.
Ponds in boggy soils.
Thallus less slimy, stiffer and more slender than the
preceding ; not appearing like a row of beads.
B. HutchinsidEzE. Thallus threadlike, main stem solid,
continuous, jointed or with an internal jointed axis; joints
composed of many veins or tubes; twigs jointed, joints
simple or compound ; knots mostly coloured ; sporidia en-
closed in a capsule-like theca. — Reddish or greenish ;
mostly marine.
IX. 34. CLADOSTEPHUS. Agardh. Bottlehrush-weed.
Thallus olive, branched ; main filament solid, jointed ;
twigs jointed, in whirls, mostly simple; joints simple; thecae
ovate, peduncled, on the side of the twigs.
1. Cladostephus verticillatus . IVhirl lottlel rush-weed.
Thallus forked, branched, brownish olive ; twigs mostly
2-cut, incurved, in regular whirls, short, tiledlike; joints
broader than long; thecae elliptical, oblong.
Conferva verticillata, Light f. Scot. 984 ; Dillw. Conf. 55 ; Engl. Bot
Conferva myriophyllum, Roth Cat. 3,212.
Cladoslephus verticillatus, Agardh Disp. 26.
Ceramium verticillatum, De Cand. FI. Fr. 39.
Fucus verticillatus, Wulf. Crypt. Gott. 15.
Sea-coasts.
Main stem very thick, spreading ; thec-ae on the twigs of
the old main stem.
2. Cladoslephus spongiosus. Spongy lottlelrush-weed.
Thallus branched, olive-green ; twigs simple, bent in-
wards, scattered, tiledlike; joints little longer than broad;
thecae reverse-ovate.
Fucus teretifolius spongiosus pilosissimus, Raii Syn. 46.
Fucus hirsutus, Lin. Mant. 134.
Conferva spongiosa, Huds. FI. Angl. 596; Dillw. Conf. 42.
Cladostephus spongiosus, Agardh Disp. 26.
332 34. Cladost. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph .
Sea- shore.
Theccc on the shorter twigs of the branches.
3. Cladostephus niveus. White bottlebrush-weed.
Thallus branched; branches slender, rather stiff, white;
twigs in obscure whirls; joints as long as broad, dark.
Conferva nivea, Dillwyn Syn. 54 ; Engl. Bot. 2529 ; Agardh Disp. 30.
Byssus lanuginosus, Willan Sulph. Wat. 10.
Roots and dead leaves in sulphureous springs.
Thaili very slender; branches very numerous, ringed
with black, mostly covered with a white crust. Perhaps a
thorea; but it is very imperfectly described by authors.
X. 35. SPHACELARIA. Lyngbye. Rust-weed.
Thallus olive-branched, jointed ; branches 2-rowed ;
joints all compound; sporidia, enclosed in the tip of the
branches which become sphacellated and open, rarely in
lateral, ovate, capsular thecse.
1 . Sphacelaria pennata. Pinnate rust-weed.
Thallus much branched, slender ; branches alternate,
rather bipinnate, lobes 2-rowed, alternate and opposite ;
joints as long as broad.
Conferva cirrhosa, Roth Cat. 3, 294.
Conferva pennata, Iluds. FI. Angl. 604; Dillw. Conf. S6 ; Engl. Bot.
2330.
Ceramium cirrhosum, Agardh Disp. 21.
Sphacelaria pennata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.
Sea-shore, on rocks, corallines, and sea-plants.
Tufts bushy, from one-half to two inches high; threads
olive- brown.
2. Sphacelaria scoparia. Shore rust-weed.
Thallus much branched, stiff; branches in bundles, al-
ternate, nearly bipinnate, crowded; lobes short, alternate,
2-rowed, pressed close, pointed; joints as long as broad.
Muscus marinus rubens, Ger. emac. 1571 ; Park. 1296.
Conferva marina pinnata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 59, 14.
Conferva scoparia, Lin. S. P . 1655; Engl. Bot. 1552; Dillw. Conf. 52.
Ceramium scoparium, Roth Cat. 2, 141.
Sphacelaria scoparia, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 104,3.
Sea-shores, on shells and pebbles; all the year.
Thallus dull, olive-brown, 3 to 6 inches high ; stems
many, clothed with entangled jointed threads or twigs
clustered.
PI. cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT7E. 35. Sphacel. 333
3. Sphacelaria Merteiisli . Merten's rust-weed.
Thatlus branched, yellowish brown; branches 'pinnate;
lobes mostly opposite, short; joints half as long as broad.
Conferva Mertensii, Engl. Bot. 999 ; Dillw. Syn. 79.
Tufts 3 inches high; stems many, cylindrical, pinnate;
branches short, opposite, 2-rowed, from the base of th^
stem; pellucid.
4. Sphacelaria ccespitula. Small-tufted rust-weed.
Thallus tufted, very small; branches mostly simple, al-
ternate, long, blunt.
Conferva olivacea, Dillw. Syn. 57.
Sphacelaria caespilula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 106.
On other sea-piants.
Threads about a line high, aggregated, yellowish green.
5. Sphacelaria fusca. Brown rust-weed .
Thallus threadlike; branches distant, mostly alternate;
twigs spreading, clublike; joints transversely banded in the
middle, as long as broad.
Conferva fusca, Huds. FI. Angl. 602 ; Dillw. Conf. 95.
Stones and rocks in the sea.
Threads 3 or 4 inches long.
XI. 36. ELLISIUS. Ellis.
Thallus rose-red, branched ; main stem solid, continuous,
or slightly jointed; branches and twigs scattered, jointed;
joints of the twigs simple, composed of one tube; thecce
ovate, lateral, or immersed in the tip of the branches. —
Marine.
1. Ellisius glaber . Bald ellis.
Threads much branched, red ; stem thick, jointless, net-
like, naked below, very much branched above ; twigs
crowded, nearly in whirls, short, alternately branched,
jointed ; joints as long as broad.
Conferva Arbuscula, Dillw. Conf. 85; Engl. Bot. 1916.
Sea-shore.
Thallus tufted, 2 inches high.
36. Ellis. 2.THALASSIOPHYTZE. PLcellaph.
2. Ellisius coccineus. Scarlet ellis.
Threads much branched, scarlet; stem thick, shaggy,
obscurely jointed ; branches alternately doubly pinnate ;
lobes many-cut, tufted, jointed ; joints rather shorter than
broad.
Conferva coceinea, Huds. Fl.Angl. 603; Engl. Bot . 1055; Bilim, Conf.3.
** Conferva plumosa, Lightf. Scot. 966.
Sea-shore.
Main stem, rough ; younger branches bright scarlet ; thecce
ovate and lanceolate.
/3. tenuior. Threads slender, twigs short, and less fea-
thered.
XII. 37. HUTCHINSIA. Agardh. Hutchins.
Thallus rose-red, branched, jointed; joints with a central
tube, all compound, streaked, or composed of many pa-
rallel longitudinal lines ; thecce external, ovate, lateral,
or immersed in the tips of the branches. —-Marine.
a. Threads pervaded by 4 tubes , veined in network j branches
long , bristlelike .
1. Hutchinsia elongata. Long hutchins.
Threads much branched, cartilaginous, purple; branches
and twigs bristlelike, long, very slender, stiff; joints half
as long as broad ; lower joints obsolete, veined in network.
Conferva elongata, Bilim. Conf. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 4229.
Geramium elongatum, Both Cat. 3, 128.
Hutchinsia elongata, Agardh Syn. 54.
Lobster-horn conferva.
Sea-shore; October.
Thallus spreading, 3 to 12 inches high, purplish brown ;
branches and twigs narrower at both ends ; joints veiny,
rather straight, angles of the branches rounded.
2. Hutchinsia brachygona. Short-jointed hutchins .
Thallus diffused, vaguely branched ; branches rather re-
mote, spreading ; twigs mostly simple, attenuated ; joints
half as long as broad, veined in network.
Fucus diffusus, Huds. FI. Angl. 589.
Geramium brachygonum, Lyngbye Hydr. Ban. 118.
Sea-shore, on the rocks ; annual ; spring and summer.
Thallus red, when dry blackish, stiff.
PL cell. aph. 2.THAL4SSIOPHYTiE. 37. Hutchin. SSS
b. Thallus tubular , solid ; joints streaked lengthways.
3. Hutchinsia fucoides . Wracklike hutchins.
Threads very much branched, diffused, rather cartilagi-
nous, brownish-black; twigs horizontally spreading, forked;
last twigs alternate, bent inwards, pointed ; joints rather
longer than broad.
Conferva fucoides, Huds. FI. Ansi. G08 ; Dill us. Conf. 75; Engl. Bot.
1743.
Ceramium violaceum, Roth Cat. 1, 150.
Hulcliinsia violacea, Agardh Syn. 54 ?
Sea-shore ; July to September.
Thallus very bushy, 3 to 12 inches high; outline orbi-
cular, blackish brown when- dry,. elastic'; joint's composed
of a simple series of small oblique veins.
4. Hidchinsia nigrescens. Blackish hutchins .
Threads very much branched, stiff, rather cartilaginous,
brownish black; twigs upright, forked, pointed; joints ra-
ther longer than broad.
Conferva nigrescens, Huds. FI. Angl. 602? Engl. Hot. 1717.
Sea-coasts.
Thallus closely tufted, 4 to 6 inches high, outline nar-
row wedgeshape; main filament very thick; branches and
twigs straight, upright.
5. Hutchinsia fibrata. Threaded hutchins.
Threads branched, reddish purple ; branches forked; twigs
rather bundled ; tips furnished with pellucid jointed fibres ;
joints of the stem long, of the twigs as long as broad.
Cbnferva fibrata, Dillm. Syn. 159 ; Engl. Bot. 2139.
Sea-shore, on marine plants.
Thallus closely tufted, 2 or 3 inches high ; end of the
twigs often pellucid, colourless, fringed with many long,
slender, forked, transparent fibres.
6. Hutchinsia urceolata. Pitcher hutchins.
Threads much branched, diffuse, reddish brown ; twigs
spreading, short; joints of the stem longer, of the twigs
shorter than broad ; veins few ; thecce pitchershape.
Conferva nigrescens, Huds. FI. Angl. 602 ?
Conferva urceolata, Dillw. Syn. 156 ; Engl. Bot. 2365.
Sea-shores on rocks, or marine plants.
336 37. Hutchin. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. PI. cell.aplu
Thallus slender, bushy, rich red brown, when dry dull
black ; joints of 4 or 6 veins, long near the root but be-
come gradually shorter.
7. Hulchinsia badia. Bay hutchins.
Threads branched, stiflj reddish black; branches long;
twigs short, distant, mostly simple ; joints rather longer
than broad.
Conferva badia, Dillw. Syn. 85, not of Agardh ?
Sea-shore.
8. Hutchinsia strict a. Stiff hutchins .
Threads branched, stiff, equal, level-topped, tender,
scarlet; branches forked, nearly upright; joints about three
times as long as broad.
Conferva stricta, Dillw. Conf. 40.
Hutchinsia stricta, Agardh Syn. 56.
Sea-coasts.
Thallus tufted ; outline wedgeshape ; glossy red when
dried ; threads of nearly equal thickness throughout.
0. diffusa . Threads diffused; outline nearly orbicular,
dull dirty brown when dry.
9. Hutchinsia patens. Spreading hutchins .
Threads branched, slightly diffused, rose-red ; branches
scattered, rather spreading ; joints about twice as long as
broad.
Conferva patens, Dillw. Syn. 83.
Sea-coast; on marine plants.
Thallus tufted, diffuse; branches lateral; twigs short,
numerous.
10. Hutchinsia fibrillosa. Fibrillous hutchins.
Threads much branched, red ; branches scattered, rather
truncated, ending in a close pencil and fibres; lower joints
longer than broad, the upper shorter.
Conferva fibrillosa, Dillvs. Syn. 86.
Hutchinsia fibrillosa, Agardh Syn. 57.
Sea-shores.
Thallus tufted, spreading, irregularly branched; twigs
many fibres simple, tubular, appearing as if jointed \ joints
much longer than broad ; thecce slightly pedicelled.
PL cell. apk. 2.THALASSIOPHYT7E. 37. Hutchin. 337
11. Hutchinsia nigra. Black hut chins.
Threads branched, reddish black; branches long; twigs
short, awlshape, distant, generally many-cut, nearly pencil-,
shape ; joints of the stem longer than broad, of the twigs
as long.
Conferva nigra, ITuds. FI. Angl. 595 ; Engl. Bot. 2340,* Dillw. Syn. 86.
Conferva atrorubescens, Dillw. Conf. 70.
Hutchinsia atrorubescens, Agardh Syn. 58.
Sea-coasts; July.
„ Plant black when dry ; joints composed of S or 10 veins;
thecce ovate, sometimes pedicelled.
12. Hutchinsia denudata. Naked hutchinsia .
Threads very much branched, spreading, brownish;
branches scattered, divaricating, long, distant; joints rather
longer than broad.
Conferva denudata, Dillw. Syn. 85.
Hutchinsia divaricata, Agardh Syn. 59 ?
Sea- shore.
T hall us *2 to 4? inches long; threads repeatedly branched ;
branches issue almost at right angles; twigs pointed, very
long, slender.
13. Hutchinsia Griffithsiana. Griffiths' hut chins.
Threads repeatedly branched, pale red; branches spread-
ing; twigs solitary or clustered, very short, simple, awl-
shape; joints as long as broad; thecce on the twigs, some-
times aggregate.
Conferva Griffithsiana, Engl. Bot. 2312.
Sea-shores; March.
Thallus 3 or 4? inches high, when dry dark brownish
green, when in decay light green.
14. Hutchinsia byssoides. Byssus hut chins.
Threads more than twice pinnated, weak, red ; segments
and lobes alternate; lobes gradually smaller, many-cut,
pencilshape; lower joints long, upper short; thecce sessile.
Fucus byssoides, Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 229.
Conferva byssoides, Engl. Bot. 347 ; Dillw. 58.
Ceramium raolle, Roth Cat. 3, 138.
Ceramium byssoides, Agardh Disp. 20.
Hutchinsia byssoides, Agardh Syn. 60.
Sea -shore; August.
Main thread obscurely jointed, composed of many pa-
rallel veins ; twigs in bundles, short, rose-red.
vol. i. a
S3 8 37. Hutchin. 2.THALASSI0PHYTJE. Pl.cell.apk -
15. Hutchinsia parasitica. Parasitic hut chins-
Threads doubly pinnate, rather stiff, brownish red ; seg-
ments and lobes alternate; joints not quite so long as broad*
Conferva parasitica, Huds. FlAngl. 604 ; Engl. Hot. 1429; Dillw. 87.
Hutchinsia Mostingii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 116?
Sea-shore; on marine plants.
Thallus 1 or 2 inches long, slender; twigs pointed,
gradually smaller ; thecce oblong, axillary, pedicelled.
16. Hutchinsia Brodicei. Brodie’s hut chins.
Threads very much branched, purplish black ; branches
long; twigs scattered, spreading, many-cut, in bundles;
joints of the branches obsolete, or the twigs rather longer
than broad.
Conferva Brodiaei, Dillw. Conf. 107 ; *Engl. Bot. 2589.
Thallus 1 or 2 feet long, repeatedly and finely branched;
thecce lateral or axillary.
17. Hutchinsia pulchella. Pretty hutchins.
Thallus much branched, round ; braiiches and twigs
ascending, alternate, close, pointed, simple or 2-cut ; joints
shorter than broad.
Fucus cristatus y, Turner Hist. Fuc. 48.
Fucus cristatus* Engl. Bot. 1925.
Sea-shores.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high, compressed, repeatedly alter-
nately branched.
XIII. 38. VERTEBR ATA. Backbone .
Thallus round, forked, branched, smooth ; axis central,
jointed; joints composed of many tubes, with a cewtral
opake spot; thecce ovate, lateral, or in the tip of the twigs.
Vertebrata fastigiata. Even-topped backbone.
Threads forked, even-topped ; joints half as long as
broad, with a central black spot.
Conferva marina geniculata ramosissima lubrica, brevibus ct paltnatim
congestis ramulis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 61, 24.
Conferva marina, nigra palmata, Dillen Muse. 32.
Conferva polymorpha, Lin. S. P. 1636; Engl. Bot. 1764; Dillw. 44.
Fucus lanosus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 815.
Ceramium fastigiatum, Roth Cat. 2, 175.
-Hutchinsia fastigiata, Agardh Syn. 53.
Sea and mouths of rivers; parasitic on fuci.
PI. cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. S8.Verteb. 339
Tufts stiff, close, blackish brown, >2 or 3 inches high, not
adhering to paper; joints composed of an internal annular
series of interrupted cells.
C. CoiiALLiDEiE. Thallus threadshape, jointed; axis
membranaceous, fibrous, continuous ; lark cellular, creta-
ceous, jointed; thecce terminal or lateral. — Marine.
XIV. 39. JANIA. Lamarck. Jania .
Thallus threadlike, hairlike, forked, jointed ; joints cy-
lindrical ; axis horny ; bark thin, chalky.
1. Jania rubens. Reddish jania.
Joints of the stem roundish, of the forks clubbed ; thecce.
polymorphous, appendiculated, or naked.
Jania rubra, Lamouroux Zooph. 212.
Sea- shores.
/3. communis. Branches long ; thecce 0.
Corallina rubra, Ellis Corail. 64.
S'. cristata. Thecce appendiculated; appendix truncated.
Corallina cristata, Ellis Corail. 65.
<■. spermatophoros. Thecce very numerous, broad ; ap-
pendix long, bristlelike.
Corallina spermatophoros, Ellis Corall. 66.
2. Jania corniculata. Horned jania.
Joints of the stem and branches roundish, rather com-
pressed in the upper part, 2-horned.
Corallina corniculata, Ellis Zooph. 121 ; Corall. 65.
Sea-shore, and on marine plants.
Appendices or horns at the top of the joints vary much
in length, and are sometimes jointed.
XV. 40. CORALLINA. Pliny. Coralline.
Thallus threadlike, jointed; branches three-forked; axis
fibrous, horny ; bark chalklike, thick, cellular.
1 . Corallina officinalis. Shop coralline.
Three-forked , greenish; branches pinnate; pinnules two-
rowed ; joints of the stem rather compressed, wedgeshaped*
©f the twigs cylindrical ; thecce terminal, capitate.
z 2
340 40. Coral. 2. THAL ASSIOPHYT7E. PL cell. apL
Corallina, Raii Syn. 33, 1.
Corallina Anglica, Ger.em. 1379.
Corallina officinalis, Ellis Zooph. 1 10 ; Co-rail. 24.
Rocks and shells in the sea.
2. Corallina elongata. Long coralline ,
Three-forked ; joints of the stem roundish, wedgeshape,
of the branches cylindrical ; thecce terminal, obtuse or
headed.
Corallina elongata, Ellis Zooph. 119.
Corallina, &c. Ellis Corail. 03,4.
Sea-shore.
3. Corallina squamata . Scaled coralline „
Three-forked ; joints of the stem round, compressed,,
wedgeshape, of the twigs compressed, flat; thecce terminal,,
flattened, edge acute.
Corallina squamata, Ellis Zooph. 117 ; Corail. 63.
Corallina abietina, Lamouroux Hist.
Rocks in the sea.
D. Dictyotide^e. Thallus continuous, membranaceous
or rather leatherlike, flat, fanshaped or forked ; fibres pa-
rallel from the base to the tip, finely reticulated by con-
centric parallel lines; bark chalklike, hairy, conferva-like;
sporidia scattered ; colour green or reddish, permanent.
XVI. 41. ZONARIA. Draparnaud. Girdleweed.
Thallus flat, fanshaped, ribless ; base villous ; sporidia so-
litary in immersed, concentric lines. — Brownish.
1 . Zbnaria pavonia. Peacock girdleweed .
Thallus flat, leatherlike, fanshaped, simple or lobed,
streaked ; streaks crossing each other.
Fiicus maritimus gallopavonis pennas referens, Raii Syn. 43, 14 ; Ellis
Corall. 88.
Ulva pavonia, Ldn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2, 719.
Frattinickia pavonia, Web. and Mohr. Ind. Mils.
Zonaria pavonia, Agardh Bisp. 20.
Dictyota (Padina) pavonia, Lamouroux Biss.
Rock on* sea-shore.
Thalli several together from a central base, spreading
circularly.
PI. cell. aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. 41. Zonar. 341
2. Zonaria alomaria. Speckled girdleweed.
T/iallits flat, dilated above, fanshaped, palmate; lobes
linear, slightly divided.
Ulva atomaria, Woodward in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3 , 53^ Engl. Bot . 419.
Dictyota zonata, Lamouroux Diss. 25, 1.
Zonaria zonata, Agardh Dispos. 20.
Sea-coasts.
Thallus yellowish brown, edge not cut.
0. ciliata . Lobes slender ; edge fringed, serrated.
Dictvota ciliata, Lamouroux Diss.
Ulva atomaria, Engl. Bot. the lower fig.
Ulva serrata, De Cand. FI. Gall. Syn. 3.
XVII. 42. DICTYOTA. Lamouroux. Diclyofe.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless, mostly forked,
much branched; sporidia immersed in interrupted series,
or scattered.
1. Dictyota dickotoma. Two-forked dictyote*
Thallus olive, yellowish, membranaceous, forked ; lobes
linear, not cut.
Fucus membranaceus dichotomus gramineus, Raii Syn. 45, 2.
Ulva dichotoma, Lightf. Scot. 975; Engl. Bot. 774.
Dictyota dichotoma, Lamouroux Diss.
Zonaria dichotoma, Agardh Disp. 22.
Sea-coast.
0. inequalis. Last lobes 3 or 4 times narrower than the
primary ones.
y. implexa. Thallus small, lobes very slender, linear,
entangled.
Ulva dichotoma, Engl. Bot. 775, lower fig.
Dictyota implexa, Lamouroux Diss.
2. Dictyota ligulata . Touguelike dictyote.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, reddish, branched ; branches
dilated, rather forked with obtuse angles, terminating with
straplike fringed segments.
Ulva ligulata, Woodward Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,54; Engl. Bot. 420.
Zonaria? ligulata, Agardh Disp. 21.
Sea-shores.
XVIII. 43. DICTYOPTERIS. Lamouroux. Dictyoptere .
Thallus flat, membranaceous, midribbed, olive-green,
forked, branched ; sporidia in clusters ; clusters prominent*
scattered, in a line on each side of the midrib.
342 43. Dictyopt. S.THALSSIGPHYTAL PI cell. aph.
Dictyopteris elongata. Long dictyoptere.
Thallus linear, membranaceous, pellucid, greenish brown;
midrib slightly prominent, here and there proliferous ; edge
not in the least cut ; branches long.
Fucus membranaceus, Stackh. Nereis , 13 ; Engl. Bot. 1758.
Dictyopteris elongata, Lamoaroux Essai.
Sea-shore.
Holdfasts callous ; thallus woolly, very thin, when dry
transparent, greenish.
E. Ulvoide^:. Thallus continuous, membranaceous,
leatherlike or gelatinous, regularly cellular ; integuments
smooth, membranaceous; sporidia scattered in the substance
of the thallus, or in prominent spots. — Greenish, either
permanent, or becoming whitish.
XIX. 44. ASPEROCOCCUS. Lamour. Roughfruit.
Thallus leatherlike, compressed, tubular ? branched,
brownish ; sporidia peduncled, in scattered groups on the
surface of the thallus; holdfasts shieldlike.
Asperococcus multifida . Many-cut roughfruit .
Thallus cartilaginous, brownish, repeatedly branched,
rather palmate; lobes spreading, linear, various in length
and breadth.
Ulva multifida, Engl . Bot. 1913.
Sea-shore.
Holdfasts shieldlike; thallus 4 or 5 inches long.
XX. 45. ULVA. Linnaeus. Laver .
Thallus membranaceous, flat, nerveless, mostly green,
rarely purplish; stirps none ; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia
4 together, immersed in the substance of the thallus.
1. Ulva laclucccfolia. Lettuce-leaf laver.
Thallus bright green, aggregate, oblong, undulated, bul-
lated, below attenuated, above dilated, lobed, crisped.
Ulva marina lactucae similis, Ran Syn. 62, 1.
Tremella marina vulgaris lactucae similis, Dillen. Muse. 42.
Ulva Lactuca, Lin . S. P. 1682; Engl. Bot. 1551.
Green laver. Oyster green.
Stones and shells in the sea; annual.
Thallus pale green, very tender, thin, flaccid. — Salt and
bitterish, eaten stewed with lemon-juice as an antiscorbutic,
but acts strongly upon the bowels.
PL cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. 45. Ulva. 34$
2. Ulva lalissirna. Broadest layer.
Thallus yellow-green, solitary, oblong, very broad, flat*
edge waved.
Ulva latissima, Lin. S. P . 1632.
Sea- shores.
Thallus 2 or 3 feet long, nearly a foot broad, edge waved,,
base not narrower.
3. Ulva bullosa. Bullate layer .
Thallus dark green, dilated, at first tubular, then flat-
tened, sinuous, rather plaited, slippery.
Ulva palustris lactuca? marina? similis, sed multo minor et tenerior*.
Dill n in Itaii Syn. 63, 6.
Tremella palustris, vulgari similis, sed minor et tenerior, Dillen Muse.
Ulln bullosa, Roth Cat. 3, 329.
Ulva Lactuca jS, Hudson FI. Angl . 567.
On aquatic plants in ditches; annual; Sept, to May.
Thallus solitary or aggregate.
4. Ulva lanceolata. Lance l aver.
Thallus pale green, ovate, spearshape.
Ulva lanceolata, Lin. S. P.
Rocks on the sea-shore.
Thallus 9 inches to a foot long.
5. Ulva fasciala. Banded laver „
Thallus green, aggregate, lanceolate, not cut, narrower
at both ends, flat ; edge fiexuous.
Ulva Linza, Lin. S. P. 1633.
Tremella marina fasciata, JJillcn in Raii Syn. 62, 3 ; Muse. 46.
Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, an inch broad.
6. Ulva plicata. Folded laver ...
Thallus dark green, connate at bottom, imbricate, plaited*.
ovate, blunt.
Lichen marinus, Taberncnn. Icon. 814.
Bryon lactucaefolium, Label. 2, 247.
Ulva plicata, Flor. Dan. 829.
Rocks and the sea-shore.
Thalli many, aggregate, umbilicated at bottom, in the
centre.
7. Ulva terrestris. Land laver,,
Thallus dark green, aggregate, ovate, crowded, slender*
decumbent, plaited, crisped.
344 45. Ulva. 2,THALASSI0PHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph.
Ulva terresiris, Roth Cat. 211.
Ulva crispa, Lightfoot Ft. Scot. 9T2.
Ulva Lactuca, y, Huds. Fl.Angl. 567.
Damp, shady places.
Thalii many, aggregated, in a crisp and bullated bed.
8. Ulva umbilicata. Umbilicated laver.
Thallus reddish brown, flat, tiled-like, gregarious, nearly
©rbiculate, umbilicated, sessile, longitudinally plaited.
Ulva marina umbilicata, Dillen in Rail Syn. 63,3.
Tremella marina umbilicata, Dillen Muse. 45.
Ulva umbilicalis, Lin.:S. P. 1633,; Engl. Bot. 2286.
Fucus Tremella umbilicata, Gmel. 219.
Ulva purpurea umbilicata, Agardh Syn. 41.
On stones, on the sea-shore.
9. Ulva purpurea. Purple laver.
Thallus purple, flat, solitary, lanceolate; edge not cut,
wavey, crisp.
Ulva purpurea, Roth Cat. 1,209.
Ulva umbilicalis /3, Wahl. Lapp. 967.
Rock on the sea-shores.
Thallus rounded and contracted at bottom.
10. Ulva edulis. Eatable laver.
Thallus very dark red, nearly opake, wedgeshape, not in
the least cut, rounded at the tip, narrowed at bottom.
Fucus Scoticus, latissimus edulis duleis, Raii Syn. 46,30.
Ulva edulis, De Candolle FI. Gall. 2, 12.
Fucus edulis, Stackh. Nereis Brit. 12; Engl. Bot. 1307.
Fucus duleis, Gmelin , 189.
Fucus Lactuca, Esper, 64.
Fucus carnosus, Esper , 76.
Fucus palmatus j6, Light/. Scot. 934.
Ualymenia edulis, Agardh Syn. 35.
Dulse.
Sea-shores.
Odour like tea ; eaten raw before dinner.
1 1 . Ulva palmata. Palmate laver.
Thallus purplish red, pellucid, palmate, not in the least
cut; lobes oblong, mostly simple.
Fucus membranaceus ceranoides, Raii Syn. 46,29.
Ulva palmata, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2, 12.
Halymenia palmata, Agardh Syn. 35.
Fucus palmatus, Lin. S. P. 1630 ; Turner Hist. 115; Engl. Bot. 1306.
Fucus ovinus, Fl.Norv. 96.
Fucus enprinus, FI. Dan. 1 128.
Fucus bullatus, FI. Dan. 770.
Fucus rubens, Espert15.
PI. cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOVHYTM. 45. U Ivu. MS
Rocks on the sea-shore.
Thalli gregarious, slenderer at bottom. 2-forked or pal-
mate with 2 or 3 lobes.
,S. marginifer. Thallus oblong, mostly simple, edge pro-
liferous.
Ulva caprina, FI. Norv. 2, 126.
y. laciniata. Thallus finely jagged; lobes linear.
Ulva delicatula, Gunn FI. Norv. 8.
Fucus delicatula, FI. Dan. 1190.
Fucus laciniatus, Wahl. 497.
12. Ulva, sobolifera. Young-bearing laver .
Thallus rose-red, membranaceous, flat, palmately lobed;
edge proliferous ; lobes dilated, tip many-cut, toothed.
Fucus soboliferus, FI. Dan. 1065 ; Engl. Hot. 2133 ; Turner Hist. 1, 97.
Halymenia sobolifera, Agardh Syn.3 6.
Ulva sobolifera, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 27.
Sea-shores.
Thallus 3 to 6 inches long, branched.
XXI. 46. SCYTOSIPHOM. Lyngbye. Leathernpipe.
Thallus round, tubular, continuous, even, branched or
simple, leatherlike, membranaceous; sporidia solitary or
crowded, scattered over the whole surface of the thallus.;
stirps 0.
a. Thallus green , membranaceous.
1. Scytosiphon intestinalis. Gut leathernpipe .
Thallus light green, membranaceous; tube simple, bent,
wavey, puckered.
Ulva marina tubulosa, intestinorum figuram referens, Rati Syn. 62, 4.
Ulva intestinalis, Lin. S. P. 1632.
Conferva intestinalis, Roth Cat. 1, 159.
Scytosiphon intestinalis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 67.
Stagnant fresh-waters, and the sea-shore.
Thalli aggregate, resembles the intestines of animals as
it floats on the water.
/3. crispus. Thallus compressed, wrinkled and crisp.
Ulva intestinalis, Roth Cut. 1, 159.
Thallus olive green, leatherlike.
2. Scytosiphon compressm. Compressed leathernpipe .
Thallus dark green, membranaceous, round, threadlike,
tubular, branched, compressed ; branches scattered, simple,
decumbent.
346 46. Scytosip. 2.THALASSIOPHYT7E. PI. cell, apk,
Ulva compressa, Lin. S. P. 1632 ; Engl. Hot. 1739.
Ulva marina tenuissima et compressa, Raii Syn. 63,5.
Tretnella marina tenuissima et compressa, Dillen Muse. 48.
Conferva compressa, Roth Cat. 1, 163.
Conferva erinita, Ruth Cat. 2, 191.
Scytosiphon coinpressus, Lyngbye Hydr.Dan. 64.
Sea-shore.
T ha llus polymorphous, narrower at bottom, simple or
branched ; branches narrower at bottom, mostly simple.
b. Clathrata. Thallus green, branched, veined in squares
like casement-windows ; sporidia in each cell.
3. Scytosiphon ramulosus . Small-branched leathernpipe.
Thallus green, membranaceous, tubular, much branched,
rather compressed; branches thickest above; twigs scattered',
very numerous, pointed.
Ulva ramulosa, Engl. But. 2137.
Sea-shore.
Thalli numerous, aggregated, 2 inches high; branches
awlshaped.
4. Scytosiphon Temple torn. Temple tori s leathernpipe .
Thallus pale green, tubular, hairlike, repeatedly branch-
ed ; branches and twigs alternate, pressed to the stem, at-
tenuated, acute.
Conferva paradoxa, Dillw. Syn. 70; Engl. Bot. 2328.
Sea-shore.
Thallus closely tufted, 4 or 5 inches long, slippery. — It
appears to differ from S. erecta of Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 15.
5. Scytosiphon clathratus. Window leathernpipe .
Thallus pale green, round, hairlike, tubular, repeatedly
branched; branches and twigs alternate, spreading, diverg-
ing, lying down, pointed.
Conferva clathrata, Roth Cat. 175.
Ulva clathrata, Agardli Syn. 46.
Sea-shores.
c. Thallus olive, leatherlike ; sporidia scattered, solitary.
6. Scytosiphon J oeniculaceus. Fennel leathernpipe.
Thallus olivaceous, leatherlike, round, threadlike, much
branched ; branches and twigs vague, bent, very closely
entangled, attenuated, hairlike.
PL cell. aph. 2. TH ALASSIOPHYT^E. 46. Scytosip. 347
Conferva fceniculacca, Hudson Fl.Angl. 594.
Ceramium inflexum, Roth Cat. 3,131.
Hippuris setaceus, Barretter Icon. 1123.
Fucus subtilis, Turner Hist. 2,34.
Scytosiphon fceniculaceus, FI. Dan. 1595, 1.
Halymenia fceniculacea, Agardh Syn. 38.
Hutchinsia inflexa, Agardh Syn. 58.
Sea-shores; annual; spring.
Thalli aggregate, 6 or 9 inches high, pale yellow or
olive.
7. Scytosiphon Jisiulosus. Fistular leat hornpipe.
Thallus olive, leatherlike, round, threadshaped, simple*
narrower at both ends.
Ulva fistulosa, Hudson FI. Angl.bC)9$ Engl. Bot. 642.
Conferva fistulosa, Roth Cat. 3, i 69.
Chordaria Filum ,6, Agardh Syn. 14.
Scytosiphon fistulosus, Agardh Disp. 24.
Sea-shores attached to rocks.
Thalli numerous, flexuous, gelatinous; sporidia four to-
gether, disposed longitudinally.
d. Thallus olive ; sporidia clustered.
8. Scytosiphon filiformis. Threadlike lealhernpipcc
'1 hallus reddish brown, gelatinous, soft, round or com-
pressed; branches scattered, mostly simple, long.
Conferva filiformis, -Ft. Dan. 1480.
Ulva filiformis, Hudson Fl.Angl. 570.
Ulva purpuraseens, Engl. Bot. 641, not of Hudson.
Ulva compressa purpurea, Agardh Syn. 45.
Sea-shores ; annual ; spring and summer.
Thallus 6 inches high ; branches alternate, rarely slightly
branched.
9. Scytosiphon Turneri. Turner's leathernpipe .
Thallus yellowish brown, membranaceous, finely reticu-
lated, round, threadshape, simple, attenuated at bottom,
very obtuse at top.
Ulva Turneri, Dillvo. in Engl. Bot 2570.
Gastridium Opuntia, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 71.
Sea-shores on rocks and plants ; annual; summer.
Thalli aggregate, 1 to 6 inches long, rarely globose ;
sporidia in clusters.
3*8 47. Palmel. 2.THALASSI0PHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph .
XXII. 47. PALMELLA. Lyngbve. Trembler .
Thallus cylindrical^ simple or branched, solid; integu-
ment membranaceous; inside gelatinous, cellular ; sporidia
globular, immersed in the thallus. — Marine.
1. Palmella defracta. Broken trembler.
Thallus threadlike, simple, twisted, elastic, viscid, pel-
lucid ; sporidia globular, pale red.
Ulva defracta, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 124; Engl. Bot. 1-626.
On sea-plants.
Thallus 2 to 12 inches long, l-8th inch in diameter.
2. Palmella elminthoides. Wormlike trembler .
Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, opake, slippery, rather
blunt; central line dark, parenchymatous; sporidia very
minute, opake.
Ulva elminthoides, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 141.
Rocks in the sea; July.
Thalli aggregated, 4 to 7 inches long, twisted.
XXIII. 48. MERRETTIA. Merrett .
Thallus flat, diversely shaped, solid ; integuments mem-
branaceous; inside cellular, gelatinous; sporidia scattered,
immersed.
1. Merreltia adnata. Adnate merrett.
Thallus diversely shaped, gelatinous, wrinkled, brownish
yellow; sporidia globular, brown.
Tremeila adnata, Hudson FI. Angl. 565.
Palmella adnata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dun. 205.
On rocks between high and low water in the sea.
Thallus wrinkled, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, less than a
quarter thick.
2. Merrettia coriacea. Leathery merrett.
Thallus flat, adnate, very wide, indeterminate, smooth,
slippery, dull red; sporidia globular,
Ulva rupestris, Engl. Bot. 2194.
Upright faces of fells over which water trickles.
Thallus 2 or 3 feet wide, resembles a spread-out piece of
very wet reddish or greenish brown washed leather, but is
not so tenacious; has been mistaken for flesh.
PLcelLaph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT.ZE. 48. Merret. 340
3. Merrettia alpicola. Alp-loving merret t.
Thallus not uniform, lobes numerous, rounded, wrinkled,
soft, reddish; sporidia very small, reddish.
Ulva montana, Light f. Scot. 973 ; Engl. Hot. 2193.
Palmella alpicola, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 296.
Mountain dulse.
Sides of mountains, among grass and moss.
Thallus deep blood-red or dull green ; lobes several,
fiattish, rounded, ascending, imbricate, rather leatherlike,,
pulpy. — Used to purge calves.
4. Merrettia protulerans. Protuberant merrett .
Thallus thick, gelatinous, fleshy, angular, pellucid, green ;
sporidia large, elliptical, growing protuberant, green.
Ulva protuberans, Engl. Bot. 2533.
Shady wet places, among mosses ; September.
Thallus composed of thick, fleshy, juicy, wrinkled, rough
lobes; sporidia the size of poppy seeds.
XXIV. 49. OLIVIA. OlivL
Thallus ovate or globular, solid, aggregated into a gela-
tinous or powdery crust; sporidia globular, immersed, scat-
tered.
1. Olivia botryoides . Bunch- of- grapes olivL
Thalli minute, globular, pellucid, green, aggregated into
a greenish crust.
Byssus botryoides saturate virens, Dilltn in Rail Syn. 56, 5.
Byssus botryoides, Lin. S. P. 1639.
Lichen botryoides, Acharius Prod. 10.
Tremeilo botryoides, Schreber Spicil. 141.
Nostoc botryoides, Agardh Syn. 135.
Palmella botryoides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 205.
Lepraria botryoides, Engl. Bot. 2148.
On the ground, or bark of trees, in damp places.
Thalli the size of maw-seed, solid ; stain the fingers when
touched.
2. Olivia ochracea. Okery olivL
Thalli minute, ovate, oker yellow, aggregated into thin,
scattered, powdery patches.
Lepraria ochracea. Turn, and Bor. Lick. Brit. 1, 8$ Engl. Bot. 2408.
Trunk of old trees and on moss.
350 49. Olivia. 2. THALASSIOPHYTAE. Pl.cell.aph .
3. Olivia cinerea. Ashcoloured olivi.
Thalli very minute, roundish, ash-grey, aggregated into
a powder crust.
Byssus saxatilis, Withering Bot. Arr. erf. 2.
Lichen cinereus, With . Bot. Arr. eel. 4.
Limestone-rocks and stones.
4. Olivia nigra . Black olivi.
Thalli very minute, roundish, dull black; aggregated
into a black powdery crust.
Byssus antiquitatis, Lin. S. P. ?
Lepraria nigra, Turn, and Borr. Lich. Brit. 1,21? Eng. Bot. 2409.
Tops of oak-posts and old wood.
5. Olivia violacea. Violet olivi .
Thalli minute, ovate, dull red, aggregated into a reddish
crust.
Byssus lolithus, Lin . 8. P. 1638.
Lichen lolithus, With. Boi. Arr. 4, 3.
Lichen rubens, Acharius Meth. Lich. G.
Lepraria lolithus, Achar. Meth. 8; Engl. Bot. 2471.
St. Winifred's blood , in the Holy-well, Cheshire.
Bark of trees, rocks and stones in springs.
Crust dull crimson, smells like violets, or orrice-roots.
6. Olivia cruenta. Bloody olivi.
Thalli minute, ovate, red, aggregated into a dark red,
gelatinous crust.
Tremella cruenta, Engl. Bot.
Bottom of walls in damp places.
F. LiNCKiDEiE. Thallus continuous; integuments mem-
branaceous, smooth; inside fleshy, cellular, slippery ; spo -
ridia in beadlike filaments sunk in the substance of the
thallus. — Green or brownish, not becoming black.
XXV. 50. CARRODORUS. Carrodori.
Thallus long, branched, brownish ; sporidia elliptical, in
anastomosing lines. — Marine, foetid, slippery.
Carr odor us foe tidus. Stinking carrodori .
Thallus pale olive, branched ; branches crowded, acute.
Conferva foetida, Villars Dauph. 3, 1010 ; Dillw. Conf, 104; Engl. Bot .
2101.
Ulva foetida, Voucher Conf. 285.
PL cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT7E. 50. Carrod. 351
Salt marshes and the sea-shore.
Thallus slippery, flaccid, 2 inches high.
XXVI. 51. NOSTOC. Paracelsus. Nosfoch.
Thallus not uniform or globular, vesicular, greenish, ge-
latinous; sporidia globose, in curved, beadlike threads. —
This genus has much affinity with oscillatoria, but the
threads of that genus radiate, and have no integument
over them.
1 . Nostoc commune. Common nosloch .
Terrestrial ; thallus not uniform, solid, plated, wavey;
threads loosely interwoven.
. Ulva terrestris pinguis et fugax, Dillen in Rnii Syn. 64, 11.
Linckia terrestris gelatinosa membranacea vulgatissima, ex pallida et
<virescente fulva, Micheli Nov. Gen. PI. 126, 1.
Tremella Nostoc, Lin. S. P. 1625; Engl. Bot. 461.
Fucus Tremella Nostoc, Gmel. Hist, Fuc. 222.
Nostoc commune. Voucher , 222.
Nostoc vulgare, Wahl. FI. Lapp. 992.-
JLinckia terrestris, Roth Cat. 3, 345.
Alcyonidium Nostoc, Lamouroux Thai. Ess. 71.
Star-shoot. Star-slough.
Damp, shady, gravelly places; summer and autumn.
Thallus lobed, 2 or 3 inches in diameter; pale green,
mostly seen after rain.
2. Nostoc verrucosum. Warty nostoch .
Thallus rather globose, rather leatherlike, hollow,
plaited; threads very closely interwoven.
Linckia pal ust ris gelatinosa, saxis adnascens, ex obscuro fulva, et con-
eava vesicam referens, Micheli Nov. Gen. PI. 126,2.
Nostoc verrucosum, Voucher, 225.
Tremella fluviatilis, Dillen Mus. 10.
Tremella verrucosa, Lin. S. P. 1625 ; Hudson FI. Angl. 565.
Tremella utricwlata, Huds. FI. Angl. 564?
Fucus Tremella verrucosa, Gmel. Fuc. 227.
Linckia verrucosa, Roth Cat. 3, 345.
Rocks and stones in rivers, often floating.
Thalli aggregated ; when young solid, smooth, opake,
when old, hollow, yellowish green.
3. Nostoc musconm . Moss nostoch .
Thallus 2-formed, papillose, tuberculate, rather leather-
like.
Nostoc muscorurn, Agardh Syn. 132.
Tremella intestinalis, FI. Dan. 885.
Damp mossy places.
Blackish green , harder and smaller than n. commune.
352 51. Nostoc. 2.THALASSIOPHYTJE. PL cell aph.
4. Nostoc pruniforme. Plumshape nostoch .
Thallus blackish, globose, splitary, solid, leatherlike,
gelatinous, smooth.
Ulva pruniformis, Lin. S. P. 1633.
Tremella pruniformis, Roth Germ. 548.
Linckia pruniformis, Roth Cat. 3, 343.
Nostoc pruniforme, Agardli Syn. 134.
Adhering to trees, or floating in lakes; summer.
Thallus gelatinous on the inside, coriaceous on the out-
side.
5. Nostoc sphcericum. Sphcerical nostoch .
Thallus black green, globose, solid, smooth, aggregated.
Ulva pruniformis, Hudson Fl.Angl. 572, not of Eng. Bot.
Conferva Pyrum, FI. Dan. 660, not of Linnaeus.
Nostoc sphaericum, Vaucher , 223.
Linkia granulata, Roth Cat. 3^342.
Lakes and stagnant waters.
Thallus hardish, gelatinous, mostly aggregated, the size
of peas.
6. Nostoc cceruleum. Blue nostoch .
Thallus small, globose, solid, solitary, smooth, pale blue,
shining, pellucid.
Nostoc caeruleum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201.
Ditches and pools on hypni; summer.
Thallus hard, slippery, about a quarter of an inch in
diameter.
7. Nostoc papyraceum. Paper nostoch .
Thallus frothy, gelatinous, slippery, easily parted,
bluish.
Byssus latissima papyri instar super aquam sparsa, Dillen in Raii Syn.
57,12; Dillen Muse. 21.
Byssus Flos aquae, Lin. S. P. 1637.
Nostoc Flos aquae, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201.
Stagnant waters, floating; spring and summer.
Thallus pale bluish green; when it covers ponds, they
are said to be in flower.
G. Alcyonideje. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, olive
green becoming black, cellular; cells membranaceous,
long, hexaedral ; sporidia elliptical, scattered in the cells.
XXVII. 52. ALCY ONIDIUM. Lamour. Haley onide.
Thallus roundish, long, gelatinous, branched, olive-green;
inner cells large, hexaedral, outer cells slender, closed.
— Marine.
PL cell. ctph. 2.TPIALASSIOPHYT7E. 52. Alcyon. 353
Alcyonidium dxaphanum . Transparent kalcyonide .
Thallus nearly round, branched ; branches short.
Fucus spongiosus nodostis, liaii Syn. 49, 42; Ger. cm. 1570.
Spongia ramosa altera Anglica, Park. 1304.
Alcyonium geiatinosum. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1295.
Ulva diaphana, Huds. Fi. stngl. 570 ; Engl. Bot. 36 3.
Alcyonidium diaphanum, Lamour . Thai. 71.
Sea ragged staff.
Thallus 6 to 12 inches long; branches irregular, rather
acute; sporidia large, yellowish.
Q.flavescens. Branches obtuse.
Ulva fiavescens, Huds. FI. Angl. 570.
XXVIII. 53. EPHIDATIA. Lamouroux. Ephidaie .
Thallus sessile, orbicular, lobed, gelatinous, cellular*
greenish ; cells long, pentagonal, radiating from a common
point, open at top; sporidia elliptical, enclosed in the cells.
— ~F resh- water.
Ephidatia Gihbsii. Gills ’ ephidate*
Thallus sessile, thick, slightly lobed, more or less orbi-
cular, fetid.
Bottom of the reservoir in the Green Park, Mr. Gibbs.
Thallus orbicular or oblong. — This may be the following
species, but Lamarck describes the cells of spongilla as ir-
regular ; or it may be an alcyonella ; I could not, however*
perceive any polypi in it, but plenty of sporidia.
XXIX. 54?. SPONGILLA. Lamarck. Spongille .
Thallus sessile, polymorphous, irregular, cellular and
lacunose ; cells unequal, formed of membranaceous laminae,
scattered without any order; sporidia free, in the cells.
1. Spongilla pulvinala. Cushion spongille.
Thallus rather incrusting, sessile, thick, convex, slightly
lobed ; lacuntz longish, scattered.
Spongilla pulvinata, Lam. Hist. 2, 100.
Ephidatia fluviatilis, Lamour. Pol. 6.
Bottom of rivers.
2. Spongilla ramosa. Branched spongille .
Thallus sessile, branched*; branches long, roundish, un-
equal, rather lobed.
yol. i. 2 a
354. 54. Spongil. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. PI. cell, aph.
Spongia ramosa fluviatilis, Raii Syn. 30, 5.
Spongilla ramosa, Lam. Hist. 2, 100. »
Spongia lacustris, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1299.
Ephidaiia lacustris, Lamour. Pol. 6.
Bottoms of lakes and ponds.
|3. digilata. Thallus digitate, slightly branched.
Spongia fluviatilis ramosa fragilis, Raii Syn. 30, 6.
y. gracilis. Thallus and branches slender, branched.
Spongia canalium, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 3826.
Ephidaiia canalium, Lamouroux , 6.
H. SpongiditE. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, formed
of interlaced, flexuous, horny fibres or asbestine spiculae,
very porous, absorbing much water; sporidia scattered in
the jelly of the thallus. — Yellow or brown, becoming white;
when dry tough and flexible.
XXX, 55. TUPHA. Tuphe .
Thallus fixed, roundish, solid, very porous, leaflike;
branches simple or compound; formed of interwoven, bent,
horny, reticulated fibres, without any chalklike matter.
a. Branched , branches simple or compound .
I. Tupha oculata. Eyelet tuphe >
Thallus much branched, soft; branches roundish, blunt,
dotted with marginal pores.
Spongia oculata, Ellis Corail. 80.
Sea-shore.
Thallus 9 inches high, bottom naked, tough, woody;
above branched.
elegans. Thallus pale brown; branches divaricating
and closing together at top ; tips blunt, 4 or 5-cut.
2. Tupha stuposa. Towlike tuphe.
Thallus branched ; branches towlike, round, covered
with pointed hairs.
Spongia stuposa, Ellis Zooph, 186.
Spongia cervicornis, Pallas?
Sea-shore.
|3. gracilis. Thallus very slender, beautifully white ;
branches ascending, very hairy.
y. damicormis. Thallus palmate, divaricating, like the
antlers of a buck.
PL cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. 55. Tupha. 355
3. Tupha palmata. Palmate tuphe.
'Phallus palmate, with fingerlike divisions on the edge,
and small prominent pores irregularly disposed.
Spongia palmata, Ellis Zooph. 189.
Sea-shore.
Texture similar to that of t. oculala, but not so soft when
dry ; pores more numerous, disposed over the whole surface.
4. Tupha coalila. Coalescent tuphe.
Thallus much branched, corky, brittle; branches irregu-
lar, distorted, rather compressed.
Spongia coalita, Gmelin Syst.Nat. 1, 3825.
Spongia Lycopodium, Esper, 2,269.
Sea-shore.
5. Tupha hispida. Hispid tuphe.
Thallus branched; branches long, slender, round, two*
forked, covered with stiff hairs.
Spongia hispida, Montague in Wern. Tr. 2, 81.
Sea-shore.
Thallus a foot long, or more.
@. fur cat a. Thallus with short forked tips.
6. Tupha dichotoma. Tuuo-forked tuphe.
Thallus branched, upright, nearly cylindric, tomentose,
covered with small pores.
Spongia dichotoma, Ellis Zooph. 187 ; Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1299.
Sea-shore.
Thallus brown, long, two-forked, straight, tapering, be-
coming compressed at the fork, but not so much as t. ocu-
lata ; branches longer and straighter, texture firmer and
less woody.
7. Tupha digitata. Finger tuphe.
Thallus branched; branches very slender, two-forked,
fingerlike at their tip ; surface granulated.
Spongia digitata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,84.
Bottom of the sea.
Thallus iron-brown at bottom, above pale yellow, not so
thick as a straw, slightly compressed, tough, flexible.
8. Tupha ramosa. Branched tuphe.
Thallus palmated and fingered round the top.
Spongia ramosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,84.
2 A 2
356 55*Tupha. 2. THAL ASSIOPH YTiE. Pt.cell.aph .
Sea-shore.
Thallus 5 inches long, stiff, slightly elastic.
b. Thallus branched; branches leajlike, on the sides or tips .
9. Tupha conica . Conical tuphe .
Branches numerous, short, flattish, from the sides.
Spongia Conus, Montagus Wcrn. Trans. 2, 85.
Sea-shore.
Thallus when dry dark yellowish brown ; texture rather
coarse ; outside covered with short bristles.
10. Tupha lobata. Lobed tuphe .
Branches ovate, clustered.
Spongia lobata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 85.
Sea-shore.
Thallus yellowish brown, 2 inches high ; branches ovate
or oblong, from an irregular kind of stem.
1 1 . Tupha perlcevis. Very-light tuphe .
Thallus indeterminate; texture close; surface covered
with blunt nipplelike prominences.
Spongia perlaivis, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 86.
Sea-shore.
Thallus yellow, when dry light brown ; texture similar
to that of t. tomentosa, equally light, not so soft or crumbly,
or so pale; nipples 1-Sth of an inch long.
12. Tupha aur'ea. Golden tuphe.
Thallus broad, flat, slightly divided at the tip.
Spongia aurea, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 86.
Sea-shore, covering the stones at lowr water.
Thallus 2 inches high, 2 or 3 broad, orange-colour, when
dry brown ; not so much divided as Ellis’s spongia pro-
lifera.
13. Tupha rigida. Stiff tuphe.
Thallus blunt, rather flat, spreading, irregular, arising
from a basis, generally a short stalk.
Spongia rigida, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 87.
Sea-shore.
Thallus about an inch high, orange-colour, which it
partly retains on drying if tolerably freed from the paren-
chyme; texture as coarse as that of common sponge.
PL cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 55.Tupha. 357
/3. minor. Smaller branches more numerous and distinct,
spreading from a shorter pedicel 1.
XXXI. 56. SCYPHA. Scyphe.
Thallus shooting into tubular processes, either simple or
compound, very porous, formed of interwoven, bent, reti-
culated horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.
1 . Scypha coronata . Crowned scyphe.
Tube solitary; tip crowned with radiating spines.
Spobgia coronata, Ellis Zooph. 190.
On fuci and other marine bodies.
Thallus above an inch long, yellowish sometimes a
shining, silvery white, not always crowned but covered
with spiculse.
2. Scypha botryoides. Bunch-of- grapes scyphe.
Thallus minute, ovate, tubular, in bunches covered with
radiated spines.
Spongia botryoides, Ellis Zooph. 190.
Sea-shore.
Thallus composed of minute branches, oval like grapes,
each open at the tip, as if tubular. — The spines are the
asterias radiata of Walker.
3. Scypha papillaris. Nipple scyphe.
Thallus sessile, flat, spreading with scattered tubular
tubercles.
Spongia papillaris, Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1,3S24.
Rocks rarely left uncovered by the sea.
Thallus soft, yellow ; tubercles sometimes tipped with
tflue; when dry less soft, brown or gray; surface like gauze.
0. Sowerbeii. Tubercles longer and more numerous.
Spongia compacta, Brit. Miseell. 1,42.
Bottom of the sea?
4-. Scypha tubulosa. Tubular scyphe .
Thallus tubular, branched, tough; tubes erect, slightly
tapering. t
Spongia tubulosa, Ellis Zooph. 1S8.
Spongia fasligiata, Pallas Zooph. 392.
Sea-shore at very low water, and bottom of the sea.
Thallus 3 inches high and 4 or 5 wide, yellow, when dry
pale brown or dirty white.
358 56. Scypha. 2. TH AL ASSIOPHYT7E. Pl.cell.aplu
5. Scypha foliace a. Leafy scyphe .
Thallus tubular, much compressed ; texture fine, inside
finely reticulated.
Spongia compressa, Fabricius Faun . Greenl. 448.
Sea-shore.
Thallus an inch long, dull yellow, pendent ; from its
thinness it may be mistaken for a flustra.
6. Scypha laevigata. Smooth scyphe .
Thallus soft, compressible, elastic ; texture extremely
fine and reticulated.
Spongia laivigata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,95.
Bottom of the sea?
Texture extremely fine, equal to that of the internal
spongy part of some kinds of puff-ball.
7. Scypha ovata. Ovate scyphe ,
Thallus ovate, wrinkled, tubular; summit crowned with
spines surrounding the aperture.
Spongia Ananas, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 96.
Sea-shores.
Thallus minute.
@. tomentosa. Thallus clothlike.
Upon cellaria scruposa.
8. Scypha complicata . Complicated scyphe .
Thallus tubular ; branches numerous, most intricately
interwoven, and frequently anastomosing.
Spongia complicata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 97.
On fuci.
9. Scypha cancellata. Railwork scyphe.
Fibres in network, inosculations tuberous, with a pore.
Spengia cancellata, Brit. Misc. 131, not of Gmelin.
Thallus yellowish ; fibres horny in railwork writh large
interstices.
XXXII. 57. SPONGIA. Aristotle. Sponge
Thallus sessile or pedicelled, of a compact or slightly
lobed indeterminate form, composed of interwroven, bent^
reticulated horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.
Pl, cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. 57.Spongia. 359
a. Thallus peduncled , concave, funnelshape.
1. Spongia infundihuliformis. Funnelshape sponge .
Thallus funnelshape, flexible; surface rather rough, ir-
regular.
Spongia infundihuliformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1296.
Spongia crateriformis, Pallas Zooph, 386.
Sea-shores.
2. Spongia foliascens. Leajlike sponge .
Thallus stifli but not woody, arising from a corky base
and spreading into a cup; edge slightly cut and indented ;
pores fine.
Spongia foliascens, Pallas Zooph. 395.
Spongia Scypha, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,107.
Sea-shores.
Thallus about 2 inches and a half high ; bowl 2 inches
deep, and as wide at top, bottom half an inch wide, pale
brown, impervious to light.
b. Thallus peduncled, flat, funnelshape, simple or loled.
3. Spongia crist at a. Crested sponge .
Thallus flat, upright, tender, resembling a cockscomb,
pores in rows, small, slightly projecting, along the top.
Spongia cristata, Ellis Zooph. 186.
Cocks comb sponge , Phil. Tr. 55, 288.
Sea-shore.*,
Thallus said by Mr. Ellis to have a visible systole of the
water in and out of its pores.
4. Spongia ventilahriformis . Fanshape sponge ,
Thallus fanshaped; fibres reticulated, woody; covered
with large spongy pores.
Spongia Ventilahrum, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1296.
Sea-fan sponge , Phil. Tr. 55, 289.
Sea-shore.
Thallus 10 inches high, a quarter of an inch thick in the
widest part, may be seen through if held pretty close to
the eye.
5. Spongia pulchella . Pretty sponge,
Thallus generally compressed and bald ; reticulations
fine, smooth, soft.
Spongia pulchella, Brit. Misc, 87.
Sea-shore.
360 57. Spong. S.THALASSIOPHYT^E. PLcell.aph.
Thallus fanshaped, palmated, or digitate; fibres in deli-
cate network, pale brown changing to yellowish or reddish
brown, coarser and stiffer than common sponge.
c. Thallus sessile , simple or lobed , often erect .
6. Spongia limhata . Lohed sponge*
Fibres formed into circular pore9 resembling lace.
Spongia Iimlmla, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 111.
Sea-shore.
Thallus whitish, firm, elastic, pores very large, circular,
fibres smooth.
7. Spongia fruticosa. Shrublike sponge .
Thallus tough, elastic, in network ; fibres smooth, slightly
connected, distant.
Spongia lichenoides, Valias Zoopk. 378.
Spongia fruticosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 112.
Sea-shore.
Thallus 6 or 7 inches long, and half as wide, irregular,
very light, elegant; fibres distant; network very irregular.
8. Spongia fragilis. Brittle sponge.
Thallus brittle, friable, in coarse network; fibres wrinkled
as if covered with minute sand.
Spongia friabilis, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 114.
Sea-shores.
Thallus brown, breaking between the fingers and soon
rubbing into a powder like sand with a micaceous lustre.
9. Spongia parasitica. Parasitic sponge .
Thallus coarse; form indefinite, determined by the body
upon which it creeps; fibres imbricated.
Spongia parasitica, Monlague Wern. Tr. 2, 114. N
On sertularise.
10. Spongia Java. Honeycomb sponge .
Thallus irregular, rather hard, brittle, extremely porous.
Spongia fava, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 115.
Sea-shore.
Thallus 8 inches long, 2 broad, and half an inch thick,
resembling a piece of old worm-eaten cork.
PL cell. aph. 2.THALASSI0PHYT/E. 57. Spong. 361
11. Spongia plumoss. Feathery sponge.
Thallus irregular, rather soft, tough when deprived of its
jelly.
Spongia plumosa, Montague TVern. Tr. 2, 1 16.
Sea-shores.
Thallus 3 inches high, 2 inches broad, paler than com-
mon sponge, not so compressible or elastic, resembles com-
pressed tow.
d. Thallus sessile , simple , irregular , creeping on other lodies.
12. Spongia coriacea . Leathery sponge.
Thallus indefinite, wrinkled, cavernous.
Spongia coriacea, Montague Worn. Tr. 2, 116.
Thallus 4> inches long, 2 broad, not unlike a piece of
burnt leather.
13. Spongia tomentosa. Clothlike sponge.
Thallus irregular, soft, brittle, full of pores, interwoven
with minute spines.
Alcyonium ramosum inolle, medullas panis intus simile, Raii $yn.3 1, 1.
Spongia tomentosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, i299.
Spongia urens, Ellis Zooph. 187.
Spongia panicea, Pallas Zooph. 308.
Sponge like crumb of bread, Ellis Corail. 80.
Sea-shores and adhering to fuci.
Thallus orange-colour, soft ; when dry white, extremely
light, and brittle; when broken resembles crumb of bread,
and causes a stinging pain like cowage.
1 4. Spongia sulerosa. 1 Corky sponge.
Thallus crustaceous, compact, tough, without visible
pores externally.
Spongia suberosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 100.
On old univalve shells, covering them and filling up the
aperture.
Thallus indefinite, orange-brown turning brown when
; a O
dry.
XXXIII. 58. TETHYA. Lamarck. Tethya.
Thallus tubercular, orbicular, inside fibrous ; fibres in
bundles, stiff; asbestine, radiating from the centre to the
circumference, scarcely gelatinous.
362 SS.Tethya. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph .
1. Tethya verrucosa. IVarted tethya.
Tkallus globose, externally warted, internally fibrous;
Jibrous in bundles, stiff, asbestine, radiating.
Alcyonium Lyncurium, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1,1295?
Alcyonium Aurantiurn, Pallas Zooph. 357 ?
Spongia verrucosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 117.
Tethya Lyncurium, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386?
Sea-shore.
Thallus more than an inch in diameter, yellowish, slightly
compressed, uncoated at bottom where it adheres to the
rock, by which the asbestine spiculae are shown.
2. Tethya pilosa. Hairy tethya.
Thallus globose, fleshy, covered with short, thick-set
hair, internally fibrous ; fibres in bundles, stiff, asbestine,
radiating.
Tethya pulvinata, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386.
Spongia piiosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 1 19.
Sea-shore.
Thallus not quite an inch diameter.
3. Tethya P penicilliformis . Pencil-like tethya .
Thallus yellowish, spreading horizontally ; surface tube-
bearing; tubes upright, white, flexible, fibrous; fibres en-
tangled.
Spongia Penicillus, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 95.
Sea-shore.
Perhaps only a species of tethya enwrapping a tubular
sponge.
\
I. Floridea:. Thallus continuous, leatherlike or mem-
branaceous, formed of interwoven longitudinal fibres, rose-
red, sometimes growing white in the air ; sporidia either
immersed in the substance of the thallus, or in capsular
or tubercular thecae, rarely intermixed with jointed fibres.
XXXIV. 59. DELESSERIA. Lamouroux. Delesser .
Thallus flat, membranaceous, regularly veined ; sporidia
immersed, scattered in the marginal processes of the ribs
and in roundish spots in the thallas.
1 . Delesser ia sanguined. Blood-red delesser.
Thallus round at bottom, branched ; lobes distinct, oblong,
ovate, simple, not in the least cut.
PI. cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPH YTiE. 59. Delesser. 365
Fucus sive Alga folio membranaceo purpureo lapathe sanguinei figura
et rnagnitudine, Raii Syn. 47,35.
Fucus sanguineus, Lin. Mant. 136; Engl. Rot. 1041.
Delesseria sanguinea, Lamouroux Thai.
Sea-shore.
2. Delesseria sinuosa. Sinuous delesser.
Thallus round at bottom, branched; lobes distinct, oblong,
sinuated, pinnatifid; edge crenated or fringed.
Fucus rnembranaceus purpureus latifolius pinnatus, Dillen in Raii Syn.
47, 34.
Fucus rubens, Huds. FI. Angl. 578.
Fucus sinuosa, Turner Hist. 35; Engl. Rot. 822.
Fucus roseus, Flor. Dan. 652.
Fucus crenatus, Gmel. Fuci , 184.
P'ucus Palmella, var. Esper. 42.
Delesseria sinuosa, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-coasts.
Thallus pale uniform red.
/3. incrassala . Thallus rather cartilaginous; cilice reverse-
ovate. *
7. quercifolia. Thallus lobes rounded ; edge naked, with-
out ciliae.
3. Delesseria ruscifolia. Knee-holly delesser.
Thallus branched, winged; lobes distinct, oblong, ovate,
blunt, flat; edge not cut; midrib proliferous; veins pellucid,
chainlike.
Fucus ruscifolius, Turner Lin. Tr. 6, 127 ; Engl. Rot. 1395.
Delesseria ruscifolia, Agardh Disp. 14.
Sea-shore; perennial; Jan. and Feb.
Thallus about 4? inches long, and a quarter of an inch
wide.
/3. minor. Thallus ovate, lanceolate, about an inch and
a half long.
3. Delesseria ligulata. Strap delesser.
Thallus branched below, winged; lobes distinct, linear,
lanceolate, pointed, flat, simple, not cut, reticulated ; 'midrib
proliferous.
Fucus Hypoglossum, Woodward Linn. Tr. 2,30; Engl. Rot. 1396.
Delesseria Hypoglossum, Lamour. Thai.
Fucus ligulatus, Solander in MS.
Sea-shore; annual; June and July.
Thallus 3 inches long and a quarter wide.
364 59. Deless. 2 . T II A L A S S I O P H Y T IE. Pl.cell.opk.
minor. T/iallus very narrow.
Fucus hypoglossoides, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 176.
y. incrass folia. Thallus narrow, linear; network scarcely
visible.
4. Delesseria alata. Winged delesser.
Thallus winged, repeatedly and alternately branched;
loles confluent, decurrent, alternately branched.
Fucus dichotomus parvus costatus et membranaceus, Dillen in Rail Syn.
44, 20.
Fucus alatus, Lin. Mnnt. 135 ; Engl. Bot. 1837.
Delesseria alata, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-shore; perennial.
& dilatata. Thallus broad ; wings broad, waved.
y. angustissima. Thallus \e ry slender; wings very nar-
row, scarcely any.
XXXV. 60. ODONTH A LIA. Lyngbye. Sea-tooth.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, confluent, reddish'; midrib
slightly prominent ; edge toothed ; sporidia in two lines on
solitary or clustered lanceolate marginal processes ; ihecceP
pedicelled, wine-glass-shape. The tliecse are by some
thought to be parasitic animals.
Odonthalia pinnatifida. Pinnatifid sea-tooth .
Thallus branched, alternately pinnatifid; twigs alternate,
toothed at the tip, teeth short.
Fucus dentdtus, Lin. Mant. 135.
Fucus piunatifidus, FI. Lfyn. 354.
Delesseria dentala, Lamour. Thai 36.
Splia?.rococcus dentatus, Agardh Syn. 22.
Odonthalia dentata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 9.
Sea-shore; perennial; autumn.
Thallus solitary, about 4 inches long.
XXXVI. 61. SPR/EROCOCCUS. Stackh. Roundfruit .
Thallus flat, membranaceous or coriaceous, confluent,
ribless; sporidia in roundish tubercles; thecce scattered
on the surface, or on the edge.
a. Dromius. Thallus membranaceous , ribless, tubercles flat
on the surface.
1 . Sphcerococcus punctatus . Dotted roundfruit.
Thallus very thin, membranaceous, palmate, two-forked,
lobes linear, tip two-cut, blunt, edge flat, tubercles oblong.
Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTYE. 61. Sphseroc. 365
Ulva punctata, Stackhouse , Lin . Tr. S, 536.
Fucus punctatus, With. Bot.Arr. 4,405; Engl. Bot. 1573 ; Turn. Hist.
71.
Delesseria punctata, Agardh Disp. 14.
On marine plants.
Thallus delicate pale pink ; sporidia dark red.
2. Sphcerococcus ulvoides. Ulva roundfruit .
Thallus membranaceous lobed; lobes blunt, pinnatifid,
edges not cut ; tubercles hemispherical.
Fucus ulvoides. Turner Hist. 80 ; Engl. Bot. 2154,
Delesseria ulvoides, Agardh Disp. 14.
Sea-coasts.
b. Sphserococcus. Thallus slightly ribbed lengthways at
the base , proliferous ; tubercles flat on the surface.
3. SphcBrococcus miens. Reddish roundfruit .
Thallus rather membranaceous, slightly ribbed length-
ways at the bottom, mostly two forked ; lobes linear, ellip-
tical, tip round; edge jagged, wavy; surface proliferous;
tubercles hemispherical.
Fucus membranaceus purpureus varie ramosus, Dillen in liaii Syn.
47,36.
Fucus rubens, Lin. S. P. 1630; Engl. Bot. 1053; Turn, Hist. 42.
Fucus epipbyllus, FI. Dan. 708.
Fucus prolifer, Lightf. Scot. 2.
Fucus laciniatus, Gmel. 182.
Fucus crispus, Huds. FI. ylngl. 580.
Delesseria rubens, Lamour Essai.
Sphcerococcus rubens, Agardh Syn. 23.
Chondrus rubens, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. IS'.
Sea-shore ; perennial.
Micl~rib visible at the base of the thallus, but is after-
wards lost in its substance.
4. Sphcerococcus laceratus. Torn roundfruit .
Thallus membranaceous, tender, slightly veined, mostly
forked; lobes linear; tip rounded; edge waved and tom;
tubercles hemispherical ; sporidia solitary, scattered.
Fucus laceratus, Gmel. Fuci , 179 ; Turn . Hist. 68 ; Engl. Bot. 1067.
Fucus crispatus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 7 18.
Fucns cristatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 103.
Fucus laciniatus 1, With. Bot.Arr. 4, 102.
Fucus endivifolia, Light. Scot. 948.
Rocks and stones on the sea-coast; autumn.
0. papyraceus . Segments and lobes linear.
366 61 . Sphaeroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^E. Pl.cell.aph.
y. granatinus. Thallus roundish; segments widen up-
wards mostly simple, lobed at the end.
^.fimbriatus. Segments linear, proliferous at the edge.
e. elegans. Thallus roundish; segments widening up-
wards; tip repeatedly divided, sinuated.
£. uncinatus. Segments linear; tip forked, hooked and
cartilaginous.
y. ligulatus . Segments widening upwards ; tip palmate;
lobes simple, oblong, lanceolate.
0. multifidus . Segments linear, repeatedly divided; ex-
treme lobes very numerous, narrow, long, branched.
1. incrassatus . Segments linear, flattish ; tip forked ; lobes
linear, lanceolate, spreading, acute.
c. Thallus ribless , leat her like ; edge proliferous ; tubercles
flat , on the surface,
5. Sphcerococcus Sarniensis. Guernsey roundfruit.
Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous, nerveless, pal-
mately divided; edge proliferous; segments linear; tu-
bercles immersed.
Fucus Sarniensis, I'urn. Hist. 95; Engl. Bot. 2132.
Sphaerococcus Sarniensis, Agardh Syn. 16.
Sea-shores.
Thallus purplish red, becoming brown when dry.
6. Sphcerococcus reniformis. Kidney shape roundfruit .
Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous ; branches thread-
like; segments dilated, kidneyshape or orbicular ; tubercles
hemispherical, immersed.
Fucus reniformis, Turn. Hist . 109 ; Engl. Bot. 21 16.
Sphaerococcus reniformis, Agardh Disp. 16.
Sea-coast.
Thallus thin at the base, compressed, irregularly divided ;
segments suddenly expanding, thin.
£. tenuis. Thallus slightly expanded at bottom, edge ir-
regularly ciliated.
d. Thallus ribless, leather like, forked ; tubercles on the
surface , flat.
PL cell, aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 61.Sphseroc. 367
7. Sphccrococcus Norvegicus. Norway roundfruit.
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, veinless; segments linear;
edge not cut; tip blunt; tubercles hemispherical.
Fucus Norvegicus, Turn. Syn. 222 ; Engl. Bot. 1080.
Fucus crenulatus k. Turn. Tr. Lin. Soc. 17, 131.
Fucus polymorphic, var. Lamour Biss.
.Sphaerococcus Norvegicus, Agardh Disp. 15.
Chondrus Norvegicus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 16.
Sea-shore; perennial; March.
8. Sphcerococcus crispus. Crisp roundfruit .
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, crisp, palmate; segments
dilated ; edge not cut ; tubercles solitary, immersed in the
tip of the thallus.
Fucus membranaceus, ceranoides varie dissectus, Raii Syn. 44, 16.
Fucus membranaceus ceranoides ramosus, per siccitatem obsolete vi-
rescens, Dillen in Raii Syn. 44, 17.
Fucus crispus, Lin. Mant. 134.
Fucus ceranoides, Huds. FI. Angl. 582.
Fucus polymorphic, Lam. Essai.
Sphserococcus crispus, Agardh Syn. 24.
Ulva crispa, De Candolle FI. Tr. 2, 15.
Sea-shores; perennial; October to May.
£. virens. Thallus rather membranaceous; segments
widening at top, flattish ; lobes long, pointed.
y. stellatus. Thallus rather leatherlike; segments widen-
ing at top; tip divided into many short, clustered lobes.
Fucus stellatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 53.
cequalis. Thallus cartilaginous, thick ; segments all
equal, linear; lobes blunt.
Fucus crispatus, FI. Dan. 326.
Fucus crispus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 12.
Fucus foliifer, Esper , 106.
e.Jiliformis. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed; segments
linear, flat; lobes long, acute.
Fucus filiformis, Huds. Ft. Angl. 585.
Fucus ceranoides albidus, ramulorum apicibus stellatis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 44, 18.
£. patens . Thallus rather cartilaginous, linear, here and
there channelled ; angles of the forks spreading.
Fucus patens, Lin. Trans. 3, 173.
y\. lacerus. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed; tip very
narrow, long, lobed.
Fucus lacerus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 11.
Q. Sarniensis . Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous ; seg-
ments here and there rather channelled, dilated ; tip round-
ed, nicked.
368 6I.Sph0eroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.aph.
t. planus . Thallus leatherlike, flat, broad ; segments
linear ; tip blunt.
e. Mammillaris. Thallus leatherlike , channelled, forked ;
tubercles on tie surface and edge , nipplelike.
9. Sphcerococcus mamillosus . Nipple roundfruit *
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, long, wedgeshape, chan-
nelled above; segments dilated; edge not cut: theca nip-
plelike, pedicelled on the surface and edge of the thallus;
pedicells short.
Furus mamillosus,* Good. Tr. Lin. Soc. 6, 174 ; r»rrt. Hist. 122; Ensk
Sot. 1054. &
Fucus canal iculatus /S, Huds. FI. Angl. 583.
Fueus ceranoides «, Light/. Scot. 916.
Fucus ceranoides, With. Bot.Arr. 4, 99.
Fucus alveolatus, Esper , 139.
Fucus ceranoides S, Gniel. 115,
Spoerococcus mamillosus, Agardh Disp. 16.
Sea-shores ; perennial.
j3. linearis. Thallus slender, linear; tip blunt, naked.
y. proliferus . Thallus proliferous on the surface and
edge, wrinkled ; tubercles numerous, crowded, oblong, nip-
plelike.
fr. echinatus. Segments widening upwards, nearly naked
on one side.
Fucus echinatus, StacJch. Ner. Brit. 65.
s. incurvatus . Thallus nearly linear, tips rounded ; tu-
bercles nearly terminal ; peduncles bent inwards.
f. Chondrus. Thallus threadlike at bottom , wedgeshape
at the tip ; tubercles on the edge .
10. Sphceroc. membranifolius. Membraneleaved roundfruit .
Thallus threadlike at bottom and compressed; tip ex-
panded, wedgeshape; segments 2-lobed, forked; tubercles
globose, peduncled on the base of the thallus.
Fucus membranifolius, Esper , 115; Turn. Hist. 74; Engl. Bot. 1965.
Fucus rubens, FI. Dan. 827.
Fucus Palmetta, Gmelin , 22.
Sphaerococcus membranifolius, Agardh Syn. 26.
Delesseria membrani folia, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
|8. lacerus. Segments forked; lobes linear; tip acute.
Fucus parvus cauliculis teretibus, summitatibu§ membranaceis dilatatis
<st laceratis, Rail Syn. 44, 19, excluding Morison’a synonym.
Fucus ceranoides y, Huds. FI. Angl. 583 .
Fucus pseudoceranoides, Gmelin, 119.
PI. cell, aph. 2. THAL ASSIOPHYTiE. Gl.Spbeeroc^ 369
y. slellatus. Segments very numerous; tips finely di-
vided.
3". fimbriatus. Segments fringed.
Fucus fimbriatus, Iluds. FI. Angl. 574.
Focus cer'anoides 8, Ligktf. Scot. 916.
e. latifolius. Segments membranaceous, nearly orbicular,
many- cut, palmate; lobes short; tip rounded.
£.roseus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, oblong, simple.
11. Spheerococcus Brodicei. Brodie’s roundfruit.
Thallus bottom tlireadshape, round, branched ; tip ex-
panded, oblong, simple or forked; edge proliferous; tu-
bercles spherical, sessile or nearly sessile on the tip of the
segments.
Fucus Brodicei fTurn. Hist. 72 ; Engl. Bot. 1966.
Focus membrantfoSius, Lamour. Ess. 21.
Delesseria Brodicei, Lamour, Thai. 37.
Sphserococeus Brodicei, Agardh Disp. 27.
Sea-shores; perennial; March.
Thallus aggregate; tubercles soli tary or in pairs.
12. Sphcerococcus palmatus. Palmli he roundj ru it.
Thallus round at bottom, mostly simple; tip expanded,
wedgeshape, palmated ; tubercles hemispherical, sessile,
mostly on the edge of the lobes.
Fucus Palmetta, Esper, 4 0; Turn. Hist. 73 ; Engl. Bot. 1126, not of
Gmelin.
Fucus Palmetta 6, Lamour. Essai, 19.
Delesseria Palmetta, Lamour. Thai.
Sphcerococcus Palmetta, Agardh Disp. 16.
Sea-shores, on stones or marine plants.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; edge not in the least cut;
tubercles superficial, without interwoven fibres.
(3. bifidus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, wedgeshape,
simple or 2-cut.
Fucus bifidus, Iluds. Ft. Jtngt 581.
y. crassiusculus. Thallus linear, much and irregularly
divided; tip pointed.
3“. linearis . Thallus linear ; segments long, simple or
forked ; tip rounded.
13. SphcBroCoccUS bifidus . Two-cut roundfruit.
Thallus fiat# membranaceous, linear, forked; segments
divaricating; edges here and there united together by very
VOL. i. 2 b
370 61. Sphaeroc. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. Pl.cell.apk.
short scattered cilise ; tubercles hemispherical, immersed in
the thallus near the edge.
Fucus bifidus, Iluds. FI. Angl. 581 ; Turn. Hist. 154; Engl. Bot. 773.
Sphaerococcus bifidus, Agardh Disp. 16.
Ddesseria bifida, Lamour. Thai.
Rocks and plants in the sea; perennial; Sept, to Jan.
j3. cilialus. Thallus linear, fringed along the edge', fringe
minute, toothlike; tip lanceolate, pointed.
y. decipiens. Thallus irregularly divided ; edge here and
there fringed; tip oval and pointed.
& subpalmatus, Thallus linear, nearly palmate, rounded
at the tip.
s. sinuosus. Thallus somewhat dilated, slightly sinuated
towards the tip.
£. stipilatus. Thallus nearly cylindrical; tips either di-
lated and blunt, or narrow and pointed, proliferous at the
edge.
g. Thallus flat , forked or palmate , fringed; tubercles on
the edge.
14?. T bhcerococcus lacinialus. Jagged roundfruit .
Thallus flat, leatherlike, lobed ; segments dilated up-
wards; tip palmate, blunt; edge crenated, proliferous;
sporidia in the thickened edge, or marginal fringe.
Fucus laciniatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 579; Turn. Hist. 69 ; Engl. Bot. 1068.
Fucus rainiatus, FI. Dan. 769.
Fucus ciliatus, Gmel. 176.
Fucus crispus, Esper. 18.
Fucus crispatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.
Fucus laceratus y, Linn. Tr. 3, 156.
On rocks and stones in the sea ; February to May.
Thallus aggregated, smaller at bottom.
0. ovalifolius. Thallus proliferous on the edge; marginal
processes elliptical roundish, simple, on short petioles.
h. Thallus flat , pinnately lobed , fringed; tubercles on the
edge,
15. Sphcerococcus cilialus. Fringed roundfruit.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, cartilaginous, lanceolate,
pinnately divided ; surface and edge fringed ; fringe mostly
simple, awlshape, spread ; tubercles on the edge.
Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 61. Sphseroc. 371
Fucus meinbranaceus rubens angustifolius, marginibus ligulis armatis,
RaiiSyn. 47,33.
Fucus ciliatus, Lin. Mnnt. 436; Turn. Hist. 70; Engl. Bot. 1069.
Fucus holosetaceus, Gmel. 177.
Fucus ligolatus, Gmel. 178.
Ulva ciliata, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2, 13.
Sphaerococcus ciliatus, Agardh Syn. 28.
Delesseria ciliata, Lamour. Thai.
Hulesh.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
Thallus 3 or 4? inches long; eaten as a salad either alone
or after being sprinkled before drying with a little alkaline
salt.
/3. pinnatifdus. Thallus lanceolate, pinnately divided ;
segments long, lanceolate, simple.
y. palmalus. Thallus lanceolate, rather naked, undi-
vided or palmate.
S.jubatus. Fringes branched.
Fucus jubatus, Linn. Trans. 3, 162.
s. lanceolatus. Thallus linear, lanceolate, very much di-
vided ; fringes divided.
Fucus lanceolatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 104.
(. angustus. Thallus linear, very much divided; seg-
ments nearly hairlike, very slender, compressed.
y\. spinosus. Thallus linear, compressed, much and irre-
gularly divided, entirely covered with short, simple, awl-
shape cilise.
XXXVII. 62. GIGARTINA. Plum-weed .
Thallus linear, compressed or cylindrical, very much
branched, nearly of equal thickness throughout; sporidia
in roundish tubercles, either lateral or terminal.
a. Gelidium. Thallus toothed on the edge9 fringed j tu-
bercles roundish , on the marginal cilice.
1 . Gigartinus pistillatus. Pistilled plum-weed.
Thallus cartilaginous, linear, compressed, irregularly
two-forked; twigs awlshape, rather two-rowed, horizontal;
tubercles on the twigs, globose.
2 B 2
372 62. Gigart. 2.THALASSIOPHYT2E. PI. cell. apL
Fucus gigartinus, Lin. Syst. Veg. 816; Turn. Hist. 28 ; Engl. Bot. 908r
not of FI. Dan.
* Focus pistillajop, Gme.l. 156.
Focus Oederi, Esper , 135.
Ceramium gigartinum, Roth Cat. 3, 109.
Gigartina pistillata, Lamour. Thai. 46.
Gelidium gigartinus, Lyngbye Ilydr. Ban. 41.
Sphairococcus gigartinus, Agardh Disp. 16.
Sea-shore; perennial.
Thallus aggregate ; forks spreading.
2. Gigartinus coronopifolia. Swines-cr ess-leaf plum-weed*
Thallus cartilaginous, flattish, compressed, much and
irregularly branched ; twigs two-forked, spreading, alter-
nate, cylindrical ; tubercles spherical, on the short hori-
zontal two-rowed ciiise.
Focus coronopi facie, Dille.n in Raii Syn. 45,23.
Fucus ccronopifoiius, Lin. Tr. 3, 185; Turn. Hist, 122; Engl. Bot.
1478.
Fucus cartilagineus, Huds. FI. Angl. 586.
Spheerococcus coronopifolius, Agardh Syn. 30, not the synonyms.
Sea-shores; perennial; October.
Thallus deep transparent red, flexuous ; lobes slightly
veined and dilated, when barren palmate.
b. Hypnea. Thallus compressed , branched ; tubercles
immersed in the lanceolate compressed twigs.
S. Gigartina cartilaginea. Gristlelike plum-weed .
Thallus cartilaginous, flat or compressed, naked below,
repeatedly pinnate above; segments horizontal, mostly al-
ternate, linear; ultimate segments very short, blunt; fruit-
bearing segments ovate, lanceolate, sharp-pointed.
Fucus cartilagineus, Lin. Syst. Veg. 816; Turn. Hist. 124; Engl. Bot.
1477.
Fucus Capensis, Gmel. 157.
Fucus versicolor, Gmel. 158.
Sea-coast ; perennial.
Thallus red, purple, greenish, brownish or tawny.
4. Gigartina cornea. Hornlike plum-weed*
Thallus cartilaginous, horny, compressed, irregularly
branched; branches linear, narrowed at each end; pinnate
or bipinnate; segments opposite, spreading, rather blunt.
Fucus flavicans teretifolius ramulis pennatim enascentibus, Dillen in
j Raii Syn. 50, 49.
Fucus corneus, Huds. FI. Angl. 585; Turn. Hist. 257 ; Engl. Bot. 1970..
Fucus senicnus, Gmel. 149.
Fucus spinosus, Gmel. 161.
Fucus pumilus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 16, 16?
Sea-coasts; perennial; May to October.
PL cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOFHYT;E. 62. Gigart. 373
@.filicinus. Thallus very slender; lobes horizontal, di-
lated, very blunt.
£ Fucus filicinus, Huds. FI. Angl. 586.
Fucus nereideus, Light f. 956.
y. pinnatus. Thallus narrow, tri-piniiate; lobes nearly
linear, rather blunt.
Fucus pinnatus, Iluds. FI. Angl.b 86.
Fucus sericeus, Gmel. 149.
$. reniformis . Branches and twigs spreading, scattered,
narrow at bottom, tip blunt.
£. capillaceus. Thallus slender; upper lobes crowded,
bristlelike, nearly upright.
Fucus capillaceus, Gmel. 146.
£. deformis. Thallus twisted, irregularly pinnated : lobes
divaricated, oblong, very short, not divided.
rj. pule hell us. Thallus hairlike, compressed, tripinnate ;
lobes linear, clublike, blunt.
Q. claviferus. Thallus cylindrichl, hairlike, irregularly
divided; twigs reverse ovate; edge with minute scattered
teeth.
i. coronatus. Thallus compressed, irregularly branched,
naked below; having in the middle a few, simple-, scattered
lobes, and at top clusters of short twigs bent back.
5. Gigartina Wigghii. IViggh’s plum-weed.
Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much
and irregularly branched; twigs very numerous, on all
parts, bristlelike, mostly simple, scattered ; fruitbearing
twigs lanceolate, compressed.
Fucus Wigghii, Turn, in Lin. Tr. 6, 11 ; Turn. Hist. 102; Engl. Bot .
1165.
Spheerococcus Wigghii, Agardh Disp. 17.
Hypnea Wigghii, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-shore; annual; Midsummer.
c. Thallus roundish , branched ; twigs threadlike ; theccE
globular , on the end of the twigs.
6. Gigartina asparagoides. Asparagus plum-weed.
Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much
and irregularly branched; twigs simple, spreading hori-
zontally, bristlelike, 2-rowed, opposite, ending alternately
in a spherical theca.
374 62. Gigart. 2.THALASSIOPHYTA2. PI. cell. aph.
Fucus asparagoides, Woodvo. in Tr. Lin. Soc. 2,29.
Sphaerococcus asparagoides, Agardh Disp. IT.
Piocamiurn asparagoides, Lamuur. Thai.
Sea-shore.
d. Thallus threadlike , equal ; tubercles lateral , wartlikey
firmed of jointed threads.
7. Gigartina fastigiata. Even-topped plum-weed.
Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike, 2-forked, level-topped,
angle of the fork bluntish, tip acute; tubercles irregular,
hemispherical, sessile, lateral.
Fucus rotundus, Gmel. Fuci , 1 10 ; Engl. Bot. 1739 ; Turn. Hist. 5.
Fucus radiatus, Gooden. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,202.
Fucus fastigiatus, Staclch. Her. Brit. 15.
Fucus caprinus, FI. Norv. 1,96.
Chordaria rotunda, Agardh Syn. 12.
Furcellaria rotunda, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 49.
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-shore; perennial; September to February.
Thallus deep brownish purple, white when exposed to
the weather; tips rather blunt.
j3. tenuior . Thallus with the extreme segments long and
linear; tips bluntish.
y. fastigiata. Thallus very slender, about 2 inches high.
Fucus fastigiatus, Lin. S. P. 1631.
8. Gigartina plicata . Pleated plum-weed.
Thallus horny, cylindrical, uniform, very much branch-
ed; branches mostly simple, clustered, entangled, horizon-
tal, slightly one-sided; tips blunt; tubercles irregular, he-
mispherical, sessile.
Fucus trichoides nostras aurei coloris, ramulorum apicibus furcatis,
Jiaii Syn. 45,26.
Fucus coralloides erectus, Raii Syn. 51, 57.
Fucus plicatus, ILuds. Ft. Angl. 5S9 ; Turn. Hist. 180; Engl. Bot. 1088,
not of Esper.
Fucus albus, FI. Dan. 408.
Ceramium plication, Roth Cat. 2, 162.
Gigartina plicata, Lamour. Thai. 48.
Sphaerococcus plicatus, Agardh Disp. 17.
Sea-coast ; perennial ; October to April.
Thallus tufted, stiffj wirelike, entangled. „
&. elongata. Thallus rather forked ; branches long,
straight, level-topped.
Fucus longissimus, Espcrt 44.
PI. cell.aph, 2.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 62. Gigart. 37 5
9. Gigartina Griffitsice. Griffith's plum-weed.
Thallus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, forked,
level-topped ; tubercles lateral, oblong, embracing the
thallus.
Fucus Griffitsiae, 'Turn. Hist. 126; Engl. Hot. 1926.
Sphaerococcus Griffitsise, Agardh Disp.
Gigartina Griffitsia?, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 43.
Sea-shores; October to December.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high, purplish ; tubercles composed
of horizontally radiating filaments.
10. Gigartina acicularis. Needlelike plum-weed.
Thallus rather cartilaginous, soft, threadlike, irregularly
dichotomous; branches spreading, pointed; twigs scattered,
short, spearshape, horizontal.
Fucus acicularis, Turn. Hist. 126.
Splufirococcus acicularis, Agardh Disp. 17.
Sea-shores; winter.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; above slightly flattened.
11. Gigartina con fervoidcs. Conferva plum-weed.
Thallus threadlike, much and irregularly branched ;
branches long, mostly simple; twigs scattered, bristlelike,
narrower at each end ; tubercles hemispherical, scattered.
Fucus inarlnus purpurascens parvus, caule et ramulis sen foliolis tereti-
bus, Ruii Syn. 50, 60.
Fucus confervoides, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; Engl. Bot, 1669 ; Turn. Hist. 84.
Fucus elongatus, FI. Norv . 2, 143.
Fucus verrucosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 583.
Fucus acerosus, Espcr , 103.
Fucus longissitnus, Gme.l. 134.
Gigartina confervoides, Lamour. Thai. 48.
Sphaerococcus confervoides, Agardh Syn. 35.
Sea-shores ; perennial ; September and December.
<3. procerrima. Branches very long, mostly simple, rather
naked.
Fucus teres rubens minus ramosus in longum protensus, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 51,53.
Fucus procerriinus, Espcr, 133.
Fucus longissimus, Wolf. Jacq. Coll. 1,361.
Ceramium longissimum, Roth Cat. 3, 116.
y. amplexa. Thallus entangled ; branches and twigs very
numerous, crowded, twisted.
8. gracilis . Thallus threadlike; tubercles lateral, clus-
tered, minute, flaccid towards the tips.
Fucus gracilis, Stackh, Ner. Brit. 100.
376 62. Gigart. 2.THALASSIOPHYT7E. Pl. cell aph.
s. albida. T hall us rather compressed, slightly forked;
twigs a wish ape.
Fucus albidus, Hud?. FI. Angl. 582.
Fucus verrucosus, Grrich 136.
inflate. Thallus bent in, near the tip swollen here
and there with lanceolate, podshape tumours.
Yj. geniculate. Thallus bent as if broken at the tubercles.
12. Gigartina Turneri. Turner's plum- weed .
Thallus threadlike, pale reddish brown, hairlike, uneven,
much and very irregularly branched; twigs scattered; tu-
bercles hemispherical, sessile, scattered.
Conferva verrucosa, Turnerii, Engl. Bot. 1688.
Sea-shores ; annual ; summer.
Thallus 3 inches long.
13. Gigartina viridis. Green plum-weed.
Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike, repeatedly and conti-
Dually pinnate; branches and twigs opposite; tubercles he-
mispherical, sessile.
Fucus viridis, FI. Dan. 886 ; Dot. 1689 ; Turner Hist. 97.
Desmaretia viridis, Lam. Thai. 25.
Chordaria? viridis, Agardh Syn. 14.
Cigar tin?* viridis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 44.
Sea- shore; annual; spring and summer.
Thallus 1 or 2 feet long, fine orange, growing verdigris
green.
e. Gigartina. Thallus threadlike , equal ; tubercles rounds
immersed in the twigs.
14. Gigartina lycopodioides. Wolfs- claw plum-weed.
Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, entirely covered with
threadlike twigs, closely imbricated and slightly forked at
the tip.
Fucus lycopodioides, Lin. Syst. Nat. 717; Turn. Hist. 12; Engl. Bat.
1163.
Conferva squarr^sa, FI. Dan. 367.
Fucus Lycopodium, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 107.
Furcellaria lycopodioides, Agardh. Syn. 11.
Gigartina lycopodioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 43*
Sea-shore.
Thalli aggregate, naked at bottom, above densely imbri-
cated with simple or pinnated twigs, brownish red growing,
black.
FL cell. apk. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. 62. Gigart. 377
15. Gigarlina subfusca. Brownish plum-weed.
Thallus threadlike ; branches irregular, many, alternate,
awlshape, spreading ; twigs pencilshape, in bundles ; tu-
bercles unevenly pinnate, on the tip of the twigs.
Fucus subfuscus, Woodward Lin. Tr. 1, 131 ; Turn. Hist. 10; Engl. Bet.
1164.
Fucus setaceus, Wulff. Cryptog. 40.
Fucus variabilis, Gooden in Lin. Trans , 3,222.
Gigarlina subfusca, Lamour. T/ialas. 48.
SpliEerococcus subfuscus, Agardh Syn. 32.
Sea- shore; perennial; spring.
Thallus very variable in form : twigs often appearing as
if jointed.
16. Gigarlina purpura seems. Purplish plum-weed.
Thallus threadlike, soft, cartilaginous, much and irregu-
larly branched; twigs bristlelike, scattered; tubercles sphe-
rical, solitary, immersed in the twigs.
Fucus teres albus tenuissime divisis, Rail Syn. 50, 51.
Fucus purpurascens, Huds. FL Angl. 588; Engl. Bot. 1243; Turn.
Hist. 9.
Fucus tuberculatus. Light/. Scot. 926.
Fucus coraliinus, FL Dan. 709.
Fucus capillaceus, Esper , 35.
Fucus acicularis, Esper, 9!.
Gigarlina purpurea, Lamour. Thai. 48.
Sphaerocoecus purpurascens, Agardh Syn. 31.
Sea-coast; perennial; summer and autumn.
Thallus 1 foot long, light red, fleshy.
0. cirrhosa. Tips of the twigs twisted spirally.
17. Gigarlina capillaris. Flair plum-weed .
Thallus rather gelatinous, threadlike, much and irregu-
larly branched; twigs awlshape, pointed; tubercles solitary,
imbedded in the twigs*
Fucus capillaris, Huds. Fl.Angl. 591 ; Turn. Hist. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 2191.
Sphaerocoecus capillaris, Agardh Disp. 18.
Gigarlina capillaris, Lamour. ThaLAb.
Sea-shore; perennial; April, October.
Thallus 6 to 8 inches long, pale pink or crimson.
IS. Gigarlina furfuracea. Branny plum-weed.
Thallus gelatinous, fleshy, reddish, round ; repeatedly
forked ; twigs rather flattened, lanceolate, cloven ; tubercles.
scattered, imbedded in the twigs.
Ulva furfuracea, Turn, in Schrad. Journ. 2, SOI ; Engl. Bot. 1891.
Chondria furfuracea, Agardh Disp. 18.
378 62. Gigart. 2. THALASSIOPHYTJE. Pl.cell.aph.
Sea-shore, or submarine stones or rocks.
Thallus 1 to 3 inches high, more or less compressed,
flattened.
XXXVIII. 63. GASTRIDIUM. Lyngbye. Belly-weed .
Thallus threadlike, round, tubular, gelatinous, cartila-
ginous ; tubercles roundish, lateral or terminal ; sporidia
in the tubercles and also on the twigs.
a. Lauren tia. Thallus compressed ; tubercles terminating
the twigs.
1. Gastridium pinnatifidum. Feather-cut belly-weed .
Thallus compressed, cartilaginous, branched ; branches
mostly alternate, doubly pinnatifid; twigs blunt, callous.
Fucus Dealensis pedicularis rubri folio, Dillen in Rail Syn. 48,37.
Fucus ramosus pi peris sapore, Dillen in Raii Syn. 51, 55.
Fucus pinnatifidus, Huds. FI. Ansi. 581 ; Engl. Rot. 1202 ; Turn. Hist.
20.
Fucus multi fid us, Hudson , 581.
Fucus corymbifcr, Wulff. Crypt. 32.
Fucus cbrymbiferus, Esper , 94.
Laurentia pinnatifida, Lamour. Thall.
Chondria pinnatifida, Agardh Syn. 35.
Gelidium pinnatifidium, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 40.
Pepper dulse. Faminkiren , Ireland.
Sea-shore; annual; autumn.
Thalli aggregate, yellowish red, diaphanous; taste hot,
acrid.
Q.filicinum. Thallus roundish; twigs cylindrical, thick-
ened upwards, clustered, mostly simple.
Fucus Osmunda, Nereis Brit. 46.
Fucus filicinus, Lightf. Scot. 954, not of Hudson.
y. angustum. Thallus compressed; twigs clublike, crowd-
ed, mostly simple.
£. tenuissimum. Thallus compressed ; twigs divaricated,
branches very slender.
2. Gastridium obtusum. Blunt belly-weed.
Thallus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, repeatedly
pinnated; branches generally opposite; twigs cylindrical,
short, spreading, blunt.
Fucus obtusus, Huds. FI. Angl. 586 ; Engl. Bot. 1201 ; Turn. Hist. 21.
Fucus spinosus, Wulf. in J acq. Coll. 3, 156.
Laurentia obtusa, Lamour. 'Thai.
Chondria obtusa, Agardh Diss. 18.
Pl.celLaph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. 63. Gastrid. 319
Sea-shores; annual; summer.
Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, twice or thrice pinnate.
jS. hylridum. Thallus almost cylindrical, rather cartila-
ginous; twigs slightly attenuated at the bottom, and rounded
at the tip.
b. Gastridium. Thallus even , or unequally contracted into
apparent joints ; tubercles on the sides .
3. Gastridium ovale. Oval belly-weed.
Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, irregularly two-
forked, below naked, covered above on all sides with simple
elliptical twigs.
Fucus ovalis, Huds. Fl.Angl. 573; Engl. Bot. 711 ; Turn. Hist. 81.
Fucus sedoides, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 07.
Fucus vermicularis, Lightf. Scot. 958.
Gigartina ovalis, Lumour. That.
Chondria ovalis, Agardh Disp. 18.
Submarine rocks; annual; summer.
Thallus 3 or 4 > inches high ; pale reddish brown.
#. bolryoides. Twigs short, nearly globular.
Fucus botryoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 3, 146.
y. subarticulatum. Twigs long, linear, contracted as if
jointed.
4>. Gastridium tenuissimum. Very thin belly-weed.
Thallus gelatinous, threadlike, cylindrical, pinnately
branched; branches alternate, spreading, mostly simple;
twigs cylindrical, simple, scattered.
Fucus tenuissimus, Gooden, in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,215; Engl. Bot. 1682 ;
Turn. Hist. 100.
Ulva capillaris, Huds. 571.
Gigartina tenuissima, Agardh Disp. 18.
Sea-shore, or on other marine plants; annual; summer.
Thallus pale flesh-colour, tender, 6 to 10 inches long.
5. Gastridium purpurascens. Purplish belly-weed.
Thallus threadlike, branched ; branches and twigs two-
rowed, nearly opposite; last ones pinnate; segments small,
opposite.
Ulva purpurascens, Huds. Ft. Angl. 569.
Gastridium purpurascens, Lyngbye Hydr.Dan. 69.
Sea-shore ; annual ; summer.
Thallus 6 to 9 inches high, attenuated at bottom, tubu-
lar, apex acute; branches smaller at each end, spreading;
segments lanceolate.
380 63. Gastrid. 2.THALASSIOPHYTbE. PL cell. aph.
6. Gastridium dasyphyllum. Thickleaved belly -weed.
Thallus gelatinous, threadlike; branches irregularly pin-
nate, spreading, mostly simple; twigs cylindrical, scattered,
narrower at bottom, proliferous.
Fucus dasyphyllus, JVoodvc. Tr.Lin. Soc. 3, 239; Engl. Bot. 847 ; Turn .
Hist. 22.
G'gartina dasyphylla, Lamour. Thai.
Ctiond rla dasyphylla, Agardh Disp. 18.
Sea-shore; annual; summer.
Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, pale red or reddish green.
<3. articulatum. Thallus jointed.
7. Gastridium clavellosum. Twiggy belly-iveed .
Thallus threadlike, cylindrical ; branches many, irregular,
mostly alternate, 2- rowed.
Fucus clavellosus, Turn, in Lin. Trans. 4, 10 ; Hist. 30 ; Engl. Bot. 1203.
Gastridium clavellosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 70.
Chorulria clavellosa, Agardh Disp. 18.
Sea-shores, or parasitic ; annual; summer.
0. sedifolium. Tivigs oblong, oval, crowded, undivided.
8. Gastridium kaliforme. Kali- like belly-weed .
Thallus threadlike; branches many, irregular, generally
in whorls, contracted as if jointed.
Fucus kaliformis, fVoodio. in Lin. Tr. 3,206; Turn. Hist. 29 ; EngL
Bot. 640.
Fucus verticillatus, Lightf. Scot. 962.
Gigartina kaliformis, Lamour. Thai. 49.
Ceramium tubulosum, Roth Cat. 3, 124.
Cliondria kaliformis, Agardh Disp. 18.
Gastridium kaliforme, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 70.
Sea-shore; annual; summer.
Thallus solitary; branches opposite, alternate, or in
whorls, slender at bottom, blunt at top.
j3. diaphanum . Thallus roundish ; twigs long, generally
simple ; contractions very slight.
y. nanum. Threads long, jointed; branches and twigs
horizontal.
9. Gastridium pusillum . Dwarf belly-weed .
Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, threadlike, contracted
as if jointed; branches many, irregular; twi gs horizontal ;
bottom slenderest; tips dilated, roundish.
Fucus pusillus, Staclch. Ner. Brit. 16 ; Turn^ . Hist. 108.
Sphserococcus pusillus, Agardh Disp. 17.
Sea-shores; annual; summer.
PI. cell. aph. 2. THALASSI0PHYT7E. 63. Gastrid. 381
10. Gastridium repens. Creeping belly-weed .
Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, solid, contracted
as if jointed, branched, with a network of internal fibres;
handles horizontal, pointed ; joints lanceolate, obsolete.
Treinella marina coespitosa, segmentis tenuibus, Dillen Hist, Muse. 50.
Fucus repens, Lightf. Scot. 961.
Ulva articulata /3, Hulls. FI. Angl. 569.
Fucus Opuntia, Goodan, Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,219 ; Turn. Hist. 107.
Rivularia Opuntia, Engl. Bot. 1868.
Sea-shores; annual; summer.
ccespitosum. Thallus entangled, half an inch high ;
tip clublike.
Fucus caespitosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 39.
Gigartina piiosa, Lamour. Thai.
c. Lomentaria. Thallus regularly contracted , appearing
as if jointed ; branches verticiUate ; tubercles lateral.
11. Gastridium articulatum. Jointed belly-weed.
Thallus cylindrical, thi'eadlike, tubular, contracted
throughout as if jointed ; branches level-topped, 2-forked
or whirled; joints nearly cylindrical, pilchershape.
Corallina lenta purpurea compressa, Raii Syn. 34,9.
Ulva articulata, Huds. FI. Angl. 560.
Fucus articuiatus, Lightf. Scot. 959.
Fucus sericeus, var. Esper , 82.
Gigartina articulata, Lamour. Thai. 49.
Caeramium torulosum, Roth Cat. 6, 125.
Sea-shores; annual; June and July.
£. replans. Thallus slender, creeping, shining.
Conferva reptans, Roth Cat. 1, 186.
d. Plocamium. Thallus compressed, membranaceous,
mostly pinnate ; tubercles lateral.
12. Gastridium glandulosum. Glandular belly-weed,
Thallus- membranaceous, linear, compressed (tubular
Engl. Bot.) branched; branches alternate, decumbent;
twigs 2-cut, bent inwards.
Fucus gland ulosus. Turn. IJist. 38; Engl. Bot. 2135.
Dele.sseria glandulosa, Agardh Disp. 14.
Thallus 1 or 2 inches long, creeping, variously and re-
peatedly branched; sporidia immersed in the oblong, swol-
len twigs.
$82 63. Gastrid. 2.THALASSI0PHYTyE. PL cell aph.
13. Gaslridium amphibium . Amphibious belly-weed *
Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, twice or thrice pinnate;
branches and twigs horizontal, alternate, uppermost lan-
ceolate, rolled inwards at the tip.
Fucoides erectum fruticuli specie, summitatibus inflexis, Dilten in Ran
Syn. 38, 4.
Fucus scorpioides, Iluds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 471.
Fucus amphibius, Huds. ed. 2, 590; I'urn. Hist. 101 ; Engl. Bot. 1428.
Chondria amphibia, Agardh Disp. 18.
Plocamium amphibium, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-shores; perennial; summer.
14. Gaslridium coccineum . Scarlet belly-iveed.
Thallus compressed; branches many, irregular; twigs
awlshape, pectinate, on one side.
Miiscus marinus rubens pennatus, Raii Syit. ed. 2, 8.
Fucus Plocamium, Gmelin. 16.
Fucus coccineus, Huds. FI. Angl. 586.
Fucus cartilagineus, (Eder Enuin. 2, 131.
Ceramium Plocamium, Roth Cat. 3, 107.
Plocamium vulgare, Lamour. Thai. 50.
Delesseria coccinea, Agardh Lisp. 14.
Plocamium coccineus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 39.
e. Rytiphlaea. Thallus thread shape ; branches 2-rowed ;
twigs slightly jointed, incurved; tubercles lateral .
15. Gaslridium pinastroides. Pinasterlike belly-weed .
Thallus threadlike; branches numerous; tip rolled in-
wards; twigs mostly simple, awlshape, scattered, facing
one way.
Fucus pinastroides, Gmelin, 127 ; I'urn. Hist. 11 ; Engl. Bot. 1042.
Fucus incurvus, Huds. FI. Angl. 590.
Ceramium incurvum, De Candolle FI. Gall . 2, 43.
Rytipltsea pinastroides, Agardh Disp. 25.
Cigartina pinastroides, Lyngbye Hart. Dan. 45.
Sea-shores ; annual ; summer.
Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, naked below; twigs very
dense, tiledlike.
f. Ptilota. Thallus cartilaginous , compressed , pinnate ;
sporidia in a globe surrounded with bristlelike involucra,
16. Gastridium plumosum. Feathery belly-weed „
Thallus much and irregularly branched ; branches pin-
nate ; segments opposite, pectinate.
VI. cell, aph . 2. THALASSIOPHYTiE. 63. Gastric]. 383
Fucoides purpureum clcganter plurnosum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 38,2.
Fuchs plumosus, Lin. Sp. PI. Turn . Hist. 60; Engl. Rot. 1308.
Fucus pectinatus, FI. Norv. 2, 132.
Fucus ptilotus, FI. Norv. 2, 135.
Ceramium plurnosum, Roth Cat. 3, 135.
Plocamium plurnosum, Lamour. Thai. 50.
Ptilota plumosa, Agardh Syn. 39.
Sea-shores; perennial; June, October.
Thallus 9 to 12 inches long; branches 2-rowed; lobes
close together, plumose, reddish growing purplish.
/3. capillare. Thallus very narrow, nearly cylindrical,
jointed.
Fucus plumosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 105.
K. Fucoides. Thallus continuous, leatherlike, carti-
laginous, formed of longitudinally entangled fibres; colour
olivaceous, growing black, flat or threadlike; often inflated
into vesicles; holdfasts fibrous or shieldlike : sporidia scat-
tered, in the substance of the thallus, or among conferva-
like threads either on the surface or in thecae immersed in
the thallus.
XXXIX. 64. FASCIATA. Ribband- weed.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless; stirps 0; holdfasts
peltate; sporidia immersed in superficial mucilaginous
warts, formed of jointed fibres.
1. Fasciata plantaginea. Plantain ribband-weed.
Thallus membranaceous, aggregate, narrow at bottom,
lanceolate, blunt ; edge flat.
Tremella marina calendulas folio, Dillen Muse. 46.
Ulva plantaginifolia, JVulf. Aquat. 23.
Ulva plantaginea, Roth Cat. 3,326; Engl. Bot. 2136.
Laminaria plantaginea, Agardh Syn. 20.
Sea-shores, parasitic on zostera marina ; annual ; spring
Thallus 3 to 6 inches high ; edge mostly uncut, seldom
toothed.
2. Fasciata attenuata. Narrowed ribband-weed.
Thallus membranaceous, linear, narrower at both ends,
waved, not cut.
Fucus Fascia, FI. Dan. 768 ; Turn. Syn. 187.
Laminaria Fascia, Agardh Syn. 19.
Sea-shores ; annual ; spring.
Thalli aggregated, 6 to 9 inches high, waved or spirally
twisted.
384 65. Lamina. ^.THALASSIOPHYTiE. I Pl.cell. aph.
XL. 65. LAMINARIA. Flake-weed.
Thallus flat, leatherlike, ribless; stirps roundish; hold-
fasts fibrous; sporidia placed horizontally in superficial
mucilaginous warts, formed of jointed filaments.
1. Laminaria membranacea. Membranaceous flake-weed.
Stirps roundish, compressed ; thallus flat,, linear, lanceo-
late, narrower at both ends ; edge cut.
Fucus Phyllitis, Esper , 149; Turn. Hist. 164; Engl. Hot. 1331.
Uiva Phyllitis, De Candolle FI. Fr. 2, 15.
Laminaria Phyllitis, Lamour. Thai. 22.
Sea-shore; parasitical; annual.
Thalli mostly aggregate; edge not cut.
2. Laminaria saccharin a. Sugar fake-weed.
Stirps roundish; thallus fiat, linear, lanceolate, edge not
divided.
Fucus lo-ngis*imo, latissimo, crassoque folio, Dillen in Rail Syn , 39, 1.
Focus saccharin us, Lin. S. P. 1630.
Ulva saccharina, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2, 15.
Phasgonon balteiformis, Walk.
Laminaria saccharina, Lamour. Thai. 22.
Sea-shores ; perennial ; summer.
/3. bullala. Thallus bullated ; edge waved.
Fucus latissimus et longissimus, oris crisp us, Dillen in Raii Syn. 39, 1.
Fucus folio singulari, longissimo, lato, in medio rugoso,qui balteiformis
dici potest, Raii Syn. 39, 1.
Ulva latissima, Lin. Syst. Nat. 719.
Fucus saccharin us, FI. Dan. 416 ; Engl. Bot. 1376.
Ulva mesenteriformis, Roth Cat. 1,210.
y. longissima. Thallus oblong, membranaceous, pointed.
Ulva longissima,. FI. Norv. 2, 128.
3. Laminaria latissima. Broadest flake-weed.
Stirps short, roundish ; thallus expanded, flat, ribless,
elliptical, orbicular, mucilaginous.
Ulva maxima, FI. Norv. 2, 7.
Fucus saccharinus latissimus, Turn. Hist. 163-
Laminaria saccharina latissima, Jgardh Syn. 18.
Sea-shore.
Thalli gregarious, yellowish, nearly as broad as long.
3. Laminaria digitaia. Fingered flake-weed.
Stirps roundish ; thallus expanded into an oval, heart-
shape, cut in many short, shallow lobes; edge not cut.
PI. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPH YT/E. 65.Lamin. 385
Fucus arboreus polyschides edulis, Raii Syn. 46, 31 ; Park. 1292,2.
Fiiciis digitatus, Lin. Mant. 134 ; Turn. Hist. 162 ; Engl. Bot. 2274.
Fucus hyperboreus, Fl.Norv. 2,61.
Fucus bifurcatns, FI. Norv. 1,96.
Ulva digitata, Be Cand. FI. Fr. 2, 16.
Laminaria digitata, Lamour. Thai. 22.
Phasgonon esculentum, Walker.
Sea-shores; perennial.
Thalli gregarious. — Eaten as a salad.
XLI. 66. PHASGONON. Walker. Phasgone.
Thallus flat, leatherlike, often ribbed ; stirps roundish;
holdfasts fibrous; sporidia placed horizontally in superficial
mucilaginous warts, formed of jointed filaments, placed in
appendages attached to the stirps.
1. Phasgonon bulbosum. Bulbous phasgone.
Stirps flat, edge waved; thallus expanded, flat, cut in
many swordshape lobes ; edges not^cut.
Fucus bulbosus, Esper, 123; Engl. Bot. 1760; Turn. Hist. 161.
Fucus polyschides, Light/. Scot. 936.
Fucus palmatus, Gmelin , 30.
Ulva bulbosa, He Cand. FI. Gall. 2, 16.
Phasgonon Mariae, Walker.
Laminaria bulbosa, Lamour. Thai. 22.
St. Mary's Thistle.
Sea- shores.
Holdfasts tuberous, globose, hollow ; outside fibrous.
2. Phasgonon esculentum. Eatable phasgone,
Stirps roundish; middle compressed,® pinnately lobed; ‘
lobes many, lanceolate ; thallus expanded, flat, swordshape,
undivided, midribbed.
Fucus Scoticus latissimus edulis dulcis, Raii Syn. 46, 30.
Fucus esculentus, Lin. Mant. 135 ; Turn. Hist. 117 ; Engl. Bot. 1759.
Fucus fimbriatus, Gmcl. 200.
Fucus tetragonus, Woodw. in Lin. Tr. 3, 110.
Fucus pinnatus, Fl.Norw. 1,96.
Phasgonon Scoticum, Walker.
Laminaria esculenta, Lamour. Thai. 22.
Sea-shores.
Thalli gregarious; holdfasts fibrous.
/3. minus . Thallus narrower at bottom.
Fucus teres, Woodw. in Lin. Tr. 3, 140.
2 C
VOL. I.
386 67. Chorda. 2. TH ALASSIOFHYTiE. Pl.cell.apk .
XLXI. 67. CHORDA. Lamouroux. Rope-weed.
Thallus round, tubular, not branched; holdfasts shield-
like; sporidia in clublike threads, scattered on the surface
of the thallus.
1. Chorda filif or mis. Threadlike rope-weed.
Thallus round, not in the least branched, narrower at
each end ; when old twisted up spirally.
Fucus chordam referer.s teres praelougus, Raii Syn. 40, 3.
Focus Filum, Lin. S. P. 1631 ; Turn. Hist. 86; Engl. Bot. 2487.
Fucus Tendo, Esper, 22.
Ceram i u m Filum, Roth Cat. 1, 147.
Chorda Filum, StacJch. Ner. Brit. Introd. 24 ; Lamour. Thai. 27.
Chordaria, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1809, 8.
Chordaria Filum, Agardh Syn. 13.
Flagellaria Filum, Nsr. Brit. ed. 2. Intr. 9.
Sea-laces.
Sea-shore; annual.
Thalli aggregate, from 1 to 20 feet long, often spirally
twisted; tubes divided on the inside; sporidia pearshaped.
2. Chorda tomentosa. Woolly rope-weed.
Thallus cylindrical, not branched, naked at the bottom,
in all other parts covered with a very manifest slippery
downiness, formed of jointed fibres.
Chorda tomentosa, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 74.
Fucus Filum, var. Engl. Bet. 2487.
Sea-shore.
XLIII. 68. CHORDARIA. Link. Thong-weed.
Thallus solid, round, threadlike, branched ; sporidia
scattered in clublike threads on the surface of the thallus.
Chordaria flagelliformis. Whiplike thong-weed .
Thallus slender, slippery ; branches numerous, slightly
2-rowed, very long, simple or forked, blunt.
Fucus flagelliformis, FI. Dan. 650 ; Turn. Hist. 85 ; Engl. Bot. 1222.
Conferva dichotoma, FI. Dan. 358.
Cerarnium longissimum, Schum. Enum. 2, 111.
Gigariina flagelliformis, Lamour. Thai. 48.
Chordaria flagelliformis, Agardh Disp. 12.
Sea-shores.
Thalli aggregate, 6 to 9 inches long.
|3. tor tilis. Thallus small, slender ; branches pinnate;
twigs spreading, clawlike, not branched, close.
Conferva, 1172; Lin. Suec. 4,36.
Chordaria flagelliformis minor. Agardh Syn. 13.
Fucus flagelliformis tortilis, Turn. Hist. 85.
PL cell. aph. S.THALASSIOPHYTiE. 69.Sporoch. 387
XLIV. 69. SPOROCHNUS. Agardh. Sporochnus *
Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous ; branches pinnate ; spo-
ndia scattered in the ovate or globular ends of the twigs?
which end in jointed radiating filaments.
1 . Sporochnus pedunculatus. Foot stalked sporochnus .
Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike; branches irregularly
pinnated, mostly alternate, elliptical.
Fucus pedunculatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 5S7 ; Turn . Hist. 188 ; Engl. Bat .
545.
Fucus Gsertneri, Gmelin, 164.
Gigartina pedunculata, Lamour. Thai.
Sporochnus pedunculatus, Agardh Disp. 12.
Sea-shores.
2. Sporochnus villosus. Villous sporochnus .
Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike ; branches opposite, dis-
tant, pinnate, spreading; twigs elliptical.
Conferva villosa, Huds. FI. Angl. 60S ; Engl. Bot. 546 ; Dillw . 37 ?
Chordaria? villosa, Agardh Syn. 14.
Sea-shores; annual.
XLV. 70. DESMARESTIA. Lamouroux. DesmaresL
Thallus compressed, pinnately branched ; twigs slenderest
at bottom ; edges serrate ; holdfasts shieldlike ; sporidia
along with jointed threads from the serrated edges of the
twigs.
1 . Desmarestia acuieala. Prickly desmarest .
Thallus woody at the bottom, cylindrical, very much
branched ; branches flat, cartilaginous, linear, ribless, re-
peatedly branched; twigs pinnate; edges spinose; spines
upright.
Fucus angustifolius, foliis dentatis, R'aii Syn. 48, 3S.
Fucus aculeatus, Lin. S. P. 1632; Turn. Hist. 187 ; Engl. Bot. 2445.
Fucus muscoules, Gmelin, i 30.
Fucus virgatus, FI. Norv. 45.
Fucus contortus, Esper , 43.
Fucus usneoides, Oeder Enunt. 113.
Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour. Thai. 25.
Sporochnus aculeatus, Agardh Syn. 10.
Desmia ligulata, Lyngbye Hydr. Han. 34.
Sea-shores; perennial; winter.
Thallus obsoletely contracted, olive-green becoming
black.
2 c 2
388 YO.Desmar. 2.THALASSIOPHYTJE. PI. cell. aph.
2. Desmaresiia ligulata. Straplike desmarest.
Phallus flat, nearly ribless, doubly pinnate ; branches
2-row ed, opposite, membranaceous, linear, lanceolate ; edge
serrate with spinous teeth.
Fucus ligulatus, Lightf. Scot. 949 ; Turn. Hist. 98 ; Engl. Bot. 1636.
Fucus herbaceus, Huds. FI. Angl. 582.
Desmarestia ligulata, Lamour. Thai. 25.
Laminaria ligulata, Agardh Disp. 13.
De9mia ligulata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 34.
Sea-shores ; perennial ; summer.
Phallus 2 to 3 feet high, delicate, yellow, becomes pale
green, when exposed to the air.
/ 3 . angustior . Phallus narrow, trebly pinnate ; twigs
scarcely cut on the edges.
y. dilatata. Pwigs nearly elliptical, narrowest at bottom.
XL VI. 71. LICHINA. Agardh. Lichen-weed.
Phallus cartilaginous, roundish or angular, branched,
shrublike ; sporidia ovate, intermixed with jointed fibres, in
the ovate thecae immersed in the swollen apex of the twigs,
leaving a hole at the top, then dilating and becoming con-
cave.— Has the appearance of a lichen.
1. Lichina pygmea. Pigmy lichen-weed.
Phallus compressed; branches very short, divaricating,
dilated ; tubercles globose.
Fucus pygmaeus, Lightf. Scot. 964 ; Turn. Hist. 258 ; Engl. Bot. 1322.
Fucus pumillus, Huds. FI. Ang. 584.
Fucus lichenoides, Gooden, in Linn. Tr. 3, 192.
Gigariina pygmaea, Lamour. Thai. 49.
Lichina pygmaea, Agardh Syn. 9.
Gelidium pygmaeum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 41.
Rocks below low wrater; perennial.
Phallus forming very thick tufts, upright, a quarter of
an inch hisrh.
O
2. Lichina pnmila. Dwarf lichen-weed.
Phallus roundish; branches long, nearly cylindrical: tu-
bercles elliptical, at the ends of the branches.
Fucus pygmaeus 13, Turn. Hist. 4, 17.
Lichen confinis, Achar. Prod. 208 ; Engl. Bot. 2573.
Stereocaulon confinis, Achar. Meth. 317.
Lichina pygmaea minor, Agardh Syn. 10.
On rocks in the sea.
Phallus tufted, upright.
PI. cell. aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT.E. 72. Himant. 389
XLV1I. 72. HIMANTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-strap .
Thallus egglike, becoming shieldlike, stipitated ; holdfasts
shieldlike; apothecia forked, compressed, arising from the
centre of the thallus ; sporidia intermixed with jointed fibres
in thecae immersed in the apothecia.
Himanthalia elongata. Long sea-strap .
Fucus longo angusto crassoque folio, Raii Syn. 43, 1 1.
Fucus fungis affinis, Raii Syn. 43, 15.
Fucus loreus, FI. Dan. 710; Turn. Hist. 196 ; Engl. Bot. 569.
Fucus elongatus, Lin. S. P. 1627.
Ulva pruniformis, FI. Norveg. 2, 89.
Sea-shore.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high ; apothecia solitary or aggre-
gate, 1 to 10 feet long; angles of the forks and tips acute.
(3. inequalis. Receptacles irregular in breadth ; angles of
the fork and tips blunt.
XLVIII. 73. CERVINA. Horn-weed.
Thallus roundish, forked, with a small black longitudinal
line in the centre; vesicles 0; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia
intermixed with jointed fibres in thecae immersed in ter-
minal apothecia.
Cervina tuherculata. Tulercled horn-weed.
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, threadlike, irregularly
two-forked; angles of the forks rounded; apothecia oblong,
cylindrical, blunt.
Fucus kali geniculato similis, non lamen geniculatus, Raii Syn. 43, 13.
Fucus tuberculatiis, Huds. FI. Angl. 588.
Fucus bifurcatus, Withering Bot.Arr. 4, 109.
Sea-shore; perennial; June to October.
XLIX. 74. FUCUS. Theophrastus. Wrack.
Thallus flat, confluent, forked, mid-ribbed ; vesicles 0
or innate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with
jointed fibres, in roundish thecae, immersed in terminal
apothecia.
1. Fucus serratus. Serrated wrack .
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear; forked ; edge serrated,
toothed; apothecia flat, linear, slightly pointed.
Fucus sive alga latifolia major deutata, Raii Syn. 42,7.
Fucus serratus, Lin. S. P. 1626.
Sea-shore ; perennial ; winter and spring.
390 74. Fucus. 2.THALASSIQPHYT.ZE. PL cell.aph.
& latifolius. Upper lobes ovate, lanceolate, widening
upwards.
7. Integer . Edges scarcely serrate.
2. Fucus ceranoides. Horn wrack.
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, slightly forked ; edge not cut;
iside branches slender; apothecia compressed, linear, pointed.
Fucus ceranoides, Lin. S. P. 1626 ; Turn. Ilisl. 89 ; Engl. Hot. 215.
Fucus distichus, Esper , 139.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
3. Fucus vesiculosus. Bladdery wrack .
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked; edge not cut;
vesicles spherical, innate; apothecia compressed, elliptical.
Fucus sive alga marina latifolia vulgatissima, Rail Syn. 40, 4.
Fucus vesiculosus, Lin. S. P. 1026.
Fucus inamillaris, Esper, 1 18.
Fucus quercus marina, Gmelin , 60.
Fucus divaricatus, Lin. S. P. 1627.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
f3. inflatus. Thallus inflated at the tip; vesicles long.
Fucus inflatus, Lin. S. P. 1637.
7. spiralis. Thallus twisted, spiral; vesicles 0; apothecia
roundish.
Fucus spiralis niaritimus major, Raii Syn. 41,5.
Fucus spiralis, Lin. S. P. 1627 ; Engl. Bot. 1685.
volubilis . Thallus twisted ; vesicles 0 ; tips long, pointed.
s. aciilus. Thallus narrow; vesicles innate; tips long,
lanceolate, pointed.
£. anguslifolius. Thallus narrow; vesicles 0; apothecia
slightly pedicelled, linear, lanceolate, pointed.
Fucus angustifolius. Withering Bot. Arr. 92.
>?. Sherardi. Thallus narrow, small; vesicles 0; apothecia
short, oblong.
Fucus Sherardii, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 72.
L linearis. Thallus narrow, small; vesicles 0; apothecia
long, linear, lanceolate.
Fucus linearis, Iluds. FI. Angl. 578.
Fucus distichus, Light/ . FI. Scot. 912.
PI. cell, aph. 2. TH ALASSIOPHYTiE. 75. Halidrys. 39-1
L. 75. HALIDRYS. Lyngbye. Sea-oak.
Thallus compressed, confluent, forked, ribless ; vesicles 0,
or innate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with
jointed fibres in roundish thecse immersed in pediceiled,
lateral apothecia.
1. Plalidrys nodosa. Knobbed sea-oak.
Thallus pinnately branched.
Fucus maritimus nodosus, Raii Syn. 48,41.
Fucus nodosus, Lin. S. P. 1628; Engl. Rot. 570; Turn. Hist. >91.
Halidrys nodosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 37.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
Thallus 3 or 4 feet long, flat; apothecia roundish, mostly
solitary.
(3. minor. Apothecia ovate, hardly wider than the pe-
duncle.
7. siliquatus. Apothecia linear, lanceolate.
2. Halidrys canaliculata. Channelled sea-oak.
Thallus compressed, ribless, linear, grooved on one side,
level-topped; edge not cut; tip 2-cut; apothecia oblong,
2-cut, turned.
Fucus pumilus dichotomus, segmentis ex una parte gibbosis, ex altera
excavatis, Raii Syn. 43, 12.
Fucus canal iculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 716 ; Engl. Bot . 823 ; Turn. Hist. 3.
Fucus excisus, Lin. S. P. 1627.
Fucus rotundus, Esper , 17.
Sea-shore; perennial.
Thalli aggregate, 2 to 4 inches long.
3. Halidrys Mackaii. Mackay’s sea-oak.
Thallus leatherlike, cylindrical, threadlike, forked, level-
topped; tips blunt; vesicles scattered, innate, elliptical*
solitary, wider than the thallus.
Fucus Mackaii, Turn. Hist. 52; Engl. Bot. 1927.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
Thallus 6 to 12 inches high, low7er part compressed;
angles of the fork roundish.
LI. 71. MACKAIA. Mackay.
Thallus cartilaginous, rod-like, shrubby ; upper part
branched, narrow, roundish compressed, below compressed,
broad, leaflike; holdfasts shieldlike; vesicles 0, or innate
in the branches; sporidia in roundish thecse intermixed
with jointed fibre*, or in terminal apothecia.
392 76. Mackaia. 2.THALA8SIOPHYTiE. PL cell. aph.
1. Mackaia abrotanifiolia. Southern-wood mackay .
Phallus threadlike, compressed, bipinnate*; lobes alter-
nately forked, threadlike, spreading, edge not cut; vesicles
innate; apothecia terminal, many cleft.
Fucus abrotanifolius, Lin. S. P. 1629; Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. Bot.
2130.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
Phallus 12 to 18 inches long; rough at the base.
2. Mackaia discors. Discordant mackay.
Phallus round, branched ; branches alternately pin-
nate; lower branches winged, serrated; upper branches
linear ; apothecia terminal, oblong.
Fucus discors, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2,717; 'Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. Bot. 2131.
Sea-shore ; perennial ; summer.
Phalli many, crowded, rough. — According to Mrs. Grif-
fiths is the young state of the preceding species.
3. Mackaia barbata. Bearded mackay.
Phallus round, very much branched; branches alternate,
threadlike'; apothecia oblong, acute, terminal.
Fucus barbatus, IVuodw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,128; Turn. Hist. 250 ; Engl.
Bot. 2170.
Fucus foeniculaceus, Gmel. S6.
Sea-shores; perennial; summer.
/3„ granulata. Apothecia linear, tubercular.
Fucus granulatus, Woodw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 131.
4. Mackaia fibrosa. Fibrous mackay .
Phallus compressed and woody at the base ; branches
2-rowed, long, variously divided ; upper branches with
bristlelike twigs, lowTer branches naked ; vesicles roundish,
innate; apothecia cylindrical.
Fucus radicibus arborum fibrosis similis, Raii Syn. 49,45.
Fucus fibrosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 575 ; Eng. Bot. 1969 ; Turn. Hist . 209.
Fucus setaceus, Huds. FI. Angl. 575.
Fucus barbatus, Gmelin , 90.
Sea-shores; perennial; Feb. and August.
Phallus 1 to 3 feet high.
5. Mackaia mucronata . Stiff-pointed mackay.
Phallus round, vrarty, very much branched ; branches
threadlike, spinous; young branches linear, flat, not cut,
mid-ribbed ; tip stiff pointed ; apothecia cylindrical.
PI. cell. aph. 2 . T H A L A S S I O P H Y T /E . 76. Mackaia. 393
Fucus granulatus, Lin. S. P. 1629 ; Engl. Hot. 2169.
Fucus inucronatus, Turn. Syn. 73; Hist. 251.
Fucus radicaulis, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 111.
Sea-shore; perennial; Feb. and August.
6. Mackaia ericoides. Heathlike mackay .
Thallus cylindrical and naked at bottom ; branched at
the tip; branches variously divided, long; twigs mostly
simple, avvlshape, imbricate, spreading; vesicles roundish.
Fucus foil Ls ericae seu tamarisci, Rnii Syn. 49,44.
Fucus ericoides, Lin. S. P. 1631 ; Engl. Bot. 1968 ; Turn. Hist. 191.
Fucus tamariscifolius, Huds. FI. Angl. 576.
Fucus Erica marina, Gmcl , 128.
Fucus selaginoides, Lin. Mtint. 134.
Sea-shore; perennial; summer.
Thallus reflects bright tints when in a growing state.
LII. 77. BACCALARIA. Gulf-weed.
Thallus distinct as to its parts ; holdfasts shieldlike; stirps
threadlike, much branched; branches mid-ribbed, mem-
branaceous, often pierced with holes, dilated at- the tip,
edges serrate; vesicles spherical, peduncled, awnless or end-
ing in a round or dilated awn ; sporidia in roundish thecae
intermixed with jointed fibres immersed in axillary, soli-
tary or racemous apothecia.
1 . Baccalaria natans. Floating gulf-weed .
Thallus compressed, bipinnated ; branches alternate,
simple ; twigs linear, lanceolate, serrated ; vesicles spheri-
cal; peduncles flat; apothecia cylindrical, racemose.
Fucus natans, Lin. S. P. 1628 ; Engl. Bot . 2114; Turn. Hist. 46.
Sea-shores; perennial; summer.
Thallus alternately bipinnate, twigs blunt, smooth.
2. Baccalaria teres . Cylindrical gulf-weed.
Thallus cylindrical, threadlike, bipinnate; branches al-
ternate, mostly simple; twigs linear, serrated ; vesicles sphe-
rical; peduncles cylindrical.
Fucus natans, Huds. FI. Angl. 572.
Fucus bacciferus, Turn. Syn. 55; Hist. 27 ; Engl. Bot. 196T.
Sea, floating in large masses ; perennial ; winter.
3. oblong ifolius. Twigs oblong, blunt, large toothed.
394- 78. Siliquar. 2.THALASSIOPHYT^. Pl.celLaph .
LIII. 78. SILIQUARIA. Podweed.
Phallus compressed, ribless, branched ; vesicles pedicel! ed,
lanceolate, jointed; sporidia intermixed with jointed fibres
in roundish thecae in terminal lanceolate podshaped apo-
thecia.
Siliquaria angustifolia. PI arrow-leaved podweed.
T/iallus branched; branches alternate, 2-rowed ; vesicles
beaked.
Fucus angustifolius vesjculis longis siliquarutn semulis, Raii Syn. 49,39.
Fucus siliquosus, Lin. S. F. 1629 ; Engl. Bot. 474 ; Turn. Hist. 159.
Halymenia siliquosa, Lyngbye Hydr . Dan. 37.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
/3. minor. Thallus not more than 6 or 9 inches long.
Fucus siliquosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit.
y. denndata. Thallus long, much branched; vesicles 0.
LIV. 79. FURCELLARIA. Lamouroux. Fork-weed .
Thallus threadlike, forked, level-topped ; sporidia im-
mersed in regular lines in the swollen tips of the twigs.
Flagellaria luhricalis. Slippery fork-weed.
Thallus threadlike, forked, angles acute, tips blunt.
Fucus parvus scgtnenlis prcelongis teretibus acutis, Raii Syn. 45,24.
Fucus iubricalis, Gmelin, 108 ; Engl. Bot. 824 ; Turn. Hist. 6.
Fucus fastigiatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.
Fucus furcellatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 589.
Furcellaria Iubricalis, Lamour. Thai.
Sea-shore; perennial; Nov. Feb.
(3. fastigiata. Twigs compressed, transparent, ovate,
lanceolate, short, pointed.
Fucus sive alga exigua dichotoma, foliorum segmenlis longiusculis,
crassis et subrot undis, Raii Syn. 45, 25.
Fucus fastigiatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 588.
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thai.
Fam. III. 3. HOMOTHALAMEiE. Lichenes homotha -
lami. Acharius,
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or shrubby; sporidia
scattered, innate throughout the whole thallus, or in apo-
thecia of the same colour and substance as the thallus with-
out any proligerous skin or central nucleus. — Terrestrial
or parasitic, perennial, greenish or becoming so when
grazed, absorbing water at the surface and transmitting it
to every part.
395
PL cell. aph. 3. HOMOTH ALAMEiE.
A. Phallus gelatinous , when dry cartilaginous ; Colle-
matidese.
Phallus crustlike, slightly figured or
uniform Placynthium. 80.
Phallus pleated tile-wise, roundish ;
lobes minute, thick, turgid Enchylium. 81.
Phallus rather leaflike, irregular ;
lobes thick, naked, turgid Scytenium. 82.
Phallus leaflike ;
lobes rounded, downy beneath ........ Mallotium. 83.
Phallus leaflike ; lobes naked,
rather membranaceous, blackish green Lathagrium. 84.
Phallus leaflike; lobes naked,
membranaceous, greyish Leptogium. 85.
Phallus very finely torn and
branched Polychidium. 86.
B. Phallus with a fibrous axis , bark crustlike . Usneadese.
Apothecia shieldlike, terminal, edgeless .... Usnea. 87.
C. Phallus cartilaginous , inside tow-like. Ramalinidese.
Apotliecia shieldlike, terminal, nearly
marginless Cornicularia. 88.
Apothecia saucerlike, edged, slightly
pedicelled; thallus nearly solid Ramalina. 89.
Apothecia saucerlike, edged, not
pedicelled ; thallus rather pipey Alectoria. 90.
A. CoLLEMATiDEis. Phallus entirely gelatinous, homo-
geneous; when dry hard, cartilaginous, crustlike, leafiike,
or branched ; apothecia shieldlike, sessile or slightly pedi-
celled, sometimes when dry coloured in the centre. These
ought to be moistened before they are examined, as many
of them have their apothecia of a different colour when
dry.
I. 80. PLACYNTHIUM. Acharius. Placynthe .
Phallus crustlike, slightly irregular or uniform.
Placynthium nigrum. Black placynthe.
Phallus crustlike, nearly orbicular, browm-black; mar-
ginal lobes deeply crenate; central lobes seedlike, slightly
branched ; apothecia at length convex, black, edged.
396 80. Placynth. 3. HOMOTHALAMEiE. Pl.celLaph .
Lichen niger, Hudson FI. Angl. 524; Engl. Bot. 1161.
Lecidea corallinoides, Florke , Berl. Mag. 1809, 5.
Lecidea nigra, Achar. Meth. Lich. 76.
Stereocaulon corallinoides, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 129.
Collema nigrum, Achar. Lichen. TJniv. 628.
On rocks, espcially limestone.
II. 81. ENCHYLIUM. Acharius. Enchyle .
Thallus plaited tilewise, nearly orbicular, composed of
minute lobes, when moist turgid, very thick.
1. Enchylium microphyllum. Small-leaved enchyle.
Thallus slightly spreading, tilewise, blackish green; lobes
thick, minute, crowded, deeply crenate; apothecia sessile,
crowded, pitchershape, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge
not in the least cut, contracted.
Collema microphyllum, Achar. Lich. TJniv. 630,
On the bark of old trees.
2. Enchylium fragrans. Sweet-scented enchyle.
Thallus nearly orbicular; lobes round, expanded, naked,
edge thick, crenate, ascending; apothecia scattered, minute,
hollow, dark yellowish brown; edge swollen outwardly,
uneven.
Lichen fragrans, Engl. Bot. 19, 12.
Trunks of trees.
When moistened has a sweet odour.
3. Enchylium crispum. Crisp enchyle.
Thallus nearly orbicular; central lobes rather upright,
granular; lobes of the circumference depressed, large,
blunt, crenate; apothecia scattered, slightly concave, reddish,
edge granular.
Lichenoides gelatinosum atrovirens, crispum et rugosum, Dillen Muse.
139.
Lichen trispus, Engl. Bot. 834.
Lichen pulposus /3, Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. 1799.
Parmelia crispa, Achar . Meth. Lich. 254.
Collema crispum, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 100.
Collema crenulatum, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 103.
Collema glaucescens, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 105.
Collema pulposum crispum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 652.
On the ground among mosses, and on mountains.
4. Enchylium turgidum. Swollen enchyle .
Thallus irregularly expanded, depressed, slightly lobed
and tiledlike; lobes raised, thick, wartlike, wrinkled, gra-
PLcell.aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEiE. 81. Enchyl. 397
nulated ; apothecia sessile, pitchershape, dark brown ; edge
slightly swollen ; outside wrinkled-granular.
Collema turgidum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 634.
On rocks among mosses.
5. Enchylium tenax. Tough enchyle .
Thallus nearly orbicular, tilewise ; lobes rather thick,
flat, lying down, nearly round, deeply cut and crenate ;
apothecia scattered, immersed in the lobes, concave, reddish,
edge scarcely cut.
Lichen tenax, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4, 249.
Parmelia tenax, Achar. Meth. Lich. 231.
Collema tenax? Hoffm. FI. Germ. 105.
Collema tenax, Achar. Lich. Univ. 635.
Among mosses on rocks, adhering strongly to them.
6. Enchylium plicatile. Folding e chyle.
Thallus round, tilewise; lobes thick, roundish, pleated in
circles, wavey, rather upright, not cut ; apothecia scattered,
sessile, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge not cut.
Lichen pi icat is, Achar. in N. Act. Stoch. 16, 11.
Parmelia plicatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 240.
Collema plicatile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 655.
On rocks.
7. Enchylium Jluviale . Fiver enchyle .
Thallus slightly cushion-like; lobes thick, crowded, blunt,
complicately wavey, deeply cut; apothecia near the edge,
slightly globular, colour of the thallus, centre pitchershape;
edge nearly double.
Lichenoides gelatinosum opuntoides, Dilten in Raii Syn. 72, 58.
Lichen fluviatilis, Huds. FI. Angl. 536.
Parmelia fluviatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 249.
Collema fluviale, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 636.
On stones under water in rivulets.
8. Enchylium marginale . Marginal enchyle.
Thallus orbicular, rather stellate, tiledlike; lobes deeply
jagged, narrow, many-cut, winding, rather flat, crenate;
apothecia marginal and scattered, blackish-brown, edge not
in the least cut.
Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, jacobaeae maritimae divisura, Dillen .
Muse. 140.
Lichen marginalis, Huds. FI. Angl. 534 ; Engl. Bot. 1924.
Parmelia melsena marginalis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 241.
Collema laciniatum, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 100.
Collema melaenum marginale, Achar. Lich. Univ. 637.
On limestone rocks, occasionally overflowed.
398 81. Enchyl. 3. HOMOTHALAMEAE. Pl.cell.aph.
9. Enchyliurn fasciculare. Bundled enchyle.
Thallus nearly orbicular, folded tilewise; central folds.
upright, winding, anastomosing ; folds in the circumference
rounded, deeply crenate ; apothecia marginal, topshape,
bundled; centre rather convex, reddish.
Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum, tuberculis conglomerate, Bill.
Muse. 141.
Lichen fascicularis, Lin. M ant. 133; Engl. Bot. 1162.
Parmelia fascicularis, Achar. Meth. Licit. 239.
Collema fasciculare, Achar. Licit. Univ. 639.
On rocks, mountains, and trunks of trees.
(3. aggregatum. Marginal lobes very small; central lobes
obliterated by the crowded apothecia.
Lichen fascicularis /3, Bern, in Schrad. Journ. 1799.
Collema polycarpon, Hoffm. Ft. Germ. 102.
Collema fasciculare aggregatum, Achar. Lich. Un. 640.
10. Enchyliurn corrugatum. Pur sed-up enchyle.
Thallus thick, blackish green, with raised gutlike convo-
lutions.
Lichen eorrugatus, Dickson PI. Crypt. Brit. 4.
Parmelia plocina, Achar. Meth. Lichen. 247.
Collema corrugatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 642.
Mountains and rocks in the sea.
11. Enchyliurn cretaceum. Chalky enchyle.
Thallus lobed starwise, blackish green ; apothecium cen-
tral, raised, brownish flesh-colour, edge paler, not cut.
Lichen cretaceus, Engl. Bot. 738.
Parmelia cretacea, Achar. Meth. Licit. 248.
Collema Cretaceum, Achar. Licit. Univ. 642.
Chalk-pits.
III. 82. SCYTENIUM. Acharius. Scytene .
Thallus irregular, nearly leaflike; lobes separate, spread-
ing, thick, swollen, naked.
Scytenium palmatum. Palmate scytene.
Thallus nearly leaflike, brownish blue green; lobes thick*
crowded, palmately cut, jags nearly linear, round ; apothecia
reddish brown.
Lichenoides gelatinosum tenerius laciniatum, ex fusco purpurascens,
Raii Syn. 72, 54.
Lichen palmatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 535.
Parmelia palmata, Achar. Meth. Licit. 242.
Collema palmatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 643.
Upon muddy ground and trunks of trees.
PL cell. aph. 3. HQMOTHALAMEiE. SS.Mallot. 399
IV. 83. MALLOTIUM. Acharius. Mallote .
Thallus leaflike ; lobes rounded, underneath woolly or
with small fibres.
1. Mallotium Saiurninum. Saturnine mallote .
Thallus leaflike, blackish green, beneath sea-green, ra-
ther woolly ; lobes oblong, rounded, wavey, not cut ; apo -
thecia lateral, raised, flat, red, edge not cut.
Lichen Saturninus, Dickson Pl. Crypt. Bot. 2,21 ; Engl. Bot, 19S0.
Lichen myochrous, Erhh. PI. Crypt. Dec. 29,236.
Lichen discolor, Acliar. in Nov. Act. Stockh. 16, 16.
Parmelia Saturnina, Achar. Meth. Lic/i. 221.
Collema tomentosum, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 99.
Collema Saiurninum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 644.
Trunks of trees and rocks.
2. Mallotium Burgessii . Burgess ’ mallote .
Thallus leaflike, slightly tiledwise, brownish sea-green,
underneath grows spongy, villous; lobes rounded, jagged,
crenular, crisp ; apothecia depressed, flattish, brown ; edge
crisp, leaflike.
Lichen ornatus, Lin. Suppl. PI.
Lichen Burgessii, Lightf. FI. Scot. 827.
Parmelia Burgessii, Achar. Meth. Lich. 251.
Collema Burgessii, Achar. Lich. Univ. 645.
On trunks of trees.
V. 84. LATHAGRIUM. Acharius. Lathagrium .
Thallus leaflike ; lobes nearly membranaceous, weak,
naked, blackish green.
1. Lathagrium nigrescens. Blackish lathagrium .
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly one-leafed, or-
bicular, depressed, radiately plaited, round-lobed, blackish
green ; apothecia central, crowded, at length convex, red-
dish brown, edge not in the least cut.
Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gelatinosum, tenue nigrescens,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 72, 53.
Lichen nigrescens, Huds. Fl.Angl. 537.
Lichen vespertilio, Lightf, FI. Scot. 840.
Lichen papyraceus, Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. 3, 154.
Parmelia nigrescens, Achar. Meth. Lich, 227.
Collema vespertilio, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 98.
Collema nigrescens, Achar. Lich. Univ. 646.
On the trunks of trees, rocks, and stones.
400 84. Lathag. 3. HOMOTH ALAMEiE. FI. cell. aph.
2. Lathagrium flaccidum . Flaccid lathagrium.
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, smooth, blackish green;
loles separate, reverse ovate, bluntly divided, not jagged,
weak, flexible; apothecia scattered, few, rather flat, reddish ;
edge thin, not cut.
Lichen nigrescens, Ehrh. PI. Cr. 10,98.
Lichen rupestris, Swartz Meth. Muse. 37.
Lichen flaccidum, Achar. N. A. Stockh. 16, 14.
Parmelia liaccida, Achar. Metli. Lich. 229 .
Collema flaccidum, Achar. Lich . Univ. 647.
Among mosses on rocks exposed to the drip of water.
3. Ijathagrium furvum . Dusky lathagrium .
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, rather wrinkled, folded,
blackish green, granular on both sides ; loles rounded
irregularly, frequently wavey-crisped, not cut; apothecia
scattered, flat, blackish brown, edge not cut.
Lichen granulosus, FI. Ban. 462.
Lichen furvus, Achar. N. A. Stockh. 22, 164.
Parmelia furva, Achar. Meth. Lich. 230.
Collema granulosum, Hoffm. FI. Germ. 99.
Collema furvum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 650.
On the bark of old trees, rocks, walls, and wooden roofs.
4. Lathagrium sinuatum. Jagged lathagrium .
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, tiledlike, congregated,
naked, black; loles deeply jagged, crisp, toothed; apothecia
scattered, sessile, colour of the thallus, edge not cut.
Lichenoides tenue crispum, foliis parvis depressis, Billen. Muse. 145.
Lichen sinuatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 509? Engl. Bot. 772.
Collema sinuatum, Hoffm. FI. Germ. Add.
Parmelia scotina sinuata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 257.
Collema scotinum sinuatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 652.
Among grass and moss on the ground.
VI. 85. LEPTOGIUM. Acharus. Leplogium.
Thallus leaflike; lobes rounded, membranaceous, very
tender, naked, greyish green, nearly transparent; apothecia
on very short pedicells.
1. Leptogium tremelloides. Tremella leplogium.
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, very tender, nearly
transparent, lead colour, slightly wrinkled and hollow dot-
ted ; loles oblong, rounded, cut, smooth-edged ; apothecia
scattered, with short pedicells, flat, reddish brown, after-
wards black, edge pale.
PI. cell. aph. HOMOTI-IALAMEiE, 85. Leptog. 401
Lichen tremelloides, Lin. Suppl. PI. 450.
Parmelia tremeiloides, Achur. Meth. Lick. 224.
Collema plicatum, Hoffm. PL Lick. 2,41.
Collema tremeiloides, A char. Lick. Univ. 655.
On trunks of trees and amona* mosses.
O
2. Leptogium marginellum. Edged leptogium .
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent,
slightly wrinkled, sea-green ; lobes rather long; edges wavey,
pleated, crisp ; apothecia minute, marginal, iron-brown ;
edge pale.
Lichen marginellus, Bern, in Schrad.J. Bot. 1799,21.
Pannelia marginalia, Achur. Meth. Lich. 225.
Collema marginale, Hoffm . PL Lich. 2,47.
Collema marginellum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 696.
Upon mosses.
3. Leptogium lacerum. Torn leptogium.
Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent,
slightly wrinkled in network, sea-green; lobes small, rather
tiiedlike, irregularly jagged, toothed, fringed ; apothecia
scattered, slightly concave, red, edge pale.
Lichenoides saxatile tenne rufescens, Dillen in Raii Syn. 77, 89.
Tremelia lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1625.
Lichen tremeiloides, Huds. FI. Angl. 537,
Lichen Tremelia, Roth FI. Germ. 503.
Lichen lacer, Engl. Bot. 1982; Achar. Prod. 135.
Parmelia laciniata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 225.
Collema lacerum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 657.
On the ground among mosses.
VII. 86. POLYCH IDIOM. Acharius, Poly chide.
Thallus very finely jagged and branched.
1 . Polychidium subtile. Fine polychide.
Thallus slightly starlike, jaggs very narrow, linear,
pressed close, subdivided, blunt, radiating, edge smooth;
apothecia central, rather flat, colour of the thallus, edge
thin, not cut.
Lichen subtilis, Schrad. Spic. 95 ; Diclcs. Crypt. 4, 25 ; Engl. Bot. 1008.
Parmelia subtilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 243.
Collema subtile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 659.
On clay and limestone.
Scarcely visible to the naked eye, but grows in patches.
2. Polychidium tenuis. simum. Thinnest polychide.
Thallus rather tiiedlike ; jaggs minute, linear, many-cut,
unequal, granular, rather pointed, very crowded ; apothecia
scattered, rather flat, reddish, edged.
VOL. I. 9 D
402 86. Polychid. 3. HOMOTHALAME^. Pl.cell.aph.
Lichen byssinus, Wahl. FI. Lapp. 442.
Lichen tenuissimus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12.
Parmelia tenuissima, Achar. Melh. Lich. 244.
Coliema byssinutn, Hoffm. Germ. 105.
Coliema tenuissimum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 659.
On gravel-banks, walls, and mosses.
3. Polycfudium Schraderi. Schrader s poly chide.
Thallus rather tufted ; jaggs linear, flat, irregularly un-
divided, wrinkled, blunt; edges turned over, slightly cre-
nate; apothecia scattered, colour of the thallus.
Lichen Schraderi, Bern, in Schrad. Journ. 1799, 22.
Parmelia Schraderi, Achar. Meth. Lich. 24 3.
Coliema Schraderi, Achar. Lich. Univ. 658.
On rocks among mosses.
4. Polychidium muscicolum. Moss poly chide.
Thallus shrublike, cushioned, brownish ; branches cylin-
drical, rather upright, bent, knotted, nearly even-topped*,
bluntish ; apothecia nearly terminal, flat, brown, edged.
Lichen Muscieola, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4, 248 ; Dicks. Crypt. 2, 8.
Parmelia muscieola, Achar. Meth. Lich. 244.
Coliema Muscieola, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660.
On the ground, and mountains among moss.
6. Polychidium velutinvm . Velvet poly chide.
Thallus cushioned, black jaggs cylindrical, very tender*
scarcely branched, bent, interwoven, even-topped ; apo-
thecia rather concave, minute, colour of the thallus, pressed
close, edged.
Lichen exilis, Lightf. Scot. 894.
Lichen velulinus, Achar. Prod. 218.
Parmelia pannosa, Achar. Meth. Lich. 246.
Conferva pannosa, Web. el Mohr Reise, 105.
Coliema nigrum ? Hoffm. Germ. 103.
Coliema pannosum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660, not of Hoffman.
On rocks and mountains amon<>- mosses.
6. Polychidium spongiosum. Spongy poly chide.
Thallus dark green ; jaggs aggregated, branched, gra-
nular, cylindrical, blunt ; apothecia scattered, hollow,
brown ; outside spongy, pale ; edge upright, thin.
Lichen spongiosus, Engl. Dot. 1374.
Coliema spongiosum, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 661.
Durham; perennial.
PL cell. aph. 3. HOMQTHALAMEiE. 87. Usnea. 403
B. UsNEADEiE. Phallus slightly crustlike, penetrated
by an elastic, central bundle of ducts; apothecia regular,
shieldlike, pedicelled, sometimes proliferous from the edge;
pedicels central, accompanied with cephalodia and sorediae.
VIII. 87. USNEA. Dillenius. Usnea.
Phallus slightly crustlike, rather cylindrical, branched,
mostly hanging down, enclosing a transparent, central,
elastic, threadlike bundle of ducts ; apothecia orbiculate,
terminal, shieldlike, entirely formed of the thallus, and
covered in every part with its cortical substance, keeping
nearly the same colour, circumference without any defined
edge, generally fringed.
1. Usnea Jlorida. Florid usnea.
Phallus rather upright, rough, pale grey; holdfasts slen-
der, horizontal ; branches very much spread, scarcely
branched ; apothecia flat, very broad, whitish, fringed ;
fringe radiating, long.
Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus cum orbiculis, Raii Syn. 65, 6.
Lichen floridus, Lin. S. P. 1624; Engl. Bot. 872.
Usnea florida, Achar. Meth. Lich. 307 ; Lich. Un. 620.
On trunks of old trees and palings.
j3. rigida. Phallus long, stiff, straight, very slender,
rather hanging, rough ; branches rather long, bent,
branched, twiggy.
y. rubiginea. Phallus rather hairy, rusty red ; apothecia
of the same colour.
2. Usnea plicata. Folded usnea .
Phallus hanging, smooth, pale ; branches weak, very
much divided, the last twigs hairlike ; apothecia Hat, broad,
fringed ; fringe very fine, very long.
Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus, Usnea officinarum, Raii Syn. 64, 1.
Lichen plicatus, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl. Bot. 257.
Usnea plicata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 622.
Hairy tree-moss.
From the trunks and branches of trees.
£. comosa. Phallus slightly upright, shrublike, pale
white; side branches very much spread, diffuse, smooth,
much divided; last twigs fibrelike, rather rough, slightly
nodding; cephalodia pale flesh-colour, growing brown.
Lichen comosus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 16,209.
Usnea plicata comosa, Acliar. Meth. Lich. 3 11 ; Lich. Univ. 623.
2 D 2
404 87. Usnea. 3. HOMOTHAL AMEiE. PL cell. aph.
y . kirta. Thallus slightly upright, rather shrublike, yel-
lowish grey, much branched, rather powdery, roughish;
branches much divided, bent, intricate, slender, fibreiike.
3. Usnea barbata. Bearded usnea .
Thallus hanging, smooth, round, rather thick, pale
greenish grey; branches, diverging, frequently fibrelike, hair-
like at the tip, beneath jointed.
Lichen barhatus, Lin. Sp. PI. 1622 ; Engl. Bat. 258, fig. 2.
Usnea barbata, Achar. Meth. Lick. 315 ; Lich. Univ. 624.
On the branches of old trees.
12. articulata. Thallus bald, grey, branches long, forked,
branched, jointed ; joints bellied, separate; last twigs hair-
like, fibrelike.
Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus nodosus, Rail Syn. 65,4.
Usnea barbata articulata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 605.
Lichen artieulatus, Lin. S. P. 1623 ; Engl. But. 258, fig. 1.
C. liAMALiisriDEiE. Thcdlus cartilaginous, branched ;
inside stuffed with fibres like tow ; apothecia same colour
as the thallus, formed entirely from it.
IX. 88. CORNXCUL A RI A. Horn-moss .
Thallus cartilaginous, rather solid inside, towlike,
branched, shrublike; apoihecia orbicnlate, terminal, oblique,
shieldlike, entirely formed of the thallus, similar to its outer
surface, become convex and rather inflated ; edge scarcely
distinct, slightly toothed, at length turned back, .slightly
altered in colour.
1. Cornicularia tristis. Dull horn-moss .
Thallus pitch-black, compressed, cylindrical, rather
smooth, 2-rowed, 2-forked; branches even-topped, black
above; apothecia plano-convex, brownish black, slightly
margined, edge not toothed, not cut.
Coralioides cornicuiafum, fuel lenuioris facie, Dillen Muse. 118.
Lichen radiatus, lluds. FI. Angl, 559; Dicks. Crypt. 9, 25.
Lichen fucoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3.
Lichen corniculatus, Light/. FI. Scot. 385.
Lichen rigid us, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.
Lichen tristis, Engl. Bot. 720.
Lobaria rigida, Hoffni. Germ. 142.
Cornicularia tristis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 300; Lich. Univ. 610.
On rocks.
Apothecia sometimes radiately toothed, and the branches
tuberculated, toothed.
PL cell . aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEiE. 88. Cornicul. 405
2. Comic alar ia aculeata. Pricldy horn-moss.
Phallus bald, chestnut-brown, rather cylindrical, angu-
larly compressed, nakedish ; branches and twigs divari-
cated, bent, prickly; apothecia reddish, edge slightly tooth-
ed, turned back.
Lichen aculeatus, Achar. Prod. 215.
Cornicularia aculeata, Achar. Met/i. Lick. 502 ; Lich. Univ. 612.
On dry, sunny mountains;
3. Cornicularia spadicea. Chestnut horn-moss.
Phallus bald, dark bay-colour, flatly compressed, rather
indented ; edges toothed ; branches and twigs short, spread-
ing, narrow; apothecia spinous, radiated, reddish brown.
Lichenoides non tubulosum rainosissimum frutlculi specie, nifo-n’gres-
cens, Raii Syn. 66, 10.
Lichen Islandicusy, Huds. Angl. 539.
Lichen hispid us, Light/. Scot. 883 ; Engl. Hot. 452.
Lichen spadiceus, Roth in Uster Ann.
Lobaria aculeata, Hojjra. Germ. 142.
Cornicularia spadicea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 301 ; Lich. Univ. 611.
On open places on rocks covered with earth.
4. Cornicularia bicolor. Two-coloured horn-moss.
Phallus roughish, black, cylindrical, nearly upright,
branched, fibrous; branches very short, scattered, spread-
ing; tips nodding, greyish brown.
Lichen bicolor, Ehrh. Bey.tr.
Us tie a bicoior, Hoffm. Germ. 15,5.
Cornicularia bicolor, Achar. Meth. Lich. 504; Lich . Univ. 615.
Upon rocks among mosses.
5. Cornicularia lanala. Woolly horn-moss.
Phallus lying down, cylindrical, smoothish, forked,
greyish black ; branches and twigs variously bent, inter-
woven, forked at the tip; apothecia slightly edged, flat,
edge naked, granular.
Lichenoides quod Muscus coralloides, lanae nigrjB instar saxis adherens,
Lillen in Raii Syn. 65, 3.
Lichens pubescens, Huds. Angl. 562.
Lichen laneus, Ehrh. PI. Crypt. 7,70.
Lichen lanatus, Lin. S. P. 1623; Engl. Bot. 846.
Usnea lanea, Hoffm. Germ. 135.
Usnea lanata, Hoffm. Germ. 135.
Usnea pubescens, Hoffm. Germ. 136.
Cornicularia lanata, Achar . Meth. Lich. 304; Lich. Univ. 615.
On dry barren places upon mountains.
406 88. Cornicul. 3. HOMOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
6. Cornicularia P pitlescens. Downy horn-moss.
Thailus lying down, cylindrical, wrinkled, ronghisb,
black; branches interwoven, hairlike, twigs not branched ;
apothecia same colour as the thailus, edge not cut.
Lichen lanatus, Wulf. inJacq. Misc. 2.
Lichen intricatus, Ehrh. Crypt. 8,80.
Lichen pubescens, Lin. S. P. 1628.
XJsnea intricata, Hojffm. Germ. 136.
Cornicularia pubescens, Achar. Meth. Lich. 505 ; Lich. Univ. 616.
Conferva? atrovirens, Dillw. Conf. 25.
Scyfonerna? atrovirens, Agardh Disp. 39.
On rocks and fells where water drips.
Thalli aggregate, very similar to the preceding; apothecia
rarely to be found ; so that it is doubtful whether this and
girardia atrovirens be one species or two.
/3. hispidula. Thailus rather stellate, brownish black,
proliferous in whirls, hispid, branchy; branches slightly
radiating, depressed, interwoven, very thin ; apothecia
crenate, dark brown.
Scytonema atrovirens prolifera, Agardh Disp. 39.
Cornicularia hispidula, Achar. Lich. Univ. 617.
X. 89. RAMALINA. Acharius. Branch-moss.
Thailus cartilaginous, inside like tow, rather solid,
branched, jagged, rather shrublike, mostly with soredia;
apothecia saucershape, thickish,footstalked,somewhatshield-
like, flat, edged, entirely formed of the thailus, covered with
u similarly coloured cortical substance.
1. Ramalina fastigiata. Even-topped branch-moss.
Thailus compressed, cylindrical, smooth, pitted, branched,
light sea-green ; branches thicker at top, even-topped;
apothecia terminal, shieldlike, sessile, whitish.
Lichen populinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 276.
Lichen fastigiatus, Engl. Uot. 890.
Lobaria populina, Hoffm. Germ. 140.
Parmelia fastigiata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 260.
Ramalina fastigiata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 603.
On the trunks of old trees.
2. Ramalina scopulorum. Sea-shore branch-moss.
Thailus compressed, smooth, slightly pitted, branched,
pale grey; branches linear, slender; apothecia pedicelled,
of the same colour.
Lichen calicaris, Lin. S. P. 1613 ; Engl. Bot. 688.
Lichen scopulorum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 18.
Parmelia scopulorum, Achar. Meth. Lich. 261.
Ramalina scopulorum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 604.
On rocks by the sea-side.
PI. cell. apk. 3. HOMOTHALAMEAE. 89. Ramalin. 407
/3. cornuata. Branches cylindrical, compressed, seldom
divided, bent, knobbed, rather pipey, interwoven.
Coralloides fasciculare verrucosum et veluti siliquosum, Dillen Muse*
119.
Lichen siliquosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 559.
Parmelia siliquosa, Aclir. Metk. Lick. 262.
Ramalina scopulorum, cornuata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 605.
On insulated rocks scattered on plains, as the Grey
wethers on Salisbury Plain.
3. Ramalina farinacea . Floury branch-moss,
Thallus cylindrical, compressed, bald, slightly pitted,
stiff, branched, whitish grey, with soredia; branches linear,
slender; apothecia scattered, pedicelled, flat, scarcely bor-
dered, whitish.
Lichenoides segmeniis angustioribus ad margines verrucosis et pulveru-
lentis, Dillen Muse. 172.
Lichen farinaceus, Lin. S. P. 1613 ; Engl. Bot. 889.
Lobaria farinacea, Hoffm. Germ. 139.
Parmelia farinacea, Achar. Metli. Lich. 263.
Ramalina farinacea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 606.
On the trunks and branches of trees.
Branches simple or divided, sometimes fringed and
slightly proliferous; sometimes short and slender, or long
and strong, sometimes hanging; naked or covered with
rather elliptic soredia; apothecia rarely occurring.
4. Ramalina pollinaria . Powdery branch-moss ,
Thallus flat, slightly membranaceous, bald, rather pitted,
white, slightly hoary, jagged; soredia dilated, flat, powdery;
apothecia nearly terminal, growing dilated, very large, sea-
green beneath; centre flesh-colour; edge raised, slightly
bent inwards.
Lichen pollinarius, Achar in N. Act. Slockh. 18,263.
Lichen sqtiarrosus, Persoon in Usler Ann. Bot. 14, 35.
Lobaria squarrosa, Hoffm. Germ. 139.
Lobaria dilacerala, Hoffm. Germ. 140.
Parmelia pollinaria, Achar. Meth. Lich. 264.
Ramalina pollinaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 608.
On rocks and stones, old timber-work and trees.
XI. 90. ALECTORIA. Acharius. Cockscomb-moss .
Thallus cartilaginous, nearly threadlike, inside towlike,
branched, prostrate or hanging; apothecia saucerlike, thick,
sessile, rather flat, bordered, convex, entirely formed of
the thallus, of’ the same colour and substance.
408 90. Alector. 3. HOMOTHALAME M. PL cell. aph.
1. A lector la jubata. Mane cockscomb-moss .
Thallus cylindrical, slightly shining, livid brown and
black, compressed at the joints ; apothecia of the same co-
lour, growing convex, border not in the least cut.
Lichenoides quod Muscus coraliinus saxaiilis foeniculaceus, Raii Syn*
65,7.
Usnea jubata nigricans, Dill. Muse. 64.
Lichen jubafus, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl.Bot. 1880.
Usnea jubata, Hoffm. Germ. 134.
Parmelia jubafa, Achar. Meth. Licit. 272.
Alectoria jubata, Achar. Lick. Univ. 592.
On the trunks and branches of old trees.
2. Alec foiia chalybeiformis. Iron-wire cockscomb-moss .
Thallus and branches rather simple, bent, straggling,
tufted, stiffish, lead black, lying down.
Lichenoides quod Muscus caule rigido instar fili chalybei, Rail Syn.
65,2.
Lichen chalybei formis, Lin. S. P. 1623.
Lichen jubatus jS, Engl. Pol. 1880.
Usnea irnplexa, Hoffm. Germ. 134.
Usnea chalybei form is, Hoffm. Germ. 135.
Parmelia jubata 8, Achar. Meth. Licit. 273-
Alectoria jubata chalybeiformis, Achar. Licit. Univ. 595.
On banks, palings, trees, and rocks.
3. Alectoria sarmentosa. Runner cockscomb-moss .
Thallus rather cylindrical, angularly pitted, two-forked,
pale whitish, tips much branched, weak, very slender;
apothecia slightly concave, livid, hoary, afterwards spread
out flat.
Usnea loris longis dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus, Dillen Muse .
59.
Lichen sarmentosus, Achar. Prod. 180; Engl. Hot. 2040.
Lichen dichotomies, Achar. Prodr. 181.
Usnea dichotoma, Hoffm. Germ. 134.
Parmelia sarmentosa, Achar. Meth. Lich. 271.
Jtamalina sarmentosa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 595.
On the trunks and branches of trees, and on rocks.
Earn. IV. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Lichenes cenotha-
lami , Acharius. Algarum pars , Linnaeus.
Lichenum pars , Jussieu.
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike; sporidia scattered,
innate in the substance, and in a naked proligerous flake of
a different colour placed upon the thallus, without any
internal nucleus or perithecium. — Thallus perennial, ter-
restrial or parasitic, greenish or becoming so when wetted;
absorbing water by the surface, and transmitting it to all
parts.
4. CENOTHALAMEiE.
409
PZ. ceZZ. aph.
A. y ipothecia nearly globose, not bordered , terminating a
solid podeiium. Bsemycideae.
Thallus shrublike, branched, cartilaginous;
Z'fl'rA crustaceous, unequal Stereocaulon. 91*
Thallus rather crustaceous, uniform,
lying close; apothecia at first bordered Isidium. 92.
Thallus crustaceous, uniform, close ;
podetia soft ; apothecia large Bjemyces. 93*
B. Apothecia nearly globose , not bordered , terminating a
hollow , cylindrical thallus or podeiium. Cenomycidese.
Thallus cylindrical, soft, awlshape ;
axillae not perforated Cerania. 94.
Thallus leaflike, very small ; podetia car-
tilaginous, stifli awlshape ; axillce mostly
perforated Cladonia. 95*
Thallus leaflike; podetia cylindrical;
apex fringed, radiated, rays fertile Helopodia. 96.
Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above,
cuplike, cup open Schasmaria. 97.
Thallus leaflike ; podetia dilated above,
cuplike, cup closed * Scyphophora. 98.
Thallus crustlike, uniform ;
podetia hollow, short Pycnothelia. 99.
C. Apothecia shieldlike , bordered, lateral : thallus nearly
crustaceous , branched. Evernidece.
Thallus compressed, inside towlike;
apothecia sessile, circumference raised .... Evernia. 100.
D. Apothecia shieldlike , bordered ; thallus leatherlike 9
cartilaginous , leafy. Peltidese.
Apoth. adnate, terminal, ascending ;
thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded ........ Peltidea. 103.
Apoth. adnate, terminal, resupinate ;
thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Nephroma. 102.
Apoth. adnate, subcentral, discoid ;
thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded Solorina. 104.
Apothecia sessile, lateral ;
thallus branched, inside towlike Rocella. 101.
410
4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.
Apoth. sessile, oblique, marginal ;
thallus leaflike, smooth Cetraria. 106.
Apoth. rather pedicelled, free ;
thallus cartilaginous ; lobes fringed Borreria. 107.
Apothecia nearly sessile, edge free ;
thal. leaflike, interspersed with soredia Sticta. 105.
Apothecia nearly sessile, edge free;
thal . leaflike, tips inflated ; soredia 0 Physcia. 108.
Apothecia nearly sessile, edge free;
thallus leaflike, tips equal; soredia 0 .... Parmelia. 109.
E. Apothecia shieldlike , bordered ; thallus crustaceous,
adnate. Lecideadeee.
Thallus figured, scaly, tiled-like,
raised high around the apothecia Psoroma. 110.
Thallus figured, lobed, raised
high around the apothecia Placodium. 111.
Thallus uniform, raised high
around the apothecia Rimodina. 112.
Thallus uniform, elevated around
the immersed apothecia Urceolaria. 113.
Thallus figured or leaflike;
apothecia not sunk in the thallus Lepidoma. 114.
Thallus uniform; apothecia not sunk in Lecidea. 115.
F. Apothecia jlattish , plaited , bordered ; thallus shield -
like, free underneath. Gyrophorideae.
Thallus leatherlike;
apoth. meandering plaited Gyrophora. 116.
G. Apothecia Jlattish , di/form, not bordered ; thallus
crustaceous, flat, adnate. Spilomideae.
Apothecia round, black, solid Arthonia. 117.
Apothecia coloured, powdery Spiloma. 118.
‘ H. Apothecia cupshaped , bordered ; thallus crustaceous , or
very thin. Calicidese.
Apothecia nearly sessile Acolium. 119.
Apothecia stipitate, border prominent Phacotium. 120.
Apothecia stipitate, centre swollen ;
border 0 Strongylium. 121.
Pl.cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 91.Stereoc. 411
A. B^eomycide^e. Apothecia nearly round, not bor-
dered, placed upon a solid podetium.
I. 91. STEREOCAULOM. Schreber. Stereocaulon .
Thallus cartilaginous, rather woody? branched, shrub-
like, bark unequal; apothecia topshape, sessile, solid, flat
at top, bordered, becomes hemispherically convex ; proli -
gerous flake thick, covering the apothecium at top, flat,
girt nearly equally with a border formed of the thallus,
then dilated, convex, covering the border, turning over,
coloured ; inside similar, slightly streaked.
1 . Siereocaulon paschale. Easter stereocaulon .
Thallus greyish green, branched, granulated, fibrilled ;
branches crowded, much divided, short; apothecia scattered,
terminal, becoming convex, conglomerated, blackish
7 O 7 o 7
brown.
Lichenoides non tubulosum cinereum rarnosnm totum crustaceum, Rail
Syn. 66, 1 1 .
Lichen paschalis, Lin. S. F. 1621 ; Engl Rot. 282.
Baeomyces paschalis, Wahlenb . Lapp. 450.
Corallinoides paschale, Hoffrn. Lich. 25.
Stereocaulon paschale, Acliar. Meth. 315 ; Lich. 581.
On dry hills and rocks on mica or lava.
2. Stereocaulon nanum. Dwarf stereocaulon.
Thallus white, greyish, very slender, thread, branched ;
branches nearly even-topped, floeky, powdery ; apothecia la-
teral, crowded, convex, black brown.
Lichen qnisquiliaris. Leers FI. Herborn. 993.
Lichen nanus, Achar. Prod. 206.
Stereocaulon quisquilare, Hoffm.Germ. 150.
Stereocaulon nanum, Achar. Meth. 515 ; Lichen. 582.
On the ground, in rocky countries.
Tufts a quarter of an inch high.
II. 92. ISIDIUM. Acharius. Isis-lichen.
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; po-
detia solid, fertile, rather short; apothecia round, convex,
growing nearly globular, solid, sessile on the top of the
podetia; proligerous flake included in the tip of the podetia,
girt with a border formed of them, convex above, flat be-
neath, coloured, afterwards prominent, bordered, hemi-
spherical ; inside similar.
412 92. Isidium. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl. cell. apli.
1. Isidium corallinum. Coral isis-lichen.
Crust tartarlike, afterwards cracked rather chequerlike,
white, rather greyish; podetia become longish, cylindrical,
simple or branched ; flake of the apothecia brownish grey.
Lichen coraliinus, Lin. Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 1541.
Stereocaulon inadreporiforme, Hoffm. Germ. 129.
Stereocauion corallinum, Sckracl. Germ.
Isidiutn corallinum, Achar. Meth. 153; Lichen. 575.
On rocks and stones.
2. Isidium Westringii. Westring's isis-Uche$L .
Crust tartarlike, chequered, cracked, unequal, greyish ;
podetia nearly globular, afterwards long, cylindrical, simple
or branched; flake of the apothecia brown.
Lichen punctatus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 3, 15.
Lichen Westringii, Achar. Prodr. 88.
Isidium Westringii, Achar. Meth. 138; Lich. 577.
On rocks and stones.
3. Isidium coccodes . Lady-hird isis-lichen.
Crust cracked, rather powdery, hoary ; podetia nearly
globular, nippleshape, very crowded ; flake of the apothecia
brown, greyish hoary.
Lichen coccodes, Achar. Prod. 10.
Lepra obscura, Ehrh. Crypt.
Isidium coccodes, Achar . Meth. 139 ; Lich. 578.
On the old bark of trees.
III. 93. BiEOMYCES. Ehrhart. Mushroom-lichen .
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate; podetia soft,
solid, fertile;- apothecia headed, not bordered, solid, sessile
on the top of the podetia; proligerous flake covering the
entire apothecium, adnate to it, convex, turned back, rather
thick, coloured ; inside similar.
1 . Beeomyces roseus . Rose mushroom-lichen .
Crust uniform, warty, hoary; podetia very short; apothecia
nearly globular, pale flesh-colour.
Lichenoides fungiforme, crusta leprosa Candida capitulis et pediculis
incarnatis, Dilten in Raii Syn. 70,40.
Lichen ericetorum, Lin. S. P. 1608 ; Engl. Bot. 572.
Bseomyces roseus, Achar. Lich. Univ. 512.
On dry clays.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENQTHALAMEiE, 93. Bseomyc. 413
2. Bceomyces rnfus. Red mushroom-lichen.
Crust uniform, wrinkled, granular, powdery, white,
greyish, greenish; podeiia short, slightly compressed ; apo-
thecia slightly convex, growing conglomerate, reddish
brown.
Lichenoides fungiforme terreslre, capitulis fuscis, Dillen in Raii Syn.
70, 39.
Lichen byssoides, Lin. Mant , 135.
Lichen peltifer, Wulf. in Jacq, Coll. 3.
Lichen fungiform is*, Weber. FI. Germ. 198.
Lichen rufus, Huds. Fl.Angl. 527.
Baeomyces ropes* ris, Pers. in lister Ann. 7, 19; AcJiar. Lich. 573.
# Baeomyces rufus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 449.
On gravelly soils, and in the chinks of rocks.
3. Baeomyces lignorum. JVoocl mushroom-lichen .
Crust dark grey ; podetia white, broadest at top ; apothecia
nearly simple, sessile on the crust or on podetia, not uni-
form, brown black.
Baeomyces rupeslris jS, AcJiar, Lich. 573 ; Meth, 522.
B. Cenomycide^e. Apothecia nearly round, not bor-
dered, either terminating hollow podetia, or the branches
of the tubular thallus itself,^
IV. 94. CERANIA. Acharius. Morn-lichen .
Thallus scarcely any, crustaceous ; podetia soft, nearly
solid, slightly branched, branches barren, axillse not per-
forated ; apothecia round, not bordered, growing convex
and like a head, underneath hollow, attached by the edge
to the podetia, terminal; proligerous flake forming the
upper part of the apothecia, rather thick, coloured, inside
similar, convex turned over the edge and affixed, clothed
beneath by the flocklike skin of the thallus.
Cerania vermicularis. Wormlike horn-lichen .
Podetia awlshaped, seldom branched, small, very white,
slightly pipey, bent, lying down.
Lichenoides tubulatus, nivei fere candoris, ramcsus, apicibus recurvis?
acutis. Dill. Muse. 91.
Lichen vermicularis, Swart, in Lin. Meth. Muse. 37 ; Dicks. Crypt. 2.
Lichen subuliformis, Ehrh. 3, 82.
Cladonia subuliformis, Hoffm. Lich. 29.
Baeomyces vermicularis, Achar. Meth. 359.
Cenomyce vermicularis, Achar. Lich. 566.
On the ground, among mosses and grasses, mostly of
alpine hills.
414 95. Cladonia. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PI. cell.aph.
V. 95. CLADONIA. Schreber. Cladonia .
Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetia cartilaginous, stiff,
pipey, all pointed and awlshape, branched axillae mostly
perforated; apothecia round, not bordered, growing con-
vex and headlike, underneath hollow, terminal, fixed by
the edge to the podetia; proligerous flake forming the upper
part of the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, inside simi-
lar, convex, turned over the edge and fastened, covered
beneath the flocklike skin of the thallus.
1. Cladonia racemosa. Bunched cladonia .
Podetia long, smooth, growing scaly, greenish white, at
length inflated, curved, branched; branches weak, rather
one-rowed ; tips diverging, slightly spinous ; fertile branches
with pale brown apothecia.
Lichenoides tubulosum ramosum rigidus, majus et crassus, cinereo-
fuscum, Raii Syn. 67, 16.
Muscus coralloides saxatilis, Park. 1310, 1311.
Lichen spinosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 556.
Cladonia racemosa, Hoffm. Germ. 114.
Cladonia spinosa, Hoffm. Germ. 114.
Cladonia spinescens, Hoffm. Germ. 115.
Baeomyces spinosus, Acliar. Meth. 568.
Baeomyces racemosus, Wahl. Lapp. 457.
Cenomyce furcata, Acliar. Licli. 562.
On the ground, and the trunks of rotten trees.
Thallus variously formed, so as to be scarcely recog-
nisable.
2. Cladonia furcata. Forked cladonia.
Podetia long, smooth, livid inclining to bay, two-forked,
axillae not perforated ; branches needlelike, bent; tips forked,
diverging; fertile branches with brown apothecia.
Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, ramosus et crustaceum, Raii Syn. 67,
18.
Lichen furcatus, Huds. FI. Angl. 556.
Coralloides furcata, Rory. Voy. 3.
Cladonia furcata, Hoffm. Germ. 115.
Basomyces furcatus, Achar. Meth. 357.
Cenomyce furcata, Achar. Lich. 560.
On the ground, in woody heaths.
3. Cladonia subulata. Aivlshape cladonia
Podetia long, slender, seldom branched; branches rather
erect; fertile branches headed with brown apothecia.
Pl.cell, aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEfE. 95. Cladon. 415
Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, minus crustaceum minusque ramosum,
Raii Syn. 67, 17.
Muscus cornicula(us, Ger.em. 1560; Park. 1308.
Lichen subulatus, Lin. S. P. 1620.
Baeomyces subulatus, Acliar. Meth. 357.
Cenomyee ecmocyna subulata, Achar. Lich. 550.
On the ground, on heaths.
4. Cladonia uncialis. Inch cladonia .
Podetia long, bald, pale, two-forked, axillse perforated,
open ; tips of the branches spreading, short, stiff1; apothecia
terminal, brownish.
Lichenoides tubulosum, cauliculis mollioiibus et crassioribus, minus,,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 67, 21.
Lichen uncialis, Lin. S. P. 1621 ; Light/. Scot. 880.
Cladonia uncialis, Hoffm. Germ. 117.
Baeomyces uncialis, Achar. Method. 352.
Cenomyee uncialis, Achar. Lich. 558.
On the ground in fields and hills.
0. adunca. Podetia pale or hoary, two-forked, branched;
axillae perforated; tips of the branches radiately spined,
spines hooked; apothecia headlike, pale brown.
Cladonia uncinata, Hoffm. Germ. 1 16.
Cladonia biuncialis, Hoffm. Germ. 116.
Cladonia ceranoides, Hoffm. Germ. 116.
Cenomyee adunca, Achar. Lich. Univ. 559.
5. Cladonia rangiferina. Rein-deer cladonia.
Podetia long, cylindrical, upright, roughish, greyish,
branched; axillae frequently perforated, branches scattered,
slightly twigged ; twigs nearly radiate, tips nodding; apo-
thecia nearly globular, aggregated, brown.
Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum fruticuli specie candicans, Raii
Syn. 66, 14.
Coralloides montanum, fruticuli specie ubique candicans. Dill. Muse.
107.
Lichen rangiferinus, Lin. S. P. 1620; Engl. Rot. 173.
Cladonia rangiferina, Hoffm. Germ. 114.
Baeomyces rangiferinus, Achar. Meth. 355.
Cenomyee rangiferina, Achar. Lich. 564.
On the ground on high hills.
6. Cladonia pun gens. Stinging cladonia.
Podetia grey, two-forked branched, rather stiff, forming
a cushionlike tuft; axillce imperforated ; tips of the twigs
armed, diverging, brownish.
Lichen pungens, Achar. Prod L 202.
Cladonia rangiformis, Hoffm. Germ. 114.
Baeomyces rangiferinus pungens, Wahl. Lapp. 458.
Baeomyces pungens, Achar. Meth. 35 4.
Cenomyee furcata pungens, Achar. Lich. 562.
416 95. Cladon. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE, PI.cell.aph.
On the ground on high hills.
Podeiia rather bald, slightly warty, sometimes scaly.
VI. 96. HELOPODIUM. Michaux. Helopodium .
Thallus leaflike; podetia rather pipey, cylindrical, simple;
tips split, or radiated, nearly fingerlike, all the rays fertile;
apothecia round, not bordered, grows convex, headlike,
beneath hollow, fixed by the edge to the podetia, terminal;
proligerous flake forming the upper part of the apothecium,
rather thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, edge turned
over and affixed, clothed beneath with flocklike skin of
the thallus.
1 . Helopodium delicatum. Delicate helopodium .
Thallus leaflike; lobes minute, gnawed, jagged, granu-
lar ; podetia bald, granular, pale, divided at the tip ;
branches very short ; apothecia conglomerate, brownish
black.
Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm. Lick. 39.
Lichen delicatus, Ehrh. Crypt. 25, 247.
Baeomyees quercinus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 19.
Bffiomyces delicatus, A char. Meth. 327.
Cenomyce delicata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 569.
On the bark and rotten trunks of trees; also on the
ground.
2. Helopodium leptophyUum . Scale-leaf helopodium.
Thallus leaflike; lobes very small, roundish, not cut and
crenate intermixed ; podetia scarcely branched, rather bald,
pale greenish ; apothecium terminal, usually single, reddish.
Cenomyee leptophylla, Achar. Lichen. XJniv. 563.
On the ground.
VII. 97. SCHASMARIA. Acharius. Schasmar.
Thallus leaflike; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cupshaped,
cups open; apothecia round, not bordered, grow convex,
lieadlike, inflated or hollow beneath, fixed by the edge to
the podetia, terminal ; proligerous flake forming the top of
the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, inside similar, con-
vex turned over the edge and affixed ; clothed beneath with
the flocklike skin of the thallus.
Schasmaria sparassa . Sprinkled schasmar .
Thallus leaflike, small, lobed, crenate; podetia long, ra-
ther bellied, granulated, warty, scaly, cupbearing, cups
PI, cell* aph. 4- CENOTHALAMEiE. 97. Schasm. 41?
rather saucershaped, irregular, open, toothed ; prolific
teeth radiated ; apothecia on the podetia ; pale brown.
Lichenoides tubulosum fcinereum, valde crustaceum, ramulis breviorL
bus, et crebrioribus ex acetabulis enascentibus, Dilten in Raii Syn . 68,20.
Lichen caespitosus, Lamarck Encycl.
Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Angl. 554.
Lichen squamulosus, Schrader Rr. Sami.
Cladonia squamosa, Hoffm. Germ. 125.
Cladonia coronata, Hoffm. Germ. 125.
Baeomyces squamosus, Wahl. Lapp. 456.
Baeomyces sparassus «, /3, y, Achar. Meth. 346.
Cenomyce gonoregae blastica, Achar. Licit. 552.
Cenomyce allotropa sparassa, Achar. Lich. 556.
On' the trunks of rotten trees.
Podetia rather bald, pale, made rough by numerous gra~
nules and leafy scales; in summer very different, greyish
almost black, with cups at the beginning scarcely cut, and
very small.
VIIL 98. SCYPHOPHORA. Acharius. Cap-moss,
Thallus leaflike ; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cup-bear-
ing, or slender, awlshape; cups closed with a midriff; apo-
thecia round, bordered, growing convex, headlike, hollow
underneath; fixed by the edge to the podetia; proligerous
flake forming the upper surface of the apothecium, rather
thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, turned over the
edge and affixed, clothed underneath with the flocklike in-
tegument of the thallus.
a. Apothecia hrown or pale .
1. Scyphophora ccespiticia. Tuft cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, small; jaggs pinnatifid, torn, crisp ; po-
detia very small, smooth, slightly bordered, toplike, cup-
shape, regular ; apothecia growing convex, conglomerate,
nearly sessile in the lobes of the thallus.
Lichen symphycarpus, Ehrh. Crypt. 267.
Lichen epiphyllus, Achar. Prodr. 185.
Baeomyces epiphyllus, Achar. Meth. 525.
Baeomyces epiphyllus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,255.
Cladonia fusca, Hoffm. Germ. 127.
Capitularia caespiticia, Florke in Weber , 2,277.
Cenomyce epiphylla, Achar. Lichen. Univ, 527.
On the ground and rotten trees, also among mosses, and
upon rocks.
2 E
VOL. I.
418 98. Scyphoph. 4.CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.celLaph.
2. Scyphophora alcicornis. Elk-horn cup-moss ,
Thallus leaflike, large, pale, greenish; jags slightly pal-
mate, ascending, repand, toothed, blunt, bent inwards, with
bundles of hairs on the edge ; podeiia long, toplike, all cup*-
bearing, smooth; cups regular, crenate; edge becoming
leafy, and proliferous; apothecia brown.
Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et pyxidulis exiguis, Dillen in Rau
Syn. 70, 38.
Lichen foliaceus, Huds. Ft. Angl. ed. 1, 457.
Lichen pyxidatus foliaceus, Huds. Angl. ed. 2,552.
Lichen alcicornis, Lightf. Scot. 372.
Cladonia foliacea, Hoffm. Germ. 123.
Cladonia phyllophora, Hoffm. Germ. 123.
Cladonia cornucopioides, Hoffm. Germ. 123.
Capitularia alcicornis, Florke in Weber , 2, 336.
Baeomyces alcicornis, Achar. Meth. 349.
Cenoinyce damsecornis, Achar. Lich . Univ. 530.
Cenomyce alcicornis, Achar. Lich. Univ. 529.
On the ground on heaths and mountainous places.
3. Scyphophora endivictfolia. Endive-leaf cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, large, sea-greenish ; jags many-eut, bent,
crenate, crisp ; podetia toplike, cupshape, seldom branched ;
apothecia reddish.
Lichen endivifolius, Dickson Crypt. Br. 3, 17.
Baeomyces endivifolius, Achar. Meth. 351.
Cenomyces endivifolia, Achar. Lich. 528.
On the ground, on barren heaths.
4. Scyphophora cervicornis. Stags-horn cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, greyish green; jags upright, many-cut,
narrow, slightly toothed, repand ; podetia cylindrical, short,
bald, livid, afterwards black, all cupbearing; cups small,
regular, dilated, not in the least cut, flattish ; proliferous
from the centre; apothecia marginal, sessile, brownish black,
Lichen cervicornis, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 22, 342.
Baeomyces cervicornis, Achar. Method. 336.
Cenomyce cervicornis, Achar. Lich. 531.
Upon the ground, on rocks and among mosses.
Cups sometimes simple, sometimes proliferous from the
centre of the midriff; podetia when old leafy.
5. Scyphophora verticillata . Whirl cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike; jags rather upright, crisp, crenately
cut; podetia cylindrical, rather bald, livid greenish, all
cup-bearing; cups regular, toothed, flattish, then rising
up from the centre, and becoming repeatedly and aggre-
gatedly proliferous ; apothecia marginal, brown.
Pl.cell.aph. 4.CEN0THALAMEiE. 98.Scyphoph» 419
Lichen pyxidatus, Ehrh. Sami. Kr.
Capitularia verticillata, Florke in Weber. 2, 285.
Cladonia cristata, Hoffm. Germ. 124.
Cladonia pyxidata, Hoffm. Germ. 122.
Cladonia dilatata, Hoffm. Germ. 126.
Pyxidaria nigrescens, Bory Voyag. 3.
Pyxidaria diploca, Bory Voyag. 3.
Scyphophorus verticillaris, Michaux FI. Amer . Supp.
Baeomyces verticillatus, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Baeomyces pyxidatus apolictus, Achar. Meth. 338.
Baeomyces turbinatus verticillatus, Achar. Meth. 340.
Cenomyce allotropa verticillata, Achar. Lich. 555.
Upon the ground in rocky , woody, and sunny places.
6. Scyphophora pyxidata. Box cup-moss .
Thallus leaflike ; jags crenate, ascending ; podetia all top-
like cupbearing, bald, afterwards granular, warty, rough,
greenish grey ; cup regular ; edge frequently spread and
proliferous ; apothecia brown.
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum. Rail Syn , 68,28.
Muscus pyxidatus, Ger.em. 1560; Park. 1308.
Lichen pyxidatus, Lin. S. P. 1619.
Capitularia neglecta, Florke in Weber , 2, 506.
Baeomyces neglectus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 454.
Baeomyces pyxidatus, Achar. Meth. 357.
Cenomyce pyxidata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 534.
Cup-moss. Chalice-moss .
On the ground in heaths, and on rocks.
Podetia various, sometimes pale or lead-grey, when old
the edge of the cups becomes powdery. — Emetic in in-
fusion, used as a specific in hooping cough.
7. Scyphophora fimbriata. Fringed cup-moss*
Thallus leaflike; jags small, crenate; podetia long, cylin-
drical, cupbearing, some awlshape, dusty, white ; cups
wineglass-shape, regular ; edge sometimes not cut, some-
times crenate, at last proliferous; apothecia brown.
Coralloides scyphiforme gracile, marginibus serratis, Dillen Muse. 84.
Lichen fimbriatus, Lin. S. P. 1619.
Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis, Dillen in Raii
Syn. 69, 30.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes fimbriata, Florke in Weber , 2, 290.
Cladonia fimbriata, Hoffm. Germ. 122.
Baeomyces iimbriatus, Achar. Meth. 341.
Baeomyces pyxidatus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 455.
Cenomyce pyxidata fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 535.
Upon rotten trees, and the ground on rocks and moun-
tains.
2 e 2
420 98, Scyplioph. 4.CENOTHALAMEJE. Pl.cell.aph.
j3. radiata. Podetia long, powdery, white, cupbearing ;
cups radiated on the edge, rays awlshape, mostly fertile ;
apothecia brown.
Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, pulverulentum et crustaceum, ramulis
ex acetabulis enascentibus minus copiosis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 68, 25.
Lichen radiatus, Schreb. Germ.
Lichen ventricosus, Hudson FI. Angl. 554.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes radiata, Plorke in We bery 2, 300,
Cladonia radiata polyceras, Hoffm. Germ. 120.
Cladonia radiata furcellato-radiata, Hoffm. Germ. 120.
Baeomyces radiatus, Achar. Lich. Univ. 542.
Cenomyce radiata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 547.
y. ahortiva. Podetia long, powdery, white ; tips blunt,
or slightly cupbearing; cups slightly crenate, barren or
fertile ; apothecia small, nearly sessile, brown.
Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum non ramosum, Raii Syn. 68,27.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes abortiva, Fl&rke in Weber , 2, 294.
Cladonia cornuta, Hoffm. Germ. 119.
Baeomyces cornutus proboscidaps, Achar. Meth. 344.
Cenomyce cornhta proboscidalis, Achar. Lich. 546.
Cenomyce radiata koloschista, Achar. Lich. 547.
'S.jibularia. Podetia long, nearly cylindrical, powdery,
white; cups narrow or 0; apothecia sessile, heaped, or
slightly pedicelled, brown.
Lichen Fibula, Achar. Prod. 194.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes Fibula, Florke in Weber , 2,295.
Cladonia macilenta, Fibula, Hoffm. Germ. 127.
Baeomyces turbinatus, Fibula, Achar. Meth. 340.
Baeomyces bacillaris apolepta, Achar. Meth. 350.
Cenomyce bacillaris apolepta, Achar. Lich. 542.
Cenomyce allotropa, Fibula, Achar. Lich. 554.
g. prolifera. Podetia powdery, white, cupbearing ; cups
proliferous on the edge.
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis fusconigris, proliferurn,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 69,34.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes prolifera, Florke in Weber , 302.
Cladonia pyxidata prolifera, Hoffm. Germ. 122.
Cenomyce allotropa lomagona, Achar. Lich . Un. 555.
%. nemoxyna . Podetia long, branched, powdery, white,
branches divided, awlshape, barren or fertile; apothecia
terminal, solitary or conglomerated, brown.
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis fusconigris, Dillen Muse.
81.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes cladocarpa, Florke in Weber , 293,
Baeomyces radiatus nemoxynus, Achar. Meth . 342.
Cenomyce radiata nemoxyna, Achar. Lich. 548.
Cenomyce radiata contortuplicata, Achar . Lich. 548.
rj. cornuta. Podetia long, awlshape, simple or branched,
powdery, white, sometimes barren.
PI. cell. aph. 4. CENOTH ALAMEiE. 98. Scyphoph. 421
Coralloides vix ramosum, scyphis obscuris, Dillen Muse. 90.
Coralloides scyphifonne coruutum, Dillen Muse. 92.
Lichen cornutus, Lin. S. P. 1620.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes cornuta, Florke in Weber, 29$.
Cladonia cornuta, Hoffm. Germ. 1 19.
Bseomyces cornutus, Achar. Meth. 345.
Cenomyce cornuta chordalis, Achar. Lich. 545.
8. Scyphophora conista. Cone cup-moss,
Podetia nearly topshape, powdery, greenish grey ; cups
wineglass-shape, simple5 edge rarely cut; apothecia mar-
ginal, nearly sessile, small, brown.
Capitularia pyxidata, Florke in Weber , 2S7.
On the ground, and rotten trunks of trees.
|3. exilis. holes of the thallus small, crenate, cut or
somewhat seedlike; podetia short, greyish green; cups cre-
nate or not cut; apothecia very few, nearly sessile, brown.
Coralloides scyphis humilibus intus fuscis, Dillen Muse. 14, 11.
Lichen exiguus, Huds. FI. Angl. 552.
Capitularia pyxidata exilis, Florke in Weber , 239.
Cladonia pyxidata exilis, Hoffm. Germ. 121.
Bceomyces pyxidatus exilis, Achar. Meth. 358.
Cenomyce pyxidata exilis, Achar. Lich. 555.
9. Scyphophora ecmocyna. hong-stemmed cup-moss „
Thallus leaflike, jags small, crenate; podetia long, awl-
shape, barren, cupbearing, smooth, livid, brownish; cups
glass- shape, edge fine- toothed, frequently proliferous; apo-
thecia brown.
Cenomyce ecmocyna, Achar. Lich. Un. 549.
On the ground, and rotten trunks of trees.
fi. gracilis . Podetia longish, threadshape, very simple,
few, cupbearing; cups narrow^ edge small-toothed; apo-
thecia small, sometimes both sessile and podicilled.
Lichenoides pyxidatum cinereum elatics, ramulis pyxidatum desiaenti*
bus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 69, 32.
Lichen gracilis, Lin. S. P. 1619.
Capitularia gracilis chordalis, Florke in Weber , 2, 524.
Cladonia gracilis, IToffm. Germ. 119.
Baeomyces gracilis, Achar. Meth. 344.
Cenomyce cornuta chordalis, Achar. Lich. 545.
Cenomyce ecmocyna gracilis, Achar. Lich. 550.
10. Scyphophora oxyceras. Sharp-homed cup-moss .
Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetia long, cylindrical,
-curved, lying down, cupbearing ; prolification branched,
awlshape, bald, pale, milky, tips brownish black; cups nar-
row, oblique, edge toothed, radiated and proliferous; apo-
thecia small, brown.
422 98. Scyphoph. 4.CEN0THALAMEiE. PLgelhaph ,
Capitularia amaurocrma, Florae in Weber , 2, 334.
Baeomyces amaurocraeus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 455.
Cenomyce uncialis bolacina, Achar. Lick. 559.
Cenomyce oxycera, Achar . ZicA. 557.
On the ground, on mountains,
j3. cladonioides . Podetia upright, slender, straw-whitish,
slightly forked, branched, bald, unarmed and spinous 5
fwps narrow, edge black, radiated and proliferous.
Capitularia amaurocraea cladonioides, Florke in Weber} 335.
Baeomyces gracilis cladonioides, Achar. Meth. 545.
b. Apothecia scarlet , or dark red .
1 1 . Scyp/iophora lacillaris . cup-moss ,
Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply lobed, crenate, rather
naked below ; podetia cylindrical, simple or slightly
branched at the tip, greyish white, granular powdery, very
rarely cupbearing; cups narrow, becoming radiated; apo-
thecia scarlet.
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum exiguum, fuscovirens, Raii 5y«.70,3T»
Lichen macilentus, Ehrh. Crypt. 27, 267.
Lichen tubiformis, Lightf. Scot. 871.
Lichen filiformis, Huds. FI. Angl. 552; Engl. Rot. 2028.
Capitularia macilenta, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 214,
Baeomyces macilentus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 452.
Baeomyces bacillaris, Achar. Meth. 529.
Cenomyce bacillare, Achar. Licli. 542.
12. Scyphophora digitata. Fingered cup-moss,
Thallus leaflike, small ; jags expanded, rounded, cre-
nate, greenish yellow, powdery; podetia cylindrical, cup-
bearing, same colour as the thallus, also powdery ; cups
narrow, edge rather bent in, proliferous, growing large,
with difform prolifications; apothecia scarlet.
Capitularia digitata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 216,
Cladonia digitata, Iloffm. Germ. 124.
Baeomyces digitatus, Achar. Meth. 333.
Cenomyce deformis digitata, Achar. Licli. 539.
On the trunks of trees, and rotten wood.
(3. mcmtrosa . Podetia with branched, fingered, sometimes
barren prolifications of the irregular and extremely sipall
cups.
Lichenoides coraliiforme, apicibus coccineis, Raii Syn. 68, g4.
Lichen digitatus, Lin. S. P . 1620.
Scarlet-headed moss.
13. Scyphophora deformis. Deformed cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, small ; jags rather broad, deeply ere-
nate, naked underneath ; podetia longish thick, rather beU
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. 98. Scyphoph. 423
lied, sulphur-coloured, dusty, cupbearing; cups narrow,
crenately toothed, afterwards dilated and torn ; apothecia
sessile and podicilled, scarlet.
Lichenoides tnbulosum minus ramosum, cauliculis crassioribus difformi-
bus, Raii Syn. 68, 22.
Lichenoides tubulosum magis ramosum, maxime difforme, Dillen in Rail
Syn. 68, 23.
Lichen deformis, Lin. S. P. 1620.
Capitularia crenulata, FlorJce in Berl. Mag. 1808, 219.
Cladonia deformis, Hoffm. Germ. 120,
Baeomyces deformis, Achar. Meth. 334.
Cenomyce deformis, Achar. Lich. 538.
Upon the ground in mountain woods.
14. Scyphophora coccifera. Ladybird cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, small ; jags rounded, crenate, naked be-
neath ; podetia long, topshape, naked, warty, rough, pale
yellowish and greyish, all cupbearing ; cups glass-shape ;
edge pushed out, fertile ; apotliecia rather large, growing
podicilled, scarlet.
Lichenoides tubulosum ^yxidatum, tuberculis amcene coccineis, Raii
Syn. 69, 35.
Lichen cocciferus, Lin. S. P. 1618.
Capitularia extensa, Florlce in Berl. Mag. 1808,222.
Cladonia coccinea, Hoffm. Germ. 123.
Cladonia extensa, Hoffm. Germ. 123.
Baeomyces cocciferus, Achar. Meth. 331.
Cenomyce coccifera, Achar. Lich. 537.
On the ground on mountains, and sunny, woody hills.
15. Scyphophora asotea. Leafless cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, small, jags rounded, crenate, naked be-
neath ; podetia reverse-conical, cupshape, naked, afterwards
warty, rough, grey or greenish yellow ; cups regular, glass-
shape, proliferous in heaps from the centre of the midriff;
apothecia of the edges small, sessile, grow slightly podi-
cilled, large, scarlet.
Capitularia asotea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 225.
Baeomyces coccifera asotea, Achar. Meth. 332.
Baeomyces coccifera polycephala, Achar. Meth. 332.
Cenomyce coccifera asotea, Achar. Lich. 537.
On the ground, with the preceding.
cornucopioides. Podetia short, cupshape; cups dilated,
from the midriff, edge crisp, leaflike ; apothecia slightly po-
dicilled, scarlet, crowned, growing proliferous.
Lichenoides pyxidatum, marginibus eleganter foliatis, Dillen in Rail
Syn. 69, 33.
Lichen cornucopioides, Lih. S. P. 1619.
Baeomyces cornucopioides, Achar. Meth. 533.
Cenomyce coccifera cornucopioides, Achar. Lich, 538.
424 98.Scyphoph. 4.CEN0THALAMEiE. PLcelLapK
16. Scyphophora pleurota. Swollenside cup-moss,
Thallas leaflike, small ; jags deeply crenate, naked be-
neath; podetia reverse conical, cupsbape, powdery, white,
pale greenish ; cups enlarged, grow swollen, slightly ribbed ;
edge scarcely cut, afterwards sinuated and radiated ; apo *
thecia slightly podicilled, scarlet.
Capitularia pleurota, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808,218.
Cladonia incana, Hoffm. Germ. 121.
Baeomyces pleurotus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 452.
Baeomyces pyxidatus macroscypb us, Achar. Meth. 33 8.
On sunny ground, and rotten wood.
17. Scyphophora hellidiflora. Daisy-flower cup-moss ,
Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked be^
low; podetia long, cylindrical, stiff, bald, leaflike-scaly, pale,
all cupbearing; cups narrow, edge fertile and proliferous;
apothecia very crowded, conglomerate, scarlet.
Lichen bellidiflorus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 22, 218.
Capitularia bellidiflora, Florke Berl. Mag. 1808,224.
Baeomyces bellidiflorus, Achar. Meth. 335.
Cenomyce coccocephala bellidiflora, Achar. Lich. 540.
On the ground in hilly and mountainous places.
IX. 99. PYCNOTHELIA. Acharius. Pycnothelia.
Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform ; podetia hollow ; apo «r
thecia round, not bordered, convex, headlike, hollow be-
neath, fixed by the edge, terminal ; proligerous flake form-
ing the upper part of the apothecium, rather thick, co-
loured, inside similar, convex, turned over the edge and
fastened, clothed beneath with the flocklike integument of
the thallus.
Pycnothelia papillaria. Papillary pycnothelia ,
Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform, granulated, grey ; po-
detia bellied, bald, white, simple and branched; branches
short, confluent, nearly equal-topped ; apothecia small, red^*
dish brown.
Lichen papillaria, Ehrh. 2, 105.
Cladonia papillaris, Hoffm. Germ. 117.
Cladonia molariformis, Hoffm. Germ. 1 17.
Baeomyces papillaris, Achar. Meth. 324.
Baeomyces papillaris molariformis, Achar. Meth. 325.
Cenomyce papillaria, Achar. Lich, 571.
Cenomyce papillaria molariformis, Achar. Lich. 571.
On the ground upon muddy and dry ground.
PL cell* aph, 4.CENOTHALAMEJE. 10Q. Evernia. 425
C. Evernidejs. Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched;
apothecia shieldshape, bordered, lateral.
X. 100. EVERNIA. Acharius. Evernia.
Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched, jagged, angular
or compressed, flat; rather upright or pendulous, inside
towlike ; apothecia saucershape, sessile, raised up around ;
proligerous flake forming the centre, thin, concave, coloured,
inside similar, bent in, with a thalloid border exceeding it.
Evernia prunastri. Plum-tree evernia.
Thallus palish white ; jags two-forked, many-cut, ascend-
ing almost upright, linear, narrow, flat, wrinkled, hollow;
underneath very white, slightly grooved ; apothecia reddish
in the centre.
Lichenoides arboreum ramosum majus et mollius, colore candicante,
Raii Syn. 75, 80.
Lichen arboruin, Ger. em. 1377 , fig. only.
Lichen prunastri, Lin. S. P. 1614 ; Engl. Bot. 859.
Lichen stictaceros, Engl. Bot. 1355.
Lichen corniculatus, Relh. Cantab.
Lobaria prunastri, Hoffm. Germ. 140.
Parmelia prunastri, Achar. Meth. 257.
Evernia prunastri, Achar. Lick. 442.
On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings.
Cephalodia black, sometimes occur in the tips of the jags,
and scattered ; soredia white, also found in very old plants.
D. Peltide^. Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or
leaflike; apothecia shieldlike, bordered.
XI. 101. ROCCELLA. Imperati. Pock-moss.
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, branched, jagged, cy-
lindrical or flat, erect or pendulous, inside towlike; apo-
thecia saucershape, thick, innate in the thallus; proligerous
N flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, cartila-
ginous; inside transparent, similar, girt with a thalloid
border, at last prominent, sessile, and even with the centre,
covering a black, compact, powdery rather lentilshape
mass hidden within the substance of the thallus.
1. Roccella tinctoria. Dyeing rock-moss.
Thallus cylindrical, sea-greenish, rather upright, branch-
ed; apothecia. scattered, raised; centre flat, greyish, hoary,
even with the thalloid border.
426 101. Roccel. 4. CENOTHALAME/E. Pl.cell.aph.
Coralloides corniculatum faseiculare tinctorium fuci teretis facie, Dil-
len Muse. 120.
Lichen Roccella, Lin. S.-P. 1622; Engl. Bot. 211.
Parmelia Roccella, Achar. Meth . 274.
Roccella tinctoria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 439.
On rocks by the sea-side.
Thallus used in dyeing, when moistened with urine or
volatile alkali, to dye a beautiful but perishable purple, and
to give a fine bloom to other colours.
2. Roccella phycopsis . Tanglike rock-moss .
Thallus cylindrical, compressed, rather angular, grey
greenish, very much branched ; branches and twigs nearly
even-topped ; apothecia scattered, centre hoary, flat, at last
■naked, black; thalloid border slightly irregular, very small.
Lichen fucoides, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 2, 22.
Roccella phycopsis, Achar. Lich. 440.
On rocks by the sea-side.
3. Roccella fuciformis. Wracklike rockmoss .
Thallus flat, grey, greenish, two-forked, jagged; jags
narrow ; apothecia marginal.
Lichenoides fucifonne tinctorium, corniculis longioribus et acutioribus,
Dillen Muse. 1 68.
Lichen fuciformis, Lin. S. P. 1614 ; Engl. Bot. 728,
Parmelia fuciformis, Achar. Meth. 258.
Rocpella fuciformis, Achcar. Lich. 440.
On rocks by the sea.
XII. 102. NEPHROMA. Acharius. Kidney^moss,
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, membranaceous, expanded,
lobed; underneath free, naked or slightly villous; apothecia
resupinate, formed above from the lobes of the thallus,
produced, ascendin g; proligerous flake kidneyshape, adnate
to the thallus on its under surface, coloured, flat; inside
eellularly streaked ; thalloid edge bent inwards, outwardly
close to the apothecia, inwardly more remote, rather raised.
1. Nephroma resupinalum. Down-lying kidney-moss.
Thallus chestnut colour, livid, rather pale, downy, gra-
nular; fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia red.
Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis in aversa foliorum superficie locatis,
Jlaii Syn. 77, 91.
Lichen resupinatns, Lin. S. N. 1615.
Peltigera tomentosa, Hoffm. Germ. 103,
Peltidea resupinata, Achar. Meth. 289.
Nephroma resupinata, Achar. Lich. 522.
On the ground among roots of trees and on hills*
2
Pl.cell.aph. 4.CEN0THALAME.ZE. 102. Nephrom. 427
2. Nephroma par He* Equal kidney-moss.
Thallus livid, brown; beneath naked, rather wrinkled,
blackish; fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia
brownish.
Lichen parilis, Achar. Prod. 164.
Peltidea parilis, Achar . Meth. 289.
Nephroma parilis, Achar. Lich. Univ. 522.
Upon mosses, on hills.
XIII. 103. PELTIDEA. Acharius. Shield-moss.
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, expanded, nearly adnate,
lobed; underneath woolly, veiny ; apothecia formed under-
neath from the ascending, lengthened, proper lobes of the
thallus; proliferous flake round, adnate throughout, rather
oblique to the thallus; the inward segment slightly ele-
vated, coloured, flat, inside cellular, streaked ; thalloid lor •*>
der thin, elevated, close all round.
1. Peltidea venosa. Veiny shield-moss.
Thallus gray, green, underneath veined ; veins branched,
running about, grey brown ; lobes rounded, very slightly
cut; apothecia marginal, flat, round, tumid, dark brown,
rather crenate.
Lichen venosus, Lin. S. V. 1615 ; Engl. Eot. 887.
Peltigera venosa, Hoffm. Germ. 107.
Peltidea venosa, Achar . Meth . 282 ; Lich. 514.
On the ground, on the edges of paths and ditches.
2. Peltidea scutata. Buckler shield-moss.
Thallus greyish, underneath whiter, veinless ; lobes
rounded; sinuately cut, crenate, crisp; fertile lobes very
short; apothecia round, ascending, rather flattish, brown,
scarcely cut.
Lichen scutatus, Dickson Crypt. Hot. 3,18.
Peltidea scutata, Achar. Meth. 285 ; Lich. 515.
On the mossy trunks of trees.
3. Peltidea horizontalis. Horizontal shield-moss.
Thallus sea-green, brown, and greenish, bald ; under-
neath very white, networked with black veins ; fertile lobes
very short; apothecia terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely
oblong, bay-colour, not in the least cut.
Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus, Dillen Muse. 205.
Lichen horizontalis, Lin. Mant. 1, 132 ; Engl Bot. 888.
Peltigera horizontalis, Hoff. Germ. 107.
Peltidea horizontalis, Achar. Meth, 288 j Lich. 515.
Among mosses on stones in mountain woods.
428 4. Peltidea. 103. CENOTHALAMEdS. Pl.eell.aph .
4. Peltidea aphthosa. Thrush shield-moss .
Thallus livid greenish, smooth ; underneath networked
with black veins ; cephalodia wartshape, scattered ; fertile
lobes rather long, narrow in the middle, edge turned over ;
apothecia terminal, large, ascending, red; thalloid border
turned in, rather torn.
Lichenoides digitatum laete virens ; verrucis nigris notatum, Dillen
Muse. 207.
Lichen verrucosus, Weber FI. Germ. 275.
Lichen aphthosus, Lin. S. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 1119.
Peltigera aphthosa, Hoffrn. Germ. 107.
Peltidea aphthosa, Achar. Meth. 287 ; Lichen. 516.
On the ground and mosses in thick woods.
5. Peltidea canina . Mad-dog shield-moss .
Thallus grey, greenish, rather downy; underneath net-
worked with grey-brown veins; fertile lobes rather long,
edge turned over ; apothecia terminal, rather upright, rolled
outwards, reddish; thalloid border thin, slightly crenulated.
Lichenoides peltatutn terrestre cinereum majus, foliis divisis, Rail Syn.
76, 87.
Lichen caninus, Lin. S. P. 1616.
Peltigera canina, Hoffrn. Germ. 106.
Peltidea spuria, Achar. Meth. 283.
Peltidea canina, Achar. Lich. 517.
Ashcolour ground-liverwort.
On the ground in woody mountainous places.
Recommended by Dr. Mead as a specific for the bite of
a mad dog, mixed with an equal weight of pepper.
6. Peltidea crispa . Crisp shield-moss.
Thallus many-leaved, grey, brown, reddish, rather
downy; lobes deeply sinuately-jagged ; jags narrow, edge
raised, crisp ; fertile lobes very rare, short ; apothecia hood-
ed, rolled over.
Lichenoides peltatum terrestre rufescens, Rati Syn. 76,88.
Lichen rufescens, Necker. Meth. 79.
Peltigera rufescens, Hoffrn. Germ. 107.
Peltidea rufescens, Achar. Meth. 285.
Peltidea canina crispa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 519,
On the ground among and on stones.
7. Peltidea polydactyla. Many-fingered shield-moss .
Thallus sea-greenish, naked, bald ; underneath net-
worked with brown veins ; fertile lobes very numerous,
long ; apothecia terminal, dark brown ; edge hooded, rolled
over.
Pl.cell.aph. 4.CENOTIIALAME/E. 103. Peltidea. 429
Lichenoides cinereum polydactylon, Dillen Muse. 207.
Lichen caninus y, Huds. FI. Angl. 547.
Lichen polydactylus, Neck. Meth. 85.
Peltigera polydactyla, Hoffm. Germ. 106,
Peltidea polydactyla, Achar. Meth . 286 ; Licit. 519.
On the ground, in woods and coppices.
8. Pcltidea pellucida. Transparent sliield-moss .
Thallus membranaceous, nearly transparent ; fertile
loles long, ascending, doubled.
Lichenoides membranaceum pellucidum, peltis digitatis geminatis, Dil-
len Muse. 208.
Lichen caninus 5, Huds. FI. Angl. 547.
Lichen caninus pellucidus, Web. FI. Germ. 270.
Peltidea polydactyla pellucida, Achar. Meth. 287 ; Licit. 520.
On the ground, in woods.
XIV. 104. SOLORINA. Acharius. Buckler-moss .
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, expanded, lobed ; under-
neath free, veined or fibrillous; apothecia adnate, round,
covered with a coloured thin membrane; inside solid, with
vesicular cells ; thalloid border 0.
1. Solorina crocea. Saffron buckler-moss .
Thallus lobed, cinnamon coloured, underneath yellow,
veined ; apothecia swollen, chestnut-colour.
Lichenoides subtus croceum, peltis appressis, Dillen Muse. 211.
Lichen croceus, Lin. S. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 493.
Peltidea crocea, Achar. Meth. 290.
Solorina crocea, Achar. Lich. 149.
On the ground, on rocks and dry, naked, alpine places.
2. Solorina saccata. Bagged buckler-moss „
Thallus lobed, grey, greenish ; underneath whiter,
fibrilled ; apothecia at last pitted, rather brownish.
Lichenoides lichen facie, peltis acetabulis immersis, Dillen Muse. 221.
Lichen sacchatus, Lin. S. P. 1616 ; Engl. Bot. 288.
Peltidea sacchata, Achar. Meth. 291.
Solorina saccata, Achar. Lich. 149.
On shady rocks, and on mosses at the roots of trees.
XV. 105. STICTA. Schreber. DoUmoss .
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, cartilaginous, expanded,
lobed ; underneath free, villous, interspersed with cyphells,
soredise, and spots; apothecia bucklershape, lower part
formed of the thallus, affixed and pressed to it by a central
point; preligerous flake forming the centre, coloured, flat,
internally cellularly streaked ; thalloid border exceeding.
430 105. Sticta. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell, aph,
1. Sticta crocata. Saffron dot-moss.
Thallus pale red brownish, slightly hollowed, large, un-
derneath downy; sorediae minute, lemon yellow; jags torn,
lobed; edges powdery, yellow; apothecia scattered, centre
brown black ; thalloid border not in the least cut.
Lichen croeatus, Lin . Mant. 310 ; Engl. Bot. 2110.
Pulmonaria aurigera, Bory Voy. 3.
Sticta crocata, Achar. Meth. 277 ; Licit. 447.
On rocks, and the trunks of trees.
I'
2. Sticta anrata. Gilt dot-moss.
Thallus green shining, very broad, underneath downy ;
sorediae very small, yellow; jags rounded, sinuated, cut;
edges waved, crisp, bent in, yellow, powdery.
Lichenoides lacunosum rutilum, marginibus flavis, Dillen Muse. 549.
Platisma crocatum, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 52.
Sticta aurata, Achar. Meth . 277 ; Lich. 448.
On trees ?
3. Sticta pulmonacea. Lung dot-moss .
Thallus fallow, olive, netlike hollowed ; underneath vil-
lous ; papulae naked pale ; jags sinuated, lobed, bluntly
truncated ; apothecia nearly marginal ; centre flattish, red ;
thalloid border slightly wrinkled.
Lichenoides peltatum arborenm maximum, Raii Syn. 76, 86.
Muscus pulmonarius, sive Lichen arbormn, Park. 1311, desc.
Lichen sive hepatica vulgaris. Park. 1315, fig.
Hepatica terrestris, Ger.ein. 1566.
Lichen pulmonarius, Lin. S. P. 1612; Engl. Bot. 572.
Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoff. Germ. 146.
Parmelia pulmonacea, Achar. Meth . Lich. 220.
Sticta pulmonacea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 449.
Lung-wort.
On the trunks of trees, especially on oaks.
Thallus astringent, used in infusion to cure wounds and
ulcers, and esteemed a specific in spitting of blood and
consumption ; as a native plant it was despised by the re-
gular faculty, and the cetraria Islandica, as long as it was
esteemed a foreigner, usurped its place; but that being
now found to be a native, has fallen into the like disrepute.
4. Sticta scrobiculata. Pitted dot-moss.
Thallus nearly orbicular, lead grey, very broad, smooth,
pitted, underneath ash-colour, woolly, with white naked
spots; jags rounded, lobed, irregular, and very slightly
cut; apothecia scattered, centre rather flat, reddish ; thalloid
border slightly crenate.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 105.Sticta. 431
Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cinereum et sinuatum, inferne scab rum,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 75, 77.
Lichen plumbens, Roth Rot. Mag. 2.
Lichen verrucosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 545.
Lichen scrobiculatus, Scop. Cam. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 497.
Lobaria verrucosa, Hoffm. Germ. 146.
Parmelia scrobiculata, Achar. Meth. 219.
Sticta scrobiculata, Achar. Lick. 453.
On the ground amongst mosses, on rocks and the trunks
of trees.
5. Sticta herbacea. Herbaceous sticta .
Thallus nearly round, slightly membranaceous, smooth,
herbaceous, underneath paler, brown, woolly; spots few,
naked ; jags sinuated, cut, rounded, spreading, slightly cre-
nate ; apothecia scattered, centre slightly concave, red ;
thalloid border wrinkled, crenulate.
Lichenoides arboreum cinerea virens tenue et laeve ubique, scutellis
minoribtis, Raii Syn. 73, 64.
Lichen herbaceus, Huds. FI. Angl. 544.
Lobaria herbacea, Hoffm. Germ. 147.
Parmelia herbacea, Achar. Meth. 218 ; Lich. 459.
On trunks of trees, also among mosses, and on rocks.
6. Sticta limbata. Bordered dot-moss.
Thallus round, sea-green, brownish ; lobes round ; soredice
nearly marginal, grey ; underneath villous ; cyphels hollow,
whitish ; apothecia with a rust-colour centre.
Lichen limbalus, Engl. Bot. 1 104.
Sticta limbata, Achar. Meth. 280; Lich. 45 3.
On mossy rocks and the roots of trees.
7. Sticta fuliginosa. Sooty dot-moss.
Thallus round, sea-green, lurid, rough with brown gra-
nules ; underneath greyish, villous ; cyphels plano-concave,
whitish ; jags round-lobed, very slightly cut ; apothecia
scattered ; centre rust-coloured and black ; thalloid border
elevated, not in the least cut.
Lichen ambavillarius, Bory Voy. 3, 100.
Lichen fuliginosus, Hicks. Crypt. Brit. 1, 13'; Engl. Bot. 1103.
Sticta ambavillaria, Achar. Lich. 455.
Sticta fuliginosa, Achar. Meth. 281 ; Lich. 454.
On the stems of trees and shrubs.
8> Sticta syluatica. IVood dot-moss.
Thallus large, light brown, rather naked, slightly pitted ;
underneath brown, villous; cyphels hollowed, white, palish
white; jags deeply cut; lobes turned back, crenate; apo-
thecia marginal, centre brown.
4*32 105* Sticta. 4. CENOTHALAMlEAE, Pl.cell.aph .
Lichenoides polyschides villosum el scabruin, peltis parvis, Dill. Muse.
199.
Lichen sylvaticns, Engl. Hot. 2298.
Peltigera sylvatica, Hoffm. Germ. 109.
Sticta sylvatica, Achcir . Meth. 231 ; Lich. 454.
On the roots of trees in forests, or among mosses.
XVI. 106. CETRARIA. Acharius. Cetraria.
Thattus cartilaginous, membranaceous, ascending or ex-
panding, lobed, cut ; on both sides naked, and smooth ;
apothecia shieldlike, obliquely adnate to the edge of the
thallus; lower segment free, upper sessile; proligerous flake
forming the centre, coloured, plano-concave, inside similar
or cellularly streaked ; thalloid border exceeding.
1. Cetraria juniper ina. Juniper cetraria .
Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow ; jags flat,
ascending, torn crenate, crisp; apothecia elevated, centre
bay colour; thalloid border crenulate.
Lichen juniperinus, Lin. S. P. 1614.
Lobaria j uni peri na, lloffm. Germ. 145. '
Cetraria juniperina, Achar. Meth. 298 ; Lich, 506.
On the stems and branches of shrubs, especially of ju-
niper.
2. Cetraria pinastri. Pinaster cetraria.
Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow ; jags de-
pressed, round lobed, crenate : edges crisp, powdery, very
yellow.
Lichen pinastri, Scopoli Cam. 1387.
Lobaria pinastri, Hoffm . Germ. 146.
Cetraria juniperina pinastri, Achar. Meth. 298 ; Lich. 506.
On the trunks of pines, near the ground.
3. Cetraria scepincola. Hedge cetraria .
Thallus chestnut-colour, underneath livid ; jags flat,
ascending, lobed, wavev, slightly crenate; apothecia ele-
vated, similarly coloured; thalloid border wrinkled, crenu-
late*
Lichen Saepincola, Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 206.
Lobaria saepincola, Hoffm. Germ. 1 45.
Cetraria saepincola, Achar. Meth. 297 ; Lich. 507.
On the stem and branches of shrubs in hedges.
4
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 106. Cetraria. 433
4. Cetraria glaaca. Sea-green cetraria „
Thallus sea-green, rather shining, underneath brownish
black, sinuately lobed ; jags deeply cut, torn, complicated,
ascending; apothecia elevated, bright bay ; thalloid border
wrinkled.
Lichenoides endiviae foliis cnspis splendenlibus, subtus nigricantibus,
Dillen Muse. 192.
Lichen glaucus, Lin. S. P. 1615.
Lobaria glaucas Hoffm. Germ. 149.
Cetraria glauca, Achar. Mein. 296; Lich. 509.
On the trunks of trees, and rocks..
/3. fallax. Thallus White on both sides, underneath fre-
quently spotted with black.
Lichen glaucus, Wulf. inJaeq. Colt. 4.
Lichen fallax, Weber FI. Germ. 244.
Lobaria fallax, Hoffm. Germ. 149.
Cetraria fallax, Achar. Meth. 296.
Cetraria glauca fallax, Achar. Lick. 509.
5. Cetraria nivalis. Snow cetraria .
Thallus white, yellowish at bottom, net-worked in holes ;
jags rather upright, flattish, deeply and many-cut, torn,
crisp, crenately toothed ; apothecia. pale flesh-colour ; thal -
loid border crenulated.
Lichenoides lacunosum candidum glabrum, endivite crispse facie, Dillen
Mum. 162?
Lichen nivalis, Lin. S. P. 1612.
Lobaria nivalis, Hoffm. Germ. 145.
Cetraria nivalis, Achar. Meth. 294; Licit. 510.
On dry, gravelly, barren soils, especially if alpanei
6. Cetraria Islandica. Iceland cetmria.
Thallus olive-chestnut colour, whitish blood-colour at
bottom, underneath whiter; jags rather upright, nearly
linear, many-cut, grooved, toothed, fringed ; fertile jags
dilated ; apothecia pressed close, flat, similarly coloured *
thalloid border elevated, not in the least cut.
Lichenoides rigid um, eryngii foliis referens, Raii Syn. 77, 90.
Lichen Islandicus, Lin. S. P. 1611 ; Engl. Bot. 1530.
Physcia Islandica, Michaux FI. Bav. Amer. 2, 326.
Lobaria Islandica, Hoffm. Germ. 143.
Cetraria Islandica, Achar. Meth. 293 ; Lich. 512.
Iceland moss.
On the ground in dry soils, and mountain woods.
Thallus bitter, but when soaked in water to get rid of
this bitterness, it yields a nutritive farina, forming a jelly
on being boiled in water, recommended in phthisis ; forms
the principal vegetable food of the Icelanders,
tol. i. 2 F
434 107. Borrera. 4. CENOTHALAMEJE. Pl.cell.aph.
XVII. 107. BORRERA. Acharius. Borrer.
Tkallus cartilaginous, jaggod-branched ; jags free, un-
derneath mostly grooved, edge fringed; apolkecia shield-
like, thick, formed underneath from the thallus, podicilled :
proligerous flake, forming the centre, coloured, inside simi-
lar or vesicled ; ikalloid border elevated, bent inwards, ex-
ceeding.
1. Borrera ciliaris. Fringe borrer.
Thallus greenish brown ; jags linear, branched, nar-
rowed, tips fringed ; underneath whitish, grooved ; apo -
thecia nearly terminal ; centre hollow, then flat, black
brown and grey; thalloid border crenated and fimbriated.
Lichenoides arboreum folioswn einereum, sculellis nigris, foliorum ex-
tern i tat i bus hispidis et pilosis. Rail Syn. 73,67.
Lichen ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 101 1 ; Engl. Bat. 1352.
Lobaria ciliaris, Hoffm. Germ. 144.
Parmelia ciliaris, Achar. Meth. 255.
Borrera ciliaris, Achar. Licit. 490.
On the trunks of trees, and on rocks.
2. Borrera tenella . Tender borrer.
Thallus greyish white; both sides naked, similarly co-
loured, rather starlike, jags pinnately cut ; tips ascending,
dilated, arched, fringed; apothecia scattered, centre flat,
blackish grey ; ihalloid border not in the least cut.
Lichen hispidus, Schreb. FI. Germ. 126.
Lichen tenellus, Scop. Cam. 1406; Engl. Bot. 1351.
Lobaria hispida, Hoffm. Germ. 151.
Parmelia tenella, Achar. Meth. 250.
Borrera tenella, Achar. Lich. 493.
On the trunks and branches of trees, and on palings.
3. Borrera leucomela. Pied borrer .
Thallus palish ; jags upright, linear, many-cufc, narrowed,
fringed; underneath very white, rather powdery, slightly
grooved; centre of the apothecia flat, black grey; thalloid
border fringed.
Lichen comosus, Bory Voy.
Lichen leucomelas, Lin. S. P. 1613.
Physcia leucotnelos, Mickaux Amer. 526.
Parmelia leucomela, Achar. Meth. 256.
Borrera leucomela, Achar. Licit. 499.
On the trunks of trees.
PI. cell. aph. 4. CENOTH ALAMEiE. 107-Borrera. 4 3B
4. Borrer a furfur acea. Branny boner.
Thallus grey, floury ; jags linear, narrow, branched, un-
derneath grooved, naked, wrinkled, violet, blackish ; apo -
thecia nearly marginal, cupshape, centre red ; ihalloid bor-
der thin, slightly bent in.
Lichenoides cornutum amarura, superne cinereum, inferne nigrum,,
Dillen Muse. 157.
Lichen furfuraceus, Lin. S. P. 1612.
Lobaria furfnracea, Hoffm. Germ. 143.
Parmelia furfuracea, Acliar. Meth. 254.
Borrera furfuracea, Achar. Lich. 500.
On rocks, and the trunks of trees.
5. Borrera Atlantica. , sltlantic borrer
Thallus pale reddish, downy; jags divaricated, twisted
linear, narrow ; underneath grooved ; apothecia scattered^
centre brownish black; thalloid border thin* not in the
least cut.
Lichen iutricatus, 1 Jesfont. FI. Atlant. 2,420.
Parmelia Atlantica, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 50.
Borrera Atlantica, Achar . Lich. 502.
On the bark of trees,
6. Borrera chrysophlhalma. Gold-eye borrer *
Thallus yellow, yelklike; both sides naked, alike co-
loured ; jags linear, flattish, pinnately branched ; tips fibril-
lous; apothecia nearly terminal, centre orange; ihalloid
border fibrilled, fringed.
Lichen chrysophthalmus, Engl. Bot. 1083.
Platisma armatum, Hoffm. Lich. 2,43.
Parmelia chrysophlhalma, Achar. Meth. 267 .
Borrera chrysophthalma, Achar. Lich. 502.
On the trunks and branches of trees.
7. Borrera lata. Pleasant borrer w.
Thallus very yellow, jags thin, vaguely branched, com-
plicated, fibrilled, cirrous ; apothecia scattered, centre flat*
red ; thalloid border not cut, naked.
Lichenoides quod Muscus aureus tenuissimus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 65,8
Lichen vulpinus, Lin. S. P. 1623.
Physcia flavicans, De Candolle Voy. Bot. 25.
Borrera flavicans laeta, Achar. Syn. Lich. 225.
On the trunks of trees.
XVIII. 108. PHYSCIA. Achard. Physcia.
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, slightly membranaceous.^
flat, expanded, pressed close, round starlike lobed or
many-jagged;' underneath fibrillous, jags slightly inflated
2 f 2
436 108. Physcia. 4. CENOTHALAMEAE. PI. cell, aph .
at the tip; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous,
formed underneath from the th.all.us, free, affixed to the
same by the centre; proligerous flake forming the centre,
hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely above;
inside similar, streaked, with a few cellules; thalloid border
bent inwards.
1. Physcia physodes. l¥r a cklike physcia.
Thallus slightly stellate, sea-greenish white; jags tiled-
like, sinuate, many-cut, slightly convex, bald ; tips inflated,
ascending; underneath blackish brown, naked ; apothecia
red, edge not cut.
Lichenoides ceratophyllon obtusius et minus ramosnm, Rmi Syn, 76,85.
Lichen physod-es, Lin. S, P. 1610; Engl. Boi. 126.
Lobaria physodes, Hoffm. Germ. 150.
Parmelia physodes, A char. Meth. 250; Lich. 492.
On palings, trunks of trees, and rocks.
2. Physcia diatry pa. Pierced physcia.
Thallus slightly stellate, greenish white; jags sinuated,
many-cut, flattish, smooth, perforated and with soredise ;
tips inflated ; underneath wrinkled, folded, black ; inter-
stices white ; apothecia pale red ; edge not cut.
Lichen pertusus, Schrad. FI. Germ. 96.
Lichen diatnypus, Achar. Prod. 1 1 6 ; Engl.Bot. 1248.
Lobaria, terebrata, Hoffm. Germ. 151.
Parmelia diatrypa, Achar. Meth. 251 ; Lich. 493.
On the bark of trees.
XIX. 109. PARMELIA. Acharius. Border-moss.
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, slightly membranaceous,
flat, spread out, pressed out, round and stellately lobed or
many-cut, jagged; underneath fibrillous; jags all equal at
their tips; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous,
formed underneath from the thallus, free, connected only
by a central point; proligerous fluke forming the centre,
hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely at top ;
inside similar, streaked, with a few cellules ; thalloid border
bent inwards.
1 . Parmelia glomulifera. Ballbearing border-moss.
Thallus cartilaginous, stiff, round, livid, smooth, inter-
spersed with blackish green pulvinuli ; underneath ocliry
wfiite, downy ; lobes sinuately jagged,; jags angular and
bordered ; apothecia reddish chestnut, border wrinkled.
PI. cell. aph. 4. CENOT II AL AMEiE. 109. Parmelia. 437
Lichenoides subglaucuin eumatile, foliis tenacibus, eleganter laciniatis,
Lillen Muse. 197.
Lichen laciniatus, Hudson FI. AngL 544.
Lichen mutabilis, Ehrh. Crypt. 5, 50.
Lichen glomuliferus, Light f. Scot. 853.
Lobaria glomulifera, Hoffm. Germ. 148.
Parmelia glomulifera, Achdr. Meth. 218; Licit. 45C.
On the roots and trunks of trees.
2. Parmelia caper at a. Caper border-moss.
Phallus round, pale yellow, greenish, wrinkled, growing
granulated; underneath black, hispid; lobes folded, sinu-
ated, jagged, rounded, slightly cut; apothecia scattered,
rather brown; border bent, not cut, at length powdery.
Lichenoides crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo virescente, in feme nigra
et lsevi, Raii Syn. 73, 62.
Lichen caperatus, Lin. S. P. i614 ; Engl. Bot. 654.
Lobaria caperata, Hoffm. Germ. 148.
Parmelia caperata, Achar. Meth. 216 ; Licit. 457.
On rocks and the trunks of trees.
3. Parmelia Borreri. BorrePs border-moss.
Phallus round, grey, interspersed with grey-bordered
sorediee ; underneath brownish, spongy, fibrilled ; lobes
concreted, folded ; outer lobes rounded, deeply crenate ;
apothecia red ; border swollen, bent inwards.
Lichen Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1780.
Parmelia Borreri, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 148 ; Achar. Lich. Univ. 461.
On the bark of trees.
4. Parmelia perlata. Pearl border-moss.
Phallus round, greenish white, naked; underneath black-
ish brown, rather naked or villous; lobes rounded, cut, flat,
edge slightly folded, not cut; apothecia red; border thin,
not in the least cut.
Liehemaides glaucum perlatum, sublus nigrum et cirrosum, Lilian Muse.
147.
Lichen perlatus, Huds. FI. AngL 543.
Parmelia perlata, Achar. Meth. 216; Lich. 458.
On the trunks of trees, and rocks.
5. Parmelia perforata. Perforated border-moss .
Phallus round, rather sea-green, naked ; underneath
black, fibrilled; lobes rounded, cut, flat; edge folded, cre-
nate, fringed ; apothecia red, growing perforated ; border
not in the least cut.
■438 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTPIALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.
Lichen melanoleucus, Willd. Bot. Mag. 4, 9.
Lichen perforatus, Jacq. Cell. 1, 116.
Platisma perforatum, Hoffm. Lich. 13, 1.
Parmelia perforata, Achar. Meth. 217 ; Lich. 459.
On the trunks of trees.
6. Parmelia tiliacea. Lime-tree border-moss .
Tkallus round, membranaceous, greyish sea-green, rather
lioary; underneath blackish brown; fibrils black; lobes
sinuated, jagged ; outer lobes rounded, crenate ; apothecia
brownish ; border not cut.
Lichen quercifolius, Waif, in Jacq. Coll . 3, 127.
Lichen quercinus, Willd. FI. Berol. 7,15.
Lichen tiliaceus, Hoffm. Lich. 96; Engl. Bot. 700.
Lobaria tiliacea, Hoffm. Germ. 149.
Parmelia tiliacea, Achar. Meth. 215 ; Lich. 460.
On the bark of trees.
7. Parmelia corrugata. Wrinkled border-moss .
Thallus round, membranaceous, very thin, wrinkled,
«ea-greenish ; underneath black, brown, fibrilled; lobes
cut, rounded, loose, folded, winding, not cut; apothecia
winding, red; border crenulate.
Lobaria Acetabulum, Hoffm. Germ. 147.
Lichen Acetabulum, Neck. Delic. et Meth.
Lichen corrugatus, Smith in Lin. Tr. 1,83.
Parmelia corrugata, Achar. Meth. 215; Lich. 462.
On the bark of old trees.
S. Parmelia olivacea . Olive border-?noss .
'Thallus round, olive umber, wrinkled, raised, dotted;
underneath paler, brownish, rough, slightly fibrilled ; lobes
radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated, rounded, crenate;
apothecia flattish, nearly the same colour as the thallus;
harder crenulate.
Lichenoides crusta foliosa scuSellala, puilum, Raii Syn. 72, 60.
Lichen olivaceus, Lin. S. P. 1610.
Lobaria olivacea, Hoffm. Germ. 150.
Parmelia olivacea, Achar. Meth. 215; Lich. 462.
On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings.
9. Parmelia parietina . Wall border-moss .
Thallus round, very yellow: underneath paler, slightly
fibrilled; lobes radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated at the
tip, rounded, crenate, crisp; apothecia similar in colour;
border not in the least cut. t
PL cell, aph, 4. CENOTHALAMEiE, 109. Parmelia. 439
Lichenoides cnista foliosa scutellafa, flavescens, Raii Syn. 59.
Lichen parietinus, Lin. S. P. 1610,
Lobaria parietina, Hojfm. Germ. 15S.
Parmelia parietina, Achar. Meth. 213; Lick. 465.
On walls, trunks of wood and stones.
10. Parmelia el&ina . Olive-brown border-moss .
Thallus round, nearly membranaceous, contiguous, fold-
ed, radiated, olive-brown ; circumference lobed, lobes
deeply crenated, flat, nearly truncated ; apothecia dark um-
ber; border not in the least cut.
Lichen elceinus, Wahlenb. FI. Lapp. 425.
Lecanora ehsina, Achar. Licit. 429.
Parmelia elaeina, Wahlenb. in Achar. Meth. Suppl. 45.
On rocks.
1 1 . Parmelia pityrea . Pine border-moss .
Thallus round, grey, powdery; underneath white; fibrils
black; central jags folded, torn, crisp, edge powdery; out-
ward jags flat, rounded, crenate, hoary ; apothecia concave,
black brown, hoary; border not in the least cut.
Lichen laniiginosus, Hojfm. IJch. 32.
Lichen pifyreus, Achar. Prod, 124; Engl. But. 2064.
Lobaria pulveracea, Hojfm. Germ. 153.
Parmelia pityrea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 483.
On the bark of the trunks of trees.
12. Parmelia Clemen liana. Clement border-moss .
Thallus round, greyish white, granularly powdery; un-
derneath the same colour ; fibrils very small, blackish ; jags
of the circumference flat, deeply crenate, rather naked;
apothecia pressed close, flat, brown black; border not in
the least cut.
Parmelia Clementiana, Turner in Trans. Lin. Soc. 9, 146.
Lichen dementi, Engl. But.
On the bark of oak-trees.
13. Parmelia lanuginosa. Woolly border-moss .
Thallus round, white, slightly brimstone-yellow, pow-
dery ; underneath black, bluish, woolly ; lobes tiledlike,
flat, rounded, very finely crenated; apothecia red; border
powdery.
Lichen membranaceus, Dickson Crypt. 2,21.
Lichen laniiginosus, Achar. Prod. 120.
Parmelia lanuginosa, Achar. Meth. 207 ; Licit. 465.
On the ground, and mosses on moist shady hills.
440 109. Farmelia. 4. CEN QTH A L AMEiE. PL cell, aph.
14. Farmelia plumbea. Lead border-moss ,
Thallus round, livid, lead-colour; underneath bluish,
spongy, woolly ; jags of the circumference fiattish, folded,
radiant, rounded, deeply crenate; apothecia scattered,
growing convex, brown ; border nearly the same colour,
not cut.
Lichen plumbous. Light f. Scot. 826.
Parmelia plumbea, Achar. Meth. 212 ; Lich. 466.
On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks.
15. Farmelia rubiginosa. Rusty border-moss ,
Thallus round, livid, lead-colour; underneath woolly,
spongy, blackish blue; jags of the circumference deeply
lobed, fiattish; edges slightly elevated and crenulate; apo-
thecia flat, crowded, central, reddish brown ; border cre-
nate.
Lichen affinis, Dickson Crypt. 4,24 ; Engl. Hot. 983.
Lichen rubiginosus, Thunberg FI. Cap. 176.
Parmelia affinis, Achar. Meth. 212.
Parmelia rubiginosa, Achar. Meth. 212 ; Lich. 467.
On the bark of trees.
1,6. Parmelia omphalodes. Navel border-moss .
Thallus round, brassy, blackish brown, shining, dotted
with black; underneath black, fibrilled; jags sinuated,
inany-cut, linear, flat, slightly truncated, in the circumfe-
rence rounded, crenate; apothecia bay-colour; border
slightly crenate.
Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium, foil is pilosis purpureis, Dillen in Ran
Syn. 74, 70.
Lichen petraeus purpureas Derbiensb, Park. 1315.
Lichen omphalodes, Lin. S. P. 1609 ; Engl. Hot. 604.
Lobaria omphalodes, Hoffm. Germ. 145.
Parmelia omphalodes, Achar. Meth. 204; Lich. 469.
Cork . Arcell. Kenkerigy Wales.
On rocks and stones.
17. Parmelia saxatilis. Rock border-moss,
Thallus round, greyish, roughish, open in network ; un-
derneath black, fibrilled ; jags tiledlike, deeply lobed, flat,
rather blunt and dilated, rounded ; apothecia bay-colour;
border crenate.
Lichenoides crusta foliosa, superne cinereo-glauca, interne nigra et
cirrhosa, scutellis nigricantibus, Ran Syn. 72, 16.
Lichen saxatilis, Lin. S. P. 1609; Engl. Bot. 603.
Lobaria saxatilis, Hoffm. Germ. 145.
Parmelia saxatilis, Achar. Meth. 204; Lich. 469.
On stones and the bark of trees.
PL cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 109. Parmelia. 441
18. Parmelia Fahlunensis. Fafilun border-moss.
Thallus round, pitch black, smooth ; underneath black,
unequal, slightly fibrilled ; jags sinuated, many-cut, fin-
gered, diverging, flattish, slightly grooved ; edge raised,
torn, granulated ; apothecia brassy brown ; border granu-
lated.
Lichenoides tinctorrum atrum, foliis minimis crispis, Dillen Muse. 188..
Lichen Fahlunensis, Lin. S. P. 1610; Engl. Bot. 653.
Lobaria Fahlunensis, Hoffm. Germ. 154.
Parmelia Fahlunensis, Achar. Meth. 203 ; Licit. 470.
On rocks and stones.
19. Parmelia Slygia. Stygian border-moss -
Thallus stellate, chestnut, pitch-black, shining; under-
neath pitch-black, unequal, rather naked ; jags nearly
linear, many-cut, slightly palmate, convex; edge and tip
bent back ; apothecia same colour as the thallus, afterwards
black ; border crenate.
Lichen Stygius, Lin. S. P. 1610.
Lobaria Stygia, Hoffm. Germ. 154.
Parmelia Stygia, Achar. Meth. 203 ; Lich. 471.
On stones and hills.
20. Parmelia aquila. Eagle-broum border-moss*
Thallus round, chestnut brown; underneath paler, fibril-
led ; fibrils black ; jags many-parted, nearly linear, convex ;
of the circumference dilated, flattish, crenate; apothecia
brown black ; border crenate.
Lichen pullus, Light f. Scot. 825.
Lichen aqulhis, Achar. Prod. 109; Engl. Bot. 982.
Parmelia aquila, Achar. Meth. 201 ; Lich. 483.
Upon rocks near the sea-coast.
21. Parmelia encausta. Enamel bidder -moss.
Thallus stellate, pale grey ; underneath black, unequal,
rather naked; jags flattened, convex, rather cylindrical,
linear, many-cut, rather wrinkled, dotted with black; apo-
thecia chestnut-colour; border very slightly crenate.
Lichen multi punctus, Ehrh. Crypt. 31, 305.
Lichen encaustus. Smith in Lin. Tr. 183 ; Engl. Bot. 2049.
Lobaria pulla, Iloffm. Germ. 154.
Parmelia encausta, Achar. Meth . 202; Lich. 489.
On alpine rocks.
442 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAME/E. PI. cell. aphm
22. Parmelia recurva. Bent-lack border-moss.
Thallus stellate, pale, slightly greenish, bearing soredia;
underneath black, fibrilled, spongy; jags in the circum-
ference many-cut, very narrow, convex, nearly cylindrical;
a pothecia reddish brown ; border scarcely cut.
Lichen multifidus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 16.
Lichen incurvus, Per so on in Usler Ann. 7,24.
Parmelia recurva, Achar. Meth. 201 ; Lich. 490.
On stones and hills.
23. Parmelia sim/osa. Jagged border-moss.
Thallus stellate, pale grey, smooth; underneath black,
fibrilled ; jags linear, broader outwardly, sinuately pinna-
tifid, sinuses broad, circular; apothecia flattish, brown;
border thin, not cut.
Lichen sinuosus, Engl. Hot. 2050.
On walls, rocks, and trunks of trees.
24. Parmelia diffusa. Spread border-moss.
Thallus round, contiguous, wrinkled, folded, pale, grey-
ish, powdery; underneath the same colour, black, fibrilled;
jags in the circumference separate, flat, rounded, wavey,
deeply crenate; apothecia flat, brownish black; border at
length crenulate, powdery.
Lichen diffusus, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 7.
Lichen aleurites, Achar. Prod. 117; Engl. Bot. 858.
Lobaria diffusa, Hoffm. Germ. 156.
Parmelia aleurites, Achar. Meth. 20S ; Lick. 484.
On joists, planks, and palings.
25. Parmelia conspersa. Sprinkled border-moss.
Thallus round, pale, livid, smooth, dotted with black;
underneath brownish, fibrilled ; jags sinuated, lobed,
rounded, crenate, flattish ; apothecia central, chestnut; bor-
der very slightly cut.
Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scutellis badus, Dillen Muse. ISO.
Lichen centrifugus, Lin. S. P. 1609.
Licheri'eor'ispersus, Achar. Prod. 118.
Lobaria centrirngn, Hoffm. Germ. 154.
Parmelia conspersa, Achar. Meth. 205; Lich. 486.
On stones and rocks.
26. Parmelia speciosa. Handsome border-moss.
Thallus stellate, bald, white, rather greyish; underneath
milky, softish ; fibrils dark, marginal ; jags tilediike, flat,
cut, branched, crenate, divisions ascending, powdery; apo-
thecia central, brownish ; border bent in, swollen, at length
wrinkled, crenate.
Pl, cell . ccph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 109. Parmelia. 443
Lichen speeiosus, WulfinJacq. Coll. 3, 119.
Lobaria speciosa, Hoffm. Germ. 153.
Parmelia speciosa, Achar. Meth. 198; Lick. 480.
On the trunks of trees and rocks.
27. Parmelia Icevigata. Smooth border-moss.
Thallus stellate, smooth, greyish white ; underneath
black, fibrilled : jags many-cut, linear, broader outwardly
cut, divaricated, pointed, frequently having soredia in the
circumference; apothecia concave, chestnut; border not cut.
Lichen laevigatus, Engl. But. 1852.
On rocks.
28. Parmelia farrea. Floury border-moss .
Thallus round, greenish, grey, powdery; underneath
whitish, fibrils brown-black ; jags short, deeply crenate,
tiledlike, edges raised, granulated, powdery; apothecia
black, grey, and hoary: border bent in, swollen, slightly
hollowed.
Parmelia farrea, Achar. Licit. Univ. 475.
On the ground, on trees, and rocks.
29. Parmelia pulverulenta . Powdery border-moss.
Thallus stellate, greyish white, hoary; underneath black*
woolly, hispid ; jags linear, many-cut, separate in the cir-
cumference, flat, pressed close, wavey ; tips blunt ; apothecia
grey; border not in the least cut, bent.
Lichenoides arboreum et saxatile, crusta foliosa tenni, fusco-virenti
in segmenta latiora plerumqne divisa, Dillon in 11 ai Syn. 74, 74.
Lichenoides arboreum, crnsta foliosa informi, scu tell is subnigris, limbo
cinereo crispo cinetis, Dillen in JRaii Syn. 75, 75.
Lichen steilaris /3 et y, Huds. Fl.Angl. 534.
Lichen allochrons, Ehrh. Crypt. 39, 187.
Lichen pulverulentus, Schreber Germ. 1 123; Engl. Bot. 2063.
Lobaria pulverulenta, Hoffm. Germ. 152.
Parmelia pulverulenta, Achar. Meth. 210; Licit. 475.
On the bark of trees.
30. Parmelia ccesia. Grey border-moss.
Thallus starlike, greyish white or grey, bearing soredia;
underneath grey; fibrils black; jngs linear, many-cut,
deep, slightly convex, the last jags flat; apothecia slightly
concave, black ; border rather bent inwards.
Lichen pulchellus, WulfinJacq. Coll. 2.
Lichen caedus, Hoffm. Licit. 12, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1052.
Lichen Psora, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 17.
Lobaria cassia, Hoffm. Germ. 1 56.
Parmelia cassia, Achar. Meth. 197 ; Lich. 479.
On rocks, wood, mosses, and the trunks of trees.
414 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
31. Parmelia cycloselis. Circular border-moss .
Thallus round, livid grey; underneath black, fibrilled,
spongy ; jags grown together, tiledlike, rather flat, finger-
like, many-cut, crenately torn, slightly fringed; edges at
length raised up, crisp rather powdery ; apothecia scattered,
black, brown; border raised, not in the least cut.
Lichen subtilis, Persoon , according to Achar Syn. Licit. 217.
Lichen dentatus, *Persoon, according to Acharius 1. c.
Lichen orbicularis, Neckar Meth. 88.
Lichen cycloselis, Achar. Prod. 115 ; Engl. Bot. 1942.
Lobaria orbicularis, Hoffm. Germ. 15&.
Parmelia cycloselis, Achar. Meth. 199 ; Lich. 482.
On the trunks of trees.
E. Lecidea;. Thallus crustaceous, adnate ; apothecia
shieldlike, bordered.
XX. 110. PSO ROMA. Acharius. Psorome .
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, in-
determinately figured, scaly or tiledlike; apothecia saucer-
shape, thick, sessile, adnate; proligerous flake forming the
centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering the apothecium
above; inside cellular, streaked; border thickish, formed
of the thallus and similar in colour, nearly free.
1. Psoroma cervinum. Stags- horn psorome.
Crust in beds, figured, scaly, rather lobed, chestnut-
colour; apothecia immersed, flattish, brownish black; thal-
loid border at length prominent.
Lichen squamulosus, Achar. Prod. 230; Engl. Bot. 2011.
Lichen cervinus, Persoon.
Parmelia peliscy pha, (Vaklenb. in Achar. Meth. Sup pi. 41.
Parmelia squamulosa, Achar. Meth. 181.
Lecanora halophaea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 408.
Lecanora badia, Achar. Lich. Univ. 407.
On walls and rocks, especially limestone.
2. Psoroma crassum. Thick psorome.
Crust scalelike, greenish white and brown ; lobes tiled-
like, deeply crenate, waved, irregular ; apothecia flat, swol-
len, brownish red, afterwards blackish brown ; thalloid bor-
der thin, not cut, at last very small.
Lichen laqueatus, WulfinJacq. Coll. 3.
Lichen cartilagineus, Lightf. Scot. 815.
Lichen crassus, Hudson FI. Angl. 659.
Parmelia crassa, Achar. Meth. Lich. 185.
Lecanora crassa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 191.
On the ground on mountains.
PI. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME JS. 110. Psoroma. 445
3. Psoroma tribacium. Torn psorome .
Crust scalelike, silvery, greyish white ; lobes irregular,
differently shaped, torn crenate, tiledlike; underneath the
same colour, slightly fibrilled ; apothecia pressed close,
centre flat, pale circumference at length crenated and
lobed ; thalloid border raised, persistent.
Lecanora tribacia, Achar. Lich. Univ. 415.
On the trunks of trees and rocks.
4. Psoroma candetarium. Candle psorome.
Crust scalelike, yellow ; lobes very crowded, torn-jagged,
tiledlike; edges granulated, powdery ; apothecia flattish*
similar in colour ; thalloid border raised, not cut.
Lichenoides crustosmn orbiculis et scutellis flavis, Dillen Muse. 236 -
Engl. Bot. 1794.
Lichen candelarius, Lin. S. P. 1608.
Lichen concolor, Dickson Crypt . 3, 18.
Parmelia candelaria, Achar. Me.tli. 1S7.
Lecanora candelaria, Achar. Lich. 416.
On the trunks of trees, palings, rocks, and walls.
5. Psoroma polycarpum. Many-fruiled psorome.
Crust composed of conglomerated, granulated, lemon-
yellow lobes; apothecia crowded, bent; centre flat, dilated,
similarly coloured, afterwards pale -red ; thalloid border at
length crenulated.
Lichen polycarpus, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, 136.
Verrucaria fulva, Hoffm. Germ. 193.
Parmelia citrina, Achar, Meth. Lich- 179.
Lecanora caudelaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 416.
On old wood and the trunks of trees.
6. Psoroma hypnorum. Hypnum psorome.
Crust scalelike, brownish yellow, flame-colour ; lobes
small, roundish, dissimilar, edge granular, crenulate ; apo-
thecia slightly membranaceous ; centre concave, at length
flat, dilated, bay and black ; thalloid edge raised, bent in,
crenate.
Lychen hypnorum, FI. Dan. 956 ; Engl. Bot. 740.
Psora hypnorum, Hoffm. Germ. 166.
Parmelia lepidora, Achar. Metk. 185.
Leeauora lepidora, Achar. Lich. 418.
On the ground, and on rotten moss.
446 110. Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell, aph.
7. Psoroma muscorum. Moss psorome.
Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and
deeply torn jagged; apothecia thick; centre flat, obscurely
blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which after-
wards becomes very small.
Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21 ; Engl. Bet. 1684.
Lichen hypnorum, Achar. Prod. 93.
Parmelia hypnorum, Achar. Mcth. 185.
Lecanora hyphoruEi, Achur . Lich. 417.
Among and upon rather rotten mosses.
8. Psoroma Irunneiirn . Brown psorome .
Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey; apothecia
innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform; centre ra-
ther convex, brown red ; thalloid border raised, crenulate,
persistent.
Lichen pezizoide-, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10.
Lichen innhiflorus, Ehrh. Crypt. 156.
Lichen brunneus, Swartz Nov. Act. Upsal. 4,247 ; Engl. Bol. 1246.
Psora ncbulosa, Hoffm. Germ. 166.
Psora brunnea, Hoffm. Germ. 166.
Parmelia brunnea, Achur. Mcth. 186.
Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lich. 419.
On the ground, and upon rotten mosses.
XXL 111. PL ACOD1UM. Acharius. Placodhmu
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform,
the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly
lobed; apothecia saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile; pro -
ligerous flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured,
covering the apothecium above ; inside cellularly stri-
ated; border rather thick, formed of the thallus and the
same colour, nearly free.
1. Placodium epigeum . Ground placodium*
Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish ; circumference smooth,
lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather convex
in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut.
Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 15 ; Engl. Bot. 1778.
Lichen epigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7,25.
Parmelia epigea, Achar. Metli. 191 .
Lecanora epigea, Achar. Lich. 422.
On the ground among the mosses on rocks.
PL cell. aph. 4«. CENOTHALAME/E. 11]. Placed. 447
2. Placodium lentigerum. Lentil placodium.
Crust slightly tiledlike, white;- lobes rather concave,
bent, deeply crenate ; apothecia fiattish in the centre, red-
dish yellow; tkalloid border raised, tumid, bent in, slightly
crenate.
Lichen lenligerus, Web. Goett. 192; Engl . Bot. S71.
Psora lentigera, Iloffm. Germ. 164.
Parmelia lentigera, A char. Meth. 192.
Lecanora lentigera, Achar. Lich. 425.
On the ground and mosses on mountains.
3. Placodium saxicolurn. Rock placodium*
Crust slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale
greenish ; circumference rayed, lobed ; apothecia very
crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry;
thalloid border becomes bent, crenate.
Lichen ochroleucus, Wulf.in Jaeq. Coll. 2.
Lichen saxicola, Pollich Palat. 225 ; Engl. Bot. 1695.
Lichen muralis, Dicks. Crypt. 1,11.
Psora muralis, Iloffm. Germ. 157.
Parmelia saxicola, Achar. Meth. 157.
Lecanora saxicola, Achar. Lich. 451.
On stones, walls, and timber-buildings.
4. Placodium murorum. Wall placodium .
Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, }Telk of egg yellow;
surface powdery, lioayy ; circumference rayed, plaited ;
jags linear, convex, Cut; apothecia crowded, centre growing
convex, darker; thalloid border not cut, bent.
Lichen candelarius, Lin. S. P. 1608.
Lichen murorum, Iloffm. Lich. 63.
Lobaria saxicola, Iloffm. Genn. 158.
Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth. 198.
Lecanora murorum, Achar. Lich. 455.
On stones and walls.
5. Placodium fulgevs. Shining-yellow placodium.
Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish ; circumference
plaited, slightly lobed ; lobes bent, flat ; apothecia scattered,
centre very red, plano-convex; thalloid border at length
bent and crenate, very small.
Lichen fulgens, Swartz in Nov. Act. Ups. 4, 246,
Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart.
Psora citrina, Iloffm. Germ. 165.
Parmelia fulgens, Achar. Meth. 192.
Lecanora fulgens, Achar. Lich, 457.
On the ground on limestone rocks.
448 111. Placod. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PLcelLaplu
6. Placodium circinatum . Compass placodium.
Crust cracked in beds, greyish white ; circumference
rayed, plaited, linear, jagged ; apothecia very crowded, at
length angular; centre with innate beds, flat, brown-black;
thalloid edge nearly even.
Lichen radiosus, Hoffm. Lich. 4, 6.
Lichen circinatus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 25 ; Engl. Bot. 1941.
Lichen subimbricatus, Relhan Cant. 459.
Lobar ia radiosa, Hoffm. Germ. 157.
Parmelia circinata, Achar. Meth. 189.
Lecanora circinata, Achar. Lich. 425.
On limestone.
7. Placodium gelidum. Cold placodium .
Crust cracked, flesh -grey ; circumference rayed, jagged ;
central wart brown, radiately wrinkled ; apothecia depressed
in the centre, red ; thalloid border thick, raised, not cut.
Lichen gelidus, Lin. Mnnt. 133 ; Engl. Bot. 699.
Lichen Hecloe, FI. Dan. 470.
Parmelia gelida, Achar. Meth. 188.
Lecanora gelida, Achar. Lich. 428.
On rocks.
Thalloid wart in the centre very singular, it probably
should form a separate genus.
8. Placodium dispersum. Dispersed placodium.
Crust dispersed, granulated, unequal, nearly grey, some-
times very small ; apothecia scattered ; centre flattish, pale
brown-grey, and black; thalloid border raised, thin, cre-
nulated.
Lichen crenulatus, Dicks. Crypt. 5, 9 ; Engl. Bot. 930.
Lichen dispersus, Persoonin Ulst.Ann. 7,27.
Parmelia dispersa, Achar. Meth. 169.
Lecanora galactina dispersa, Achar. Lich. 424.
On walls, stones, and limestone rocks.
XXII. 112. RINODINA. Acharius. Rinodine.
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ;
apothecia saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile ; proligerous
Jlake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering
the apothecium above; inside cellular, streaked; thalloid
border rather thick, colour of the thallus, nearly free.
PI. cell, aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. 112. Rinod. 449
a. Apothecia naked , black.
1. Rinodina atra. Black rinodine.
Crust indeterminately formed, cracked, granular, warty,
greyish white ; apothecia flat in the centre, afterwards
slightly swollen, black ; thalloid border raised, free, at length
bent and crenulated.
Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus
etminoribus, Dillen Muse. 133.
Lichen tephromelas, Ehrh. Crypt .
Lichen ater, Hudson FI. Angl. 530 ; Engl. Bot. 949.
Parmelia atra, Achar. Meth. 154.
Lecanora atra, Achar. Lich. 344.
On stones, rocks, and the bark of trees.
Thallus sometimes whiter, sometimes greyer; apothecia
either very crowded, flat and then convex with the border
not cut ; or varying in size, with the border crenate and
bent.
2. Rinodina oculata. Eyed rinodine .
Crust bald, nippled, branchbearing, black ; apothecia
sessile, scattered, some slightly podicelled; centre rather
concave, black, their proper edge at length bent ; thalloid
border swollen.
Lichen dactylinus, Wahl. Lapp. 414.
Lichen oculatus, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. 2, 17.
Isidium oculatum, Achar. Meth. 140 ; Lich. 576.
Forming a crust on alpine mosses.
3. Rinodina coarctata. Contracted rinodine.
Crust diffuse, thin, cracked, slightly wrinkled, unequal,
greyish; apothecia black, centre sunk, then raised, flat;
thalloid border raised, bent in, irregular, contracted, pow-
dery.
Lichen coarctatus, Engl. Bot. 534.
Parmelia coarclata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 158.
Parmelia elacista, Achar. Meth. Lich. 159.
Lecanora coarctata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 352.
Oh stones and brick walls,
4. Rinodina periclea. Shielded rinodine .
Crust thin, nearly leprous and dispersed, whitish ; apo-
thecia plano-convex in the centre, black, transparent, rough;
thalloid border at the base, very small, powdery, becoming
imperceptible.
VOL. I. 2 G
450 112. Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAMEjE. Pl.cell.aph,
Verrucaria abietina pilularis, Iloffm. Germ. 193.
Pannelia periclea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 156.
Lecanora periclea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 355.
Lichen pericleus, Achar. Prod. 78 ; Engl. Bot. 1850.
Lichen abietinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 166.
On the bark of fir-trees, and on old posts or palings.
5. Rinodina exigua. Diminutive rinodine.
Crust unequal, dark, blackish grey; apothecia very small,
aggregate, flat, afterwards slightly convex ; thalloid border
white, crenulate, growing brownish and disappearing.
Lichen exiguus, Achar. Prodr. 69; Engl. Bot. 1849.
Pannelia exigua, Achar. Meth. 154.
Lecanora periclea exigua, Achar. Lich. 356.
On old timber-work, and on the bark of oak-trees.
6. Rinodina privigna. Starved rinodine.
Crust dispersed, pitch-black; apothecia flattish, centre
grows nippled ; thalloid border raised, very slightly cut.
Lichen simplex, Davies.
Lecidea privigna, Achar. Meth. 149.
Lecanora milvina privigna, Achar. Lich. 359.
On sand-stone rocks.
b. Apothecia naked , black , when moistened brown .
7. Lecanora sophodes . Grave rinodine .
Crust rather determinately formed, warty granular, grey,
greenish brown ; apothecia aggregated ; centre flat, at
length convex, black, when moistened brown ; thalloid
border swollen, slightly bent, not in the least cut.
Lichen sophodes, Achar. Prod. 67 ; Engl. Bot. 1791.
Parmelia sophodes, Achar. Meth. 155.
Lecanora sophodes, Achar. Lich. 556.
On the bark of trees, rotten wood and mosses.
c. Apothecia naked , centre blacky brown or brownish .
€
8. Rinodina badia. Bay rinodine .
Crust spreading, unequal and rather scaly, warty, olive
larown, bald ; apothecia pressed close ; centre flat at length
slightly convex, brownish black, rather shining; thalloid
lorder persisting.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 112.Rinod. 451
Lichen fuscatus, Schrad. Germ. 83.
Lichen piceus, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. 4, 12.
Lichen bad i us, Achar. Prodr. 67.
Verrucaria badia, Hoffm. Germ. 182.
Lecidea picina, Achar. Meth. 51.
Parmelia squamulosa amaura, Achar. Meth. 182.
Parmelia fuscata, Achar. Meth. 189.
Lecanora badia fuscata, Achar. Lich. 407.
Lecanora badia amaura, Achar. Lich. 408.
On stones and rocks almost everywhere.
9. Rinodina vent os a. Blown-up rinodine .
Crust cracked in beds, rather pale; beds convex, plaited,
warted ; apothecia pressed close, at length irregular ; centre
flat, swelling, brownish red ; thalloid border thin, not cut,
lower than the centre.
Lichenoides tartareum lividum, scutellis rufis; margine exili, Dillen
Muse. 133.
Lichen ventosus, Lin. S. P. 1607.
Lichen gelidus, Hudson Ft. Angl. 528.
Lichen flavescens, Jacq. Misc . 2, 79.
Lichen cruentus, Weber Goett. 1.
Lichen scopulorum. Ft. Dan. 712.
Verrucaria ventosa, Hoffm. Lich. 27.
Parmelia ventosa, Achar. Meth. 166.
Lecanora ventosa, Achar. Lich. 399.
On stones and rocks.
10. Rinodina frustulos a. Broken rinodine.
Crust tartarlike, much cracked, variegated black and
white; apothecia flat, pale brown; thalloid border white,
growing convex, blackish brown.
Lichen frustulosus, Dickson Crypt. Br. 3, 13 ; Engl. Bot. 2273.
Parmelia frustulosa, Achar. Meth. 172.
Lecanora frustulosa, Achar. Lich. 405.
On rocks.
11. Rinodina effusa . Spread rinodine.
Crust spread, thin, rather powdery, grey , brassy; apo-
ihecia small, pressed close, centre flat afterwards convex,
pale reddish brown; thalloid border thin, soon disappearing.
Lichen salignus, Schrad. Germ. 84.
Lichen effusus, Persoon.
Verrucaria effusa, H<ffm. Germ. 174.
Parmelia effusa, Achar. Meth. 174.
Lecauora effusa, Achar. Lich. 386.
On the hollow trunks of willows.
262
452 112. Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAMErE. Pl.cell.oph .
12. Rinodina varia. Variable rinodine.
Crust unequal, granulated, rather warty, pale greenish ;
apothecia crowded ; centre flat, pale, brownish and varie-
gated; thailoid border raised, rather bent in, afterwards
bent, slightly crenulate.
Lichen varius, Ehrh. Crypt. 7, 68 ; Engl. Bot. 1666.
Verrucaria varia, Hoffm. Germ. 196.
Parmelia varia, A char. Meth. 178.
Lecanora varia, Achar. Lich. 377.
On planks, palings, and wooden buildings.
1 3. Rinodina apochroea. Different-coloured rinodine.
Crust scarcely any ; apothecia thickly scattered in a very
thin coat, smooth, sea-green white, naked, frequently with
soredia, centre flattish, pale, yellow, livid brown or black;
thailoid border thin, rather crenulate, pale yellowish, even
with the centre.
Parmelia sulphureo-nigricans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 197.
Spiloma vitiligo, Achar. Lich. 138.
Spiloma sorediatum, Achar. Lich. 139.
Parmelia eerina ravida, Achar. Meth. 175.
Lecanora varia, Achar. Lich. 378.
On timber- work.
14. Rinodina rubricosa. Ruddle rinodine .
Crust cracked in beds, slightly granular, whitish ; apo-
tkecia with the centre flat, rust-colour, afterwards brown ;
thailoid border white or yellowish, at last bent.
Lichen csesio-rufus,- Schrad, Germ. 80; Engl. Bot. 1040.
Palellaria arenaria ? Hoffm. Lich. 58, 1.
Lichen arenarius, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 4, 23.
Parmelia eraspedia, Achar. Meth. 172.
Lecanora eraspedia, Achar. Lich. 391.
Lecanora rubricosa, Achar. Lich. 386,
On stones and roeks, especially sandstone.
d. Apothecia always hoary ; cenire greyish black , sea-green^
or variously coloured.
1 5. Rinodina tuberculosa. Tubercular rinodine.
Crust greyish green, granulated with nearly globular
warts, circumference fibrous, radiated; apothecia inter-
mixed; centre rather concave, at last flat, sea-green black,
hoary; thailoid border raised, thick.
Lichen tuberculosus, Engl. Bot. 1733.
Lecanora (Rinodina) tuberculosa, Achar. Syn. 164.
On flint stones.
PL cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME.ZE. 112. Rinod. 453
16. Rinodina glaucoma. Wall-eyed rinodine .
Crust tartarlike, cracked in beds, even, greyish white ;
apothecia sunk in the crust; centre flat, afterwards convex
nearly globular, sea-green, hoary, at length becomes naked
and black; thalloid border not in the least cut, and when
old disappears.
Lichen rupicola, Lin. Slant. 182.
Lichen composite, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 14.
Lichen glaucoma, Engl . Bot. 2156.
Lichen varians, Davies in Lin. Trans. 2, 18.
Lichen albido cresius, Schrad. Germ. 87.
Lichen sordid us, Persoon in lister Ann. 7,26.
Urc Solaria tessulata composita, Achar. Meth. 143.
Parmelia glaucoma, Achar. Meth. 161, except var. /3.
Lecanora glaucoma, Achar. Lich. 562, except var. ft.
On whinstone and other rocks.
17. Rinodina lutescens. Yellowish rinodine.
Crust spreading, thin, membranaceous, warty, pale,
sprinkled over with a pale yellowish green powder; apo -
thecia scattered; centre plano-convex, slightly bordered,
hoary, upon a flesh-colour, reddish yellow or grey ground;
thalloid border bent.
Verrucaria lutescens, Hoffni. Germ. 195.
Parmelia lutescens, Florkc, Bert. Slag. 1807.
Lecanora elatina, Achar. Lich. 387.
Lecanora lutescens, Achar. Lich. 367.
On the bark of fir and other trees.
18. Rinodina albella. Whiting rinodine .
Crust thin, cartilaginous, smooth, milky white ; apothecia
scattered ; centre slightly concave, pale flesh-colour, after-
wards convex, grey, hoary; thalloid border swollen, not in
the least cut.
Lichen albellus, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 11, 18; Engl. Bot. 2154.
Verrucaria umbilicata, Hoffni. Germ. 171.
Parmelia albella, Achar. Meth. 163.
Lecanora albella, Achar. Lich. 36 9.
On the smooth bark of young trees.
e. Apothecia with the centre slightly flesh-colour , pale 5
pearly , yellowish, wax-colour or inclining to orange.
3 9. Rinodina parella. Archel rinodine.
Crust cracked, plaited, warty, very white; apothecia
thick, crowded, mis-shapen by squeezing ; centre slightly
concave; thalloid border turgid, not cut, nearly the same
colour as the centre.
454 112. Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PLcell.aph .
Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellare, cinereum, Raii Syn.
70, 42.
Lichen Parellus, Lin. Mant. 132 ; Engl. Dot. 727.
Verrucaria parella, Hoffm. Germ. 169.
Parmelia parella, Achar. Meth. 164.
Lecanora parella, Achar. Lich. 370.
Orchal. Perelle. French Rock-moss.
Thallus used in dyeing, giving every tinge of purple and
crimson.
20. Lichen Upsaliensis. Upsal rinodine .
Crust extremely thin, membranaceous, even, greenish.
white; centre of the regular apothecia growing dilated,
flat, pale yellowish.
Lichen Upsaliensis, Lin. S. P. 1609; Engl. Bot. 1634.
Lichen parellus Upsaliensis, Wahlenh. Lapp. 403.
Psora Upsaliensis, Hoffm. Germ. 168.
Lecanora parella Upsaliensis, Achar. Meth. 165 : Lich. 371.
On the ground, and encrusting mosses.
21. Rinodina Turneri. Turner's rinodine .
Crust leprous, granular, powdery, white, greenish grey ;
apothecia scattered, thick, powdery ; centre slightly con-
cave, pale flesh-coloured ; thalloid border swollen, not cut,
bent inwards.
Lichen Turneri, Engl. Bot. 857.
Parmelia Turneri, Achar. Meth. 165.
Lecanora Turneri, Achar. Lich. 373.
On the bark of old oak and other trees.
22. Rinodina cam eo-lutea. Yellow- flesh-colour rinodine .
Crust thin, smooth, grey-white; apothecia at first con-
cealed in the crust; centre flat, yellowish flesh-colour;
thalloid border thin, slightly bent in, crenated.
Parmelia carneo-lutea, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 145.
Lichen carneo-luteus, Engl. Bot. 2010.
Lecanora carneo-lutea, Achar. Lich. 374.
On the bark of trees.
‘23. Rinodina conizea . Cone-tree rinodine.
Crust leprous, powdery, pale grey; apothecia sessile,
centre flat, afterwards convex, pale brownish; thalloid bor-
der swelling, raised, powdery, at length nearly obliterated.
Lichen expallens conizea, Achar. Lich. 574.
On the bark of fir-trees, and on oak timber.
PL cell, apk. 4. CENOTHALAME.E. 112. Rinod. 455
24. Rinodina lari area. Tartar rinodine .
Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerated, greyish white,
apotkecia scattered ; centre flat but very slightly convex,
wrinkled, pale pearly; thalloid border bent in, afterwards
wrinkled.
Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, acetabilis majoribus luteis, limbis
argenteis, Dillen in Rnii Syn. 71, 46.
Lichen tartareus, Lin. S. P. 1603 ; Engl. Hot, 156.
Lichen saxorum, FI. Dan. 710.
Verrucaria tartarea, IJoffm. Germ. 173.
Parmelia tartarea, Achar. Meth. 165.
Lecanora tartarea, Achar. Lich. 371.
Cuthbert. Cudbear.
On rocks.
Thallus collected for the dyers, the rocks being scraped
once in five years ; when prepared by grinding and the
addition of ammonia and alum used to dye woollen yarn,
or give a bloom to other colours.
25. Rinodina grandinosa . Hailstone rinodine .
Crust cartilaginous, warty granular; warts rather glo-
bular, bald; apotkecia with the centre concave, smooth,
yellowish flesh-colour.
Lecanora tartarea grandinosa, Achar. Lich. 372.
On the stems of broom.
26. Rinodina frigida. Cold rinodine*
Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerate, greenish white*
forming nipples and thornlike branches; apotkecia scat-
tered; centre slightly convex, wrinkled, pale pearl-colour ;
thalloid border bent in, at length wrinkled.
Lichen frigidus, Swartz Meth. Muse. 3d; Engl. Bot. 1879.
Lichen tartareus frigidus, Wahlen. Lapp. 403.
Lecanora tartarea frigida, Aehar. Lich. 472.
Incrusting mosses, on the highest mountains, near the
line of perpetual snow.
27. Rinodina Stonei. Slone’s rinodine *
Crust leprous, tartarlike, granulated, powdery, dirty
whitish ; apotkecia scattered, centre wax-colour, half-con-
cealed, afterwards dilated, rather convex ; thadoid border
nearly covering the centre of the apothecium, powdery*
bent in.
Lichen haematomma, Ehrh. Beytr. 2, 157 ; Engl. Bot. 486.
Lecidea Stonei, Achar. Meth. 65.
Lecanora Stonei, Achar. Lich. 373.
On brick walls and the bark of trees.
456 1 12. Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
28. Kinodina cerina. Wax-colour rinodine .
Crtts/ slightly granular, grey; apothecia flat in the cen-
tre, then convex, wax-yellow; thalloid border raised, bent
In, hoary white, at Length black.
Lichen cerinus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 14 ; Engl. But. 627.
Verrucavia cerina, Iloffm. Germ. 179.
Parmelia cerina, Achar. Meth. 175.
Lecanora cerina, Achar. Lich. 390.
On the bark of trees and palings.
29. Kinodina stillicidioram. Icicle tinodine.
Crust granulated rathery powdery, greyish white, green-
ish ; apothecia with the centre slightly concave, wax-yel-
low; thalloid border bent in, rather crenated, powdery.
Lichen varius, Dicks. Crypt.
Lichen stillicidiorum, FI. Dan. 1063.
Lichen cerinus stillicidiorum, Wahlen. Lapp. 404.
Verrucaria stiliicidiorum, Iloffm. Germ. 179.
Lecanora cerina stillicidiorum, Achar. Meth. 176 ; Lich. 390.
On the ground, and overlaying rotten mosses.
SO. Kinodina salicina. Willow rinodine.
Crust granulated, unequal, dirty yellowish ; apothecia
with the centre flat, afterwards convex, slightly orange-
colour; thalloid border thin, slightly crenulated, at length
even, bent.
Lichen salieinus, Schrad. Germ. 82; Engl. Bot. 1305.
Verrucaria salicina, Hoffm. Germ. 197.
Pannelia salicina, Achar. Meth. 173.
Lecanora salicina, Achar. Lich. 400.
On the bark of willow and other trees.
Thallus when moist smells strongly of saffron.
j3. microthelia . Crust bald, plaited, warted, nipply yel-
lowish ; nipples nearly globular ending in apothecia.
31. Kinodina erythrella. K eddish rinodine.
Crust cracked in beds, rather wrinkled, yellowish slightly
greenish ; apothecia at length nearly globular, orange-red,
shining; thalloid border not in the least cut, at last lost
under the increased centre of the apothecia.
Lichen flavoviresGens, Wulf. inJacq. Coll. 2, 25.
Verrucaria viridi-rufa, Hoffm. Germ. 179.
Lichen erythrellus, Achar. Prod. 43 ; Engl. Bot. 1993.
Parmelia erythrella, Achar. Meth. 174.
Lecanora erythrella, Achar. Lich, 401.
On walls.
PL cell. aph. 4. CENOT HAL A M E /E. 112. Rinod. 4*57
f. Apothecia with the centre red , scarlet, or purple and
blood- colour.
32. Rinodina rubra. Red rinodine.
Crust nearly membranaceous, smooth, becoming unequal,
granulated, powdery, white; apothecia crowded, centre
concave, red; thalloid border swollen, bent in, crenulated.
Lichen ulmi, Swartz in N. Act. Upsal. 4, 247 ; Engl. Hot. 2218.
Verrucaria rubra, Hoffm. Germ. 175.
Parraelia rubra, A char. Met It . 170.
Lecanora rubra, Achar. Lick. 389.
On the bark of trees, and running over mosses.
33. Rinodina licemaiomma. Blood-spotted rinodine.
Crust tartarlike, glebose, in beds, powdery, brimstone-
colour; apothecia innate, scattered and confluent; centre
very red, slightly bordered, rather convex ; thalloid border
powdery, nearly over-run.
Lichen coccineus, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 11, 17.
Verrucaria hasmatomma, Hoffm. Germ. 198.
Verrucaria frondosa, Hoffm. Germ. 199.
Lecidea haematomma, Achar. Meth. 63.
Lecanora haematomma, Achar. Licit. 388.
On stones, and the trunks of oaks.
34. Rinodina porphyria. Scarlet rinodine .
Crust tartarlike, rather solid, granular, powdery, white
and pale ; apothecia sessile ; centre flat, deep blood-red ;
thalloid border raised, thick, wrinkled, crenulate, remaining.
Lichen coccineus, Diclcson Crypt. 1,8.
Lichen Vahlii, FI. Dan. 1185.
Lichen porphyrius, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11, 17.
Lichen haematomma, Wahlenh. Lapp. 406.
Verrucaria porphyria, Hoffm. Germ. 199.
Lecanora haematomma porphyria, Achar. Meth. 65 ; Licit. 389.
On stones and the bark of oak-trees.
XXIII. 113. URCEOLARIA. Acharius. Pitcher-moss.
Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ;
apothecia bucklershape ; proligerous Jiake concave, coloured,
immersed in the crust, inside streaked, cellular; thalloid
edge same colour, sessile, raised.
1 . Urseolaria Acharii. Acharius^ pitcher-moss.
Crust slightly regular, smooth, very thin, cracked, pale
pearl-colour ; proligerous flake red ; thalloid border swollen.
458 113. Urceol. 4. CENOTHALAMEJE. Pl.cell.aph .
Lichen Acharii, Wahlenb. Lapp. 405 ; Engl. Bot. 1087.
Lichen lacustris, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 21.
Urceolaria Acharii, Achar. Meth. 150; Lich . 331.
On stones inundated in winter.
Thallus varies in colour, red, yellowish, or rust-colour;
apolkecia flattish in the centre, rising up when old.
2. Urceolaria cyrtaspis . Short-shielded pitcher-moss .
Crust regular, smooth, very thin, cracked in beds, red-
dish, at last whitish ; apothecia becoming elevated ; centre
slightly convex, reddish brown ; thalloid border even with
the centre.
Lichen punctatus, Ft. Dan. 46S, 2 ; Engl. Bot . 450.
Lichen Acharii cyrtaspis, Walden. Lapp. 405.
Urceolaria Acharii cyrtaspis, Achar. Meth, 151.
Lecanora cyrtaspis, Achar. Lich. 597.
On stones.
Thallus with a black border.
3. Urceolaria diamarla. Rusty pitcher-moss .
Crust nearly regular, cracked in beds, slightly wartlike,
red ochre-colour ; proligerous flake rather concave, black ;
thalloid border raised, at last bent.
Lichen Sinopicus, Engl. Bot. 1776.
Lichen diamartus, Walden. Lapp. 414.
Urceolaria diamarta, Achar. Meth. 151 ; Lich. 331.
On rocks and stones.
Confounded with endocarpon Sinopicum.
4. Urceolaria gibbosa . Bunched pitcher-moss .
Crust nipply warted, smooth, whitish, slightly greyish ;
proligerous flake sunk in the tip of the warts, rather con-
cave, black; thalloid border contracted, protuberant, crenate.
Urceolaria gibbosa, Achar. Meth. 144 ; Lich. 334.
On stones and mountains.
Warts conoid, bald ; border of the apothecia rather sharp,
afterwards thicker, wrinkled.
(3 .fimbriata. Thallus black, radiated, fringed, covered
with grey warts.
Lichen fibrosus, Engl. Bot. 1732.
Urceolaria fimbriata, Achar. Meth. 145.
Urceolaria gibbosa fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 335.
5. Urceolaria cinerea. Grey pitcher-moss .
Crust cracked in wartlike beds, grey, divided by black;
proligerous flake immersed in the warts, slightly concave,
black, afterwards elevated ; thalloid border prominent, ra-
ther thick, not divided.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 113. Urceol. 459
Lichen cinereus, Lin. Mant. 132 ; Engl. Bot. 1751, not 820.
Verrucaria ocellata, Hoffm. Germ. 183.
Urceolaria ocellata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810, 317.
Urceolaria cinerea, Achar. Meth. 143 ; Lich. 336.
On stones and mountains.
Thallus sometimes white, sometimes smoke-grey; beds
flat or convex ; apothecia few, or very numerous, when old
elevated, sometimes with a very small border.
6. Urceolaria scruposa. Rugged pitcher-moss.
Crust wrinkled, plaited, granulated, greyish white; pro-
ligerous flake pitchershape, black ; thalloid border swollen,
bent in, rather wrinkled, drawn over the centre.
Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus
et minoribus, var. /S, Dillen Muse. 133.'
Lichen scruposus, Schreb. Germ. 1 133 ; Engl. Bot. 266.
Lichen excavatus, Relhan Cant. 426..
Patellaria scruposa, Hoffm. Germ. 186.
Urceolaria scruposa, Achar. Meth. 147 ; Lich. 338.
On the ground, and on stones and rocks.
Proligerous flake has a border of its own.
7. Urceolaria calcarea. Calcareous pitcher-moss.
Crust determinately figured, very thin, rather cracked,
slightly powdery, very white, at last greyish ; proligerous
flake minute, rather concave, black, with a little hoary
whiteness ; thalloid border slightly prominent, discoid, thin,
at length separate, not cut.
Lichen calcareus, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2, 709.
Verrucaria contorta, Hoffm. Germ. 186.
Urceolaria contorta nivea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810.
Urceolaria cinerea, FI. Dan. 1432.
Urceolaria calcarea, Achar. Meth. 142 ; Lich. 340.
Thallus very variable; proligerous flake with a border of
its own.
8. Urceolaria Hoff manni. Hoffmann' s pitcher-moss.
Crust thin, cracked in beds, smooth, dirty greyish ; fer-
tile beds raised in the middle, lead-white ; proligerous flake
slightly concave, black, with a greyish hoar ; thalloid border
wrinkled, powdery, whiter.
Lichen rupicola, Hoffm. Lich. 1, 97.
Urceolaria contorta, Fiorke in Berl. Mag. 1810.
Urceolaria Hoffmanni, Achar. Meth. 145 ; Lich. 353.
On stones and rocks of different kinds.
460 113. Urceol. 4.CENOTHALAME.ZE. PL cell, ap/u
9. Urceolaria tessellata. Chequered pitcher-moss.
Crust divided into very crowded beds, flattened, running
together, at last cracked in chequers, rather bald, greyish
white, those in the middle fertile; proliferous flake rather
loose, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid border raised,
angular, whitish.
Lichen tesselatus, Engl. Bot. 533.
Verrucaria tessellata, Hoff lit ; Germ. 185.
Urceolaria contorta tessellata, F/orke in Berl. Mag.
Urceolaria tessulata, Achar. Meth. 142.
Urceolaria cinerea tessulata, Achar . Lich, 337.
On rocks and brick walls.
XXIV. 114. LEPIDOMA. Acharius. Lepidome,
Thallus crustaceous, expanded, adnate, figured, leaflike,
towlike ; apothecia saucerlike, sessile, entirely covered with
a cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, rather solid
parenchyme, centre even, bordered.
1. Lepidoma candidum. White lepidome.
Crust nearly tiledlike, white, hoary ; lobes crenate, com-
plicated, turned back, swollen ; apothecia pressed close,
black, greenish hoaiy; edge at length waved.
Psora Candida, Hoffm. Germ. 164.
Lichen candidus, Weber Germ. 193 ; Engl. Bot. 1138.
Lecidea Candida, Achar. Meth. 79 ; Lich. 212.
On rocks and rotten mosses.
2. Lepidoma vesicular e. Bladdery lepidome.
Crust nearly tiledlike, brown-black, with a slightish grey
hoariness ; lobes not cut, folded, reverse-ovate, bullate ;
apothecia black, naked ; at last hemispherical, not bor-
dered.
Lichen caeruleo-nigricans, Light f. Scot. 805; Engl. Bot. 1139.
Lichen versicularis, Achar. Prod. 94.
Lichen paradoxus, Ehrh. Crypt. 206
Patellaria vesicularis, Hoffm. Lich. 32, 3.
Psora vesicularis, Hoffm. Germ. 163.
Psora paradoxa, Hoffm. Germ. 163.
Lichen graniformis, Ehrh. Crypt.
Lecidea paradoxa, Achar. Meth. 82; Lich. 214.
Lecidea vesicularis, Achar. Meth. 78 ; Lich. 212.
On the ground ii-i mountainous places.
3. Lepidoma luridum. Lurid lepidome .
Crust tiledlike, greenish brown ; lobes round, crenate,
paler underneath ; apothecia flat, at last slightly convex,
black.
PI, cell, aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 114. Lepid. 461
Lichenoides pulmonarius saxatilis vi rid is, foliis vix conspicuis squama-
tim sibi incumbentibus, receptaculis florum nigris, Dill. Muse. 228.
Lichen luridus, Achar . Prod. 95; Engl. Bot. 1329.
Lecidea lurida, Achar. Meth. 77 ; Lich. 213.
On rocks.
4. Lepidoma atrorufum. Reddish Hack lepidome.
Crust nearly of one piece, lobed in beds and tiledlike,
dark brownish grey ; lobes at last bent, deeply crenate ;
apolhecia pressed close, with scarce any border, flattish, at
length running into one another, blackish brown.
Lichen luridus, Vahl.Fl.Dan.
Lichen atrorufus, Dickson Crypt. 4,22; Engl. Bot. 1102.
Lecidea atrorufa, Achar. Meth. 74 ; Lich. 200.
On rotten mosses on the ground.
5. Lepidoma testaceum. Pearly lepidome.
Crust nearly tiledlike, greyish ; lobes thick, crenate
turned back ; apothecia marginal, convex, red.
Lichen saxifragus, Smith Lin. Tr. 2.
Psora testacea, Hoffni. Germ. 162.
Lecidea testacea, Achar. Meth. 80.
Lecanora testacea, Achar. Lich. 409.
On stones, and limestone-rocks.
6. Lepidoma scalar e. Step lepidome.
Crust nearly tiledlike, pale fawn-colour; lobes slightly
distinct, kidneyshape, rather erect, powder beneath and on
the edge ; apothecia flat, bordered, greenish black.
Lichen leucophaeus, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 20.
Psora ostreata, Hoffm. Germ. 163.
Lichen scalaris, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 16.
Lecidea scalaris, Achar. Meth. 78 : Lich. 214.
On the bark of old sapless pines and juniper-trees, and
on the slight coating of earth on rocks.
7. Lepidoma rubiformis. Raspberry lepidome.
Crust nearly tiledlike, lobes rounded, crenate, brownish
livid, underneath white; apothecia hemispherical, conglo-
merate, dark brown, not bordered.
Basomyces rubiformis, Achar. Meth. 324.
Lichen rubiformis, Engl. Bot. 2112.
Cenomyce rubiformis, Achar. Lich. 5£6.
Lecidea rubiformis, Wahlemb. Lapp. 479.
On turfy earth.
462 114.Lepid. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
8. Lepidoma decipiens. Deceiving lepidome .
Crust nearly tiledlike; lobes separate, slightly shieldlike,
roundish, flesh -colour and brownish, underneath wnitish ;
apothecia marginal, convex, nearly globular, black, hardly
bordered.
Psora decipiens, Iloffm. Germ. 162.
Lichen decipiens, Ehrh. Crypt. ; Engl. Bot. 870.
Lichen incarnatus, Thunb. Cap. 176.
Lichen sleliatus, Relhan Cant. 430.
Lecidea incnrnata, Achar. Meth. 58; Lich. 199.
Lecidea decipens, Achar. Meth. 80.
On the ground upon limestone-rocks.
9. Lepidoma glebulosum. Clodded lepidome*
Crust tiledlike, greenish white; lobes small, rounded,
convex ; apothecia convex, brown-red, at least blackish ;
edge thin, not cut.
Lecidea testacea, Winch Guide , 2,42.
Lichen glebulosus, Engl. Bot. 1955.
Lecidea pholidiota, Achar. Syn. Lich. 53.
On quartz-rocks.
10. Lepidoma iriplophyllum . Jagged-leaf lepidome.
Thallus greyish fawn ; lobes near the centre pressed
close, flattish, irregularly jagged ; afterwards rising up in
cylindrical branches, coral-like, very much crowded; apo -
t/iecia convex, brownish red.
Lichen microphyllus, Schrad. Germ. 97 ; Engl. Bot. 2128.
Lecidea microphylla coraliinoides, Achar. Meth. 76.
Lecidea thriptophylla, Achar. Lich. 215.
On old bark of trees.
1 1 . Lepidoma canescens. Grey lepidome.
Crust round, wrinkled, folded, white ; circumference
lobed, plaited ; apothecia central, plano-convex, black.
Lichenoides cinereum, mere crustaceum, eleganter expansura, Dilhn in
Raii Syn. 71, 47.
Lichen canescens, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 582.
Lichen incanus, Relhan Cant. 424.
Lecidea canescens, Achar. Meth . 84; Lich. 216.
On walls and trunks of trees.
XXV. 115. LECIDEA. Acharius. Lecidea.
Thallus variable, crustaceous, expanded, adnate, uni-
form, towlike ; apothecia shieldshape, sessile, entirely covered
with a cartilaginous membrane, including an uniform*
nearly solid parenchyme ; centre even, bordered.
Pl.celLaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 11 5. Lecidea. 463
a. Apolhecia always Hack , naked.
1. Lecidea atro-alba . lecidea.
Crust spreading, very thin, cracked, black ; beds tuber-
cular, whitish ; apothecia plano-convexish, black ; inside
of the same colour.
Lichen atro-albus, Lin. S. P. 1607 ; Engl hot. 2336.
Verrucaria atro-alba, Hoffm. Germ. 182.
Lecidea atro-alba, Achar. Meth. 45; Lich. 162.
On stones.
Thallus sometimes fringed on the edge.
2. Lecidea fusco-atra. Brown-black lecidea.
Crust very thin, black ; beds chestnut, flat, bordered,
shining ; apothecia slightly convex, black, bordered ; inter-
nally whitish.
Lichen fusco-ater, Lin. S. P. 1607.
Lichen dendriticus, Achar. Prod. 77 ; Engl. Bot. 1734.
Yerrucaria fusco-ater, Hoffm. Germ. 181.
Psora dendritica, Hoffm, Germ. 168.
Lecidea fusco-atra, Achar. Meth. 44.
Lecanora fusco-atra, Achar. Lich. 359.
On stones and exposed mountains.
Thallus sometimes fringed, black.
3. Lecidea fumosa. Smoky lecidea .
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, smooth, grey,
brownish ; apothecia sunk in the crust, flat, bordered, after-
wards convex and conglomerated, not bordered, black ; in-
side blackish grey.
Lichen arthroocarpus, Achar. Prod. 77 ; Engl. Bot. 3829.
Lichen gibbosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 6.
Verrucaria fumosa, Hoffm. Germ. 190.
Lecida cecumena, Achar. Meth. 42 ; Lich. 157.
Lecidea fumosa, Achar. Lich. 157.
On stones, and dry, exposed rocks.
4. Lecidea petrcea. Rock lecidea.
Crust thin, round, very finely cracked, nearly powdery,
white; apothecia innate in the crust, thick, protuberant,
nearly concentric, black; inside same colour ; centre sunk
in, edge swollen, raised, rather squeezed up.
Lichen cor.centricus, Davies Lin. Tr. 2, 284 ; Engl. Bot. 246.
Lichen petraeus, Wulf. inJacq. Coll. 3, 116.
Verrucaria petraea, Hoffm. Germ. 184.
Lecidaea petraea, Achar. Meth. 37 ; Lich. 155.
On stones and rocks.
464 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.
5. Lecidea conjluens. Confluent lecidea .
Crust tartarlike, rather spreading, cracked in beds, even,
smoke-grey; apotliecia sessile, growing irregular, convex,
nearly globular, confluent, black, not bordered; inside the
same colour, with a thin, grey bed under the centre.
Lichen confluens, Weber Germ. 130; Engl. But . 1964.
Yerrucaria confluens, Hojfm, Germ. 184.
Lecidea confluens, Acliar. Metk. 40 ; Lick. 174, except 8.
On stones and rocks.
Phallus sometimes 0 ; sometimes coloured ochre yellow.
6. Lecidea limitata . Bordered lecidea .
Crust thin, rather membranaceous, white, greyish, bor-
dered with black, grows spreading, slightly granular ; apo-
thecia flattish, sessile, bordered, black; inside blackish.
Lichenoides leprosum, crusta cinereo-virescente, tuberculis nigerrimis,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 71,52.
Lichen sanguinarius, Ligktf. Scot. 803, not of Linnaeus.
Lichen parasernns, Ackar. Prod. 64; Engl. Bot. 1450.
Lichen limitatus, Scopoli. Corn.
Lecidea parasema, Ackar. Metk. 35 ; Lick. 175, except /3.
On the bark of trees, and on timber- work.
7. Lecidea aromatica. Spicy lecidea .
Crust rather cartilaginous, scaly, granular, greyish, glau-
cous; granules flattish, frequently rather tiledlike, crenate;
apothecia sessile, plano-concave, bordered, growing bent,
aggregated, black; inside solid, similarly coloured.
Lecidea aromatica, Turner in Linn. Tr. 5,2.
Lichen aromaticus, Engl. Bot. 1777.
On concreted sandy earth, or old flint walls.
Thallus when rubbed emits a highly powerful and fra-
grant scent.
8. Lecidea sanguinaria . Bloody lecidea *
Crust wrinkly warted, whitish grey ; apothecia growing-
convex, hemispheric, slightly tubercular, black; inside
homy, black, with a lower blood-coloured stratum.
Lichen sanguinarius, I An. S. P. 1607 ; Engl. Bot. 155.
Yerrucaria sanguinaria, Hoffm. Germ. 194.
Lecidea sanguinaria, Ackar. Metk. 59; Lick. 170.
On timber, dry branches, and rocks.
9. Lecidea geochroa. Earth-colour lecidea .
Crust spread, granulated, slightly coherent, whitish, grey
or brownish grey ; apothecia hemispherical, nearly globu-
lar, often crowded, conglomerated, slightly shining.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 115.Lecidea. 465
Lichen muscorum, Lin. Meth. Muse. 36; Engl. Bot. 626.
Lecidea muscorum geochroa, Achar. Lich. 179.
Lecidea sabuletorum syncomista, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 309.
On verdant and healthy tufts of mosses.
10. Lecidea miscella. Mixed lecidea .
Crust tartarlike, broken, cracked; beds wartlike, bald,
wrinkled, cracked, greyish ; apolhecia. deeply sunk, convex,
aggregated, conglomerated, very slightly bordered, black;
inside similar.
Lichen miscellus, A char. Prod. 62; Engl. Bot. 1831.
Lecidea misceUa, Aehar. Meth. 62; Lich. 167.
L'chen escharoides ? Ehrh. Crypt. 313 ; Engl. Bot. 1247.
On rocks and turfy ground.
1 1 . Lecidea atro-virens. Greenish-hlack lecidea .
Crust spread, thin, black; beds flattish, nearly contigu-
ous, deep yellow; apothecia plano-concave, black; inside
the same colour.
Lichen afrovirens, Lin. S. P. 1607.
Yerrucaria atrovirens, Hoffm. Germ. 200.
Lecidea atro virens, Achar. Meth. 45 ; Lich. 163.
On rocks and stones.
/3. geographica. Beds yellowish, flat, angular, half co-
vering a blackish underlayer, intersected with black lines,
and with a black border.
Lichenoides nigroflavum, tabulae geographicae instar pictum, DilL
Muse. 126.
Lichen geographicus, Lin. S. P. 1607 ; Engl. Bot. 245.
Verrucaria geographica, Hoffm. Germ. 199.
Lecidea atrovirens geographicus, Achar. Meth. 46; Lich. 163.
12. Lecidea silacea. Ochre lecidea *
Crust tartarlike, winding, warted, very red; apothecia
sessile, flat, growing convex, difform, confluent, black;
inside horny, black.
Lichen silaceus, Achar. Prod. 66; Engl. Bot. 1118.
Yerrucaria silacea, Hoffm. Germ. 187.
Lichen Oederi, Weber Germ. 182.
Lecidea silacea, Achar. Meth. 48; Lich. 164.
On rocks.
13. Lecidea Oederi . Oeder's lecidea .
Crust bedded, granular, slightly powdery, ochry rust-
colour; apothecia minute, raised; edge swollen, centre
depressed, powdery, black ; inside similarly coloured.
VOL. i. 2 H
466 1 IS. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.ceU.aph.
Lichen leprosus ruber, tuhercnlis nigris, Oeder in FI. Dan. 470.
Lichen Oederi, Achar. Prod. 68; Engl. Bot. 1117.
Lichen csesius ? Dicks. Crypt. 2, 19.
Lichen Dicksoni, Wither. Bot.Arr . 4,20.
Lecidea Oederi, Achar. Meth. 49.
Lecidea Dicksonii, Achar. Lich. 165.
On stones.
14. Lecidea flavicunda . Yellow-stained lecidea.
Crust very thin, cracked, pale-yellowish ochry, beds flat ;
apolhecia half sunk in the thallus, flat, scattered, black,
slightly hoary, inside black, with a transparent horny stra-
tum under the centre.
Lichen csesius? Dicks. Crypt. 2, 19.
Lecidea flavicunda, Achar. Lich. 166.
On rocks.
15. Lecidea alba. While lecidea .
Crust indeterminate, membranaceous, rather cracked,,
whitish, sprinkled over with a grey or greenish white con-
glomerated powder; apothecia^ .minute, pressed close, flat,
black.
Byssus candidissima calcis instar muscos vestiens, Dillen Muse. 2.
Byssus lactea, Lin. S. P. 1639.
Lidien lacteus, Schreber Spic.
Lichen albus, Achar. Prod. 7.
Lepraria alba, Achar. Meth. 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1349.
Lecidea alba, Achar. Lich. 185.
On the trunks of trees.
16. Lecidea citrinella. Citron-yellow lecidea .
Crust leprous, gi anularly powdery, greenish yellow ;
apolhecia sessile, bordered becoming convex, black ; inside
similarly coloured.
Lichen citrinellus, Achar. Prod. 64.
Lichen flavo-virescens, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 13.
Lecidea citrinella, Achar. Meth. 47.
On rotten mosses, and the cracks in walls.
17. Lecidea scabrosa . Rough lecidea .
Crust in warty clots, powdery, yellowish grey ; apolhecia
convex, rough.
Lichen flavo-virescens, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13.
Lecidea scabrosa, Achar. Meth. 48.
Lecidea citrinella jS, Achar. Lich. ISO.
On naked gravelly soils.
PI. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 115. Lecidea. 46?
18. Lecidea uliginosa. Bog lecidea .
Crust granulated, rather gelatinous, brownish green;
apothecia pressed close, bordered, at last hemispherical,
crowrded, black ; inside similarly coloured.
Lichen uliginosus, Schrader Spicil. 88 ; Eng!. Bot. 1466.
Lichen huinosus, Ehrh. Crypt. 135.
Verrucaria uliginosa, Hoffm. Germ. 190.
Verrucaria humosimilis, Hoffm. Germ. 190.
Lecidea uliginosa, Achar. Meth. 43; Lick. 180.
On the ground in turfy, boggy places.
b. Apothecia hlack, naked, when moistened reddish or
brownish.
19. Lecidea immersa. Sunk lecidea .
Crust spreading, thiri, scarcely lobed, whitish ; apothecia
plano-concave, sunk even into the stone, bordered, black ;
centre rather hoary, when moistened very dark blood-red,
at last slightly convex, inside whitish.
Lichen immersus, Schrad. Spicil. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 193.
Lichen calcivorus, Ehrh. Crypt. 244.
Verrucaria atrosanguinea, Hoffm. Germ. 192.
Verrucaria immersa ? Hoffm. Lich. 12.
Lecidea immersa, Achar. Meth. 34 ; Lich. 153.
On limestone.
Thallus almost as hard as the stone itself, although per-
fectly distinct; apothecia fall out in time, leaving their ca»
vities in the thallus, which is very permanent.
20. Lecidea rivulosa. Rivulet lecidea .
Crust cracked in beds, brownish grey divided by black
lines; apothecia sessile, flat, growing convex, bordered, ir-
regular, black; inside whitish; when moistened brown.
Lecidea rivulosa, Achar. Meth. 38.
Lichen rivulosus, Engl. Bot. 1737.
Lecanora falsaria rivulosa, Achar. Lich. 350.
On quartz rocks.
Thallus when moistened umber-brown ; apothecia when
moistened brown in the centre, border keeps its own co-
lour; small apothecia are scattered amongst the others.
c. Apothecia black, greenish, grey , hoary.
21. Lecidea albo-ccerulescens. Bluish-white lecidea .
Crust tartarlike, contiguous, even, when old cracked,
whitish; apothecia sessile and elevated, flat, black, with a
bluish bloom ; border free, bent, naked, black.
2 h 2
468 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph
Lichen pruinosus, Achur. Prod. 77 ; Engl. Bot. 2244.
Lichen pruinatus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15.
Verrucaria albo coerulescens, Hoffm. Germ. 189.
Lecidea pruinosa, Achar. Meth. 55.
Lecidea albo-caerulescens, Achar. Lich. 188.
On rocks and stones.
Thalius varies according to the age of the plant, cracked,
smooth, powdery, or even 0 ; and in colour white, grey or
rust-colour.
22. Lecidea ahietina. Fir lecidea .
Crust spreading, very thin, smooth, greenish grey; apo-
ihecia nearly sessile, flat, black, grey hoary; edge raised,
swollen.
Lichen abietinus, Achar. Prod. 57 ; Engl. Bot. 1682.
Lecidea abietina, Achar. Lich. 188.
On the bark of fir-trees, and the dead wood.
23. Lecidea speirea. Veiled lecidea .
Crust tartarlike, not broken, very white; apothecia sessile,
thick, black with a white hoariness, bordered, afterwards
convex, naked, frequently surrounded with a thalloid base
inside black with a greyish bed under the centre.
Verrucaria calcarea ? Hoffm. Germ. 135.
Lichen rimosus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12; Engl. Bet. 1736.
Lichen speireus ? Engl. Bot. 1542.
Lecidea ainylacea speirea, Wahlenh. Lapp. 476.
Lecidea speirea, Achar. Meth. 52 ; Lich. 184, exci. var. /3.
On stones and rocks.
24. Lecidea margaritacea. Pearly lecidea.
Crust tartarlike, not broken, whitish green marked with
black ; apothecia minute, sunk then rising up, sessile, thick,
with a white hoariness, inside black; border swollen.
Lecidea margaritacea, Achar. Lich. 135.
On rocks.
25. Lecidea epipolia . Wall lecidea.
Crust tartarlike, spread regularly, cracked in beds,
white; beds swollen, rough; apothecia sessile, hemispheri-
cal, greyish hoary; inside black, edge of the base thin,
persistent.
Lichen niveo-ater, Dickson Crypt. 4.
Lichen epipolius, Engl. Bot. 1137.
Lecidea epipolia, Achar. Meth. 65; Lich. 186.
On walls and stones.
Pl.cell.oph. 4. CENOTHALAME^E. 115. Lecidea. 469
26'. Lecidea corticola. Bark leeidea .
Owif rather tartarlike, granularly bedded, rough, very
white; apothecia small, slightly sunk, grey hoary, growing
globular, not bordered, naked, black; inside greyish.
Lichen corticola, Achar. Prod. 57 ; Engl. Bot. 1892.
Lichen albo-ater, Ehrh. Crypt. 176.
Lichen aroylaceus, Ehrh. Crypt. 3 03.
Yerrucaria albo-atra, Hoffm Germ. 193.
Lecidea corticola, Achar. Meth. 53 ; Licit. IS6.
On the bark and trunks of trees.
d. apothecia brown-black , brownish , or inclining to brown. ~
27. Lecidea Lightfmtii. Light foods lecidea .
Crust rather spreading, granulated, greenish grey; cipo-
thecici pressed close, flat, brown black, inside dirty white;
edges thin, winding, paler than the center.
Lichen Lightfootii, Engl Bot. 1451.
Lecidea Lightfootii, Achar. Licit. 177.
On the bark of birch trees.
28. Lecidea fiscal a. Embrowned lecidea ,
Crust leprous, rather powdery, blackish brown ; apothecia
bordered, dark red, when old blackish.
Lichen fuscatus, Lamarck Encycl.
Lecidea obscura, Achar. Meth. 75.
Lecidea fuscata, Achar. Licit. 211.
On stones.
29. Lecidea quernea. Oak lecidea »
Crust leprous, granular powdery, pale yellowish brown;
apothecia rather sunk, afterwards convex, not bordered,
brown and black.
Lichen querneus, Dickson Crypt. 1,9; Engl . Bot. 485.
Lecidea quernea, Achar. Meth. 62 ; Licit. 202.
On the clefts of the bark of old oaks, and on other lichens*
80. Lecidea viriclescens. Greenish lecidea *
Crust thin, granulated floury, coppery green ; apothecia
convex, wrinkled, irregular, confluent, brown-black.
Lichen viridescens, Schrad. Germ. 1 , 88 ; Engl. Bot. 2217.
Lecidea viridescens, Achar. Meth. 62; Licit. 200.
Lecidea hypnophyla, Winch 2, 37.
On ruins, and decayed mosses.
470 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PI.cell.aph.
31. Lecidea incana. Silver-grey lecidea .
Crust spreading, leprous floury, soft, uneven light green-
ish grey; apothecia scattered, sessile, brownish; border
not cut, paler.
Byssus pulverulenta incana, farinas instar strata, Dillcn in Raii Sun.
56, 2.
Byssus incana, Lin. S. P. 1639.
Lichen incanus, Achar. Prod. 7 ; Engl. Rot. 1683.
Pulveraria incana, Ftorkein Berl. Mag. 1807,7.
Lepraria incana, Achar. Meth. 4 ; Licit. 665.
On the bark of trees, on mosses and the ground.
32. Lecidea vernalis . Springtide lecidea.
Crust very thin, greenish white; apothecia slightly bor-
dered, afterwards nearly globular, crowded, conglomerated,
rusty flesh- colour.
Lichen vernalis, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 3, 234 ; Engl. Rot. 845.
Lecidea vernalis, Achar. Meth. 68; Licit. 198, excl. var. /8.
On mosses, which it encrusts.
33. Lecidea sulphur ea. Brimstone lecidea.
Crust tartarlike, cracked, broken, uneven, smooth, pale
brimstone-colour; apothecia adnate, flat, scarcely bordered,
brown and hoary, paler in the circumference, grow irre-
gular and convex.
Lichen sulphureus, Achar. Prod. 58; Engl. Rot. 1186.
Verrucaria sulphurea, Hoffm. Germ. 196.
Lecidea sulphurea, Wahlenb. Lapp. 477.
Parmelia sulphurea, Achar. Meth. 159.
Lecanora sulphurea, Achar. Licit. 399.
On rocks and stones.
34. Lecidea orosthea. Mountain lecidea .
Crust cracked in beds, uneven, rather powdery, brim-
stone yellow; apothecia small, sessile, slightly convex, not
bordered, nearly the same colour, grow hemispherical, pale
brownish, paler towards the bottom.
Lichen orostheus, Achar. Prod. 38 ; Engl. Rot. 1549.
Lecidea orosthea, Achar. Meth. 72.
Lecanora orosthea, Achar. Licit. 400.
On rocks.
35. Lecidea decolor ans. Bleached lecidea .
Crust granular, greyish white, granules falling into pow-
der; apothecia flattish, vermillion-red, flesh-grey, livid and
brown, border raised, paler, grows bent.
PL cell aph, 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 115. Lecidea. 471
Lichen muscorum, Weber Spic. 183.
Variolaria tenella, Achar. Lich. 326, the crust only.
Verrucaria decoJorans, Hoffm. Germ. 177.
Lecanora minutula, Achar. Lich. 385.
Lecanora granulosa, Achar. Lich . 384.
Lecidea jungei manniae, Achar. Melh. 7.
Lecidea granulosa, Achar. Lich. 65.
Lecidea decolorans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 193.
On rotten moss and wood, and on the ground.
36. Lecidea granulosa. Granular lecidea .
Crust solid, granular, rather nipply; apothecia grow he-
mispherical, wrinkled, blackish brown and black, con-
fluent.
Lichen quadricolor, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15; Engl. Bot. 1185.
Lichen escharoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 313; Engl. Bot. 1247.
Lichen granulosus, Ehrh. Crypt. 145; Dicks, Cr.?
Verrucaria escharoides, Hoffm. Germ. 194.
Verrucaria granulosa, Hoffm. Lich. 2,21.
Lecidea granulosa, Achar. Meth. 67.
Lecanora granulosa aporetiea, Achar. Lich . 384.
Lecidea desertorum, Achar. Lich. 168.
Lecidea escharoides, Achar. Lich. 167.
On the ground, in heathy sandy places.
37. Lecidea anomala. Anomalous lecidea.
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked, smoothish, grows
uneven, wartlike, greyish white; apolhecia pale flesh-colour,
brown and black, flattish afterwards convex; border paler
and at length disappears.
Lichen tricolor, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 20.
Lichen ferruginosus, Turner in Lin. Tr. 7.
Lecidea hamadryus, Achar. Lich. 672.
Lecanora anomala ferruginosa, Achar. Lich. 381.
Lecanora anomala tenebricosa, Achar. Lich. 382.
On the bark and trunk of trees.
Tkallus very variable, and still more the apothecia.
38. Lecidea cyrlella. Convex lecidea .
Crust thin, nearly membranaceous, smooth, whitish ;
apothecia crowded, small, convex and nearly globular, pale
brown, afterwards blackish brown ; edge when young
thin, whitish, similarly coloured or disappearing.
Lecidea cyrlella, Achar. Meth. 67.
Lichen cyrtellus, Engl. Bot. 2155.
Lecanora anomala cyrtella, Achar. Lich. 382.
On the bark of trees.
472 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
39. Lecidea rupestris. Rock lecidea.
Crust thin, tartarlike, not broken, greyish white ; apo-
thecia sunk, flat, bordered, when old convex, border some-
times disappearing, bald, brownish red, inside the same
colour.
Lichen rupestris, Scopoli Cam. 1372.
Lichen calvus, Dickson Crypt. 2, 18 ; Engl. Bot. 918.
"Verrucaria rufescens ? Hojfm. Germ. 173.
Lecidea rupestris cal vo, Achar. Meth. 70.
Lecidea rupestris, Achar. Lich. 206, exc. var. j8.
On rocks, especially lime-stone.
40. Lecidea luteola. Yellowish lecidea.
Crust thin, whitish, granules nearly globular, pale be-
coming dirty grey ; apothecia sessile afterwards convex,
brownish yellow.
Lichen vernalis, Hnffm. Lich. 5, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 845.
Lichen luteolus, Schrad. Germ. 85.
Lichen porriginosus, Turner in Linn. Trans. 7,94.
Lichen rubelius, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, 136.
Verrucaria rubella, Hojfm. Germ. 174.
Verrucaria vernalis, Ilojfm. Germ. 175.
Lecidea luteola, Achar. Meth. 60; Lich. 195, a, /3, y, 8, e, excluding
On the bark of trees.
41. Lecidea carneola. Flesh-red lecidea.
Crust, thin, membranaceous, grey, at length granular,
nearly powdery; apothecia sessile, concave, thick, swollen,
brownish flesh-colour, border similarly coloured, when old
convex.
Lichen corneus, Withering Bot.Arr. 4,20; Engl. Bot. 965.
Lecidea cornea, Achar. Meth. 56.
Lecidea carneola, Achar. Lich. 194.
On the scaly bark of trees.
42. Lecidea arcenlina . Whitish lecidea.
Crust very thin, naked, whitish ; apothecia flattish, slightly
bordered, purplish wax-colour, brown and black.
Lichen Griffithsii, Engl Bot. 17 35.
Lichen corneus, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 20.
Lecidea luteola 3- and <, Achar'. Lich. 197.
On oak-trees.
43. Lecidea fusco-lutea. Yellow-brown lecidea.
Crust spread, very thin, membranaceous, whitish and
grey, rather shining, slightly granular; apothecia super-
ficial, flat, brownish yellow, growing reddish brown ; edge
paler, raised, at length bent.
PL cell. aph. 4. CENOTH ALAME/E. 115. Lecidea. 473
Lichen fusco-luteus, Dickson Crypt. 2, 18; Engl. Hot. 1007.
Patellaria fusco-Iutea, Hoffm. Lich. 8, 10.
Parmelia fusco-Iutea, AcUar. Lich. 180.
Lecidea cinaereo-fusca juugermannise, Achar. Licit. 208.
Lecidea fusco-Iutea, A char. Lich. 198.
On decayed mosses.
Thallus envelopes the mosses so completely as to appear
branched.
44. Lecidea ccesio-rufa. Reddish- prey lecidea.
Crust cracked in beds, wrinkled, greenish grey; apo-
thecia flat, rusty red, edge at last crenated, grows convex,
scarcely bordered, reddish black.
Lichen femigineus, Huds. Angl. 526.
Lichen crenularius, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 23.
Lecidea crenulata, Achar . Meth. 7 1.
Lecidea caesio rufa, Achar. Meth. 71 ; Lich. 203.
On stones and mountains.
45. Lecidea icmadophila. IVe l -loving lecidea .
Crust leprous, uneven, slightly granular, green ish- white ;
apothecia nearly sessile, flat, flesh-colour, afterwards bent,
centre wrinkled; edge thin, scarcely any.
Lichen ei icetorum, Lin. S. P. 1608 ; Engl. Bot. 372.
Lichen aeruginosas, Scopoli Cam. 2, 361.
Lichen icmadophila, Lin. Suppl. 450.
Lichen elveloides, Weber Gott. 186.
Lecidea icmadophila a, /3, y, Achar. Meth. 58; a, /?, Lich. 191.
On the ground, on mosses, trunks of trees and rotten
wood.
46. Lecidea marmorea . Mar hie lecidea .
Crust thin, greyish-white ; apothecia nearly globular, af-
terwards pitchershape, white, centre fiesh-colour, edge
swollen, not cut.
Lichen marmoreus, Scop. Cam. 1579; Engl. Bot. 739.
Parmelia marmorea, Achar. Meth. 170.
Lecidea marmorea, Achar. Lich. 192.
On decayed mosses.
47. Lecidea cupularis. Cup lecidea .
Crust rather tartarlike, scarcely divided, greenish-white;
apothecia superficial, pitchershape, white, centre pale brick-
red, externally frequently powdery.
Lichen marmoreus. Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 24.
Lichen cupularis, Dickson Crypt. 2, 58 ; Wither. B. Arr. 4, 23.
Lecidea cupularis, Achar. Meth. 56.
Lecidea marmorea cupularis, Achar . Lich. 193.
On slaty and limestone rocks.
474 115.Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAME.ZE. Pl.cell. aph.
48. Lecidea alabastrina. Alabaster lecidea.
Crust thin, smooth, slightly hoary, rather greenish-white;
apolhecia plano-convex, not cut, similarly coloured, centre
rosy- white.
Lichen albo-incarnafus, Wulf. inJacq. Coll. 3, 107.
Lichen glabratus, Dickson.
Lecidea alabastrina, Acliar. Lich . 190.
On the bark of old trees.
49. Lecidea splicer aides. Spherical lecidea.
Crust thin, rather powdery, greenish white; apothecia
not bordered, growing nearly globular, conglomerate, pale
flesh-colour.
Lichen sphseroides, Dickson Crypt. 1,9.
Verrucaria conglomerata, Hoffm.Germ. 174.
Lecidea vernalis sphaeroides, Achar. Meth. 68; Lich. 199.
On the bark of old trees.
50. Lecidea rosella. Rose lecidea .
Crust nearly cartilaginous, broken, cracked, frequently
granular and leprous, greenish grey; apothecia plano-con-
vex, rosy flesh-colour, afterwards brownish, edge paler.
Lichen rosellus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,75.
Lecidea rosella, Achar. Melh. 57.
Lecidea alabastrina @ and y, Achar. Lich. 199.
On the bark of old trees.
e. Apolhecia pale , yellowish, wax-colour , and nearly
orange.
51. Lecidea melizea. Honey-yellow lecidea.
Crust thin, white, powdery; apothecia plano-concave,-
bordered, pale yellow.
Lichen luteiis, Dickson Crypt. 1,11.
Lecidea melizea, slchar. Lich. 194.
On the mossy trunk of trees.
52. Lecidea Lhrhartiana. Ehrharl lecidea .
Crust cartilaginous, cracked, wrinkled plaited, granular,
white, rather greenish ; apothecia .nearly sessile, flat, after-
wards slightly convex, bent, irregular, conglomerated, pale
yellowish.
Lichen Ehrhartianus; Achar . Prod. 39; Engl. Bot. 1136.
Lecidea Ehrartiana, Achar. Meth. 73; Lich. 191.
On the bark and wood of trees.
PL cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 115.Lecidea. 475
53. Lecidea polytropa . Many-coloured lecidea .
Oms/ nearly tartarlike, cracked in beds ; apothecia flat-
tish, lobed, bent, conglomerated, growing nearly globular,
not bordered, yellowish flesh-colour.
Lichen atro-virens, Wolf in Jacq. Coll. 2.
Verrucaria polytropa, Hojfm.Ge.rm. 196.
Lichen varius maculiformis, Wahlenb. Lapp. 403.
Lichen polytropus, Ehrh. Crypt. 294 ; Engl. Bot. 1264.
Lecanora varia illusoria, Achar. Lick. 380.
Lecidea Ehrhartiana polytropa, Achar. Licit. 192.
Lecidea polytropa, Achar. Meth. 72.
54. Lecidea lucida. Shining lecidea.
Crust leprous, flocky powdery, lemon-coloured ; apothecia
plano-convex, slightly bordered, pale yellowish.
Lichen lucidus, Achar. Prodr. 39 ; Engl. Bot. 1550.
Lecidea lucida, Achar. Meth. 74 ; Lich, 209.
Lepraria Florkeana, Achar. Lich. 663.
Pulveraria albo-flava, Flurlce in Berl. Mag. 1807, 10.
On stones and sand-stone rocks.
55. Lecidea atro-Jlava. Black-and-yellow lecidea.
Crust thin, spread, slightly granular, black ; apothecia
small, crowded, flat, yellow, border raised, not cut, paler.
Lecidea atro-flava, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 142 : Achar. Syn. 49.
Lichen atro-flavus, Engl. Bot. 2009.
On flint stones.
56. Lecidea luteo-alba. Yellow -and- white lecidea.
Crust thin, smooth, white; apothecia crowded, growing*
convex, hemispherical, bordered, yelk-colour, inside white.
Lichen luteo-aibus, Turner in Lin. Tr. 7,92.
Lecidea cinereo-fusca luteo-alba, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 12.
Lecidea luteo-alba, Achar. Lich. 207.
On the dead bark of trees, rarely on stones.
57. Lecidea pyracea. Pear lecidea .
Crust greyish, uneven, afterwards black ; apothecia
crowded, at last convex, scarcely bordered, yelk-vellow.
Lichen aurantiacus, Lightfoot Scot. 810.
Verrucaria byssina, Hojfm. Germ. 197.
Verrucaria aurantiaca, Iloffm. Germ. 198.
Parmelia cerina pyracea, Achar. Meth. 176.
Parmelia vitellina byssina, Achar. Meth. 177.
Lecidea luteo-alba papyracea, Achar. Lich. 207.
On the roofs of houses, and lime-stone rocks.
476 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEfE. Pl.cell.aph.
58. Lecidea aurantiaca. Orange lecidea .
Crust cartilaginous, determinate!}^ figured, smooth, un-
eveivwidely cracked, whitish ; apotkecia crowded, growing
convex, hemispherical, orange-yellow ; border thin, paler,
not cut, at length nearly disappearing.
Lecidea aurantiaca, Achar. Meih. 69 ; Lich. 201.
On the trunk of the trembling poplar.
F. Gyiiophokide^e. Thallus shieldlike, free under-
neath; apothecia dattish, plaited, bordered.
XXVI. 1 16. GYROPHOR A. Acharius. Brain-moss.
Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, cartilaginous, shieldlike,
one-leaved, when luxuriant many-leaved, underneath free;
apotkecia nearly saucerlike, sessile, adnatc, covered with a
black cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, slightly
solid parenchyme ; centre warty or meanderingly plaited in
circles, and bordered.
1. Gyropkora glabra. Bald brain-moss.
Thallus nearly bald, greenish black, underneath naked,
smooth, very black ; apotkecia grow convex, wrinkly
folded.
Lichenoides (enue pullum, foliis utrinque glabris, Dillen Muse, 225.
Lichen glaber, Achar. Prodr. 144.
Lichen anthracinus, Jacquin Miscell.2.
Umbilicaria anthracina, Hoffm. Germ. 111.
Gyrophora anthracina, Achar. Meth. 102.
Gyrophora heteroides a and y, Achar. Lich. 218.
Gyrophora, Achar. Meih. 101.
On stones and mountains.
/3. polyphylla. Thallus many-leaved, folded, greenish-
black, underneath black; both sides naked, very smooth.
Lichen pulyphyllus, Lin. S. P. 1618; Engl. Bot. 1282.
Umbilicaria polyphylla, Hoffm. Germ. 109.
Gyromiutn polyphyllum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 434.
Gyrophora heteroides /5, Achar. Lich. 219.
Gyrophora glabra polyphylla, Achar. Meth. 101.
2. Gyrophora proboscidea. Proboscis brain-moss.
Thallus membranaceous, wrinkled in network, afterwards
rough scaly, olive-grey; underneath smooth, paler slightly
fibrilled ; apothecia topshape, afterwards convex, meander-
ingly plaited.
Pl.cell.aph. 4, CENOTHALAMEtE. I16.Gyroph. 477
Lichen proboscideus, Lin. S . F. 1617.
Lichen deustus, Light/. Sjcot. 861.
Lichen exasp erat us, Gun. Norv.
Lichen mesenteriformis, Ehrh. Crypt. 89.
Umbilicaria mesentcrica, Schrad. Germ. 103.
Umbilicaria eorrugaia, Hoffm. Germ. 112.
Gyromium proboscideum, W ahlenb. Lapp. 483.
Gyrophora Jacquinia, Achar. Meth. 104.
Gyrophora proboscidea a, (3 , and y, Achar. Meth. 105 ; Lich. 220.
Upon rocks.
3. Gyrophora arctica. Arctic brain-moss .
Thallus thick, hard, stiff, with raised dots, wrinkled,
brown-olive afterwards blackish; underneath naked, bald,
pale ochre-yellow, blackish in the middle : apotkecia nearly
globular, very much wrinkled.
Gyrophora arctica a and /3, Achar. Meth. 106 ; Lich. 221.
Gyromium proboscideum arcticum, IV ahlenb. Lapp. 483.
On alpine rocks.
4. Gyrophora cylindrica. Cylindrical brain-moss.
Thallus rather naked, livid grey, plaited and lobed,
fringed; underneath smooth, pale with branched fibrils;
apothecia raised, flattish, circularly and meanderingly
plaited.
Lichen cylind'ricus, Lin. Arnoen. Acad.
Lichen crinitus, Light/. Scot. 360.
Lichen proboscideus, Hedwig Crypt. 1 ; Engl. Hot. 522.
Umbilicaria crinita, Hoffm. Germ. 1 12.
Gyromium cylindricum, IVahlenb. Lapp. 483.
Gyrophora cylindrica, Achar. Meth. 107 ; Lich. 223.
Upon mountains and rocks.
13. Jimbriala. Thallus many-leaved, folded up, lobes
round, underneath fibrilled, edge with very close, short,
branched fringe; apothecia saucershape, nearly plain.
Gyrophora cylindrica fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 224.
5. Gyrophora erosa. Torn brain-moss.
Thallus wrinkled, olive-brown ; circumference perforated,
sivelike, irregularly jagged; underneath greyish, bald, ra-
ther granular, slightly fibrilled ; apothecia rather convex,
meanderingly plaited. ;
Lichenoides rugosum durum pulluin, peltis atris verrucosis, Dillen
Muse. 220.
Lichen torrefactus, Light/. Scot. 862.
Lichen erosus, Weber Golt. 251).
Umbilicaria torrefacta, Schrad. Germ. 1, 104.
Umbilicaria erosa, Hoffm. Germ. 111.
Gyromium erosum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 482.
Gyrophora erosa, Achar. Meth. 103; Lich. 224; Engl. Bot. 2086.
478 116. Gyroph. 4. CENOTIiALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph *
On mountains.
Fibrils flat like shavings of wood.
6. Gyrophora deusla. Burnt brain-moss.
Thallus rather rough, olive-brown, sprinkled with a
sooty powder; underneath smooth, hollow dotted, pitted,
naked, similarly coloured ; apothecia flat, plaited in circles,
afterwards convex, very meandering.
Lichen flocculosus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3,99.
Lichen deustus, Lin. S. P. 1618.
Umbilicaria flocculosa, Hoffm. Germ. 110.
Gyrophora deusta, Achar. Meth. 102; Licit. 225; Engl. Bot. 2483.
On stones and rocks.
7. Gyrophora pus tulata. Blistered brain-moss.
Thallus nipply, greenish-grey; underneath deeply pitted,
smooth, naked, pale brownish ; apothecia few, flat, bor-
dered; centre rather even, nipply and plaited.
Lichenoides pustulosum cinereum et veluti ambnstum, Dillen Muse. 226.
Lichen pustuiatus, Lin. S. P. 1617 ; Engl. Bot. 1285.
Lecidea pustulata, Achar. Meth. 85.
Umbilicaria pustuiata, Hoffm. Germ. 111.
Gyrophora pustniata, Achar. Licit. 226.
On stones and mountains.
8. Gyrophora pellita. Fleecy brain-moss.
Thallus smooth, sinuately lobed, brassy-brown; under-
neath black, fibrilled and clothlike; apothecia sessile, at
length nearly globular, meanderingly plaited.
Lichenoides pullum snperne et glabrum, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum,
Dillen Muse. 226.
Lichen scalopodora, Ehrlt. Crypt.
Lichen pellitus, Achar. Prod. 149 ; Engl. Bot. 931.
Umbilicaria vellea, Hoffm. Germ. 113.
Gyrophora pellita, Achar. Meth. 103; Lich. 228.
On stones and rocks.
Thallus generally many-ieaved, sometimes naked be-
neath.
9. Gyrophora murina . Mouse brain-moss .
Thallus rather stiff, mouse- colour, underneath brown-
black, rough with raised paler spots; apothecia slightly
convex, circularly and meanderingly plaited.
Lichen griseus, Achar. in Act. Holm. 1794, 91.
Lichen murinus, Achar. Prod. 143.
Gyrophora murina, Achar. Meth. 110 ; Lich. 251.
On rocks and mountains.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEAE. 117. Arthon. 479
G. Spilomide^e. Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate; apo-
thecia flattisb, irregular, not bordered.
XXVII. 117. ARTHONIA. Acharius. Sprinkled-moss ^
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia innate, sessile, roundish, not regular, not bordered,
deep black, covered with a rather cartilaginous membrane ;
parenchyme similar, solid.
1. Arthonia Swartziana , Swartz sprinkled-moss ..
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, whitish ; apothecia
sessile, rather broad, slightly tumid, roundish, turned
back, irregular, confluent, raised, dotlike, deep black.
Arthonia Swartziana, Achar. in Schrader's Journ. 1, 3, 13 ; Engl. Bot.
2079.
On the bark of trees.
2. Arthonia astroidea . Starred sprinkled-moss .
Crust membranaceous, white, greenish-grey ; apothecia
pressed to the thallus, flat, angular, rather starlike, irre-
gular, deep black.
Lichen astroites, Achar. Prod. 24.
Opegrapha radiata, Persoon in TTster. Ann. 7, 29.
Opegrapha astroidea, Acliar. Meth. 25; Engl. Bot. 1847.
Arthonia radiata astroidea, Achar. Lick. 144.
On the smooth bark of trees.
3. Arthonia ohscura . Dark sprinkled-moss.
Crust membranaceous, rather olive-colour ; apothecia
small, flat, slightly concave, rather membranaceous, oval,
elliptic, and kidneyshape, slightly sunk, wrinkled, deep
black.
Lichen obscuru?, Achar. Prod. 20; Engl. Bot. 1752.
Opegrapha obscura, Achar. Meth. 22.
Opegrapha reniformis, ylchar. Beth. 23.
Arthonia obscura a and jS, Achar. Licit. 146.
On the bark of trees.
4. Arthonia lyncea. Lynx sprinkled-moss.
Crust thin, rather tartarlike, even, rather cracked, white ;
apothecia crowded, flat, slightly sunk, roundish oblong and
bent, black with a grey hoar.
Lichen lynceus, Engl. Bot. 809.
Lecidea lyncea, Achar. Meth. 52.
Arthonia lyncea, Achar. Lich. 147.
On the bark of old trees.
480 117. Arthon. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. PL celLaph.
5. Arthona pruinosa. Hoary sprinkled-moss.
Crust thin, rather tartarlike, uneven, smooth, cracked
white ; apothecia flat, sunk, roundish, many-sided, con-
fluent, dark brown, with a greenish-white hoar.
LiichtMi impolitus, Ehrh. Crypt. ; Engl. Bot. 981.
Verrucaria impoliia, Hoffm. Germ. 172.
Parmelia impoliia, Achar. Meth. 160.
Arthonia pruinosa, Achar. Lich. 147.
On the bark of trees, especially oaks.
XXVIII. 118. SPILOMA. Acharius. ( Spotted-moss*
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia composed of aggregated corpuscules; mass compact,
homogeneous, rather mealy, naked, irregular. — Differ from
the nematomyceae by the presence of the thallus, and by
having no flocky threads mingled with the sporee.
1. Spiloma tumidulum . Swollen spotted-moss.
Crust rather cartilaginous, whitish ; apothecia crowded,
swollen, oblong, irregular, rough, reddish afterwards black-
ish-brown and slightly hoary.
Sphaeria gregaria, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 22.
Arthonia tumidula, Achar. in. Sc.hr ad. Journ. 1,3, 11.
Spiloma fallax, Achar. Meth. 10.
Spiloma tumidulum u and /3, Achar. Lich. 136.
On the bark of trees.
2. Spiloma versicolor. Changeable spotted-moss .
Crust rather cartilaginous, powdery, cracked , greyish
and yellow; apothecia sunk, superficial, roundish, fiat, af-
terwards rather convex, confluent, rough, deep black.
Arthonia versicolor, Achar. in Schrad. Journ. 1,39.
Spiloma versicolor, Achar. Lich. 138 ; Engl. Bot. 2073.
On the bark of trees.
|3. variolosum. Crust leprous, powdery, greyish, rather
warty ; apothecia hemispherical, crowded, rather confluent,
deep black.
Spiloma variolosum, Engl. Bot. 2077.
Spiloma versicolor variolosum, Achar. Lich. 138.
3. Spiloma tricolor. Three-colour spotted-moss .
Crust rather tartarlike, cracked, powdery, white; apo-
thecia roundish, convex, aggregated, confluent, red, when
rubbed yellowish rust-colour.
Spiloma tuberculosum, Engl. Bot. 2556.
Spiloma tricolor, Achar. Lich. 137.
On stones and the trunks of trees.
PI. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 118. Spiloma. 481
4. Spiloma microclonium. Fine-branched spotted-moss.
Crust very thin, greenish ; apothecia bursting forth, small,
convex, crowded and confluent, slightly branched, deep
black.
Spiloma microclonium, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 5 ; Engl. Bot. 2150.
On old wood.
5. Spiloma microscopicum. Microscopic spotted-moss .
Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish ;
apothecia very minute, dotlike, black, lead-colour when
dry.
Spiloma microscopium, Turner and Burrer in Engl . Bot. 2396.
On timber-work exposed to the air.
Thallus scarcely conspicuous, except by the bluish co-
lour it gives to the wood ; apothecia only discernible by a
powerful microscope, yet stain the fingers black.
6. Spiloma dispersum. Scattered spotted-moss.
Crust very thin, film-like, greenish grey; apothecia dis-
persed, hemispherical, sooty, internally yellowish-green.
Spiloma dispersuni, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2398.
On old rails, like a greenish stain.
7. Spiloma decolorans. Staining spotted-moss.
Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish
white, when rubbed yellowish-green ; apothecia minute,
flat, confluent, purplish-grey.
Spiloma decolorans, Turner and Borrer in Engl ■ Bot. 2,399.
On the bark of oak, on boarded buildings and pales.
8. Spiloma punclatum. Dotted spotted-moss.
Crust thin, rather powdery, white; apothecia scattered,
minute, dotlike, solid, black, with dark-brown hoar.
Spiloma punctatum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2472.
On old oaks.
G. Calicidl®. Thallus crustlike or very thin, uni-
form; apothecia cupshape, bordered, podicilled, including
a naked powdery mass forming a flat or convex centre, ra-
ther solid internally; sporidia very crowded, among the
powdery mass, accompanied with many twin vesicles, or
scattered, nestling in the consolidated parenchyme of the
swollen centre. — Differ from protomycese by the presence of
a thallus and apothecia ; in very young plants the apothecia
are covered with a membrane which soon disappears.
VOL. i. 2 i
482 119. Acolium. 4. CENOTHALAMEAE. Pl.cell.aph.
XXIX. 1 19. ACOLIUM. Acharius. Acolium .
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia cuplike, nearly sessile, cartilaginous, composed of a
compact powdery mass forming a naked centre, the upper
part flat or nearly globular.
1. Acolium tigillare. Rafter acolium .
Crust in beds, wartlike, rather bald, lemon-yellow; apo -
thecia, sessile, deep black, opake, centre flat, border swollen.
Lichen tigillaris, Achar . Prod. 67 ; Engl. Bot. 1530.
Tiecidea tigillaris, Achar. Meth. 46; Lick. 164.
On old timber-work.
2. Acolium lympanellum. Little-drum acolium .
Crust cartilaginous, smooth, afterwards rather warty,
uneven, gray; apothecia sessile, black, centre flat, with a
greyish hoar; border thin, even with the centre.
Lichen inquinans, Engl. Bot. 810.
Calicium tympanellum, Achar. Meth. 89 ; Lich. 233.
On timber-work.
When touched stains the fingers black.
3. ylcolium stigonellum. Dimpled acolium .
Crust scarcely cracked, uneven, whitish, or 0; apothecia
sessile, nearly globular, black, bald ; centre dotlike, after-
wards flattish, opake; border thin, naked.
Lichen gelasinatus, Withering Bot . Arr. 4.
Lecidea gelasinata, Achar. Meth. 33.
Sphaerocarpus sessilis, Ehrh. Crypt. 320.
Sphseria sphincterica, Sowerby Bril. Fnngiy 386, 1.
Calicium sessile, Persoon Tent. Fang. Suppl . 59.
Calicium stigonellum, Achar. Meth. 88; Lich. 232.
On the bark of oak-trees, and on the crust of porina per-
tusa.
XXX. 120. PHACOTRUM. Acharius. Phacotrum .
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia podicilled, centre powdery, flat or globular, border
prominent. — The centre of the apothecia sometimes falling
out, they are left hollow.
1. Phacotrum microcephalum. Small-headed phacotrum.
Crust rather tartarlike, not broken, wrinkled, olive-
colour ; apothecia nearly globular, black, shining ; centre
depressed, opake; podicils short, similar in colour.
Lichen microcephalus, Engl. Bot. 1865.
Calicium microcephalum, Achar. Syn. Lich. 57,8.
On oak-wood.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. 120. Phacotr. 4S3
2. Phacotrum claviculare. Nail-head phacoirum.
Crust spreading, granular, slightly powdery, greyish;
apothecia nearly globular, afterwards lentilshape, greyish-
black; podicils cylindrical, thickish, black.
Lichen clavieularis, Engl. Bot. 1465.
Calicium salicinum, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 20.
Calicium claviculare, Achar. Meth. 90; Lich. 234.
On beams, rafters, and the bark of old trees.
3. Phacotrum sphcerocephalum. Round-head phacoirum .
Crust very thin, smooth, greyish ; apothecia nearly lentil-
shape ; centre brownish, edge greyish ; podicils threadlike,
black.
Coralloides fungiforme arboreum nigrum, vix crustosum, Dillen Muse .
78.
Mucor lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1655.
Lichen sphaeroceplialus, Sicart. N. Act. Ups. 4 ; Engl. Bot. 414.
Trichia lichenoides, Sibth. Oxon. 406.
Clathrus cinereus, Huds. FI. Angt. 631 .
Calicium claviculare sphserocephalum, Achar. Lich. 255.
Calicium sphaerocephalum, Achar. Meth. 91.
On palings.
4. Phacotrum hispidulum. Roughish phacotrum.
Crust thin, greenish ; apothecia cupsliape, as well as the
centre roughish with a flocklike rust-coloured powder.
Calicium trachelinum hispidulum, Achar. Lich. 237.
On the bark of trees.
5. Phacoirum hyperellum. Bark phacotrum .
Crust cartilaginous, wrinkled in beds, bald, greenish-
yellow; apothecia lentilshape, rust-colour, powdery; podi-
cils thick, cylindrical, pitch-black, thickest at bottom.
Lichen hyperellum, Achar. Prod. 85; Engl. Bot. 1832.
Calicium hyperellum, Achar. Meth. 93 ; Lich. 237.
On the bark of trees.
Sporidia combined in pairs.
(3. roscidum. Crust granularly wrinkled, greenish or
greyish ; apothecia lentilshape, with a rust-colour powder,
underneath greyish, afterwards irregular, conglomerated;
podicils thick, short, black.
Lichen graniformis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 1464.
Calicium claviculare roscidum, Achar. Meth. 90.
Calicium hyperellum roscidum, Achar. Lich. 238.
On the bark of trees, and timber-work.
2 i 2
484 120. Phacotr. 4. CENOTHALAMEiE. Pl.ceil.aph.
6. Phacotrum chrysocep/ialum; Gold-head phacotrum .
Crust granular, conglomerated, lemon-yellow; apothecia
nearly topshape ; centre convex, umber-brown ; border
yellow, powdery ; underneath naked, black, shining ; podi-
cils threadlike, brassy, powdery.
Lichen chrysocephalus, Turner in Lin. Tr. 7, 88 ; Engl. Bot. 2501.
Calicium chlorellum elatiimm, Acluir. Meth. 95.
Calicium chrysocephalum a and /3, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 15; Lich. 239.
On old wood, walls, and the bark of trees.
7. Phacotrum trabinellum. Board phacotrum.
Crust thin, greyish-white; apothecia at last lentilshape,
centre black-brown, with a grey hoar ; border yellow-
green.
Calicium trabinellum, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 15.
Lichen trabinellus, Engl. Bot. 1540,
Calicium cluviculare yS and y, Achar. Lich. 255.
Calicium xylonellum trabinellum, Achar. Meth. 95.
Calicium chlorellum trabinellum, Wahl. Lapp. 487.
On boarded buildings.
8. Phacotrum cantherellum. Beam phacotrum.
Crust thin, whitish, rather powdery; apothecia lentil-
shape ; centre flesh-colour afterwards reddish, with a white
hoar; podicils threadlike, naked, pale, growing brownish
and black.
Lichen cantherellus, Achar. Prod. 85.
Calicium pallidum, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7 ,20.
Calicium cantherellum, Achar. Meth. 96 ; Engl. Bot. 2557.
Calicium peronellum, Achar. Meth. 96.
Calicium cantharellum a and /3, Achar. Lich . 240.
On rotten wood and the bark of old trees.
9. Phacotrum ferrugineum . Bust-colour phacotrum.
Crust thin, granular, tartarlike, rusty- white; apothecia
thick, black, often conglomerate ; centre pale rust-colour ;
podicils short.
Calicium. ferrugineum, Engl. Bot. 247 3.
On pales.
10. Phacotrum ceruginosum. Verdigris phacotrum .
Crust thin, tartarlike, rather granulated, verdigris-grey ;
apothecia black, hemispherical, centre very convex, brown-
ish-black ; podicils slender black.
Calicium aBiugirosum, Engl. Bot, 2502.
On old boards.
Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEiB. 120. Phacotr. 485
1 1 . Phacotrum curium . Short phacotrum .
Crust very thin, filmlike, whitish ; apothegm revei'se egg-
shape or hemispherical, black ; centre covered with black,
loose, powdery; podicils thick, black.
Calicium curtum, Turn, and Borr. in Engl. Bot. 2503.
On decaying wood in shady places.
XXXI. 121. STRONGYLXUM. Acharius. Strongyle .
Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, uniform; apothecia cup-
shape, podicilled, cartilaginous; centre swollen, nearly
globular, running over the edge, formed of a compact
powdery mass.
1. Strongylium capitellalum. Headed strongyle .
Crust spreading, powdery, yellowish-green ; apothecia
globular ; podicils threadlike, very long, bent, greenish-
Mucor furfuraceus, Lin. S. P. 1655.
Lichen capitatus, Achar. Prod. 86; Engl. Bot. 1639.
Caiicium sulphureum, Schrad. Krypt.
Calicium furfuraceum, Persoon lent. Fung. Suppl. 60.
Clathrus virescens, Hudson FI. Angl. 632.
Trichia furfuracea, Withering Bot. Arc. 4, 398.
Calicium capitellatum, Achar. Meth. 98; Lich. 241.
On stones, the ground, and rotten roots of plants.
2. Strongylium aciculare. Pin strongyle .
' Crust leprous, powdery, pale greenish-yellow ; apothecia
hemispherical globular, brown, powdery; podicils slender
at bottom.
Mucor fulvus, Lin. S. P. 1655.
Lichen fulvus, Schwartz in N. Act. Ups. 4.
Lichen acicularis, Achar. Prod. 85; Engl. Prod. 2385.
Calicium aciculare, Achar. Meth. 98 ; Lich. 242.
On the bark of dry roots and dead branches.
3. Strongylium debile. Weak strongyle .
Crust membranaceous, very thin, white; apothecia black,
convex; edge turned back; podicils long, slender, wavy,
black.
Coralloides fungiforrne arboreum nigrum, vix crustosum, Dillen Muse.
78.
Calicium debile, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2462.
On old timber, especially under thatched roofs.
486
5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. Pl. cell aph.
Fam. V. 5, IDIOTHALAMEIE. Algarum pars, Linn.
Lichenum pars , Jussieu, Acharius*
Thallus crustlike or leatlierlike ; sporidia scattered, in-
nate in the substance, and in a nucleus or proligerous flake
covered by the thallus, or by a single or double perithe-
cium .—Thallus perennial, terrestrial, or parasitical; greenish
or becoming so when wetted ; absorbing water by the sur-
face, and transmitting it to all parts.
A. Thallus leatherlike , shrublike ; apothecia tubercular ;
perithecium 0. Rhizomorphidae.
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous,
branched, shrublike, upright Sph^erophoron. 122*
Thallus crustlike, membranaceous,
branched, creeping, prostrate Rhizomorpha. 123.
B. Thallus crustlike; apothecia warilike ; perithecium
distinct. Variolaridae.
Thallus crustlike Variolaria. 124*
C. Thallus crustlike ; apothecia w artlike ; perithecium
distinct. Porinidse.
Nucleus single;
perithecium simple, black Pyrenula. 125.
Nucleus simple; perithecium double,
first thick, second membranaceous. . . Thelotrema. 126.
Nucleus mostly single, covered ;
perithecium simple Porina. 127-
D. Thallus crustlike ; apothecia round , not bordered;
perithecium distinct. Verrucaridse.
Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous,
perithecium double Lejophlea. 128.
Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds,
or powdery; perithecium double Lithocia. 129.
Thallus soft, towlike, spongy or
cobwebby; perithecium double Inoderma. 130.
Thallus leaflike or shieldlike;
perithecium single Endocarpon. 131.
487
PL cell. aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEAE.
E. Thallus crust like ; apothecia flat , bordered , linear.
Opegraphidae.
Perithecium simple Graphis. 132.
Apothecia hollow* grooved or flat ;
edges open ; perithecium 0 Alexoria. 133.
Apothecia slitlike ; edges swollen ;
perithecium 0 Hysterina. 134 .
A. Rhizomorphid^:. Thallus leatherlike, shrubby;
apothecia tubercular; perithecium 0.
I. 122. SPPLEROPHORON. Persoon. Ball-moss.
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, branched, shrublike;
inside towlike, rather solid ; apothecia nearly globular,
sessile, terminating the branches of the thallus, and formed
of it, which tearing open shows a black, powdery, globular
mass included with it.
1 . Sphcerophoron coralloides. Coral-like ball-moss .
Thallus pale chestnut, scarcely divided ; branches lateral,
long, weak, divaricated, forked, pointed, fibrilled ; apothecia
nearly globular, smooth.
Lichenoides non tubulosum, ramulis scutellis nigris terminatis, Dillen in
j Raii Syn. 66, 13.
Lichen globiferus, Lin. Mant. 133.
Lichen globosus, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 460.
Lichen fragilis /3, Huds. FI. Angl. 558.
Stereocaulon globiferum, Hojfm. Germ. 151.
Sphaerophoron coralloides, Achar. Meth. 134; Lich. 585.
On mountain-heaths, and on the roots of fir-trees.
2. S peer op hor on fragile. Brittle ball-moss.
Thallus greyish, branched ; branches forked, short,
crowded, eventopped, naked, cylindrical, bluntish ; apo-
thecia globular topshape, rather warty.
Lichen fragilis, Lin. S. P. 1621.
Lichen casspitosum, Roth 1'ent.
Coralloides fragile, Hoffni. Lich. 2,34.
Stereocaulon fragile, Hoffm. Germ. 131.
Sphaerophoron fragile, Achar . Meth. 135 ; Lich. 585 ; Engl. Bot. 2474.
On stones, and mountains among mosses.
3. Sphcerophoron compressum . Compressed ball-moss .
Thallus whitish, branched ; branches compressed, twig-
ged, rather fibrilled, naked; apothecia nearly globular,
rather depressed above, smooth.
488 133.Rhizomor. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. Pl. cell. aph.
Lichenoides non tubal osurn ramosissiroum, fruticuli specie, cinereo-
fuscurn, Raii Syn. 65, 10.
Lichen fragllis, Lin. S. P. 1621 ; Engl. Bat. 114.
Lichen melanocarpos, Swartz Inch Occid. 147.
Sphserophoron compressum, Achar. Meth. 135; Lick. 586.
On rocks and heaths in mountainous places.
II. 123. RHIZOMORPHA. Root-moss.
Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, cylindrical,
branched repeatedly, creeping, prostrate, inside towlike
fibrous; apothecia globular, sessile, frequently conglome-
rated, formed of the cortical part of the thallus, opening
irregularly, filled with powder.
1 . Rhizomorpha subcorticalis . Bark root-moss ,
Thallus compressed, blackish-brown, shining; branches
scattered, anastomosing in a network; apothecia conglo-
merate.
Fungoides q. Fungus niger compressus, varie divaricatus et implexus,
inter lignum et corticem, Raii Syn. 15,9.
Lichen aidaelus, Humboldt FI. Frib. 33.
Clavaria phosphorea, Sowerby Fungi, 100.
Rhizomorpha fragilis, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,252.
Rhizomorpha subcorticalis, Persoon Syn. Fung. 704.
On the trunks of dead trees, especially firs; also in
cellars.
Thallus luminous in the dark, at the ends of the branches.
(3. patens . Thallus dilated, broad, compressed.
Rhizomorpha patens, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 392, 1 and 2.
2. Rhizomorpha spinosa. Thorny root-moss.
Thallus cylindrical, slightly compressed, spinous, dull-
brown ; branches scattered, frequently anastomosing.
Clavaria hypoxvlon, Withering Bot. Arr . 4,404.
Rhizomorpha spinosa, Achar. Lich. 588 ; Sowerby Fungi , 299.
In lead-mines.
3. Rhizomorpha subterranea. Underground root-moss.
Thallus cylindrical, bald, black, very much branched ;
branches and twigs crowded, pointed, free.
Lichen radiciformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, 984.
Usnea radiciformis, Scopoli Diss. 1,95.
Rhizomorpha subterranea, Achar. Lich. 588.
On half-rotten wood and stones in mines.
4. Rhizomorpha dichotoma. Forked root-moss,
Thallus cylindrical, greenish-brown; branches forked,
spreading, long, cylindrical, naked, free.
PI. cell. aph. 4. IDIOTHALAME/E. 123.Rhizom. 489
Clavaria hypoxylon 2, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 404.
Rhizpmorpha diehotoma, Achar. Licit. 589; Sowerby Fungit 298.
In mines.
5. Rhizomorpha setiformis. Brisflelike root-moss .
Thallus cylindrical, very slender, black, shining, scarcely
branched, tips divided.
Lichen hippotrichoides, Weber Germ. 231.
Usnea hippotrichoides, Hoffm. Germ. 137.
Rhizomorpha setiformis, Achar. Lich. 589 ; Persoon Syn. Fung. 705 .
On dead fallen fir-leaves.
6. Rhizomorpha tuberculosa. Tubercular root-moss .
Thallus threadlike, slightly compressed, not branched ;
apothecia scattered, globular, acuminated, deep black.
Lichen setosu?, Leyser FI. Halens. 1171.
Hypoxylum loculiferum ? Bulliard Herb.
Rhizomorpha setiformis tuberculata, Achar. Lich. 589.
On wood long kept in cellars.
7. Rhizomorpha Stokesii. Stokes’ root-moss .
Thallus dull foxy-brown, compressed ; branches divari-
cated, rounded, blunt.
Rhizomorpha Stokesii, Sowerby Engl. Fungi , 430.
On chalk-pits.
Thallus fiat, netlike, entangled, sometimes covered with
the chalk.
8. Rhizomorpha Harrimanni. Harriman’ s root-moss .
Thallus dull-brown ; main stems irregularly angular,
brittle; covering cracking transversely; branches long,
wavy.
Rhizomorpha Harrimanni, Sowerby Eng. Fungi , 431, I.
In mines.
Thallus resembles bugle-trimming; inside white, cot-
tony, tough.
9. Rhizomorpha variegata. Variegated root-moss .
Thallus long, round, nearly of uniform thickness;
branches in bundles, lighter coloured; twigs still lighter,
silky.
Rhizomorpha variegata, Sowerby Engl. Fungiy 431, 2.
Under ground.
Thallus crowded ; pith scarcely any.
490 123. Rhizom. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. PI. cell. apli.
10. Rhizomorpha Martini. Martin's root-moss.
Phallus brown, brittle, woody, in round threads branch-
ing in all directions, serpentine, hairlike and matted.
Rhizomorpha Martini, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431,3.
In mines.
1 1 . Rhizomorpha medullaris. Pith root-moss .
Thallus cylindrical, very much branched, inside snow-
white ; cellules yellowish.
Rhizomorpha medullaris, Smith in Lin. Tr. 12.
In an old well upon boards.
B. VARioLARiDiE. Thallus crustlike ; apothecia wartlike ;
perithecium 0.
III. 124. VARIOLA RIA. Persoon. Smallpox-moss.
Thallus crustlike, Oat, expanded, uniform ; apothecia
wartlike, formed of the thallus, most commonly soredium-
like, slightly bordered, white; nucleus naked and without
a perithecium, compressed, cellular, hidden in the sub-
stance of the wart, and usually covered with the thallus,
sometimes becomes uncovered. — Soredia very numerous.
1 . Variolaria velata. Veiled smallpox-moss.
Crust regular, rather cartilaginous, bald, very white,
nearly radiately plaited ; apothecia smooth, compressed,
swollen ; nucleus rather lentilshape, covered above with a
thin powdery veil.
Parmelia velata. Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 143.
Lichen velalus, Engl. Bot. 2062.
Variolaria velata, Achar. Lick. 319.
On the bark of trees.
2. Variolaria mnltipunda. Dotted smallpox-moss.
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, granular,
greyish ; apothecia convex, crowded, granulated ; nucleus
lentilshape, enclosed.
Variolaria multipuncta, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 137 ; Achar. Lich, 321 .
Lichen multipunctus, l$ngl. Bot. 2061.
On the bark of trees.
3. Variolaria glohulifera. Globule smallpox-moss.
Crust rather cartilaginous, greyish, sprinkled irregularly
with granules and soredia, uneven ; apothecia nearly glo-
bular, bald, becoming depressed above, bearing soredia ;
nucleus concave, enclosed.
PI. cell. aph. 5. 1DIOTHALAMEZE. 124*. Variolar. 491
Variolar la globulifera, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 139 ; Achar. Lich. 322.
Lichen globuli ferus, Engl. Bot. 2008.
On the bark of trees.
4. Variolaria communis. Common smallpox-moss .
Crust cartilaginous, smooth, whitish, growing* uneven
and grey, sprinkled with white, unbordered soredia;
apothecia sphaeroid, powdery; nucleus rather membrana-
ceous, flattish, pale, at length becoming naked.
Variolaria communis, Achar. Lich. 322.
On the bark of trees, old wood and stones.
Thallus nearly insipid, varying from white to grey ac-
cording to the age ; soredia nearly globular, convex or flat.
/ 3 . orliculata . Crust thin, granular, rather radiately
cracked, marked with zones, grayish-white; soredia cen-
tral and scattered, flattish, scarcely bordered, similar in
colour.
Verrucaria orbiculata, Hoffm. Germ. 170.
Lichen pallescens ? TVulf.in J acq. Coll. 3.
Variolaria orbiculata, Achar. Meth, 13.
Variolaria communis orbiculata, Achar. Lich. 323.
On wood and barked trees.
y.faginea. Crust rather spreading, bald, wrinkled and
cracked, whitish ; soredia hemispherical, scattered, not bor-
dered, rather solid, powdery, very white.
Lichen fagineus, Lin. S. F. 1608.
Variolaria faginea, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7 ; Achar. Meth. 12.
Verrucaria tubercularia, Hoffm. Germ. 170.
Variolaria communis faginea, Achar. Lich. 323.
On the bark of trees, especially on beech, also on stones.
aspergilla. Crust tartarlike, cartilaginous, regular,
greenish ; circumference smooth, cracked in rays ; soredia
scattered, superficial, flat, very slightly bordered, wrhiter
than the thallus.
Variolaria aspergilla, Achar. Meth. 13; Lich. 325 ; Engl. Bot. 2401.
On rocks and stones.
5. Variolaria amara. Bitter smallpox-moss .
Crust wrinkled, cracked, uneven, rather powdery w*hite,
slightly greyish ; apothecia pressed close, plano-concave,
bordered, bearing soredia, similar in colour to the thallus.
Lichen fagineus, Engl. Bot. 1713.
Variolaria amara, Achar . Lich. 324.
On the bark of trees.
492 124. Variolar. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. Pl. cell, aph.
Tkallus very bitter, like Peruvian bark, not immediately
perceptible, but extremely permanent ; nucleus not yet
found.
f 3 . discoidea. Crust powdery, whitish then greyish, naked;
soredia very crowded, then dilated, wavy, plano-concave ;
border raised, swollen.
Lichenoides candid uin et farinaceura, scutellis fere planis, Dillen Muse,
131.
Lichen discoideus, Engl. Bot. 1714.
Variolaria discoideus, Achar. Meth. 14.
Lichen albescens, finds. FI. Angl. 529.
Lichen carpi nens, Light f. Scot. 809.
Variolaria amara discoidea, Achar. Lich. 325.
On the bark of trees.
6. Variolaria lactea. Milky smallpox-moss.
Crust tartarlike, regular, cracked in beds, smooth, milky,
circumference slightly radiated and crenately lobed ; apo-
thecia crowded, bordered ; above very white, powdery.
Lichen lacteus, Lin. Mant. 132 ; Engl. Bot. 2410.
Variolaria lactea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 1 ; Achar. Meth. 14; Lich . 321.
On rocks and stones.
Nucleus not yet discovered.
7. Variolaria corallina. Coralline smallpox-moss .
Crust tartarlike, cracked, white, frequently nipply,
branched; apothecia hemispherical, rather depressed at
top ; nucleus ientilshape, covered above with a thin pow-
dery veil.
Lichen dealbafus, Achar. Prod. 29.
Isidium corallinum, Achar. Meth. 138.
Variolaria dealbata, Be Cand. FI. Fr. 2, 525 ; Engl. Bot. 2519.
Variolaria corallina, Achar. Lich. 319.
On stones and rocks.
Barren apothecia whiter and more convex, contain no
nucleus.
8. Variolaria griseo-virens. Greyish-green smallpox-moss .
Crust elliptical, thin, slightly tartarlike, rugged, grey,
scarcely limited ; apothecia roundish, narrow-bordered ;
soredia greenish.
Variolaria griseo-virens, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2400.
On the bark of birch and cherry trees.
PLcelLaph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 124?. Variolar. 493
9. Variolaria clnerea. Grey smallpox-moss .
Crust round, tartarlike, thin, ash-colour, cracked; cir-
cumference indeterminate ; apothecia orbicular, very small,
white, edge raised, soredia white.
Yariolaria cinerea, Engl. Bot. 241 1.
On whinstone.
i
C. Porid.ze. Thallus crustlike; apothecia wartshape;
perilhecium distinct.
IV. 125. PYRENULA. Acharius. Nut-moss .
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia wartshape, formed of the thallus, enclosing or sur^
rounding at the base a single thalamium, with a simple,
thick, black, nippled perithecium covering a globular, cell-
bearing throughout nucleus.
a. Apothecia open at the mouth , or surrounding a naked
thalamium.
1 . Pyrenula umbonata. Button nut-moss .
Crust tartarlike, regular, very finely cracked, greyish-
red; apothecia bald, reddish, rather depressed above, slightly
surrounding the rather prominent, nipplelike opening of
the thalamium.
Verrucaria thelostoma, Achar. in Winch. Bot. Guide , 2,44.
Lichen thelostomus, Engl. Bot. 2153.
Pyrenula umbonata, Achar. Lich. 316.
On whinstone.
b. Apothecia closed , strictly surrounding the prominent
nipple , or thalamium , hut without forming a border .
2. Py renula tessellata. Tessellated nut-moss .
Crust tartarlike, uneven, cracked in beds, yellowish-grey ;
apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, closed, strictly
surrounding the prominent part of the thalamium, which
is terminated above by a slightly bordered mouth.
Lichen tessellatus, Engl. Bot. 533.
Verrucaria fuscella viridula, Achar. Lich. 290.
Verrucaria tessellata, Achar. Meth. 115 ; Lich. 2S9,
Pyrenula tessellata, Achar. Syn. 126.
On brick-walls and stones.
494 125. Pyrenula. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
3. Pyrenula nigrescens . Blackish nut-moss.
Crust tartarlike, slightly cracked, uneven, brownish-
black ; apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, rather
wrinkled, closed, strictly surrounding the greatest part of
the prominent, nipplelike thalamium.
Lichen umbrinus, Achar. Prod. 14; Engl . Bot. 1499.
Verrucaria umbrina, Achar. Melh. 122.
Verrucaria antiquitatis, Florke in Berl.Mag. 1807, 1, 17.
Pyrenula nigrescens, Achar. Syn . 126.
On stones.
V. 126. THELOTREMA. Acharius. Open-iv art-moss.
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate,
uniform; apothecia wartshape, formed of the thallus, open,
bordered; thalamium single, enclosed in the wart; peri -
thecia double; one halved above, thick, black, seldom want-
ing ; the other very thin, membranaceous, sometimes alone,
or broken above ; surrounding a compressed, cellular,
slightly streaked nucleus, placed in the bottom of the wart.
1. Thelotrema lepadinum. Barnacle open-wart-moss .
Crust smooth, whitish ; apothecia smooth, nearly conoid,
edge of the opening thin, simple, rather bent inwards, con-
tracted ; bottom covered with a membrane which becomes
torn.
Lichen inclusus, Engl. Bot. 678.
Lichen lepadinii3, Achar. Prod. 30.
Thelotrema lepadinum, Achar. Meth. 132 ; Lich. 312.
On the bark of trees.
2. Thel. exanthematicum. Eruptive open-wart-moss .
Crust rather tartarlike, thin, not cracked, greyish ; apo-
thecia convex, half sunk, whiter ; opening half closed,
radiately cracked, becomes gaping ; bottom veiled, yellow-
ish flesh-colour.
Lichen volvatus, Vi liars Delph. 55.
Lichen exanthematicus, Smith in Lin. Tr. 1,81 ; Engl. Bot. 1184.
Urceolaria exanthematica, Achar. Meth. 146.
Thelotrema exanthematica, Achar. Lich. 313.
On rocks, especially limestone.
Halit peculiar, but seems most referable to this genus.
3. Thelotrema agelceum. Inelegant open-wart-moss .
Crust white, rather powdery, or sprinkled with very
small granules or soredia; apothecia pressed close, few,
slightly sunk in the crust.
PL cell. aph. 5. IDIOTH ALAMEAE. 126.Thelotr. 495
Lichen argenu*, Achar. Prod, 8.
Lichen agelceus, Achar. Prod. 30; Engl. Bot. 1923.
Urccolaria agelaea, Achar. Meth. 150.
Lecidea argena, Achar. Meth. 74.
Lecanora verrucosa ,8 and y, Achar. Lich. 355.
Thelotrema variolarioides agelEeum, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 33, 149.
On the bark of old poplars and firs.
VI. 127. PORINA. Acharius. Callus-moss.
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate,
uniform ; apothecia wartlike, formed of the thallus, not
bordered; thalamium one or more, hidden within the sub-
stance of the wart; penthecium simple, very thin, membra-
naceous, transparent ; opening on the surface of the wart,
coloured, thick; nucleus nearly globular, cellular, vesicle-
bearing.
1. Porina pertusa. Pierced callus-moss.
Crust smooth, even, greyish white; apothecia nearly glo-
bular, openings many, depressed, black.
Lichenoides verrucosum et rugosum, cinereum, glabrum, Dillen Muse
128.
Lichen pertusus, Lin. Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 677.
Endocarpon pertusum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 459.
Sphaeria melanostoma, Bern, in Romer Archiv. 4, 10.
Thelotrema pertusum, Achar. Meth. 131.
Porina pertusa, Achar. Lich. 308.
On the bark of the trunks of trees.
2. Porina hymenea . Maidenhead callus-moss .
Crust greyish, growing uneven ; apothecia hemispherical,
at length irregular, angular; openings many, cracked,
widening.
Lichen pertusus, Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. 2, 181.
Lichen hymeneus, Achar. Prod. 80; Engl. Bot. 1731.
Thelotrema hymeneum, Achar. Meth. 133.
Porina lejoplaca hymenea, Achar. Lich. 310.
Porina fallax hymenea, Achar. Syn. 120.
On the bark of old oak-trees.
D. Verrucaridte. Thallus crustlike; apothecia round,
without any border; perithecium distinct.
VII. 128. LEJOPPILEA. Acharlfis. Smooth-moss.
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, carti-
laginous, membranaceous, not cracked, smooth; apothecia
with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, innate at
496 128.Lejoph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. PI. cell. aph.
bottom in the thallus ; perithecia double ; the exterior ra-
ther cartilaginous, thick, hard, halved, with a nipple or
opening above; the interior very thin, membranaceous,
entirely enclosing a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular
nucleus.
1. Lejophlea punctiformis. Dotlike smooth-moss.
Crust very thin, rather regular, smooth, brownish ; apo-
thecia small, hemispherical, nearly globular ; mouths
scarcely open ; nucleus globular, white.
Lichen punctiformis, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot. 2412.
Verrucaria punctiformis, Achar. Meth. 119: Lich. 274.
On smooth barks of trees.
2. Lejophlea analepta. Strengthening smooth-moss .
Crust membranaceous, rather irregular, shining, olive;
apothecia nearly sessile, scattered, hemispherical, conoid,
nipplelike; nucleus compressed, nearly membranaceous,
white.
Lichen analeptus, Acliar. Prod. 15; Engl. Bot. 1848.
Verrucaria olivacea, Persoonin Us ter Ann. 7,28.
Verrucaria analepta, Achar. Meth. 119; Lich. 275.
On bark of trees, especially beeches.
3. Lejophlea stigmatella. Small-dot smooth-moss.
Crust thin, cartilaginous, membranaceous, smooth, grow-
ing cracked, whitish ; apothecia small, hemispherical, crowd-
ed, nearly confluent ; mouths extremely small ; nucleus
globular, greyish.
Lichen stigmatellus, Achar. Prod. 15 ; Engl. Bot. 1891.
Verrucaria cinerea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 28.
Verrucaria stigmatella, Achar. Meth. 117 ; Lich , 276.
On the smooth bark of trees.
4. Lejophlea gemmata . Gemmed smooth-moss .
Crust spreading, thin, smooth, silvery white ; apothecia
scattered, hemispherical, nipplelike, shining; nucleus glo-
bular, transparent.
Lichen melaleucus, Engl. Bot. 240.
Verrucaria alba, Schrad. Germ. 109.
Verrucaria melaleuca, Achar. Meth. 117.
Verrucaria gemmata, Achar. Lich. 278.
On the bark of tall trees.
PL.cell.aph, 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 129. Lithocia. 49?
VIII. 129. LITHOCIA. Acharius. Stone-moss .
Th alius crustlike, nearly tartarlike, unbroken, cracked
in beds, or powdery, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo -
thecia with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, in-
nate at bottom in the thallus ; perithecium double, the ex-
terior nearly cartilaginous, thick, black, halved above, with
a nipple or mouth; the interior very thin, membranaceous;
enclosing all around a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular
nucleus.
1. Lithocia Schraderi. Schrader* s stone-moss.
Crust tartarlike, unbroken, whitish ; opothecia small,
crowded, sunk, nearly globular; inside dirty-white, trans-
parent.
Lichen Schraderi, Achar. Prod. 13; Engl . Bot. 1711.
Lichen immersus, Hoffm. Lich. 24.
Verrucaria immersa, Persoon in Uster. Ann. 7.
Verrucaria rupestris, Schrader Germ, 109.
Yerrucaria Schraderi, Achar. Meth. 114; Lich. 284.
On limestone and chalk.
2. Lithocia Harrimanni.. Harrimann’s stone-moss.
Crust tartarlike, unbroken, distinctly limited, very thin,
slightly pitted, mouse-colour ; apothecia minute, nearly
globular, sunk, nipple conical ; inside dirty white.
Verrucaria Harrimanni, Achar. Lich. 284; Engl. Bot. 2539.
On hard grey limestone rocks.
3. Lithocia plumhea. Lead- grey stone-moss.
Crust tartarlike, scarcely broken, regular, very finely
cracked, rather wrinkly, lead-colour ; apothecia nearly glo-
bular, innate, become depressed above, saucershape; in-
side white.
Verrucaria plutnbea, Achar. Lich. 285.
Lichen plumbosus, Engl. Bot. 2540.
On limestone-rocks.
4. Lithocia glaucina. Greenish stone-moss.
Crust cracked in beds, greenish-brown ; apothecia half-
sunk, prominent part hemispherical, afterwards pierced; in-
side dirty white, transparent.
Verrucaria glaucina, Achar. Syn. 94.
On the hardest stones.
VOL. i.
2 K.
498 129. Lithocia. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
5. Lithocia maura . Blackmoor stone-moss .
Orzz?/ tartarlike, thin, smooth, very much cracked, very
deep black ; apothecia minute, nearly globular, immersed ;
tip umbilicated, prominent ; nucleus blackish.
Verrucaria maura, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 19 ; Lich , 291.
Lichen maurus, Engl. Bot. 2456.
On rocks and stones near the seaside.
6. Lithocia striatula. Fine-streaked stone-moss .
Crust figured, shrublike, bordered with greenish-black,
beds rather separate, branched, radiating; apothecia conoid,
afterwards slightly concave above, bordered ; nucleus dot-
like, transparent.
Verrucaria striatula, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 21 ; Lich. 293.
/ 3 . acrotella Beds of the crust dispersed, irregular,
blackish-brown.
Verrucaria acrotella, Achar. Meth. 123.
Lichen acrotellus, Engl. Bot. IT 12.
Verrucaria striatula acrotella, Achar. Lich. 293.
On flint-stones.
IX. 130. INODERMA. Acharius. Tow-moss.
Thallus soft, towlike, rather spongy, or thin cobwebby,
adnate; apothecia containing a nearly globular or hemi-
spherical thalamium, innate at bottom in the thallus; peri-
thecium double, the external rather cartilaginous, thick,
black, halved above, with a nipple or mouth ; the interior
very thin, membranaceous ; including all around a nearly
globular, vesicular, cellular nucleus.
1. Inoderma epigea. Above-ground tow-moss .
Thallus thin, nearly fibrous, uneven, pale yellowish ;
apothecia very small, globular, sunk; mouth prominent,
inside black.
Sphaeria epigea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App. 27.
Verrucaria epigea, Achar. Meth. 123; Lich. 295.
On muddy ground.
2. Inoderma lyssacea . Byssus tow-moss.
Thallus rather leprous, cobwebby, dirty white ; apothecia
very small, nearly globular, half-sunk, pierced, inside
black.
Sphaeria byssacea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App . 32.
Verrucaria byssacea, Achar. Meth. 116; Lich . 294.
On the trunks of trees.
Pl.cell.apk. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 131. Endocarp. 49.9
X. 131. ENDOCARPON. Hedwig. Hidden-fruit .
Thallus crustlike, fiat, adnate, rather regular, or leaflike,
and peltate ; apothecia composed of a globular thalamium
hidden in the substance of the thallus; perithecium single,
membranaceous, thin, transparent, with a thick, nearly
nipplelike prominent mouth, at the surface of the thallus;
and enclosing a globular nucleus, nearly similar to the
thallus.
1. Endocarpon sinopicum. Jasper hidden-fruit.
Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds, slightly lobed, green-
ish, rusty, circumference depressed ; mouths depressed,
black.
Endocarpon Sinopicum, Achar. Meth. Supp. 30; Lich. 207.
Lichen Sinopicus, Engl. Bot. 1776, but not the magnified figure.
On slate.
2. Endocarpon smaragdulum . Emerald hidden-fruit.
Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, rather leaflike, very
small, slightly peltate, flat, pressed close, rounded, not
cut, yellowish-green ; mouths depressed, reddish-brown.
Endocarpon smaragdulum, Achar. Meth. Supp. 29 ; Lich. 298.
Lichen smaragdulus, Engl. Bot. 1512.
On rocks, and in their cracks.
3. Endocarpon tephroides. Ash- colour -hidden-fruit.
Thallus crustlike, membranaceous, spreading, rather
leaflike, unbroken, wavy, frequently tiledlike, cracked, ash-
grey, hoary; circumference irregular, crenately lobed, un-
derneath black, rather spongy; mouths raised, convex,
black, pierced.
Lichen tephroides, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot. 2013.
Endocarpon einereum, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,28.
Endocarpon tephroides, Achar. Meth. 129; Lich. 297.
Upon the ground, and on rotten mosses.
4. Endocarpon polythecium. Many -cased hidden-fruit .
. Thallus spreading, wrinkled, cracked, dark brownish-
grey, hoary ; mouths hemispherical, pierced, afterwards
slightly bordered, crowded, tuberculated.
Lichen fuscellus, Turner in Lin. TV. 7,90; Engl. Bot. 1500.
Verrucaria fuscella a and y, Achar. Lich. 289 and 675.
Verrucaria polythecia, Achar. Lich. 288.
On stones, walls, and the ground,
2 k 2
500 131. Endocarp. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. PI. cell, aph.
5. Endocarpon Hedwigii. Hedwig’s hidden-fruit.
Thallus nearly cartilaginous, roundish, cornered and
lohed, olive-colour; underneath at the edge paler, grow
blackish, fibrilled; mouths rather prominent, blackish
brown.
Lichen trapeziformis, Dickson Crypt. 2,22; Engl. But. 595.
Lichen Endocarpon, Withering Bot.Arr. 4,52.
Endocarpon hepaticum a and /S, Achar. Lich. 298, 299.
Endocarpon pusillum, Hedwig. Crypt. 2, 56.
Endocarpon Hedwigii, Achar. Met h. 125; Lich. 298.
On barren heaths and the sides of mountains.
Thallus scarcely discernible except in wet weather, va-
rious in colour, both above and beneath, paler or darker,
olive, rust-colour, brownish, brown, and blackish.
6. Endocarpon lachneum. Woolly hidden-fruit.
Thallus nearly cartilaginous, lobed; lobes aggregated,
rather tiledlike ; edge raised, turned over, wavy ; under-
neath woolly, black.
Lichen lachneus, Achar , Prod. 140; Engl.Bot. 1698.
Endocarpon lachneum, Achar. Meth. 127 ; Lich . 299.
On downs and rocks.
7. Endocarpon pallidum. Pale hidden fruit .
Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, leaflike, pale, green-
ish, crenately lobed, grows irregularly jagged ; jags bent,
rather tiledlike; external jags underneath paler, naked;
mouths hemispherical, pale, with a black dot.
Endocarpon pallidum, Achar. Lich. 301 ; Engl. Bot. 2541.
Endocarpon muscorum, Achar. Lich. 300.
Upon mosses, and rocks barely covered with earth.
8. Endocarpon parasiticum. Parasitic hidden-fruit.
Thallus crustlike, leatherlike, coppery, underneath black,
fibrilled ; lobes roundish, lobed, flat, smooth, afterwards
convex, wrinkled, cracked, broken ; mouths depressed,
slightly bordered, at length convex.
Lichen parasiticus, Engl. Bot. 1866.
Endocarpon parasiticum, Achar. Syn. 100.
Parasitic on parmelia omphalodes.
9. Endocarpon viride. Green hidden-fruit.
Thallus thin, membranaceous, leaflike, roundish, slightly
concave ; edge not in the least cut, light greenish, under-
neath whitish, naked.
PL cell. aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEJE. 131*Endocarp. 501
Endocarpon viride, Achar. Lich. 300.
On the ground among mosses.
Mouths not yet discovered.
10. Endocarpon miniatum. Scarlet hidden-fruit.
Thallus thick, crustlike, cartilaginous, leaflike, round
peltate, greyish; circumference turned back, bent, plaited;
underneath smooth, afterwards wrinkled, reddish brown ;
mouths small, few, slightly prominent, red.
Lichenoides coriacemn nebulosum einereum punctatum, subtus fulvum,
Bilim Muse. 223.
Lichen miniatus, Lin. S. P. 1617 ; Engl. But. 593, 1.
Endocarpon miniatum, Achar. Meth. 121 ; Lich. 302.
On stones and rocks.
11. Endocarp. leptophyllum. Small-leaved hidden-fruit.
Thallus cartilaginous, leaflike, round, peltate, black-
brown or rather grayish ; circumference turned back, bent ;
underneath smooth, wrinkled rather plaited, black ; mouths
black, slightly prominent.
Lichen leptophyllus, Achar. Prod. 141 ; Engl. Bot. 2012.
Endocarpon leptophyllum, Achar. Meth. 127 ; Lich. 502.
On rocks exposed to the drip of water.
12. Endocarp . complicatum. Complicated hidden-fruit.
Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, lobed, grey; under-
neath blackish-brown; lobes rather upright, roundish,
plaited, convoluted ; mouths crowded, convex, black.
Lichen polyphyllus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.
Lichen ainphibius, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 66; Engl. Bot. 593, 2,
Lichen complicatus, Swartz in N. Act. JJps. 4.
Endocarpon complicatum, Achar. Meth. 123 ; Lich. 303.
On rocks and stones near the water.
Thallus sometimes simple, approaches nearer to E. We-
beri in habit than to E. miniatus, although esteemed by
some a variety of the latter ; retains its colour when
moistened.
13. Endocarpon Weberi . Weber's hidden-fruit.
Thallus cartilaginous, nearly leatherlike, leaflike, lobed,
greyish-brown-olive ; underneath fawn-brown and black ;
each face smooth ; lobes jagged, bent, plaited, crisp, hud-
dled, irregular; mouths slightly convex, black.
502 131. Endocarp. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.
Lichen iluviatilis, Weber Gotting. 265.
Lichen aquaticus, Weiss Crypt. 77 ; Engl. Bot. 594.
Platisma aquaticum, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 64.
Endocarpon fluviatile, Wahlenb. Lapp. 462.
Endocarpon Weberi, Achar. Meth. 128 ; Lich. 304.
On rocks and stones under water.
Thallus while wet a fine green ; when dry blackish-brown
or dark green ; underneath sometimes deep black.
E. Ofegraphide.®. Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded,
adnate, uniform ; apothecia sessile, flat, bordered, linear.
XI. 132. GRAPHIS. Adanson. Trait-moss.
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia composed of a long thalamium immersed in the
thallus; perithecium single, cartilaginous, halved, lateral,
black, enclosing a linear nucleus on both sides; centre
naked above and below ; inside cellular-streaked.
1. Gr aphis scripta . Written trait-moss .
Crust membranaceous, smooth, rather shining, whitish
and rather greyish, nearly regular; apothecia slightly raised,
naked, wavy, simple or branched ; centre slitlike; thalloid
border raised, membranaceous.
Lichenoides crusta tenuissima, peregrinis velut literis inscripta, Lillen
in Raii Syn. 7 1, 48.
Lichen scriptus, Lin. S. P. 1606.
Opegrapha scripta, Achar. Meth. 30; Engl. Bot, 1813.
Graphis scripta, Achar. Lich. 265.
On the smooth bark of trees in woods.
Apothecia resemble Hebrew or Chinese characters.
2. Graphis pulverulenta . Powdery trait-moss.
Crust spreading, membranaceous, whitish ; apothecia
slightly raised, wavy; centre grooved, gaping, grey-hoary;
thalloid border raised, slightly swollen.
Opegrapha pulverulenta, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 29 ; Engl. Bot. 1754.
Graphis pulverulenta, Achar. Lich. 266.
On the bark of trees.
3. Graphis cerasi . Cherry-tree trait-moss.
Crust very thin, grey, greenish, shining; apothecia
slightly raised, straight, long, simple, pointed, nearly pa-
rallel; centre grooved, slightly hoary; thalloid border thin.
Opegrapha cerasi, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11, 20; Engl. Bot. 2301 ;
Achar. Meth. 27.
Graphis cerasi, Achar. Lich. 268.
On the bark of cherry and sloe trees*
PL cell. aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 132. Graphis. 503
4. Graphis betulina . Birch trait-moss*
Crust very thin, white, bordered, with black; apothecia
sunk, nearly simple, elliptic, long or starlike; centre broad,
Hat, rather hoary ; thalloid border raised membranaceous.
Opegrapha betulina, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 31 j Engl. Dot. 2281 ;
Achar. Meth. 20.
Graphis betulina, Achar. Lich. 268.
On the bark of birch-trees.
5. Graphis dendritica. Shrublike trait-moss .
Crust rather cartilaginous, uneven, very white ; apothecia
sunk, wavy, branched, black ; branches diverging, forked,
pointed; centre broad, flat, naked; border of the perithe-
cium scarcely any, thalloid border very slight.
Opegrapha dendritica, Achar. Meth. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1756.
Graphis dendritica, Achar. Lich. 271.
On the bark of trees.
Apothecia when moistened becomes transparent, brownish.
6. Graphis serpentina . Serpentine trait-moss .
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, uneven, wrinkled,
regular, white and grey ; apothecia sunk, long, crowded,
bent, sometimes branched, blunt, grey-hoary ; centre
grows flat; thalloid border thick.
Opegrapha serpentina, Achar. Meth. 29* Engl. Bot. 1755.
Graphis serpentina, Achar. Lich, 269.
On the bark of trees.
Habit singular, and quite distinct from G. pulverulenta.
7. Graphis Lyelli . Ly ell's trait-moss.
Crust membranaceous, smooth, pale olive-colour; apo-
thecia crowded, seldom branched, curved, swollen, blunt;
centre broad, convex, grey-hoary; thalloid border thick,
white, powdery.
Opegrapha Lyelli, Engl. Bot. 1876.
Graphis Lyelli, Achar. Syn. 85.
On rugged barks of trees.
8. Graphis elegans. Elegant trait-moss.
Crust round, granular, bald, white ; apothecia sunk, scat-
tered, short, straight, seldom branched ; edge of the peri-
thecium grooved lengthways.
Opegrapha elegans, Engl. Bot. 1852.
Graphis elegans, Achar. Syn. 85.
On the smooth bark of young trees.
504. 133. Alyxoria. 5. IDIOTH ALAMEiE. Plcellaph .
XII. 133. ALYXORIA. Acharius. Wide-moss.
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo -
thecia oblong or long, sessile; covered with a black, carti-
laginous membrane, enclosing a similar, rather solid pa-
renchyme; centre linear, bordered on both sides, hollow,
grooved or flat, open ; borders distant.
1. Alyxoria notha. Spurious wide-moss.
Crust cartilaginous, rather leprous, whitish ; apolhecia
sessile, scattered, rather roundish or oval, irregular; centre
flat, grows convex, hemispherical, slightly tuberculated,
edge very small.
Arthronia gibberulosa, Achar. Lick. 142.
Opegrapha verrucaroides /3 and 8, Achar. Lick. 244.
Opegrapha Lichenoides, Persoon in TJster Ann. 7,30.
Opegrapha notha, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lich. 252; Engl. Hot. 1S90.
On the bark of old elms, fig, and other trees.
2. Alyxoria diaphora. Variable wide-moss.
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, dirty greyish-white ;
apothecia sessile, variable, oblong, rather long, narrow both
ways, opake; centre flat; edges persistent, rather bent.
Opegrapha varia, Persoon in Us'ter Ann. 7, 30.
Opegrapha diaphora, Achar. Meth. 19; Lich. 254.
Opegrapha diaphora spanista, Achar. Meth. 19 ; Lich. 254.
On the trunks of trees.
XIII. 134*. HYSTERINA. Acharius. Slit-moss,
Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia oblong or long, sessile, covered with a black carti-
laginous membrane, enclosing a similar rather solid paren-
chyme; centre linear, very narrow, slitlike, enclosed on
each side with a swollen, connivent border nearly close.
1. Hysterina nimbosa. Cloudlike slit-moss.
Crust slightly cracked, uneven, very white; apothecia
crowded, small, oval oblong, turgid ; centre closed.
Opegrapha notha conferta, Achar. Meth. 18.
Opegrapha nimbosa, Achar. Meth. 18 ; Lich. 245 ; Engl. Bot. 2346.
On the bark of trees.
2. Hysterina Versoonii. Persoon' s slit-moss.
Crust tartarlike, smoothish, coherent, uneven, whitish ;
apothecia innate, oblong; centre slitlike, growing wrinkled,
bent, plaited, irregular, slightly running into one another ;
irregularly slightly gaping.
PL cell. a pit. 5. IDIOTHALAMEiE. 1 34-. Hysterina. 505
Opegrapha rupestris, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11,20.
Opegrapha Persoonii, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lich. 246; Engl. Bot. 2345.
On rocks and walls.
/3. aporea. Crust tartarlike, leprous, uneven, powdery;
apoihecia roundish, irregular, wavy, plaited, serpentine, in
various manners, gaping.
Lichenis simplieis varietas, Dailies Tr. Lin. Soc. 2, 284.
Lecidea privigna, Achar. Mdh. 49.
Opegrapha Persoonii aporea, Achar. Meth. 17 ; Lich. 246.
y. strepsodina. Crust very thin, scarcely any, smooth,
greyish ; opothecia crowded, roundish, irregular, wrinkled
and bordered.
Opegrapha Persoonii strepsodina, Achar. Lich. 247.
On slate-rocks.
3. Hysterina petr&a. Rock slit-moss.
Crust tartarlike, cracked in beds, dirty-white ; beds
smooth ; apothecia sessile, oblong, nearly linear, swollen,
straightish, rather shining; centre slitlike, between raised
edges.
Opegrapha petrasa, Achar. Syn. 72.
On rocks.
4. Hysterina calcar ea. Limestone slit-moss.
Crust tartarlike, powdery, very white; apothecia rather
long, straight, swollen, opake, aggregated in stars ; centre
slitlike.
Opegrapha calcarea, Engl. Bot. 1790; Achar. Lich. 250.
On the mortar of old walls, and on limestone.
5. Hysterina macularis . Spotted slit-moss.
Crust regular, uneven, brown-black ; apothecia small,
run together, roundish, elliptic, growing wrinkled, irregu-
lar ; centre slitlike.
Lichenoides punctatum et rugosum nigrum, Dillen Muse. 125.
Lichen rugosus, Lin. S. P. 1607.
Lichen macularis, Relhan Cant. 446.
Opegrapha quercina, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31.
Opegrapha conglomerata, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 31 ; Achar. Meth.
23.
Opegrapha faginea, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31.
Opegrapha macularis, Achar. Lich. 247 ; Meth. 21.
Opegrapha epiphega, Achar. Meth. 24.
Opegrapha macularis conglomerata, Achar. Lich . 247.
Opegrapha macularis fagiuea, Achar. Lich. 248.
On the bark of the branches of beech and oak trees.
506 134. Hysterina. 5. IDIOTHALAME^. PLcelLaph.
6. Hysterina herpetica. Eruption slit-moss.
Crust nearly membranaceous, very finely cracked and
wrinkled, rather rough, grey-brown ; opolhecia very small,
innate ih the crust, crowded, convex, elliptically oblong,
rather long, straight ; centre slitlike.
Opegrapha herpetica, Achar. Meth. 25 ; Lich. 248.
Opegrapha rubella decolorata, Achar. Meth. 21 ; Lich. 248.
Opegrapha fuliginosa, Persoon in Act. JVetteraw , 2,44.
Opegrapha rimalis fuscata, Achar. Lich. 261,
On the trunks of trees.
7. Hysterina dispar a ta. Unlike slit-moss.
Crust membranaceous, rather smooth, pale olive, or
brownish with a green or red cast; apothecia various, round-
ish, oblong, longish, straight or crooked ; centre slitlike.
Opegrapha rubella, Persoon in Uster Ann . 7, 31.
Opegrapha aenea, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31.
Opegrapha viridis, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31.
Opegrapha rubella a and 8, Achar. Meth. 21 , 22.
Opegrapha siderella aenea, Achar. Meth. 26.
Opegrapha rubella «, y and 8, Achar. Lich. 249, 250.
On the bark of trees.
8. Hysterina vulgata. Common slit-moss .
Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, broken, rather
scaly, smoothish, greenish-white; apothecia sessile, variously
formed, long, cylindrical, wavy, rather shining ; centre
slitlike.
Opegrapha vulgata, Achar. Meth. 20 ; Lich. 250; Engl. Bot. 255, 1811.
On the clefts of old trees, especially fir-trees.
9. Hysterina epipasta. Sprinkled slit-moss .
Crust very thin, rather irregular, smooth, grey ; apothecia
innate, slightly raised, very small, convex, wrinkled, opake,
various; the smaller apothecia dotlike; the longer ex-
tremely narrow, crooked, sometimes branched ; centre and
edges very slender, scarcely any.
Opegrapha dispersa, Schrad. Krypt. 167.
Opegrapha epipasta, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 258 ; Engl. Bot. 1828.
On smooth bark of trees, particularly maple and horse
chestnut-trees.
10. Hysterina microscopica. Microscopic slit-moss.
Crust very thin, rather shining, pale olive; apothecia
rather elliptic, not branched, nearly parallel, growing star-
like, branched and angular; border very slight.
PLcelLaph. 5. IDlOTHALAMEiE. 134. Hysterina. 507
Graphis microscopica, Ehrh. Crypt. 278.
Opegrapha microscopica, Eng l. Bot. 1911.
Opegrapha epipasta caruganae, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 258.
On the smooth bark of trees, mostly in company with
lejophlea analepta, gen. 128, 2.
1 1 . Hysterina venosa. Veiny slit-moss .
Crust powdery, white; apothecia close together, branch-
ed, stuffed, prominent, bald.
Opegrapha venosa, Persoon in Act. Wetter. 2, 44 ; Achar. Syn. 334.
On the trunks of beech-trees ; always surrounded with
arthonia obscura, gen. 117j 3.
12. Hysterina denigrata . Smutted slit-moss .
Crust regular, membranaceous, palish-white; apothecia
sessile, crowded, rather shining, longish, bent, sometimes
branched; centre slightly channelled.
Opegrapha atra, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.
Opegrapha denigrata, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 259; Engl. Bot. 1753.
Opegraplia denigrata melanochroa, Achar. Meth. 27.
Opegrapha denigrata atra, Achar. Lich. 260.
On the bark of wallnut, ash, oak, and beech trees.
Earn. VI. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Fungorum pars ,
Linnseus. Hypoxylorum pars , De Candolle.
Xylaria , Link. Myelomyci , Esenbeck.
Algarum pars , Jussieu.
Thallus corky, fleshy, or 0 ; thecce mostly immersed in
the thallus or substance of the plant, coriaceous or bony,
of a different substance from the thallus, opening by a re-
gular mouth, sometimes but rarely bursting irregularly;
sporidia ringed, intermixed with a deliquescent, deciduous
pulp. — Grows generally on decayed plants, under the epi-
dermis.
A. Sporidia fixed; thecce opening ly a slit ; thallus 0.
Hysteridese.
Theca roundish, erumpent;
mouth valvular ; Actidium. 135.
Theca long, erumpent ; mouth linear Hypoderma. 136.
Theca long, naked; mouth linear .... Hysterium. 137.
508 6. SARCOTHALAMEJE. Pl.celLaph.
Be Sporidia deliquescent ; thecae ivith a mouth or r up t ile,
fixed . Spherideae.
Thallus clublike, succulent;
thecae peripherical, horizontal Xylaria. 138.
Thallus clublike, corky;
thecae, peripherical, horizontal Hypoxylon! 139.
Thallus hemispherical, sessile;
thecae peripherical, horizontal .. Periphorostoma. 140.
Thallus cupshape, stipitate ;
thecae vertical, immersed , Poronia. 141.
Thallus spreading, sessile;
thecae vertical, immersed Neman ia. 142.
Thallus spreading, irregular;
thecae clustered, naked Cucurbitaria. 143.
Thallus spreading; thecae immersed
in the bark; mouths connivent Engizostoma. 144.
Thallus 0 ; thecae immersed,
connivent; mouths erumpent Circinostoma. 145.
Thallus 0 ; thecae immersed,
upright; mouths erumpent Exormatostoma. 146.
Thallus 0; thecae naked;
mouths not discernible Astoma. 147.
Thallus 0 ; thecae naked ;
mouths conspicuous Sphteria. 148.
C. Sporidia gelatinous ; thecae globular , projectile;
thallus cupshaped. Theleobilideae.
Thecae when mature projected Thelebolus. 146.
D. Sporidia threadlike , waxy, persisting ; thecae fixed,
with a mouth . Nemasporidese.
Sporidia tendril-like Nemaspora. 147.
A. Hysterideje. Thallus 0; thecae long or round;
mouth opening by one or more slits; sporidia fixed, up-
right; sporae oval.
I. 135. ACTXDIUM. Fries. Actidium .
Thallus 0 ; thecae round, bursting through the epidermis
of plants; mouth with many radiating slits.
PL celL apk. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZE. 135. Actid. 509
Actidium Esenbeckii. Esenbeck's actidium.
Thecae roundish, flat ; mouth with five or six valves turned
back.
Hysterium valvatum, Esenbeck Syst. 1,281.
On decayed wood.
II. 136. HYPODERMA. De Candolle. Hypoderme .
Thallus 0; thecae long, linear, bursting the epidermis;
mouth a simple, linear slit.
1. Hypoderma fraxini. Ash-tree hypoderme .
Thecae opake, blackish, ovate oblong, convex; mouth
deep, lips turned back.
Sphmria sulcata, Bolton Fungi, 124; Sowerby Engl , Fungiy 315.
Hysterium fraxini, Persoon Syn. Fung. 100.
Hypoderma fraxini, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 64.
On the branches of ash and maple.
2. Hypoderma quercinum. Oak hypoderme .
Thecae greyish-black, oblong, large, rather bellied, bent;
lips acute, crisped.
Hysterium nigrum, Tode Fung. 1,5.
Variolaria corrugata, Bulliard Champ. 117.
Sphceria collapsa, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 373.
Hypoderma quercinum, De Cand. Syn. 64.
On dead sticks.
3. Hypoderma cojiigerum. Conebearing hypoderme .
Thecae blackish, rather ovate, very small; inside wrinkly,
powdery.
Hysterium conigerum, Persoon Syn. 102.
Hypoderma conigerum, De Cand. Syn. 824.
On dried strobiles of fir-trees.
4. Hypoderma crispum. Crisp hypoderme .
Thecae long, convex, rather bellied ; Ups thin, crisp.
Hysterium crispum, Persoon Syn. F. 101.
Hypoderma crispum, De Cand. Syn. 826.* *
On the bark of pine-trees.
5. Hypoderma arundinaceum. Reed hypoderme ,
Thecae, oval, depressed, greyish black, granular.
Hypoderma arundinaceum, De Cand. Syn. 825.
On dead stems of arundo vallatoria.
510 136. Hypod. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Plcell.aph.
6. Hypoderma xylomoides . Xyloma hypoderme .
Thecce elliptical, flat, shining, black.
Xyloma hysteroides, Persoon Syn. 106.
Hypoderma xylomoides, De Cand. Syn. 823.
On dead hawthorn and laurel-leaves.
III. 137. HYSTERIUM. Persoon. Hysterium .
Thallus 0 ; thecce long, naked ; mouth a simple linear slit.
—On old dead wood.
1. Hysterium mytilinum. Mussel hysterium.
Thecce aggregate, black-green, upright, lenticular,
streaked crosswise, slightly pedicelled.
Hysterium mytilinum, Persoon Syn. 97.
On the bark of abies excelsa.
2. Hysterium pulicare. Flea-hrown hysterium .
Thecce gregarious, oblong, blunt, streaked, black ; lips
blunt.
Hysterium pulicare, Persoon Syn. 9S.
Lichen scriptus #, Light f. Scot. 2, 801.
On dead branches of oak-trees.
3. Hysterium angustatum . Narrow-mouth hysterium .
Thecce crowded, linear, parallel, black; lips sharp.
Hysterium angustatum, Persoon Syn. 99.
On decayed wood.
B. SpHERTDEiE. Thallus fleshy, leatherlike, crustlike,
or 0 ; thecce fixed, roundish, opening by a roundish mouth,
sometimes remaining closed ; sporidia long, mostly club-
shape, twisted, deliquescing into a liquid slime; sporce ob-
long, ringed.
IV. 138. XYLARIA. Hill. Xytaria.
Thallus long, clubshape, fleshy ; thecce roundish, in the
circumference of the thallus ; mouths circular.
a. Growing on the earth.
1 . Xylaria militaris. Soldierlike xylaria,
Thallus yellowish red, head rough, rather tubercular ;
mouth slightly prominent.
Pl. cell. aph. G. SAIICOTII ALAMEiE. 138. Xylan .511
Clavaria militaris, Lin. S. P. 1652.
Sphaeria militaris, Persoon Syn. 1 ; Sowerby Fungi, 60.
Among grass and mosses ; autumn.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches long, club rarely 2 or.3-cut.
2. Xylaria alutacea. Leathery xylaria .
Thallus opake, ochraceous; club smooth; mouth not
prominent.
Sphaeria alutacea, Persoon Syn. 2.
Pine-woods ; autumn.
Club gradually thickening.
3. Xylaria albicans . Whitish xylaria .
Thallus pale whitish ; club and bottom of the stipes
swollen, smooth.
Sphaeria clavata, Sowerby Fungi, 159.
Woods; autumn.
Thallus hollow, 2 inches high.
? (3. cylindrical Thallus nearly cylindrical.
Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi , 90.
4. Xylaria agariciformis . Mushroomlike xylaria .
Thallus tuberous at bottom; stipes yellow; club ovate,
dark chestnut, dotted.
Sphaeria agariciformis, Bolton Fung . 130 j Sowerby Fungi , 354.
Sphaeria capitata, Persoon Syn. 3.
In woods.
Thallus 2-coated at bottom, inside black ; stipes rather
twisted.
b. Growing upon dead insects .
5. Xylaria entomorhiza. Insect-rooting xylaria .
Stipes long, very slender; club spherical, brown, gra-
nulated.
Sphaeria entomorhiza, Dickson Crypt. 22 ; Persoon Syn. 4.
On the dead larvae of wasps.
Stipes simple or branched, compressed, 2 inches long.
6. Xylaria apum. Bee xylaria .
Stipes shortish, thick, tuberous at bottom ; club granu-
lated, chocolate-brown.
On the pupae of bees.
Stipes an inch long ; head a quarter as long, one or two
from the same base.
6
512 139. Hypox. Q. SAilCOTHALAME/E. PI; cell apt*.
\\ 139. HYPOXYLON. Hy poxy Ion.
Thallus long, slightly clubshape, or branched; leather-
like; inside blackish; outside whitish; thecce roundish;
mouths circular, in the circumference of the thallus.
1. Hypoxylon pedunculatum. Footstalked hypoxylon .
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald ; inside white ;
stipes simple, roundish, slender; club ovate, conical.
Sphaeria pedunculata, Sowerby Fungi , 437-
Clavaria parasitica, Withering j Sot. Arr . 4,397.
On lycoperda.
2. Hypoxylon ophioglossoides. Adders- tongue hypoxylon .
Thallus blackish ; inside yellowish green ; club ovate,
roundish, thickened.
Clavaria radicosa, Bulliard Champ. 195.
Sphaeria ophioglossoides, Persoon Syn. 4.
Sphaeria radicosa, De Cand. Syn. 754.
On heaths and pine-woods ; autumn.
Club sometimes 2-cut.
3. Hypoxylon cornutum . Horned hypoxylon ,
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, compressed, grega-
rious; base hirsute; tip white, powdery.
Clavaria Hypoxylon, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1013.
Sphaeria cornuta, Hojpm. Crypt. 4, 11.
Sphaeria Hypoxylon, Persoon Syn. 5; Sowerby Fungi , 55.
On rotten wood in gardens.
Thecce below the tip.
0. cupressiforme . Thallus small ; club bellied or round,
pointed.
Sphaeria cupressiformis, Woodward in Wither. Bot. Arr. 3,457.
Lichen-agaricus nigricans, cupressiformis, ramosus et non ramosus,
lignis aridis adnascens, Micheli N. Gen. PI. 104.
y. ramosum. Thallus slender, very much branched.
Sphaeria ramosa, Sowerby Fungi, 395.
4. Hypoxylon polymorphum. Very-various hypoxylon .
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald, gregarious; in-
side white, tip yellowish, compressed, branchy, tuberculate.
Clavaria digilata, FI. Dan. 900.
Sphaeria digitata, Sowerby Fungi , 69.
Sphaeria carcharias, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1474.
Sphaeria polyinorpha, Persoon Syn. 7.
On rotten, decayed wood.
Thallus very variable; tip of the club blunt.
Pl.cell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 139. Hypox. 51S
/
0. spathulaturru Thallus slightly compressed, reverse-
conical ; stipes very short.
y. mammillanum. Club bellied, ending in a long barren
point.
5. Hypoxylon digitatum . Fingered hypoxyloru
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black; inside white; stipes
connate at bottom ; tip white, powdery, pointed, naked.
Clavaria digitata, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1010.
Sphaeria digitata, Persoon Syn. 7.
On rotten wood.
VI. 140. PERIPHEROSTOMA. Peripherostome .
Thallus leatherlike, corky, hemispherical, sessile, de-
pressed ; thecce in the circumference of the thallus.
a. Thallus naked, free,
1. Periph. concentricum. Concentric peripherostome,
Thallus nearly globose, bald, uneven ; thecce immersed,
in concentric striae.
Sphaeria concentrica, Bolton Fungi , 180.
Sphaeria fraxinea, Sowerby Fungi , 160.
On ash and hornbeam trees.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches in diameter.
0. multicap sulare. Thallus small.
Sphaeria multicapsula, Sowerby Fungi , 436.
2. Periph. fragiformis. Strawberry peripherostome .
Thallus nearly globular, black ; surface granulated \
thecce rather prominent, reddish-brown.
Lycoperdon variolosuin, Lin. Syst. Veg.ed. 15,2, 1019.
Sphagna fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 9.
On birch-trees.
S. Peripherostoma fuscum . Brown peripherostome .
Thallus brown, hemispherical, flattened, confluent; thecce
swollen, umbilicated, tubercular.
Sphaeria confluens, JVilld. Berol. 416.
Sphaeria fragiformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,20.
Sphaeria tuberculosa, Bolton Fungi , 123 ; Sowerby Fungi , 374.
Sphaeria aciniformis, Sowerby Fungi , 273 ?
Sphaeria fusea, Persoon Syn. 12.
On the dried branches of hawthorn or of nut-trees..
Thallus conical, scattered, dark opake dull brown ; thecas:
sometimes even, not swollen.
vol. i . 2l
514? 140. Peripb. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.apk .
&• depressum. Thallus flattened, rather wrinkled.
y. inequale . Thallus wartlike, unequal, confluent.
4. Peripherostoma confluens. Confluent peripherostome.
Thallus black, unequal, expanded ; thecce free above.
Sphaeria cohaerens, ' Persoon Syn. II.
On the trunks of beech- trees.
5. Peripherostoma irrcgulare. Irregular peripherostome .
Thallus irregular, tubercular, black ; thecce reddish-
brown, irregularly scattered.
Sphaeria irregularis, Sowerby Fungi , 374.
On rotten wood.
6. Peripherostoma granulosum . Granular peripherostome .
Thallus light, spongy, knoblike, black; thecce immersed;
mouth level with the surface.
Sphaeria granulosa, Bulliard Champ. ; Sowerby Fungi. 356.
On dead birch-trees.
7. Periph. multiceps. Many-headed peripherostome .
Thallus flat, black, sooty, irregular, spreading; inside
green ; thecce with a pointed acuminated mouth.
Sphaeria multiceps, Sowerby Fungi , 395.
On decayed sticks.
b. Bursting through the lark.
8. Periph . melogramma. Black-letter periphrosiome.
Thallus reverse-conical, soot-black ; thecce rather pro-
minent.
Sphaerica ocellata, Persoon Disp. 2.
Variolaria melogramma, Bulliard Champ. 182.
Sphaeria obducta, Bolton Fungi. 125.
Sphaeria melogramma, Persoon Syn. 13.
On branches of beech and birch trees.
9. Peripherostoma ribis. Currant-tree peripherostome .
Thallus elliptical, bursting forth across the branches,
brown, grooved.
Sphaeria Ribesia, Persoon Syn. 14.
On dry branches of red-currant bushes, winter.
Pl.cell. aph. 6. SARCOTH ALAMEiE. 140. Periph. 515
10. Peripherostoma samluci . Elder-tree peripherostome.
Thallus flat, grayish, soft; outside black; thecce pro-
minent.
Sphaeria sambuci, Persoon Syn. 15.
On elder-trees.
11. Peripherostoma parallelum . Parallel peripherostome .
Thallus nearly smooth, blackish ; thecce embedded.
Sphaeria parallela, Sowerby Fungi, 374,4.
12. Peripherostoma populi. Poplar peripherostome .
Thallus scattered, orbicular, on poplar leaves.
Sphaeria populi, Sowerby Fungi. 374, 2.
1 3. Peripherostoma ulmi. Elm-tree peripherostome .
Thallus scattered, orbicular; on the leaves of ulmus
campestris.
Sphaeria ulinaria, Sowerby Fungi, 374,3.
14. Peripherostoma depressum. Flattened peripherostome.
Thallus orbicular, flat, black, inside white; thecce not
prominent.
Sphaeria depressa, Sowerby Fungi, 216.
Variolaria punctata, Bulliard Champ. 432, 2.
On rotten sticks.
15. Peripherostoma arundinacea. Reed peripherostome.
Thallus oblong, long, flat, black ; thecae in a single lon-
gitudinal row.
Sphaeria arundinacea, Sowerby Fungi, 336.
On the stalks of arundo vallatoria.
VII. 141. PORONIA. Willdenow. Poronia .
Thallus leatherlike, stipitate, cupshaped; centre orbi*
cular, truncated ; thecce scattered, immersed vertically in
the thallus.
Poronia Gleditschii. Gleditsch’s poronia .
Thallus cupshape ; stipes sooty ; centre snow-white ;
thecce scattered, like black spots.
Sphaeria truncata, Bulliard Champ. 127,2.
Sphaeria punctata, Sowerby Fungi, 54.
Sphaeria Poronia, Persoon Syn. 15.
Peziza punctata, Lin. Syst. ed. 15, 1017.
Poronia Gleditschii, Willd. Berol. 400.
Sandy places, on horse-dung, rarely on cow-dung.
2 L 2
516 142. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
VIII. 142. NEMANIA. Nemania •
Thallus sessile, spreading, orbicular or elliptical; thecce
scattered, immersed vertically in the thallus.
a. Thallus naked , free.
1. Nemania deusta. Burnt nemania .
Thallus broad, thick, wrinkled, spreading, brown ; moutks
prominent.
Hypoxylon ustulatum, Bulliard Champ. 487, 1.
Sphaeria deusta, Persoon Syn. 16.
Sphaeria maxima, fVcber Germ. 286; Sowcrby Fungi , 338.
Sphaeria versipellis, Tode Fung. 2, 55.
On the trunks of trees, in woods; spring.
Thallus centre gray, powdery; limb whitish, at length
bullated, waved, ridged, entirely black.
2. Nemania graminis.
Thallus black, equal, spotlike.
Sphaeria graminis, Persoon Syn. 30.
On the withered leaves of grasses.
3. Nemania typhina .
Thallus dark yellow.
Sphaeria typhina, Persoon Syn. 13.
On withered leaves of grasses and bullrushes.
4. Nemania serpens . Creeping nemania.
Thallus black, flat, spreading lengthways ; thecce pro-
minent.
Sphaeria serpens, Persoon Syn . 20.
On oak and beech-wood.
5. Nemania uda. Moist nemania .
Thallus oblong, aggregate, black ; thecce very prominent.
Sphaeria uda, Persoon Syn. 33.
On dry oak-wood.
6. Nemania picea. Pitchy nemania .
Thallus spreading, irregular, smooth, brownish-black,
pitchy, cracked ; thecce embedded.
Sphaeria picea, Sovoerby Fungi, 374, 5.
On the outside of wood.
Grass nemania.
Bullrush nemania .
JPL cell, apk. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 142. Neman. 5l1
7. Nemania immersa. Sunken nemania.
Thallus spherical, black, penetrating wood in various
directions.
Sphaeria immersa, Sowerby Fungi , 374, 1.
8. Nemania diffusa. Spread nemania.
Thallus spreading, irregular, black.
Sphaeria diffusa, Sowerby Fungi , 373, 10.
On the bark of dry wood, under the epidermis.
9. Nemania fuliginos a. Suoty nemania.
Thallus black; thecce prominent.
On rotten branches of oak-trees, on the epidermis.
10. Nemania Crustacea . Crustlike nemania.
Thallus spread; thecce slightly prominent; mouth pro-
minent.
Sphaeria Crustacea, Sowerby Fungi , 372, 1 1.
On the trunks of trees.
b. Bursting forth from under the hark.
1 1 . Nemania stigma. Stigma nemania.
Thallus broad, flat, equal, spreading under the epidermis;
inside white, outside black ; mouths immersed, flattish,
spotlike.
Sphaeria stigma, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,7.
Hypoxylon operculatum. Bull. Champ. 177.
On dried branches of hawthorn.
12. Nemania decorlicata. Unlarked nemania.
Theca inside white, outside black ; mouths rather pro-
minent, conical.
Sphaeria decorticath, Sowerby Fungi , 137.
Sphaeria stigma decorticala, Persoon Syn. 21.
On dead branches of hazel.
13. Nemania maculata . Spotted nemania.
Thallus broad, spread, quite flat, black; thecce pointed,
globular, covered with a rust-colour veil.
Sphaeria cinerea, Sowerby Fungi , 373, 11.
Sphaeria macula, Tode Meckl, 2, 33.
On dry branches of oak-trees.
Spot black, large; thecce wool-like; mouths slightly pro-
tuberant.
518 142. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. PL cell, aph .
14. Nemania lata . Broad nemania .
Thallus scarcely any, spreading; thecce black; mouths
rather conical, angular.
Sphaeria lata, Persoon Syn. 20.
On dry branches and wood.
15. Nemania quercina. Oak nemania .
Thallus black-brown, nearly orbicular, girt by the epi-
dermis; mouths rather prominent, quadrangular, blunt.
Sphaeria quercina, Persoon Syn. 24.
On dry branches of oak-trees.
16. Nemania disciformis. Dishlike nemania.
Thallus black, nearly orbicular, flat ; mouths sunk, spot-
like.
Sphaeria disciformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,15.
On dry branches of beech- trees.
Thallus shining, inside whitish-gray.
17. Nemania ferruginea. Iron-colour nemania .
Thallus brown-black, inside iron-colour, transverse ;
mouths prominent, thornlike.
Sphaeria ferruginea, Persoon Syn. 35.
On dry branches of hazel.
18. Nemania cerato-sperma. Horn-seed nemania .
Thallus convex, black, smooth, scattered; mouths spi-
nulous, connate.
Sphaeria Ceratosperimim, Tode Meckl. 2, 55.
Under the bark of the dog-rose.
Thalli gregarious ; inside white.
1 9. Nemania protracta. Protracted nemania .
Thallus bursting forth lengthways, protracted, black;
thecae globular, approximated in pairs ; mouths very short,
blunt, rather wrinkly, angular.
Sphaeria protracta, Persoon Syn. 34.
On the branches of maple-trees.
20. Nemania flavo-virens. Yellow-green nernania .
Thallus roundish, flattish yet convex, black, inside
greenish, powdery.
Sphaeria flavovirens, Hoffm . Crypt . 1, 10.
On dead branches and sticks in woods.
PL cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 142. Neman. 519
21. Nemanla Icevis. Smooth nemania.
Thallus smooth, shining, oblong, black ; inside whitish ;
thecce ovate.
Sphaeria laevis, Soveerby Fungi, 394, 5.
On hazel-sticks ?
IX. 143. CUCURBITARIA. Cucurhitaria.
Thallus spreading, irregular ; thecce in tufts, placed on
the thallus.
1. Cucurhitaria herleridis. Berberry cucurhitaria *
Tufts bursting out from the bark, irregular ; thallus
thin, blackish ; thecce mouthless, ovate, cracked.
Sphaeria berberidis, Persoon Syn. 52.
On the branches of berberry bushes.
Tufts long.
2. Cucurhitaria cupularis. Cup cucurhitaria .
Tufts black; thecce wrinkled, mostly collapsed, mouth-
less.
Sphaeria cupularis, Persoon Syn. 53.
On the dead branches of lime and hornbeam trees.
3. Cucurhitaria rubra. Bed cucurhitaria .
Tufts roundish, pale vermilion-red ; thallus scarcely any ;
thecce collapsed, porringershaped, smoothish, mouthless.
Sphaeria cucurbitula, 1'ode Meckl. 38.
On the branches of various trees.
4. Cucurhitaria coccinea. Scarlet cucurhitaria .
Tufts bursting out of the bark, nearly round, scarlet;
thallus scarcely any; thecce ovate; mouths blunt.
Sphaeria coccinea, Persoon Syn. 49.
Sphaeria decidua, Tode Meckl. 2,31.
On the bark of beech-trees.
X. 144. ENGIZOSTOMA. Engizostome .
Thallus scarcely any, filling up the interstices between
the thecae which are sunk in the bark, concentrically con-
nivent; mouths circular, connivent.
520 144. Engiz. 6. SARCOTHALAMEJE. PLcelLaph .
1. E?igizosloma ciliatum. Fringed engizoslome .
Thecce black ; mouth bristlelike, flexible, diverging above.
Sphaeria ciliata, Persoon Syn. 35.
On the branches of elm-trees.
2. Engizostoma corniculatum . Jnkhorn engizoslome,
Thecce roundish, black; mouths cylindrical, congregated
Into a compact neck ; tip umbilicated.
Sphaeria corniculata, Persoon Syn. 40.
Under the bark of trees.
3. Engizostoma microstomum . Small-mouth engizoslome »
Thecce roundish ; disk prominent, flattish, black; mouths
very numerous, growing together into a finely granular
disk.
Sphffiria microstoma, Persoon Syn. 40.
On the branches of plum-trees.
4. Engizostoma leucostomnm . IVhiteynouth engizoslome ,
Thecce whitish; neck truncated, bursting forth; mouths
2 or 3, black, dotlike.
Sphaeria leucostoma, Persoon Syn. 29.
Sphaeria marginata, Sowerby Fungi , 372,7.
On the branches of cherry and plum trees.
5. Engizostoma scutellatum. Saucerlike engizoslome •
Thallus saucerlike, bursting the bark; thecce bottleshape,
loosely conglutinated, brown.
Sphaeria scutellata, Persoon Syn. 37.
On the branches of maple.
Thallus at first simple, with a thick, central mouth, then
enlarging and disclosing the thick bottleshape thecse.
6. Engizostoma pustulatum. Eruption engizoslome .
Thallus blackish-brown, orbicular, plano-convex, con-
tracted above, perforated with a single central, powdery
pore ; thecce very small.
Sphaeria pustulata, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,26.
On the trunks of willows.
XL 145. CIRCiNOSTOMA. Circinosiome .
Thallus 0 ; thecce growing under the epidermis of plants,
and perforating it, placed in a circle; mouths close to-
gether.
PI, cell, aph, 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 145.Circin. 521
1. Circinostoma pulchellum, Pretty eircinostome
Thecce close, deep, very much crowded, inclined, black ;
mouths very long, cylindrical, bent.
Sphwria pulchella, Persoon Syn. 43.
Upon cherry-trees.
Thecce ovate, collapsed ; mouths pressed together, mostly
flexuous ; perforated at the tip.
2. Circinostoma ambiens. Girding eircinostome,
Thecce rather ovate, girt with a white disk.
Sphaeria ambiens, Persoon Syn. 44.
On hawthorn and beech trees.
S. Circinostoma quaternatum. Quaternion eircinostome ,
Thecce in fours, depressed; mouths very short, blunt,
joined together.
Sphaeria quaternata, Persoon Syn. 45.
On dry beech and maple trees.
Thecce lying down ; mouths bent inwards, very short.
4. Circinostoma conjunctum. Conjoined eircinostome
Thecce 3 to 9, depressed ; mouths conjoined into a black,
shining, umbilicated disk.
Sphaeria conjuncta, Esenbeck Syst. 80.
On the branches of hazel-trees ; spring.
5. Circinostoma convergens. Converging eircinostome .
Thecce ovate, nearly upright; mouths straight, cylin-
drical.
Sphaeria convergens, 2'ode Meckl. 2, 39; Soiverby Fungi , 374, 6.
On the branches of trees.
Thecce scarcely decumbent ; mouths converging.
6. Circinostoma umbilicatum. Umbilicated eircinostome *
Thecce small, crowded, nearly cupshape, rough.
Sphaeria umbilicata, Persoon Syn. 45.
On hazel-trees.
Mouths rather prominent; tip deeply umbilicated.
XII. 146. EXORMATOSTOMA. Exormatostome.
Thallus 0 ; thecce growing under the epidermis of plants
and perforating it, scattered ; mouths upright.
522 146. Exorm. 6. SARCOTHALAME-E. Pl.cell. apfu
1 . Exorm. rhodostomum. Posy-mouth exormatostome .
Thecce hemispherical, black, barked, aggregated into a
black stratum ; tip flat, perforated, rosy-red.
Sphaeria rhodostoma, Alb. et Schw. Fung. 43.
On rhamnus frangula.
2. Exormatostoma tilice. Lime-tree exormatostome.
Thecce pitchershape, saucerlike, brownish-black; tip flat,
membranaceous; containing within them an unattached
utriculus.
Sphaeria tiliae, Persoon Sy>i. 84.
On decayed branches of lime-trees.
3. Exormatostome lessellatum. Chequered exormatostome .
Thecce black, hollowed at the base; mouths dotlike, per-
forating the epidermis in a regular series.
Sphaeria tessellata, Persoon Syn. 48.
On the bark of trees.
Mouths placed in quincunx, in parallel lines, or in
ellipses.
4. Exormatostoma nebulosum . Cloudlike exormatostome .
Thecce grey, very minute, forming irregular, interrupted,
blackish-grey spots; mouths prominent, rather acute.
Sphaeria nebulosa, Persoon Syn. 31.
Sphaeria maculans, Sowerby Fungi , 394, 9.
On the stems of large herbaceous plants.
Spots greyish, cloudlike, about a quarter of an inch
broad.
5. Exormatostoma herharum . Herb exormatostome .
Thecce scattered, flat, depressed ; mouths short, nipple-
like.
Sphaeria herbarum, Persoon Syn. 78.
On dry stems of herbs.
Thecce at first covered, afterwards naked, collapsed.
6. Exormatostoma iubiforme. Tubeshape exormatostome.
Thecce hemispherical, brown, on leaves ; mouths cylin-
drical, twice as long as the thecae, bursting forth.
Sphaeria tubiformis, Tede Meckl. 2, 51.
On beech, hornbeam, and birch leaves.
PI cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^. 146. Exorm. 523
7. Exormatostoma barb atum . Bearded exormatostome.
Thecce nearly globular, brown, on leaves; mouths eight
times as long as the thecse, bristlelike; tips bearded.
Sphaeria barbala, Persoon Syn. 60.
On the fallen leaves of oak-trees.
8. Exormatost. suhcorticale. Underhark exormatostome.
Thecce depressed, within the outer bark, piercing the
epidermis, when dry collapsed at bottom.
Sphaeria subcortiealis, Sowerby Fungi , 296.
On the bark of plants and on rotten sticks.
9. Exorm. subimmer sum. Half-sunk exormastotome.
Thecce globular, black, pushing up the epidermis into a
dark-grey hemisphere.
Sphaeria subimraersa, Sowerby Fungi , 372, 8,
On the bark of trees.
10. Exormatostoma duplex. Double exormatostome.
Thecce globular, within the outer bark, piercing the
epidermis ; mouths globular, black.
Sphaeria duplex, Sowerby Fungi, Sib, 4.
On the stems of umbelliferous plants.
XIII. 147. ASTOMA. Astome.
Thallus 0; thecce naked, innate or free, placed on wood,
mouthless.
a. Growing upon wood.
1. Astoma cylindricum. Cylindrical astome.
Thecce extremely small, gregarious, cylindrical, black;
tipped with a whitish globule.
Sphaeria cylindrica, Persoon Syn. 93.
On willow-wood.
2. Astoma parabolicum. Parabolic astome.
Thecce extremely small, gregarious, conical, cylindrical,
smooth, black, with a livid globule at the tip.
Sphaeria parabolica, Tode Meckl. 43.
On rotten wood.
3. Astoma subulatum. Awlshape astome.
Thecce aggregate, awlshape, yellowish, larger at bottom,
globule at the tip pale, deliquescent.
Sphaeria subulata, Persoon Syn. 94.
On rotten agaries.
524 147. Astoma. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. PL cell, apfu
4. Astoma solidum. Solid astome .
T hecce elliptical, depressed, placed longitudinally, black,
with bent bristles of the same colour.
Sphaeria solida, Sowerhy Fungi , 314.
On stems of herbs.
5. Astoma carlonarium . Carbonaceous astome .
Thecce crowded, black, roundish, ovate, rather tubercu-
late,* tip nipply.
Sphaeria Pulvis pyrius, Persoon Syn, 86.
Sphaeria Pulvis, Persoon Disp. 51.
On dry wood.
6. Astoma moriforme. Mulberry astome .
Thecae aggregate, scattered, black, oval, tuberculate.
Sphaeria moriformis, Persoon Syn. 86.
On dry trunks of trees.
7. Astoma nigrum. Black astome ,
Thecce flattish, small, tip indented, black.
Sphaeria nigra, Sowerhy Fungi, 393, 1.
On the decayed stems of umbelliferous plants.
8. Astoma tuberosum. Tuberous astome .
Thecce wartlike, outside black, inside white, protruding.
Sphaeria tuberosa, Sowerhy Fungi , 393, 2.
On the bark of plants.
9. Astoma brassiere. Cabbage astome ,
Thecce tubercular, large, black, inside white.
Sphaeria brassicae, Sowerhy Fungi , 393, 3.
On rotten cabbage-leaves.
10. Astoma guttceforme. Droplike astome .
Thecce black, nearly conical, very minute, brittle.
Sphaeria Gutta, Sowerhy Fungi , 393, 5.
On plants.
b. Growing upon the leaves of plants .
11. Astoma punctiforme. Dotlike astome ,
Thecce dotlike, scattered, at last collapsed, umbilicated,
rather shining.
Sphaeria punctiformis, Persoon Syn. 90.
On oak-leaves.
PI. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 147. Astoma. 5 25
12. Astoma hederce . Ivy as tome.
Thecae depressed, cupsliape.
Sphaeria punctiformis (3, Persoon Syn. 90.
Sphaeria hederae, Sowerby Fungi , 371,5.
On ivy-leaves.
13. Astoma iofieldiae. Tofidd as tome.
Tkecce depressed, partly immersed.
Sphaeria tofieldiae, Sowerby Fungi , 370, 3.
On the leaves of tofieldia palustris.
14. Astoma potentillceo Potent ilia astome .
Thecae naked.
Sphaeria poteutillae, Sowerby Fungi , 370,2.
On the leaves of potentilla verna.
15. Astoma arbuti. Arbutus astome .
Thecae hemispherical.
Sphaeria arbuti, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 6.
On the leaves of arbutus.
16. Astoma ? lauri . Bay astome .
i Thecae conical, penetrating the leaves, and forming a
black ring on the under side.
Sphaeria lauri, Sowerby Fungi3 371, 4.
On bay leaves.
17. Astoma salicinum . Willow astome .
Thecae conical, penetrating the leaves and forming a
black ring on the under side, sometimes dotted in the
centre.
Sphaeria salicina, Sowerby Fungi , 372, 1.
On willow-leaves.
1 8. Astoma circumvallatum . Fortified astome .
Thecae depressed, blackish.
Sphaeria circumvallata, Sowerby Fungi^ 373,4.
On oak-leaves.
19. Astoma b if r oris. Two-faced astome .
Thecae black, penetrating and rising a little above the
surface on both faces of leaves.
Sphaeria bifrons, Sowerby Fungi% 316.
On holly-leaves.
526 147. Astoma. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. PL cell. aph.
20. Astoma concavum. Concave astome .
Thecce flat, beneath concave, black, on the upper surface
only of the leaves.
Sphaeria concava, Soieerby Fungi, 317.
On holly-leaves.
21. Astoma pustulatum. Pustule astome .
Thecce flat.
Sphaeria pustula, Sowerby Fungi , 370 and 375, 1.
On the bark of trees.
XIV. 148. SPHAERIA. Haller. Spheiia.
Thallus 0 ; thecce free, placed on the wood, or naked
and attached to it ; mouths cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed.
a. Mouth short , or nipplelike.
1. Sphceria aurantiaca. Orange spheria »
Thecce globular, orange-colour ; mouths minute, nipple-
like, blunt, crowded in the middle of a very slender yellow
base.
Sphaeria aurantia, Persoon Syn. 68.
On rotten fungi.
2. Sphceria pezizceformis. Cupmoss spheria .
Thecce aggregate, red-lead-colour, soft, collapsed, cup-
shape, rather woolly at bottom ; mouths small, nipplelike.
Sphaeria Peziza, Persoon Syn. 66.
Sphaeria miniata, Hoffm. Germ. 2.
On the trunks of trees.
3. Sphceria sanguinea. Blood-red sphei'ia .
Thecce aggregated, ovate, smooth, scarlet; mouths blunt?
nipplelike.
Sphaeria sanguinea, Sibth. Oxf. 404; Bolton Fung. 121.
Hypoxylon phceniceum, Bull. Champ. 171.
On rotten wood.
4. Sphceria araneosa. Colweh spheria.
Thecce opake, black, nipply, smooth, covered by a very
fine whitish down.
Sphaeria araneosa, Persoon Syn. 67.
On dry branches of barked trees.
Thecce large, sometimes solitary, sometimes aggregated*
Pl, cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 148.$ph0er. 527
5. Spheria lyssoidea. Byssus spheria.
Thecce rather large, globular, nippled, girt with a thick
brown down.
Sphaeria byssoidea fusca, Tode Meckl. 2, 10.
On branches of trees.
6. Spheria ovina . Egglike spheria .
Thecce scattered, globular, egglike, covered with a com-
pact white wooliness ; mouths nipplelike, blackish.
Sphaeria mucida /3, Tode Meckl. 2, 16.
Sphaeria ovina, Perscon Syn. 71.
Sphaeria lichenoides, Sowerby Fungi , 373, 12?
On the trunks of trees.
7. Spheria hirsuta. 5/zaggy spheria.
Thecce rather crowded, brittle, black, ovate, with scat-
tered bristle ; mouths blunt, slightly angular.
Sphaeria hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 73.
Sphaeria terrestris, Sowerby Fungiy 373,7.
On rotten trunks of trees, and the ground.
8. Sphaeria lomhardica. Explosive spheria.
Thecce nearly cylindrical, brownish-black, small, crowd-
ed, upright; mouths very short, nipplelike.
Sphaeria Bombarda, Persoon Syn. 75.
Naemaspora glabra, ff 'illd. Bcrl. 1207.
On the trunks of trees.
9. Spheria equina. Horsedung spheria .
Thecce nearly crustlike, partly immersed ; mouths long,
rather oblique.
Sphaeria fimeti, Persoon Syn. 64.
On cow or horse dung.
10. Sphaeria star cor aria. Dung spheria.
Thecce scattered, orbiculate, convex; mouths nipplelike,
very short.
Sphaeria stercoria, Sowerby Fungi , 357, 1*
On dung.
1 1 . Sphaeria solitaria . Solitary spheria.
Thecce scattered, nearly globular ; mouths acute, nipple-
like ; on the ground.
Sphaeria solitaria, Sowerby Fungif 357, 2.
On the ground.
528 148. Sphaer. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. PLcell.aph.
12. Sphceria coriacea . Leatherlike spheria .
Thecce reverse-ovate, often collapsed at the tip.
Sphaeria coriacea, Sowerby Fungi , 371, 1.
IS. Sphceria rimosa . Cracked spheria „
Thecce clustered, reverse-ovate, collapsed at the tip*
conglutinated together; masses cracked.
Sphaeria rimosa, Sowerby Fungi , 375,3.
On plants.
14. Sphceria rupestris. Rock spheria .
Thecce nearly globular, almost loose.
Sphaeria rupestris, Sowerby Fungi , 371,2.
On slate.
15. Sphceria communis . Common spheria .
Thecce depressed, orbicular becoming cupshape, blackish.
Sphseria communis, Sowerby Fungi , 295.
On walls.
16. Sphceria insidens . Seated spheria .
Thecce nearly globular, black, sometimes confluent*
rough ish, hard.
Sphaeria insidens, Sowerby Fungi , 372, 12.
On wood.
1 7. Sphceria rubiformis. Raspberry spheria .
Thecce nearly globular, crowded, finely tuberculated.
Sphaeria rubiformis, Sowerby Fungi , 373, 2.
On wood.
18. Sphceria vaccinii, Whortleberry spheria*
Thecce ovate, nearly eggshape, acute, crowded.
Sphaeria vaccinii, Sowerby Fungi , 373, 1.
On the stems of vitis Idsea punctifolia, surrounding them.
19. Spheria viridis, Green spheria ,
Thecce nearly globular, black, inside green.
Sphaeria viridis, Sowerby Fungi , 375, 8.
On wood.
20. Sphceria lonicerce . Wooodbine spheria ,
Thecce oval or globular, black; mouths very minute,
nippleshape.
Sphaeria lonicerae, Sowerby Fungi , 393, 6.
On the stems of woodbine.
PI. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME^E. 148. Sphser. 52$
21. Sphceria nidula. Nestling spheria .
Thecce small, crowded, nearly globular, black ; mouth
nippleshape.
Spheria nidula, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 2.
On the roots of beans.
22. Sphceria fusca. Brown spheria,
Thecce round, brownish.
Sphaeria fusca, Sowerby Fungi , 395,3.
On rotten fir-wood.
23. Sphceria claviformis. Nailshape spheria •
Thecce ovate, large, outside wrinkled, black; middle coat
white; mouths perforated.
Sphseria claviformis, Sowerby Fungi, 337.
On rotten sticks.
24. Sphceria Kir Hi. Kirhy's spheria. .
Thecce nearly globular, black.
Sphaeria Kirbii, Sowerby Fungi , 371,3.
Oil the cores of apples.
25. Sphceria suhsecreta . Nearly-hidden spheria u
Thecce orbicular, black, partly immersed, collapsed
above; mouths nippleshape, prominent, lips 4-parted.
Sphaeria suhsecreta, Sowerby Fungi, 373,8.
On rotten poplar sticks.
26. Sphceria longa. Long spheria,
Thecce black, immersed, oblong, small, inside white;
mouth lightish, nipplelike.
Sphaeria longa, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 4.
On reeds, under the epidermis.
b. Mouths round , as long as the thecce.
27. Sphceria dry in a . Oak spheria. .
Thecce extremely small, clustered, naked, globular,
black ; mouths eight times as long as the thecae, bristlelike,
very slender, flexible, drooping.
Sphaeria dryina, Persoon Syn. 58.
Sphaeria rostrata nigrofusca, Tode Mcckl. 2, 14,
Sphaeria ciliaris, Sowerby Fungi , 339 ?
On oak-timber.
vol. i. 2 m
5 SO 148.Sphser. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
28 . Sphceria rostrata. Beaked spheria.
Thecce naked, globular, black, granulated; mouths very
long, bristlelike.
Sphaeria rostrata, Todc Meckl. 2, 14.
On rotten sticks; July.
A
29. Sphceria acuta . Pointed spheria .
Thecce naked, gregarious, black, shining, nearly globular;
mouth bristlelike, thickish, cylindrical.
Sphceria acuta, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,22; Sowerby Fungi , 11 -
On decayed herbage under hedges ; winter and spring.
30. Sphceria curvirostra. Bent-leak spheria.
Thecce partly immersed, ovate; mouths cylindrical, bent
obliquely on one side.
Sphceria curvirostra, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 5.
On the stems of herbs.
31. Sphceria slylif era. Stylehearing spheria.
Thecce mostly collapsed above; mouths clubshape, quite
smooth.
Sphaeria Gnomon, Persoon Syn. 61 ; Sowerby Fungi , 373, 6.
On the leaves of the hazel ; spring.
32. Sphceria floriformis. Flowerlike spheria .
Thecce gregarious, immersed, large; mouths as long as
the thecse ; tip plaited, flowerlike.
Sphaeria floriformis, Sowerby Fungi , 297.
On the bark of hornbeam.
33. Sphceria acuminata. Acuminated spheria.
Thecce partly immersed, ovate, conical, black; mouths
conical, pointed, as long as the thecse.
Sphceria acuminata, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 3.
On the stalks of thistles.
34. Sphceria decomponens. Decomposing spheria .
Thecce gregarious, immersed, large, globular; mouths
as long as the thecse, slightly prominent.
Sphaeria decomponens, Sowerby Fungi, 217.
On sticks destitute of bark. Black, giving the sticks a
charred appearance.
PLcell, aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEiE. 148. Sphaer. 531
c. Mouth very broad , compressed.
35 .Sphceria compressa. Compressed spheria .
Thecce immersed, scattered, elliptical, compressed ;
mouth compressed.
Sphaeria compressa, Persoon Syn. 54.
On dry wood.
36. Sphceria cristata . Crested spheria .
Thecce naked, scattered, globular, black ; mouth crested.
Sphaeria cristata, Persoon Syn. 54.
On the branches of sloe- trees.
C. THELEBOLiDEiE. Thallus hemispherical; thecce im-
mersed, nipplelike, afterwards ejected; sporidia deli-
quescent, gelatinous ; sporce granular.
XIV. 149. THELEBOLUS. Tode. Thelelole .
Thallus hemispherical, bellied, edge not cut; thecce im-
mersed ; sporidia gelatinous.
Thelebolus terrestris . Earth thelelole .
Thallus hemispherical, saffron-yellow, congregated on
a yellowish, flocky basis.
Thelebolus terrestris, Albert, et Schwein. Fung. 71.
Peziza hydrophora, Bulliard Champ. 410.
Lycoperdon hydrophoron, Sotcerby Fungi , 23.
On rotten wood.
D. Nemasporideje. Thallus 0, or spreading; thecce im-
mersed in wood ; sporidia ejected, waxlike, threadlike*
twisted, persistent; sporce granular.
XVI. 150. NEMASPORA. Nemaspore ►
Thallus spreading or 0; thecce immersed.
1. Nemaspora profusa. Spreading nemaspore .
Thecce orbicular, depressed, black, immersed, above
yellowish, convex ; sporidia yellow, 2 or 3 from each thecae.
Sphaeria profusa, Sowerby Fungi , 377.
On the bark of trees and old wood.
Thallus spongy, yellowish, spreading; thecce black,
2 m 2
532 150. Nemasp. 6. SARCOTBALAMEAE. Pl.cell.apti
2. Nemaspora chrysosperma . Gold-seeded nemaspore ,
Thecce rather conical, truncated; sporidia solitary, golden
yellow.
Sphaeria cirrhata, Sowerby Fungi , 138.
Nemaspora chrysosperma, Peraoon Syn„ 80.
Under the bark of the black poplar.
3. Nemaspora composita. Compound nemaspore .
Thecce orbicular, depressed, black; mouths many, in a
circle ; central mouth largest, the rest small ; sporidia yel-
low.
Sphaeria composita, Sowerby Fungi, 237.
On sticks, and the bark of trees.
4. Nemaspora dubia. Doubtful nemaspore v
Thecce orbicular, rather depressed, black, cottony, soli-
tary; sporidia solitary, yellowish.
Sphaeria dubia, Sowerby Fungi , 375, 7.
On the stem of vines.
5. Nemaspora carpini. Hornbeam nemaspore .
Thecce orbicular, depressed, black, solitary, immersed;
sporidia black, thick.
Sphaeria carpini, Sowerby Fungi , 376.
On the bark of the hornbeam.
Fam.VII. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. Mycetoidece , Esenbeck.
Fungorum pars , Linnceus, Jussieu.
Anandrce epiphytce , Link.
Sporidia simple, free, sessile or pedicelled, one or many-
celled, naked or innate on a stroma.
A. Sporidia free, sessile or pedicelled, under the epidermis
of living plants ; stroma 0. Cceomideae.
Sporidia free, 1- celled, globular;
false peridium tubular, cut. ............ Rcestelia. 15L
Sporidia free, 1 -celled, globular;
false peridium calyxlike, short .......... AEcidium. 152,
Sporidia free, 1 -celled, globular,
naked, on the fructification of plants .... Ustilago. 153.
Sporidia free, 1 -celled, globular,
naked ; epidermis ruptured Uredo. 154.
533
PL cell aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE.
Sporidia free, 1 -celled, globular,
naked; epidermis bullated Albugo. 155.
Sporidia pedicelled, 1-celled, ovate,
naked; epidermis ruptured Cceomurus. 156.
Sporidia pedicelled, 2-celled, ovate,
naked; epiderihis ruptured Diceoma. 157.
Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled,
naked; pedicells free Puccinia. 158.
Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled,
naked; pedicells conglomerated Podjsoma. 159.
B. Sporidia many-celled, free, naked ; stroma 0; growing
on decayed vegetables . Stilbosporideae.
Sporidia spindleshape, pellucid ...... Fusidium. 160.
Sporidia oblong, blunt. Stilbospora. 161.
C. Sporidia budlike , under the epidermis of living plants,
Xylomideoe.
Crust cellular, inside pale . Xyloma. 162.
D. Sporicfia 2- celled , pedicelled ; ihecce irregular , gelati-
nous, on live plants, Gymnosporangideae.
Erumpent; thecce irregular Gymnosporangium. 163.
E. Sporidia 1- celled, free, expanding ; thecce free.
iEge ritideee.
Sporidia globular; thecce round ...... AEgerita. 164.
Sporidia spindleshape ; thecce globular Fusarium. 165.
F. Sporidia 1 -celled, free ; thecce evolute, pedicelled, free.
Tubercularideae.
Sporid. globular ; thecce pedicelled Tubercularia. 166.
A. CcEOMiDEiE. Sporidia dustlike, free, heaped, sessile
or pedicelled, one or many-celled, growing at first under
the epidermis of living plants, then bursting through it,
naked or covered with a false peridium or thecae formed of
the epidermis of the plant on which it grows.
I. 151. RGESTELIA. Link. Restelia.
Sporidia 1-celled, free, sessile, globular, heaped together,
girt with a false peridium ; peridium irregularly glomerated.
534. 151. Rcestelia. 7. PROTOMY CEiE. PI. cell . aph.
1. Rcestelia cancellata. Rail-like restdia.
Tufts brown, aggregated; thecce cancellated, bellied;
tip closed.
jLcidium cancellation, Persoon Syn. 205.
Lycoperdon cancellation, Jacq. Austr. 1, 13.
Cancellaria pyri, Sowerby Fungi , 409 and 410
On the lower surface of pear-leaves.
2. Rcestelia lacerata . Torn restelia.
Tufts iron-colour, aggregated; thecce cancellated, con-
cave ; tip toothed ; teeth separate, spreading.
JEcidiutn laceratum, Sowerby Fungi , 318.
JEcidium oxyacanthae, Persoon Syn. 206.
On the lower surface of the leaves of apple-trees, haw-
thorn, and mountain-ash.
3. Rcestelia. cornuta . Horned restelia.
Tufts brown, aggregate ; base reddish ; thecce long co-
nical, cylindrical ; tip toothed, turned back.
jEcidiuin cornutum, Persoon Syn. 205; Sowerby Fungi, 319,
Lycoperdon corniferuin, FI. Dan. 838.
Lycoperdon corniculatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 20.
On the lower surface of the leaves of wild service.
Leaves spotted red on the upper surface; peridia few
together; sporidia greyish-red.
4. Rcestelia berberidis. Berberry restelia .
Tufts yellowish, round, convex ; thecce cylindrical, orange-
y'ellow; mouth 5-toothed.
42cidium berberidis, De Cand. Syn. 51.
Lycoperdon poculiforme, Jacq. Coll . 1, 122.
On the lower face of berberry-leaves.
5. Rcestelia campanulata. Bellshape restelia .
Tufts reddish-yellow, round, convex; thecce cylindrical,
bellshape ; mouth not cut, yellowish.
iEcidimn berberidis, Sowerby Fungi , 397.
^cidium berberidis j3, De Cand, FI. Gall. 247.
On the lower face of berberry-leaves.
II. 152. iECIDIUM. Persoon. Ecidium.
Sporidia 1 -celled, sessile, globular, in heaps, bursting
from the epidermis of plants, and girt with a short, calyx-
like peridium or theca formed of it.
PLcell.apk. 7. PROTOMYCEjE. 152. JEcidium. 535
a. Thecce crowded together irregularly.
1. JEcidium ranunculi . Crowfoot ecidium .
Tufts few, peridiated; thecce crowded, pale, prominent;
mouths torn, edges turned back.
./Ecidium ranunculi, De Cand. Syn. 51.
jEcidium ranunculi acris, Persoon Syn. 210.
On the lower face of the leaves of ranunculus acris, and
r. bulbosus.
2. JEcidium hunii. Earth-nut ecidium.
Tufts ovate or orbicular, bullate, irregular; thecce nu-
merous, rather distinct, yellow and orange; mouths scarcely
cut.
jEcidium bunii, De Cand. Syn. 51.
On the leaves of earth-nut.
3. JEcidium irregulare. Irregular ecidium.
Tufts brownish, thickish ; peridium pale-yellow, at first
cylindrical blunt, then disappearing.
jEcidium irregulare, De Cand. Syn. 51.
On the lower face of the leaves of buckthorn.
4. JEcidium confer turn. Crowded ecidium.
Tufts with a whitish edge; thecce crowded, confluent,
white; mouths toothed; sporidia yellow, become brown.
jEcidium confertuin, De Cand. Syn. 51.
JEcidium crassum /3, Persoon Syn. 208.
On the lower surface of the leaves of ranunculi.
5. JEcidium crassum. Thick ecidium.
Tufts irregularly crowded, thick, convex; thecce pitcher-
shape, orange ; sporidia pale-yellow.
JEcidium crassum, Persoon Syn. 208.
On the berry-bearing alder.
6. JEcidium harharecp. French-cress ecidium.
Thecce crowded, orbicular; mouths whitish, crenulated;
sporidia orange-yellow.
JEcidium barbareae, De Cand. Syn. 51.
On both faces of the leaves of French cresses.
Tufts girt with a brownish margin.
BBS 1 52. JEcidium. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. PL cell aph.
7. JEcidium urticce. Nettle ecidium .
Tkecce belishape, yellow; mouths toothed ; sporidia first
yellow, then red.
JScidium urticse, Be Cand. Syn. 51.
On common stinging-nettles.
8. JEcidium petasitidis. Butterhurr ecidium .
Thecae belishape, light-brown; mouths cracked, turned
black ; sporidia yellowish.
iEcidium tussilaginis, Sowerby Fungi , 397, 1.
On the lower face of the leaves of butter-burr.
9. JEcidium corni. IVild- cornel ecidium .
Tnfts crowded, base orange; thecce yellowish-orange;
month not cut?
JEcidium corni, Sowerby Fungi , 397, 3.
On the lower face of the leaves of the wild cornel-tree,
b. Thecce in concentric circles.
10. JEcidium clematitis. Travellers-joy ecidium .
Tkecce pale-yellow; mouths slightly toothed, at length
vanishing; sporidia yellow.
JEcidium clematitis, De Cand. Syn. 50.
On the lower face of the leaves of travellers-joy.
Leaves marked with brown spots on the upper face.
1 1 . JEcidium asperifoliarmn. Asperifolice ecidium .
Tkecce white, confluent, wineglass-shape, half-immersed,
pale-yellow; sporidia yellowish-white.
jEcidium asperifoliae, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
On the lower face of the leaves of various boraginese.
Leaves hollowed on the upper face.
12. JEcidium rule Hum. Small-red ecidium „
Thecce very small, confluent, partly immersed, pale yel-
low; sporidia yellowish-white.
JEcidium rubellum, Be Cand . Syn. 50.
iEeidium rumicis, Persoon Syn. 207.
On the lower face of great water-dock leaves.
Leaves spotted red on the upper face.
/S. sparsum. Spots scattered, on both faces, bordered
with yellow.
JEcidium rumicis, Sowerby Fungij 405.
PL cell, aph. 7. PROTOM Y CEiE. 152. JEcidiurn. 537
13. JEcidium tussilaginis. Coltsfoot ecidium*
Thecae immersed, confluent, very short, white ; edge
toothed.
Ecidium tussilaginis, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
Lycoperdon epiphyllum, Lin. S. P. 1655.
On the lower face of coltsfoot leaves.
Leaves spotted with purple on the upper face.
c. Thecce distinct .
1 4. VLcidium characice. Unsavoury-spurge ecidium .
Thecae remote; mouths scarcely cut, turned back ; spo-
ridia orange-colour.
./Ecidium euphorbias-sylvaticae, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
On the lower face of the leaves of characias amygda-
loides, rarely on the upper.
15. VLcidium periclymeni . Woodbine ecidium*
Thecce numerous, first nearly globular, then rather co-
nical ; mouths toothed ; sporidia orange-yellow.
./Ecidium perichymeni, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
On the upper face of woodbine-leaves.
Leaves spotted with yellow on the upper face.
16. VLcidium violarum. Violet ecidium *
Thecce many, close together, rather prominent, whitish;
mouths toothed; sporidia orange, becoming brownish.
.Ecidium violarum, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
On the stems and leaves of hearts-ease.
17. TEcidium cichor ace arum. Succory ecidium*
Thecce hemispherical, white ; mouths unequally tom ;
lobes few, broad, turned back ; sporidia yellow.
Ecidium cichoracearum, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
Ecidium tragopogonis, Sowerby Fungi , 397,2.
Ecidium tragnpogi, Persoon Syn. 211.
On the stems and leaves of yellow goats-beard.
18. JEcidium leucosperrnum. White-seeded ecidium .
Thecce cylindrical, prominent, whitish ; mouths thick,
mostly toothed; sporidia very copious, white.
Lycoperdon anemones, Pultney in Lin. Tr. 2, 331.
Ecidium anemones, Persoon Syn. 212.
Ecidium leucosperrnum, Be Cand. Syn. 50.
On the lower face of the leaves of wood anemonies.
6. iniegra . Mouths not cut.
538 1 52. iEcidium. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. PI, cell apk .
19. JBcidium punctatiim. Dotted ecidium.
Thecce hemispherical, pale-yellow; mouths not cut; spo -
ridia brown.
./Ecidium punctatum, Persoon Syn. 212.
.Ecidium anemones, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 2.
On the lower face of the leaves of yellow anemonies.
20. JEcidium rubi, Bramble ecidium,
Thecce flattish, edge white; mouth orbicular, prominent,
not cut or but slightly toothed ; sporidia yellowish-brown.
./Ecidium rubi, De Cand. Syn. 50.
On the lower face of the bramble-leaves.
21. JEcidium epilobii. Willow-herb ecidium,
Thecce scattered, distinct, white; mouth torn, expanded,
withering; sporidia orange, becoming brownish.
./Ecidium epilobii, De Cand. Syn. 50.
On the lower face of the leaves of squarestalk willow-herb,
rarely on the upper.
III. 153. USTILAGO. Persoon. Smut,
Sporidia 1 -celled, globular, sessile, free, heaped, spread-
ing, girt with a false peridium or theca, black or brown,
growing on the parts of fructification.
1. Ustilago segetum. Corn-smut ,
Black , greenish or brownish, involute.
Ustilago segetum, Persoon Syn. 224.
Reticularia segetum, Bull. Champ. 1,90.
On deformed glumes of the grasses.
2. Ustilago utriculosa. Utricular smut.
Blackish violet ; sporidia large.
Caeoma (ustilago) utriculosum, EsenbecJc Syst. 2.
' On enlarged fruit of water-pepper.
3. Ustilago violacea. Violet smut,
Violet; sporidia minute.
Uredo violacea, Persoon Syn. 225.
Caeoma (ustilago) violaceum, Esenbeck Syst. 2.
On enlarged anthers of the caryophylleae.
Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOM YCEiE. 154. Uredo. 539
IV. 154. UREDO. Blight.
Sporidia 1 -celled, globular, sessile, free, heaped, spread-
ing, girt with the ruptured epidermis, growing on living
plants.
a. Sporidia Hack or brown .
1. Uredo suaveolens. Sweet-scented blight.
Tufts reddish-brown, flattish, running together.
Uredo suaveolens, Persoon Syn. 221.
On the lower face of the leaves of the common-way
thistle.
Odour grateful.
2. Uredo fab<z. Bean blight.
Tufts chestnut-brown, scattered, very numerous, round-
ish, irregularly depressed.
Uredo fabse, De Cand. Syn. 47.
Uredo viciae fabae, Persoon Syn. 221.
On the stems and leaves of beans.
S. Uredo cichor ace arum. Succory blight.
Tufts brown, distant, small, orbicular.
Uredo cichoracearum, J De Cand. Syn. 47.
On both faces of the leaves of dandelion, and similar
plants.
4. Uredo anemones. Anemone blight.
Tufts black, oblong, orbicular.
Uredo anemones, Persoon Syn. 223.
On both faces of the leaves of wood anemonies.
5. Uredo bifrons. Through-and- through blight .
Tufts reddish, distant, orbiculate.
Uredo bifrons, De Cand. Syn. 47.
On both faces of the leaves of curled-leaf dock,
b. Sporidia yellowish.
6. Uredo vitellina. Golden-osier blight.
Tufts orange-yellow', convex, orbicular, at last running
together.
Uredo vitellina, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower face of the leaves of golden osier.
54G 154. Uredo. 7. PROTOMY CEiE. PL cell apL
7. Uredo tussilaginis . Coltsfoot lUght .
Tw//s orange-yellow, rather concentric, running together.
Uredo tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower surface of coltsfoot-leaves.
8. Uredo senecionis . Groundsel Might .
Tufts saffron-colour, oblong or irregular, at length run-
ning together.
Uredo senecionis, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower surface of the leaves of groundsel.
9. Uredo linearis . Linear Might .
Tufts yellow, becoming brown ; sporidia rather ovate.
Uredo linearis, Persoon Syn. 216.
Uredo longissima, Sowerby Fungi , 139.
On both faces of the leaves of wheat and other corn.
10. Uredo confluens. Confluent Might .
Tufts pale yellow, concentric, confluent; sporidia scarcely
effused.
Uredo confluens, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower face of the leaves of dogs-mercury.
Y. 155. ALBUGO. Persoon. Albugo.
Sporidia globular, sessile, 1 -celled, enclosed in the bul-
lated epidermis of live plants. — White.
1. Albugo crucifer arum. Cruciferous albugo.
Tufts broad, depressed ; sporidia very copious.
Uredo candidum a, Persoon Syn. 222.
Uredo thlaspi, Sowerby Fungi , 340.
Uredo cruciferarum, De Cand. Syn. 49.
On the lower face of the leaves of cruciferous plants.
2. Albugo tragopogi. Goatsbeard albugo .
Tufts white, scattered, oblong, minute.
Uredo candidum j 6, Persoon Syn. 223.
Uredo tragopogi, De Cand. Syn. 49.
On purple goatsbeard.
3. Albugo petroselini. Parsley albugo.
Tufts scattered, roundish, oblong, confluent ; sporidia
very copious.
Uredo petroselini, De Cand. Syn. 49.
On the stem and leaves of parsley.
Pl.cell. aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 156. Coeomurus. 541
VI. 1 56. CCEOMURUS. Link. Ceomure .
Sporidia ovate or globular, 1 -celled, pedicelled; girt with
the ruptured epidermis of live plants.
1. Coeomurus phaseolarum. Kidney- bean ceomure.
Sporidia ovoid ; pedicells rather long ; tufts blackish-
red, orbicular.
Uredo appendiculata, Persoon Syn. 222.
Puccinia phaseolarum, De Cand. Syn. 46.
On both faces of the leaves of kidney-beans.
2. Coeomurus pi si. Pea ceomure.
Sporidia ovoid ; pedicells short ; tufts brown, orbicular.
or oblong.
Uredo appendiculata /?, Persoon Syn. 222.
Puccinia pisi, De Cand. Syn. 46.
On the stems and leaves of peas.
3. Coeomurus ficarioe. Pilewort ceomure .
Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tufts brown, con-
fluent; epidermis at first raised, then burst.
Puccinia ficariae, De Cand. Syn. 46.
On the stems, and upper face of the leaves of pilewort.
4. Coeomurus trifolii . Trefoil ceomure .
Sporidia ovoid, nearly sessile ; tufts reddish-brown, ob-
long, or irregular, bursting the epidermis.
Puccinia trifolii, De Cand. Syn. 46.
On the stems and leaves of several species of trefoil.
5. Coeomurus porri . Leek ceomure.
Sporidia reverse, eggshape; pedicells rather short; tufts
reddish-brown, oblong, bursting the epidermis.
Uredo porri, Sowerby Fungi , 41 1.
On both faces of the leaves of leaks.
VII. 157. DICJEOMA. Diceome.
Sporidia ovate, 2-celled, pedicelled, girt by the ruptured
epidermis of the living plant.
1 . Dicceoma persicarice. Persicaria diceome .
Sporidia clubbed; upper cell thick, globular; lower cell
long, slender ; pedicells short ; tufts red-brown, small, or-
bicular.
54*2 157. Dicaeoma. 7. PROTOMYCEfE. Pl.cell.apk .
Puccinia polygoni amphibii, Persoon Syn. 227.
On the lower face of the leaves of narrow-leaved pond-
weed.
2. Dicceoma scirpi. Rush diceome.
Sporidia rather clubbed ; upper cell large, globular ;
pedicell short; tufts blackish, roundish, compact.
Puccinia scirpi, De Cand. Syn. 46.
On the decaying stems of bullrushes.
3. Dicceoma graminis. Grass diceome .
Sporidia rather clubbed ; upper cell large, globular ;
pedicells short; tufts yellow, brown, or black, scattered,
parallel.
Puccinia graminis, Persoon Syn. 228.
Uredo frumenti, Sowerby Fungi , 140.
On the stem and leaves of grasses.
4<. Dicceoma anemones. Anemone diceome .
Sporidia oblong ; cells rounded ; pedicells short ; tufts
brown, hemispherical, in rows or marginal.
Puccinia anemones, Persoon Syn. 226.
jEcidium fuscum, Sowerby Fungi , 53.
On the lower face of the leaves of wood-anemonies.
Plants on which this fungus is parasitic have been taken
for a new species of fern, under the name of the Conjurer
of Chalgrave s fern , he having been the first botanist who
observed it.
5. Dicceoma menthce . Mint diceome .
Sporidia oblong ; cells rounded ; pedicells short ; tufts
brown, threadlike, rather thicker at bottom ; tufts black,
hemispherical, powdery.
Puccinia menthae, De Cand. Syn. 45.
On the lower face of the leaves of several species of mint.
6. Dicceoma ribis. Currant diceome .
Sporidia cylindrical, blunt ; pedicells short ; tufts brown,
orbicular, girt with the epidermis.
Puccinia ribis, De Cand. Syn. 45.
On the upper face of the leaves of red currants.
7. Dicceoma aviculare. Knotgrass diceome.
Sporidia ovoid, blunt ; pedicells long, flaccid ; tufts brown,
oblong, or roundish.
PL cell. aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 157. Dicaeoma. 543
Puccinia polygoni aviculariae, Persoon Syn. 227.
Puccinia aviculariae, De Cand. Syn. 45.
On the stem and leaves of knotgrass.
8. Dicceoma adoxce. Moscalell diceome .
Sporidia oblong, blunt ; pedicells short ; tufts brown,
irregularly confluent.
Puccinia adoxae, De Cand. Syn. 45.
On the stem and leaves of tuberous moscatell.
9. Dicceoma luxi . Boxtree diceome .
Sporidia oblong, lanceolate, cells rather acute; pedicells
long; tufts black, orbicular, convex.
Puccinia buxi, Sowerby Fungi , 439.
On box-leaves.
VIII. 158. PUCCINIA. Micheli. Puccini
Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled, pedicelled, free, upon
the epidermis of living plants.
1 . Puccinia rosce . Rose puccinl
Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, pointed ; pedicells
white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom ; tufts black, rather
powdery.
Ascophora disciflora, Tode Meckl. 3, 26.
Puccinia mucronata, Persoon Syn. 230.
Puccinia rosae, De Cand. Syn. 44.
On the lower face of rose-leaves.
2. Puccinia mil Bramble puccinl
Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, bluntly pointed ; pe-
dicells white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom ; tufts black,
rather powdery.
Ascophora disciflora Tode Meckl. 3,27.
Puccinia mucronata /?, Persoon Syn. 230.
Puccinia rubi, De Cand. Syn. 44 ; Sowerby Fungi , 400, 9.
On the lower face of the leaves of blackberry bushes.
3. Puccinia potentillce. Cinquefoil puccini.
Sporidia cylindrical, 4-celled, blunt ; pedicells white,
threadlike ; tufts black, compact.
Puccinia potentill®, Persoon Syn. 229.
On dry leaves of vernal cinquefoil.
544 158. Puccinia. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. VI. cell. aph.
4. Puccinia ulmi. Elm puccini.
Sporidia cylindrical, 3 or 4-celled, blunt; pedicells white,
threadlike •, tufts free, black, rather powdery.
Puccinia ulmi, De Cand. Syn. 44.
On the lower face of elm-leaves.
5. Puccinia spergulce Spurrey puccini.
Sporidia _ cylindrical, 3-celled, blunt; pedicells white,
threadlike ; tufts compact, brown.
Puccinia spergulse, De Cand. Syn. 44.
On the stem and leaves of spurrey.
IX. 159. PODISOMA. Link. Podisome .
Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled ; pedicells long, united
into a rather gelatinous or fleshy mass, protuberant from
the live branches.
Podisoma j uniperi. Juniper podisome.
Tufts yellow, conical.
Puccinia non raransa major pyramidata, Micheli N. Gen. 213.
Clavaria resinosorum, Gmel. Linn. Syst.Nat. 2, 1443.
Puccinia cristata, Schmidel Ic. 3, 254.
Puccinia juniperi, Persoon Syn. 228.
Gymnosporangium conicum, De Cand. Syn . 44.
Podisoma juniperi, Esenbeck Syst. 2,4.
On the stems of juniper- bushes.
B. Stilbosporide^. Sporidia dustlike, free, naked,
many-celled, growing on wood and other dead substances.
X. 160. FUSIDIUM. Link. Fusidium.
Sporidia spindleshape, transparent, lying down.
1. Fusidium griseum. Grey fusidium.
Heaps grey, thin, spreading.
Fusidium griseum, Link Berl. Mag. 1809,8.
On oak-leaves.
2. Fusidium ceruginosum. Verdigris fusidium.
Heaps verdigris-green, thin, spreading.
Fusidium aeruginosuin. Link Berl . Mag . 1809, 8.
On dry leaves.
3. Fusidium candidume White fusidium.
Heaps snow-white, thick, irregular.
Fusidium candidum, Link Berl Mag. X&Q9, 8»
On decayed beech-leaves.
PLcell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. 161. Stilbospora. 54-5
XI. 161. STILBOSPORA. Persoon. Stilbospore.
Sporidia dark-coloured, ringed, in irregular heaps.
1. Stilbospora asterosperma . Star-seeded stilbospore .
Sporidia starlike, 3 or 4-rayed.
Stilbospora asterosperma, Persoon Syn. 96.
On the branches of beech, birch, and maple-trees.
2. Stilbospora sphcerosperma . Round-seeded stilbospore .
Sporidia globular, minute.
Stilbospora sphasrosperma, Persoon Syn. 9T.
On the dry stems of the common bankside reed.
C. Xylomide.®. Sporidia budlike, enclosed in a crust;
crust swollen, variable in shape; inside pale; texture ir-
regular, cellular, under the epidermis of plants.
XII. 162. XYLOMA. Persoon. Xyloma,
Crust hard, inside fleshy, cellular.
1 . Xyloma salicinum . Willow xyloma.
Crust black, shining, thick ; inside granular, white.
Xyloma salicinum, Persoon Syn. 103.
On willow-leaves.
Solitary, bossed.
/3. confluens. Crust confluent, disk naked.
2. Xyloma acerinum . Maple xyloma .
Crust black, flat, surface rather unequal with winding
lines.
Xyloma acerinum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 5.
Xyloma punctatum, Persoon Syn. 104.
On the leaves of maple and sycamore-trees.
Aggregate, orbicular.
/3. confluens. Crusts confluent.
Xyloma acerinum, Persoon Syn. 104.
3. Xyloma leucocreas. White-flesh xyloma .
Crust thick, tubercular; inside white.
Xyloma leucocreas, Be Cand. Syn. 63.
On the leaves of different species of willow.
VOL. i. 2 N
546 162. Xyloma. 7. PROTOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph*
4. Xyloma multivalve. Many-valved xyloma.
Crusts dotlike, scattered, slightly convex ; epidermis
raised round the tubercles in many valvelike divisions.
Xyloma multivalve, De Cand. Syn. 63.
On holly-leaves.
5. Xyloma pezizoides. Peziza-like xyloma .
Crusts scattered, orbicular, black; afterwards ruptured,
border upright, slightly crenate; centre pale.
Peziza comitialis, Sowerby Fungix 118.
Peziza vi rid is, Bolton Fungi , 119, 1.
Xyloma pezizoides, Persoon Syn . 105.
D. Gymnosporangidea:. Sporidia one-ringed, pedi-
celled; pedicells irregularly grown together into a firm
gelatinous stroma. — On live plants.
XIII. 163. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. Link. Soft-hall.
Sporidia 1-ringed ; pedicells long; stroma gelatinous.
Gymno sporangium juniper inum. Juniper soft-hall.
Sporidia yolk-of-egg yellow, plaited.
Agaricus membranaceus sinuosus, substantia gelatince, Raii Syn. 21,3.
Tremella juniperina, Lin. S. P. 1625; Villars Dauph. 3, 1007.
Gymnosporangium juniperum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,6.
On the stem of juniper-bushes.
E. iEGERiTADE.®. Sporidia 1 -celled, free, naked, on an
irregular expanded stroma. — On decayed vegetables.
XIV. 164. iEGERITA. Persoon. Egsrita .
Sporidia globular, embedded on a round, sessile stroma.
JEgerita Candida. White egerita .
Tifts snow-white, hemispherical, scattered.
Sclerotium iEgerita, Hoffm. Crypt. 9, 1.
iEgerita Candida, Persoon Syn. 684.
On alder-trees ; autumn.
XV. 165. FUSARIUM. Link. Fusarium.
Sporidia spindleshape, sessile, diffusible, on a globular
sessile stroma.
PL cell. aph. 7. PROTOM YOEiE. 165. Fusarium. 547
Fusarium roseum. Rose-red fusarium .
Stromata gregarious, hemispherical, rose-red ; sporidia
lighter coloured.
Fusarium roseum, Link in Berl. Mag. 1809, 10.
On the stems of the malvaceae.
F. Tubercularim. Sporidia 1 -celled, bursting forth
from the top of a free, pedicelled stroma.
XVI. 166. TUBERCULARIA. Tode. Tuhercularia .
Sporidia small, globular; strom, a wine-glass-shape, pedi-
celled ; pedicell short, from an expanded gelatinous mass.
1. Tuhercularia granulata. Granulated tuhercularia.
Stroma rather globular, nearly sessile, surface granular,
brownish ; sporidia intermixed with flocks.
Tuhercularia granulata, Fersoon Syn . 113.
On the branches of maple* trees.
2. Tuhercularia vulgaris. Common tuhercularia.
Stroma stipitate, thick, pale, furrowed, wrinkled.
Tuhercularia vulgaris, Persoon Syn. 112.
Tremella purpurea, Lin. S. Veg. 1004.
Sphseria miniata, Bolt. Fung. 127.
Sphaeria tremelloides, Weis. Obs. Bot. 3, 1.
Clavaria coccinea, Sowerby Fungi , 294.
On the branches of trees.
Fam.VIII. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Esenbeck. Fungorum
pars , Linnaeus. Algarum pars , Linnaeus,
Jussieu. Anandrce Mucedines , Link.
Sporidia naked, attached to the thallus ; thallus thread-
like, simple or branched. — Plants terrestrial or parasitic,
generally growing in damp places, minute : when put into
water they expand, and may be displayed with ease for
examination.
A. Mucedineae. Thallus flocky , tubular ; sporidia free ,
scattered on the surface.
Flocks rather branched ;
sporidia single ; pedicells long Acremonium. 167*
Flocks spreading;
spor. loose, oblong; pedic. short ..... Epochnium. 168.
2 N 2
548
8. NEMATOMYCEiE.
PL cell. aph.
Flocks branched;
spar, ovate, 2-celled, much scattered Tricothecium. 169.
Flocks branched, entangled;
spor. ovate or globose, scattered . . . Sporotrichum. 170.
Flocks branched, radiated ;
spor. small, globular, scattered ..... Byssocladium. 171.
B. Aspergillideae. Thallus tubular , simple or jointed ;
sporidia scattered , towards the top .
Flocks simple, or slightly branched ;
spor. globular, in heaps Haflaria. 172.
Flocks simple, aggregated, beadlike,
with separated joints Acrosporum. 178.
Flocks upright, twiglike, forked ;
spor. globular, crowded at top Virgaria. 174.
Flocks upright, interwoven, corymbose ;
spor . globular, on the tips Botrytis. 175.
Flocks upright, branched in whirls;
spor. globular, on the whirls Stachylidium. 176.
Flocks upright, branched at top ;
spor. globular Polyactis. 177.
Flocks branched at the tip, headlike ;
spor. globular, clustered, on the tip ... Penicillum. 178.
Flocks dilated at the tip, clublike;
spor. globular, clustered, on the tips . . Aspergillum. 479.
C. Erineideae. Thallus fibrous , unbranched , on the epi-
dermis ofi plants.
Fibres threadlike, twisted Erineum. 180.
Fibres clublike, twisted Rubigo. 181.
I), Byssidese. Thallus fibrous , free.
Fibres upright, pellucid, crowded ;
spor. in rows, ovate, falling off Cladosporium. 182.
Fibres upright, opake, aggregated ;
spor. oblong clublike, ringed ...... Helmosporium. 183.
Fibres upright, stiff;
spor. spiral, ringed Helicosporium. 184.
Fibres upright, jointed ;
joints ovate Monilia. 185.
Fibres decumbent, jointed ;
joints globular, separating . .
Torula. 186.
549
PI. cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE.
Fibres entangled, jointless, opake;
granules formed of beadlike twigs ...... Racodium. 187.
Fibres decumbent, stiff, opake,
branched; twigs jointless, persistent .... Dematium. 188.
Fibres decumbent, very slender, opake,
branched; twigs jointless, deliquescent .... Byssus. 189.
Fibres decumbent, jointed, pellucid,
entangled into a pellicle Typhoderma. 190.
Fibres decumbent, jointless, entangled
into a leatherlike mass Xylostroma. 191.
E. Trichodermideae. Thallus tubular, jointed, entangled
into a globe covering the sporidia.
Flocks branched ; sporidia globular Trichoderma. 192.
F. Mucorideae. Thallus tuhdar ; sporce enclosed in a
terminal , membranaceous , bladderlike sporidium.
Thallus branched at bottom, simple at top ;
spor. globose, solitary, terminal Thamnidium. 193.
Thallus simple or branched ;
spor. nearly globular Mucor. 194.
Thallus simple or branched ;
spor. globular, then inverted, bellshape. Ascophora. 195.
Thallus simple, jointless, clublike ;
spor. globular, projected Pilobolus. 196.
G. Isarideae. Thallus tubular ; tubes united at bottom to
form a simple or branched stroma, free at the other end.
Stroma membranaceous, branched ;
flocks simple ; spor. vanishing Ceratium. 197.
Stroma cylindrical;
flocks branched ; spor. globular, scattered ... Isaria. 198.
Stroma simple, headed at top ;
flocks pencilshape ; spor . scattered Coremium. 199.
Stroma simple, threadlike;
flocks entangled ; spor. globular, in heads
Cephalotrichum. 200.
H. Stilbideae. Thallus fibrous, entangled into a gelatinous
stroma ; tip headlike, fleshy ; sporidia scattered .
Stroma simple; head naked, soft Stilbum. 201.
550 167.Acremon. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
A. MucEDiNEiE. Thallus threadlike, tubular, simple or
branched, mostly jointed, free; sporidia naked, scattered
on the surface.
I. 167. ACREMONIUM. Link. Clung-mould.
Thallus slightly branched ; sporidia single, on long pe-
dicells.
1 . Acremoniurn verticillatum. Whirled clungmould.
Thallus expanded, white; sporidia in whirls.
Acremoniurn verticillatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 15.
On the bark of fir-trees.
2. Acremoniurn alternatum. Alternate clungmould .
Thallus spreading, white; sporidia placed alternately.
Acremoniurn alternatum, Link in Bert. Mag. 3, 15.
On fir-trees.
II. 168. EPOCHNIUM. Link. Stalked-mould.
Thalli dispersed ; sporidia separating, oblong, on short
pedicells.
Epochnium monilioides. Beadlike stalked-mould .
Thalli tufted, white or grey, spotlike, round.
Torula fructigera, Persoon Obs. Mic. 2, 26.
Monilia fructigera, Persoon Syn. 693.
Epochnium monilioides, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 18.
On dried plants and pears.
III. 169. TRICHOTHECIUM. Link. Twin-mould.
Thallus branched ; sporidia ovate, 2-celled, copiously
scattered.
Trichothecium roseum . Rose twinmould.
Thalli white, interwoven ; sporidia rose-red.
Trichoderma roseum, Persoon Syn. 231.
Trichothecium roseum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 18.
On rotten wood, especially willow and poplar trees.
IV. 170. SPOROTRICPIUM. Link. Dust-mould.
Thalli branched, entangled; sporidia globular or ovate,
scattered here and there.
FL cell, aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 170. Sporot. 551
1. Sporolrichum fuscum. Brown dustmould.
Thaili in very tliin tufts, brown, lying down; sporidia
small.
Sporotrichum fuscum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12.
On felled timber.
2. Sporotrichum badium. Bay dustmould .
Thaili in thin tufts, bay, lying down ; sporidia small.
Sporotrichum badium, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12.
On the trunks of trees.
3. Sporotrichum stuposum. Towlike dustmould.
Thaili in rather thick close tufts, black-brown, lying
down ; sporidia small.
Sporotrichum stuposum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12.
On the trunks of trees.
4. Sporotrichum aureum . Golden dustmould.
Thaili in thick tufts, gold-yellow, nearly upright ; spo-
ridia minute.
Sporotrichum aureum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 13.
On the trunks of trees.
5. Sporotrichum candidum. White dustmould .
Thaili in thin tufts, snow-white, lying down; sporidia
small.
Sporidium candidum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 13.
On the trunks of trees.
Y. 171. BYSSOCL ADIUM. Link. Meal-mould,
Thaili branched, spreading in rays; sporidia small, glo-
bular.
1. Byssocladium candidum. White mealmould .
Thaili in thin tufts, snow-white, close, much branched ;
tips pencilshape.
Byssocladium candidum, Link in Berl . Mag. 7, 13.
On rotten leaves, and wood.
2. Byssocladium fenestrale. Window mealmould .
Thaili tufted, grey, pressed close, very minute, branched,
bent; branches spreading; joints indistinct.
Conferva fenestralis, Dillw. Conf. 94.
Byssocladium fenestrale, Link in Berl. Mag. 7, 36.
Sporotrichum fenestrale, Dittmar in Sturm. Germ. 3, I.
On neglected windows in damp places.
552 171. Byssoclad. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. PI. cell. aph.
3. Byssocladium punctiformis. Dotlike mealmould.
Thalli in tufts, blackish-grey, opaque, pressed close ;
very minute, rather torulose; branches slightly one-rowed;
joints rounded.
Conferva punctiformis, Roth Cut. 3, 220.
On neglected windows.
Thallus rather bead)ike, joints as long as broad.
4. Byssus dendritica . Treelike mealmould .
Thalli in tufts, blackish-green, bent; branches slender,
slightly pinnated.
Conferva dendritica, Agardh Syn. 96.
Dematium olivaceum, Albert et Schw. Consp.
On old books in damp places.
Tufts circular, a quarter of an inch in diameter.
*
B. Aspergillide^e. Thallus flocklike, simple or
branched, mostly jointed, tubular, free; sporidia naked,
towards the tip of the thallus.
VI. 172. HAPLARIA. Link. Skein-mould.
Thalli simple or slightly branched, distant; sporidia
globular, crowded in places.
Haplaria grisea. Grey skeinmould.
Thalli scattered, simple, 2-cut, forked, grey.
Haplaria grisea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 11.
On dry leaves of reeds, bur-reeds, &c.
VII. 173. ACROSPORIUM. Esenbeck. Chain-mould.
Thalli simple, aggregated, beadlike at top ; joints sepa-
rating by age.
Acrosporium monilioides. Necklacelike chainmould.
Thalli in tufts, snow-white, spreading, powdery.
Acrosporium monilioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14.
Monilia hyalina, Fries Obs. Mycet. 1815, 210.
Botrytis simplex monilis, Alb. et Schw. Consp. 363.
On the leaves of grasses.
VIII. 174. VIRGARIA. Esenbeck. Brush-mould.
Thalli flocklike, upright, stiff; branches forked; spo-
ridia difluent, globular, crowded towards the tips.
Pl.cell.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 174. Virgaria. 553
1. Virgaria nigra. Black hrushmould.
Thalli in tufts, spreading, black, crowded.
Botrytis nigra, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14.
Virgaria nigra, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14.
On felled trees.
2. Virgaria olivacea . Olive hrushmould.
Thalli in tufts, spreading, very thin, olive-green, rather
distant.
Botrytis olivacea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14.
On felled trees.
IX. 175. BOTRYTIS. Micheli. Grape-mould.
Thalli flocklike, upright, generally entangled at the bot-
tom, much branched ; branches corymbose ; sporidia glo-
bular, collected about the ends of the branches.
Botrytis allochroa. Shotten grapemould.
ThaUi in small tufts, upright, white afterwards reddish ;
sporidia whitish.
Botrytis allochroa, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On dead stalks; autumn.
X. 176. STACHYLIDIUM. Link. Ear-mould.
ThaUi flocklike, ascending, entangled at bottom ; twigs
whirled at top, short, blunt; sporidia globular, crowded
about the whirls.
1. Stachylidium bicolor. Ttvo-coloured earmould.
Thalli in tufts, white, the barren lying down, greenish-
grey; the fertile upright, not branched at top.
Dematium verticillatum, Persoon Syn. 694.
Stachylidium bicolor, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 15.
On the stem of herbaceous plants.
2. Stachylidium ferrestre. Land earmould .
Thalli in tufts, spreading, white ; the barren lying down,
few ; the fertile upright, branched.
Monilia racemosa, Persoon Syn. 692.
Aspergillus terrestris caespitosus ac ramosus albus, Micheli N. Gen. PI.
213.
Stachylidium terrestre, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 15.
On the ground.
554 177. Polyactis. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl. cell. aph.
XI. 177. POLYACTIS. Link. Rayed-mould.
Thalli upright, stiff; branches naked at bottom, divided
at top; twigs short, blunt, crowded; sporidia globular, on
the twigs.
Polyactis vulgaris . Common rayed-mould.
Thalli greenish-grey, close ; sporidia glaucous.
Botrytis ramosa, Persoon Syn. 690.
Botrytis ramosa cinerea, seminibus ereetis, Micheli N. Gen. PL 212.
Polyactis vulgaris. Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On rotten herbs.
XII. 178. PENICILLUM. Link. Pencil-mould.
Thalli flocklike, simple or branched, dilated at top and
split into a bundle of twigs, which enclose a head of glo-
bular sporidia.
1. Penicillum expansum. Expanded pencil-mould.
Thalli flocklike, naked ; the barren lying down* en-
tangled, greyish; the fertile upright, simple, white; spo-
ridia ash-colour, glaucous.
Monilia digitata, Persoon Syn. 693.
Penicillum expansum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 17.
On rotten fruit, or mushrooms.
2. Penicillum candidum. fVhite pencil-mould.
Thalli flocklike, branched, snow-white ; sporidia white.
Penicillum candidum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 17.
On rotten herbs and fungi.
Tufts roundish or irregular.
XIII. 179. ASPERGILLUS. Micheli. Knot-mould.
Thalli flocklike, simple or branched, thickened at top
into a club ; sporidia globular, collected about the tip in
heads, and rather in rows.
1 . Aspergillus glaucus. Glaucous knot-mould.
Thalli in loose tufts, grey, not branched, white ; heads
at first white, afterwards glaucous.
Aspergillus capitatus, capitulo glauco, seminibus rotundis, Micheli N.
Gen. PL 212.
Mucor glaucus, Lin. Syst. Veg. 2, 1022.
Monilia glauca, Persoon Syn. 691.
Aspergillus glaucus, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On apples, and other juicy fruits.
PL cell aph. 8. NEMATOMYCE.ZE. 179. Aspergil. 555
2. Aspergillus flavus. Yellow knot-mould.
Thalli in loose tufts, not branched, white, erect; heads
first white, afterwards yellow.
Aspergillus flavus, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On dry plants.
3. Aspergillus laneus . Woolly knot-mould.
Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, yellowish-
white, nearly upright; heads yellowish.
Aspergillus laneus, Link in Berl. Mag . 3, 16.
On rotten fungi.
4>. Aspergillus virescens. Greenish knot-mould .
Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, greenish,
nearly upright; heads greenish.
Aspergillus virescens, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On rotten fungi.
C. Erineide^e. Thalli fibrous, not branched, nor
jointed ; sporidia contained in the threads.-— On the epi-
dermis of plants.
XIV. 180. ERINEUM. Persoon. Rust-byssus .
Thalli threadlike, not branched, twisted, short, in tufts
on decaying leaves.
Erineum tiliaceum. Lime-tree rust-byssus .
Thalli in round tufts, whitish-violet, hooked.
Erineum tiliaceum, Persoon Syn. 700.
On the leaves of lime-trees.
XV. 181. RUBIGO. Link. Funnel-mould .
Thalli funnelshape or clubshape, twisted, in tufts on de-
caying leaves.
1. Rubigo faginea. Beech funnel-mould.
Thalli in round or oblong tufts, brown, globularly club-
bed, tip mostly closed; tufts confluent, pale on the edge.
Rubigo faginea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On beech-leaves; spring.
556 181. Rubigo. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. PLcell.apk.
2. Rubigo alnea. Alder funnel-mould .
Thalli in convex tufts, reddish-brown, shining, funnel-
shape, open at the tip.
Rubigo alnea, Esenbecfc Syst. 2, 17.
Erineum alneum, Persoon Syn . 701.
On the leaves of black alder.
3. Rubigo acerina. Maple funnel-mould,
Thalli in broad, flattish tufts, reddish-brown, when
young pale.
Mucor ferrugineus, Bull. Champ. 514.
Erineum acerinum, Persoon Syn. 700.
On maple-leaves, that have fallen.
D. Bysside^e. Thalli fibrous, sometimes jointed, mostly
free; sporidia mostly enclosed in the thallus. — On decayed
wood.
XVI. 182. CLADOSPORIUM. Link. Chain-byssus .
Thalli upright, simple or slightly branched, rather trans-
parent, crowded; sporidia in rows on the thalli, ovate,
falling off’.
Cladosporium herbarum . Herb chain-byssus.
Thalli in close tufts, light olive-green.
Dematium herbarum, Persoon Syn. 699.
Acladium herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12.
Cladospei mium herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 7,37.
On decaying herbs.
XVII. 183. HELMISPORIUM. Link. Ring-byssus.
Thalli upright, stiff, slightly branched, opake, crowded ;
sporidia oblong, clubshape, ringed, falling off.
1. Helmisporium nanum. Dwarf ring-byssus.
Thalli scattered, forked or simple, slightly knotted ;
sporidia nearly cylindrical, scattered on the thalli, scarcely
shorter than them.
Helmisporium nanum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 67.
On decaying plants.
Pl. cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 183. Helmispor. 557
2. Helmisporium velutinum. Velvet ring-byssus.
Tkalli spreading, black, forked, rather stiff; sporidia
pearshape, on the thalli, and much shorter than them.
Helmisporium veluUnum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 10.
On rotten birch-wood.
XVIII. 184. HELICOSPORIUM. Esenb. SpiraVbyssus.
Thalli upright, stiff, seldom branched, opake; sporidia
spiral, distantly kneed, fugacious, interspersed among the
thalli.
Helicosporium vegetum. Quick spiral-byssus.
Thalli black, distant; sporidia yellowish-green.
Helicosporium vegeturn, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 19.
On oak-wood.
XIX. 185. MONILIA. Link. Jointed-jibre.
Thalli fibrous, upright, in tufts, dark colour, opake,
distinctly jointed, lasting; joints ovate.
Monilia antennceformis. Peeler jointed- fibre.
Thalli in velvet black close tufts.
Dematium antennaeforme, Hoffm. Germ. 13.
Monilia antennata, Persoon Syn. 694.
On trunks of trees, and plants; autumn.
XX. 186. TORULA. Link. Clinging-jibre.
Thalli threadlike, lying down, not branched, often crust-
like, jointed ; joints globular, separating.
Torula herb arum. Herb clinging-jibre.
Thalli black, forming a broad crust.
Monilia herbarum, Persoon Syn. 693.
Torula herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
On the dry stems of large herbs ; autumn.
XXL 187. RACODIUM. Persoon. Headed-fbre.
Thalli threadlike, closely entangled, not jointed, branch-
ed, opake; interspersed with granules conglobated from
the beadlike twigs.
Racodiwn cellare. Cellar headed-jibre.
Thalli greyish-black, entangled into a silky clothlike
substance.
,?v;
558 187. Raced. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
Fungus sponsiosus niger reticulatus, doliolis vinosis adnascens, Raii
Syn. 57, 10.
Byssus mollissiina, j Ehrh. Crypt. 217.
Byssus septica, Roth Germ. 4, 561.
Fibrillaria vinaria, Sowerby Fungi, 432.
Racodium cellulare, Persoon Syn. 701.
Mouse-skin byssus.
• On casks in wine-cellars, from the rotten hoops ; some-
times entirely covering the cask.
When compressed, resembles the skin of a mouse. — ■
Used as an excellent styptic.
XXII. 188. DEMATIUM. Link. Star-fibre.
Thalli lying down or ascending, stiff, opake, branched,
not jointed in any part, lasting.
Dematium rupestre. Rock star-fibre.
Thalli black, interwoven, cushionlike.
Byssus petraea nigerrima, Dillen in Raii Syn. 57,8.
Byssus nigra, Hudson FI. Angl. 606.
Byssus amiquitatis, Weiss Crypt.
Conferva nigra, Roth Cat. 3, 299.
Conferva eburnea, Dillwyn Conf. 101.
Racodium rupestre, Persoon Syn. 701.
Dematium rupestre, Esenbeck Syst. 2,21.
On rocks, especially sandstone.
XXIII. 189. BYSSUS. Micheli. Byssus.
Thalli threadlike, lying or hanging down, very tender,
opake, branched, not jointed in any part; soon melting
away.
Byssus bombycina. Cottony byssus.
Thalli very long, slender, collected into close flocks, ex-
tremely white.
Byssus bombycina, Roth Germ. 3, 563.
Mucor fugacissima, Schrank Brief j 2, 32L
Byssus floccosa, Schreb. Germ. 144.
Byssus subterranea, Scopoli Cam. 2,411.
On wood, in cellars.
XXIV. 190. TYPHODERMA. Death-skin.
Thalli fibrous, not branched, lying down, jointed, en-
tangled into a pellucid pellicle.
5
Pl. cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 190.Typhoder. 559
1. Typhoderma Dillwynii . Dillwyn’s death-skin .
Thalli slightly branched ; joints as long as broad ; pellicle
olive-green.
Conferva typhoderma, Dillw. Conf. 83.
Conferva atramenti /3, Lingby Hydr. Dan. 165.
On a solution of gum Arabic in water.
2. Typhoderma sanguinea. Bloody death-skin.
Thalli branched ; branches divaricating ; joints rather
longer than broad; pellicle red, gelatinous.
Conferva sanguinea, Dillw. Conf. 55.
On a solution of isinglass in water.
3. Typhoderma pallida. Pale death-skin .
Thalli forked, bent different ways, even-topped ; angles
of the forks rounded ; joints very long ; pellicle pale ochry
yellow, gelatinous, leatherlike.
Conferva pallida, Dillw. Conf. 78.
4. Typhoderma lactea. Milky death- skin.
Thatli branched; joints very long; pellicle gelatinous,
hyaline, dull milky yellow.
Conferva lactea, Dillvo. Conf. 79.
XXV. 191. XYLOSTROMA. Tode. Oak-leather.
Thalli fibrous, branched, lying down, not jointed, very
closely entangled into a soft leatherlike mass.
Xylostroma giganteum. Gigantic oak-leather.
Mass very broad, soft, ochre-yellow.
Xylostroma giganteum, Tode Meckl. 1, 36; Sowerby Fungi , 358.
Racodium Xylostroma, Persoon Syn. 702.
Dry rot.
On rotten oak-trees and timber.
The terror of house and ship-owners of late ; destroying
them with great rapidity, if built of too young or unsea-
soned timber, and not sufficiently ventilated; destroyed by
green vitriol, sal enixum, common salt, but especially by
the admission of a free current of air.
560 192.Trichoder. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. Pl.cell.apL
E. Trichodermide^e. Thalli flocklike, tubular, jointed,
entangled into a globule, covering the sporidia; sporidia
globular.
XXVI. 192. TRICHODERMA. Persoon. Hair-skin.
Thalli branched, jointed, entangled, covering the spori-
dia ; sporidia globular.
1. Trichoderma viride. Green hair-skin.
Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft; sporidia
green.
Trichoderma viride, Persoon Syn. 231.
Pyrenium lignorum vulgare, Tode Meckl. 1,33.
Sphaeria olivacea, Willden. Berol. 416.
On the fallen branches of trees, and stems of herbs.
2. Trichoderma tuberculatum. Tuberculated hair-skin.
Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft; at first to-
mentose, then tubercular; sporidia grey.
Trichoderma tuberculatum, Persoon Syn. 234.
On the ground in shady woods; summer after heavy
rain.
F. MucoRiDEiE. Thalli flocklike, tubular, not jointed
or partitioned ; sporidia terminal, membranaceous, bladder-
like ; sporce roundish .
XXVII. 193. THAMNIDIUM. Link. Branch-fibre .
Thalli branched at the bottom, branches each ending in
a single spore; sporidium terminal, globular, bursting.
Thamnidium elegans. Elegant branch-fibre.
Thalli white ; branches much divided.
Thamnidium elegans, Link in Bert. Mag. 3,31.
On paste.
XXVIII. 194. MUCOR. Columella. Mould.
Thalli simple or branched ; sporidia terminal, globular,
bursting.
1 . Mucor flavidus . Yellowish moidd.
Thalli branched, rather forked; sporidia globular, first
yellowish, then blackish.
Mucor flavidus, Persoon Syn. 199.
On rotten mushrooms.
PI. cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. 194. Macor. 561
2. Mucor lolrijtis. Bunck-of- grapes mould .
Thalli branched, slightly forked; sporidia globular, white.
Mucor botrytis, Sowerby Fungi, 359.
Mucor erysimi, Sowerby Fungi . 400, 7.
On cruciferous plants.
S. Mucor hydrophora. Pitcher mould .
Thalli not branched, yellowish; sporidia transparent, at
first oval, growing globular.
Hydrophora minima, Tode Meckl. 2, 5.
Mucor Hydrophora, Fersoon Syn . 202.
On decaying beech-trees.
4. Mucor caninus. Dog mould ,
Thalli not branched, aggregated ; sporidia yellowish,
nearly globular, umbilicated beneath.
Hydrophora stercoraria, Tode Meckl . 2, 6.
Mucor caninus, Fersoon Syn. 201.
On dogs’ dung.
5. Mucor murinus . Mice mould .
Thallus not branched, scattered, minute, white, shortish,
stiff; sporidia globular, yellow.
Mucor rnurinus, Persoon Syn. 201,
On mice-dung.
XXIX. 195. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Bottle-mould .
Thalli simple or branched ; sporidia terminal, globular,
turning inside out and becoming bellshape.
1. Ascophora grisea . Grey lot tie-mould,
Thalli not branched ; sporidia large, blackish-grey.
Ascophora Mucedo, Tode Meckl. 1, 13.
Mucedo grisea, Persoon JDisp. 14.
Mucor Mucedo, Persoon Syn. 201.
On decayed vegetables, and on rotten wal] nut- shells.
2. Ascophora vulgaris. Common lottle-mould ,
Thalli not branched, crowded; sporidia minute, blackish.
Mucor Mucedo, Lin. S. P.
Mucor Mucedo /3, Persoon Syn. 201.
On rotten plants.
XXX. 196. PILOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-mould,
Thalli not branched, pot jointed, dilated at top, cup-
shape; sporidia globular, springing with a jerk from the
tips of the thalli.
VOL. i. 2 o
562 196. Pilobolus. 8. NEMATOMYCEiE. PL cell aph.
Pilobolus crystallinus. Crystalline spring-mould .
Thalli transparent, clear ; sporidia black.
Pilobolus crystal litius, Persoon Obs.myc. 1,76; Syn. 117.
Mucor urceolatus, Dickson Crypt. 1 , 25 ; Sowerby Fungi , 300.
Hydrogora crystallina, Wigg. FI. Hols. 111.
Mucor roridus, Bolton Fungi , 122.
On dung of various animals.
G. IsARiADEiE. Thalli tubular, united at bottom into a
stroma, free at the tip ; sporidia scattered in the flocklike
heads.
XXXI. 197. CERATIUM. Link. Plaited-tuft.
Thalli not branched, united at bottom into a stroma ;
stroma membranaceous, plaited ; sporidia globular, inter-
spersed, fugacious.
Ceratium hydnoides. Hydnumlike plaited-tuft.
Stroma white, oblique, branched; branches short, obtuse.
Puccinia byssoides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1462.
Byssus fruticolosa, FI. Dan. 741.
Clavaria Puccinia, Batsch Fungit 49. ,
Isaria mucida, Persoon Syn. 688.
Ceratium hydnoides, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
On rotten wood, especially fir; summer and autumn.
XXXII. 198. ISARIA, Persoon. Clul-tuft.
Thalli branched, united at bottom into a stroma; stroma
long, fleshy, clubshape, sometimes branched ; sporidia glo-
bular, white, softish, interspersed.
1 . Isaria velutipes . Velvet-footed clul-tuft .
Stroma simple, clubbed at the top ; tips of the thalli
snow-white.
Isaria velutipes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 20.
Isaria velutina, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 23.
On the larvae and pupse of lepidopterous insects.
2. Isaria crassa. Thick clul-tuft.
Stroma not branched, thick, rather conical ; pedicel!
distinct, bald.
Isaria crassa, Persoon Syn. C87.
On chrysalides covered with earth.
PL cell, apk . 8. NEMATOMYCEJE. 198. Isaria. 563
3. Isaria eleutheratorum . Beetle club-tuft.
Stroma threadlike, twisted, slightly compressed, branch-
ed ; branches spreading.
Isaria eleutheratorum, Esenbeck Syst, 2,23,
On dead carabideas.
XXXIII. 199. COREMIUM. Link. Pencil-tuft.
Thalli pencilshape, united at bottom into a stroma;
stroma not branched, headed at top ; sporidia interspersed
among the tip of the thalli.
1. Coremiuni candidum . White pencil-tuft .
Stroma snow-white ; base flocular.
Coremium candidum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,2-1.
Monilia Candida, Persoon Syn, 692.
On rotten fruit.
2. Coremium glaucum. Glaucous pencil-tuft .
Stroma yellowish, short; sporidia greenish.
Coremium glaucum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 19.
Mucor glaucus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1020.
On rotten fruit.
XXXIV. 200. CEPHALOTRICHUM. Tangle-tufL
Thalli fibrous, entangled at bottom into a stroma, at top
into a head ; stroma threadlike or awlshape, not branched ;
sporidia interspersed, in the head.
Cephalotrichum nigrescens * Blackish tangle-tuft .
Stroma awlshape, flocklike, black ; head globular, brown.
Cephalotrichum nigrescens, Link in Berl . Mag. 3, 20.
On the trunks of trees.
H. Stilbide^. Thalli tubular, entangled at bottom
into a gelatinous 6troma, at top into a fleshy head ; sporidia
interspersed in the head.
XXXV. 201. STILBUM. Persoon. Glance-head ,
Stroma not branched ; head rather naked, soft.
I . Stilbum piliforme. Hairlike glancehead .
Stroma slightly bundled, awlshape, black ; heads globu-
lar, hyaline, deliquescent.
Stilbum minimum nigripes, Tode Meclcl. 1, 11.
Stilbum piliforme, Persoon Syn. 681.
On rotten stems of trees. '
2 o 2
564 201. Stilbum. 8. NEMATOMYCE^E. Pl.cell.dpk.
2. Stilhum villa are. Common glancehead.
Stromata cylindrical, thickish, crowded into yellowish
white tufts; heads hemispherical, withering.
Stilbum vulgare, Persoon Syn. 682.
On half- rotten stalks; autumn.
3. Stilhum hulhosum. Bullous glancehead .
Stroma slender, bulbous at bottom, ochre-yellow ; head
spherical, white, strewed with a yellowish powder.
Stilbum bulbosum, Persoon Syn. 682.
On rotten plants, in covered situations; autumn after
heavy rains.
Fam. IX. 9. GASTEROMYCE^E. Fungorum pars,
Linnaeus, Jussieu. Gasteromyci , Persoon.
Thallus 0; peridium single or double, membranaceous
or leatherlike, bladdershape ; sporidia naked, or intermixed
with fibres, included in the peridium, at first generally liquid.
A. Peridium thm , sessile , irregular , becoming fibrous , or
skinny ; sporidia in heaps . Spumarideae.
Peridium membranous, globular;
sporidia naked, conglomerate Eurotium. 202.
Per. sessile, outside towdike, ins. flaky;
sporidia naked, conglobate JEthalium. 203.
Per . membranous, fibres membranous
at the axillae ; spor. in heaps Lignydium. 204.
Per. cellularly fibrous, ascending ;
sporidia in heaps Spumaria. 205.
Per. membranous ; fibres upright;
sporidia in cylinders Strongylium. 206.
Per. membranous, becoming fibrous ;
sporidia crowded Lycogala. 207.
B. Peridium thin , sessile, irregular , vanishing in dust ;
sporidia in heaps . Myrotheciadeae.
Perid. flattened, branlike, brittle;
sporidia conglutinated ............ Myrothecium. 208.
Perid. flattened, covered with granules;
sporidia conglobated Dichosporium. 209.
Perid. globular or cylindrical, thin;
sporidia heaped Licea. 210.
Perid. irregular, very thin, vanishing;
sporidia conglobated, very numerous . . Dermodium. 211.
PL cell. aph. 9. G ASTEROMY CEiE.
565
C. Peridium thin , pedicelled or regular , brittle; fibres
! rowing from the base, enclosed; sporidia conglobated .
^hysarideae.
Peridium double; columell distinct . . . Didymium. 212.
Perid. double ; columell 0 Diderma. 213.
Perid . single, scaly; col. distinct Cionium. 214.
Perid. single, scaly; col. 0 . . Physarum. 215.
Perid. single, membranous; col. distinct Leangium. 216.
Perid . single, membranous; col. 0 . . . Leocarpus. 217.
D. Peridium thin , pedicelled or regular , brittle ; fibres
exserted , springing elastically from the base. Trichiadese.
Perid. bursting; fibres ascending in
an irregular mass from the bottom Trichia. 218.
Perid. vanishing, leaving a saucer;
fibres rising elastically, falling off Arcyrxa. 219.
E. Peridium thin , pedicelled, regular , becoming flocklike ,
networked . Cribarideae.
Perid . becoming netlike at top ....... Crxbaria. 220.
Perid. becoming netlike throughout . . Dictydium. 221.
F. Peridium thin , single pedicelled, vanishing away ; fibres
free , in network , perforated by the stem . Stemonitideae.
Perid. globular or long ........... Stemonitis. 222.
G. Peridium thin, single , operculated ; fibres 0 or free and
falling off with the sporidia. Craterideae.
Peridium pedicelled ; flood many . Craterium. 223.
Peridium sessile; flocci 0 Pyxidium. 224.
H. Peridium crustlike , fibrous, single ; sporidia naked 9
conglobated. Onygenideae.
Perid. globular; pedicells fibi'ous Onygena, 225.
I. Peridium leatherlike, double , outer peridium starlike,
the inner projectile ; sporidia naked , conglobated. Sphaero-
bolideae.
Perid. globular, sessile Sphjerobolus. 226.
566
9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PL cell aph.
K. Peridium leather like, double; the inner fixed; sporidia
fioccular , conglomerated . Lycoperdeae.
Perid. outer warty, rooting ;
spor. collected in heaps Scleroderma. 227-
Perid . outer warty, rootless ;
spor . collected in heaps Hypogasum. 228.
Perid . outer adnate, splitting in lobes ;
spor. pedicelled Bovista. 229.
Perid . outer, falling off like bran ;
spor . scattered, crowded Lycoperdon. 230.
Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate ;
inner one-pedicelled or sessile;
mouth 1; spor. pedicelled Geastrum. 231.
Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate;
inner many -pedicelled ; mouths
many; spor. pedicelled, from the first .... Polystoma. 1232.
L. Peridium single , leatherlike , mouth cartilaginous , cir-
cular ; sporidia conglobated. Tulostomideee.
Peridium globular Tulostoma. 233.
M. Peridium single , thin , membranaceous , containing pe-
ridiola, filled with sporidia . Polyangideae.
Peridiola ovate Polyangium. 234.
N. Peridium thick , leatherlike , containing peridiola filled
with sporidia. Cyathidese.
Peridium cuplike, open Cyathus. 235.
A. Spumarideje. Peridium single or double, sessile,
spread out irregularly, becoming fibrous or skinny, inside
smooth or lamellar, membranaceous ; columella 0 ; sporidia
numerous, scattered or placed in lines between the laminae.
— Plant at first liquid, afterwards powdery.
I. 202. EUROTIUM. Link. Purse-mould*
Peridia membranaceous, nearly globular, innate on a
jointed stroma.
Eurotium kerbariorum . Herbarists> purse-mould .
Peridia dotlike, yellow ; stroma whitish.
PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 202. Eurot. £67
Monilia nidulans, Roth FI. Germ. 1, 559.
Stemonitis sulphurea, Roth. FI. Germ. 1,443 ?
Mncor herbariorum, Persoon Syn. 202, 9.
Eurotium herbariorum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
On dried plants, placed in damp situations, or on recent
plants while being dried, if not changed often enough.
II. 203. JETHALIUM. Link. Froth-mould .
Sporangium irregular; peridia sessile, double; the outer
towlike, vanishing; the inner membranaceous, flakey;
sporidia naked, conglomerate.
%
JFthalium flavum . Yellow froth-mould .
Peridia yellow; becoming whitish, branny ; sporidia pur-
plish-brown.
Reticularia lutea, Bulliard Champ. 87, 380 ; Sowerby Fungi , 399, 2.
Retieularia carnosa, Sowerby Fungiy 399,3.
Reticularia cerea, Sowerby Fungi , 399, 4.
Reticularia hortensis, Sowerby Fungi , 391, 1.
Fuligo flava, Persoon Syn. 161,4 ; Bolton Fung . 134.
iEthalium flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
On grasses, fallen leaves, &c.; autumn after rain.
Resembles a froth fallen upon plants ; in a few hours it
grows brittle, fibrous, and filled with sporidia.
III. 204*. LIGNYDIUM. Link. Leaf-mould .
Sporangium nearly globular, adnate to a membranaceous
stroma; peridium single, membranaceous, bursting, flocks
adherent to the inside ; sporidia crowded, among the flocks.
Lignydium griseo-Jlavum. Greyish-yellow leaf-mould .
Peridia grey; flocks yellow; sporidia brown.
Lignydium griseo-flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 24,
On the bark of trees.
From one-third to half an inch in diameter.
IV. 205. SPUMARIA. Persoon. Fold-mould ,
Sporangium irregular, on a membranaceous stroma; pe-
ridium loose, cellularly flocky; inside with various twisted,
plaits arising from the stroma ; sporidia heaped in the folds,
Spumaria alia. White fold-mould «
Sporangium white ; plaits iron-black ; sporidia brown.
Reticularia alba, Bulliard Champ. 92.
Spumaria Mucilago, Persoon Syn. 163, 1.
On the stem or leaves of plants; autumn.
568 206. Strongyl. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.cell.apL
V. 206. STRONGYLITJM. Ditmar. Cylinder-mould .
Sporangidium indeterminate in form; peridium simple,
membranaceous; flocks upright, stiff, bundled, ascending
from the bottom ; spor.idia crowded into cylinders.
Strongylium fuliginoides. Smokelike cylinder-mould .
Sporangium roundish, rather convex, brown.
Trichodertna fuliginoides, Persqon Syn. 231, 1.
Lycoperdon fuliginosum, Sowerby Fungi , 257.
Lycogala atrum, Alb. et Schwein. Fung. 131.
On rotten trees, and floating timber.
VI. 207. LYCOGALA. Micheli. Blood-mould.
Sporangium globular, or slightly irregular; peridium
membranaceous, becoming a mass of fibres; sporidia
crowded.
1. Lycogala punctata. Dotted llood-mould .
Sporangi hemispherical or globular, in tufts reddish
grey-brown both inside and out; surface dotted.
Reticularia Lycoperdon 3, Bulliard Champ. 95.
Lycogala punctata, Persoon Syn. 158,3.
On rotten trunks of trees.
2. Lycogala turldnata. Topshape Hood-mould .
Sporangium topshape, pale, smooth.
Reticularia Lycoperdon 2, Bulliard Champ. 95.
Lycogala turbinata, Persoon Syn. 158, 2.
On rotten wood.
8. Lycogala argentea. Silvery llood-mould.
Sporangium nearly hemispherical, silver-grey, smooth.
Lycogala griseum inajus, Micheli N. Gen. Pi. 216.
Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bulliard Champ . 95.
Mucor Lycogalus, Bolton Fungi, 133.
On rotten trunks of trees.
4. Lycogala miniata. Scarlet Hood-mould.
Sporangia globular, aggregated ; surface smooth, blood-
red, afterwards brownish ; sporidia rose-colour, afterwards
pale.
Mucor fragiformis, Schaeffer Fung. 193.
Lycoperdon Epidendrum, Soyaerby Fungi, 52, and 400.
Lycogala miniata, Persoon Syn. 158,4.
Lycoperdon variolosum, Hudson Angl. 645.
On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn after rain.
Pl.cell.aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 207. Lycogal. 569
fi.fuligineum. Sporangium covered with a spongy crust.
Lycoperdon Epidendrum fuligineum, Bull. Champ. 503.
y. marginata. Sporangium blood-red, black at the base.
B. Myrotheciade.®. Peridium thin, single or double,
sessile, spread out, irregular, falling to pieces and vanishing;
columella 0 ; flocks 0 ; sporidia in tufts, afterwards sepa-
rating.— Sporangium at first liquid, afterwards solid.
VII. 208. MYROTHECIUM. Tode. Slime-mould,
Sporangium irregular, flattened, sessile ; peridium simple,
brittle, branlike, at length vanishing ; sporidia very small,
globular, at length conglutinated.
Myrothecium inundatum . Inundated slime-mould .
Sporangium snow-white, irregular, confluent; sporidia
black-green.
Myrothecium inundatum, Tode Meckl. 1,25.
On rotten fungi ; autumn.
VIII. 209. DICHOSPORIUM. Esenb. Douhle-mould.
Sporangium flattened, hemispherical ; peridium membra-
naceous, covered with a bed of granules ; sporidia at first
fluid, then compact, conglutinated.
Dichosporium aggregatum. Aggregated douhle-mould.
Sporangia crowded; peridia brown; led of granules
snow-white, shining; sporidia black.
Spumaria physaroides, Persoon Syn. 103.
Dichosporium aggregatum, Esenbeck Fungi , 2,23.
On rotten branches of trees; autumn.
IX. 210. LICE A. Link. Bare-mould.
Sporangium nearly globular, or lengthened into a cylin-
der; peridium thin, membranaceous, becoming cracked;
sporidia crowded.
1 . Licea strolilina. Cone hare-mould.
Sporangia crowded, orbicular or elliptical, smooth,
brown ; sporidia ovate, yellow.
Licea strobilina, Alb. et Schwein. Fung. 2, 20.
On rotten pine-cones.
5*70 210. Licea. 9. GASTEROMYCEJE. PLcell.aph.
2. Licea fragiformis. Strawberry hare-mould.
Sporangia cylindrical, in hemispherical tufts, at first
fulvous-red, afterwards pale- brown; sporidia brown.
Tubifera ferruginosa, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472.
Tubulifera arachnoidea, Jacq. Miscel. 1, 144.
Tubulifera Cremor, (Eder Ft. Dan. 659.
Stemonitis ferruginosa, Batsch. Fung. 175.
Tubulina fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 198.
On rotten trunks of trees; autumn.
*
X. 211 . DERMODIUM. Link. Flight-mould.
Sporangium irregularly formed ; peridium single, mem-
branaceous, very thin, vanishing; sporidia very numerous,
conglomerate.
1. Dermodium inquinans . Dirtying flight-mould.
Spora?igium widely expanded, black ; sporidia black.
Dermodium inquinans, Link in Bert. Mag. 3.
On the trunks of trees.
2. Dermodium fall ax. Deceiving flight-mould.
Sporangium umber-brown ; surface warty, cellular ; spo -
ridia in tufts, cylindrical, globular.
Dermodium fallax, Esenbeck Syst. 2,29.
On the trunks of trees.
C. Physaridejs. Peridium thin, single or double, re-
gular, mostly pedicelled, skinny, the outer falling into an-
gular pieces; flocci adnate to the base of the peridium, not
extending beyond it ; sporidia collected into a ball ; colu-
mella mostly distinct.
XI. 212. DIDYMIUM. Schrader. Skin-mould.
Sporangium nearly globose; peridia double, both mem-
branaceous, crustlike, falling to pieces ; columella distinct,
nearly globular ; sporidia globular,
1 . Didymium candidum. White skin-mould ,
Sporangia sessile, smooth, globular or rather hemisphe*
yical, snow-white.
Diderma globosum, Persoon Syn. 167.
On decayed leaves; autumn.
Resemble the eggs of insects.
PL cell, aph, 9, GASTEROMYCEiE. 212.Didym. 571
2. Didymium testaceum . Pearly skin-mould ,
Sporangia sessile, roundish, hemispherical, flesh-colour,
afterwards whitish.
Didymium testaceum, Schrad. N. Gen. PI. 1, 25.
Diderma testaceum, Persoon Syn. 167.
On decayed leaves; autumn.
3. Didymium difforme. Irregular skin-?nou2 * * * * 7d.
Sporangia sessile, smooth, difForm ; outer peridium. snow-
white; inner bluish; sporidia dull-brown.
Reticularia angulata, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472.
Diderma difforme, Persoon Syn. 167.
On the stems of the potatoe-plant.
XII. 213. DIDERMA. Link. Tall-mould .
Sporangium roundish or globular ; peridia double, both
membranaceous, bursting ; outer chaffy ; columella 0 ; spo-
ridia crowded.
Diderma muricolum . Wall tall-mould .
Sporangium roundish, lobed, rather angular, sessile ;
outer peridium white ; inner brown ; sporidia black-brown.
Diderma Muricola, Link in Bert. Mag. 3.
Diderma difforme, Alb. et Schwein. Fung. 90.
On mosses.
XIII. 214. CIONIUM. Link. Flock-mould .
Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium single, mem-
branaceous, bursting, separating into scales ; columella
distinct.
1. Cionium iridis. Flag flock-mould .
Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium grey ; pedicell
yellow, thickest at bottom.
Cionium iridis, Ditmar in Sturm. Deutsch. FI. 3, 1.
On the leaves of the yellow water-flag ; summer.
2. Cionium far inaceum. Floury flock-mould.
Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium grey ; pedicell
grey, thickest at bottom.
Didymium farinaceum, Schrad. N. Gen. 26.
Trichia compressa, Trentepohlin Both Cat. Bot. 1, 229.
Physarum melanospermum, Persoon Disp. 3 .
Physarum farinaceum, Persoon Syn. 175, 15.
On the branches of pine-trees, or the mosses on them.
Sporangia sometimes unite in pairs.
572 214. Cionium. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PL cell , aph,
5. Cionium P muricatum. T horned flock-mould.
Sporangia sessile, blood- red, globular, woolly, clustered.
Trichia polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi , 180, part.
On rotten cheese and wood.
4. Cionium P lacteum . Milky flock-mould .
Sporangia crowded, pedicelled, yellowish white, ovate,
woolly ; pedicells yellow, thickest at bottom, upright.
Trichia polymorpha, Sowerby Fungiy 180, part.
On rotten wood and branches.
5. Cionium P nigrescens. Blackish flock-mould .
Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, whitish, growing black,
globular; pedicell short, thick at bottom.
Trichia sphaerocarpus, Sowerby Fungi , 240.
On rotten wood and branches.
6. Cionium P fulvum. Red-brown flock-mould
Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, reddish-brown-yellow,
globular ; pedicells long, narrowing upwards, pellucid,
white.
Mucor fulvus, Sowerby Fungit 400, 4.
On rotten dung.
XIV. 215. PH YS ARUM. Persoon. Scale-mould,
Sporangium nearly globular; peridium simple, mem-
branaceous, bursting and separating in scales or wartlike
pieces; columella 0.
1 . Physarum cinereum. Grey scale-mould.
Sporangia sessile, globular, grey, often confluent; flocci
white ; sporidia collected into a globe.
Lycoperdon cinereum, Batsch Fung. 249.
Trichia caerulea, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,229.
Physarum cinereum, Persoon Syn. 170.
On trunks of trees ; autumn.
2. Physarum bivalve, Two-valved scale-mould.
Sporangia compressed, flexuous, greyish white, long,
sinuous, opening on one side.
Reticularia sinuosa, Bulliard Champ. 94.
Trichia sphaerica /3, Roth Cat. 1, 230.
Physarum bivalve, Persoon Syn. 169.
On dry leaves and branches ; autumn.
Pl.ceU.aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 215. Physaf. 573
3. Physarum nutans. Drooping scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey ; fiocci brown ;
pedicell long, slender, weak, brownish.
Sphaerocarpus albus, Bulliard Champ. 137.
Trichia haemispherica, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,288?
Trichia alba, Sowerby Fungi , 259.
Physarum nutans, Persoon Syn. 171.
On the trunks of trees.
4. Physarum sulcatum . Furrowed scale-mould.
Sporangium globular, beneath flattish, grey; fiocci brown;
pedicell long, slender, weak, white, furrowed.
Physarum sulcatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
On the trunks of trees.
5. Physarum ni gripes. Blackfooted scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey ; fiocci brown ;
pedicells long, blackish-brown.
Physarum nigripes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
On the trunks of trees.
6. Physarum viride. Green scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, yellowish-
green ; pedicells slender, weak, grey.
Sphaerocarpus viridis, Bulliard Champ. 115.
Physarum viride, Persoon Syn. 172.
On the ground, and on trees.
7. Physarum luteum . Yellow scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, white; fiocci
white ; pedicells long, cylindrical, slender.
Sphaerocarpus luteus, Bulliard Champ. 136,
Physarum luteum, Persoon Syn. 172.
On the trunks of trees.
XV. 216. LEANGIUM. Link. Slash-mould .
Sporangium globular ; peridium simple, membranaceous,
brittle, bursting starwise ; columella distinct.
1 . Leangium stellar e. Star slash-mould.
Sporangia pale-brown, beneath umbilicated; lobes of the
peridium turned back; pedicells short.
Didymium stellare, Schrader N. Gen. 25.
Di derma stellare, Persoon Syn. 164.
Leangium stellare, Link Berl. Mug. 3.
On trunks of trees ; autumn.
m 216. Lean g. 9. GASTEROVLY CEiE. PleeU.aplh
2. Leangium floriforme . Flowershape scale-mould. *
Sporangia straw-colour, first globular, afterwards stel-
late, spreading ; pedicells long, slender, cylindrical.
Didytnium floriforme, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 25.
Sphserocarpus floriformis, Halliard Champ. 142.
Diderma floriforme, Persoon Syn. 164.
On trunks of trees, and on hypna.
XVI. 217. LEOCARPUS. Link. Glance-mould .
Sporangium roundish or ovate; peridium simple, mem-
branaceous, brittle, bursting ; columella 0.
1 . Leocarpus vernicosus. Varnished glance-mould.
Sporangium reverse-ovate, shining, brown ; pedicells
short, dilated at bottom, membranaceous.
Lycoperdon fragile, Dickson Crypt. 1,25; Sowerhy Fungi , 136.
Trichia lutea, Perth Cat. Hot. 2,330.
Diderma vernicosum, Persoon Syn. 16T.
Leocarpus vernicosus, Link Bert. Mag. 3.
On ivy-leaves, and large mosses.
2. Leocarpus parasiticus. Parasitic glance-mould.
Sporangium nearly globular, dull tawny; pedicells cylin-
drical, yellowish-white.
Diderma vernicosum parasiticum, Persoon Syn. 165.
Lycoperdon cylindricum, Withering Bot.Arr. 414.
On grasses and mosses, in clusters.
D. Trichiade^s. Peridium thin, single, regular, mostly
pedicelled, smooth, bursting or falling into regular pieces ;
jlocci springing out from the bottom of the peridium, and
extending elastically after its destruction; sporidia scattered
among the flocci.
XVII. 218. TRICHIA. Persoon. Hair-mould .
Sporangium determinately figured ; peridium membra-
naceous, cracking ; jlocci ascending in a winding manner
from the bottom ; sporidia angular.
a. Sporangia creeping.
1. Trichia reticulata. Network hair-mould.
Sporangia spreading, yellow; peridium very thin, in ir-
regular network.
Lycoperdon lumbricale, Batsch Fungi , 1,259.
Trichia reticulata, Persoon Syn. 182.
On the mossy trunks of trees; autumn.
PL cell. aph. 8. GASTEROMYCEiE. 218. Tricliia. 575
b. Sporangia round .
2. Tricliia varia . Various hair-mould.
Sporangia scattered, yellowish, lying down, roundish or
kidneyshape.
Stemonitis varia, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1470.
Trichia varia, Persoon Syn. 181.
Lycogala luteum, Micheli N. Gen. PI. 216.
On felled trees.
S. Trichia nitens. Shining hair-mould .
Sporangia crowded, sessile, roundish, shining-yellow, or
cinnamon-colour.
Stemonitis favaginea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1470.
Lycoperdon favagineum, Batsch Fungi , 1,253.
Trichia nitens, Persoon Syn. 181.
On rotten fir, or beech-trees ; autumn.
c. Sporangia ovate .
4. Trichia ovata. Ovate hair-mould .
Sporangia crowded, sessile, reverse-ovate, opake, ochrey-
brown.
Clathrus turbinatns, Bolton Fungi , 43, 7.
Trichia ovata, Persoon Syn. 180.
Lycoperdon epiphyllum, Lightfoot Scot. 1069.
In woods; autumn.
Sporangium exactly reverse-ovate ; sporidia stellate.
5. Trichia vulgaris . Common hair-mould.
Sporangia scattered, roundish, topshape; pedicells very
short, blackish.
Trichia nigripes S, Persoon Syn. 179.
Trichia turbinata, Sowerby Fungi , 85 ?
On trunks of trees ; autumn.
6. Trichia pyriformis. Pearshape hair-mould .
Sporangia gregarious, rather scattered, pearshape, yel-
lowish; pedicells shortish, blackish.
Sphasrocarpus pyriformis, Bulliard Champ. 129.
Trichia nigripes pyriformis, Persoon Syn. 178.
On trunks of trees.
7. Trichia fallax. Deceiving hair-mould .
Sporangia gregarious, pedicelled, pearshape, beneath
plaited, brown-red, afterwards dull yellow, bursting at the
tip.
576 218. Trichia. 9. GASTEIIOMYCEjE. Pl.cell.aph.
Mucor miniatus, Jacquin Austr. 299.
Trichia fallax, Persoon Syn. 177.
Sphaeroeephalus fragilis, Sowerby Fungi , 279.
On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn.
8. Trichia ruliformis. Brambleherry hair-mould.
Sporangia pedicelled, cylindrical, purplish ; pedicells short,
forming a membranaceous thallus. ,
Stemonitis fasciculata, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1468.
Lycoperdon vesparium, Batsch Fungiy 1,254.
Lycoperdon favaceum, Schrank Bavar. 2,667.
Trichia rubiformis, Persoon Syn. 176,2.
On the trunks of trees in woods ; end of summer.
XVIII. 219. ARCYRIA. Persoon. Cup-mould.
Sporangia ovate or cylindrical, pedicelled ; peridium
membranaceous, upper half vanishing, lower half saucer-
like, persistent; flocci expanding elastically, falling off;
sporidia globular.
1. Arcyria punicea. Scarlet cup-mould.
Sporangia in tufts, dull scarlet, oblong, pedicelled ) flocci
ovate, slightly persistent ; sporidia blood-red.
Stemonitis crocata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,220.
Trichia cinnabarina, Bulliard Champ. 121.
Trichia denudata, Sowerby Fungi , 49.
Clathrus denudatus, Lin. S. P. 1649.
Arcyria punicea, Persoon Syn. 185,5.
On rotten wood ; summer.
2. Arcyria coccinea. Cochineal cup-mould.
Sporangia in tufts, scarlet, spherical, pedicelled ; flocci
fugacious.
Trichia coccinea, De Candolle Syn. FI. Gall. 55.
On rotten wood.
3. Arcyria hcemispherica. Hemispherical cup-mould.
Sporangia spherical, depressed, snow-white, pedicelled;
pedicells grey, thick at bottom ; sporidia reddish-brown, on
an expanded disk.
Reticularia haemisphaerica, Sowerby Fungi , 12.
Trichia cinerea ? De Candolle FI. Gall. 685,
On sticks and rotten wood.
PL cell. apfi. 9. GASTEROMYCE7E. 219. Arcyria. 577
4. Arcyria jlava. Yellow cup-mould .
Sporangia scattered, yellow ; Jlocci long, drooping.
Trichia nutans, Sowerby Fungi, 260.
Stenionitis amcena, Roth Cat. Hot. 1,220.
Arcyria flava, Persoon Syn. 184.
On rotten trunks of trees.
Flocci weak, very long, lying down ; when young, milk-
white.
5. Arcyria turbinata. Topshape cup-mould .
Sporangia clustered, yellowish-white, globular, sessile.
Trichia turbinata, Soioerby Fungi , 85.
Clathrus turbinatus, Hudson FI. Angl. 632.
Lycoperdon luteum, Relhan Cant. 1103.
On rotten wood.
E. Cribarideal Sporangium regularly formed, pedi-
celled ; peridium thin, single, breaking into regular pieces ;
Jlocci expanding from the bottom, or forming a regular
network; sporidia conglobated, or interwoven among the
flocci.
XIX. 220. CRIBARIA. Schrader. Sieve-mould.
Sporangia globular, pedicelled ; peridium breaking above
into regular pieces, remaining entire below.
1 . Crib aria vulgaris. Common sieve-mould.
Sporangia gregarious, globular, drooping, brown; pedi -
cells brownish-purple.
Cribaria vulgaris, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 6.
On rotten trees in woods, and on mosses.
2. Cribaria Bulliardi. Bulliard’s sieve-mould.
Sporangia scattered, globular, upright; pedicells white,
pellucid, slender.
Sphaerocarpus semitrichoides, Sowerby Fungi , 400, 5.
On rotten wood.
S. Cribaria rufescens . Reddish sieve-mould.
Sporangia scattered, reverse-ovate, reddish ; pedicells ra-
ther bent.
Cribaria fulva, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 5.
Cribaria rufescens, Persoon Syn. 193, 7.
On rotten trunks of trees, near the ground; autumn.
VOL. i. 2 p
578 221. Dictyd. 9. GASTEROMYCEJE. PI. cell.aph.
XX. 221. DICTYDIUM. Schrader. Net-mould.
Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridium either entirely
or for the greater part breaking off in regular pieces.
1. Diclydium cernuum. Drooping net-mould.
Sporangia gregarious, globular, brownish purple, droop-
ing, umbilicated at the tip.
Dictydium umbilicatum, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 11.
Mucor canceliatus, Batsch Fungi, 2, 135.
Cribaria cermia, Persoon Syn. 189.
Dictydium eernuum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 33.
On rotten wood.
2. Dictydium splendens. Resplendent net-mould.
Sporangia upright, roundish, shining ; pedicells bent,
purplish-brown; sporidia yellow.
Dictydium splendens, Schrader N. Gen. 1. 4.
Cribaria splendens, Persoon Syn. 191.
On the trunks of fir-trees.
F. Stemonitide^:. Sporangia regularly formed, pedi-
celled ; peridium thin, single, vanishing away ; jlocci free,
netlike, perforated by the stem.
XXL 222. STEMONXTIS. Persoon. Thread-mould .
Sporangmm globular or long ; peridium membranaceous,
vanishing \ jlocci entangled, netlike, perforated by the stem,
diffluent.
a. Flocci in an ovate mass .
1 . Stemonitis papillata. Papillated thread-mould.
Sporangia scattered, reddish-brown, globular ; pedicell
perforating the fiocci to the top.
Stemonitis reticulata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,223.
Stemonitis papillata, Persoon Syn. 188.
On bared branches of oak-trees.
2. Stemonitis ovata. Eggshape thread-mould.
Sporangia scattered, blackish, ovate or roundish ; pedicell
perforating half-way through the flocci.
Stemonitis nigra, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 146T.
Stemonitis ovata, Persoon Syn. 189.
Stemonitis atrofusca, Persoon Disp. 11.
On rotten wood.
PI. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE7E. 222. Stemon. 579
b. Embolus. Flocci in a long mass.
3. Stemonitis fasciculata. Bundled thread-mould.
Sporangia clustered, on a shining base, dark-brown, long,
tip drooping ; pedicells passing through the flocci, exserted
at the top.
Stemonitis fusca, Roth Cat . Bot. 1, 222.
Trichia axifera, Bulliarcl Champ. 118.
Stemonitis typhina, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1461.
Trichia mida, Sowerby Fungi , 50.
Clathrus nudus, Lin. Syst. Veg. 1017.
Embolus lacteus, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 8, when young.
On trunks of trees ; autumn.
4. Stemonitis typhina. Bull-rush thread-mould .
Sporangia scattered, cylindrical, blunt, slightly bent.
Trichia typhoides, Bulliard Champ. 113.
Embolus pertusus, Batsch Fung. 1,263.
Stemonitis typhina, Persoon Syn. 187.
On trunks of trees ; autumn.
Sporangia smaller than S. fasciculata ; peridium does not
vanish entirely, some pieces remaining; base none.
G. CrateuidetE. Sporangium regularly formed, pedi-
celled, operculated ; peridium single, membranaceous ;
flocci 0, or enclosed, free ; sporidia intermixed with the flocci.
XXII. 223. CRATERIUM. Trentepohl. Pitcher-mould .
Sporangium pitcher or cupshape, operculated, pedicelled ;
peridium membranaceous ; operculum flattish ; flocci free,
coming out with the sporidia.
1. Crater, leucocephalum. White-headed pitcher-mould.
Sporangium funnelshape, reddish-brown ; operculum pale ;
flocci white; sporidia globular, white.
Arcyria leucocephala, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 6.
Stemonitis leucocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1467.
Trichia cinerea, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,237.
On mosses.
2. Craterium vulgare. Common pitcher-mould.
Sporangium bellshape, greyish-brown ; mouth expanded ;
pedicell dark-yellow ; sporidia brown.
Craterium pedunculatum, Roth Cat. Bot. 1,224.
Craterium vulgare, Sowerby Fungi , 239, lowest figure.
Trichia minuta, Relhan FI. Cant.
Trichia capsulifer, Be Candolle Syn. FI. Gall. 35.
On rotten wood and mosses.
2 p 2
580 223. Crater. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
3. Crater ium ovatum. Eggshape pitcher -mould.
Sporangium eggshape, truncated, straight, brownish ;
pedicells yellow ; sporidia brown.
Cyathus minutus, Sowerby Fungi , 239, upper figure.
On rotten wood.
XXIII. 224. PYXIDIUM. Goblet-mould.
Sporangium ovate, operculated, sessile; operculum large
convex ; jlocci very few or none.
Pyxidium sessile. Squatted goblet-mould.
Sporangia eggshape, clustered, yellowish-brown ; opercula
brown.
Sphaeroearpus sessilis, Bull . Champ. 417 ; Sowerby Fungi, 258.
Trichia gymnosperma, Persoon Obs. Myc. 63.
Licea circumcissa, Persoon Syn. 196.
On the trembling poplar, under tne bark ; autumn.
Sporangia resembles the eggs of insects.
H. Onygenade^;. Sporangia pedicelled; peridium crust-
like, formed of interwoven fibres; Jlocci 0; sporidia closely
conglobated.
XXIV. 225. ONYGENA. Persoon. Cap-mould.
Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridium crustlike, brit-
tle, fibrous ; pedicells fibrous ; Jlocci 0 ; sporidia conglobated.
Onygena equina . Horse-hoof cap-mould.
Sporangia greyish-brown, hemispherical.
Coralloides fungiforme ex ungula equina, viride rufescens, Dillen Muse.
73.
Lycoperdon equinum, JVilldenow Berl. 412; Sowerby Fungi , 292.
Onygena equina, Persoon Syn. 203,
On the hoofs and horns of animals, left on the ground.
I. Sphasuobolide^:. Peridia double ; the outer leather-
like, lobed starwise; inner fibrous, membranaceous, ejectile;
sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.
XXV. 226. SPHiEROBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-bag.
Sporangium globular, sessile ; peridia double, outer lea-
therlike, 5 or 6-cut ; inner membranaceous, projected elas-
tically; sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.
PL cell, aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 226.Sphmrob. 581
Sphcerobolus stellatus. Starry spring-bag .
Sporangium globular, white, becoming yellow, and after-
wards brown.
Carpobolus albicans, Micheli N. Gen. 221.
Lycoperdon Carpobolus, Lin. S. P. 1654; Sowerly Fungi , 22.
Sphaerobolus stellatus, Tode Meckl. 1,43.
On rotten leaves and wood.
Peridia covered at first with a white wool-like substance.
K. Lycoperdonidea:. Peridia double, the outer sepa-
rating in scaly, prickly flocci, or regularly formed pieces ;
the inner membranaceous, of interwoven fibres, torn by
the expansion of the flocci.
XXVI. 227. SCLERODERMA. Persoon. Skin-litter.
Sporangia nearly globular, often attenuated below, with
rootlike fibres; peridia double, the outer adnate, warty,
cracked, bursting irregularly; sporidia collected into heaps,
purplish brown or ferrugineous.
1. Scleroderma citrinum. Lemon-yellow skin-litter .
Sporangia middle-size, roundish, depressed, pale lemon-
yellow, slightly scaly; scales thick.
Lycoperdon defossutn, Batsch Fung. 2, 126.
Scleroderma citrinum, Persoon Syn. 153.
Scleroderma Aurantiurn, Persoon Syn. 153.
Lycoperdon eervinum, Bolton Fung. 162, not of Linnaeus.
Lycoperdon Aurantiurn, Bulliard Champ. 158; Sowerby Fungi, 268.
On the ground and mosses at the roots of trees.
Sporangia 1 or 2 inches in diameter, depressed ; sporidia
purplish-brown.
2. Scleroderma verrucosum. Warty skin-litter.
Sporangia large, roundish, reddish-brown, scaly; scales
small ; base pedicell-like, long, rooting.
Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bulliard Champ. 157.
Scleroderma verrucosum, Persoon Syn. 154.
Lycoperdon defossum, Sowerby Fungi , 331, not Batsch.
On the ground at the root of trees.
3. Scleroderma spadiceum. Chestnut skin-litter.
Sporangia globular, depressed, smooth, chestnut-brown,
stemlike basis thickest at bottom, hard, fibrous ; sporidia
purplish-brown.
582 227. Sclerod. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PL cell. apli.
Scleroderma spadiceum, Persoon Syn. 155,
Lycoperdon spadiceum, Dickson Crypt. 1,25.
On the ground at the roots of trees.
4. Scleroderma cepoides. Onionlike skin-litter .
Sporangia roundish, depressed, rather smooth, shining ;
stemlike basis short, thickest at bottom, scarcely fibrous.
Lycoperdon cepae facie, Vaillant Bet . Par. 123.
Tuber solidum, Withering Bot. Arr, 4,407.
Scleroderma Cepa, Persoon Syn. 155, 10.
In woods under oak-trees ; August.
XXVII. 228. HYPOGiEUM. Persoon. Hypogeum .
Sporangia globular, rootless ; peridia double, the outer
adnate, warty, cracked ; sporidia in heaps, among the fiocci.
—Grows under ground.
Hypogceum cervinum. Stag hypogeum.
Sporangium round or oblong ; peridium granulated.
Lycoperdon cervinum, Lin. S. P. 1053; Sowerby Fungi, 269.
Lycoperdastrum tuberosum, arhizon fulvum, cortice duriore Crasso et
granuiato, medulla ex albo purpurascente, semine nigro crassiore, Micheli
N. Gen. 220.
Hypogseum cervinum, Persoon Dispos. 7.
Scleroderma cervinum, Persoon Syn. 156.
Under ground, near fir-trees. Perhaps a tuber.
XXVIII. 229. BOVI8TA. Dillenius. Bull-fist.
Sporangium globular, generally sessile, bottom rooted;
outer peridium adnate to the inner, separating into lobes,
tip bursting irregularly, vanishing; sporidia pedicelled on
the fiocci, brownish-purple.— Grows on the ground, some-
times half-sunk in it.
1 . Bovista plumlea . Lead-colour lull-fist.
Sporangium globular, umbilicated beneath, rooting, lead-
colour.
Lycoperdon ardesiaceum. Bull. Champ. 146.
Bovista plumbea, Persoon Syn. 137,2.
On fields and grassy places, after rain.
Outer peridium white, becoming lead-colour, vanishing
entirely, except at the base.
2. Bovista nigrescens. Blackish bull-fist.
Sporangium globular or roundish, brownish-black, be-
neath plaited.
5
PL cell. ap/i. 9. GASTEROMYCE.ZE. 229. Bovista. 583
Lycoperdon arrhizon, Batsck Fung. 239.
Lycoperdon globosum, Bolton Fung. 118.
Lycoperdon Bovista, Lin, S. P. 1653 ; Sowerby Fungi , 331.
Bovista nigrescens, Persoon Syn. 136, 1.
In shady woods; autumn.
Sporangium an inch and half in diameter.
8. Bovista- gigantea . Giant bull-fist.
Sporangium globular, pale-whitish ; scales scattered,
scarcely distinguishable.
Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch Fung. 135.
Lycoperdon maximum, Schaeffer Bau. 4, 130.
Lycoperdon Bovista, Bulliard Champ. 154.
Bovista gigantea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 34.
In grassy places; autumn.
Sporangium from 5 inches to 2 feet in diameter, at first
white, afterwards reddish straw-colour; root very slender.
XXIX. 230. LYCOPERDON. Tournefort. Puff-ball.
Sporangium nearly globular, often narrowed at bottom
into a stemlike appearance, rooting-; peridium mostly spi-
nous or scaly, becoming chaffy? vanishing, bursting at the
tip; sporidia in heaps, scattered among the flocci, green.—
Grows on the ground.
1 . Lycoperdon ccelatum. Latticed puff-lall.
Sporangium globular, conical at the bottom, plaited,
brownish-grey, scales rather broad.
Lycoperdon gemmatum, Schceffer Fung. 4, 130.
Lycoperdon areolatum, Schceffer Fung. 4, 190.
Lycoperdon cadatum, Bulliard Champ. 156.
Lycoperdon Bovista, Persoon Syn. 141.
Spunk.
In grassy places; autumn.
Sporangium about 4 inches in diameter ; the bottom part
prepared by beating is used as tinder.
2. Lycoperdon pratense . Meadow puff-ball.
Sporangium hemispherical, snow-white, soft; warts few,
scattered ; stem very short.
Lycoperdon Proteus cepiforme, Bull. Champ. 143.
Lycoperdon papillatura, Schccff. Bav. 4, 127.
Lycoperdon pratense, Persoon Syn. 142, 3.
On grassy hills after rain; summer.
Sporangium about an inch and half broad; sunk in the
ground one half its depth.
584 230. Lycop. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. Pl.celLaph.
3. Ly coper don utriforme. Bottle puff-ball .
Sporangium reverse-ovate, cylindrical, pale smoke-grey,
smoothish ; stem not distinct.
Lycoperdon utriforme, Bulliard Champ. 153.
On grass-ground.
4. Lycoperdon excipuliformis. Receiverlike puff-ball.
Sporangium white, nearly globular, scaly; scales spinous,
scattered ; stem roundish, long, plaited.
Lycoperdon exci puli forme, Scopoli Cam. 1631.
Lycoperdon Proteus exeipuliforme, Bulliard Champ. 149.
Lycoperdon Proteus, Sowerby Fungi , 332, in part.
In fir-plantations on the ground ; autumn.
5. Lycoperdon perlatum . Pearly puff-ball.
Sporangia in tufts, bossed, whitish ; stern rather long,
cylindrical; warts compact, round, deciduous, ending in a
point.
Lycoperdon gemmatum, FI. Dan. 1120.
Lycoperdon Proteus, Bulliard Champ. 14S.
Lycoperdon exciptali chemici forma, Vaillanl Paris , 12, 15.
Lycoperdon album, totum aculeatum, altiori basi donatum, Micheli N.
Gen. 217.
Lycoperdon perlatum, Persoon Syn. 145.
In woods; autumn.
6. Ijycoperdon pyriforme. Pearshape puffball.
Sporangia in tufts, pearshaped, bossed, pale smoke-grey;
scales very thin ; roots long, fibrous.
Lycoperdon pyriforme, Schceffer Icon. Fung. 135.
Lycoperdon Proteus ovoideum, Bulliard Champ. 143.
On rotten trunks of trees, seldom on the ground ;
autumn.
7. Lycoperdon gossypinum. Cottony puff-ball .
Sporangia gregarious, minute, globular topshape, slightly
cottony, pale.
Lycoperdon gossypinum, Bulliard Champ. 147.
On rotten trunks of trees.
XXX. 231. GEASTRUM. Persoon. Shell-puff.
Sporangium globular, sessile ; outer peridium leatherlike,
expanding and turning back starwise ; inner peridium mem-
branaceous, sessile or pedicelled ; apex ending in a cylin-
drical mouth; peduncle simple; sporidia pedicelled upon
the flocci.
PL cell . aph. 9. G ASTEROM Y CEiE. 231. Geastrum. 585
a. Inner peridium pedicelled .
1. Geastrum quadrifidum. Four-cut shell-puff '.
Outer peridium four-cut, arched; inner globular, pedi-
celled; mouth blunt, ciliated, greyish.
Lycoperdon fornicatum, Hudson Angl. 644; Engl. Bot. 198.
Geastrum quadrifidum, Persoon Syn. 133.
In pine plantations; autumn.
2. Geastrum stellatum. Starred shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-cut, brownish, outside granular,
rather flat; inner globular, pedicelled, centre flattish ; mouth
broad, conical.
Geastrum coronatum, Persoon Syn. 132.
Geastrum muUifidum jS, Persoon Disp. 1, 6.
Lycoperdon volvam explanans, Schmidel Icon. 179.
Lycoperdon stellatum, Sowerby Fungi , 312.
In woods.
<3. Woodvuardi. Sporangium small, flat above; mouth
acuminated, ciliated ; cilice and stem long.
Geastrum coronatum Woodward), Persoon Syn. 132.
On dry banks, among ivy.
Sporangium dark-brown ; does not exceed an inch and
half in diameter.
3. Geastrum pectinatum. Comllike shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-cut, pale, arched; inner pedicelled,
dark-brown; mouth pointed, conical.
Geastrum multifidum a, Persoon Disp. 6.
Geastrum pectinatum, Persoon Syn. 132.
In fir-plantations.
b. Inner peridium sessile.
4. Geastrum rufescens. Reddish shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-cut, reddish; inner sessile, bald,
pale.
Geastrum rufescens, Persoon Syn. 134.
Geastrum sessilis ? Sowerby Fungi , 80.
In fir-plantations.
5. Geastrum recolligens. Retracting shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-lobed, spreading, lobes equal, out-
side yellowish, inside brown ; inner depressed spherical,
sessile ; mouth conical.
586 231. Geastrum. 9. GASTEROMYCEAL PI. cell, aph.
Lycoperdon stellatum, Bulliard Champ. 238.
Lycoperdon reeolligens, Wood in Lin. Tr. 2, 58 ; Sowerby Fungi , 401.
In woods ; spring and autumn.
Outer peridium expands with moisture, and contracts
again on drying ; contrary to the other geastra.
6. Geastrum cylindricum. Cylindrical shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-cut ; inner cylindrical, sessile.
Lycoperdon cylindricum, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,411.
In fir-plantations.
XXXI. 232. POLYSTOMA. Pill-box.
Sporangium globular or depressed, sessile ; outer peridium
expanding starwise ; inner membranaceous, pedicelled ;
pedicells and mouths many.
Polystoma coliforme. Sievelike pill-box.
Outer peridium many-cut; inner 5 or 6-pedicelled ; pe-
cells short; mouths ciliated.
Lycoperdon coliforme, Dickson Crypt. 24 ; Sowerby Fungi , 313.
Geastrum coliforme, Persoon Syn. 131.
On sandy banks.
L. TuLOSTOMiDEiE. Peridia single, leatherlike; mouth
cartilaginous, circular; sporidia conglobated, scattered
among the flocci.
XXXII. 233. TULOSTOMA. Persoon. Tulostome.
Sporangium globular, pedicelled; peridium single, lea-
therlike; mouth single, cylindrical, cartilaginous; sporidia
conglomerated, among the flocci.
Tulostoma brumale. Winter iulastome.
Sporangium whitish ; pedicell slightly scaly ; peridium
attached to the stem; mouth flattish.
Lycoperdon pedunculatum, Lin. S. P. 1654; Sowerby Fungi , 406.
Tulostoma brumale, Persoon Syn. 139.
Among moss on walls ; autumn.
M. PolyangidE-ZE. Peridium single, thin, membra-
naceous, bursting irregularly, enclosing many peridiola ;
sporidia grumose, naked, in the peridiola.
XXXIII. 234. POLYANGIUM. Ditmar. Bud-mould.
Sporangium roundish, sessile ; peridium membranaceous ;
peridiola ovate, inside grumous.
PL cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. 234. Polyang. 58 7
Polyangium vitellinum. Yelk-of-egg ludmould.
Sporangia gregarious, yellow; periodola deep reddish-
yellow.
Polyangium vitellinum, Ditmar in Sturm. Germ . 3,2.
On rotten wood.
N. Cyathide.®. Peridium single, leatherlike, opening
at the tip, containing many periodola; peridiola membra-
naceous, or coriaceous; enclosing the sporidia; sporidia
naked, or floccular.
XXXIV. 235. CYATHUS. Persoon. Cup-mushroom.
Sporangium cupshape, closed ^t first with an epiphragma,
afterwards open at the top ; peridiola lentilshape, nestling,
fleshy, inside woolly ; sporidia naked, conglobate, in the
centre of the periodola.
1 . Cyathus striatus . Streaked cup-mushroom.
Sporangium reverse-conical ; outside blackish-brown,
shaggy; inside pale, streaked.
Peziza quae fungus seminifer, externe hirsiTtus, interne striatus, Raii
Syn. 20, 22.
Peziza lentifera /3, Lin. S. P. 1650.
Peziza striata, Hudson FI. Angl. 634.
Nidularia striate, Sowerby Fungi , 29.
Cyalhus striatus, Persoon Syn. 237.
In woods on the ground ; summer and autumn.
2. Cyathus ollaris . Skellet cup-mushroom.
Sporangium bellshape; outside grey or brownish, rather
downy; mouth wide; inside smooth, livid lead-grey.
Cyathus Ice vis, Hoffman Crypt. 2, 31.
Nidularia verrucosus, Bulliard Champ. 164.
Nidularia Icevis? Sowerby Fungi , 31, outside yellow.
Peziza lentifera, Lin. S. P. 1650.
Nidularia campanulata ? Sowerby Fungi , 28.
Cyathus Olla, Persoon Syn. 237.
On rotten wood.
3. Cyathus erucihuliformis. Crucibleshape cup-mushroom.
Sporangium nearly cylindrical, hard, bald, ochry-yellow ;
bottom woolly, whitish.
Peziza Icevis, Hudson FI. Angl. 639.
Nidularia Icevis, Sowerby Fungi , 30.
Cyathus Crueibulum, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 29 ; Persoon Syn. 238, 3.
On rotten wood.
Sporangium at first cylindrical, afterwards reverse-conical.
588 235. Cyathus. 9. GASTEROMYCEiE. PL cell aph.
4. Cyathus scutellaris. Saucer cup-mushronm.
Sporangia globular, grey; inside pale whitish ; peridiola
white, afterwards blackish.
Cyathoidcs scutellatum, ore crispo, fructibus nigris majoribus Micheli
N. Gen. 202,4.
Cyathus scutellaris, Roth Cat. 1,217 ; Persoon Syn. 239.
Cvathus complanatus, De Candolle Syn. 56 ?
On the ground, in woods.
Sporangia the size of a large pea, at first globular, then
hemispherical ; edge not cut,
Fam. X. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. Fungorum pars , Lin-
neeus, Jussieu. Fungi sar cocarpi, Persoon.
Vegetahilium fungosorum pars , Esenbeck.
Thallus solid, entirely covered with a membranaceous
or leatherlike epidermis; flesh becoming cellular; sporidia
scattered in the substance of the flesh.
A. Thallus solid, globular ; inside smooth. Sclerotidese.
Thallus globular ; basis radiated Erysibe. 236.
Thallus tuberous; basis creeping,
rootlike Thanatophyton. 237.
Thallus roundish ; basis not ex-
panded Sclerotium. 238.
B. Thallus globular ; inside cellular , or veiny. Tuberidese.
Thallus subterraneous; inside veiny;
sporidia pedicelled Tuber. 239.
C. Thallus irregular , gelatinous fibrous , cellular ; sporidia
scattered , immersed. Tremellidese.
Thallus variously formed ;
spor. in the inside only Tremella. 240.
Thallus dilated, in folds;
spor. internal and external Gyraria. 241.
Thallus caulescent, slightly branched;
spor. internal and external Coryne. 242.
A. Sclerotide^. Thallus variously shaped, mostly
globular, solid, obscurely cellular, covered with an epi-
dermis.
Pl.cell.aph. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. 236. Erysibe. 589
I. 236. ERYSIBE. Rebentisch. Mould-bud.
Thalli globular, upon a radiated basis.
1. Erysibe suffulta . Propped mould-bud.
Thalli lentilshape, brown; basis fibrous, fulcrate, ra-
diating irregularly.
Erysibe suffulta, Rebentisch FI. Neomont.
Sclerotium Erysiphe coryleum, Persoon Syn. 124, 12.
Erysiphe coryli, De Candolle FI. Gall. 730.
On the lower face of hazebleaves.
2. Erysibe alni . Alder mould-bud .
Rays many, expanded, very long, free.
Erysiphe alni, De Candolle FI. Gall. 730.*
On the lower face of alder-leaves.
3. Erysibe aceris. Maple mould-bud.
Rays many, long, interwoven into a thin membranaceous
pellicle ; thalli at length collapsing and becoming concave.
Erysiphe aceris, De Cand. FI. Gall. 732.*
On the lower face of maple-leaves, rarely on the upper.
4. Erysibe polygoni . Knot-grass mould-bud.
Rays many, long, interwoven into a membranaceous
pellicle ; thalli few.
Erysiphe polygoni, De Cand. FI. Gall. 733.
On the lower face of knot-grass leaves.
5. Erysibe populi. Poplar mould-bud.
Rays many, interwoven into a slight crustlike pellicle.
Erysiphe populi, De Cand. FI. Gall. 733.*
On the upper face of black poplar-leaves, rarely on the
lower.
6. Erysibe pisi. Pea mould-bud .
Rays numerous, very long, very slender, sometimes in-
terwoven into an irregular pellicule.
Erysiphe pisi, De Cand. FI. Gall. 734.
On the leaves of peas.
7. Erysibe convolvuli. Bindweed mould-bud.
Rays numerous, interwoven into a slightly membra-
naceous adhering pellicle ; thalli scattered, or in rings.
Erysiphe convolvuli, De Cand. FI. Gall. 736.
On the upper face of bindweed-leaves.
590 236. Erysibe. 10. SARCOTHECEfE. Pl.cell.aph .
8. Erysibe berberidis . Berberry mould-bud .
two-forked at the tip.
Erysiphe berberidis, De Can'd. FI. Gall. 737.
On the upper face of berberry-leaves.
9. Erysibe acariforme. Ticklike mould-bud.
Thalli heartshape, brown, rather downy; rays interwoven,
tom, yellow.
Lycoperdon acariforme, Sowerby Fungi , 146.
On rotten wood.
10. Erysibe Sower bii. Sowerbyys mould-bud.
Thallus nearly globular, brown, woolly; rays very slen-
der, very long, radiately regular, yellowish,
Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby Fungi, 143.
On plaistered walls.
II. 237. THANATOPHYTUM. Esenb. Death-mould.
Thallus tuberous, expanded creeping, rootlike.
Thanatophytum crocorum. Saffron death-mould.
Thallus red.
Tuber parasiticum, Bulliard Champ. 81.
Sclerotium crocorum, Persoon Syn. 119.
Thanatophytum crocorum, Esenbecfc Syst. 2,38.
La vnort dc saffron.
On the bulbs of crocuses, the roots of dwarf elder and
asparagus.
Very destructive to saffron, speedily destroying a whole
plantation of it. The French cultivators trench the ground
very deep round the infected spot, throwing the earth of
the trench upon it, and no longer cultivate saffron thereon,
as it will remain in the ground for 15 or 20 years.
III. 238. SCLEROTIUM. Persoon. Corn-mould .
Thallus variously shaped, mostly globular, without any
expansion.
1 . Sclerotium vaporariorum. Stove corn-mould.
Thallus flat, often lobed, rather hard ; at first smooth-
brown ; when old black, wrinkled.
Sclerotium vaporariorum, Albert and Schwein. Nish, 73.
On the bark-bed of hot-houses.
Pl.cell, aph. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. 238. Sclerot. 591
2. Sclerotium Ictcunosum. Pitted corn-mould,
Thallus roundish, pitted, black ; inside palish.
Sclerotium lacunosurn, Persoon Syn. 121.
On the roots of agaricus racemosus, and other plants.
3. Sclerotium muscorum. Moss corn-mould.
Thallus roundish or irregularly lobed, surface tubercu-
lar; inside yellow.
Sclerotium subterraneum muscorum, Tode Meckl. 3.
Sclermiuin muscorum, Persoon Syn. 120.
On the roots of mosses.
4. Sclerotium Irassicce. Callage corn-mould.
Thallus oblong, depressed, black ; inside black, dotted.
Sclerotium Brassicce, Persoon Syn. 122.
On the rotten leaves of cabbage, kept in cellars ; winter.
5 Sclerotium varium. Various corn-mould.
Thallus roundish or oblong, rather lobed, slightly wrin-
kled, whitish, becoming brownish-black.
Elvella brassicae, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 18.
Sclerotium varium, Persoon Syn. 122.
On the stems and ribs of cabbages ; winter.
6. Sclerotium seminiforme. Seedlike corn-mould.
Thalli gregarious, nearly globular, scrobiculate, blackish-
bay, becoming wrinkled.
Sphseria brassicas, Dickson Crypt. 23 ; Bolton Fungi , 119.
Sclerotium Semen, Tode Meckl . 1,4; Persoon Syn. 123.
On potatoe-stalks rotting in the fields ; autumn and
spring.
7. Sclerotium quercinum. Oak corn-moidd.
Thalli scattered, nearly hemispherical, convex, smooth,
dirty white, rather blackish.
Sclerotium quercinum, Persoon Syn. 124.
On dry fallen oak-leaves ; summer.
8. Sclerotium scutellatum . Saucer corn-mould.
Thallus rounded, hollowed, black, inside white, slightly
stemmed.
Sclerotium scutellatum, Albert and Schwein. Nisk. 74.
On the branches and leaves of willows.
592 238. Sclerot. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
9. Sclerotium complanatum. Flattened corn-mould.
Thallus nearly orbicular, compressed, smooth, pale,
slightly stemmed.
Sclerotium complanatum, Tode MecJclen. 5.
On rotten dung and straw ; winter.
B. Tuberide^;. Thallus solid, globular or irregular,
inside cellular or veiny; sporidia scattered in the cells.
IV. 239. TUBER. Matthioli. Truffle .
Thallus globular, irregular, bark thick, cracked, inside
veiny ; sporidia nearly globular, pedicelled, affixed to the
veins. — Subterraneous.
a. Root 0, grows deep in the ground .
1. Tuler cilarium. Food truffle.
Thallus nearly globular, outside black, warty; warts
large, blunt, angular.
Tubera,
Lycoperdon Tuber, Lin . S. P. 1653.
Lycoperdon gulosorum, Scopoli Cam. 2,491.
Tuber gulosorum, Wigg Holsat. 109.
Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp Oxon. 398.
Truffs. Truffles.
Subterraneous.
Flavour very grateful in made-dishes ; procured by ob-
serving where hogs wish to turn up the ground, and there
digging, or by having spaniels trained to point at them.
2. Tuber moschatum. Musk truffle.
Thallus roundish, smooth, black inside and out; flesh
soft becoming wrinkled; when fresh smelling like musk.
Tuber moschatum, Bulliard Champ. 79; Sowerby Fungi, 426.
Subterraneous.
Used as the former.
b. Root fibrous , grows near the surface. Tartufa.
3. Tuber album. White truffle.
Thallus smooth, inside and outside white, afterwards
dull-red with red lines.
Tuber album, Bulliard Champ. 30; Sowerby Fungi, 320.
Lycoperdon gibbosum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 26.
White truffle.
Under ground, near the surface.
Inodorous, becoming yellow, and wrinkly when dry.—
Used for sauce, but inferior to the common.
Pl.cell.ap/t. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. 240. Tremella. 593
C. TREMELLiDEiE. Thallus variously shaped, rather
gelatinous ; epidermis thin ; inside cellular, fibrous ; sporidia
naked, scattered in the substance, and very copiously on
the outer surface.
V. 240. TREMELLA. Dillenius. Tremelle .
Thallus variously shaped ; sporidia scattered in the in-
side only.
Tremella recisa. Cut-off tremelle *
Thallus reverse-conical, umber-brown, inside rather
fibrous.
Peziza granulosa, Persoon Syn. 633,4.
Tremella recisa, Dilmar Fung .
On dry willow-branches.
VI. 241. GYRARIA. Esenbeck. Gyraria .
Thallus dilated, meandering; sporidia scattered in the
substance, and over the external surface.
1. Gyraria mesenterica. Cawl gyraria.
Thallus roundish, orange-colour ; plaits vertical, twisted.
Tremella mesenterica, Jacq. Miscell. Austr. 1, 13.
On the fallen branches of trees.
Becomes hard, but not much smaller when dry.
2. Gyraria P alhida . Whitish gyraria .
Thallus whitish, sessile, rather wrinkled, solid, semi-
transparent, variously shaped, jellylike.
Tremella albida, Huds. FI. Angl. 565 ; Engl. Bot. 2117.
Tremella cerebrina, Bulliard Champ. 386.
On half- rotten branches, or wet wood.
3. Gyraria ferruginea. Iron-brown gyraria »
Thalli clustered, rusty-brown, lobed ; lobes waved ; sur-
Lace finely pulverulent, granulated ; inside white.
Tremella ferruginea, Engl. Bot * 1454.
On the dead branches of trees.
4. Gyraria intumescens. Swelling gyraria .
Thalli clustered, twisted, swollen, brown, shining, jelly-
like; when dry thin, membranaceous.
Tremella intumescens, Engl. Bot. 1870.
On rotten wood in wet weather,
o
VOL, i.
594 241. Gyraria. 10. SARCOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
5. Gyraria violacea. Violet gyraria.
Thallus roundish, violet, slightly compressed, small, com-
pact, meandering.
Tremella violacea, Relhan Cantab. 442.
On the trunks of pear-trees ; winter.
6. Gyraria spiculosa. Spicular gyraria.
Thallus flattened, spreading, rather thick, black; nipples
conical, spicular.
Tremella spiculosa, Persoon Syn. 624.
Tremella arborea, Hudson Angl. 565.
On the trunks of trees ; autumn.
7. Gyraria auricularis. Ear gyraria.
Thalli in tufts, thin, winding, concave, blackish, beneath
plaited, slightly woolly, olive-grey.
Peziza auriculam referens, Raii Syn. 18, 9.
Tremella Auricula, Lin.S. P. 1625.
Peziza Auricula, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1013.
Merulius Auricula, Roth Germ. 625.
Tremella Auricuia-judae, Persoon Syn. 624.
Jews' ears.
On the trunks of elder-trees ; annual; autumn.
Used in a poultice, soaked in milk or vinegar as an ap-
plication to sore throats, also the infusion strained as a
gargle.
8. Gyraria foliacea. Leafy gyraria.
Thalli in tufts, entirely bald, thin, plaited wavy, concave,
base crisp, dark red flesh-colour.
* Tremella mesenteriformis, Bulliard Champ. 230.
Tremella foiiacea, Persoon Syn. '626.
On rotten trunks of trees ; autumn.
9. Gyraria juniper ina. Juniper gyraria.
Thallus brownish-red, sessile, membranaceous, roundish-
earshape.
Tremella juniperina, Lin.S. P. 1625.
On juniper, furze, and common broom.
10. Gyraria zistulata. Burnt gyraria.
Thallus small, vesicular, slightly gelatinous-fleshy, brown-
ish-black ; surface furrowed, furrows winding.
Tremella ustulata, Bulliard Champ. 221.
On half-rotten fleshy fruits.
PI, cell, apk, lO.SARCOTHECE^. 241.Gyraria. 595
11. Gyr aria lachry mails. Tear gyr aria.
Thallus roundish or slightly uneven, peziza-like, shining,
pellucid, yellow.
Tremella deliquescens, Bulliard Champ. 219.
Tremella Iachrymalis, Persoon Syn. 628.
On rotten wood.
12. Gyr aria cinnabarina. Vermilion gyr aria.
Thallus very small, slightly gelatinous, fleshy, bullate,
purplish; surface granular, rough.
Tremella cinnabarina, Bulliard Champ. 218.
On mosses and several other herbs.
VII. 242. CORYNE. Esenbeck. Coryne .
Thallus long, stemlike, slightly branched, thickened ;
sporidia scattered in the cellular substance and on the out-
side.
1 . Coryne dubium. Doubtful coryne,
Thallus pale flesh-colour, nearly spatulashape ; tip white,
Tremella dubia, Persoon Syn. 630,25.
Acrosperma dubium, Persoon Comm. 92.
Tremella (Coryne) Acrospermum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,40.
On the rotten trunks of trees.
2. Coryne clavatum. Clubbed coryne.
Thallus solitary, reddish flesh-colour, clubshape.
Tremella stipitata, Willd. Berol. 420.
Tremella clavata, Persoon Syn. 630,24.
Acrospermum clavatum, Persoon Comm. 90.
On rotten branches ; autumn.
Fam. XI. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. Fungorum pars,
Ray, Linnaeus, Jussieu. Fungi
clavati et pileati , Esenbeck.
Thalli long or expanded into an hemispherical cap, in-
side cellular or fibrous ; sporidia threadlike, on the whole
surface, or the flat surface of the cap.
A. Hymenium lamellar, gills decaying without changing
colour; cap fleshy or leathery, juiceless. Agaricideae.
Volva, collar , and radical tuber , distinct Amanita. 243.
Volva cylindrical ; collar 0 Vaginata. 244.
2 fi 2
596
11. H YM ENOTHE CEAE . PL cell apL
Volvo, 0 ; collar distinct Lepiota. 24 <5.
Stem central, naked ; cap convex .... Gymnopus. 246.
Stem central, naked; cap concave .... Omphalia. 247.
Stem eccentric, naked Pleuropus. 248.
Stem marginal, naked . Crepidopus. 249.
Stem 0 ; cap sessile Apus. 250.
Thallus attached by its back Resupinatus. 251.
B. Hymenium lamellar ; gills decaying without changing
colour; cap fleshy or membranaceous, juicy. Mycenadeae.
Texture venulose, cellular;
cap fleshy ; stem naked Russula. 252.
Text, fibrous ; cap membranaceous ;
stem naked; sporidia short Mycena. 2 53.
Text, fibrous; cap membranaceous;
stem naked ; sporidia long Micromphale. 254.
Text . fibrous ; cap funnelshape ;
gills milky Lactarius. 255.
C. Hymenium lamellar ; gills becoming black , powdery /
cap fleshy or skinny ; texture fibrous. Prateliidese.
Cap thick; gills persisting;
sporidia single ; collar distinct Pratella. 256.
Cap thin ; gills persisting ;
sporidia single; collar fibrous Cortinaria. 257.
Cap thin; gills persisting;
sporidia in pairs ; collar 0 Prunulus. 258.
Cap thin; gills diffluent;.
sporidia in fours; collar distinct or 0 ... . Coprinus. 259.
D. Cap beneath lamellar; gills barren; apex woolly ;
sporidia interspersed in the wool of the cap. Asterophoridese.
Sporidia angular Asterophora. 260.
E. Hymenium veined; veins superficial , distinct ; cap
fleshy. Merulidese.
Stem central ; cap round, convex ..... Merulius. 261.
Stem central ; cap round, concave Cantharellus. 262.
Stem lateral; cap semicircular Corniola. 268.
Thallus attached by its back Serpula. 264..
Thallus clubshape, sessile, sides plaited Gomphus. 2 65-
PL cell. aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. 597
F. Hymenium veined ; veins anastomosing ; cap leatherlike ,
corky. Daedaleadese.
Cap semicircular D^edalea. 266.
G. Hymenium tubular; tubes short , persistent , not cut;
cap leatherlike or woody. Boletideae.
Thallus attached by its back Poria. 267.
Thallus semicircular Boletus. 268.
Stem lateral ; cap semicircular Grifola. 269.
Stem central ; cap orbicular, mem-
branaceous CoLTRICIA. 270.
Stem central ; cap orbicular, fleshy,
concave Strilia. 271.
Stem central ; cap orbicular, fleshy,
convex Albatrellus. 272.
Stem lobed ; lobes branchlike, porous Polyporus. 278.
H. Hymenium tubular ; tubes long , separable from the
cap, not cut ; cap convex, fleshy. Suillidese.
Tubes close ; stem central ;
collar distinct ; cap orbicular Suillus. 274.
Tubes close; stem central;
collar fibrous; cap orbicular Pinuzza. 275.
Tubes close ; stem central ;
collar 0 ; cap orbicular Leccinum. 276.
Tubes separate ; stem lateral ;
collar O', cap semicircular Fistulina. 277.
I. Hymenium toothed, teeth lamellar , torn ; cap leather-
like. Sistotremadese.
Stem distinct ; cap concave Sistotrema. 278.
Stem 0; cap semicircular Cerrena. 279.
Thallus attached by its back Xylodon. 280.
K. Hymenium spinose ; spines not divided . Hydnidese.
Cap regular, fleshy, convex ;
stem central, naked Hydnum. 281.
Cap regular, fleshy, concave;
stem central, naked Dentinum. 282.
Cap regular, membranaceous ;
stem lateral, naked Auriscalpium. 283.
Cap semicircular, sessile Stecherina. 284.
598
11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PL cell.apk.
Thallus on its back, spreading Odontia. 285.
Phallus branched or clublike, spinose.. Hericium. 286.
L. Hymenium smooth , hairy or warty , expanded ; thallus
leatherlike , sometimes capped . Thelephoridese.
Stem central ; cap concave Craterella. 287.
Stem eccentric or 0 ; cap semicircular . . Stereum. 288.
Thallus attached by its back ........ Corticium. 289.
Thallus branched, compressed ........ Merisma. 290.
M. Hymenium smooth , expanded; thallus fleshy , long ,
uniform , simple or branched. Clavaridese.
Thallus cartilaginous or gelatinous .. Cqrynoides. 291.
Thallus fleshy, cylindrical, branched . . . Ramaria. 292.
Thallus fleshy, clubshape, simple Clavaeia. 293.
N. Hymenium smooth , expanded ; thallus fleshy , long ; tip
expanded , clubshape or capped ; cap smooth . Geoglossideae.
Club compressed, edge prominent . . Geoglossum. 294.
Club compressed or ovate; edge free . . Mitrula. 295.
Cap orbicular Leotia. 296.
Cap hemispherical , Helotium. 297.
Cap conical Relhanum. 298.
O. Hymenium smooth , expanded ; thallus fleshy, long; tip
capped ; cap plaited or cellularly networked. Helvellideae.
Mitre conical above, reticulated .... Morci-iella. 299.
Mitre plaited, distinct Helvella. 300.
Mitre compressed, connate to the stem
Spatularia. 301.
P. Hymenium smooth , expanded ; sporidia clubshape , inter-
mixed with barren filaments, fixed ; thallus fleshy or waxlike ,
cupshape . Pezizadese.
Cup sessile, immersed, dry Stictis. 302.
Cup sessile, dry, edged ; edge flat . . . Patellaria. 303.
Cup sessile, woolly Peziza. 304.
Cup sessile, soft, fibrous, cellular, naked Octospora. 305.
Cup sessile, hemispherical, spread,
scaly Scodellina. 306.
Cup pedicelled, dry, fibrous, woolly
or bald Calycina. 307.
5 99
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE.
Cup pedicelled, soft, fibrous, cellular,
surface woolly Dasyscyphus. 308.
Cup pedicelled, soft, cellular, slightly
fibrous, scaly or bristly Macroscyphus. 309.
Cup pedicelled, thin, fibrous, cellular,
bald Hymenoscyphus. 310.
Q. Hymenium smooth , expanded ; sporidia clubshape , inter-
mixed with barren filaments , ejectile ; thallus fleshy . Asco-
bolideae.
Thallus dishlike or reverse-conical .. Ascobolus. 311.
A. Agaricide^:. Hymenium lamellar; gills separable
from the cap, not becoming black or juicy; cap thick,
fleshy, or leathery ; texture vesicular or cellular.
I. 243. AMANITA. Dillenius. Amanite .
Volva at first covers the whole thallus; fragments left
on the cap ; stem central, bulbose at bottom ; collar distinct ;
cap fleshy; gills crowded. — Poisonous.
1. Amanita lulbosa. Bulbous amanite.
Thallus white; cap convex; stem long, slender, bulbous.
Agaricus bulbosus, Schoeff. Fung. 241.
Amanita bulbosa, Persoon Syn. 250, 7.
In woods and pastures ; autumn.
2. Amanita citrina. Lemon-yellow amanite.
Cap bald, lemon-yellow ; gills and stem white.
Agaricus citrina, Sclueff. Fung. 20.
Amanita citrina, Persoon Syn. 251.
In woods, on the ground, in sandy soils.
/3. mappalis. Cap yellowish, with brownish warts.
Agaricus Mappa, Willd. Berol. 381.
Amanita citrina Mappa, Persoon Syn. 251.
3. Amanita aurantiaca. Orange amanite.
Thallus large; cap bellshape, orange-red; gills bellied,
gold-yellow ; warts scattered, white ; stem white.
Amanita aurantiaca, Bull . Herb. 120; Pers. Syn. 252, 10.
In woods.
600 243. Araanit. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
4. Amanita muscaria. Fly amanite.
Stem white ; cap orange-red, shining, flattish ; warts and
gills white.
Amanita muscaria, Schccff. Fung. 27 ; Persoon Syn. 253, 11.
Agaricus muscarius, 3, 4, With. 218 ; Sowerby Fungi , 286.
In plantations of firs.
Powder in doses of gr. x. to xxx. with vinegar, cathartic
and sudorific, useful in epilepsy and palsy occasioned by
eruptions which have been improperly repelled ; also used
externally sprinkled upon ulcers and gangrene : the juice
rubbed upon bedsteads kills or expels bugs, and mixed
with milk is used in Sweden to kill flies.
|3. minor . Thallus small ; cap convex, warts generally
wanting.
5. Amanita umbrina . Umber amanite .
Stem white; cap flattish, greyish-bay; warts and gills
white.
Agaricus verrucosus, Hudson Angl. 613.
Agaricus maoulatus, Schceff. Fungi , 90.
Amanita umbrina, Persoon Syn. 254, 12.
Agaricus muscarius, var. 6, With. Arr. 219.
In beech-woods.
6. Amanita rubescens . Reddish amanite.
Cap convex, opake, reddish; warts crowded, white;
gills white.
Agaricus margaritiferus, Schecff. Fung. 91.
Amanita rubescens, Persoon Syn. 67.
Agaricus muscaricus, var. 7, Withering Arr . 219.
In beech-woods ; autumn.
7. Amanita circinnata. Compassed amanite.
Stem bulbous, rather scaly, reddish ; cap hemispherical,
slightly umbilicated, reddish ; warts oblong, round, whitish ;
gills flattish, whitish.
Agaricus myodes, Schtpff. Fung. 261.
Agaricus muscarius, var. 5. Wither. Arr. 4,218.
In woods ; rare.
8. Amanita aspera. Rough amanite.
Stem long, fibrilled, slightly bulbed ; cap fleshy, com-
pact, bossed, reddish grey ; warts pointed, rough ; gills
crowded, white.
Agaricus verrucosus, Bulliard Herb. 316, warts globular.
Amanita aspera, Persoon Syn. 256,
In woods ; late in autumn.
Odour strong.
PL cell. aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. 244.Vaginat. 601
II. 244. VAGINATA. Esenbeck. Boot-mushroom.
Stem cylindrical at bottom ; volva cylindrical; collar 0*
cap fleshy; gills crowded, equal. — Poisonous.
1. Vaginata livida. Livid boot-mushroom .
Stem long, white; cap bossed, flattish, streaked, livid
lead-colour; gills white.
Agaricus vaginatus, Bulliard Herb. 512, M.
Agaricus plumbeus, ScJueff. Fung. 35 & 3 6.
Boders of shady woods, after long rains.
2. Vaginata spadicea. Dark-bay boot-mushroom.
Stem scaly, brown; cap rather bellshape, bossed, streaked,
brittle, bay ; gills white.
Agaricus fuscus, Schreff. Fung. 95.
Amanita spadicea, Persoon Syn. 248,2.
In fir plantations.
3. Vaginata virgata. Stiff boot-mushroom.
Thalli in tufts; cap bellshape, conical, hairy, grey and
black, stiff; gills powdery, cinnamon-red.
Agaricus volvaceus, Bulliard Herb. 261.
Amanita virgata, Persoon Syn. 249,4.
In the bark-bed of hot-houses; summer.
III. 245. LEPIOTA. Persoon. Lepiote.
Stem central; volva 0; collar distinct; cap fleshy; oills
equal in length, or mixed with shorter, juiceless, not varie-
gated.— Wholesome.
1 . Lepiola procera . ~ Tall lepiote.
Thallus large; stem bulbous, very long; collar moveable;
cap fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish-grey; gills very far apart,
whitish.
Agaricus procerus, Schceff. Fung. 22 & 23; Sowerby Fungit 190.
In woods.
Thallus elegant, esculent.
/3. excoriatus. Thallus small, whitish ; scales scarcely dis-
cernible.
Agaricus excoriatus, Scheeff. Fung. 18 & 19; Sibth. Ox. 341.
2. Lepiota colubrina. Snake lepiote.
Thallus large; stem rather long, villous, soft; collar
decaying; cap bellshape, scaly, pale; scales large, scat-
tered, reddish ; gills whitish, free.
602 245. Lepiot. 11. HYMENOTHECEJE. Pt.eetl.aph.
Agaricus calceolarius, Bull. Herb. 405.
Agaricus colubrinus, Persoon Syn. 258,2.
In woods, on moist land ; autumn.
Stem 3 inches long ; cap about 2 broad, brittle.
j6. cristata. Thallus small ; stem shortish, hollow, light
reddish, bald ; ring vanishing ; cap bellshape, whitish ;
centre and scales brown ; gills free, white.
Agaricus cristatus, Willd. Bsfbl. 1104.
Agaricus subantiquatus, Batsch Fung. 2, 59.
In beech woods, on the ground, or stems.
Stem 2 inches long; cap half an inch broad ; odour heavy;
taste very ungrateful.
y. pantherina . Stem middling, rather bulbous, slightly
scaly; cap rather fleshy, bossed; scales crowded, dark-
cinnamon, pressed close ; gills free, broadish, yellowish.
In pine woods.
Cap 2 inches broad ; collar scarcely any.
3. Lepiota granulosa. Granular lepiote.
Thalli middle-size, several together; stem scaly, collared;
cap rather fleshy, bossed, rust-colour; gills crowded, mostly
pale.
Agaricus granulosus, Batsch Fung. 79 & 170.
Agaricus flavo-floccosus, Batsch Fung. 117.
Agaricus ochraceus, Bull. Herb. 583.
Agaricus croceus, Bolt. Fung. 51 ; Sowerby Fungi , 19.
In woods, and plantations of firs.
Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines broad, hollow ; cap an inch
over.
4, Lepiota squarrosa. Rough lepiote .
Thalli in tufts; stem rough, scaled, ochry-brown; cap
fleshy, gills crowded, pale olive.
Agaricus floccosus, Curtis Land. 264.
Agaricus squarrosus, Willd. Berol. 380.
At the root of oak trees; autumn.
Stem stiff or ascending ; collar small ; cap 3 inches broad ;
flesh lemon-yellow ; odour fishy.
(3. aurivella . Thallus rusty yellow ; cap bellshape, scaly ;
stem hairy, bent.
Agaricus aurivellus, Batsch. Fung. 153.
Agaricus filamentosus, Scheeff. Fung. 209.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 2*5. Lepiot. 603
5. Lepiota aurea . Golden lepiote.
Thalli in small tufts, large, entirely reddish-brown ; stem
stiff, bald, thickish; collar rather small; cap fleshy, flattish,
slightly scaly or hairy; gills crowded, thin, slightly nicked.
Agaricus aureus, Soieerby Fungi , 77.
In woods, on the ground.
Cap 3 or * inches broad; flesh brimstone-yellow; taste
bitter.
6. Lepiota polymyces . Many-stemmed lepiote.
Thalli in close tufts ; stem collared, conical, greyish-
olive ; cap bossed, scaly, greyish-yellow ; gills rather decur-
rent, pale-whitish.
Agaricus melieus, Bolton Fung. 141.
Agaricus congregatus, Bolton Fung. 140.
Agaricus annularius. Bull. Herb. 540.
Agaricus stipitis, Sowerby Fungi , 101.
Agaricus cumulatus, Withering Arr. 4, 195.
Agaricus polymyces, Persoon Syn. 269.
In woods, at the roots of trees, or on the ground.
Stem solid, elastic ; collar thick.
7. Lepiota caudicina. Stem lepiote .
Thalli in tufts ; stem scaly, rather slender, cylindrical ;
cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, cinnamon-colour; gills
slightly decurrent, pale rusty-brown.
Agaricus mutabiUs, Scluzff. Fung. 9.
Agaricus annularis, Bull. Herb. 543.
Agaricus ligaatilis, Bull. Herb. 534, 1.
Agaricus caudicinus, Persoon Syn. 271.
On rotten trunks of trees; autumn.
Cap quite bald, rather slimy ; esculent.
8. Lepiota helvola . Reddish-brown lepiote .
Thalli gregarious, middle-size ; stem rather long, cylin-
drical, girt at bottom with a very small collar ; cap rather
fleshy, bossed, nearly cinnamon-coloured; gills distant, of
the same colour.
Agaricus hinnuleus, Sowerby Fungi , 173.
Agaricus helvolus, Persoon Syn. 273.
In woods, grassy grounds, and paths.
Cap half an inch over ; stem 3 inches long.
604. 246. Gymnop. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
IV. 246. GYMNOPUS. Persoon. Naked-foot.
Stem central ; collar and volva 0 ; cap fleshy, orbicular,
convex. — Wholesome.
a. Cap lay , cinnamon , chestnut , reddish or Irown.
1 . Gymnopus pratensis. Meadow naked foot.
Thallus brownish-red, rather hard; stem short, rather
thin, smallest at bottom; cap bellshape, bluntly bossed or
flattish, bald ; gills thick, distant, decurrent.
Agaricus ficoides, Bull. Herb. 587.
Agaricus miniatus, Sowerby Fungi , 141.
Agaricus fulvosus, Bolt. Fung. 56.
Agaricus pratensis, Persoon Syn. 304.
In meadows, pasture-lands, and grassy hills.
Stem solid; gills rather yellowish.
0. vitulinus. Cap pale-reddish; gills and stem white.
Agaricus orearles, Bolton Fung. ?
Agaricus pratensis vitulinus, Persoon Syn. 305.
2. Gymnopus rimosus. Cracked naked-foot.
Stem scaly, hoary, pale; cap conical, cracked length-
ways, rather reddish; gills broadish, olive clay-colour,
white on the edge.
Agaricus rimosus, Bull. Herb. 599*
Agaricus aurivenius, Batsch Fung. 20, 107.
In grassy woods, on the ground ; August and September.
Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines and a half thick, swollen at
top and bottom ; cap 2 inches broad, 1 high, dirty; taste
and odour not unpleasant.
S. Gymnopus reflexus. Reflected naked-foot .
Thalli gregarious, ochry rust-colour ; stem long, slender,
fibrous-scaly ; scales turned backwards ; cap rather fleshy,
acutely bossed, scaly, ochre-yellow; gills distinct, pale
cinnamon-colour.
Agaricus pilosus, Schcoff. Bav. 80?
Agaricus reflexus, Persoon Syn. 311.
On stumps of apple and pear trees.
4. Gymnopus fusipes. Spindle naked-foot.
Thalli in tufts; stem furrowed, bellied, rooted, bald;
cap rather tough, reddish-buff; gills distant, reddish-
white.
Pl.cell.apfi. ll.HYMENOTHECEfE. 246.Gymnop. <305
Agaricus fusipes, Bull. Herb. 516.
Agaricus crassipes, Schceff. Fung. 88; Sowerby Fungi , 129.
At the foot of decaying trees ; autumn.
Stem 4 or 5 inches high, 3 quarters thick ; cap 4 to 6
inches over, often slopes very much.
5. Gymnopus radicatus. Hooted naked-foot.
Hoot long, spindleshape; stein very long; cap fleshy,
bossed, slimy, wrinkled, grey-cow colour or brownish ; gills
slightly decurrent, white.
Agaricus macrorhizus, Persoon Obs. Myc. 1, 47.
Agaricus radicatus, Relhan Cant. 1040; Sowerby Fungi , 48.
In felled wroods, at the side of the fallen trees, after rain.
6. Gymnopus pudens. Modest naked-foot.
Root long, spindleshape; stem very long, solid, downy,
rooted, rust-brown ; cap rather fleshy, bossed, smooth,
dun-colour; edge villous; gills ascending, white.
Agaricus longipes. Bull. Herb. 232 ?
Agaricus radicatus pudens, Persoon Syn. 314.
In shady woods, at the foot of trees.
7. Gymnopus velutipes. Velvet stem naked-foot .
Thalli in tufts; stem downy, very dark bay; cap rather
fleshy, turned up, bald, brown ; gills bellied, yellowish.
Agaricus velutipes, Curtis Land.; Sowerby Fungi, 163.
Agaricus nigripes, Bull. Herb. 344.
In willow plantations; autumn and mild winters.
Stem 2 inches long, 2-tenths thick ; cap 1 inch to 3 inches
over; flesh white.
8. Gymnopus hadipus. Bay-stemmed naked-foot „
Stem whitish, fibrilled, bay colour at bottom, rather
tough ; cap fleshy membranaceous, bellshape, blunt, bald,
rather rust-brown ; gills broadish, flat ascending, simi-
larly coloured.
Agaricus badipus, Persoon Syn. 318.
Agaricus caulicinalis, Sowerby Fungi , 163.
In plantations.
b. Cap greenish , yellowish, pale , or light fawn-colour.
9. Gymnopus rutilans. Brilliant naked-foot.
Stem long, solid, thick at bottom, yellowish ; cap fleshy,
flattish, same colour as the stem, mostly spotted red towards
the edge ; gills pale.
606 lO.Gymnop. 1 1 . H YMENOTH ECE/E. Pl.cell.aph.
Agaricus rutilans, Sclueff. 218.
Agaricus xerampelinus, Sowerby Fung. 31.
In woods.
Stem 3 inches long, half an inch thick, sometimes bent,
spotted with red ; cap 2 inches and a half broad.
10. Gymnopus luridus . Lurid naked-foot.
Thalli rather gregarious ; stem solid, slightly scaly,
pale; cap fleshy, rather bent, bald, greenish-grey; gills
narrow, yellowish.
Agaricus luridus, Schceff, Fung. 69.
In woods ; autumn.
T/iallus middle-size; stem rather thick.
11. Gymnopus sulphureus. Brimstone naked-foot .
Thalli gregarious, nearly brimstone-colour, odorous ;
stem long, hollow, bent, pale; cap fleshy, slightly bossed,
bald; gills distinct, nicked.
Agaricus sulphureus, Bull. Herb. 163 ; Sowerby Fungi , 44.
In woods, on sandy soils, on the ground.
Stem 4 inches long ; cap 3 inches over, dirty yellow ;
odour of philadelphus coronarius.
12. Gymnopus odorus. Scented naked-foot .
Stem solid, slightly bent, green or greenish ; cap fleshy,
flattish, smooth, greenish ; gills crowded, slightly decurrent,
whitish.
Agaricus odorus, Bull. Herb. 146; Sowerby Fungi , 42.
In oak woods, among the fallen leaves.
13. Gymnopus viridis. Green naked-foot.
Stem long, solid, white; cap fleshy, bald, green; gills
white.
Fungus magnus viridis, Raii Syn. 2, 3.
Agaricus viridis, Withering Arr. 4,233.
Agaricus caeruleus, Bolton Fung. 12.
In woods ; August to October.
Stem 3 inches long; cap 3 inches broad.
14. Gymnopus fertilis. Fertile naked-foot.
Thalli gregarious, large, pale white ; stem slightly
bulbous, thickish ; cap flattish, same colour as the stem;
gills distinct ; sporce copious, brilliant.
Agaricus phonospermus, Bull. Herb. 547.
Agaricus pall id us, Sowerby Fungi , 143.
In open spaces in woods.
Cap 3 or 4 inches over.
Pl.cell.aph. 18.HYMENOTHECEAE. 24?6.Gymnop. 607
15. Gymnopus obesus. Fat naked-foot .
Thalli gregarious; stem bulbous, short, whitish, pale;
cap fleshy, flattish, bent, pale ; gills grow chestnut-colour.
Agaricus obesus, Batsch Fung. 216; Persoon Syn. 330.
In pastures among mosses ; August.
16. Gymnopus collinus . Hill naked-foot.
Thalli rather gregarious; stem long, tough, pale; cap
rather fleshy, membranaceous, blunt, bossed, pale-red,
streaked ; gills distant.
Agaricus collinus, Schceff. Fung. 220; Persoon Syn. 330.
Agaricus pratensis, Sowerby Fung. 127 ?
Agaricus arundinaceus, Bull. Herb. 50.
On grassy hills.
17. Gymnopus per onatus. Shaggy naked-foot.
Thallus pale; stem solid, whitish, rooted, yellow and
shaggy at bottom ; cap fleshy, thin, convex, slightly bossed,
wrinkled ; gills distinct.
Agaricus peronatus, Sowerby Fungi , 37 ; Persoon Syn. 331.
In woods among the fallen leaves.
c. Cap shining , scarlet , brownish-red or yellow.
18. Gymnopus ceraceus. Waxlike naked-foot .
Stem yellow; cap hemispherical, smooth, yellow; gills
watery yellowish.
Agaricus ceraceus, Wulf \ inJacq. Aust. 2, 105 ; Persoon Syn. 336.
On dry hills and edges of woods ; autumn.
d. Cap flesh-red.
19. Gymnopus russulus. Rosy naked-foot.
Thallus large ; stem solid, short, rose-red ; cap fleshy,
slightly convex, granular with small scales ; gills unequal,
white.
Fungus magnus rubentis seu incarnati coloris, Rail Syn. 3,7.
Fungus minor campestris rotundus, lamellatus, inferne alb us, superne
purpureus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 3, 9.
Agaricus Russula, Schecff. Fung. 58.
Agaricus integer, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,227.
In woods and pastures under trees ; Aug. to November.
608 246. Gymnop. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. PLcell. apln
20. Gymnopus purus . Pz/re naked-foot .
Thalli gregarious: stem hollow, villous and paler at the
bottom ; cap nearly membranaceous, rose-colour, shining ;
gills broadish, veiny at the bottom, pale-rose.
Agaricus roseus, Sowerby Fungi, 12.
Agaricus purus roseus, Persoon Syn. 339,
Agaricus incarnatus, Relhan Cant. Supjpl. 2, 1092.
In woods, among dead leaves ; November.
/3. purpureas . Stem purple ; cap hemispherical, purple ;
gills three in a set.
Agaricus purpureus, Bolton Fungi , 41.
Agaricus purus purpureus, Persoon Syn. 339, !49,y.
e. Cap more or less violet , purplish or grey .
21. Gymnopus geophilus. Ear Moving naked foot*
Thalli gregarious, rather small ; stem nearly cylindrical*
powdery, same colour as the cap; cap bellshape, rather
fleshy, pale-violet ; centre brownish ; gills cinnamon clay-
colour.
Agaricus affinis, Sowerby Fungi, 124.
Agaricus geophilus, Persoon Syn. 340.
In woods, on clay-ground.
22. Gymnopus chalybeus . Steel-grey naked-foot *
Stem rather slender, same colour as the cap ; cap rather
fleshy, bellshape, rather scaly, at first steel-grey, afterwards
blackish-grey ; gills purplish-gre}^.
Agaricus columbarius, Sowerby Fungi, 161.
Agaricus chalybeus, Persoon Syn. 343.
On grassy hills ; autumn.
f. Cap grey , smoke-colour , or blackish.
23. Gymnopus myomyces. Mouse-colour naked foot *
Thalli gregarious; stem bald, whitish-grey; cap fleshy,
bossed, scaly, grey; gills whitish-grey.
Fungus superficie murini coloris ; lamellis albicantibus, Raii Syn. 5,21.
Agaricus terreus, Sowerby Fungi , 76.
Agaricus myomyces, Persoon Syn. 345.
In pine and beech woods.
When broken, or rubbed, it emits the odour of burnt
feathers.
PLcell. aph. ll.HYMENOTHECEJE. 246.Gymnop. 609
24. Gymnopus meleagris. Turkey-fowl naked- foot.
Root networked; stem solid, blackish at bottom; cap
rather fleshy, flattish, scaly ; scales scattered, blackish.
Agaricus meleagris, Sowerby Fungi , 171.
Agaricus meleagris, Persoon Syn. 347.
On hot-beds.
25. Gymnopus plumosus. Feathery naked-foot.
Stem long, slender, feathery ; cop hemispherical, feathery
with scales, mouse-colour; gills 3 in a set, whitish.
Agaricus plumosus, Bolton Fung. 33 ; Persoon Syn. 347.
In woods.
26. Gymnopus nebularis. Cloudy naked-foot.
Thalli gregarious, firm ; stem solid, rather bulbous,
greyish-white; cap thick, bossed, livid-grey ; gills crowded,
slightly decurrent, pale-white.
Agaricus nebularis, Batsch Fung, 193 ; Persoon Syn. 349.
Agaricus mollis, Bolton Fung. 40.
Agaricus pileolarius, Sowerby Fungi> 61.
Agaricus albellus, Sowerby Fungi , 122.
In fir plantations ; autumn to November.
27. Gymnopus limacinus. Snail naked-foot.
Stem solid, naked, cracked transversely, same colour as
the cap, tip snow-white; cap fleshy, rather narrow, plano-
convex, glutinous, olive-grey, blackish ; gills decurrent,
white.
Agaricus limacinus, Schceff. Fung. 312 ; Persoon Syn. 355.
In woods and plantations.
28. Gymnopus hrevipes. Short-stemmed naked-foot.
Thalli rather gregarious; stem solid, very short, colour
of the cap ; cap fleshy, bossed or rather smooth, grey ;
centre blackish; gills crowded, nicked, grey.
Agaricus brevipes, Bull. Herb. 521 ; Persoon Syn. 360.
On the ground.
Stem scarce an inch long, inside reddish ; cap 3 inches
broad.
29. Gymnopus graveolens. Stinking naked-foot.
Thallus heavy ; stem solid, rather disposed to split,
whitish ; cap fleshy, thick, nearly hemispherical, bald,
smoke-grey ; gills crowded, nicked.
VOL. i. 2 R
610 246.Gymnop. II.HYMENOTHECEjE. P l.cell.aph.
Agaricus graveolens, Persoon Syn. 361.
In grassy places, and plantations.
Taste and smell very disagreeable, also heavy on the
hand.
SO. Gymnopus compressus. Flattened naked-foot.
Thallus brittle ; stem compressed, rather twisted ; cap
thin, flattish, irregular, brown, waxy ; gills rather thick, dis-
tant, white.
Agaricus compressus, Withering Arr. 4,278; Sowerby Fungi , 66; Per-
soon Syn. 363.
On grassy hills ; June.
g. Cap white .
31. Gymnopus alius . White naked-foot .
Thallus entirely white, usually solitary, stem thick, short,
nearly upright, rather smaller at bottom ; cap fleshy, con-
vex ; gills distinct.
Agaricus virgineus, Batsch Fung. 39.
Agaricus albus, Persoon Syn. 363.
On the ground, in sandy soils.
Esculent.
32. Gymnopus elurneus. Ivory naked-foot .
Thalli gregarious, white; stem long, scaly at the tip;
cap rather fleshy, viscous, plano-convex, edge smooth ; gills
rather distant, slightly decurrent.
Agaricus eburneus, Persoon Syn. 364.
In beech woods, rarely among firs; autumn.
Esculent.
0. nitens. Stein rather short.
Agaricus Jozzolus, Scopoli Cam. 2,431.
Agaricus eburneus, Bull. Herb. 551.
Agaricus nitens, Sowerby Fungi , 71.
33. Gymnopus parasiticus . Parasitic naked foot.
Thalli rather small, in tufts, parasitic; stem bent, hairy,
solid ; cap bellshape, rather turned back, pale-white ; gills
distant, thickish, brown.
Agaricus parasiticus, Bull. Herb. 574; Persoon Syn. 371.
Agaricus umbratus, Withering Arr. 4, 235.
On rotten fungi.
PLcell. aph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. 246. Gymnop. 611
34. Gymnopus pUlpes. Hairy-stemmed naked-foot.
Thalli in bundles, brown ; stem covered throughout with
scattered hairs ; cap bellshape.
Agaricus pilipes, Sowerby Fungi , 249.
On rotten fungi,
35. Gymnopus tuberosus. Tuberous naked-foot.
Thalli gregarious, small, whitish; stem short, rather
reddish, innate in tubers; cap convex, nippled.
Agaricus tuberosus. Bull. Herb. 256.
Agaricus Amanitae, Butsch Fung. 1, 109.
Agaricus alumnus, Bolton Fung. 155.
Agaricus albus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,254.
On rotten fungi; autumn.
36. Gymnopus ramealis. Branch naked-foot.
Thalli gregarious, small, slightly persistent; cap bent,
powdery; cap rather fleshy, hemispherical, whitish ; centre
reddish ; gills narrow, crowned.
Agaricus ramealis, Bull. Herb. 336 ; Persoon Syn. 315.
Agaricus candid us, Bolton Fung. 39.
In beech woods, on sticks, after rain ; autumn.
V. 247. OMPHALIA. Persoon. Navel-stool.
Volva 0; stem central; collar 0; cap fleshy, orbicular,
funnelshape or umbilicated ; edge smooth ; gills unequally
long, decurrent. — All are supposed to be poisonous.
a. Cap yellowish , pale , liver-brown or chestnut.
1. Omphalia involuta. Involved navel-stool.
Thallus large; cap fleshy, depressed, liver-colour; edge
turned back, downy; gills two-forked, rather porous at
bottom.
Agaricus involutus, Batsch Fung. 1,39; Persoon Syn. 448.
Agaricus contiguus, Bull. Herb. 240 ; Sowerby Fungif 56.
On sandy soils, on the ground.
£. truncigena. Thallus small; cap not quite expanded,
soft.
Agaricus cyathiformis, Schceff. Fung. 252.
Agaricus involutus truncigenus, Persoon Syn. 448.
Agaricus castaneus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 198.
2 R 2
612 247.0mphal. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. Vl.cell.aph.
2. Omphalia gilva. Pale-red navel-stool,
Thalli gregarious, rather large, yellow, ferrugineous,
shining; stem thick, rather tuberous; cap funnelshape,
stiff, edge turned up.
Agaricus infund ibuliformis, Bull. Herb. 553.
Agaricus cyathiformis, Vahl. in FI. Dan. 101 1.
Agaricus gilvus, Persoon Syn. 448.
Agaricus flaccid us ? Sowerby Fungi , 185.
In fir woods, on the ground.
Thalli usually grow in regular rows.
3. Omphalia gihba. Bunched navel-stool.
Stem tough, slightly bulbous ; cap rather thin, pale, fun-
nelshape, bossed in the centre ; gills white.
Agaricus membranaceus, FI. Dan. 1012.
Agaricus gibbus, Persoon Syn. 449.
In beech and fir woods.
4. Omphalia lohata. Lohed navel-stool .
Thalli gregarious; stem oblong, thickest at top; cap fun-
nelshape, lobed, chestnut-brown ; gills crowded, pale.
Agaricus lobatus, Sowerby Fungi , 186.
On the ground in gardens.
5. Omphalia cochleata. Snail navel-stool.
Thalli in tufts ; stems furrowed, red, connate at bottom ;
cap lobed, twisted, reddish-brown; gills serrate, pale.
Agaricus cochleatus, Persoon Syn. 450.
Agaricus confluens, Sowerby Fungi , 168,
At the root of trees.
<3. cornucopioides. Stem bent; cap lobed; gills 3 in a
set, decurrent.
Agaricus cornucopioides, Bolton Fung. 8.
Merulius cornucopioides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1429.
6. Omphalia dryophilus . Grove-loving navel-stool.
Thalli gregarious ; stem hollow, yellowish, brilliant; cap
rather fleshy, hemispherical, umbilicated, pale; gills pale.
Agaricus dryophilus, Sowerby Fungi , 127.
In fir plantations; autumn.
7. Omphalia farinacea. Mealy navel-stool.
Stem long, ochry-red; cap rather fleshy, umbilicated,
slightly scaly; gills distant, rose-colour, at last mealy.
Agaricus farinaceus, Hudson FI. Angl. 616 ; Sowerby Fungi , 208.
In woods, on the ground.
PLcell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 247. Omphal. 613
8. Omphalia rosella. Rose-hud navel-stool .
Thalli gregarious, small ; stem long, pinky-red ; cap ra-
ther fleshy, slightly umbilicated, smooth, brown-red ; gills
rose-red.
Agaricus rosellus, Batsch Fung. 123.
Agaricus farinaceus rosellus, Persoon Syn. 453.
In grassy woods ; end of summer.
9. Omphalia tortilis. Twisted navel-stool .
Stem short; cap brown, streaked, wavy; gills flesh-
colour.
Agaricus tortilis, Bolton Fung. 41.
Agaricus farinaceus tortilis, Persoon Syn. 454.
In shady coppices, on rich mould.
10. Omphalia fragrans. Sweet-scented navel-stool.
Thalli gregarious, scented, brownish-white or pale ;
stem long, solid ; cap umbilicated, smooth ; gills horizontal.
Agaricus fragrans, Sowerby Fungi , 10.
In meadows.
Scent resembles that of new-made hay.
b. Thallus white.
11. Omphalia virginea. Virgin navel-stool.
Thalli gregarious, white, rather small, pale; cap fleshy,
first convex, then slightly depressed, when full grown with
the edge turned in, streaked ; gills distant, decurrent, con-
nected by veins.
Agaricus virgineus, Schceff. Fung. 232 ; Persoon Syn. 456.
Agaricus ericeus, Bull. Herb. 183.
In meadows, rarely in woods ; autumn.
12. Omphalia candicans. Whitish navel-stool .
Thallus tough throughout, shining-white; cap umbili-
cated, very smooth, at first convex.
Agaricus umbilicatus, Bolton Fung. 17.
Agaricus candicans, Persoon Syn. 456,
In woods; autumn.
13. Omphalia tigrina . Tiger navel-stool.
Stem hard, rather scaly ; cap fleshy, umbilicated, whitish,
scaly; scales rather hairy, blackish.
Agaricus tigrinus, Sowerby Fungif 68 ; Persoon Syn. 458.
Agaricus gquamosus, Schceff. Fung. 29 et 30.
On trunks of trees.
614 247. Omphal. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
c. Thallus blackish , smoke-grey , grey , Zfwia or inclining
to violet.
14. Ompkalia adust a. Burnt navel-stool.
Thallus rather large; stem solid, shortish, grey; cap
fleshy, depressed, olive-grey, afterwards black, as if burnt;
gills thick, palish-white.
Agaricus nigricans, Bull Herb. 370.
Agarietis adustus, Persoon Syn. 459.
In woods, on the ground; autumn.
In their black state taken for the remains of fires made
by gypsies.
j6. elephantinus. Thallus large, at first white.
Agaricus elephantinus, Sowerby Fungi, 36.
15. Ompkalia elixa . Sodden navel-stool.
Thallus large; stem solid, rather long; cap fleshy, slightly
depressed, turned back, stiff, blackish-grey ; gills pale, ra-
ther decurrent.
Agaricus eiixus, Sowerby Fung. 172 ; Persoon Syn. 460.
In damp meadows; autumn.
16. Omphalia cyathoides. Cyathus navel-stool.
Roots numerous, fibrous; stem very long, bulbous; cap
rather thin, at first flattish, then funnelshape, umber-brown ;
gills decurrent, whitish-brown.
Agaricus cyathoides, Bolton Fung. 145; Persoon Syn. 460.
On an old hot-bed; February.
17. Omphalia tarda. Late navel-stool.
Thallus tough, blackish-brown; stem conical, elastic:
cap funnelshape ; edge turned back, smooth.
Agaricus Infundibulum, Leyser Halens.
Agaricus sericeus, Plan. Erfurt. 73.
Agaricus sordidus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 1, 16.
Agaricus cyathiformis, Bull. Herb. 575.
Agaricus tardus, Persoon Syn. 461.
In woods on the ground, or on trees ; late in autumn.
18. Omphalia amethystea . Amethyst navel-stool.
Thalli gregarious, rather tough, when fresh light violet,
turning greyish ; stem long, fibrilled, slender ; cap umbili-
cated ; gills distant.
Agaricus amethysteus, Persoon Syn. 465; Sowerby Fungi , 187.
On trees, or at their roots, in shady woods ; early in au-
tumn.
PI. cell. aph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEjE. 248.Pleurop. 615
/3. incana. Cap smooth or slightly scaly, pale.
Agaricus incanus, Bull. Herb. 570.
VI. 248. PLEUROPUS. Persoon. Side-fool.
Volva 0; stem not in the centre of the cap; collar 0 ;
cap fleshy, depressed, orbicular, oblique; gills decurrent. —
Poisonous, or at least suspected.
1 . Pleuropus orcellus. Litmus side-foot.
Thalli gregarious ; stem pale ; cap elliptic or circular ;
gills crowded, flesh-red.
Agaricus orcellus, Bull. Herb. 575; Persoon Syn. 473.
On the trunks of trees.
2. Pleuropus ulmarius. Elm side-foot.
Stem ascending; cap fleshy, very broad, uniformly pale
or marked with stripes ; gills very broad, slightly nicked,
connected.
Agaricus ulmarius, Sowerby Fungi , 67 ; Persoon Syn. 473.
On trees, especially on elm trees; autumn.
3. Pleuropus palmatus. Palmate side-foot.
Thalli in tufts; stem nearly straight, whitish ; cap and
gills opake, reddish-chestnut.
Agaricus palmatus,. Bull. Herb. 216 ; Persoon Syn. 474.
On trees, or carpenters’ work.
/3. rubescens. Thallus reddish throughout,
Agaricus palmatus, Sowerby Fungi , 62.
4. Pleuropus fornicatus. Arched side-foot.
Thallus solitary, compact; stem very short, downy, slightly
eccentric; cap flattish, rather livid; gills distinct, rather
decurrent, brilliant red.
Agaricus carnosus? Bolton Fung. 146.
Agaricus fornicatus, Persoon Syn. 474.
On trees.
5. Pleuropus inconstans . Inconstant side-foot.
Thallus rather large ; cap rather tough, depressed, whole
or halved, lobed, bent, rather reddish ; gills slightly
branched, crisp at bottom, white and rather brilliant-red.
Agaricus flabellifonnis, Scheeff. Fung. 43 et 44.
Agaricus inconstans, Persoon Syn. 475.
On the trunks of trees.
616 249.Crepid. 1 1. HYMENOTHECE^. PLcelLaph.
VII. 249. CREPIDOPUS. Esenbeck. Slipper-stool .
Volva 0; stem marginal or 0; collar 0; cop fleshy, de-
pressed, semicircular, oblique ; gills decurrent.
1 . Crepidopus ostreatus. Oyster slipper-stool.
Thalli slightly stipitate, in imbricated bundles; cap con-
vex, grey or brownish, reverse-ovate; gills white, decurrent,
anastomosing at bottom.
Agaricus ostreatus, Curtis Lond. 216; Persoon Syn. 477.
On the trunks of trees.
/3. atro-albus. Thalli in tufts ; stem lateral, short, dirty
white; cap fleshy, plano-convex, edge turned over, blackish ;
gills decurrent, veiny, white.
Agaricus nigricans, FI. Dan. 892.
Agaricus ostreatus, Sowerby Fungi, 241.
2. Crepidopus mollis. Soft slipper-stool.
Thalli gregarious, soft; cap bald, bunched, pale; gills
watery, brownish.
Agaricus mollis, Dickson Crypt. 1, 17; Sowerby Fungi , 98; Persoon
Syn. 480.
On rotten trees; autumn.
3. Crepidopus stypticus. Styptic slipper-stool.
Thalli in close tufts; stem compressed, ascending, dilated
at bottom ; cap leatherlike, nicked, rather tough, somewhat
powdery ; gills very thin, connected by veins, cinnamon-
colour.
Agaricus stypticus, Bull. Herb. 140 ; Sowerby Fungi , 109; Persoon Syn.
481.
On dry trunks of trees ; autumn and mild winters.
Taste at first nauseously sweet, afterwards styptic.
4. Crepidopus variahilis . Variable slipper-stool.
Thalli gregarious, stemless; cap rather woolly, white;
gills whitish, afterwards rust-colour.
Agaricus ni veus, Dickson Crypt. 1,17; Sowerby Fungi , 97.
Agaricus sessilis, Bulliard Herb. 152.
Agaricus variabilis, Persoon Syn. 483.
Agaricus pubescens, FI. Dan. 1073.
In damp woods or hedges, upon sticks.
5. Crepidopus epigceus. Ground slipper-stool.
Cap kidneyshape, brittle, reddish-grey ; bottom villous,
whitish ; gills distinct, watery, reddish, diverging.
PL cell. aph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. 249* Crepid. 617
Agaricus depluens, Batsch Fung. 167.
Agaricus epigaeus, Fersoon Syn. 484.
In woods, on the ground ; rarely on the side of rocks.
0. tremulus . Stem short, slate-grey, downy; cap smooth.
Agaricus tremulus, Schceff. Fung. 53; Sowerby Fungi , 242.
VIII. 250. A PUS. Esenbeck. Footless-stool .
Fo7va 0; stem 0; collar 0; cap corklike or leatherlike,
sessile, semicircular.
1. Apus alneus. Alder footless-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, woolly, whitish-grey ; gills split,
edges turned back, purplish-grey.
Agaricus alneus, Lin. S. P. 1645 ; Sowerby Fungi , 183; Persoon Syn.
485.
Agaricus multifidus, Batsch Fung. 126.
On timber.
2. Apus coriaceus. heathery footless-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, zoned, woolly, pale; gills slightly
branched, pale, woody.
Agaricus villosus, lamellis sinuosis et invicem implexis, Raii Syn. 24,
19.
Agaricus betulinus, Sowerby Fungii 182, young? Withering Arr. 4, 339.
Agaricus coriaceus, Bolton Fung. 158, old ? Persoon Syn. 486.
On dry trunks of trees.
Perhaps a species of dasdalea : is often confounded with
dsedalea quercina, 266, 1 .
IX. 251. RESUPINATUS. Esenbeck. Turn-over .
Volva 0 ; stem 0 ; collar 0 ; cap membranaceous, orbi-
cular, attached by the back.
Resupinatus applicatus. Applied turn-over .
Cap thin, dark-grey; gills broad, unequal.
Agaricus applicatus, Batsch Fung. 171 ; Sowerby Fungi , 301.
Agaricus epigaeus tephromelas, Persoon Syn. 484.
On rotten sticks.
B. Mycenade^:. Volva 0 ; stem central, juicy ; collar 0 ;
cap orbicular, thick, fleshy or membranaceous; texture
vesicular, cellular or fibrous; hymenium lamellar; gills
separable from the cap, juicy, not becoming black when
decaying.
618 252. Russul. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
X. 252. RUSSULA. Persoon. Russule.
Texture vesicular or cellular; stem mostly white; cap
fleshy, mostly depressed ; gills equal, not terminated by an
annular margin. — Most are poisonous.
a. Cap reddish.
1. Russula rosacea. Rose russule.
Cap plano-convex, rather smooth, rose or pale-red; gills
and stem white.
Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi , 201.
Agaricus roseus, Sc/uejf. Fung. 58.
Agaricus russula rosaceus, Persoon Syn. 439.
In shady woods.
Thallus smaller than r. emetica ; taste sometimes acrid,
sometimes mild.
2. Russula emetica. Emetic russule .
Thallus acrid ; stem white or pink ; cap depressed, edge
furrowed, blood-red ; gills white.
Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi , 201.
Agaricus emeticus, Schceff. Fung. 15.
Agaricus integer, var. 3, Withering Arr. 4,228.
Agaricus russula emeticus, Persoon Syn. 439.
In woods.
A favourite food of snails, so that a perfect specimen is
rarely found.
b. Cap reddish-lrown or yellowish.
3. Russula vitellina. Yelk russule.
Thallus small; stem slender, white; cap flattish, pale
yelk-colour ; gills shining, pinky inclining to yellow.
Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi , 201.
Agaricus risigallinus, Batsch Fung. 67.
Agaricus russula vitellinus, Persoon Syn. 442.
In woods.
4. Russula lutea. Yellow russule.
Stem very long, white; cap rather slimy, umbilicated,
pale; gills distinct, yelk-colour.
Agaricus luteus, Hudson Angl. 611.
Agaricus russula luteus, Persoon Syn. 442.
In woods.
Pl.cell.aph. 11 . H YMENOTHEOEiE. 253.Mycen. 619
XI. 253. MYCENA. Persoon. High-stool .
Texture fibrous ; stem long, mostly pipey ; cap membra-
naceous, streaked, pellucid, convex, persisting ; gills of the
same colour; sporidia short. — Thalli small, poisonous.
1. Mycena porrea. Leek high-stool .
Thalli gregarious, large ; stem long, rather downy,
blood-red at bottom ; cap rather membranaceous, hemi-
spherical, yellowish ; gills same colour.
Agaricus alliaceus, Scop. Cam. 2,454; Sowerby Fungi , 81.
Agaricus porreus, Persoon Syn. 376. '
In woods; autumn.
Odour like garlick.
2. Mycena galericulata. Helmet ted high-stool.
Thalli in tufts, scentless; stem smooth, rooted, juiceless,
shaggy at the bottom ; cap membranaceous, bossed, livid-
brown ; gills distinct, white.
Agaricus galericulatus, Schceff. Fung. 52; Persoon Syn. 376 ; Sowerby
Fungi , 165.
On stumps of willows; autumn.
3. Mycena poly gramma. Many-streaked high-stool .
Thalli solitary ; stem tailed, streaked lengthways, sattiny,
grey; cap bellshape, bossed, greyish.
Agaricus polygramimis, Sowerby Fungi , 222 ; Persoon Syn. 377.
On the ground among dead leaves ; autumn.
4. Mycena atro-alba. Pied high-stool.
Stem rooted, pipey, feathery at bottom ; cap smooth,
edge whitish, tip black.
Agaricus atro-albus, Bolton Fung. 137 ; Persoon Syn. 378.
Agaricus varius, var. 8, Withering Arr. 4,278.
On the ground ?
5. Mycena jlavipes. Yellow-stalked high-stool .
Thalli gregarious ; stem long, rather slimy, yellowish ;
cap bellshape, streaked, whitish-grey ; gills the same colour.
Agaricus plicatus) Schcejf. Fung. 51.
Agaricus ilavipes, Sibthorp Oxon. 305 ;• Persoon Syn. 382.
In woods on the ground ; autumn.
6. Mycena^ epipterygia. Top-winged high-stool.
Thalli rather in tufts; stem brimstone-yellow, slimy;
cap bellshape, smoothish, blunt or slightly bossed, dark-
grey, rather slimy ; gills distant, white.
5
620 253. Mycen. 11. HYMEtfOTHECEiE. Pl. cell.aph.
Agaricus epipterygius, Persoon Syn. 382.
In woods on dead sticks ; autumn.
/3. nutans P Cap when young nodding, reddish, edge
toothed; teeth when young surrounding the stem.
Agaricus nutans, Sowerby Fungi , 92.
7. Mycena luteo-alha . Yellowish-white high-stool.
Thallus small; stein threadlike; cap conical, streaked,
yellow ; gills 3 in a set, white.
Agaricus luteo-albus, Bolton Fung. 38; Persoon Syn. 383.
In woods.
8. Mycena tenera . Tender high-stool .
Thalli nearly solitary, rust- colour, small ; stem rather
long ; cap membranaceous, conical, smoothish ; gills distant.
Agaricus tener, Sowerby Fungi , 33 ; Persoon Syn. 386.
On osier grounds and grassy places; summer and autumn.
9. Mycena atro-rufa. Reddish-Mack high-stool.
Stem very long, slender ; cap nearly conical, brown, dry,
tough ; gills few, 3 in a set, brownish-red.
Agaricus atro-rufus, Bolt. Fung. 52 ; Persoon Syn. 386.
In dry pastures, and among mosses.
10. Mycena racemosa. Racemelike high-stool.
Stem racemelike; cap membranaceous, nipplelike, grey;
gills white.
Agaricus racemosus, Persoon Syn. 389 ; Sowerby Fungi , 287.
In woods.
Stem resembles a raceme of the currant-bush, from
whence the berries have been plucked; branches termi-
nated by hyaline heads which disappear.
11. Mycena Hudsoni. Hudson's high-stool.
Thalli gregarious; stem hairy, reddish; cap convex,
whitish, hairy; hairs scattered, stiff, red.
Agaricus pilosus, Hudson A ngl. 622; Sowerby Fungi7 164.
Agaricus Hudsoni, Persoon Syn . 390.
On holly-leaves.
12. Mycena Adonis. Adonis high-stool.
Thalli gregarious ; cap smooth, bellshape, whitish rose-
red or green ; gills rather hooked, adnate, white.
Agaricus Adonis, Persoon Syn. 391 ; Sowerby Fungi , 385.
In woods.
Pl. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 2.53. Mycen. 621
13. Mycena variegata. Variegated high-stool.
Thalli gregarious, rather large; stem white; cap rather
fleshy, bellshape, smooth or nippled, variegated with red-
dish lines; gills hooked, decurrent, white.
Agaricus tentaculatus, Bull. Herb. 560; Suwerby Fungi , 385.
Agaricus variegatus, Persoon Syn. 391.
In grassy places, on the ground.
14. Mycena claviformis . Nail-like high-stool.
Thalli gregarious, minute; stem solid, slender, white;
cap rather fleshy, nippled, orange or red ; gills broadjsh,
white.
Agaricus Clavus, Bolt. Fung. 39 ; Persoon Syn. 392.
On the ground, or on dead trees ; autumn.
15. Mycena strohilina. Cone high-stool.
Thalli gregarious, rather tufted, red; stem solid, tailed
at bottom, hairy; cap bellshape, rather fleshy, smooth.
Agaricus coccineus, Sowerby Fungi , 197.
Agaricus strobilinus, Persoon Syn. 393.
On the branches and cones of the Scotch fir.
16. Mycena integrella. Small-entire high-stool.
Thalli small, in bundles, white; stem downy at bottom;
cap membranaceous, hemispherical; gills decurrent, rather
distant, mostly entire.
Agaricus integrellus. Persoon Syn. 393.
Agaricus Mycena integrella, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 51.
In shady woods.
1 7. Mycena corticola. Bark high-stool .
Thalli minute, scattered, brownish; stem rather short,
bent; cap hemispherical, slightly plaited; gills hooked,
adnate, whitish.
Agaricus corticalis, Bull. Herb. 519 ; Sowerby Fungi , 243.
On stumps of trees, in damp weather.
XII. 254. MICROMPHALE. Dimple-stool.
Texture fibrous ; stem often pipey ; cap membranaceous,
streaked, pellucid ; tip umbilicated ; sporidia long.— -Thalli
small.
822 2S4.Microm. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEAE. PLcell. aph.
] . Micromphale Jimbriatum. Fringed dimple-stool.
Phallus large; stem slender, short; cap funnelshape,
edge crisp, elegantly lobed, fringed, thin, semitransparent ;
gills 3 in a set, very long, narrow, translucid.
Agaricus fiaibriatus, Bolt. Fung. 61 ; Persoon Syn. 466-
In grass land.
2. Micromphale venosum. Veiny dimp1 e-stool.
Stem compressed, blackish, hoary ; cap nearly membra-
naceous, tough, veiny, streaked, reddish-brown ; gills few,
nearly the same colour, glaucous, affixed nearly in a ring.
Merulius fcetidus ? Sowerby Fungi , 21.
Agaricus venosus, Persoon Syn. 467.
In woods ; August.
Odour like garlick.
3. Micromphale collar iatum. Collared dimple-stool.
Thalli in tufts, white; stem blackish; cap deeply fur-
rowed ; gills annexed to a tube surrounding the stem.
Agaricus Rotula, Scop. Cam. 2, 1569; Sowerby Fungi , 95; Persoon
Syn. 467.
Agaricus collariatus, Withering Arr. ed. 2.
Merulius collariatus, Withering Arr. 4, 178.
On sticks.
Stem frequently branched repeatedly.
4. Micromphale perforans. Perforating dimple-stool.
Thalli gregarious, persisting; stem dark bay; cap flattish,
slightly plaited, very slightly bossed ; gills simple, entirely
annexed.
.Agaricus androsaceus, Sowerby Fungi , 94; Persoon Syn. 468.
Agaricus perforans, Hoffman Nomencl. 4,2.
On the leaves of trees, perforating them.
5. Micromphale epiphyllum. Leaf dimple-stool.
Thalli gregarious, minute, white; stem blackish; cap
membranaceous, convex, at length slightly umbilicated;
gills distant, branched.
Agaricus Squamula, Sowerby Fungi , 93.
Agaricus epiphyllus, Persoon Syn. 468.
Agaricus lacteus, Bull. Herb. 601.
On beech and other leaves ; autumn.
Pl.cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 254.Microm. 623
6. Micrumphale fragile. Brit lie dimple- stool.
Thalli gregarious ; stem pipey, chestnut ; cap hemi-
spherical, umbilicated, streaked, rust-colour; gills decur-
rent.
Agaricus fragilis, Schreff. Fungi , 230.
Agaricus Campanella, Batsch. Fung. 74 ; Persoon Syn. 470.
On the trunks of fir-trees.
7. Micromphale fihulare. Button dimple-stool.
Thallus small ; stem long, solid ; cap umbilicated, smooth,
reddish-ochry ; gills distant, white.
Agaricus Fibula, Sowerby Fungi, 45 ; Persoon Syn. 471.
On the trunks of trees.
8. Micromphale ericetorum. Heath dimple-stool.
Thallus gregarious, entirely grey, membranaceous; stem
middle size; gills distant, very broad at bottom.
Agaricus ericetorum, Persoon Syn. 472.
On heaths and woods on a sandy soil.
XIII. 255. LACTARIUS. De Candolle. Milk-stool.
Texture fibrous ; cap fleshy, depressed or funnelshape ;
gills unequal. — Emit a white yellow or red milky liquor ;
they are all usually suspected to be poisonous, but some
are eaten, after they have been thoroughly dressed.
a. Cap whitish.
1. Lactarius piperatus. Pepper milk-stool.
Cap funnelshape, edge spread out, bald, whitish ; gills
crowded, forked, white, pale.
Agaricus Listeri, Sowerby Fungi , 104.
Agaricus lactifluus piperatus, Persoon Syn. 429.
Agaricus piperatus, Bolt. Fung. 21.
In woods.
Cap at first hemispherical, flattened ; juice very acrid,
pepperlike, does not tarnish steel ; when dried, green ; flesh
when boiled becomes mild.
b. Cap yellowish.
2. Lactarius torminosus. Bellyach milk-stool.
Cap umbilicated, zoned, pale ochry-yellow ; edge turned
back, downy.
624 255.Lactar. ll.HYMENOTHECEiE. PLcetl.aph.
Agaricus piperatus, Withering Arr. 4,205.
Agaricus torminosus, Schceff. Fung. 12; Sowerby Fungi , 103.
Agaricus lactifluus torminosus, Persoon Syn. 450.
In grassy places, near woodlands.
Juice acrid.
3. Lactarius flexuosus. Bent milk-stool .
Thalli gregarious, bent ; stem very short, whitish ; cap
broad, umbilicated, reddish-yellow, slightly zoned.
Agaricus zonarius. Bull. Herb. 104.
Agaricus lactifluus flexuosus, Persoon Syn. 430.
In mountain pastures, or woods; after rain.
4. Lactarius theiogalus. Brimstone milk-stool .
Thalli small ; stem reddish ; cap depressed, nearly grown
together, reddish ; juice yellowish red.
Agaricus theiogalus, Bull. Herb. 567 ; Withering Arr, 245.
Agaricus lactifluus theiogalus, Persoun Syn. 431.
In woods.
Poisonous; juice does not keep its colour.
5. Lactarius aurantiacus. Orange milk-stool.
Stem long; cap rather narrow, flattish, orange-colour;
gills slightly decurrent.
Agaricus lactifluus, Bolton Fung. 3.
Agaricus lactifluus aurantiacus, Persoon Syn. 432.
Agaricus dulcis, Withering Arr. 4,206.
In fir plantations.
6. Lactarius deliciosus. Delicious milk-stool.
Cap umbilicated, nearly orange-colour ; when dry, dirty
white; gills and juice yellowish brick-red.
Lactarius lateritius, Persoon Disp. Fung. 64.
Agaricus deliciosus, Schceff. Fung. 11 ; Sowerby Fungi , 202.
Agaricus lactifluus deliciosus, Persoon Syn. 432.
In fir plantations ; September and October.
Juice ungrateful, acrid ; yet when dressed this mushroom
is highly esteemed.
c. Cap reddish , pink , or luff.
7. Lactarius ruber. Red milk-stool.
Thalli gregarious, large; stem thickish, ochry-red ; cap
flattened, red ochre-colour ; gills yellowish.
Agaricus lactifluus, Schceff. Fung. 5; Sowerby Fungi , 204.
Agaricus lactifluus ruber, Persoon Syn. 433.
In fir plantations.
Taste at first mild, but afterwards acrid.
PI. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 255. Lactar. 625
8. Lactarius subdulcis. Sweetish milk-s tool.
Cap funnelshape, reddish; gills pale pinkj^’ce sweetish.
Agaricus rubescens, Scheeff. Fung. 75.
Agaricus lactifluus dulcis, Bull. Herb. 224.
Agaricus lactifluus subdulcis, Persoon Syn. 433.
In grass ground.
(3. cimicarius. Stem longish ; cap opake, slightly umbili-
cated, scarcely zoned, buff*; gills yellowish, rather shining.
Agaricus cimicarius, Batch Fung. 69 j With. Arr. 4, 206.
Odour strong, like that of bugs.
d. Cap dark brown , or blackish- grey.
9. Lactarius necans. Destructive milks tool.
Cap olive-brown; edge woolly, turned in.
Agaricus lactifluus necator, Bull. Herb. 529 ; Persoon Syn . 435.
In woods ; autumn.
10. Lactarius plumbeus. Lead-colour milk-stool .
Stem dark grey ; cap very broad, funnelshape, blackish-
grey ; gills yellowish.
Agaricus plumbeus, Bull. Herb. 559, 2.
Agaricus lactifluus plumbeus, Persoon Syn. 435,
Agaricus Listeri, Sowerby Fungi , 245.
In woods.
1 1 . Lactarius luridus. Dark milk-stool.
Stem downy at bottom ; cap flattish ; edge turned up,
slightly zoned, rather slimy, reddish-grey; gills short,
whitish ; juice acrid.
Agaricus fuscus ? Scheeff. Fung. 235,
Agaricus zonarius, Withering, Arr. 4, 227 ; Sowerby Fungit 202.
Agaricus lactifluus luridus, Persoon Syn. 436.
On heaths.
1 2. Lactarius acris. Acrid milk-stool.
Stem whitish ; cap not zoned, flattish, rather oblique,
dark grey; gills at first white, then leathery \ juice reddish-
white.
Agaricus acris, Bolton Fung. 60.
Agaricus lactifluus acris, Persoon Syn. 437.
Ill woods.
Juice at first yellowish-white, very acrid.
VOL. i. 2 s
626 256. Pratel. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. PI. cell . aph.
C. PratellidejE. Volva 0 ; stem central ; collar distinct
or 0; cap orbicular, fleshy or membranaceous; texture
fibrous ; hymenium lamellar ; gills separable from the cap,
becoming black, watery or powdery ; thecce single, in pairs
or four together.
XIV. 256. PRATELLA. Persoon. Mushroom,
Stem collared ; collar distinct ; cap thick, fleshy, smooth,
persistent; gills clouded becoming black, or uniform
watery becoming darker; sporidia single, scattered. — Flesh
wholesome.
a. Cap fleshy ; stem with a collar,
1. Pratella edulis. Eatable mushroom,
Thalli gregarious, large; stem long, bulbous; collar ma-
nifest; cap snow-white, smooth, or very slightly scaly;
gills red.
Fungus campestre albus superne, inferne rubens, Rail Syn. 2, 1.
Fungus minor pileolo lato, superne candido, lamellis subtus creberrimis
pallide rubentibus seu incarnati coloris, Raii Syn. 3,8.
Agaricus edulis, Bull- Herb. 514; Persoon Syn. 418.
Agaricus arvensis, Schceff. Fung. 310.
Mushroom.
In parks and pastures, also cultivated.
Flesh of the cap delicately flavoured ; used in cookery,
either eaten by itself, or dried and powdered as a sauce.
2. Pratella campestris. Field mushroom.
Stem short ; collar incomplete ; cap fleshy, flattish, with
red scales ; gills reddish-brown.
Agaricus campestris, Lin. S. P. 1614; Schceff, Fung. 33; Withering
Arr. 4, 266, var. 2 ; Persoon Syn. 418.
In fields and hilly pastures.
(3. vapor aria. Thallus large; stem tuberous, scaly; cap
convex, hairy or scaly, reddish-brown ; gills brown.
On hot-beds ; also cultivated.
Cap very broad, sometimes 9 inches or more across.
3. Pratella aeruginosa. Coppery mushroom .
Stem scaly ; collar fugacious ; cap fleshy, glutinous, cop-
perv ; when dry yellowish ; pills flat, annexed, purple va-
riegated with brown.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEJE. 256.Pratel. 627
Agaricus amiginosus, Curtis Lond. 309? Persoon Sun. 419
Agaricus viridulus, Schceff. Fung. 1.
Agaricus cyaneus, Bull. Herb. 530 ; Wither. Arr. 4, 243
Agaricus politus, Bolt. Fung. 30.
Agaricus Beryllus, Batsch Fung. 213.
In woods, near trees.
l°teritia* Brickred mushroom.
Itialli m tufts, large, on trees: stem long, rather solid;
collar fugacious, blackish ; cap fleshy, rather slimy, brick-
red ; edge yellowish; gills distinct, slightly clouded,
greenish-grey.
Agaricus laterilius, Schceff. Fung. 49 4 5-
Agaricus amarus. Bull. Herb. 30. ’ '
Agaricus auralus, FI. Dan. 820.
Agaricus pomposus, Bolton Fung. 5.
On rotten trees.
Taste bitter.
Persoon Syn. 421.
Pivtett0 fascicu laris. Bundle mushroom,
lhalli small, in tufts; stem hollow, slender; curtain
hairy, blackish; cap rather fleshy, bossed, ochre-yellow
gills clouded, greenish.
Agaricus fascicularis, Bolt. Fung. 29 ; Persoon Sun. 421
Agaricus pulverulentus, Bull. Herb. 49.
About trees, after long rain.
XV. 257. CORTINARIA. Persoon. Curtain-stool.
Stem central, generally bulbous; collar separating into
threads; cap mostly fleshy ; gills nicked, unequal, ?t first
uniform coloured, afterwards clouded with brown.— Gene-
rally to be suspected.
1. Cortinaria cyana.
lhallus entirely violet, shining; stem
the bulb ; cap fleshy, bald.
Blue curtain-stool.
bulbous, pale below
Agaricus cyanus, Schceff. Fung. 34 ; Persoon Syn. 27 6.
In woods.
0. ccerulescens. Stem bulbous, blue; bulb bordered, pale-
cap fleshy, convex, pale blue; gills at first nale blue, then
cinnamon-colour. A 3
Agaricus caerulescens, Schceff. Fung. 34.
Agaricus cyanus caerulescens, Persoon Syn. 277 .
2 S 2
628 257. Cortinar. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph .
2. Cortinaria violacea. Violet curtain-stool.
Stem bluish; collar rust-colour; cap split, edge violet,
woolly.
Agaricus violaceus, JBolton Fung. 52; Persoon Syn „ 277.
On the borders of woods.
3. Cortinaria nuda . Naked curtain-stool.
Thalli gregarious; stem rather long, slenderish, cylin-
drical, naked, pale violet; collar mostly 0; cap fleshy,
plano-convex, edge expanded, changing from violet to
reddish ; gills crowded, pale violet.
Agaricus nudus, Bull. Herb. 439 ; Persoon Syn. 277.
Agaricus violaceus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 243.
In fir plantations.
4. Cortinaria cinerea. Grey curtain-stool.
Stem bulbous ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, dotted or scaly,
wrinkled, violet-grey; gills distinct, purplish-brown,
Agaricus violaceus, Schteff. Fung , 3 ; Withering Arr. 4,242.
Agaricus violaceo-cinereus, Persoon Syn. 279.
In oak woods.
b. Cap Iroum-bay.
5. Cortinaria licolor. Two-coloured curtain-stool.
Stem thick, rather tuberous, woolly, pale violet ; cap
fleshy, convex, reddish-brown ; edge turned in, rather
woolly ; gills pale violet.
Agaricus violaceus, Sowerby Fungi , 209, not of Persoon,
Agaricus bicolor, Persoon Syn- 2$1.
Blewits.
In woods.
Taste inferior to that of the common mushroom; but
sold for making katsup.
c. Cap yellowish , or cinnamon-colour .
6. Cortinaria collinita. Glued curtain-stool .
Stem split transversely into cartilaginous, gelatinous
scales; collar nearly vanishing; cap fleshy, bossed, covered
with a viscous slime, drying on it.
Agaricus collinitus, Sowerby Fungi , 9; Persoon Syn. 281.
Agaricus mucosus, Bull. Herb. 549.
In woods.
PLceLLaph. 1 1 . H Y MENOTHECEiE. 257.Cortinar. 629
7. Cortinaria glaucopa. Blue-footed cur tain- stool.
Thallus large; stem rather short, bulbous, thick, bluish;
cap chestnut or brownish-olive; gills bluish clay-colour,
afterwards cinnamon-colour.
Agaricus glaucopus, Sowerby Fungi , 223 ; Persoon Syn. 282.
Agaricus araneosus, Bull. Herb. 598.
Agaricus varius, Schceff. Fung. 42.
In woods.
Esculent ?
8. Cortinaria callochroa. Fair-coloured cur tain- stool.
Stem pale, bulbous; bulb bordered; cap rather broad,
dry, yellow ; gills with a fine purple cast.
Agaricus turbinatus, Sowerby Fungi , 102.
Agaricus callochrous, Persoon Syn. 283.
In grassy woods.
d. Cap more or less purplish , livid, red , hlood-colour , or
scarlet .
,9. Cortinaria sanguinea. Bloody curtain-stool.
Thallus saffron-red ; stem solid, long ; cap pink, convex ;
gills distinct.
Agaricus sanguineus, Sowerby Fungi , 43 ; Persoon Syn. 290.
Agaricus rubens, Bolt. Fung. 36.
In woods.
10. Cortinaria viscida . Viscid curtain-stool.
Thalli gregarious ; stem thickest at bottom, inside and
bottom yellow ; collar blackish ; cap fleshy, first convex,
afterwards depressed, gelatinous, purplish brown; gills
decurrent, branched, rather grey.
Agaricus glutinosus, Sowerby Fungi , 7.
Agaricus viscidus, Persoon Syn. 291.
In fir plantations.
0. atropuncta. Stem thickish, whitish, with black scaly
spots ; cap bluntly bossed, viscid ; gills snow-white.
11. Cortinaria rutila. Brilliant curtain-stool.
Thalli gregarious ; stem long, scaly, flesh-red ; cap bossed,
livid purple or flesh-red, rather slimy ; gills simple, de-
current, purplish-brown.
Agaricus rntilus, Sowerby Fungi , 105.
Agaricus gomphus, Persoon Syn. 292.
In fir plantations.
630 257. Cortinar. 1 1 . HY MENOTHECEiE. PLcell.aph .
e. Cap yellow , rust-colour , cinnamon or chestnut .
12. Cortinaria lulbosa. Bullous curtain-stool.
Thallus bald, large, nearly chestnut ; stem solid, rather
long, bulbous, ovate ; collar vanishing ; cap bellshape, edge
thin ; gills distant.
Agaricus bulbosus, Sowerby Fungiy 130; Persoon Syn. 295.
In woods.
13. Cortinaria crocea. Saffron curtain-stool.
Thalli gregarious, small; stem rather slender, fibrilied,
yellowish ; collar vanishing ; cap rather fleshy, bossed,
slightly woolly, reddish cinnamon, opake; gills saffron-
Agarieus croceus, Batsch. Fung. 1 1 T ; Persoon Syn. 297.
Agaricus cinnamomeus, Bolt. Fung. 150.
In woods.
14. Cortinaria cinnamomeus. Cinnamon curtain-stool.
Stem rather long, at first slightly bulbous, pale brown ;
cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, shining, cinnamon or pale
chestnut; gills broadish, cinnamon-red.
Agaricus cinnamomeus, Sowerby Fung. 205 ; Persoon Syn. 298.
In woods.
15. Cortinaria scabra. Rough curtain-stool.
Thalli gregarious, rather small, greyish-brown; stem
fibrilied, pale, cylindrical ; cap scaly ; gills dark-coloured.
Agaricus scaber, Sowerby Fungi} 207 ; Persoon Syn. 301.
Iii woods.
XVI. 258. PRUNULUS. Cesalpini. Prune-stool.
Stem naked ; collar 0 ; cap brittle, scaly, membranaceous ;
gills persisting; sporidia in pairs.
1 . Prunulus denticulalus. Toothed prune-stool.
Thallus rather watery, weak; stem pipey, brownish; cap
hemispherical, livid purple ; gills toothed on the edge.
Agaricus denticulalus, Bolt. Fung, 4; Persoon Syn. 425.
In woods.
2. Prunulus gracilis. Slender prune-stool.
Thallus weak, very brittle; stem very long, bald; cap
membranaceous, bellshape, pointed, very soft; gills linear,
blackish-grey,
PI. cell . aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 258. Prunul. 631
Agaricus gracilis, Persoon Syn. 425.
In woods, amongst dead leaves.
(3. cuspidata. Stem pipey; cap conical, pointed, reddish-
brown ; gills rather brown, narrow at bottom.
Agaricus cuspidatus, Bolton Fung. 66.
3. Prunulus papyraceiis. Paper prunestool.
Stem pipey, whitish ; cap hemispherical, membranaceous,
whitish ; gills 3 in a set, distant, pale.
Agaricus membranaceus. Bolt. Fung. 11.
Agaricus papyraceus, Persoon Syn. 425.
In shady places, near oak-trees.
Thallus dry, and feels like paper.
4. Prunulus confer tus. Crowded prune-stool.
Thalli numerous, in tufts ; stem whitish ; cap whitish,
pointed ; gills pale brown.
Agaricus confertus, Bolt. Fung. 18} Persoon Syn. 426.
On the bark-bed in hot-houses.
5. Prunulus foenisicii. Haymaking prune-stool.
Thalli gregarious, brittle; stem rather thick, bald ; cap
bellshape, brownish-grey; gills slightly bellied, clouded,
umberbrown.
Agaricus foenisicii, Persoon Syn. 411.
In meadows, after haymaking; also on cowdung.
6. Prunulus ericceus. Heath prune-stool.
Thalli solitary; stem rather tough, long; cap rather
fleshy, hemispherical, slightly nippled, rusty brown; gills
rather broad, clouded, black.
Agaricus helvolus, Scheeff. Fung. 210.
Agaricus ericacus, Persoon Syn. 413.
On heaths and commons.
7. Prunulus varius. Variegated prune-stool.
Thallus small ; stem slender, reddish, rather tough ; cap
bellshape, shining, pale and livid, variegated ; gills varie-
gated, ascending.
Agaricus varius-, Bolt. Fung. 66 ; Persoon Syn. 414.
In grass, among willows.
632 258. Prunul. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PLcell apli. ‘
8. Prunulus Boltonii. Boltov? s prune-stool.
Thallus weak; stem rather thickish at bottom; collar
^vanishing; cap hemispherical, bossed, pale-yellow.
Agaricus flavidus, Bolt . Fung. 149; Sowerby Fungif 96; Persoon Syn .
414.
In meadows, and on cow-dung.
9. Prunulus titulans. Tottering prune-stool.
Thallus small, shining, brittle ; stem yellowish ; cap bell-
shape, streaked, viscous, rather pale; centre yellow; gills
distinct, pink.
Agaricus tituhans, Sowerby Fung. 123; Persoon Syn. 415.
On horsedung.
10. Prunulus extinctorius. Extinguisher prune-stool.
Stem rather bulbous, awlshape; cap bellshaped, whitish,
torn ; gills brownish or snow-white.
Agaricus extinctorius, Bolt . Fung. 24 ; Persoon Syn. 417.
In sandy ground.
XVII. 259. COPRINUS. Persoon. Dung-stool
Stem naked, sometimes collared ; cap thin, brittle, mem-
branaceous, vanishing ; gills unequal, growing watery,
black ; sporidia in fours. — Poisonous.
a. Cap slightly fleshy ; gills at last dark grey , spotted
or cloudy.
1 . Coprinus semiglohatus. Hemispherical dung-stool.
Stem long, collared; cap fleshy, hemispherical, rather
glutinous, yellowish ; gills very broad, horizontal, clouded,
black.
Agaricus glutinosus, Curtis Land. 69.
Agaricus semiglobatus, Sowerby Fungi , 248; Persoon Syn. 407.
Agaricus virosus, Sowerby Fungi , 480 and 481.
In meadows, pastures, and on dung.
Poisonous, and has caused several fatal accidents by
having been mistaken for champignons, gen. 246, sp. 17.
2. Coprinus semiovatus. Half-egg dung-stool.
Stem long ; collar small ; cap bellshape, glutinous, yel-
lowish ; gills ascending, blackish-grey, clouded.
Agaricus semiovatus, Sowerby Fungi , 131 ; Persoon Syn. 408.
Agaricus fimiputris, Bull. Herb. 66.
On cowdung.
Pl.cell.apk. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 259.Coprin. 633
3. Coprinus velutinus. Velvetty dung-stool .
Thalli in tufts, brittle ; stem fibrilled, collared ; cap he-
mispherical, bossed, hairy or scaly, rust-yellow ; gills
crowded, clouded, brown ; edge whitish.
Agaricus lacrymabundus, Sowerby Fung. 41.
Agaricus velutinus, Persoon Syn. 408.
In grass-land, or on trees ; autumn.
4. Coprinus papilionaceus. Butterfly dung-s tool.
Stem furrowed at top, covered with black powder ; cap
rather fleshy, bellshape, grey, almost black ; gills entirely
adnexed, variegated grey and black ; edge whitish.
Agaricus papilionaceus, Bull. Herb. 561 ; Persoon Syn. 410.
Agaricus acuininatus, Scheeff. 202.
In pastures, and grassy woods.
5. Coprinus cinctulus . Girdle dung-stool .
Stem long, pipey, brown ; cap convex, reddish-brown,
with a dark ring towards the edge ; gills 3 in a set, broad,
black.
Agaricus cinctulus, Bolton Fung. 152 ; Persoon Syn. 41 1.
In meadows, and on dunghills.
6. Coprinus cepcestipes. Onion-stalked dung-stool.
Thalli in tufts, entirely yellow; stern bellied, solid at
bottom ; cap bellshaped, streaked ; gills free.
Agaricus cepaestipes, Persoon Syn. 416 ; Sowerby Fungi , 2.
Agaricus luteus, Bolt. Fung . 50.
On dunghills.
/3. cretaceus. Thallus entirely white.
Agaricus cretaceus, Bull . Herb. 374.
7. Coprinus ciliaris. Fringe dung-stool .
Thallus large; stem bulbous, collared; cap conical, co-
vered with a snow-white powder, afterwards glutinous ;
edge fringed; gills 3 in a set, black.
Agaricus ciliaris, Bolt. Fung. 53 ; Persoon Syn. 416.
In meadows, and on fresh dunghills.
b. Cap membranaceous , running almost entirely into water ;
gills very thin.
8. Coprinus comatus. Wig dung-stool.
Thalli gregarious; stem very long; collar moveable; cap
conical, scaly, whitish ; scales yellowish ; gills crowded, at
first purplish- white.
6 34 259. Coprin. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. PLcell, aph.
Agaricus cylindricus, Sovcerby Fungi , 189.
Agaricus porcellaneus, Schaeffer Fung. 46 & 47.
Agaricus comatus, Persoon Syn. 396.
In grass-ground, gardens, and on dunghills; autumn.
9. Coprinus plicatus. Plaited dung-stool.
Thalli in tufts; cap bellshape, plaited, brownish grey,
scaly at the tip, edge at last turned up; gills crowded,
broad, at first purplish-brown, hoary.
Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Lond. 101 ; Persoon Syn. 396.
Agaricus fimetarius, Sovcerby Fungi , 188.
In meadows, hedges, and near villages.
*
10. Coprinus pica ceus. Pitchy dung-stool.
Stem very long, bulbous, naked ; cap bellshape, very ten-
der, whitish, afterwards breaking into broad scattered
scales; gills becoming bare, crowded, umber-brown.
Agaricus picaceus, Sovcerby Fungi , 397 ; Persoon Syn. 397.
Among rubbish, and heaps of rotting plants.
11. Coprinus oblectus. Attractive dung-stool.
Stem collared at the bottom ; cap whitish, woolly, va-
nishing; gills becoming bare, at first red.
Agaricus oblectus, Bolton Fung. 142 ; Persoon Syn . 397.
On dunghills.
12. Coprinus cinereus. Grey dung- stool.
Stem long, scaly ; cap conical, furrowed, rather woolly,
grey ; tip smooth, livid ; edge at last torn, bent in ; gills
linear, dotted, slightly bent.
Agaricus cinereus, Schaeff. Fung. 100; Persoon Syn. 39S.
In gardens and vroods.
f 3 . tomentosus. Stem short, cylindrical, downy; cap ob-
long, at first pyramidal, then bellshape, torn ; gills nume-
rous, narrow, pale; edge black.
Agaricus tomentosus, Bolt. Fung. 156.
y. pullalus. Stem long, bellied, whitish ; cap bellshape,
plaited, black.
Agaricus pullatus, Bolt. Fung. 20.
In pastures and on dunghills.
IS. Coprinus disseminatus. Disseminated dung-stool.
Thalli crowded, small, ephemeral; stem generally bent;
cap half-oval, streaked, plaited, ochry-yellow, growing
grey ; gills distinct, half-annexed, brownish-white.
Pl.cell.aph. 11. IIYMENOTHECEAE. 259. Coprin. 635
Agaricus coprinus disseminatus, Persoon Syn. 403.
On the trunks of willows, especially when hollow ; au-
tumn.
(5 striatus. Thallas rather large.
Agaricus striatus, Sowerby Fungi , 166.
14. Coprinus domesticus . House dung-stool.
Cap bellshape, blunt, waved, furrowed, smoke-grey;
scales branny ; gills crowded, linear, forming a collar,
greyish-red, growing black‘ish-brown.
Agaricus coprinus domesticus, Persoon Syn. 404.
Agaricus domesticus, Bolt. Fung. 26.
In houses near moist walls.
15. Coprinus pulcher. Handsome dung-stool.
Thallus tender, ephemeral ; stem long, reddish-white ;
cap umbilicated, flattish, plaited; plaits broadish, grey;
gills free, distant, forming a collar.
Agaricus coprinus pulcher, Persoon Syn. 404.
Agaricus semistriaius, FI. Dan. 1134.
Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Lond.
In well-dunged gardens.
16. Coprinus radiatus. Radiated dung-stool.
Thallus very minute, grey, ephemeral; stem threadlike;
cap grows flattish, splitting in rays ; centre ochre-yellow ;
gills distant.
Agaricus radiatus, Bolt. Fung. 39 ; Persoon Syn. 40T.
Agaricus ephemerus, Bull. Herb. 342.
In grass-land in woods, on horsedung; autumn.
Thallus very tender, blown down by the breath.
D. Asterophoridea:. Volva 0 ; stem central ; collar 0 ;
cap hemispherical, texture fibrous, beneath lamellar, above
woolly, at length bursting, becoming floccular ; gills bar-
ren, naked ; sporidia stellate, intermixed with the flocci.
XVIII. 260. ASTEROPHORA. Ditmar. Starhead.
Stem central, orbicular ; sporidia stellate.
Asterophora ly coper doides. Lycoperdon starhead.
Stem woolly, greyish; cap woolly, fawn-colour; gills
rather gelatinous, thick, slightly prominent, grey.
Agaricus lycoperdoides, Bull. Herb. 519; Persoon Syn. 325.
On rotten mushrooms, especially omphalia adusta.
Stem above an inch long, rather bent ; cap half an inch
over.
636 261. Merul. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
E. Merulideje. Volva 0 ; stem central, lateral or 0 ;
collar 0 ; cap fleshy or membranaceous ; hymenium veiny ;
veins superficial, distinct, simple or forked. — None are
poisonous.
XIX. 261. MERULIUS. Merule.
Stem central ; cap orbicular, fleshy, convex.
Merulius aurantiacus. Orange merule .
Stem ochry-yellow ; cap fleshy, woolly ; veins stifij
orange.
Agaricus aurantiacus, Wulff. Misc. Austr. 2, 107.
Merulius aurantiacus, Persoon Syn. 4S8.
In grass land.
XX. 262. CANTHARELLUS. Chanterelle .
Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy or rather membra-
naceous, concave, umbilicated.
1. Caniharellus vulgaris. Common chanterelle .
Thalli gregarious, entirely yelk-yellow; cap fleshy, bald,
depressed.
Agaricus Cantharellus, Lin. S. P. 1641 ; Soiverby Fungi , 46.
Merulius Cantharellus, Persoon Syn. 488.
In woods.
Esteemed as a sauce ; odour like ripe apricocks.
2. Cantharellus lutescens . ' Yellowish chanterelle.
Stem hollow, yellow; cap umbilicated, bald, yellow; veins
bright grey.
Agaricus cantharelloides, Sowerby Fungi , 47.
Helvella cantharelloides, Bull. Herb. 478.
Merulius lutescens, Persoon Syn. 489.
In woods; autumn.
3. Cantharellus tulceformis . Trumpet chanterelle.
Thalli gregarious, small ; stem yellow, rather thick ; cap
membranaceous, umbilicated, wrinkly, scaly, brown; veins
straight, yellow, rather grey.
Helvella tubaeformis. Bull. Herb. 461.
Peziza undulata. Bolt. Fung. 105.
Merulius tubiformis, Persoon Syn. 489.
4. Cantharellus cornucopioides. Cornucopice chanterelle.
Thalli in tufts, blackish ; cap membranaceous, rather
scaly ; veins scarcely visible.
7
Pl.cell.aph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEAE. 262.Canthar. 637
Peziza cornucopioides, Lin. S. N. 1650 % Sowerby Fungi , 74.
Merulius cornucopioides, Fersoon Syn, 491.
In woods ; autumn.
5. Cantharellus undulatus. Waved chanterelle .
Thallus pale-livid ; cap rather leatherlike, depressed ;
edge upright, waved, crisp, underneath wrinkled.
Helvetia crispa, Sowerby Fungi , 75.
Merulius undulatus, Persoon Syn . 493.
In beech woods.
XXI. 263. CORNIOLA. Corniole.
Stem lateral ; cap semicircular, nearly membranaceous.
1. Corniola muscigena, Mosslorn corniole.
Stem short, rather thick ; cap pale brown ; veins
branched.
Helvella dimidiata, Bull. Champ. 1, 290.
Agaricus muscigenus, Bull. Herb. 288.
Merulius muscigenus, Withering Arr, 4, 183.
On hypnum sericeum.
2. Corniola lob at a. Lohed corniole.
Thallus stemless, irregular, brownish; edge variously
lobed, crisp ; veins branched, anastomosing.
Helvella membranacea, Dickson Crypt. 1,21 ; Sowerby Fungi , 348.
Merulius membranaeeus, Withering Arr. 4, 184.
Merulius lobatus, Persoon Syn. 494.
In bogs, upon moss ; spring.
XXII. 264. SERPULA. Persoon. Rot .
Thallus stemless? affixed by its back.
Serpula destruens. Destroying rot.
Thallus spreading, large, yellowish-red ; edge whitish,
woolly; veins large, porous, crooked.
Boletus lacrymans, Sowerby Fungi , 113.
Merulius destruens, Persoon Syn. 496.
Upon timber-work, where it joins the walls, in damp
situations.
Appears at first like a byssus ; when dry covered with
brown powder; destroyed by spirit of vitriol, and other
corroding substances, in the same manner as xylpstroma
giganteum .
638 265. Gomph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
XXIII. 265. GOMPHUS. Gomphe.
Thallus clubshaped ; sides plaited, veiny ; cap not
distinct.
Gomphus clavatus. Clubbed gomphe.
Thalli in tufts, truncated, veiny on the sides.
Clavaria truncata, Schmid. Jeon. 3,237.
Merulius clavatus, Persoon Syn. 498.
In grassy places in woods.
F. D^dalideas. Volva 0; stem 0; cap semicircular,
leatherlike or corklike, sessile ; hymenium veiny ; veins
anastomosing and forming a network.
XXIV. 266. PiEDALEA. Persoon. Labyrinth-s tool.
Cap semiorbicular, beneath netlike.
1. Dcedalea. quercina . Oak labyrinth-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, pale woody ; cap wrinkly, bald,
flakes branched, sinuated, sinuses large.
Agaricus quercinus, Lin. S. P. 1644 ; Sowerby Fungi , 181.
Agaricus labyrinthiformis, Bull. Herb. 442.
Merulius quercinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1431.
Daedalea quercina, Persoon Syn. 500.
jigaric of the oalc.
On the trunks of oak-trees.
Texture delicately fibrous, flexible, and may be readily
cut into slices ; used as a styptic to restrain the bleeding
from wounded arteries.
/3. dura, Thallus hard, thick, in network like peach-
stones.
2. Dcedalea sinuosa. Sinuous labyrinth-stool .
Thallus downy, knobby, zoned and wavy in ridges 5 veins
sinuous, oblong, or irregular.
Boletus sinuosus, Sowerby Fungi, 194.
Daedalea gibbosa jS ? Persoon Syn. 501.
On old poplar-trees.
3. Dcedalea covfragosa. Broken-in labyrinth-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, woody, rough zoned, brown-brick-
red ; sinuses labyrinthlike, grey.
Boletus confragosus, Boll. Fung. 160.
Boletus labyrinthiformis, Bull. Champ. 357.
Daedalea con fragosa, Persoon Syn. 501.
On the trunks of trees.
PI. cell . aph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. 266. Dtedal, 639
4. Dcedalea angustata . Narroiv labyrinth- stool .
Cap flattish, much blotched with dull crimson, lobed,
zoned ; edges sattiny, silvery-brown ; veins olive, long,
narrow.
Boletus angustatus, Sowerby Fungi, 193.
Dcedalea angustata, Persoon Syn. 502.
At the feet of poplar-trees.
5. Dcedalea suaveolens. Sweet-scented labyrinth-stool .
Thallus leathery corklike, sessile, bald, slightly reddish-
brown ; inside greyish-straw ; tubes very long, reddish.
Boletus suaveolens, Bull. Champ. 342.
Daedalea ? suaveolens, Persoon Syn. 502.
On the trunks of willows.
G. BoLETiDEiE. Vulva 0 ; stem central, lateral, or 0 ;
collar 0 ; cap thin, leathery or rather woody, rarely fleshy ;
hymenium tubular ; tubes short, not longer than the thick-
ness of the cap, not separable from it, united or distinct,
not cut.
XXY. 267. PORIA. Persoon. Honey comb- stool.
Thallus spreading, attached by its back, leatherlike or
membranaceous.
1. Poria vulgaris. Common honeycomb-stool.
Thallus spreading, inclining backwards, leathery cork-
like, bristled, zoned, greyish-brown ; tubes long, very wide,
grey, honeycomblike.
Boletus Favus, Bull. Champ. 363 ; Persoon Syn. 542.
On the trunks of trees, and fir- timber in damp-places.
2. Poria cryptarum. Cellar honeycomb-stool.
Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rather greyish-red,
thin ; border above gaping ; tubes very long.
Boletus cryptarum, Bull. Champ. 350; Persoon Syn. 542.
Upon beams in cellars.
3. Poria destruens. Destroying honeycomb-stool.
Thallus whitish, spreading; cap unequal, wavy, wrinkled;
pores roundish, blunt.
Boletus Destructor, Schrad. Germ. 166; Persoon Syn. 543.
Boletus sebaceus, Leyss. FI. Halens , 1250.
On timber-work in damp houses.
Substance fibrous, when dry friable ; odour heavy, but not
ungrateful.
640 267. Poria. 11. HYMENOTHECE^E. PL cell. aph.
4. Poria spongiosa. Spongy honeycomb-stool.
Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rust-colour ; tubes
very long, upright; pores minute, round.
Boletus spongiosus, Bolt. Fung. 165 ; Persoon Syn. 543, not of Light-
foot.
On trees.
5. Poria medullaris. Crumb like honeycomb-stool .
Thallus spreading, white, hard, flat, crustlike, above
perforated ; tubes oblique and straight.
Boletus Medulla panis, Bolt. Fung. 166; Persoon Syn. 545.
On timber- work as old garden-gates, and old trees.
XXVI. 268. BOLETUS. Dillenius. Bolete.
Cap sessile, semicircular, attached by the side.
1 . Boletus ccesius. Grey bolete .
Thallus rather small, soft; cap fleshy, bald, streaked,
wrinkled, whitish-grey ; pores white.
Boletus albidus, Sowerby Fungi , 226.
Boletus caesius, Schrad. Germ. 167 ; Persoon Syn. 526.
In fir plantations.
Thalli mostly solitary, turn blue when bruised.
2. Boletus hispidus. S/zaggy bolete .
Thallus rust-red; cap thick, stiff-haired; underneath pale.
Boletus hispidus, Bull. Herb. 493 ; Persoon Syn. 526.
Boletus villosus, Hudson FI. Angl. 626.
Boletus velutinus, Sowerby Fungi , 345, not of Persooq.
Boletus spongiosus? Lightf. Scot.
On apple-trees.
3. Boletus heteroclitus. Mis-shapen bolete .
Thallus sessile, lobed, irregular- shaped ; above villous,
orange-colour; tubes short; pores variously shaped.
Boletus heteroclitus, Bolt. Fung. 164; Persoon Syn. 528.
On the ground.
4. Boletus alneus. Alder-tree bolete.
Thalli gregarious, rather tiledlike ; cap unequal, rather
woolly, rust-red; pores fawn-colour, shining, afterwards
cinnamon-colour.
Boletus radiatus? Sowerby Fungi^ 196.
Boletus alneus, Persoon Syn. 528,
On sickly alder- trees.
Pl.cell.aph. 11. HYMEN OTHECEiE. 268. Boletus. 641
5. Boletus carpineus. Hornbeam holele .
Thalli in tufts; cap bald, yellowish, bordered; under-
neath grey.
Boletus carpineus, Sowerby Fungi, 231.
On the trunks of hornbeam.
6. Boletus suaveolens. Sweetscented bolete.
Thallus scented, fleshy, rather corky; cap slightly woolly,
white; pores large, brownish, some prominent, pointed,
with an unequal surface.
Boletus suaveolens, Lin. S. P. 1646 ; Persoon Syn. 530,
Boletus suberosus, Bolt. Fung. 162.
Boletus salicinus, Bull. Herb. 340.
On the white willow and other trees ; mild winters.
Odour grateful, when dry like that of anise-seeds.
7. Boletus igniarius. Tinder holete.
Thallus dilated, smooth ; skin wrinkly; cap hard, blackish
at bottom; edge vermillion red, underneath ochry-yellow.
Boletus igniarius, Lin. S. P. 1645; Persoon Syn. 534.
On the trunks of fir-trees.
When beaten, used for tinder, under the name of amadou.
8. Boletus betulinus. Beech bolete.
Thallus short-stemmed, rather large; cap fleshy cork-
like, kidneyshape, grey-reddish ; . beneath whitish.
Boletus betulinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1436; Sowerby Fungi , 212 ; Per-
soon Syn. 535.
On the trunks of beech-trees.
Taste acid.
9. Boletus fomentarius. Spunk bolete.
Thallus halved, hard ; cap rather 3-cornered, slightly
banded, smoke-grey ; pores whitish-grey, becoming rather
rust-colour.
Agaricus pedis equini facie, Raii Syn. 22,1.
Boletus fomentarius, Sowerby Fungi , 153 ; Persoon Syn. 536.
On sickly beech-trees.
When beaten, used for tinder, or quick-match, also to
restrain haemorrhage, instead of the true agaric, daedalia
quercina, genus 266.
VOL. i. 2 T
642 268. Boletus. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. Fl.cell.aph.
10. Boletus applanaius. Flattened holete.
Thallus dilated, flattish above and below ; cap tubercu-
lated, wrinkly, reddish-grey ; pores very minute, white,
becoming reddish-grey.
Boletus Lipsiensis, Baisch Fung. 130.
Boletus fomentarius /3, Persoon Syn. 536.
On dry rotten beech-trees.
1 1. Boletus dryadeus. Oak lolele.
Thallus very broad, soft ; cap rather flattened, wrinkled,
tubercular, brown ; zones 0 ; pores pale.
Boletus pseudo-igniarius, Bull. Herb. 458.
Boletus fomentarius y, Persoon Syn. 537.
On oak-trees.
12. Boletus imgulatus. Hoojlike holete .
Thallus nearly cylindrical, tall, greyish-brown, banded;
bands prominent; pores flattened, whitish or rust-red.
Boletus Hippocrepis, Schrank Bav. 1731 & 34.
Boletus fomentarius 8, Persoon Syn. 537.
On old willow* trees.
18. Boletus ohtusus. Blunt holete .
Thallus thick, blunt, irregular; cap globular growing
nearly horizontal, smooth, grey, edge and under surface
cinnamon-colour ; pores convex, scarcely visible.
Boletus igniarius, Bull. Herb. 361.
Boletus fomentarius e, Persoon Syn. 538.
On old willow-trees.
14. Boletus pomaceus. Apple holete.
Thallus halved, small, grey ; cap perpendicular, edge
sharp, bands brownish-grey ; pores manifest, flat, rust-
colour.
Boletus fomentarius Persoon Syn. 538.
In orchards, at the foot of the trees.
0. prunastri. Cap nearly attached by its back, thick,
smooth, truncated.
Boletus prunastri, Persoon Syn . 538.
15. Boletus versicolor. Changeable holete.
Thalli in tufts, leatherlike ; cap thin, blue, zoned of many
colours; pores white.
Boletus versicolor, Lin. S. P. 1645 ; Sowerby Fungi , 135 ; Persoon Syn.
540.
On trees and timber-work ; autumn.
PI. cell. aph. II. HYMENOTHECEiE. 268. Boletus. 643
16. Boletus ahietinus. Fir lolete.
Thaili crowded, tiledlike; cap spreading at bottom, thin,
woolly, greyish- white ; pores acute, purple-brown.
Boletus abietinus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 9; Persoon Syn. 541.
On decaying larch-trees.
17. Boletus citrinus. Lemon holete.
Thallus halved, tiledlike, fleshy, bald, lemon-yellow.
Boletus citrinus, Plan. Erfurt. 26 ; Persoon Syn. 524.
Boletus caudicinus, Schcejf. Fung, 131 & 132.
Boletus sulphureus, Sourer by Fungi, 135.
On willow, old oak, plum and other trees ; summer.
When young soft like a custard ; on drying exudes
crystals of pure oxalic acid.
XXVII. 269. GR1FOLA. Micheli. Grifole.
Stem lateral ; cap semicircular.
1 . Gr folia frondosa. Frondose grifole.
Thallus much branched; caps numerous, halved, smoke
grey.
Boletus entybaceus, Baumgart. Lips. 631.
Boletus frondosus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 18; Sowerby Fungi, 87 ; Persoon
Syn. 520.
At the foot of oak-trees ; autumn.
Eatable, but requires thorough dressing ; about a foot
wide.
2. Grifola platypora. Wide-pored grifole.
Thallus large; stem thick; cap fleshy, corklike, ochre
yellow; centre scaly, scales umber-brown or blackish;
pores large, bent.
Boletus juglandis, Schcejf. Fung. 103, 102.
Boletus squamosus, Bolton Fung. 77.
Boletus cellulosus, Light f. Scot. 1052.
On willows and other trees.
3. Grifola cristata . Crested grifole.
Thaili in tufts; stem white; cap fleshy, irregular, rather
turned inwards, greenish ; pores white, growing light ochry.
Boletus cristatus, Schcejf. Fung. 316,317j Persoon Syn. 522.
Boletus floriforrnis, Schcejf. Fung. 113.
In shady beech woods.
2 t 2
644 269. Grifola. 1 1 . HYM ENOTHECEAE. Pl.cell.aph.
4. Grifola lucicla . Shining grfole.
Stem variously coloured ; cap leatherlike, chestnut,
shining, furrowed concentrically ; pores small, white.
Boletus lucidus, Sowerby Fungi , 134; Persoon Syn. 522.
Boletus vernicosus, Berg. PJiyt. 99.
Boletus laccatus, Timm. FI. Megap.
Boletus nitens, Batsch. Fung.
On the trunks of oak and other trees.
5. Grifola hadia. Bay grfole.
Thalli in tufts; stem short, thick, blackish-grey; cap
bald, tough, bay or chestnut; pores minute, pale.
Boletus durus, Timm. FI. Megap. 271.
Boletus badius, Persoon Syn. 523.
Boletus perennis, Batsch Fung. 131.
On rotten willows ; autumn.
/3. calceolformis. Cap hollowed in the middle ; edge
thin, wavy; tubes short; pores small.
Boletus Calceolus, Bull. Champ. 338.
6. Grifola varia. Changing grfole.
Thalli nearly solitary; stem long, the lower half black;
cap tough, ochry, sometimes circular.
Boletus lateralis, Bolt. Fung. 83.
Boletus varius, Persoon Syn. 524. /
On beech and fir trees.
XXVIII. 270. COLTRICIA, Micheli. Coltricione.
Stem central ; cap orbicular, umbilicated, membra-
naceous.
1. Coltricia connata. United coltricione.
Thallus leatherlike, tough, cinnamon; caps thin, zoned,
velvetty, mostly growing into another.
Boletus perennis, Lin. S. P. 1646; Sowerby Fungi , 193; Persoon Syn.
518.
Boletus fimbriatus, Bull. Champ. 332.
Boletus subtomentosus, Bolt. Fung. 37.
In woods on sandy soils, at the foot of trees ; autumn.
2. Coltricia nummular ia. Money like coltricione.
Thallus small, entirely bald ; stem slightly eccentric,
black at bottom; cap hard, convex, thin, flat, pale whitish-
brown.
Boletus nurnmularius, Dickson Crypt. 1,18; Sowerby Fungi , 89 ; Persoon
Syn. 519.
On sticks in beech woods and fir plantations.
Pl. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE2E. 270. Coltric. 645
3. Collricia leptocephala. Smooth-head coltricione.
Stem rather eccentric, short, pale; cap flat, thin, above
fawn-colour; beneath white.
Boletus leptocephalus, Persoon Syn. 519; Withering Arr. 4,346.
On rotten sticks.
XXIX. 271. STRILIA. Micheli. Striglia.
Stem central; cap orbicular, umbilicated, fleshy.
Strilia cinnamomea. Cinnamon striglia.
Thallus cinnamon, brittle; cap concave, villous, centre
funnelshape, reddish-brown ; pores ringed.
Boletus cinnamomeus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1433; Persoon Syn, 515.
Boletus perennis, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4,349.
In pastures.
XXX. 272. ALBATRELLUS. Micheli. Alhatrello .
Stem central ; cap orbicular, convex.
1. Albatrellus alhidus. Whitish alhatrello.
Thalli gregarious, whitish ; stem rather short, unequal ;
cap bald, fleshy, brittle ; pores minute, at last lemon-yellow.
Boletus albidus, Persoon Syn. 51 6.
Boletus ovinus, Schceff. Fung. 121 ?
Boletus constrictus, Bolt. Fung.
In fir plantations, on buried sticks ; Aug. and Sept.
2. Albatrellus fuligineus. Smoke- grey, alhatrello.
Thallus nearly leatherlike, soft; cap nearly smoke-grey,
flapping down all round ; flesh white, very thin.
Boletu? fuligineus, Persoon Syn. 516.
Boletus polyporus, Bull. Champ. 331 ; Withering Arr. 4,345.
On the ground, at the foot of palings.
XXXI. 273. POLYPORUS. Persoon. Sponge-stool.
Thallus branched, lobed, every where porous.
Poly porous ramosus. Branched sponge-stool .
Thallus leatherlike, brittle, reddish-yellow, branched,
everywhere tubular ; branches nearly cylindrical ; flesh
whitish ; tubes short.
Polyporus ramosus, Bull. Champ. 349 ; Persoon Syn. 549.
Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi , 135, lower fig.
In quarries and cellars, on rotten beams.
When dry very friable.
646 274. Suillus. 11. HYMENOTHECEAE. Pl.cell.aph.
H. SuiLLiDEiE. Volva 0 ; stem central, fleshy, nearly
lateral; cap fleshy, convex; hymenium tubular; tubes long,
not shorter than the thickness of the cap, united or dis-
tinct from one another, separable from the cap.
XXXII. 274. SUILLUS. Micheli. Porcino.
Stem central ; collar distinct ; cap circular ; tubes ad-
hering together.
Suillus luteus. Yellow porcino.
Cap cushionlike, bellshape, glutinous, livid-yellow, va-
riegated with brick-red spots ; pores yellow.
Boletus luteus, Sch&ff. Fung. 114 ; Sowerby Fiaigi,26 5? not of Linnseus.
Boletus annularius, Bull. Champ. 316.
Boletus annulatus, Persoon Syn. 503.
In plantations; autumn.
XXXIII. 275. PINUZZA. Micheli. Pinuzzo.
Stem central; collar fibrous; cap circular; tubes adhering
together.
Pinuzza jlava. Yellow pinuzzo .
Cap yellow, centre orange \ flesh white, crisp, firm; tubes
yellow ; collar white.
Boletus flavus, Bolt. Fung. 169.
Boletus annularius } Bull. Champ. 332.
Boletus cortinatus, Persoon Syn. 503.
In fir plantations.
XXXIV. 276. LECCINUM. Micheli. Leccino .
Stem central ; collar 0 ; cap circular ; tubes adhering
together.
1. Leccinum aurantiacum. Orange leccino .
Stem long, white, with orange-yellow wartlike scales ;
cap fleshy, shining, orange-colour; pores minute, white.
Boletus aurantiacus, Bull. Champ. 300; Persoon Syn. 504.
In beech woods; autumn.
Esculent.
(3. leucopodium . Stem-scales white; cap flattish, orange
inclining to cinnamon, shining; pores white.
y. rufum. Stem long, wrinkly torn ; scales blackish ;
gap swollen, plano-convex, reddish-streaked; pores whitish.
Boletus aurantiacus, Bull. Champ, 489, 2; Sowerby Fungi . 110.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEJE. 276. Leccin. 647
2. Leccinum scabrum. Rough leccino.
Stem slender, scales blackish ; cap rather wrinkled,
opake, smoke-grey ; pores pale white, depressed round
the stem.
Boletus scaber, Sowerby, 175; Persoon Syn . 505.
In beech woods; autumn.
Esculent; pickled by the Russians and Poles.
3. Leccinum lactifluum. Milk-yielding leccino.
Stem pale-yellow; cap reddish-buff, thick, convex, glu-
tinous, flesh-white ; tubes yellow, filled with a milklike
juice.
Boletus lactifluus, Withering Arr. 4, 355 ; Persoon Syn. 506.
In parks.
4. Leccinum subtomentosum . Rather-woolly leccino .
Thallus middle-size ; stem rather slender, reddish in the
middle, or uniformly yellowish ; cup cushionlike, plano-
convex, rather woolly, reddish or greyish-yellow ; flesh
scarcely altering; pores large.
Boletus subtomentosus, Lin. S. P. 1647 ; Persoon Syn. 507.
In woods; autumn.
5. Leccinum piper atum. Pepper leccino •
Stem yellow at bottom and in the inside; cap rather
thick, cushionlike, bent, cinnamon; pores large, convex,
rust-red.
Boletus piperatus, Sowerby Fungi , 34; Persoon Syn. 507.
In woods.
Taste acrid and burning, like capsicum.
6. Leccinum constrictum. Bound leccino .
Stem smooth, bellied, greyish-white at top ; cap broad,
greyish ; flesh bluish ; pores white.
Boletus cyanescens, Bull. Champ. 319; Withering Arr. 4,345.
Boletus constrictus, Persoon Syn. 508.
In gardens.
7. Leccinum edule. Eatable leccino .
Stem tuberous, rather bellied, greyish-red, with net-
work; cap cushionlike, very wide, brownish-red; flesh not
changing colour ; pores at first stuffed, whitish, grow yellow.
Boletus edulis, Bull. Herb. 494; Persoon Syn. 510.
In woods and heaths; autumn.
Taste grateful, like that of the cocoa-nut.
648 276. Leccin. 11. HYMENOTHECEAE. Pl.celLapfi.
8. Leccinum elephantinum. Elephant leccino.
Stem yellow, short, thick; cap white, convex, very irre-
gular ; tuhes yellow, short.
Boletus elephantiiius, Withering Arr. 4,351.
Boletus edulis elephantinus, Persoon Syn. 510.
In fir plantations.
9. Leccinum luridum. Lurid leccino.
Thallus large; stem long, reddish, networked, rather
bulbous; cap cushionlike, brownish-olive; tubes equal, red,
afterwards orange.
Boletus luridus, Sowerby Fungi , 250 ; Persoon Syn. 512.
In grassy woods.
10. Leccinum ruleolarium. Measle leccino .
Stem short, bulbous, thick, smoothish, olive; cap cu-
shionlike, nearly hemispherical, olive, slightly woolly; tubes
plano-convex, dark-red.
Boletus rubeolarius, Sowcrby Fungi , 250; Persoon Syn. 512.
In oak woods; autumn.
XXXV. 277. FISTULINA. Persoon. Pipe-stool .
Stem lateral, naked ; cap semicircular ; tubes separate
from one another.
Fistulina hepatica. Liver pipe-stool .
Thallus fleshy, blood-red ; tubes free, growing yellow.
Agaricus porosus rubens, carnosus, hepatis facie, Ran Syn. 23, 12.
Boletus hepatieus, Sowerby Fungi, 58; Persoon Syn. 549.
Boletus buglossum, FI. Dan. 1039.
Fistulina buglossoides, Bull. Champ. 314.
On oak-trees ; autumn.
Resembles bullock’s liver; esculent and thought to be
equal in flavour to the mushroom.
I. Si stotrem ideas. Volva 0; thallus leatherlike ; hyme-
nium at first meandering, porous, becoming toothed ; teeth
lamellar, torn.
XXXVI. 278. SISTOTREMA. Persoon. Sistotreme .
Stem distinct ; cap round.
1. Sistotrema bienne. Two-year sistotreme.
Stem contracted, woolly ; cap cuplike, thick, rather rust-
colour ; tubes grey, labyrinthlike.
PI. cell. aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. 278. Sistot. 649
Boletus biennis, Bull. Champ. 333 ; Sowerhy Fungi , 191 ?
Sistotrema bienne, Persoon Syn. 550.
On rotten wood and the’ground.
2. Sistotrema confluens . Confluent sistotreme .
Thalli gregarious, usually in pairs, white*, pale ; cap
fleshy, bent, running together; teeth decurrent, whitish.
Hydnum sublameilosum, Sowerhy Fungi , 112.
Sistotrema confluens, Persoon Syn. 551.
In beech woods and fir plantations, on the ground.
XXXVII. 279. CERRENA. Micheli. Cerrena .
Stem distinct ; cap semicircular.
Cerrena cinerea. Grey cerrena.
Tiiallus tiledlike, corklike; cap semicircular, rough, un-
derneath grey.
Boletus uni color, Sowerhy Fungi , 325.
Sistotrema cinereum, Persoon Syn. 551.
On trunks of trees.
XXXVIII. 280. XYLODON. Persoon. Wood-tooth.
Thallus attached by its back; teeth irregular, cut.
1. Xylodon quercinum. Oak wood-tooth .
Thallus bald, pale reddish-grey; teeth thick, irregular,
cut, slightly tiledlike.
Hydnum candidum, Bull. Herb. 481.
Odontia quercina, Persoon Ohs. Myc. 2, 17.
Sistotrema quercinum, Persoon Syn. 552.
On dry oak-sticks.
2. Xylodon digitatum. Fingered wood-tooth .
Thallus white, diverging; teeth fingerlike, crowded.
Hydnum paradoxum, Schrad. Germ. 179.
Sistotrema digitatum, Persoon Syn. 553.
On trees.
650 281. Hydnum. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
K. HYDNiDEiE. Volvo 0; collar 0; cap leatherlike or
fleshy; hymenium prickly; prickles awlshape, not divided.
— None are known to be poisonous.
XXXIX. 281. HYDNUM. Dillenius. Prickle-stool.
Stem central ; cap regular, round, fleshy, convex.
Hydnum imhricatum. Tiled prickle-stool.
Cap umbiKcated, umber-brown, scaly; scales thick,
nearly upright, darker.
Hydnum imbricatum, Lin. S. F. 1647 ; Sowerby Fungi , 73; Persoon
Syn. 554.
In fir plantations.
Esculent.
XL. 282. DENTINUM. Micheli. Dentino .
Stem nearly central ; cap regular, round, fleshy, umbi-
licated.
1 . Dentinum repandum . Spread dentino.
Thallus pale flesh-colour ; stem tuberous, rather eccen-
tric; cap wrinkled, bent, slightly lobed, bald; prickles ra-
ther thick, many, compressed.
Hydnum repandum, Lin. S. P. 1647 ; Sowerby Fungi , 176; Persoon Syn.
555.
In woods.
2. Dentinum rufescens . Reddish dentino.
Stem rather slender, nearly cylindrical ; cap rather thin,
fleshy, slightly woolly, flesh-red; prickles pointed, slightly
compressed, yellowish.
Hydnum rufescens, Bolton Fung , 88 ; Persoon Syn. 555.
In woods.
XLI. 283. AURISCALPIUM. Earpick- stool.
Stem lateral, naked ; cap leatherlike, membranaceous,
nearly round.
Auriscalpium vulgare. Common ear pick-s tool.
Thallus bay-colour; cap halved, leatherlike.
Hydnum Auriscalpium, Lin. S. P. 1648 ; Persoon Syn. 557.
On the cones of fir ; all the year.
PLcell. aph. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. 284.Steccher. 651
XLII. 284. STECCHERINUM. Mich. Hedgehog-stool.
Stem 0 ; cap semicircular, horizontal.
1. Sieccherinum ochraceum. Ochry hedgehog-stool.
Thallus spreading, turned back, rather tiledlike ; cap
leatherlike, thin, zoned, ochraceous ; prickles minute, yel-
low flesh-colour.
Hydnum Daviesii, Sowerby Fungi , 15.
Hydnum ochraceum, Persoon Syn. 559.
On fir-trees.
2. Sieccherinum gelatinosum. Gelatinous hedgehog- stool.
Thallus gelatinous, glaucous white; stem lateral; cap flat
on both faces.
Hydnum gelatinosum, Persoon Syn. 560.
On the branches of firs.
3. Steccherinum quercinum. Oak hedgehog-stool.
Thallus large, convex, yellowish-white, leatherlike;
prickles very long, hanging down in stages.
Hydnum Erinaceus, Bull, Champ. 34; Persoon Syn . 560.
On old oak-trees.
Esculent.
XLIIL 285. ODONTIA. Persoon. Toothless-stool.
Thallus spreading, attached by its back; prickles round.
— Wholesome.
1. Odontia ohtusa. Blunt toothless-stool.
Thallus white ; prickles cylindrical, blunt, villous at the
tip.
Fungoides humile ex albido livescens, apicihus tenuissime crenatis,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 14, 7.
Hydnum obtusum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 562.
On felled trees.
2. Odontia diaphana. Transparent toothless-stool.
Thallus paperlike, transparent; prickles awlshape, scat-
tered.
Hydnum diaphanum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 563,
On beech-trees.
652 286. Heric. 11. HYMENOTHECEAE. Pl.cell.aph .
XLIV. 286. HER I Cl UM. Persoon. Spine-stool.
Thallus clublike, simple or branched ; prickles covering
every part. — Wholesome.
Hericium coralloides. Coral-like spine-stool .
Thallus large, much branched ; branches crowded, bent
in ; prickles terminal, rather bundled.
Hydnum coralloides, Sowerby Fungi , 252 ; Persoon Syn. 252.
In woods, upon oak and other trees.
Esculent.
L. THELEPHORiDEiE. Thallus leathery, rarely with a
cap 3 hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded.
XLV. 287. CRATERELLA. Persoon. Crater-stool.
Stem central ; cap round, umbilicated or funnelshape ;
centre shaggy.
Cratella caryophyllea. Vink crater-stool.
Thallus varying ; cap funnelshape, thin, brown then
purple; edge generally cut, rather crisp.
Oaterella ambigua, Persoon Comment. 128.
Helvella caryophyllea, Dickson Crypt. 1,20.
Thelephora caryophyllea, Persoon Syn. 565.
In fir plantations, on the ground.
XLVI. 288. STEREUM. Persoon. Stereum.
Cap semicircular, at length horizontal.
1. Stereum laciniatum. Jagged stereum.
Thallus tiledlike, dark brown ; cap thin, jagged, crisp,
beneath rough with nipples crowded together.
Stereum laciniatum, Persoon Ohs. Myc. 1,36.
Auricularia caryophyllea, Sowerby Fungi , 213?
Thelephora laciniata, Persoon Syn. 567.
On trees, near their roots.
2. Stereum ruliginosum. Rusty stereum .
Thallus tiledlike, stiff, rusty chestnut, smooth on both
faces ; nipples scattered, large.
Helvella rubiginosa, Dickson Crypt. 1,20.
Auricularia rubiginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 26.
Thelephora rubiginosa, Persoon Syn. 567.
On the mossy trunks of oak and other trees.
PLcell. aph. ll.HYMENOTHECEAE. 288. Stereum. 653
3. Stereum ferrugineum. Ferruginous stereum.
Phallus spreading, turned back, rust-colour; cap thin,
slightly woolly, smoothish ; beneath hairy.
Thelephora variegata, Schrad. Germ. 185.
Auricularia tabacina, Sowerby Fungi, 25.
Thelephora ferruginea, Persoon Syn. 560.
On fallen sticks, in woods.
4. Stereum hirsutum. Shaggy stereum.
Phalli in tufts, leatherlike, yellowish, shaggy; under-
neath bald.
Auricularia reflexa, Sowerby Fungi , 27.
Thelephora hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 570.
On trees and palings.
5. Stereum mesentericum. Caivl stereum.
Phallus large, leathery, gelatinous; cap horizontal, rather
thin, with impressed zones, woolly, greyish-brown ; beneath
turning purple, with scattered, longitudinal folds.
Helvella mesenterica, Dickson Crypt. 1,20.
Thelephora mesenterica, Persoon Syn. 571.
On trees.
XLV1I. 289. CORTICIUM. Persoon. Bark-ear.
Phallus spread, attached by its back, nipply.
Corticium quercinum. Oak bark-ear.
Phallus attached lengthways, leatherlike, wrinkly, rather
fleshy; edge somewhat turned in; beneath brown.
Auricularia corticalis, Withering Arr. 4,377.
Thelephora quercina, Persoon Syn. 573.
On the branches of oak-trees.
XLVIII. 290. MERISMA. Persoon. Branch-ear.
Phallus branched, leatherlike, compressed, smooth ; tip
mostly hairy.
1. Merisma cristatum. Crested branch-ear.
Phallus rather lying down, encrusting, pale; branches
jagged, thickened, wrinkly.
Clavaria laciniata, Sowerby Fungi , 158.
Merisma cristatum, Persoon Syn. 583.
In woods, on the ground.
654? 290.Merism. 11. HYMENQTHECEiE. Vl.cell.aph .
2. Merisma fcetidum. Stinking branch-ear.
Thallus brown-purplish ; branches palmate, close ; tips
whitish, shining.
Clavaria palmata, ScopoJi Cam. 2, 485.
Clavaria anthocephala, Sowerby Fungi , 156.
Merisma foetidum, Persoon Syn. 584.
In hr plantations, on the ground.
Odoiw very disagreeable.
M. Clavaride^. Thallus fleshy, long, uniform, simple
or branched; hymenium smooth, expanded.
XLIX. 291. CORYNOIDES. Corynoide .
Thallus cartilaginous or gelatinous, compressed ; sporidia
scattered over the whole surface of the thallus.
1. Corynoides cornea . Horny corynoide.
Thalli gregarious, small, glutinous, yellowish ; simple or
branched, connate at bottom.
Clavaria cornea, Sowerby Fungi , 40 ; Persoon Syn. 596.
On trees after rain in autumn, and on timber.
2. Corynoides fab arum. Bean corynoide.
Thallus brownish olive, scaly, divided above; branches
blunt or nicked ; scales brown.
Clavaria fabas, Sowerby Fungi , 404.
On bean-stalks ; autumn.
3. Corynoides farinosa. Mealy corynoide.
Thalli pale-yellow, mealy, scattered, branched ; branches
short, scalloped ; meal white.
Clavaria farinosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 25 ; Sowerby Fungi , 308.
On decayed pupae, at the bottom of walls or trees.
4. Corynoides byssoides. Byssuslike corynoide.
Thalli snow-white, in tufts, entangled, much and irre-
gularly branched.
Clavaria byssoides, Sowerby Fungi , 335.
On the stumps of old trees.
PLcell. aph. 1 8. HYMENOTHECEiE. 292. Ramar. 655
L, 292. RAMARIA. Holmskiokl. Ramaria.
Phallus fleshy, cylindrical, branched, generally pipey,
below slender ; sporidia scattered on the upper part of the
thallus. — None are poisonous.
' 1 . Ramaria ceranoides. Hornlike ramaria .
Phalli in tufts ; clubs toothed, or slightly branched, yel-
lowish ; branches irregular, brown at the tip.
Clavaria rugosa, Sowerby Fungi , 235.
Clavaria ceranoides, Persoon Syn . 594.
On the ground.
2. Ramaria rugosa. Wrinkled ramaria.
Phallus rather large, whitish, thick, wrinkled, simple or
branched ; branches few, irregular.
Clavaria rugosa, Bull. Herb. 448; Persoon Syn. 595.
Clavaria elegans, Bolton Fung. 1 15.
Clavaria coralloides, Sowerby Fungi , 278, centre fig. below.
On the ground under trees ; September.
3. Ramaria tuberosa. Puberous ramaria.
Phallus yellowish, scarcely branched, tuberous at bottom.
Clavaria tuberosa, Sowerby Fungi , 199; Persoon Syn. 593.
On the bark of trees.
Puber inserted into the bark.
4-. Ramaria corniculata. Hoi'ned ramaria.
Phallus slightly branched, yellow; stem slender, long,
twice or thrice forked ; branches acute.
Fungus parvus luteus ramosus, Rail Syn. 16, 15.
Clavaria muscoides, Lin. S. P. 1652 ; Sowerby Fungi , 157.
Clavaria corniculata, Persoon Syn. 589.
In woods, on dry soils.
/3. alba. Phallus white.
Clavaria coralloides, Sowerby Fungi , 278, upper figure.
5. Ramaria pratensis. Meadow ramaria.
Phalli in tufts, yellowish; stem short; branches kneed,
spreading; twigs rather even-topped, blunt.
Fungoides coralliforme luteurn fcetidum et minus ramosum, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 479.
Clavaria fastigiata, Lin. S. P. 1652.
Clavaria muscoides, FI. Ban. 836.
Clavaria praten is, Persoon Syn. 590.
Among grass; autumn.
5
656 292.Ramar. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. PI.cell.aph.
6. Ramalaria coriacea. Leatherlike ramaria.
Thallus soft, leatherlike, flat, grooved, ends fringed, grey
turning dark-brown.
o
Clavaria coriacea, Bull. Hetrb. 452 ; Withering A rr. 4,403.
On the ground, in plantations.
7. Ramaria amethystea. /Imethyst ramaria .
Thallus brittle, tender, very much branched, smooth,
violet- colour.
Clavaria coralloides, var, b. Bolt. Fung. 1 13.
Clavaria amethystea, Persoon Syn. 590.
On heaths and woods among fallen leaves; autumn.
8. Ramaria ciner ea. Grey ramaria .
Thallus brittle, tender, solid, greyish-brown, branched;
twigs dilated.
Clavaria coralloides, a, Bolt. Fung . 113.
Clavaria cinerea, Persoon Syn. 1S6.
Menottes grises. Gantelines.
In woods.
Esculent.
LI. 293. CLAVARIA. Micheli. Club-stool.
Thallus long, cylindrical, clublike, mostly simple; stem
scarcely distinct; sporidia scattered on the tip.
1. Clavaria gracilis . Slender club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white; club pipey, slightly
thicker at the tip.
Clavaria gracilis, Bolton Fung. 3, 1 ; Sowerby Fungi , 232.
Clavaria eburnea a, Persoon Syn. 603.
On decayed sticks.
2. Clavaria cylindrica. Cylinder club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, brittle,. snow-white; stem long, slen-
der ; club rather thick, cylindrical, blunt, pipey.
Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi , 90, part only.
Clavaria fragilis, HolmsJciold , a — e.
Clavaria eburnea /3, Persoon Syn. 603.
In damp woods.
3. Clavaria solida. Solid club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white, nearly cylindrical
tapering to a point, solid.
PI. cell. aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHKCE/E. 298. Clavar. 657
Fungoiries clavalum incurvum in acutum mucronem productum, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 14, 3.
Ciavaria pi=tillaris, Lin. S. P. 165!.
Clavaria veriniculata, Light f. Scot . in part.
Ciavaria ebui nea y, Persoon Syn. 603.
On heaths, and in woods on a dry soil.
4. Ciavaria acuta , Pointed club-stool.
Thallus solitary, snow-white; stem cylindrical, long, ra-
ther transparent ; club rather conical, pointed, opake,
mealy.
Ciavaria acuta, Sowerby Fungi, 333.
Jn damp places, on the ground.
5. Ciavaria veriniculata . JVorm club-stool .
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white, nearly cylindri-
cal, pipey, bent, tapering to a point.
Ciavaria vermiculata, Lightf. Scot, in part.
In woods and pastures ; autumn.
6. Ciavaria fusiformis. Spindlelike club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, crowded, gokl-yellow, rather tough,
pointed at each end, cohering at the bottom.
Ciavaria fusiformis, Sowerby Fungi , 234; Persoon Syn. 601.
Ciavaria fasciculata, Persoon Comm. 73.
On heath}7, mossy woods.
7. Ciavaria bifur ca. Two-forked club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, yellowish, brittle, solid, bald, simple
afterwards becoming forked ; tips pointed.
Ciavaria bifurea, Bull , Champ. 207.
Ciavaria vermicularis, Lightf. Scot.
Ciavaria inequa'tis y , Persoon Syn. 601.
In grassy woods, on the ground.
8. Ciavaria Ar denies . Lady- Arden’s club-stool.
Thalli scattered, very long, chestnut-brown, hollow ;
base woolly ; tip becomes truncated.
Ciavaria Ardenia, Sowerby Fungi , 215; Persoon Syn. 599.
On decaying hazel-sticks.
Thallus above a span long.
9. Ciavaria Herculeana. Herculean club-stool.
Thallus solitary, large, light chestnut-brown, wrinkled,
solid ; tip cut off, depressed.
Ciavaria Herculeana, Lightf. Scot. 2, 1056.
Ciavaria pistillaris Persoon Syn. 597.
In fir plantations, on the ground.
VOL. i. 2 v
658 293. Clavar. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
10. Clavaria pistillaris. Pistil-like club-stool.
Thallus solitary, large, yellowish-red, thicker at top,
wrinkled, solid ; top rounded off.
Clavaria Herculanea, Bull. Herb. 244 ; Sowerby Fungi , 277.
Clavaria pistillaris, Persoon Syn. 597.
In woods, on the ground.
Taste very bitter.
1 1 . Clavaria erythropus . Red-fooled club-stool
Stem stiff, long, dark-red; club cylindrical, short, white.
Clavaria gyrate Bolton Fung. 1 12.
Clavaria erythropus, Persoon Syn. 606.
On sticks.
12. Clavaria phacorhiza. Lentil-rooted club-stool.
Thallus threadlike, bent, brown; club pipey; root lentil-
shape, black.
Clavaria phacorhiza, Sowerby Fungi , 233 ; Persoon Syn. 607.
Oil the ground in gardens.
N. Geoglosside^e. Thallus fleshy, long, expanded at
the top, either clubshaped or capped ; cap smooth ; hyme-
nium smooth, expanded.
LII. 291<. GEOGLOSSUM. Persoon, Ground-tongue .
Thallus clubshape; club fleshy, mostly compressed, short,
edged ; edges prominent ; sporidia scattered over the whole
surlace of the club.
1. Geoglossum hirsutum. Shaggy ground-tongue .
Thalli in clusters, large, black, woolly.
Clavaria ophioglossoides, Sowerby Fungi , 83.
Geoglossum hirsutum /3, Persoon Syn . 608.
In woods and pastures.
2. Geoglossum glabrum . Bald ground-tongue.
Thallus greyish-black, bald ; stem rather scaly ; club li-
gulate, not glutinous.
Clavaria ophioglossoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 140.
Geoglossum glabrum, Persoon Syn. 608.
On grassy hills.; beginning of autumn.
3. Geogl. atropurpureum. Dark-purple ground- tongue.
Thallus bald, dark-purple.
Geoglossum purpurascens, Persoon Comm. 39.
Clavaria atropurpurea, Batsch. Fung. 2, 48.
Geoglossum atropurpureum, Persoon Syn. 609.
In grassy places.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMEN0THECE7E. 294. Geogl. 659
4. Geoglossum viride. Green ground- tongue.
Thalli in clusters, green; stem rather scaly; chib blunt.
Clavaria vi rid is, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1443.
Clavaria serpentina, Schrank Bavar. 2,571.
Geoglossum viride, Persoon Syn. 010.
In woods ; autumn.
5. Geoglossum P herb arum . Herb ground- longue.
Thalli in clusters, minute, lanceolate, rather tough,
dark-olive.
Acrospermum compressum, Tode Mecklenb. 1,3.
Clavaria herbarum, Sowerby Fungi , 353; Persoon Syn. 605.
Sclerotium Esenbeck Syst. 1, 171.
On dry sticks, covered with leaves.
6. Geoglossum obtusum. Blunt ground- longue.
Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, bald ; club
ovate.
Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi , 334, 1 .
On dead fern-stalks.
7. Geoglossum oblongum. Oblong ground-tongue.
Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, rather woolly;
club oblong.
Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi , 334,2.
On dead fern-stalks.
8. Geoglossum minutum. Small ground-tongue.
Thalli scattered, small; stem pale; club oblong, reddish-
Clavaria minuta, Sowerby Fungi , 391.
On the bracteae of galedragon pilosus.
9. Geogl. poly morphum. Many-formed ground-tongue.
Thalli scattered, small; stem threadlike, brown; club va-
riously formed, compressed, hollow, blunt.
Clavaria polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 276.
On fallen elm-leaves.
LIII. 295. MITRULA. Persoon. Mitre-stool.
Thallus with a club-head ; club conical or ovate, smooth,
edge turned in ; sporidia on the whole surface of the club.
2 u 2
660 295.-Mitrul. 11. HYMENOTHECEJE. PL cell aph.
1 . Mitrula Dicksoni. Dickson’s mitre-stool.
Stem pale yellow; cap rather clubshape, blunt, hollow,
red.
Clavaria epiphylla, Dickson Crypt. 3, 22; Persoon Syn. 612.
In turf-bogs, upon half-rotten-leaves.
2. Mitrula Heyderi. Heyder’s mitre-stool
Thalli scattered, small; club ovate, light chestnut-brown.
Elvella cucullata, Batsch Fung. 189.
Clavaria ferruginea, Sowerby Fungi , 84.
Leotia Mitrula, Per go on Syn. 611.
On fir-leaves; end of autumn.
L1V. 296. LEOTIA. Persoon. Leotia .
Thallus capped, rather gelatinous; cap orbicular, smooth,
edge turned in ; sporidia scattered on the gelatinous upper
surface of the cap.
1. Leotia marcida . Withered leotia.
Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous; stem very
long, narrowed at bottom; cap flattish, turned up.
Phallus marcidus, FI. Dan. 654, 1.
Leotia marcida, Persoon Syn. 613.
In woods.
2. Leotia lubrica. Slippery leotia .
Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous ; stem cylin-
drical ; cap convex.
Helvella gelatinosa, Bull. Herb . 296; Sowerby Fungit 70.
Leotia lubrica, Persoon Syn. 613.
In woods, after heavy rains.
LV. 297. HELOTIUM. Persoon. Head-stool
Thallus with a cap ; cap fleshy, hemispherical, smooth,
edge turned in ; sporidia on the upper surface.
1. Helotium aciculare . Needlelike head-stool .
Thalli in clusters, small, white, lasting; cap at first
slightly hollowed.
Leotia acicularis, Persoon Observ. 2,20.
Helvella agariciformis, Sowerby Fungi , 57.
Helotium aciculare, Persoon Syn. 677.
On decayed oak-leaves.
Stem often branched ; cap consists of thecas each filled
with ?i sporidia.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE7E. 297. Helot. 661
2. Helotium ceruginosum . Brassy head-stool,
Thalli in clusters, bright green ; cap concave, variously
shaped, edge irregular.
Helvella aeruginosa, Sowerby Fungi , 347 ; Persoon Syn. 617.
On decayed wood, which it turns of a light green.
3. Helotium infundibuliformis . Funnelshape head-stool.
Thallus large; stem thick, pale-brown; cap hemispheri-
cal; above blackish, becoming concave; beneath pale.
Helvella infundibuliformis, Schaeff. Fung. 277 ; Sowerby Fungi , 153.
In damp shady places.
LVI. 298. RELHANUM. Relhan .
Thallus stipitate; cap conical, bellshape, edge curtain-
like, beneath smooth ; sporidia on the silky upper surface
of the cap.
Relhanum coni cum. Conical Relhan ,
Stem cylindrical, pipey, yellowish ; cap above brown,
beneath yellow.
Phallus conirus, FI. Dan. 654.
Helvella Relhani, Sowerby Fungi , 11.
Leotia? conica, Persoon Syn. 613.
On chalk hills.
0. Belveixideje. Thallus fleshy, long; cap mitrelike,
plaited or cellular, like network ; hymenium smooth, ex-
panded.
LVII. 299. MORCHELLA. Dillenius. Morell.
Stem hollow ; cap conical, above cellular in network ;
sporidia over the whole surface. — Wholesome, and fine
flavoured.
1. Morchella esculenta . Eatable morell.
Thallus yellowish ; stem filled up ; cap contracted at the
bottom.
Fungus favaginosus, Park. 1317; Rail Syn. 11,7,
Phallus esculentus, Lin. S. P. 1648,
Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi , 51, left-hand fig.
Morchella esculenta, Persoon Syn. 618.
White morells.
In woods, especially where fires have been made ; spring.
When dry, used to flavour soups, as also the following.
662 299.Morc.hel. 1 1. HYMENQTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
2. Morchella vulgaris. Common morell.
Thallus blackish ; stem filled up ; cap contracted at bot-
tom; cells nearly 4-sided.
Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi , 51, right-hand fig.
Morchella esculenta 0, Persoon Syn. C19.
In woods ; spring.
3. Morchella patnla. Open morell .
Thallus yellowish ; stem hollow; cap short, spreading at
bottom ; cells rhomboidal.
Phallus patulus, Gmelin Syst, Nat. 2, 1449.
Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi , 51, centre fig.
Morchella patula, Persoon Syn. 619.
In woods; spring.
4. Morchella hylrida. Bastard morell.
Stem very long, cylindrical ; cap short, conical ; cells
oblong, ribbed with anastomosing veins.
Helvella hybrida, Sowerby Fungi , 238.
In woods; May.
LVIII. 300. HELVELLA. Linnseus, Helvelle.
Thallus plaited ; stem hollow ; cap membranaceous,
plaited, sinuated mostly irregular, turned down on all sides ;
sporidia scattered on the whole surface.
1. Helvella sulcata. Furrowed helvelle.
Thallus large ; stem ribbed, grooved, whitish ; cap swollen,
free, livid-black.
Fungus terrestris pediculo striato et eavernoso, capitulo plicatili subtus
piano, Rail Syn. 8, 39.
Helvella Mitra, Schceff. Fung. 154; Persoon Syn. 615.
Helvella sulcata, JYilden Berol. 398.
On the ground.
2. Helvella leucophcea. Light-grey helvelle.
Stem ribbed, pitted, bellied at bottom ; cap free, crisp,
light-grey.
Phallus crispus, Scop. Cam. 2,475.
Helvella nivea, Schrad. Bot. Journ. 2, 66.
Helvella Mitra, Sowerby Fungi , 39.
Helvella leucophcea, Persoon Syn. 616.
In woods, on the ground ; autumn.
PL cell, aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 300. Helvel. 66S
3. Helvella albida . Whitish helvelle.
Thallus pale white; stem long, narrow; cap free, rather
swollen.
Helvella Mitra, Bolt. Fung. 95 ?
Helvella fuliginosa, Sowerby Fungi , 154,
Helvella albida, Persoon Syn. 616.
In damp shady places.
LIX. 301. SPATHULARIA. Persoon. Spat hula-stool.
Thallus with a stem; club compressed, running down
the stem on both sides ; sporidia on the upper part of the
club.
Spathularia Jlavida. Yellowish spatula-stool.
Clavaria Spathula, Dickson Crypt. 1,21.
Helvella spathulata, Sowerby Fungi , 35.
Spathularia fiavida, Persoon Syn. 610.
In fir plantations; autumn.
Grows in clusters; pale white, when dried, becomes
yellowish.
P. Peziza de^l Thallus fleshy or waxlike, hollowed
out like a cup ; hymenium smooth, expanded ; sporidia
clubshaped, intermixed with barren ovaries as in mosses,
fixed.
LX. 302. STICTIS. Persoon. Sunk-cup.
Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, dry, sunk in wood,
edge only prominent.
1. Stictis radiata. Radiated sunk-cup.
Edge snow-white, rather mealy, cut in rays, or undi-
vided.
Lycoperdon radiatum, Lin. S. P. 1654.
Lichen excavatum, Hoffm. Lichen. 7,4.
Sphaerojbolus rosaceus, Tode Meckl. 1,44.
Peziza marginata, Sowerby Fungi , 16.
Peziza stictis radiata, Persoon Syn. 674.
On wood and dry sticks.
2. Stictis cecidioides. JEcidium sunk-cup ,
Edge orange-colour; accessory edge white, rather torn,
mealy.
Peziza cecidioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 66.
Upon the dead stems of herbs ; spring and autumn.
664 302. Stictis. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
3. Stictis terresiris. Ground sunk-cap.
Thallus globular, fleshy, when dry leatherlike, smooth
on both sides.
Peziza immersa, Sotverby Fungi , 389.
Sunk in the ground, edge level with the surface.
LXI. 303. PATELLARIA. Esenbeck. Flat-cup .
Thallus leatherlike, dry, sessile, edged, edge flat.
1. Patellaria populnea. Poplar flat-cup.
Thalli in tufts, rather large ; cups when dry wrinkled,
grey.
Peziza spbaerioides, Roth Cat . 1,239. **
Peziza populnea, Persoon Syn. 671.
On dry branches of the trembling poplar ; winter and
spring.
2. Patellaria prunastri. Plum-tree flat-cup.
Thalli in bundles, slightly stemmed, hard, black on
both sides, opake.
Peziza prunastri, Persoon Syn. 673.
On the branches of sloe-trees.
3. Patellaria cartilaginea. Cartilaginous flat-cup .
Thallus cartilaginous, bright scarlet.
Peziza eartilaginea, Sowerby Fungi, 369.
On damp walls, among moss; spring and autumn.
4*. Patellaria rimosa . Cracked flat-cup.
Thallus cartilaginous, white; when old cracked in the
centre.
Peziza rimosa, Sowerby Fungi , 369.
On brown paper, left on a beer barrel in a cellar.
5. Patellaria immersa. Sunk flat-cup .
Thallus black, sunk in the wood, beneath rather woolly.
Peziza immersa, Sowerby Fungi , 369.
On wood,
LX II. 304. PEZIZA.. Pliny. Rough-cup.
Thallus mostly small, sessile ; outer surface shaggy, hairy,
woolly or downy.
PL cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 304. Peziza. 665
1. Peziza sanguined . Blood-red rough-cup .
Cups very minute, black, bald, placed on a blood-red
woolly strome.
Peziza sanguinea, Per soon Syn. 657.
On trees and planks.
2. Peziza ccesia. Grey rough-cup .
Thalli crowded ; raps grey, cohering on a white woolly
strome.
Peziza lichenoides, Persoon Jc.fung. 29,31.
Peziza caesia, Persoon Syn. 657.
On oak-branches bared of bark; autumn.
3. Peziza hcemispherica. Hemispherical rough-cup .
Thalli gregarious, large, hemispherical ; raps internally
white, greenish, externally brown; hairs in bundles.
Peziza hispida, Hudson Angl. 635; Sowerby Fungi , 147.
Peziza fasciculata, Schrad . Journ. 60.
Peziza haemisphaerica, Persoon Syn. 648.
In woods and moist places, on the ground ; autumn.
4. Peziza sulphured. Brimstone rough-cup.
Thallus sessile, nearly globular, shaggy, brimstone-yel-
low.
Peziza hydnoides, Sowerby Fungi , 178.
Peziza sulphurea, Persoon Syn. 649.
On dry large herbs among dead leaves.
5. Peziza scutellata. Saucerlike rough-cup .
Thallus rather large, flat, orange-red, externally shaggy ;
bristles diverging, black.
Peziza scutellata, Sowerby Fungi% 24; Persoon Syn. 650.
In the moist parts of rotten trees, or wood.
6. Peziza ccerulea. Blue rough-cup.
Thallus flat, sessile, blue ; edge blunt, hairy ; underneath
black.
Peziza caerulea, Bolt. Fung. 108 ; Persoon Syn. 650.
In moist places, on trees.
7. Peziza s ter corea. Dung rough-cup.
Thalli in clusters, sessile, deep, entirely reddish-brown,
bristly ; bristles bay, nearly upright.
Peziza scutellata, Bolt. Fungi , 108.
Octospora scutellata, Hedieig. Muse. 2.
Peziza stercorea, Persoon Syn. 650.
On horse and other dung.
666 304?. Peziza. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
8. Peziza argillacea. Clay rough-cup.
Thcillus globular, narrow-mouthed, splitting when old,
yellow.
Peziza argillacea, Sowerby Fungi , 148.
On black modelling clay.
9. Peziza papillaris . Papillalike rough- cup.
Thalli in clusters, flat, reddish-grey, externally hairy,
hairs falling off.
Peziza papillaria, Bull. Herb. 467 ; Sowerby Fungi , 177.
On rotten stumps of trees.
10. Peziza cellular icef or mis. Cellularia rough-cup.
Thallus large, spreading at top ; internally yellow, exter-
nally woolly, wool white.
Peziza cellularia, Sowerby Fungi , 91.
Cellularia cyathiformis, FI. Dan. 1450.
On timber.
11. Peziza hyhrida. Mule rough-cup.
Thallus hemispherical, inside reddish, outside hairy,
white.
Peziza hybrida, Sowerby Fungi , 369.
On the ground ?
12. Peziza domestica » House rough-cup.
Thalli in clusters, conical; outside hairy, salmon-colour.
Peziza domestica, Sowerby Fungi , 351.
On new- plastered ceilings, or damp walls.
1 3. Peziza nigra. Black rough-cup.
Thallus cartilaginous, small, entirely black.
Peziza nigra, Sowerby Fungi , 369.
On old palings.
14?. Peziza equina. Horse-dung rough-cup .
Thallus globular, not expanded, dull fox-red; outside
rough hairy.
Helvella equina, FI. Dan. 779.
Peziza equina, Sowerby Fungi , 352.
On horsedung in damp shady places.
LXIII. 305. OCTOSPORA. Hedwig. Eight-seeds.
Thallus soft, sessile, fibrous-cellular, naked ; sporidia
large, with 6 to 8 sporae in each.
5
PI. cell, aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEiE. 305.Octosp. 667
1 . Octospora atrata . Blackened eight-seeds.
Thalli in clusters, hemispherical, hollowed out, black,
edge greyish.
Peziza atra, Persoon Syn. 669.
On rotten trunks of trees*; spring.
2. Octospora leucoloma. IVhite-edged eight- seeds.
Thallus very small, flat, scarlet; edge snow-white, jagged.
Peziza cartilaginea, Bolt. Fung. 101.
Octospora leucoloma, Hedwig Muse. 13.
On clay banks, in mossy tufts ; spring.
3. Octospora cinerea . Grey eight- seeds.
Thalli clustered, small, grey, rather gelatinous ; edge
upright, whiter.
Peziza cinerea, Sowerby Fungi, 634 ; Persoon Syn. 634.
On rotten trees ; spring and autumn.
4. Octospora hyalina. Transparent eight-seeds.
Thalli in clusters, sessile, whitish, transparent, rather
hairy.
Peziza hyalina, Persoon Syn. 655.
On rotten trunks of trees.
5. Octospora inquinans. Dirtying eight-seeds .
Thalli in clusters, large, black, dirtying; at last convex,
reverse conical, outside wrinkled, brownish.
6. Octospora sarcoides. Fleshlike eight-seeds.
Thalli in tufts, fleshy, gelatinous, flesh-red ; outside ra-
ther veiny.
Peziza tremelloidea, Bull. Herb. 410.
Peziza porphyria, Batsch Fung. 53.
Peziza hepatica, Batsch Fung. 138.
Peziza sarcoides, Persoon Syn. 633.
Tremella sarcoides, Withering A rr. 4,84.
On rotten timber; autumn.
7. Octospora lenticularis . Lenticular eight-seeds.
Thallus convex, pressed, light-yellow; stem scarcely any,
nipplelike, blackish.
Peziza flava, Willden. Prodr. 404.
Peziza aurea, Sowerby Fung. 150.
In woods, upon trees ; late in autumn.
668 305. Octosp. 1 1. H YMENOTHECEiE. Pl. cell.apk .
8. Octospora lurida. Dark eight-seeds.
Thallus sessile, greyish white, turned back; edge ochre-
yellow, dark yellow.
Peziza lurida, Persoon Syn. 666.
Peziza pineti, Batsch Fungi , 201.
In fir plantations ; on the fallen leaves.
LXIV. 306. SCODELLINA. Micheli. Spread-cup .
Thallus fleshy, membranaceous, brittle, sessile, hemi-
spherical, spreading; outside scaly or mealy.
1. Scodellina leporina. Hares- ear spread-cup.
Thallus rust-colour, long, open on one side, ear-shape,
inside smooth at bottom.
Peziza leporina, Persoon Syn. 6.
In fir plantations.
2. Scodellina onotica . Ear spread-cup.
Thallus one-sided, long, pale-rose, woolly at bottom,
inside plaited, wrinkled.
Peziza leporina, Sowerby Fungi , 79.
Peziza onotica, Persoon Syn. 637.
In woods.
3. Scodellina aurantiaca. Orange spread-cup .
Thalli in tufts, one-sided, bent, often split; inside orange,
outside white.
Helvella coccinea, Bolt. Fung. 100.
Peziza coccinea, Bull. Herb. 474.
Peziza Aurantia, Persoon Syn. 637.
At the foot of rotten oak-trees ; autumn,
4. Scodellina umbrina. Umber-brown spread-cup .
Thalli large, in tufts, twisted, umber-brown.
Peziza umbrina, Persoon Syn. 638.
In grassy grounds, on sandy soils.
5. Scodellina alutacea. Leathery spread-cup .
Thalli in tufts; outside whitish; inside pale grey; stem
very short, woolly, whitish.
Peziza alutacea, Persoon Syn. 638,
In woods.
PI. cell. aph. 1 1 . H YMENOTHECEiE, 306. ScodeL 669
6. Scodellina badia. Bay spread-cup .
Thallus nearly stemless, not divided; edge turned in*
dark brown ; externally rather olive.
Peziza coehleata, Bolt. Fung. 99.
Peziza badia, Persoon Syn. 639.
Mushroom flaps.
In woods and damp places.
Dried, and eaten in hashes and soups.
7. Scodellina violacea. Violet spread-cup .
Thallus flat, round, inside violet with black dots ; edge
and outside whitish, granulated.
Peziza violacea, Bull. Herb. 438 ? Withering Arr. 4, 390, not of Per-
soon.
On the bark of trees.
8. Scodellina pyxidata. Box spread-cup .
Thalli in small tufts, yellowish white; bottom rather tu-
bercular on the inside.
Peziza Marsupium jS, Persoon Syn. 640.
Elvella pyxidata, Schccff. Germ. 230.
Helvella vesiculosa, Bolt. Fung. 175.
In woods; summer and autumn, after rain.
9. Scodellina vesiculosa. Bladderlike spread-cup.
Thalli in tufts, large, olive brown, outside whitish yel-
low; mouth slightly connivent; hymenium separable from
the outer bark.
Peziza vesiculosa, Soiverby Fungi , 4j Persoon Syn. 641.
On dunghills.
10. Scodellina pustulata. Pusluled spread-cup.
Thallus not divided, brown ; outside branny-pustuled,
Octospora pustulata, Hedvoig Muse. 6.
Peziza pustulata, Persoon Syn. 646.
Peziza cochleata j3, Batsch Fung. 223.
In fir plantations, banks, and shady places.
Eaten up, while quite young, by some insect or cater-
pillar.
LXV. 307. CALYCINA. Esenbeck. Funnel-stool.
Thallus cuplike, pedicelled, dry, fibrous; surface woolly
or bald ; barren ovaries copious.
670 307. Calycin. 11. HYMENOTHECE^E. Pl.ceH.aph.
1. Calycina firma . Firm funnel-stool.
Thallus rather large, irregular, rather tough, watery,
brown ; stem long, growing black at the bottom ; cup glass-
shape, afterwards spreading, turned over.
Peziza ochroleuca, Bolt. Fung. 105 ; Sowerby Fungi , 115.
Peziza firma, Persoon Syn. 658.
On trees in shady places.
2. Calycina citrina. Lemon funnel-stool.
Thalli, crowded, of various sizes, entirely lemon-yellow ;
stem thick, short, reverse-conical.
Octospora citrina, Hedwig Muse. 28.
Peziza citrina, Sowerby Fungi , 151 ; Persoon Syn. 663.
On dry trees and sticks, especially beech.
3. Calycina pallescens. Pale funnel-s tool.
Thalli crowded, bald, whitish, afterwards pale brown ;
stem rather thick; cup nearly funnelshaped.
Peziza lenticularis, Hoffm. Crypt. 13.
Peziza pallescens, Persoon Syn. 664,
In woods.
4. Calycina herbarum. Herb funnel- stool.
Thalli in clusters, nearly sessile, whitish-brown, grows
convex ; stem very short.
Peziza herbarum, Persoon Syn. 664.
On the dry stem of large herbs.
5. Calycina melastoma. Black-mouth funnel-stool.
Thalli scattered or in clusters, large, thick, hard, red-
dish-brown, woolly ; inside black, cracked when dry.
Peziza melastoma, Sowerby Fungi , 149.
On the roots of common heath or ling ; spring,
LXVI. 308. DASYSCYPHUS. Esenb. Bough-funnel.
Thallus cuplike, soft, fibrous, cellular; surface woolly ;
sporidia large, with 6 sporse in each.
1. Dasyscyphus pule hellus. Handsome rough-funnel.
Thalli scattered, nearly sessile, woolly, white; centre
orange inclining to scarlet.
Peziza bicolor, Sowerby Fungi , 17.
Peziza pulchella, Persoon Syn. 653.
On dry branches of oak-trees, firs, &c. ; spring.
Thallus closes up in dry weather.
Pl.cell.aph. 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. 308.Dasych. 671
2. Dasyscypkus virginetis. Virgin rough- funnel.
Thalli gregarious, white; stem rather long; cap hemi-
spherical, open, villous.
Peziza nivea, Sowerby Fungi , 65.
Lachnum agaricinum, Retz Scand. ed. 2,329.
Peziza virginea, Persoon Syn. 653.
On sticks and trunks of trees.
3. Dasyscypkus patulus . Open rough-funnel.
Thalli scattered, villous, white ; centre flat, ochre-yellow.
Peziza patula, Persoon Syn. 654.
Peziza Abbotiana? Sowerby Fungiy 389.
On rotten oak-leaves ; autumn.
4. Dasyscypkus fuscescens. Brownish rough-funnel.
Thallus very small, entirely brown.
Peziza fuscescens, Persoon Syn. 654.
On rotten beech-leaves in shady places ; spring.
5. Dasyscyphus sessilis. Squatted rough-funnel.
Thallus very small ; inside smooth, whitish ; outside cot-
tony, white.
Peziza sessilis, Sowerby Fungi , 389.
On rotten sticks.
6. Dasycyphus tricolor. Three-colour rough-funnel,
Thallus very small, inside pale yellow; edge thick, out-
side dark grey, white at bottom.
Peziza tricolor, Sowerby Fungi , 369.
On the trunks of trees.
LXVII. 309. MACROSCYPHUS. Esenb. Long-funnel .
Thallus cuplike, soft, cellular, rather fibrous ; surface
scaly or slightly bristly ; sporidia with 6 or 8 sporse in each,
in a single row.
1. Macroscyphus radicatus. Rooted long-funnel .
Thallus brown, hemispherical, bald ; root long, simple.
Peziza radicata, Withering Arr. 4, 381 ; Persoon Syn. 642.
In mountain pastures; spring.
2. Macroscyphus Sowerbei. Sowerby s long-funnel.
Thalli large, in tufts; inside yellowish ; outside cottony,
white ; root long, thick, cottony, white.
6 72 3G9. Maerosc. 1 1 .HYMENOTHECEAL PLcell. aph.
Peziza radiculata, Sowerby Fungi , 114,.
Peziza Sowerbea, Persoon Syn. 642,
In gardens.
3. Macroscyphus cereus. IVaxlike long-funnel .
Thalli in tufts, large; s/era thick, cottony, reverse-coni-
cal ; cup nearly funnelshape, turned back, yellowish.
Peziza cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 3 ; Persoon Syn . 643.
In hot-houses.
4. Macrosc . acetalul forme. Eggcupshape long-funnel.
Thallus earthy-brown, eggcupshape, stalked; cup an-
gular on the outside; veins branched.
Peziza Acetabulum, Sowerby Fungi, 59; Persoon Syn. 643.
In shady places.
5. Macroscyphus tuber osus. Tuberous long-funnel.
Root tuberous, irregular; stem very long; cup rather
small, funnelshape, chestnut or bay.
Peziza tuberosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 25 ; Sowerby Fungi, 63 ; Persoon Syn.
644.
In woods ; April.
6. Macroscyphus perennis . Perennial long-funnel.
Thalli in tufts, stalked; root tuberous, black, perennial;
cup funnelshape, reddish brown.
Peziza Tuba, Batsch Fung. 121.
Peziza perennis, Persoon Syn. 644.
In woods ; April.
7. Macroscyphus macropus. Long-stalked, long-funnel.
Thallus large; stem very long, smooth or pitted; cup
hemispherical, inside mouse-colour, outside grey.
Peziza macropus, Bolt. Fung. 96; Persoon Syn. 645.
In woods; autumn.
8. Macroscyphus coccineus. Scarlet long-funnel.
Thallus stalked, rather large, topshape or funnelshape,
inside scarlet; outside slightly cottony, whitish; edge ge-
nerally crenate.
Peziza coccineus, Bolt. Fung. 104; Persoon Syn. 652.
Peziza poculiformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 2,27.
Peziza epidendra, Bull. Herb. 467 ; Sowerby Fungi, 13.
On dry sticks in woods ; on mountains on the ground ;
March,
Pl.cell.aph . 1 1 . HYMENOTHECEiE. 310. Hymen. 673
LXIX. 310. HYMENOSCYPHUS. Fruit-cup.
Thallus cuplike, thin, fibrous cellular, bald ; sporidia
clubshape, with 8 sporae in each, in two rows.
1 . Hymenoscyphus rapceformis. Rapelike fruit-cup.
Thallus waxlike, light brown growing nearly chestnut,
thin, brittle, bald ; stem long, with rooting fibres.
Peziza Rapula, Persoon Syn. 654.
On the ground.
2. Hymenoscyphus fibulceformis. Buttonshape fruit-cup.
Thallus stalked, cartilaginous, above yellowish white ;
beneath dark brown ; stem dark brown.
Peziza Fibula, Bolt. Fung. 176; Persoon Syn. 660.
On elm-trees.
3. Hymenoscyphus lubceformls. Trumpetshape fruit-cup *
Thallus stalked, entirely yellow ; stem threadlike ; cup
flat-edged.
Peziza Tuba, Bolt. Fung. 106; Persoon Syn. 660.
On rotten trees in bogs.
4. Hymenosc. infundihuliformis. Funnelshape fruit-cup.
Thallus entirely pale brown ; stem thickish, stiff, rather
short; cup nearly funnelshape; edge upright.
Peziza Calyculus, Sowerby Fungi , 116; Persoon Syn. 660.
Peziza Infundibulum ? Batsch. Fung. 147.
On rotten trunks of trees.
5. Hymenoscyphus fructigenus. Bearing fruit-cup.
Thalli in clusters or scattered; stem long, rather bent,
narrowest at bottom ; cup nearly funnelshape, pale brown
grows reddish.
Peziza fructigena, Sowerby Fungi , 117 ; Persoon Syn. 660.
On acorns and other fruits; summer and autumn.
Used, in decoction, in hooping cough.
6. Hymenoscyphus radiatus. Radiated fruit cup.
Thallus small, stalked, whitish turning pale brown ; edge
toothed ; teeth bristlelike, upright.
Peziza coronata, Bull. Herb. 411.
Peziza armata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 140.
Peziza radiata, Persoon Syn. 662.
Peziza inflexa, Sowerby Fungi , 306.
In woods, on sticks and stems; summer.
2 x
VOL. 1.
674 310. Hymen. 1 1. HYMENOTHECEiE. Pl.cell.aph.
7. Hymenoscyphus cyathoideus. Cyaihuslike fruit-cup.
Thalli in clusters, whitish or pale brown; stem long,
rather thicker at bottom; cup glass-shape, unarmed, rather
slender.
Peziza cyathoidea, Bull. Champ. 250; Persoon Syn. 662.
Peziza solani, Persoon Ohs . 2, 80.
On dry stems of large herbs ; autumn.
8. Hymenoscyphus tenellus. Very -tender fruit- cup.
Thalli in clusters, very minute, funnelshape, tender,
snow-white growing yellow ; stem threadlike.
Peziza tenella, Batsch Fungi , 150.
On dry stems of large herbs; autumn.
9. Hymenoscyphus chrysocomus. Gold-head fruit-cup .
Thalli in clusters, globular becoming flat, dull yellow,
smooth, brittle, thin.
Peziza chrysocoma, Sowerby Fungi , 152.
On bits of wood, especially the under side.
Q. AscoBOLiDEiE. Thallus fleshy; hymenium smooth,
expanded over the surface; sporidia clubshape, intermixed
with barren filaments, flung out with force, usually con-
taining three sporae in each.
LXIX. 31 1. ASCOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-cup.
Thallus dishlike, or reverse- conical, fleshy.
Ascoholus furfur aceus. Branny spring-cup.
Thalli in clusters, rather concave, greenish ; outside
branlike.
Peziza stercoraria, Bull. Champ . 256 ; Sowerby Fungi , 18.
Ascobolus furfnraceus, Persoon Syn. 676.
On cowdung; late in autumn.
Fam. XII. 12. LYTOTH ECEiE, Persoon. Fungorum
pars, Linn. Fungi pistillares, Esenb.
Thallus fleshy, clubshape, rising from a volva ; hymenium
expanded, superficial, deliquescing into a slime containing
the sporse.
Cap hemispherical, above hairy ;
involucrum triple
Bata rhea. 312.
PI. cell. apk. 12. LYTOTHECEiE. 312. Batarrea. 675
Cop joined to the stem, tuberculate;
involucrum doable Ithyphallus. 313.
Cap cellular, networklike, bare;
involucrum double Phallus. 314.
I. 312. BATARREA. Persoon. Batarrea.
Thallus stipitate; volva triple, filled with mucilage; stem
smooth; cap hemispherical, bellshape, with sporiferous
flocks under the crown.
Batarrea phalloides. Phalluslike latarrea.
Thallus brown.
Lycoperdon phalloides, Dickson Crypt. 1,24; Sowerby Fungi , 390.
Batarrea phalloides, Persoon Syn. 129.
On sand}' banks.
Stem at first short, then springing up on a sudden to a
foot high.
II. 313. ITHYPHALLUS. Dog's-acorn.
Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; stem
networked ; cap ovate, tubercled, confluent into the stem ;
indusium 0.
Ithyphallus inodorus. Scentless dog' s- acorn.
Stem cellular; cap ovate, tip blunt, not perforated; edge
undivided.
Phallus caninus, Curt. Lond. 235 ; Persoon Syn. 245.
Phallus inodorus, Sowerby Fungi , 330.
On rotten wood ; autumn.
III. 314. PHALLUS. Micheli. Acorn-stool .
Thallus stipitate ; volva double, the outer large ; stem
networked ; cap ovate, not cut, free from the stem, net-
worked ; indusium 0.
1. Phallus impudicus. Immodest acorn-stool.
Stem pitted obliquely ; cap cellular, perforated at top.
Fungus phalloides, Raii Syn. 12,8.
Phallus impudicus, Lin. S. P. 1648; Bolt. Fung. 92.
Phallus fcetidus, Sowerby Fungi , 242.
Stink-horns.
In shady woods ; autumn.
Volva egglike ; cap dissolves into a very foetid slime,
containing the sporse, greedily devoured by flesh-flies.—
2x2
616 314. Phallus. 12. LYTOTHECEiE. PLcell.aph.
Plant oftener smelt than seen, the fetor being so like that
of carrion causing persons to avoid the spot, yet when
near the nostrils it has only the pungent odour of spirit of
hartshorn; used by some Dutch villagers as a poultice in
rheumatism, but infects the whole house for some days
with its disagreeable odour.
2. Phallus cancellatus. Rail-work acorn-stool.
Stem cylindrical, smooth; cap networked, not perforated.
Phallus cancellatus, Fersoon Syn. 243.
On barren mossy grounds.
Odour like that of the orchideae.
PLANTS CELLULOSAE FOLIOS;®.
677
Subseries I. B. Plants cellulose folios.®.
Muscorum et algarum pars , Linnaeus. Cryptogamia
monoecia and dioecia , Stokes. Cryptogamce calyptratce ,
Mohr.
Plants having true foliaceous expansions or leaves mostly
distinct, rarely united into a broad herbaceous frond, affixed
to their place of growth by fibrous roots by which they
absorb their nourishment, propagated by budlike sporae,
or by seeds which are enclosed in capsules covered with
calyptrae.
FAMILIES.
Capsule valvular ; columella 0 ; oper-
culum 0; seeds with elaters intermixed HEPATICiE. 13.
Capside operculated ; columella distinct ;
elaters 0 MUSCI. 14.
Fam. I. 13. II E P A T I C JE . Jussieu. Algarum pars , Lin.
Cryptogamia dioecia , Stokes. Calyp-
tratce deoperculataz, Mohr.
Flowers unisexual. — Male. Anthers oblong or sphaerical,
networked, bursting irregularly, either pedicelled in the
axillae of the perichetial leaves, or sessile on the frond or
on a peculiar receptacle ; pollen granular. — Fem. terminal,
axillary, lateral or marginal; ovaries many, clustered, sel-
dom more than one fertile, covered with a calyptra ending
in a style, and surrounded generally with a calyx ; calyx
single or double, rarely 0, mostly surrounded with peri-
chetial leaves ; calyptra bursting and emitting the capsule ;
capsule mostly pedicelled, valvular, rarely bursting irregu-
larly; valves 2, 4, 8 or 16, equal; columella 0; operculum 0;
seeds P spherical, intermixed with elaters ; elaters membra-
naceous, tubular, containing a single or double helix ;
helices twisted spirally. — Plants monoicous or dioicous,
small, frondose or leafy ; revive quickly after being dried
by absorption of moisture; leaves undivided or simply cut,
ribless, mostly bald ; texture loosely cellular ; sporidia bud-
like, roundish or lenticular, scattered on the leaves and
frond, or collected in origomes of various shapes.
678
13. HEPATIC^.
Pl. cell.fol.
A. Fruit solitary ; capsule sessile , bursting ; calyx 0.
Ricciadeae.
Thallus starlike Riccia. 315.
B. Fruit solitary : capsule sessile , bursting ; calyx 2-valved.
Targionideee.
Calyx closed above .............. Targionia. 316.
Calyx perforated at top Sph^rocarpus. 317.
C. Fruit solitary ; capsule pedicelled , linear ; calyx tubular .
Anthocerideae.
Thallus oblong, lobed Anthoceros. 318.
D. Fruit on a common receptacle ; capsules pedicelled ,
roundish . Marchantiadeae.
Recept. crosslike; lobes tubular;
caps. 4-valved; origomes moonlike. . . Staurophora. 322.
Recept. hemispherical ; calyx 0 ;
caps, many-valved; calyptra tubular Cyathophora. 321.
Recept. hemispherical ; calyx 0 ;
caps. 4 or 5-valved ; calyptra tubular ... Strozzius. 320.
Recept. peltate, lobed; calyx tubular;
capsule 6 or 8-lobed Marchantia. 319.
E. Fruit solitary ; capsule pedicelled , roundish; calyx
l-leafed or 0. Jungermannideae.
Capsule bursting irregularly ;
calyx simple ; helix double Maurocenius. 328,
Caps, seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular ;
pedic. jointed ; cal. 5-angular ; hel. double
Pandulphinius. 330.
Caps, seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular ;
pedic. jointless; cal. compressed;
helix double Cavendishia. 332.
Capsule 4-valved; calyx 0;
helix single; calyptra exserted Scalius. 338.
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx 0 ;
helix double ; perich. leaves distinct Cesius. 339.
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx 0 ;
helix double; perich . leaves united .... Herbertus. 340.
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx double ;
helix double Herverus. 324.
13. HEPATIC JE.
679
PI. cell, f oh
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx lateral ;
helix double ; valves of capsule spiral ..... Kantia. 342.
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx lateral ;
helix double; valves of capsule straight .... Lippius. 341.
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx basiliary,
triangular ; mouth contracted ;
helix double Marchesinius. 331.
Caps. 4-valved; cal. basiliary, com-
pressed; mouth slit; hel . double .... Martinellius. 333.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basiliary, com-
pressed; mouth 2-lipped; hel. double Mylius. 334.
Caps . 4-valved ; cal. basiliary, ovate,
immersed; mouth acute; hel. double Blasia. 327.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basiliary, ovate,
imbedded; mou. open, toothed; hel. double Nardius. 335.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basiliary, ovate,
exserted ; mo. circular, mostly toothed ;
helix double Jungermannia. 336.
Caps. 4-valved; cal. basiliary, ovate,
exserted; mo. slit on one side; hel. doub. . . JDonnia. 337.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basiliary, bell-like,
very short; mo. expanded ; hel. doub. Pallavxcinius. 326.
Caps. 4-valved; cal . basill. bellshape,
very short ; mo. expanded ; hel. single,
ends slender Riccardius. 323.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basiliary, 2-lobed,
short; mouth expanded; helix single,
ends smaller Papa. 325.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basill. rev. heart-
shape, long ; mouth contracted ; helix
single, ends expanded Salviatus. 329.
A. RicciADEiE. Male . . . .? Fern. Fruit solitary; capsule
spherical, sunk, opening irregularly ? crowned with the
exserted style.
I. 315. R1CCIA. Micheli. Riccio.
Fruit solitary, immersed in the frond, spherical ; thallus
reverse-heartshape or forked, radiating from a centre,
grooved on the upper surface.
1. Riccia latifolia. Broad-leaved riccio.
Thallus bluntly nicked at the tips, dotted in network.
Riccia minor latifolia pinguis, aspergine crystallina perfusa, Micheli
Nov. Gen. PI. 107, 1.
Riccia glauca, Purton Midland Flora , 5.
On damp sandy places ; annual ; Nov. and Dec.
680
315. Riccia. 13. HEPATICLE.
PI. cell.foL
2. Riccia glauca. Greenish riccio.
Thallns oblong, forked, lobes blunt, dotted in network.
Lichen sive Hepatica foliis erassis, rutae murariae ant chama&dryos foliis
laciniatis quodammodo similis, Raii Syn. 116, 1.
Riccia glauca, Lin. S. P. 1605 ; Engl. Bot. 2546.
On moist sandy heaths ; annual.
3. Riccia minima. Smallest riccia.
Thallus forked, lobes pointed, very slightly networked.
Lichen omnium minimus, foliolis scissis, super terram expansis, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 115, 2.
Riccia minima, Lin. S. P. 1605.
Riccia bifurca, De Cand. FI. Gall. 1127.
On inundated sandy places.
4. Riccia. natans. Swimming riccio
Thallus reverse-heartshape ; beneath ciliated, fibrous.
Lichen parvus vernus cordiformis, irna parte fimbriatus, lentis palustris
modo aquae innatans, Dillen in Raii Syn. 1 16, 2.
Riccia natans, Lin. Sysl. Nat. 2,708; Engl. Bot. 252.
Floating on pools.
|3. ovata. Thallus reverse-ovate, rounded at the tip.
5. Riccia P spuria. Bastard riccio.
Thallus membranaceous, lobed, pellucid; fructification
beneath the sinuses of the lobes, solitary, exserted, top-
shape, toothed.
Riccia spuria, Dickson Crypt. 4,20.
On turf bogs in mountains.
B. TARGioNiDEiE. Male . . . . ? Fem. Calyx globular,
pitchersbape* 2-valved ; capsule nearly sessile, enclosed in
the calyx, globular, bursting irregularly at the tip ; seeds
and elaters many. — Frondose.
II. 316. TARGIONIA. Micheli. TargionL
Calyx globular, from the under side of the extremities
of the thallus, closed, becoming 2-valved.
Targionia hypophylla. Underlying targioni.
Thallus dark-green, oblong ovate, beneath scaly, pur-
plish.
Lichenastrum capitulo oroboide, Dillen in Raii Syn. 110,2.
Targionia hypophylla, Lin. S. P. 1603 ; Engl. Bot. 287.
On heaths and sides of ditches; perennial; March to
May.
PLcell. fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 317. Sphserocarpus. 681
III. 317. SPHSEROCARPUS Micheli. Ball-fruit.
Calyx on the upper surface of the frond, topshape,
2-valved ; tip truncated, perforated.
Sphcerocarpus Michelii. Micheli’ s hall-fruit.
Thallus nearly orbicular; fruit crowded together.
Sphserocarpus terrestris minima, Micheli N. Gen. PI. 4, 1.
Sphaerocarpus terrestris, Eng. Hot. 299.
Targionia Sphserocarpus, Lin. S. P. 1603.
In clover fields on sandy loams.
C. Anthoceride^. Male. Anthers sunk in the thallus.
Fein, solitary; calyx tubular, 1 -leafed, tip cut; capsule pe-
dicelled, linear, 2-valved ; seeds and elaters numerous, en-
tangled together; origomes cupshape, sunk. — Frondose.
IV. 318. ANTHOCEROS. Micheli. Flower-horn .
Calyx tubular ; capsule linear, 2-valved.
1 . Anthoceros punctatus . Dotted flower-horn.
Thallus undivided, sinuated, edge waved.
Lichenastrum gramineum pediculo et capitulo oblongo, bifurco, Dillen
in Rail Syn. 109, 1 .
Anthoceros punctatus, Lin. S. P. 1606 ; Engl. Bot. 1537.
On moist sandy heaths ; perennial ; August to April.
2. Anthoceros Icevis. Smooth flower-horn .
Thallus undivided, flat, edge scarcely waved.
Anthoceros lsevis, Lin. S. P. 1606 ; Engl. Bot. 1538.
On damp shady places.
3. Anthoceros multifidus. Many-cut flower-horn.
Thallus bipinnately cut, lobes linear.
Anthoceros multifidus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13.
On damp shady places.
D. March anti adeje. Male. Anther oblong, imbedded
in a flat, sessile or peduncled fleshy disk. Female. Re-
ceptacle peduncled, peltate ;( fructification under the recep-
tacle; calyx tubular, 1 -leaf or 0; capsule slightly pedicelled,
4 to 8-valved or toothed ; seeds globular ; elaters narrow at
each end ; helices double ; huds lenticular, variously en-
closed in origomes. — Plants frondose, networked, areoles
ending in a pore at the top.
682 319. Marchantia. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.fol,
V. 319. MARCHANTIA. Micheli. Marchant.
Male. R.eceptacle of the anther peduncled, peltate,
above wrinkled. — Fem. Receptacle of the capsule stellately
lobed, lobes deep; calyx tubular, toothed; calyptra tubu-
lar; capsule globular, tip 5 to S-lobed, lobes revolute;
elaters tubular; helices double; origomes tubular, reverse-
conical.
1. Marchantia laiifolia. Broad-leaved marchant.
Thallus oblong, dark green, shining, in network ;
areoles porous; lobes blunt; receptacle of the capsule with
round rays.
Lichen petraeus latifolius sive Hepatica fontana, Raii Syn. 1 15, 1.
Marchantia polymorpha, Lin. S. P. 1603 ; Engl. Hot. 219.
Marchantia umbellata, Scop. Cam. 2, 854. Male.
Marchantia stellata. Scop. Cam. 2, 353. Female.
On damp places ; perennial; midsummer.
2. Marchantia minor. Small marchant.
Thallus oblong, opake, scarcely in network, lobes blunt ;
receptacle of the capsule with round rays.
Marchantia polymorpha /£, Engl. Bot. 210.
On the sides of houses ; perennial; midsummer.
VI. 320. STROZZIUS. Strozzi.
Dioicous. Male Fem. Receptacle of the capsules
hemispherical; calyx 0; calyptra tubular; capsule globu-
lar, tip 4? or 5-toothed ? 4< or 5-valved ; receptacle of the
buds orbicular, flattish. — Redicells from beneath the lobes
of the thallus.
1. Strozzius hemisphericus. Hemispherical strozzi.
Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, lobed ; lobes 5
or 6, blunt; capsules 5 or 6, tip 4 or 5-valved.
Lichen pileatus parvus, foliis crenatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 114,2.
Marchantia hemispherica, Lin. S. P. 1604 ; Engl. Bot. 50 3.
On banks of rivers and ditches ; perennial ; Mar. Apr.
2. Strozzius conicus. Conical strozzi.
Receptacle of the capsules ovate, conical, rather pointed,
nearly 5 or 7-lobed; capsules 5 to 7 ; tips 4 or 5-valved.
Lichen petraeus pileatus, Raii Syn. 114, 1 ; Park 1314, 1315.
Marchantia conica, Lin. S. P. 1604.
On damp shady places ; perennial ; March and April.
PI. cell.fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 321 . Cyathophora. 683
VII. 321. CYATHOPHORA. Cupbearer.
Dioicous. Male .... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules
hemispherical ; calyx 0 ; calyptra tubular ; capsules globu-
lar, tip 4 or 5-toothed, many-valved, valves linear ; recep-
tacle of the buds orbicular, flattish. — Pedicells from beneath
the lobes of the thallus.
Cyathophora angustifolia. Narrrow-leaved cupbearer .
Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, 4-lobed; cap-
smiles 4 ; thallus membranaceous, semi-pellucid ; edge si-
nuated.
Marchantia androgyna, Lin. S. P. 1605.
On damp places.
VIII. 322. STAUROPHORA. Esenbeck. Crossbearer.
Monoicous. Male .... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules
4-cut, crosslike; calyx 0? capsules ovate, 4-valved, valves
spreading; receptacles of the buds crescentlike, flattish. —
Peduncle of the fruit from the upper face of the thallus,
surrounded by a tubular perithecium.
Staurophora pulchella. Pretty crossbearer.
Thallus oblong, forked, light green, opake, veinless.
Lichen sive Hepatica lunulata, e7ri(puW6Koig7ro?, Raii Syn. ed. 2 ; 41, 6.
Lichen pileatus parvus, capitulo crucis instar se expandente, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 1 15, 2.
Marchantia cruciata, Lin. S. P. 1604.
Staurophora pulchella, Esenb. in Berl. Mag.
On shady places and garden walks; perennial; June to
October.
E. J UNGERMANNiDEiE. Male. Anther round, sessile, or
globular, pedicelled, axillary. Female solitary : calyx tu-
bular, single, double, sometimes 0; capsules pedicelled,
4-valved, very rarely valveless and bursting irregularly;
elaters tubular; helices single or double; buds oblong,
scattered.— Thallus frondose or leafy; areoles not ending
in a pore.
IX. 323. RICCARDIUS. Riccardi.
Male. Anthers spherical, on the upper face of
the thallus, imbedded in it, or surrounded by a perithe-
cium. Fem. from near the edge of the lower face; calyx
single, bellshape, very short; mouth expanded, lobed,
684 323. Riccardius. 13. HEPATlCiE. Pl.cell.fdL
fringed ; calyptra exserted ; capsule oblong, 4-valved ;
valves streaked lengthways and crossways ; elaters in tufts,
pencilshape, on the tip of the valves ; helices single, spindle-
shap e,.— Thallus fleshy, ribless, compressed, branched.
1. Riccardius multijidus . Many -cut riccardi .
Thalli in crowded tufts, linear, ribless, compressed,
branched pinnately ; calyx marginal; calyptra tuberculated.
Lichenastrum ambrosiae divisura, Dillen Muse.
Jungermannia multifida, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 186; Hooker
Jung. 45.
Jungermannia palmata, Hedw. Theor. 159. ■
On moist heaths and ditch sides ; spring.
(3. sinuatus. Thallus broad, branched ; edge sinuated.
Ulva palustris foliss ivae moschatae instar divisis, Dillen in Raii Syn.
64, 10.
Jungermannia sinuata, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 16; Engl. Bot. 1476.
2. Riccardius pinguis. Fat riccardi.
Thallus oblong, ribless, lying down, above flattish, be-
neath swollen ; branched vaguely, edges sinuated ; calyx
uuder the edge ; calyptra smooth.
Jungermannia pinguis, Lin . S. P. 2, 1602; Engl. Bot. 185; Hooker
Jung. 46.
In moist shady places and shallow pools; summer.
/3. angustior. Thallus long, nearly linear, simple or ra-
ther pinnately branched.
3. Riccardius dichotomus. Two-forked riccardi .
Thallus linear, compressed, forked, branched.
Ulva palustris furCata, angustioribus et firmioribus segmentis, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 63,9.
Riccia fluitans, Lin. S. P. 1686; Engl. Bot. 251.
In ditches, stagnant waters, and damp places.
X. 324. HERBERTUS. Herbert.
Dioicous. Male. Anthers roundish, dispersed among
the perigonial scales ; pedicells short ; perigonium-scales
jagged. — Fem. Calyx from the upper surface of the mid-
rib, double; outer short, jagged, herbaceous; inner nearly
cylindrical, membranaceous; mouth cut on one side, ra-
ther toothed ; capsule oblong, 3 or 4-valved ; valves streaked
lengthwise and crosswise ; seeds spherical ; elaters long,
attached to the inner valves ; helices double, closely twisted.
- — Thallus frondose, thin, mid-ribbed.
Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATICvE. 324. Herberts. 68$
1 . Herhertus Hibernicus . Irish Herbert .
Thallus oblong, ribbed, forked, edge not in the least di-
vided; outer calyx short, jagged; inner longly exserted,
ovate, cylindrical; calyptra much shorter than the inner
calyx.
Jungermannia Hibernica, Hooker Jung . 78.
Among mosses ; April.
2. Herhertus Lyellii . LyelVs Herbert ,
T Halli in loose tufts, oblong, ribbed, rather branched,
edge scarcely cut; outer calyx short, jagged, toothed; inner
longly exserted, cylindrical, slightly plaited ; calyptra rather
longer than the inner calyx.
Jungermannia Lyellii, Hooker Jung. 77.
On bogs; May.
XI. 325. HERVERUS. Herver.
Dioicous. Male. Anthers in a perigonium, ovate, sphe^
rical, clustered ; pedicells very short, attached to the mid-
rib.— Fem. Calyx on the lower face of the mid-rib, single,
scalelike, becoming 2-lobed ; lobes deeply conduplicate,
fringed ; calyptra reverse-ovate, spinous, irregularly torn ;
capsule ovate, 4-valved, valves streaked lengthways and
across, twisted ; seeds spherical ; elaters long, on the top of
the valves; helices single, small at each end. — Thallus fron-
dose, mid-ribbed.
1. Herverus fur cat us. Forked herver.
Thallus linear, ribbed, forked, membranaceous, above
smooth, beneath and on the edge hairy.
Ulva saxatilis furcata, latusculis et tenerioribus segmentis, Raii Syn.
63,8.
Jungermannia furcata, Lin. S. P. 1602 ; Engl. Bot. 1632 ; Hooker Jung.
55 & 56.
On rocks, heaths, and trees ; October to May.
£. elongatus. Thallus large, long, streaked,
y. ceruginosus. Thallus broad, tip dilated, very blunt.
2. Herverus pubescens. Downy herver,
Thallus linear, ribbed, forked, membranaceous, all over
downy.
Jungermannia furcata, Leers Herborn, 25.
Jungermannia pubescens, Schrank Salisb. 231 ; Hooker Jung. 73.
Jungermannia lomentosa, Hofftn, Germ. 2, 91.
On wet alpine rocks.
686
PL cell, f 61.
326. Papa. 13. HEPATICiE
XII. 326. PAPA. Papa .
Mcnoicous or dioicous, Male. Anthers spherical, soli-
tary; pedicells very short, deeply imbedded in the upper
face of the mid-rib. Fem. Calyx on the upper face of
the mid-rib, rather cylindrical; mouth rather dilated, cut,
toothed; calyptra exserted ; capsule spherical, 4-valved,
valves streaked lengthways and across, bent back ; elaters
long, pencilshape, in tufts, attached to the base of the cap-
sule ; helices double, much twisted ; seeds irregular.-— Phallus
rather membranaceous, scarcely mid-ribbed.
Papa epiphylla . Overleaf papa .
Phallus oblong, slightly ribbed, rather membranaceous,
cut here and there, edge not cut, or sinuated ; fruit from
near the tips.
Lichenastrum capitulis rotundatis, e foliorura medio enascenlibus, Raii
Syn. 110,3.
Jungermannia epiphylla, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 771; Hooker
Jung. 47.
In wet shady places; spring and autumn.
(3. longifolia. Phallus long, simple, or with a few shoots.
Jungermannia endiviiefolia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19.
Jungermannia epiphylla /3, Lamarcke Encycl. Bot. 3,286.
7 . furcigera. Phallus with narrow-forked shoots at the
tips, twigs forked.
XIII. 327. BLASIA. Micheli. Blasius.
Dioicous. Male. Anthers elliptical, sessile, 2 or 3, im-
bedded in the upper face of the mid-rib, covered by the
cuticle. Fem. Calyx from the upper part of the mid-rib,
oblong, lanceolate, enclosed in the thallus ; mouth acute ;
calyptra enclosed ; capsule ovate globular, 4-valved ; valves
ovate, streaked lengthways and across ; elaters long ; helices
double, closely twisted ; seeds girt with a pellucid border ;
buds? spherical, gelatinous, enclosed in an ovate receptacle,
placed on the upper face of the mid-rib, and ending in a
long cylindrical tube. — Phallus branched, beneath with
tufted scales.
Blasia pusilla. Dwarf blasius.
Phallus oblong, ribbed, lobed, branched ; beneath scaly,
scales toothed.
Mnium lichenis facie, Dillen Muse. 237.
Blasia pusilla lichenis pyxidati facie, Micheli N. G. P. 14, 7.
Blasia pusilla, Lin. S . P. 1605, Engl. Bot. 1328.
Jungermannia Blasia, Hooker Jung. 82, 83, and 84.
On moist sandy alpine heaths ; spring.
PLcelLfol. 13. HEPATICAE. 328. Maurocenius. 687
XIV. 328. MAUROCENIUS. Mauroceni
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, scat-
tered on the upper face of the stem, uncovered. — Fem. Ca-
lyx terminal, simple, bellshaped, jagged, surrounded by
five bracteae; peduncles continued; capsule spherical, very
thin, networked, bursting irregularly ; seeds spherical,
rough ; elaters short; helices double.— Leaves 2-rowed, many-
cut, base parallel to the stem ; stipules 0.
Maurocenius pusillus. Tiny mauroceni .
Stem lying down, nearly simple ; leaves bluntly crenated.
Lichenastrutn minimum capitulis nigris lucid is, Dillen in Rail Syn.
110,5.
Jungermannia pusiila, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 1175; Hooker
Jung. 69.
Jungermannia angulosa, Dickson Crypt. 1,7.
Jungermannia pygmsea, TYulf in Berl. Mag. 8, 151.
On moist banks in clayey soils ; October to May.
Plant matted ; roots deep purple ; perichetial leaves 0 ;
odour similar to calamus aromaticus.
XV. 329. SALVIATUS. _ . Salviati.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, olive-green, pe-
dicelled, scattered, axillary; pedicells long, streaked across.
— Fem, Calyx terminal or lateral, reverse ovate or reverse-
heartshape, compressed below, triangular ; mouth con-
tracted, depressed ; peduncle short ; capsule spherical,
4-valved ; internal base orbicular ; valves regularly net-
worked; seeds spherical, tuberculated ; elaters tubular, at-
tached to the tip of the valves; helix single. — Thallus
creeping, branched ; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, 2-cut, seg-
ments unequal, conduplicate, lower segment smallest, sack-
like, pressed close, inflated.
1. Salviatus tamarisci. Tamarisk salviati.
Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes ovate,
roundish, lower lobes reverse-ovate ; stipules rather square,
nicked, edge turned over; fruit terminal, on the branches;
calyx reverse-ovate, smooth.
Lichenastrutn imbricatum, tamarisci Narbonensis facie, Dillen Muse.
73, 31.
Jungermannia tamarisci, Lin. S. P. 1600; Hooker Jung. 6.
Jungermannia rubiginosa, Neckar Pal. 2, 447.
Jungermannia dilatata, Roth Germ. 3,406.
Jungermannia nigricans, Lamarcke Encycl. 3,283.
On exposed alpine hills.
688 329. Salviatus. 13. HEPATXCiE. PL cell, f oh
2. Salviatus dilatatus. Dilated salviati.
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobes roundish,
lower lobes rounded; stipules rounded, flat, nicked \ fruit
terminal ; calyx reverse-heartshape, tuberculate.
Lichenastrum imbricatum minus, Rail Syn. 111,11.
Jungermannia dilatata, Lin. S. P. 1600; Hooker Jung. 5.
Jungermannia tamariscifolia, Engl. Bot. 1086.
On the trunks of trees ; winter.
3. Salviatus Hutchinsice . Hutchins’ salviati.
Stem branched ; leaves upper lobes spinous, serrated ;
lower lobes minute, mostly toothed at the base; stipules
rounded* ovate, slightly serrate, acutely 2-cut \ fruit lateral;
calyx reverse-heartshape, smooth.
Jungermannia Hutchinsiae, Hooker Jung. 1; Engl. Bot. 2480.
On the side of mountain rivulets.
XVI. 330. PANDULPHINIUS. Pandulphini.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, soli-
tary in the axillse of the perichetial leaves. — Fem. Calyx
lateral, ovate or reverse-ovate, slender at bottom, 5- cor-
nered; mouth contracted, elevated, tubular, toothed; pe-
duncle short, jointed ; capsule spherical, seeming 4-valved ;
valves upright, irregularly networked ; seeds roundish ;
elaters tubular, membranaceous, dilated at the end, ad-
hering to the tip of the valves ; helices double, slightly
twisted. — Thallus creeping; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, two-
cut, segments unequal, conduplicate, lobes rolled in; sti-
pules nicked.
1 . Pand . calyptrifolius. Calyptra-leaved pandulphini.
Stem branched ; leaves upper lobes calyptriform ; lower
lobes bluntly 4-sided, rolled up; calyx oblong, top flat,
5-toothed; mouth minute, contracted.
Jungermannia calyptrifolia, Hooker Jung. 43.
On the stems of dwarf furze, near the ground.
2. Pand. minutissimus . Minutest pandulphini.
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe hemi-
spherical, lower lobe extremely minute; stipules ovate,
rounded, 2-cut ; calyx reverse-ovate, rounded, 5-sided.
Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia omnium minima, seu vix conspicua,
serpylli aut herniariae foliis auritis, floribus ex albo variegatis, vagina cor-
diformi Michelii, Dillen Muse. 12,2 9.
Jungermannia minutissima, Engl. Bot. 1633 ; Hooker Jung. 52.
On rocks and trees.
Thalli in tufts like a green stain.
689
Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 330. Pandulph.
3. Pand. hamalifolius. Hook-leaved pandulphini .
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe ovate,
pointed, tip mostly bent ; stipules ovate, acutely 2-cut ;
calyx reverse ovate, 5-sided.
Jungermannia hainatifolia, Hooker Jung. 51.
On rocks and trees ; March to May.
/3. echiuatus. Leaves elegantly spinous.
4. Pand. serpyllifolius. Thyme-leaved pandulphini .
Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes rounded,
lower lobes minute ; stipules rounded, acutely 2-cut ; calyx
broad, reverse-ovate, 5-sided.
Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia minima, foliis auritis, ex rotunditate
acuminatis, punciatis ac veluti perforatis, floribus virescentibus, vagina
cordiformi, Dillen Muse. 72, 39.
Jungermannia serpyllifolia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19; Hooker Jung. 42.
On trees and rocks; male in June; female in April or
May.
j3. ovatus. Leaves small, ovate, rather pointed.
XVII. 331. MARCHESINUS. Marchesini.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, soli-
tary, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx
lateral, sometimes terminal, reverse-heartshape, flattened,
3-sided; mouth contracted, elevated, 4-toothed; peduncle
not jointed, short; capsule spherical, 4-valved; valves re-
gularly networked, turned back ; seeds roundish ; elalers
tubular, ends dilated, attached to the tips of the valves ;
helices double, loosely spiral. — Thallus creeping ; leaves
2-rowed.
Marchesinius Mackaii. Mackay’s marchesini.
Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe roundish ;
lower lobe minute; stipules large, rounded, reverse-heart-
shape.
Jungermannia Mackaii, Hooker Jung. 53 ; Engl. Bot.
On lime-stone rocks and old trees ; February and March.
Thalli in blackish green tufts.
XVIII. 332. CAVENDISHIA. Cavendish.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, soli-
tary, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx
lateral, ovate, narrow at bottom, compressed, becoming
VOL. i. 2 Y
690 332. Cavendishia. 13. HEPATIC^. PLcell.fol.
cylindrical ; mouth truncated, serrate, slit on one side ;
peduncle short, not jointed; capsule spherical, seeming
4-valved ; valves upright, irregularly networked ; seed
roundish; elaters membranaceous, tubular; helices double,
loosely twisted ; leaves 2-rowed, 2-cut, segments unequal,
conduplicate.
1 . Cavendishia platyphylla. • Broad-leaved cavendish .
Stem lying down, bi-pinnately branched ; leaves upper
lobe roundish, ovate, scarcely cut ; lower lobe and stipules
straplike, uncut.
Lichenastrum arboris vitae facie, foliis minus rotundis, Dillen Muse.
72, 32.
Jungermannia platyphylla, Lin. S. P. 1600; Engl. Bot. 798; Hooker
Jung. 40.
Jungermannia cupressiformis jS, Lamarck Encycl. 3,383.
On old walls, rocks, and trees, even in towns; March
and April.
jS. major. Stem bipinnately branched ; leaves large,
smooth, yellowish green.
7. thujeeformis. Stem long, pinnately branched ; leaves
smooth, brownish.
Lichenastrum arboris vitae facie, foliis rotundioribus, Dillen Muse. 72,
33.
Jungermannia Thuja, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19.
Jungermannia platyphylla jS, Weiss Crypt. 126.
Jungermannia cupressiformis y, Lamarck Encyl. 3,283.
2. Cavendishia Icevigata. Smooth cavendish .
Stem lying down ; branches irregularly pinnate ; leaves
2-rowed, unequally 2-lobed, thorny-toothed ; upper lobes
largest, rounded ovate, lower strapshape, flat, pressed
close; stipules oblong, 4-sided, thorny-toothed.
Jungermannia laevigata, Schrad. Samml. 2, 6 ; Hooker Jung. 35.
On the ground, in mountain woods.
XIX. 33 3. MARTINELLXUS. Martinelli.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, 2 or
3 together, in the axillae of the leaves. Fem. Calyx ter-
minal, ovate oblong, bottom cylindrical, tip compressed, at
first bent in ; mouth truncated, slit on one side ; peduncle
long, not jointed; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves streaked
longways and across; seed spherical; elaters membranaceous;
helices double; buds attached to the side of the leaves.—
Leaves 2-rowed, undivided, or unequally 2-lobed ; stipules 0.
PL cell. fol. 13. HEPATICA3. 333. Martinellius. 691
a. Leaves 2-lobed , lobes unequal , conduplicate ; fruit
terminal.
1. Martinellius complanatus. Flattened martinelli.
Stem creeping, vaguely branched ; leaves 2-rowed, imbri-
cate above ; upper lobe largest, orbicular, lower lobe ovate,
flat; calyx oblong; mouth naked.
Liciieuastrmn imbricatum majus, Rail Syn. Ill, 10.
Jungermannia complanata, Lin. S. P. 1133 ; Engl. Bot. 2499; Hooker
Jung. 81.
On the trunks of trees ; all the year.
Leaves flat, pale green.
/3. minor. Leaves more convex, brownish green.
2. Martinellius resupinatus. Lying-down martinelli .
Stem lying down, seldom branched ; leaves roundish,
lobes nearly equal, edge not cut; calyx oblong; mouth
toothed.
Jungermannia resupinata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Hooker Jung. 23.
On loamy heaths, under heath ; May and June.
3. Martinellius undulatus . Wavy martinelli.
Stem upright, slightly forked ; leaves lobes roundish,
wavy, lower lobes largest; calyx oblong ; mouth naked.
Lichenastrum pinnis auriculatis majoribus et non crenatis, Dillen Muse.
71, 17.
Jungermannia unduiata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 225; Hooker
Jung. 22.
On wet places, especially alpine ; May to July.
4. Martinellius umbrosus. Shady martinelli.
Stem upright, two-forked; leaves lobes serrated at the
end, lower lobes largest, ovate; upper roundish, ovate;
calyx mouth naked.
Jungermannia umbrosa, Schrader Samml. 2, 5; Hooker Jung . 24.
On damp mountainous places ; April and May.
5. Martinellius planifolius. Flat-leaved martinelli.
Stem upright, slightly branched ; leaves nearly 2-parted
at the base, toothed ; lower lobe largest, ovate ; upper
heartshape, blunt.
Jungermannia planifolia, Hooker Jung. 67.
On damp places, in mountains.
Fructification unknown.
2 y 2
692 333. Martinellius. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.fol.
6. Martinellius nemorosus . Grove martinelli.
Stem upright, rather forked ; leaves seeming 2-lobed,
toothed, fringed, lower lobes reverse ovate, upper nearly
heartshape, blunt ; calyx mouth toothed, ciliated.
Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnis minoribus, crenatis, Dillen Muse. 7 1 »
18.
Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnulis rotundis, crispum, Dillen Muse. 71,
19.
Jungermannia nemorosa, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 607; Hooker
Jung. 21.
Jungermannia nemorea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 706.
Jungermannia resupinata, Engl. Bot. 2437.
In woods and hedge banks ; April to August.
|3. purpurascens. Leaves turning purplish.
Lichenastrum auriculatum ornithopodii minoris, pinnulis ciliatis, Dillen
Muse. 71,21.
Jungermannia purpurea, Engl. Bot. 1023, in part.
Jungermannia cochleariformis, Withering Arr. 3, 858.
y. recurvifolius . Leaves with the lobes turned back.
& denudatus . Leaves with the lobes scarcely cut.
b. Leaves undivided , toothed ; fruit lateral and terminal.
7. Martinellius asplenioides. Spleenwort martinelli .
Stem ascending, branched ; leaves reverse-ovate, round-
ish, toothed, slightly bent back ; fruit terminal and lateral ;
calyx oblong, mouth slightly fringed.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, capitulis e foliorum summitate enascen-
tibus, majus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 16.
Jungermannia asplenoides, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Engl. Bot. 1061 ; Hooker
Jung. 13.
In woods and moist shady banks, among mosses.
8. Martinellius spinulosus . Thorny martinelli.
Stem upright, branched ; leaves reverse-ovate, bent back,
tip toothed, spinous; fruit lateral and axillary; capsule
roundish ; mouth ciliated.
Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, quasi spinosis, Dillen Muse. 489.
Lichenastrum ramosius, foliis trifidis, Dillen Muse. 489.
Jungermannia spinulosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14 ; Hooker Jung. 14.
Jungermannia serrata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 144.
On mountainous places.
The largest and handsomest of the jungermannideae.
,0. tridenticulatus. Leaves small, few; tips 3-spined,
Jungermannia iridenticulata, Micliaux Bor. Arr. 2,278.
Pl.cell.foL 13. HEPATIC^. 333. Martinellius. 693
9. Martinellius decipiens. Deceiving marlinelli.
Stem upright, bent, scarcely branched ; leaves lower
smallest, ovate, not cut; upper rounded ovate or rarely
4-sided, with one or two spinelike teeth.
Jungermannia decipiens, Hooker Jung. 50.
On rocky places and heaths.
XX. 334. MYLIUS. Mylius.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx
terminal, exserted, cylindrical, tip compressed, truncated,
2-lipped, slit on both sides, slightly toothed ; peduncle short,
not jointed; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved; valves
streaked lengthways and across ; seed spherical ; elalers
tubular, on the valves; helices double, closely twisted.—
Leaves 2-rowed.
] . Mylius Taylori. Taylor’s mylius .
Stem upright, scarcely branched ; leaves all rounded ;
stipules broad-awlshape;jfn^7 terminal; calyx ovate, mouth
ciliated.
Jungermannia Taylori, Hooker Jung. 57.
On mountainous rocks.
2. Mylius anomalies. . Anomalous mylius .
Stem lying down, not branched ; leaves round, or rounded
ovate, or ovate pointed ; stipules broadish awlshape.
Jungermannia anornala, Hooker Jung. 34.
On bogs among mosses ; October and November.
3. Mylius polyanthos . Many-flowered mylius .
Stem lying down, slightly branched ; leaves horizontal,
roundish, roundish 4-sided, flat, sometimes cut; stipules
oblong, 2-cut ; fruit lateral, peduncled, from the lower
part of the stem ; calyx half the length of the calyptra,
2-lipped, jagged.
Lichenastrum trichomanoides aquaticum odoratum fontis Sanctae Wini-
fridae, Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 118.
Jungermannia polyanthos, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Engl. Bot. 2479 ; Hooker
Jung. 62.
Jungermannia viticulosa /3, Weber Germ. 133.
Jungermannia aquatica, Schranck Bav. 2,496.
Jungermannia fragilis, Roth Germ. 3,370.
Jungermannia pallescens, Schrader Samml. 2,7.
On moist and very wet places.
694?
PL cell.foL
334*. Mylius. 13. HEPATICJE.
4. Mylius cuneifolius. Wedge-leaved mylius.
Stem creeping, not branched ; leaves rather distant,
wedgeshape, not cut or very bluntly nicked at the tip ;
stipules small, ovate, pointed, rough.
Jungermannia cuneifolia, Hooker Jung. 64.
On salviatus tamarisci; gen. 329, sp. 1.
Plant extremely minute, like the filaments of a conferva ;
in loose clusters.
XXL 335. NARDIUS. Nardi.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx
terminal, ovate ; mouth rather contracted, 4-toothed, im-
bedded in the perichetial leaves; peduncle long, not jointed ;
capsule roundish, 4-valved ; valves furrowed lengthways
and across; seeds spherical; elaters on the valves; helices
double, closely twisted .—Leaves 2-rowed, uncut.
1. Nardius scalar is. Stair nardi.
Stem creeping, not branched; leaves roundish, hollow,
not cut nor nicked ; stipules broad-awlshape ; perichetial
leaves united together.
Jungermannia scalaris, Schrader Samml. 2, 4 ; Hooker Jung. 61.
Jungermannia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 605.
On hedge-banks, on loamy soil, or woods.
2. Nardius compressus. Compressed nardi.
Stem upright, slightly branched; leaves round; upper-
most kidneyshape, pressed close ; stipules only on the shoots ;
calyx oblong.
Jungermannia compressa, Hooker Jung. 58.
In mountain rivulets.
Tufts dense, purplish ; roots scarcely any.
3. Nardius emarginatus. Nicked nardi .
Stem upright, branched ; leaves loosely tiledlike, spread-
ing, reverse-hearted, nicked ; calyx ovate.
Jungermannia emarginata, Ehrhart Beitr. 3, 80; Engl. Bot. 1022;
Hooker Jung. 27.
Jungermannia macrorhiza, Dickson Crypt. 2, 16.
In very wet places, or alpine rivulets ; early in summer.
/3. multifiorus. Capsules 2 or 3 in the same calyx ; Pe-
duncles short.
Pl.celLfoL 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 693
XXII. 336. JUNGERMANNIA. Ruppius. Jungermann.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered or solitary in the axillae of the leaves. Fem. Calyx
terminal or axillary, ovate, cylindrical, mostly plaited ;
mouth contracted, exserted, toothed; peduncle long, not
jointed ; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved ; valves regu-
larly streaked lengthways and across ; seeds spherical ;
elaters on the valves; helices double. — Leaves 2-rowed or
tiledlike ; buds at the tips of the branches.
a. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed , 2 -cut, lohes unequal ,
conduplicate , stipuled.
1 . Jungermannia ciliaris. Fringed jungermann.
Stem lying down, pinnately branched ; leaves very con-
vex, unequally 2-lobed, lobes ovate, 2-parted, fringed ; cilise
long, slender; stipules nearly 4-sided, 4 or 5-lobed at the
end, with long ciliae ; fruit lateral; calyx reverse ovate;
mouth contracted, toothed.
Lichenastrum scorpioides pulchruin villosum, Dill. Muse. 69,3.
Jungermannia ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 1601 ; Engl. Bot. 2241 ; Hooker
Jung. 65.
Jungermannia pulcherrima, Weber Spic. 151.
Jungermannia Leersii, Roth Germ. 2, 402.
On rocks and heaths.
2. Jungermannia Woods'll. Woods' jungermann.
Stem lying down, 2 or 3-pinnate ; leaves very convex,
unequally 2-lobed ; upper lobe 2-parted, spinous, toothed ;
lower very minute, oblong, scarcely cut; stipules large,
ovate, 2-parted, spinous, toothed ; spurred on each side of
the base.
Jungermannia Woodsii, Ilooker Jung. 66.
On mountains.
b. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed , 2 or 4>-cut, lobes
equal , stipuled.
3. Jungermannia reptans. Creeping jungermann.
Stem creeping, stellately branched ; leaves tiledlike
above; rather 4-sided, bent in, acutely 5-toothed; stipules
broad, 4-sided, 4-toothed; fruit radical; calyx oblong,
plaited; mouth contracted, toothed.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, foliolis multifidis, capitulis ex imis
cauliculis nascentibus, Raii Syn. 113,22.
Jungermannia reptans, Lin. S. P. 1599 ; Engl. Dot. 608; Hooker Jung.
75.
In woods and shady places.
/3. pinnata. Thallus large, branches 2-pinnate.
696 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE, PI, cell, f oh
4. Jungermannia albescens . Whitish jungermann.
Stem creeping, branched ; leaves very concave, nearly
hemispherical; stipules ovate, lanceolate, blunt; fruit ter-
minal, on short branches; calyx oblong, ovate; mouth
toothed.
Jungermannia albescens, Hooker Jung. 72. et Suppl .4.
On the ground in shady places.
5. Jungermannia barlata . Bearded jungermann.
Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves rounded,
4-sided, 3 or 4-cut; stipules lanceolated, acutely 2-cut, edge
jagged ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate ; mouth contracted,
toothed.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie ; foliolis multifidis, capitulis e summis
ramulis nascentibus, Dillen in Rail Syn. 113,21.
Jungermannia barbata, Schreb. Lips. 107 ; Engl. Bot. 25, 7 ; Hooker
Jung. 70.
Jungermannia quinquedentata, Hudson Angl. 511.
Jungermannia Fiorkii, Weber et Mohr. Germ. 410.
Jungermannia dichotoma, Schleich. Cent. 2, 57.
Jungermannia gracilis, Schleich. Cent. 3, 6.
Jungermannia quadridentata, Wulfin Bert. Mag. 8, 154.
On subalpine rocks and in woods on them ; March to
May.
(3. minor. Stem elongated at top, ascending; lower leaves
open, upper very closely tiledlike, budbearing.
6. Jungermannia Francisci. Francis3 jungermann.
Stem nearly upright, simple oF branched ; leaves ovate,
concave, acutely nicked; stipules minute, ovate, 2-cut \ fruit
terminal, on short branches ; calyx oblong cylindrical,
slightly plaited ; mouth toothed.
Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel leones , 244 et 250.
Jungermannia Francisci, Hooker Jung. 49.
On moist ground ; March to June.
7. Jungermannia stipulacea. Large-stipuled jungermann.
Stem lying down, simple; leaves round; tip acutely
nicked, lobes pointed, straight ; stipules large, ovate,
pointed, toothed on one side, near the base; fruit lateral;
calyx reverse- ovate, tip slightly plaited; mouth contracted,
bluntly toothed.
Jungermannia stipulacea, Hooker Jung. 41.
On shady rocks in woods.
8. Jungermannia bidentata. Two-toothed jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched ; leaves broad, ovate, decur-
rent, tip 2-cut, lobes very pointed, not jagged ; stipules 2
PLcell.fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 697
or 3-cut or jagged ; fruit terminal; calyx oblong, nearly
three-cornered; mouth jagged.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, foliol is bifidis, majus, Rail Syn. 113,
19.
Jungermannia bidentata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 606; Hooker
Jung. 30.
On moist ground in shady places ; March to September.
j3. obtusata. Leaves bluntly nicked, blackish green ; sti-
pules many-cut.
9. Jungermannia heterophylla . Oddleaved jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched ; leaves rounded, ovate, de-
current, tip rarely acutely nicked, mostly bluntly, or undi-
vided ; stipules 2 or 3-cut, sometimes rather jagged ; fruit
terminal ; calyx ovate, bluntly three-cornered ; mouth
jagged.
Lichenastrum pinnulis obtusioribus bifidis, minus, Dillen Muse. 488.
Jungermannia heterophylla, Schrad. Jour. Bot. 5, 66; Hooker Jung. 31.
Jungermannia bidentata minor, Leers Herbon. 249.
Jungermannia bicuspidata, Engl. Bot. 281, not the syn.
On rocks and the bark of trees ; male, November ; fe-
male, spring.
c. Stem compressed; leaves 2-rowed , 2-lobed ; lobes un-
equal, conduplicated ; stipules 0.
10 . Junger. cochleariformis. Snailshape jungermann.
Stem lying down, scarcely branched ; leaves closely tiled-
like above; upper lobe largest, convex, tip 2-cut, toothed;
lower lobes oblong, ovate, inflated.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, proelongum foliis concavis unam par-
tem spectantibus, Raii Syn. 112, 17.
Mnium Jungermannia, Lin. S. P. 1579.
Jungermannia cochleariformis, Weiss Crypt. 123; Engl. Bot. 2500;
Hooker Jung. 68.
Jungermannia purpurea, Scop. Cam. 2, 347.
On mountain-bogs.
11. Jungermannia exsect a. Cut-out jungermann.
Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves unequally
2-lobed, slightly folded together ; lower lobe largest, ovate,
pointed, concave ; tip often 2-toothed ; upper lobe minute,
toothlike.
Jungermannia exsecta, Schmidel Icon. 241 ; Hooker Jung. 19.
Jungermannia globulifera, var. 1, Roth Germ. 3,381.
On moist boggy heaths.
698 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.foL
12. Jungermannia minuta. Minute j ung ermann .
Stem upright, rather two forked ; leaves horizontally
spread, slightly folded together; upper leaves equally two-
lobed, lower leaves unequally, all rather pointed; fruit ter-
minal ; calyx reverse-ovate, slightly plaited at the tip ;
mouth contracted, toothed.
Lichenastrum, pinnulis minutissimis rotundis, Dillen Muse. 69,2.
Jungermannia minuta, Crantz Groenl. 285 ; Hooker Jung. 44.
Jungermannia rupincola, Sehleich. Crypt, exsic.
Jungermannia bicornis, Mohr Crypt. Germ . 423.
On alpine hills among mosses; April to July.
13. Jungermannia DicksonL Dickson’ s jungermann.
Stem ascending, seldom branched ; leaves unequally two-
lobed, folded together, lobes narrow, ovate, scarcely cut,
pointed; lower lobe largest; fruit terminal; calyx ovate,
plaited; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia Dicksoni, Hooker Jung. 48.
On dry rocks, among mosses.
14. Jungermannia obtusifolia. Blunt-leaved jugermann.
Stem ascending, simple; leaves unequally 2-1 obed ; lobes
folded together, blunt, not cut; lower lobe largest, rather
scymetarshape ; upper ovate ; fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-
ovate; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia obtusifolia, Hooker Jung. 26.
On damp rocky places ; March and April.
15. Jungermannia albicans. Whitish jungermann.
Stem upright, slightly branched ; leaves unequally two-
lobed, lobes folded together ; tip toothed, middle, pellucid,
whitish; lower lobe largest, nearly scymetarshape, upper
oblong, ovate, pointed ; fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate,
cylindrical; mouth contracted, toothed.
Lichenastrum triehomanis facie, capitulis e foliorum summitate ena-
scentibus minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 14.
Lichenastrum foliis variis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 113,23.
Jungermannia albicans, Lin. S. P. 1599; Eng. Rot. 2240 ami 1023,
left-hand fig. ; Hooker Jung. 25.
Jungermannia varia, Lin. S. P. 1601.
On hedge-banks, in loamy soils.
(3. procumbens. Stem lying down ; leaves nearly upright.
Pl.ceil.fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 699
d. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed, equally 3 or 4? cut j
stipules 0.
1 6 . Jungermannia incisa. Cut jun germ ami.
Stem lying down, depressed, seldom branched; leaves
rather 4-sided, wavy, 3-cut, lobes toothed in places; fruit
terminal; calyx reverse-ovate ; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia incisa, Schard. Samml. 2, 5; Hooker Jung. 10; Eng.Bot.
On bogs, moors, and moist places on mosses.
1 7. Jungermannia capitata. Headed jungermann.
Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves rounded,
4-sided; lower 2-cut; upper 3 or 4-cut; fruit terminal;
calyx oblong, ovate, rather plaited ; mouth contracted,
toothed.
Jungermannia capitata, Hooker Jung. 80; Engl. Bot.
On bogs and dry mountainous places.
e. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed^ nicked or 2-cut ;
stipules 0.
18. Jungermannia curvifolia. Curve-leaved jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves roundish,
very concave, 2-cut; lobes pointed, bent; fruit terminal,
on very short branches ; calyx oblong, slightly plaited ;
mouth slightly contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia curvifolia, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 1304 ;
Hooker Jung. 16.
Jungermannia birostrata, Schleicher Cent. 3,59.
On alpine rocks and decayed wood.
19. Jungermannia connivens. Connivent jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves round, con-
cave, tip nicked, crescentlike; fruit terminal, on short
branches ; calyx oblong ovate ; mouth contracted, fringed.
Jungermannia connivens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19; Hooker Jung. 15.
On damp shady places ; April and May.
20. Jungermannia hyssacea. By ssus jungermann.
Stem lying down, branchwise; leaves nearly 4-sided,
bluntly 2-cut, lobes pointed; fruit terminal; calyx oblong,
plaited ; mouth open, toothed.
Jungermannia byssacea, Roth Cat. Bot. 2, 158 ; Hooker Jung. 12.
Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Icon. 250.
Jungermannia divaricata, Engl. Bot. 719.
On sand-hills and exposed heaths,
5
700 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl.cell.fol.
21 . Jungermannia licuspidata. Two-pointed jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched starwise ; leaves nearly four-
sided, pointedly 2-cut; lobes pointed, straight, not cut;
fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, plaited ; mouth open, toothed.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis minimum, Raii Syn.
1 13, 20.
Jungermannia bicuspidata, Lin. S. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 2239 ; Hooker
Jung. 11.
Jungermannia globulifera, Pollich Pal. 3, 182.
Jungermannia sphaerocephala, Roth Germ. 1,481.
Jungermannia fissa, Scop. Cam. 1345.
Jungermannia bicornis, FI. Dan. 888. a.
On moist hedges and banks on heaths ; Mar. and April.
/3. patens . holes of the leaves spreading.
In marshy places.
22. Jungermannia Turner i. Turner's jungermann.
Stem lying down, bent, branched starwise; leaves broad
ovate, acutely 2-par ted ; lobes folded together, spinous,
toothed ; fruit terminal ; calyx linear, oblong, plaited
lengthways ; mouth rather contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia Turneri, Hooker Jung. 29.
On sha<iy banks of mountain rivulets ; March.
23. Jungermannia ventricosa. Bellied jungermann.
Stem lying down, slightly branched ; leaves open, nearly
4-sided, bluntly and broadly nicked, sides bent in ; fruit
terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, plaited, toothed.
Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia minima repens, foliis bifidis, vagin&
florum ventricosa Michelii, Dillen. Muse. 70, 14.
Jungermannia ventricosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14 ; Hooker Jung. 28.
Jungermannia bidentata globulifera, Weber Goett. 134.
Jungermannia bidentata, Schmidel Jung. 106.
Jungermannia globulifera, Pollich Palat. 3, 182.
Jungermannia bicornis, Hoffm. Germ. 2,89.
Mnium fissum, Necker Muse. 237.
On boggy soils, and in woods ; winter and spring.
24. Jungermannia excisa . Cut-off jungermann.
Stem lying down, nearly simple; leaves open, nearly
4-sided, very deeply nicked ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong ;
mouth slightly contracted, plaited, toothed.
Jungermannia excisa, Dickson Crypt. 3, 11 ; Hooker Jung. 9.
Jungermannia globulifera, Roth Germ. 3, 379.
Jungermannia Funckii, Mohrh Crypt. Germ. 492.
In moist shady woods and hedge-banks.
|3. crispata. Leaves wavy lengthways ; lobes unequal,
crisp.
Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 701
25. Jungermannia infiata. Blown-up jungermann.
Stem lying down, simple or branched ; leaves roundish,
concave, acutely 2-cut ; lobes straight, blunt ; fruit termi-
nal; calyx reverse pearshape; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia infiata, Hudson An gl. 511 ; Hooker Jung. 38.
Jungermannia bicrenata, Schmidel Icon. 246.
Jungermannia bidentata, var. 2, Withering Arr. 3, 853.
In moist boggy places; all the year.
26. Jungermannia Orcadensis. Orkney jungermann.
Stem upright, not branched ; leaves closely tiledlike,
upright or spreading, heartshape ovate, flat, tip notched,
edge turned over.
Jungermannia Orcadensis, Hooker Jung. 71.
On moss, at the feet of mountains.
f. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-row ed, undivided ; stipules 0.
27 . Jungermannia hyalina. Transparent jungermann.
Stem ascending, bent, forked ; leaves rounded, wavy ;
fruit terminal; calyx ovate, cornered; mouth contracted,
toothed.
Jungermannia hyalina, Hooker Jung. 63.
On boggy places, and rocks near waterfalls ; April and
May.
2 S.Junger. sphcerocarpa. Round-fruited jungermann.
Stem ascending, not branched ; leaves round; calyx ob-
long, reverse-ovate, cylindrical, 4-cut; capsule spherical.
Jungermannia sphaeroearpa, Hooker Jung. 74.
On bogs ; March to May.
29. Jungermannia crenulata. Crenulate jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched ; leaves rounded, bordered ;
fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate, compressed, 4-cornered
lengthways; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia crenulata, Engl. Bot. 1463 ; Hooker Jung. 37.
On bogs and wet places ; October to April.
(3. gracillima. Stem rather slender; leaves minute, distant.
Jungermannia gracillima, Eng. Bot. 2238.
30. Jungermannia sphagni. Bog-moss jungermann.
Stem lying down, seldom branched ; bud-bearing shoots
only stipuled ; leaves round ; fruit terminal, on peculiar
702 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. Pl. cell, f oh
branches ; calyx oblong, smaller at both ends ; mouth con-
tracted, slightly toothed.
Jungermannia sphagni, Dickson Crypt. 1 , 6 ; Engl. Bot. 2470; Hooker
Jung. 33.
In marshy places, among sphagna; October to April.
31. Jungermannia cordifolia. Heart-leaved jungermann.
Stem upright, bent, forked ; leaves upright, hollow, heart-
shape, rolled round ; fruit terminal and axillary ; calyx
oblong ovate, slightly plaited ; mouth minute, toothed.
Jungermannia cordifolia, Hooker Jung. 32.
On moist places in alpine mountains ; August to March.
32. Jungermannia pumila. Dwarf jungermann.
Stem ascending, mostly simple; leaves elliptical, ovate;
fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, ovate, pointed ; mouth con-
tracted, slightly toothed.
Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, minus, ab extremitate florens, Dillen
Muse. 70, 10.
Jungermannia pumila, Withering Arr. 3, 866 ; Engl. Bot. 2230 ; Hooker
Jung. 17.
On alpine rocks and mountains; May and June.
(3. nigricans. Stem branched ; leaves distant, growing
black.
33. Jungermannia lanceolata. Spearshape jungermann.
Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves spreading,
ovate rather rounded ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, cylin-
drical ; tip depressed, flat ; mouth contracted, slightly
toothed.
Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, trichomanis facie, foliolis densius con-
gests, minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 112, 13.
Jungermannia lanceolata, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Hooker Jung. 18.
On moist places in woods, and trunks of rotten trees.
g. Stem round ; leaves scattered ; stipules 0.
34. Jungermannia trichophylla. Hair-leaved jungermann.
Stem creeping, irregularly branched ; leaves tiledlike on
all sides, in bundles, bristlelike, jointed, spreading, straight ;
fruit terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, fringed.
Lichenastrum trichodes minimum, in extremitate florens, Dillen Muse.
73,37.
Jungermannia trichophylla, Lin. S. P. 1601 ; Engl. Bot, 2252; Hooker
Jung. 7.
On turfy heaths, and moist rocks.
Pl.cell.fol. 13. HEPATICiE. 336. Jungermannia. 703
35. Jungermannia setacea. Bristlelike jungermann.
Stem creeping, nearly pinnately branched; leaves tiled-
like on all sides, in pairs, bristlelike, jointed, spreading,
bent inwards ; fruit terminal; calyx oblong; mouth open,
fringed.
Lichenastrum multiflorum exile, foliis angustissimis, Dillen Muse. 69, 4.
Jungermannia setacea, Weber Goett. 155; Hooker Jung. 8.
Jungermannia multiflora, Hudson Angl. 510.
Jungermannia sertularioides, Linn. Suppl. 449.
Jungermannia p tucifiora, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15.
Jungermannia triehophylla, var. 3, Roth Germ. 3,366.
On bogs, amongst mosses.
h. Stem round ; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.
36. Jungermannia tomentella . Fine-downy jungermann.
Stem nearly upright, 2~pinnate; leaves nearly flat, un-
equally 2-lobed, many-cut, hairlike; upper lobes 2-parted,
lower lobes very small ; stipules nearly 4-sided, jagged ;
fruit axillary; calyx oblong, cylindrical, shaggy; mouth
open, naked.
Liclienastrum filicinum crispum, DiUen in Raii Syn. 111,7.
Jungermannia tomentella, Ehrhart Beitr. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 2242;
Hooker Jung. 36.
Jungermannia ciliaris, Weiss Crypt. 189.
On moist places; October to March.
i. Stem round ; leaves 2-rowed j stipules 0.
37 • Jungermannia setiformis. Bristleshape jungermann.
Stem upright, seldom branched; leaves 2-rowed, closely
tiledlike, upright, 4-sided, 4-cut; edge irregularly thorn-
toothed; fruit terminal and lateral; calyx oblong, plaited;
mouth open, toothed.
Jungermannia setiformis, Ehrh. Beitr. 3, 40 ; Hooker Jung. 20.
Jungermannia concatenata, Linn. Lapp. 343.
(3. alpina. Leaves small; segments not divided.
k. Stem round ; leaves 4<-rowed; stipules 0.
38. Jungermannia julacea. Catkin jungermann.
Stem nearly upright, irregularly branched, threadlike;
leaves 4- rowed, ovate, closely tiledlike, upright, acutely
2-cut ; lobes lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrate ; fruit ter-
minal; calyx oblong, plaited above; mouth open, toothed.
(
704 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICiE. PL cell, foil.
Lichenastrum alpinum, bryi julacei argentei facie, Dillen Muse. 73,38.
Jungermannia julacea, Lin. S. P. 1 60 J ; Engl. Bot. 1023 ; Hooker
Jung. 2.
Jungermannia concinnata, Wahlenb. Lapp. 384.
On wet places, on alpine heights.
/3. gracilis. Stem long; leaves small, distant.
39. Jungermannia laxifolia. Loose-leaved jungermann.
Stem upright, scarcely branched, threadlike; leaves dis-
tant, 4-rowed, upright, spreading, ovate, slightly keeled,
acutely 2-cut ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, slightly plaited ;
mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia laxifolia, Hooker Jung. 59.
In mountain rivulets ; April to June.
Perichetial leaves similar to the stem leaves, distant,
often leaving the calyx quite exposed.
XXIII. 337. BAZZANIUS. Bazzanio.
Monoicous. Male. Anther spherical, pedicelled, in the
axillae of the perichetial leaves. — Fem. Calyx from the
under side of the stem, pedicelled, oblong, tubular, narrow
at top ; mouth slit down on one side, toothless ; peduncle
long; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves streaked regularly
longways and across; elaters affixed to the valves; helices
double; seeds spherical.-— Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, lobed ;
lobes equal.
Bazzanius trilohatus. Three-lohed hazzanio.
Stem creeping, bent, slightly branched ; leaves tiledlike
above, ovate, convex, bluntly 8-lobed ; stipules broad,
4-sided, crenated.
Jungermannia trilobata, Lin. S. P. 1599 ; Hooker Jung. 76.
Jungermannia radicans, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 87 ; Engl. Bot. 2232.
Jungermannia Don niana, Hooker Jung. 39.
On alpine rocks, of moderate height.
/3. minor. Thallus small.
Jungermannia triangularis, Schleichler Cent. 2.
y. minimus. Leaves very minute, indistinct, distant, often
2 -toothed.
XXIV. 338. SC ALIUS. Scalius.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. — Fem. Calyx 0.
calyptra terminal, large, oblong, fleshy, bursting irregu-
13. HEPATICiE. 338. Scalius.
705
PI. cell.fol.
larly; peduncle long; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves re-
gularly streaked lengthways and across; seeds spherical,
clustered, in threes ; elaters affixed to the tops of the valves ;
helices single, slenderer at each end. — Root fleshy, branch-
ed; stipules 0.
Scalius Hookeri . Hooker's scalius.
Stem upright; leaves distant, tiledlike, ovate, oblong or
lobed and cornered.
Jungermannia Hookeri, Engl. Bot. 2555;, Hooker Jung. 54.
On the sides of ditches ; October to May.
XXV. 339. CESIUS. Cesius.
Monoicous. Male. ?• — Fem. Calyx 0; calyptra
terminal, ovate, bursting; peduncle long; capsule globular,
4-valved; valves regularly streaked lengthways and across;
seeds spherical; elaters affixed to the valves; helices double,
rather slender at each end.- — Leaves 2-rowed; stipules 0 ;
perichetial leaves embracing each other, and serving as a
calyx.
Cesius concinnatus. Braided cesius.
Stem upright, branched, top enlarged and compressed ;
leaves 2-rowed, closely tiledlike, compact, upright, hollow,
ovate, nicked; fruit terminal.
Jungermannia concinnata, Lightf. Scot. 2,786; Hooker Jung. 3.
Jungermannia julacea, FI. Dan . 1002.
On barren spongy places on mountains.
XXVI. 340. HERBERTUS. Herbert.
Monoicous. Male. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, in
clusters, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. — Fem, Ca-
lyx 0 ; calyptra terminal, ovate ; peduncle long ; capsule
ovate, 4-valved ; valves regularly streaked lengthways and
across ; seeds spherical ; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices
double, slightly narrowed at each end. — Leaves 4-rowed ;
stipules 0; perichetial leaves united at bottom, calyxlike.
Herbertus aduncus. Hooked herbert.
Stem upright, bent, seldom branched ; leaves 4-rowed,
scythelike, facing one way, linear lanceolate, 2-parted, lobes
straight, upright, pointed ; perichetial leaves upright at the
tip.
VOL. i. 2 z
Pl. cell.fol.
70 6 340. Herbertus. 13. HEPATICiE.
Jungermannia adunca, Dickson Crypt. 3, 12.
Jungermannia juniperina adunca, Hooker Jung. 4.
On shady spots of alpine mountains.
Tufts thick ; leaves yellowish brown.
XXVII. 341. LIPPIUS. Lippi, us.
Monoicous? Male. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of
the stem, subterraneous, affixed to the upper edge, cylin-
drical, pouchshaped; mouth circular, fringed with scales;
calyptra enclosed; peduncle jointless, long; capsule oblong,
4-valved ; valves streaked lengthways and across ; seeds
spherical ; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, ra-
ther closely twisted. — Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.
Lippius vitfculosus. Sprigged lippius.
Stem lying down, branched ; leaves slightly tiled like,
horizontal, flat, ovate, not cut ; stipules broad, ovate, irre-
gularly toothed.
Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, trichomanis facie, foliolis densius con-
gestis, majus, Dillen in Rail Syn. Ill, 12.
Jungermannia viticulosa, Lin. S. P. 1597 ; Engl. Bot. 2513; Hooker
Jung. 60.
On mountains on the ground, and on mosses and other
jungermannideae ; spring.
XXVIII. 342. KANTIUS. Kant .
Monoicous? Male. — — ? Fem. Calyx from the side of
the stem, subterraneous, affixed by the upper edge, cylin-
drical, pouchshape; mouth circular, crenated ; _ calyptra,
enclosed; peduncle jointless, long; capsule oblong, 4 valved,
valves spiral, streaked lengthways and across ; seeds sphe-
rical ; elaters affixed to the valves ; helices double, rather
closely twisted. — • Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.
Kantius trichomanis . Trichomanes kant.
Stem lying down, seldom branched ; leaves tiledlike,
horizontal, convex, ovate, sometimes nicked ; stipules
rounded, crescentshape.
Mnium trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis, Dillen Muse. 31,6.
Mnium trichomanis facie, foliis integris, Dillen Muse. 31,5.
Mnium Trichomanes, Lin. S. P. 1579.
Mnium fissum, Lin. S. P. 1579.
Jungermannia trichomanis, Dickson Crypt. 3,8; Hooker,Jung. 79.
Jungermannia scalaris, Schmid. Jung. 20.
Jungermannia fissa, Scopoli Cam. 2, 348.
Jungermannia sphoerocephala, Withering A rr. 3,854.
On moist places in heaths and woods; summer.
Forms large patches of a glaucous green colour.
707
PL cell.fol. 14. MUSCI.
Fam. II. 14. MUSCI. Most botanists. Cryptogamce
calyptratce operculatce , Mohr.
Flowers unisexual Male. Anthers oblong, spherical,
networked, bursting irregularly, pedicelled, in the axillae of
the perichetial leaves; pollen granular. — Fem. Flowers
terminal or lateral; pistills many, clustered, only one fer-
tile, style terminal ; stigma expanded ; calyptra covering
the pistills, bursting across at bottom, rising up with the
capsules ; calyx 0 ; perichetial leaves surrounding the ca-
lyptra ; capsule pedicelled, valveless, operculated ; columella
central; mouth fringed, fringe single or double; lid mostly
deciduous ; seeds roundish, attached to the columella ;
elaters 0. — Plants small, texture compactly cellular; leaves
mostly with a main rib, undivided or slightly toothed.
A. Peristome 0.
Capsule 4-valved ............ 3 . Andrea. 343.
Caps, not cut, sessile; recept. pedicelled Sphagnum. 344.
Caps, not cut, pedicelled ; recept. sessile ;
lid adnate Phascum. 345.
Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile;
lid deciduous, at last jagged ........ Schistostega. 346.
Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile;
lid deciduous; calyptra bellshaped . . Anictangium. 347.
Caps, not cut, pedicelled; recept . sessile;
ltd deciduous; calyptra halved .... Gymnostomum. 348.
B. Peristome single, formed of a membrane only.
Peristome conoid, folded .......... Diphyscium. 349.
C. Peristome single , formed of teeth or hairs.
Teeth of the peristome 4 Tetraphis. 350.
Teeth eight pair Splachnum. 351.
Teeth 16, cohering at the tip ..... Conostomum. 352.
Teeth 32, tips joined by a membranePoLYTRiCHUM. 353.
Teeth 32, twisted, anastomosing at
bottom Cinclidotus. 354.
Teeth 32, twisted, joined by a mem-
brane Tortula. 355.
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;
calyptra bellshape, or mitrelike, smooth Encalypta. 356.
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;
calyptra bellshape or mitrelike, furrowed Grimmia. 357,
2 z 2
708
14. MUSCI.
Pl.cell.fol.
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;
calyptra halved \ fruit lateral Pterogonium. 358.
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;
calyptra halved ; fruit terminal Weissia. 359.
Teeth 16, two-cut, straight, free Dicranum. 360.
Teeth 16 pair, straight, free;
calyptra mitreshape Trichostomum. 361.
Teeth 1 6 pair, straight, free ;
calyptra halved ; fruit lateral . . Leucodon. 362.
Teeth 16 pair, straight, free;
calyptra halved ; fruit terminal Didymodon. 363.
D. Peristome double ; the internal formed of cilice not
connected together .
Fruit terminal ; teeth oblique ;
cilice opposite to the teeth Funaria. 364.
Fruit terminal ; teeth oblique ;
cilice alternating; calyptra halved. Zygodon. 365.
Fruit terminal; teeth oblique;
cilice alternating; calyptra mitrelike Orthotrichum. 366.
Fruit lateral; calyptra halved;
cilice from an interior membrane ........ Neckera. 367.
Fruit lateral ; calyptra halved ;
cilice from the side of the teeth Anomodon. 368.
Fruit lateral ; calyptra mitrelike ;
cilice from the side of the teeth Daltonia. 369.
E. Peristome double ; the internal either membranaceous , or
formed of connected cilice .
Inter, perist. cancellated \ fruit lateral Fontinalis. 370.
Inter, perist. membranaceous, plaited Buxbaumia. 371.
Inter, perist. of 16 equal, 2-cut jags . . Bartramia. 372.
Inter, perist. of 16 jags, not cut;
fruit lateral ; calyptra mitrelike Hookeria. 373.
Inter, perist. of 16 jags, not cut;
fruit lateral; calyptra halved Hypnum. 374.
Inter . perist. of 16 jags, not cut;
fruit terminal; calyptra halved Bryum. 375.
I. 343. ANDRiEA. Hedwig. Blackmoss .
Capsule 4-valved; valves cohering together at the tip,
by the persistent lid; calyptra torn irregularly. — Plants
alpine, dark brown, nearly black, differ from jungerman-
nidece by the central columella of the capsule.
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCL 343. Andrma. 709
1 . Andrcea alpina . Alpine blackmoss.
Stems branched ; leaves obovate, suddenly pointed,
straight, covering the stem on all sides tiledlike ; main-rib
none.
Lichenastrum alpinum atro-rubens teres, calycibus squamosis, Dillen
Muse. 506.
Jungermannia alpina, Lin. S. P. 1602.
Andreas alpina, Hedwig Sp. Muse . 49.
On rocks; summer.
2. Andrcea rupestris . Rock blacktnoss.
Stem branched ; leaves ovate, pointed by degrees ; main-
rib none; upper leaves sickleshape.
Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601.
Andraea rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 47 ; Engl. Bot. 1277.
On rocky mountains.
3. Andrcea Rothii. Roth’s blackmoss.
Stems almost simple; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, sickle-
like, one-rowed, main-ribbed ; perichetial leaves oblong,
ribless ; edges turned in.
Lichenastrum alpinum nigricans; foliis capillaceis reilexis, Dillen
Muse. 507.
Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601.
Andraea rupestris. Turner Muse. Hib. 14.
Andraea Rothii, Mohr. Crypt . Germ. 11 ; Engl. Bot. 2162.
On alpine rocks.
4. Andrcea nivalis. Snow blackmoss.
Stems slightly branched ; leaves loosely tiled-like, lanceo-
late, slightly falcate, one-rowed, main-ribbed ; perichetial
leaves like the stem-leaves.
Andrasa nivalis, Hooker in Lin. Tr. 10,395; Engl. Bot. 2507.
On rocks.
II. 344. SPHAGNUM. Dillenius. Bogmoss.
Receptacle peduncled ; capsule sessile, not valved ; lid
falling off ; mouth toothless ; calyptra irregularly torn.— -
Leaves whitish, with large network, meshes oblong, trans-
versely streaked ; main rib 0 : grow in bogs, or water.
1 . Sphagnum obtusifolium. Bluntleaved bogmoss.
Branches swollen ; leaves ovate, blunt, closely tiledlike.
710 344. Sphagnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum palustre molle candicans, reflexis
ramulis, foliolis latioribus, Raii Syn. 104, 1.
Muscus terrestris vulgatissimus, Park . 1306.
Sphagnum palustre, Lin. S. P. 1569.
Sphagnum obtusi folium, Ehrh. Crypt. 241.
Sphagnum lati folium, Hedwig. Engl. Bot. 1405.
Sphagnum cymbifolium, Swartz Suec.
In bogs.
Very retentive of moisture, used to pack up live plants
to send to a distance.
/3. minus. Stems in close tufts ; leaves closely tiledlike.
Sphagnum compactum, Schwcegr. Supp. S.
y. jluitans. Stems very long, slender; leaves scattered,
distant.
Sphagnum latifolium fluitans, Turner Muse. Hib. 6.
Old wives tow.
2. Sphagnum squarrosum.
Branches slender at the end ; leaves ovate, pointed,
scurfy, turned back.
Sphagnum squarrosum, Weber fy Mohr Reise , 2, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1498.
On bogs.
3. Sphagnum acutifolium . Narrow-leaved bogmoss.
Branches slender; leaves ovate, lanceolate, crowded.
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum palustre molle candicans, reflexis
ramulis, foliolis angustioribus, Raii Syn. 104,2.
Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 12.
Sphagnum capilli folium, Engl. Bot. 1406.
On bogs.
4. Sphagnum cuspidatum. Pointed bogmoss .
Branches slender; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, weak.
Sphagnum cuspidatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 25 ; Engl. Bot. 2392.
In water, on bogs.
III. 345. PHASCUM. Haller. Squat-moss .
Receptacle sessile; capsule pedicelled; pedicell terminal ;
peristome 0; lid adnate, persistent; calyptra halved. — Plants
often very minute.
a. Shoots creeping , leafless^ jointed, branched.
1. Phascum serratum. Serrated squcil-moss.
Shoots branched, leafless, jointed ; perichetial leaves lan-
ceolate, serrated, ribless.
14. MUSCI. 345. Phascum.
711
Pl. cell, f 61,
Phascum serratum, Engl. Bot. 460; Dicks. Crypt. 1,1.
Phascum stoloniferum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 7 ? Engl. Bot. 2006.
On shady sandy banks.
Capsules large; seeds about 100 in a capsule, large.
b. Creeping shoots 0; leaves awlshape .
2. Phascum alternifoUum . Alternate-leaved squat-moss.
Leaves uncut, lanceolate, awlshape; shoots long.
Phascum alternifolium, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2; Engl. Bot. 2107.
On moist banks.
Perichetial leaves large, long; seeds about 16 in each
capsule, very large, greenish, cornered, without any border.
3. Phascum crispum. Crisp squat-moss .
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, bent, crisp when dry.
Phascum crispum, Engl. Bot. 1680.
Phascum multicapsulare, Engl. Bot. 618.
On banks and fields.
4. Phascum suhulatum . Awlshape squatmoss.
Leaves awlshape, bristlelike, straight: main rib disap-
pearing below the point.
Sphagnum acaulon trichoides, Rail Syn. 105,6.
Phascum suhulatum, Lin. S. P. 1570; Engl . Bot. 2177.
On dry banks.
5. Phascum axillare. Axillary squat-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, straight; main rib disap-
pearing below the point; fruit becomes lateral.
Phascum axillare, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2.
Phascum nitidum, Hedwig St. Crypt. 1,34.
Phascum strictum, Dicks. Crypt . 1,2; Engl. Bot. 2093.
On moist banks.
ct Creeping shoots 0 ; leaves ovale ; pedicell immersed in
the leaves.
6. Phascum patens. Spreading squat-moss.
Leaves spread open, narrow, ovate, serrated; main rib
disappearing below the point.
Phascum patens, Hedwig. Crypt. 1, 10; Engl. Bot. 1279.
On clay fields.
(3. recurvifolium. Leaves very narrow.
Phascum recurvifolium, Dickson Crypt.
712
345. Phascum. 14. MUSCI.
PI. cell.fol.
7. Phascum muticum. Unarmed squat-mos .
Leaves ovate, rounded, pointed, concave, connivent, ser-
rated at the point ; main rib reaching to the point.
Sphagnum acaulon, foliis in bulbi forma congestis, minus, Dillen.in Ran
Syn. 105, 8.
Phascum muticum, Schreb. Phase. 8, 1 ; Engl. Bot . 2027.
Phascum acaulon j3, Lin. S. P. 1570.
On moist banks.
0. minus. Plant very small ; leaves uncut.
On banks near the sea.
8. Phascum cuspidatum. Pointed squat-moss .
Leaves ovate, pointed, upright ; main rib reaching the
point.
Sphagnum acaulon, foliis in bulbi formam congestis, majus, Raii Syn.
105,7.
Phascum acaulon, Lin. S. P. 1570.
Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. Phase. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 2025.
Phascum Schreberianum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 2 ; Engl. Bot. 2026.
Phascum curvisetum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 2 $ Engl. Bot. 2259.
On moist hedge-banks.
<3. piliferum . Leaves ending in a hair.
Phascum piliferum, Schreb. Phase. 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1888.
On barren pastures.
d. Creeping shoots 0 ; leaves ovate ; pedicells exserted .
9. Phascum hryoides, Bryum squalmoss .
Leaves ovate, with a point ; capsule elliptical.
Phascum bryoides, Dicks. Crypt . 4, 10; Engl. Bot. 1280.
On banks, and in fields.
10. Phascum rectum. Straight squatmoss.
Leaves ovate, with a short point ; capsule globular ; pe-
duncle nearly upright.
Phascum rectum, Withering Arr. 4,771 ; Engl. Bot. 330.
On moist banks, along with weissia Starkeana.
1 1 . Phascum curvicollum . Bent-necked squat-moss.
Leaves narrow, ovate, pointed \ capsule globular ; pe-
duncle bent.
Phascum curvicollum, Hedwig Crypt. 1,11; Engl. Bot. 905.
On moist banks.
713
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 346. Schistostega.
IV. 346. SCHISTOSTEGA. Mohr. Slate-moss .
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal ; peristome 0 ; lid
jagged ; jaggs fall off.
Schistostega pennata. Feathered slate-moss.
Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr Germ. 92,
Gymnostomum pennatum, Hedwig Crypt. 1, Crypt. 1 , 29 ; Engl. Bot.
2213.
Mniurn osmund aceum, Dicks. Crypt. 1,1.
On banks.
V. 347. ANICTANGIUM. Hedwig. Bell-moss.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal ; peristome 0 ; lid
falling off; calyptra bellshape. — Leaves without a main rib.
1. Anictangium ciliatum. Fringed lell-moss.
Leaves ovate, longly pointed, points transparent; peri-
clietial leaves fringed at the tip.
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum saxatile hirsutum incanum, capitulis
virentibus, Raii Syn. 105, 4.
Bryum apocarpum /3, Lin. S. P. 1579.
Gymnostomum ciliatum, Swartz Suec. 19; Engl. Bot. 1179.
Gymnostomum Hedwigia, Hoffman Germ. 2,28.
Hedwigia ciliata, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 107.
Hedwigia Anodon, Ehrh. Crypt. 192.
Anictangium ciliatum, Hedw. Muse. 40.
Bryum ciliatum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6.
Fontinalis albicans, Weber Gott. 38.
Phascum piliferuin, Withering Arr. 4,786.
On high rocks; autumn.
2. Anictangium imberbe. Beardless hell-moss.
Leaves ovate, pointed, coloured at the tip; perichetial
leaves serrated at the tip.
Gymnostomum imberbe, Engl. Bot. 2237.
Hedwigia integrifolia, Pal. de Beauv. Prod. 60.
Anictangium imberbe, Hooker £>$ Taylor Muse. 14.
On mountains.
VI. 348. GYMNOSTOMUM. Plain-mouth.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal; peristome 0; lid
falling off ; calyptra halved.
a. Stem long , branched.
1. Gymnostomum Lapponicum. Lapland plain-mouth.
Leaves linear, lanceolate, when dry crisp, edges turned
in ; perichetial leaves broad, ovate ; capsule topshape,
streaked.
5
714? 34-8. Gymnostomum. 14. MLJSCI. Pl. cell. J oh
Gymnostomum Lapponicum, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 5; Engl. Eot. 2216.
Anictangium Lapponicum, Hedwig Sp. Muse, 40.
Bryum Lapponicum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 10.
On alpine rocks.
2. Gymnostomum cestivum. Summer plain-mouth.
Leaves lanceolate, when dry twisted, edges turned in ; pe-
richetial leaves broad, ovate ; capsule oblong, smooth.
Gymnostomum aestivum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 32, 2.
Gymnostomum luteolum, Engl. Bot. 2201 ; not of Smith FI. Brit.
Gymnostomum tristichon, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Anictangium compactum, Schwcegr. Suppl. 11.
On wet rocks.
3. Gymnostomum viridissimum. Greenest plain-mouth .
Leaves broad, lanceolate; capsule ovate.
Gymnostomum viridissimum, Engl. Bot. 1583.
Bryum viridissimum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 9.
Grimmia? Forsteri, Engl. Bot. 2225 .
Bryum Forsteri, Dicks. Crypt.
On trees.
4. Gymnostomum curvirostrum . Bent-beak plain-mouth.
Leaves awlshape ; capsule topshape, ovate, lid obliquely
beaked.
Bryum angustissimis foliis crebrioribus, capitulis erectis brevibns, pe-
diculis e surculis novis et longis enascentibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 99,38.
Bryum aestivum, Lin. S. P. 1585.
Gymnostomum curvirostrum, Hedw. Crypt. 2,24; Engl. Bot. 2214.
Bryum palustre, Huds. Angl. ed. I, 411.
Bryum stelligerum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 3.
Gymnostomum stelligerum, Engl. Bot. 2202.
Gymnostomum aeruginosum, Engl. Bot. 2200.
Gymnostomum luteolum, Smith FI. Brit. 1163.
Gymnostomum rupestre, Schwregr. Suppl. 11.
Dicranum hyperboreum, Engl. Bot. 2552?
On moist rocks.
b. Stem short , not branched .
5. Gymnostomum GriffitsiL Griffiths * plain-mouth.
Leaves reverse ovate, rounded, networked; main rib not
reaching to the point; pedicell fleshy, thick; lid hemi-
spherical.
Bryum Griffithsianum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 8.
Splachnum Frcelichianum, Withering Arr. 794.
Gymnostomum Griffithsianum, Smith FI. Brit. 1162; Engl. Bot. 1938.
On mountains ; summer.
The appearance is that of a splachnum.
715
Pl.cell.fol . 14. MUSCI. 348. Gymnostomum.
6. Gymnostomum ovatum. Ovate plain-mouth .
Leaves ovate, upright, concave, tip hairlike, main rib
furnished with a granule-bearing membrane ; capsule ovate;
lid beaked.
Bryutn ovatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,4.
Gymnostomum ovatum, Hedw. Sp. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1889.
On banks and walls.
Q. gracile. Capsule oblong.
7. Gymnostomum truncatum . Truncated plain-mouth .
Leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, spreading, nearly flat ; cap-
side topshape ; lid obliquely beaked.
Bryum parvum, erectissubrotundis majusculis capitulis subfuscis; foliis
serpilli pellucidis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 93.
Bryum truncatulum, Lin. S. P. 1584.
Gymnostomum truncatum, Hedw. Sp. 30.
Gymnostomum truncatulum, Hoffm. Germ. 2,27 ; Engl. Bot. 1975.
On banks and walls.
(3. intermedium . Capsule ovate, long.
Bryum exiguum, erectis parvis subrotundis creberrimis capitulis rufis,
foliolis serpilli angustis pellucidis, Dill, in Raii Syn. 94, 8.
Bryum truncatulum, Ehrh. Crypt. 14.
8. Gymnostomum Heimii. Heim’s plain-mouth .
Leaves lanceolate, serrated at the point ; capsule ovate,
oblong ; lid obliquely beaked.
Gymnostomum Heimii, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 30; Engl. Bot. 1951.
Gymnostomum obtusum, Hedw. Sp. 2,34; Engl. Bot, 1407.
Bryum Heimii, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 4.
Bryum obtusum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 5.
On moist banks ; annual ; spring and summer.
9. Gymnostomum conicum. Conical plain-mouth.
Leaves oblong, ovate, sharp-pointed ; capsule ovate ;
operculum conical, bliint.
Gymnostomum conicum, Schwcegr. Suppl. 9.
In fields.
10. Gymnostomum fascicular e. Bundled plain-mouth .
Leaves oblong, pointed, nearly flat, slightly serrated,
bordered ; capsule pearshape ; lid flat, slightly nipply.
Bryum iEgypti, Hasselq. Iter. 502.
Bryum fasciculare, Dicks. Crypt. 3,3.
Gymnostomum fasciculare, Hedw. Sp. 4,5; Engl. Bot. 1245.
The hyssop that groweth on the wall . English Bible.
716 348. Gymnostomum. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.fol.
On mountains and barren pastures ; winter and spring.
Abundant on the walls of Jerusalem.
1 1. Gymnostomum pyriforme . Pear shape plain-mouth.
Leaves ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, not bordered ;
capsule roundish, ovate ; lid convex, beaked, beak short.
Bryum parvura, erectis piriformibus majusculis capitulis, foliis serpilli
pellucid is, Rail Syn . 93, 7.
Bryum pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 1580.
Gymnostomum pyriforme, Hedw. Sp. 38 ; Engl. Bot. 413.
On wet banks and sides of ditches ; winter and spring.
12. Gymnostomum tenue. Slender plain-mouth.
Stem scarcely any; lower leaves very short, ovate, lan-
ceolate ; upper linear, lanceolate ; all upright, blunt ; main
rib strong, not reaching the point.
Bryum paucifolium, Dicks. Crypt. 4,7.
Gymnostomum tenue, Hedw. Sp. 4,1.
Gymnostomum paucifolium, Engl. Bot. 2506.
Dicranum cylindricum, Smith FI, Brit. 1221.
On sandstone rocks and ruins.
13. Gymnostomum Donnii, Bonn's plain-mouth.
Stem very short ; leaves awlshape, straight ; capsule top-
shape.
Gymnostomum Donnianum, Engl. Bot. 1582.
On rocks.
Appearance very similar to that of weissia calcarea.
14. Gy mnost. microstomum. Small-mouth plain-mouth.
Leaves broad, awlshape, edge turned in above, bent,
crisped when dry; capsule elliptical, contracted at the
mouth ; lid awlshape, bent.
Gymnostomum microstomum, Hedw. Sp. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 2215.
Gymnostomum rutilans, Hedw. Sp. 3.
Gymnostomum tortile, Schwcegr. Suppl . 10.
On banks.
Very like weissia controversa, but distinguishable by the
mouth of the capsule, and short pedicell.
VII. 349. DIPHYSCIUM. Double-hunch.
Capsule valveless, gibbous, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ;
peristome single, membranaceous, conical, truncated, plaited;
calyptra mitreshape.
717
Pl.cell.foL 14. MUSCI. 349. Diphyscium.
Diphyscium foliosum. Leeify double- hunch.
Sphagnum acaulon maximum, foliis in centra ciliaribus, Dillen Muse .
253.
Buxbaumia foliosa, Swartz in Lin. Meth. Muse. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 329.
Buxbaumia sessilis, Schmidel Buxb. 22.
Phas^um montanum, Hudson Angl. 466.
Phascum maximum, Light f. Scot. 693.
Dicranum foliosum, Mohr. Obs. Bot. 34.
On low alpine rocks, and in woods ; annual ; July.
Capsule large, ovate, oblique.
VIII. 350. TETRAPHIS. Hedwig. Four-tooth .
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single ; teeth four, equidistant, upright ; calyptra
mitreshape.
1. Tetraphis pellucida. Transparent four-tooth.
Stems long ; leaves ovate, pointed ; perichetial leaves lan-
ceolate ; capsule cylindrical.
Mnium minus non ramosum, angustioribus et pellucidis foliis, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 78, 4.
Mnium pellucidum, Lin. S. P. 1574.
Bryum pellucidum, Abbot Bedf. 237.
Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. Spec. 45.
On decaying trees, and on mountains.
2. Tetraphis ovata. Ovate four-tooth.
Stem very short; leaves few, linear, slightly thickened
upwards; perichetial leaves ovate, blunt; capsules ovate,
Bryum Brownianum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,7.
Orthotrichum Brownianum, Smith FI. Brit. 1269.
Griminia Browniana, Engl. Bot. 1422, very incorrect,
Tetraphis ovata, Hoppe Deutsch. FI.
On rocks, especially granite.
IX. 351. SPLACHNUM. Linnaeus. Gland-moss .
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ; apophysis
evident; peristome single; teeth 8, double; calyptra mitre-
shape, not furrowed.
a. Leaves pointed.
1. Splachnum sphcericum. Spherical glandmoss.
Leaves reverse ovate, rounded, pointed, slightly serrate;
apophysis ovate, globular, wider than the capsule.
718 351. Splachnum. 14. MUSCI. PLcell.foL
Bryum erectis gigartinis capitulis, foliis serpilli pellucid is obtusis,
DiUen in Raii Syn. 93.
Phascum pedunculatum, Iluds. Angl. ed. 1, 397.
Splachnutn sphaericum, Lin. Fil. Muse. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 785.
Splachnum gracile, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1921.
Splachnum vasculosum, Iluds. Angl. 469.
Splachnum ovatum, Hedwig S. Muse. 54, 8 ; Engl. Bot. 1590.
Splachnum rugosum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 2094.
On the dung of animals on alpine hills.
2. Splachnum tenue. Slender glandmoss.
Leaves reverse ovate, pointed, serrated ; apophysis re-
verse conical, narrower than the capsule; columella ex-
serted.
Splachnum lenue, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 2 ; Engl. Bot. 1133.
Splachnum serratum, Hedwig S.Musc. 8, 1.
Splachnum longicollum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,4.
Grimmia splachnoides, Smith Ft. Brit. 1197 ; not of Engl. Bot.
On turfy soils, but not on dung, on high mountains.
3. Splachnum mnioides. Mniumlike glandmoss .
Leaves ovate, lan@eolate, much pointed, concave, not
serrated ; apophysis reverse ovate, nearly as narrow as the
capsule.
Splachnum mnioides, Lin. Fil. Muse. 6; Engl. Bot. 1539.
Splachnum urceolatum /3, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Splachnum urceolatum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 2.
Among mosses on high rocky mountains^
0. majus. Thallus pale; stem long.
Bryum ampullaceum, foliis et ampullis angustioribus, DiUen Muse. 345.
Splachnum fastigiatum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,2; Engl. Bot. 786.
Splachnum Brewerianum, Hedw. Crypt. 2,38.
4. Splachnum angustatwn. Narrowed glandmoss .
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, serrated; apo-
physis reverse ovate, rather narrower than the capsule ; pe-
duncles scarcely longer than the leaves.
Splachnum angustatum, Lin. Fil. Muse. 33 ; Engl. Bot. 1 132.
On alpine hills, on turf and cowdung.
5. Splachnum ampullaceum. Crewet glandmoss.
Leaves ovate lanceolate, pointed, serrated ; apophysis
inverted crewetshape, twice as wide as the capsule.
Splachnum ampullaceum, Lin. S. P. 1572 ; Engl. Bot. 144.
Splachnum Turnerianum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 3 ; Engl. Bot. II 16.
On the ground and on dung, on alpine hills.
719
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 351. Splachnum.
b. Leaves Hunt .
6. Splachnum vasculosum. Vasculose glandmoss .
Leaves rhomboid, rounded, blunt; main rib not reaching
the point; apophysis globular, much wider than the capsule.
Splachnum vasculosum, Hedwig Crypt . 2, 15.
Splachnum rugosum, Engl. Bot. 2094, not of Dickson.
On alpine bogs.
7. Splachnum Froelichii. Frcelichs glandmoss .
Leaves ovate, rounded at the points ; main rib disappear-
ing ; apophysis reverse ovate, much narrower than the
capsule.
Splachnum Frcelichianum, Hedw. Crypt. 3,40.
Bryum reticulatum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 4.
Splachnum reticulatum, Engl. Bot. 2507.
On alpine mountains.
X. 352. CONOSTOMUM. Swartz. Cone-mouth .
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16, equally distant, all united
at the top ; calyptra halved.
Conostomum horeale. Northern cone-mouth .
Stem, rather short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled,
slightly toothed.
Conostomum boreale, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. 1,24.
Grimmia Conostoma, Engl. Bot. 1135.
Bryum tetragonum, Dicks. Crypt. 2,8.
On very high mountains.
XI. 353. POLYTRICHUM. Pliny. Hairy- cap.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single, toothed ; teeth 32 or 64, equally distant, bent ;
tips united by a horizontal membrane ; calyptra small,
halved. — Leaves generally thick, opake, winged.
a. Calyptra naked .
1 . Poly trichum undulatum. Wavy hairy-cap.
Leaves lanceolate, wavy; edge flat, fine-toothed; main
rib winged; capsule cylindrical, bent; lid awlshape.
Bryum capitulis oblongis rubentibus, foliis oblongis angustis pellucidis
rugosrs, Raii Syn. 95, 15.
Bryum undulatum, Lin. S. P. 1582.
Poly trichum undulatum, Hedw. Crypt. 1,16; Engl. Bot. 1220,
Catharinea Callibryon, Ehrh. Crypt. 83.
Catharinea undulata, fVehr et Mohr Reise.
Oligotrichum undulatum, De Cand. FI. Gall. 1201
In shady places.
720
PL cell, f oh
353. Polytrichum. 14. MUSCI.
2. Polytrichum Hercynicum . Hercynian hairy-cap.
Leaves lanceolate, stiffs not toothed ; sides turned in ;
main rib broad, furrowed ; capsule oblong, nearly upright.
Polytrichum Hercynicum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 94; Engl. Bot. 1209.
Catharinea Hercynica, Ehrh. Crypt. 12.
Bryum incurvum, Hudson Angl. 479.
Oligotrichum Hercynicum, Be Cand. FI. Gall. 1202.
On high mountains.
b, Calyptra covered with succulent threads ; leaves not cut ;
edges turned in.
3. Poly trichum pilifolium. Hair-leaved hairy-cap .
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape; edges turned in, not cut;
tip hairlike ; capsule ovate, bluntly 4-sided, apophysed ; lid
conical.
Polytrichum quadrangulare minus, juniperi foliis pilosis, Dillen. Muse .
426.
Polytrichum commune y, Lin. S. P. 1573.
Poly trichum piliferum, Schreb. Lips. Ik ; Engl. Bot. 1199.
On dry sandy heaths ; perennial ; spring.
4. Poly trichum juniperinum. Juniper hairy-cap .
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape ; edge not cut, turned in ;
tip pointed, coloured, slightly serrate; capsule ovate, bluntly
4-sided, apophysed; lid conical.
Polytrichum montanum et miuus, capsula quadrangulari, Raii Syn .
90,2.
Muscus capillaris sive Adiantum aureum minus, Ger. em. 1559.
Poly trichum commune (3, Lin. S.P. 1573.
Poly trichum juniperinum, Hedw. Spec. SO, 18; Engl. Bot. 1200.
Poly trichum juniperi folium, Hoffm. Crypt.
Poly trichum strictum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 77 ; Eng. Bot. 2435.
Polytrichum alpestre, Schwcegr. Suppl. 97.
On mountain heaths.
5. Poly trichum sept entrionale. . Northern hairy-cap.
Leaves linear, awlshape, blunt ; edge slightly serrate and
turned in, especially near the tip; capsule ovate, rather
cornered, with a minute apophysis ; lid conical, pointed.
Polytrichum septentrionale, Swartz Muse. Suec. 9, 18.
Polytrichum sexangulare, Engl. Bot. 1906.
Poly trichum Norvegicum, Hedw. Spec. 22.
Poly trichum crassisetum, Be Cand. FI. Fr. 1270,
On the highest mountains,
721
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCf. 353. Polytrichum.
c. Calyptra covered with succulent threads ; leaves serrated ;
edges flat .
6. Poly trichum commune. Common hairy-cap.
Stem long; leaves spread open, linear, awlshape; edges
flat, serrated; keel serrated at the tip; capsule upright,
4-cornered, apophysed.
Polytrichum vulgare et majus, capsula quadrangulare, Raii Syn. 90, 1.
Muscus capillaris sive Adiantum aureum majus, Ger. em. 1559.
Polytrichum aureum majus, Park. 1052.
Poly trichum commune, Lin. S. P. 1573 ; Engl. Rot. 1197.
Poly trichum juccaefolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 214.
Great golden maiden hair. Golden locks. Goldilocks.
On heaths.
attenuatum. Stem short; leaves short; edge trans»
parent; capsule bluntly quadrangular; apophysis indistinct.
Polytrichum attenuatum, Menzies in T. L. S . 4, 72; Engl. Rot . 1198.
Polytrichum formosum, Hedw. Spec. 92.
Poly trichum gracile, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 73 ; Engl . Rot. 1827.
Polytrichum longisetum, Swartz Muse. Suec. 103.
Polytrichum aurantiacum, Hoppe.
7. Poly trichum alpinum . Alpine hairy-cap.
Stem long, branched ; leaves spread open, awlshape
lanceolate; edge flat, serrated; keel serrated at the tip;
capsule nearly ovate ; apophysis indistinct.
Polytrichum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1593 ; Engl. Rot. 1905.
Polytrichum sylvaticum, Menzies in T.L. S. 4, 83.
Polytrichum aureum, Swartz Muse. Suec. 76.
On subalpine hills.
8. Polylrichum urnigerum. Urnhearing hairy-cap .
Stem long, branched ; leaves slightly spreading, lanceo-
late, pointed; edge flat, serrated; capsule upright, cylin-
drical; apophysis 0.
Polytrichum ramosum, setis ex alis urnigeris, Dillen. Muse. 427.
Poly trichum urnigerum, Lin. S. P. 1573 ; Engl. Ret. 1218.
On the sides of mountain streams.
9. Polylrichum aloides. Aloe hairy-cap >
Stem short; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; edge flat?
serrated especially at the tip ; keel serrated at the end ;
capsule nearly upright, cylindrical ; apophysis 0.
Polytrichum parvum aloes folio serrato, capsulis oblongis, Dillen , Muse ,
429.
Mnium polytrichoides /3, Lin. S. P. 1577.
Polytrichum aloides, Hedwig. Crypt. 1, 14; Engl. Rot. 1649.
Poly trichum ruhellum, Menzies T.L. S. 2,79; Engl. Rot, 1939,
On moist heaths.
3 A
VOL. I.
722 353. Poly trichum. 14*. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol:
(3. Dicltsoni. Pedicetts very short ; stems branched.
Poly trichum Dicksoni, Turner M. Heb. 90; Engl. Bo t. 1605.
y nanum. Stem short; capsules nearly upright, almost
globular.
Polytrichum capsulis subrotundis, calyptra quasi lacerft coronatis, Raii
Syn. 91,3.
Poly trichum nanum, Hedw. Crypt . 1,13; Engl. Bot. 1625.
Polytrichum subrotundum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 69 ; Engl. Bot. 1624.
Polytrichum pumilum, Swartz M. Suec. 9, 19.
XII. 354. CINCLIDOTUS. Pal. de Beauvois. Net-tooth.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, anas-
tomosing at the bottom ; calyptra mitreshape. — Fruit on
such short branches as scarcely to leave room for more
than the perichetial leaves.
Cinclidotus fontinaloides. Fontinalislike net-tooth .
Fontinalis minor, foliis triangularibus minus complicatis, capitulis in
summis ramulis sessilis, Dillen.in Raii Syn. 79,2.
Fontinalis minor, Lin. S. P . 1571 ; Engl. Bot. 557.
Trichostomum fontinaloides, Hedw. Crypt. 3,36.
Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Beauv. Prod. JEth. 28.
On stones and wood in rivers ; perennial ; May to Aug.
XIII. 355. TORTULA. Hedwig. Screw-moss.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ; peristome
single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, united at
bottom by a tubelike membrane; calyptra halved.
1. Tortula riqida. Stiff screw-moss.
Stem scarcely any; leaves spread open, oblong, stiff;
edge much turned in, main rib broad; capsule oblong;
lid conical, pointed.
Bryum acaulon, ericas tenuifoliae Gerardi folio, Dillen Muse, 388.
Tortula rigida, Swartz M. Suec. 40.
Barbula rigida, Hedw. Crypt. 1,65,
Bryum rigidum, Huds. Angl. 477 ; Engl. Bot. 180.
On rocks, clay-banks, and chalk-cliffs.
2. Tortula muralis. Wall screw-moss .
Stem short; leaves spread open, linear, oblong; edge
turned over; main rib produced beyond the leaf into a
white hairlike point; capsule oblong ; lid conical, pointed.
PL cell, f oh
14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula.
723
Bryum minus, erectis minus falcatis capitulis, foliis latiusculis congestis,
in pilum canescentem desinentibus, Raii Syn. 94, 11.
Bryum mu rale, Lin, S. P. 1581.
Tortula muralis, Hedw. Spec. 123 ; Eng. Bot. 2033.
Barbula muralis, Moug. et Nestl. 127.
Tortula aestiva, Bridel.
On walls and stones ; perennial ; winter and spring.
3. Tortula ruralis. Country screw-moss.
Stems long; leaves oblong, keeled, spread open, bent
back ; main rib ending in a long, usually transparent, ser-
rated point; capsule oblong; lid awlshape; teeth of the
peristome only united at bottom.
Bryum majus, erectis falcatis capitulis, foliis latiusculis extantibus, in
pilum canescentem desinentibus, Raii Syn. 94, 10.
Bryum rurale, Lin. S. P. 1581.
Tortula ruralis, Eiirh. Crypt. 184; Engl. Bot. 2070.
Barbula ruralis, Hedw. Sp. Muse , 121.
Syntrichia ruralis, Bridel.
On banks, trees, and roofs.
4. Tortula suhulata. ylwlshape scrcwmoss.
Stem very short; leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed ; main
rib protruded, often forming a point ; capsule cylindrical ;
lid conical, awlshape ; teeth of the peristome united nearly
to the end.
Bryum erectis longis et acutis falcatis capitulis, ealyptret subfusc^, foliis
serpylli pellucidis, Raii Syn. 92, 3.
Bryum subulatum, Lin. S. P. 1581.
Tortula subulata, Hedw. Spec. 122 ; Engl. Bot. 1101.
Barbula subulata, Moug. et Nestl. 126.
Syntrichia subulata, Bridel.
On banks ; perennial ; winter and spring.
5. Tortula cuneifolia. Wedge-leaved screw-moss .
Stem scarcely any ; leaves broad, reverse ovate, concave ;
main rib protruded, forming a rather long and slightly
serrated point; capsule oblong; lid with a short beak;
teeth of the peristome united only at bottom.
Bryum humile, pills carens, viride et pellucidum, Dillen. Muse. 386.
Tortula cuneifolia, Roth Germ. 3,213 ; Engl. Bot. 1510,
Bryum cuneifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.
On banks, and in sandy fields.
6. Tortida stellata. Starred screw-moss.
Stem scarcely any ; leaves ovate, concave ; main rib pro-
truded; capsule ovate, streaked; lid beaked.
3 a 2
724
355. Tortula. 14. MUSCI.
PL cell.fol.
Tortula stellata, Engl. Bot. 2384.
Bryum stellatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 6.
Barbula agraria, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 6.
On banks and the edges of rivulets.
7. Tortula tortuosa. Frizzled screw-moss.
Stem long, branched ; leaves linear, awlshape, keeled,
wavy, when dry twisted; capsule cylindrical; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides longifolium, crassiusculis cauliculis; capitulis erectis
aduncis acutis, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 98, 35.
Bryum tortuosum, Lin. S. P. 1583.
Tortula tortuosa, Hedw. Sp. M. 124; Engl. Bot. 1708.
Barbula tortuosa, Schwcegr. Supp. 33.
On limestone rocks.
*8. Tortula fallax. Deceiving screw-moss .
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,
spread open or bent back ; edge turned over ; capsule ob-
long ; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule.
Bryum perangustis foliis et cauliculis, foliis crebrioribus et circa ex-
tremitates magis congestis, capitulis erectis ad summitatem magis egredi-
entibus, Raii Syn. 99, 40.
Bryum angustis viribus foliis, capitulis erectis, brevibus pediculis in-
sidentibus, calyptra falcata vel avium unguiculas referente, Dillen. in Raii
Syn. 96,21.
Bryum imberbe, Lin. Mant. 309.
Tortula fallax, Swartz M.Suec. 40; Engl. Bot. 1708.
Barbula fallax, Hedw. Crypt. 1,24.
Bryum fallax, Dicks Crypt. 3, 5.
Tortula unguiculata, Turner M. Hib. 47 ; Engl. Bot. 2316.
Tortula imberbis, Engl. Bot. 2329.
On walls and banks ; or among grass ; perenn. ; spring.
9. Tortula revoluta. Turned-over screw-moss.
Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; edges much
turned over ; perichetial leaves sheathing, sides turned in ;
capsule oblong ; lid beaked, shorter than the capsule.
Tortula revoluta, B ridel in Schr. Journ. 1800, l, 299.
Barbula revoluta, Schwrrgr. Supp. 33.
Tortula nervosa, Engl. Bot. 2383.
On banks ; perennial ; March.
10. Tortula unguiculata. Clawed screw-moss „
Stem branched; leaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; main
rib prolonged into a point ; edges nearly flat ; capsule ob-
long; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule.
Pi. cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 725
Bryum unguiculatum et barbatum, tenuius et stellatum, Dillen. Muse.
384.
Bryum tenue barbatum, foliis angustioribus et rarioribus, Dillen. Muse.
385.
Barbula unguiculata, Hedw. Crypt. 1,23.
Tortula mucronulata, Swartz Muse. Suec. 40; Engl. Bot. 1299.
Tortula aristata, Engl. Bot. 2392.
Bryum aristatum, Dicks. Crypt.
Tortula barbata, Engl. Bot. 2391.
Tortula humilis, Turner M. Hib. 45; Engl. Bot. 1663.
Tortula apiculata, Turner M. Hib. 46 ; Engl. Bot. 2494.
On banks and hedges.
11. Tortula convoluta. Rolled screw-moss.
Stem short; leaves oblong, rather blunt; main rib not
prolonged ; edge flat or only slightly bent ; perichetial leaves
sheathing, pointed, rolled up ; capsule oblong; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides exile pallidum, erectis capitulis e surculis annotinis
egredientibus, Raii Syn. 96,24.
Tortula convoluta, Swartz M. Suec . 41 ; Engl. Bot. 2382.
Bryum convolutum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 6.
Barbula convoluta, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 120.
Bryum setaceum, Huds. Angl. 481.
On heaths, banks, and walls.
XIV. 356. ENCALYPTA. Hedwig. Extinguisher-moss.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16 ; calyptra bellshape, smooth,
entirely enclosing the ripe capsule.
1. Encalypta strepiocarpa. Streak-fruit extinguisher-moss.
Stem long; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, rather blunt,
main rib not prolonged ; capsule cylindrical, streaked, spi-
rally; calyptra toothed at the base.
Hypnum saxatile, erectum, ramulis teretibus, foliis subrotundis satu-
rate viridibus, Dillen Muse. 335.
Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedw. Sp. Muse, 62 ; Engl. Bot. 2163.
Bryum ciliare, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 15.
On stony mountains.
2. Encalypta vulgaris. Common extinguisher-moss.
Stem short ; leaves oblong, elliptical, blunt ; main rib
prolonged slightly ; capsule cylindrical, smooth ; calyptra
not toothed at the base.
Bryum erectis capitulis calyptra laxa conica, foliis serpylli pellucidis
angustioribus, Raii Syn. 92, 4.
Bryum extinctorum, Lin. S. P. 1581 ; Engl. Bot. 558,
Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Spec. 60.
Encalypta extinctoria, Swartz M. Suec. 24.
Leersia vulgaris, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 18.
On banks, limestone-rocks, and walls ; annual ; April.
726
PI. cell.fol.
356. Encalypta. 14. MUSCI.
3. Encalypta ciliata. Fringed extinguisher-moss.
Stem short; leaves oblong, pointed; main rib prolonged
considerably ; capsule cylindrical ; calyptra toothed at the
base.
Bryum calyptra extinctorii figura, majus et ramosutn, Dillen. Muse. 350.
Bryum extinctorium /?, Lin. S. P. 1581.
Encalyptra ciliata, Hedw. Sp. M 61 ; Engl. Bot. 1418.
Leersia ciliata, Hedw. Crypt. 1,49.
On rocks ; perennial ; summer.
|3. alpina. Leaves much pointed, points transparent ;
capsule smooth.
Encalypta alpina, Engl. Bot. 1419.
Encalypta affinis, Hedw. fit. in Web. et Mohr. Beitr. 4.
y. rhaptocarpa. Leaves pointed, points of the same co-
lour; capsule when old streaked lengthways.
Encalyptra rhaptocarpa, Schweegr. Siipp. 16.
XV. 357. GRIMMIA. Hedwig. Grimm.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16, entire or perforated, rarely
cleft, equidistant ; calyptra mitreshaped, shorter than the
capsule.
1. Grimmia apocarpa. Ses sile-fruited grimm.
Stem branched ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, bent back,
open ; edges turned over ; main rib of the perichetial leaves
not prolonged; capsule ovate, nearly sessile; lid with a
short beak.
Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosutn saxatile hirsutum virescens, capitulis
obscure rubris, Raii Syn. 104,3.
Bryum apocarpon, Lin. S. P. 1579.
Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. Cryp. 1,39; Engl. Bot. 1134.
Grimmia alpicola, Swartz Muse. Suec. 1.
Grimmia alpicola /3 & y, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Grimmia rivularis, Bridel in Schrad. Journ. 5,3.
Grimmia gracilis, Schweegr. Supp. 23.
On trees, and alpine rocks or rivulets.
|3. stricta. Stem long ; leaves narrow, reddish.
Grimmia stricta, Turner M. Hiber. 20.
2. Grimmia mar i lima. Sea-shore grimm.
Stem short, cushionlike ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
nearly upright, crisp when dry; edge turned over; main
rib of the perichetial leaves prolonged ; capsule ovate,
nearly sessile; lid with a short beak.
14. MUSCI. 357. Grimmia.
727
PL cell.fol.
Grimmia maritima, Turn. Muse. Hib. 23; Engl. Bot. 1645.
Grimmia alpicola 8, Wahlenb. Lapp.
On rocks by the sea; perennial; Septem. and October.
3. Grimmia scixicola. Rockloving grimm.
Stem scarcely any; leaves linear, awlshape, crisp when
dry ; pedicells long, bent, kneed ; capsule ovate ; lid beaked,
beak straight.
Dicranum saxicola, Mohr.
Grimmia geniculata, Schweegr. Supp. 22.
On rocks.
4. Grimmia pulvinata. Cushioned grimnu
Stem short, cushionlike ; leaves narrow, elliptical ; edge
turned over; points transparent, hairlike; pedicells long,
bent ; capsule ovate, streaked ; lid conical, pointed.
Bryum trichoides hirsutie canescens ; capitulis subrotundis reflexis, in
perbrevibus pediculis, Raii Syn. 100,46.
Bryum pulvinatum, Lin. S. P . 1586.
Grimmia pulvinata, Engl. Bot. 1728.
Dicranum pulvinatum, Swartz Muse. Suec. 32.
Fissidens pulvinatus, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 40.
On walls and rocks.
5. Grimmia Daviesii. Davies’ grimm .
Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled, not cut,
very crisp when dry ; edge turned over ; perichetial leaves
broad, rolled in ; pedicells longer than the leaves, straight ;
capsule topshape ; lid beaked.
Grimmia Daviesii, Turner M. Hibern. 24.
Bryum Daviesii, Dickson Crypt. 3,3.
Encalypta Daviesii, Engl. Bot. 1 281.
On rocks by the sea; perennial.
6. Grimmia ovata . Ovate grimm .
Stem slightly branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,
points long, transparent, hairlike ; edge turned in ; pedicells
long, straight ; capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome often
perforated and split ; lid beaked.
Grimmia ovata, Weber 8$ Mohr. Suec. 2, 4.
Dicranum ovatum, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 34.
Dicranum ovale, Hedyo. S. Muse. 140; Engl. Bot. 2165.
Trichostomum ovatum, Mohr.
Bryum ovale, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.
Grimmia obtusa, Schweegr. Supp. 25.
On alpine rocks.
728
357. Grimmia. 14. MUSCI.
PI. cell.fol.
7. Grimmia Donnii. Dorm's grimm.
Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape ; points long,
transparent, hairlike; edge turned in; pedicells long, straight;
capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome entire ; licL beaked ;
leak short.
Grimmia Donniana, Engl. Bot. 1259.
Grimmia sudetica ? Schwcegr. Suppl. 24.
On rocks, in alpine regions.
XVI. 358. PTERIGONIUM. Swartz. Wing-moss .
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells from the side of
the stem; peristome single, toothed; teeth 16, not cut,
equidistant; calyptra halved.
1. Pterigonium Smithii . Smith's wing-moss.
Stem much branched; branches pinnate; leaves tongue-
shape, blunt, not cut, crisp when dry ; edge turned over,
main rib reaching more than half wray up ; pedicells very
short; lid beaked.
Pterogonium Smithii, Swartz in Schrad. Jour. 2, 173; Engl. Bot. 1326.
Hypnum Smithii, Dickson Crypt. 2, 10.
Poly trichum Smithii, Hull. Engl. Fl. 249.
On the trunks of trees ; perennial ; spring.
2. Pterogonium gracile. Slender wing-moss.
Branches in bundles, bent ; leaves broad, ovate, pointed,
concave; edge flat; tip serrated; base slightly 2-ribbed ;
lid conical.
Hypnum gracile ornithopodioides, Dillen. Muse. 320.
Hypnum gracile, Lin. M ant. 310.
Hypnum ornithopodioides, Huds.Angl. 508.
Pterogonium gracile, Swartz M. Suec. 26 ; Engl. Bot. 1085.
Pterigynandrum gracile, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 80.
Encalypta gracilis, Roth Germ. 3, 154.
Grimmia ornithopodioides, Mohr.
On subalpine rocks.
3. Pterogonium filiforme. Threadlike wing-moss.
Stem irregularly branched, bent; leaves ovate, rather
pointed, concave ; edges turned over, serrate ; main rib
single or forked, short, faintly marked; lid conical.
Hypnum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.
Pterogynandrum filiforme, Hedw. Crypt . 4,7.
Pterogonium filiforme, Engl. Bot. 2297.
Pterogonium coespitosum, Engl. Bot. 2526
Grimmia filiformis, Mohr .
On mountains.
14*. MUSCI. 35 9. Weissia.
729
PI. cell.fol.
XVII. 359. WEISSIA. Hedwig. Weiss.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single, toothed ; teeth 16, entire, equidistant ; calyptra
halved.
a. Capsule with an apophysis.
1. Weissia splachnoides. Splachnumlike weiss.
Leaves tongueshape, tip rounded ; main rib not reaching
the tip ; capsule reverse ovate ; apophysis reverse- conical ;
lid convex, rather pointed.
Weissia Splachnoides, Schvccegr. Suppl. 17.
Grimmia splachnoides? Engl. Hot. 2164, leaves differ.
Splachnum lingulatum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 4 ; Engl. Bot. 2095.
On alpine bogs.
2. Weissia Templetoni. Templeton5 * 7 s weiss.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed ; capsule with the apo-
physis narrow, pearlike; lid nearly flat.
Weissia Templetoni, Hooker FI. Lond. ed. 2.
Funaria Templetoni, Engl. Bot. 2524.
On wet banks.
b. Apophysis 0 ; leaves without a main rih.
3. Weissia nuda. Naked weiss.
Stem scarcely any ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, riblcss ; cap-
sule ovate, bunched on one side, nodding.
Bryum nudism, Dickson. Cryp. 4,7.
Grimmia nuda, Turner M. Hib. 25; Engl. Bot. 1421.
Weissea rosea, Wahlcnb. Lapp. 19.
Weissia incarnata, SchwcEgr. Suppl. 18.
On clay soils.
c. Apophysis 0 ; leaves main-ribbed, ovate or lanceolate.
4. Weissia nigrita. Negro weiss.
Stem long; leaves lanceolate, pointed; capsule reverse-
ovate, nodding, bunched, furrowed ; lid hemispherical,
blunt-pointed.
Weissia nigrita, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 72.
Bryum nigrilum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,9.
Grimmia nigrita, Engl. Bot. 1825.
On moist banks on mountains.
5. Weissia Starkeii. Starkey's weiss.
Stem very short; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged into
a point; capsule ovate, upright; teeth of the peristome awl-
shape, acute; lid conical.
730
359. Weissia. 14. MUSCI.
PI. cell, f 61.
Weissia Starkeana, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 65.
Bryum minutum, Dickson Crypt. 4,7.
Grimmia Starkeana, Roth Germ. 3, 146; Engl. Bot. 1490.
Bryum Starkeanum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 32.
In meadows; autumn.
6. Weissia affinls. Kindred weiss .
Stem very short; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged;
capsule ovate, upright ; teeth of the peristome short, broad,
blunt; lid conical.
Weissia affinis, Hooker fy Taylor Muse. Brit. 44.
On gravelly banks and in fields.
7. Weissia lanceolata. Lanceolate weiss.
Stem rather long; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged
nearly into a hair; capsule ovate; lid beaked, beak oblique.
Leersia lanceolata, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 63.
Grimmia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 1408.
Grimmia aciphylla, Mohr.
Encalypta lanceolata, Turner M. Hib. 19.
Bryum lanceolatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 4.
On heaths and banks ; perennial ; May.
d. Apophysis 0 ; leaves main-ribbed, linear or awlshape .
8. Weissia striata. Streaked weiss.
Leaves linear, fine- toothed, crisp when dry ; capsule
ovate, topshape, furrowed, upright ; lid oblique, awlshape.
Grimmia striata, Schrad. Diar. Bot. 2, 57.
Weissia fugax, Hedw. S. Muse. 13.
Bryum crispatum, Dickson Crypt. 3,3.
Weissia striata, Hooker Taylor Muse. 45.
On alpine banks.
|S. major . Leaves broad, linear.
Weissia denticulata, Schwcegr. Suppl. 19.
9. Weissia trichodes. Hairlike weiss.
Ste?n scarcely any ; leaves awlshape, bristlclike, not cut ;
capsule ovate, streaked ; lid beaked.
Gymnostomum trichodes, Mohr. Cr. Germ.
Anictangium trichodes, Schwregr. Supp. 12.
Grimmia trichodes, Engl. Bot. 2563.
On rocks.
Resembles weissia pusilla and gymnostomum tenue.
5
14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia.
731
Pl.cell.jbl.
10. Weissia cirrata. Tendrilled weiss .
Leaves broadly awlshape ; crisp when dry ; edges turned
over; capsule ov ate ; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pediculis longioribus rubris,
Dillen. in Raii Syn. 97, 25.
Mnium cirrhatum, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Weissia Dicksoni, Wilden. Berol. 303.
Weissia cirrata, Hedw. S. Muse. 69.
Encalypta cirrata, Swartz M. Sued 25.
Afzelia cirrhata, E/irh. Crypt. 232.
Bryum Dicksoni, Dickson Crypt. 3,4.
On rails and posts, rarely on banks.
11. Weissia curvirostra . Bentheak weiss .
Leaves linear, awlshape; capsule ovate, cylindrical; lid
beaked.
Bryum stellare, lacustre, foliis rubris capillaceis, Dillen. Muse. 382.
Grimmia recurvirostra, Roth Germ. 3, 144; Engl. Rot. 1438.
Bryum curvirostrum, Dicks. Crypt. 2,7.
Weissia recurvirostra, Hedw. S. Muse. 71.
Bryum recurvirostrurn, Wither. Arr. 829.
Bryum setaceum jS, Hudson Angl. 432.
Weissia curvirostra, Hooker fy Taylor Muse. 46.
On moist banks in woods.
Resembles the tortulae, and accompanies them; leaves
very stiff.
12. Weissia crispula. Small-crisped weiss.
Stem divided ; leaves broad at bottom, lanceolate, awl-
shape, crisp when dry ; edges turned in ; capsule ovato-
elliptical ; lid beaked.
Weissia crispula, Hedw. S. Muse. 68
Grimmia crispula, Turner M. Hib. 28 ; Engl. Bot. 2203.
On rocks ; perennial ; summer.
Resembles w. cirrata, but is smaller, and darker green.
13. Weissia controversa. Controverted weiss.
Stem nearly simple ; leaves linear, awlshape ; crisp when
dry, edge turned in ; capsule ovate, elliptical ; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pedicellis brevissimis, Dillen.
in Raii Syn. 97, 26.
Grimmia controversa, Sibth. Ox. 277 ; Engl. Bot. 1367.
Bryum virens, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 4.
Bryum viridulum, Huds. Angl. 478.
Weissia controversa, Hedwig Crypt. 3,5.
On banks.
732
359 . Weissia. 14. MUSCI.
PL cell, f oh
14. Weissia Calcar ea. Limestone weiss *
Stem scarcely any ; leaves broad at bottom, linear, blunt,
thick, main rib very broad ; capsule topshape ; lid beaked.
Weissia cakarea, Hedw. S. Muse. 66.
Bryum calcareum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 3.
Grimmia calcarea, Turner M. Hib. 25.
On chalk ; perennial ; spring and summer.
Resembles very strongly polytrichum aloides, but is
smaller.
15. Weissia recurvata . Bent-hack weiss.
Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape ; capsule broad,
ovate ; pedicells bent ; lid beaked.
Grimmia recurvata, Hedw. S. Muse. 75 ; Engl. Dot. 1489.
Bryum recurvatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 7.
Bryum setaceum, JYulfin Jacq. Misc. 2, 96.
On sandstone-rocks.
1 6. Weissia pusilla. Dwarf weiss .
Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape ; capsule ovate ; pe-
dicells upright ; lid beaked.
Bryum paludosum, Lin. S. P. 1584.
Grimmia pusilla, Roth Germ. 3, 147 ; Engl. Bot. 2551.
Weissia pusilla, Hedw. S. Muse. 64.
Afzelia pusilla, Ehrh. Crypt. 183.
On limestone-rocks.
17. Weissia verticillaia. Whirled weiss.
Stem branched ; leaves broad, awlshape, nearly flat, ra-
ther weak; capsules ovate; lid beaked.
Bryum trijfchoides brevifolium, angustis cauliculis, capsulis erectis
parvis et minus aduncis, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 98, 36.
Bryum verticillatum, Lin. S. P. 1585.
Bryum fasciculatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 3.
Weissia verticillata, Schwecgr. Supp. 20.
Grimmia verticillata. Turner M. Hib. 31 ; Engl. Bot. 1258.
In alpine rivulets, on limestone.
Stem frequently encrusted at bottom with carbonate of
lime.
18. Weissia acuta . Pointed weiss.
Stem branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, nearly one-
rowed, stiffj grooved ; capsule topshape ; lid beaked.
14. MUSCL 359. Weissia.
733
Pl.oell.fol.
Bryum pilosum, sphagni subulati facie, Villen. Muse. 374.
Weissia acuta, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 35.
Weissia rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 14.
Bryum vertieillatum, Lightfoot Scot. 733.
Bryum acutum, Hudson Angl. 484 ; Dickson Crypt. 17, 20,
Bryum splachnoides, Dickson Crypt.
Bryum fulvellum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 11.
Dicranuin fulvellum, Engl. Bot. 226S.
Grirnmia acuta, Turner M.Hib. 29; Engl. Dot. 1644.
On alpine rocks.
XVIII. 360. DICRANUM. Hedwig. Fork-moss .
Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells mostly terminal ;
peristome single, toothed ; teeth 16, mostly two-cut, equi-
distant ; calyptra halved.
A. Leaves in two rows. Fissidens.
1. Dicranum hryoides. Bryumlike fork-moss .
Peduncles terminal ; perichetial leaves resembling the
stem-leaves.
Hypnum repens filicifolium non ramosum, pediculis brevioribus, versus
foliorum summitatem egredientibus, Raii Syn. 88,42.
Hypnum bryoides, Lin.S.P. 1588.
Bryum viridulum, Lin. S. P. 1584.
Dicranum bryoides, Swartz M. Suec. 2, 4 ; Engl. Bot. 625.
Fissidens bryoides, Hedwig Crypt. 3,29.
Dicranum viridulum, Swartz M. Suec. 2, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1368,
Fissidens exilis, Hedw. S. Muse. 38.
Dicranum osmundioides, Turner M. Hib. 55; Engl. Bot. 1662=
Fissidens osmundioides, Hedw. S. M. 40.
Hypnum asplenioides, Dickson Crypt. 2,5.
Grimmia viridula, Roth Germ. 3, 141 ?
Dicranum paucifolium, Withering Arr. 814.
On moist banks and in woods.
/3. nutans. Capsule drooping.
Dicranum tamarindifolium, Turner M. Hib. 55.
Dicranum incurvum, Mohr.
Fissidens incurvus, Schwcegr. Supp. 49.
Fissidens palmatus, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 30.
Fissidens iongifolius, Sridel.
2. Dicranum adiantoides. Adiantumlike fork-moss.
Peduncles lateral; perichetial leaves ovate, slightly con-
volute, pointed.
Hydnum erectum filifolium ramosum pinnulis acutis, Raii Syn. 87,39.
Hypnum adiantoides, Lin. S. P. 1588 ; Engl. Bot. 264.
Dicranum adiantoides, Swartz M. Suec. 31.
Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 62.
Fissidens taxifolius j8, Wahlenb, Lapp.
On wet banks and bogs.
734
360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCL
PI. cell, f oh
3. Dicranum taxifolium . Yew-leaf fork-moss.
Peduncles from the bottom of the stem among the roots ;
pericketial leaves ovate, sheathing, rolled in, pointed.
Hypnum repens filicifolium non ramosum ; pediculis brevioribus, ad
fadicem egredientibus, Raii Syn. 88,41.
Hypnum taxifolium, Lin. S. P. 1587 : Engl. Bot. 416.
Dicranum taxifolium, Swartz M. Suec. 31.
Fissideus taxi folios, Media. S. Muse. 155.
On moist shady spots.
b. Leaves all round the stem ; main rib 0.
4. Dicranum glaucum . Glaucous fork-moss.
Stem branched; branches level-topped; leaves upright,
spread, ovate, lanceolate, straight, ribless, not cut ; capsule
ovate, drooping ; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides, erectis capitulis, albidum, fragile, Raii Syn. 97,29,
Bryum glaucum, Lin. S. P. 1582.
Dicranum glaucum, Hedw. S. Muse. 135; Engl. Bot. 2166.
On heaths and mountain pastures.
c. Leaves not two-rowed , main-ribbed , with a point or hair
at the tip.
5. Dicranum latifolium . Broadleaf fork-moss.
Stem short; leaves oblong, concave, not cut, tipped with
a point or hair; capsule upright, ovate, oblong; lid beaked.
Dicranum latifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 1,33.
Bryum piliferum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 10.
Trichostomuin piliferum, Engl. Bot. 2535.
On shady mountain banks.
d. Leaves not 2-rowed ; main rib very broad ; tip not pointed .
6. Dicranum longifolium. Long-leaf fork-moss .
Stem long; leaves very long, awlshape, bristlelike, sickle-
like, bent one way, slightly serrate ; main rib very broad ;
capsule oblong, ovate, nearly upright ; lid beaked.
Dicranum longifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 9.
Dicranum flagellare, Funk.
On wet rocks.
7. Dicranum cerviculatum. Necked fork-moss.
Stem short; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, not cut, slightly
facing one way ; main rib very broad ; capsule ovate,
slightly nodding; lid beaked.
14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum.
735
FI. cell.fol.
Dicranum cerviculatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 149; Engl. Hot. 1661,
Bryum cerviculatum, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.
Dicranum pusjllum, Hedw. S. Muse. 139 ; Engl. Bot. 2491.
Bryum parvulum, Dickson Crypt. 3,7,
' Dicranum flavidum, Schweegr. Supp.
Dicranum uncinatum, Engl. Bot. 2261.
On banks and bogs.
8. Dicranum ftexuosum. Bending fork-moss.
Stem scarcely branched, stiff ; leaves lanceolate, awl-
shape, pointed, straight; main rib very broad; pedicells
bending; capsule ovate, streaked ; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides, capitulis erectis, pediculis intortis tenuibus virentU
bus, Rail Syn. 97,30.
Sphagnum subulatum viridissimum ; capsulis ovatis, Dillen. Muse. 245,
Bryum flexuosum, Lin. S. P. 1583.
Sphagnum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1570.
Dicranum flexuosum, Hedw. S. Muse. 38; Engl. Bot. 1491.
Bryum immersum, Dickson Crypt.
Bryum fragile, Dickson Crypt. 3, 5.
On wet rocks, turf-bogs, and on pastures.
e. Leaves not two-rowed , not tipped with a point or hair ;
main rib narrow ; capsule with a tumour at the base.
9. Dicranum virens. . Greenish fork-moss.
Stem long; leaves awlshape, crisp when dry, pointing
every way; base broad, sheathing; edges turned over;
capsule smooth, oblong, cylindrical, slightly drooping, with
a tubercle at bottom ; lid beaked.
Dicranum virens, Hedw. Crypt. 3,32; Engl. Bot. 1462.
On mountain-bogs.
10. Dicranum strum iferum. Strumous fork-moss.
Stem long; leaves awlshape, not cut, crisp. when dry,
pointing every way; base broad, sheathing; edge flat;
capsule furrowed, oblong, ovate, slightly drooping, with a
tubercle at bottom ; lid beaked.
Dicranum strumiferum, Ehrh. Crypt. 74 ; Engl. Bot. 2410.
Fissidens strumifer, Hedw. S. Muse. 160.
Bryum strumiferum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 8.
On alpine bogs ; perennial ; summer.
11 . Dicranum falcatum. Sickleshape fork-moss.
Stem scarcely branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, awl-
shape, sicklelike, facing one way, scarcely cut ; capsule
ovate, slightly drooping, with a tubercle at the base ; lid
beaked.
736
360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI.
Pl. cell.fol
Dicranum falcatnm, Iledvo. S. Muse. 150; Engl. Bot. 1989.
Bryum longifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.
On alpine rocks, by the banks of streams.
12. Dicranum Starkii. Stark's fork-moss.
Stem rather branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,
sicklelike, facing one way, not cut ; capsule oblong, ovate,
nearly upright, with a tubercle at the base ; lid beaked.
Dicranum Starkii, Schwcegr. Supp. 46; Engl. Bot. 2227.
On alpine rocks.
f. Leaves not two-rowed , not tipped with a point or hair;
main rib narrow ; capsule not tubercled at bottom.
IS. Dicranum flavescens. Yellowish fork-moss.
Stem branched; leaves long, lanceolate, finely serrated,
pointing every way, crisp when dry ; capsules oblong, up-
right; lid beaked.
Dicranum flavescens, Engl. Bot. 2263.
Bryum flavescens, Dickson Crypt. 2, 4.
Dicranum gracilescens, Schwcegr. Supp. 46.
On wet sand, on the banks of alpine streams.
14. Dicranum squarrosum. Scurfy fork-moss .
Stem rather branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, bent
over, spread open, crisp when dry, pointing every way ;
base broad, sheathing; capside ovate, slightly drooping ;
lid beaked.
Bryum ereclis capitulis brevibus, foliis reflexis, Raii Syn. 95, 18.
Bryum pellucidum jS, Lin. S. P. 1583.
Dicranum squarrosum, Schrad. Journ. 1802; Engl. Bot. 2004.
Bryum palustre, Dickson Crypt. 4,11.
On mountains, in wet situations; perennial; spring.
15. Dicranum pellucidum. Transparent fork-moss .
Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, rather blunt, pointing
everyway; edge slightly waved, serrated; capsule ovate,
slightly drooping ; ltd beaked.
Bryum erectis capitulis subrotundis fuscis foliis minoribus pellucidis
rugosis, Raii Syn. 96, 19.
Bryum pellucidum, Lin. S. P. 1583.
Bryum aquaticum, Hojfm. Germ. 2, 35.
Mnium pellucens, Withering Arr. 802.
Dicranum pellucidum, Hedio. S. Muse. 142 ; Engl. Bot. 1346.
Dicranum aquatium, Ehrh. Crypt. 213.
On banks of streams in shady places ; perennial ; spring.
2
14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum.
737
PI. celLfol.
16. Dicranum spurium. Bastard fork-moss,
Ste?n long; leaves in bundles, concave, upright, rather
spreading, pointing every way, ovate; upper leaves lan-
ceolate, finely serrate ; capsule oblong, bent ; lid beaked.
Dicranum spurium, Hedw. S. Muse. 141 ; Engl. Bot. 2167.
Bryum spurium, Hoffm. Germ. 2,38; Dickson Crypt. 4, 13.
On bogs; perennial; May and June.
Teeth of the peristome sometimes 3-cut.
1 7. Dicranum crispum. Crisp fork-moss .
Stem short; leaves nearly 2-rowed, zigzag, turned back,
crisp when dry; base bristlelike; capsule ovate, upright ;
lid beaked ; beak long.
Dicranum crispurn, Hedw. S. Muse. 132; Engl. Bot. 1151.
Bryum vaginale, Dickson Crypt. 3, 8.
On moist banks and bogs ; perennial ; July.
IS. Dicranum Scotlii. Scott's fork-moss.
Stem branched ; leaves upright, spreading, pointing every
way, awlshape, crisp when dry ; edge flat, slightly serrate ;
capsule ovate cylindrical, nearly upright; lid beaked, beak
long.
Dicranum Scottianum, Turner M. Hibern. 6, l.
Dicranum flagellare, Engl. Bot. 1977, not of Hedwig?
Dicranum strictum, Schweegr. Supp. 43.
Dicranum montanum, Hedw. S. Muse. 35 ?
On rocks.
1 9. Dicranum polycarpum . Many-fruited fork-moss.
Stem branched ; leaves spread open, pointing every way,
lanceolate, awlshape, crisp when dry ; edge turned over,
zigzag, slightly serrated ; capsule reverse ovate, slightly
drooping; lid beaked.
Dicranum polycarpum, Ehrh. Crypt. 84 ; Engl. Bot. 2269.
Fissidens polycarpos, Hew. S. Muse. 159.
Dicranum Bruntoni, Engl. Bot. 2509.
On alpine rocks.
Teeth of the peristome irregularly divided.
20. Dicranum undulatum. Waved forked-moss .
Stems long ; leaves nearly flat, lanceolate, narrow, waved
across, finely serrated at the tip ; capsule cylindrical, droop-
ing ; lid beaked, beak long.
Dicranum undulatum, Ehrh. Crypt . 271; Engl. Bot. 2260, not of
Schrader.
Dicranum polysetum, Swartz M. Suec. 34.
Bryum rugosum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 39.
Perichcetium encloses 1 to 4 peduncles.
VOL. i. 3 b
738
360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI,
PI. cell.fol.
21. Dicranum scoparium. Broom fork-moss.
Stem long; leaves narrow, awlshape, grooved, facing
one way ; capsule cylindrical, arched, drooping ; lid beaked,
beak long.
Bryum erectis capitulis angustifoliura,caule reclinato, Raii Syn. 95,14.
Bryum scoparium, Lin. S\ P. 1582; Engl. Bot. 354.
Dicranum scoparium, Hedw. S. Muse. 126.
Dicranum majus, Engl. Bot. 1490.
Mnium scoparium, Withering Arr. 799.
In woods and hedges : perennial.
13. fuscescens. Plant only half as large ; leaves scarcely
if at all facing one way, narrow, much crisped when dry.
Dicranum fuscescens. Turner M. Hib. 60 ; Engl. Bot. 1597.
Dicranum congestum^Sc/tie^gT. Supp. 42.
On mountains.
22. Dicranum varium . Variable fork-moss.
Stem short; leaves narrow, hastate, lanceolate; capsule
ovate ; lid beaked.
Bryum simplex1, Lin. S . P. 1587.
Bryum ruforum, finds. Angl. ed. 1 , 413.
Dicranum varium, Hedta: S.iMttsc. 133; Engl. Bot. 1215.
Dicranum rigidulum, Swartz M. Suec. 3, 7.
Dicranum callistomum, Smith FI. Brit. 1211.
Bryum callistomum, Dickson Ciypt. 3, 5.
Bryum pusillum, Dickon Crypt. 2, 6.
Dicranum simplex, Sibthorp Ox. 282.
On moist banks ; annual ; spring and summer.
Leaves point every way, green ; capsules slightly
drooping,.
& . rufeseens. Leaves rather facing one way, lanceolate,
awlshape, reddish ; capsules upright.
Dicranum rufeseens, Engl. Bot. 121 6.
Bryum rufeseens, Dickson Crypt. 3, 6.
Bryum trichodes, capsulis rubris cernuis, Dillen Muse. 390.
y. luridum. Leaves rather facing one way, awlshape,
lurid ; capsules slightly drooping.
Dicranum varium y, Hooker fy Taylor Muse. Brit. 58.
23. Dicranum heteromallum. Odd-sided fork-moss.
Stem branched ; leaves awlshape, sicklelike, facing one
way, scarcely cut ; capsule ovate, slightly drooping ; lid
beaked ; beak long,
Bryum trichoides, reclinatis cauliculis, capitulis erectis acutis, Raii
Syn. 96, 23.
Bryum heteromallum, Lin. S. P. 1583.
Dicranum heteromallum, Hedw. S. Muse. 128; Engl. Bot. 1272.
Dicranum orthocarpum, Hedw. S. Muse. 130.
Dicranum interruptum, Hedw. S. Muse. 129 ; Engl. Bot. 2508.
Mnium heteromallum, Wither Arr. 801.
On mountains ; spring.
14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum.
739
PL cell.fol.
24. Dicranum subulatum. Awlshape fork- moss*
Stem branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, facing one
way, not cut ; base broad, sheathing ; capsule ovate, slightly
drooping; lid with a long beak.
Dicranum subulatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 34; Engl. Hot. 1273.
On moist banks.
XIX. 361. TRICHOSTOMUM. Hairy-mouth *
Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal ; peri-
stome toothed; teeth 16, equal, divided to the bottom, or
32, placed in pairs; calyptra mitreshape.
a. Peduncles lent
1. Trichostomum patens . Spreading hairy-mouth *
Stems long; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled; edges
turned over; capsule ovate ; peduncles bent ; lid conical.
Bryum hypnoides alpinism, operculis obtusis, Dillen Muse. 371.
Trichostomum patens, Schvocegr. Supp. 37.
Dicranum patens, Engl. Bot. 1990.
Bryum patens, Dickson Crypt. 2, 6.
Fissidens patens, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Trichostomum obtusum, Bridel Muse. 1, 125.
Bryum hypnoides 8, Hudson Angl. 480.
Trichostomum funale, Schwcegr. Supp. 37 ?
On mountains.
b. Peduncles straight ; leaves with transparent points .
2. Trichostomum lanuginosum. Woolly hairy-mouth *
Stems long; branches rather pinnate; leaves lanceolate,
awlshape, pointed; points long, transparent, serrated ; edges
turned over; capsules ovate; peduncles short, on the side
branches ; lid beaked.
Bryum hypnoides, capitulis plurimis erectis, lanuginosum, Raii Syn*
97, 28.
Bryum hypnoides, Lin. S. P. 1584.
Trichostomum lanuginosum, Hedw. S. Muse. 109 ; Engl , Bot. 1348.
Trichostomum serratum, Ehrh. Crypt. 94.
Bryum lanuginosum, Hoffm. Germ. 2 , 41,
On mountains.
3. Trichostomum canescens. Hoary hairy-mouth *
Stem long, irregularly branched ; leaves ovate, lanceo-
late, pointed ; points transparent, slender, slightly serrated ;
capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome very long, threadlike ;
lid awlshape.
3 B 2
740 361 . Trichostomum. 14. MUSCI.
Pl.cell.foL
Bryum trichoides, erectis capitulis, lanuginosum, Raii Syn. 97,27.
Bryum hypnoides, capitulis plurimis erectis, non lanuginosum, Diilen
in Raii Syn. 478.
Bryum hypnoides y, Lin. 3. P. 1585.
Trichostomum canescens, Hedw. S. Muse. Ill ; Engl. Rot. 2534.
Trichostoraum erichoides, Schrad. Germ. 62; Engl. Bot. 1991.
On mountain heaths, and the sea coast.
4. Trichostomum heterostichum . One-sided hairy -mouth.
Stem long, branched ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed ;
points transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsule ob-
long; teeth of the peristome rather short; lid beaked.
Trichostomum heterostichum, Hedw. S. Muse. 109 ; Engl. Bot. 1347.
Bryum heterostichum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.
Bryum hypnoides, hirsutie canescens, vulgare, Diilen Muse. 368, fig. A,
F, and G.
On stones in mountainous countries.
5. Trichostom . microcarpon. Small-fruited hairy-mouth.
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; points
transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsules ovate; teeth
of the peristome rather short; lid beaked.
Bryum hypnoides alpinum, setis et capsulis exiguis, Diilen Muse. 370.
Bryum hypnoides S, Lin. FI. Suec. 392.
Trichostomum microcarpon, Hedvo. S. Muse. 112 ; Engl. Bot. 1440.
Dicranum aciculare y, Turner M. Hib. 67.
Bryum macrocarpon. Withering Arr. 822.
On alpine rocks.
c. Peduncles straight ; leaves not transparent at the points .
6. Trichostomum aciculare. Needlelike hairy-mouth.
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, blunt, tip finely
serrated; main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule oblong;
lid beaked.
Bryum hypnoides erectum montanum, erectis capitulis acutis, Diilen
in Raii Syn. 94, 12.
Brvum hypnoides repens aquaticum, erectis capitulis acutis, Raii Syn.
94, 13l ,
Bryum aciculare, Lin. S. P. 1583.
Dicranum aciculare, Hedw. S. Muse. 135; Engl. Bot. 1978.
Trichostomum aciculare, P. de Beauv. Prod. 90.
On wet stones, or in water ; perennial ; spring.
7. Trichostomum fasciculare. Bundled hairy-mouth .
Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, not cut; tips
never transparent ; capsule ovate, oblong ; lid beaked.
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 361. Trichostomum. 741
Bryum hypnoides, hirsutie virescens, fasciculare alpinum, Dillen Muse.
370.
Bryum hypnoides £, Lin. S. P. 1585.
Trichostomum fasciculare, Schrad. Germ. 61 ; Engl. Bot. 2005.
Bryum fasciculare, Hnffm. Germ. 2, 42.
Bryum lutescens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.
On mountain rocks.
8. Trichostom . polyphyllum . Many-leaved hairy -mouth.
Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, edges turned
over; tips serrated, very much crisped when dry; capsules
oblong; lid beaked.
Bryum trichoides erectis sublongis capitulis, extremi(atibus per sicci-
tatem stellatis, Raii Syn. 98, 33.
Trichostomum polyphyllum, Schwcegr. Supp. 39.
Dicranum polyphyllum, Engl. Bot. 1217.
Bryum polyphyllum, Dickson Crypt.
Bryum cirratum /3, Hudson Angl. 486.
Trichostomum cirratum. Smith FI. Brit . 1239.
Encalypta crispata, Hedw. S. Muse. 10.
On mountains and rocks.
9. Trichostomum, ellipticum. Elliptical hairy -mouth.
Stem short, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, straight,
main rib broad, edge flat ; capsule elliptical ; lid beaked.
Dicranum ellipticum, Turner M. Ilib. 76; Engl. Bot. 1901.
On rocky mountains.
XX. 362. LEUCODON. Schwsegrichen. White-tooth .
Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 32, closely united in pairs;
calyptra halved.
Leucodon sciuroides. Squirrel-tail white-tooth.
Hypnum trichoides erectum, ramulis recurvis, obscuri coloris, Raii Syn.
83, 22.
Hypnum sciuroides, Lin. S. P. 1596.
Dicranum sciuroides, Swartz M. Suec. 32; Engl. Bot. 1903.
Fissidens sciuroides, Hedvo. S. Muse. 161.
Trichostomum sciuroides, Mohr.
Pterogonium sciuroides. Turner M. Hib. 32.
Leucodon sciuroides, Schwcegr. Supp. 2, 1.
Leucodon Morensis, Schwcegr. Supp. 2, 1.
On the trunks of trees.
XXI. 363. DIDYMODON. Hedwig. Twin-tooth.
Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16 or 32, closing together in
pairs, or united at the bottom ; calyptra halved.
742
PL cell.fol.
363 . Didymodon. 14. MUSCI.
a. Capsules inclined.
1. Didymodon purpureum. * Purple twin-tooth.
Stem scarcely branched ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
keeled; edge turned over, not cut; capsule ovate, cylin-
drical, oblique, with a slight tubercle, furrowed when dry ;
lid conical.
Bryum perangustis crebrioribus foliis, capitulis erectis, longiusculis pe-
diculis e surculis annotinis innascentibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 99, 41.
Bryum Celsii, Lin. S. P. 1585; Dickson €rypt. 3, 7.
Mnium purpureum, Lin. S. P. 1575 ; Wither. Arr. 802.
Dicranum purpureum, Hedw. S. Muse. 136; Engl. Bot. 2262.
Dicranum intermedium, Hedw. S. Muse. 138.
Bryum bipartitum, Dickson Crypt. ; Engl. Bot. 2357.
Bryum strictum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 13.
Bryum tenue, Dickson Crypt. 3,8.
Bryum papillosum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 12.
Dicranum strictum, Engl. Bot. 2294.
Dicranum Celsii, Hedw. S. Muse. 149 ; Engl. Bot. 2418.
Trichostomum papillosum, Engl. Bot. 2533.
Red shanks.
On moist banks.
2. Didymodon inclinaium. Inclined twin-tooth *
Leaves in two rows, awlshape, sheathing at bottom ; cap-
sule ovate, inclined ; lid conical.
Didymodon inclinatum, Swartz M. Suec. 28.
Bryum inclinatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 9.
Swartzia inclinata, Hedw. Crypt. 2,74.
Cynontodium inclinatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 58.
Grimmia inclinata, Engl. Bot. 1824.
On rocky mountains ; perennial ; summer.
b. Capsules upright .
3. Didymodon nervosum, Ribbed twin-tooth .
Leaves reverse-ovate, main rib thickened above; tip
short ; capsules ovate, upright ; lid beaked ; beak short,
Grimmia atrovirens, Engl. Bot. 2015.
On dry banks by the sea.
Resembles weissia lanceolata, gen. 359, sp. 7.
4 . Didymodon fleocifolium. Bent-leaf twin-tooth.
Stem long; leaves oblong, ovate, bent, deeply serrated
at the tip; capsules upright, cylindrical; lid beaked.
Bryum Hexifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3, 5.
'Trichostomum flexifolium, Engl. Bot. 2490.
On barren banks, or roofs.
PLcelLfol. 14. MUSCI. 363. Didymodon. 743
5. Didymodon rigidulum. Stiffish twin-tooth .
Leaves closely tiledlike on all sides, lanceolate, very
pointed, keeled; main rib stiff, running beyond the point;
capsules oblong, ovate, upright ; lid beaked.
Didymodon rigidulum, Hedw. S. Muse. 104.
Bryum rigidulum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 12.
Trichostomum rigidulum. Turner M. Hib. 34 ; Engl. Bot. 2173.
Bryum lineare, Dickson Crypt. 3, 6.
Trichostomum lineare, Engl. Bot. 1598.
On rocks and walls; perennial; April.
Very similar to tortula fallax, gen. 355, sp. 8.
6. Didymodon trifarium. Three-rowed twin-tooth .
Leaves rather distant, somewhat three-rowed, lanceolate,
bluntish, keeled ; main rib scarcely reaching the^tip ; cap-
sule oblong, ovate, upright; lid beaked.
Didymodon trifarium, Swartz M. Suec. 28.
Cynontodium trifarium, Hedw. S. Muse. 57.
Swartzia trifaria, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 76.
Bryum trifarium, Dickson Crypt. 3,8.
Trichostomum trifarium, Engl. Bot. 1707.
Trichostomum linoides, Engl. Bot. 2295, not of Dickson.
On moist banks.
7. Didymodon capillaceum . Hairy twin-tooth .
Stem long ; leaves nearly 2-rowed, awlshape, bristlelike ;
capsule upright, ovate, cylindrical; lid conical.
Trichostomum capillaceum, Engl. Bot. 1152.
Cynontodium capillaceum, Hedw. S. Muse. 57.
Swartzia capillacea, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 72.
Didymodon capillaceum, Schrad. Germ. 64.
Bryum capillaceum, Dickson Crypt . 1, 4.
Bryum sestivum, Hudson An gl. 485.
On mountain banks.
8. Didymodon heteromallum. Odd-sided twin-tooth .
Stem rather short ; leaves mostly facing one way, awl-
shape ; capsule ovate, cylindrical ; lid conical.
Grimmia heteromalla, Roth Germ. 3, 145 ; Engl. Bot. 1899.
Weissia heteromalla, Hedw. S. Muse. 71.
Afzelia heteromalla, Ehrh. Crypt. 173.
Bryum Weissia, Dickson Crypt. 2,5.
Didymodon heteromallum, Hedw . S. Muse. 23.
On mountains.
744
364. Funaria. 14. MUSCI.
PL cell.fol.
XXII. 364. FUNARIA. Schreber. Cord-moss .
Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome double, oblique, outer 16-toothed, inner 16-toothed,
teeth opposite to those of the outer.
1 . Funaria hygrometrica. Hygrometric cord-moss .
Leaves very concave, ovate, pointed, not cut ; main rib
excurrent; peduncle bent, twisted.
Bryum aureum, capitulis reflexis piriformibus, calyptra quadrangular!,
foliis in bnlbi forrnam congestis, Raii Syn . 101,49.
Polytrichum aureum minus, Park. 1052.
Mnium hygrometi icum, Lin. S. P. 1575.
Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw. S. Muse. 172 ; Engl. Bot. 342.
Bryum hygrometricum, Huds. Angl. 488.
Little golden-locks. Golden maiden-hair.
On old walls and barren soils.
Peduncle twists and untwists by the least change of dry-
ness or moisture.
2. Funaria Muhlenlergii. Muhlenberg' s cord-moss.
Stem short; leaves concave, ovate, suddenly tapering,
serrated ; main rib not reaching the point ; peduncles
straight.
Funaria Muhlenbergii, Schiccegr. Supp. 66; Engl. Bot. 1498.
On sub-alpine limestone rocks.
3. Funaria calcar ea. Limestone cord-moss.
Stem long; leaves flat, ovate, lanceolate, gradually ta-
pering, serrated, main rib disappearing ; peduncles straight.
Funaria calcarea, Wahlenb. in Act. Holm. 1806.
Funaria Muhlenbergii, Mohr. Crypt. Germ. 380.
Funaria Hibernica, Hooker in FI. Lond. ed . 2.
On thatched roofs.
XXIII. 365. ZYGODON. Hooker. Paired-teeth.
Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncle terminal; peri-
stome double; outer of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner of 16 cilise
lying horizontally over the mouth ; calyptra halved, smooth.
Zygodon conoideum . Conical paired-teeth.
Bryum conoideum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 9.
Mnium conoideum, Engl. Bot. 1239.
Gymnocephalus conoides, Schuxegr. Supp. 2, 87.
On trunks of trees.
745
Pl.cell.fol. 366. Orthotrichum. 14. MUSCI.
XXIV. 366. ORTHOTRICHUM. Hedw. Bristle-moss.
Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome double; outer of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner of 16 or
8 cilise lying horizontally over the mouth, sometimes 0 ;
calyptra mitreshape, furrowed, hairy.
a. Peristome without cilice.
1. Orthotrichuir anomalum . Odd hristle-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, upright, rather spreading ; peduncles
longer than the leaves; peristome of 8 double teeth; ca-
lyptra slightly hairy.
Polytrichum capsulis subrotunriis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus,
calyptra, striata, arboreum et terrestre, minus ramosum et breve, Raii Syn.
91.5.
Bryum striatum /3, Lin. S. P. 1580.
Orthotrichum anomalum, Hedw. S.Musc. 162 j Dickson Crypt. 4,6.
Bryum tectorum, Wither. Arr. 810.
Polytrichum striatum /8, Hudson Ang. 471.
Polytrichum tectorum, Hull Br. FI. 248.
Weissia anomala, Sihthorp Ox. 287.
On rocks and walls.
2. Orthotrichum cupulatum. Cupped hristle-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, upright, slightly spreading; capsule
nearly sessile ; peristome of 16 double teeth ; calyptra
slightly hairy.
Orthotrichum cupulatum, Hoffm. Germ. 2,20.
Orthotrichum nudum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6; Engl. Bot. 1325.
Bryum sessile, Withering Arr. 310.
Orthotrichum anomalum, Engl. Bot. 1423.
On woods and stones.
b. Peristome with 8 cilice.
3. Orthotrichum crispum. Crisp hristlemoss.
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, much crisped when dry;
peduncles very long ; capsule streaked ; peristome with eight
cilise ; calyptra very hairy.
Polytrichum capsulis oblongo-rotundis, calyptris pilosissimis, Raii Syn.
91.6.
Bryum striatum S, Lin. S. P. 1580.
Orthotrichum crispum, Hedw. S. Muse. 162 j Engl. Bot. 996.
Bryum crispum, Withering Arr. 827.
Polytrichum striatum S, Hudson Ang. 471.
Polytrichum capillaceum, Hull FI. Br. 249.
Neckera ulophylla, Mohr.
On trees and stones.
Teeth apparently 8, but marked down the middle with a
dark line; cilice threadlike, jointed.
746
366. Orthotrichum. 14. MUSCI. PL cell. foL
4. Orthotrichum Hutchinsice . Hutchins ’ hristle-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, upright, nearly straight when dry ;
peduncles very long ; capsule streaked ; peristome with eight
ciliae ; calyptra very hairy.
Orthotrichum Hutchinshe, Engl. Bot. 2523.
On rocks.
Teeth eight, when turned over cleft deeply and regularly
down the middle.
5. Orthotrichum affine . Kindred hristle-moss.
Leaves spreading, broadly lanceolate; capsules sessile;
peristome with 8 ciliae ; calyplra rather hairy.
Polytrichum capsulis sessilibus, foliis brevibus, rectis, carinatis, Villen
Muse. 432.
Orthotrichum affine, Schrad. Germ. 67 ; Engl. Bot . 1323.
Orthotrichum striatum, Schwcegr. Supp. 49.
Orthotrichum rupestre, Schweegr. Supp. 53.
Weissia affinis, Roth Germ. 3, 217.
On the trunks of trees, and palings.
Stem long; calyptra hairy, especially at top ; peristome
of 8 teeth marked with 3 lines lengthways, but not split
even when turned over.
J3. pumilum. Stem very short ; calyptra bald.
Orthotrichum pumilum, Swartz M. Suec. 42; Dickson Crypt. 4,5; Engl.
Bot. 2168.
c. Peristome vAth 16 cilice.
6. Orthotrichum diaphanum. Transparent hristle-moss.
Stem short ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; points trans-
parent; capsules sessile; peristome with 16 ciliae; calyptra
rather hairy.
Orthotrichum diaphanum, Schrad. Germ. 69; Dickson Crypt. 4,5 ; Engl.
Bot. 1324.
Orthotrichum aristatum, Turner M. Hib. 100.
On walls, roofs, pales, and trees.
7. Orthotrichum pulchellum. Pretty hrittle-moss.
Stem short; leaves spreading, narrow, lanceolate, crisped
when dry; peduncles long; peristome with 16 slender ciliae;
calyptra rather hairy.
Orthotrichum pulchellum, Engl. Bot. 1787.
On trees.
Teeth red.
747
PL cell.foL 14. MUSCI. 366. Orthotrichum.
8. Orthotrichum rivulare. River Iristle-moss.
Stems long, much branched; leaves broad, lanceolate,
blunt; capsules sessile; peristome with 16 slender cilise ;
calyptra smooth.
Orthotrichum rivulare, Turner M. Hib . 06 ; Engl. Bot. 2188.
On rocks and in streams.
9. Orthotrichum striatum. Streaked Iristle-moss,
Stem long, branched ; leaves lanceolate, spreading,
slightly twisted when dry ; capsule sessile, ovate, smooth;
peristome with 16 irregular strung-bead-like cilise; calyptra
rather hairy.
Polytrichum cnpsulis subrotundis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus,
calyptra striata, arboreum ramosum majus, Raii Syn. 91, 4.
Bryum striatum, Lin. S. P. 1579.
Polytrichum striatum, Huds. Angl. 471.
Weissia striata, Sibthorp Ox. 287.
Orthotrichum striatum, Hertw. S. Muse. 163 ; Engl. Bot. 2187.
On trees.
Cilice have frequently other joints attached to the side of
the real ones.
10. Orthotrichum Lyellii. LyelVs Iris tie-moss.
Stem long, much branched ; leaves long, linear, lanceo-
late, bent back, open, much crisped when dry; capsule
oblong, streaked ; cilice 16, rather broad, distinctly jointed ;
calyptra very hairy.
Orthotrichum Lyellii, Hooker fy Taylor Muse. 76.
On trees.
XXV. 367. NECKERA. Hedwig. Necker.
Capside valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peristome
double; outer of 16 teeth; inner of 16 cilise, connected at
the very base only by a short membrane; calyptra halved.
-—Leaves 2-rowed.
1. Necker a pumila. Dwarf Necker.
Leaves ovate, pointed, slightly concave, edges turned
over ; peduncles scarcely longer than the perichetial leaves ;
capsule oblong, ovate.
Fontinalis pennata, Hudson Angl. 468.
Neckera pumila, Hedw. S. Muse. 205 ; Engl. Bot. 1443.
Hypnum pennatum, Dickson Crypt. 1,5.
On trees, and in woods.
748
36 7. Neckera. 14. MUSCI.
PL cell.foL
2. Neckera crispa, Crisp necker.
Leaves oblong, pointed, wrinkled across ; peduncles very
long; capsule ovate.
Hypnum repens crispum, ramulis compreasis, filicinorum more dispo-
ses, Raii Syn. 89, 47.
Hypnum crispum, Lin. S. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 617.
Neckera crispa, Hedw.S. Muse . 206.
On trees and chalk-hills.
XXVI. 368. ANOMODON. Hooker & Taylor. Odd-tooth.
Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peri-
stome double, of 16 teeth, and 16 cilise placed between the
teeth.
1. Anomodon curtipendulum . Short-hanging odd-tooth.
Leaves ovate, pointed, finely serrated, main rib disap-
pearing below the point; peduncle twice as long as the
perichetial leaves ; capsule ovate.
Hypnum arboreum repens, capitulis reflexis, brevibus, pediculis inci-
dentsbus, Raii Syn. 89,49.
Hypnum curtipendulum, Lin. S. P. 1594.
Neckera curtipendula, Ilcdw. S. Muse. 209 ; Engl. Bot. 1444.
Anomodon curtipendulum, Hooker fy Taylor Muse. 79.
On trees, rocks, and the ground ; perennial ; spring.
2. Anomodon viticulosum. Sprlggy odd-tooth.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, blunt, not cut ; main rib reach-
ing the tip ; peduncles very long ; capsule cylindrical.
Hypnum repens trichoides arboreum majus, capitulis et surculis erectis,
minus ramosis, Raii Syn. 85, SO.
Hypnum viticulosum, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot. 265.
Neckera viticulosa, Hedw. S. Muse. 209.
Anomodon viticulosum, Hooker 8$ Taylor Muse. 79.
On trees and rocks, rarely on the ground.
XXVII. 369. DALTONIA. Hooker & Taylor. Dalton. .
Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peri-
stome double, consisting of 16 teeth, and 16 cilise one from
the side of each tooth ; calyptra mitreshape.
1 . Daltonia splachnoides . Splachnumlike dalton .
Leaves oblong, lanceolate; peduncles long; calyptra
fringed at bottom.
Neckera splachnoides, Engl. Bot, 2564, not of Schwaegrichen.
On mountains, by the sides of streams.
14. MUSCI. 369. Dalton ia.
PI. cell. fol.
749
2. Daltonia heteromalla. Odd-sided dalton.
Leaves broad, ovate, pointed; capsules sessile, sunk in
the perichetium ; calyptra scarcely cut.
Sphagnum cauliferum, et ramosum minhs hirsutum, capitulis crebris
pilosis per ratnulorum longiludinem adnascentibus, Raii Syn. 105, 5.
Sphagnum arboreum, Lin. S. P. 1750.
Fontinalis secunda, Lin. Fil.Meth. Muse. 30.
Neckera heteromalla, Hedw. S. Muse. 202; Engl. Bot. 1180.
Phascum repens. Withering Arr. 785.
On the trunks of trees.
XXVIII. 370. FONTINALIS. Dillenius. Spring-moss.
Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peristome
double; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the inner of 16 ciliae con-
nected by cross bars, forming a cone of network ; calyptra
mitreshape.
1. Fontinalis antipyretica. Fireproof spring-moss*
Leaves ribless, usually folded, keeled.
Fontinalis major, foliis triangularibus complicatis, capitulis in folio-
rum alis sessilibus, Raii Syn. 79, 1.
Fontinalis antipyretica, Lin. S. P. 1571 ; Engl. Bot. 859.
W ater-moss.
In slow rivers, pools, and on floating wood.
Used in Sweden to line wooden chimneys, to prevent the
wood from taking fire, because very difficult to burn.
2. Fontinalis squamosa. Scaly spring-moss.
Leaves ribless, flat, or very slightly concave.
Fontinalis squamosa tenuis sericea atrovirens, Dillen. Muse. 258.
Fontinalis squamosa, Lin. S. P. 1571 ; Engl. Bot. 1861.
In swift alpine streams and waterfalls.
3. Fontinalis P capillacea. Hairlike spring-moss .
Leaves with a main rib, slightly concave.
Fontinalis capillacea, calycibus stili instar cuspidatis, Dillen. Muse. 260,
Fontinalis capillacea, Dickson Crypt, 2, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 2432.
In alpine rivulets.
XXIX. 371. BUXBAUMIA. Linnaeus. Buxlaum .
Capsule valveless, oblique, bunched; peristome double;
the outer of numerous, threadlike, jointless ciliae ; the inner
membranaceous, conical, folded; calyptra mitreshape.
750
372. Bartramia. 14. MUSCI.
PI. cell.foL
Buxhaimia curiosa. Curious buxbaum .
Muscus capillaceus aphyilus, capitulo crasso bivalvi, Dillen Muse. 477.
Buxbaumia aphylla, Lin. S. P. 1570 ; Engl. Bot. 1596.
In woods.
Stem 0; leaves palmately jagged; perichetium radical,
bulblike ; peduncles long, red ; capsule large, ovate, greenish.
XXX. 372. BARTRAMIA. Hedwig. Bartram .
Capsules valveless, nearly globular, peduncled ; peduncles
terminal ; peristome double ; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the
inner membranaceous, divided into 16 segments, each of
them 2-cut; calyptra halved.
a. Peduncles long , straight.
1. Bartramia pomiformis. Appleshape bartram .
Leaves spreading, awlshape, strongly serrated ; main.
rib reaching the tip ; twisted when dry.
Brvum trichoides virescens, erectis majusculis capitulis maliformibus.
Ran Syn. 97, 31.
Bryuin pomiforme, Lin. S. P. 1580.
Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. S. Muse. 164 ; Engl. Bot. 998.
Bartramia crispa, Swartz M. Suec. 73.
Bryum vulgaris, Mong. fy Nestl. 137.
On heaths and dry banks.
Stem short; leaves bent.
{3. major. Stem long, branched ; leaves long, crisped
especially when dry.
Bartramia crispa, Bridel Muse. 2, 3 ; Engl. Bot. 1526.
Bartramia pomiformis elongata, Turner in Ann. Bot. 1, 1526, $.
2. Bartramia ithyphylla. Stiff-leaved bartram .
Stem short ; leaves stiff, upright, rather spreading, awl-
shape, bristlelike, scarcely cut, main rib spreading into the
substance of the leaves when about half-way up, straight
when dry ; peduncles very long.
Bartramia ithyphylla, Bridel Muse. 2, 1 ; Engl. Bot. 1710.
Bartramia pomiformis, Swartz M. Suec. 73.
On dry mountain banks.
3. Bartramia gracilis. Slender bartram.
Stem long; leaves turned over, spreading, lanceolate,
grooved, serrated; peduncles lateral from young shoots.
Bartramia gracilis, Florke in Schrad. J ourn. ; Engl. Bot. 1836.
Bartramia (Ederiana, Swartz in Schrad, Journ.
Bartramia (Ederi, Schwcegr . Supp. 59.
BartTamia longiseta, Brid. Muse.
Bartramia grandiflora, Schwagr. Supp. 58.
On alpine rocks.
14. MUSCI. 372. Bartramia.
751
Pl. cell, foil.
4. Bartramia fontana. Spring hartram.
Stems eventopped ; leaves dosed tiledlike, stiff, upright,
broad, ovate or lanceolate, pointed, nearly flat, serrated ;
peduncles lateral from young shoots.
Bryum quod Muscus palustris adianto aureo aftinis, scaprs tenuibus,
foliolis brevibus, editionis prim®, Rail Syn. 98,28.
Mnium fontanum, Lin. S. P. 1574.
Bryum fontanum, Hudson Angl. 475 j Engl. But. 390.
Bartramia fontana, Swartz in Schrader Jour n.
Grey marsh-moss.
Stems 6 inches long; leaves ovate.
/3. Marchicum . Stem an inch long ; leaves lanceolate.
Bartramia Marchica, Swartz in Schrad. Jour. ; Engl. Dot. 2074.
Mrrium Marchicum, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 39.
Bartramia fontana pumila, Turner M. Hib. 107.
On turf bogs.
b. Peduncles very short, Lent.
5. Bartramia Halleri. Haller s bar tram.
Stem very long, proliferous ; leaves long, awlshape, bent
variously, serrated above; peduncles lateral, from young
shoots very short, bowed.
Bryum laterale, Hudson Ang. 483.
Mnhun iaterale, Hoffm . Germ. 2, 54.
Bartramia Halleriana, Hedw. S. Muse. 164 ; Engl. Bot. 997.
On mountain rocks, near streams.
6. Bartramia arcuata . Bowed hartram .
Stems very long, proliferous ; leaves horizontal, spread-
ing, ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked ; peduncles
very short, bowed, become lateral; capsule smooth.
Hypnum palustre erectum, coma lutea, basi nigricante, Dillen. in Raii
Syn. 83,21.
Bartramia arcuata, Engl. Bot. 1237.
Mnium arcuatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 2.
Mnium chrysocomum, Hedw. S. Muse. 74.
Hypnum chrysocomum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.
On mountain bogs and wet rocks.
XXXI. 373. HOOKERIA. Smith. Hooker.
Capsules valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral ; peri-
stome double; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the inner membra-
naceous, divided into 16 uncut segments; calyptra mitre-
shape.
1. Hookeria lucens. Shining hooker .
Leaves broad, ovate, uncut, blunt, ribless.
7 52 373. Hookeria. 14. MUSCI. PL cell, fob
Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, foliolis majoribus, magisque
crebris, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 88, 45.
Hypnum lucens, Lin. S. P. 1589.
Hookeria lucens. Smith in Lin. Tr. 9,276.
Leskea lucens, De Candolle FI. Gall. Syn.
On moist banks and rocks.
2. Hookeria Icetevirens. Light- green hooker .
Leaves ovate, rather pointed, bordered, very obscurely
serrated at the tip, main ribs 2, reaching nearly to the end.
Hookeria laete-virens, Hooker fy Taylor Muse. 89.
On bogs.
XXXII. 374. HYPNUM. Dioscorides. Feaiher-moss.
Capsules valveless,peduncled; peduncles lateral; peristome
double; the outer of 16 teeth ; the inner membranaceous,
segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads between them;
calyptra halved.
a. Stem with the leaves flat ; capsules upright .
1. Hymnum trichomanoides. Trichomanes feather-moss.
Leaves broad, scymetarshape, serrated at the point,
main-ribbed to the middle; capsule ovate, upright; lid
beaked.
Hypnum erectum filicifolium ramosum, pinnulis obtusis, Dillen. in Raii
Syn. 87,40.
Hypnum Irichomanoides, Schreb. Lips. 88; Engl. Bot. 1493.
Hypnum complanatum /3, Huds. Angl. 495.
Leskea trichomanoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 234.
On trunks of trees.
2. Hypnum complanatum. Flattened feather-moss.
Leaves oblong, pointed, uncut, ribless ; capsule ovate,
upright ; lid beaked.
Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, ramulis appressis et raagis com-
planatis, Raii Syn. 87, 38.
Hypnum complanatum, Lin.S. P. 1588; Engl. Bot. 1492.
Leskea complanata, Hedgw. S. Muse. 231.
On trees.
b. Stem with the leaves flat ; capsules drooping , or inclined.
3. Hypnum riparium . Shore feather-moss.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, main-rib nearly
reaching the tip ; capsules oblong, drooping ; lid conical.
PL cell, f 61,
14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum,
753
Hypnum ramosum fluitans pennatum, Rad Syn. 81, 6.
Hypnum riparium, Lin. S. P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 2060.
On river-banks, and inundated places.
4. Hypnum undulatum. Wavy feather-moss*
Leaves ovate, pointed, waved across ; ribs 2 at the bot-
tom, faint; capsule oblong, furrowed, drooping; lid beaked*
Hypnum repens erispum, cauliculis compressis, lycopodii in inoren*
per terram sparsis, Raii Syn. 88, 46.
Hypnum undulatum, Lin. S. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 1181.
On woods, and dry heaths.
Leaves white, membranaceous.
5. Hypnum denticulatum . Fine-toothed feather-moss *
Leaves ovate, inclining to lanceolate, pointed ; ribs 2 at
the bottom, short ; capsule oblong, cylindrical, inclined ;
lid conical.
Hypnum repens filici folium non ramosum, pedicuiis et capitulis Ion-
gioribus ad radicem egredientibus ; foliolis utrinque duplicate, Raii Syn.
88, 43.
Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, pedicuiis ct capitulis longioribus
e foliorum alis egredientibus, foliolis utrinque simplicibus, Dillen. in Raii
Syn. 88, 44.
Hypnum denticulatum, Lin. S. P. 1588 ; Engl. Bot. 1260.
Hypnum sylvaticum, Lin. Mant. 2, 310.
In woods.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, distant, quite flat.
#. obtusfolium . Leaves ovate, blunt, slightly concave.
Hypnum denticulatum obtusifolium, Turner M. Hib. 146.
Hypnum obtusatum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 3T1.
Hypnum Donnianum, Engl. Bot. 1446.
On mountains.
,e. Stems with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem ,
uniform in their direction , not serrated , main rib reaching
io or beyond the point .
6. Hypnum medium . Middling feather-moss.
Leaves ovate, blunt, concave, uncut; main rib reaching
the tip; capsule cylindrical, nearly upright; lid conical.
Hypnum trichoides, capsulis oblongis in setis brevioribus, Dillen. Muse.
331.
Hypnum heterophyllum aquaticum, polycephalum repens, Dillen. Muse*
293.
Hypnum medium, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12; Engl. Bot. 1274.
Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. Crypt. 96.
Hypnum inundatum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 17 ; Engl. Bot, 1922.
On trees near the ground.
VOL. i, 3 c
754 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.tell.fol.
7. Hypnum tenellum . Tender feather-moss .
Leaves in bundles, upright, lanceolate, awlshape, uncut*
main rib reaching the tip ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid
beaked.
Hypnum tenellum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16 ; Engl. Bot. 1859.
On limestone rocks and old walls.
8. Hypnum serpens . Crawling feather-moss.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, rather blunt, spread open, un-
cut, main rib reaching to the point; capsule cylindrical,
crooked, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre minimum, capitulis majnsculis ob-
longis erectis, Raii Syn . 85,27.
Hypnum serpens, Lin. S. P. 1596 ; Engl. Bot. 1037.
Hypnum tenue, Schrader.
Hypnum contextum, Hedw. S. Muse.
Hypnum spinulosum, Hedw. S. Muse. 269.
Hypnum subtile, Dickson ; Engl. Bot. 2496.
On moist banks, trees, pales, and decayed wood.
d. Stems with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem *
uniform in their direction , serrated ; main rib reaching to
or beyond the point.
9. Hypnum populeum. Poplar feather-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, edge slightly turned
over ; main rib reaching the point ; capsule ovate, nearly
upright ; peduncles rough ; lid conical.
Hypnum populeum, Hedw. S. Muse. 70.
Hypnum implexum, Swartz Act. Holm. 1793 ; Engl. Bot. 1584.
Hypnum plumosum, Swartz M. Suec. 66.
On trees and rocks.
10. Hypnum reflexum. Turned-over feather-moss.
Leaves heartshape, pointed, serrated, main rib reaching
the point, edge slightly turned over ; capsule ovate, droop-
ing; peduncles rough ; lid conical.
Hypnum reflexum, Web. fy Mohr Crypt. Germ. 306 & 476; Hooker Sf
Taylor Muse. 95.
On mountains.
e. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem ,
uniform in the direction , ovate or elliptical , uncut ; main
rib shorter than the leaf or 0.
11. Hypnum molle. Soft feather-moss .
Leaves loosely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, concave,
uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom, or with one short rib ;
capsule ovate, drooping ; lid conical.
755
Pl. cell. foL 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum.
Hypnum molle, Dickson Crypt. 2, 11 ; Engl. Bot. 1992.
Hypnum alpestre, Swartz M. Suec. 63.
In alpine rivulets.
12. Hypnum Schreberi . Schreber’s feather-moss .
Leaves closely tiledlike, nearly upright, elliptical, point-
ed, concave, uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule
ovate, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum longum erectum, foliis angustis caulibus appressus, Rail Syn.
S3, 20.
Hypnum Schreberi, Willd. Berl. 325; Engl. Bot. 1621.
Hypnum purum, Ehrh. Crypt. 31 1.
Hypnum compressum, Schreb. Lips. 96.
Hypnum muticum, Swartz M. Suec . 60.
On banks in woods.
13. Hypnum moniliforme . Bead-necklace feather-moss.
Leaves closely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, very con-
cave, bellied, ribless ; capsule ovate, nearly upright.
Hypnum moniliforme, IVahlen. Lapp. 376.
Leskea julacea, Mohr. '
Hypnum julaceum, Schweegr. Supp. 89.
Plerogonium ? rotundifolium, Engl. Bot. 2525.
On the ground, among other mosses.
14. Hypnum catenulatum . Chained feather-moss .
Leaves rather spreading, ovate, slightly pointed, nipply
on the back and edge, rib very short ; capsule ovate, in-
clined ; lid conical, pointed.
Hypnum catenulatum, Schweegr. Supp. 218.
Pterigynandrum catenulatum, Bridel Muse. 64.
Grimmia catenulata, Mohr.
On wet rocks.
15. Hypnum stramineum. Straw feather-moss.
Leaves loosely tiledlike, upright, spreading, oblongs
ovate, blunt, uncut, rib reaching halfway ; capsule oblong,
ovate, curved, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum stramineum, Dickson Crypt. 1,6; Engl. Bot. 2405.
On bogs and banks among other mosses.
16. Hypnum murale. Wall feather-moss.
Leaves nearly upright, tiledlike, oval, concave, uncut,
point very short, main rib reaching halfway ; capsule ovate,
drooping ; lid beaked.
3 c 2
756 374-. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. PL cell, fo
Hypnum myosuroides brevius et crassus, capsulis cernuis, Dillen. Muse .
318.
Hypnum muralc, Necker Gallobelg. 479; Dickson Crypt . 3, 10.
Hypnum confertum, Engl, Dot. 1038.
Hypnum abbreviatum, Iledw. S. Muse. 65.
On walls and stones.
17. Hypnum purum. Pure feather-moss .
Leaves closely tiledlike, oval, very concave, point very
short, main rib reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping;
lid conical.
Hypnum terrestre erectum, ramulis teretibus, foliis inter rotunda et
acuta medio modo se habentibus, llaii Syn. 81,7.
Hypnum purum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Dot. 1599.
Hypnum elegans, Ehrh. Crypt. 24 2.
Hypnum illecebrum, Smith FI. Brit. 1314; Engl. Bot. 2189, not of
Hedwig.
In fields and moist woods.
f. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides , uniform
in their direction , lanceolate or awlshape , uncut , without
streaks ; main rib shorter than the leaf or 0.
18. Hypnum fluitans. Floating feather-moss.
Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, awlshape, scarcely
serrated at the tip, main rib reaching more than halfway;
the upper leaves sickleshape, one-rowed ; capsule ovate,
oblong, bent, drooping; lid conical.
Hypnum erectum aut fluitans aquaticum, foliis oblongis perangustis
acutis, Raii Syn. 82.
Hypnum fluitans, Lin. FI. Suec. ed. 2,399 ; Engl. Bot. 1448.
In water, and inundated places.
19. Hypnum plumosum. Plumose feather-moss ,
Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed,
slightly serrated, main rib reaching above halfway; the
upper leaves sometimes one-row7ed ; capsule ovate, droop-
ing; lid conical.
Hypnum plumosum, Lin. S. P. 1592 ; Engl. Bot. 2071 ; not of Hedwig.
Hypnum pseudoplumosum, B ridel Muse.
Hypnum alpinum, Turner M. Tlib. 192 ; Engl . Bot. 1496.
Hypnum flagellare, Hedw. S. M. 282.
On rocks.
20. Hypnum pulchellum. Pretty feather-moss.
Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, rib-
less ; upper leaves slightly one-rowed ; capsule ovate, cy-
lindrical, nearly upright; lid conical.
757
PI. cell, f ol, 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum.
Hypnum pulcliellum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13, fig. bad, having a ribbed
leaf; Engl. But. 2006; not of Hedwig.
Hypnum nitidulum, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Leskea pulchella, Hedw. S. Muse. 220.
On rocks and in woods.
g. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides , uniform
in their direction , lanceolate or awlshape, streaked ; main
rib shorter than the leaf or 0.
21. Hypnum rufescens. Reddish feather-moss.
Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,
streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at the bottom ; capsule ovate*
nearly upright ; lid conical.
Hypnum rufescens, Dickson Crypt. 3, 9 ; Engl. Bot. 2296.
Leskea rufescens, Sc/iwcegr. Supp. 88.
On alpine rocks.
22. Hypnum sericeum. Silky feather-moss.
Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,
streaked, main rib reaching to three quarters of the length ;
capsule ovate, cylindrical, upright; lid conical.
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre luteo-virens vulgare tnajus, capi-
tulis erectis, Raii Syn. 84,23.
Hypnum sericeum, Lin. S. P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 1445.
Leskea sericea, Hedw. S. Muse . 223.
On rocks, walls, and trees.
23. Hypnum lutescens. Yellowish feather-moss.
Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,
streaked, main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule ovate,
drooping; peduncles rough ; lid conical, pointed.
Hypnum lutescens, Hudson Angl. ed. 1, 421 ; Engl. Bot. 1301.
Hypnum sericeum y, Hudson Angl. 506.
On banks and trees.
24. Hypnum miens . Shining feather-moss.
Leaves upright, spreading, narrow, lanceolate, pointed,
scarcely cut, streaked, main rib nearly reaching the tip ;
capsule oblong, ovate, bent; peduncles smooth; lid conical.
Hypnum palustre erectum trichoides, ramulis crebris, luteo et rufo-
virentibus, glabris, Dillen. Muse. 303.
Hypnum nitens, Schreb. Lips. 92 ; Engl. Bot. 1646.
On bogs and marshes.
758
374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL
25. Hypnum albicans. Whitish feather-moss.
Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed,
streaked, uncut; main rib reaching halfway; capsules ovate,
drooping ; peduncles smooth ; lid conical.
Hypnum terrestre e rectum humilius albicans, ramulis teretibus, Dillen
in Rail Syn. S3, 19.
Hypnum albicans, Necher Muse. 180 ; Engl. Bot. 1300.
On sandy open places.
h. Stein with the leaves not flat , lower part bare ; leaves on
all sides , uniform in their direction , serrated; main rib
shorter than the leaf or 0.
26. Hypnum alopecurum. Foxtail feather-grass .
Stem upright ; below simple, naked ; above branched,
branches in bundles ; leaves concave, ovate, elliptical, point-
ed, serrated, main rib nearly reaching the tip, edge turned
over; capsule ovate, drooping; lid beaked.
Hypnum palustre erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis,
Raii Syn. 81,8.
Hypnum alopecurum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1182.
On shady banks, in woods.
27. Hypnum dendroides. Treelike feather-grass.
Stem upright; below simple, naked; above branched,
branches in bundles ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, streaked,
serrated at the tip, main rib nearly reaching the tip ; capsule
upright, ovate, cylindrical; lid beaked.
Hypnum erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis confertim
nascentibus, Raii Syn. 81, 9.
Hypnum dendroides, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1565.
Leskea dendroides, Hedw. S. Muse. 228.
Neck era dendroides, Swartz M. Suec. 71.
Climacium dendroides, Mohr. Germ.
In woods and moist pastures.
Columella in dry weather raises the lid spirally, and al-
lows the escape of the seeds, moisture contracts the colu-
mella in the same spiral manner, and again closes the cap-
sule : inner peristome segments cleft at the base.
i. Stem with the leaves not flat , leafy below ; leaves on all
sides , uniform in their direction, serrated , main rib shorter
than the leaf or 0; capsules upright.
28. Hypnum curvatum. Bent feather-moss.
Branches in bundles, bent; leaves ovate, elliptical, con-
cave, serrated at the tip; main rib disappearing beyond ,the
middle; capsule ovate, upright; lid beaked.
14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum.
759
PL cell.fol .
Hypnum repens, triangularibus angustis foliis, ramulis subrotundis,
Dillen. in Raii Syn. 83, 16.
Hypnum curvatum, Swartz M. Suec. 64; Engl. Bot. 1566.
Hypnum myosuroides, Hedw. S. Muse. 266, not of Linnaeus.
Hypnum myosuron, Withering Arr. 865.
On rocks and trees.
29. Hypnum myosuroides. Mouse tail feather-moss.
Branches in bundles, bent; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
serrated, edges turned over at bottom ; main rib reaching
to the middle ; capsule ovate, cylindrical, upright ; lid
beaked.
Hypnum polyanthon, triangularibus angustis foliis, Dillen. in Raii Syn .
83, 17.
Hypnum myosuroides, Lin. S. P. 1596; Engl. Bot. 1567, not of Hedwig.
Hypnum myosurum, Schrad. Krypt. 17.
On limestone-rocks, and trees.
k. Stem with the leaves not flat , leafy below , 2 or 3- pinnate ;
leaves on all sides , uniform in their direction , serrated ;
main rib shorter than the leaf or 0; capsules drooping.
30. Hypnum splendens. Splendid feather-moss.
Stems tripinnate; leaves ovate, concave; point suddenly
acuminated, serrated; main ribs 2, faint, at the bottom;
edge turned over at the base; capsule ovate, drooping; lid
beaked.
Hypnum repens filicinum, veluti spicatum, Raii Syn. 86,35.
]W uscus filicinus, Ger. em. 1372; Park. 1309.
Hypnum splendens, Hedw. S. M. 262; Engl. Bot. 1424.
Hypnum parietinum, Hudson Angl. 499.
Hypnum proliferum, Ehrh. Crypt. 95.
In dry woods and heaths.
31. Hypnum proliferum. Proliferous feather-moss.
Stem tripinnate ; leaves serrated, nipply on the back ;
stem-leaves heartshape, pointed, streaked, main rib running
nearly to the tip; branch-leaves more ovate, with a single
or double rib at the bottom.
Hypnum repens filicinum minus, luteo-virens, Raii Syn. 86,36.
Hypnum proliferum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl. Bot. 1494.
Hypnum tamariscinum, Hedw. S. Muse. 261.
Hypnum tamariscifoliuro, Necker Muse. 158.
Hypnum delicatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 301.
Hypnum delicatulum, Schrader Germ. 73.
Hypnum recognitum, Hedw. S. Muse. 261.
Hypnum parietinum, Willd. Bcrol. 322.
On heathy banks and in woods.
760
VI. cell.fol .
374-. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI.
32. Hypnum prcelongum . Very-long feather-moss..
Stem nearly bipinnate; leaves distant, open, heartshape
or ovate, pointed, serrated; main rib disappearing below
the tip ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid beaked.
Hypnum repens fllicimtm, triangularibus parvis foliis, praelonguin,,
Raii Syn. 80, 5.
Hypnum praelongum, Lin. S. P. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2035.
Hypnum Stokesii, Turner M. Hib. 159.
Hypnum Swartzii, Turner M. Hib. 151 ; Engl. Bot. 2034.
Hypnum atrovirens, Swartz M. Suec. 65.
On banks and decaying trees.
3. Stem with the leaves not flat , pinnate or irregularly branch*-
ed; leaves on all sides , uniform in their direction, serrated,
main rib shorter than the leaf or 0; capsules drooping.
33. Hypnum flagellare. Whip feather -moss.
Stem pinnate, or irregularly bipinnate ; leaves thickly
set, heartshape, pointed, serrated, very faintly 2-ribbed at
bottom ; capsule oblong, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum flagellare, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.
Hypnum umbratum, Engl. Bot. 2565, not of Hedwig.
On alpine rocks.
34. Hypnum abietinum. Fir feather-moss.
Stem pinnate ; leaves serrated, nipply on the back, edge
turned over, main rib nearly to the tip ; stem-leaves heart-
shape, sharp-pointed ; branch-leaves heartshape, pointed
capsule cylindrical, inclined ; lid conical.
Hypnum repens filicinum trichoides montanum, ramulis teretibus lute-
scentibus non divisis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 86, 34.
Hypnum abietinum, Lin. S. P. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2037.
On dry chalk-hills.
35. Hypnum Blandovii. Blandof’s feather-moss.
Stem pinnate; leaves serrated, smooth on the back,
edges turned over ; stem-leaves heartshape, pointed, with a
short main rib ; branch-leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, main
rib disappearing beyond the middle; capsule cylindrical,
inclined ; lid conical.
Hypnum Blandovii, IVeber $$ Mohr Germ. 332.
On rocks.
761
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 37^. Hypnum.
36. Hypnum piliferum. Hairy feather -moss*
Stem rather pinnate; leaves ovate, serrated; tip long,
narrow; main rib not reaching the middle; capsule ovate,,
drooping ; lid beaked.
Hypnum piliferum, Schrel/er Lips . 91 ; Engl. Bot. 1516.
On moist shady banks.
37. Hypnum rutabuliforme. Bake shape feather-moss -
Stern variously branched; leaves open, ovate, pointed,
serrated at the tip, streaked; main rib reaching halfway;:
capsule ovate, drooping; peduncle rough; lid conical.
Hypnum repens triangularibus minoribus foliis, Rnii Syn. 80.
Muscus terrestris vulgaris, Ger. em. 1370.
Hypnum Rutabulum, Lin. S. P. 1590.
Hypnum brevirostre, Engl. Bot. 1647, not of Ehrhart.
Hypnum crenulatum, Engl. Bot. 1261.
Ground-moss.
On banks and trees.
38. Hypnum velutinum. Velvet fecither-moss .
Stem variously branched ; leaves upright, spreading,
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked ; main rib
reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping; peduncle rough;.
lid conical.
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius minus, capitulis tumidiori-
bus cernuis, Ruii Syn. 84.24.
Hypnum velutinum, Lin. S. P. 1595 ; Engl. Bot. 1568.
Hypnum intricatum, Schreber Lips. 99; Engl. Bot. 2421.
Hypnum Teesdalii, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16.
On hedge-banks, and in woods.
39. Hypn. ruse folium. Butchers' -broomleaf feather-moss^
Stem variously branched ; leaves loosely tiledlike, rather
spreading, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, concave, main
rib reaching to the tip ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid beaked.
Hypnum repens, triangularibus minoribus foliis, pediculis et capitulis
brevioribus et tumidioribus, rnajus, Dillen. in Raii Syn. SO, 3.
Hypnum ruscifolium, Necker Muse. 181 ; Engl. Bot. 1275.
Hypnum rusciforme, Necker Gallob. 481.
Hypnum Rutabulum 5, Hudson Angl. 497.
Hypnum riparioides, Hedtc. S. Muse. 242.
Hypnum prolixum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13.
Hypnum Atlanticum, Desfont. FI. At!.
On wood and stones in rivers and pools.
40. Hypnum striatum. Streaked feather-moss .
Stem variously branched; leaves open, heartshape, point-
ed, serrated, streaked ; main rib reaching beyond the
762 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell.fol.
middle ; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ;
lid beaked.
Hypnum repens triangalaribus minoribus foliis, pediculis et capitulis
brevioribus et tumidioribus, minus, Raii Syn. 80,4.
Hypnum striatum, Sclireb. Lips. 91 ; Engl. Bot. 1648.
Hypnum longirostrum, Ehrh. Crypt. 75.
Hypnum Rutabulum y, Hudson Angl. 497.
Hypnum Rutabulum £, Relhan Cant. 433.
In woods.
41. Hypnum confer turn. Crowded feather-moss *
Stem variously branched ; leaves upright, spreading,
ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, main rib reaching half-
way ; capsule ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ; lid beaked.
Hypnum confertum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 17 ; Engl. Bot. 2407.
Hypnum serrulatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 60; Engl. Bot. 1262.
On banks, trees, and old rails.
m. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, very
irregular in their direction .
42. Hypnum cuspidatum. Dagger feather-moss .
Leaves loosely set, ovate, concave, ribless, uncut; lower
leaves irregular ; top-leaves closely tiledlike into a sharp
point ; capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum repens palustre, foliis triangularibus per caules expansis, ex-
tremitatibus convolutis et acuminatis, Raii Syn. 82, 14.
Hypnum cuspidatum, Lin. S. P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 2407.
On bogs.
43. Hypnum cor difolium. Hear ishape-leaf feather-moss.
Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, ovate, blunt,
concave, uncut, main rib running to very near the tip ;
capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum cordifolium, Hedw. S. Muse. 254; Engl. Bot. 1447.
Hypnum cuspidatum / 6, Turner M. Hib. 177.
On bogs.
44. Hypnum polymorphum. Many formed feather-moss.
Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed,
uncut, main rib disappearing halfway up ; capsule oblong,
ovate, bent, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum polymorphum, Hedw. S. Muse. 66, rib omitted in fig.
Hypnum chrysophyllum, Bridel Muse. 2, 2.
On limestone and chalk.
763
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum.
45. Hypnum stellatum. Starry feather-moss .
Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed,
uncut, ribless,* capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping; lid
conical.
Hypnum coma lulescente, extremitatibus stellatis, Dillen. Muse. 302.
Hypnum stellatum, Sckreb. Lips. 92; Engl. Bot. 1302.
Hypnum protensum, Bridel Muse .
In marshes.
/3. minus. Plant smaller, less upright, greener ; leaves
more turned over.
Hypnum squarrulosum, Bridel Muse. Engl. Bot. 1709.
On rocks and stone walls.
46. Hypnum loreiforme . Thong shape feather-moss.
Leaves turned over, irregular, lanceolate, much pointed,
concave, serrated, streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom;
capsule globular, ovate, drooping; lid conical.
Hypnum repens, surcuiis tnagis erectis, foliis reflexis longioribus,
cinctis, operculo capituli magno, Raii Syn. 82, 12.
Hypnum Loreum, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 2072.
On heaths among bushes.
47. Hypnum triquetrum. Three-cornered feather-moss .
Leaves irregular, heartshape, pointed, serrated, faintly
streaked, 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule globular, ovate ; lid
conical.
Hypnum repens, triangularibus major! bus et pallidioribus foliis, Raii
Syn. 80.
llypnum triquetrum, Lin. S. P. 1589 ; Engl. Bot. 1622.
In woods.
(3. minus. Plant small.
Hypnum brevirostrum, Ehrh. Crypt, not of Smith.
48. Hypnum squarrosum. Scurfy feather-moss.
Leaves irregular, wide, heartshape, very much pointed
and turned over, serrated, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capr-
sale ovate, globular, drooping ; lid conical.
Hypnum repens, triangularibus reflexis foliis, majus, Raii Syn. 82, 10.
Hypnum repens, triangularibus reflexis, foliis, minus, Dillen. in Raii Syn.
82, 1 1 .
Hypnum squarrosum, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1953.
In woods and on heaths.
764* 374?. Hypnum. 14?. MUSCI. Pl.cell.foL
n. Stem and leaves not flat ; leaves facing one waij^ 1 -rilled*
49. Hypnum fllicinum . Fern feather-moss.
Stem rather pinnate; leaves , especially the upper, sickle-
like, facing one way, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, main-
rib reaching to the tip; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, droop-
ing ; lid conical.
Hypnum repens filicinum crispum, Raii Syn. 85,32.
Hypnum filicinum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl. Bot. 1570.
Hypnum dubium, Engl. Bot. 2126.
Hypnum fallax, Bridel Muse. 3, 2; Engl. Bot.
On bogs and the side of streams.
50. Hypnum atrovirens. Dark-green feather-moss.
Stem variously branched, lying down ; leaves slightly
facing one way, broad, ovate; tip narrow, blunt; main rib
running nearly to the tip ; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid
conical.
Hypnum atrovirens, Dickson Crypt. 2, 10; Engl. Bot. 2422.
Hypnum filameutosum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 11.
Hypnum attenuatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13; Engl. Bot. 2420.
Leskea incurvata, Hedw. S. Muse. 53.
On mountain rocks and trees.
51. Hypnum palustre. Marsh feather-moss.
Leaves facing one way, ovate, rather pointed, concave,
uncut, edges turned in above ; main rib short, often forked,
sometimes faint ; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping ; lid
conical.
Hypnum heterophyllum aquaticum polycephalum repens, Dillen. Muse.
293.
Hypnum palustre, Lin. S. P. 1593 ; Engl. Bot. 1665.
Hypnum Juridum, Hedw. S. Muse. 291.
Hypnum fiuviatile, 1'urner M. Hib. 192; Engl. Bot. 1303, not of Hed-
wig.
Hypnum ad natum, Turner M. Hib. 165; Engl. Bot. 2406, not of Hed-
wig.
On wet rocks, and banks of rivers and of pools.
52. Hypnum aduncum. Crooked feather-moss.
Leaves sicklelike, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape,
concave or almost semicylindrical, uncut; main rib not
reaching the tip; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping;
lid conical.
Hypnum palustre erectum, summitatibus erectis, Raii Syn. SO, 15.
Hypnum aduncum, Lin. S. P. 1592.
Hypnum revolvens, Swartz Ml. Suec. 58 ; Engl. Bot. 2073.
On bogs.
PL cell.fol.
765
14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum.
0. rugosum. Leaves wide, slightly sickleshape, wrinkled.
Hypnum lutescens crispum, lycopodii facie, Dillen. Muse. 289.
Hypnum rugosum, Lin. Mant. 131 ; Engl. Bot. 2250, not of Hedwig.
Hypnum lycopodioides, Schwcegr. Supp. 2,300.
53. Hypnum uncinalum . Hooked feather-moss .
Leaves sickleshape, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape,
serrated, streaked, main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule
cylindrical, bent, drooping; lid conical.
Hypnum uncinatum, Iledw. S. Muse. 289 ; Engl. Bot. 1600.
On moist banks and walls, in hilly countries.
54. Hypnum rugulosum . S lightly- wrinkled feather-moss.
Leaves facing one way, ovate, lanceolate, serrated, nearly
flat, crisped across when dry; edges turned over; main
rib reaching halfway.
Hypnum rugulosum, Weber fy Mohr Cr. Germ. 366.
Hypnum rugosum, Iledw. S. Muse. 293, not of Linnaeus.
On heaths.
55. Hypnum commutatum. Changed feather-moss .
Stems pinnate ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heart-
shape, very sharp-pointed, serrated, edges turned over;
main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule oblong, ovate,
drooping; lid conical.
Hypnum repens filicinum crispum, var. B. C. D. Dillen. Muse. 283.
Hypnum commutatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 284; Engl. Bot . 1569.
On wet places, especially in chalky ground.
o. Stem and leaves not flat ; leaves facing one way , ribs 2
very indistinct , or 0.
56. Hypnum scorpioides. Scorpion feather-moss*
Leaves facing one way, broad, ovate, bellied, blunt, un-
cut, ribless ; capsules oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid
conical.
Hypnum scorpioides, Lin. S. P . 1592 ; Engl. Bot. 1039.
On bogs.
57. Hypnum Silesianum. Silesia feather-moss.
Leaves loosely tiledlike, facing one way, narrow, lanceo-
late, pointed, serrated, ribless or very slightly 2-ribbed ;
capsule cylindrical, rather drooping ; lid conical, blunt.
Hypnum Silesianum, P. da Beauv * Prod. 70; Engl. Bot. 2016.
Leskea Seligeri, Brid . Muse.
On mountains*
766
37 4. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI.
PZ. cell. fed.
58. Hypnum cupressiforme. Cypresslike feat her -moss.
Leaves closely tiledlike, sicklelike, facing one way, lan-
ceolate, pointed, uncut, except the tip which is serrated,
very faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule cylindrical, slightly
drooping ; lid conical, pointed.
Hypnum repens crispum cupressiforme, Raii Syn. 89, 48.
Hypnum myosuroides sericeum tenuius, capsulis erectis, Dillen. Muse.
318.
Hypnum cupressiforme, Lin. S. P. 1592 ; Engl. Bot. 1860.
Hypnum nigro-viride, Dickson Crypt. 4, 18.
On banks, and trees, also on walls.
/3. compressum. Stem slender, compressed ; leaves sickle-
like, facing one way.
Hypnum filicinum sericeum, molle et pallidum, mucronibus aduncis,
Dillen. Muse. 286.
Hypnum compressum, Lin. Mant. 2, 310.
In shady woods.
y. tenue . Stem very slender; leaves very slightly curved,
narrow, lanceolate, uncut.
Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius minus, capitulis cernuis
minus tumidis, Raii Syn. 84. 26.
Hypnum polyanthus, Engl. Bot. 1664, not of Schreber.
Hypnum filiforme, Hudson Angl. 497.
Hypnum filifolium. Withering Arr. 862.
Leskea filiformis, Sibthorp Ox. 303.
On trees.
59. Hypnum cristceforme . Crestlike feather-moss.
Stem closely comblike ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way,
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrated, streaked, faintly
2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule oblong,, ovate, bent, drooping;
lid conical.
Hypnum Crista-castrensis, Lin. S. P. 1591 ; Engl. Bot. 2108, not of
Hudson.
In woods.
60. Hypnum molluscum. Softish feather-moss ,
Stem comblike ; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heart-
shape, sharp-pointed, serrated, not streaked, faintly % ribbed
at bottom ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid
conical.
Hypnum quod Muscus filicifolius luteus, folio crasso et undulato D.
Richardsoni, Raii Syn. 86,32.
Hypnum molluscum, Hedw. S.- Muse. 289 ; Engl. Bot. 1327.
Hypnum Crista-castrensis, Hudson Angl. 498, not of Linnreus.
On dry chalk-hills.
767
Pl.cell.fol. 14. MUSCI. 375. Bryum.
XXXIII. 375. BRYUM. Theophrastus. Thread-moss .
Capsule valveless, ped uncled ; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome double ; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the inner membra-
naceous, segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads be-
tween them ; calyptra halved.
a. Capsule furrowed .
1. Bryum androgynum. Androgynous thread-moss*
Stem nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, serrated, edges
turned over ; capsule nearly upright, cylindrical, furrowed
lid conical.
Mniutn perangustis et brevibus foliis, Raii Syn. 78, 1.
Mniura androgynum, Lin. S. P. 1574 ; Engl. Bot. 1238.
Bryum androgynum, Hedw. S. Muse. 178.
Gymnocephalus androgynus, Schwcegr, Supp. 2, 87.
Cluster-headed golden locks .
On banks, in woods.
2. Bryum palustre. Marsh thread-moss..
Stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, blunt, uncut,
edges rolled up ; capsule ovate, blunt, furrowed ; lid conical.
Mnium raajus, ramis longioribus bifurcatis, Raii Syn. 78, 2.
Mnium palustre, Lin. S. P. 1574.
Bryum palustre, Roth Germ. 3,233; Engl. Bot. 391.
On bogs.
b. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome shorter
than the inner.
3. Bryum trichodes . Hair-leaved thread-moss .
Stem rather branched ; leaves linear, blunt, uncut, net-
worked ; capsule reverse-ovate, bent back, slightly droop-
ing; peduncles very short.
Bryum trichodes aureum, capsulis incurvis obtusis in setis longis, Dil-
len . Muse. 389.
Bryum trichodes, Lin. S. P. 1585 ; Eng. Bot. 1517.
Meesia uliginosa, Hedw. S. Muse. 173.
Mnium uliginosum. Withering Arr. 800.
Mnium trichodes, Hoffm. Germ. 2,47.
On mountain bogs.
4. Bryum triquetrum. Three-cornered thread-moss.
Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, keeled, pointed,
serrated, networked; capsule pearshape, slightly drooping;
peduncles very long.
768
PL cell.foL
375. Bryum. 14. MUSCI.
Milium triquetrum, Lin. S. P. 1578.
Meesia longiseta, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 21.
JDiplocomium longisetum, Weber & Mohr Cr. Germ . 874.
Bryum triquetrum, Turner M. Hib. 115} Engl. Bot. 2394.
On the edges of lakes.
5. Bryum dealbatum. Whitened thread-moss .
Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, flat, serrated at
the tip, networked ; capsules pearshape, nearly upright.
Bryum dealbatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,8; Engl. Bot. 1571.
Meesia dealbatum, Swartz M. Suec. 44.
On mountain-bogs.
c. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner ; leaves awlshape.
6. Bryum pyr forme. Pearshape thread-moss .
Stem slightly branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike,
bent, serrated, rib very broad ; capsule pearshape, hanging.
Bryum trichodes aureum, capsulis pvriformibus nutantibus, Dillcn.
Jf use. 39 1 .
Mnium pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Bryum aureum, Schreb . Lips. 81 ; Engl. Bot. 389.
Bryum mnioides, Withering Arr. 838.
Bryum pyriforme, Swartz M. Suec. 45.
Webera pyriformis, Hedw. S. Muse. 169.
On sandstone-rocks, and the mould of pots in green-
houses.
d. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as
long as the inner ; leaves not awlshape , very blunt9 edges
not thickened .
7. Bryum julaceum. Catkin thread-moss .
Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,
uncut, blunt, main rib nearly reaching the tip ; capsule re-
verse ovate, cylindrical, hanging.
Bryum pendulum, surculis teretibus viridibus, Dillen . Muse. 394.
Bryum argenteum jS, Lin. S. P. 1586.
Bryum julaceum, Schrad. Germ. 70; Engl. Bot , 2270.
Bryum fili forme, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16.
On mountains.
e. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner; leaves not awlshape , pointed; edges not
thickened.
8. Bryum crudum. Raw thread-moss .
Stem simple ; leaves stiff, lanceolate, flat? finely serrated.
769
PL cell, f 61 . 14. MUSCI. 37 5. Bryum.
main rib not reaching the tip; upper leaves narrowest,
longest ; capsule oblong, pearshape, drooping.
Bryum pendulum hornum molle, foliis et lanceolatis et gramineis, Dil -
len . Muse. 401.
Muium crudum, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Bryum crudum, Hudson Angl. 491 ; Engl. Bot . 1604.
On mountain banks, and in the crevices of rocks.
9. Bryum cb'neum . Flesh thread-moss .
Stem, simple ; leaves lanceolate, networked, slightly ser-
rated at the tip ; main rib not reaching the tip ; capsule
reverse ovate, hanging.
Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis angustioribus, reflexis eapi-
tulis subrotundis, carnei coloris, in pediculis brevioribus, Dillen in RaiiSyn.
102.
Bryum carneum, Lin. S. P. 1587 ; Eng. Bot. 360.
Bryum delicatulum, Hedw. S. Muse. 179.
Bryum pulchellum, Hedw . Crypt. 3,38.
On banks.
10. Bryum argenteum. Silvery thread-moss .
Stem branched ; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,
suddenly pointed, slightly serrated, very concave, main rib
not reaching the point; capsule ovate, pearshaped, hanging.
Bryum capitulis subrotundis reflexis, cauliculis teretibus argenteis,
Maii Syn. 100, 47.
Bryum argenteum, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 1602.
On open ground, rocks, walls, and roofs.
Leaves green at bottom, dry and white at the tip.
11. Bryum Zierii. Zier's thread-moss .
Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,
rather pointed, very concave, networked, main rib reaching
nearly to the point ; capsule clublike, drooping.
Bryum Zierii, Dickson Crypt. 2, S ; Engl. Bot. 1021.
On mountains.
f. Capsule not f urrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner ; leaves not awlshape , pointed , edges not thick-
ened; main rib reaching the tip or beyond it.
12. Bryum roseum. Rose thread-moss.
Leaves reverse ovate, spatulashape, pointed, serrated,
main rib reaching the point; capsule oblong, ovate, hanging.
vol. i. 3d
570
375. Bryum. 14. MX] SCI.
PL cell.fol.
Bryum roseum majus, foliis oblongis, Raii Syn. 92.
Muscus parvus stellaris, Ger.em. 1563 ; Park. 1308.
Mnium serpyllifolium y, Lin. S. P. 1578.
Bryum roseum, Schreb. Lips. 84.
Bryum serpyllifolium 8, Hudson Angl. 492.
Bryum proliferum, Siblhorp Ox. 292.
Mnium roseum, Hedio. S. Muse. 194.
Mnium proliferum, Withering Arr. 806.
On banks and hilly heaths.
13. Bryum capillar e. Hair-pointed thread-moss .
Stem short; leaves reverse ovate, twisted when dry, un-
cut, main rib produced into a hairlike point ; edges slightly
thickened ; capsule oblong, hanging.
Bryum capitulis reflexis, foliolis latiusculis congestis, Raii Syn. 100,45.
Bryum capillare, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 2007.
Mnium capillare; Lin. Fk Suec. 385 ; Withering Arr. 805.
Bryum stellare, Engl. Bot. 2434? not of Hedwig.
On woods, and on heaths and banks.
14. Bryum ccespiticium . Tufted thread-moss .
Stem short ; leaves ovate, pointed, uncut or very slightly
serrated at the point, edges slightly turned over ; main rib
reaching to or beyond the point ; capsule ovate, pearshape,
hanging.
Bryum trichoi/dps capitulis-» reflexis, pediculis ima medietate rubris,
summ& luter>jyi.rentibus* Raii Syn. 100,44.
Bryum eaespiiicium, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 1904.
Bryum "Wahlenbergii, Schwcegr. Supp. 70.
Mnium caespiticium, Withering Arr. 807.
Mnium la&ustre, ^Schv^cegr. Supp. 77.
Bryum erythrocarpum, Schwcegr. Supp. 70.
On sandy banks, walls, and roofs.
(3. minor. Plant small.
Bryum bicolor, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16; Engl. Bot. 1601.
15. Bryum turhinatum. Topshape thread-moss.
Stem short, branched with young shoots; leaves ovate,
pointed, scarcely cut, edges slightly turned over ; main rib
reaching beyond the tip ; capsule long, pearshape, hanging.
Bryum nitidum rubens, capitulis reflexis, foliis angustis pellucidis, eau-
licelis proliferis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 102, 55.
Bryum turbinatum, Swartz M. Suec. 49; Engl. Bot. 1572.
Mnium turbinatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 191.
Pohlia inclinata, Schwcegr. Supp. 63.
Bryum boreale, Schwcegr. Supp. 69.
Bryum pallens, Schwcegr.. Supp. 72.
Br) um Schleicheri, Schwcegr. Supp. 73.
Bryum longisetum, Schwcegr. Supp. 74.
Webera intermedia, Schwcegr. Supp. 75.
Bryum pallescens, Schwcegr. Supp. 75.
Bryum nigricans, Engl. Bot. 1528.
Bryum triquetrum y, Hudson Angl. 491.
Mnium nutans, Withering Arr. 803.
In wet sandy places.
PI. celLfol. 14. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. '*7 71
16. Bryum nutans . Nodding thread-moss *
S/era short ; Zeaz/es upright, lanceolate, pointed, serrated
above, main rib reaching to the tip ; capsule oblong, pear-
shape, hanging.
Bryum trichodes laete virens capitulis cerauis oblongis, Raii Syn. 100,43.
Bryum nutans, Schreber Lips. 81 ; Engl. Bot. 1240.
Webera nutans, Hedw. S. Muse. 168.
Bryum compactum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 15; Engl. Bot. 1527.
Bryum serieeum, Withering Arr. 839.
Mnium nutans, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 49.
On mountain heaths and walls.
17. Bryum elongalum. Long thread-moss .
Stem short; leaves upright, long, lanceolate, pointed,
serrated, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule long, club-
like, inclined.
Bryum elongatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 8 ; Engl, Bot. 1603.
Pohlia elongata, Hedw. S. Muse. 171.
Mnium Pohlia, Iloffm. Germ. 2,48.
Pohlia minor, Schweegr. Supp. 64.
Bryum longicollum, Swartz M. Suec. 6.
Webera longicolla, Hedw. S. Muse.
Bryum cylindricumr Dickson Crypt. 4, 12.
In caves and clefts of rocks.
18. Bryum alpinum . Alpine thread-moss .
Stems stiff, long, branched; leaves closely tiledlike, up-
right, lanceolate, rather blunt, slightly serrated at the tip,
edge turned over, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule
oblong, ovate, hanging.
Brvum hypnoides pendulum serieeum, coma insigni atro-rubente, Dil-
len Muse. 394.
Bryum alpinum, Lin. Mant. 2, 309 ; Engl. Bot. 1623.
On rocks.
19. Bryum ventricosum. Bellied thread-moss ^
Stems long, branched with young shoots ; leaves oblong,
pointed, very slightly serrated; edges turned over; main
rib reaching beyond the tip ; capsule oblong, reverse ovate,
hanging.
Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli angustioribus, majus, Dillen in Bail Syn.
102,56.
Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis angustis, capitulis tumidis
nutantibus, praealtis pediculis e surculis annotinis egredientibus, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 102, 54.
Bryum ventricosum, Dickson Crypt. 1,4; Engl. Bot. 2270.
Bryum bimum, Schreb. Lips. 83; Engl, Bot. 1518.
Bryum cubitale, Dickson Crypt. 2,9.
Mnium pseudotriquetrum, Hedw. S. Muse. 190.
Bryum triquetrum, Hudson Angl. 490.
Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Roth Germ. 3,243.
Mnium triquetrum, Abbot Bedf. 235.
Mnium bimum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 48.
In marshes and wet crevices in rocks.
3 d 2
m
375. Bryum. 14?. MUSCI. PL cell. fob
g. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner; leaves not awlshape , toothless , edges thickened .
20. Bryum punctatum . Dotted thread-moss.
Stem long; leaves reverse ovate, rounded, very blunt,
networked, uncut, edges thickened ; main rib not reaching
the tip ; capsule ovate, hanging ; lid with a short beak.
Bryum nitidum, serpylli rotund is et latioribus foliis pellucidis, Raw
Syn. 103, 59.
Mnium serpyllifolium «, Lin. S. P. 1577.
Bryum punctatum, Roth Germ. 3,245; Engl. Bot. 1183.
Bryum serpyllifolium, Swartz M. Suec. 51.
Mnium punctatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 193.
In marshy places, about the roots of alders and other
trees.
Leaves large.
h. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner ; leaves not awlshape , toothed , edges thickened.
21. Bryum ligulatum . Strap thread-moss.
Stem long*; leaves wavy, straplike, networked ; edges
thickened, toothed ; main rib reaching a little beyond tne
tip; capsule ovate, hanging; lid conical.
Bryum nitidum, foliis oblongis undatis, capitulis cernuis, arbusculaaft
referens, Raii Syn. 103, 60.
Mnium serpyllifolium 8, Lin. S . P. 1578.
Bryum ligulatum, Schreber Lips. 84 ; Engl. Bot. 1449.
Bryum undulatum, Sibthorp Ox. 292.
Mnium undulatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 195.
On moist banks and in woods.
22. Bryum rostratum. Beaked thread-moss.
Stem long ; leaves broad, ovate, networked ; edge thick-
ened, blunt, toothed; main rib reaching a little beyond the
point; capsule ovate, hanging ; lid beaked.
Bryum pendulum, serpilli folio longiore pellucido, capsulis oblongis
Oispidatis, Dillen. Muse. 416.
Bryum rostratum, Schrader Germ. 72 ; Eng. Bot. 1475.
Mnium rostratum, Schiveegr. Supp. 79.
Bryum serpyllifolium /3, Hudson Angl. 492.
Bryum punctatum 2, Hull. FI. 266.
Mnium ellipticum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 52.
Mnium punctatutu 2, Withering Arr. 806.
On mountain bogs.
23. Bryum marginatum. Bordered thread-moss *
Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed, networked; edges
thickened, serrated; main rib reaching a little beyond tne
tip ; capsule ovate* hanging ; lid with a short beak.
14. MUSCI. 375. Btyiira,
773
Pl, cell.fol.
Bryum marginatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,9; Engl. Dot. 1493.
Mniuin crudum, Light f. Scot. 712.
Bryum serratum, Schrader Germ.
MnHim serratum, Schweegr. Supp. 78.
On shaded banks, and in woods.
24. Bryum hornum.
Stem long; leaves lanceolate, pointed, networked; edges
thickened, toothed ; main rib seldom reaching the point ;
capsule oblong, ovate, hanging ; lid hemispherical, with a
short point.
Bryum nitidum, capitulis majoribus refiexis, calyptrJt imhm vergente,
pediculis oblongis e cauliculis novis egredientibus, Raii Syn. 102,51.
Mnium hornum, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Bryum hornum, Huds. Angl. 491 ; Engl. Bot. 2271.
In wet woods.
25. Bryum cuspidatum. Pointed thread-moss.
Stems long; leaves reverse ovate, pointed, networked;
edges thickened, toothed at top ; main rib reaching beyond
the tip; capsule ovate, hanging; lid conical, hemispherical,
blunt.
Bryum pendulum, foliis variis pellucidis, capsulis ovatis, Dillen. Muse*
413.
Mnium serpylli folium /S, Lin. S. P. 1577.
Bryum cuspidatum, Schreber Lips. 84; Engl. Bot. 1474.
Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.S. Muse. 192.
Bryum serpyllifolium y, Hudson Angl. 492.
In woods, and on shady walls.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 340, 1. 6 from bottom. For Frattinickia read Trat-
tinickia.
P. 371, 1. 4 from bottom. For gigartinus pistillatus read
gigartina pistillata.
P. 372, 1. 10. For gigartinus read gigartina.
P. 373. The varieties of gigartina cornea, /3, y, e, vj,
and i , to be made feminine by changing the final us into a*
as filicinus into filicina, &c.
P. 394. For flagellaria lubricalis read fureellaria lubricalis*
P. 412. 4. Isidium micro sticticum. Small-footed isis-lichen.
Crust cracked, tartarlike, rather smooth, nearly even,
brownish cream-colour; edges thin; podetia scattered, short,
hemispherical, not branched, same colour as the crust;
apothecia brownish.
Lichen microsticticus, Engl. But. 2243.
On rocks.
P. 429, 1. 12 from bottom. For lichenoides lichen facie
read lichenoides lichenis facie.
P. 447. 4.# Placodium elegans. Elegant placodium .
Crust rather tiledlike, plaited, wrinkled, orange-yellow;
surface not mealy; lobes linear, jagged, waved, convex*
rather distant, radiating; apothecia slightly concave, nearly
the same colour as the crust; thalloid border slightly waved,
not in the least cut.
Lecanora elegans a. Achar. Lich. 435.
Parmelia elegans, Achar. Meth. 195.
Lichen elegans, Link Ann . 1, 57; Engl. Bot. 2181.
On rocks, especially near the sea.
P. 450. spec. 7. For lecanora sophodes read rinodina
soph odes.
P.451. 8.# Rinodina subfusca. Brownish rinodine.
Crust cartilaginous, smooth, grows granulated, uneven,
white and greyish; apothecia flat, slightly convex, brownish
and black ; thalloid border swollen, not cut, at length wavy,
and crenated.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
775
Lichen subfuscus, Lin. S. P . 1609.
Verrucaria subfusca, Hoffm. Germ. ISO.
Parmelia subfusca, Achar. Meth. 167.
Lecanora subfusca, Achar. Lich. 393.
On the bark of trees and old timber work.
P. 460, 1. 13 from bottom. For lichen versicularis read
lichen vesicularis.
P. 476, 1. 14 from bottom. For gyrophora, Achar. read
gyrophora glabra, Achar.
P. 556, 1. 11 from bottom. For cladospermium read
cladosporium.
P. 656, line the first. For ramalaria read ramaria.
P. 678, line the last. For Herverus read Pallavicinius.
P. 679, 1. 20. For Donnia read Bazzanius.
P. 679, 1. 22. For Pallavicinius read Papa.
P. 679, 1. 28. For Papa read Herverus.
P. 684. Change the name of the genus Herbertus into
Pallavicinius — in English, Pallavicini.
P. 724, 1. 21. For viribus read viridibus.
<( The fall of kings,
The rage of nations, and the crush of states,
Move not the man, who, from the world escaped,
In still retreats, and flowery solitudes,
To nature’s voice attends ; from month to month.
And day to day, through the revolving year;
Admiring sees her in her every shape.”
Thomson. — Autumn .
INDEX OF AUTHORS
MENTIONED IN THE INTRODUCTION.
Abbot, 33.
Abercrombie, 26.
Acharius, 33 — 35.
Actuaries, 10.
Adanson, 22, 30.
iEgineta, 10.
jEtius, 10.
Agardh, 35.
Aiton, 32.
Allen, 32.
Alston, 29, 30.
Andrews, 33.
Apulejus, 8, 23.
Aristotle, 6.
Ayicena, 10.
Barbier, 34.
Batsch, 31.
Bauhin, Caspar, 17,
24, 25.
- — John, 25.
Bergius, 31.
Berkenhout, 30.
Besler, 17, 24.
Blackstone, 28, 29.
Blackwell, Eliz. 28.
Blair, 27, 28.
Bobart, 25.
Bodard, 35.
Boerhaave, 27, 28.
Bolton, 31, 32.
Bonpland, 35.
Borlase, 29.
Boutcher, 31.
Bradley, 27, 28.
Brewer, 27.
Bridel, 33, 36.
Brotero, 34.
Broughton, 31.
Brown, Rob. 35.
Browne, Patrick, 29.
— , Wm. 25.
Brunsfel, 12, 23.
Bullein, 15, 24.
Bulliard, 30, 31,33.
Caesalpinus, 16, 24.
Catesby, 28, 30.
Cato, 7.
Cayanilles, SI, 32.
Clement, 14.
Clusius, 24.
Coel, 16.
Cole, 25.
Columella, 7.
Columna, 24.
Cordus, 13, 23.
Coys, 16.
Coyte, 32.
Crantz, 30.
Cratevas, 5.
Crescentius, 23.
Cuba, 12, 23.
Cullen, 32.
Cull urn, 30.
Culpeper, 25.
Curtis, 30 — 32.
Dale, 26, 28.
Darwin, 32.
Davis, 35.
De Candolle, 22, 34—
36.
Deering, 28.
De Franqueville, 16.
Dickson, 31.
Dillenius, 23,27, 28, 31.
Dillwyn, 33.
Diodorus, 8.
Dioscorides, 7,11,23.
Dodoens, 14, 24.
Donn, 33.
Donovan, 32.
Doody, 26.
Douglas, 28.
Dryander, 33.
Dubois, 34.
Dunal, 35.
Ehret, 29.
Ellis, 29.
Esenbeck, 23, 36.
Evelyn, 18, 25, 26.
Falconer, 14.
Fitzherbert, 13, 23.
Flora Danica, 29.
Forskahl, 30.
Forster, I. R. 29.
- — Thomas, 31, 33, 35.
Freeman, 33, 35.
Fuchs, IS, 24.
Gaertner, 23, 31, 32, 34*
Galen, 9.
Gal pine, 35.
Gaud in, 34, 35.
Geoffroy de St. Hilaire,
34.
Gerarde, 16, 24.
Gesner, 13, 23.
Giseke, 31, 32.
Glar.ville, 11.
Glen, 26.
Ginelin, 30, 33.
Goodenough, 32.
Gordon, 32.
Grew, 25.
Hales, 28.
Haller, 21, 29, 30.
Happe, 31.
Harrison, 27.
Haworth, 32, 34 — 36.
Hebenstreit, 28.
Hedwig, 23, 31, 33.
Heister, 29.
Herbal, the grete, 12,
23.
Herbarium, 12, 23.
Hildeguard, 10.
Hill, 30.
Hippocrates, 5.
Hoffmann, 31.
Hooker, 35, 36.
Hortus Sanitatis, 12, 23,
Hoskert, 35.
How, 18, 25.
Hudson, 30, 31.
Hughes, 29.
Hull, 33, 35.
Humboldt, 35.
Hunter, 33.
Tmperati, 24.
Isidore, 11.
Jacob, 30.
Jameson, 36.
Jenkinson, 30.
Johnson, 17, 25,26.
Johren, 27.
Jones, 31.
778
INDEX OF AUTHORS.
Julius Bassus, 8.
Jussieu, Antony, 22, 82.
— Bernard, 22, 29.
Kaempfer, 28.
Keith, 35.
Kerner, 34.
Knaut, the elder, 26.
— the younger, 27.
Knight, 35.
Kniphoff, 29.
Knowles, 27.
Knowlton, 28.
Knox, 34.
Koenig, 34.
Kunth, 35.
Lamarke, 22, 3 1 , 32, 34.
Lambert, 33, 34.
Lamouroux, 35.
Lawson, 26.
Le eaan, 27.
Lee, 29.
Leers, 32.
L’Heritier, 31.
Leigh, 27.
Lejeune, 35.
Lelamar, 11.
Lestibnudois, 31^
Lightfoot, 30.
Lindley, 36.
Lingbye, 36.
Link, 23.
Linnaean Society, Tran-
sactions, 32.
Linnaeus, 21, 28 — 32.
— Filius, 31.
Llhwyd, 27.
Lobel, 15, 24, 25.
Lois, 34.
Loureiro, 32.
Lovell, 25.
Ludwig, 28.
Lyons, 30.
Lyte, 24.
Macer, iBmilius, 11,23.
Magnol, 26, 27.
Malpighi, 25.
Marcgraff, 25.
Martyn, John, 20, 28.
— Thomas, 30 — 33.
Matthiolus, 24.
Merdy, 14.
Merret, 18, 25.
Mesue, 10.
Meyrick, 32.
Micheli, 23, 28.
Miller, 28—30, 33.
Milner, 30, 32.
Miraldi, 24.
Mirbel, 34, 35.
Morgan, 16.
Morison, 25 — 27.
Morton, 27.
Mouftet, 15.
Mougeot, 35.
Mountain, 24.
Murray, 32.
— Lady C. 33.
Nasmyth, 16.
Nature, the book of, 1 1
23.
Necker, 30, 32.
Needham, 29.
Nestler, 35.
Newton, 24, 29.
Odo, 11.
Odobonus, 11.
Oeder, 29, 30.
Ordeyno, 36.
Oribasius, 10.
Palisot de Beauvois, 34
Pallas, 31.
Parkinson, 18, 25.
Parsons, 29.
Pa u let, 32.
Pavon, 33.
Peachy', 26.
Pena, 15, 24.
Penny, 15.
Persoon, 23, 33 — 35.
Petiver, 20, 26, 27.
Platearius, 11.
Pliny, 7, 11,23.
Plott, 20, 26.
Plukenet, 26, 27, 30
31.
Plumier, 27.
Priest, 16.
Pulteney, 31, 32.
Purton, 36.
Ray, 18, 25—28.
Redoute, 33, 36.
Relhan, 31.
Rhazis, 10.
Richard, 35, 36.
Richardson, 27.
Rivinus, 26, 27.
Robinson, 26, 27.
Robson, 30.
Rose, 30.
Rosseau, 31, 32.
Roth, 31.
Roxburgh, 32, 33.
Rudge, 34.
Ruiz, 33.
Rupp ins, 27 — 29.
R. W. D. 31.
Saint Loo, 16,
— Pierre, 33.
Salisbury, R. A. 32 — '
Salmon, 27.
Saiunders, 32.
Sauvages, 29.
Schaeffer, 29.
Scheuchzer, 27.
Schkuhr, 32 — 34.
Schwaegrichen, 35.
Schwenckfield, 24.
Scot, 36.
Serapio, 10, 24.
, Seringe, 35.
Sextius Niger, 8.
Sheldrake, 29.
Sherard, 26.
Short, 29.
Sibbald, 26.
Sibthorp, 32, 34.
Sims, 33, 34.
Sloane, 20, 27—29.
Smith, 32—34.
Solander, 29.
. Sole, 33.
Sowerby, 32, 33.
Sprengel, 35.
Stackhouse, 32.
Stillingfleet, 29.
Swartz, 34.
Swayne, 32.
Sylvaticus, 10.
Symons, 33.
Tabernsemontanus, 24.
Taylor, 36.
Theophrastus, 6, 12, 23.
Thompson, 33.
Threlkeld, 28.
Thunberg, 34.
Tode, 32.
Tournefort, 26 — 28.
Tradescant, 25.
Tragus, 14, 24.
Trattinick, 32 — 34.
Trew, 29.
Tupper, 35.
Turner, 13, 24, 25, 33,
34.
Van Rheede, 26.
— Royen, 28.
Vaucher, 34.
Veliev, 32.
Wade“, 32, 34.
Walcot, 31.
Wallis, 30.
Warner, 30.
Weiss, 30.
Weston, 30, 31, 34.
Wheeler, 26.
White, 35.
Willdenow, 33, 34.
Wjllisell, 25.
Wilson, 29.
. Winch, 34.
Withering, 30, 31, 33.
Woodvilie, 32.
Wooton, 14.
INDEX OF TERMS
English terms , which vary but slightly
from the Latin , are not noticed
A.
Abbreviatus, 214.
Abrupt© pinnatus, 72.
Abrupt© terminatus, 72.
Acaulis, 43.
Accessorius, 223.
Accompanying, 78.
Acerescens, 128, 154.
Accumbens, 214.
Acenium, 165.
Acephalus, 152.
Acerosus, 66.
Achasna, 165.
Achena, 172.
Achenium, 165.
Acicularis, 66.
Acinaciformis, 66, 181.
Acinos, 179.
Acoleoptilatus, 217.
Acoty ledoneus, 44, 211.
Acrosarcum,179.
Acrospira, 220.
Aculeatus, 46, 59, 170.
Aculei* 89.
Acuminatus, 67,80, 171.
Acute angulatus, 55.
Acutus, 67, 135, 143,
146, 156, 169, 171,
186, 218.
Adducens, 151.
Adelphicus, 140.
Adelphus, 140.
Adherens, 127,151 ,160,
172, 176, J 79, 184,
188, 200, 209.
Adnatus, 81, 145, 198.
Adpressus, 63, 87.
Adscensus, 52.
Adversus, 63, 145, 155,
218.
Adzeshape, 66.
JEquabilis, 168, 169.
Alqualis, 121, 127, 128,
140, 167.
Aerius, 49.
Aestivalis, 99.
iEstivatio, 102.
Aganuis, 43, 95, 220.
Agenius, 43.
Aggedula, 221.
Agglomeratus, 108, 141.
Agglutinatus, 150.
Aggregatus, 85, 94, 164.
Agrestris, 43, 66.
Agynarius, 98.
Akena, 165.
Akenium, 165, 190.
Ala, 130, 164,226.
Alabastrum, 102.
Alatus, 57,80, 165, 168,
170, 172, 180, 183,
185, 204.
Albidus, 149.
Albumen, 170, 209.
Albuminosus, 209.
Alburna, 53.
Alburnum, 53.
Albus, 132, 210, 213.
Alike, 149, 215.
Alimonia, 40.
Alpestris, 47.
Alpinus, 47.
Alternately disposed ,72.
Alternating dispositus,
72.
Alternative, 103.
Alteruatus, 103.
Alteruus, 59, 62, 93,
121, 132, 140.
Altus, 218.
Alveolatus, 107, 197,
203.
Amalthea, 190.
Ambiguus,81, 127,196,
207.
in their termination
separately.
Amentaceus, 101.
Amentum, 108.
Amnios, 210.
Amphantium, 104.
Amphibius, 47.
Amphigaster, 84.
Amphisarca, 174.
Amphora, 184.
Amplexicaulis, 62,81.
Amplexus, 87.
Ampulla, 49.
Amygdala, 204, 208.
Anabasis, 220.
Anandriarius, 98.
Anastomosans, 171.
Anceps, 54, 105, 143.
Androgynarius, 97.
Androgynus, 44.
Andropetalarius, 98.
Androphoram, 142,144.
Angiocarpicus, 164.
Angular, 55, 125, 150,
155, 165, 167, 203.
Angulatus, 105, 136, 150,
165.
Angulosus, 55, 69, 105,
125, 155, 167 , 203.
Angustatus, 135, 214.
Anisostemon, 96.
Annual, 42.
Annulares, 144, 212.
Annularius, 161.
Annulatus, 168.
Annulus, 157,221,222,
225.
Annuus, 42, 51 , 54.
Anomalus, 130.
Antennaeformis, 171.
Anterior, 81, 155.
Anthera, 142, 145, 158,
221.
Antherbearing, 142.
Antheriferus, 142.
780
INDEX OF TERMS
Antherless, 142.
Antiierogenus, 97.
Anthodium, 115.
Authophorum, 160
Antliurus, 104.
Anticipating, 78.
Anticus, 145, 148.
Antrum, 177.
Aperispermatus, 209.
Apert us, 1 15, 173.
Apetalus, 98.
Apex, 142, 148.
Aphyllus, .57.
Apicilaris, 197, 213.
Apicularis, 123.
Apiculatus, 135.
Apiculus, 226.
Apophysis, 222.
Apothecium, 223.
Appendage, 142, 162,
219, 226.
Appendeus, 201.
Appendicula, 226.
Appendiculatus, 131,
135, 143, 146.
Appendiculum, 162.
Appendix, 142,163,164,
226.
Appendixed, 143, 146.
Applicatus, 1-98.
Applied, 87.
Appositus, 195.
Approximatus, 62, 140,
148.
Appressus, 59, 63, 89.
Apricus, 47.
Aquaticus, 47, 49.
Arachnoides, 89, 206.
Arbor, 36.
Arborescent, 42.
Arbuscula, 36.
Arbustum, 36.
Arcesthida, 191.
Arched, 138, 143.
Arcuatus, 56, 135, 146,
153,171,181,202,211.
Arenarius, 46.
Argillosus, 46.
Arhizoblastus, 45.
Aridus, 209.
Arillatus, 204.
Arillus, 204.
Arista, 123, 226.
Aristatus, 122,123, 146,
166.
A rma, 89.
Armatus, 46.
Armlike, 60.
Arrow head like, 146, 155
Arrowshape, 67.
Articulatio, 3&
Articnlaris, 61.
Articulatus, 50, 55, 79,
88,108,123,145,171,
181,184,216.
Articulus, 39, 142.
Arvensis, 46.
Ascendens, 52, 56, 89,
133, 137, 141, 153,
200, 220.
Aspergilliformis,8S,157
Ascidiatus, 68.
Ascidium, 68, 84.
Asimina, 189.
Asper, 45, 58, 77.
Attenuatus, 67, 105,108,
169, 171.
Attire, 139.
Auleum, 100, 129.
Aura, 151.
Aurantium, 178.
Aurantiacus, 132, 150.
Auricula, 84, 226.
Auriculatus, 70.
Autocarpicus, 164.
Autumnalis, 99.
Avenius, 76.
Aversus, 218.
Awlshape, 66, 83, 88,
90, 116,121,124,135,
143, ,146, 153, 155,
167, 183, 197.
Awn, 123, 226.
Awned, 122, 123, 146,
166.
Axilla, 92.
Axillaris, 85, 90, 91, 92,
109, 111, 112.
Axillatus, 184.
Axilis, 169, 197, 199,
212.
Axis, 104, 107.
B.
Bacca, 174, 178, 192,
199.
Baccalaurius, 189.
Baccatus, 185, 189,191.
Bacillus, 42, 85, 219.
Balausta, 178.
Bald, 45, 58, 147, 153,
157, 166, 192, 203.
Baldheaded, 204.
Bale, 120.
Banded, 77.
Barba, 226.
Barbatus, 144, 147, 153.
Barbula, 222.
Bark, 53.
Barked, 179.
Barren, 48, 95, 148.
Base, 52, 207, 212.
Based, 89.
Basifixus, 145, 197.
Basigyuium, 160.
Basilaris, 123, 152, 197,
212.
Basilatus, 89.
Bas illary, 142.
Basis, 148.
Bast, 53.
Beadlike, 88, 182.
Beak, 164.
Beaked, 161, 165, ISO,
183, 186.
Beard, 226.
Bearded, 144, 147, 153.
Bellied, 105, 135, 180.
Bellshape, 118, 125,130.
Bent, 50, 87, 90, 107,
135, 146, 165, 184,
202, 211.
Bent back, 79, 133, 141,
211, 218.
Bent backwards, 218.
Bent downwards, 90.
Bent in, 168.
Bent inwards, 133, 141,
154.
Bent outwards, 60, 154.
Bent upwards, 90.
Berry, 178, 194.
Berrylike, 185,189,191.
Besimen, 220.
Bi-acuminatus, 88.
Bi-alatus, 204.
Biconjugatus, 73.
Bicornis, 146, 166, 183,
191.
Bidentatus, 121, 122.
Bidigitato-pinnatus, 73.
Bidigitatus, 71.
Biennis, 42, 51.
Bieremus, 174.
Biferus, 43.
Bilidus,70,91, 126, 134,
146, 154, 156.
Biflorus, 106, 117, 119,
120.
Bifolliculus, 189.
Biforatus, 148.
Bifurcatus, 88, 143.
Bigeminatus, 73.
Bijugus, 72.
Bilabiatus, 126, 131,
134.
Bilamellaris, 195.
Bilamellatus, 157.
Bilateralis,63, 149,197.
Bilobatus, 70, 126, 156,
162,215.
INDEX OF TERMS.
781
Bilocularis, 64,147,151,
172, 175, 176* 179,
182, 184, 187.
Bilobns, 70, 147
Binatus, 71, 95.
Binervis, 198.
Bini, 62, 95.
Bipaleaeeus, 120, 122,
166.
Bipaleolatus, 123.
Bipartibilis, 168, 187,
193, 198
Bipartitus, 71, 90, 127,
134, 154, 198.
Biperuiatipartitus, 71.
Bipennaticisus, 71.
Bipinnatus, 73.
Birostratus, 165.
Birostrls, 186.
Bispathellatus, 120.
Bispathellulatus, 122.
Bisexual is, 44.
Bisulcatus, 192.
Biternatus, 73.
Bitten, 50, 68.
Bivalvis, 117, 176, 187.
Bivittatus, 170.
Bladders, 37.
Bladdery, 51, 87, 206.
Blastema, 217.
Blastus, 219.
Blastophora, 219.
Blephora, 222.
Bloom, 41, 100, 129.
Blossom, 100, 129.
Blossotnbearing, 159.
Blossomlike, 117, 127,
144, 155.
Blue, 132, 150.
Bluish green, 132.
Bluish violet, 132.
Blunt, 135, 143, 156,
169, 171,218.
Blunt pointed, 186.
Bluntly notched, 68.
Boaiiike, 121,122, 185,
194.
Bog, 47.
Bouev, 175, 177, 19 1,
205.
Bottlebrushlike, 88,157.
Bottleshape, 178,
Bouquet, 114.
Bowed, 153, 171, 181,
Brachiatus, 60.
Braeiea, 116.
Bracteanus, 191.
Bractearius, 98.
Bracteatus, 98, 111.
Bracteola, 116.
Branch, 59, 61, 92,
Branched, 50, 90, 92,
104, 106, 107, 109,
111, 112, 144, 208.
Branchy, 56, 88.
Brawny, 183, 185.
Brevior, 127, 147.
Brevis, 214, 218.
Brevissimus, 106, 153.
Bristle, 123, 226.
Bristlelike, 83, 90, 116,
121.
Bristly, 107, 167, 169,
170.
Brittle, 55.
Broad, 214.
Bucklershape, 155,211.
Bud, 85.
Bulbbearing, 51.
Bulbiferus, 51, 57.
Bui bill! ferns, 42.
Bulbillus, 42, 85.
Bulbous, 42.
Bulbo-tuber, 52.
Bulbulus, 85.
Bulbus, 85.
Bullatus, 74.
Bunch, 111, 162.
Bunched, 124, 136, 161
Bunches, 101.
Bundle, 62, 113.
Bundled, 91.
Burlike, 119.
Bursicula, 158,
Bush, 36.
Buttons, 85.
Butterflylike, 130.
C.
Cadens, 201.
Caducus, 78, 83, 117
123,127,132,154,176
Cseruleo violaceus, 132,
Cmruleo viridis, 132.
Cm.uieus, 132, 150,
Calamus, 52.
Calathidis, 115.
Calathiflorus, 118.
Calathis, 102.
Calcar, 139, 162.
Calcaratus, 126, 134, lot
Calcareus, 46.
Cali cistern on, 43.
Callosus, 69.
Calopodium, 116.
Cal pa, 221.
Calvus, 166, 204.
Calybion, 173.
Calyciflorus, 43.
Calycinarius, 97, 0$',
Calycinus, 88, 120, 128,
200.
Calycularis, 103.
Calyculatus, 118,126.
Calyculus, 119.
Calyptra, 204, 222.
Calyx, 100, 119, 120,
124, 138.
Calyx-flowering, 43.
Camara, 180.
Camare, 180.
Camarelike, 179.
Camareus, 179.
Cambium, 40.
Campaniforinis, 130.
Campanulatus, 118,125,
130.
Campester, 47.
Canaliculatus, 74, 135,
165, 182, 203.
Canalis, 53.
Cancellatus, 76.
Cap, 225.
Capillamentum, 142.
Capillaris, 50, 55, 66,
105, 107, 143, 153,
Capillitium, 225.
Capitatus, 8S, 143, 155,.
189, 191.
Capitulum, 102,1 15,142,
Capped, 75.
Capreolus, 91.
Capsnla, 142, 174, 184,
185, 221, 222, 225.
Capsularis, 180.
Capulum, 162.
Caput, 48, 115.
Carcerula, 171.
Careerularis, 165, 176,
182, 183.
Carcernius, 174.
, Carina, 130.
. Carinatus, 74, 116, 12!,.
. 194.
Cariopsis, 165, 190.
Carnosus, 4 1 , 49,64,106,
108, 155, 175, 176,
193, 196, 205, 210,
213.
Caro, 175, 200.
Carpadelium, 167,171,
» Carpelle, 189.
Carpel lu in, 164.
Carpidium, 164.
Carpophorum, 159.
Cartilagineus, 69, 210,
Caruncularis, 205.
Caryopbyllatus, 130,
Catkins, 101, 108.
Catoclesium, 173.
Catulus, 108,.
782 INDEX OF TERMS.
Castratus, 142.
Cauda, 226.
Caudatus, 147, 180.
Caudex, 52.
Caudicula, 158.
Gaulescens, 43.
Cauliculus, 217.
Caulinaris, 81, 88, 92.
Caulinarius, 61.
Caul in us, 61, 89.
Caul is, 52.
Caulocarpicus, 42.
Caulocarp'is, 43.
Caul on, 52.
Gavernarius, 46.
Cavitates, 38.
Cavus, 64, 159, 210.
Celled, 151.
Cells, 37, 142, 199.
Cellulae, 37.
Cellulosus, 53.
Cenobionaris, 174, 185.
Cenobium, 174.
Centralis, 197,209,212.
Centrifugus, 219.
Centripetus, 219.
Cephalanthium, 115.
Cephalodia, 224.
Cerio, 165.
Cerium, 165.
Cernuus, 56, 93.
Chaff, 120, 122, 227.
ChafFy, 107, 166.
Chaff-like, 167.
Chalaza, 208.
Chalk, 46.
Changed, 97.
Channelled, 74, 135, 182.
Chartaceus, 177,193,206
Childing, 98.
Chive, 100, 139.
Chorda, 151.
Chorion, 164, 210.
Chorionaris, 188.
Cicatricula, 39, 60, 207.
Cicatrix, 39.
Ciliatus, 69,80,83, 116,
124, 134, 136, 147,
156, 166, 204.
Cilium, 226.
Circinalis, 87, 10.
Circinatus, 68, 87 , 214.
Circularis, 136.
Circumaxilis, 199,
Circumcinctus, 212.
Circumferential, 209.
Circumscissus, 184.
Circumsepiens, 78.
Cirrho terminatus, 72,
Cirriferus, 57, 80.
Cirriformis, 80.
Cirrosus, 63.
Girrus, 91.
Cistophorus, 225.
disitula, 224.
Cistus, 225.
Clavaeformis, 218.
Clavatus, 125, 130, 135,
143, 153, 155, 164.
Claviculus, 91.
Claviformis, 88, 106,
125, 130, 135, 143,
153, 155, 171, 211.
Clausus, 115, 128, 17.3.
Clawed, 133.
Clay, 46.
Cleft, 80.
Climbing, 57.
Clinandrum, 158.
Clinanthium, 104, 106.
Close, 110, 114, 140.
Closed, 59, 112, 113,
115, 173, 182.
Clothlike, 46, 170.
Clovegilliflowerlike,
130.
Cloves, 85.
Clubshape, 106, 125,
130, 135, 153, 155,
171,211,218.
Coadnatus, 63, 121, 134.
Coadnutus, 122.
Coadunatus, 121.
Coalitus, 121, 122, 140,
215.
Coarctatus, 112 — 114,
118.
Coarctura, 220.
Coat, 226.
Coated, 85, 208.
Coats, 85.
Cobweblike, 89, 206.
Coccus, 185, 199.
Cochlearis, 103.
Cochleatus, 181.
Cod, 181.
Codlike, 180.
Coherens, 141, 206.
Cold-country. 47.
Coleophyllum, 216.
Coleoptila, 216.
Coleoptilatus, 217,
Coleorhiza, 219.
Coleorhizatus, 217.
Colesula, 222.
Collar, 220, 225.
Collare, 80, 119.
Collected, 199.
Collector, 151.
Colliferus, 166.
Colligatus, 199.
Collinus, 47.
Coll urn, 166, 220.
Coloratus, 77, 116, 127r
208.
Coloured, 77, 116, 127,
208.
Colum, 196.
Columella, 222.
Columna, 100, 142, 15S.
Columuaris, 144.
Coma, 116.
Comatus, 204,
Comblike, 71, 116.
Com bus, 52.
Commissura, 168.
Commissuralis, 170.
Common, 79, 116.
Communis, 79, 116, 117.
Comosus, 50, 110,207.
Compactus, 108, 110.
Completns,94, 195,204.
Complexus, 37, 53.
Compositus, 71, 79, 85,
86, 94, 102, 106, 108,
109, 114, 164.
Compound, 71, 79, 94,
106, 108, 109, 114,
164.
Compressissimus, 66.
Compressus, 54, 66,104,
106, 107, 110, 7121,
122, 125, 136, 138,
146, 165, 167, 171,
176, 180, 181, 183,
185, 186, 202.
Concavus, 74, 106, 114,
121, 122, 133, 168,
194, 207.
Concentricus, 171.
Conceptaculum,l64,I30
192, 221.
Conduplicans, 78.
Conduplicatus,212, 215.
Confertus, 62, 141.
Confluens, 148, 216.
Congestus, 94.
Conicus, 49, 90, 107,
125, 153, 155, 159,
191, 211, 218.
Conjoined, 82, 121, 122,
134, 140.
Conjugato -pennatus,73.
Conjugatus, 72, 170.
Conjunctorium, 222.
Connatus, 63, 82, 121,
122, 140.
Connectivum, 142, 149.
Connivens, 78, 129.
Conspicuous, 217.
Contextus, 37.
Contiguus, 128, 214.
Continued, 56.
INDEX OF TERMS
783
Contortuplicatus, 210,
215.
Contortus, 50,103.
Contractus, 118, 136,
149, 159, 168.
Contrarius, 195.
Conus, 190.
Convergens, 76.
Convergi-nervius, 75.
Convexus,74, 106, 114,
159, 168, 169, 207.
Convolutivus, 87, 103.
Convolutus, 80, 87, 117,
214.
Coque, 185, 199.
Cor, 210.
Corculum, 210.
Cordatus, 67, 116, 146,
Cordiformis, 67,1 16,133
146,207, 211, 215.
Cordshape, 49.
Cord, 199.
Coriaceus, 41, 64, 121,
122, 175, 193, 196,
206, 210.
Corklike, 206.
Corky, 41, 53,58, 193,
196.
Cormus, 220.
Corn, 200.
Cornered, 105, 136.
Cornet, 162.
Cornetshape, 134.
Corneus, 41, 149, 210.
Corniculatus, 97, 203,
Corniculiferus, 136.
Cornu, 151, 162—164.
Corolla,88, 91,100, 122,
123, 129.
Corollaris, 91.
Corollarius, 97, 98.
Corollatus, 98.
Corolliferus, 159.
Coroliiformis, 144.
Corona, 137, 163.
Coronans, 62, 116, 161,
168, 179.
Corpus ligneura, 53,
216.
Corrugatus, 210, 215.
Cortex, 53.
Cortical is, 48, 53, 223.
Corticosus, 179.
Cortina, 225.
Corymbosus, 60, 101.
Corymbus, 112, 115.
Costatus, 125, 168—170.
Cotton, 226.
Cottony, 77.
Cotyledones, 213.
Cotyledonic, 211.
Contortus, 137.
Contractus, 160.
Cover, 85, 100, 148,
184.
Covering, 103.
Coverlike, 194.
Cracked, 58.
Cradling, 79.
Crassus, 108, 110, 121,
144, 210, 214.
Creeping, 51, 57.
Cremocarpium, 167.
Crenatus, 68, 126, 134,
143, 144, 156.
Crenulatus, 135, 156,
168.
Crested, 146.
Cretaceus, 46.
Creviced, 210.
Crinula, 222.
Crinus, 226.
Crispus, 74.
Cristatus, 146.
Crooked, 212.
Cross, 194.
Crossed, 61.
Crossing, 59.
Crosslike, 130.
Crossways, 148.
Crosswise, 212.
Crowded, 2, 141.
Crown, 52, 137, 163.
Crowned, 110, 168,
179.
Crowning, 62, 116,161.
Crustaceous,4 1 , 1 7 5, 193,
205.
Cryptogamus, 43, 220.
Cubicus, 202.
Cucullatus, 75.
Cuculliferus, 144.
Cuculliformis, 117, 134.
Cucurbitinus, 179.
Culraus, 52.
Cultivated, 43.
Cunearis, 65, 133.
Cunciformis, 143.
Cup, 137, 163.
Cuplike, 118, 205,208.
Cupped, 99.
Cupshape, 88, 125.
Cupula, 113, 173, 191.
Cupularis,l 18, 125, 208,
208.
Cupulatus, 99.
Cupuliformis, 120.
Curtain, 225.
Curvativus, 87.
Curvatus, 56, 135, 165,
178, 181, 211.
Curved, 56.
Curve-ribbed, 75.
Curvi-nervius, 75.
Curvus,76, 90, 135,202.
Cushion, 60.
Cuspidatus, 67.
Cuspis, 226.
Cut, 70, 154.
Cuticle, 39.
Cuticula, 39.
Cyathiformis, 88, 131.
Cylindraceus, 118, 176,
180, 181, 183, 185,
191, 197.
Cylindrantherus, 96.
Cylindricus, 49, 54, 66,
104—108, 110, 118,
125, 135, 143, 144,
153, 159, 181, 183—
185, 211.
Cylindrobasiostemon,
96.
Cyma^ 113.
Gyrnosus, 101.
Cymus, 52.
Cynarhodon, 190.
Cyphella, 224.
Cypsela, 165.
Cystidium, 172.
D.
Dagger-pointed, 68.
Day, 99.
Debilis, 55, 105.
Decander, 96.
Decemfidus, 126.
Decemlocularis, 178.
Deciduus, 83, 127, 132.
Declinatus, 141, 154.
Decompositus, 56, 73.
Decreasingly pinnate,73
Decrescens, 73.
Decumbens, 141.
Decurrens, 62.
Decursive pinnatus,73.
Decursivus, 73.
Decussatus, 6, 59.
Definitus, 139.
Deflectus, 128.
Defioratus, 150.
Dehiscens, 148,173, 180
—182, 185, 188.
Deltoideus, 67, 180.
Demersus, 47, 63.
Demissus, 63, 138, 21
Densus, 1 14.
Dentatus,51,69, 83,108,
126, 134, 156.
Deuticulatus, 69, 126,
135,156,161,168,169.
784
INDEX OF TERMS,
Dentes, 222.
Depauperntus, 114.
Dependens, 63, 79.
Depressns, 172, 186,
218.
Dermoblastus, 45.
Descendens, 89, 220.
Descensus, 4S.
Detached, 81.
Deviatus, 63.
Dextrorsum, 57.
Diadelphus, 96, 140.
Diander, 95.
Dicephalus, 186.
Dichotomus, 56, 71, 79,
106, 154.
Dicotyledoneus, 44,211.
Dicoccus, 184, 185.
Didymus, 146, 183,185.
Didynamus, 96, 140.
Dieresileus, 187.
Dieresilis, 184.
Difformis, 94, 134, 146.
Diffusus, 60.
Digitato-bifoliolatus,71
Digitato-pinnatus, 73.
Digitato-trifoliolatus,
72.
Digitato-quadrifoliola-
tus, 72 .
Digitatus, 50,71, 109.
Digynus, 97.
Dilatatus, 135, 136, 143,
155 159.
Dilated, 135, 136, 155,
159.
Dimidiatus, 118.
Di petal us, 129.
Diphyllus, 117, 124.
Dipterus, 204.
Disciforrnis, 161.
Discoideus, 161, 179,
185, 189, 203.
Discolor, 77.
Discretus, 139.
Discus, 115, 159.
Disepal us, 124.
Dioicus, 44.
Disk, 115.
Disk-like, 161, 189.
Dispermus, 172, 175,
177, 179, 182, 184,
187.
Dissepimentum, 196,
Dissimilaris, 121, 122,
215.
Dissimilis, 66, 147, 149.
Distant, 62, 140, 149.
Distichus, 59, 62, 93,
122.
Distinctio, 194.
Distinctus,82, 139,348,
199, 206.
Distylus, 152.
Diurnus, 99.
Divaricatus, 60,112, 180.
Divergens, 60, 79, 128,
149, 180, 214.
Divergi-nervius, 75.
Divergi-venosus, 76.
Diverging ribbed, 75.
Diversiflorus, 114.
Divided, 126, 144, 156.
Divisus, 126, 144, 156.
Dodecaedrus, 150.
Dodecagynus, 97.
Dodecander, 96.
Dolabrifonnis, 66.
Dorsalis, 123, 170.
Dotlike, 207, 217.
Dotted, 58, 77, 89, 107,
176, 192, 203, 213.
Double, 97, 118, 119,
154, 171, 209.
Doubly-crenate, 68.
Don bly-ser rate, 69.
Doubtful, 127, 196.
Down, 226.
Downy, 45, 58,77, 147,
157, 170, 192.
Drawn in, 218.
Drooping, 93, 109.
Drupa, 175.
Drupaceres 173, 182.
Drupe, 175.
Drupelike, 166, 173,
180, 182, 204.
Drupeola, 177.
Drupeolatus, 166, 175,
180, 184, 204.
Dry, 176, 180, 209.
Dumetum, 36.
Dumus, 36.
Duodecemfidus, 126.
Duplicato-crcnatus, 68.
Duplicato-pennatus, 73.
Duplicato-serratus, 69.
Duplicato-ternatus, 73.
Duplicatus, 97.
Duplex, 119,154,171,
209.
Byclosinm, 173.
Dyplostemon, 96.
Dyplotegia, 185.
E.
Ear, 226.
Eared, 70.
Early, 99.
Ech'matus, 46, 59, 77,
121, 593.
Edged, 204.
Effusus, 112.
Egg, 200.
Egglike, 118, 146, 150,
155, 165, 167, £02,
211.
Eggshaped, 106, 108,
110, 124, 130, 218.
Eight cut, 126.
Eight petaled, 129.
Eight stamened, 95.
Eights, 61.
Elater, 222.
Elaterium, 185.
Elasticus, 144, 149, 194,
205.
Elementarius, 36, 40.
Eleutherantherus, 96.
Ellipsoideus, 167, 171,
174, 177, 179, 186,
190, 202,211.
Ellipticus, 65,133,171,
183, 186, 202, 207,
215.
Elongatus, 65, 215.
Emarginatus, 68, 134,
135, 138, 143, 156,
166, 168, 183, 186.
Embracing, 62.
Embryo, 210.
Embryo-cover, 204,
Emerging, 47, 63.
Emersus, 47, 63.
Empalement, 100, 124,
Enchased, 201.
Enclosed, 210, 212
Endocarpicus, 170.
Endocarpium, 175, 179.
Endogenus, 43.
Endopleura, 206.
Endorhizus, 20.
Endospermicus, 209.
Endospermum, 209.
Enervis, 213.
Engraved, 176.
Enlarging, 128.
Enneander,95.
Ensiformis, 66, 153,
Enveloping, 103.
Enveloped, 165.
Ephemeras, 42, 99.
Epiblastus, 219.
Epicarpieus, 170.
Epicarpium, 199.
Epichilium, 138.
Epiclinus, 160.
Epiderma, 39, 53.
Epidermis, 39, 53, SOIL
Epigeus, 216.
Epigynophoricus, 160,
Epigynus, 129, 139,161,
INDEX OF TERMS.
Epiperispermicus, 209.
Epipefaleus, 88.
Epipetalus, 139.
Epiphragtna, 222.
Epiphyllus, 48.
Epiphytus, 47.
Epipteratus, 172,204.
Epipterus, 181.
Epirhizus, 48.
Epispermicus, 209.
Epispermius, 170.
Epispermum, 205.
Episfarainalis, 88.
Epixyloneus, 48.
Epizoarius, 48.
Equal, 121, 140, 167.
Equinoxialis,99.
Equitans, 87, 214.
Equitativus, 87.
Erectus, 56, 59, 63, 93,
109, 111, 128, 133,
137, 141, 145, 157,
174, 180, 191,200.
Eremus, 174.
Erosus, 69, 126, 134.
Erythrostomum, 189.
Etterio, 189.
Etaerionaris, 188.
Etaerioneus, 187.
Evalvis, 176.
Evanesceus, 162.
Even, 76.
Evergreen, 78.
Evitlatus, 170.
Exalbuminosus, 209.
Excentricus, 171,212.
Exhausted, 150.
Exogenus, 43.
Exorhizus, 213.
Exostosis, 49.
Exostylus, 175.
Exoticus, 48.
Expansus, 161.
Exposed, 49.
Exsertus, 141, 153.
Exsuccus, 176.
Extensus, 149.
Exterior, 120,212.
Externus, 86, 212.
Extra-axillaris, 92.
Extrafoliaceus, 104.
Extrorsus, 145.
Eye, 85, 207.
F.
Facing inwards, 155.
Faemineus, 95, 108, 109,
225.
VOL. I,
Falcatus, 137, 215.
Fallen down, 138.
Falling, 201.
Falling off, 123, 154, 1 76.
Fallow-land, 46.
False, 178, 194.
Fan-shaped, 65.
Farinosus, 209.
Fascialis, 66.
Fasciatus, 77.
Fasciculatus, 50, 62, 91,
102.
Fasciculus, 113,142.
Fastened, 198.
Fastigiatus, 60.
Faux, 136.
Faveolatus, 203.
Favosus, 107.
Feather-cut, 70,91, 116,
215.
Feather-like, 76.
Feather-parted, 71.
Feathery, 157, 167.
Fecundating, 142.
Fecundus, 148.
Female, 44,95, 108,109.
Femineus, 44.
Fenestra, 207.
Fern, 221.
Fertilis, 48, 95, 148.
Few-flowered, 1 15.
Few -rayed, 114.
Few-seeded, 179, 182,
187.
Fibra, 39.
Fibres, 48.
Fibrilla, 48, 223.
Fibrosus, 49, 17G.
Field, 46.
Fig, 190.
E'ilamentous, 41.
Filamentum, 142, 143,
158.
Filiformis, 49, 55, 105,
107,110,135,146,153,
155,171,197,199,211.
Filipendulus, 50.
Filam, 171, 221.
Fimbria, 222.
Fimbriatus, 134.
Fine-toothed, 126, 156,
161.
Fingered, 50, 71.
Fingered-pinnate, 73.
Fingerlike, 109.
Fish-hooked, 119.
Fissura, 148.
Fissus, 70, 80, 83, 136,
138, 144, 154.
Fistulosus, 54, 66, 105,
106,
?S5
Five-angled, 69.
Five-camared, 189.
Five-celled, 174, 179,
184, 185, 187.
Five-cornered, 155.
Five-cut, 126, 154.
Five-fingered, 72.
Five-leaved, 124.
Five-lobed, 70,156,210,
215.
Five-paired, 72.
Five-parted, 7 17,12,198
Five-petaled, 129.
Five-ribbed, 75.
Five-sepaled, 124.
Five-sided, 55, 186, 197,
Five-stamened, 95.
Five-styied, 97, 152.
Five-toothed, 68, 126.
Five-valved, 187.
Five- winged, 172, 186.
Fives, 61.
Fixus, 196, 197.
Flab el li form is, 65.
Flagelliformis, 49, 54.
Flagellum, 52,
Flake, 162.
Flakey, 136.
Flat, 74, 106, 114, 138,
143, 145, 159, 168,
169, 190, 194, 203.
Flat-topped, 60.
Flatted, 218.
Flattened, 186.
Flavescens, 149.
Fiavus, 150.
Fleeciness, 226.
Flesh, 175, 200,206.
Fleshy, 39, 41, 49, 64*
106,108,155,176,193,
196, 205, 210,213.
Flexuosus, 57, 107,212,
Floating, 47, 63.
FIoccosus, 77, 89.
Floccus, 225.
Floccy, 77.
Flocklike, 89.
Floralis, 61, 86.
Floriferus, 64, 86, 116*
Flos, 92, 115.
Flosculus, 101.
Flosculosus, 102, 115.
Flower, 61, 92.
Flowerbud, 102.
Flowerbearing, 64, 86,
1 16.
Flower, compound, 108,
115.
Flower-cup, 100, 1240
Flower-stalk, 104.
Flowret, 10L
3 E
786
INDEX OF TEEMS,
Fluvialis, 47.
Fluviatilis, 47.
Fluitans, 47.
Folded, 74,87, 137,156,
202, 212, 215.
Foliaceus, 82, 117, 118,
213.
Fol saris, 88, 89, 91.
Foliates, 57, 92, 110,
112,217.
Folioleanns, 90.
Folium, 61, 216, 220,
221.
Foliolum, 128.
Folii-ferus, 86.
Folii-flori-ferus, 86.
Follicle, 180, 189.
Follicle-shape, 187.
Foil i cula, 189.
Folliculiformis, 187.
Folliculus, 164,180,200.
Fontinalis, 47.
Footl ike, 76.
Footstalk, 79.
Footstalked, 78,88,197,
201, 215.
Foramen, 207.
Foratus, 168.
Fore, 148.
Foreign, 48.
Forked, 71.
Fornicatus, 138, 143.
Four-eamared, 189.
Four-celled, 147, 152,
174,176,179,184,187.
Four-cornered, 55, 65,
110, 146, 155, 171,
183, 203.
Four-cut, 70, 126, 134,
156.
Four-edged, 55.
Four-fingered, 72.
Four-fingered pinnate,
73.
Four-furrowed, 192.
Four-horned, 146.
Four-lobed, 150, 156.
Four-paired, 72.
Four-parted, 127, 198.
Four-parting, 198.
Four-petal ed, 129.
Four-rowed, 93.
Four-seeded, 187.
Four-sided, 55, 67, 105,
107,181,183,186,197.
Four-stamened, 95.
Four-styled, 97, 152.
Four-toothed, 121, 122,
126.
Four-valved, 148, 187.
Four-winged, 172, 181.
Fours, 61.
Fovea, 226.
Fovilla, 142,
Fragilis, 55.
Free, 127, 151, 160,172,
176, 179, 184, 188,
196, 198, 200, 208.
Fretted, 76.
Friabilis, 209.
Fringe, 222, 226.
Fringed, 69, 80, 83, 1 16,
124, 134, 147, 156,
166, 204.
Frons, 220, 223.
Fructus, 174, 175, 188,
190.
Fructificarcs, 225.
Fruit, .164, 167,171,180,
188, 190.
Fruitful, 95.
Frutex, 36.
Fruticosus,42.
Fruticulus, 36.
Fugacious, 127, 132.
Fugax, 42, 78, 83, 117,
127, 132.
Fulcrum, 92, 104.
Full, 97.
Fundi folia, 61.
Fundus, 220.
Fungiformis, 211.
Fungosus, 41, 193, 206.
Funiliformis, 49.
Funiculatus, 201.
Funiculus, 199.
Funnelshape, 130, 153,
156.
Furrowed, 76, 126, 135,
157,168,176,192,203.
Fusiformis,49, 178,180,
211.
G.
Galbulus, 191.
Galea, 138, 162.
Galeatus, 138.
Galeiformis, 134.
Gamopetalus, 129.
Gamosepalus, 124.
Gaping, 131, 152.
Garden, 46.
Gelatinosus, 41.
Geminatus, 62, 94.
Geminus, 82.
Gemmae, 85, 86.
Gemmula, 219.
General is, 117, 194.
Geniculatus, 50, 55,105,
123,143,154,212.
Geniculum, 39*
Genitalia, 100.
Geoblastus, 45.
Germen, 150.
Gibbiferus, 136.
Gibbosus, 67, 124, 136,
161.
Gibbositas, 162.
Gibbus, 136.
Gills, 225.
Glaber, 45, 58,76, 147,
153, 157, 192, 203.
Glacialis, 47.
Gladiatus, 66.
Gland-bearing, 80, 89,
144.
Gland, 39, 40,87.
Gians, 173.
Gland ula, 38, 39, 40, 87,
162,221.
Glanduliferus, 80, 89,.
131, 144, 147.
Glareosus, 46.
Glaucus, 41, 45, 58, 77,
149.
Globosus, 108, 118,130,
155, 173, 176, 178,
189, 190, 197, 202.
Globula, 224.
Globular, 87, 130, 146,
150, 155, 165, 171,
174, 176, 178, 179,
183, 184, 186, 197,
202, 211.
Globulosus, 108, 118,
130, 146, 165, 171,
174, 176, 179, 183,
184, 202, 211.
Globulus, 142, 222.
Gioehidaius, 168, 170.
Glochis, 227.
Glomerulus, 102, 115*
Glomus, 115.
Glurna, 120, 122.
Glumaceus, 98.
Glumella, 122, 123,165..
Glumellar, 200.
Glume! lean us, 200.
Glumellula, 123.
Glutinosus, 45, 77*
Gnawed, 69, 134.
Goblet, 84.
Gobletshape, 131.
Gongyla, 224.
Gongyliferus, 42.
Gongylus, 220.
Gonophorum, 160.
Gourdlike, 179.
Gracilis, 55, 108, 110,
135, 144, 218.
Grain, 53, 165, 200,
INDEX OF TERMS.
787
Gramineus, 60.
Graniticus, 46.
Granular, 157.
Granulatus, 149.
Granulosus, 157.
Gran um, 200.
Gravel, 46.
Green, 77, 132,210,213.
Greenish yellow, 132.
Gristly, 69.
Grooved, 58, 74, 105,
165, 203.
Grouped, 108.
Grown-together, 63.
Grumosus, 50, 149.
Gummatus, 206.
Gummy, 206.
Gymnocarpieus, 164.
Gynander, 96.
Gynandrus, 43.
Gynizus, 158.
Gynohasicus, 160, 174.
Gynobasis, 150.
Gynocidium, 221.
Gyncecius, 43.
Gynophorafus, 159.
Gynophorelike, 161.
Gynophoroideus, 161.
Gynophorianus, 153.
Gynophorum, 159.
Gynostemium, 100, 158.
Gyroma, 221, 223t,
Gyrus, 221.
H.
Hasmisphaericus, 173.
Hairlike, 55, 66, 105,
107, 153.
Hairpencillike, 157.
Hairs, 40, 88.
Hairy, 45, 58, 77, 107,
170, 192.
Halbertshape, 67.
Half-adherent, 160.
Half-cylindrical, 66, 104
Half-heartshape, 82.
Half-mooned, 82, 186.
Half-moon like, 156, 181
Half-moon-shape, 67.
Half-open, 115.
Half-two-celled, 152.
Half-whirls, 102.
Halved, 118.
Hamatus, 156.
Hamosus, 119, 170.
Hamus, 227.
Handed, 50.
Hanging, 63, 79, 111,
200, 201.
Hanging down, 94, 105,
141.
Handlike, 76.
Hastatus, 67.
Haustorium, 92.
Head, 48, 52, 3 14.
Headed ,88, 143, 155,191
Heads, 302.
Heart, 53, 210.
H ear tshape, 67,1 16,133,
146, 207, 211,215.
Heliacalis, 106.
Helmet, 162.
Helmetshape, 134.
Hemi-cylindraceus, 66.
Hemi-cylindricus, 66,
104, 215.
Memigoniarius, 98.
Hemigyrus, 181.
Hemisphericus, 118,155,
159, 185, 190.
Hen-and-chickeu, 98.
Hepaticm, 222.
Heptagynus, 97.
Heptander, 95.
Herba, 36.
Herbaceus, 41, 54, 64,
117, 121.
Herraaphroditus,44, 94.
Hesperidium, 178.
Heterocarpicus, 164.
Hexacoccus, 184.
Hexagonus, 55, 97.
Hexander, 95.
Hexapetalus, 129.
Hexaphyllus, 124.
Hexapterus, 186.
Hexasepalus, 124.
Hiernalis, 99.
High, 218.
Hife, 47.
Hilebearing, 210, 217.
Hiliferus, 206, 210, 217.
Hilum, 207.
Hind, 148.
Hip, 190.
Hirsuties, 226.
Hirsutus, 46, 59.
Hirtuosus, 46.
Hirtus, 46, 59, 147.
Hispidnlus, 46, 170.
Hispidus, 46, 59, 77,
147, 150.
Hiulcus, 152.
Holdfast, 92.
Holed, 168.
Hollow, 54, 64, 159,210.
Honeycombed, 19, 107,
203.
Hood, 162, 163.
Hoodlike, 117, 144.
Hook, 227.
Hooked, 68, 131, 135,
156, 170, 193, 199.
Horizontalis, 51, 145,
201.
Horn, 163.
Horned, 130.
Horny, 41, 149, 210.
Hortensis, 46.
Humifusus, 56, 63.
Humor, 40.
Hybernalis, 99.
Hybernus, 99.
Hybridus, 41.
Hylus, 207.
Hymenium, 225.
Hyper bore us, 47.
Hypochilium, 130.
Hypocrateriformis, 81,
130.
Hypogeus, 216.
Hypogvnus, 129, 139.
Hypophyllum, 84.
Hvpopteratus, 191.
Hysteranthos, 78.
I.
Icosaedrus, 150.
Icosander, 96.
Idiogynus, 44.
Imbricans, 79.
Imbricaiivus, 87, 103.
Imbricatus, 62, 85, 87,
103, 118, 122, 128,
14i; 180, 201.
Immediatus, 139.
Immersus, 47.
Immobilis, 145.
Immoveable, 145.
Impar, 72.
Impari-pinnatus, 72.
Impartibilis, 168.
Inadherens, 127, 151,
172, 176, 179, 188.
Inaequalis, 67, 121, 128,
134, 140, 167.
Inantheratus, 142.
Inarticulatus, 79.
Incisus, 70, 126.
Inclinatus, 56.
Included, 153.
Includens, 78.
Inclusus, 141, 153, 210,
212.
Incolor, 208.
Incompletus, 94, 195,
205.
Inconspicuus, 217.
I ncrassatus, 105,1 68, 1 69
3 E 2
788
INDEX OF TEEMS.
Increasing, 154.
Incumbent, 133, 145,
214.
Ineurvus, 59, 63, 154.
Iisdefinitus, 139.
Indehiscens, ITS, 174,
181, 182, 185.
Indeterminatus, 194,
Indigenus, 48.
Indistinct, 216.
Indivisibilis, 168.
1 nduplicativus, 103.
Indusium, 221.
Induvia, 164, 200.
Induvialis, 128.
Induviatus, 165, 172,
182, 189.
Inermis, 461.
Inferaxillaris, 61,81 ,90.
Inferus, 127, 151, 188.
Inflatus, 80, 125, 135,
180, 181, 183.
Intiectus, 59, 63, 87,
137.
Inflexus, 63,87,90, 133,
135,138,141,154,157.
Infundibuliformis, 130,
153, 156.
Innervius, 75.
Insertioues, 53.
Inside-growing, 43.
Integer, 56, 80, 83, 86,
121, 122, 126, 135,
138, 168, 171, 215.
Integerrimus, 68.
Integumentum, 100,204,
206.
Intergerinus, 194.
Intermedius, 81.
Internod ium, 39.
Internus, 86.
Interposed, 93, 132,195,
Interpositivus, 93, 132
140, 195.
Interrupt^ pinnatus, 73
?nterruptus,73,109,1 10
Intervalvis, 199.
Intervalvular, 199.
Intrafoliaceus, 81, 93
104.
Introflexus,59, 168,193
195.
Inversus, 145, 155,218
Inverted, 218.
Ihvertens, 79.
Invisibiiis, 217, 219.
Involucellum, 119.
Involucra, 53.
Involucralis, 90.
Involucratus, 99, 1
114, 115, 120.
Involucrum, 117, 221,
222, 225.
Involutivus, 87.
Involutus, 87, 128, 133.
Involves, 79.
Inwards, 145, 157.
Irregularis, 94, 1 13,125,
129.
Irritabilis, 144.
Isostemon, 96.
J.
Jagged, 70, 83, 134,158,
205,215.
Joined, 215.
Joint, 39, 63, 142.
Jointed, 50, 55, 79, 88,
10S, 123, 145, 171,
181, 184, 216.
Jointless, 79.
Juba, 112.
Jubatus, 101.
Juices, 40.
Juiceless, 176.
J ulus, 101, 108.
Junctura, 39.
K.
Keel, 130.
Keeled, 74, 116,121,194.
Kernel, 208.
Kidney shape, 67, 82,
146,150,178,202,215.
Kneebent, 212.
Kneed, 50, 55, 105, 123,
143, 154.
Knobbed, 143.
Knobby, 182.
Knot, 39.
Knotty, 50, 55.
L.
, Labellum, 138.
Labium, 137, 138.
, Lac, 41.
Lacerus, 80, 83.
. Laehrymaiformis, 202.
Laciniatus, 70, 83, 134,
156, 205.
Lacinula, 335.
Lactescentes, 41.
Lacteus, 213.
Lacunae, 33.
, Lacustris, 47.
Laevigatas, 45, 58, 203.
Lffivis, 45, 57, 76, 147,
150, 169, 192,203.
Lageniformis, 178.
Lake, 47.
Lamella, 163,225.
Lamellit'erus, 136.
Lamina, 162, 224.
Lana, 226.
Lanatus,46, 58, 77, 192,
204.
Lanceshaped, 65.
Laneeolatus, 65,83,107,
116, 121, 122, 124,
133, 146, 215.
Land, 46.
Lauaginosus, 166.
Lanugo, 166, 226.
Lapideus, 175, 205.
Lappaceus, 119, 193.
Large, 176,210, 214.
Largefooted, 213.
Largeheaded, 213.
Lashed, 134, 136.
Lasting, 117.
f QQ
Lateralis, 81, 92, 112,
145, 152, 155, 169,
212, 214, 217, 218.
Laterifolius, 93.
Latex, 225.
Latus, 159, 214.
Latuscula, 168.
Laxus, 1 10, 1 12, 113,
114, 149.
Layers, 53.
Leadcoiour, 213.
Leaf, 60, 88,89,91,92,
128, 216, 220, 221.
Leaf-bearing, 86.
Leaf, floral, 116.
Leafed, 57.
Leafless, 57.
Leaflike, 54, 82, 117,
118, 213.
Leafrib, 91.
Leafstalk, 79, 90.
Leafy, 110, 112.
Leatherlikel93, 196,206
Leathery, 41, 64, 121,
122, 175, 210.
Leaved, 217.
Leaves, 61 .
Lecus, 52.
Legumen, 181.
Leguminiformis, 180.
Lengthened, 54.
Lengthways, 148.
Lens, 226.
Lenticula, 226.
Lenticularis, 202,211.
Lentil shape, 202.
INDEX OF TERMS.
789
Lepicena, 120.
Lepisma, 163.
Liber, 53,127,151, 160,
195,197,198,200,208.
Lichen, 223.
Ligatus, 150.
Ligneus, 53, 54.
Lignosus, 41, 49, 117,
191, 193, 196.
Lignum, 53, 194.
Ligula, 80.
Ligulatus, 115, 131.
Liguliferus, 98.
Like-flowered, 114.
Limb, 137.
Limbus, 137.
Limes, 220.
Limestone, 46.
Linearis, 66,83,106,121,
133,135,146,155,171,
181,183,186,207,215.
Linelike, 207.
Lineolaris, 207.
Linguiformis, 66, 172.
Lingula, 164.
Lip, 137, 138.
Lirella, 223.
Littoral is, 47.
Lobatus, 70, 126, 149,
162, 176, 185, 197,
210, 215.
Lobed, 126, 149, 162,
185, 197, 210, 215.
Lobula, 216.
Lobus, 142, 148, 213.
Loceilus, 158.
Loculamen*um, 199.
Locular, 89.
Loculicidus, 188.
Loculosus, 64,80, 177.
Loculus, 142, 199.
Loeusta, 111.
Lodicula, 123.
Lomentaceus, 72.
Lomentum, 182.
Long, 65,127, 149,215.
Longior, 127, 147.
Longissimus, 106, 153.
Longitudinaliter, 148.
Longitudiualis,!93,196.
Longus, 135, 214,218.
Loose, 110, 112, 113,
114, 149.
Lorica, 205.
Loricatus, 208.
Low, 218.
Lucidus,45,58,77, 192,
203.
Lunatus,67,82,156,186.
Lunulatus, 156.
Luleo.auranliacus, 132.
Lutescens, 213.
Luteus, 132.
Lycopodiaceae, 221.
Lying along, 145.
Lying down, 63.
Lympha, 40.
Lympbaeductus, 37.
Lyratus, 70.
M.
Macrocephalus, 213.
Macropodius, 213.
Maculatus, 58, 77.
Maculosus, 58.
Magnus, 176,210,214.
Main body, 216.
Male, 44, 95, 108, 109.
Malicorium, 178.
Mammula, 223.
Manifold, 151.
Many, 56, 152.
Many-camared, 189.
Many-celled, 147, 152,
172, 179, 182, 184,
185, 187.
Man.y-cotyledon, 211.
Many-cut, 91, 156.
Many-fingered pinnate,
73.
Many-fingered, 72.
Many-flowered, 105,
115, 117, 120.
Many-Fruiting, 42.
Many-headed, 187.
Many-leaved, 117, 118,
124.
Many-lobed, 70, 147.
Many-locular, 64.
Many-paired, 72.
Many-parted, 71, 91,
127, 198, 205.
Many-ribbed, 75, 198.
Many-seeded, 172, 179,
180, 182, 184, 187.
Many-sepaled, 124.
Many-styled, 97, 152,
159.
Many-valved, 187.
Many-vittated, 170.
Marcescens, 128.
Marginalis, 81, 169, 195,
198.
Marginans, 160.
Marginal us, 80,166,204.
Marinus, 47.
Maritimus, 47.
Marsh, 47.
Masculus, 44, 95, 108,
109, 223.
Masklike, 131.
Massa, 158.
Massula, 158.
Matutinus, 99.
Meadow, 46.
Mealy, 209.
Meeting, 190.
Medial, 212.
Medianus, 195.
Mediaris, 212.
Mediatus, 139.
Medifixus, 145.
Mediocris, 214.
Medivalvis, 195,198.
Medulla, 52, 209.
Medullaris, 53, 54,223.
Meiosteinon, 96.
Meionida, 177.
Melonidium, 177.
Meloniformis, 54.
Melonshaped, 54.
Membrana, 225.
Membranaceus, 41, 64,
82,108,117,121,122,
177,191,193,206,209.
Membranosus, 64.
Membranula, 221, 222.
Meridianus, 100.
Mesocarpius, 170.
Meteoricus, 99.
Microbasis, 175.
Micropyla, 207.
Middle-fixed, 145.
Middle-size, 214.
Middle-valved, 198.
Miliaris, 87.
Miik, 41.
Milky, 41.
Minutus, 82.
Misshapen, 134, 146.
Mixtus, 86.
Mobilis, 145.
Mollis, 64.
Monadelphus, 96, 140.
Monander, 95.
Moniliformis, 50, 88,
171, 182.
Monocarpicus, 42.
Monocephalus, 186.
Monocotyledoneus, 44,
211.
Monogynus, 96.
Monoicus, 44.
Monopetal us, 129, 130.
Monopbyllus, 117, 118,
124.
Monopterus, 172, 204.
Monosepal us, 124.
Monospermus, 172, 175,
177, 180, 182, 187.
Monostylus, 152, 159,
790
INDEX OF TERMS.
Montanas, 47.
Monthly, 43.
Moss, 47.
Mosses, 221.
Morning, 99.
Mountain, 47.
Moveable, 145.
Mucilaginosus, 209.
Mucro, 227.
Mucronatus, 68,88, 121,
122.
Mule, 41.
Multidigitatus, 72.
Multiferus, 43.
Multifidus, 91, 156.
Multiflorus, 105, 115,
117, 120.
Multijugus, 72.
Multilobus, 70, 147.
Multilocularis, 147, 152,
172,179,182,185,187.
Multinervis, 198.
Multinervius, 75.
Multipartitus, 71, 91,
198, 205.
Multiplicatus, 97.
Multiple-ribbed, 75.
Multiplex, 56, 151,152,
154, 164, 171.
Multivalvis, 187.
Mnltivittatus, 170.
Munieus, 78.
Mu ri cams, 150,170,192.
Musearium, 113.
Mushrooms, 225.
Mushroomshape, 211.
Muticus, 166.
Mutually riding, 87.
N.
Nailshape, 88, 143.
Naked, 57, 86, 98, 106,
107,109,1 14,115,136,
165,201,208,210,217.
Napiformis, 49.
Nappy, 46, 192.
Narrow, 171, 214.
Narrowed, 67, 135, 169.
Narrow-necked, 166.
Natans, 47, 63.
Native, 48.
Naucum, 177.
Navicularis, 121, 122,
133, 194.
Near together, 148.
Nearly'cylindrical, 181.
Nearly ovoid, 189.
Nearly sessile, 78.
Nearly terminal, 109.
Necklaceshape, 171.
Nectar, 41.
Nectariferus, 162.
Nectarilyma, 162.
Nectaristigmata, 163.
Nectarium, 101, 123,
160, 162.
Nectarotheca, 162.
Needlelike, 66.
Nemoblastus, 45.
Nemorosu9, 47.
Nephrosta, 221.
Nervalis, 91.
Nervato-venosus, 75.
Nervatus, 75, 121, 122,
213.
Nervi, 39.
Nervosus, 75, 121, 122.
Nervus, 199.
Nestling, 201, 213.
Netted, 76.
Networked, 203.
Neuter, 43, 95.
Nicked, 68,156,168,183
Nidulans, 201.
Nidulatus, 213.
Night, 100.
Nine-fingered, 72.
Nine-lobed, 70.
Nine-ribbed, 75.
Nine-stamened, 95.
Nipple, 226.
Nipply, 45, 107.
Nitidus, 77, 192, 203.
Nivalis, 47.
Nocturnus, 100.
Nodding, 56, 93, 105.
Nodositas, 39.
Nodosus,50,55,143,182.
Nodus, 39, 220.
None, 149, 152.
Noon, 100.
Not cut, 83, 121, 126.
Notched, 68, 134, 135,
138, 143, 166, 186.
Novem-digitatus, 72.
Novem-lobus, 70.
Novem-nervius, 75.
Nucamentum, 108.
Nucleus, 1 75, 208, 224.
Nucula, 174, 177.
Nuculaneus, 179.
Nucalanium, 177.
Nuculosus, 177, 179.
Nudus, 57, 86, 98, 106,
107,109,114,115,136,
165,201,208,210,217.
Null us, 149, 152, 167.
Nut, 177, 191.
Nutans, 56, 93, 105.
Nux, 174, 177, 191.
O.
Obconicus, 118.
Obcordatus, 68, 186.
Obcordiformis, 68, 133,
183, 186.
Obcrenatus, 68, 181.
Obcurrens, 190.
Oblique cordatus,67,82.
Oblique heartshape, 67,
82.
Obliquus, 56, 63, 135,
157, 191,212.
Oblongus, 65, 110, 146,
150, 165, 167, 178,
181, 190,202.
Obovalis, 65.
Obovoideus, 165, 175,
186.
Obstructs, 136.
Obsuturalis, 195, 198.
Obturbinatus, 118,178,
186.
Obtuse-angulatus, 54.
Obtusus, 68, 135, 143,
156,169,171,186,218.
Obversus, 218.
Obvolutus, 87,103,214.
Ocrea, 83.
Octander, 95.
Octofidus, 126.
Oetona, 61.
Octopetalus, 129.
Odd, 72.
Offset, 52.
Oily, 209.
Oleaginous, 209.
Oligospermus, 179, 182,
187.
Olopetalarius, 98.
Omphalodius, 207.
Once-bearing, 43.
Once-fruiting, 42.
One-cel led, 147, 151,
172,175,176,178,179,
182, 184, 185, 187.
One-corned, 173.
One-cotyledon, 211.
One- flowered, 105, 106,
115, 119, 120.
One-furrowed, 176,192.
One-headed, 186.
One-holed, 148.
One-leafed, 117, 118,124
One-leafletted, 71.
One-lipped, 131.
One-lobed, 147.
One-paired, 72.
One-paleolated, 123.
One-petaled, 139.
One-ribbed, 75, 198.
INDEX OF TERMS.
791
■One-rowed, 59, 63, 93,
172, 175, 177, 180,
182, 187.
One-sided, 121,133,161,
197, 209.
One-spathelled, 120.
One-spathelluled, 122.
One-stamened, 95.
One-styled, 96, 152,159.
One-valved, 187.
One-vittated, 170.
One way, 93.
One-winged, 172, 204.
Opacus, 210.
Open, 59, 63, 110, 112,
115, 118, 133, 173.
Open ground, 47.
Openings, 38.
Opening, 145, 173, 181,
182, 185, 188.
Opercularis, 147, 104.
Operculatus, 204.
Operculiformis, 147.
Operculum, 85, 148, 184,
222.
Ovoideus, 106, 108,110,
118, 146, 150, 156,
165, 174—176, 181,
184, 186, 190, 191,
202, 211, 218.
Ovulum, 150.
Ovum, 150, 200.
Opposed, 155.
Opposite pennatus, 72.
Oppositifolius, 93, 92,
110, 111.
Oppositive, 140.
Oppositivus, 132, 140,
195.
Oppositus, 59, 63, 87,
92, 93, 120, 132, 195,
214.
Oras, 49.
Orange, 132, 150.
Orbicularis, 65, 155,
167, 186, 202, 207,
215.
Orbicnlatus, 183.
Orbiculus, 137, 224.
Orbilla, 223.
Orbis, 212.
Orderless, 62.
Organic us, 40.
Organura, 36, 40, 100,
223.
Origoma, 222.
Osseus, 175, 177, 191,
205.
Ossiculus, 175.
Outside-growing, 43.
Outwards, 145, 157.
Ovalis, 65, 82, 133, 183,
215.
Ovarium, 150, 151.
Ovatus, 65, 108, 134,
130, 167, 176, 184,
191.
Ovoideus, 167.
P.
Paired, 72.
Palatium, 131, 136.
Palea, 120, 122, 227.
Paleaceus, 107, 166,167.
Paleola, 124.
Palmatus, 50, 71, 76,
116.
Paludosus, 47.
Paluster, 47.
Panduriformis, 69.
Panicula, 112.
Paniculatus, 101, 109.
Pannexterna, 176, 199.
Panninterna, 1 75, 199.
Paper-like, 64, 177,
193, 206.
Papilionaceus, 130.
Papilla, 226.
Papillaris, 88.
Papillosus, 77, 107.
Pappiformis, 199.
Papposus, 3 66.
Pappus, 166.
Pappus-like, 199.
Papula, 226.
Papulosus, 45, 77.
Papyraceus, 64.
Parabolicus, 65.
Paracarpium, 163.
Paracorolla, 163.
Parapetalum, 162, 163,
Para phy sis, 221.
Parastadis, 163.
Parastamen, 163.
Parastylus, 163.
Parallelicus, 195.
Paralleli-nervius, 75.
Paralieli-venosus, 76.
Parallel-ribbed, 75.
Parallelus, 148, 195.
Parasiticus, 47, 48.
Parenchyma, 39, 53.
Parted, *71, 126, 138,
154, 157.
Partes, 36, 39, 40.
Partialis, 79, 194.
Partibiiis, 187.
Particular, 1 17.
Parietal, 197.
Parting, 193.
Partitional, 198.
Partition bearing, 194,
206.
Partitioned, 171.
Partitioning, 197.
Partitions, 194.
Partitus, 70, 71, 126,
138, 157, 205.
Parvulus, 214.
Parvus, 176, 214.
Passing away, 132.
Patelliformis, 211.
Patellula, 223.
Patens, 59, 63, 89, 118,
128, 133, 137, 141.
Paientissimus, 60, 63.
Pat ulus, 59, 63, 112,
128.
Pauci-florus, 115.
Pauci-radiatus, 114.
Pearshape, 125, 190.
Pectinatus, 71, 116.
Pedately cut, 71.
Pedatifidus, 71.
Pedatus, 73, 76.
Pedicellatus, 86, 88,
167, 197.
Pedicellus, 104, 221.
Peldiculus, 142.
Pedilis, 166.
Pedunculatus, 93.
Pedunculeanus, 91, 101.
Pedunculus, 104, 105.
Pellicula, 205.
Pellicularis, 209.
Pellucidus, 210.
Pelta, 223.
Peltatus, 76, 78, 146,
155, 201.
Pelti-nervius, 75.
Pendens, 141, 200,201.
Pendulus, 94, 105, 109,
111, 200, 201.
Penicilliformis, 157.
Penuatipartitus, 71.
Pennatus, 76.
Penni-nervius, 75.
Pentacamarus, 189.
Pentacoccus, 184, 185.
Pentadelphus, 140.
Pentagonus, 55, 155,
186, 197.
Pentagynus, 97.
Pentander, 95.
Pentapetalus, 129.
Pentaphyllus, 124.
Pentapterus, 172, 186.
Pentaqueter, 197.
Pentasepalus, 124.
Pentabtylus, 152
792 INDEX OF TERMS.
Pepo, 178.
Peponida, 178.
Peponium, 178.
Peraphyllum, 162.
Perennis, 42, 51, 54,
78.
Perfectus, 94.
Perfoliatus, 63.
Perforatus, 89, 156.
Perfusus# 201,
Periandricus, 161.
Periantheus, 98.
Perianthianus, 200.
Perianthium, 100, 124,
138.
Pericarpialis, 85, 90.
Pericarpaum, 164, 192.
Perichaetialis, 221.
Perichaetium, 221.
Pericladium, 84.
Periclinium, 119.
Peridium, 225.
Peridroma, 84.
Perigonalis, 200.
Perigoniarius, 97, 98.
Perigonium, 100, 122,
138. 221.
Perigynandra, 100, 119,
124, 129.
Perigynium, 163.
Perigynus, 129, 139.
Periodicus, 99.
Peripetalum, 161.
Periphaericus, 209, 212.
Periphyllium, 163.
Periphorantium, 119.
Peripteratus, 172, 191,
204.
Perispermatus, 209.
Perispermicus, 209.
Perispermum, 205, 209.
Perisporium, 220.
Perisporum, 163.
Peristoma, 222.
Peristomicus, 161.
Perithecium, 224, 225.
Permutatus, 97.
Perocidium, 221.
Perpendicularis, 51, 56,
89.
Persistens, 78, 83, 117,
123, 128, 154, 162,
176, 190, 198.
Persistens marcescens,
132.
Persistent withering,
132.
Personates, 131.
Pertusus, 76, 2 1 5.
Perula, 86. 139.
Perulatus, 86.
Petal iformis, 143, 153,
155.
Petal-like, 143, 153.
Petaloideus, 97,98, 1 17,
127.
Petalus, 132.
Petiolaneus, 64, 86, 90,
91.
Petiolaris, 81, 90 — 92.
Petiolatus, 78, 215.
Petiolularis, 81.
Petiolules, 79.
Petiolus, 79.
Petrosus, 46.
Phaenogamus, 43.
Phoranthium, 104,
Phragma, 196.
Phragmigerus, 182.
Phyllodium, 84.
Phylloideus, 54.
Phyllum, 128.
Pierced, 76, 215.
Pilaris, 167.
Pileola, 216.
Pileolatus, 219.
Piieus, 225.
Pili, 40, 81.
Pilidia, 223.
Piliai like, 144.
Pilosus, 45, 58, 77, 107,
167, 170, 192.
Pill-like, 212.
Pinnaticisus, 70.
Pinnatifidns, 70, 83, 91,
116, 215.
Pinnatipartitus, 70.
Pinnatisectus, 71.
Pinnatus, 72.
Pipelike, 66, 125.
Pipey, 105, 106, 153.
Pips, 177.
Pistillares, 151.
Pistillarius, 97.
Pistillum, 100, 150,158.
Pit, 226.
Pitcher, 157.
Pitchershape, 64, 118,
125, 13Q,
Pith, 52.
Pithy, 54.
Pitted, 107, 203.
Placenta, 196.
Placentarianus, 195.
Placentarimn, 196.
Placentiferus, 194, 196.
Planiusculus, 118.
Planta, 36.
Plan tula, 217, 220.
Planus, 74, 106, 114,
138, 143. 159, 168,
169, 190, 194, 203.
Plenns, 54, 97, 102.
Plexeoblastus, 45.
Plicativus, 87, 103.
Plicatus, 74, 87, 137,
156, 215.
Plopocarpium, 189.
Plumbeus, 213.
Plumosus, 157, 167.
Plumula, 217.
Plurilocularis, 151.
Pluripartitus, 127.
Plurivalvis, 187.
Pneumatophora, 37.
Pod, 182.
Podetium, 223.
Podlike, 185.
Podogynium, 150.
Podospermiuin, 199.
Pointal, 100, 150.
Pointed, 67, 88, 121,
122, 135, 146, 156,
186, 218.
Polachena, 167.
Polakena, 167, 171.
Polexostylus, 175.
Polished, 45, 169, 203.
Pollen, 41, 142, 149.
Pollen-mass, 158.
Pollinicus, 158.
Polyadelphus, 96, 140,
Polyander, 96.
Polycamarus, 189.
Polycarpicus, 42.
Polycephalus, 187.
Polycblorio, 190,
Polychlorionidis, 190.
Polycoccus, 184, 185.
Polvcoty ledoneus, 44,
211.
Polygamus, 44.
Polygynus, 97.
Polypetalus, 129.
Polyphorum, 160.
Polyphyllus, 117, 118,
124.
Polysecus, 100
Polysepalus, 124.
Polyspermus, 172, 179,
180, 182, 184, 187.
Polyslemon, 96.
Polystylus, 152, 159.
Pomum, 177.
Pori, 37, 39, 148.
Porrectus, 137.
Portio lignea, 53.
Posticus, 145, 148.
Pouch, 183.
Pouchlike, 185.
Powder, 142.
Powdery, 45, 58, 149.
Prajfoliatio, 102.
INDEX OF TERMS,
793
Praemorsus, 50, 68.
Pratensis, 46.
Precox, 99.
Prickles, 89.
Prickley, 46,59, 170.
Pritnarius, 79.
Primigenius, 41.
Primitive, 41.
Prisrnaticus, 125, 135.
Procumbens, 56.
Productiones, 53.
Productum, 162.
Progrediens, 51.
Progressive, 51.
Projectura, 61.
Proliferus, 64, 98, 114.
Proligerus, 224.
Prolonged, 138.
Prominens, 143, 159,
194, 217.
Propaculiferus, 42.
Propaculum, 52.
Propagaculum, 224.
Propago, 42, 224.
Proprius, 79, 117.
Proscolla, 158.
Prosphysis, 163, 222.
Prostratus, 56.
Prostypum, 207.
Proteranthos, 78.
Pruina, 41.
Prunus, 175.
Pseudocarpicus, 164.
Pseudocarpium, 191.
Pseudoparasiticus, 47.
Pseudospermicus, 165.
Pteratus, 194.
Pterides, 173.
Pteridium, 173
Pubes, 226.
Pubescens, 45, 58, 77,
147, 157, 170, 192.
Puckered, 74.
Pul pa, 200.
Pulposus, 176, 193,205,
206.
Pulpy, 176, 193, 205,
206.
Pulverulentus, 45, 58,
149.
Pulvinulus, 224.
Pulvinus, 60.
Punctatus, 58, 77, 89,
107, 176, 192, 203,
213.
Punctiformis, 207, 217.
Purplish, 213.
Purpureus, 213.
Putamen, 175, 176.
Pyramidalis, 60, 112.
Pyrena, 175, 177.
Pyrenarius, 177.
Pyridion, 177.
Pyriformis, 190.
Pyxidium, 184, 221.
Pyxis, 184.
Q.
Quadrangularis, 55, 65,
110, 183.
Quadricornis, 146.
Quadridentatus, 121,
122, 126.
Quadridigatato - penua-
tus, 73.
Quadridigitatus, 72.
Quadrieremus, 174.
Quadrifidus, 70, 126,
134, 156.
Quadrijugus, 72.
Quadrilobatus, 156.
Quadrilobus, 150.
Quads'ilocularis, 147,
152, 176, 179, 187.
Quad ri part it us, 127,1 98.
Quadrisuleatus, 192.
Quadrivalvis, 148, 187.
Quaterna, 61.
Quinatus, 72.
Quina, 61, 62.
Quincuncialis, 103.
Quinque-angulatus, 69.
Quinquedentatus, 68,126
Quinquedigitatus, 72.
Quiuque-eremus, 174.
Quinquefidus, 126, 154.
Quinquejugus, 72.
Quiriquelobatus, 156,
210, 215.
Quinquelobus, 70.
Quinquelocularis, 179,
187.
Quinquenervius, 75.
Quinquepartitus,7 1,127.
198.
Quinquevalvis, 187.
Quintuple ribbed, 75.
Quintuplex, 154.
Quintupli-nervia, 75.
, R.
Racemosus, 101, 208.
Racemus, 111.
Rachis, 84, 104.
Radiant, 114, 134, 186,
197.
Radiating, 134, 186,
197.
Radiatus, 103, 115,156.
Radicalis, 61, 92.
Radi cans, 57, 64.
Radicella, 48.
Radicular, 48, 217.
Radius, 53, 115V
Radix, 48, 216.
Raised, 151.
Ramealis, 61, 92.
Rameaneus, 64.
Rameanus, 90.
Ramenta, 60.
Rameus, 61.
Ramificatio, 60.
Ramossissimus, 56, 112.
Ramosus, 50, 56, 88,
90,91, 104,100, 107,
109, 111, 112, 144,
167.
Ramulus, 59.
Ramunculus, 59.
Ramus, 59.
Rapha, 208.
Raphe, 169.
Raphida, 222.
Rather heartshape, 82.
Rays, 53, 115.
Receptacularis, 153.
Receptaculum, 38, 1 01 ,
104, 159, 196, 222,
223.
Recessus, 194.
Reclinatus, 87.
Reel us us, 212.
Rectilineus, 57, 90, 123
135, 146, 153, 169,
202,208, 211, 218.
Recti-uervius, 75.
Rectus, 57, 76, 90, 107,
123, 135, 146, 153,
202, 208, 211, 218.
Recurvatus, 181, 202,
211, 218.
Recurvus, 63, 157, 202,
211.
Red, 132.
Reddish orange, 132.
Redish violet, 132.
Reed, 52.
Re-entering, 193.
Reflectus, 63, 137.
Refiexus, 63, 89, 90,
118,128,133,137,138,
141, 154, 157,214.
Refractus, 60, 105.
Regma, 185.
Regressus, 218.
Regularis, 94, 113, 128.
129.
Reliquia, 60.
Remaining, 83, 198.
794
INDEX OF TERMS.
Remains, 60.
Remotus, 62, 149.
Renarius, 82.
Reniformis, 67, 82, 146,
150, 178, 202, 215.
Repandus, 69.
Repens, 51, 57.
Replicativus, 87.
Replicatus, 202, 212.
Reptans, 57.
Reservoirs, 38.
Restibilis, 42.
Resupinatus, 131, 174,
191,200.
Reticulato-venosus, 76.
Retlculatus, 76, 170,
203.
Reticulum, 84.
Retinaculum, 158, 199.
Retracted, 218.
Retroflectus, 105.
Retroflexus, 60.
Retrorsus, 79.
Retusus, 68.
Reverse conical, 118.
Reverse crenated, 181.
Reverse egglike, 165.
Reverse heartshape, 68,
183, 186.
Reverse oval, 65.
Reverse ovoid, 175, 186.
Reverse topshape, 118,
178, 186.
Reversed, 63, 174, 191,
200.
Reversely crenate, 68.
Revolnte, 157.
Revolutivus, 86.
Revolutus, 70, 86, 128,
137.
Rhizanthus, 43.
Rhiziophy sis, 219.
Rhizoblastus, 45.
Rhizocarpicus, 42.
Rhizoma, 52.
Rhombeus, 65.
Ribband, 66.
Ribbed, 75, 121, 122,
125, 168—170, 213.
Ribless, 75, 213.
Ribs, 199.
Riding, 87, 214.
Rigens, 55.
Rigid us, 55, 64, 105.
Rimosus, 58, 210.
Rind, 177.
Ring, 157, 221.
Ringed, 168.
Ringens, 131.
Ringlike, 144,161,212.
Riparius, 47.
Rising, 200.
River, 47.
Rock, 46.
Rolled, 70, 110, 128,
214.
Root, 48, 61, 92, 213,
216.
Root-flowering, 43.
Rooting, 57, 64.
Rootsucker, 52.
Rootlet, 48.
Rosaceous, 62, 130.
Roselatus, 62, 130.
Roselike, 62, 130.
Rostellum, 58,217,227.
Rostratus, 161,165,180,
183.
Rostrum, 164.
Rotatus, 131.
Rotundato compresus,
202.
Rotundatus, 65, 185.
Rough, 45, 58, 77, 192,
203.
Roughish, 170.
Round, 65, 185.
Rounded, 60, 65, 82,
114, 116, 121, 122,
176, 215.
Roundish, 49, 133, 165,
171, 177, 184, 186,
191, 202, 218.
Rows, 89, 201.
Ruber, 132.
Rubro-aurantiacus, 132.
Rubro-violaceus, 132.
Ruderalis, 46.
Rudimental, 142.
Rudimentarius, 142.
Rugosus, 74, 192, 203.
Ruguloso-lamellatus,
168.
Rugulosus, 168, 169.
Rumpled, 103, 215.
Runcinatus, 70.
Runner, 52.
Rupestris, 46.
Ruptiles, 117, 205.
S.
Sabre-shape, 68, 181.
Sabulosus, 46.
Sacelliformis, 161.
Sacellus, 172.
Saccus, 163.
Sacklike, 161.
Sagittatus, 67, 82, 146,
155.
Salinus, 47.
Salsus, 47.
Salt, 47.
Salvershape, 131.
Samara, 173.
Sand, 46.
Sap, 40.
Sarco basis, 175.
Sarcocarpium, 175,200.
Sarcodermis, 206.
Sarcoma, 163.
Sarmentosus, 55.
Sarmentum, 52.
Sativus, 43.
Saucerlike, 211.
Sautellae, 42.
Sawdustlike, 203.
Saxatilis, 46.
Scaber, 58, 77, 192,
203.
Scale, 124, 163, 227.
Scaled, 192.
Scalelike, 65, 80, 161.
Scaly, 51, 57, 85, 86,
105.
Scandens, 57.
Scaphium, 130.
Scapus, 104.
Scar, 60.
Scariosus, 64, 82, 119,
121.
Scattered, 59, 62,201.
Schistosus, 46.
Scleranthum, 173.
Scobiformis, 213.
Scooplike, 131.
Scrobiculatus, 107, 169,
176, 203.
Scroti formis, 50.
Scutella, 223.
Scutelliformis, 211.
Scutum, i 64.
Scyphus, 163.
Se invicem, 87.
Sea, 47.
Seagreen, 149.
Seal-like, 51.
Seat, 101.
Secondarius, 79.
Sectus, 7 1.
Secundina, 209.
Secundus, 59, 63, 93.
Sedes, 101, 159.
Seed, 165, 200, 210,
225.
Seed-bearing, 42, 194,
198.
Seed-covers, 204.
Semen, 200, 224.
Semi-adherens,127,l51,
160, 1 88.
INDEX OF TEEMS
705
Semi-am plexus, 87.
Semi apertus, 115.
Semi-cordiformis, 82.
Semi- cylindricus, 66,21 5
Semi-double, 97.
Semi-flosculosus, 102,
115.
Semi-inclusus, 201.
Semi-inferus, 127.
Semi-lunatus,67,82,156,
181, 186.
Seminalis, 61, 151.
Seminiferus, 42, 194,
196.
Semi-ovalis, 82.
Semi-sagittatus, 82.
Semi-staminarius, 97.
Semi-verticillatus, 102.
Sempervirens, 78.
Sena, 61.
Sepalum, 128.
Septem-angulatus, 69.
Septem-digitatus, 72.
Septem-lobus, 70.
Septem-nervius, 75.
Septicidus, 188.
Septiferus, 193, 194,
206.
Septiformis, 197.
Septifragus, 188.
Septilis, 198.
Septulum, 158, 171.
Septum, 195.
Serialis, 89, 141, 201.
Sericeus, 46, 58, 77,
167.
Serotinus, 99.
Serratus, 68.
Serrulatus, 69.
Sertulum, 114.
Sessilis, 62, 86, 88, 89,
93, 133, 144, 151,
155, 166, 197, 201,
216, 219.
Seta, 123, 142, 221,226.
Setaeeus, 66, 83, 90,
116, 121.
Setosus, 107, 167, 169,
170.
Seven-angled, 69.
Seven-fingered, 72.
Seven-lobed, 70.
Seven-ribbed, 75.
Seven-etamened, 95.
Seven-styled, 97.
Seven valved, 187.
Sex-eremus, 174.
Sexfidus, 126.
Sexlocularis, 176, 187.
Sextuplex, 154,
Shady, 47.
Shaggy, 147, 150.
Sharp, 67, 143.
Sheath, 53, 83.
Sheathed, 57 , 105.
Sheathing, 63, 80, 81,
144, 157.
Sheave-like, 211.
Shell, 175, 205.
Sheltering, 78.
Shield, 164.
Shielded, 147.
Shield-like, 76, 201.
Shining, 45, 58, 77, 192,
203.
Shore, 47.
Short, 127, 214, 218.
Shortened, 214.
Shorter, 147.
Shrub, 36.
Shrubby, 56.
Siccus, 180, 209.
Sicklelike, 137.
Sickle-hape, 215.
Side, 93, 214.
Side-lying, 141.
Sigillatus, 51.
Silicula, 183.
Siliculseformis, 185.
Silky, 46, 58, 77, 167.
Siliqua, 182.
Siliquaefonnis, 185.
Silver grain, 53.
Siinilaris, 121, 122,215.
Simiiiflorus, 114.
Similis, 149.
Simpiex,50,56,79,86,88,
90, 91, 102, 104, 106
-—109, 111 — 113, 118,
144, 154, 156, 164,
167, 169, 171, 208.
Simplicissimus, 56.
Single, 56, 81, 95, 108,
117, 151, 152, 154.
209.
Sinistrorsum, 57.
Sinochorium, 184.
Sinuato-lobatus, 168.
Sinuato-undulatus, 169.
Sinuately waved, 169.
Sinuatus, 69, 162.
Sinuolatus, 69.
Sinuosus, 146, 208.
Six-celled, 174, 176,
184, 187.
Six-cut, 126.
Six-leaved, 124.
Six-petaled, 129.
Six-rowed, 93.
Six-sepaled, 124.
Six-sided, 55.
Six-stamened, 95.
Six-styled, 97.
Six- winged, 186.
Sixes, 61.
Skin, 39, 205, 206.
Slate, 46.
Slender, 55, 108, 110,
144, 218.
Slime, 225.
Slit, 83, 148.
Slow-growing, 42.
Small, 176, 214.
Smooth, 45, 57,76, 147,
150, 168, 169, 192,
203.
Sinoothened, 58.
Snail-like, 103.
Snow, 47.
So boles, 42, 85.
Soboliferus, 42.
Soft, 64.
Soldered, 180.
Solidus, 54, 85, 144, 171.
Solitarius, 81, 91, 95,
108.
Solntus, 81.
Sored i urn, 224.
Sorosus, 190.
Sorus, 221.
Spaces, 38.
Spadix, 104, 106.
Sparsus, 59, 62.
Spatha, 1 16.
Spathaceus, 99.
Spathatus, 99, 111, 114.
Spathella, 120, 122.
Spathellula, 122.
Spathilla, 117.
Spatula-shape, 65, 133.
Spathulatus, 65, 133.
Spearsbape, 107, 116.
Spectans, 87.
Spermapodium, 169.
Spermatocystidium, 142.
Spermodermis, 205.
Spermopodophorum,169
Spermophorus, 196.
Sphaericus, 106, 108,
114, 150, 167, 173,
176—179, 186, 139,
190, 197, 202, 211.
Sphaeroblastus, 45^
Sphserula, 224.
Sphalerocarpium, 173.
Spica, 109.
Spicatus, 101.
Spiciformis, 189.
Spicula, 111.
Spiculatus, 109.
Spike, 109.
Spiked, 101.
Spikelet, 111.
796
INDEX OF TERMS,
Spikeletted, 109.
Spike-like, 189.
Spiles, 207.
Spina, 89.
Spindleshape, 49, 178,
180, 211.
Spined, 121.
Spineliatus, 121.
Spinellosus, 46, 59, 77,
193.
Spinescens, 60, 80, 82,
116.
Spiniferus, 64.
Spinosus, 46, 59, 69,
119.
Spinous, 193.
Spiralis, 62, 93, 106,
143, 154, 181, 185.
Splendens, 77.
Split, 70, 136, 138, 144.
Spongiolse, 39, 49.
Spongiosus, 54.
Spongy, 54.
Spora, 220, 224, 225.
Sporangium, 220, 221.
Sporangidiurn, 222.
Sporidium, 225.
Sporula, 220, 225.
Spotted, 58,77.
Spread, 201.
Spreading, 128, 133,137,
141, 180.
Spread forward, 137.
Spread open, 112.
Spring, 47.
Spring-tide, 99.
Sprouting, 51.
Spumescens, 41.
Spur, 139, 162.
Spurred, 126, 134, 136.
Spurius, 53, 178, 183,
194, 223.
Squama, 124, 163, 227.
Squarniformis, 65, 80,
161.
Squamosus, 51, 57, 85,
86, 105, 192,
Squarrosus, 119.
Squat, 89.
Squatted, 62.
Stages, 141.
Stalked, 43.
Stamen, 100, 139.
Stamenbearing, 159.
Staminal, 88.
Staminarius, 97.
Stamineus, 98.
Staminiferus, 159.
Staminodium, 158.
Standard, 130.
Star like, 131, 156.
Star-ribbed, 75.
Starred, 88.
Starry, 184.
Slellatus, 61, 76, 88,
131, 155, 184.
Stellinervius, 75.
Stem, 52, 61, 88, 89, 92,
225.
Stem-fruiting, 43.
Stemless, 43.
Sferigmum, 184.
Sterilis, 48, 95, 148.
Sticky, 45.
Stiff, 55, 64, 105.
Stigma, 49, 151, 154,
158.
Stimulus, 227.
Sting, 227.
Stipella, 84.
Stipellatus, 80.
Stipellus, 142.
Stipes, 84, 166, 221, 225.
Stipiformis, 55.
Stipitatus, 167.
Stipula, 81.
Slipulaneus, 86, 90, 91.
Stipularis, 88.
Stipulates, 57.
Stipuled, 80.
Stipuliferus, 80.
Stoio, 52.
Stoloniferus, 51.
Stomatia, 39.
Stone, 175, 176.
Stonelike, 175.
Stool, 52.
Stoolbearing, 42.
Straight, 57,76, 90, 107,
123, 135, 146, 153,
169, 202, 208, 211,
218.
Stragula, 122.
Straight-ribbed, 75.
Straplike, 106.
Stratum, 53.
Strawq 52.
Streaked, 58, 76, 135,
169, 203.
Striatus, 58, 76, 135,
169, 192, 203.
Strictus, 55, 105.
Striga, 227.
Strigosus, 46.
Strobilus, 19.
Stroma, 222, 224.
Strombuliformis, 181.
Strombuslike, 181.
Strophiolatus, 205, 207.
Styleless, 152.
Styliscus, 151.
Stylotegium, 163.
Stylus, 151, 152.
Subapiciiaris, 109, 112,
123.
Subaxilis, 169.
Sub-bi!ocularis, 152.
Subcordatus, 82.
Subcordiformis, 82.
Subcylindricus, 150,186.
Suberosus, 41, 58, 193,
196, 206.
Subglobosus, 202.
Sublatus, 151.
Submerges, 47.
Submerses, 63.
Subovoideus, 189.
Subperiphmricus, 212.
Subrotundus, 49, 60,
65, 82, 116, 121, 122,
138, 165, 171, 176,
177, 186, 191, 202,
215, 218.
Subsessilis, 78.
Substance, 53.
Substantia, 223.
Subterraneous, 48, 49.
Subulatus, 66, 83, 88,
90, 116, 121, 124,
135, 143, 146, 153,
155, 167, 183, 197.
Succeeding, 78.
Succulentus, 41, 54, 64,
175, 221.
Succosus, 64.
Succus, 40.
Sucker, 92,
Sucker-bearing, 51.
SufFrutex, 38.
Sulcatus, 58, 76, 105,
126, 135, 157, 168,
176, 192,203.
Sulphur colour, 150.
Sulphureus, 150.
Summer, 99.
Summit, 142, 151.
Sunk, 194.
Sunken, 47, 63.
Superaxillaris, 90,
Superficialis, 218.
Super positus, 148.
Superus, 127, 151, 188,
218.
Support, 84, 104.
Supradecompositus, 73.
Surculiferus, 42.
Sure u)us, 52, 221.
Surrounding, 78.
Sutura, 194.
Sutural, 198.
Swimming, 47.
Swollen, 125, 180, 181,
153.
INDEX OF TERMS,
797
Sword-edged, 143.
S word-shape, 66, 153.
Syncarpa, 189, 190.
Syconus, 190.
Sylvaticus, 47.
Sylvester, 43.
Symphyosternon, 96.
Symphytantherus, 96.
Syngenesus, 96, 140.
Syngenesicus, 140.
Synanthos, 78.
Synantherus, 96.
Synema, 158.
Svnorhizus, 213.
Synsfigmaticus, 149.
Synzygia, 216.
T.
Tail, 226.
Tailed, 147, 180.
Talara, 130.
Tearing, 117, 205.
Tear! ike, 202.
Tegmen, 120,206.
Tegumentum, 100.
Tegminatus, 208.
Tela, 37.
Ten-celled, 178.
Ten-cut, 126.
Ten-staniened, 96.
Tendril, 72, 91.
Tendril-hearing, 80.
Tend rilled, 57.
Tendril-like, 80.
Tenuis, 210.
Teres, 49, 54, 66, 153.
Tergeminatus, 73.
Tergiminus, 73.
Terminal is, 89, 92, 109,
112,142,145,152,154.
Tern a, 61, 62.
Ternatus, 72, 94.
Ternato-pinnatus, 73.
Terraneus, 46.
Terrestris, 46.
Testa, 205.
Testiculatus, 50.
Tesliculus, 142.
Testis, 142.
Tetracamarus, 189.
Tetracoccus, 184.
Tetradynamus, 96, 140.
Tetragonus, 55, 67, 105,
107,146,155,171,181,
183, 186, 197, 203.
Tetragynus, 97.
Tetrander, 95.
Tetrapetalus, 129.
Tetraphyllus, 124.
Tetrapterus, 172, 181.
Tetraqueter, 55, 197.
Tetrasepalus, 124.
Tetraspei mus, 187.
Tetrastichus, 93.
Tetrastylus, 152.
Texture, 37.
Thalamia, 224.
Tiialamiflorus, 43.
Thalamus, 100,104,124,
159, 223.
Thall us, 223.
Theca, 142, 199,221.
Thecaphorum, 160.
Thecidion, 172.
Thecidium, 172.
Thick, 108, 110, 121, 144,
210, 214.
Thickened, 168, 169.
Thin, 210.
Thongshape, 149.
Thorn, 89.
Thorn-bearing, 64.
Thorned, 80.
Thorn-ended, 60.
Thorn-like, 116.
Thorny, 46, 59, 69, 150,
no; 192.
Thread, 142.
Thread-like, 105, 107,
110, 135, 143, 148,
153, 155, 171, 197,
199, 211.
Thread-shape, 49, 55.
Thready, 176.
Three-camared, 189.
Three-celled, 152, 176,
178,179,184,185,187.
Three-chaffed, 166.
Three-cornered, 55, 65,
155, 171, 173,203.
Three-cut, 70, 91, 126,
134, 154, 156.
Three-edged, 55.
Three-fingered, 72.
Three-fingered-pinnate,
73.
Three-fiowered,108,!l9
Three-forked, 56,80,88,
143.
Three-furrowed, 192.
Three-headed, 187.
Tiiree-leafletted, 72.
Three-leaved, 124.
Three-lobed, 70, 126,
150, 156, 162, 210.
Three-paired, 72.
Three-paleolated, 123.
Three-parted, 90, 127,
154, 187, 198, 205.
Three-parting, 198.
Three-pcfnled, 129.
Three-pointed, 135.
Three-ribbed, 75, 198.
Three-seeded, 172, 187.
Three-sepaled, 124.
Three-sided, 55, 67, 105,
107, 153, 165, 175,
176, 185, 197.
Three-stamened, 95.
Three-styled, 97, 152.
Three-toothed, 68, 126.
Three-valved, 148, 176,
187.
Three-winged, 172,186,
204.
Threes, 61, 94.
Thrice-compounded, 73.
Thrice-feafher-cut, 71.
Throat, 136.
Thyrsus. 101, 112.
Tied, 150.
Tigella, 219.
Tigellatns, 217.
Tiled, 103, 118, 122.
Tile-like, 62, 141, 180,
201.
Tiling, 79.
Tip, 148,213.
Tornentosus, 46, 58, 77,
170, 192.
Tomentum, 226.
Tongue, 164.
Tongueshape, 66, 172.
Tooth, 222.
Toothed, 51, 69,83, 108,
126, 134, 135, 156,
168, 169.
Topshape, 125,153,165,
177,179,186,202,211.
Topwinged, 181.
Torfaceus, 47.
Torn, 80, 83, 126.
Torsus, 123, 146.
Tortuosus, 57.
Tortus, 137, 143,157.
Torulosus, 143, 183,185.
Torus, 101, 159.
Tracheae, 37.
Transversus, 193, 212.
Transitorius, 132.
Transparent, 210.
Transversalis, 194.
Transversim, 148.
Trapezoideus, 65.
Tree, 36.
Triadelphus, 140.
Trialatus, 204.
Triander, 95.
Triangularis, 55,65,1 7 1 .
Trica, 223.
Tricamarus, 189.
798
INDEX OF TERMS.
Tricephalus, 187.
Trichotomus, 56, 80.
Tricoccus, 184, 185.
Tricuspidatus, 135*143.
Tridentatus,68,I26,l43.
Tridigitato-pinnatus,73
Tridigitatus, 72.
Trifidus, 70,91,126,134,
154, 156.
Triflorus, 106, 119.
Trifoliolatus, 72.
Trifureatus, 88.
Trigeminate, 73.
Triglans, 173.
Trigonus, 55, 67, 105,
107, 153, 155, 165,
171, 175, 176, 185,
186, 197,203.
Trigynus, 97.
Trijugus, 72.
Trilateral^, 197.
Trilobatus, 126,156, 162,
210.
Trilobus, 70, 150.
Tri I ocularis, 152, 176,
178, 179, 187.
Trinervis, 198.
Trinervius, 75.
Trioicus, 44.
Tripaleaceus, 166.
Tripaleolatus, 123.
Tripartibilis, 187, 198.
Tripartitus, 90,127,154,
198, 205.
Tripennaticisus, 71.
Tripetalus, 129.
Tripinnatus, 74.
Triple-ribbed, 75.
Triplex, 154.
Triplinervius, 75.
Tripterus, 172, 186,204.
Triqueter, 55, 67, 155,
171, 197,203.
Trispermus, 172, 187.
Tristylus, 152.
Trisulcatus, 192.
Triternatus, 74.
Trivalvis, 148,176, 1S7.
Trochlearis, 211.
Trophospermum, 196.
True, 178.
Truncatus, 50, 68, 80,
122, 124, 126, 146,
156, 186.
Truncus, 52.
Tuba, 151.
Tuber, 49, 50.
Tubercular, 203, 223.
Tuberculatus, 58, 107,
197, 203, 208.
Tuberculum, 49, 50.
Tuberosus, 49, 85, 209.
Tubiferus, 98.
Tubularis, 80.
Tubular, 125, 171.
Tubulatus, 125, 130.
Tubulosus, 81, 125, 130,
144, 153, 171.
Tubus, 37, 135, 225.
Tuft, 116.
Tufted, 204.
Tunica, 204, 206.
Tunicatus, 85, 208.
Tunicosus, 85.
Turhinatus, 125, 153,
165, 177, 179, 186,
190, 202, 211.
Turgidus, 168, 180, 181,
183.
Turio, 85.
Turioniferus, 51.
Turned back, 105, H8,
128, 137, 138, 214.
Turned backwards, 89.
Turned in, 137, 138.
Turned over, 131.
Turnepshape, 49.
Turning, 79, 145.
Twelve-cut, 126.
Twelve-sided, 150.
Twelve-styled, 97.
Twenty-sided, 150.
Twice-compounded, 73.
Twice-feather-cut, 71.
Twice-feather-paned,
71.
Twice-flowering, 43.
Twi°*s 59.
Twin/ 62," 82, 146, 183,
185.
Twisted, 103, 123, 137,
146, 157.
Two-beaked, 165.
Two-celled, 147, 151,
172, 174—176, 179,
182, 184, 185, 187.
Two-chaffed, 166.
Two-cotyledon, 211.
Two-cut, 70, 91, 126,
134, 146, 154, 156.
Two-edged, 54,105,143.
Two-fingered, 7 l.
Two-fingered-pinnate,
73.
Two-flaked, 157, 195.
Two-flowered, 106,117,
119, 120.
Two-forked, 56, 79, 88,
106, 143, 154.
Two-furrowed, 192.
Two-headed, 186.
Two-holed, 148.
Two-horned, 146, 160,
183, 191.
Two-leaved, 117, 124.
Two-lipped, 126, 131,
134.
Two-!obed, 70, 126,147,
156, 162,215. ‘
Two-paired, 72.
Two-paleolated, 123.
Two-parted, 7 1,90, 127,
134, 154, 187, 198.
Two-parting, 198.
Two-partible, 168.
Two-petaled, 129.
Two-pointed, 88.
Two-ranked, 62.
Two-ribbed, 198.
Two-rowed, 59, 93, 122.
Two-seeded, 172, 175,
177,179,182,184,187.
Two-sepaled, 124,
Two-sided, 63, 149,197.
Two-spathelled, 120.
Two-spathelluled, 122.
Two-stamened, 92.
Two-styled, 97, 152.
Two-teethed, 121, 122.
Two-valved, 176, 187.
Two-vittated, 170.
Two-winged, 204.
Twos, 95.
U.
Uliginosus, 47.
Unarmed, 166.
Umbella, 112, 113.
Umbellatus, 102.
Umbelflowered, 117.
Umbelliferus, 117.
Umbellula, 114, 156.
Umbilicus,207,208,21 8.
Umbrosus, 47.
Uncinatus, 68, 131, 135,
156, 199.
Uncus, 227.
Uncut, 80, 83, 122,135,
138, 168, 215.
Undivided, 106, 171.
Undulato-crenulatus,
135.
Undulatus, 74, 134, 135,
169,171.
Unequal, 67, 121, 128,
134, 140, 167.
Unguiculatus, 133.
Unialatas, 172, 204.
Unicus, 56, 95, 151, 152,
154, 209.
Uniferus, 43.
INDEX OF TERMS.
799
Uniflorus, 105, 106, 1 15,
117, 119, 120.
Uniforatus, 148.
Unifoliatus, 7 1.
Uniformis, 94, 114.
Uniglans, 173,
Unijugus, 72.
Unilabiatus, 131.
Unilateralis, 63, 93,121,
133,141,161,197,209.
Unilobus, 147.
Unilocularis, 147, 151,
172,175,176,178,179,
182, 184, 185, 187.
Uninervatus, 75.
Uninervis, 198.
Uninervius, 75.
Unipaleaceus, 120, 122.
Unipaleolatus, 123.
Unipetalus, 130.
Unique, 94.
Unispathellatus,120,122
Unisexualis, 44, 95.
Unisulcatus, 176, 192.
Univalvis, 117, 187.
Univittatus, 170.
Unlike, 147, 149,215.
Uni ike-flowered, 114.
Upright, 56,93,109,111,
’128, 133, 137, 141,
145, 153, 157, 174,
180, 191, 200,
Urceolatus,l 18,125,130
Urceolus, 157, 163.
Urna, 221.
Utricula, 177.
Utricularis, 87, 176.
Utricularius, 64.
Utriculosus, 51.
Utricuhis, 37, 142, 150,
172.
y.
Yacillans, 145.
Vanishing, 162.
Vagina, 53, 83, 151.
Vaginans,63,80,81 ,144,
157.
Vaginatus, 57, 105.
Vaginella, 84,
Vaginula, 221.
Vagus, 194, 201, 213.
Vallecula, 169.
Valva, 116,120,122,148,
193 213.
Valvaris, 103, 195, 197.
Valvatus, 103.
Valveanus, 195.
Valveless, 176.
Val vula, 120, 148, 193.
Variegatus, 77.
Vas, 37, 38, 39,151,216.
Vasculuin, 84.
Vegetabilia, 36.
Veined, 76.
Veinless, 76.
Veiny, 192.
Velumen, 226.
Velutinus, 45, 58, 77,
157, 192.
Velvet, 45, 226.
Velvetty, 58, 77, 124,
144, 153, 157, 192.
Vena, 225.
Venosus, 7 6, 192.
Ventricosus, 105, 125,
135, 180.
Vernalis, 99.
Vernatio, 86.
Vernus, 99.
Verruca, 226.
Verrucosus, 58, 77, 170,
192.
Versatilis, 145.
Vertebral, 72.
Vertebratus, 72,108,182
Verticals, 56, 153.
Verticillatus,59,61,102,
180, 196, 214.
Verticilliflorus, 110.
Vertieillus, 1 10.
Verus, 178.
Very branchy, 56.
Very long, 106, 153.
Very much compressed,
66.
Very open, 60, 63.
Very short, 106, 153.
Very simple, 56.
Very small, 82, 214.
Vesicles, 37.
Vesicula, 84, 225,
Vesicularis, 87, 206.
Vessels, 37, 88.
Vexillaris, 103.
Vexillmn, 130.
Villosity, 226.
Viliosus, 45, 58,77, 107,
124,136,144,153,157,
170, 192, 197,204.
Villus, 40, 226.
Vinealis, 46.
Vineyard, 46.
Violaceus, 132.
Violet, 132.
Violon-shaped, 69.
Virgatus, 54.
Viridis, 77, 132,210,213.
Viridi-lutens, 132.
Viscosus, 45, 77, 157.
Visibilis, 217, 219',
Vitellus, 219.
Viticula, 52.
Vitta, 38, 170.
Volubiiis, 57.
Volva, 225.
W.
Wall, 46.
Wanting, 167.
Wart, 226.
Waned, 192.
Warty, 58, 77, 170,203.
Water, 47.
Waved, 7 4, 134, 135, 189,
171.
Wavy crenulated, 135.
Weak, 55, 105.
Wedge-like, 65.
Wedge-shape, 133, 143.
Wheel-like, 131.
Whirl, 61, 102, 110,180,
214.
Whirled, 59, 196.
White, 132,210,213.
Whitish, 149.
Wide-apart, 214.
Wild, 43.
Winding, 146,208.
Wing, 130, 164,226.
Winged, 57,80,165,168,
170, 172, 180, 183*
185, 191, 194, 204.
Winter, 99.
Withering, 128.
Wood, 53.
Woodland, 47.
Woody, 41, 49, 53, 54*
117, 191, 196.
Wool, 226.
Woolliness, 226.
Woolly, 46, 58, 77, 192*
204.
Wrinkled, 58, 74, 168,.
169, 192, 203,210.
Wrinkly, 168.
X.
Xylopodium, 174.
Y.
Yellow, 132, 150.
Yellowish, 149, 213.
Yellowish ora.nge, 132,-
Z.
Zonatus, 78.
Zoned, 78.
Terminations of derivatives ,
adelphos, 142.
• — anthos, 92.
— athera, 123, 226.
- — botane, 36.
— botanos, 36.
— botrys, 111.
— car pon, 164.
— centhrum, 162.
— cephalum, 115.
— chceta, 123, 226.
— clinium, 101, 159.
— dendron, 36.
— derma, 53.
— erion, 226.
• — gonoi, 100.
— gyne, 100, 150.
— gynos, 100, 150.
— lepis, 227.
• — nema, 142.
— pes, 104.
— phyllum, 61.
— phytos, 36.
podos, 104.
— pogon, 222, 226.
— pus, 104.
— rhizos, 48.
— stachys, 109.
— stemon, 100, 139.
— spermum, 200.
— thalamum, 101, 159,
— tropis, 130.
— ura, 226.
— xylon, 53.
INDEX OF PLANTS
A.
Acetabulum, 438, 672.
Acladium, 556.
Acoliuin, 482.
Acorn, dog’s, 675.
Acremonium, 550.
Acrospermum, 595,659.
Acrosporium, 552.
Actidium, 508, 509.
Adiantum aureum, 720,
721.
Adonis, 620.
iEcidiura, 534 — 538.
— ■ anemones, 537| 538.
— asperifolias, 536.
— asperifoliarum, 536.
— barbareae, 535.
— berberidis, 534.
— bunii, 535.
— cancellatum, 534.
— characeae, 537.
— cichoracearum, 537.
— clematitis, 536.
— conferturn, 535.
— corni, 536.
— cornutum, 534.
— crassum, 535.
— epilobii, 538.
— euphorbias, 537.
— fuscum, 542.
— irregulare, 535.
— laceratura, 534.
— leucospermum, 537.
— oxyacanthae, 534.
— periclymeni, 537.
— ■ punctatum, 538.
— ranunculi, 535.
— rubellum, 536.
— rubi, 538.
— rumicis, 536.
— tragopogi, 537.
— tragopogonis, 537.
— tussilaginis,536,537.
— urticae, 536.
— violarum, 537.
jEgagropila, 308.
./Egerita, 546.
/Egeritadeao, 546,
VOL. I.
vEthalium, 567.
Afzelia, 731,732, 743.
Agaricideae, 599.
Agaricus acris, 625.
— acuminatus, 633.
— Adonis, 620.
— adustus, 614.
— asruginosus, 627.
— affinis, 608.
— - albellus, 609.
— albus, 610, 61 1.
- — alliaceus, 619.
«— alneus, 617.
— alumnus, 611.
— amanitas, 611,
— amarus, 627.
— amethysteus, 614.
— androsaceus, 622.
— annularius, 603.
■ — applicatus, 617.
— araneosus, 629.
— arundinaceus, 607.
— arvensis, 626,
— atro-albus, 619.
— atrorufus, 620.
— aurantiaous, 636.
— auratus, 627.
— aureus, 603.
— aurivellus, 602.
— - aurivenius, 604.
— badipus, 605.
— Beryl lus, 627.
— betulinus, 617.
— bicolor, 628.
— brevipes, 609.
— bulbosus, 599, 630.
— caeruleus, 606.
— calceolarius, 602.
— callochrous, 629.
— campanella, 623.
— campestris, 626.
— candicans, 613.
— candidus, 611.
— cantharelloides, 636.
— cantharellus, 636.
— carnosus, 615.
— castaneus, 611.
— caulicinalis, 605.
— cepaestipes, 633.
Agaricus ceraceus, 607.
— chalybeus, 608,
— ciliaris, 6 33.
— cimicarius, 625.
— cinctulus, 633,
— cinereus, 634.
— cinnamomeus, 630.
citrinus, 599.
■ — clavus, 621.
— coccineus, 621.
— cochleatus, 612.
— collariatus, 622.
— collinitus, 628.
— collinus, 607.
— colubrinus, 602.
— columbarius, 608.
— comatus, 634.
- — compressus, 610,
— - confertus, 631.
— confluens, 612.
— congregatus, 603.
— contiguus, 611.
— coprinus, 635.
— coriaceus, 617.
— cornucopioides, 612,
— corticalis, 621.
— crassipes, 605.
— • cretaceus, 633.
— cristatus, 602.
— croceus, 602, 630.
— cumulatus, 603.
— cuspidatus, 631.
— cyaneus, 627.
— cyanus, 627.
— cyathiformis, 611,
612, 614.
— cyathoides, 614.
— cylindricus, 634.
— deliciosus, 624.
— denticulatus, 630.
— depluens, 617.
— domesticus, 635.
— dryophilus, 612.
- — dulcis, 624.
— eburneus, 610.
— edulis, 626.
— elephantinus, 614,
- — elixus, 614.
— emeticus,618,
3 F
802
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Agaricus ephemerus,
635.
. — epigseus, 617.
— epiphyllus, 622.
— epipterygius, 620.
— ericetorum, 623.
• — ericeus, 613.
• — ericaeus, 631.
— excoriatus, 601.
— extinctorius, 632.
— facie, 641.
— farinaceus, 612, 613.
— fascicularis, 627.
— - fibula, 623.
* — ficoides, 604.
— filamentosus, 602.
— fimbriatus, 622.
— fimetarius, 634.
— fimiputris, 632.
— flabelliformis, 615.
■ — flaccidus, 612.
— flavidus, 632.
— flavipes, 619.
— flavo-floccosus, 602.
— floccosus, 602.
— fcenisecii, 631.
— fornicatus, 615.
— fragilis, 623.
— fragrans, 613.
— fulvosus, 604.
— fuscus, 601, 625.
— ■ fusipes, 605.
— - galericulatus, 619.
— geophilus, 608.
— gibbus, 612.
— gilvus, 612.
- — glaucopus, 629.
■ — glutinosus, 629, 632.
— gomphus, 629.
■— gracilis, 631.
— granulosus, 602.
— graveolens, 610.
— helvolus, 603, 631.
— hinnuleus, 603.
— Hudsoni, 620.
— incanus, 615.
— incarnatus,. 608.
— inconstans, 615.
• — infundibuliformis,
612.
— infundibulum, 614.
— integer, 607, 618.
— integrellus, 621.
— involutus, 611.
— jozzolus, 610.
« — laby.rinthiformis, 638
— lacrymabundus, 633.
— lacteus, 622.
— lactifluus, 623 — 625.
— lateritius, 627.
— limacinus,609.
Agaricus Listeri, 623,
625.
— lobatus, 612.
— longipes, 605.
— luridus, 606.
• — luteo-albus, 620.
— luteus, 618, 633.
- — lycoperdoides, 635.
— macrorhizus, 605.
— maculatus, 600.
— - mappa, 599.
— margaritiferus, 600.
— meleagris, 609.
— melleus, 603.
— membranaceus, 546,
612, 631.
— miniatus, 604.
— mollis, 609, 616.
■ — mucosus, 628.
— inultifidus, 617.
— muscarius, 600.
- — muscigenus, 637.
— Mycena, 621.
— - myodes, 600.
— myomyces, 608.
— nebularis, 609.
— nigricans, 614, 616.
— nigripes, 605.
— nitens, 610.
— niveus, 616.
— nudus, 628.
— nutans, 620.
— obesus, 607.
— oblectus, 634.
— ochraceus, 602.
— odorus, 606.
— orcellus, 615.
— oreades, 604.
— ostreatus, 616.
— pallidus, 606.
— palmatus, 615.
— papilionaceus, 633.
- — papyraceus, 631,
— parasiticus, 610.
— perforans, 622.
— peronatus, 607.
— petasitidis, 536.
— ])icaceus,634.
— pileolarius, 609.
■ — pilipes, 611.
— pilosus, 604, 620.
— piperatus, 623, 624.
— phonospermus, 606.
— plicatus, 61 9,634,635
— plumbeus, 601, 625.
■ — plumosus, 609.
— politus, 627.
■ — polygrammus, 619.
— polymyces, 603.
— - pomposus, 627.
— porcellaneus, 634.
Agaricus porosus, 648..
■ — porreus, 619.
— pratensis, 604, 607.
— procerus, 601.
— pubescens, 616,
— pullatus, 634.
- — pulverulentus, 627.
— purpureus, 608.
— purus, 608.
— quercinus, 638.
— radiatus, 605, 635.
— racemosus, 620.
— ramealis, 611.
— reflexus, 604.
— rimosus, 604.
— - risigallinus, 618.
— rosellus, 613.
— roseus, 608, 6l8k
— rotula, 622.
— rubens, 629.
— rubescens, 625;
— russula, 607, 618.
— rutilans, 606.
— rutilus, 629.
— sanguineus, 629.
— scaber, 630.
— semiglobatus, 632.
— semiovatus, 632.
■ — semistriatus, 63 5.
— sericeus, 614.
— sessil is, 616.
— sordidus, 614.
— squamosus, 613_
■ — squamula, 622.
— squarrosus, 602.
— stipitis, 603.
• — striatus, 635.
— strobilinus, 621.
— stypticus, 616.
— subantiquatus, 602.
— sulphureus, 606.
— tardus, 614.
— tener, 620.
— tentaculatus, 624.
— terreus, 608.
— theiogalus, 624.
— - tigrinus, 613.
— titubans, 632.
■ — tomentosus,634.
- — torminosus, 624..
— tortilis, 613.
tremulus, 617.
— tuberosus, 61 L
— turbinatus, 629.
— ulmarius, 615.
— - umbilicatus, 613.
— urn brat us, 610.
— vaginatus, 601.
— variabilis, 616.
— variegatus, 621.
— vari us, 619,629,631.
1
INDEX OF PLANTS. S03
Agaricus vein t inn's, 633,
— velutipes, 605.
— - venosus, 622.
* — verrucosus, 600.
— villosus, 617.
— violaceus, 628.
— violaceo-cinereus,
628.
— virgineus, 610, 613.
— viridis, 606.
— viridulus, 627.
— virosus, 632.
— viscid us, 629.
— volvaceus, 601.
• — xerampelinus, 606.
— zonarius, 624, 625.
Agardh, 299.
Agardhia, 299.
Albatrello, 645.
Albatrellus, 645.
Albugo, 540.
Alcyonideae, 352.
Alcyonidium,351,+352,
353.
Alcyonium, 292,353, 362
Alectoria, 407, 408.
Alga, 306.
— exigua, 394.
— latifolia, 389.
— marina, 390.
Algae, 408,486,507,547,
677.
Alyxoria, 501.
Amanita, 4599—601.
Amanite, 599, 600.
Ananas, 358.
Anandrae, 532, 547.
Andraea, 708, 709.
Anictangium, 713, 714,
730.
Anomodon, 748.
Anthocerideae, 681 .
Anthoceros, 681.
Apus, 617.
Arbuscula, 333.
Arcell, 440.
Arcyria, 4576,577,579.
Ardeuia, 657.
Arthronia, 4479, 480,
504.
Ascobolideae, 674.
Ascobolus, 674.
Ascophora, 543, 561.
Aspergillideae, 552.
Aspergillus, 4553 — 555.
Asperococcus, 342.
Asterophora, 635.
Asterophorideae, 635.
Astoma, 523 — 526.
Astome, 523 — 526.
Astroites, 479.
Aurantia, 526.
Aurantium, 362, 581.
Auricula, 594.
Auricularia, 652, 653.
Auriscalpium, 650.
B.
Bacealaria, 393.
Baeomyces, 412, 413.
— alcicornis, 418.
— amaurocraeus, 422.
— bacillaris, 420, 422.
— bellidiflorus, 424.
■ — cervicornis, 418.
— cocciferus, 423,
— cornucopioides, 423.
— cornutus, 420, 421.
— deformis, 423.
— delicatus, 416.
— digitatus, 422.
endivifolius, 418.
— epiphyllus, 417.
«— timbriatus, 419.
— furcatus, 414.
— gracilis, 421.
— lignorum, 413.
macilentus, 422.
— - neglectus, 419.
— papillaris, 424.
— paschalis, 411.
— pleurotus, 424.
— pungens, 415.
— pyxidatus, 419, 421,
424.
y— quercinus, 416.
— racemosus, 414.
— radiatus, 420.
— rangiferinus, 415.
— roseus, 412.
— rubiformis, 461.
— rufus, 413.
— - rupestris, 413.
— sparassus, 417.
— - spinosus, 414.
— squamosus, 417.
— subulatus, 415.
— turbinatus, 419, 420.
— uncialis, 415.
— vermicularis, 413.
— verticillatus, 419.
Baeomycideae, 411.
Bag, spring, 580, 581.
Ball, moor, 308.
— puff, 583, 584.
— soft, 546.
Bangia, 287, 314.
Bangideae, 287.
Barbula, 722, 725.
Bart ram, 750, 751.
Bartramia, 750, 751.
Batarrea, 675.
Bat radio sperm urn, 284,
302, 330, 331.
Bazzanio, 704.
Bazzanius, 704.
Bearer, cross, 683.
cup, 683.
Beryllus, 627.
Biddulph, 294.
Biddulphia, 294.
Blasia, 686,
Blasius, 686.
Blewits, 628.
Bolete, 640 — 643,
Boletideae, 639.
Boletus, 630, 640—643
— abietinus, 643.
— - albidus, 640, 645.
— alneus, 640.
— angustatus, 639.
— annularius, 646.
— annulatus, 646.
— applanatus, 642.
— aurantiacus, 646.
— badius, 644.
— betulinus, 641.
— biennis, 649.
— buglossum, 648.
— caesius, 640.
— calceolus, 644.
— carpineus, 641.
— caudicinus, 643.
— cellulosus, 643.
— cinnamomeus, 645.
— citrinus, 643.
— confragosus, 638.
— constrictus, 645,647.
— cortinatus, 646.
— cristatus, 643.
— cryptarum, 639.
— - cyanescens, 647.
— destructor, 639.
— dryadeus, 642.
— durus, 644.
— edulis, 647, 648.
— elephantinus, 648.
— entybaceus,643.
— timbriatus, 644.
— flavus, 646.
— floriformis, 643.
— frondosus, 643.
— fomentarius,641,642.
• — fuligineus, 645.
— hepaticus, 648.
— heteroclitus, 640.
— hippocrepis, 642.
— hispidus, 640.
— igniarius, 641, 642.
— juglandis, 643,
3 F 2
804*
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Boletus labyrinthifor-
mis, 638.
— laccatus, 644.
— - lacrymans, 637 .
— lactifiuus, 647.
— lateralis, 644.
— leptocephalus, 645.
- — Lipsiensis, 612.
— lueidus, 644.
— luridus, 648.
■ — luteus, 646.
— medulla panis, 640.
— nitens, 644.
— nunnnularius, 644.
— obtusus, 642.
■ — ovinus, 645.
— perennis, 644, 645.
— piperatus, 647.
— polyporus, 645.
— pomaceus, 642.
— pruuastri, 642.
— pseudo-igniarius,642
— radiants, 640.
•— rubeolarius, 648.
— salicinus, 641 .
— scaber, 647.
— sebaceus, 639.
— sinuosus, 638.
• — spongiosus, 640.
— squamosus, 643.
— suaveolens, 639, 641.
— suberosus, 641.
— subtomentosus, 644,
647.
■ — sulpbureus, 643, 645.
— ungulatus, 642.
— unicolor, 649.
« — varius, 644.
- — velutinus, 640.
- — vernicosus, 644.
• — versicolor, 642.
— villosus, 640.
Bone, back, 338.
Borrer, 434, 435.
Borrera, 434, 435.
Borrichius, 330.
Botrytis, 552, 553, 554.
Bovista, 582, 583.
Box, pill, 586.
Brvon lactucaefolium,
343.
Bryopsis, 288, 289.
Bryum, 767 — 773.
• — acaulon, 722.
— aciculare, 741.
— acutum, 733.
« — iEgypti, 715.
— aestivum, 714, 743.
— - alpinum, 771.
— - ampullaceum,718„
— androgypurn, 767.
Bryum apocarpon, 726.
— apocarpurn, 713.
— aquaticum, 736.
— argenteum, 768, 769.
— aristatum, 725.
— aureutn, 744, 768.
— bicolor, 770.
— bimum, 771.
— bipartitum,742.
— boreale, 770.
— Brownianum, 717.
— C3sspiticiuin, 770.
— callistomum, 738.
— calyptra, 726.
— capillaceum, 743.
— capillare, 770.
— capitulis, 718, 719,
723, 725, 736, 738,
769, 770.
— carneum,.769.
— Celsii, 722.
— cerviculatum, 735.
— ciliare, 725.
— ciliatum, 7 13.
•— cirratum, 741.
— compactum, 771.
— conoideum, 744.
— convolution, 725.
— crispatum, 730.
• — crispum, 745.
*— crudum, 768, 769.
— cubitale, 771.
— cuneifolium, 723.
— curvirostrum, 731.
— cuspidatum, 773.
cylindricum, 771,
— Daviesii, 727.
— dealbatum, 768.
— delicatulum, 769.
— Dicksoni, 731.
— elongatum, 771.
— erythrocarpum, 770,
— exiguum, 715.
— extinctorium,775,726
— fasciculare, 715, 741.
— fasciculatum, 732.
— fili forme, 768.
— flavescens, 736.
■ — flexifolium, 742.
— flexuosum, 735.
— foliis, 714, 724, 742.
— fontanum, 751.
— Forsteri, 714.
— fragile, 735.
- — ful vellum, 733.
— glaucum, 734.
— Griffithsianum, 714.
— Heimii, 715.
— lieteromallum, 738.
• — heterostichum, 740.
— ■* hornum, 773.
Bryum hnmile, 723.
— hygrometricum, 744.
— hypnoides,739 — 741,
771.
— imberbe, 724.
■ — immersum, 735.
— inclinatum, 742.
— incurvum, 720.
— julaceum, 768.
— ianceolatum, 730.
— lanuginosum, 739.
— lapponicum, 7 14.
— - laterale, 751 .
— ligulatum, 772.
— linear, 743.
— longicollum, 77 1 .
— longifolium, 736.
— longisetum, 770.
— lutescens, 741 .
— macrocarpon, 740.
— majus,723.
• — marginatum, 772.
— minus, 723.
— minutum, 730.
— minoides, 768.
• — mu rale, 723.
- — nigricans, 770.
— nigritum, 729.
— nitidum,769- — 773;
— nutans, 771.
— pallens, 770.
— pallescens, 770.
— paludosum, 732.
— palustre, 7 14,736,767
— papillosum, 742.
— ■ parvulum, 735.
— parvum, 715, 716.
■ — patens, 739.
— paucifolium, 716.
— pellucidum, 717,736.
— pendulum, 768, 773.
— piliferum, 734.
— pilosum, 733.
— polyphyllum, 741.
— pomiforme, 750.
— proliferum, 770.
— pseudotriquetrum,
771.
— pulchellum, 769.
— pulvinatum, 727.
— punctatum,772.
— pusillum, 738.
— pyriforme, 710, 768.
■ — quod muscus, 751.
— recurvatum, 732.
— recurvirostrum, 731.
— reticula turn, 719.
— rigidulum, 743.
— rigid um, 722.
— roseum, 769, 770.
— rostrat-um, 772.
INDEX OF PLANTS
805
Bryum rubrum, 738.
— rufescens, 738.
— rugosum, 737.
• — rurale, 723.
— Schleicheri, 770.
— scoparium, 738.
— sericcum,771.
— serpyllifolium, 770,
772, 773.
— serratum,773.
— sessile, 745.
■ — setaceum, 725, 731,
732.
— ■ simplex, 738.
— splachnoides, 733.
— spurium, 737.
* — Starkeanum, 730.
— stellare, 731, 770.
— stellatum, 724.
— stelligerum, 714.
— striatum, 745,747.
— strictum, 742.
— strumiferum, 735.
— subulatuin, 723.
— tffctorum, 745.
— tenue, 725, 742.
— tortuosum, 724.
— trichodes, 738, 767,
768, 771.
— trichoides, 724, 725,
727,731,732,734,735,
738,740,741,750,770.
— trifarium, 743.
— triquetrum, 767,768,
770,771.
• — truncatulum, 715,
- — turbinatum, 770.
— undulatum, 719,772.
— unguiculatum, 725.
— vaginale, 737.
— ventricosum, 771 .
— verticillatum, 732,
733.
— virens, 731.
— viridissimum, 714.
— viridulum, 731, 7 33.
— vulgare, 750.
— Wahlenbergii, 770.
— Weissia, 743.
— Zierii, 769.
Bud, mould, 589, 590.
Bulbocheete, 321.
Bivrsa, 292.
Buxbaum, 749, 750.
Buxbaumia, 717, 749,
750.
Byssideae, 556.
Byssocladinm, 551, 552.
Byssus, 558, 4562.
— antiquitatis, 350,538.
— bombycina, 558.
Byssus botryoides, 349.
— candidissima, 466.
— chain, 556.
— floccosa, 558.
— Cos aquae, 352.
— incana, 470.
— jolithus, 350.
— iactea, 466.
— lanuginosa, 332.
— latissima, 352.
— moliissima, 558.
— mouseskin, 558.
— nigra, 558.
— petraea, 558.
— pulverulenta, 470.
— ring, 556, 557.
— rust, 555.
— saxatilis, 350.
— septiea, 558.
— - spiral, 557.
— subterranea, 558.
■ — tenerrirna, 309.
— velutina, 309.
C.
Caeoma, 538.
Calceolus, 644.
Calicidioe, 481.
Calicium, 482, 485.
Callibryon, 719.
Callithamnion, 322,326,
329.
Calycina, 669, 670,
Calyculus, 673.
Calyptratae, 677.
Campanella, 623.
Cancellaria, 534.
Cantharellus, 636, 637.
Cap, hairy, 719— 722.
Capitularia,417 — 424.
Carpobolus, 581.
Carrodori, 350.
Carrodorus, 350.
Catharinea, 719,720.
Cavendish, 689, 690.
Cavendishia, 689, 690.
Cellularia, 666.
Cenomycideae, 413.
Cenomyce adunca, 415.
— alcieornis, 418.
* — allotropa, 417, 419,
420.
— bacillaris, 420,422.
— cervicornis, 418.
— coccifcra, 423.
— coccocephala, 421.
— cornuta, 420, 421.
— damaecornis, 418.
• — deformit>,422, 423.
Cenomyce delicata, 416.
— ecmocyna, 415, 421.
— endivifolia, 418.
— epiphylla, 417.
— furcata, 414, 415.
— gonoregae, 417.
— leptophylla, 416.
— oxycera, 422.
— papillaria, 424.
— pyxidata, 419,421.
— radiata, 420.
— rangiferina, 415.
■ — rubiformis, 461.
— uncialis, 415, 422.
— vermicularis, 413.
Cenothalamese, 408.
Cepa, 582.
Cephalotrichum, 563.
Ceramidese, 320.
Ceramium asperum,305,
■ — bracheatum, 322.
— brachygonum, 334.
— - byssoides, 337.
— • caespitosum, 289.
— chalybeum, 322.
— ciliatum, 328.
— cirrhosum, 332.
— confervoides, 322.
— diaphanum, 327.
— dichotomum, 289.
— Dilwynii, 290.
— elongatuin, 327, 334.
— fastigiatum, 338.
— filum, 386.
— floccosum, 324.
— forcipatum, 328.
— forficatum, 327.
— gigartinum, 372.
— incurvum, 382.
— inflexion, 347.
— longissimuqi, 375,
386.
— molle, 337.
— nodulosatn, 330.
— pedicellatum, 323.
— plic&tum, 374.
— plocamium, 382.
— plumosum, 383.
— plumula, 324.
— pulchellum, 322.
— repens, 325.
— roseum, 323.
— rubrum, 327.
— ru pest re, 305.
— scoparium, 332.
— siliculosurn,322.
— tomentosum, 321.
— torulosum, 381.
— tubulosum, 380.
— Turner!, 325.
— verticillatum, 331.
806
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Ceramium violaceum,
335.
<*— virgatum, 327.
Cerania, 413.
Ceratium, 562.
Ceratospermum, 518.
Cerrena, 649.
Cervina, 389.
Cesius, 705.
Cetraria, 432, 433.
Chaetophora, 284, 301,
302.
Chaetophore, 301.
Chanterelle, 636, 637.
Chantransia, 288, 306,
312 316
Chara* 302* 330, 331.
Choaspis,299.
Chondria, 377,378,380,
382.
Chondrus, 365, 367,368.
Chorda, 386.
Chordaria, 301 ,347,374,
376, 386, 387.
Cinclidotus, 722.
Cionium, 571, 572.
Circi nostoma, 520, 521.
Circinostome, 520, 521.
Cladonia, 4413—415,
417—424.
Cladosporium, 556.
Clad ostephus,33 1 , 4332.
Clathrata, 346.
Clathrus, 483, 485, 576,
577 579.
Clavaria, 656—658.
— acuta, 657.
— amethystea, 656.
— anthocephala, 654.
- — Ardenia, 657.
— Ardeniae, 657.
. — atropurpurea, 658.
— bifurca, 657.
— byssoides, 654.
— ceranoides, 655.
— cinerea, 656.
— coccinea, 547.
— coralloides, 655, 656.
. — coriacea, 656.
. — cornea, 654.
— corniculata, 655.
— cylindrica, 511, 656.
— digitata, 512, 513.
— eburnea, 656.
— elegans, 655.
epiphylla, 660.
— erythropus, 658.
— fabae, 654.
. — farinosa, 654.
. — fasciculata, 657.
— fastigiata, 655.
Clavaria ferruginea,660
— fragilis, 656.
• — fusiformis, 657.
— gracilis, 656.
• — gyrans, 658.
— herbarum, 659.
— Herculeana, 657,658.
— hypoxylon, 488, 489,
512.
— inequalis, 657.
— laciniata, 653.
■ — militaris, 511.
— minuta, 659.
muscoides, 655.
— - obtusa, 659.
— ophioglossoides, 658.
• — pal mat a, 654,
— pedunculata, 512.
— phacorhiza, 658.
— phosphorea, 488.
— pistillaris, 657, 658.
— polymorpha, 659.
— pratensis, 655.
— puccinia, 562.
— radicosa, 512.
— resinosorum, 544.
— rugosa, 655.
— serpentina, 650.
— spathula, 663.
— solida, 656.
— truncata, 638.
— tuberosa, 655.
— vermicularis, 657.
— vermiculata, 657.
— viridis, 659.
Clavarideae, 654.
Clavus, 621.
Climacium, 758.
Codium, 292, 293,
Cceomideae, 533.
Cceomure, 541.
Cceomurus, 541.
Collema bvssinum, 402.
— corrugatum, 398.
— crenulatum, 396.
— cretaceum, 398.
— crispum, 396.
— fasciculare,398.
— flaccidum, 400.
— fluviale, 397.
— furvum, 400.
— glaucescens, 396.
— granulossum, 400.
— lacerum, 401.
— laciniatum, 397.
— marginale, 401.
— marginellum, 401.
— melaenum, 397.
— microphyllum, 396.
— muscicola,402.
— nigrescens, 399.
Collema nigrum, 396 402
— palmatum, 398.
— pannosum, 402.
— plicatile, 397.
— plicatum,401.
- — polvcarpon, 398.
— pulposum, 396.
— Saturninum, 399.
— Schraderi, 402.
— Scotinum, 400.
— sinuatum, 400.
— spongiosum, 402.
— subtile, 401.
- — tenax, 397.
— tenuissimum, 402.
- — tomentosura, 399.
• — treraelloides, 401.
— turgidum, 397.
— vespertilio, 399.
Collematideae, 395.
Coltricia, 644, 645.
Coltricione, 644, 645.
Conferva, 303 — 316.
— aegagropila, 308.
— aegagro pi laris, 308.
— aerea, 313.
— aeruginosa, 307,
— Agardhiana, 299.
— albida,306.
— alpina, 331.
• — alternata, 312.
— araneosa, 286.
— arbuscula, 333.
— arcta, 307.
• — arenaria, 309.
— atra, 330.
— atramenti, 559.
- — atropurpurea, 287.
— atrorubescens, 337.
— atrovirens, 287, 406.
■ — badia, 336. ,
— barbata, 329.
• — bicolor, 282.
— Biddulphia, 294.
— bi partita, 313.
— bipunctata, 296.
— Borreri, 316,323.
— brachiata, 322.
— branchialis,294.
— brevi-articulata,311.
— Brodiaei, 338,
— Brownii,309.
— bullosa, 304.
— bursata, 289.
— byssoides, 337.
— caerulescens, 299.
— calycina, 310.
— canalicularis, 291.
— capillaris, 312, 313.
— centralis, 308.
— chalybea, 322.
INDEX OF PLANTS. 807
Conferva cliara, 302.
— ciliata, 328.
— cirrhosa, 332.
— clathrata, 346.
— - cocci nea, 334.
• — coincides, 286.
— compacta, 312, 313.
— compressa, 346.
— confervicola, 284.
— • confragosa, 282.
— conjugata, 299.
— corallina, 329.
— • coralloides, 329.
— corymbifera, 322.
— coryrabosa, 323.
— crinita, 346.
— crispa, 312.
— crispata, 304.
— cristata, 306.
— cruciata, 296.
— cryptarum, 309.
— cnrta, 315.
— cyanea, 282.
— Daviesii, 325.
— decimina, 298.
— decorticans, 282.
— dendritica, 552.
— denudata, 337,
— diaphana, 327.
— dichotoma, 289, 386.
■ — diffusa, 305.
— dilatata, 290.
— Dillvvynii, 290.
— dissiliens, 311.
— distorta, 283.
— divaricata, 304.
— eburnea, 538.
— echinulata, 310.
— elegans, 327 .
— elongata,334.
— equisetifolia, 329.
— exigua, 303.
— fasciata, 316.
— fastigiata, 327.
— fenestralis, 551.
— ferruginea, 315.
— fibrala, 335.
* — fibrillosa, 336.
— fllamentis, &c. 313.
— filiforinis, 347.
— fistulosa, 347.
— flacca, 315.
— flaccida, 315.
— flavescens, 304.
— flexuosa, 305.
— floccosa, 310.
— flocculosa, 295.
— florid ula, 326.
— florifera, 329.
— flosculosa, 327.
— fluitans, 312.
Conferva fluviatilis,288,
312.
— fcenieulacea, 347.
— foetida, 350.
— fontana, 330,
— fontinalis, 280 — 282,
291, 306.
— fracta, 304, 305.
— frigida, 290.
— fucicola, 315.
— fucoides, 335.
— fueorum, 315.
> — fugacissima,310,311.
— funiformis, 312.
— fusca, 333.
— fusco-piupurea, 287.
— gelatinosa, 281, 302,
330, 331.
* — geniculata, 329.
— genuflexa, 300.
— glauca, 305.
— globulosa, 327.
— glomerata, 305, 306.
— gracilis, 296.
— granulosa, 322.
— Griffithsiana, 337.
— hirta, 304.
— - Hookeri, 324.
— Hutchinsia, 308.
— imbricata, 329.
— implexa, 314.
— inflata, 297.
— interrupta, 326.
— intestinalis, 345.
— isogona, 314.
— jugalis, 298.
— lactea, 559.
— laetevirens, 306.
— lanosa, 307.
— lanuginosum, 326.
— limosa, 280, 281.
— lineata, 316.
— linoides, 315.
— linmn, 313.
— littoral is, 32 1 .
— lobster’s horn, 334.
— longata, 298.
— lubrica, 303.
— lucens, 311.
— • majuscula, 283.
— marina, 2S4, 305 —
307, 321, 323, 327—
329, 332, 338.
— melagonalis, 313.
— melagoniuin, 313.
— Mertensii, 333.
— mirabilis, 283.
— moniliformis, 327.
— mucosa, 311.
-- — multicapsularis, 292.
— multifida, 329.
Conferva inultistriata,
298.
— muralis, 282.
— - muscicola, 309.
— muscosa, 282.
— mutabilis, 30.
— myochrous, 286.
— myriophyllum, 331.
— nana, 308.
— nigra, 336, 538.
— nigrescens, 335.
— nigricans, 303.
— nitida, 298.
— nivea, 332.
— nodulosa, 327.
— No. 1172, 386.
— nummuloides, 314,
316.
— obliquata, 294.
— obtusangula, 307.
— ocellata, 286.
— ochracea, 281.
— olivacea, 333.
— oscillatoriodes, 310,
311.
• — pallida, 559.
— palustris, 313.
— pannosa, 402.
— paradoxa, 346.
— parasitica, 338.
— patens, 336.
— pectinalis, 294.
— pectinata, 296.
— pedicellata, 326.
— pellucida, 306.
— pennata, 332.
— pennatula, 304.
— Phoenicia, 326.
— pilosa, 328.
— Plinii, 312.
— pluma, 325.
— plumosa, 334.
— plumula, 324.
— polymorpha, 338.
— porticalis, 297.
• — protensa, 303.
— punctalis, 311.
— punctiformis, 552.
— purpurascens, 323.
— pyrum, 352.
— quinina, 297.
— radicans, 287.
— ramosa, 314.
— refracta, 305.
— repens, 325.
— rep tans, 381.
— reticulata, 300.
— rigida, 282.
— riparia, 307.
— rivularis,304,3I2,313
— rosea, 323.
SOS
INDEX OF PLANTS
Conferva Rothii, 326.
— rubra, 327.
— rufa, 286.
— rupestris, 305.
— sanguinea, 559.
— scalaris, 298.
— scoparia, 332.
— - scopulorum, 284.
— scuteilata, 3] 5.
— semistriangulata,313
■ — seriata, 286.
— serpentina, 300.
— setacea, 328.
— setiformis, 298.
— setigera, 321.
— - siliculosa, 322.
— - sordida, 297, 310.
• — spiralis, 297.
• — spongiosa, 331.
— squarrosa, 376.
— stellaris, 308.
— stellina, 296.
— stictica, 299.
— stipitata, 294.
— striatula, 293.
— stricta, 336.
■ — taeniaeformis, 293.
— tenella, 325.
— tenuissima, 281.
* — tetragona, 324.
— tetrica, 324.
— thujoides, 323.
— tomentosa, 321.
— tortuosa,314.
— torulosa, 288.
— trichoides, 287.
— tumidula, 298.
— Turneri , 324, 325.
— typhoderma, 559,
■ — umbrosa, 309.
— urceolata, 335.
* — vagabunda, 304,305.
■ — vaginata, 280.
— velutina, 309.
— verrucosa, 376.
— verticillata, 331.
— vesicata, 290, 291,
311,312.
— villosa, 387.
— vini,308.
- — violacea, 282, 326.
- — virgata, 305.
— vivipara, 321.
— Youngana, 314.
— zonata, 311.
zostericola, 284.
Confervoideae, 301.
Conjugata, 296, +297,
298, 300.
Conjugate, 297, 298.
Conjugutideae, 296.
Conostomum, 7 19.
Conus, 356.
Coprinus, 632 — 635.
Corallideaj, 339.
Corallina, 328, 329,
+ 339,340, 381.
Coralline, +339, 340.
Corallinoides, 41 1.
Coralloides cornicula-
tuin, 406, 426.
— fasciculare, 407.
- — fragile, 487.
— fungiforme,483,485,
580.
— furcatum,414.
— montanum,415.
— scyphiforme, 419,421
— scyphis, 421.
— vix ramosum, 421.
Coremium,563.
Cork, 440.
Cornicularia, 287, 404
—406.
Corniola, 637.
Corniole, 637.
Corticium, 653.
Cortinaria, 627 — 630.
Coryne, 595.
Corynoide, 654.
Corynoides, 654.
Craterella, 652.
Crateridea;, 579.
Craterium, 579, 580.
Cremor, 570.
Crepidopus, 616.
Cribaria, 577.
Cribarideae, 577.
Crucibulum, 587.
Cryptogamae, 707.
Cryptogamia, 677.
Cucurbitaria, 519.
Cucurbitula, 519.
Cudbear, 455.
Cup, flat, 664.
— fruit, 673,674.
— rough, 664 — 666.
— spread, 668, 669.
— spring, 674.
— sunk, 663, 664.
Cuthberf, 455.
Cyathidese, 587.
Cvathophora, 683.
Cyathus, 580, 587, 588.
Cynontodium, 742, 743.
D.
Daedalea, 638, 639.
Dasdalideae, 638.
Dalton, 748, 749.
Daltonia, 748, 749.
Dasyscyphus, 670, 67 1.
Delesser, 362 — 364.
Delesseria, 362 — 364,
+365, 368—371,381,
382.
Dematium, 552,553,556,
557, +558.
Dentino, 650.
Dentinmn, 650.
Dermodium, 570.
Desmarest, 387, 388.
Desmaretia, 376, +387,
388.
Desmia, 387, 388.
Destructor, 639.
l)iatoraa,293,294, +295,
311.
Diatome, 295.
Diatomideae, 293.
Dicseoma, 541 — 543.
Dichosporium, 569.
Dicranum,7 14,7 16,7 17,
727, +733—739, 740
—742.
Dictydimn, 578.
Dictyoptere, +341,342.
Dictyopteris, +341, 342.
Dictyota, 340, +341.
Dictyote, 340.
Dictyotideae, 340.
Diderma,570, +57 1,573,
574.
Didymium, +570, 571,
573, 574.
Didymodon, +741 — 743
Diphyscium, 716.
Diplocomium, 768.
Draparnaldia, 302, 303.
Draparnaud, 302, 30 3.
Dromius, 364.
Dulesli, 371.
Dulse, 344, 349, 378.
E.
Ear, bark, 653.
— branch, 653, 654.
— Jews, 594.
Ecidium, 534 — 538.
Ectocarpus, +321, 322.
Ectospenua, 289 — 292.
Elisa, 282—284.
Ellis, +333, 334.
Ellisius, +333, 334.
Elvella, 660, 669.
Embolus, 579.
Encalypta, +725, 726,
727,7 28,7 30,7 3 1 ,74 1 .
Enchyle,396— 398.
INDEX OF PL-AN1
Enchylimn, 396—398.
Endocarpon, 495, 4499
—502.
Engizostoma, 519, 520.
Engizostoine, 519, 520.
Ephidate, 353.
Ephidatia, 353, 354.
Epidendrum, 568.
Epochnium, 550.
Erica marina, 393.
Erinaceus, 651.
Erineidese, 555.
Eri neum, 4555, 556.
Erysibe, 589, 590.
Eurotium, 566.
Evernia, 425.
Evernideae, 425.
Exormatosioma, 521 —
523.
Exormatostome, 521 —
523.
F.
Faminkiren, 378.
Fan, sea, 359.
Fascia, 383.
Fasciala, 383.
Favus, 639.
Fibre, branch, 560.
• — clinging, 557.
— headed, 557.
— jointed, 557.
* — star, 558.
Fibrillaria, 558.
Fibula, 420, 623, 673.
Filum, 313, 347,386.
Fissidens, 727, 733—
735, 737, 739, 741.
Fist, bull, 582, 583.
Fistulina, 648.
Fiagellaria, 386. ^
Flaps, mushroom, 669.
Florideae, 362.
Flos aqua?, 352.
Fontinalis, 7 13,722,747,
4749.
Foot, naked, 604 — 611.
— side, 615.
Fragilaria, 4293, 294,
314, 316.
Fruit, hidden,499 — 501.
— rough, 342.
— round, 4364, 365,
366—370.
Fucoideae, 383.
Fucoides, 382.
Fucus, 389, 390.
— abrotanifolius, 392.
— ucerosus, 375.
Fucus acicularis, 375.
— aculeatus, 387.
— alatus, 364.
— albidus, 376.
— albus, 374.
— alveolatus, 368.
— asnphibius, 382.
— angustifolius, 387,
390, 394.
— arboreus, 3S5.
— arbusculus, 289.
■ — articulatus, 381.
— asparagoides, 374,
— bacciferus, 393.
— barbatus, 392.
— bifidus, 369, 370.
— bifurcatus, 385, 389.
— botryoides, 379.
— Brodisei, 369.
— bulbosus,385.
— bullatus, 344.
— bursa, 292.
— ■ byssoides, 337.
— ctespitosus, 381.
• — canaliculatus, 368,
391.
— capensis, 372.
— capillaceus, 373,377.
— capillaris, 377.
— caprinus, 344, 374.
— carnosus, 344.
— cartiiagiueus, 372,
382.
— ceranoides, 367 —
369, 390.
— chordam referens,386
■ — ciliatus, 370, 371.
— clavellosus,380.
— eoccineus, 382.
— coraliinus, 377.
— - coralloides,374f
— confervoides, 375.
• — contortus, 387.
— corneus, 372.
— coronopi facie, 372.
— coronopifolius, 372.
— corymb ifer, 378.
— corymbiferus, 378.
— crenatus, 363.
— crenulatus, 367.
— crispatus, 365, 367,
370.
— crispus, 365,367 ,370.
— cristatus, 338.
— dasyphyllus, 382.
— Dealensis, 378.
— delicatulus, 345.
~ dentatus, 364.
— dichotomus, 361.
— diffusus, 334.
— digitatus, 385.
809
Fucus discors, 392.
— disticlr us, 390.
— divaricates, 390.
— dulcis, 344.
— echinatus, 368.
— - edulis, 344.
— elongatus, 375, 389.
— endivifolius,365.
— epiphyllus, 365.
— erica marina, 393.
— ericoides, 393.
— esculentus, 385.
— excisus, 391.
— fascia, 383.
— fastigiatus, 374,394.
— fibrosus, 392.
— filicinus, 373, 378.
— filiformis, 367.
— filum, 386.
— - fimbriatus, 369, 385.
— flagelliformis,386.
— fiavicans,372.
— ■ fceniculaceus, 392.
— foliifer, 367.
— foliisericse,393.
— folio longissimo, 384.
■ — - — longo, 389.
singulari, 384.
— fungis afiiuis, 389.
— fungosus, 293.
— furcellatus, 394.
— Gasrtneri,387.
— gigartinus, 372.
— giandulosus, 381.
— gracilis, 375.
— granulatus, 392, 393.
— Griffitsiae, 375.
— herbaceus, 388.
— hirsutus, 331 .
— holosetaceus, 371.
— hyperboreus, 385.
— hypoglossoides, 364.
— hypoglossum, 363.
— incurvus, 382.
— in Hat us, 390.
— kali similis, 389.
— kaliformis, 380.
— laceratus, 365, 370.
— lacerus, 367.
— laciniatus, 345, 365,
370.
— laptuca, 344.
— * * lagasca, 372.
— lanceolatus, 371.
— lanosus, 338.
— latissimus, 384.
— lichenoides, 388.
— ligulatus, 363, 371,
388.
— linearis, 390.
— longissimus,374,375.
810
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Fucus Iorens, 389.
— lubricalis, 394.
— lycopodioides, 376.
— lycopodium, 376.
• — Mackaii, 391.
— mamillaris, 390.
— mamillosus, 368.
— marinus, 375.
— maritimus, 340, 391.
— membranaceus, 341,
342, 344, 363, 365,
367, 371.
— membranifolins,368,
369.
— miniatus,370.
• — mucronatus, 39 3.
— multifidus, 378.
- — muscoides, 387.
— - natans,393.
— nereideusj 373.
— • nodosus, 391.
■ — Norwegicus, 367.
• — obtusus, 378.
— Oederi, 372.
— opuntia, 381.
— osmunda, 378.
■ — ovalis, 379.
— ovinus,344.
— palmatus, 344,385.
— palladia, 363.
- — palmetta, 368, 369.
— parvus, 368, 394.
— patens, 367.
— pectinatus, 383.
— pedunculatus, 387.
— phyllitis, 384.
■ — pinastroides, 382.
— pi nnati fid us, 364,378
— pinnatus, 373, 385.
— pistillatus, 372.
— plicatus, 374.
■ — plocamiura,382.
— plumosus, 383.
— polymorphus, 367.
- — polyschides, 385.
— procerus, 375.
• — proliferus, 365.
— pseudoceranoides,
368.
— ptilotus, 383.
— pumillus, 388.
— pumilus, 372, 391.
— punctatus, 365.
— purpurascens, 377.
— purpureum, 383.
— pusillus, 380.
— pygmaeus, 388.
— quercus marina, 390.
— radiatus, 374.
— radicaulis, 393.
— radicibus similis,392.
Fucus ramosus, 378.
— reniformis, 366.
— repens, 381.
— roseus, 363.
— rotundus, 374, 391.
— rubens, 344, 363,365,
368.
— ruscifolius, 363.
— saccharinus, 384.
— sanguineus, 363.
— Sarniensis, 366.
— scorpioides, 382.
— Scoticus, 344, 385.
— sedoides, 379.
*— selaginoides, 393.
— sericeus, 372,373,381
— serratus, 389.
— setaceus, 377, 392.
— Sherardii, 390.
— siliquosus, 394.
— sive alga, 363, 389,
390, 394.
— soboliferus, 345.
— spinosus, 372, 378.
— spiralis, 390.
— spongiosus, 353.
— stellatus, 367.
— subfuscus, 377.
• — subglobosus, 292.
— subtilis, 347.
— tamariscifolius, 393.
— tendo, 386.
— tenuissimus, 379.
— teres, 375, 377, 385.
— teretifolius, 331.
— tetragonus, 385.
• — tomentosus,293.
— tremella, 284, 344,
350. r
— triclioides, 374.
— tuberculatus, 377,
3S9.
— ulvoides, 365.
— usneoides, 387.
— variabilis, 377.
• — vermicularis, 379.
— verrucosus, 375,376.
— versicolor, 372.
— verticillatus, 331,380
— vesiculosus, 390.
— virgatus, 387.
— viridis, 376.
— Wigghii, 373.
Fuligo, 567.
Funaria, 729, + 744.
Fungi, 507 ,532,547,564,
588, 595, 674.
Fungoides clavaturn,657
— coralli forme, 655.
— bumile, 651.
— quod fungus, 488.
Fungus campestris, 626.
— coloris, 608,
— favaginosus, 661.
— magnus, 606, 607.
— minor, 607, 626.
— niger, 488.
— parvus, 655.
— phalloides, 675.
— seminifer, 587.
— spongiosus, 558.
• — terrestris, 662.
Funnel, long, 671, 672.
— rough, 670, 671.
Furcellaria, 374, 376,
+394.
Fusarium, 546, 547.
Fusidium, 544.
G.
Gantelines, 656,
Gasteromyceae, 564.
Gasteromyci, 564.
Gastridium,347,+378—
383.
Geastrum, 584 — 586.
Gelidium, 371, 378,388.
Geoglossideae, 658.
Geoglossum, 658, 659.
Gigartina, +371 — 377,
379, 380—382, 386,
387.
Girard, 287.
Girardia, 287.
Glaucoma, 453.
Gomphe, 638.
Gomphus, 638.
Graphis, +502, 503, 507.
Green, oyster, 342.
Griffiths, +32S, 329.
Griffitsia, +328, 329.
Grifola, 643, 644.
Grifole, 643, 644.
Grimm, 726 — 728.
Grimmia, 714, 717,718,
+ 7 26 — 728,7 29 — 7 33,
742, 743,755.
Gut, slime, 320.
Gutta, 524.
Gymnocephalus, 744,
767.
Gymnopus, 604 — 611.
Gymnosporangidese,
546.
Gymnosporangium, 544,
+546.
Gymnosfomum, +713 —
716, 730.
Gyraria, 593 — 595.
Gyromium, 476, 477.
INDEX OF PLANTS,
Sll
Gyrophora, 476 — 478.
CJyrophorideae, 476.
H.
Haematonnna, 457.
Hair, maiden, 721 , 744.
Halcyonide, 352, 353.
Halidrys, 391.
Halymenia, 344, 345,
347, 394.
Haplaria, 552.
Head, glance, 563, 564.
— star, 635.
Hedwigia, 713.
Helicosporium, 557.
Helmisporium, 556,557.
Helopodium, 416.
Helotium, 660, 661.
Helvella, 662, 663.
— aeruginosa, 661.
— agarieiformis, 660.
— albida, 663.
— Candida, 649.
— eantharelloides, 636.
— caryophyllea, 652.
— crispa, 637.
— ^ dimidiata, 637.
— equina, 666.
— esculenta, 661, 662.
— fnliginosa, 663.
— gelatinosa, 660.
— gelatinosa, 651.
* — hybrida, 662.
— infundibulifonnis,
661.
— leucophaea, 662.
— membranacea, 637.
— mesenterica, 653.
— mitra, 662, 663.
— nivea, 662.
- — Relhani, 661.
— rubiginosa, 652.
— spathulata, 663.
— sulcata, 662.
— tubaeformis, 636.
— vesiculosa, 669.
Helvelle, 662, 663.
Helvellideae, 661.
Hepatica, 430, 680,682,
683.
Hepaticse, 677.
Herbert, 684,685,705.
Ilerbertus, 705,775.
llericiun>, 652.
Herver, 685.
Herverus, 685.
Himanthalia, 389.
Hippuris, 347.
Homothalameae, 394.
Hooker, 751, 752.
Hookeria, 751, 752.
Horn, flower, 681.
Horns, stink, 675.
Humida, 4281,282.
Hunch, double, 716.
Hutchins, 4334— 338.
Hutchinsia, 4334 — 338,
347.
Hutchinsideae, 331.
Hydnidese, 650.
Hydnum, 650.
— Daviesii, 651.
— paradoxum, 649.
— repandum, 650.
Hydrodictyon, 300.
Hydrodictyonideae, 300.
Hydrophora, 561, 562.
Hydrophytae, 278.
Hymenoscyphus, 673,
674.
Hymenotheceae, 595.
Hypnea, 372, 373.
Hypnum, 752 — 766.
— abbreviatum, 756.
— abietinum, 760.
— adiantoides, 733.
— adnatmn,764.
— aduncum, 764.
— albicans, 758.
— alopecurum, 758.
— alpestre, 755.
— alpinum, 756.
— arboreum, 748.
— asplenioides, 733.
— Atlanticum,761.
— atrovirens, 760, 764.
— attenuation, 764.
— auriscalpium, 650.
— Blandovii, 760.
— brevirostre, 761.
— brevirostrum, 763.
— bryoides, 733.
■ — catenulatum, 755.
— chrysocomum, 751.
— chrysophyllum, 762.
— coccinea, 668.
— coma, 763.
— commutation, 765.
— eomplanatum, 752.
— compression, 7 55, 7 66
— confertum, 756, 762.
— contextual, 754.
— coral loides, 652.
— cordifolium, 7 62.
— crenulatum, 761.
— crispum, 748.
— crista-castrensis,766.
— cristaeforme, 766.
— cupressiforme, 766.
— curlipenduluin,748.
Hypnum curvatum,758,
759.
— cuspidatum, 762.
— cylindricum, 728.
— delicatulum, 759.
— delicatum, 759.
— dendroides, 758.
— denticulation, 753.
— diaphanum, 651.
— Donnianum, 753.
— dubium, 764.
— elegans, 756.
— erectum, 733, 752,
756, 758.
— erinaceus, 651.
— fallax, 764.
— filamentosum, 764.
— filicinum, 764, 766.
— filifolium, 766.
— fili forme, 766.
— flagellare, 756, 760.
— fluitans, 756.
— fluviatile, 764.
— gracile, 728.
— heterophyllum, 753,
764.
— illecebrum, 756.
— implexum, 754.
— intricatuin, 761.
— inucdatum, 75 3.
— julaceum, 755.
— longirostrion, 762.
— longum, 755.
— loreiforme, 763.
— loreum, 763.
— lucens, 752.
— luridum, 764.
— 1 utescens, 7 57, 765.
— lycopodioides, 765,
— medium, 753.
— molle, 754, 755.
~ moJluscum, 766.
— monili forme, 755.
— murale, 755, 756.
— muticum, 755.
— myosuroides, 756,
759, 766.
— myosuron, 759.
— inyosurum, 759.
— nigroviride, 766.
— nitens, 757.
— nitidulmn, 757.
— obtusatum, 75 3.
— obtusum, 651.
— ochraceum, 651.
— ornithopodioides,
728.
— palustre, 751, 757,
758, 76,4.
— parietinum, 759.
— pennatum, 747.
m2
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Hypnnm piliferum, 761.
• — plumosum, 754, 756.
— polyanthon, 759.
— polyanthos, 766.
■ — polymorphum, 762.
— populeum, 754.
— prselongum,760.
— proliferum,759.
— prolixum, 761.
— pretension, 763.
— pseudoplumossum,
756.
— pulchellum,756, 757.
— purum, 755, 756.
— - ramosum, 753.
— recognitum, 759.
• — reflexum, 754.
— repens, 733, 734,748,
752, 754, 757,759—
766.
revolvens, 764.
— riparioides, 761.
— riparium, 752, 753.
— rufescens, 650, 757.
■ — rugosum, 765.
— rugulosuin, 765.
— ruscifolium, 761.
— rusciforme, 761.
— rutabuliforme, 761.
— rutabulum,761,762.
— saxatile, 725.
- — Schreberi, 755.
— sciuroides, 741.
- — scorpioides, 765.
— sericeum, 757.
* — serpens, 754.
— serrulatum, 762.
Silesianum, 765.
— Stnithii, 728.
— spinulosum, 754.
— splendens, 759.
— squarrosum, 763.
— squarrnlosum, 763.
— stellatum, 763.
- — Stokesii, 760.
— stramineum, 755.
— striatum, 761,762.
— sublamellosum, 649.
— subtile, 754.
— Swartzii, 760.
- — sylvaticum, 753.
— tamariscifolium, 759.
— tamariscinum, 759.
• — taxifolium, 734.
— Teesdalii,761.
— tenellum, 754.
— ten ue, 754.
— terrestre, 756, 758.
— trichoides, 741, 753.
v — trichomanoides, 752.
— • triquetrum, 763.
Hypnum umbratum,7 60.
— uncinatum, 765.
— undulation, 753.
— velutinum, 761.
— viticulosum, 748.
Hypoderma, 509, 510.
Hypoderme, 509, 510.
Hypogseum, 582.
Hypogeum, 582.
Hypoglossum, 363.
Hypoxyli, 507.
Hypoxylon, +512, 513,
516, 517, 526.
Hypoxylum, 489.
Hyssop, 715.
Hysteridese, 508.
Hysterina, 504 — 507.
Hysterium, 509, +510.
I.
Idiothalameae, 486.
Iolithus, 350.
Infundibulum, 614, 673.
Inoderma, 498.
Isaria, 562,563.
Isariadeae, 562.
Isidium, +411,412,449,
492, 774.
Ithy phallus, 675.
J.
Jania, 339.
Jozzolus, 610.
Jungermann, 695.
Jungermannia, 695 —
704.
— adunca, 706.
— albescens, 696.
— albicans, 698.
— • alpina, 709.
- — angulosa, 687.
■ — an o mala, 693.
• — aquatica, 693.
— asplenioides, 692.
— barbata, 696.
— bicornis, 698, 700.
— bicrenata, 701.
— bicuspidata,697,700.
— bidentata, 696, 697,
700, 701.
— bifida, 696, 699.
— birostrata, 699.
— blasia, 686.
— byssarea, 699.
— calyptrifolia, 688.
— capitata, 699.
— ciliaris, 695, 703.
Jungermannia cochlea-
riformis, 692, 697.
- — complanata, 691.
■ — compressa, 694.
— concatenata, 703.
— concinnata,704,705»
— connivens, 699.
- — cord i folia, 702.
— crenulata, 701.
— cuneifolia, 694.
— cupressiformis, 690.
— curvifolia, 699.
— decipiens, 693.
— dichotoma, 696.
— dilatata, 687, 688.
— divaricata, 699.
— Donniana, 704.
• — emarginata,694.
— endivisefolia, 686.
— epiphylla, 686.
— excisa, 700.
• — exsecta, 697.
— fissa, 700, 706.
— Florkii, 696.
— fragilis, 693.
— Francisci, 696.
— Funckii, 700.
— furcata, 685.
— globulifera, 697,700.
— gracillima, 701.
• — gracilis, 696.
— hamatifolia, 689.
— heterophylla, 697.
— Hibernica, 685.
— Hookeri, 698, 705.
— Hutchinsite, 688.
— hyalina, 701.
- — incisa, 699.
— inflata, 701.
— julacea, 703, 705.
— j uni peri na, 706.
— laevigata, 690.
— lanceolata, 694, 702.
— laxifolia, 704.
— Leersii, 695.
— Lyellii, 685.
— Mackaii, 689.
— macrorhiza, 694.
— minima omnium, 688.
— minima, 700.
— minuta, 698.
— minutissima, 6S8.
— multifida, 684.
— multiflora, 703.
■ — nemorosa, 692.
— nigricans, 687.
— obtusifolia, 698.
— ■ Orcadensis,701.
— pallescens, 693.
— palmata, 684.
’ — pauciflora, 703.
INDEX OF PLANTS.
SIS
Jungermannia pinguis,
684.
— planifolia, 691.
— platyphylla, 690.
— polyanthos, 693.
* — pubescens, 685.
— pulcherrima, 695.
— pumila, 702.
— purpurea, 692, 697.
— pusillosa, 687.
■ — pygmaea, 687.
— quadridentata, 696.
“ quinquedentata, 696.
* — radicans, 704.
— replans, 695.
■ — resit pinata, 691 , 692.
— ■ rubiginosa, 687.
~ rupestris, 709.
— rupincola, 698.
sealaris, 694, 706.
— serpyllifolia, 689.
— serrata, 692.
“ sertularioides, 703.
— setacea, 703.
* — setiformis, 703.
— sinuata, 684.
— spbagni, 701.
— sphaerocarpa, 701.
“ sphaerocephala, 7 00,
706.
* — stipulacea, 696.
— tamarisci, 687.
— tamariscifolia, 688.
— Taylori, 693.
" — thuja, 690.
— ■ tomentella, 703.
‘ — tomentosa, 685.
* — triangularis, 704.
— trichomanis, 706.
— trichophylla,702,703
— tridenticulata, 692.
~~ trilobata, 704.
— Turneri, 700.
““ umbrosa, 691.
— undulata, 691.
— varia, 698.
— ventricosa, 700.
— viticulosa, 693,706.
— Woodsii, 695.
Jungermannideae, 683.
K.
Kant, 706.
Kantius, 706.
Kenkerig, 440.
L.
Laces, sea* 386.
Lacjinum, 671.
Lactarius, 623 — 625.
Lactuca, 342 — 344.
Lagasca, 327.
Laminaria, 383, +384,
385, 388.
Lathagrium, 399, 400.
Laurentia,378.
Laver, +342—345.
Leangium, 573, 574.
Leather, oak, 559.
Leathes, 301 .
Leathesia, 301.
Lecanora, 495.
— albella, 453.
— anomala, 471.
— atra, 449.
— badia, 444, 451.
— brunnea, 446.
— candelaria, 445.
— carneo lutea, 454,
— cerina, 456.
— circinata, 448.
— coarctata, 449.
— craspedia, 452.
— crassa, 444.
— cyrtaspis, 458.
— * effusa, 451.
— elseina, 439.
• — elatina, 453.
-1— epigea, 446.
• — erytkrella, 456.
- — falsaria, 467.
— fulgens, 447.
— ■ fusco atra, 463.
• — frustulosa, 451.
— galactina, 448.
— gelida, 448.
— glaucoma, 453.
— granulosa, 471.
— haematomma, 457*
— halophaea, 444.
— hypnorum, 446.
— lentigera, 447.
— lepidora, 445.
— lutescens, 453.
— minutula, 471.
— murorum, 447.
— orosthea, 470.
— parella, 454.
— periclea, 450.
— rubra, 457.
— rubricosa, 452.
— salicina, 456.
— saxicola, 447.
— sophodes, 450.
— sulphurea, 470.
— tartarea, 455.
— testacea, 461.
— tribacia, 445.
— tuberculosa, 452.
Lecanora Turneri, 454*
— varia, 452, 475.
— ventosa, 451.
Leccino, 646- — 648.
Leccinum, 646 — 648.
Lecidea, 462 — 476.
— abietina, 468.
— alabastrina, 474.
— alba, 466.
- — albo-caerulescens,^
467, 468.
— amylacea, 468,
«=— anomala, 47 1.
— arcentina, 472.
— argena, 495.
— aromafica, 464.
— atro alba, 463.
— atroflava, 475.
— atrorofa, 461.
— alrovirens, 465.
— aurantiaca, 476.
— ca?sio-rufa, 473.
• — Candida, 460.
— canescens, 462.
— carneola, 472.
— cecumena, 463.
— cinereofusca, 473,475*
— citrinella, 466.
— confluens, 464.
— corallinoides, 396.
— cornea, 472.
— corticola, 469.
— crenulata, 473.
— cupularis, 473.
— cyrtella, 47 1 .
— decipiens, 462.
— decolorans, 470, 471.
• — desertorum, 47 1 .
— Dicksoni, 466.
— Ehrhartiana,474,47&
— epipolia, 468.
— escharoides, 471.
” fiavicunda, 466.
— fumosa, 463.
— fuscata, 469.
— fusco-atra, 463.
— fusco-lutea, 472.
— gelasinata, 4S2.
— geochroa, 464.
— granulosa, 471.
— hsematomma, 457.
— hypnophylla, 469.
— icmadophila, 473,
— immersa, 467.
— incana, 470.
• — jungermanniae, 471.
— Lightfootii, 469.
— limitata, 464.
— lucida, 475.
— lurida, 461.
~~ luteo alba, 475.
814
INDEX OF PLANTS
Lecidea luteola, 472.
— lyncea, 479.
— margaritacea, 468.
— marmorea, 473.
— melizea, 474.
— microphylla, 462.
■ — miscella, 465.
— muscorum, 465.
— nigra, 396.
■ — obscura, 469.
— Oederi, 465.
— orosthea, 470.
— papyracea, 475.
— paradoxa, 460.
— parasema, 464.
— petraea, 463.
— pholidiota, 462.
— picina, 451.
— polytropa, 475.
— privigna, 450, 505.
— pruiuosa, 468.
— pustulata, 478.
— quernea, 469.
— rivulosa, 467.
— * rosella, 474.
— rubiformis, 462.
— rupestris, 472.
— sabuletorum, 465.
— sanguinaria, 464.
— scabrosa, 466.
— scalaris, 461.
— silacea, 465.
— speirea, 468.
■ — sphaeroides,474.
— stellata, 462.
— Stonei, 455.
— salphurea, 470.
— testacea, 461, 462.
— thriptophylla, 462.
— tigillaris,482.
— uliginosa, 461.
— vernalis, 470, 474.
— vesicularis, 460.
— viridescens, 469.
Lecideae, 444.
Leersia, 725, 726,
730.
Lejophlea, 495, 496.
Leman, 288.
Lemania, 288.
Lemanideae, 288.
Leocarpus, 574.
Leotia, +660, 661.
Lepidoma, 460 — 462.
Lepidome, 460 — 462.
Lepiota, 601 — 603.
Lepiote, 601—603.
Lepra, 412.
Lepraria, 349, 350, 466,
470, 475.
Leptogium, 400, 401.
Leskea, 752, 753, 755,
757,758, 764—766.
Leucodon, 741.
Licea, +569, 570, 580.
Lichen abietinus, 450,
468.
— acetabulum, 438.
— Acharii, 458.
— acicularis, 485.
— acrotellus, 498.
— aculeatus, 405.
— aeruginosus,473.
— affinis, 440.
— age! ecus, 495.
— aidafclus, 488.
— al bell us, 453.
— albescens, 492.
— albido-caesius, 453.
- — albo-ater, 469.
— albo-incarnatus, 474.
— albus, 466.
— alcicornis, 418.
— allochrous, 443.
— aleurites, 442.
— ambavillarius, 431.
— amphibius, 501.
— amylaceus, 469.
— analeptus, 496.
— anthraciniis, 476.
— apthosus, 428.
— aquaticus, 502.
— aquilus, 441 .
— arborum,425, 430.
- — arenarius, 452.
— argenus, 495.
— aromaticus, 464.
— arthroocarpus, 463.
— articulatus, 404.
— astroites, 479.
— ater, 449.
— atroalbus, 463.
— atroflavus, 475.
— atrorufus,461.
— - atrovirens, 465, 475.
— aurantiacus, 47 5.
— badius, 451 .
■ — barbatus, 404.
- — bellidiflorus, 424.
— bicolor, 405.
— Borreri, 437.
— botryoides, 349.
— brunneus, 446.
— Burgesii, 399.
— byssinus, 402.
— byssoides, 413.
— caeruleo-nigricans,
460.
— caesio-rufus, 452.
— ceesius, 443, 466.
— CEespitnsus, 417.
— caespitosum, 487.
Lichen calcareus, 459;
— calcivorus, 467.
— calicaris,406.
— calvus,472.
— candejarius,445,447.
— candicans, 446.
— candidus, 460.
— canescens, 462.
- — caninus, 428, 429.
— cantharellus, 484.
— caperatus, 437.
< — capitatus, 485.
— carneo-luteus, 454.
— carnosus, 446.
— carpineus, 492.
— cartilagineus, 444.
■ — centrifugus, 442.
— cerinus, 456.
— cervicornis, 418.
— cervinus, 444.
• — cha!ybeiforrnis,40S.
- — chrysocephalus, 484.
— chrysophtha!mus,435
— ciliaris, 434.
— cinereus, 350, 459.
— circinatus,448.
— citrinellus, 466.
— citrinus, 447.
— clavicularis, 483.
— Clement i, 439.
— coarctatus, 449.
— cocci ferus, 423.
— coccineus, 457.
— coccodes, 412.
— comosus, 403, 434.
— complicatus, 501.
— compositus, 453.
— concentricus, 463.
— concolor, 445.
— confinis, 388.
— confluens, 464.
— conspersus, 442.
• — corallinus, 412.
— corneus, 472.
— corniculatus,404,425
— cornucopioides, 423.
— cornutus, 421.
— corrugatus, 398, 438.
— crassus, 444.
• — crenularius, 473.
— crenulatus, 448.
— cretaceus, 398.
— crinitus, 477.
— crispum, 396.
— crocatus, 430.
— croceus, 429.
■ — cruentus, 451.
— cupularis, 473.
— cycloselis,444.
— cylindricus, 477.
— cyrtellus, 471.
INDEX OF PLANTS
815
Lichen dactylinus, 449.
— dealbatus, 492.
— decipit ns, 462.
— deformis, 423.
. — delicatus, 416.
— dendriticus, 463.
— dentatus, 444.
— deustus, 476, 478.
— diamartus, 458.
— diatryphus, 436.
• — dichotomus, 408.
— Dicksoni, 466.
— diffuses, 442.
— digitafiis, 422.
— discoideus, 492.
— discolor, 399.
— dispersus, 448.
— effusus, 451.
— - Ehrhartianus, 474.
— elceinus, 439.
— elveloides, 473.
— encaustus, 441 .
— endivifolius, 418.
— endocarpon, 500.
- — epigeus, 446.
— epiphyllus, 417.
— epipolius, 468.
— ericetorum,412,473.
— erosus, 477.
• — erythrellus, 456.
— escharoides, 465,471,
■ — exanthematicus, 494.
— exasperatus, 476.
— excavatus, 459.
— excavatum, 663.
— exilis, 402.
— exiguus, 421, 450.
— expallens, 484.
— faginens, 491.
— Fahlunensis, 441.
— fallax, 433.
— farinaceus, 407.
— fascicularis, 398.
■ — fastigiatus, 406.
— ferrugineus, 473.
— ferruginosus, 471.
— fibrosus, 458.
— fibula, 420.
— filiformis, 422.
— fimbriatus, 419.
— flaccidus, 400.
— flavesceus, 451.
— flavovirescens, 456,
466.
— - floccolosus, 478.
— floridus, 403.
— fluviatilis, 397, 502.
— foliaceus, 418.
— fragilis, 487, 488.
— fragrans, 396.
— - frigidus, 455.
Lichen frnstulosus,451.
— fuciformis, 426.
— fucoides, 404, 426.
— fulgens, 447.
— fuliginosus, 431.
— fulvus, 485.
— fungiformis, 413.
— furcatus, 414.
— furfuraceus, 435.
— furvus,400.
— fuscatus, 451 , 469.
— fuscellus, 499.
— fusco-luteus, 473.
— gelasinatus, 482.
— gelidus, 448, 451.
. — geographicus, 465.
— gibbosus, 463.
— glaber, 476.
— glabratus, 474.
— glaucoma, 453.
— glaucus, 433.
— glebulosus, 462.
. — globiferus, 487.
— globosus, 487.
— globuiiferus, 491.
— glomuliferus, 437.
— gracilis, 421.
— graniformis,460,483.
— granulosus, 400,471.
— Griflithsii, 472.
— griseus, 478.
— haematomma,455,457
— Heclae, 448.
. — herbaceus, 431.
— hippotrichoides, 489.
— . hispidus, 405, 434.
— horizontalis, 427.
— horn, 413.
— kumosus, 467.
— fayineneus, 495.
— hyperellum, 483.
— hyp no rum, 445, 446.
- — icmadophilus,473.
— immersus, 467, 497.
— incanus, 462, 470.
— incarnatus, 462.
— inclusus, 494.
— incurvus,442.
— inpolitus, 479.
— inquinans, 482.
— intricatus, 406, 435.
— Isis, 411,412.
— Island icus, 405, 433.
— jubatus, 408.
— juniperinus, 432.
— iacer, 401.
— lachneus, 500.
— laciniatus, 437.
— lacteus, 466, 492.
— lacustris, 458.
— lasvigatus, 443.
Lichen lana(us,405,406.
— laneus, 405.
— lanuginosus, 439.
— laqueatus, 444.
— lentigerus, 447.
— lepadinus, 494.
- — leprosns, 466.
— leptophyllus, 501,
— leucomelas, 434..
— leucophaeus, 461.
— Lightfootii, 469.
— limbatus,431 .
— limitatus, 464..
— lucidus, 475.
• — lurid us, 461.
— luteo albus, 475.
— luteolus, 472.
— luteus, 474.
— lynceus, 479-
— macilentus, 422.
■ — macrocephalus, 482.
— macularis, 505.
— marginalis, 397.
— marginellus, 401.
— marinus, 343.
■ — marmoreus,473.
— maurus, 498.
- — melanocarpus, 488.
— melanoleuca, 438,
■ — melaleucus, 496.
• — membranaceus, 439.
— mesenteriformis,476.
— microphylius, 462.
— miniatus, 501.
— minimus, 680.
— miscellus, 465.
— multifidus, 442.
— multiflorus, 446.
— multipunctus, 441 ,
490.
— muraUs, 447.
— murinus, 478.
— murorum, 447.
— muscicola, 402.
— muscorum, 465, 471.
* — mushroom, 412, 413.
— mutabilis, 437.
— myochrous, 399.
— nanus, 41 1.
— niger, 396.
— nigrescens, 399, 400
— nivalis, 433.
— niveo-afer, 468.
— obscures, 479.
— ochroleucus, 447
— oculatus, 449.
— Oederi, 465, 466.
— olivaceus, 438.
— omphalodes, 440.
— orbicularis, 444.
— ornatus, 399.
816
INDEX OF PLANTS
Lichen orostheus,47G.
— pallescens, 491.
• — palmatus, 398.
■ — papillarius, 424.
— papyraceus, 399.
— paradoxus, 460.
— parasemus, 464.
— parasiticus, 4 1 6, 500,
— parellus, 454.
— parietinus, 439.
— parilis, 426.
— parvus, 680.
— paschalis, 411.
• — perforatus, 43S.
— pellitus, 478.
— pericleus, 450.
— perlatus, 437.
— pertusus, 436, 495.
— petrasus,440,463,682
— pezizoides, 446.
— physodes, 436.
— piceus, 451.
— pileatus, 682, 683.
— pityreus, 439.
— plicatilis, 397.
— plicatus, 403.
— plumbeus, 431,440.
— plumbosus, 497.
— pollinarius, 407.
— polycarpus, 445.
— polydactylus, 429.
— p°lyphyllus,476,501.
— polytropus, 475.
— populinus, 406.
— porphyrins, 457.
— porriginosus, 472.
— proboscideus, 476,
477.
— pruinatus, 468.
— pruinosus, 468.
— prunastri,425, 432.
— psora, 443.
— pubescens, 287, 405,
406.
— pulchellus, 443.
— pul I us, 441.
■ — pulpqsus,396.
— pulverulentus, 443.
. — punctatus, 412,458.
— punctiformis, 496.
— pungens, 415.
— pustulatus, 478.
<— pyxidatus, 418, 419.
— quadricolor, 471.
— quercifolius, 438.
. — quercinus, 438.
— querneus, 469.
■ — quisquilaris, 41 1 .
— rad i at us, 404, 420.
— radiciformis, 488.
— radiosus, 448.
Lichen rangiferinus,415.
— resup inatus, 426.
— rigid us, 404.
rimosus, 468.
— rivulosus, 467.
— roccella, 426.
— rosellus, 474.
— rubellus, 472.
— rubens, 350.
— rubiformis, 461.
■ — rubiginosus, 440.
— rufescens, 428.
— rufus, 413.
— rugosus,505.
■ — rupestris, 400, 472.
— tupicola, 453, 459.
— sacchatus, 429.
— saepiucola, 432.
— salicinus,456.
— salignus, 451.
— sanguinarius, 464.
— sarmentosus, 408.
— saturninus, 399.
— saxatilis, 440.
— saxicola, 447.
— saxifragus, 461.
— saxorum, 455.
— scalaris, 461.
— scalophora, 478.
- Schraderi, 402, 497.
- scopulorum,406,45i.
- scriptus, 502, 510.
- scrobiculatus, 431.
- scruposus, 459.
- scutatus, 427.
- setosus, 489.
- silaceus, 465.
- siliquosus, 407.
- simplex, 450, 505.
- sinopicus, 458, 499.
- sinuatus, 400.
- sinuosus, 442.
- sive hepatica, 430,
680, 683.
- smaragdulus, 499.
■ sophodes, 450.
sordidus, 453.
• spadiceus, 405.
speciosus, 443.
speireus, 468.
sphaerocephalus,4S3.
sphaaroides, 474.
spinosus, 414.
spongiosus, 402.
squamulosus, 41 7,444
squarrosus, 407.
stellaris, 443.
stellatus, 462.
stictaceros, 425.
stigmatellus, 496.
stillicidionim,456.
Lichen stygius, 441.
— subimbricatus,44S,
■— subtilis, 401, 444,
— subulatus, 415.
— subuliformis, 413.
— sulphureus, 470.
— sylvaticus,43J.
— symphycarpus, 417.
■ — tartareus, 455.
— tenax, 397.
— tenellus, 434.
- — tenuissimus, 402.
— tephroides,499.
— tephromelas, 449.
— tesselatus, 459, 493.
— thelostomus, 493.
— tigillaris, 482.
— tiliaceus, 438.
— torrefactus, 477.
— trabinellus, 484.
— trapeziformis, 500.
— tremella, 401.
— tremelloides, 401.
— tricolor, 471.
— tristis, 404.
— tuberculosus, 452.
— tubiformis, 422.
— Turneri, 454.
— uliginosus, 467.
— ulmi, 457.
— umbrinus, 494.
— uncialis, 415.
■ — Upsaliensis, 454.
— Yahlii, 457.
— varians, 453.
■ — varius, 452, 456,
475.
— velatus, 490.
— velutinus, 402.
— venosus, 427.
— ventosus, 451 .
— ventricosus,417,420.
■ — vermicularis, 413.
— vernalis,470, 472.
• — verrucosus, 428,431.
— vesperfilio, 399.
— - viridescens, 469.
— volvatus, 494.
— vulpirms, 435.
— Westringii, 412.
Liehenastrum agaricus,
512.
— alpinum, 704, 709.
— ambrosias, 684.
— arboris vitaa, 690.
■ — auriculatum, 692.
— capitulis, 686, 702,
706.
— eapitulo oroboide,
680.
— filicinum, 703.
INDEX OF PLANTS, 8X7
Lichenastrum foliis,69S.
— gramineum, 681.
• — imbrication, 6S7, 688,
691.
— minimum, 687.
• — triehodes, 702.
— trichomanis, 692, 695
—698, 700, 702.
— tricliomanoides, 693.
- — * pinnis, 691.
— pinnulis, 697, 698,
692.
— ramosius, 692.
Lichenes, 394, 408,486.
Lichenoides arboreum,
425, 431,434, 443.
— candidum, 492.
• — cartUaginosum, 418.
— coratophyllon, 436.
— cinereum, 429, 462.
— coral li forme, 422.
— coriaeeum, 501.
— corn u turn, 435.
— orusta, 437—440,
502.
— crostaceunv, 449,454,
455, 459,
— crustosum, 445.
• — digitatum, 428.
i — ■ eudivia? folii>,433.
— fuciforme, 426.
— fungifonne,412,4l3.
. — ■ gelatinosum, 396 —
398.
— glaucum, 437.
— - imbricatum, 442.
— lac unos urn, 430, 433.
— • leprosum, 464.
— lichenis facie, 429,
— membranaceus,429.
— nigroflavum, 465.
— non tubulosum, 405,
411,487,488.
— peltatum, 428, 430.
— poly schides, 431.
— pullum, 478.
— - pulmonarius, 461.
— punctatum, 505.
— pustulosum, 478.
— pyxidatum,421,423.
— rigidum, 433.
— rugosum, 477.
— saxatile, 399, 401,
426, 440.
— segmentis, 407.
— subfuscdm, 426.
— subglancum, 437.
~r~? subtus croceum, 429,
— tartaremn, 451.
w tenue, 400, 47 6.
tinctorium, 441,
VOI,. h
Lichenoides tubulatum,
413.
— tubulosum, 414,415,
417, 419, 420, 422,
423.
— verrucosum, 495.
Licliina, 3S8.
Lignidium, 567.
Liuckia, 284, 290, 351,
352.
Linckidece, 350.
Liuum, 313.
Linza, 343.
Lippius, 706.
Lithocia, 497, 498.
Litter, skin, 581 , 582.
Lobaria, 404 — 407 , 425,
430, 432—443, 447,
448.
Locks, golden, 721,744,
767.
Lomentaria, 381.
Loreum, 763.
Lycogala, 568,575,
Lycogalus, 568,
Lycoperdastrum, 582.
Lycoperdon, 568, 583,
584.
— acariforme, 590.
— album, 584.
— anemones, 537-
— ardesiaceum, 582,
— areolatum, 583.
— arhizon, 583.
— aurantium. 581.
— bovista, 583.
— caslatum, 583.
— cancel latum, 534,
— earpobolus, 581.
— cepae facie, 582.
— - cervinum, 581, 582.
— cinereum, 572.
— col i forme, 586.
— corniculatum, 534.
— corniferutn, 534.
— cylindricum, 586,
— defossum, 581.
— epidendrum, 568,569
■ — epiphyllum,537,575.
— equinum, 580.
— excipuli forme, 584^
— favaceum, 576.
— favigineum, 575.
— fornicatum, 585.
— fragile, 574.
— fuliginosum, 568.
— gemma turn, 583, 5S4,
— gibbosum, 592,
— ■ giganteum, 583.
— globosum, 5S3,
— gossypinuin, 5^4,
Lycoperdon gulosorum,
592.
— hydrophoron, 531,
— lumbricale, 574.
— - luteum, 577,
— maximum, 583.
— pedunculatum, 586,
— perlatum, 584.
— phalloides, 675,
— poculiforme, 534.
— pratense, 583.
— Proteus, 583, 584.
— pyri forme, 584.
— radiatuio, 590, 663.
— spadiceum, 582.
— stellatum, 585, 586.
— tuber, 592.
— utri forme, 584.
— variolosum, 513,568,
— verrucosum, 581,
> — vesparium, 576.
— volvarn explanans,
585.
Lycoperdonidete, 581.
Lycopodium, 355, 37 6,
Lyncurium, 362.
Lytotheceaj, 674,
M,
Mackaia, 391—393.
Maci:o3Cyphus, 671,672,
Mailotium, 399,
Mammillaris, 368,
Mappa, 599.
Marchqntia, +681,683.
Marchantidea?, 681.
Marchesinus, 689,
Marsupium, 669.
Martinellius, 690 — 693,
Maurocenius, 687,
Medulla panis, 640.
Meesia, 767, 768.
Melagonium, 313.
Menoites grises, 656,
Merisma, 653, 654.
Merrettia, 348, 319,
Merulidese, 636.
Merulius, 594, 612, 622g
+ 636—638.
Mesogloja, 320.
Micromphale, 621 — 623
Mitra, 662, 663.
Mitrula, 659,660.
Mnium androgynum,76T
- — arcuatum, 751.
— bimum, 77 1.
' — CEEspiticum, 770.
— capillare, 770.
chrysocomum, 751,
3 a
SIS
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Mnium cirrhatuin, 731.
. — conoideum, 744.
* — crudura, 769, 773.
— - cuspidatum, 773.
— ellipticum, 772.
— fissum, '700, 707.
— foliis, 767.
— fontanum, 751.
heteromallum, 738.
— hornum, 773.
— hygfometricum, 744.
- — jungermannia, 697.
— lacustre, 770.
— laterale, 751.
. — lichen is facie, 686.
— majus, 767.
— - Marchicum, 751.
— minus, 717.
— nutans, 770, 771.
* — osrmsndaeeum, 713.
« — pellucens, 736.
— pelliicidum, 717.
— pohlia,771.
— polytrichoides, 721.
— proliferum,770.
- — pseudotriquetrum,
774
. — punctatum,772.
— purpureum, 742.
- — pyriforme, 768.
— roseum, 770.
— rostrafcum, 772.
• — scoparsum, 738.
* — serpyllifolium, 770,
772, 773.
— serratum, 773.
— trichoides, 767.
— trichomanes, 706.
— triehomamsfacie,706
— triquetrum, 768, 771.
— turbinatum, 770.
— uliginosum, 767.
— undulatum, 772.
Monilia, 550, 552—554,
4557, 563,567.
Moreheila, 661 , 662.
Morel!, 661, 662.
Moss, ball, 487.
— black, 708, 709.
— bog, 709,7 10.
— brain, 476—478.
— branch, 406, 407.
— brittle, 745—747.
— buckler, 429.
- — callus, 495.
. — chalice, 419.
— cockscomb, 407,408.
- — cord, 744.
— cup, 417—424.
— dot, 429—431.
— extinguisher, 7 25,726
M oss, feather , 7 52 — 7 66.
— French rock, 454.
— gland, 717 — 719.
— grey marsh, 751.
• — ground, 761.
— hairy tree, 403.
— horn, 404 — 406.
— Iceland, 433.
— kidney, 426, 427.
• — mst, 493,494.
— open wart, 494.
— pitcher, 457 — 460.
— quick, 280, 281.
— rivulet, 284, 285.
— rock, 425, 426.
— root, 488 — -490.
— * scarlet-headed, 422.
— screw, 722—725.
■ — sheath, 280.
— slate, 713.
— slit, 504—507.
• — small-pox, 490 — 493.
— smooth, 495, 496.
* — spotted, 480, 481.
* — spring, 749.
— sprinkled, 479, 480.
— squat, 7 10— 712.
— stone, 497, 498.
— thread, 767.
— tow, 498.
— trait, 502, 503.
— water, 749.
— wide, 504.
— wing, 728.
Mould, 560, 561.
— bare, 569, 570.
— blood, 568.
— bottle, 561.
- — ■ brush, 552, 553.
— bud, 586, 587.
— cap, 580.
— ■ chain, 552.
— clung, 550.
— corn, 530 — 592.
— cup, 576, 577.
— cylinder, 568.
— death, 590.
— • double, 569.
— dust, 550, 551.
— ear, 553.
— flight, 570.
— fold, 567.
— froth, 567.
— funnel, 555, 556.
— glance, 574.
■ — goblet, 580.
— grape, 553.
— hair, 574—576.
— knot, f 554, 555.
* — leaf, 567.
— » meal, 551,. 552.
Mquld, net, 578>
— pencil, 554.
— pitcher, 579, 580.
— purse, 566.
— rayed, 554.
— scale, 572, 573.
— sieve, 577.
— skein, 552.
— skin, 570, 571.
— slash, 573, 574.
— slime, 569.
- — spring, 561,562.
— stalked, 550.
— tall, 571.
— thread, 578, 579.
— twin, 550.
Mouth, cone, 719.
— plain, 713 — 716.
Mucedinese, 550.
Mueedo, 561.
Mucilago, 567.
Mucor, 284, +560,561.
— botrytis,56h
— cancellatus, 578.
— caninus, 561.
— erysimi, 561.
— ferrugineus, 556.
— tiavidus, 560.
• — fragiformis, 568.
— fugacissimus, 558.
— ftflvus, 585,572.
— furfuraceus, 485.
— glaucus, 554, 563.
— herbariorutn, 567.
• — hydrophorus, 561.
— - lichenoides, 483.
— lycogalus, 568.
— miniatus, 576.
— mueedo, 561.
— murinus, 561.
— roridus, 562.
— ureeolatus. 562.
Mucorideae, 560.
Musci, 707.
Muscus arboreus, 403,
404.
— aureus, 435.
— ■ capil!aceus,750.
• — capillaris, 720, 721.
• — caule rigido, 408.
— corallsnoides, 415.
— corailinus,408.
- — coralloides, 405,414.
* — fllicinus, 759.
— marines, 332, 382.
— palustris, 751.
— parvus, 770.
• — puimonarius, 430.
— pyxidatus, 419.
■ — terrestris, 710, 761.
Mushroom, 626, 627.
819
INDEX OF PLANTS,
Mushroom, boot, 601.
— cup, 587, 588.
Mycena, 619 — 621.
Mycenadeae, 617.
Mycetoidese, 532.
Myelomyci, 507.
My 1 ins, 693, 694.
My riodacty le,*J-30i,302
Myriodactylon, *f*301,
302.
Myriophyllum, 331.
Myrotheciadeae, 569.
Myrotliecium, 569.
N.
Nardius, 694.
Neckera,745,*f*747,748,
749, 758.
Nemania, 516 — 519.
Naemaspora, 527, 531,
532.
Nemasporideoe, 531.
Nematomyceae, 547.
Nephroma, 426, 427.
Net, water, 300.
Nidularia, 587.
Nodularia, 288.
Nostoc, 301,349, -{-351,
352.
Nostoch,351, 352.
O.
Oak, agaric of the, 638.
— sea, 391.
Octospora, 665,-^666 —
670.
Odonthalia, 364.
Odontia, 649, -j-651.
Oligotrichum, 719,720.
Olivia, 349, 350.
Olla, 587.
Omphalia, 61 1 — 614.
Onygena, 580.
Onygenadeae, 580.
Opegrapha aenea, 506.
— astroidea, 479.
— atra, 507.
— betulina, 503.
- — calcarea, 505.
— cerasi, 502.
— conglomerata,503.
— dendritica, 503.
— denigrata, 507.
— - diaphora, 504.
— dispersa, 506.
— elegans, 503.
— epipasta, 506, 507.
Opegrapha epiphega,
505.
— faginea, 505.
— fuliginosa, 506.
— herpetica, 506i
— lichenoides, 504.
— Lyellii, 503,
— macularis, 5 05.
— microscopica, 507.
■ — nimbosa, 504.
— notha, 504, 505,
— obscura, 479.
— Persoonii, 505.
— petraea, 505.
— pulverulenta, 502.
— quercina,505.
— radiata, 479.
— reniformis, 479*
— rimalis, 506.
— rubella, 506.
— rupestris, 505.
— scripta, 502.
— serpentina, 503.
— siderella, 506.
— varia, 504.
— venosa, 507.
— verruearoides, 504.
— viridis, 506.
• — vulgata, 506.
Opegraphideae, 502.
Opuntia, 347, 381.
Orchal, 454.
Orthotrichum, 7 IT, f 745
—747.
Oscillatoria,-|-280 — 283
Oscillatorideae, 280.
Osmunda, 378.
Over, turn, 617.
P.
Pallavicinius, 684, 685,
775.
Pal mella,f348, 349,363
Paimetta, 368, 369.
Pandulphinius,688,689.
Papa, 686.
Parellus, 454.
Parmelia, 436 — 444.
— affinis, 440.
— albella, 453.
— aleurites, 442.
— aquila, 441.
— Atlantica, 435.
— atra, 449.
— Borreri, 437.
— brunnea, 446.
— Bnrgesii, 399.
— caesia, 443.
— candelaria, 445.
Parmelia, caperata, 437.
— carneo lutea, 454.
— cerina, 452, 456,475.
— chry soph thalma, 435.
— ciiiaris, 434.
— circinata, 448.
— citrina, 445.
— Clemen tiana, 439.
coarctata, 449.
— conspersa, 442.
— corrugata, 438.
■ — craspedia, 452.
— crassa,444.
— cretacea, 398.
— crispa, 396.
— cycloselis, 444.
— diatrypha, 436;
— diffusa, 442.
— dispersa, 448.
— effusa, 451.
— elacista, 449.
— elaeina, 439.
— cncausta, 441.
— epigea, 446.
— erythrella, 456.
— exigua,450.
— Fahlunensis, 441;
— farinacea, 407.
— farrea, 443.
— fascicularis, 398*
— fastigiata, 406.
— liaccida, 400.
— fluviatilis, 397.
— frustulosa, 451.
— fuciformis, 426.
— fulgens, 447.
— furfuracea, 435.
— furva, 400.
— fuscata, 451.
— • fusco lutea, 473.
— gelida, 448.
— glaucoma, 453.
— glomulifera, 437.
— herbacea, 431.
— hypnorum, 446.
" — impolita, 480.
— jubata,408.
— laciniata, 401.
— laevigata, 443.
— lanuginosa, 439.
— lentigera, 447.
— lepidora, 445.
— leucomala, 434.
— lutescens, 453.
— marginella, 401.
— marmorea, 473.
— melaena, 397.
— murorum, 447.
— muscicola, 402.
— nigrescens, 399.
— olivacea, 438.
3 G 2
820
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Parmelia omphalodes,
440.
— palmata, 398.
— paonosa,402.
— parella, 454.
— parietiua, 438.
— peliscypha, 444.
— perforata, 437.
— peHclea, 450.
— perlata, 437.
■ — physodes, 436.
— pityrea, 439.
— plicatilis, 397.
— plocina, 398.
— - plumbea, 440.
— pollinaria, 407.
— • pulmonacea, 430.
— pulverulenta, 443.
— prunastri, 425.
■ — recurva, 442.
— roccella,426.
— rubiginosa, 440.
— rubra, 457.
sal i cilia, 456.
— sarmentosa, 408.
— Saturnina, 399.
— - saxatilis, 440.
— saxicola, 447.
- — Schraderi, 402.
— scopulorum, 406.
— Scotiua, 400.
— scrobiculata, 431.
— siliquosa,407.
— sinuosa, 442.
— sophodes,450.
• — speciosa, 442.
— squamulosa, 444,451.
' — sulphurea, 470.
— sulphureo-nigricans,
452.
— Stygia, 441.
-- subtilis, 401,
— tar tar ea, 455.
— tenax, 397.
— - tenella, 434.
— teouissima, 402.
— tiliacea, 438.
— tremelloides, 401.
— Turneri, 454.
— varia, 452.
= — velata, 490.
— ventosa, 451.
— vitellioa, 475,
Patellaria, 459,452,460,
473, +664.
Peltidea, 426, +427—
429.
Peltideae, 425.
Pel tigera, 426— 429,432
Fenicillum, 554.
Penicillus, 362.
Perelle, 454.
Peripherostoma, 513 —
515.
Peziza,526,+664 — 666.
• — Abbotiana, 671.
— acetabulum, 672.
— aecidioides, 663.
— alutacea, 668.
■ — argillacea, 666.
— armata, 673.
— - atra, 667.
— • aurantia, 668.
— aurea, 667.
— • auricula, 594.
— auriculam referens,
594.
— badia, 669.
— bicolor, 670.
— caerulea, 665.
— cassia, 665.
• — calyculus, 673.
■ — cartilaginea, 664,667
— cellnlaria, 666.
— cellularia3forinis,666
— cerea, 672.
— chrysocoraa, 674.
• — cinerea, 667.
— citrina, 670.
— - coccinea, 668, 672.
- — cochleata, 669.
— comitialis, 546.
— cornucopioides, 637.
• — coronata, 673.
* — cyathoidea, 674.
— domestica, 666.
— epidendra, 672.
■ — equina, 666.
— fasciculata, 665.
— fibula, 673.
— firma, 670.
— flava, 667.
— fructigena, 673.
—s fuscescens, 67 1.
■ — granulosa, 593.
— haemisphaerica, 665.
— hepatiea, 667.
— herbarum, 670.
— hispida, 665.
- — hyalina, 667.
bybrida, 666.
— hydnoides, 665.
■ — hydrophora, 531,
— immersa, 664.
— inflexa, 673.
— infundibulum, 673.
— • laevis, 587.
— lenticularis, 670,
— lentifera, 587.
- — leporina, 668.
— lichenoides, 665.
■ — Juxida, 668.
Peziza macropu% 672„
— marginata, 663.
— marsupium, 669.
— melastoma, 670.
■ — nigra, 666.
— nivea, 671.
— ochroleuca, 670.
— onotica, 668.
— pallescens, 670.
— papillaria, 666.
- — papillaris, 666.
— patula, 671.
— perennis, 672.
— - pineti, 668.
— poculiformis, 672.
— populnea, 664.
— porphyria, 667.
— prunastri, 664.
— pulcliella, 670.
— pustulata, 669.
— radiata, 673.
— radicata, 671.
— radiculata, 672.
— rapula, 673.
— t imosa, 664.
— - sanguinea, 665.
— sarcoides, 667.
— scutellata, 665.
* — sessilis, 67 1.
— solani, 674.
“ — Sowerbeana, 672.
— - sphaerioides, 664.
— stercoraria, 674.
• — stercorea, 665.
— stictis, 663.
• — striata, 587.
•— sulphurea, 665,
* — tenella, 674.
* — tremelloidea, 667.
~ tricolor, 671.
— tuba, 672, 673.
— tuberosa, 672.
— ■ umbrina, 668,
— uudulata, 636.
• — vesiculosa, 669.
violacea, 669.
— virginea, 673.
— viridis, 546.
Pezizadeae, 663.
Phacotr urn, 482 — 485.
Phall us, 660—662, f&75
676.
Phascum, -f710 — 713,
717, 718, 749.
Phasgonon, 384, -f-385.
Phyllitis, 384.
Physarideae, 570.
Physarum, 571, *f*572
573.
Pilobolus, 561, 562.
Pinuzza, 646.
INDEX OF PLANTS
821
Pinnuzzo, 616.
Pi pe, leather, 4*345, 346,
347.
Placodium, +446 — 448,
774.
Placynthium, 395.
Plat isma, 430, 435, 438,
502.
Pleuropus, 615.
Plocamium, 374, 381 —
383.
Pluma. 325.
Plumula, 324.
Podisoma, 544.
Pohlia, 771.
Polyactis, 554.
Polyangideae, 586.
Polyangium, 586, 5S7.
Polvchidium, 401, 402.
Polyporus, 645.
Polysperma, 306.
Polyspermnm, 288.
Polystoma, 586.
Poly trichum, 4*719—
722,728,744—747.
Poria, 639, 640.
Porcino, 646.
Poridae, 493.
Porina, 495.
Poronia, 515.
Pratella, 626, 627.
Pratellideae, 626.
Prolifera, 310, 312.
Protomyceae, 532.
Prunulus, 630 — 632.
Psora, 443, 445—447,
454, 460-463.
Psoroma, 444 — 446.
Psvchia, 433, 434, +435,
436.
Pterigynandrum, 728,
755.
P(erogonium,*|-728,741,
755.
Ptilota, 382, 383.
Pucci n ia,54 1 ,542,4*543,
544, 562.
Puff, shell, 584—586.
Pulmonaria, 430.
Pulveraria, 470, 475.
Pulvis, 524.
— pyrius, 524.
Pustula, 526.
Pycnothelia, 424.
Pyrenium, 560.
Pyreoula, 493, 494.
Pyrum, 352.
Pyxidaria, 419.
Pyxidiutn, 580.
Q.
Quercus marina, 390.
R.
Racodium, *f557 — 559.
Ramalina, -f-406 — 408.
Ramalinideae, 404.
Ramaria, 655, 656.
Rapnla, 673.
Relhanum, 661.
Restellia, 533,534.
Resupinatus, 617.
Reticularia, 538, 567,
568, 571,572, 576.
Rhi zomorpha,488 — 490
Rhizomorphidere, 487.
Riccardius, 683,684.
Riccia, 290, *j-679, 680,
684.
Ricciadeas, 679.
Rinodina,448 — 457,774
Rivularia, -}-284, 285,
301, 302, 310, 320,
330, 381.
Roccella, 425,426.
Rcestellia, 533, 534.
Rot, 637.
— dry, 559.
Rotula, 622.
Rubigo, 555, 556.
Rupicola, 453, 459.
Russula, 607, 4*618.
Rutabuluin, 761.
Rytiphlam, 382.
S.
Saffron, la snort de, 590.
Salviatus, 687.
Sareothalameae, 507.
Sarcotheceae, 588,
Seal i us, 704, 705.
Schasmaria, 416.
Schistostega, 713.
Scleroderma, 581, 582.
Sclerotium, 546, 589,
590, -j-590— 592, 659.
Scodelliua, 668, 669.
Scyp ha, 4*357, 358, 359.
Scyphophora,4l7 — 424.
Scytenium, 398.
Scytoneina, *|-285, 286,
287, 406.
Scytosiphon, +345, 346,
347.
Seeds, eight, 666 — 668.
Semen, 591.
Serpentinaria, -]*299, 300
Serpula, 637.
Shanks, red, 742.
Shoot, star, 351.
S'lk, crow, 303— 316.
Siliquaria, 394.
Sistotrema, 648, 649.
Sistotremidene, 648.
Skin, death, 558, 559.
— hair, 560.
Slough, star, 351.
Smut, 538.
Solorina, 429.
Sphacelaria, *f*332, 333.
Spathularia,663.
Sphasria, 526—531.
— aciniformis, 513.
— acuminata, 530.
— acuta, 530.
— agariciformis,5l 1,
— alutacea,51 1.
— ambiens, 521.
— araneosa, 526.
— arbuti, 525.
— arundinacea, 515.
— aurantia, 526.
— aurantiaca, 526.
— barbata, 52 3.
— berberidis, 519.
— bifrons, 525.
■ — bombarda, 527.
— bom bard ica, 527.
— brassicae, 524.
— byssacea, 498.
— byssoidea, 527.
— capitata, 511.
• — carcharias, 512.
— carpini, 532.
— ceratospermum, 518.
— ciliaris, 529.
— ciliata, 520.
— cinerea, 517.
— circumvallata, 525.
— cirrhata, 532.
— clavata, 511.
— claviformis, 520.
— coccinea, 519.
— cohaerens, 514.
— collapsa, 509.
— communis, 528.
— composita, 532.
— compressa, 531.
— con cava, 526.
— concentrica, 513.
— confiuens, 513.
— conjuncta, 521.
— convergens, 521.
— coriacea, 528.
— corniculata, 520.
— cornuta, 512.
— cristata, 531.
— Crustacea, 51 7.
— cucurbitula, 519.
— cnpressiformis,512.
— cupularis, 519.
— curvirostra, 530.
— cylindrica, 523.
— decidua, 519,
822
INDEX OF PLANTS.
Sphaeria decomponens,
530.
. — decorticata, 517.
— depressa, 515.
— deusta, 516.
— diffusa, 517.
— digitata, 512, 513.
- — disciformis, 518.
— dry ina, 529.
— dubia, 532.
— duplex, 523.
. — entomorhiza, 511.
— epigaea, 498.
— equina, 527.
— ferruginea, 518.
. — fimeti, 527.
— flavovirens, 518.
— floriforrnis, 530.
— fragiformis, 513.
— fraxinea, 513.
— fusca, 513, 529.
— gnomon, 530.
— graminis, 516.
— granulosa, 514.
. — gregaria, 4S0.
— gutta, 524.
— herbarum, 522.
— hederae, 525.
• — hirsuta, 527.
— hypoxylon, 512.
— immersa, 517.
— insidens, 528.
— irregularis, 514.
— Kirbii, 529.
— laevis, 519.
— lata, 518.
— lauri, 525.
— leucostoma, 520.
— lichenoides, 527.
— longa, 529.
— lonicerae, 528.
— macula, 517.
— maculans, 522.
— marginata, 520.
— maxima, 516.
— melanostoma, 495.
— melogramma, 514.
. — microstoma, 520.
— militants, 511.
— miniata, 526, 547.
— moriformis,524.
— mucida, 527.
— multicapsula, 513.
— multiceps, 514.
— nebulosa, 522.
— nidula, 529.
— nigra, 524.
— obducta, 514.
— ocellata, 514.
— olivacea, 560.
— ophioglossoides, 512.
— ovina, 527.
Sphaeria parabolica,523
- — parallela, 515,
— pedunculata, 512.
* — peziza, 526.
— pezizaeformis, 526.
— picea, 516.
— polymorpha, 512.
— popuii, 515.
- — poronia, 515.
— potehtillae, 525.
— profusa, 531.
— protracta, 518.
— pulchella, 521.
— pulvis, 524.
pyrius, 524.
— punctata, 515.
— punctiformis, 524,
525.
— pustula, 526.
— pustulata, 520.
— quaternata, 521.
— quercina, 518.
— radicosa, 512.
— ramosa, 512.
— rhodostoma, 522.
— ribesia, 514.
— rimosa, 528.
— rostrata, 529, 530.
— rubiformis, 528.
— rupestris, 528.
— salicina, 525.
— sambuci, 515.
— sanguinea, 526.
— scutellata, 520.
— serpens, 516.
— solida, 524.
— solitaria, 527.
— stercoraria, 527.
— stigma, 517.
- — stylifera, 530.
— subcorticalis, 523.
— subimmersa, 523.
— subsecreta, 529.
— subulata, 523.
— sulcata, 509.
■ — terrestris, 527.
— tessellata, 522.
— tiliae, 522.
* — tofieldiae, 525.
tremelloides, 547.
— truncata, 515.
tuberculosa, 513.
tuberosa, 524.
* — tubiformis,522.
— typhina, 516.
— uda, 516.
* — ulmaria, 515.
— umbilicata, 521.
— " vaccinii, 528.
— versipellis, 516.
— viridis, 528.
Spiiterideae, 510.
Sphaerobolideae, 580.
Sphserdbolus, 580, 581,
663.
Sphaerocarpus, 482, 572
—577, 580, 681.
Sphaerocephalus, 576.
Sphserococcus, +364 —
375,377,380.
Sphserophoron, 487.
Sphagnum, +709 — 713,
717, 726, 735,749.
Spheria, 526—531.
Spiloma, 452, +480,
481.
Spiloinideae,479.
Splachnum, 714,+717 —
719 729.
Sponge, 358—361.
Spongia,293,353 — 362.
Spongidiae, 354.
Spongidium, 292, 293.
Spongilla, 353, 354.
Sporochnus, 387.
Sporotrichum, 550, 551.
Spumaria, +567, 569.
Spumaridea?, 566.
Spunk, 583.
Squamula, 622.
Stachylidium, 553.
Staff, sea ragged, 353.
Staurophora, 683.
Steccheriuum, 651.
Stellina, 296.
Stemonitidefe, 578.
Stemonitis,567, 570, 575
— 577, +578, 579.
Stereocaulon, 388, 396,
+411, 412, 487.
Stereum, 652, 653.
Sticta, 429—432.
Stictis, 663 — 664.
Stilbideae, 563.
Stilbospora, 545.
Stilbospore, 545.
Stilbosporideae, 544.
Stilbum, 563, 564.
Stool, acorn, 675, 676.
- — club, 656 — 658.
— crater, 652.
— curtain, 627 — 630.
— dimple, 621 — 623.
— dung, 632 — 635.
— earpick, 650.
— - footless, 617.
— funnel, 669, 670.
— head, 660, 661.
— hedgehog, 651.
— high, 619—621.
— honeycomb, 639,640.
— labyrinth, 638, 639.
— milk, 623—625.
— mitre, 659, 660.
INDEX OF PLANTS.
823
Stool, navel, 611 — 614.
— pipe, 648.
— prickle, 650.
* — prune, 630 — 632.
— slipper, 616.
— - spathula, 663.
■ — spine, 652.
— sponge, 645.
— toothless, 651.
Strap, sea, 389.
Strilia, 645.
Strongylium, 485, 568.
Strozzius, 682.
Suillidem, 646.
Suillus, 646.
Swartzia, 742, 743.
Syntrichia, 723.
T.
Targionia, 680, 681.
Targionidea;, 680.
Teeth, paired, 744.
Tendo, 386.
Tethya, 361, 362.
Tetraphis, 717.
Thalassiophytae, 317.
Thamnidium, 560.
Thanatophyton, 590.
Thelebolideae, 531.
Thelebolus, 531 .
Thelephora, 652, 653.
Thelephorideae, 652.
Thelotrema, f494, 495.
Thistle, St. Mary’s, 385.
Thread, leather, 285,286.
— marsh, 313.
Thuja, 690.
Tongue, ground, 658, 659
Tooth, four, 717.
— net, 722.
— odd, 748.
— sea, 364.
— white, 741.
— wood, 649.
Tortula,722— 725.
Toruia, 550, j*557.
Tow, old wives, 710.
Trattinickia, 340.
Trembler, 348.
Tremella, 401 , j-593.
— acrospermum, 595.
— adnata, 302, 348.
— albida,593.
— arborea, 594.
* — auricula, 594.
— botryoides, 349.
— cerebrina, 593.
— cinnabarina, 595.
— clavata, 595.
— cnienta, 350.
Tremella deliquescens,
595.
— diti'ormis, 301.
— dubia, 595.
— ferruginea, 593.
— fluviatilis, 351.
— foliacea, 594.
— globulosa, 285.
— granulata, 290.
— hemisphenca, 284.
— intestinalis, 351.
— intumescens, 593.
— juniperina, 546, 594.
— lachrymal is, 595.
— lichenoides, 401.
— marina, 342,344,346,
381,383.
— mesenterica, 593.
— inesenteriformis,594.
— natans,285.
— ribs tot, 354.
. — palustris, 302, 342.
■ — p run’s formis, 352.
■ — purpurea, 547.
— sarcoides, 667.
— spiculosa, 594.
— stipitata, 595.
— ustulata, 594.
— utriculata, 285,351.
— veirucosa, 285,351.
— violaeea, 594.
Tremell ideas, 593.
Trichia, 483,485,571—
573, -j-574-580.
Trichiadese, 574.
Trichoderma, 550,j-560,
568.
Trichodermidese, 560.
Trichostomum, 722,727,
734,739—743.
Trichothecium, 550.
Truffle, 592.
Truffs, 592.
Tuba, 672, 673.
Tuber, 582,590,4592.
Tubercular ia, 547.
Tuberculatideae, 547.
Tiiberidem, 592.
Tubifera, 570.
Tubulifera, 570,
Tubulina, 570.
Tuft, club, 562, 563.
— pencil, 563.
— plaited, 562.
— tangle, 563.
Tulostoma, 586.
Tulestomideae, 586.
Tupha, 354, 355.
Typhoderrna, 558, 559.
U.
Ulya, 4342—345.
Ulva articulata, 381.
— atomaria, 341.
— bulbosa, 343, 385.
— capillaris, 379.
- — caprina, 345.
— ciliata, 371.
— clathrata, 346.
— compressa, 346, 347.
— crispa, 344,367.
— defracta, 348.
— delicaiula, 345.
— diaphana, 353.
— dichotoma, 341.
— » digitata, 385.
■ — > edulis, 344.
• — elminthoides, 348.
— fasciata, 343.
— filiformis, 347.
— tistulosa, 347.
— *■ flavescens, 353.
• — fcetida, 350.
— furfuracea, 377.
— granulata, 290.
— incrassata, 302.
• — intestinalis, 345.
— lactuca, 342 — 344.
— lactucsefolia, 342.
— lanceolata, 343.
— latissima, 343,384.
— ligulata, 341.
- — linza,343.
— marina, 342, 344—
346.
— maxima, 384.
— mesenterica, 384.
— montana, 349.
— multifida, 342.
— palmata, 344.
— palustris, 343,684.
— pavonia, 340.
— Phyllitis,384.
— plantnginea, 333.
— plantaginifolia, 383.
— plicata, 343.
— plumosa, 289.
— protuberans, 349.
• — pruniformis,285,352,
389.
— punctata, 365.
— purpurascens, 347,
379.
— purpurea, 344.
— radicata, 290.
— ramulosa, 346.
- — rubra, 303 .
— rupestris, 348.
— saccharina, 384.
— saxatilis, 685.
— serrata, 341 .
— sobolifera, 345.
• — terrestris, 343, 344,
351.
824>
INDEX OF PLANTS,
Ulva Turneri, 347.
— umbilicalis,344.
— umbilicata, 344.
Ulvoideae, 342.
Umbilicaria, 476,478.
Up, breaking, 293,294.
Urceolaria, 453, +457 — -
460, 494, 495.
Uredo, 538,1539—542.
Usnea, 403,404.
— barbata, 404.
— bicolor, 405.
— chaly beiformis, 408.
— dichotoma, 408.
— florida, 403.
— hippotrichioides,489
— implexa, 408.
— intricata, 406.
— jubata, 408.
— lanata, 405.
— lanea, 405.
— loris longis, 408.
— ofticinarum, 403.
■ — plicata, 403.
— pubescens, 405.
— radiciformis, 488.
Usueadea-, 403.
Ustilago, 538.
V.
Vaginaria, 280.
Yaginata, 601 .
Variolaria, 47 l, + 490 —
493,509,514,515.
Vario lari das, 490.
Yaucheria, 289 — 292.
Yauchei idea', 288.
Yentilabrum, 359.
Verrucai ia abie(ina,450
— - acrotella, 498.
— alba, 496.
— albo atra, 469.
— albo cerulescens,468.
— analepta,496.
■ — antiquitatis, 494.
— atro alba, 463.
— atrosanguinea, 467.
— atrovirens, 465.
— aurantiaca, 475.
— > badia, 451.
— byssacea, 498.
— byssina, 475.
— calearea, 468.
— cerina, 456.
Yerrucaria cinerea,496
— confluens, 464.
— conglomerata, 474.
— contorta, 459.
— decolorans, 471.
— elFusa, 451.
— epigaea, 498.
— escharoides, 471.
— frondosa,457.
— fulva, 445.
— fumosa, 463.
— fuscella, 493, 499.
— fusco-ater, 463.
• — gemmata,496.
geographica, 465.
— glaucina, 497.
— granulosa, 471.
— haematomma, 457.
- — Harrimanni, 497.
■ — liumosimilis, 467.
— imtnersa, 467, 497.
— impolita, 480.
— lutescens, 453.
• — maura, 498.
- — melaleuca, 496.
— ocellata, 459.
— oli vaeea, 496.
— orbiculata, 491.
— parella, 454.
— betraea, 463.
— plumbea, 497.
— polythecia, 499.
— polytropa, 475.
— porphyria, 457.
— punctiformis, 496.
— rubella, 472.
— rubra, 457.
— rufescens, 472.
— rupestris,497.
— salicina, 456.
— sanguinaria, 464.
— Si hraderi, 497.
— silacea, 465.
— stigraatella, 496.
— stillicidiorum, 456.
— striatula, 498.
— sulphurea, 470.
— tartarea, 455.
— tesselata,459,493,
- — thelostoma, 493.
— tubercularia, 491,
— - uliginosa, 467.
- — umbilicata, 453.
■ — umbrina, 494.
— varia, 452.
- — ventosa, 451.
END OF VOL. I.
. Verrucaria vernalis,4?2
— viridirufa, 456.
Verrucaridae, 495.
Yertebrata, 338.
Vesper til io, 399.
Virgaria, 552, 553.
W.
Wall, hyssop on the, 7 1 5.
Webera, 768, 770,771.
Weed, belly, 378
383.
- — bottle brush, +331,
332.
— bristle, 321.
— brown, +321,322,
— flake, 384.
— fork, 394.
— girdlfc, +340, 341,
— gulf, 393.
— hartshorn, 389,
— horn, +327,328.
— knot, +330,331,
— lichen, 388.
— rnoss, 288, 289.
— plum, 371—377.
— pod, 394.
— pretty, +322,323.,
— • ribband, 383.
— river, 312.
— rope, 386.
— rust, +332,333.
— thong, 386.
Weissia, +729 — 732,
743,745,746.
Wort, ground liver, 428.
— lung, 430.
Wrack, 389, 390.
X.
Xylaria, 507, +510, 51 1,
Xylodon, 649.
Xyloma, 545, 546.
Xylomidese, 545.
Xylostroma, 559.
Z.
Zonaria, +340, 341.
Zygodon,744.
Zygnema, 296 — 300.
C. Baldwin, Printer,
New Bridge-street, London.
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